A SSTEM OF MINERALOGY A SYSTEM OF MINERALOGY, COMPRISING THE MOST RECENT DISCOVERIES: INCLUDING FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES AND THEIR LOCALITIES, CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND FORMULAS, TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERALS, WITH A TREATISE ON MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND THE DRAWING OF FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. ILLUSTRATED BY SIX HUNDRED WOOD CUTS. BY JAMES D. DANA, A. M. Member of the Soc. Cses. Nat. Cur. of Moscow, the Soc. Philomathique of Paris, the Geological Soc. of London, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, etc. Silliman Professor of Natural History, Yale College. "i fliec studicl nobiscuzih peregrinantur, rusticantzr." FO URT I- EDITION, REWRITTEN, REARRANGED, AND ENLARGED. VOLUME IE NEW YORK AND LONDON: PUBLIS:HEI) BY GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO. 1. 854. THOMAS J. STA:IFO.D, PRINTER, NEW HAVEN, CONN. IN the Preface to the last edition of this Treatise, the classification of Minerals then adopted was announced as only a temporary expedient. The system of Mons, valuable in its day, had subserved its end; and in throw — ing off its shackles for the more consistent principles flowing from recent views in Chemistry, the many difficulties in the way of perfecting a new classification led the author to an arrangement which should "serve the convenience of the student without pretending to strict science." A classification on chemical principles was however proposed in the latter part of the volume, in which the Berzelian method was coupled with crystallography, in a manner calculated to display the relations of species in composition as well as form, and prominently " exhibit the various cases of isomorphism and pleomorphism among Minerals." The progress of Science has afforded the means of giving greater precision and simplicity to this arrangement, until now it seems entitled to become the authorized method of a System of Mineralogy. Whether regarded from a physical or chemical point of view, the groupings appear in general to be a faithful exhibition of the true affinities of the species. The mind uneducated in Science may revolt at seeing a metallic mineral, as galena, side by side with one of unmetallic lustre, as blende; and some systems, in accordance with this prejudice, place these species in separate orders. Like the jeweller, without as good reason, the same works have the diamond and sapphire in a common group. But it is one of the sublime lessons taught in the very portals of Chemistry, that nature rests no grand distinctions on lustre, hardness, or color, which are mere externals, and this truth should be acknowledged by the Mineralogist rather than defied. Others, while recognizing the close relations of the carbonates of lime, iron, zinc and manganese, (calcite, spathic iron, smithsonite and diallogite,) or of the silicates of lime, iron, manganese, (wollastonite, augite, rhodonite,) are somewhat startled by finding silicate of zinc, or silicate of copper, among the silicates of the earths or of other oxyds. But the distinction of " useful" and " useless," or " ores " and " stones," although bearing on "economy," is not Science. The advantages which the arrangement of the last edition afforded those interested in mining and metallurgy, is secured in the present volumes by an index to the useful ores, in which their distinctive characters and their rela 6 PPREFACE. tive importance in the Arts are mentioned, and references are given to the pages where the full descriptions are to be found. During the four years since the appearance of the last edition, the Science of Mineralogy has increased in species from 625 to 660; and this notwithstanding the bankruptcy of some 45 of the number. The important work of RAMMELSBERG on Chemical Mineralogy, has been continued in a fifth Supplement, issued in 1853. A similar review of the Progress of the Science by Dr. GUSTAV ADOLPHI KENNGOTT, conducted with like thoroughness, though with less criticism, has appeared in Vienna, and already two large volumes have been issued, one reviewing the Science for the years 1844 to 1849, the other, for 1850 and 1851. During this period also, Professor GUSTAV RosE has published his Krystallo-chemische Mineral-System (1853); Professor VON KOBELL, a work on Mineralogical Nomenclature (1853), and a new edition of his excellent Tables for the Determination of Minerals, (1853); Dr. FRANZ LEYDOLT and Professor ADOLF MACHATSCHEK, of Vienna, their elements of Mineralogy based on the system of Mohs (1853); Dr. KENNGOTT of Vienna, "Das Mohs'sche Mineralsystem" (1853), and also a portfolio of plates of figures for the construction of Models of crystals (1854); Professor QUENSTEDT of Tubingen, the first part of a Treatise on Mineralogy (1854); Dr. C. F. NAUMANN, a revised edition of his invaluable Elements of Crystallography (1854); Dr. FRIEDERICH PFAFF Of Erlangen, Elements of the Mathematical Relations of Crystals (1853); F. H. ScHR6DER of Clausthal, Dr. RAMMELSBERG Of Berlin, and Jos. PECIRnK of Prague, smaller Manuals on the same subject, (1852, 18,53); Dr. J. ZIMMERMANN of Stuttgart, a small "Tashenbuch der Mineralogie" (1852); NICOLAI VON KOKscsrAaOV, the able Crystallographer of St. Petersburg, the first numbers of his "Mineralogie Russiands," in quarto, (1853, 1854); H. J. BROOKE and W. HL. MILLER, a new and original Treatise under the title of Phillips's Mineralogy (1852); C. F. PLATTNER, an enlarged edition of his extended Treatise on the Blowpipe (1853): besides the great work of Dr. GUSTAV BISCHOF, on Chemical and Physical Geology, begun in 1846, now numbering 2950 pages, (the last issue in 1853), and yet wanting another part to be complete; also G. H. OTTO VOLGER'S Essays on the Development of Minerals, (Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Mineralien,) as the basis of Scientific Geology and a rational Mineral Chemistry, (Zuirich, 1854); and VON WALTERSHAUSEN'S Treatise on the Volcanic Rocks of Sicily and Iceland. Moreover, various valuable papers have been issued in Scientific Journals and Transactions abroad, by HAIDIN GER, RAMMELSBERG, BREITHAUPT, SCHEERER, VON KOBELL, ROSE, BUNSEN, HIERMANN, VON RATH, 1AUSMANN, SANDBERGER, W6HLER, BAER, KENNGOTT, SCHABUS, KOKSCHAROV, SCAccHI, MENEGHINI, DELESSE, DAMOUR, DEVILLEEESCLOIZEAUX, SETNARMONT, CHAPMAN, MALLET, 1'REFACE. 7 SCOTT, PERCY, and other able investigators. In this country have appeared FOSTER & WHITNEY'S Report on the Geology and Mineralogy of the Lake Superior Region, (1851 and 1853); and J. D. WHITNEY'S Mineral Wealth of the United States (1854). Moreover, Dr. J. LAWRENCE SMITH and G. J. BRUSII, have labored with important results in American Mineralogy, clearing away many doubtful species; and other researches have been published by T. S. HUN', F. A. GENTH, J. C. BOOTH, J. D. WHITNEY, C. U. SHEPARD, J. W. MALLE'r, W. P. BLAKE, M. H. BoYE and T. IT. GARRETT. Of all these Publications, BIScio F's " Lehrbuch" stands first in importance. Mineralogy was well nigh a lifeless Science, having only powers of increase by accretion, like the objects of which it treats,-the addition of a new Mineral now and then being the great event of interest in its progress. BISCHOF, by his elaborate researches and profound views, has given it a new impulse. He makes every analysis of a Mineral an important element in the study of Mineral history, showing the necessity of their multiplication, and well exposing the leanness of Chemical formulas when given as a substitute for analyses. The associations and collocations of Minerals, their changes from exposure to atmospheric and other agencies, and even the infinitesimal ingredients in their constitution, are all made to bear on the question of the origin and progress of Mineral and Rock Formations. A Mineral species is shown to have a history of its own,-its perfect state, its liabilities to alteration and decay, its successive changes, and again its renovation or its metamorphosis into a new species. These views taken in their wide extent, constitute the proper basis of the Science of Geology, and should have their full exposition in a work on that Science. But the elements of the subject are with propriety indicated in a Mineralogical Treatise. While dwelling with deserved emphasis on the researches of BisCHOF, we should not forget that others have labored in the same department, prominent among whom, are HAIDINGER, VOLGER, BREITHAUPT, BLUM, BUNSEN and DELESSE. The work next in importance, more especially in its bearing on the crystallization of Minerals, is the " Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy," by BROOKE & MILLER. It stands preeminent for its originalmeasurements, and its thorough revision of the angles of Crystals, and will remain a permanent source of information on these points. In the preparation of the present edition, the author takes pleasure in making special acknowledgments to the work of BISCHOF, for facts and principles relating to the Chemistry of the alteration of Minerals; to RAMMELSBERGC'S Supplement to his Chemical Mineralogy, a work whose earlier parts contributed largely to the preceding edition of this Treatise; to KENNGOTT'S and KoKSCHIAROV'S publications; and to the critical observations in the " Mineralsystemn" of G. ROSE. Frequent use has also been made of the work of B3ROOKE & MILLER, in the crystallography of the species, from which the 8 PREFACE. angles and planes of crystals have often been cited. The various Scientific Periodicals of Russia, Germany, Italy. France and Britain, some of them down to June last, have been searched for their facts, and every effort has been made to post the work up to the day of publication. American Mineralogy owes much to the careful revision it has received at the hands of Messrs. SMITH & BRUSHI and the author would express his special personal obligations to each of these Chemists. From Dr. F. A. GENTH, of Philadelphia, he has derived generous aid both in suggestions ~and results of researches. Mr. T. S. HUNT has kindly contributed several new analyses throwing much light on the minerals of Canada; and valuable observations and analyses have been received from J. D. WHITNEY and Professor BOOTH. Many and various have been the favors, in the way of new facts, opinions and recent discoveries, which the author owes to Mr. LouIs SEMANN of Paris. He is also largely indebted to ROBERT P. GREG, Jr., of Manchester, England, for information respecting the Mineralogy of Great Britain, liberally furnished from a work by him and W. G. LETTSOM, now in the press. The author would also express his gratitude to Messrs. T. S. HUNT, C. M. WHEATLEY, B. SILLIMAN Jr., L. WILDER, T. F. SEAL, W. T. VAUX, L. STADTMULLER, and G. J. BRUSH, for the privilege of figuring Crystals of American Species in their possession. Similar favors were received from the lamented J. E. TESOIEMACIIER Of Boston, who ever rejoiced to devote himself and his cabinet to the progress of the Science, and continued his communications with the author, until the day before his death in November last. In the preparation of this edition, the subject of Crystallography has been revised and simplified. A system of notation for the figures of Crystals, both brief and sifmple, has been adopted; and many new and original figures have been introduced. The homceomorphous relations of mineral species have been worked out with considerable care, in order to arrive at their true fundamental forms, and trace the bearing of the subject on their composition and classification. The Table of atomic weights has been corrected according to the most recent results, and the percentages of the formulas have been recalculated to correspond with it. The subject of pseudomorphs is treated at some length, and along with the descriptions of the species, a paragraph is devoted to the altered forms which each presents. These changes, together with the remodeling of the classification, and the large additions throughout, render the Treatise more properly a new work, than a revised edition. NEW HAVEN, Sept. 1, 1854. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. HRELATIONS OF MINERALOGY TO TEIE OTHER NTATURAL SCIENCES,. 17 MINERALOGY: SUBDIVISIONS ADOPTED IN THE TREATISE,.. 19 PART I. CRYSTALLOLOGY, OR THE SCIENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MINERALS. SECTION I. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF CRYSTALS,.. 21 I. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION, 28 II. MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS,.... 82 Laws of Symmetry, and resulting Forms,.... 38 1. Monometric System,....... 34 2. Dimetric System,.... 89 3. Trimetric System,. 41 4. Monoclinic System,.. 43 5. Triclinic System,... 44 6. Hexagonal System,.. 45 Law of Numerical Proportion in the Modifications of Crystals, 49 Zones of Planes..,. 53 Symbols of Planes,... 56 Mathematical Crystallography,. 62 On the Drawing of Figures of Crystals,.98 III. CLEAVAGE,....... 108 IV. IRREGULARITIES AND IMPERFECTIONS OF CRYSTALS,.... 110 V.i DETERMINATION AND MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALS,... 122 2 10 CONTENTS. VI. COMPOUND CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE, OR TWIN CRYSTALS,.. 127 VII. CRYSTALLINE AGGREGATES AND AMORPHOUS VARIETIES,. ~ ~. 134 VIII. PSEUDOMORPHOUS CRYSTALS..' ~ o 136 SECTION II. CRYSTALLOGENY. I. PRACTICAL CRYSTAL LOGENY,........ 137 II. THEORETICAL CRYSTALLOGENY,...... 139 On Crystalline Molecules,.... 144 Formation of Simple and Compound Crystals,.. 148 Formation of Secondary Planes and Origin of Cleavage, 154 PAR T II. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. I. CHARACTERS DEPENDING ON LIGHT,.... 162 Lustre,...162 Color,.. 163 Dichroism, Pleochroism,...166 Diaphaneity,.......... 167 Refraction, Polarization,... 167 Phosphorescence,.... 171 II. ELECTRICITY, MAGNETISM,...... 173 III. HEAT,......... 176 IV. SPECIFIC GRAVITY,... ~... 179 V. CHARACTERS DEPENDING ON COHESION,.. 180 Hardness,.....180 Tenacity,...... 182 Fracture,....182 VI. TASTE,...... 182 VII. ODOR,.....183 PART III. CHEMICAL MINERALOGY, I. COMPOSITION OF MINERALS,..... 183 1. General Remarks on the Constitution of Minerals,..., 184 CONTENTS. 11 Table of Atomic Weights,..184 Chemical Formulas of Minerals,.. 186 2. Relations of Minerals as exhibited in the Principles of Isomorphism, and Dimorphism,...189 Isomorphous Groups of Elements,.... 190 Dimorphism, Trimorphism, Pleomorphism,... 191 Methods of Determining true Affinities in Form,.... 192 List of Homoeomorphous Groups,..195 Monometric System,. 195 Dimetric System,...197 Hexagonal System,...198 Trimetric System,. 199 Monoclinic and Triclinic Systems,. 204 Origin of Iomceomorphism,..204 Bearing of the subject on Chemical Composition and Formulas,. 206 Cause of Dimorphism,.. 209 II. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF MINERALS,....... 210 Chemical Tests,...210 Action with the Blowpipe,... 213 III. PSEUDOMORPHS AND METAMORPHIC CHANGES IN MINERALS,.. 222 Kinds of Pseudomorphs,.... 222 Table of Pseudomorphs,. 223 Causes of Pseudomorphic or Metamorphic Changes,... 227 Analysis of Sea, Spring, and River Water,.... 229 Source of Saline Ingredients of Waters,... 230 Kinds of reactions, or methods of Composition and Decomposition,. 231 Artificial Formation of Minerals,. 236 Crystallized Furnace Products,...237 Association of Minerals,... 238 P ART IV. TAXONOMY. I. MINERALOGICAL SPECIES,... 241 II. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS,... 244 Classification of the Elements,....... 245 Fundamental Points in the Classification of Compounds, 246 General Review of the Classification of Minerals,.... 249 III. NOMENCLATURE,... I. 255 12 CONTENTS. PART V. DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. Introductory Observations,. 256 Table I,..........261 Table II,.........310 VOLUME II. PART VI. DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. DESCRIPTION8 OF SPECIES,..7....... (For Index to the Subdivisions, see p. 249, Vol. I.) SUPPLEMENT-CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS, 4.. 76 APPENDIX,............ 499 ANNOTATED INDEX TO THE USEFUL ORES,... 14 GENERAL INDEX,..517 ERRATA.., 534 ABBREVIATIONS. Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn. —Acta Societatis scientifice Fennicme: at Abo, Finland. Afh. i Pys., or Afhandl.-Afhandlingar i Fysik, Kemi och Mineralogi, by Hisinger and Berzelius, 6 vols. 1806 to 1816. Stockholm. Am. J. Sci.-American Journal of Science and Arts, commenced in 1819; conducted by B. Silliman-associated with B. Silliman, Jr., since 1838; and also with J. D. Dana since Jan. 1846. 1st series tri-monthly, vols. 1 to 49, with vol. 50, an Index to the preceding; 2d series bi-monthly, vols. 1 (1846) to 18 (close of 1854); the 10th containing an Index to the first 10 volumes of the series. Ann. Ohem. u. Pharm.-Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, by F. W6hler and J. Liebig. In monthly numbers of about 180 pages, 4 vols. a year. Vol. xe. (or xiv of New Ser.), commenced with April, 1854. Ann. Chim.-Annales de Chimie. 96 vols. 1789-1815. Paris. Ann. Ch. P1hys. [2] and [3].-Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 2d series, 18161840, 78 vols. (3 vols. a year); 3d ser. since 1841; with 1854, volume xl, began. Ann. LyeX.N. H. Ncw York.-Anllals of the Lyceunl of Natural History of New York. The 6th volume was begun with 1854. Ann. d. M. (or flines).-Annales des Mines, a mfonthly of 180 pages, now making 3 vols. a year; 1st ser., 13 vols., 1816-1826, Paris; 2d ser., 10 vols.; 1827 —1831, 2 vols. a year; 3d ser., vols. 1832-1841; 4th ser. began in 1842; 5th ser. in 1852. Index to 4th ser. published in 1853. Ann. des. L. Russ.-Annales des Mines Russes. Ann. Phil.-Annals of Philosophy, by Th. Thomson. 16 vols. London, 18131820; new series, by R. Phillips, 12 vols. London, 1821-1826, (afterwards united with the Philosophical Magazine, edited by Taylor and Phillips. Archiv. d. Pharm. —Archiv der Pharmacie, 8vo., laannover. Arsb. Berz.-Arsberittelse om Framstegen i Kemi och Mineralogie afJac. Berzelius from 1821 to 1847. The Jahresbericht, etc., is the German translation. B.Ku. H. Ztg. —Berg. und. Huttenmninsche Zeitung. B. & M.-Brooke and Miller. —Elementary Introduction to Mineralogy, I700 p. 8vo. London, 1852. Ba2tmg. Zeitsch.-Zeitschrift fuir Physik und Mathematik, by Baumgartner and v. Ettingshausen, Vienna, 1826-1832; Zeitsehriftfiir Physik und verwandte Wissenschaften, by Baumgartner and von Holger. Vienna, 1832. Beck, Min. N. Y. —Mineralogy of New York, by L. C. Beck, 536 pp. 4to. Albany, 1842. Berichte Mitth. Fr. Nat. zu Wien.-Berichte fiber die Mittheilungen von Freunden der Naturwissenschaften in Wien, (Vienna), gesammelt und herausgegeben von W. Haidinger, vols. I to VII, 1846 to 1851. Berz.-Berzelius. Berth. T. des Ess. —TraitSe des Essais par la voie seche by Berthier. 2 vols. Paris, 1835. Beud. —Beudant; TraitB elementaire de Mineralogie. 2d edit. 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1830. Bischof Geol. (or Lehrb.)-Lehrbuch der chemischen und physikalischen Geologie von Dr. Gustav Bischof, 2vols., 1846-1854, (last part not yet issued), Bonn. 14 ABBREVIATIONS. Bib. Univ. Gen.-Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve. 1st ser. 1816 —1835; 2d ser. 1836-1846; 3d series, since 1846, with the literary and scientific parts separate, the latter under the title, " Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles." Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.-Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, since 1834. Boston. Breit.-Breithaupt.-Handbuch der Mineralogie. 3 vols. Leipzig. Brewst. J.-Edinburgh Journal of Science, by D. Brewster. _Edinburgh. 1st ser., 10 vols., 1824-L1829; 2d ser., 6 vols., 1829-1832. Bull. Soc. Geol. de Fr.-Bulletin de la Soci6t6 G6ologique de France, since 1830, forming 1 vol. a year. New series begun in 1843. Tome xi, for the year 1854. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.-Bulletin of the Society of Naturalists of Moscow. Chem. Gaz.-Chemical Gazette, or Journal of Practical Chemistry, conducted by Wm. Francis. Published twice a month in a pamphlet of 24 pages, 1 volume a year. London. Commenced Jan. 1843. Compt. Rend.-Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences. Paris. Weekly, and forming two volumes annually in quarto; since 1835. Crell's Ann.-Chemische Annalen by Crell. 40 vols., 1784-1804. Helmstadt and Leipzig. Deville, Etudes.-Etudes Geologiques des Iles Canaries. Paris. Duf.-Dufr6noy. —Traite de Mineralogie. 3 vols. 8vo. with a fourth volume of plates. Paris, 1844-1847. Edinb. Phil. J —Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, by Brewster and Jameson. 14 vols. Edinburgh, 1819-1826. Edinb. N. Phil. J., or Jameson's Jour., by Prof. Jameson, continued tri-monthly since 1826. 2 vols. a year. Vol. ivi, commenced with the year 1854. Gilb. Ann.-Annalen der Physik, by Dr. L. W. Gilbert. 76 vols., 1799-1824. Leipzig. From vols. 31 to 60, a new series, (1809-1818); from vols. 61 to to 76, another series, (1819-1824), under the title, " Annalen der Physik und der physikalischen Chemie." Glocker Min. Jahresh.-Mineralogische Jahreshefte by Glocker. 1 vol. 1835. Nfirnberg; part of a volume in 1837. H.-Haiiy. —Traite de Mineralogie. 2d ed. 2 vols. and atlas. Paris, 1822. Haid.-W. Haidinger, author of a Handbuch der bestimmenden Mineralogie, Wien, 1845; and also of the English translation of Mohs's Mineralogy. Haid. Ber.-See Berichte, etc., on the preceding page. Halle Zeitschr.-Zeitschrift for die gesammten Naturwissenschaften herausg. von dem Naturw. Vereine fir Sachsen u. Thuringen in Halle, redigirt von C. Giebel u. W. Heintz; begun in 1853, 2 vols. a year. Hausm.-Hausmann. Handbuch der Mineralogie, 2 vols. Gittingen, 1845. His. Min. Schwed.-Mineralgeographie von Schweden by Hisinger; a translation by W6hler. Leipzig, 1826. Hitchcock Geol. Mass. —Geological Report of Massachusetts, by E. Hitchcock, pp. 830. 4to. Boston, 1833. J.-Jameson.-System of Mineralogy. 4th edit. Edinburgh, 1824. Also Manual of Mineralogy from the Encyclopoedia Britannica, 1837. Jackson, Geol. Rep. N. H. —Geological Report of New Hampshire, by C. T. Jackson. 376 pp. 4to, with plates. Also author of a Report on the Geology of Maine, and another on the Geology of Rhode Island. Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Beichs.-Jahrbuch der kaiserlich-kdniglichen geologische Reichsanstalt, vols. I-IV. Wien, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853. Jahresb. —Jahresbericht, etc. —Translation of Berzelius's Annual Scientific Report, by C. Gmelin, and afterwards by Wbhler. Commenced in 1822, and continued to 1847. John Unters.-Chemische Untersuchungen der Mineralkirpnr, by John. Berlin, 1808-1816. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.-Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; since 1817. 8 vols. to 1842; new series begun in 1848. Jour. des. Mrines.-Journal des Mines, 38 vols., 1794-1815. Paris. J.f. pr. Ch.-Journal fur praktische Chemie, by Dr. O. L. Erdmann and R. F. Marchand; Leipzig, twice a month, in parts of 64 pages each, and 3 vols. a year. From 1834 to 183.6, (vols. i to ix), under Erdmann and Schweigger ABBREVIATIONS. 15 Seidel; 1837, (vols. x, xi, xii), under Erdmann alone; 1838-1850 under Erdmann and Marchand; 1851, 1852, Erdmann alone; 1853 and since, Erdmann and Gustav Werther. The vol. lxi commenced with the year 1854. Joy, Inaug. Dissert.-Miscellaneous Chemical Researches, Inaugural Dissertation, etc., 50 pp., 8vo. Gittingen, 1853. Gel. Anzeig.-Gelehrte Anzeigen-etc., Minchen.(Munich). Karsten Archiv.-Archiv far Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hfittenkunde. Berlin, since 1829. Keller u. Tied.-Nordamerikanischen Monatsbericht fir Natur- und Heilkunde, redigirt von Dr. W. Keller and Dr. H. Tiedemann; 4 vols., 1850, 1851. Philadelphia. Klap. Beit.-Beitrage zur chemischen Kenntniss der Mineralkbrper, by Klaproth. 6 vols. Berlin, 1795-1815. K. V. Ac. H.-Konigl. Vetetlskaps-Academiens Handlingar, (Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy). Kob.-Von Kobell.-Grundzige der Mineralogie von Franz von Kobell. Niirnberg, 1838. Lampadius Handb.-Handbuch zur cfem. Analyse d. Mineralkunde. Freiberg, 1791; Nachtrag, 1818. L'Institut.-L'Institut, Journal Universel des Sciences et des societes savantes en France et a 1' stranger. 1 volume a year since 1833. Paris. Leonh. Bronn, Jahrb.-Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geognosie, &c., by von Leonhard and Bronn, 1830-1832; Neues Jahrbuch, &c., since 1833; monthly; — 1 volume a year. Stuttgart. Lieb. it. Kopp.-Liebig und Kopp's Jahresbericht, 1847-1853. Logan Geol. Rep. —Logan's Reports on the Geology of Canada, Montreal, 1849-1853. Min. N. Y. by Beck.-Report on the Mineralogy of the State of New York. 1 vol. 4to. Albany, 1842.. —Mohs. Naturgeschichte des Mineralreiches, von F. Mohs. 2d edit., in 2 parts or volumes. Vienna, 1836-1838. Nord. Bidrag.-Bidrag till n/irmare Kiinnedom af Finnlands Mineralier, by Nordenski6ld. Stockholm, 1820. Ofv. K. V. Ak. Forh.-Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens FSrhandlingar. Stockholm. (Bulletin of the Royal Academy). Phil. lag. [2].-Philosophical Magazine or Annals of Chemistry, by Taylor & Phillips, 11 vols. London, 18217-1832.-Phil. Mlrag. [3].-London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, by Brewster, Taylor and Phillips, (new and united series). London, 1832-1850.-Phil. Jlag. [4], 1851; vol. vii, began with Jan., 1854. Phil.-Wm. Phillips.-Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy, 8vo. London, 1823; also 1837; also by Fr. Alger, Boston, 1844.-See also, B. and M. Phil. Trans.-Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London since 1665. Pogg. Ann.-Annalen der Physik und Chemie, by Dr. J. C. Poggendorff. Continued from 1824; monthly; 3 vols. a year. Published for a while at Berlin, and now at Leipzig. Vol. xci commenced with 1854. A general index is published for volumes 1 to 60, to the close of 1843; and another in 1854 for vols. lxi to xc. Proc. Amer. Assoc.-Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, vols. i to vi; i of meeting at Philadelphia; ii, at Cambridge; iii, at Charleston, S. C.; iv, at New Haven; v, at Cincinnati; vi, at Albany. Quart. Jour.-Quarterly Journal of Science and Arts of Royal Institution. 30 vols. London, 1816-1830. Quart. Jour. Chem. Soc.-The Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London, edited for the Society by YE. Ronalds. Commenced in 1848, and published tri-monthly, in parts, 96 pages each. Volume vii commenced with April, 1854. Ramm. Handw.-Handw6rterbuch des chemischen Theils der Mineralogie, von C. F. Rammelsberg. 3 vols., 1841. Berlin. Supplements 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, about August, in the years 1843, 1845, 1847, 1849, 1853. Rec. Gen. Sci.-Records of General Science, by R. D. Thomson. 4 vols. London, 1835, 1836. 16 ABBREVIATIONS. Rogers's Geol. Rep. N. J;-Geological Report of New Jersey, by H. D. Rogers, 300 pp. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1840. Rose's Kryst.-Chem. Mlin. —Das Krystallo-Chemische Mineralsystem of G. Rose, 156 pp. 8vo. Leipzig, 1852. Scheer. Jour.-Allgemeines Journal der Chemie, by Scheerer. 10 vols. Leipzig, 1799-1803. Schweig. Jour.-Journal ffir Physik und Chemie by Schweigger, and afterwards with Schweigger-Seidel. 69 vols., 1811 to 1833, at Niurnberg and Halle. Shep.-C. U. Shepard, Treatise on Mineralogy. l2mo. New Haven, Ct. 1st part, an Introduction to the Science, 1 vol., 1823; 2d part, 2 vols., 1835; 2d edit. (of 1st part), 1844; 1st half of 3d edition, 1852.* Sitzuengsb. Wien.-Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; Math.-Nat. Classe. Wien (Vienna). Vol. xi began with June of 1853. Skand. nat. S. i Stockholrn.-Transactions of the Scandinavian Society of Natural Science at Stockholm. Stromeyer's Unters.-Untersuchungen fiber die Mischung der Mineralkbrper. GUttingen, 1822. Suckow.-Die Verwitterung im Mineralreiche. Thorn. Min.-Outlines of Mineralogy, by Dr. Th. Thomson. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1836. ~Ullnmann Syst. tab. Ueb.-Systematisch-tabellarische Uebersicht der mineralogischeinfachen Fossilien, by Ullmann. Kassel and Marburg, 1814, with occasional issues of a later date. VTerh. Min. St. Petersb.-Verhandlungen der kaiserlich russischen mineralogischen Gesellsehaft, zu St. Petersburg.'Volger, Entwick.-Studien zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der mineralien als Grundlage einer wissenschaftlichen Geologie und rationellen Mineralchemie, von G. H. Otto Volger, 548 pp., 8vo., with 1 plate. Zurich, 1854. Waltershausen's Trulk. Gest.-Ueber die vulkanischen Gesteine in Sicilien und Island und ihre submarine Umbildung, von W. Sartorius von Waltershausen, 532 pp. 8vo. G(ttingen, 1853. Wolff, Foss. -Ekeberg.-E. Th. Wolff de Compositione fossilium Ekebergitis, Scapolithi et Mejonitis; Dissertatio inauguralis Chemica, Berolini; 1843. W.-Werner. U; S., United States; Ala., Alabama; Ark., Arkansas; C. E., Canada East; C. W., Canada West; Cal., California; Ct. or Conn., Connecticut; D)el., Delaware; Ga., Georgia; ill., Illinois; Ind., Indiana; Kiy., Kentucky; La., Louisiana; Mass., Massachusetts; Mld., Maryland; Me., Maine; Jich., Michigan; Miss., Mississippi; Mo., Missouri; NV. C. or N. Car., North Carolina; _N. H., New Hampshire; N. J., New Jersey; N. Y;, New York; O., Ohio; Pa. or Penn., Pennsylvania; R. 1., Rhode Island; S. C. or S. Car., South Carolina; Tenn., Tennessee; Va., Virginia; Vt., Vermont. * This new edition of Prof. Shepard's Treatise should have been honorably mentioned at the top of page 7, (Preface). It is greatly to be regretted, on account of Prof. Shepard's extensive acquaintance with American Mineralogy, that the work is still incomplete. INTRODUCTION, THE productions of our globe naturally distribute themselves into three grand divisions, the Animal, the Vegetable, and the Mineral or Inorganic; and our knowledge of the various kinds of objects in these departments constitutes the natural sciences, Zoology, Botany, and Mineralogy. The first two divisions include all beings possessed of vitality: beings which increase by an assimilation of nutritive substances taken internally; which arrive at maturity by a series of successive developments; whose parts are mutually dependent, and cannot be separated without destroying the perfection of the individual; which, after a certain period, lose the capability of continuing the usual functions of life, and consequently die. The powers of vitality being no longer present to counteract decomposition, death is soon followed. by a complete destruction of the original living being. The third division, on the contrary, contains those natural objects that are not possessed of life; objects which increase by accretion merely, or an external addition of particles unaltered by any powers of assimilation in the object; which are equally perfect in the embryo state or at the earliest commencement of their formation, and in the enlarged individual; whose individuality is not destroyed by a separation of parts; whose formation is originally the result of chemical attraction, and, consequently, they are not, from their nature, necessarily liable to decomposition. Thlere is t.hus a strong liie of clemliarkation inll ature between 18 INTRODUCTION. those bodies which live, grow, and die, and those which exist only by virtue of chemical and cohesive forces. The whole range of inorganic substances, whether made by art or existing in the earth's crust, fall into the last division, for they are produced by the same laws, and by like modes of aggregation. They constitute the Inorganic Kingdom. Minerals, as the term is used, are those species of this vast kingdom, that occur readymade in the earth's crust. They exist by no different forces fromn the compound that proceeds from the laboratory; for it matters not whether sulphuric acid and limie come together in the workshop of art or nature; whether the hand of man bring the materials into juxtaposition, a running brook, a mineral spring, or a volcanic fumarole: the result in both cases is gypsum, identical in chemical, physical, and crystallographic characters. In many cases art has not yet found out the methods of imitating nature, and some of the requisites, as indefinite time, unlimited mass, weak and prolonged electric forces, and peculiar juxtaposition of elements and compounds, are not readily commanded by the chemist. Still the forces are the same in kind, and in this respect the inorganic kingdom is single and undivided. The Science of Mineralogy hence treats of only a small part of the third kingdom of nature. It includes here and there a species from the systemthat is, those species that happen to have been formed by outdoor processes. The limits of the department are not based on any grand points of difference between these and other inorganic compounds; they are assumed, in order to present together a collection of facts, which the student conveniently considers in one connection-facts relating to the natural productions of our globe. It is important, at the outset, that the distinctions here laid down be fully appreciated; for very partial views of nature are received, when minerals are supposed to constitute a complete system in themselves. The explorer of some contracted territory might as well claim the species he finds to constitute exclusively a kingdomn, as one who takes a wider portion or the whole of the earth's surface. The scope of the word mineral is conventional. It is convenient to include under it, all inorganitc natural objects which are proper chemical compounds, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous; and this convenience is a sufficient ground for the course. Moreover the INTRODICJTION. 19 physical conditions of solidity, liquidity, gaseity, are not even specific distinctions in the wide inorganic kingdom, and hence afford no reasonable or necessary limit to the mineral department. Mineralogy is closely related to the Science of Geology. The former considers minerals as independent bodies; the latter, in their dependent relations, constituting soils and various rocks. It is the object of l/Iineralogy to describe the individual qualities of the several mineral species, while Geology treats of them only as associated in the structure of the earth. To an intermediate department, Chemical Geology, belongs the discussion of the origin and formation of minerals, both as simple species and as aggregated in rock masses. MINERAL OGY: SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SUBJECT ADOPTED IN TIE FOLLOWING TREATISE. The aggregation of inorganic matter depends on a power called crystallization, or crystallogenic attraction, by the action of which minerals receive a regular structure and take on certain forms called crystals. This power is universal, like vitality in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and hence an inorganic species has as much its characteristic form as a plant or animal. Under the head of CRYSTALLOLOGY, or, tAe Science of the ~Structture of ~ibnerals, this subject occupies Part I. of the following treatise. Crystallology includes two sections; 1. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, or, descriptions of the crystalline forms of minerals; 2. CRYSTALLOGENY, or, the origin of the forms and structure of crystals. The properties of minerals come next under consideration:First, those depending on the trcansmnission, cand reflection of Light and teLat, on Eylectr'icity, if~aynetism, Graicity, Cohesion, and also their relations to the senses of taste and szell, or their Taste and Odor. These, the Physiical PropertZes of linerals, constitute the subject of Part II. Next follow: Part III. On the Chemical Charcacteirs and Relations of 2Mrinerals. Part IV. On Taxonomy, or Classification. o20 UTRODUTION. Part V. Deterincnative _2l/fineraloqy, or Tables for the cletermination of Species. Part VI. Full descriptions of the species, under the head of Descri ptive inemralogy. In treating of the properties of minerals, a work on Mineralogy is necessarily brief. A full discussion of the relations of crystals to light, heat, and electricity, would lead us out of our proper science into Physics; for it is by means of crystals that many of the fundamental laws of light, heat, and electricity, are exhibited. These subjects are considered, therefore, only so far as they afford aid in, discriminating among minerals, and throw light on the characters of species. PART I. CRYSTALLOLOGY, OR, THE SCIENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MINERALS. S-E CTION 1 r CRYSTALLOGRA PHY. A crystal is ia, i.,r'jianic solid&l bounclecd by l~ame s' faes symmetricall/ y arcranyed, and resqtding from the forces of the conTstittuent noleculees. In its original signification, this term was applied only to crystals of quartz, which the alncient philosophers believed to be water congealed by intense cold. HI-ence the term, from xpuo.raXxok, ice.4* It now includes all those regular solids that owe their formation to the attraction that produced the xpuvaorXXo of the ancients, or which, like that, possess a regular form, whatever may be the color or the degree of transparency or opacity. In brilliancy of lustre and symmetry of obrm, crystals, as they are found in nature, sometimes rival the most splendid gems from the hands of the lapidary. They occur of all sizes, firom the mer'est Diodorus II. p. 163,'Wess. —ros yap KpraraXXov s Xo00oV5 EXlv r7v oxracltv 4 Jarog KaOapoV 7rayv~ros, o-X 1Jra tPvXovs, dXX''7r OEiov rvpos vvaspuw. Seneca, Quest. Nat. II. 25: Unde autem fiat ejusmodi lapis apud Grincos ex ipso noimine apparet. I(pvwraXXv enim appellant toque hunc perluceidum lapidem quam illam glaciem ex qua fieri lapis creditur. Aqua enim ccelestis minimum in se terreni habens, quin induruit longioris frigoris pertinacia spissatur magis ac magis donec omni aSi e excluso in se tota cornpressa est, et humor qui fuerat, lapis effectus est. Plinius, Hist. Nat. XXXVII. 2: MAlurrhina-humorem putant sub terra chlors densari. Contraria huic causa crystallum facit, gelu vehementiore concreto. 22 CRYSTALLOGRAlRPHY. microscopic point, to a yard or more diameter. A single crystal of quartz now at Milan, is three and a quarter feet long, and fve and ca ha/f in circumference; and its weight is estimated at eight hundred and seventy pounds. One of the gigantic beryls from Acworth, New Hampshire, measures four feet in length, and two and a half in circumference; and another at Grafton, is over fobur feet long, and thirt'y-two inches in one of its diameters3 and does not weigh less than two and a half tons. But the highest perfection of form and transparency are found only in crystals of small size. I,Variety and Co.stcancy of' Forms.-Each mineral, as has been remarked, has its own mode of crystallization, by which it may be distinguished, just as we distinguish a plant by its characters and mode of growth. For example, a crystal of cale spar is known at once by its acnglces, wherever it may have been found, and also by a peculiarity of interqnal structure. The same is true for other species: consequently, measurement of angles and examination of structure have become important means of distinguishing minerals. The constancy of ancgle between similar planes in the same species, is a fact of the highest importance in the science: it is not absolutely perfect, owing to some causes hereafter to be stated, yet it admits of but little variation. The variety of form presented by a single mineral, may be very great. CCaG spar' is found in double pyramids, in prisms, rhombohedrons, and many other forms; pyrites, in cubes, octahedrons, dodecahedrons; and so with other species. But however great the number, all the forms in each case are referable to a single type, and little skill is required to trace out extreme simplicity amid apparent complexness: for all the various modifications take place according to a simple unvarying law. Tlhus a multiplicity of crystalline shapes is produced for each species. It is the object of Crystallography to point out the number and relations of these forms, and their internal structure; and thence to explain the manner in which the study of them is available in science. All inorganic compounds-those of art as well as minerals-may take on a crystalline structure; and hence, this subject has the widest bearing, for it is the science of structure in the whole inorganic world. Even the shapeless mass has a regular internal structure in its minute grains, of the same identical character with that of the crystal of like composition and species. In treating of the subject of Crystallography, we take up, first, the normal forms and structure of sinple crystals, discussing (1) the Systems of Crystcallization; (2) the 11fodeJcationis of formn in Crystals; (3) Clecavage or internal structuore; (4) Distortions and Irregyzlarities; (5) the Ji/odes of ifeasuareqnent. We next pass to abnormalforms-nthat is, (6) Twin or Com0pond CryStaCs: then (7) to Miinerai Aggregates; and (8) to PseudomyorphoAus Crystals. 9YSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. 28 I. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. The internal structure of crystals-especially their cleavageled early crystallographers to the recognition of thirteen Primary Forms. There are crystals, as those of gcalena, whose internal structure is cubiccal, the mineral affording cubes on dissection; there are others, as fluor spar, that afford the regculare octahedron in a similar manner; and there are others, as blende, whose cleavages yield dodecachedrons. In view of this fundamental character, which is one of the most unvarying and profoundly essential of a species, all of these forms, the cube, octahedron and dodecahedron have equal claims to be regarded as primary in the inorganic kingdom. In the same manner we arrive at the other so-called primary forms. But viewed without reference to structure, several of these forms are essentially identical; and they may all be included under sia Systems of CUrstallization. In many species no internal structure is apparent; and in many others it is ambiguous, or affords two or more distinct forms at the same time; so that often a primary formn cannot be recognized. Whereas the system? of crystallization is in each case distinct and certain, being based on simple mathematical relations of the planes. The subject of Crystallography is much simplified by this classification of crystalline forms, and greater precision is given to the description of species. In treating of the subject of Crystallography, the parts of crystals especially considered, are as follows: — 1. Faces or _planes: which are of various forms, tricangular, square, rectangular, trapezoidal, polygonalc. A series of three or more planes, making with one another parallel intersections, is called a zone. 2. Edges: formed by the meeting of planes, and either rectacngular, obtuse, or acute. Edges are said to be simcilar, whien the planes, by the meeting of which they are formed, are respectively equal, and equally inclined to one another, unzlie or dissimzilacr, when not thus equal. 3. Plane angles: the angles of the faces. 4. Imtefcfaciai cangles: the mutual inclinations of two planes. 5. Solid angles: the meeting of three or more planes, and either trihedcal, tetrcahedralc, jpoolyhedral. Solid angles are said to be simnila~ when included by the same number of plane angles, equal each to each, and equally inclined to one another. 6. Axes: lines connecting points diagonally opposite, as the apices of opposite solid angles, the centers of opposite edges, or of opposite faces. In Crystallography there are three axes employed, (excepting for hexagonal forms), and these axes are either at right angles with one another, producing orthometric forms, or oblique. produ 24 MOBYSTALLOGRAPHY. cing clinometric formsn and they may be either all eclual, or but two equal, or all. unequal.. In order to illustrate the relations of the six systems of crystallization, we may briefly mention, by way of introduction, the characters of some of the simpler solids. 1. Prisnms /having a 4-sided base.-When the base is square and the prism erect, as in f. 2, the form is a qight S.uarce Prisn; t the four lateral planes are equal rectangles, either longer or shorter than the breadth, according to the height of the prism, and the basal edo'es are unlike the lateral. If these lateral planes equal the basal, and like them are squares, the form is a cube, (f. 1), bounded by six equal squares.'When -the base is a rectangle instead of a square, the prism is a Right.Rectanmgular Prism,, (f. 3). In each of thle forms mentioned the solid angles are eight in l 2 3 4....~;~' —~................ -X -- number, and are equal and rectangulam. The edges, which. are twel've in Cnumber, vary with the shape of the base and the height of the prism. In. the cube the twelve are equal; in the square prism the eight basal are equal, (four at each base), but they differ from the lateral; in the rectangular prism, two at each base differ in length ftioml the other two, and hence'there are three sets of edges, four in each. Again, the base may be a rvhomb,. a form in which the sides are equal; an erect prism with such a base is a Right Rhombic Prism, (f. 4). As two of the angles in the base are obtuse, and two acute, the solid angles corresponding differ in like manner, two at each base; and so also the lateral edges are two obtuse and two acute. Bult the four lateral. faces, like thle basal edges, will be equal. If, instead of a rhomb, the base is a rqhom-:boid, a figure in which * Orthometric, from ovpOos, straight, and psrpov, ineasure; clinometric, from Xvwc, to incline, and IPsrpov. + The following figures represent the forms of bases alluded toSquare. Rectangle. IRhonmb. Rhomboid, The soqare and rhomb have equal sides: the rectangle and rhomboid have only the opposites equal. SYSTEMS OF CR~SYTALTZATION'.'25 two opposite sides are ulequal to the other two, the four lateral faces will correspond to the basal edges, and only the opposites 5 Xi;'7 8 be equal. This form is the.Right Jrihomboial Prism,-: (similar to f. 4, or like f. 5, if placed on one of its lateral planes). Again, the base may be a rhormb, but the prism stand oblique on its base. Thus we have, as another form, an Obliquce Rhonmbic Prism, (f. 6, a front view, and 7, a side view). As in the right rhombic prism, the basal edges are equal in length; but from the inclination of the prism, two of these edges at each base are obtuse, and two acute. Such a prism may be longer or shorter than its breadth. If equal in length to its breadth, and the lateral planes just equal the basal, the form is bounded by six equal plrcanes, like a, cube, but having oblique angles; it is called a ]?hoamibohed/ron. Again, an oblique prism may have a rhogmboidal instead of a rhombic base, and is then an'Oblique Rhoomboidal Prism, (f. 8). The edges of each base are of four kinds, for two opposite are longer than the other two, and, of each pair, one is obtuse and the other acute. So also with the solid angles; the foir are different at each base. In this solid, therefore, only diagonally opposite edges are simi'lar-that is, are equal in length and in the included angles; and'in the same lannler, only opposite solid angles are equal, or consist of equal plane angles equally inclined. These particulars are readily understood firomn a model of the form. 2. Prisqms having a six-sic-ded base.-When the prism is a regular hexagon, and erect, it is calfed the Hecxagonal.Prism, (f. 9 or 10). 3. Octtahedons.-Octahedrons are 9 10 8-faced solids,-as the term implies, derived from oxqXIS, 8-times, and MgFc[,' t;face. )-These faces are triangles, as in i. 11,/12, 13, and the form is like two., [ I 1 4-si ed pyramids united base to base. I Hio ding aft octahedron with a solid an1gle uppermost, the upper and lower solid angles are called its vrticad solid anyges; the other four, its lactecal or basal solid an~les; and the horizontal plane in which the apices of the lateral olid angles lie, is the base of the octahedron. In the RPegulavr Octcheclron (f: 11) the base is square, and the eight faces are equal equilateral triangles. The edges are twelve and all equal; the faces incline upon one another at an 26 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. angle of 1090 28' 16'", and have the plane angles all 60~. The solid angles are six, and mutually equal. Like the cube the solid is every way symmetrical. When the base is square, and the vertical height greater or less than it is in the regular octahedron, (that is, the distance between the apices of the vertical solid angles greater or less than that be11 12 13 14 tween the apices of the lateral), the form is a Righlt Squaire Octaledron, (f. 12), having the faces isoscelestriangles, but not equilateral. The four basal edges are equal and similar, but they differ in length from the eight equal pyramidal edges, and also in the angle of the including planes. The vertical solid angles also differ in the plane angles of which they consist fiom the lateral or basal. The base in other octahedrons is rhomzbic, and in this case the form is called a Right R hombic Octah/edron, (f: 13): the length may be less or greater than the breadth. The basal edges are alike in length and other respects; but as the plane angles of the base are of two kinds, two obtuse and two acute, so the pyramidal edges differ accordingly. 4. Dodecahedr ons.-A dodecahedron is boundedlay twelve faces; the name is from (ZbsExa, twelve, and,6pa,,face. In a common kind of dodecahedron, called the Rhombic Dodecahedron, these faces are equal rhombs, as shown in f. 14. Like the octahedron and cube, this solid is every way symmetrical. The interfacial angles are 120~; andl the plane angles of the faces are 109~ 28' 16" and 70~ 31' 44". The edges are twenty-four and similar. The solid angles are fourteen in number, and of two kinds; eight obtuse, formed by the meeting of three obtuse plane angles, and six acute, enclosed each by four acute plane angles. From these descriptions of the thirteen simplest forms among crystals, we pass to the systems of crystallization. The Systems of Crystallization are based on certain relations in the axes of these forms. In bforms belonging to the same system, the axes are alike in number, and in their mutual intersections \ind general relations as to length. 1. ]Ionometric or Tesseral.Systemz. In the Monometric system, the three axes are rectangular inl their intersections and equal. The cube, regular octahedron, and rhombic dodecahedron, which are here included, are alike in their perfect symmetry: the height, SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. 27 length, and breadth are equal, and their axes are equal and rectangular. In the cube (f. 1) these axes connect the centres of opposite faces; in the octahedron, (f. 11), the apices of opposite solid angles; in the dodecahedron, (f. 14), the apices of opposite acute solid angles. The relations of these forms, and the correspondence ill their axes, will be understood after a brief notice of the transitions between the forms. If the eight angles of a cube are sliced off evenly, keeping the planes equally inclined to the enclosing faces, we first obtain the form in f. 15, then that in f. 16, and finally a requlcar octahedron, and the last disappearing point of each face of the cube is 15 16 17 18 19 0 0 <0, i the apex of each solid angle of the octahedron. Hence, the.axes of the former necessarily connect the apices of the solid angles of the latter. By cutting off as evenly the twelve' edges of another cube, the knife being equally inclined to the faces, we have the form in f. 17; then f. 18; and finally, the rhombic docdecahedron, (f. 14), with the axes of the cube connecting the same points in each. These forms are thus muntually derivable. Mljoreover, they are often presented by the saife mineral species, as is exemplified in galena, pyrites, and the diamond.'The process may be reversed, and the cube made firom the octahedron or dodecahedron, as will be readily understood from a comparison, in order, of f. 11, 16, 15, 1, and f. 14, 18, 17, 1. The octahedron also is changed to a rhombic dodecahedron by removing its twelve edges, (f: 19), and continuing the removal till the original faces are obliterated, thus producing the dodecahedron. The natme llonornetric alludes to the equality of the axes, and is fronm tovo0g, one, and Er-pov, IMzecasUre. liesse.ral is fi'om the Latin tessera, fbr cube or dice, and originally firomn the Greek word for.uJ,,h-. 2. D~i'ieri/c ASysfem/w. In the Dimetfic System, the three axes are rectangular in their intersections, and one, called the vertical, differs in length from the two lateral, which are equal. 4'%somretric systerm of I:aunlimIann;'_7[ssular of elobhs and }ilaidinger; ~Lesse;ra! of Naumtaunll; Regular of Weiss a.)d (G. Rose; Cttbic of Dufrenoy and Miller. 248 CYOSTALLOGRAPHY. The right square prism, (f. 2), and square octahedron, (f 12), are of this system. The axes of the prism connect the centres of opposite faces, and cross at right angles. The octahedron has the same relation to the prism as the regular octahedron to the cube; the 2n axes connect the apices of opposite solid angles. A. replacement of the angles* of the prism, (f. 20), conf~ X \tinned, leads to the octalledron. The vertical axis is a varying axis, and mnay be longer or shorter than ii ii the lateral. The name Iof the system alludes to the two kinds of axes, and is from sdi, twlo-fold, and ~ppOv, \1 Xnce'easttre.' *3. Tqrnieiriye 8istem )Ai. In the Trimetric System, the three axes are lectangular in their intersections, and unequal. It includes the right rectanngular prism,? (f. 3), the right rhombic, (f. 4), and the rhombic octahedron, (f. 1i3). The three axes intersect at right angles, but are unepqval. In the rectangular prism, -the axes connect the centres of opposite faces; in the rhombic prism, the vertical connects the centres of the basal faces, the lateral the centres of opposite lateral edges; in the octahedron, the axes connect the apices of opposite solid angles. By the transitions of these solids, it appears that these positions of the axes correspond throughout. If the lateral edges of a rectangular prism are removed parallel to a vertical diagonal plane, the form becomnes finally a rhombic prism, as shown in f. 3, 21, 22, 4; and so if the lateral edges of a rhombic prism are in like manner removed, (f. 22, 21, 3), the result is a rectangular prism. This relation of these two forms is also shown by the rhombic prism within, f. 21; the lateral faces of one prism are opposite the lateral. edges of the other; and the centre of the face of the rectangular 21 2 23 24 prism, where the axis terminates, is a point identical with:the termination of the corresponding axis in the rhonmbic prism. It is, hence, apparent that the positions assigned to the axes are not a!r — bitrary, but depend on the actual relations of the forms. Both ('t these prisms occur often in the same mineral. The rhombic octahedron, (f. 13), moreover, is derived from the rectangular prism, by' Pyramrnidal of Mohs; Vieryliedrige, or zwei-und-einaxige of Weiss; Tetranoaln of NTaunann; iMooclodimetric of Hausmanun; Quadratic of von Kobell. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. 29 removing the solid angles of the latter, a process begun in f: 23; and it comes from a rhomnbic prism by removing the basal edges of the prism, as shown in f. 24:. The axes are the same points precisely in the three forms. The longer lateral axis is called the Lmacrodiagonal, (fiom joaxpo5, long); and the other, the brach/ydciagonac, (from qpa.Xus, short). The name T'rimetric alludes to the existence of axes of three kinds, (the three being unequal), andl is from r'ps, tAree-fold, and ve.rpov.* 4. illbnoci~'ic g:,ystem. In the M[onocelinic System, the three axes are unequal; one, called the vertical, (c), is inclined to one of the lateral, and at right angles with the other, (c); and the two lateral (b, c) are at right angles with one another. It includes the right rhomboidal and oblique rhombie prisms. In the oblique rhomnbic prism, (f. 6), the vertical axis connects the centres of the bases, and the lateral the centres of opposite lateral edges; the lateral, b, c, intersect one another at right angles; the vertical is at right angles with c, but inclined to b. The axis c, which is at right angles with the other two, is called the orthodicaonal, (fromn opeog, strakciht); and the axis b, which is inclined to tlhe vertical, is tlhe elinodict-yonal, (from xivw,. to icOline). In the right rhomboidal prism the axes connect the centres of opposite faces. But they have the same relations as just explained: they are unequal, and there is one oblique intersection. To understand the relations of these solids, the rhomboidal 25 prism must be placed on a rectangular plane tor its base, as in ff: 5, and then the vertical axes in the forms correspond, as shown in f. 25, in which both forms are combined. The removal of the lateral edges of one prism produces finally the other prism, the relation beingtthe salle as between the right rectangular prism and right rhombic. The iaLrne e,ononoclinic is from thovor, one, anld xxvw, to'incline.t o. t T lici nic 8iyte4.L In the Tricliinic Systenm, the three axles are unequal, and all the intersections (a to b, ca to c, and b to c) are oblique. It includes the ob6iquwe rhomboidal 2rTSN', (f. 8). The name of the system is from Tpcs, three-times, and xxmv.' Prismatic or Orthotype of Molis; Ein-un',d-einaax ige of Weiss; Rlhombic and Anisometric of Naumann; Binary of Weiss; Tri7metric and Orthorhombic of HausMrann. f Hemi-prismatic and Ilemiorthotype of Mols; Zoei-ndci-einrtliederige of Weiss; No;snoclinohedral of Naumann; Klinorhombic of Kobell and Hausmann; Augitic of Hiaidinger; Oblique of Miller. t: Tetarto-prismlatic of Mohs; Ein-'cnd-eingliederige of Weiss; Triclinohedral of Naumnann; Klino-rhomboidacl of Kobell; Anorthic of Haidinger and Miller. 30 CRYSTALLOGRAPIY. The Dielinic system has been indicated by Naurnann, as occurring in an artificial salt. It differs from the triclinic in having two of the intersections (as a to b, and b to c) oblique, and one (a to c) rectangular. The prismatic form corresponding would be an obliqne rectancular prism, resembling f: 8. 6. lThe fclxagonal System:;.* In this system there are three equal lateral axes, intersecting at angles of 600, and a vertical axis of varying length at right angles with the lateral. It includes the hexagonal prism and rhombohedron. In the hexagonal prisml the vertical axis connects the centres of the bases.'Te lateral axes connect the centres of the opposite lateral faces or opposite lateral edges, (f. 9, 10); in each case (as is seen from the character of a regular hexagon) the intersections are at angles of 60~. In the rhombohedron two of the angles, diagonally opposite, consist of three equal plane angles; the line connecting the apices of these two angles is the vertical axis (a) of the rhombohedron, and the solid is said to be in position when this line is in a vertical position, (f. 26, 27, 28). The other six solid angles ar e similar, and are called the lateral angles. Placing the rhombohedron 26 2'1 28 29..R: -R. in position, the apices of t~he six lateral solid angles are at equal distances around the vertical axes. There are also six lateral edges, alike synmmetrical in position, around this axis; and there are three termrinal elydges meeting at each extremity of lhe vertical axis. Looking clown firom above on a rllhombohedroln thIL placed, the symmetry of arrangement in the lateral edges is at once perceived; and it'is readily understood that lines connecting the centres of opposite lateral edges, will be three in numnber, like those of the hexagonal prism, and will intersect at; 600~. If the lateral edges are replaced by planes parallel to the vertical axis, a, regular hexagonal prism, terminated by a three-sided pyramid, is Rhombohelral of Mols; Sechsylieclriclye or drei-lozd einaxigye of Weiss; Hexagyonal of Naumann; Monotrimetric of. Iausmann. SYSTEMS OF CRYSTALLIZATION. 31 formed, as shown in f. 29; and if the lateral angles are removed in an analogous manner, another similar 3s s0 form is produced, (f. 30). The two differ in the form of the planes R1, at;...their extrelmities. VWhen at the same, time the vertical solid angle is re- -.i moved, the terminal plane of the hexagonal prism is formed, (f. 31)../;__-.... A exagolal prism is reduced to a rhombohedron by removing alike three alternate edges of one base, and thllree edges of the other base alternate with these, (t. 31)i and continuing the removal till the original form is obliterated; or again, by renoving in a corresponding manner the alternate solid angles. The hexagonal prism and1 rhombohedllron are consequently closely related forms; both are presented by ctle spar and many other species. Rhombohedrons are obtu:se when the angle at the termlinal edges is greater than 900, (f. 26, 27); and acute when it is less, (f. 28). In the former case, the terminal solid angles are made by the meeting of three equal obtuse plane angles, and the lateral by the meeting of one obtuse and two acute plane angles. In acute rhombohedrons the terminal edges are acute; the lateral obtuse; the terminal solid angles are made by the meeting of three equal acute plane angles, and the lateral by the meeting of one acute and two obtuse plane angles.'The cube is the intermediate form, having angles of 900; when placed with an octahedral axis vertical, it has a position corresponding with that of the rhombohedron; the axis a in a rhombohedron. of 900 (or cube) =v-_'9224745. Under these systems of crystallization, and the fbrmns described, the variety of possible forms or dimensions is unlimited. The cube, regular octahedronl, and irhombic dodecahedron, ale of unvarying relative dimensions. But the right square prism has one axis (the vertical) unequal to the other two, and it may be longer or shorter in any proportions. The right rhomblic prisms may be indefinitely various in the angles between the lateral faces; anid the oblique prisms may differ in other angles also. Rhombohedrons may occur of every angle; and the hexagonal prism, like the right square prism, may be indefinitely varied in the relation between the vertical axis and. the lateral. By these modes, and also by differences of structure hereafter to be explained, the actual fundamental forms of crystallization become exceedingly numnerouis, although they belong to a few simple types. However numerous the kinds of substances existing in the inorganic kingdom, there is no limit, owing to this possible variation of dimensions, to the crystallographic distinctions which may exist among them. In each system there is a prism whose sides are parallel to the 32 CRYSTALLOGtiAPJTV. planes in which the axes lie, and whose edges equal the axes. Such is the square prism, f. 2, in the dimetric system; the rectangular prism, f. 3, in the trimetric; f 5 in the monoclinic, etc.: such prisms are the type-prisms of the several systems. There is also in each system (excluding the monometric) another prism, like the rhombic prism, (f. 4), in the trimetric, or f. 6 in the monoclinic system, which has for its lateral faces vertical planes connecting the extremities of the lateral axes: these are distinguished as the axial or fundamental prisms. The type-prisns are diagonal to these, and are called also the diacgonal prisms.* II. MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. In explaining further the laws of crystallography, we might adopt either the mathematical method of referring directly to the axes of the forms, or the less abstract mode of basing the statements of the laws and their explanations on the type-prisms. The latter mode, as it affords the mind distinct solids for contemplation and comparison, is much more simple to the learner, and is here adopted. Moreover, as the edges of such prislms have the same directions and lengths as the axes, their relations to the derivative forms are more readily apprehended, than those of an assumed octahedron, or any other solid that might be taken as the type of the system. As the number of forms among the crystals of a single species is often quite large, there is at first much apparent difficulty in tracing their connections, or distinguishing any symmetry of arrangement. The law governing these modifications is, however, of the utmost simplicity. In its application, it is necessary to have fully ~ The relations of the several forms of crystals are elegantly exhibited by means of models made of glass. They may be made from common window or plate glass, by cutting the glass in the form of the faces of the solid to be made, and then uniting them by means of glue. The author has generally found it convenient to have a small cord between two adjacent pieces of glass, as the adhesion between the glass and the cord, by means of the glue, is much stronger than between two pieces of glass and glue alone. The forms thus far finished, may be rendered much firmer, and, at the same time, the glue and cord concealed, by covering the edges with narrow strips of paper, cut for the purpose; colored glazed paper is preferable, as it is less easily soiled. The primaries, when completed, may be placed within a secondary, which afterwards can be closed up, and the edges papered. In this way, a. primary may be enclosed within any of its secondaries so as to exhibit clearly the relations of the two solids. The plane angles of the faces in the monometric solids, are given in the following pages; by laying them off, a plane figure may be dralvn, having the form of the desired face; by then placing the plate of glass over the figure, it may be cut with a diamond and a rule. Good glue is necessary for uniting the glass; gum arabic suffices for attaching the slips of paper. The axes may be made of colored thread. Mica may be employed in place of glass. MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 33 in mind what is understood by sim-ilaCr edges and angles, as explained on page 23. In the cube the edges are all similar in length, being equal and rectangular. In the right square prism, also, the edges are rectangular, yet thle lateral are not equal to the basal in length, and therefore the two are clissimilar. In the right rhombic prism, the lateral edges are of the same length, but two are obtuse and two acute, and clhence they are dissimilar; the basal edges are similar to one another, being all rectangular and of eqlual length, and also being included by planes respectively equal. This similarity of edges and angles is in each case a consequence of the sihilar axial relations of the planes. r. LAWS OF SYMMETRY AND RESULTING FORMS. The modifications of crystals take place according to the following simple laws:. All the sIMILAR pcrts of ca crystaCl ay be, siznutaneously and sinmilcrly vzodified. II. Hacf the smlILARTcpart of C c()rystcal mac,y be simzilarly modificed independently of the other' h/auf. The forms resulting according to the first law are termed hbolohedrcal forms, fromul Xog, all, SJpc/, face. All sinlilar edges or similar angles of the type prisms, according to this law, will be alike in the nnmber and positions of their planes. The forms proceeding from the second law are termed hemikAedral. According to it, hialf the similar parts are alike in their modifications, and unlike those of the other half; acnd the parts of either half thus modified are alternate or symmletrically related, so that the result is in general a symnmetrical solid. The planes of one half are distinguished by the sign +, and those of thle other by the sign -. The examples under the law of hemihedrism mnay be classed as follows, referring theml to the type prisms of each system. I. Those forms in which half the similar angles or edges are modified independently of the other half, producing1. In the MONOIMETRIC and DIMETRIC systems, tetrahedral and sphenoidal forms, by the independent replacement of the alternate angles; their opposite faces are not parallel, and they are hence called inclined henmihedrons; as in Boracite, Copper pyrites. The replacement in the dimetric system of two opposite basal edges at one base, and the other two at the opposite base, is of the same kind; as in Edingtonite. 2. In the TRIAMETRIC system, monoclinic forms, by the replacement of half the similar parts of one base and the diagonally opposite of the other, unlike the other half; as in Datholite, Humite. 3. In the TRIMETRIc and HEXAGONAL systems, hemrimorphic forms, by independent replacements at the opposite extremities of the crystal; as in Topaz, Calamine, Tourmalin e. 4. In the aRHOAIBIIonDmAL system, by the replacements of the alternate basal edges or angles of the rhombohedron-forms usually called tetartohedral or quarter forms, on the ground that mathematically the rhombohedron is hemihedral to the hexagonal prism, which is the type of the hexagonal system. 5 CRY STA,ILOGTRAPHRY. it. Those formls in which all the similar angles or edges are modified, but by half the full or normal number of planes, producing1. In the MONOIIET'RIC system pyritohedral forms, by a replacement of the edges or angles; as in Pyrites. Such forms have opposite faces parallel, and are often called parallel hemihedro~ns. 2. In the DINMETRIC system, pyreamidal and scalenoidcal forms, by a replacement of the eight solid angles, according to two methods. 3. in the HEXAcONrAL SYSTEM, pyramidal and gyroidal forms, by a replacement of the solid angles of the hexagonal prism, or the six lateral angles of the rhombohedron, according to two methods; as in Quartz and Apatite. Explanations of these kinds of heinihedrism are given in the remarks which follow on the forns of the several systenms of crystallization. 1..Mbme~'t~i( ic yStM )Re. 1. HrIolboeclcral.-In accordance with the first law of symmetry, if a single edce of a cube, octahedron or dodecahedron, be truncated, all will be sinultaneously truncated, (f. 17, 19, 43), for all are similar. If onl an edge there is one plane inclined unequally to the adjoining fices,tthere will be two such plalles, one inclined towards each face with like angles, as in f. 32; such edges are said to be beveled; moreover all the edg'es of these solids will be similarly beveled.* a. Tetrcalte, exlcedro tl.-A be-velment of the edges of a cube is represented in f. 32, andl the result of a continuation of the process in f. 33. This form is bounded by twe-nty-fourf triangular faces. 84;~2 3 c34 35 1 1 Figure 34 is a similar solid, proceeding froniom a different angle of' bevellent. The above name indicates the general resemblance'to the cube or hexahedron, and at the same time expresses the number of its faces. It is derived fi'rom rsrpais,fowt tifreo es, s4x, s and ~6pa, face; thle 4x6-faced solid. The planes i2 in 1 35, which are observed to replace the solid angles of the octahedron inclining at the same time on its edges,. when extended to the obliteration of the primary faces, produce the same form as above, (f. 33). The replacement of the siax acute solid -.An edge is beveled, when replaced by two planes, which are respectively in clined at equal. angles to the adjacent faces. f Called.Flnoroid, by 1aidinuger. MODIFICATIONS\S OF CRYrSTALS. 35 angles of the dodecahedron by four pla-nes resting on its faces. (f. 36), if continued, results in the same solid.i By varying the angle of bevelment of the cube, tetrahexahedrons of different angles may be prodnuced. b. TiJsoctacreclron.- The angles of the cube are represented as replaced by three planles in f. 37 and 4 7; in one, they incline on the primary faces; in the other, on the edges of the cube. The completed forms obtained by these replacemlents are seen in f. 39 and 49. Fig. 38 is an intermediate form, between 37 and 39, having also octahedral planes, (1). The resulting solids, tlhough considerably unlike, have a general reselmblance to octahedrons, with a three-sided pyramid substituted for each octahedral face. Like the octahedron, they are formed on the angles of the cube by a re36 3'7 38 39 2222 placement by three planes instead of one, which accounts for their general resemblance to this solid. The name, trisoctahedron, is derived fiom s, three-ti;es, -facce, eIgt, ancd ipct,,fcie, 3x8-faced solid. The faces of one of these solids are four-sided, or tetrcq/o~nal, those of the other, three-sided, or trigoncdt; they are, therefore, distinguished by the names tetrayonal tri;octhedron and triqonaxl rig,octahcedron.'The usual name of the former is trcpezoiechon. The tetacyoca trisoctahedron or icrewzoohedroont~ (f 389) may be de40 4l1 42 43 -3azl ~ ~ 2 222 rKived from the octahedron, by replacing its angles by bur planes, inclining on its faces, (f. 41 or 42); firom the dodecahedron, by a truncation of its twentv-four edges, (f. 43, 44), or by replacing the solid angles, obtuse or acute, by planes inclined on the edges, (f. 45, * The system of notation used in the figures is explained on a following page. It may be observed here that the expressions, 22, 33, and the like, are to be read as if Written, 2-2, 8-3; that i stands for infinity; and that there is thus a correspondence between the mathematical symbols for the planes, and the lettering. f Leucc'toid of IHaidinger, referring to its being the form of Leucite. 8 OCRYSTALLOGRAPITY. which represents planes of the trapezohedron, 33.) The planes 33, on f. 41 and 45, result in the trapezohedron of f. 40; and the planes 44 45 46 92, of f. 42 and 43, in that of f. 39. The trancation of the shorter edges of tetrahexahedrons produce trapezohedrons, (f. 46, 33 being the trapezohedral planes on the tetrahexahedron i,); and others proceed, from planes on the angles inclined on the same eclae. The trigona c, Tis'octahedvrom (f. 49) has been observed to proceed firom a cube by a replacement of the angles by three planes, as in f. 4T. It proceeds from an octahedron by beveling its twelve 47 48 49 ed'es, (f. 48), and from a dodecahedron by a replacement of its eigt obtuse solid angles, by three planes inclining on the faces. c. eIexoctaltedbron,.*'Figure 50 represents a cube, with six planes on each angle, and consequently forty-eight in all. The resulting solid is completed in f. 51. Here, for each face of the octahedron 50 61 52 is substituted a low six-sided pyramid. The name of this solid is derived from the Greek, Ctaxs, six-times, 07Ta, eigqlt, and ISpa, face, the 6x8-faced solid. A replacement of the angles of the octahedron by eight planes, produces a similar solid. A bevelment of the tvwenty-fourq, edges of * Adamantoid of Haidinger, alluding to its being a form of the diamond. tMODmiICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 87 the dodecahedron, (f. 52), also necessarily produces a forty-eightfaced solid. Others, differing in their angles, may result fiom a replacement of the six acute solid angles of the dodecalledron by eight planes, or the eight obtuse by six planes. 2. Hevmihecdral. The exemplifications of the law of hemilhedrislm, are of frequent occurrence. Figure 53 is an example of the first kind of hemihedrism, in which half the angles of the cube are modified, while the remaining half are unmodified. Figure 67 is an instance of the second kind. All the edges are similarly replaced, but by one of the two beveling planes represented in f. 32. The plane i,2 is enlarged in f. 68. From this last fioure, it will be observed, that the suppressed planes are those w'i]ich were alternate, and that two planes, i2, incline on each face, O. The crystals have therefore a symmetrical character. Another instance is observed in f. 73, in which each angle of the cube is replaced by three out of the six intermediaries in fi 50; that is, by half the number of planes which the first law would require. A. Tetrahcedral hemnihedroins. a. _Tetrahedron or Heemi-oetcahedron.-If half the angles of a cube are replaced by a single plane, (f. 53, 54), the resulting form is a tetrahedron or hemi-octahedron, (f. 55, 56, one (+) resulting fiom 63 64 55 56 I 1 1 the angles modified in f. 53, and the other (-) from a replacement of the other set of angles.) The same form may proceed frorn an octahedron by an extension of one half of its faces to the obliteration of the other half, (f. 57). The plane angles of the tetrahedron are 60~; the interfacial 700 310 44'. 57 58 69 60 Figure 58 represents a combination of the faces of the tetrahedron with the faces i, (or those of a dodecahedron). 38 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.I b. Hemzi-tbisoctahedrons.-The planes 22 in f. 37, when occuring on but half the angles, produce the solid in f. 59. The faces are trigonal, and the solid is called a c%?roid. 61 62 63 64'% /22 The planes 2 in f. 47, when occuring on but half the angles of the cube and enlarged, form the solid in f. 60; its faces are tetragonal. It is the clelto/hedronv of Haidinger. Figure 61 represents the cuproid combined withl the tetrahedron; f. 62, the same with planes of a tetrahexahedron, i3; f. 63, with planes of a dodecahedron; f. 64, with planes of a deltohedron, similar to f. 60. e. Incline- or telrahedracl Ic-65 66 mi-h exzoctai eclro n..-A solid of this kind is representedl in f. 65. It is I:frmed by a replacement of half the angles of the cube, by six planes, similar to those in f. 50 As the opposite faces are not parallel, it is aln.inclined kieni-hexoctaltecdron. Figure 66 re-presents the same, with the faces of thle tetrah.edron. B. P?yritohedral henikecdrons. d. ienzi-tetrahcexa/edroon, or Pentagonal Dodecaeledrqon.-A cube is represented in f. 67, with but one of the tw;o beveling 67 68 69 70 71 27 planes on each edge, given in f. 32. The same planes are enlarged in f. 68; f. 69 represents the completed solid; and fi 70 is the supplementary or- form. The second of the above names is commonly applied to this solid. It is the 2pyritoid, of Haidinger. :MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 39 Figures 71, 72, exhibit the planes on thle octahedron, which, extended, give rise to f. 69. b. Parcallel or Pyritoledsral flemi-ifexoctcaled'ron. -When all the solid angles of the cube are replaced by three alternate planes out of six intermediaries, (f. 73), a forim'like that in f. 74 is pro73 7-t 75 dliced. It has cparallel opposite faces. It is the dipioicd of Haiclinger. Figure 75 shows the same planes on an octahedron. 2. iDimnetriew' System,. The modifications of the basal and lateral edges of a square prism, take place independently, owing to their dissimilarity. The lateral edges are included by equal planes, and, therefore, may be truncated or beveled, (f. 76, 78). The basal edges are similarly replaced; but being the intersections of unequal planes, they are never truncated or beveled. A plane on these edges, therefore, inclines unequally on the adcjacent faces, (f. SO, 83). The similar intermediary planes on each angle can be but two in number, (f. 88). The production of a square octahedron frola the replacement of the angles of' the square prism, is explained on page 28, (f. 20, 12). -By giving different inclinations to the plane on the angles, other octahedrons are obtained of longer or shorter vertical axes. A truncation of the lateral edges of the typical square prism, gives rise to another square prism, (f. 77), the axial prism. Bevelmnent of the same lateral edges, (f. 78), affords eight-sided ~~~~i —i J~~~~~~~O ~..... —.:.... 2 *1f ii 12 1 2i.2 prisms, (f. 79), of different angles, according to the angle of bevelment. The fundamental octahedron (f. 12) proceeds fioom the axial prism, by a replacement of t;le basal edges, (f. 80, 81); the basal edges of this square prism corresponding to the angles of the other; (compare f. 80 and 20). Another series of octahedrons is formed on the angles of the axial square prism, (f. 82), or the basal 40 CRYSTALLOGRIAPHY. edges of the diagonal square prism, f 83; f. 84 represents the octahedron li of i: 83, and also within this, that of Ni. The octa80 81 82 83 hedrons of one series replace the pyramidal edges of the other, (f. 85), or are situated on the angles basal or vertical, and incline on these edges, (f. 86), Ji or 2,' being octahedral planes of one 84 85 86 87 1/ -'/ k series, and 1 of the other. Figure 87 represents the octahedron 1, combined with the lateral -faces of the diagonal or type prism. Two planes on each angle of a square prism, (as in f. 88), give rise to a dcouble eight-sided pyramid, (f. 89),which may-be of various proportions, according to the inclination. The same planes on the octahedron 1, either bevel the edges, (f. 90), or replace the angles 885 89 90 by two planes corresponding to each terminal edge. In this solid tthe terminal edges are of two kinds, one, the axial, (X), terminating in the poles of the lateral axes; the other, the diagonal, ( I), intermediate in position. The henmihedral forms are as follows:-I1. The sp~henoidcl, correspoinding to the tetrahedral of the monom:etric system, the alternate angles being replaced alike. Half the planes 1, of f. 20, produce the scalene pyramid represented in f. 91; and the other half, that of f. 92; and two planes on half of the angles, afford the form in f. 93. Fignre 94 represents the sphenoid with the vertical planes of the diagonal square prism; and f. 95 shows the combination of MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 41 f. 93, with the octahedron lq,. 2. Pywramid? dal, produced by the occurrence of one of the two planes on each angle, (see f. 88), the 91 92 93 94 occurring plane at each extremity, about the edge of the prism, being on the same side of the edge, or in the same vertical line-as in. 96. The resultant form is a square octahedron; occurs in Tungsten. Another kind of hemihedrism may occur1 which is like the last, except that the plane at eaclh extremity, aboult each 95 96 9/ 98 edge of the. prism, is on different sides of the edge, as in 1. 9Y; the resultant form is represented in f. 98. In 96, the plane is the left of one base, and (the prism being inverted) the r'igyt of the other, (or the reverse); in f. 97, the plane is the rigd-t of each base, (or the left). 3. ~iirimet.r~7q AS/ystemn? The edges of the right rectangular prism are of three kinds, (being different in length), and those of each kind are, according to the law mentioned, independently imodified, (f. 99, 103, 105). Moreover, none of theml cal be truncated or beveled, in conseqcuence of the inequality of theil including planes. Planes on. the angles incline vequcally on the three adjacent, unlvequal planes. The angles are similar, and therefore will. be modified simultaneously, (t: 23). The lateral edges of the right rhombic prism adlmit of truncation and bevelmeint, because of the equality of the lateral planes. The obltuse, however, are modified independently of the acute, (f. 101, 102). The obtuse solid angles, and the acute, are also independent in their m.odifications, (f. 107, 108). The replacements of the basal edges are similar and sirnultaneois, (f. 24). On page 28 it is shown that a replacement of the lateral edges of the rectangular prism, (ft 21, 22), produces a right rhomlbic prism. By varying the inclination of the replacing planes, differZ!: " "h *Vlr ZDI~ 42 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. ent rhombic prism are obtained. In f. 99, i2, I, and i'2, are planes of three such prisms, I, being the prism represented in f. 4, and in the interior of f. 100, having the same axes as the rectangular prism; ~i corresponding to the prism i2 i4, in f. 100 —(that is, 99 100 101 102 ____ liti: v —- - 1 11 = 1a b:111' C having the same angle between the planes, as i2 i2, in f. 99); and 72 corresponding to the prism iB i,2, in f 100. Figure 101, represents the rhombic prism, withll the same planes zi, and f' 102, with the planes i2. A. replacement of the basal edges produces other rhombic, prisms, which are horizontal in position, ancl are called domes8 (from dopy1, or dcomUs, house, or placed like the roof of a house). Figure 104 represents tile dome corresponding to the planes 1i in f. 103; it is parallel to the longeir lateral axis, and is called a,macrodome, (from cioxpog, Icrgye and donze). Figure 105 contains planes (1i, 2i) of two domes parallel to the shorter lateral axis, 103 104 105 106'- - / —%17...' / which are called brcktehydomehes, (from Cpaxus, sAoll and cdome). These brachydomes are presenlted completed in f. 106, the outer beig-o 2.), and the inner 17. The former has tile vertical axis tx wice thlat of the latter. In f. 107, the planes. 1: and Ii, (f: 103, 105), are represernztei on a rhombi prism, th;e angles of which they replace. The production of a homnbic octahedroln, by replaacing the alcgles 107 108 109 of a rectangular prism, or basal edges of a rhombic, i:. mentioned on page 28; (compare f.'23 24, wvith 13). Other planes onIl the M;ODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 43 angles produce other octahedrons. The planes 12, in f. 108, correspond to the octahedron of.f 109-(that is, have the same mutual inclinations as tlle faces of the latter); the longer lateral axis is 111 110 2r twice that of f. 13, or that of the dotted figure in 1_09. The planes 2", in f. 110, in the same manner correspond to the octahedron in f. 111, in which, botIh the vertical axis and one of the lateral are twice the same in f. 13. The planes 2i, in f. 110, belong to a mnacrodomle different firom that in f. 103, 104. Bgier~ihe&lrism, in the turnime tric system, produces two kinds of forms. 1. lMonociViic, wherl the ](wer extremity of a cryst;al in front, ald the dliagonally'",lposite, di-ffer in their modifications from tle upper extremity in fii fto the t:,orms resemble those of the monocliic systeml buLt l, iffer in hlaving t.he angle between tlle vertical and lateral atxes 9)0. An ex aml le is show n under clathlolite ancl humite.. _f;.I,,ir,,oypjidc, whenl all the similar parts of one base are modli-fied alike, elbut illlike the corresponding parts of the othel, as iin calani ne adll'topaz, (yq v.) In this systemn, the an gle between 0 and the vertical prismnrlatic planes, is 90~, amnd i.i: 1 _90)o 4. Mfonoctir,ic systev?,. n the Monollclinic Systenm the o'bliquity Of the crystals (or of the vertical axis towards the clinocliagonal) mnakes the upper a-nd lower parts in front different, one ol:tnuse and the other acute, andcl they are independently modified, as in f: 112, 113.'But the angle 112 113 114 115 of tihe vertical axisx with the, orthocdiagonal beilg right and therefore alike on opposite sides, the planes oil the "our lateral angles 44 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.o of the oblique rhomnbic prism are alike, as in t~ 114. The four planes 1i, in the last mentioned figure, make a clinodiagonal prism, or clinodome; the plane ii, in f. 112, is a hemi-orthodomle; and the same with -1i, f. 113. The lateral edges are replaced as in the trimetric system. The relation of the two forms, in f. 5 and 6, is shown in f. 25. Octahedrons may result in this system as in the trimetric; but they consist of two sets of planes, or hemi-pyramids, as shown in f. 115, in which 1, 1, are on the obtuse angles of the outer prism, or correspond to the obtuse basal edges of the inner, while -1 are on the acute angles or edges. The completed oblique octahedron corresponds to the planes 1, 1, -1, -1, as in f. 115, 116. The vertical axis a is oblique to b, the clinodiagonal, but at right angles 116 with c, the orthodiagonal. The angle of obliquity is called the angle y or C. Other octahedrons arise from planes of 7iIL different inclinations. 7In this system, the angle between the plane Q and ii, (f. 5), is 900; 0 on bther 1prismatic planes is an oblique angle; 9ii on the faces of different clinodomes is obliclu.e: ii on ii, and all hemi-orthodomes, =90O, The particular plane to be taken as 0, or as 1, imay be a question for particular species; thle O -will always be one of the planes in the clinodiagonal section; while any prismatic planes not parallel to either dlagonal, or any octahedral planes, -may be taken as i. When there is no very distinct cleavage to guide to a decision, (and even when such cleavage exists,) it is comlnnon, though not always bet, to assume those planes as the fihndamental form, which will render the calculations and symbols of the planes most saimple. 5. Thicginic ystcm. As only diagonally opposite edges or angles (f. 8) are Similar in the Triclinic Srystem, there can be in a triclinic crystal but two planesc of a kind, a,3 in ~: 117, 118. The inclin'ation of O( on I, 117 118 119 differs frtom 0 on i-. The prism:i.)rm oed by plln:e o: thle prisnlatice fioes f 11 8e dglslll t] t the dliaonalsl, ats I flse relatlon to the itbrmt in f: 8, as that of' 5 t: I to; f; (,,1' Itooll, l,clinic 5systeIlm but unlike the prisnms of the monoclinic,system, 0 does not inmal;e MODIFICATION5 OF CRYSTALS. 4:5 a right angle with any of the lateral planes; there are no right angles in triclinic formus. The replacement of tihe basal edges of the prism, in fi 8, by homologous planes, may produce an octahedron; but it will be included by four sets of planes, two of a kind, as represented in f: 119. These planes occur independently on crystals, and, owing to their independence, actual octahedrons are not met with in nature. 6. Hezagonal System., 1. Hotoloccral. ca. In the Acxaayona p)ris8m, (f 10), the basal edges are alike and have similar modifications, and the same is true of the lateral edges, and the solid angles.'When a similar plane occurs on each basal edge, (f. 120), or each basal angle, (f. 121), the resulting solid is 120 121 122: a / a double six-sided pyramnicd (f. 1.22), called an isnocec8s dodecahc7drom,, or a cli/Scxgynacdl pyra.in Ci; it is the QactrIzoi(d of I-Taidilnger. Figure 121 represents, planes of three different pyrminids on the angles, viz., 12, A2, 22, which differ in the length of the vertical aX1is. Each solid a'ngle of the hexagonal prism, may be replaced by two similar planes, (as in f. 123), 123 124 and the extension of such planes produces a double twelve —siclecl',/1 pyranaid, (f. 124) —-the berylloid. (/. Ifhe berylloid has two kinds of f / -terminal edges, one, X, the ax- jI J I / ial; the other, Y, the dicagonal. The truncation of the lateral f, edges of the hexagonal prism. leladl to a secondary hexagonal prism, (t: 9), and (f. 121) chao-, ll to tle.first; and. bevelment leads to differentu twel - e-sided plrillsm I:n htie rkobbohleldcror, the vertical solid aingles, as, they are olrm led b-y the nicet;ing of th:ree, eq.a1 plmies aid. eqftual Ilane ir mgtles,,1lay be triie tttefr imtd () rlpiaced (lb l;tllret )e sir sixr: piiiicr les. The edges, for a similar reason, ialy be either -tioatcd emor becveled. 46 C~G STALLOGRAPH'Y. Tlhe terminal edges, however, are replaced independently of the lateral. The lateral angles, six in lnumber, are replaced simultaneously. Two like intermediary planes may occur on each. The derivation of two six-sided pris-lms firom a rhombohedron, has been explained on page 30; one, -by a truncation of the six lateral edges, (f. 29); the other, by a replacement of the six lateral angles, by planes parallel to the vertical axis, (f. 30). The remaining parts of the primary faces on the first of the above prisms, are rho/lbic; those on the second, are 2entcagonal. A truncation of the terminal edges of the rhomubohedron, is observed in f. 125. Since these edges are six il nulmnber, three at one end of the crystal, alternating with three at the other, the solid folrmed by the extension of these planes, mu-lst be an oblique solid, contained under six equal iaces: or, in a word, a rh]omboheclron. Moreover, because the lactcral anyies are six, and three alternate are nearer the lower extremiity of the axis, and the remainilng thlree near l;le upper extremity, the planes on these angles> if not p)taallel to the vertical axis, incline alternately above lld )elor, (f. 126); and, therefore, by their extension, will give rise to rhllollhleclrons. These rhomnbohedrons will differ in the lealtlis of t heir vertical axes, as these planes vary their iliclilation. Thle llearer tlev approach to parallelism -to the vertical axis, the lmloger the axis of -the rholmbohedron; and the six-sided prisml -firmed oI these angles muaTy be considered a rhon-bohledron, with ain in:l:iite axisc3. Moreov er, otle rhombohecirons linay be iorrrined l-y replaeing' the terllina1l al ngles by three planes inclined on the faces or teroinalm 125 126 112g 4ii \ 1'.1 ~_ e('ges; and as tihe pl'maus of such 3co-dary rhoin'bohedrons approach horizontality, they approximnate to the teriminal or trmea MODIFICATION8 OF CRYSTALS. 47 ting plane, 0, which plane may be viewed as a rhombohedron with the axis-0. In f. 12', the lateral edges of a rhombohedron are beveled; an extension of these beveling planes produces the solid represented in the dotted lines of this fgure, which is called a scalenohedron. It is a solid included by twelve scalene faces. The twelve edges are of three kinds: 1, the longer terminal, Y; 2, the shorter terminal, X; 39the basal, Z. By other beveling planes, (f. 128), other scalenohedrons are formed; and as the vertical axis increases, they pass into the diagonal hexagonal prism, i2, (f. 9). This prism may hence be considered a scalenohedron with an infinite axis. Bevelments of the terminal edges (f. 129) give rise to other similar solids; and replacements of the lateral angles by two planes, (f. 130), afford still other scalenobedrons. Again, the replacement of the terminal edges of scalenohedrons, or of the 131 132 133 184 / angles, by planes inclined on these edges, gives rise to different rhombohedrons. In f. 131 there are planes of the rhombohbedron, 41R; in f. 132, planes of -5R; in f: 133, planes of -UR; in fi 134, planes of -2R. A bevelment of the terminal edges, or a replacenent of the angles by two planes inclined against each terminal edge, produces other scalenohlledrons, (f. 133, 134). Whllen a rhoumbohedron has its lateral angles replaced, as in f. 126, and the plane is inclined to the verltical axis at the samne angle as 11, a dihexagonal pyramid or qucartzoid results. Snuch is the origin of the pyramids of crystals of qulartz. In crystallograplhic calculations, the rhomnboheclron, scalenohedron, and related forms, are regarded as hemihedral modifications of the hexagonal prism, and we proceed now to speak of them in this relation. 2. Hemikznecir, e,3a. As the rhomnbolledron results from a hexagonal prism by a replacement of thle alternate basal edges (f: 31) or angles, it is in this relation hemilhedral; and since either set of alternate edges of the prisml may give rise to a series of rhombohedrons, it is usual 48 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. to distinguish one set by the sign +, and the other by the sign -a In the double pyramid of quartz, as just explained, we have a form in which both of these rhomnbohedrons, +R1 and -R, are combined, producing a symmetrical solid. The scalenohedrons have the same relation. To comprehend this form and other hemihedrons more fully, the holohedral form, in f. 123, may be again referred to. It is a hexagonal prism with two planes on the angles at either base, inclined on each face, one the rqght, (r), at the right upper angle of each face, the other the l/t, (1). In hemihedral forms, half of these planes are suppressed. 1. If, as in f. 135, the suppressed planes are those below, for the left face 1 (f. 123), those above, for the middle I, those below, for the right, and so on, alternating around, the resulting forms are scalenohledrons; for each occurring pair, 1, r~, corresponds, as is seen, to a face (R) of the rhombohedron. This kind of hemihedrisim is called the rhombohedral, by Naumann. If the faces that are suppressed in f. 135, should be the occurring 135 136 137 faces, and the others were suppressed, the same solid would result in an inverse position. If the rhombohedral plane /, in f. 135, is taken as +RS- then the scalenohedron, in the same figure, will be —, and the inverse one, -; for, in f. 135, the planes 7, L?, r, belong to the same axial sector; while IR would not be in the same sector with the planes of the inverse scalenohedron. Where various scalenohledral planes occur together, there may be anmong them both -+ and -, with + or - rhombohedlral planes. 2. In another kind of hemihedron, the occurring planes of the two, r, 7, in f. 123, may be the r on each angle at one base, and the I on each at the other base, as in f. 136. This variety is exemplified in apatite. It is called the yramidal hemiheclldrism by Naumann, the resulting solid being a six-sided pyramid. 3. In another kind of heinihedron, the occurring planes may be the r of both bases, as in f. 137, or the I of both bases. This occurs in quartz, (see under that species), and is called the tralcezohedcra, by Naumann, the resulting solid, made up of such planes extended, being a trapezohedral double pyramid. It is also called gy'roidal hemihedrism, the planes gyrating to the right or left at each base. MODIFITATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 49 A triangular prism, a hemihedral form of the hexagonal prism. and also hemihiedrons of twelve-sided prisms, are of fiequent occurrence in Tourmaline. 3. Tetartohecdral Forms. Tetartohedral forms are true hemihecdral, if the rhombohedroin under which they occur, is taken as the type of the crystal; but referred to the hexagonal system, as is conveniently done in calculations, they are tetartohedral forms, or contain only one-fouwrth, tie number of planes occurring under complete symmetry. 1. In one kind of tetartohedrism, thle occurring planes are the alternate of those on the angles in f. 136-that is, only the alternate r's of one base, and the alternate l's, at the other. A form of this kilnd consists of sii planes, and being oblique, is a kind of irregular rhombohedron. It is found in Titanic Iron, and is called rhombohedral tetartohedrism. 2. In a second kind-the trapezohedrca l tetartohedrism of Nanmann, (also gyroidal),-the occurring planes are the alternate r's at both bases, (f. 137), (or the alternate i's). It is observed in Quartz. (See under that species).t 3. There is also a third kind, in which the opposite extrem:ities of a rhombohedrally modified prism are unlike in their modifications, as seen in Tourmaline. It is an example of hben-limorp]lic tetartohedrislm. II. LAW OF1' NUmALCA:L, rOPORTION, IN T'l: ODIFICATI'rONS OF CRYSTALS. This law gives a mnathemnatical basis to the science, adding to symmetry of arrangement a numerical relation in the position of the planes. It is as follows: The positiow qof plaTe is related'in some,simnple ratio to the relative lenzgths of the axes of a crystal. For examnpl..-In a cube the axes are equal. A plane on an edge, if extended to meet the axes, would cut two of these axes at some distance from the centre of thle crystal. Now this distance for these axes will either be as 1:, (i,. 17), that is, a ratio ofi eqlality-a truncating plane; or a ratio of 1: 2, (like i2, f. 32, 33), 1: 3, (f. 34), 2: 3, or some other simple ratio. There is no haphazard scattering of faces, but a complete subserviencyto to this simple law. If the axes are unequ.al, as in a trinetric form, then the ratiois of the same character, except that the relative lengtlls of the axes come into the consideration. Tlits if a, b, a1e the axes, the ratios will be la:.lb, (1I, f. 103, or1 9ii, f. 112), or 1la: 279, la: 3b, and so on. To explain more precisely, let AA, BBi, (C, II 138, be three axes crossing at right angles, as in the monometrie, dimetric, and trimetric systems; a, 4, c, may stand for the halves of these axes, or for AS, BS, ('S, respectively. All planes of a crystal meet (or will meet if extended) one, two, oir 7 0 CRYSTALLOGRAPIY. three of these axes. A plane may pass through A, and be parallel to BB, CC, or through B, and be parallel to AA, CC; or 138 through y, and be parallel to AA, BB. Such planes meet one axis, at a distance 1, and the others only at an infinite distance, which is equivalent to being parallel to them. Hence the expression 1: o: ~: describes, in a general manner, the position of such planes; and it becomes more special by adding the letters marking the particular axes that are meant in each case, as la: oob: cc, when parallel to b and c, act: cotb: Io, when parallel to a and b, etc. The faces of a cube, square prism, and rectanAi gular prism, are of this kind. See also.: 5. Again, a plane may pass through the points B and C, and be parallel to AA', or through A and C, and be parallel to BB', or through A and B, and be parallel to CC'. Such planes meet two axes at a distance 1, and are parallel to the third; and hence 1: 1:oo is a general expression for them, (that is, for the first case, when the plane is parallel to AA, lb: l: c a, or what is the same, o0a: lb: tce; and so for the others). Or the plane which is parallel to AA, and cuts BB' and CC', may meet BB' at a distance from the centre, equal to 2b (= 2BS) while it meets CC at the distance lc, (=1 CS). Then the expression ooa: 2b: to indicates the plane. If the ratio of b: c ecquals 3: 1 instead of 2:1, the expression bec6mes co: 3b: le. In the same manner, 3a: Cob: leC would imply that the plane is parallel to BB', and meets AA at a distance 3a, while CYC' is met at a distance lc. Again, if the plane passes through the points A, B, C, it has the parameters la: lb: le; or if a, b, c, are equal, it becomes 1:1: 1. But if A be removed to twice its distance from S, then the ratio would be 2a: lb: let or if B be removed to twice its distance from S, the ratio would be la: 2b: lc; or if both A and C be so removed, it would be 2a: lb: 2. Thus, in all cases, whatever the position of the plane, the ratio admits of being expressed in simple numbers. The planes may not actually meet the axes, but would meet them in each case, (when not parallel to them), if the plane and the axes were extended; and thus meeting them, the ratios of the -parameters would be as indicated; for these ratios, for a plane of given inclination, are the same, whether the intersections are nearer to, or farther from X, on the principle that a line parallel to the base of a triangle cuts the sides proportionally. ma: nb: re is a general expression for all planes, in which m, Wn, r, may have any value, from unit to infinity. Figure 106 shows the relations to the axes of the planes li and 2i of f. 105. Figure 109 is made up of the planes of f. 108, and MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 51 has the axes Icl: b1: 2c, the octahedron within being the fundamental octahedron, with the ratio cc: 16: b:lc. Figure 111 corresponds to the planes 22 of f. 110, and has the axes 2cc: 1b: 2c. In f. 100, the inner prism has the ratio acc: lb: Tc; i2 i2 is the form i2 of f. 101, having the ratio coct: 16b: 2c; and i-2 i2 is the form i of iE 102, having the ratio co: 2b: lc, as the drawing of the axes shows. The annexed figure (f. 139) will further aid in elucidating the principle above stated. It repre- 139 sents a rhombic prism with three planes on its basal edges; and for further illustration there are four q tv' planes on the angle to the right, be-: sides two vertica planes, (the corres-'i \ ponding planes on the left side are not indicated). Within the rhombic prism t' there are the three axes, act', bb', cc', crossing at S, the halves of which axes we call a,, c, as above; b is the shorter lateral axis, and c the longer. i, 1. It is obvious that the vertical planes of the rhombic prism mneet two of the lateral axes at the distance lb, lo, and are parallel to the vertical axis. Hence the expression for them is o i6: b1 l:. i 2. The terminal plane is parallel to z the lateral axes, and meets only the vertical; or what is equivalent, it corresponds in position to the plane of the lateral axes, in which the vertical axis is zero. Hence it is designated la: c'ob: oo; or Oc: lb': lC. 3. The plane ii is parallel to ca, the vertical axis, and also to 6, the shorter lateral axis, and meets the axis c. Hence the expression ci': oob6: lC. The parallelism to 6b' is apparent in the fact that the upper and lower edges of the plane are parallel to this same axis bb'. 4. Consider next, a, 1, 2, which are planes of as many octahedrons. These planes are inclined towards the three axes; and being on the edges of the rhombic prism, they have the same ratio fobr the lateral axes as that prism, that is, lb: ic, and they differ in;the length of the vertical axis, towards which they vary in inclination. From b, c (which are connected by a dotted line) lines are drawn to points in the vertical axis; viz, to act, a, 2c6; ca bisects the axis a; a is the extremity of the axis; and 2ca is at double the distance of a from S. Hence of these triangular planes, the plane 6a b c=4c: 6b: lc; a bc=c:6: b: c; 2c b c-2a: b:. These three planes correspond to the three planes on the left basal edge of the prism, being parallel to them. So, also, the three triangular planes having be' at base, 52 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. and a,c a, r2, respectively as the apices, correspond to the three planes on the other basal edge. Hence the expressions for the planes are, For -,:a' lb Ic. 1- la lb: lc. 2, 2a: b: lb c. Atll those formsis which have for the lateral axes the ratio of unity, are described as belonging to the fandclanental series. 5. Take next the planes I;, 17, 27. These planes are all parallel to the shorter lateral axis bb', because their muntual intersections, as well as the intersection of the last with ii, are parallel to this axis, for all are horizontal. The line nzn is drawn through the extremity of the axis co', parallel to 7b'; and parallel to nnq or bb' we draw 00, pp, qq, through'-a, a, 2a; and from nn we run parallel lines to oo,pp,. q The planes nnoo, nn2p, nnqq, are parallel to the axis 7, and each consequently corresponds to a plane of the same series with ~;, 17, 27; moreover they are respectively parallel to Iii, 1', 2:L and therefore represent these particular planes, 27 being parallel to'nuN, 17 to 91nnp, I' to nnoo. The expressions for the planes (horizontal prisms or domelns) a're therefore, For *, -t:ob: lc. 17, la:.b: le 27, 2a: cob: lc. The fact of parallelism to these particular planes, in an actual crystal, would be shown, in this as in other cases, by a measurement of the inclinations of these faces. Calculation, the axes being given, would afford the inclination to the plane of the lateral axes of the planes nnzoo, nwupy, etc., and the correspondence with the observed inclinations would prove the identity; or fiom the observed inclination, the position of the plane nnoo could be determined. or what is equivalent, the length of the vertical axis. But this parallelism of the planes, in the figure, is obvious, fiom the parallelism of certain lines. The planes nnpu and abc', which have the same vertical axis, meet in the line ac', and this line is parallel to ovp. Moreover, a plane ab'c' has the sane intersection with nnpp2. Consequently, the mutual inclinationls of the planes abC', Bnpp, ab'c', will be parallel to one another. Now abtc is the plane 1; and ab'c' another: 1 on the back side of the crystal, meeting 17. And if 17 corresponds to nnpp, it must make parallel intersections with the two planes 1, which, in fact, it does. There is the same evidence that 7z and 27, are planes corresponding to nnoo and nnqg, as above represented. 6. There remain the planes 22 and i2. We extend the axis bb' to, twice the distance bS, (to 2b); then connect 2b with c', and both with 2a. The plane thus outlined has the vertical axis 2a, one lateral 2b, the other lo; and consequently is expressed by 2a: 2b: lc; and this is the plane 22. MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 3 The triangular plane 2 2b c' intersects nnqq, in the line c' 2a; and so also does the plane 2a b d. The same course of reasoning as the above, shows that the intersections of nnqq or 2i with 2 a b c' or 2, must be parallel. Consequently, if 2-2 corresponds to 2ca 2b c', it must make parallel intersections with 2 and 2i, which it does. The samne parallelism would happen, whatever tlle lengthl of the axis b, and the above reasoning only determines the vertical axis. That the lateral axis b is, in this case, 2b, is shown by a correspondence between calculation and measurement. The plane i2, is parallel to the vertical axis, but not to eithler of the lateral axes. By doubling bS, extending it to 2b, and connecting 26 with c', we have the position of the plane, it corresponding to 2n4c: 2b6: lc. The intersection of the plane 2a 2b c' with a vertical plane passing through 2b c', would be parallel to 2b c', and therefore horizontal, (in a right prism). Hence the intersection of 22 with 2, if 22' corresponds to 2c 2bc', should be horizontal or parallel to 2b c'; and as it is thus parallel and horizontal, 2b is correct for tlhat plane. ZoNEs.-a. Oblique or Transverse'Zones.-In f: 140, AA'(c), BB'(b), CC'(c), are the three axes of a crystal. By connecting the extremities of these axes, the plane ABC is formed, which corresponds'to a ratio of equality for the axes-that is, la: lb: l c. nfMake CD, DE, each equal 00; and connect A and B with 140: \........'A D and E. Then the planes ABC, A BD, ABE, are alike in the ratio of the axes a and-b, bnt differ in the axis c, they cor .54 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. responding respectively to la: lb: 1 e, la': b: 2c, la: lb: 3c, CD being equal to 20C, and OEto 30C. So there may be any number of planes, in which the axis c shall increase until it reaches infinity; and, in this last case, the plane will be parallel to the axis c, as AB UrV. Referring all these planes to the octahedron of the figure, the fundamental octahedron, they replace the edge AB at different inclinations, and all are alike in having the intersection with the face ABC, cparallel to the edge AB, or to the edge of the vertical section through the axis b. Hence flows the following law: I. All planczes, whose intersections with an octcahedrad cplane are p)arallel to the edge AB, in that octahedron, have the e same ratio of a to b; or if parallel to the edge AC, they hlave the samne ratio oq' aC to C. If the octahedron, instead of being the fundamental octahedron, is that expressed by the ratio 2a: lb: ic, which differs from the fundamental octahedron in having the vertical axis twice as long, the ratio still holds; and the planes, if making parallel intersections to AB, would be 2a: lb: lc, 2a: lb: 2c, 2a:lb: 3c, and so on to 2a: lb: ooc the last, the truncating plane, or that parallel to axis c. Or if they make parallel intersections to AC, so that the ratio a to c is constant, they may be 2c: lb: lc, 2a: 2b: lc, 2ac: 3b: 1C, and so on to 2c: ob: Tc, in which the last is parallel to the axis b. Makling OF half of 0 C, and connecting A and B with F, we have the plane AFiB corresponding to lac: lb: Ic; or making OI a quarter of OC, we have A2IB, corresponding to lae: lb: J:c; and so till c becomes zero, when the plane is identical with the axial plane ABA'B', or is a plane parallel to it, and its ratio is la: lb: 0c. This last plane is a lateral plane of a rectangular or square prism. There is thus a zone of planes indicated, lying between la: 1b: 141 0O, on one side, and lca: lb: Oc, on the other-that is, in the trimetric system for example, between a vertical plane parallel to axis b and its opposite. ai //1-1R/ \ In like manner, there is another zone parallel to the edge A C, between la: al111 1 1 1 1 06:lc, on one side, and la:06: lc, on the opposite, or between the other vertical plane of a rectangular prism and its opposite. And whatever the length of the axes of the octahedron, each edge may have its corresponding zone of planes. In the annexed figure, E Zt~i31 1 1i2i i2rj i i 4 (f. 141), one of the zones of planes is I represented: it lies between qi, (the smaller lateral plane of a rectangular prism), and its opposite; it is the same MIODIFICATIONS OFi CRYSTALS. 55 illustrated in the preceding figure, (f. 140), 1t being plane ABE; 1 21 ABD; 1, plane ABC; 22, plane AB;F 44, plane A BL: 1i is the horizontal prism at the middle of the zone. The fraction in la: lb - co, is avoided by doubling all the terms, making 2a>: 2b: te, in which there is the same ratio for the axes. The plane GOC, (f. 140), is drawn to correspond to the expression 2a: 2b: loC OG being equal to 2c, (or 20A), and OH to 2b, (or 20 B); and it is seen that GCCI and AiFB are parallel planes in the figure, and therefore identical. So, in place of la: 1: lc, we may write 4a: 4b: le, this being equivalent to la: lb4: c, the difference being that, while b is the unit axis in one, c is so in the other, and this difference is to be carefully observed. These planes on the octahedron, in f. 140, replace the angle C, and have the intersection with A CB parallel to AB. HIence the above law extends not only to planes about the edge AB, with parallel intersections, but to all planes making intersections parallel to the edge; and the same as to edge AC. Rle expression l: lb: O 0, is equivalent to ca: cob: lc, (a result of dividing each term by 0); and this last is the one usually employed for such vertical planes. The zone (B) making intersections parallel to the edge AB, or the bracchydiagonal section, in the octahedron Ica: 1b: lc, will hence be, beginning with 1; and passing to it, (f. 141), 1: 1: oo. 1:1:3.. 1: I.:.2.''.:'I':..''..11:' 0; or theequivalent, 1 l: c.. 1:1:3.. 1:L:2.. 1: 1:1.. 2: 2: 1..4: 4:1.. oo co:.1. The latter is the form adopted. In the same manner, there may be a zone for any octahedron, 4ma: lb: lc; and the series (the second of the above) becomes, under this general expression, m: 1: so..,: I 3... m: 1: 2 m':1:1.. 2m: 2: 1...4mn4::1... oo:o:l. Any other values may be substituted fobr 3, 2, 4. A corresponding zone, (C), making parallel intersections with A C,* willbe1'o:'l... 1'3:1.. 1:2:1.. 1:1:1.. 2:1:2.: 1 4..: 14:.; or for any octahedronna: lb: lc, it becomesm:o': I..n:3:1... m':2:1.. n,:1:1..22,: 1: 2.. 4nz: 1: 4.. o.1: oo:. When m becomes infinite, the two zones form a single series of vertical prisms, as for example, co: I co.. as: 1: 3.. se: 1: 2.3. m: 1: 1.. oo: 2: 1.. oo: 4: 1.. oo. ~o: 1. When axis b is infinite, the zone B becomes a vertical series of horizontal planes parallel to axis b; and when axis c is infinite, the zone C becomes a similar vertical series, parallel to axis c. The basal plane falls into each of these series. These vertical zones are two out of the many series that may exist in crystals. b. VFerticcd Zones.-The planes ca b c and a b c, in f. 139, are parts of a vertical series having intersections parallel to be, and varying in the vertical axis. This series, as the vertical axis diminishes, finally terminates in the top plane Oa: lb: lc; and as it increases, ends 5(~ CCRYSTALLOGRAPHI-i in the vertical plane aoc 14: lc, or the vertical plane i. This is a zone of planes, having the general expression ma,: lb: Ic; it includes the terminal plane, and the faces -, 1, 2, i;. The planes 2' and i2 are in another zone. The fact of a horizontal intersection between them is proved as already explained, and it follows that all planes having, in like manner, the ratio for the lateral axes 2b: le, will have horizontal intersections. This series is the zone n,: 2~: 1, (or ma: 24: lc.) It follows also, that whatever the ratio of b to, all planes of like ratio will have horizontal intersections, (the planes of the axes b: c being asstumed to be horizontal), and consequently there will be a, ancy vertical zones as there may be values of b: e. Again, the planes 1 11', 21, zi (f. 139) are in a similar zone parallel to axis b, in which, therefore, b=oo; the general expression is?a: os: 1, (or mca': ob: lc). As the vertical axis increases, m increases, and when m=o o, the plane is vertical. nnoo, nnpp, nnqq, nny,'y, illllstrates the series; the last corresponds to the plane i. A similar series, onl the other edge and solid angle of the rhombic prism, would have the general expression n: 1: o, (or nma: lb: crC.) ITence, the second law:II. Planres which have their mnutual intersections horizontal, (the plane of the lacteral axes being horizontal), are identical in the -ratio betweecn, their lateral axees; and the converse. A tabnlar view of these vertical zones is here presented. The 0 stands for the basal plane, in which each zone terminates above. The first column corresponds to a vertical zone parallel to axis e; the second, to other zones with 1b: nc as the ratio of the lateral axes, in which n, has a different value for each possible zone; the third, for the fundamental series, in which the ratio of the lateral axes is 14: ic; the fourth, for other zones having the ratio of the lateral axes ~nb: lc; the fifth, for the zone parallel to axis b. We have used I for any fraction less than a unit, in and,n for numbers greater than a unit. 0 I'~ 1:' co3: 1': nj I~ 1: 1': iz:1: I 1 ~ ~ 1 I: 1:oo I o 1:pssion~s frGO lOanes I the c ft: reI nC n:rstallogyrahic S Yi IV "mressaonss j 1r" jnes'I', t]e dcfferent COrystcalog~ra tic ystem,,s.-The several systems of crystallization, since they differ in. their axes, require each some peculiarity in the expressions used for their planes. In the lfionomettrlc system, as the axes are all equal, there is correctly no vertical axis, and a=4b=c. Either of the faces of a .MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS. 57 cube is hence expressed by o: 1 ~: c; the truncation of an edge (face of a dodecahedron) by c: 1;:; the truncation of an angle (face of an octahedron) by 1: 1; and?,: 1: 1;?',:' 1, m,: 2: 1, for other planes. In the Dimetric system, the vertical is a varying axis; but b c. The vertical faces of the prism (f. 2) will be expressed by the same symbol as the faces of the cube, ac: I: oo; the first term being considered here and elsewhere as referring to the axis a. The terminal plane is lmore conveniently considered as havini. the vertical axis reduced to zero, (0), as above illustrated. A prism diagonal with the prism just alluded to (or that truncating its edlges, f 77) will have the ratio c:1: 1. Planes parallel to either axis b or c, (on the basal edges, as in f. 83), will have alike the geilelrM expresSi1O 9Th: 1. In the Triinetric systeml, the lateral axes differ fi'onI ole another, as well as from the vertical. -lence one vertical face of the rectangular prism (f. 3) has the expression ct: 17: Jc, and the other': cob: lc. This expression is made more concise by using in place of the letters, the lark - for the longer lateral axis, and - for thie shorter. Thuns, considering shllorter than c, the expression oo: lb: oc becomes cyJ ~: a:; and c'.: cb lc, becomes cr-:: 1, which last meanls simply that the plane is parallel to the shorter lateral axis, this being infzite, (co). So in all other cases, the general formula na: nb: r'c, becomes,: ~: r-, signifying that the plaine has for its paramnleters, ), times the vertical axis, n tinmes the shorter lateral, and i9 times the lonlger lateral, whatever in any case may be the values of vi/, 9v%, r'. The lateral planes of the rhombic prism have the ratio o: 1: 1. In the XJfonolic systeml, one of the lateral axes is inclined to the vertical, and the other not. The expression mJza': eb': ~c, in this system, is abbreviated by using an accenlt for the inclined axis; thus the ratio becomles qT:b: r'. In thle prisnm, f. 5, the right hand lateral plaune has the expressionll cc': 1; and the fiont plane, the expression co: 1i: co; while the planes on the edges, or the lateral plane of 6, have the ratio:o' 1: 1, the samIe as for the right rhomhbic prism. Again, the planes on the angles of f. 114, as they are parallel to the clinociagonLal, comle under the general expression T,': c: 1. Owinlg to the inclination of the vertical axis, the planes in front, above the plane of the axes BiB, CC, differ fiom those below; andcl the two are distinguishecl )by the signs for plus and miimls, as in f. 112, 113. The Tr'icl~,ic and IfexagyondT systems will be, the subject of remnarks on a following page. Systemz of Notatio?.-Tlle ratios above given are inconveniently longofor use in the descriptions of crystals, and have been abbreviated by Naumann. In all cases, one of the last two terms in these ratios mlay be a unit. Thus tIle ratio 6: 3: 2 is equal to 3: 3: 1. We may therefore indicate the ratio of b to c by simply a single 8 58 CRYSTALLOGIAPHY. figure. Thus, 3, in this case, is as explicit as 2: 1, when we wish only the general expression. Hence, 3: would express accurately the plane. Naumann writes the 3 (or number referring to the vertical axis) before a P, and the other figure after, thus, 3P-; so also ooPoo; oaP, (for ooP1, the unit being implied); 3P, (for 3P1, as in the last); and generally nPn,, for any plane. In the monometric system, the letter 0, (initial of Octahedron), is adopted in place of P. The letter has no special meaning, and the expression is as explicit and more concise, when written without it, thus, 3-2, istead of 3P-3; 3 instead of 3P; oo-oo, instead of ooPuc; n-zn, instead of mnPn. In some cases, however, the use of the letter is convenient, and especially for hemnihedral crystals. In the Trimetric system, the expressions become o: C, corresponding to oo: ~r: 1; 3-2, corresponding to 3: e2: 1; m-h, for n: 1:,, or mnz-, for'n:': 1. Naunann writes nPn,r or mnn. It is preferable to place the long or short mark over the fignre referring to the longer or shorter, respectively, of the lateral axes, as rMP9-, or mT,1P. In the lffionoclinic system, n,: 1: t becomes rn-n2,, (or ~mPn,); and m':: 1, becomes rn-.(rnP,). The symbol for a plane is used for the whole form whichl the planes of a kind constitute. Thus the general symbol for a plane of the regular octahedron (O or 1) is used to designate the octahedron; the general symbol of a face of the cube, (ooOoo, or co-o), indicates the cube as a whole. The Zones alluded to on a preceding page, are well exhibited through these symbols. Thus, if we write I for any numbler less than a unit, and mn and n, for any numbers greater, the series in the dimetric and trimetric systems will be as follows: Dimetr'ic System. Trimetric System. i i -c I-& 1in I iI1 1-n IIo Il-c in I I n 1 i-n - sH qnA- rn-co- X nm B s m n- 2 -22c o co -L Co-nO c-Wo I I) I c o-c-o In the table for the di;netric system, the colunn 1 is a series of octahedrons ending below in a square prism; 2, different series of 8-sided pylramids, -n,-t, one for each possible value of n, and ending below in corresponding 8-sided prisms; 3, series of octahedrons diagonal to those of column 1, and ending in the diagonal prism. The basal plane 0 is the upper termination of each series or zone. The table includes an eighth of an tupper half of the crystal, the same planes occurring in each of the eight sections. MODIFICATICNS OF CRYSTALS. 59 In the table for the trimetric system, column 1 is the zone parallel to the macrodiagonlal, consisting of macrodomes, and ending below in the vertical plane; 3, the fundamental zone; 5, tile brachydiagonal zone; 2 and 4, zones, nz-PI, either side of the filndamental zone. The table includes a fourth of an upper half of a crystal, the same being repeated in each fourth around. The monoclinic system is similarly presented in the following table: i-co 1-6 1 1-n Ior- oo 12-2, 1;n l0- % 9TL-c, cx-c jO 0-fl Co CO | T Co0 _ _I — 9Th-co — T -f — n-n f, 7- Co Column 1 is the orthocliagonal zone, or series parallel to the orthocliagonal; 3, the fundamental series of octahedrols, the ratio of the lateral axes being lb: ic, and containing also the fundamental rhombic prism; 5, the clinodiagonal series; 2 and 4, zones between the fundamental zone and the orthocliagonal series on one side, and the clinodiagonal onl the other, each having its rhombic prism. The middle horizonal line of planes, os-o, cn, &c., is a series of vertical prisms; the planes above it are +, those below are -, excepting in the 5th columrn, in which those above and below are alike as they are clinodomes, (.see page 43). The table comprises a foLtur of the crystal, including the parts below as well as those above the middle section. The various secondary planes of crystals often hlave a general relation among themselves, which is worthy of more study than it has yet received. Under 1H-umnite, figures are given, (taken, with a change in the notation, fiom a paper by MI. Scacchi), which show a remarkable arithmetical progression in the series of planes. Thus 3 3 3 3 i inl one zone, there are the octahedral planes t-t,,g, f-, -; another figure, the planes 27, 2, 32 2; in a third, the series, 4 14 4 4 4 4 4 4, 1 of - I Fioi 4T, 49 74 4) 4, 4; and other examuples of similar character are seen in the same figures. It is evident that the planes of each type belong together in one system andchave a autual dependence. In other species similar series may be observed, although they have not hitherto been as clearly mnade out. Among the concur 60 (C1RYST.XITLLO(^:RA PTTY. rent crystals of the same locality, many different t'orms often occur, which are clue to a simplification ilerely of a specific type, by a dropping of one and another plane; and such formllS, however varions, constitute therefbre buLt onwe system. At other localities there is often a very different series of planes, many of which are peculiar to the place, or occur oilly in the combination there observed. The initual depencleince of the planes is such that they essentially belong togetlher as much as the different parts of a curve of a givel:i equatioll. It is customary to rmeention the knowin combinations of forms of a species, eliulueratinll even those which are mere siImplificatiolls of a given type, and giving the whole equal importance. The distinction of the various folrms of each species into separate types of (teel)enidelt series renmains to be studied out. The fact that the axes of crystals hlave specific dclien-sions, is at the basis of the relation bylmultiples upon which the arrangenlment of the planes depends. In the monometric systelm, as the axes are equal, the positions of the plarnes are independent of any given length. Thus, if we find la plane on an edge of a cube inclined to its face at an angle of 1.530 26', as -bR on 7ca, (f. 142), the ratio of 142 P to P)a (equivalenl to the ratio of the axes r __ Q ~ of the plane (ah) will be found to be 1: 2, in-.dicating that tle plane has the ratio I: 2: c. In the triatngle P-ca, the angle Jc)a=-1530 26' — 90)~=630 26'; and then the ratio J)a (=1):'b:: 1: tart 63~ 26'-1: 2. / But in tile dimetric and other systems, the inclinations of tile plales afford the ratios not simlply of,::, as irn the monololmetric system, },but of mIna,: nb.7, (or mac: W'ii, mlaking =1), etc., the lenlgths of one or muore of the axes being included in the ratio. In deciding Iupon the planes to be considered. those of the fi.-damental series, in a dimetric or trimetric crystal, and particularly lpol:l the planle that -will give the length of the fundamental vertical axis, or of the lateral axes, we may be, at times, guided by an octahedral cleavage, in whiich case the cleavage planle will be the face 1: 1: 1,-or 1: 1: cs. In the trimletric system, there is often a vertical cleavage, parallel to the faces of a rholmbic prism, wlich rhombic prisImi would be therefore the fimclalmlental prism C: 1: 1; and whien that is thle case, the angle of the prism indicates at (once the ratio of the lateral axes. If this angle, for example, is 1000, we have this angle of a rhormb to determine the ratio of the diagonals, (the lateral axes); the diagonals divide the rholmb into fo-ur right angled triangles, each having angles of 500 andcl 400~; and hence the ratio b (=1): c:: R: tan 500, which gives the value of c. In the majority of cases, for one or more of the axes, some plane MODIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALS 61 must be empirically assumed to be that based oni the ratio of unity; and in deciding upon which, we may be guided often by finding some plane more frequent thall others in occurrence; or by detecting analogies with some other species; or by the desirableness of laving such a plane as will give the most simple expressions for the ratios of the other planes, an arbitrary criterion often convenient, rather than correct. We arrive in any case, at a ratio fbr the axes, npon which the whole structure of the crystal is based. If, for example, we obtain as the axial ratios of a: 6, for a series of planes, 24: 1, 12: 1, 06: 1, it matters little which plane is asstuned as fulndamental. If the first, then ca=24, b=1; and then the planes will be in order, 1: 1: co, 4 1: o, I: 1:. But if we talke the second as the fundamental one, (as would probably be clone), theln a=1'2, b=1, and the ratios for the planes will be 2: 1:, 1::: I, -' 12: o. Both indicate the same genleral relation among the planes. The calculation of the axes in such a case, by,plane trigonometry, would be similar to that above. The inclilation of the planle on the base of a crystal, subtracted from 1800, (or diminishedl by 900), gives the angles of the triangle Pbca, and then working the triangle by the equation, Pa (= 1): ]Pb:: P: tan JPab, we have, as the result, a ratio like one of the above. Pursnillgtlhe samne with another plane as a, C, another ratio will be obtained, which is some multiple of the first. In the trimetric and triclinic systems either of the three axes may be called tlle vertical, and authors are not all agreed on this point with regard to particular minerals. So also in the monoclinic systemn, where there is no cleavage to determine the planle 01', or that of the lateral axes, this plane must be assumned fiom analogy or arbitrarily as the case may be. Still, in comlparing the angles of different species, it is necessary to ascertain, by some facts or analogies, which are actually tlhe homonloyous axes, as only such are properly related. It is convenient to remellmber that when PlPQ is a right aigle, the suin of the algles Pea, QCac, is 2700; or whatever the angle, PjPQ, Rcca+Qac= 18S00+ PQ. If PPQ is 100o, thelln L'(cca+( Qc =2800. Another elementary fact in geometry of frequellt nse ill crystallography is, that the snum of the two angles cfcPa and claP of the triangle cPca, equals the external angle PCCea. So that P.1ccea being known, Pac is foncd by subtracting caP(c, the algle of the edge, from Pca. Plane and spherical trigolnometry may be used also ibr dcltermining the axes from any given planes, aind for ascertaining tIle angles from the axes. But the calculations by means of equations derived firom analytical geometry are the most complete, and llmost general in their application; andcl to thllese we llow proceed, presenting more iln detail many points b'arely glancedl at in the preceding pages. ~6C2 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. I. ORTHOMETRIC SYSTEMS.* I. GENERAL FORMULAS. 1. nZicationes B3ct2WC~c(h jICncs (f.diyjerenttforms, or unml ike; lanes. 1. The paramIleters of any plane have been stated to be an expressiol of the position of this plane with reference to the axes. Thus, in f: 40, the parameters of a plane ABC, are A O, BO. CO, or a: b: c, AlA', B B', CC' being three rectangular axes, each bisected at C. The plane A BC' is similar in its parameters, except that the axis C' 0 is on the opposite side of O. Hence the ratio is c: b: —c. For a lile reason, the palameters of A CB' are a: -b — c. "- CC AB'C "' a:-b: c.'; C' A'_BC "-C: b: c. cc "6 A'_BC' "-a: b::c. "C " 9 A'C'B' " a:-.b': —c "6 " A'B' C " a: -b: c.:In the enplloymllet of general forlmulas, and substituting the values of the p.arameters in tle equations, the siogns should be carefully regarded. InT most cases thlat come up for calculation, the planes are in the same octant and are then of the same signs. 2. Reir-esenting the pamameters of any plane by a:b: c, and also of any other planle by a': b': e', and placing lTfor the supplemnent of their multual incilnation, Cos It = aa'bb'-cc'aa'ct+bb'cc' V(ct b'~a2'+ b2c2) V'(an''2~2 b'a'2+b 1'c2) In using this equation, thle actual values of the parameters are to be substitutecl fIr the letters. For the planes qn-n,'vm-nl', in the same octant, in which the parameters would be nma c b: ne, and'mca, b, nc are substituted severally for a, b, c.'1a, 1), n'c " " " a19 b'a,'. 2. ETquations,for Cieteriintingy the Parcatmbeters of }scuanes by their,mtersecrtions. 3. When in a zone of planes, a pilane inL": l": r" makes parallel intersections between two plales qn': 1': r' and in: n:'r, the relation of,l,, n, r, for eithller one of these planes may be ascertained, if their values for the other two planes are known, by means of the equation 1 1 1 1 1 9i./l't$.,I9! r,.r -t ~ The following pages are a condensed abstract from Naunmann's very elaborate treatise on Crystallography. MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPh Y. 63 In using the equation, the values of rn and ni, (or rn, n, r), in two of the planes, are to be substituted for the letters, (not neglecting to note the signs as above explained, when the planes belong to different octants), and the equation then reduced. If', r', r", each equals 1, the equation becomes for the planes r?,-n,?"ll —,/'Tn q-':1 1 1 1 1 1 9enn 90Ai" nitn"'inn" iirni' gi"n} This equation is simplified for other forms in the following table: the plane of which the relation for in" and v." is required, is supposed to make parallel intersections between a plane mentioned on the margin of the table and another over the column of formulas. For the first of the equations, the simplification consists in substituting rn' for the i9' in the general equlation, since qn'-nVz' is substitutecd for rn'-n,'; in the third, 1 is substituted for'; in the fourth co for 2',1 and so on, the equation being reduced after the substitution. Several of these eqlluations are deducible from the explanations on pages 53 to 56. When cm enters into the equation, on reducing it, all the terms not containing o as a coefficient are expunged, a result that follows necessarily, fiomn dividing tile whole equation by infinity; and if 002 occurs, all but the terms containing cC2 are for a like reason dropped. 6.. Form q)-92,.'-r'/ (n-i') 1i. i," (rn7-rn',)?n —n1", (qrn'-n1) rn -'i1n.' (n2 -n)0. mn'-2, (n'`=2) 2. rn"n' (m'n-2rn) +2 —r" (i'-in) n+n" (2-n)'i7nr'=0.'in', (n'I- 1=I) 3. in 7"n" (rn.ic-rn)+-f-' ('in — )l) n-+f2-' (2 -*1)'i'7i)r' r0.?i/'- oc 4. n" (rn, —rn) n, —+-n.' (vi' —-.n'") n0 —O. cc-n, (n' cc ) 5. rn" (itc" f3n') n-+fn'' (n`'-n?) mn} 0oo-2 6.'n" (2 —n") nt —n"l (2-il) i —0. C1 7.'n1'" (27"-1),n-n',' (n1.-1)'Iii. GO- O0 9. -=c~-cc0 9 // 9 O (basal plane) 10. n"d=n. b. m,-rn, in which flWnz. M'- c0 2.?ir" (n27-r') rn+-?f- (rn'-ni"/)?-0. Gco-n', (n',=- cn) 3. in", (-n7',) -f-n,' (n,'-n.).=0. c0 4.'it" (n,"-1) —"," (n) —l) =0. 1 5. n'"ln'', Zin" 9'. C. "(-'2?, ill whlich n,-2.'in 1. 2"n2" (in'-2in') +2rn". (ni.' —— ni) -f7-Jn/n'n C0, MIt- cGO 2. 27in" (nz —n') -+n"' ('nz'-ni" ) nic). GO-nW 3. 2'2" (n"l-?n) —'ii" (.2-n') qni?0. co 4.' i (2ni" —'i2) —--'.t0 64 CITYSTAELOGRAPIIY'. d. in?,, in which n,.1.?fl,-co 1. m" (i,OA-m') -f-" (r,'-m" )m:=0. C-IO' 9 2. wi" (,H" —,') -+9-t " (?.'-1) m=0o. co-2 3. 27i" —'," (i2n.'+'.)-:nO. IGO 54. 2"//1, i'l>i?2m. 1 5. L,/-=l, fl2l"K12?.. CI- ci C. 6 e.,m-c, in which?,ci. CI-Oz' 1. q," (m" —2) — 7/"'-=-0. co 2. n2,/ (.." —9-.) —?11=0.,/..- i,, in which c,i = O,. 1 1. v,?" (n,," —n,) -t-Jll (,, —1)=0. 2( - (in the AMlo lnonletnri System.) 2 (1) ~(1~77~-i (('')-) -- )",1 W (q??+-7-) —."' ('.I+-1) qi-n'" (' -1-) r?..0. 2 2 -(1) ~,"r" (..'+f-)+-.j" (,+ -.)- )-i,, ( — 1)'., 2 3. Generadl rdelathion, qf Planes of Or)thomA0Wtre,/fbrsv, s, n th. e sctme verticcal zone. 4. The angles between the planes of any vertical zone, (nI-n,, mS, or qn-c), and thie basal plane (0) of' the type-prism being givenl, subtract each firom 1800; then the tangents of the resultant angles will vary as the values of,b in the zone. That is, calling this angle for s,-n, I, and for s;m,'-n in the samne zone, I' thenTan I: tan I'=svm,: i,' 01or if siq=l, tan I' ='?m' tan L The law holds foir the hecxayoznal syStesmi,, aS well as the monoometric, dlimetric, and triumetric. 4 Either face of the type-prism in the rectangular systemrs, may be taken as the basal; and the planes of the zones which in this new positionu become vertical, (or their intersections horizontal), Ihave essentially the same relation. In this case, the angle Iis the inclination on the asstumed base, and vm is the coefficient of the axis VMATHE'MATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 65 at right angoles to this base, which axis becomes for the time the vertical. II. MONOMETRIC SYSTEM. I. InCli7nation}5s betweeni placnevs o'f dijerenwtjorrs. * 5. In the monometric system, since the axes are equal, (a —b —c=1), tihe values of rn, n, in equations, stand forlthe axes. m-n is a general expression for holohedral planles or forms (for inclined hemillecdrons, (as in f. 53 to 66), lfor parallel hemihedrons, (as f. 67 to 75). 6. The general equation for the mutiual inclination of two planes rn2-n2,,n'-n',i i.S Cos Q= -(ren (2+) ) (2 (,/2+) +__'2) 7. The following table contains this equation simplified for particular cases: _zF/ — v'r2 (7?2+1) +?-2,, and( (inext page) i=/V,7,2 (7,/2-+1) +-f,-2 )oo - o | 1 f / G - n' t | }1,-9i? t | i, | (n-, —) -f | (+17.- J) n, -(Zm'+f1) -f- 1V f IT A 1 jqJro2~i -V(m'12+2) i _ _..__ _ _.n.-f-i n nI V?2+l V 3 / (n1f2+1) V/(2+l+) (,,2+ 1) The angle between qn-1, and 0-n' is obtained by means of the equation opposite rn-n, and under c>-n'; and by making n=' 1, this becomes the expression for r1-n on oc, or the face of the dodecahedron. Froml this table, the inclinations of any form on a face of the cube, octahedron, or dodecahecdron, may be calculated. S. For &~.?ed e, e rnv.vted'o.%S wnehen the planes are both _pl7,G or bothll m?,inu,, the formnula is the saine as for holobedral forms; but when one is plus and the other minus, the formula becomes for 01'1 O.il 2, 2 X },~2 (n2-f-1 ) -j —n' 1/,,,/ ('i ) -f-n'2 " Besides the logarithms usually given in published tables, thle following are mrequired in using the formulas beyond. Log. V1/30'23885606: log. V/~-9-' 614394; log. /2-.0150515i0; log. /V-.=98494850. C';66 OCRY'STRTALLOGIXpPHT. anid for2-2) on -2or a tetrahedal face, 2 2 Cos Q... (n' -f-) -n 9. Ini pacallel /hetnihedrows, for planes of like signs, the formlula is the same as for holohedral forms; for analogous plaines of unlike signs, [2 on - 01"1-_2 2 2 Cos Q ~'G'-] (9n /+ I)+"' For 2["-t]on[o-'] Cos Q- -.n(..'+i)+1 Folr [Zt']on - Cos Q ~- -__,e __ 2 2 F~0- or~2 )01-1 )Cos 2 2 vn(.%') V(91"%]1) 2. Jqie-ciaiion8r; etwhveen, pic es of 1we i foiw. 10. For -n)2, using the letters A B Cfor the edges on which they are placed in:figure 51, and N for mn,2tjZ-2+m-fr-, Cos A_ _ ( + os B —' (P+ ) -_-C Cos C —.N -t 29t For w- (f. 34), Cos A Cos C_ -2 Tan C ( —f ~l Forl m-no, (f. 39), Cos _- Cos 2. + Cos2 U1_2. 2+2 Tan 1-B rV-2+l I 9,P12+2,,n 2qn' — For n,, (f. 49), Cos A - Cos BTan IB mR.,V 2 11. In inclined khe drll 2?. as ("' 6), f. 65, A' anlcd are dedetermined by the same formulas as above. Cos B' — W27?2 (m?: —'2) N 12. In parale/ kheminiledomns, as [2'] f. 74, B" is determinied by the same formnla as above. Cos (n2A" 1)+ — Cos "//- (/-t/l) MATHItEM.ATICAL C,,RYSTAI,T,(GIrAPI-IH. 67 For C-n,% as in figure 69e Cos A"'ez Co" C"j 3. Determinattion of 1i and In y i ins2ection. 13. The following table gives data fol determining the parameters of planes in mononometric crystals by inspection. The first lilne would read, if written out in fill, in-n has edge A truncated by 2mn, 2X4X'Z. 16i jib'-'Wlwhell nl- and if 1i-nl -4-2, then' —iX4 - - 4 and 7n/-.n, therefobe, equals ~ -. The same explanation answers for the rest of the table.* a. rn-a, (f. 51). 1. Edge A truncated by rn'-nm', when n'... 2. Edge C truncated by 1n',.2' 3. Edge B trunclted by o-iL', i,':n. 4. Solid angle a truncated by rhombic plane r, (f. 52),,.n -- 5. Solid angle b truncated by 1, V -- b. alm-a, (f. 39). S-A. a repl. by 4 pl., I-E. parallel to symmetri- n_' cal diagonal of face, i/' 2. Edge C truncated by il', 1)'. — 3. S-A. a repl. by 2 pl. it', inel. on edge C, I-E. par. to edge B of'n-imn, i'z 4. Edge B truncated by oC-9b'?1', 5. S-A. a repl. by 2 pl. cr-Z', incl. on edge B; I-E. of opposite p1. with the same face (of m-m parallel, (f. 4 6), ~' -77 6. S-A. c repl. by 4 pi. co-n', incl. on B; I-E. par. to C, it' -a-l 7. S.A. a truncated by oo; I-E. of opposite p1. with same face of rnm-' parallel; f 43, 44, planes I, mr —2 c. a;t. (f. 49). 1. S-A. c repl. by 8 p1.'fL'-s'; I-E. of 2 p1. incl. 2'' 1t'+1) on same face of inm parallel, i' 2. S-A. c repl. by 4 pl. iL'-m' incl. on edge A; I-E. of two pl. with samle face of 1t paralallel, m' — 2r1n — _2m 3. Edge A truncated by a'-mnl', a1t/ 4. S-A. c repl. by 4 rbc. p1. n'-tn', ill. on A of 1n, i'-aM 5. S — A. c repl. by 4 hbe. p1. oo-l' inel. on B, i - -h The followimin%' abbreviations are used in this antd similar tables: T2"uncC. trun11-.tted; Repl., replaced; Be., bev-eled; A., angle; S-A., solid angle; E., edge; I-P., edge of intersection of two planses; Par., parallel; P1., planes'; Inc., inlined; JMbe., rhombie; le'~n., terminal. 68 CRYTALLOGRAPIY. 6. S-A c repl. by 4 p1I. c)-l' inel. on B; I-E. with a i'2 —I face of ni par. to edge A, lit'- _m 7. Edge B truncated by (. d. oo-n. (f. 33, 34). 1. S-A. 6 repl. by 6 pl. nL'-;'; I-E. of pl. incl. on same face of co-bn parallel, 1J'"6 2. Edge A tlruncated by it'-mt', incl. on edge A,' —-=2./ 3. S-A. b repl. by 3 rbc. pl. in'-mi', ill. on edges A, i'1-t-1 e. (f. 14). 1. Edges bevelled by sb%-'.' —i. 2. Edge truncated by d'-et', (f. 43), _i=S 3. Obtuse S-A. repl. by 3 pl. q', incl. on faces of., f. 1. (f. 11). 1. S-A. repl. by 8 planes,rn'-W'. 2. S-A. repl. by 4 pl. mn'-m, in.l. on faces of 1, (f. 41). g. oo - o. (f. 1). 1. S-A. repl., by 6 pl. mn'-n', (f. 50). 2. S-A. repl. by 3 pl. s n'-)s', incl. on 0, (f. 37). 3. S-A. repl. by 3 pl. im', inel. on edge, (f. 47). h. ('n-) (f. a9). 1. Edge C' tlrune, by +(- 2 (f 64), 92 2 2 2. Acute S-A. by 6 pl. Go-nW'; I-E. par to edge, C', (f. 62),,~.....~+1 3. Acute S-A. repl. by 8 rbc. pl. Go; 1-E. of two pulanes on face of ('-Y-)parallel,(f. 6;3). i —=2 4. Edge B' trune. by ao - Go. (1).o. Obtuse S-A. truncl, by +-(- (f. 61). 6. Acute S-A. trune. by ( i - (f. 14). 1. Edge B"' beveled by [. 2 ]',')'>in 2 2 2. Edge A" beveled by do. Az- ",,'>n 3. Edge B" trlune. by [ Go-i'] 4. Edge A" trune. by;2 it' 11 5. Edge A" beveled by m'-mi', )t-i=,l 6. Edge C" repl. by n1'-i', -i i it k. [- -n] (f: 69). 1. Inequilateral S-A. c" by pl. - incl. on Edge A"; I-E par. to transverse diagonal, t',-ii, 2. Equilat. S-A. trlune. by 1 (f. 11, 72). 4. Deterzminatiom of In,nd! 11 by iccdGColation. 14. In the following formullas, v=half tlhe inclination of B on -B overt angle c (fig. 51). 6=-half the inclination of B on B over aungle a. XrATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 69 6'=the inclination of C on the horizonal basal section. s=the inclination of C onl the diagonal connecting S-A. b and its opposite. Tans — (". 1. In,,~n, coas ~A'V'2~cost-B a. Cos =v —; B —=tan;, im=tan A-B sin v. b. Cos -2E co's A+ c 6' 1 — 1440 44' —; tall 6 - sin6' tan C; sin 4 C1/ 2 n —tan (135~ —6); ~. tan' 2. c. C CsBos Bi v6 13506-; ib —tan v; i-b=tan ~B sin vo cos;.' Fromln (angle between face of cube and the form nllt,-n) and A, B, or C, Sin v- sin tan v;,,b- taln -B sin v. - sin JB 1 — cos H' cot H sin hz,- co; nb/3-= tall h. From1 0 (angle between face of octahlleclron and Iform 2t6-n) and A or B, c t coA vY2 Cos P~ (za —a-35~ 161') =. L- cos 0 sin Al; ( ot 1 sina; c.cot a —cot; 1/2 cot a+cot #' Cos6.coo 01/5 -cos 4B n =ta sil (4 j-BS6) ~2. Inin jB —i9 S, II1 nt-lit, Cos v —cot -Bn; m tan v; I- A- 900. Cos — Cos 1-CV/4; 4'144~ 44'-E; mbS+1 —ta 6'V92. Also, n;b=cot 11V/2; v=tall (0+350 16') V2. 3. Inl ),) n-= tal ll vB4L. C- =90~. Cos ~-2 2 cos 2Av;'- 144~ 44-;: — tan 6'v4. Cot IT- sill Ah and,' btan IA. mj —tan (0+540 44')v/. 4. In cr-n, Cos v....os IA.v2;, —tanl v tan (1350 1 ) n= cot I.n Cos 0/ —=cos 6 alct - ntan (6+450). 70 CRIYSTALLOGRAPIIY. 115. The following are angles of many of the known nlolornetric forms. A, B, stancld for tile angles named A, B, 0, (or, in some cases, 2 A, 2 B, 2 C); 1I, 0, are the incelinations of the forms on the face of a cube (hexahedron) or octahedron. I.L-1-fOLOEI)RALI FORIMS. A. B. C H. O. o 0 o o / o o! co-c~(f. 1) I /g90 125 16 1(f. 11) 109 28 1 125 16 (f. 14) 120 13 144 44 43o-5 127 34. Aol 19 141 20 144 1,5 Perofskite. Ge>-4 i;99 47 163 44 1438 143 Z6 l)imond, Perofskite. Cc~~ i129 47 co-3 1133 49 157 23 1546 19 143 11 Dial-nond,Perofskite, Blende. 0C-2 (f 31) 1 43 8 14 53 6 140 16 Fluor, Salt, Garnet, Magnetite, Red Copper, GCold, Percylite, Copper, Silver. co s 149 33 133 36 158 12 138 38 Fluor, Copper. W-3 (f. 34) 15a4 9'126 152 161 34 136 54 Fluor, Gray Copper, Amalgainl. 0o-4 160 16 5 118 4 6(a5 a8 134 26 S-ilver. co-5 164 83- 112 37 168 41 132 48 Red Copper Ore. 121 58 160 l 136 35 168 41 Galena..'-2 (f 39) 1131 49 146 27 144 44 160 321Sal-Ammoniae, Fluor, Anal-! t| vime, Sodalllite, Leucite, Pyrochlore, Pyrites, Franklinite, Duifrenoysite, t~.o~15 15 I iAmllialgam. O 9 1 ~135 48 119 38 1417 15 117 25IPerofskite, Galena. 144 54 129 31 154 36 150 30Fluoir, Spinel, Peroftkite, Pyr oclllorle, Pyrites, lagnetite, Galena, Gold, Silver. 3162 394 129 31 ll15 163 49'Gllnet. 2 (f. 49) 152 44 141 34 109 28 164 12 Diiamond, Fluor, S pinel, 1 Franklilnite, Perofskite, M agnetite, Cube Ore, Pyites, lalauerite, Red Copper, Amalgamrl, Skutterud ite, Galena. 3 142 8 1153 28- 4 103 16 158'Fluor, Red Copper Or'e, Galena. 3-3 (f. 1) 158 13 149 158 13 143 18 15'7 47 Dimniond, Garnet, Miagnetite, Red Copperl,,inalgain. 4-2 162 15 154 41l1144 3 150 48 151 52 Fluor, Gold.:152 20 160 3 152 20 14 41 2 tt'7-7 — 158 47 165 2 136 47 155 42 145 46IFluor. i 17' - -~~ 166 ~51 1512 I 1140 9 152 41151 41 1 lnio r. LM.AT'i[I AITICAL CRYSTxtLO(GRAI1-Y.' PT, &NE ANGLES. at. b. c. 0 / 0 / -~ 150 14 9311L 0-2, 48 11 83 31 oo-3 146 301 86 59 2-2 182 15 117 2 78 28 3-3 81 26 112 53 84 16 2 118 4 30 58 23- 186 56 56 15 36 481 4-2 85 50) 54 211 39 48 II. —EMIMIIDRAL FORMS. 1. Tetrahedral. A. B. C. 1 (f. 55, 56) 60 Blende, Tennantite, Gray Copper, Boreacite. 162 391 82 10 Gray Copper. 2 (f. 60) 152 44 90 Diamond, Blende, Gray Copper. 3 1142 8 99 5 3 - 93 22 160 15 Tennantite, 2-2 (f. 59) 109 28 146 261 Boracite, Tennantite, Gray Copper Bismuth B3lende. 3-3 124 I 1 34 2 Gray Copper. 233 158 13 110 55- 158 13 Diamond, Gray Copper. 4-2 162 15 124 51 144 3 2. Pyritohe(dral. 2cs,* /112 31 l17 29 Pyrites. 0o-2 (f. 69) 126 52 113 35 Pyrites, Cobaltine, Gersdorfflte. 00-3 143 8 107 27- Pyrites, IHauerite. 00-4 151 56 103 361 Cobaltine. 8 (f.'74) 115 23 149 141 417 Pyrites, HIauerite, Cobaltine. 4-2 128 15 154 41-1- 131 49 Pyrites. 5- 5 1119 31 160 32 131 5 Pyrites. III. DIMETRIC SYSTEM. 8. Indctintaion between pianes of di'fferen?,forrn.. 16. In the dirzet1ic system, fbi the inclination of qn-v onl n/'-n', in which (as the axes b, e, are equal, andcl maiy be taken each as 1) a'): c - respectively mna;C: i- 1, * In these pyritohedrons, A is the interfacial angle at the longer edge, and C that at either of the others. '72 CRY STALLOGRAPHIY. Cos Q(the inclination songlit)=- v('aJ2(' 1 )+,' V(' ('+ 1)-)t,') 17. By sn'bstituting 1, oo, or 0, for uTh or n, in different fornms, we have the following nmore simple formnnlas for certain cases. Tl1 tlhe tab] e, jf= /V[qr 2((t,2 (,2 +1) -1,21. I,0 ci.-C/.. c-n' - - __ - 1 I1 mi }7, aa'na 2ma(n.'-+- 1)'(92-nt-'2 1),)-l. i( vJ 1)1(9 V,:2+ -1) V).('-2a2 1 )V('a+) 1 1 Th iclnai n ofarn-n'C n 0 (o aa ln)wl1l2+ b /(9?71~2(2+1 ) 8 (22WL2a9+ I t)(122a, + 1)8, (91 +,2 1 2)?(,2 1 ~2+1),/(}?7 2f on- aon FT(2)'V(q9 2+ 1) A/2 (},t2+j),(qt;2+ I Vlq)?(2a'+1)2nV(/2(t2+ 1 18. The inclination of 2n-n, on O (or basal plane) will be obtainedl by making cos Q= —-: so in other cases. 2. teiqmclattons between wplgles of the samrje fobrmq7. 19. In the dimetric systen, the forms rn-n-' are double S-sided pyramids, (f. 89);,r, and id 2-rno are octahedrlons, like f. 12 and 84; c-n2 are 8-sided prisms, (f. 79); w and m-i are 4-sided prisms, (f. 77 and 2). For XZ, YI Z, in rn-n2, (see f. 89, in which the edge X2is that connectingl the vertical axis and a lateral axis), Cos -X=l-n Tan ~.-=Vt(m'+1) CT _ _za(,a —1) Ta/n ( i.-'v( n-1 ( )+l )+2~222) Cos I.....'- Tan ~Z'='"c"Q(' -— 1 Cos IZ — Tan z V(~) 20. The formulas become for V(.____ _ V(2CX,+1)'~9 M-cc T 1X -900. Tan V- Tanl2>- rna. a co-n; Tan lX. —. Tan ~ Y —= 2) TanZ9. co-na T' Tn~X=. T — Y"=1? ~Zz=- 0 o.I~21. Putting T for the angle of inclination of two plnhes of rn-2-,over the axial angle of the base, (F' on F"', f. 89), and U for MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 73 the inclination of two planes over the next basal angle, (F" on F"), T T man Tan U= a(n+1) Tan iT= v(ma2+2) Tan U= V,(m2a2(n_-1 -1)+2n2) 3. Dete~rminatio~n of m and n by insp1ection. 22. Under this head, it should be noted, that planes with horizontal intersections (the lateral axes being in a horizontal plane) have n —,'. That planes truncating or beveling the terminal edges of any form m'P, or the edge X of any n/'Pn', have m=vn'. We again refer to the general laws on pages 53 to 56, whllich include many of the particular equations below. The following table reads in the same manner as that under the monometric system; the first line, for example, is,,n-n has its m (n+i1). edge I truncated by the plane n/,', when?'- (,+) a. rnm-n (f. 89). 1. Edge Ytruncated by plane ln', when (1 ) 2n 2. Term A. repl. by 4 rbc. pl. m', incl. on edge YY M' —n 3. Basal A. at Yrepl. by 2 pl. in', incl. on Y; I-E. par. to X, (f.90), n'-m 4. Edge X trunc. by m'-, m' —-, 5. Term-A. repl. by 4 rbc. pl. mr'- o, incl. on X, n t(n-1) 6. Basal A. at X repl. by 2 pl. m'- oo, incl. on X, I-E. par. to Y, q'-_ 7. Basal edge trune. by in-n', a' —l b. mn' (f. 62). 1. Term. edge bev. by iz'-nq', (f. 90), in'=m 2. Basal A. repl. by 4 pl. m'-2', I-E. par. to term. edges, 9=-m? 3. Term. edge trunc. by m'- oo, (f. 85), / —'m 4. Basal A. repl. by 2 pl. n'- oo, incl. on Term. E., I-E. of two pl. with same face of m parallel, (f. 86), n' —2im c. rn-oo 1. Term. E. bey. by m'-n', (sime. to f. 90). m- a (n'+) 2. Basal A. rep. by 2 pl. m' incl. on Term-E.; I-E. of 2 pl. with same face of m- on par. (sim. to f. 86), mn'-'n 3. Term-E. trunc. by mlP, (f. 86). m'-=-,n 4. Basal E. bev., or Term-A. repl. by 4 pl. m'-oc with horizontal intersections. d. 2 (f. 91, 92). 1. Middle edges bev. by ~ (n"'-nl) nT 2 2 a' (m') 2. Angles rep. by a pl. — )- I-E. par. to middle edges, m'il10 74 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 3. Ang. repl. by 2 pl. m'- oo; I-E. of 2 pl. with same face of _)parallel, rn'=2m. 4. Angles repl. by co. 5. Middle edges truncated by cw-2, (f. 94). 4. Determinctiorn of n aCnd n by calculation. 23. Let v'= the inclination of X on base of pyramnid rn-n.,', C4 y,c c, v = half the angle of the base which edge Xmeets. S- "c " " ( If; "c Tan v (angle ~XA of oo-n) =n. Tan 6 (angle I Y of -n) +. Tan v' =ra. Tan/l=-ina (n —1l) ac. In. n,-n, Cos-A- 1 Si-n Z V'(n2+-1) cos 8. Cos = _ cos 6. Tan (6+450) -=. Sin -o Cosi -Z n/V2 cos 6'. ma=c tan 6'. Cos 1 YV2 q Cos X -/ (tan 2iX —2)' Designatinsg the inclination of qn-n on face of the findamental prism (o) by jp; an-d on that of the diagonal prism (oo - co) by q, we have n+l cos p/2 0ot q 3O__t q =in ~ n cesq - or e —-cos, and cot — -i cos q it silln S;n v =e;s q? — tan v,ct,2 = tan J~Z sin v. +l- -~sp */ sin v' —~, cot lX 1 v?,,Ct=tan l'. cos ~2,~+1 -os p._cos p nt/2 — C _ CO 1 Siln: 8= - ) pa.-=- -tali 8'. s, —i cos -}-Y sin ~ n+t-l 6. In?n-rn, Cos v/:-, cot -QX.,na-tan v'. Cos v =a cot'Z. qn=tan V tan / (a2-1) -n tall -T cot.12T'T, (and in the following cases, Ui and Z'), being the corresponding angle of the fundamental octahedron, 1. c. In. I7,qn - 1' Cos 6'- -cot 1Y YV2. 2 m —i1_ tan 6'/V2. ct C1 AT'HEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGIRAPHY. 75 Cos -=aV- cot ~Z. -= ta (450). 2m 1 V/(a+~2) X tn U 2m- l = tan UX cot U' d. In %nl,?na= cot a. cos s= cot 1X. taln Z. ma tan Z41-. tanIZ'. 2 tan Z —. e. In mr-cc,?ma=- cot cos E - COS C Y/V2. tan ~Z Tvca== tan -Z 77- tan ~Z`'.f. In oo-n, n= tan ~-X. - an The angles of the different vertical prisms, in the dimletric system, are the same as those of the forms oo-n in the inonometric system, as given on page 70-(forms o-x- to oo-5). IV. TRIMETRIC SYSTEM. 1. Inclinations betwee plCanes of differcnt foi)rms. 24. In the trimletric system the forms n~Pn are octahedrons; that is, for any particular plane mPn, on a crystal there will be eight in all, and these extended, prodnce an octahedron like f. 13. The inclination of a plane mPn, on another m,'Pn', may be ascertained by means of the general formula, p. 62, by substituting (b being the longer lateral axis) when the forms are m —n alcl -n',,ba, nb for a, b. b,'n, n'b, o for a', b', c'. i'-n and in'-n,', mLa nc for a c. m'a, b, n'c for', b', c'. r-,n and m'-n' maL ne for a c. /'a, n'b c for a', b',''. 25. a. For 2,m-n onl v1'-50, having the parameters a:: c and a': co:', the formula becomes Cos TV- 1/b(aa'+cc') Cos Wv==-~vJV(,,/2+e,2. b. For n —7L on 0o-~C, the formula becomes Cos W=-ab c. For mqn-; on011 -L Cos - a(b'+-cc') MV(b'2+c',) A plane m-~ may also be designated " - the two expressions being equivalents, (p. 55); and in calculating the relations of one 7 6 CRYSTALLOGC APHIY. plane with another, or their interfacial angles, it is often convenient to make the change ftiom one expression to the other, in order to have the same lateral axis referred to in both. 2. in2cInaCions betweeen 91;canes of the same fortm. 26. The f'orm rn-n in the trimnetric system is represented in the octahedron, f. 13, (except that we here umake b the longer lateral axis). Placing X Y, Z for the angles at thle edclges so marked, and writing as above, iMt for /(ca2 b2+02c62+b2c2). a6b acbe t CXo= -os Z= Co — s Z- Tan ~X= Vc a+bb.) Tani Y- bV(a'+c) TaIn _Z= aV(b2+c) ab ac be:-~X- snupplelnent of -'-n, on Ol -o, and 4 Y=isupplement of rT-n on Cn-C. 27. Si'mLplifying ftr the particular cases following: C. In -s, Tan 1X'I- Tan b b. oo-;,) Tan'X-h TaI 1 — __ c. 0-It Tan 2-9-X -b TaIn =r-C d. m~-, Tan Y= - Taln Z —'ia e. 1-k, Tan / Y= — Tan 1Z'-L a *d 2a 2 6 f. m-cc Tan I Tal- Tal =" q- 1-&~ Tan I_ Tan XZ' - a c 3. Dimensio ns of forms. 28. Let ca - the illelination of the macrocliagonal terminal edge on the vertical axis; Let S3 =the inclination of the brachycliagonal terminal edge on the -vertical axis; Let y the inclination of a basal edge onl the maerodiagonal; 1: tan a: tanll i Then Ifor /,'-n', c': b': c'= cot a: 1: tan y, cot (: cot 7y:1. 29. The anlgles a,, are determined by the followimng equations: Cos sa i X Cos f3 io -o X sin X' sin Y. M ATHEMA TI(CAL CRYSTALLOGRAPIrY. 77 cos 4Z cos 1-X Sill a=::i-I Cos0 — i i n Z~ sil i Cos 7Sll cos -n Y Sin,3 —o O Si l l 7= i Sz Tanl /3tan -XYsin o; tan c=cot 4T tan f. Cot ac-tan:-Z sin 7. Siln a-cot -Y tan /; cos a-cot XA 2tany. Sin /3= cot Y tan c; cos f-cot Y cot 7. Sill cot Z ot Z Cot; cos ycot ~ Y cot /3. 30. By coinparing the angles a, /3, 7, with the olrrespondilng angles of the fiuncdamental form, by lleans of the relations ofC a, b, c, to these angles, the relative values of and n for t that form may be determined. Distinguishing a, /3, and, Y, Z, of the derivative forms, by accents: (a.) In the forml n', cc being determined bSy one of the above equations, both for m ancld the fundalmental forl'l P, theln szI= cot a' tan a; so fiom /3), m6= cot,8' tan /; or from Z, m- =tan ~Z' cot'Z. (b.) In 1-;, n=tan 21X' cot 4X=tan /' cot 3-=tan y' cot 7. (C.) In 1-9, n=tanl a' cot a=tan Yl cot Y= cot y' tan 7. (d.) In b-, — J=cot AXI tan -X= cot /3' tan /3=cot 7' tan 7. For determining rbm and n, we deduce firom the equations, (e.) For the forms co and andlc c-,,- (~' 2T7, b), in'-:tan 1-X-tan 2X',; nz=tan 1 Y'. tan I Y. (f.) For the formis o and co-26, m=ta, n ~ +' ~tan 4X, n —tatl - -+tan Y', in which the accented letters pertain to the forlm crc. Also, (V.) From the equations for vt-3 and 1-') nb-ztalY'~ Yl. tall Y, Y m2-tzan Z. tan 4Z. (A.) Froln the equations for nm-cGo and 1-&)5 in — tan 4-X.tan 4-X. -tau -Z, *ta]n -Z. 4. Uo inatiomns8i tin T Letrimetriec SySteb. 31. On this subject see the general laws oil pages 53 to 56, which contain many of' the specific cases below. In this system, as in the prececlingg, formsl with a horizontal intersection have n n —. In a rholllbic octahedlron, lmJ_ planes trnncatinmg or bevellinig the terminal edges have bL,' —L; but as one edge is coilnectecl with the lacrodiagoall], and the other with the brachydiagonal, the planes differ, —those of the imacrodiasgonal edge being mv-,Y or mq-io and those of the brachydiagonal )T4z- 01' r)m- Or. In the following table, forms are said to be oft the salme kind, 78 C-Ys'rALIULORAnlY. when connected with the same axis, and consequenllty hlallaving the samre mark, -- 0or -, placed above their signs. 1. )''-i'., ber. mniaerod. terminial edge of qn-lb, when }'''im 2.'In'-;l", bey. bracLhyd. terlinal edge of qVm'i, when' -' 3.?vI'-~', bev. brachyd. terminal edge of in-H-, vhenl 4. b2'-", bev. mlacrod. terminal edge of lizm-q, when 5. rn"-, repl. A. of combination between forms In and in' by rbc. pl. mq" 6. " repl. A. of combination between forms in and co by rbc. pl. q-z=27n 7.' repl. A. of combination between ccm- and Lm-~ by rbc. pl. In-'8. " repl. A. of colrmb. betw. In and c-lbi by rbc. p1., when the folrm iS'In-(1n'+1)-`Z, o01' 0(+~,!, the onel replaces the ulpper, the other the lower I-E. 6. 1. mIn'-jj repl. I-E. of fortm o and In-, when' —2. " trune. I-E. of'i and co —I' L' —i2)1 3. " bev. longer or shorter term E. of forim'in,'i/,=n'i 4. " repl. I-E. of ln-? and co-, V. HEXAGONAL SYSTEM. 32. In the hexagonal system there are three lateral axes intersecting at 60~. The form rn-n, completed is a double twelve-sided pyramid or berylloicl, (f. 124); im and qn-2 are double six-sided pyramids or quartzoids, (like f. 122 in form), the series ~?n-2 intermediate to the series %n, (see f. 121); oo and co-2 are hexagonal prisms, respectively corresponding to the pyramids. io-n, except when i-=2 represents twelve-sided prisms. n]?R (equivalent to form-2) stands for rhombohedrons, (R, fig. 126, and other rhomboheldronls of tle samne series). The use of the signs + and - for rhombohedrons and scalenohedrons is explained on page 48. The scalenolhedron has the general sign:(m-?- ) Designated with reference to time axis of that rhombohedron firomn which they are derived, they comle under the expression m,/Rib, in which,6L equals the semi-axis of ~mR, and n is a coefficient, which multiplied into vn will give the semi-axis of the form m11,'b. The expression (i,-n) is reduced to tIle form m?'_8R /' by making / in(2-n) 2-n (-),and - -,'l and conversely the latter is reduced to the former by making bn=m/', and ),T- 2 - 33. For eaclh in]? there is a series of scalenohedrons i]?'bi, corresponding to a replaceiment of the lateral edges of the rhombohedron in]?, ini which n may have ainy value; when this value, MIATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 79 is infinite, the form is the prism unbrco, and this is equivalent to oo-2, since the prism is necessarily a prism diagonal to the fundamental prism. The latter sign is the one which is commonly used for the prism. The pyramidal hemihedral forms, represented in f. 136, p. 48, have the symbol o(1-n) r ( o-) z r being used according as T1 2 1 2 - " the planes are to the left or right above. The gyrocidal hemihedral forms, analogous to f. 137, p. 48, have the symbol r' (-) or (n-) The corresponding tetartohedral forms have the same symbols, except that 4 is written for 2; or else the equivalent 2-, with r or I prefixed. 1. 19inctdioans between, placnes of cliffeqent forqnms. 34. The formula for?n —~, on r,'-n' is as follows-making -I:- V(4i,2 a2((2 -n+1 )+3m,2) and M/i/-=V(4M'2a2 (m,' 2-.nq' +1)+3,' 2). Cos Q=- 2rnzn'a2(2nn't —z —-n'-f2)+ 3n mm, 35. The following table contains the same for more simple cases. 0 co-n i zm-2 n'V/3 on'ta(2nn'-n-'-nt —2) n'(rn7n'a2-1 )i/3 rn'-n? A Al' n2_ 1 )- 1V/f(rn2a2+1) 1 erz'cnn/3 rn'anV3'a? n'- 2 /(r,,'2a2X 1) V (n,'2ca2-+) -V(tvn-_-n+ ) aV(',2as2+ 1) /V(m,22a~+l) i 3o6.' 0hfo r mulas 2/V(n4-n'-'2-I o-Ve1 ) for vn2__ t+e 1 )_ _m 36. The formlulas for the rllomrbohedral forms vary, as thlle forms are of like or unlike signs. In the following:IN=V(q n2a2(32 2+1)+3) anld _N' V/-(q'2a2 (3q2m 2 +1)+3). 37. The cosine of the inclination of +vJr$Rn on +'2J?,'R _'I mm2m,'a2 (3nq/' i~)+3 -— m-lR on — rn'R' - 1 iyAN' +,rmR"~ on — b'IR' I 21a2 (3%?,v$ T)+3 — nRn onl +,'RN' N'' the upper sign being used in each of these and tle following equations, for the angles between planes inclined to the same pole of the vertical axis, and the lower for the angle between planes inclined towards different poles, 80'eYSTALL(-)GRkPi-iV. 38. Thellse simplified, become for +-RnP? on +9n'R1 l_ = v6n'cc2 (3ia, 1)+ 3 q —m/* on -m'R Wnv' (4,/(2 2c2 +/2a 3) 2 -qnR,/?* oin —,'/? __ n2r,'a2(3+,T1)~3 1-mR'? 011n +m'R V/(4m/2ct2 +3)'')TR" on qn,'-2o —( v'l2 +1)~3' v~,P"o n 039. Also when the forims (2( le f tle sa'e sign) ~2 2oe Cos p._:_ 1%1)7~'29nvz'a2(2n' T:Fq':Tk12):3,q Cos P= -- M. ) 40, When of different signs, COa ( q2n~ Or611,m + ii 2) + -/v/q Cos P: 2nna2 ('~n'-2)~3n 2. JlizclmnatiOn betwee}$n /2r? s 0 tplnG of Ike /arne Jrm. 41. For the form rn?-n (f. 124) we have for the inclinations between the planes, lI/having the value on the preceding pageCos a(2-n) COS ma (e —1)/3 Cos i- Z- ma 42. a. Representing the inclination of two planes over the axial basal angle (that to which the edge XY extends) by T, and that over the adjacent basal angle, (to which FY extends), by U, Tan ~1 T --..n~,Tm _U3 ga(,n+ 1) Tan s... (, (T_0+, Tan!- U/s,(91.((gl)2-l 2) b.'For n l- i,7-; writing /S for V(4a 2 2(-?, q+1l)+8. Cost i (2 —s ) aV~ _s Cos = Cos- - Cos oZs=Tan T=- (c(it —/3)' 3 Tan (2a -l)a c. For m, in which Z U, 1A/ja2'31) V3 maV3 Tan - v /(m2a~ 1)V Tann gZ-,nav'~. Tan LT= — a+3) 2za VW 2 V /(v22a-+-3)~ d. For qv?-2, in which Z= T; Tan 1,= Tan (-Za-4a. Tan,-= Tan IC — v=(/+4). e. For (n-91n, Tanu -X-',3. Tan'F- Y (2 —n 2 )V f. For W- (p. 46), in which X is tile sl/ovter termillnal edge, F tile lonygeq Z a basal edge (= T of rn-n), MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 81 COS1 - ma'V3 SnanV'3 ~Cos M ---. Sin IZ'- Z,` ~f 2 M]i Sin gZ= Cos ~-+Cos Yz= 2 Cos - (Y+X) Cos;( -X). For cos Y, fthe same formula as in?n-n. g. For P:(r)or ~+rR, in which Y180~0, 2 Cos X= -4m2 +3 —= cos Z. Tan IX= (-Va+) In R, Tan ll X=V(aB); and if a = 3.X=900~, and therhombohedron is a cube. Designating the inclination, in nmR, of the inclined cliagonal on the vertical axis, by Y, and that of a terminal edge on the same by /, Cot a=2mnaV*. Cot f=9nca4. The plane angle A (angle at vertex) in vR, and the volulrne V, may be found by the equations, Cos A-= 92'r — Vn4nZQ Vi. 2(m2a2+3)V /h. For nRI,% in which X, Y, Z, are used as above, Tan IX- AV(m2a (S3-1) +3-12) ma (1-j-1) 1/3 Tan Y: V(mn'a2(3n+1)2+12 Tan -Z V (,+3). za(n —1)V/3. Tan -Z= V(M2a~3)' See also ~f, above.?,. For oocRl, 3n-n —' —1 C 3nI ~ 61 r- 3n2- 1 Cos X=- 23n21 Cos — 2(3n-' —). Cos Z=3 2+-1 3. Determinaction of'm cacd n by %sp8eCtiow. 43. ca. As in other systems, forms n,-n, alld 9rn'-)n', or mRn and rn'RI', making horizontal intersections, have n=-', (f. 121). b. Two forms n-n2 and rn'-n' making intersections parallel to a diagonal edge, have me=rn', (f. 128). c. Two forms vnR7 and rn'Rn',,whose lateral (called also, basal) edges are parallel, have n=rn', (f. 128). d. For each scalenohedron Dn]ZE, (f. 127), there is (1) an inscribed rhombohedron m']R of like sign, (+ or -), whose lateral edges coincide with those of the scalenohedron; having rn9 —'. (2). A rhombohedron Vn"]? of like sign, whose terminal edges coincide with the shorter terminal edge (X) of the scalenohedron, having m" —j- (3n-1), (4, f. 131; a rhombohedron having its terminal edges coilncident with X, would have its faces parallel to planes 4 in this figure). ~~L~rlVV * -r* V —L~r-/11 82 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. (3). A rhombohedron rz"'R of unlike sign, whose terminal edges coincide with the longer terminal edge (1 r) of the scalenohedron, having en"'-=- (3n+1), (5, f. 132). e. The rhombohedron'n'R truncating edge Y of BzRM, has m'=lm(3qn+1), (f. 133). The rhombohedron —n/"R, truncating edge X of mfnR%,,has m' =- m(3n 1), (f. 134). ne, in the table below, is equivalent to m,,R". mrn(n+l) f. qn-qn 1. Edge Y trunc. by plane in', 2n 2. Y-basal angle repl. by mn', I-E. par. to other term. E. inq'-m 3. Term. angle repl. by in', faces rhombs, n'4. Edge X trune. by in-2, n' —=n 5. X-basal A. repl. by m'-2, I-E. par. to other term. E. qn'=2m7L -( ) 3mz 6. Repl. of term. angle by in'-2, faces rhombs, 2in(2n-l) 3n g. in 1. Repl. of basal A. with 4 pl. rn'-n', I-E. par. to zn'(n?-'+1) n vertical on' face of' n, -n7 2. Repl. of basal A. with 4 pl. m'-', I-E. par. to in' term E. of m, a' 3. Term. E. trunc. by mn-2, (f. 121), or bev. by in'-n', s'r=rn 4. Basal angle repl. by in'-2, I-E. par. to vert. of im _qnf4m 5. Basal angle repl. by qn'-2, I-E. par. to term. E. of in, (22, f. 121), m'=2m 6. Term. angle repl. by m'-2, faces rhombs, mn'_=_2 h. m-2 1. Term. edge bevelled by mt-nt, (1d 2 2. Basal A. repl. by 4 pl., I-E. par. to vert. on in-2, a'inm 2nm'(2n'f1) 3.'.... I-E. par. to term. E. of mn-2, — 13m 4. Term. edge trunc. by in', (42 and 1, f. 121), n'=}-3 6. Basal A. repl. by 2 pl. I-E. par to vert. on mn-2, (12 and 1, f. 124), qn'=mn 6. Basal A. repl. by two planes mn', I-E. par. to term. E. of m-2, in'-32n 7. Term A. repl. by 6 rhombs. in', m'-= — i. mRn 1. mn"'' of like sign, bevel edge X (f. 134), mn(3W'-1)=m(3n-1) 2. Y".... Y (f. 133),,m'(3n'+1)=m(3n-+1) 3. unn"' repl. basal A. by 2 pl. incl. on X, I-E. par. to edge Y of m@n m'(3n'-+1)=n(3n+1) 4. Ibid. incl. on Y, I-E. par to X, mn'(3n'-1)m(3n-1) 5. m'n"' of unlike sign, bev. edge X, (f. 134), mn'(3n'+1)=nm(3n-1) 6. mn'' of unlike sign, repl. basal A, I-E. par to Y of min, m'(3n' —1)=mn(3n+1) k. mR I. min'' of like sign, bev. term. E. of m, (f. 131), ~m'(3n' —1)=m 2. mn"' of like sign, repl. lat. A, 1:E. par. to incl, diag. -mt(38'+-1)-.-m MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 83 3. mn'n of like sign, replace lateral edges, m' —n, 4. m'n' of unlike sign, bev. term. E. of mn, (f. 132), lm'(3n'~1)=m 5. min"' of unlike sign, repl. lat. A, I-E.par. to incl. diag. m'n(3n'-1)=nm 6. n' of unlike sign, trunc. term. E, (f. 125), mn-=t~m 7. m' of unlike sign, repl. bas. A, I-E. par. to incl. diag. (sim. to f. 125), mn'=22 8. rn'-2, bey. term. E. of in, M'=2n 9. m'-2, repl. bas. A, I-E. par to incl. diag. m' —-3m 1. m-2, 1. Bev. of altern. term. E. by m'n'' mln'(3n'+1)-mn 2. Trunc. of altern. term. E. by m'R, m/=I in 44. a. If a plane r_/RI'S/ forms parallel intersections with two planes mlRn and'R?1', then mn" Qn"(-mm-,')~m'n,'Q''-m,1")-m'ThQ'n" -— n')= 0, using the upper sign, when the planes incline to the same pole of the vertical axis, and tlhe lower when to opposite poles. b. If the planes are mn"-2, n t', _'R]', then q2$"(qn- )A') + —rM((nS-+')= O. c. If the planes are?Rn"J'R",-rn'R1', qR, nm" n"(n+imn')rfrn'Wa'm"' -rn)-4nn(rn$'" Hnm')=O. d. If the planes are n"'-2, -rn/'Rn/ 11nR rnW"(ne+m,')-rn;nq'(nfin') 0. e. If the planes are mi/'R", rn'-2, ~mr, 4. Detelrmination of m, n, andl atis a, by calculation. 45. a. From the angles X, Y, Z, of rn-n, na(2-1n) cos X iza(n-1) cos JY nVf3 cos -iZ n cos JZ 2-n- cos ~X s-11/3 cos 4Y Cos V=cos X-. sin ~Z; and, n,.- (2 —)?) —iV tan v. Cos vl=cos -1Z-sin ~X; and, nza=tan'. Cos & cos s Y-.sin Z; and, (n+1)-.(n — 1) —V3 tan 6. Cos = cos Z-.sin ~ Y; and, rmac=tan'nV/3-.(n+1). 2-n _/3cos~X ni/3 2- y —1- - i qa c ots c; CosE=cot X. Also, ma=tan 1Z (sin 150~0-)=tan Z sin v. b. From the angles X, Z, and U, of mnm V Sin k'=cos -Z' cot XVv3; qnatan (4-Z'+-'); Z' is Z of 2-2. Cos J=ca cot -Z; 2m — =tan 8v3. 2 nq -1=tan ji?/3 (+1); or since we have for U' in the form 2-2, Tan 1 U —=aV3.A/(a2 +1), therefore 2m-1=3 tan ~ Uxcot /U', whence the value of mn, may be obtained. The inclination of 2-2 84 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. on a, (see f: 151 and 344 of Quartz), diminished by 900 is 4 U'; and that of any plane of the oblique series on a diminished by 900 is 4 U for that plane. Planes in the same series, between 2-2 and R, or 1, (f. 344), are of the form qn-rm; and taking the corresponding 4 U of such a form, (that is, the angle rn-rn on g diminished by 900), and working the above equation, the resulting value of vn is the value in the form nm-n. c. From a pyramid rn, V/3 tan ~Z tan IU = 2 tan -Z. tanZ' tanU ma= cot s; cos sV=3 cot -X. Z' and U' are the corresponding angles in the pyramid P. d. From a pyramid mn-2, tan JZ tan ~Z. a tan~Z", c=tan 2Z. n'C=cot a, when cos s=2cos -Y. Z" is the corresponding angle in the form 1-2. e. From oo-nl, 2-2=/v4 tan -Y; 1- -V3 tan - Y f. From a scalenohedron ~'2!), cos cY sin ~Z sin snZ cos ~iX cos X' sin ~Z —cos 7Y' y. From a rhombohedron nzR, V/3 cot a cot a cot B ni=- = -- /3 cot P. -cot-a-otB.' log. na —log. cot a+9-93T7306=log. cot /3+02385606. a and P are used as in page 81; and & and f' are corresponding angles in R. Also, 2 — 5- +ot ) gives the length of the vertical axis. It should be noted that cos Xis vninus when X is an obtuse angle. Also, cos &=cot X~-/27; and mna=cot /V3. It. From a scalenohedron qnR", n-1 cos I-Y + Cos1 _ cos X -1_ cos ~Y n+ 1 cos }IX 2nSin lZ' 2n sin iZ' 3n —1 21/3 cot B From X, cos Co= (+1)3 Cot X; and then - a( —l-)-' 3n-+- 1 1 _ 25/3 cot a From Y cos a=(_ -n~ cot Y; and then 2M, c a(-3 —+(no-1)cV/3 a(3n+t1) From Z, cos' —= and then cot ('x/3 ni/3 co}z t = — a MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 85 From X of vnRn, and X' of v-n(3n-1)R, (3n-1)-~ (v+1)=tan ~X cot ~ X' From Y of mRfl and X" of ~ln(3n+1l)R, (3n+1)+.~(,b-l1) =tan I Y cot IX." From Z' (the lateral edge-angle) of the inscribed rhombohedron, and X, Y, or Z. n=tan ( -— Z') cot 2Z'; when, sin 2 cos cos n=tan (p+IZ') cot -Z'; when sin p=2 cos I Y cos AZ'. n=tan Z cot IZ'. In the series n/R, qn?1R, in which in is constant, n varies as the tan 1Z; an n in any qnfRl of the series equals tan I Z of the _Rn divided by tangent half the corresponding angle of mR. II. CLINOMIETRIC SYSTEMS. I. MONOCLINIC SYSTEM. 46. The annexed figure re- 143. presents the form +1, in the imro- x noclinic system; ca, b, c, are the axes. The inclination of a on b is oblique, and the angle is marked y, (called C beyond); b is the clinodiagonal, c the ortho- \ diagonal. The upper faces in. front are +1, the lower -1; -' and so with any forms Tq, and.. —." also qn-n and zn-oo they are re- * - i latively + and -, above and "'I below the clinodiagonal. +- -cC is a form truncating the edge X above or X' below, and oo-oo is x another in the same vertical series, on the front angle, parallel to the vertical axis. Planes pertaining to the clinoldiagonal (planes on the side angles and edges of the octahedron) are designated qn —o, rn-c. o-O; the planes Y;-&o are the same above and below the orthodiagonal. The inner or rhomrbic prism in f. 25 is described by the expression 0, co; and. the outer prisnm by 0, oo-oo, o-,; the inner in f. 112 by 0, co, +n-c-; in 113 by 0, oo, -— c; in 114 by 0, oo, m-~o. 47. An octahedral plane in the preceding figure is inclined to each of the three axial planes or sections. Let the inclination 86 ClRYSTALLOGnRAPHIY. of +1 on the clinodiagonal section be designated by X; on the orthodiagonal section by Y; on the basal section by Z; and the corresponding inclinations of -1 by X', Y', Z'. The angles X, X' are each half the interfacial angles of the octahedron at the edges X, X'. Let us represent also the inclination of Edge X on ct by a, Xon b by v, Y on c by r.' on a by', X onb by', Z on b by a. 48. Then, Tan X _ cV(a+bbTi 2ab cos C Tan Y _ bsin C(a-(c+ ) ab sin C Yl- c(a:Fb cos' Tan Z a sin (CVA(b2+c2) ZI c(bF a cos C) The lower sign is used, in each case for the angles X', Y', Z'. 49. In terms of the angles, t'r, f), the tangents of the same angles are as follows: Tan - tann Tanl ytanL Tan Z =tan (C+It) sin(C_+P) sin /1 sin 7r sin a Tan ~X'=-~- tA c _*tan7. Tan y_ tan Ta tan(C'). sin( C —i) sin' sln7r * sin a It will sometimes be convenient to observe, that C+tf=180~ —v, and C —/'=v'; and consequently, sin (C+ -) - sin v, and sin (C-:')sin vI. 50. The values of the angles p,', v: v/ Ir a, may be obtained by either of the following formulas: Tan -- cos a' Tan= —. Cos i nX Cos v-{ a cos C' an sinX' sin X' c sX cos Xi' cosX cos X' sin Y sin' sin Z sin Z'' 51. Ca. In the form oo, Tan z- b sin C= tan X'= cot Y Tan Z= tan C/(b-c2 b. In + 1-:o, yan, bsin C Tan Z a sin C Y'T — aT:b cos O' Z"- b:Ta cos cY c. In I- 0,1 Tan X=tan X' —- a sin ------ Ta n ZtanZ' cot X. Y tan CV/(a2+c2) Tan Y f=:F By writing mct for a these formulas apply to ~nm-oo and m-3 0. d. The equation for Z in the prism oc, gives the inclination of the face of an oblique rhombic prism on its lateral faces, that is, MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGIAPHY. 87 of plane 0 on oo, or any or-n. The same angle may be obtained by the equations -putting II for the angle, Cos -= cos C sill X; Sin II= cos. COST The angle X here is the angle of that name in the prism oo-n, whose inclination on 0 is desired. In any form qn-n, Y is the supplement of the inclination of a face of no-n on oo-o; the angle of Xis the supplement of the inclination of rn-n on so-so; the angle Z added to the angle between OP and the corresponding oo-n (angle II) equals the inclination of a face of rn-n on Co-n. Deterrmination of the lengths of the axes. 52. From U, and X in oo, c-tan X sin C x b. From C and X, in 1-C, a=e- tan X sin C. Also, for the relations of a: b e:.ill 11 sin I/~ 1: 1: tan,, sinI: tan r. sin (G+ —)' sin (_-_): sin (C, Sin (CG-I) 1: tan a, s: tan a. sin # sinll t' a: b=sin: sin v. For the angle CU, Tan Cr= 2 sin,, sin _2 sil v sinv' sin (P —4') sin (v-V') BR.ules for determnining the signs of plianes. 53. The rules deduced on pages 53 to 56 apply here, as well as to the other systems. 1. Two forms whose faces inclined to the same pole of the vertical axis form a. I-E. parallel to the basal section, have n'=n. b. I-E. par. to the orthodiagonal E., and both planes pertaining to the clinodiogonal, rn' rnt have m- both to the orthodiagonal, m'=m; the two to different diagonals;' —ln, the accented letters referring to the form on the orthod. edge. c. I-E. par. to the clinod. E. and both partaining to the clinod.,:m`'mn; both to the orthod.,,-; the two to different diagonals, rn' — a a n 2. Planes trune. or bev. clinod. E. of im-m~ belong to +:- X, or - 3. Rbc. pl. repl. clinod. A. of intersection of ~qm and oo, is 2n2m- o. 4. Plane trunc. E. between+mn or —n and ao inclined to different poles, is 2mn- o~. 6. Plane trunc. E. between -m or -m and the pairs and faces o-oo or Go- o, is -mn-n or mn-. Hence, planes whose I-E. with 1 are par. to clinod. or orthod. E. have the sign mn'-.' or m'-m'. 88 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. II.'TRIICLINIC SYSTEM. 54. All the axial intersections in this system are oblique. As in the trimetric system, the longer lateral axis and the axial section corresponding is called the mnacrodiacgonalc, the shorter the brachydiagonal. The fundamental octahedron (f. 119) has only opposite faces similar; the upper are respectively 1 and 1', and the lower -1 and -1'. The macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal planes may be distinguished by a long or short mark (- or -), as in the trimetric system, and the lower planes from the upper by prefixing a minus (-) to the former (or the reverse). The planes between the macrodiagonal and brachydiagonal vertical zones to the right firom those to the left, may be distinguished by adding the accents. Thus the vertical series of planes or zones will be as follows: 1. Brach. 2 3 4 5. Macr. 6 7 8 m'-i'n- lb'n #n-n w'z-*Z iZ- 7'7'i ~'i-nq oon O >- Co-7R 0 1 GO 0'-I -m- — m- -— m — m- -— m C- n- f —' l -— m- l. Determination of the interfacial cagles of Triclinicforms. 55. a. Let the mutual inclination of the sectional planes of the fundamental form at their intersections in the axes a, b, c, be represented respectively by A, B, C; and the inclination of the axes by a, /, y: that is, the inclination of a on b, by y, a on c, by 3, b on c, by a. Let also the inclinations of a face of the fundamental octahedron, on the macrodiagonal, brachydiagonal, and basal sections be represented by X,, Z, respectively, and finally the inclinations of the edge Xon a by t~ Y on a by ir Zon b by a b' ( v " C'' p " c " hf+ w-igr +p + ale+r+o 1 o80n. b. The following are the values of the cosines of a, /, y, in terms of the cosines and sines of the angles A, B, C: Cos 0! cos A+cos B cos C cos B+Ccos A cos C sin B sin sill A sin C cos C+cos A cos B sin A sin B c. The same angles may be determined by means of the values of t, V, and o, &c. of any form, and the corresponding a', v'I a', of the coordinate form. The following equations may be employed for this purpose: 2sin~ sinll' 2sinr sin' Tan a = Tan sin(-a')- sin ( —") Ta 2 sin X sin 7r' 2 sin p sin p' sin ( sr-r') sin (p-p') MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRIAPHY. 89 Tali )/- 2 sin l sin /A' 2 sin v sin v' sin (m —a') - sin (v —') 56. The three sections, the macrodliagonal, brachydiagonal, and basal, divide the fundamental octahedron into three-sided pyramids. If the plane in the basal section is considered the base, and the vertical solid angle of the octahedron the vertex, of one of these pyramids, its lateral interfacial angles are identical with the angles X, Y, A; and since the terminal edges are X, Y and the axis ca, the plane angles at the summit are X: Y, X: a, and Y: a, of which, the last two angles equal respectively p and r. If we make the vertex A a centre, and describe with any given radius an arc on each of the faces, a spherical triangle is formed, whose angles equal the inclinations of the faces of the pyramid, viz, X, Y, A, and whose sides are measured by the plane angles at the vertex, two of which are vf and 4t. In this spherical triangle, if the angles A, pt, and T are given, (that is, two sides, a, and ~7, and the included angle A), the angles X and Y are readily determined by Napier's theorem. 1. Tan i (X+ Y)=cot 1A-COS ("-r)' %os (+~)' Tan - (X- Y)=cot LA sin ( —) sin a (r+-)' This gives the half sum and half difference of the angles2 X and Y, from which the angles themselves are easily obtained. In a similar way are deduced the following analogous formulas: 2. For Xand Z, from B, v, and': Tan i (X+Z)= cot 1B COS o (a-_) Tan 9 (X-Z) — cot LB Sin - ( —v)' sin (c+v) 3. For Y and Z, from C, f, and r, Tan { ( Y+Z)= cot.C cos i (r —p) sin (7-p) Tan ( Y-Z)= cot IC sin A (i-p) 2 sin (7' p)' 57. When the angles X and Y in any particular form are desired, it will be necessary to obtain the values of PI and sr for that form, and with these values and the angle A, the desired angle may be obtained by the above equations. In a similar manner, Y" and Z, and X and Z, may be known from r and g, and a and v. If X and Yr are determined, and v and g are known, Z may be obtained by the equation, cos B cos C' Cos Z= sin sin (X-~-); or cos Z= sin sin (Y-+), in which - is an angle to be determined by the equation, Cot b= cos v tan 1; or cos Ab= cos g tan C. By varying these formnlas, X may be obtained when Y or Z is known, and Y, when X or Z is known. 12 90 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 58. The following trigonometrical formulas for the values of PI, v,, ), 7, may be employed to determine these angles. It must be observed, that when either of the angles a, /, y, is obtuse, the cosine becomes minus: b sin y a sin y Tan Pi y tan V —- = - a-b cos y b —a cos y c sill a sin B Tan 7 —-- tan P —, a-c cos c-t a cos # c sin a b sin a Tan = — -- t an e- a b-c cos a c-b cos a 59. These angles, as functions of the angles X, Y, Z, imay be found by the following formulas: cos Y+cos X cos A cos Z+cos X cos B Cos,=:; sin X sin A COS sin X sin cos X+-cos.Ycos A cos Z+cos Ycos C Cos -'cosgI COS~ -'' sin Y sin A COS si Y sin Ccot X+cot Z cot B cos Y-t cos Zcos Z (JOS~ os X-j-cos Z cos.B~ COS r = Csin Zosn B sin Zsin C Formulas analogous to the following, may also be employed: COS 21 co (s-x) cot (s-A) OS P I — sin X sin A in which S — (Y-+X+A). Their advantage consists in their admitting more conveniently of the use of logarithms. 60. The following relations subsist between tle interfacial angles, and the angles of the sections: Sin >X: sin Y:: sin: sin t, Sinl Y: sin Z:: sinl sin p, Sill Z: sin X:: sin v: sin l, and consequently, Sill i sin p sin 0= sin v sin,r sin r. If aF is known, -i may therefore be found by the equation, Sin ~r= sin Pf sin 2X-sin Y. Similar equations may be obtained for the angles v, p, &c. 61. a. JIdterfacial acngles of a vertical hevziprismq.-The angles a and * are first to be found from the values of b, c, and c, in the hemriprism, and then according to the Napierian theorem, from a, y, and B, we determine X and Z; or from %/, p, and C, we determine Y" and Z. When or Yhas been found, the equation A+-X+- Y=180~, will give the unknown angle. b. Icnlinekd ntcrodiagon2(l tenmi2risn.-F2rom a, e, P, the angles, and p may be obtained, and then by the Napierian theorem, X and Y may be found, from qr, y, and A; Z and YI from p,, and U. Finally we have Bi+X+Z=180~. MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 91 c. Inclined brachydciagonal he/miprismr.-Fromll, a, y, the angles t and v may be found, and then by the Napierian theorem, X and Y from p*, /, and A; X and Z from v, and l B; and C+ Y+Z-180~. Determination of the dimensions of forms. 62. Several of the preceding formulas may assist in determining the lengths of the axes. The following proportions and equations are also important: a. Sinp': sin v:: b: c; sin r: sin p:: c: a; sin: Sill::: b. b. When X and Y, in a vertical hemiprism, are known, b: c:: sin Ysin: sin Xsin T; -Y+Y+A —180~. e When X and Z, in an inclined macrodiagonal hemiprism, are known, a: c: sin Zsin a: sin Xsin y; +Z+-B=-180~. d. When Y and Z, in an inclined brachydiagonal hemiprism, are known, a: b:: sin Z sin a: sin Y sin /; Y+Z+C= 180~. 63. When, in these several henmiprismatic forms, an edge is measured that is not parallel to the axis of the hemiprism, the plane angle of the prismatic faces must first be found, and then the Naperian theorem may be applied as follows: C6. If Z is the angle given in the vertical prism, sin Bsin y sin _ sin 13 SnvSill Z sin Z and then, Tan _ sin (B-Z)' Taln - d = tan ~ () —y)sin` (B+ —)7 sin - (C-Z) h. If Y is given in the inclined macrodiagonal prism, sin A si sill sin sin a sil Y or sil -- sin Y Tan L" I: =' tan'll g ( - isin 1(A+ Y) I (A- Y) or, tanL p tan (-ocSin ~ (C — Y) c. If X is given in the inclined brachydiagonal hemiprism, sin A sin,. sin B sin a Sin s sin X snXiTan tan ~ (.-)sin, (A-X)5' or, tan v a (BA-X) or, tan v = tan fXosin (B-X) 92 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 64. Determination of the signs of forms.-The rules on pages 53 to 56 should here be referred to. The formulas and rules deduced for the preceding systems, will be found of essential importance, also, in this system of crystallization. EXAMPLES. This subject may be further elucidated by some examples of the mode of calculation.* 1. Xonoelinic Systemr. 144 1. Red Copper Ore.-The annexed figure represents an octahedron with truncated and -Sv bevelled edges, and replaced angles. A is a face of the octahedron =1. e truncates the edges, and is therefore the A -. face of a dodecahedron, =oo. a /, ae/) / \.Xt\>> P truncates a solid angle, and is therefore a face of a cube -= oo -. a"l is an m a' is an m-rne. 0! cc 00- 0 -e. a' truncates an edge between two planes e, (form oo); its sign is therefore 2-2, (~ 13, e), To determine a'" (m) we measure the inclination of e on a"=1690 32'. Subtracting 90~, 70o 32' remain, which equal half the interfacial angle a-": a"-_= 2B, (f. 49); using the formula, ~ 14, 3, m=tan. ~BV'/, we find that m=2. The sign of a" is therefore, 2. The faces o (m-n) bevel the edges of form oo, and therefore (~ 13, e, 1) n=-. To rn-i determine ns, we measure the angle o: e and find its value 160~ 54', the supplement of which, 19~ W', is the angle e, (~ 14). But tan. -(n-1)X3 and therefore by trans-. /3+tan. E position Vn= 1/3-tan.s Making e=190 6', and observing that tan. 190 6'=1 /V3 we obtain n=-. And since n —--- v —-= 1. Mz=3, and the ascertained sign is 3-_3 n-l 2 M —1 2. This could have been determined without measurement, if the planes o were so extended as to form an edge with the plane A. Two opposite planes o would then have made parallel intersections with A, and consequently, (~ 13, a, 5), we should have had n=2. Therefore since also n= — n 2 from which we find mr3, m+r1 m-1l mn-1 m+ r as before determined. The signs of the planes collected together form the following description of the crystal: 1, 2, m, 2-2 oo-2 3 — 0O-CIO. * These examples are taken from Naumann's Treatise, excepting those of Columbite and Monazite. MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. 93 2. Gray Copper Ore. —This figure has a tetrahe- 145 dral character. Its planes belong to the following, forms: A, face of a tetrahedron (f. 56, 1); p, face of a cube,=-o; o-' a (m-m_) (f. 59); e=-oo (f. 14). | 2 e'=0-n', (f. 34, ~ 13, h, 2); — a'= 2 2 A a,,(7rn ) (f. 60, 64, ~ 13, h, 1). 2 The intersection of a' with two planes e (oo) are parallel, and therefore, (~ 13, h, 3), mn=2 and (7n-7)=(2-2)- For the same reason, _-at _(2-2). 2 2 2 The planes a" truncate the shorter edges of 2 and, therefore, a'=-2)(~ 13, h, 1). The edges e': a' are parallel to the shorter edges of (2 2) therefore, with respect to the plane e', (~ 13, h, 2), F-'=-m+1, and hence e= oo-3. (1) (3_) (2-2) (2-2) The collected signs are, - 1 ) - (- ) -3, o — oo. 2 2 2 2 3. Iron Pyrites.-The several forms contained in this crystal are the following: P-= -co, f. 1. -a=, f. 11. a'-m"-m", f. 39. 149 [rn-i] o, [[co-n'], = [ -o' -n -"] o 2 2 2 2 o By measuring e' on P and subtracting 900 from \ the angle, we obtain the angle e' on e' over P, which equals 2v; and hence from ~ 14, 4, since n=tan v, we, P find e'=oo-2. e' (o0-2) truncates the edge o": o", e P that is, the longest edge of the form o"; therefore, \ (~ 13 i,f5,) n'n —2 and m-n=mn-2. But o"makes parallel intersections with e' and a" and consequently by. means of the general equation, ~ 3, for the parameter of a plane forming parallel intersections with two others, we find o"_4-2 In the same manner also, it is found that a'=2-2, (~ 13, i, 3). In consequence of the parallelism of the intersections of o', a' and o", the planes o' replace the edges C(fig. 49) of the hemi-hexoctahiedron o", and are inclined on the longest edge B, (f. 74); and therefore from ~ 3, nm'= m'(m2 —n). Sub(mn-1 mn+m'(mn-n2)?n stituting 4 for m, and 2 for n, and reducing the equation, we obtain nf'- mn. If now the plane e'. were so extended as to form an edge with o', this edge would be parallel to theintersections of o' with a', and from the parallelism of these two 2m lines, observing that a=1, e'=-oo-2 it is determined that n=1. By equating these two values of mn, it is found that m —2 and n?=3- and the whole sign of o' is 3 —3 Also from ~ 13, i, 3, e"= on-3 2 2 But as this intersection of e' with o' does not exist in the crystal, we must have recourse to a measurement. As above, we first ascertain by measurement that e"= — oo-3. Consequently, (~ 13, i, 3), o" —3 94 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. The expression for the crystal is, therefore. 1, 2-2, [-], [4-2] [ -2] [-], _00. 2 2 2 2 2. Dimetric Syste2m. Idocrase.-In this figure a, a, are faces of the fundamental octahedron. 147 Axis a=-1/V. Consequently, cos. Z —— 3 7 1 1 =: cos. X= -7. X-1290 31', and Z=74~ 10k'. It is obvious that <\ \g < P=O, e= oo, Mc= oo-a:, e=1- o, (~ 22, b, 3.) //~ k... a \' ~~/ ~-." Measurement gives theangle a': e=1460 30',' o" t - -'o,,/> "-,,. from which, if 90 be subtracted, we obtain 560 M 30'=Z, and since (~ 2'3, d) tc Mibl 6l'r JCd Ltan~Z tan.56030t tanZ- - — 2: therefore, a'=oco ztan-21-Zl tan. 310 51 tahedron 2. The planes e", e' are of the general form c c - n. By measurement we find, M: el —1530 30', A11: e'=161~ 34'. Subtracting 90~, there remains the value of - X for each form; and since n=tan. ~ X, (~ 23 f), e"=-o -2, e'-m c-3. Because the planes o', oiv, and cl', have horizontal intersections, and e" — c-2, both o' and ol', are of the form rn-2. Because also oiV forms parallel intersections with M and a', (2), oiv-4-2. o', o, o"', form parallel edges between AI and a, and the same are parallel with e, and they are, therefore, of the general form m-rn. Consequently, fiom the above, o'=2-2. As the mutual intersections of a", oiV, o'', are parallel to one another, and also to the normal section, n'-m, and since oiv=4-2, o"'=4-4, and a"-=4. The planes ov replace the basal angles of the pyramid 1, and their edges of intersection with the same a are parallel, or in other words, a truncates edge Y of the form ov (m-n); therefore, (~ 22, a, 1), m(n+-1)=2m'n; or since rm-=l, m(n+l)=2n. Again, since ov replaces the edges between e (1- co) and o', (2-2), re(n —I)1n, (5 3, a, 2). Therefore, rn(n+-1) —2n(n-1).. n-=3 and ov —-3. Since the intersections of ov and o" are horizontal,' —=n, and consequently o" —3-3. To determine o' by measurement, we measure the angle o': M, from which by subtracting 900, we obtain IT. Then by formula, (~ 23, b), mn=tan. iTXcot. IT', we determine rn, as before, equal to 2. The signs of the crystal thus developed are, 0, 1, 2, 4, co, 2-2, 4-2, co-2, -83, 3-3, o-3, 4-4, 1- co, co- c. 3. Trimetric System. 148 Columbite.-In this figure we take a, as a face of the fundamental form. The values of its axes are, a= —10584 - V/112: b=1-206=1-454; c=l-. We have P=0; At>a a<\ O - co- = G- 0C -'o; and since the edge a: e is horizontal, as seen in the crystal, e- cn. The angle A7: l-166~ 6', and therefore ~Xin the prism 6 (co-~n)=680 6'. Half the same angle in the prism e (c)-:390 40' hence (~ 30, e) n-3 and -6= c-3. Since 6', 6', bevel the longer terminal edge of a (1), they have the general sign pn, (~ 31, b, 3), and because also 6' forms parallel intersections with e (c-3 ) and P (0), 6'=1-3. 6 truncates terminal edge of the pyramid!', (1-3), and consequently 6= — GO. MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGiRAPHY. 9 The planes 6" (m-l) replace the edge 6': Ai, and therefore, (~ 31, b, 4) since'-=1- i -. By measurement of the interfacial angle iI: 6 we find it to equal 1500 n- 3 20'; and hence since (~ 27, d) tan -Z in the prism 6, (m — ) —-ma —b, we deduce, that 6=2- 0o. Now 6 truncates a terminal edge of the pyramid 6', and consequently, 5"M2 1 -6"2 —i; and since -- r n=6 and 6"=2 —. n 3 The inclination of e on MW equals 157~ 29', and hence I Y in the prism e=67~ 29'. Therefore, (~ 30, e) e-=oo-2. The expression thus deduced for the crystal is as follows: 0, G, oo, 1-, oo- 3 2- -, 2-6, 9,-, 2 so, -, -, o-o. By substituting the values of the axes in the different forms for a, b, c, in the equations, ~ 26, the values of the angles of those forms may be obtained. In this manner wefind for the fundamental pyramid, X-1020 58', Y=117~0 51', Z-=107~ 56'. In the pyramid 1-3' (6') by writing a, b, 3c, for a, b, c, the same angles for this form may be found; and by substituting 2a, b, 6c, for a, b, c, the corresponding angles for the form 2-6 (6") may be obtained. 4. Hexcyomalc AS~ste-n. 1. Apatite.-The annexed figure represents a hex- 149 agonal prism, with truncated lateral edges and replaced basal edges and angles. The plane e may be e'. -:_. selected as a face of the fundamentalpyramid(1). Then / - c P=0, M= c, e= m-2, - - a truncates a terminal edge of 1, and therefore=-1-2, I (~ 43, g,, 3). The edge a': e is parallel to a terinal edge of 1 since it is parallel to the edges of the plane a, which truncates i X e this edge; consequently, a'=2-2, (~ 43, g, 5). The edge a: e' is parallel to a terminal edge of e'; therefore, since a-1-2, e'=-, (~ 43, g, 5). a' (2-2) truncates a lateral edge of the pyramid e" (mn), and therefore, e" -2. The edge a": e" is parallel to a terminal edge of e" (2); consequently, a"=4-2. Description of the crystal: 0, I-, 1, 2, 1-2, 2-2, 4-2, co-2. 2. Calcite.-The figure is secondary to a rhom- 150 bohedron. Its larger faces e' belong to a scalenohedron. Its primary faces are marked R. e a is a face of the hexagonal prism ooR. C The interfacial angle a': a, subtracted from 1800, d equals the inclination of a' on the axis, - the ancot. a gle a; and since m= —--- (a 45, g), a' being the e corresponding angle in the primary a!=-2R. The edges R: e', e': e', e': R, are parallel: conse- / quently, e': e', are faces ofa scalenohedroun,R,(~ 43, k, 3). But also the planes a' (-2R) truncate the acute terminal edges of the scalenohedron. It follows, therefore, that eJ-Ra, (~ 43, e). e The terminal edges of the primary are truncated by e= —-R, (~ 43, k, 6). The plane e' forms a horizontal intersection with e' (R') and is, therefore, of the general form mRs, (~ 43, a). Also, because it bevels the terminal edge -Do of the primary R, Anc' (3n'-1)n-, (a 43, k, 1). Since n' —3, we have 4dn'== — l1 and W==' —, therefore, e'= —R. C6 RiSTALLOGRAPrHY. The two adjacent planes e' (~R13) form parallel intersection with two faces of the rhombohedron a", and therefore bevel its terminal edges; consequently, since ~m' (3n1)=, (~ 43,, 4), a"=-4R. To obtain the value of the axis (a) from R on R, use equation, (~ 45, g), a-= 3(1+cos X) 2-4 cos X If x=1050 5', then since cos 105~ 5' =-cos'74~ 55 =-0'26022; therefore 2 3(1-0' 26022) 2'21934 2-4 X0'26022-3-04088 whence 0-8543=a (the desired axis). Description of the crystal: R3. WR3. oo R. -R. R — 2R. R. 151 3. Quartz.-In the annexed figure R, a", are the planes of the fundamental pyramid (1). a"', aiv, av, are other paramids, and the obliquely situated planes are tetartohedral forms. a= prism so. The edge R: e' being parallel to a terminal edge of the A-/R \ aye fundamental pyramid, e'=2-2, (~ 43, g, 5). Because the intersections of the planes o', o", o"', oi% are parallel to e' they have the general sign m-1 —-. The signs of the planes a"', aiv, aC, may be determined bymeasuring the inclination a: at", a: aiv, a aCv. They are thus found to be /av5-, 5aiv=3, a/t_-4. The tetartohedral forms o', o, o"', oiv, have the general _______ (rn-n) rn formula I (), and ov is.r ) Moreover, as n= —4 4' zm-l since the parallel intersections are parallel also to a terminal edge of 1. The inclinations of these planes on a, diminished by 900, equal each the semi-angle U. Then from the equation for 2 m-1 (~ 45, b), we obtain for quartz, 2m —1=2 34 tan ~U. Hence to determine rn for any plane, we have only to measure the angle between the plane and a, and subtract 900; this gives E U, and then the equation 2m —1=2-34 tan ~ U, gives m. Thus we obtain (3-) (4-34 5- (6-X) (8 —7) o'1 —-r o o"'-l 01 ~ 4oiv= (-l ov=r- o'=, "=4' 4' 4Description of the crystal: 3, 4,'4,2-2, rz5 ), &'(81,,,, 2 4 4 4 4 4 5. Aonoclinic System,. 162 AMonazite.-Assuming e as a face of the fundamental form, — o o-ed, e=oo-O-. The general descriptive expres-..'.... sions for the remaining planes are as follow:'"& -e- rn-c ar-m - a='-r a=m — a o - a= —r-m n o' —m'-/ M —-c -n The plane a(m-io ) forms parallel intersections with e and. e IC e, which intersections, since they are parallel with the edge - e (caeo o) are also parallel with the orthodiagonal edge -:i..............' of e (1). Hence, 6=-1 (~ 53, 1, b), and a1 —, ( 53, 1, b); and also since i forms parallel intersections with e and 6, M=oo (53, 1, a). At truncates the edge between e and 6, which is the clinodiagnal edge of 1, and therefore, a=1 —o (~ 53, 1, c). MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRIAPHY. 97 a in the same manner truncates the clinodiagonal edge of -1. Consequently, aI= 1-C, (~ 53). The intersection of o'(m-n) with e (1) is parallel to the clinodiagonal edge of octahedron 1, consequently n=m (~ 53 5), and o =m-m. Again, o' forms parallel intersections with a(1 - o) and M, (oc), and therefore its sign is of the general form m- - But from the above, =n-m, and consequently m= -; from which we find mn=2, and o=2_2. The edge o': a' (m'-o) is parallel to the orthodiagonal edge of o' (2-2) consequently zm=2, (~ 53, 1, b), and a'-2-o. The intersection of o' (2 - 2) with 6' (co - ), is parallel to the basal section of 2 -2, (apparent in the crystal, though hot in the figure, a perspective representation of it); hence n'=2, (~ 53, 1, a), and = c. -2. Thus all the expressions for the planes of this crystal have been determined without a measurement. If the intersection of o' with M were not apparent in the crystal, it would be necessary first to determine 6' by measuring the interfacial angles M: e and 6': A; these angles 136~ 35' and 117~ 51' diminished by 900 give the angles X in the two forms M (om) and 6', (c-.n'); and then, since tan 460 35'=2 tan 27~ 51', it follows that n'=-2 and 6'=oo - _. Thence since the intersection of o' with e' is parallel to the basal section of o', (in.), o' —2-, (I 53, 1, a), as before found. The same might have been similarly determined by measuring the inclination of 1 on a and a'. For the calculation of the dimensions and angles of the crystal we have as data, c-oo: i-oo =140~ 40', oo-co: -- -co =126~ 8', c-coo o==1360 35'. 180 —140o 40'=39o 20'-=', 180~-126~ 8' =530 52'-=, 136~ 35' —90= —46~ 35'=-Xin sc. Since 1-oo and -1-cc are coordinate forms, we may determine C by the equation 2 sin It sin' tan C -2 in whence we obtain C-70~ 14'. sin (~ —~i') To determine the axes there are given the angles a,,, and X in the form Wo. If b1, tan Xsin C=G, (~ 51, a); consequently, c=1 0265. Again, a sin(C+-)_-sin 490 54/ Ai a= —-sin 6 0o 52,; therefore,=0.94'1. sin /l sin a5l 521 Hence, a: b: c=-09471: 1: 10265. After thus determining the axes, the angles X, Y, Z, in the various forms, are readily obtained by the equations, p. 86. For example, with regard to the form ~ 1, X and tan X tanrn X' may be determined by the equations tan X= i tan -- ta 7 tan ar having sin fa' sin P a first been found by the equation, tan r=-. This gives X=590 41', which is halfthe interfacial angle 6: 6. By means of the equations tan Y=. tan' Y= e obt sin Ir I sin 7r tain Y and Y, which are respectively the supplemental angles of 6 on 6 and 6 on 6. tan(C —) Ztan(C —/) Again, by the equations, tan — = I )tan Z= t( -) ( being found by the sin o' sin a equation sin a= b ) we find the angles Z, Z', which are the supplements of P on 6 and P on 6. Y — Y'-the inclination of 6 on O over an orthodiagonal terminal edge, and -Z'+=the inclination of 6 on 6 over a basal edge of the form~l. 13 98 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. In the form 2., whose axes have the ratio 2a, 2b, c, the angle p is identical with the corresponding angle in 1. r is found by the equation tan i= —, and C by the equation tan a= -b=- After the determination of these angles, X, Y, Zin this form, may be 2b 2 found by the same equations as above. The inclination of P on M may be determined by the equation for tan Zin the form co,tan Z —:F (~ 51, a), which affords the supplement of the desired inclination; or by the equation, (~ 51, d), sin cos X II (the sought angle). —-X or cos H-=sin X cos C, in which X is the angle X in the form M (o ). The interfacial angle a: e is determined by the equation for tan Yin 1-o. In a similar manner the angles of the other forms may be obtained. ON THE DRAWING OF FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. In the projection of crystals, the eye is supposed to be at an infinite distance, so that the rays of light fall from it on the crystal in parallel lines; and not diverging as in ordinary landscape perspective. If parallel lines were drawn from the vertices of the solid angles of a qrystal, to a board placed behind it, and the points thus formed on the board were connected by straight lines, as in the crystal, a representation of the crystal would be formed, constructed according to the mode of projection employed in crystallography. The plane on which the crystal is projected, is termed the plane of projection. This plane may be at right angles with the vertical axis, may pass through the vertical axis, or may intersect it at an oblique angle. These different positions give rise, respectively, to the horizontal, vertical, and obligque projections. The rays of light may fall perpendicularly on the plane of projection, or may be obliqugely inclined to it; in the former case the projection is termed orthographic, in the second clinographic. In the horizontal position of the plane of projection, the projection is always orthographic. In the other positions, it may be either orthographic or clinographic. It has been usual to give the plane of projection an oblique position, and to use the orthographic mode of projection. It is however preferable to employ the vertical position and clinographic projection, and this method is elucidated in the following pages. The projection of the axes of a crystal, is the first step preliminary to the projection of the crystal itself. It will be more convenient to illustrate first the projection of the axes in the monometric system, which are equal and intersect at right angles. The projection of the axes in the other cases, may be obtained by varying the lengths of the projected monometric axes, and also, when oblique, their inclinations. MJonometric System.-When the eye is directly in front of a face of a cube, neither the sides nor top of the crystal are visible, nor the secondary planes that may be situated on the intermediate edges. On turning the crystal a few degrees from right to left, a side lateral plane is brought in view, and by elevating the eye slightly, the terminal plane becomes apparent. Half the planes 153 on the crystal are now visible, and consequently this R B' is a convenient position for projecting it. In the -~- following demonstration, the angle of revolution is designated I, and the angle of the elevation of the eye, a. Fig. 151 represents the normal position of the I... - -. / horizontal axes, supposing the eye to be in the direction of the axis BB; BB is seen as a mere point, c 7 while CC appears of its actual length. On revolving the whole through a number of degrees equal to BMB' (J) the axes have the position exhibited in the dotted lines. The projection of the semiaxis MB is now lengthened to MN, and that of the semiaxis MC is shortened to M1H. If the eye be elevated, (at any angle, e), the lines B'N, BM and C'H will be projected respectively be DRAWING OF FIGSURES OF CRYSTALS. 99 low N, M and H, and the lengths of these projections (which we may designate b'N, bM, and c'l) will be directly proportional to the lengths of the lines B'N, BM, and C'H. It is usual to adopt such a revolution and such an elevation of the eye as may be expressed by a simple ratio between the projected axes. Let us designate the ratio between the two axes as projected after the revolution alluded to (MN: Mi) by 1: r; and the ratio of b'N to MN by I: s. Now the character of the view will vary with the values assumed for r and s. Suppose r to equal 3 and s to equal 2, then proceed as follows: Draw two lines AA', HItl- (f. 154) intersecting 154 one another at right angles. Make MH-MH' -b. Divide HH' into r parts, and through the points, N, N', thus determined, draw perpendiculars to 1111H'. On the left hand vertical, set off, below H', a part H'R, equal to — b — H'M; 5 5 and from R draw lRM, and extend the same to. the vertical N'. B'B is the projection of the c _ M front horizontal axis. -. _. Draw BS parallelwith MH' and connect S, I B M. From the point T in which SM intersects BN, draw TC parallel with MH. A line (CC') R drawn from C through M, and extended to the left vertical, is the projection of the side horizontal axis. Lay off on the right vertical, a part HQ A eqial to 1MH, and make MA —MA'-=MQ; AA' is the vertical axis. r The values of r and s commonly 155 taken, are? —3, s-2, in which case, A -=18~ 26', and = — 9~ 28'. It is not unusualto give s the value of 3, in which case e=6~ 20'. This affords a narrower terminal plane. The angle 6 is obtained by the equation cot 6=r, the angle E by the equation cot s-r s. B \ The regular octahedron may now C ~ —-- be drawn, by connecting the extremities of the horizontal axes, and then d.-. —- -.. uniting them by right lines with the \ points A, A', as in f. 155. If lines be drawn through the points B and B', parallel with C C', and through C, C', parallel with the axis BB', a plane figure abed is formed- which is a horizontal section of the cube. Through the points a, b, c, d, draw lines parallel with the vertical axis AA', and extend them each side of these points, to a distance equal to the vertical senmiaxis MA. By connecting the upper and also the lower extremities of these perpendiculars by lines parallel with the lines ab, be, ed, cda, the figure will represent a cube. The cube may also be projected by drawing lines from M to the centre of each edge of the octahedron, and then extending these lines to double their length. Their extremities are the vertices of the angles of the cube. It is convenient to have at hand an accurate figure of a cube drawn on a large scale, as it may readily be used by methods explained beyond for making figures of the type prisms of either of the other systems. Such a figure may be made as above explained. It may also be constructed with a graduated arc, or a scale of signs as follows. Draw two lines as AA' and HIHI, f. 154, crossing at right angles; draw a line C'C, making an angle 30 11' with /1'H, and BB', making an angle 260 34', with I'II, each crossing AA' in M. Then, M being the centre of each axis, make AA' 41 inches in length, C'C 4 inches, BB 1l inches. From these axes the cube is 100 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. readily constructed. The axes are more exactly, AA' 4'245 in., CC' 4'038 in., BB' 1,500 in. Dimetric System.-In the dimetric system the vertical axis may be made to correspond to the dimensions in a dimetric crystal, by laying off on MA and MA', (taken as units), extended if necessary, a line equal to a- b; or if b, the horizontal axis of the prism =-1, the line should equal a (the vertical axis) simply. After determining thus the points A", A"', the dimetric octahedron may be formed in the same manner as the regular octahedron above described, except the points A", A"' should be substituted for A, A'. The method of describing the cube, already explained, may be employed also for the right square prism. Another right square prism may be represented by drawing lines parallel with the vertical axis, through the extremities of the horizontal axes, making them equal to the vertical axis, and uniting their extremities. Also another square octahedron may be constructed by connecting the points a, b, c, d, with the extremities of the vertical axis. Trimetric System. —The monometric axes may be adapted to trimetric forms as follows: if the axis b-=, lay off MA" and MA"' equal to a, and MC", MC"' equal to c: if c —1, make MB'", MB"', equal to b. By connecting the extremities of the axes, as already explained, the rhombic octahedron may be constructed. The rectangular prism may be projected in the same manner as the cube; the rhombic prism in the same manner as the second square prism just described; and the rectangular octahedron in the same manner as the second dimetric octahedron explained in the last section. In changing a figure of a cube (in which the edges -1) to a square or rectangular prism oo- oo, it is only necessary to shorten or lengthen the edges to correspond with the axes of the new prism. Monoclinic System. —The axes a and b in the monoclinic system are inclined to one another at an oblique angle=y. To pro156 ject this inclination, and thus adapt the monometric axes to a monoclinic form, lay off on the axis MA, Ma= MA cos y, and on the axis ]BB' (before or behind M, according as the inclination of 6 on a, in front, is acute or obtuse) E~ [ Mb-6MBXsin y. From the points b and a, draw c' D lines parallel respectively with the axes AA' \a - B' and BB', and from their intersection D', draw,'__, t 3B 3 through M, D'D, making MD=MD'. The line DD' is the clinodiagonal and the lines AA, C'C, B 3 X DD' represent the axes in a monoclinic solid in which a= —b-c=1. The points a and b and the D position of the axis DD' will vary with the angle y. The relative values of the axes may be given them as above explained; that is, if b-6=1, lay off in the direction of MA and MA' a line equal to a, and in the direction of MC and AMC' a line equal to c, &c. The right rhomboidal prism may be projected in the same manner as the cube or right rectangular prism, and the oblique rhombic prism, in the same manner as the right rhombic prism. Diclinic Systemz. -In the diclinic system, the vertical section through the horizontal axes intersect one another at right angles, as in the preceding system, but the inclination of a to b (y) and a to c (/l) are each oblique. This obliquity may be given the monometric axes as follows: Lay off on MA, (f. 156), Ma-MAXcos y, and on the axis BB', (brachydiagonal), Mb=MB'Xsin y. By completing the parallelogram Ma D'b, the point D' is determined. Make MD=MD'; DD' is the projected brachydiagonal. Again lay off on MA, Ma'=MAXcos,, and on MC', to the left, Mc —MC'Xsin Pf. Draw lines from a' and c parallel to MC-' and MA; E', the intersection of these lines, is one extremity of the macrodiagonal; and the line E'E, * The diclinic system differs from the triclinic in having-only two of the axial intersections oblique instead of the three. As no example of it has been observed among minerals, and the forms are as well described in the triclinic system, it was not treated of in the earlier part of the work. DRAWING OF FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. 101 in which ME'ZME', is the macrodiagonal. AA', DD',EE' are the axes in a diclinic form, in which the axes are equal. From the observations on the preceding systems of crystallization, the method to be employed in giving the axes their relative values in a particular diclinic form, is sufficiently obvious. The construction of the oblique rectangulaiprisim is analogous to that of the cube. Triclinic System.-The vertical sections through the horizontal axes in the triclinic system are obliquely inclined; also the inclination of the axis a to each axis b and c, is oblique. In the adaptation of the monomrnetric axes to the triclinic forms, it is therefore necessary, in the first place, to give the requisite obliquity to the mutual inclination of the vertical sections, and afterwards to adapt the horizontal axes, as in the diclinic system. The inclination of these sections we may designate A, and as heretofore, the angle between a and b, y, and a and c, fl. BB,' is the analogue of the brachydiagonal, and CC' of the macrodiagonal. An oblique inclination may be given the vertical sections, by varying the position of either of these sections. Permitting the brachydiagonal section ABA'B' to remain unaltered, we may vary the other section as follows: Lay off on MB,Mb'=MB X cos A,and on the axis 157 C'C, (to the right or left of M, according as the a acute angle A is to the right or left), Mc=MCX sin A-; completing the parallelogram MbI Do, and drawing the diagonal MD, extending the same to D' so as to make MD' —MD, we obtain F the line DD'; the vertical section passing a' through this line is the correct macrodiagonal a section. The inclination of a to the new ma- _, em I croliagonal DD' is still a right angle; as also C c the inclination of cc to 6, their oblique inclin- B D tions may be given them by means of the same formulas employed in the diclinic system, except that the axis D'D is to be substituted for, C'C. The vertical axis AA' and the horizontal axes EE' (brachydiagonal) and FF' (macrodiagonal) thus obtained, are the axes in a tri- A clinic form, in which a=b-c=l. Different values may be given these axes, according to the method heretofore illustrated. Hexagonal System.-In this system there are three equal horizontal axes, at right angles with the vertical. The normal position 158 of the horizontal axes is represented in f. 158. The eye, placed in the line of the axis YY, ob- V, serves two of the semiaxes, MZ and MU, projected in the same straight line, while the third, MY, appears a mere point. To give the axes a Y. more eligible position for a representation of Z the various planes on a tetraxonal solid, we revolve them from right to left through a certain/ Z number of degrees I, and elevate the eye at an. N P angle E. The dotted lines in the figure repre- sent the axes in their new situation, resulting ir from a revolution through a number of degrees equal to 6=YMY'. In this position the axis Ur MY' is projected upon MP, MU' upon MN, and MZ' on MH. Designating the intermediate n\ axis I, that to the right II, that to the left III, if the revolution is such as to give the projections of I and II, the ratio of 1: 2, the relations of the three projections will be as follows: I:: II1: III-1: 2: 3. Let us take sr (PM: HM) equal to 3, and s (b'P: PM) equal to 2, these being the most convenient ratios for representing the hexagonal crystalline forms. The following will be the mode of construction: 1. Draw the lines AA,IIH (f. 159) at right angles with, and bisecting each other. Let HIM=b, or llI-I=2b. Divide HIl into six parts by vertical lines. These lines, including the left and right hand verticals, may be numbered from one to six, as in 102 iCRYSTALLOGRAPHY. the figure. In the first vertical, below H, lay off HS=-s b, and from S draw a line through M to the fourth vertical. Yy' is the projection of the axis I. 1.]~59 ~ 2. From Y draw a line to the sixth vertical and parallel with HH. From T, the ifAl~k extremity of this le, draw a line to N in the second vertical. Then from the point I' 4- G U in which TN intersects the fifth vertical, draw a line through M to the second verQ i /z I Itical; UU' is the projection of the axis II. 3. From R, where TN intersects the v \ T | vLT - a third vertical, draw RZ to the first vertical z.... 1-]i parallel with HH. Then from Z draw a'S 5 R;A_ - A _ Tline through M to the sixth vertical: this line ZZ' is the projection of the axis III. 4. For the vertical axis, lay off from N Isl on the second vertical (f. 159) a line of any length, and construct upon this line an equilateral triangle; one side (NQ) of this triangle will intersect the first vertical at A a distance, HV, from H, corresponding to Z'H in f. 158; for in the triangle NHV, the angle HNV is an angle of 300, and HNIMH. MV is therefore the radius of the circle, (f. 158). Make therefore MA=MA' -MV; AA' is the vertical axis, and YY', UU', ZZ' are the projected horizontal axes. The vertical axis has been constructed equal to the horizontal axes. Its actual length in different hexagonal or rhombohedral forms may be laid off according to the method sufficiently explained. If lines be drawn through theextremities of the horizontal axes, parallel with the vertical axis, and the parts above and below be made equal to the vertical semiaxis, their extremities will be the vertices of the angles of a hexagonal prism, and by connecting them we obtain the projection of this solid. A double hexagonal pyramid, the isosceles dodecahedron, may be projected by connecting the extremities of the horizontal axes with each other, and also uniting them with the extremities of the vertical axis. By drawing lines through the extremities of each horizontal axis, parallel to a line connecting the 160 extremities of the other two axes, a plane hexagonal figure will be obtained, which is the section of a hexagonal prism diagonal with the one above referred to: and by connecting the,/ / r\ angles of this hexagonal plane with extremities of the vertical axis, a second isosceles dodeca-' hedron is projected. ff~ -.i Jt l M>,: / To construct a rhombohedron, lay off verticals.. " through the extremities of the horizontal axes, _z -?>, | / < i and make the parts both above and below these extremities, equal to the third of the vertical Fi \' semiaxis, (f. 160). The points E, E, E', E', &c., are thus determined; and if the extremities of the vertical axis be connected with the points E or E', rhombohedrons in different positions, mR or -mR, will be constructed. Delineation of Secondary Planes on the Primary Forms. -Previous to drawing the secondary planes on a primary, it becomes necessary to determine the direction of the intersections of these planes with the primary faces, and also in most cases, with other secondary planes. The principles of analytical geometry have afforded Naumann formulas for these intersections; but it would be giving this article too great an extension to enter into a full discussion of this method of determining intersections. It is in general sufficient to employ the method of construction. In the employment of the plan of construction, the projection of the prism 0, oC - co, is the most convenient preliminary step; that is, the cube in the monometric system, right square prism in the dimetric system, the rectangular prism in the trimetric, the right rhomboidal in the monoclinic, and the prism 0, O o-io, c-00, DRAWING O.F FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. 103 in the diclinic and triclinic systems. This is advisable because in these forms the lateral edges are equal and parallel to the vertical axis, and the basal edges, to the horizontal axes; and consequently in laying off the different planes, these edges may be substituted for the axes. Suppose, for example, the right rectangular prism has been projected, (f. 161), and it is required to place on its angles the plane 2, whose parametric ratio is 2: 1: 1. Since 2 refers to the vertical axis, we lay off on the lateral edge (e) twice as many parts of this edge as of each of the terminal edges, (6 and 6). Consequently, by taking a point in the edge e distant from a, I the length of e, and a point in each 6 and 6, ~ their respective lengths, and then joining these points, the conditions will be complied with, and the plane 2P will be constructed. If the plane to be introduced were 4-2, the parametric ratio of which is 4: 2: 1, (in which 4 refers to the vertical axis and 2 to the longer horizontal) we should in the same manner mark off 4 parts of e, 2 of 6, and 1 of 6; if the plane were 4- (in which 2 refers to the shorter horizontal axis), 2 parts of 6 should be laid off, and 1 of 6. By connecting the points thus determined, the plane 4-2 or 4-2' would be delineated. If the plane were 2 — (2: oo: 1), which represents a plane on the longer terminal edge, 2 parts of e should be laid off, and 1 of 6; from the determined points in e and 6, lines should be drawn to the opposite edges parallel with the edge 6, and by connecting the extremities of the lines thus drawn, the desired representation of a plane 2-0o would be completed. The same should be repeated on all the similar edges. This will suffice to illustrate the manner of substituting the edges for the axes, and also the method of delineating single planes. The manner of determining the intersection of planes, we may illustrate by an example. Suppose it were required to place the planes 1, 2, 4 —2, and 2-2,on a right rectangular prism. Two rectangular prisms should first be accurately projected by the method which has been explained. One, of a size which may be considered convenient for a representation of the crystal, drawn with light pencil marks; the other of larger dimensions, for the purpose of determining the direction of the intersections; these intersections, when determined, are to be transferred to the smaller figure. On f. 161 we may first lay down the plane 1, by drawing lines connecting the centres of the three edges about the angle. These lines are necessarily parallel to the diagonals of the three faces; the triangle mcno is therefore the plane 1. By connecting the points m, b, n, the plane 2 is constructed; for the plane mbn cuts off 2 parts of e to 1 of each 6 and 6, as the expression 2 requires. To lay off 4-,, (4: 1: 2), let the whole edge ab represent 4; then an (~ of 6) will represent 2 parts on the edge 6, and ap (i of 6) will equal 1 part on 6, agreeably to the expression 4-2; npb is therefore the plane 4-. The perimeters of the planes npb (4-2') 161 162 P t and nmo (1) intersect one anotherin the points a and a; consequently the line of intersection between these two planes must be situated between these points, and therefore the direction of the intersection of 1 and 42 is n a. The planes nmb (2) and apb (4-~2) intersect in the line nb, and therefore the intersection of 2 and 4-2' is in the direction of nb. 104 CRYSTALLOGGRATHIrY Again, the intersection of 1 and 2 has the direction of mnn. We may next lay off the plane 2-2, (2: 2: 1), which may be constructed by marking off 2 parts on each e and 6, and 1 part on 6. Such a plane is mro, since ao=2e, am =26, and ar —6. Therefore the intersection of mzo (2-2) with inno (1) has the direction of the common line mo. The perimeters of the planes mro (2-2) and npb (4-2) intersect in the points a and B. If therefore these planes formed an edge of intersection it would have the direction of the line a3 or ro. The line ro of the plane mro (2-2 ) is parallel to nb of the plane mznb (2); the intersections of 2-2 and 2 would therefore be parallel with these lines. In this manner all the mutual intersections of these and other planes may be obtained. Fig. 162 exhibits these planes in their respective positions, as above determined. The planes may be lettered as in the figure; mno=a, mnb=a', inro-o6, npb=6'. The edges a: P and a: a' were made parallel with fmn, (. 161). The intersection of P with o has the direction mr, that of P with 6', the direction of np. The intersections of a, o, Mi, are parallel with mo; those of a' 6, M, have the direction bn, as determined above. The edge a: o' is drawn in the direction na, explained above as the intersection of npb and nnmo. Finally, the edge M: a' is drawn parallel with mb, and the edge: 6 parallel with pb, which in f. 161 is obviously the intersection of pbn with AI. The planes o and 6' do not meet; were the plane a' wanting, their intersection would have been drawn parallel with a:/ or the edge a': 6'. In this manner a sketch of a crystal may be made or rectified, or a figure may be drawn, whose prototype has not been observed. The crystallographic expressions, however, do not indicate the size of the planes. The edge M: 6t might have been so drawn as not to have formed an intersection with the plane P. Again, these secondary planes might have been so extended, that in connection with the corresponding planes on the other angles, they should obliterate mostly or entirely the primary faces. The intersections of the planes would not however be changed in direction. There would be new intersections of planes on opposite parts of the same primary face, to be determined in the above manner. 163 We may now add the planes -0o, 2-i, 1-G, and co: the two former are replacev- = lMlents of the longer terminal edge 6, the.. -: - -- third is situated on the shorter edge 6, and e- X. a the last is a replacement of a lateral edge. Ii\ a li 1 /We may also suppose that,-o meets the planes a and 6; 2-oo the plane o; 1-o \\; 7/: l the planes a' and 6"o and co the planes a' U _c. i and 6'. It is therefore necessary to deter\ mine the direction of these intersections. For this purpose f.161 is redrawn,(f.163), to 4(' avoid confusion from the multiplicity of similar lines, (this would not be required ", _ \' l in practice), and the lines in the preceding Ms1 \ i, figure, not including the new planes, are here dotted. The plane ntuv is so drawn that an equals! Ian at=- of ~e, which fulfills the conditions for the plane -oo (a: oc: 1). Again, srow is the plane 2-o (2: co: 1); for it cuts off j of e and 1 of 6, or 2 parts of e to 1 of 6. The perimeters of the planes vntu y'-oc ) and mno (1) intersect in the points n and a; the intersections of 2-3 c with 1 has therefore the direction an, and is parallel with the edge a: 6' in f. 162. The perimeters of the planes vntiu (h-o) and m'o, (2-2), intersect in the points a and y; and a line from a to y marks the direction of the edge between the planes -oo and 2-2. The perimeters of the planes srow (2-cJ) and mro (2-2) coincide in the line so, The intersection of 2 —c and 2-2 has therefore the direction eo, and is parallel with the edge o: a' in f. 163. Again, the plane gmnol represents 1-o (1: 1: oo), for it cuts off equal parts of the DRAWINGS OF FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. 105 edges e and 6. The perimeters of the planes gmol and nmo (1) coincide in the line moe their intersection is therefore parallel to this line, or to the edges a: 6 and 6o: M, f. 162. The perimeters gruol and npb (4-2) intersect in the points a and 5; a line from a to 5 therefore marks the direction of the edge between 1-'o and 4-2, (o'). Again, the plane prkh is the projection of oo, ( oo 1: 1), for it cuts off equal portions of 6 and 6, and is parallel with the lateral edge. The perimeters prkh ( oo) and mbn (2) intersect in the/points e and (; a line between these points is parallel with ma. The intersection of these planes will therefore be parallel with man, or the edge a: a', (f. 162). The perimeters prkh (oo) and pnb (4-'2) intersect in the points p and 5. A line drawn from p to 5 determines therefore the intersection of oo and 4-'- (6'). 164 165 Figure 164 contains these additional planes laid down according to the above deductions. The edge a: 6' (j -c ) is parallel with the edge a: 6'; the edge 6': 6 has the direction ay; the edge 6" (2-Y): ~6 is parallel with the edge o: a'; the edge a: 6 (1-k) is parallel with edge a: 6 or M': 6; the edge o': 6 has the direction of a line from a to J; the edge a': e (oo) is parallel with the edge P: a; and finally the edge e: o' has the direction of a line drawn fromp to (. In this manner the intersections of all possible planes may be determined and transferred. It should be observed that similar parts of a crystal are similarly modified. Fig. 146 is a completed representation of a crystal which presents the planes above designated, viz.: 0. c O- X. cc-i. 1. 2. 2-'. 4-2. 1-. -. 2-Go. oo. P Mh M a a'' 6 6' 6 e This same descriptive expression applies equally to f. 165, which contains the same planes as f. 164, but differently proportioned in size. The planes M have been diminished by the enlargement of e, thus producing a modified rhombic prism. The directions of the intersections are identical with those in f. 164. This figure illustrates a preceding remark, that the descriptive expression of planes indicate merely their situation, and not their size. According to the same method, crystals may be projected in each of the crystallographic systems, after their axes have been accurately laid down. It was remarked that the figure employed for determining the intersections should be large: in a large figure slight variations from the true direction or position of lines produce errors of less magnitude. Also the lines should be carefully and delicately drawn. With the point of a needle on glazed cards, a great degree of accuracy may be attained. Projection of Simple Secondary Forms int the Monomnetric System. —The projection of many of the simple secondary forms,-for example, the trisoctahedrons, the hexoctahedrons, &c.-by the method of construction which has been explained, would be a long and tedious process; at least when compared with the more simple method, depending on the relative lengths of the axes and the rhombic and trigonal interaxes in these forms. The right lines passing through the centre of the octahedron to the centres of its edges, are called rhombic interaxes; and those which pass to the centres of the faces, are the trigonal interaxes. In the several monometric forms, the extremities of one or more of these interaxes extended or dimin14 106 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. ished in their lengths, occupy the vertices of the solid angles. If therefore these points (the extremities of the interaxes) can be determined in the several crystalline forms, it will only remain to connect them, in order to form a projection of these solids. The principles of analytical geometry afford the means of determining how much the interaxes of the regular octahedron must be increased or diminished to equkl the interaxes in these different forms. It is thus found that each half of a trig6nal interaxis for any form mPn must be increased by' that portion expressed in the fiaction 2 me —(m+,). mrn+(-rn+n)' and for each half of a rhombic interaxis, we have the corresponding fraction'By giving m and it different values from 0 to so, the value of these interaxes for any monometric form may be obtained. The following values are thus deduced for several occurring forms: Trig. interax. Rhombic interax. Trig. interax. Rhombic interax. 2 (f. 49) 1 0 n-2 (f. 33) 1 1 xo (f. 14) 0 oo-3 (f 34) i 3-3 (f. 51) 2-2 (f. 39) 9 4-2 1 4-2 5 3 3-3 (f. 40) 4 To construct the form 4-2, the octahedron is first to be projected, and its axes and interaxes drawn. Then add to each half of each trigonal interaxis, five-sevenths of its length; and to each half of each rhombic interaxis, one-third of its length. The extremities of the lines thus extended, are situated in the vertices of the solid angles of the hexoctahedron 4-2, and by connecting them, the projection of this form is completed. In the inclined hemnihedral monometric forms-that is, those hemihedral forms whose opposite faces are inclined to one another and not parallel, as the tetraheclron, &e. —the rhombic interaxes do not terminate in the vertices of the solid angles, and may therefore be thrown out of view in the projection of these solids. The two halves of each trigonal interaxis, terminate in the vertices of dissimilar angles and are of unequal lengths. One is identicalwith the corresponding in the holohedral forms, and is called the holohedral portion of the interaxis; the other is the hemihedral portion. The length of the latter may be determined by adding to the half of the octahedral interaxis that portion of the same indicated in the formula 2 Ann-(rn-n) mn+(n —n)' If the different halves of the trigonal interaxes be assumed at one time, as the (rn-n) (r-n) holohedral, and again as the hemihedral portion, the reverse forms( 2 )and- 2 may be projected. The following table contains the values of the above fraction for several of the inclined hemihedral forms, and also the corresponding values for the holohedral portion of the interaxis. Ifol. interax. Hem. interax. Hol. interax. Hem. interax. ) (f. 55) 0 2 (2) (f. 60) 2 0 (f2 59) 2 (f. 659)5) 5 2 2 (3-3) 4 (4-2) 7 2 2 2 7 (3) 1 os (5-5) s' (sim. f. 60) 8 4 } 7 2 2 DRAWINGS OF FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. 107 The parallel hemihedrons (for example, the pentagonal dodecahedron, or hemitetrahexahedron) contain a solid angle, situated in a line between the extremities of each pair of semiaxes, which is called an unsymmetrical solid angle. The vertices of these angles are at unequal distances from the two adjacent axes, and therefore are not in the line of the rhombic interaxes. The coordinates of this solid angle for any form, as 166 2 may be found by the formulas m-(nI- and mn —l' By means of these formulas, the situation of two points, a and A b, (f. 166) in each of the axes may be deter-. mined: and if lines are drawn throungh a and C' aa ___ b in each semiaxis parallel to the other axes, - 7- i_ the intersections c c', of these lines will be the vertices of the unsymmetrical solid angles, those marked c of the form and [nM-n] e those marked c' of the form- 2] The trigonal interaxes are of the same length as in the holohedral forms. The values of these interaxes, and of the coordinates of the unsymmetrical solid angle for different parallel hemihedrons, are contained in the following table: Trigonal Coord. of the Trigonal Coord. of the interaxis. unsym. sol. A. interaxis. unsym. sol. A. 2 (f 74) 6 2- (sim. f. 69) 3 1 [4-2] ae [-2] 2 7 7 2 (f. 69) 1 [5-]3] 2 O G-3] 5 [ 2 3 1T 11 2 4 3 Dimetric System.-In an octagonal pyramid, mr-n, (f. 89), the interaxes, or diagonals symmetrically intermediate between the horizontal axes, terminate in the interaxal basal angles. Their length exceeds the length of the interaxes of the octan-l hedron, by a portion equal to.- If therefore the octahedron m and its interaxes be projected, and these interaxes be increased by a portion of their length exn-i pressed in the fraction, -, they will equal the interaxes of the octagonal pyramid nm-n. This solid may then be projected by connecting the extremities of these interaxes with the extremities of the horizontal axes, and joining all the angles of the octagonal base thus formed, with the extremities of the vertical axis. Hexagonal System.-The dihexagonal pyramid (f. 124) may be projected in the same manner as the octagonal pyramid just described; that is, by increasing the?n-l interaxes by a portion equal to n, uniting the points thus determined with the horizontal axes, and connectinlg the angular points of the base thus projected, with the extremities of the vertical axis. The scalenohedron (f. 127 dotted lines) mRn admits of a similar construction with the rhombohedron mR. The only variation required, is to multiply the vertical axis by the number of units in n, after the points E and E' in the rhombohedron mR have been determined; then connect the points E, or the points E', with one another and with the extremities of the vertical axis. 108 CRYSTALLOGRAPIHY. 1Il. CLEAVAGE. The mineral mica, as is well known, easily splits into thin transparent plates or lamina. This is often effected with little more difficulty than separating the leaves of a book, and at once suggests the idea, that like a book, this mineral may be composed of a great number of closely applied leaves. This property of mica depends on its crystallization, and the process of separation is termed ceclavaye. Galena is another instance of a mineral capable of easy cleavage. It differs from mica, however, in having three cleavage directions at right angles with one another. This mineral, therefore, instead of splitting into thin plates, breaks into small cubes. Calcereous spar also admits of easy cleavage, but yields rhonmohedbroeo s. The directions in which a crystal may be cleaved, are termed natural joints, and the slices obtained, are called lamince. The facility with which cleavage may be obtained, is very unequal in different minerals. In some instances, as in the first above cited, the laminie are separable by the fingers. In others, a slight blow of the hammer is sufficient; others require the application of a sharp-cutting instrument, and often some considerable skill in its use. When other means fail, it may sometimes be effected by heating the mineral and plunging it, when hot, into cold water. Attempts of this kind are occasionally effectual with quartz. In many instances, cleavage cannot be obtained by any means, owing to the strong cohesion of the laminae. In these cases, however, the direction of cleavage is sometimes indicated by lines on the surface. It is often important to observe these lines when cleavage is possible, in order to determine its direction before applying the knife. When cleavage is easily obtained, it is said to be eminent. The general laws, with respect to cleavage, are as follows: 1. Cleavage in crystals of the same species yields the same form and angles. 2. Cleavage takes place parallel either to one or more of the faces of a fundamental form, or to its diagonals, or to some secondary planes. 3. Cleavage is obtained with equal ease or difficulty parallel to similar faces, and with unequal ease or difficulty parallel to dissimilar faces. 4. Cleavage parallel to similar planes, affords planes of similar lustre and appearance, and the converse. According to the laws above stated, cleavage is obtained with equal ease or difficulty parallel to all the faces of a cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, or rhombohedron, which solids are contained under equal planes. The right square prism, right rhombic prism, and oblique rhombic prism, may be cleaved with equal ease or difficulty, parallel to their lateral planes, since these are similar. Of CLEAVAGE. 109 ten, however, no cleavage can be effected in these prisms, except parallel to the bases, and, in many instances, not even in this direction. Frequently the cleavage is diagonal; in the square prism it will be alike in both vertical axial planes, but in the rhombic prisms it will be unlike, since these planes are not equal. The right rectangular, right rhomboidal, and oblique rhomboidal prisms, have the cleavage unequal parallel to their faces, if attainable at all in these directions; and according to the third law, the cleavage in the three directions will produce faces of unlike lustre and general appearance. This is exemplified in gypsum: in one direction, it is cleavable with great facility into thin laminoe of perfect transparency, and highly polished surfaces; in a second direction the crystalline laminie first bend and then break, exhibiting a surface which is not smooth, nor possessed of much lustre; in a third direction, it is brittle, and breaks immediately on attempting to bend it, affording a surface smoother than the second, but not polished. In thick masses the second and third cleavages are scarcely attainable. Two of these cleavages incline at an oblique angle, but one is at right angles with the third. Cleavage is said to be basal when in a form it is parallel to the base, (0); and latceral, when parallel to the lateral planes. Prisznatic, when parallel to the lateral planes oo. Di)Cagoetnal, in a rhombic prism, when vertical and parallel to the planes Co-co. In the trimetric system, macrodicagonal, if parallel to the longer diagonal; brachydiagonal, if parallel to the shorter diagonal. In the monoclinic system, clinodiagonal, if parallel to the inclined lateral axis; orthodiagonal, if parallel to the other lateral axis. When rhombohedrons have a cleavage parallel to a plane truncating the vertical angle, it is described as basal, it being parallel to the base of the related hexagonal prism. When the cleavage is parallel to the faces of a rhombohedron, it is styled rhomnbohedral. Other cleavages are described by mentioning the particular plane with which they correspond in direction. M. A. Baudriinont has recently observed that the three primary rhombohedral cleavages of cale spar are not always absolutely equal, and, moreover, that there are other cleavages not before recognized. His observations seem to show, that while the fact that the vertical axis is normally an axis of symmetry, as demonstrated by the crystallization, and by optical, thermotic, and acoustic investigations, still extrinsic circumstances cause some variations from perfect symmetry in the cleavage, and also correspondingly in the lustre and transparency. The cleavages observed by him are as follows:1. Parallel to the faces of the primary rhombohedron. 2. Parallel to the longer diagonal of the primary faces. 3. Parallel to the shorter diagonal of the primary faces. 4. Parallel to different secondary planes. 110 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. I. Of thefirst kind the cleavage may be, a. Equal in three directions, (normal). —Rare. Icec6land spar. b. Equal in two directions.;ess rare. c. Unequal in three directions. Caommon. II. Of the second kind, the cleavage may be, ca. In a single direction. Quite comwnon. b. In two directions unequal. JMore rare. c. In three directions. Very rare. III. Of the third kind, ca. In one direction. Very rare. The cleavage parallel to the longer diagonal has. long been noticed. IV. IRREGULARITIES OF' CRYSTALS. The laws of crystallization, when unmodified by extrinsic causes, should produce forms of exact symmetry; the angles being not only equal, but also the homologous faces of crystals and the several dimensions. This symmetric harmony is, however, so uncommon, that it can hardly be considered other than an ideal perfection. Crystals are very generally distorted, and often the fundamental forms are so completely disguised, that an intimate familiarity with the possible irregularities is required, in order to unravel their complexities. Even the angles may vary rather widely in crystals that are seemingly pure. The irregularities of crystals may be treated of under four heads: 1. Inperfections of surface; 2. Vcariations ofform- and dignensions; 3. Interrnal imperfections and imzurities; 4. Vacriations of angles. L. IMPERFECTIONS IN THE SURFACES OF CRYSTALS. 1. Striated Surfaces. The parallel furrows on the surfaces of crystals are called strice, and such surfaces are said to be striated. Each little ridge on a striated surface is enclosed by two narrow planes more or less regular. These planes often correspond in position to the secondary or primary planes of the crystal, and we may suppose these ridges to have been formed by a continued oscillation in the operation of the causes that give rise, when acting uninterruptedly, to enlarged planes. By this means, the surfaces of a crystal are marked in parallel lines, with a succession of narrow planes meeting at an angle and constituting the ridges referred to. * Many of the following facts, with the general arrangement of them, are extracted from Nanmann's work on Crystallography. IRREGULARITIES OF CRYSTLs. 111 This combination of different planes in the formation of a surface has been termed the oscillatory combination. The horizontal strise on prismatic crystals of quartz, (f. 189 and 193), are examples of this combination, in which the oscillation has taken place between the prismatic and pyramidal planes. As the crystals lengthened: there was apparently a continual effort to assume the termina pyramidal planes, which effort was interruptedly overcome by/ea; strong tendency to an increase in the length of the prism. In this manner, crystals of quartz are often tapered to a point, without the usual pyramidal terminations. Cubes of pyrites are generally striated in 167 such a way that the strse on adjacent faces are at right angles with one another, as in the accompanying figure. These lines are parallel to the intersections of the primary sur- _ faces with the planes of a pentagonal dode- i7i cahedron, (f. 67, 68, and 69), the most common secondary of pyrites; and they have I, evidently resulted from an oscillation be- 1A tween the primary and this secondary. Diagonal strise sometimes occur on the Iron Pyrites. faces of a cube, showing an oscillatory combination between the cube and octahedron. The rhombic dodecahedron is often striated parallel either with the longer or the shorter diagonal of its faces; the former resulting from an oscillatory combination of the dodecahedron with the regular octahedron, and the latter with the cube or planes bevelling the edges of the cube, as in 169 Aplome. The accompanying figure represents a distorted crystal of magnetic iron from Haddam, Ct., illustrating the oscillation between the octahedron and dodecahedron. The faces of trapezohedral garnets are often striated parallel with the symmetrical diagonal, showing an oscillation with the dodecahedron. Rhombohedrons of chabazite and red silver ore are often striated parallel to the terminal edges, indicating an oscillatory combination MangneticIron. between the primary faces and a secondary plane replacing these edges. Prisms of tourmaline are very commonly bounded by three convex surfaces, owing to an oscillatory combination of the planes I and i2. (See under iTourmcaline). It is obvious that the irregularities described must at times affect the angle of inclination between planes. The interfacial angles of a rhombic prism are thus made more obtuse, being sometimes increased 15 or 20 degrees, and occasionally, as just stated, the angles are lost in a curved surface. This seldom leads to 112 CRYSTALLOGRiAPIHY. important error, since the striations generally show that the faces are not simple planes. Tremolitei Tourmaline, &c., are examples. The striations on the lateral surfaces of foliated minerals like mica and gypsum, anre merely the edges of laminue. The interposition of foreign substances in parallel lines also produce striations. Brewster attributes to this source the parallel diagonal lines in some rhombohedral crystals of calc spar. Besides striations, the surfaces of crystals are sometimes formed of minute crystals; such are the faces of octahedral crystals of fluor, consisting of minute cubes. Cubes of galena occur at Rossie having truncated angles and edges, in which the surfaces are covered with cubic prominences, the sides of which are parallel to the planes on the angles. These surfaces were probably eroded by some solvent or chemical agent.* Angular markings are also often observed, as on quartz crystals, beryls, &c., indicating the internal structure of the crystal. 2. Caverrnous Crystals. Crystals not unfrequently occur with a deep pyramidal de169 pression occupying the place of each plane, as \\,~ h is often observed in common salt, alum and sulK\\\\' \ ~-phur. The annexed figure represents a cavernous cube of salt. In the solution of crystals, the same form is sometimes obtained, owing to the fact that the centres of the faces yield sooner than the edges and angles. A remarkable cavernous crystal of pyrites, from Almerode, is described by -Iausmann. It is an elongated cube Common Salt. with its upper edges replaced by faces of the dodecahedron; but instead of a corresponding replacement of the lateral edges, a deep rectangular channel occupies the place of each. It resembles a cruciform crystal of iHarmotome; but the striations show that is not compound. Crystals of gold are often thus cavernous. Sometimes the octahedrons occur with a triangular cavity, in place of each face. The same is met with in other species. They may often be imitated in metallic species by pouring off the fused metal just after crystallization begins; the diagonal planes of the crystal joining opposite edges are entire, while the faces are wanting, showing that the cohesion in the latter is weaker. Other crystals with cavernous faces are produced by an increase of a crystal on certain sides or planes, and not on others, as in f. 170, of calcite, in which, after the crystal had reached considerable size, it was enlarged on the planes RB and not on a. In f. 171, also calcite, a six-sided prism tapering above nearly with a curve, was * For a paper of great interest by Brewster on the optical figures produced by the action of solvents on the surfaces of crystals, see Phil. Mag. (4), v. 16, Jan. 1851. IRREGULARIT'S OF CRYSTALS. 113 afterwards, by a subsequent process, capped with a flat rhombohedral crystal of the same species. It is from Bristol, Ct. 171 1170 3. C(urved SuIrfcces. Curved surfaces resulting from what is termed oscillatory combination, have already been noticed. Other curvatures proceed fromn a curvature in the laminit constituting the crystal. Crystals of diamond have convex faces, and they are sometimes almost spheres, (f.185, and f. 266 under Diamond). This mode of curvature, in which all the faces are equally convex, is less common than that in which a convex surface is opposite and parallel to a corresponding concave surface. Rhombohedrons of spathic iron and pearl spar are usually thus curved, as is shown under spathic iron. The saddle-shaped crystals of the same mineral, are remarkable instances of several curvatures in the same face. A singular curvature is shown in the accompa- 172 nying figure of white iron pyrites. The conical crystals of brown zinc blende and the lenticular and conical crystals of gypsum, are other examples. Crystals of quartz are sometimes curved and twisted. When this takes place in the left-handed and righthanded crystals, the twist is to the right or left, according as the crystal is right or left-handed.* The surfaces of crystals are sometimnes roundedl, in consequence of having been partially fused, or 01 dissolved. The globular quartz of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., is supposed by Prof. Emeons to have been thus rounded. Prismatic crystals of quartz are sometimes aggregated by. their sides, and thus form plates, with the terminations of the crystals on the opposite surfaces. As the crystals continue enlarging. at the extremities, these expand, while the confined sides can receive no additions; and the consequence sometimes is that crystals are formed with the prismatic sides concave, the prism being smallest * Fig. 9151 of quartz, is a left-lhanded crystal, as is apparent from the relative situations of the planes. 1 5 114 ClRYSTALLOGRAPHY. at middle and largest at the base of the pyramid. It is not usual that such crystals are easily separated from one another, but this sometimes happens. II. VARIATIONS IN THE FORMS AND DIMENSIONS OF CRYSTALS. The simplest modification of form in crystals, consists in a simple variation in length or breadth, without a disparity in similar secondary planes. The distortion, however, extends very generally to the secondary planes, especially when the elongation of a crystal takes place in the direction of a diagonal, instead of the crystallographic axes. In many instances, one or more secondary planes are obliterated by the enlargement of others, proving a source of much perplexity to the young student. The interfacial angles remain constant, unaffected by these variations in form. As most of the difficulties in the study of crystals arises from these distortions, this subject is one of great importance to the student. lfEonometric System.-A cube, (f. 1), lengthened or shortened along one axis, becomes a right square prism, (f. 2), and if varied in the direction of two axes is changed to a rectangular prism, (f. 3). Cubes of pyrites, galena, fluor spar, &c., are generally thus distorted. It is very unusual to find a cubic crystal that is a true symmetrical cube. In some species the cube or octahedron, (or other monometric form), is lengthened into a capillary crystal or needle, as happens in Red Copper and Pyrites. Crystals of acicular pyrites occur at the Middletown (Ct.) lead mine. An octahedron flcttened parallel to a face is reduced to a tabular crystal, (f. 173). If lengtkened in the same direction, it takes the form in ft 174; or if still farther lengthened to the obliteration of A', it becomes an acute rhombohedron, (same figure). 1'73 1174 When an octahedron is extended in the direction of a line between two opposite edges, it has the general form of a rectangular octahedron; and still farther extended, as in f. 175, it is changed to a rhombic prism with dihedral summits. The figure represents this prism lying on its acute edge, (spinel, fluor, magnetite). IRREGULARITIES OF CRYSTALS. 115 The dodecch/edron lengthened along a diagonal between the ob176 1 77 178 V X, tuse solid angles, becomes a six-sided prism with three-sided summits, as in f. 176; and shortened in the 179 same direction, is a short prism of the same kind, (f. 178). Both resemble secondaries to a rhombohedron, and are common in garnet and zinc blende. When lengthened ill the direction of one of the crystallographic axes, it becomes a square prism with pyramidal summits, (f. 177), and shortened along the same axis it is reduced to a square octahedron, with truncated basal angles, (f. 179). The trapezoledron is still more disguised by its distortions. When elongated in the line of an octahedral axis, it assumes the form in f. 180; and still farther lengthened, to the obliteration of some of the' planes, becomes a scalene dodecahedron, (f. 181). This has been observed in fluor spar. If the elongation takes place along a crystallographic axis, it changes to a double eight-sided 180 181 182 183 pyramid with four-sided summits, (f. 182); or if these summit planes are obliterated by a farther extension, it becomes a complete eight-sided double pyramid, (f. 183). Still more complex forms are of occasional occurrence among monometric crystals, especially when modified -by secondary planes. Fig. 184 represents a garnet from Monzoniberg; it is a combination of the dlodecahedron and trapezohedron; but the crystal is so altered.by distortion, that only foulr dodecahedral faces (e) remain, and sixteen of the trapezohedral, (a'); and the latter are of very 116 CRYSTALLOGRAPIIY. unequal size. Fig. 185 is a distorted twin of diamond. It is shortened in the direction of a diagonal, so that only two octahedral planes (a) remain, and 12 out of 48 planes o'-the six around each 184,~.d........... Diamond. Galena. a, (f. 51). Fig. 186 represents a crystal of Galena from Rossie. It is a shortened cube; the lateral faces are very irregularly curved, and consist of the primary faces of the cube and the planes truncating the lateral edges. Some of the terminal edges are also truncated. The crystal is surmounted by a low pyramid, consisting of four planes on each of the angles and edges, which, owing to the distortion, do not occur elsewhere on the crystal. The cleavages of the crystal easily explain the relations of the several planes to the primary. The scalene dodecahedron of calcite is shown distorted in f. 187, 187 which appears, however, to be an eight-sided prism, bounded laterally by the planes R, e',e', and R, and their Z/-R / opposites, and terminated by the re-,- / \\Gmaining planes. The following figures / \ c'of quartz, (f. 188, 189), represent distorted forms of this mineral, in / which some ofthepyramidal faces by enand nearly obliterate some of the other \ \ PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. face film, proceeding from different sources, either from a change in the surface of the mineral, or foreign incrustation. Hausmann states that hydrated oxyd of iron (usually formed from pyrites) is one of the most common sources of it, and produces the colors on ctnthrccite and sJpecuclar iron. Arsenic becomes irised through the action of hydrogen from the atmosphere: carsenical cobalt, nickel, and iron, by oxydation: yalenca probably, from the formation of sulphate of lead at the surface: magnetic iron and some ferruginous silicates from a change in the oxyd of iron to a hydrate: pyrites, and probably also copper pyrites and variegated pyrites, from the formation of a hydrate of iron: antimony glance and other antimony ores from the formation of antimony ochre; Gray Copper and other arsenical ores probably from the oxydation of the arsenic. The irised colors may also proceed from a disengagement of carbonic acid or water, as in Spathic iron and Diallogite. Heat sometimes favors it, as in the case of steel. Dic/hroisn%, Pleochroisn. -Some crystals, viewed by transmitted light, present different colors in different directions. This property is termed _pleochroism, (from the Greek,Xsoo, full, and Xpox, color), or clichroism, (from &;s, two-fold, and Xpoo), when the colors are different in two directions only. This property is exhibited by crystals which have at least two kinds of axes; the colors are the same in the direction of like axes, and different in the direction of unlike axes. lolite owes its name (dichroite) to this property. Mica is nearly opaque in one direction, while it is transparent and of a different color in another. ilfonometric crystals are sometimes pleochroic, the color differing in the direction of unlike diagonals. 146 An instrument called a dTichroscope has been contrived by Haidinger for examining this peculiarity of crystals. An oblong rhombohedron __of Iceland spar has cemented to each extrem-- — / ity a glassy prism of 18~. It is placed in a metallic cylindrical case, as in the figure, havr ing a convex lens at one end, and a square hole at the other. On looking through it, the square hole appears double; and when a pleochroic crystal is examined with it, by transmitted light, on revolving it, the two angles, at intervals in the revolution, have different colors, the colors being those which the transmitted light affords. Andalusite, Tourmaline, Corundum, Topaz, Idocrase, Euclase, Mica, show well the property, and any colored crystals not monometric that are sufficiently transparent. Dichroism is thus detected by looking in but one direction, and the two colors are brought into direct contrast, and made thereby obvious when not otherwise perceived. REFRACTION. 167 III. DIAPHANEITY. The diaphaneity of a mineral is its capacity of transmitting light. The following terms are adopted to express the different degrees of this property. Transpcaret: when the outline of an object seen through the mineral is perfectly distinct. Gypsum, Quartz. Subtransparent, or semni-transpcarent: when objects are seen, but outlines are not distinct. Trancslucent: when light is transmitted, but objects are not seen. Carrara marble. SubtraCnsluent: when merely the edges transmit light, or are translucent. When no light is transmitted, the mineral is said to be opaque. This property occurs in the mineral kingdom, in every degree from a perfect opacity to a perfect transparency, and most minerals present, in their numerous varieties, nearly all the different shades. Few minerals, except the metals, are perfectly opaque. It is always similar in the direction of like axes of a crystal, and often. dissimilar in the direction of unlike axes. IV. REFEACTION, POLARIZATIONo A full account of the refraction and polarization of light belongs more especially to a treatise on optics, where the student will find the subject discussed at length. The remarks in this place are necessarily confined to a few simple explanations. a. imrple Refraction.-If we look into a cup obliqely, at such an angle that an object at its bottom is just concealed from view by its sides, on filling the cup with water, this object will become visible. This is owing to a bending or refracting of the rays of light, by the water. This effect is termed refraction, and is produced by all transparent bodies, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous. The part of the ray AED, within the 248 water, is nearer the perpendicular BC, than if it had proceeded in its original direction A... AE; or, if we consider the ray as passing from the water into the air, the part AE, - is farther from the same perpendicular than if it had proceeded in the original direction DE. We have therefore this important principle: Ligyht, in 2assiny from a rarer c D to a denser mecdium,, is refracted TOWARDS the per2pediczcar; if from a denser to a rarer, it is refracted FROM the perpendicular. It has been proved by experiment, that at whatever angle we look at the surface of the water, there will be a constant ratio between AB and CD, provided the eye and the object are at the 168 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. same distance, A and D, from E. That is, if AB is twice the length of CD, viewing it at one angle, it will be twice at every other angle, until the eye is perpendicular over the object D, when there is no refraction. But AB is the sine of the angle AEB, which is the angle of incidence, and CD is the sine of the angle CED, which is the cangle of refraction. This principle may therefore be thus stated: 7he sine of the angle of incidence beacrs ca constcant ratio to the sine of the angle of refraction. This ratio is termed the index of refraction. In water, the ratio is as 1-335 to 1. 1'335 is therefore the index of refraction of water. The following are the indices of refraction for the substances enumerated: Tabasheer, 1 211 Witherite, 1'700 lee, 1'308 Boracite, 1 701 Water, 1'335 Chrysoberyl, 11760 Cryolite, 1'349 Feldspar (Adularia), 1'764 Fluor Spar, 1 436 Corundum-white, 1* 768 Alum, 1 457 " red, 1-779 Borax, 1-475 " blue, 1-794 Gypsum, 1-525 Garnet, 1-815 Chalcedony, 1 553 Zircon, 1'961 Rock Salt, 1-557 Cerusite, 2'084 Quartz, 1-548 Sulphur, 2-115 Euclase, 1-642 Blende, 2-260 Calcite 1'654 Diamond, 2 439-2 755 Aragonite, 1 693 Crocoisite, 2 500-2 974 There is some variation often in the same species, and it frequently corresponds to a change of color. IDoublze ]Reffraction.-Many crystalline substances give two images instead of one, owing to double refraction. If a line be viewed through a transparent crystal of calc spar, it will'appear double in every direction but one-that of the vertical axis of the rhombohedron. One image is seen by the ordinary refraction of light; the other, by an extraordinary refraction. If the same crystal is placed over a point, and turned around, one image will appear to revolve around the other. The direction in which there is no refraction is called the axis of double refraction, or neutral line, since in its direction the ordinary and extraordinary rays coincide. Double refraction increases in passing firom this direction to one at right angles with it. In some instances the extraordinary ray is situated between the ordinary ray and a perpendicular to the surface of the crystal; and in others it is exterior to this ray. The former possess a greater index of refraction for the extraordinary than for the ordinary ray, and the axis is called a positive axis of double refraction. In the latter, the reverse is the case, and the axis is a negative axis. Calcite has a negative axis, quartz, a positive. The following are the indices for a few substances: POLARIZATION. 169 Ordinary ray. Extraordinary ray. Calcite (neg.) 1 654 1 483 Aragonite (neg.) 1'693 1'535 Quartz (pos.) 1'548 1'558 Euclase (pos.) 1'643 1-663 Topaz (pos.) 1-632 1-640 Zircon, tin ore, rutile, apophyllite, gothite, brucite, tungsten, and ice are examples of a positive axis; and idocrase, scapolite, meionite, tourmaline, corundum, emerald, apatite, nepheline, dioptase, alum, pyromorphite, arsenate and molybdate of lead, cinnabar, anatase, of a negative axis. When there are two axes of double refraction, both rays, as shown by Fresnel, are due to extraordincary refraction. The two axes are in a vertical plane in right prisms, but not necessarily so in oblique prisms. The apparent angle between these axes has been determined for many minerals, and has served to distinguish species. The following are some examples: Cerusite, 50 15/ Celestine, 500 Strontianite, 6~ 56' Comptonite, 56~ 6' Mica-different kinds, 1~ to 20~ 50', Topaz (Scotland), 560 600 to 78~ Gypsum, 600 Talc, 7~ 24' Iolite, 62~ 50' Aragonite, 180 19' Adularia, 630 Chrysoberyl, 27~ 51' Topaz (Aberdeenshire), 65~ Anhydrite, 28~ 7' Axinite, 730 Epsomite, 37~ 24' Kyanite, 810 48' Barytes, 370 421 Epidote, 840 19' Stilbite, 410 42' Andalusite, 870 33' Zinc Vitriol, 49~0 42' Chrysolite, 87~ 56' Topaz (Brazilian), 49-50~ Copperas, 90~ Monometric solids which have the three axes equal to one another have no double refraction. But all other forms exhibit this property; and if the horizontal diameters are equal, as in the dimetric and hexagonal systems, there is but one axis; if unequal, two axes, as in the trimetric and oblique systems. Polarization.-The polarization of light is intimately connected with double refraction, this polarity being exhibited by the extraordinary ray, which is said to be a polarized ray. When such a ray is viewed by means of another doubly refracting crystal or crystalline plate, (called from this use of it, an analyzing plate), the ray of light becomes alternately visible and invisible, as the latter plate is revolved. If the polarized light be made to pass through a doubly refracting crystal, then on viewing it in the manner stated, rings of prismatic colors are developed, and on revolving the analyzing plate, the colored rings and intervening dark rings gradually change places. If crystalline plates having one axis of double refraction be viewed in the direction of the axis, the rings are circles, and they are crossed by a dark or light cross. 22 170 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. Fig. 249 shows the position of the colored rings and cross in cale spar, and f. 250 the same at intervals of 900 in the revolution of the plate. With a crystal having two axes of double refiraction, 251 249 252 -= 250 X-{...~250 ~% ~ ~ —-< ~ ~1' ~~!t m" ~,. Calcite. Nitre. there are two series of elliptical rings, as in f. 251 and 252, the latter alternating with the former in the revolution of the plate. Light is polarized also by other means. If a ray of light be reflected from a plate of glass at a certain angle it is polarized; and so each reflecting substance has its own angle for polarizing light. In glass the angle between the ray and a perpendicular to the glass, is 56~ 45/, or between the ray and the glass, 350 15', but varying somewhat for the kind of glass. In fluor spar the latter angle is 340 51', in quartz 330 2', calce spar 310 9', diamond 21~ 59'. Again, if light be made to pass through a series of thin transparent plates of glass or mineral substance it is polarized, the angle of polarization differing as the number of plates is varied. The angle of polarization or double refraction, varies widely in the same species, it varying with small differences of composition or the presence of impurities, and also the condition of crystals. Senarmont even refers all the micas to a single form, notwithstanding the wide difference in the angles. In common mica (species mitscov4te) the angle is acknowledged to vary between 450 and 780. Phlogopite ranges in the angle between 30 and 200~. Plates of transparent tourmaline, cut parallel to the vertical axis, are conveniently used both for the polarizer and analyzer; and it is necessary only to put the mineral between two such tourmaline plates and look through, revolving one of them, to see the rings and their changes. In mica they are well shown; but it is often necessary to look very obliquely to distinguish both of the poles in the biaxial micas, and the plate of mica must not be too thin. As the light from certain parts of the sky in a clear day is polarized, a single tourmaline is often sufficient to show the rings to the observer looking towards the sky. The angle between the two poles is easily measured, when the crystals are not too minute, or the angle not too large. A convenient methocd, of snfficient accuracy for the mineralogist, is to PHOSPHORESCENCE. 171 take a graduated horizontal circle, having an arm moving over it, attached at the centre. The mica being put between the polarizer and analyzer, place it vertically (by means of some contrivance for the purpose) upon the movable arm, precisely at the centre of the circle. Look through until the middle of the system of rings is seen in the direction of a cord stretched vertically across a window; then move the arm until the centre of the other system of rings is seen in the same direction; the angle over which the arm has passed, will be read off on the graduated circle. By a very simple arrangement, easily inferred from the above, a common Wollaston's goniometer may be employed. A contrivance for this purpose has been planned by Mr. W. P. Blake, and an instrument of the kind has been recently constructed which gives very accurate results, by Soleil of Paris. It is adapted with a small telescope for observing very small plates. Other instruments have been devised expressly for this purpose, but it is not necessary to speak of them in this place. Polarization has the same relation to crystalline form as double refraction. Some monometric crystals give the rings of colors due to polarization; but the rings have a symmetrical arrangement like the faces of the crystals, and have been shown by Biot to be due not to the molecular character of the crystal, but to its cleavage or lamellar structure, the lamellhe polarizing as a series of thin plates, in the manner just mentioned. A peculiar polarizing structure in apophyllite, not according with the general law for dimetric crystals, is explained by him in this manner. Compression will give a doubly-refracting crystal to many monometric crystals. Besides ordinary or plane polarization, there is also what is called circular polarization. Quartz crystals have been described as sometimes right-handed and sometimes left-handed in their modifications. The circles of colors, when plates of crystals cut transverse to the axis are examined, have a spiral character, and on revolving the analyzer, the spiral-is found to turn to the right in right-handed crystals, and to the left in left-handed. V. PHOSPHORESCENCE. Phosphorescence, or the emission of light by minerals, may be produced in different ways: by friction, by heat, or by eposure to light. By friction. Light is readily evolved from quartz or white sugar, by the friction of one piece against another, and merely the rapid motion of a feather will elicit it from some specimens of sulphuret of zinc. Friction, however, evolves light from a few only of the mineral species. By heat. Fluor spar is highly phosphorescent at the temperature 172 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. of 3000 F. Different varieties give off light of different colors; the chlorophane variety, an emerald green light; others purple, blue, and reddish tints. This phosphorescence may be observed in a dark place, by subjecting the pulverized mineral to a heat below redness. Some varieties of white limestone or marble emit a yellow light. By the application of heat, minerals lose their'phosphorescent properties. But on passing electricity through the calcined mineral, a more or less vivid light is produced at the time of the discharge, and subsequently the specimen when heated will often emit light as before. The light is usually of the same color as previous to calcination, but occasionally is quite different. The light induced by electricity is in general less intense than that of the unaltered mineral, but is much increased by a repetition of the electric discharges, and in some varieties of fluor it may be nearly or quite restored to its former brilliancy. It has also been found that some varieties of fluor, and some specimens of diamond, calc spar, and apatite, which are not naturally phosphorescent, may be rendered so by means of electricity. A dozen discharges through a non-phosphorescing statuary marble in powder, caused it to emit a yellow light when subsequently heated. Electricity will also increase the natural intensity of the phosphorescent light. Acquired phosphorescence is not, however, equally permanent with the natural. On 21 days of exposure to the light, according to Mr. Pearsall, many specimens lost partially, and some entirely, this property; in others, the color of the light was changed; and generally to purple and orange tints. If laid away in a dark room, they retained this property for a much longer period of time. Mr. Pearsall states that some colored fluors that had been rendered white by calcination, received a bluish or reddish tint, by means of repeated electrical discharges.* light of the s8n. The only substance in which an exposure to the light of the sun produces very apparent phosphorescence, is the diamond, and some specimens seem to be destitute of this power. This property is most striking after exposure to the blue rays of the spectrum, while in the red rays it rapidly loses its phosphorescence. * Jour. Roy. Institution, i, 77, 267. ELECTRICITY-MAGNETISM. 173 II. ELECTRICITY-MAGNETISM. The electric and magnetic characters of crystals bear but slightly upon the Science of Mineralogy, although of high interest to the student of physics. Frictional Electricity.-The development of electricity by friction, is a familiar fact. There is no line of distinction among minerals, dividing them into 12ositively electric and negatively electric; for both kinds of electricity may be presented by different varieties of the same species, and by the same variety in different states. The gems are positively electric only when polished; the diamond alone among them exhibits positive electricity, whether polished or not. The time of retaining electric excitement is widely different in different species, and topaz is remarkable for continuing excited many hours. Pyro-electricity.-On heating crystals of some minerals, they become electric with opposite polarity in opposite parts. This property is called pyro-electricity. Tourmaline, calamine, and boracite, are among the species thus affected. They are peculiar in having the opposite parts dissimilarly modified, and in these opposite parts are the opposite poles. The polarity continues as long as the temperature is increasing, and becomes reversed when it commences to decline; and when the heat is stationary it disappears. This subject has been investigated by the Abbe Haiiy, Canton, Becquerel, Brewster, Erman, IKohler, Hankel, Riess, and Rose. Rose and Riess* name one of the poles the canaogue electric pole, and the other the antilogye electric pole. The former becomes positive while the crystal is heating and negative while cooling; and the latter the reverse, being negative while heating and positive while cooling. Becquerel says of the tourmaline: t 6 At 30~ C., electrical polarity was sensible; it continued unchanged to 1500, as long as the temperature continued to rise; if stationary an instant, the polarity disappeared, but shortly manifested itself reversed, when the temperature commenced to decline. If but one end of the crystal was heated, the crystal was unpolarized, and when two sides were unequally heated, each acquired an electrical state independent of the other" In tourmaline, the extremities of the prism are dissimilarly modified, and that end which presents * Uber die Pyro-electricitit der Mineralien, von P. Riess und G. Rose, Akad. Wissench. zu Berlin. 1843. —Also, Ueber den Zusammenhang zwischen der Form und der electrischen Polaritdt der Krystalle, von G. Rose; Ibid. for 1836. f Ann. de Chem., xxxvii, 1, 1828.-Brewster's Edinb. Jour. x, 50, 1829. 174 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. the greatest number of planes is the antilogue pole; or if the number of planes is the same, the secondary rhombohedrons of the antilogue pole have (one or more of them) longer vertical axes than those of the analogue pole. In f. 456, under tourmaline, the upper extremity is the antilogue pole, (positive under increasing heat), and the other is the analogue pole. The pyramid of the analogue end is more flattened by its facets than that of the antilogue end. 253 254 Analogue Pole. Antilogue Pole. 2 2 2 R 2 3 aR a 27 R 2r' 2 2 The figures here given represent the extremities of a crystal from Gouverneur, N. Y., as drawn by Rose. On the antilogue end we find the rhombohedral faces, 4r, 5r', while on the other the longest rhombohedron is 2r', thus conforming to the statement just made. Pyro-electric polarity has been observed in the following substances; the names of those who first observed it, are annexed. Tourmaline, lemery. Prehnite, Haily. Topaz, Uanton. Electric Calamine, Hfaiiy. Axinite, Brard. Sphene, Haiiy. Boracite, Haiiy. Rhodizite, 2Rose. Scolecite, faiiy. ieavy Spar, Brewster. Rock Crystal, Brewster. Riess and Rose have confirmed the observations with regard to the above mineral species. Brewster has added calcite, yellow Beryl, Celestine, Cerusite, red andccl blue Fluor spar, Diamond, Orpiment, Analcime, Amethyst, Idocrase, i/ellite?, Sulphur, Garnet, and lolite. But the more recent investigations of Riess and Rose have failed to detect this property in any but the species first enumerated. Pyro-electricity is of two kinds:*~-either terminally polar, or centrally polar. In the former, the extremities are opposite poles. In the latter, two sides of a prism are of the same name, and the opposite pole to each is intermediate between the two. Riess and Rose. ELECTRICITY-MAGNETISM. 175 The examples of the first kind are Tourmaline, Calamine, and Scolecite, uniaxicd; Axinite, biacxical; Boracite and Rhodizite, with foour axes. calacmine, like tourmaline, has the sharper extremity the cantilogue end, and the more flattened the analogue. Compound crystals from Altenberg have both ends analogue, and the middle, between the twins, antilogue electric. As in tourmaline, the pyro-electric axis corresponds with the vertical axis of the prism. Boracite, which crystallizes in cubes with the opposite solid angles differently modified, has four pyro-electric axes, corresponding to the four octahedral axes. In f. 53 of this species, the plane 1 is the antilogue pole, and the unmodified angle the analogue pole; and, generally, the antilogue pole is most largely modified by secondary planes, or has larger facets. Rhbodizgite resembles boracite in its pyro-electricity. The species in which pyro-electricity of the 255 second kind has been observed, are prehnite and topaz. If f. 255 represent a tabular crystal of prehnite, the poles will be situated as marked, the analogue being central, and the antilogue at either extremity of the shorter diagonal of Anal. the rhombic prism. Topaz has in a similar manner a central analogue pole and an antilogue at either extremity of the shorter diagonal. In some instances there is a separate set of Ant. similar poles near one or the other angle, as in the following figure; this has arisen probably from the coin- Ant. pound nature of the crystal. The particular character of the axes in Sphene, Barytes, and rock crystal has Anal. not been made out. Two specimens of Barytes were heated to 180~ R, and positive electricity was observed, but not >An negative, and it was hence inferred that the Ant. pyro-electricity was centrally polar, as in topaz. Quartz was found to be pyro-electric in a single small crystal six lines long and two thick, after failing in six others, five of which were an inch in length and one half an inch tlick. Great caution is required in the trial with this mineral, as the crystals are so readily rendered electric by friction. Xcagnetism,.-Substances have been divided into nagne6tic and diamagnetic. The magnetic take a longitudinal position between the poles of a strong magnet, the diamagnetic a transverse position. In the former' division are iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, cerium, osmiuzm?,; among the latter, bismuth, antirzony, tin, mercubry, gold, arsenic, zinc, lead. Magnetism is most strongly exhibited by iron and its compounds. 176 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. and specimens of magnetic iron often have polarity. Ilmenite and specular iron ore are also at times magnetipolar. The ordinary mode of testing whether a mineral is magnetic or not, is to bring it near a pole of a delicately suspended magnetic needle, and observe whether it causes it to vibrate; and another mode is to apply a strong magnet to the mineral in powder. These are sufficient for the mineralogist, without all the delicacy required for the purposes of physical science. Delessse has experimented extensively upon the magnetic force of minerals, and has determined the relative amount for numerous species. Calling this force for Styrian steel 100'000, the following are some of his results: Native platinum, 2-173-3 047 Magnetic iron ore, 15'00-65'00 Franklinite from the United States, 1'033 Chromic iron, 0-136 —0065 Spinel, (pleonaste), from Monzoni, Tyrol, 0'078 Titanic iron, (rhombohedral), often magzetipolar, 5-764 Specular iron-sometimes racgnetipolar, 0-14 - 2'35 Graphite, 0'015 —0040 Spathic iron-(spherosiderite, the highest), 0-092-0'287 Iron pyrites, 0'039 —0057 Vivianite, 0 027 —0 075 Columbite of Bodenmais and Haddam, 0'151 Pyrochlore, 0'010 Quartz.-It is diamagnetic, but many varieties are magnetic. For chrysoprase was found 0-004 Feldspar-not magnetic, or feebly so. Labradorite of an antique green pophyry, 0'077 Hornblende, 0'012-0'057 Crystallo-nagcneti action.-The magnetic polarity thus far alludled to, belongs to the mass, and has no relation to crystalline form. There is also a kind of polarity directly related to the crystalline or optical axes of minerals, as has been recently developed by Faraday and Plicker. Plicker observes that a crystal of kyanite, suspended horizontally, points very well to the north, by the magnetic power of the earth only, and is a true compass needle, from which even the declination may be obtained; and the line of direction is the line of the optical axes. Other crystals, which are called negative, take a transverse or equatorial position. The latter are diamagnetic crystals, according to Knoblauch. A bare allusion to the subject is all that is proper in this place. III. HEAT. There are two sets of phenomena observed with crystals under the action of heat, in addition to phosphorescence and. pyroelectric qualities. (a.) Crystals expand unequally in the direction of unequal axes, and alike in the direction of like axes. The monometric solids change equally in all directions; but those of other systems have HEAT. 177 directions of least and greatest dilatation; and these correspond with axial lines in the crystals. Any dimetric or hexagonal crystal dilates alike in corresponding parts about the vertical axis; for the lateral axes of the crystal are equal. But the trimetric and clinometric forms have three unequal axes, and dilate unequally along these axes. Crystals are not only enlarged; their interfacial angles are also varied. This change in the angles takes place in all crystalline forms, excepting those of the monometric system. Mitscherlich found that in cale spar there was a diminution of 8' 37" in the angle of the rhombohedron, on passing from 320 to 2120 F., the form thus approaching that of a cube, as the temperature increased. Dolomite, in the same range of temperature, diminishes' 4' 46"; and in aragonite, between 630 and 212~ F., the angle of the prism diminishes 2' 46", and 1': 1i increases 5' 30"; Nitratine is increased about 27'; in gypsum I: il is increased 5' 24", I: 1, 4' 12", and i': ii is diminished V' 24". In some rhombohedrons, as of calc spar, the vertical axis is lengthened, (and the lateral shortened), while in others, like quartz, the reverse is true. The variation is such either way that the double refraction is diminished with the increase of heat; for calc spar possesses negative double refraction, and quartz, positive. According to Fresnel, the same is true of gypsum. The dilatation for calc spar, according to experiment, is 0'001961. In nitre, an increase of temperature of 180" changes the angle 1;: 1;, 44', but scarcely at all the angle I: L. Dr. Kopp has shown that in the carbonates of lime, magnesia, iron, manganese, and zinc, which are nearly the same in their crystals, the vertical axis (axis ca) is shorter the greater the atomic volumne. And since heat diminishes the density, and therefore necessarily increases the volume, the axis a should be lengthened by an increase of temperature, as is actually the case. He has determined by calculation, that the change of angle for 1800 F. (from 32~ to 2120) should be 7' 37", which is but 57" less than Mitscherlich's observations-a near coincidence, when we consider the difficulties of measuring exactly the dilatation and change of angles. (b.) Crystals conduct heat according to a similar law to that of their expansion. This subject has lately been investigated by Senarmont. This author states that, from a point in a tesseral or monometric crystal, heat is'conducted equally in all directions, so that the isothermal surfaces are spherical surfaces, concentric about the point. In crystals of the dimetric and hexagonal systems, (whose molecules are ellipsoids of revolution), the isothermal surfaces are the surfaces of concentric ellipsoids of revolution. In the other systems, (in which the molecules are ellipsoids not of revolution), the isothermal surfaces are surfaces of concentric ellipsoids not of revolution. The correspondence with the phenomena of light is striking. 23 178 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. Yet there are some points of difference. Quartz and calc spar differ, in the former being optically attractive, and the latter optically repulsive. Yet both have a prolate thermic ellipsoid. Oblate thermic ellipsoids have, however, been found in idocrase, specular iron, and corundum; and the most prolate occur in attractive crystals. The heat rays appear thence to correspond to light rays which lie beyond the extreme red. In calc spar, the proportion of the axes of the ellipsoid is 1412; in quartz, 1'312; in beryl, 1'11; in idocrase, 1-13; in rutile, 1'27. In aragonite, the proportion of the horizontal axes is 1'22; in bournonite, for a perpendicular ellipse, parallel with the longer diagonal, 1,31, and parallel with the shorter diagonal, 1'29. In feldspar, augite, and gypsum, for the three principal elliptical sections —l, vertical to the axis of symmetry, (a thermal axis), and 2 and 3, parallel to the axis of symmetry and one of the other two thermal axes: Feldspar. Augite. Gypsum. 1 1-23 1-24 2 1'02 1.28 2'24 3 1-27 1'10 1 50 Senarmont's experiments were made by cutting thin slices of crystals in different directions, covering them with a thin coat of wax, and heating them at a point, by placing them on the fine point of a heated silver wire, (or some other means). The melting of the wax took place in circular or elliptical areas, according to the material, with great precision and uniformity for the same plate. A correspondence to the phenomena of light and heat in the unequal elasticity of crystals along unequal axes, was first observed by Savart.* M. Wiedemann,t moreover, has investigated the figures produced on different faces of crystals, by electricity acting on a light powder, or some kinds of oil; and he finds the same general correspondence between circular and elliptical areas and the axes, as was distinguished for heat by Senarmont. * Recherchlles sur l'6lasticit6 du cristal de roche, etc., Ann. Ch. Phys. [1], xl1, 113. + Poggendorff's Annalen, lxxvi, 1849. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. 179 IV. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. The specific gravity of a mineral is its weight compared with that of another substance of equal volume, whose gravity is taken at unity. If a cubic inch of any mineral weighs twice as much as a cubic inch of water, (water being the unit), its specific gravity is 2, if three times as much, its specific gravity is 3, &c. In the case of solids or liquids, this comparison is usually made with water; but for gases, atmospheric air is assumed as the unit. It results from the nature of a fluid, that the weight lost by a solid immersed in water, is equal to the weight of an equal volume of water. The determination of specific gravity is, therefore, a very simple process. We ascertain the weight out of water, by weighing it in the usual manner; we then determine the weight in water; and the loss by immersion, or the difference of the two weights, is the weight of an equal volume of water: that is, if a mineral weighs 120 grains out of water, but 90 on emersion, it has lost 30 grains, which is the weight of a volume of water equal to that of the mineral. The mineral, consequently, weighs in this instance 4 times as much as the water; for 4X30 grains equals 120 grains, which is the weight of the mineral. The rule for the process is, therefore, —Divide the weight out of wcter by the difference of weights obtcained out a/nd in water. The water employed for this purpose should be distilled, to free it from all foreign substances. Since the density of water varies with its temperature, a particular temperature has been selected for these experiments, in order to obtain uniform results: 60~ F. is the most convenient, and has been generally adopted. But the temperature of the maximum density of water, 3950~ F., has been recommended as preferable. If a pair of scales is used for obtaining the weight, they should be exceedingly delicate, when perfect accuracy is required. For original investigations they should turn with the 1000th of a grain. The weights must be selected with care, and should vary from the twentieth of a grain to 120 grains. To weigh the mineral immersed in water, it may be attached to the scales by a single fibre of raw silk or a fine hair, and thus let down into a jar of water, care being taken that the scales be kept perfectly dry. The attachment of the fibre of silk to the scales may be made by means of a small hook attached to the lower part of one scale. For the ordinary investigations of the mineralogist, in the determination of species, it will be found most convenient, if the scales are not provided with this hook, to make a small hole through the centre of one scale, and through it attach a horse hair permanently to the scale. By tying a slipping knot in the horse hair, the minerals under investigation may be attached and detached without difficulty, owing to the elasticity of the hair. 180 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. To insure accuracy, those specimens should be selected which are perfectly free from foreign substances, and contain ino vacuities, even under a magnifying glass. If vacuities exist, they may usually be removed by coarsely _pulverirzin the mineral. An impalpable powder is apt to swim on the surface, although heavier than water. A better and more simple process than the above, and one available for porous as well as compact minerals, is performed with a light glass bottle, capable of holding exactly a thousand grains (or any known weight) of distilled water. Pour out a few drops of water from the bottle after filling it and then weight it. Then add the powdered mineral till the water is again to the brim, and reweigh it. The difference in the two weights, divided by the loss of the water poured out, is the specific gravity sought. The weight of the glass bottle itself is here supposed to be balanced by an equivalent weight in the other scale. Rose has recently observed that fine pulverization of a mineral, and even of a metal, gives uniformly a higher specific gravity than is obtained from the solid mass, and he considers the result therefore as involving a slight error. The mineralogist is so seldom required to take the specific gravity of liquids or gases, that an explanation of the different methods employed is unnecessary. V. CHARACTERS DEPENDING ON COHESION. These characters are of three kinds:-1. Hardness; 2. Tenacity; 3. Fracture. I. HARDNESS. A harder body is distinguished from a softer, either by attempting to scratch the one with the other, or by trying each with a file. Each of these methods is used by the mineralogist in determining the hardness of the species, though the latter is in most cases to be preferred. Both methods should be employed when practicable. Certain varieties of some minerals give a low hardness under the file, owing either to'impurities or imperfect aggregation of the particles, whilst they scratch a harder species,- showing that the particles are hard, although loosely aggregated. Chiastolite, spinel, and sapphire are common examples of this fact. When the mineral is too hard to be impressed by a file, the peculiarity of the grating sound will suffice to the practised ear. To give a definite character to the results obtained with respect to the hardness of minerals, the distinguished German mineralogist MoHS introduced a scale of hardness. Mohs's scale consists of ten minerals, which gradually increase in hardness from 1 to 10. Tblao HARDNESS. 181 intervals between 2 and 3, and 5 and 6, are larger than the others. Breithaupt has therefore introduced another degree of hardness between each of the above, and thus his scale consists of twelve minerals. IViohs's scale is as follows: 1. Talec; common laminated light green variety. 2. Gyposum?; a crystallized variety. 3. calcite; transparent variety. 4. Fluor Spar; crystalline variety. 5. Apatite; transparent variety. 5'5. Seccpolite; crystalline variety. 6. Feldscar (orthoclase); white cleavable variety. 7. Quartz; transparent. 8. Tovpaz; transparent. 9. Scpphire; cleavable varieties. 10. -Diamond. If the file abrades the mineral under trial with the same ease as No. 4, and produces an equal depth of abrasion with the same force, its hardness is said to be 4. If with more facility than 4, but less than 5, the hardness may be 44 or 4-, written in decimals 4'25, 4'5. Several successive trials should be made to obtain certain results. The use of the file is acquired with very little experience; usually a single trial is sufficient. Care must be taken to apply the file to edges of equal obtuseness. That part, also, of the specimen should be selected which has not been altered by exposure, and has the highest degree of transparency and compactness of structure. The pressure for determination should be rather heavy, and the file should be passed three or four times over the specimen. Rock salt is usually given in the scale of hardness for No. 2; but crystals are nearer 3. Many specimens present different degrees of hardness on dissimilar faces; as an example of which, we mention kyanite and mica. This is confined to the inequilateral primary forms, and like the similar difference of color, lustre, &c., finds a ready explanation in the theory of their formation; unlikefcace care the result of the acction of unlike axes. This difference in faces parallel to unlike axes may be perceived in nearly all cases, when the methods of trial are exceedingly delicate. iuygens long since observed that the cleavage face of a crystal of calc spar differed in hardness from the other faces; and even in a monometric crystal it has been found that the faces of the cube and octahedron are not exactly alike in this respect.* * This subject has been examined by Frankenheim, (De erystallorum cohmesione, 1829, and Baumgartner's Zeitschrift fur Physik, ix, 94 and, 194), Seebeck (Hartmann's Jahrbiecher der Min. u. Geol. i. 123) and Franz, (Pogg. Ann. lxxx, 1850, 37). 182 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS. II. TENACITY. Solid minerals may be either brittle, sectile, malleable, flexible, or elastic. Fluids are either gaseous or liquid. 1. Brittle; when parts of a mineral separate in powder or grains on attempting to cut it; kerolite, calc spar. 2. Sectile; when pieces may be cut off with a knife without falling to powder, but still the mineral pulverizes under a hammer. This character is intermediate between brittle and malleable; gypsum. 3. Jcallecable; when slices may be cut off, and these slices flatten out under a hammer; native gold, native silver. 4. Flexible; when the mineral will bend, and remain bent after the bending force is removed; talc. 5. Elastic; when after being bent, it will spring back to its original position; mica. A liquid is said to be viscous, when, on pouring it, the drops lengthen and appear ropy; petroleum. The unequal elasticity of unlike faces of crystals has been shown by Savart in his Acoustic investigations, and he thus distinguishes the rhombohedral from the other faces in the pyramid of quartz crystal.'II. FRACTURE. The natural fracture of crystalline minerals has already been noticed under clecavage. The fracture of amorphous minerals varies in the form and kind of surface produced. 1. Conchoidc6l; when a mineral breaks with curved concavities, more or less deep. It is so called from the resemblance of the concavity to the valve of a shell, from concha, a shell,; flint. 2. Even; when the surface of fracture is rough, with numerous small elevations and depressions. 4. Has;cly; when the elevations are sharp or jagged; broken iron. VI. TASTE. Taste belongs only to soluble minerals. The different kinds of taste adopted for reference are as follows: 1. Astringent; the taste of vitriol. 2. Sweetish astringent; taste of alum. 3. Saline; taste of common salt. 4. Alkaline; taste of soda. 5. Cooling; taste of saltpeter. 6. Bitter; taste of epsom salts. 7. Sour; taste of sulphuric acid. CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF MINERALS. 183 VII. ODOR. Excepting a few gaseous and soluble species, minerals in the dry unchanged state do not give off odor. By friction, moistening with the breath, and the elimination of some volatile ingredient by heat or acids, odors are sometimes obtained which are thus designated: 1. Alliaceous; the odor of garlic. Friction of arsenical iron elicits this odor; it may also be obtained from any of the arsenical ores or salts, by means of heat. 2. Horse-radish odor; the odor of decaying horseradish. This odor is strongly perceived when the ores of selenium are heated. 3. Sulphureous; friction will elicit this odor from pyrites and heat from many sulphurets. Bigtumivnous; the odor of bitumen. 5. Fetid; the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen or rotten eggs. It is elicited by friction from some varieties of quartz and limestone. 6. Aryillaceous; the odor of moistened clay. It is obtained from serpentine and some allied minerals, after moistening them with the breath; others, as pyrargillite, afford it when heated. PART III. CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. I. COMPOSITION OF MIkNERALS. 1. General Remarks on the Constitution of JlWinerals. The mineral species are either the uncombined elements in a native state, or compounds of the elements with one another. The number of elements, as at present recognized, is sixty, forty-seven of which are metals. The following table contains the names of the elements, with the abbreviations by which they are represented, and their atomic weights. In the catalogue here given, the more common compounds of the elements with oxygen and sulphur are also included, together with their atomic weights; and following these, the _percentaiSge proportion of oxygen and sulphur in each. The dots indicate atoms of oxygen; and the dashed letter, a double atom of the substance so expressed; thus Fe means 2 of Iron to 3 of Oxygen.' 184 TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS. ALUMINIUM, Al, 171-25 COPPER (Cuprufn), Cu, 396'25 Alumina, A1, 642-5 (0, 46'7) Oxyd of Copper, eu, 892-5 (0, 1120) 2 Al 1285-0 Oxyd of Copper, Cu, 496-25 (0,20'15) 3 l1 1927'5 DIDYMIUM, D, 600 4 A1 2570'0 ERBIUM, Eb. 5 A1 3212-5 FERRUM (Fe) see Iron. 6 Al 3855'0 FLUORINE, F, 237'5 ANTIMONY (Stibium), Sb, 1612-5 Hydrofluoric Ac., HF, 250'0 (F. 95) Sul. Antim., Sb S3, 2212'5 (S, 27'12) GLUcINuVM(Beryllium),Be, 58'75 ARGENTUM (Ag), see Silver. Glucina, Be, 158'-7 (0, 63) ARSENIC, As, 937'5 or Glucinum, Be, 88.125 Arsenic Acid, Xs, 1437'5 (0, 34-8) Glucina, RBe, 476-25 (0O 63) Sulphuret of A., As S3, 1537'5 (S, 39'0) GOLD (Aurum), Au, 1231-25 AuRUMi (Au), see Gold. HYDRARGYRUM (Hg) see Quicksilver. BARYUM, Ba, 856-25 HYDROGEN, (H), 12-5 Baryta, Ba, 956'25 (0, 10-45) Water, H, 112'5 (0,88'89) 2 Ba 1912-5 2 11 225-0 3 Ba 286875 3 1: 337'-5 4 Ba 3825-0 4 11 450'0 BERYLLIUM (Be), see Glucineum. 5 H 562'5 BISMUTH, Bi, 2600 6 H 675'0 Oxyd of Bismuth, Bi, 2900 (0 10'35) 7 H 787'5 BORON, B, 136-2 8 H 900'0 Boracic Acid, B, 436'2 (0, 68'78) 9 i 1012'5 BROMINE, Br, 1000 IODINE, I, 1587'5 CADMIUM, Cd, 696'8 IRIDIUM, Ir, 1237'5 CALCIUM, Ca, 250 IRON (Ferrum), Fe, 350 Lime, Ca, 3500 (0, 28-57) Protoxyd of Iron,.Fe, 450 (0, 22,22) 2 Ca 700'0 Peroxyd of Iron, Fe, 1000 (0, 30) 3 Ca 1050'0 KALIUM (K), see Potassium. 4 Ca 1400'0 LANTHANUM, La, 587'5 CARBON, C, 75 Protoxyd of La.,la, 687'5 (0, 14'55) Carbonic Acid, C, 275 Peroxyd of La., ia, 1475'0 (0, 20'34) CERIUM, Ce, 587'5 LEAD (Plumbum), Pb, 1294'6 Protoxyd of C, (Ce, 687'5 (0, 14'55) Oxyd of Lead, 1Pb, 1394'6 (O, 7'17) Peroxyd of C, )e, 1475 (0, 20'34) LIME, see Calcium. CHLORINE, C1, 443 3 LITHIUlM, Li, 81'66 Hydrochlor. Acid, HCl, 455'8 Lithia, Li, 181'66 (0, 55'05) CHROMIUM, Cr, 333 75 MAGNESIUM, Mg, 150 Oxyd of Chrome, Vr, 967'5 (0, 31'01) Magnesia, ig, 250 (0, 40'0) Chromic Acid, Cr, 633"75 (0, 47'34) 2 Mg 500 COBALT, CO, 368'65 3 kg 750 Oxyd of Cobalt, Co, 468.65 (0, 21-34) 4 kg 1000 CoLuMBIuM(Tantalum)Ta,2300'0 5 IIg 1250 Columbic Acid, sa, 2600'0 (0,11'54) 6 Mg 1500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Al 0'467 0'934 1'401 1-868 2'335 2'802 3'269 3'736 4'203 "s 0'348 0'696 1'044 1'392 1"740 2'088 2'436 2"784 3'132 Ba 0'1045 0'2090 0-3135 0'4180 0'5225 0'6270 0'7315 0'8360 0'9405 ie 0'63 1'26 1'89 2'52 3'15 3"78 4'41 5 04 5'67 Ca 0'2857 0'5714 0'8571 1'1428 1-4285 1"7142 1'9999 2'2856 2'5713 0"7273 1'4546 2'1819 2.9092 3'6365 4'3638 5'0911 5'8184 6'5457 Cr 0'31 0'62 0 93 1 24 1 55 1-86 -2 217 248 2"79'Cr 0'4734 0'9468 1-4202 1-8936 2'3670 2'8404 3 3138 3-7872 4'2606 Co 0'2134 0'4268 0'6402 0'8536 1'0670 1'2804 1'4938 1'7072 1'9206 *u 0'112 0'224 0'336 0o448 0'560 0'672 0'784 0'896 1 008 Cu 0'2015 0'4030 0'6045 0'8060 1'0075 1'2090 1'4105 1-6120 1-8135 Fe 0-2222 0 4444 0'6666 0-8888 1'1110 1 3332 1 5554 1 7776 1 9998 TABLE OF ATOMIC WEIGHTS. 185 MANGANESE, Mn, 3447 SILICIUM, Si 266'25 Protoxyd of M., Mn, 444'7 (0,224) Silica, si, 566-25 (0, 5298) 2 Mn, 889-4 2 Si 1132'50 3 4IMn, 1334'1 3 Si 1698'75 4 lwIn, 1778'8 4 Si 2265'00 5 i'n 222356 5 S'i 2831.25 6 SIn 2668'2 6 Si 3397'50 SesquoxydofM.,RMn, 989-4 (0, 3032) 7 Si 3963'75 2 Mn 1978'8 8 Si 4530'00 3 Mn 2968'2 9 Si 5096'25 4 Mn 3957'6 SILVER (Argentum), Ag, 1350 MERCURY (Hg), see Quicksilver. SODIUM (Natrium), Na, 28715 MOLYBDENUM, Mo, 575 Soda, Na, 387'5 (0, 25'80) Molybdic Acid, Mi/o. 875 (0, 34'3) 2 NTa 775-0 NATRIUM (Na), see Sodium. 3 Na 1162-5 NICKEL, Ni, 369'33 STANNUM (Sn), see Tin. Protoxyd of Nickel, Ni 469-33 (0, 21'3) STIBIUM (Sb), see Antim6nhy. NIOBIUM, (Columbium, Cb.) STRONTIUM, Sr, 547 5 NITROGEN, N, 175 Strontia, Sr, 64756 (0, 15'44) Nitric Acid, 1, 675 (0,74) SULPHUR, S, 200 2 i& 1350 Sulphuric acid, i, 600 (0, 60) 3: 2025 TANTALUM, Ta, 2300 4:~ 2700 Tantalic acid, Ta, 2600 (0, 11-54) NoRIUM. TELLURIUM, Te, 801 8 OSMIUM, Os, 1243'6 TERBIUM, Tb, OXYGEN, 0, 100 THORIUM, Th, 743-86 PALLADIUM, Pd, 665-48 Thoria, Th, 843'9 (0, 11'84) PMOSPHORUS, P, 387'5 TIN, (Stannum), Sn, 725 Phosphoric Acid, 1, 887-5 (0, 56'34) Oxyd of Tin, Sn, 925 (0, 21'62) 2 1 177 TITANIUM, Ti, 312'5 3 P 2662-5 Oxyd of Titanium,li, 925 (0, 32'42) 4 1 3550 Titanic Acid, Ti, 512'5 (0, 39-02) 5 1 4437'5 TUNGSTEN(Wolfr'um),W 1150 PLATINUM, Pt, 123715 Tungstic Acid, VY, 1450 (0, 20'69) PLUMBUM (Pb), see Lead. URANIUM, U, 750 POTASSIUM (.Kalium), K, 488'86 Protoxyd of U.,:, 850 (0, 1176) Potassa K, 588'86 (0, 16'98) Peroxyd of U., U, 1800 (0, 16-66) 2 ]K 1117772 VANADIUM, V, 856'9 3 1 1766-58 WOLFRAMIUM (W), see Tungsten. 4 K: 2355'44 YTTRIUM, Y, 402,5 QUICKSILVER (iydrargy- Yttria, 5 602-5 (0,19-90) rum), Hg, 1250 ZINC, Zn, 406'6 RHODIUM, 651'96 Oxyd ofZinc, Zn, 506-6 (0,19'74) RUTHENIUM, Ru, 652 ZIRCONIUM, Zr, 419173 SELENIUM, Se, 493175 Zirconia, Mr, 1139-5 (0, 26-3) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9:f 0'8889 1-7778 2-6667 3'5556 4'4445 563334 6'2223 7'1112 8'0001 KE 0'1698 0'3396 0'5094 0'6792 0 8490 1'0188 1'1886 1'3584 1 5282 Li 0'5505 1'1010 1'6515 2'2020 2'7525 3'3030 3'8535 4'4040 4-9545 Sig 0'40 0'80 1'20 1'60 2'00 2'40 2'80 3'20 3 60 Sn 0'2247 0'4494 0'6741 0'8988 1'1235 1'3482 1'5729 1'7976 2'0223 Mn 0'3032 0'6064 0'9096 1'2128 1'5160 1'8192 2'1224 2'4256 2'7288:it 0'74 1'48 2'22 2'96 3'70 4'44 6518 5'92 6'66 Na 0 258 0516 011774 1'032 1 290 1 548 1'806 2'064 2 322 05634 1'1268 1'6902 2'2536 2'8170 3'3804 3'9438 4'5072 5'0706 Pb 0-717 0'1434 0'2151 0'2868 0'3585 0'4302 0'5019 0'5736 0'6453, Si 0'5298 1 0596 1 6894 2'1192 2'6490 3'1788 3'7086 4'2384 4'1682! Sr 0'1544 0'3088 0'4632 0'6176 0'7720 0'9264 1'0808 1'2352 1'38963, 24 186 CHEMGcAL MNTERIALOGY. As the use of the table in deducing formulas involves the frequent multiplication of the oxygen per-centage, the multiples by the digits 1 to 9 are given, for the compounds of most common occurrence, at the foot of the two preceding pages.* The modes of combination and uses of chemical language are explained in chemical treatises, to which reference should be made by the student. A few brief illustrations are here added: By atomic weights is understood the combining proportions of the elements. For example, when iron and oxygen combine, they unite in the proportion of 350 parts by weight of iron to 100 of oxygen, or in some simple multiple of this ratio. The protoxyd contains one part or atom of each, and has therefore the atomic weight 450; the peroxyd (more precisely sesquoxyd) contains 2 of iron (2x350 =700) to 3 of oxygen, (3x100=300), and therefore has the atomic weight 1000, (700+300=1000). To ascertain the percentage of oxygen in this oxyd, we have 300 of oxygen in 1000 parts; hence the ratio, 1000 are to 300 as 100 to the number of parts in 100; therefore dividing 300x100 by 1000 gives the oxygen per-centage. Hence too if we multiply the per-centage of oxygen by the atomic weight of the oxyd, we obtain as a result, after dividing by 100, the oxygen amount in the compound. For alumina, 46'7x642'5 1. 00=300, the amount of oxygen; and in this way the correctness of the oxygen per-centage may be verified. The mode of deducing chemical formulas may be illustrated by two or three examples. 1. We have an analysis of Red Silver Ore as follows: Silver 59'02, antimony 23'49, and sulphur 17'49 per cent. It is desired to ascertain the relative number of atoms of each element in the compound. This number must depend on the weights of the atoms, as compared with the quantity of each, for the less the weight, the greater the number of atoms. The rule consequently is, —Divide the per-centage of each element by the atomic weight of the same; as, 59'02 by 1350, the atomic weight of silver, and so on. (See preceding table). This process gives the relation, 0'0437: 0'0146: 00875, and dividing each by the snallest, to simplify it, it becomes 3: 1:6, which is therefore the number of atoms of each, silver, antimony, and sulphur. The formula 3Ag+lSb+6S, or Ag3 Sb S, expresses this relation. * Since the printing of the first half of the preceding table, (and a portion also of the second volume of this work), an article has appeared in the L. E. and D. Philosophical Magazine, noting the fact that Rose's Niobium is properly Hatchett's Columbium, and that consequently the name Columbium should be given it. The true Tantalum of Berzelius is another metal. Hence, after Columbium, p. 184, the Symbol Cb should be written; and for Columbic acid ib. The atomic weight of Columbium is yet undetermined, though near that of Tantalum. COMPOSITION OF MINERALS. 187 As chemistry makes known a sulphuret of silver consisting of 1 of sulphur to 1 of silver, and also a sulphuret of antimony containing 3 of sulphur to 1 of antimony, the ingredients are regarded as thus combined in the compound. The 3Ag take 3S, making 3AgS, and leave 3S for the 1Sb to form 1(SbS'); so that Red Silver Ore is supposed to be represented by the formula 3AgS+SbSs; or Ag9 Sb, if the mark (i) be used, as is common, for Sulphur. 2. An analysis of Feldspar gives in 100 parts, Silica 64'78, Alumina 18'38, Potash 16'84. Now if we ascertain the proportion of oxygen in these constituents we learn the ratio of the constituents, since we. know that silica contains 3 of oxygen, alumina 3, and potash 1. From the above table we find that 100 of silica contain 52'98 of oxygen; consequently if 100 give 52'98, the amount in 64'78 parts will be found by multiplying 52'98 by 64'78, and dividing by 100; or what is equivalent, multiplying 0'5298 by 64'78. So in 100 parts of alumina the oxygen is 46'7; hence the oxygen in 18'38 parts of alumina will equal 18'38x46~7. 100. In this way we ascertain that 64'78 of silica contain 34-32 oxygen,) 12 18'38 of alumina'" 8'58 9 or, dividing each 3 byr, dividing each 16'84 of potash " 2'86 b the smallest, 1 Hence the amount of oxygen in the potash, alumina, and silica, is as: 3: 12. Now as each atom of silica contains 3 of oxygen, 12 atoms of oxygen correspond to 4 of silica: so also 3 of oxygen for the alumina %orrespond for a like reason to 1 of alumina; and 1 of oxygen for the potash to 1 atom of potash. - The compound therefore contains 4 parts of silica to 1 of alumina and 1 of potash. The next step in the usual method, is to determine how these constituents are combined; how much of the silica with the potash, and how much with the alumina. Reference is made to the possibility or probability of certain compounds, which Chemistry alone can teach; but aid is found in the principle, that the number of atoms of oxygen in each acid and base is usually some simple multiple, the one of the other. If in the above compound, 1 of silica be united with 1 of potash, the ratio alluded to is 1 to 3; and if the alumina be combined with the remaining 3 atoms of silica, the same ratio holds. This is the mode of combination commonly adopted; it is expressed in the following formula, the dots as explained, indicating the oxygen: The index 3 expresses the number of atoms of silica: had the 3 been written as a prefix, thus, Ail' i, it would have meant 3 atoms of a compound of silica and alumina. 188 cmEMICaL MINERALOGY. The formula might also be written with equal precision, and without dividing the silica between the bases, as follows: (k+Xl) Si4. In a similar manner, an analysis of Garnet affords the ratio of ingredients as follows: 3 of lime (83a), 1 of alumina (1;i1), 2 of silica (2Si), corresponding to the oxygen ratio 3: 3: 6 or 1: 1: 2. Apportioning the silica to the bases, we have the formula a3S'i+;ailSi, in which the oxygen ratio for each member is 1: 1. Idocrase and Meionite afford other simple examples. 3. In Feldspar, above cited, the protoxyd portion is often not potash alone, but part soda or lime. Again, in Garnet, the protoxyds, instead of being alllime, may be part magnesia, protoxyd of iron, &c. In each case, however, all the protoxyds added itogether, make up the'same specific number of atoms as if there were but one alone. So the peroxyd portion may not be all of it alumina, but part peroxyd of iron, the amount of this peroxyd of iron being just equivalent to the deficiency in the alumina; that is, an equivalent not in actual weight, but in atomic weight. In Garnet, as stated above, the oxygen ratio is 1: 1: 2; and whatever the peroxyds or protoxyds, the ratio still holds. Suppose an analysis of Garnet affords the percentage, Silica 39-6, alumina 22'5, lime 32'6, protoxyd of iron 5'3: we ascertain the oxygen in each constituent in the manner explained, (in the Silica, by multiplying 0'5298 by 39'6,-in the alumina, by multiplying 0'467 by 225, —in the lime by multiplying 0'2857 by 32'6,-in the protoxyd of iron by multiplying 0'2222 by 5 3); then on adding the oxygen of the protoxyd of iron to that of the lime, the amount just equals that of the alumina, as the oxygen ratio requires. Moreover the oxygen of all the protoxyds and peroxyds together equals the oxygen of the silica. As different protoxyds may thus replace one another, and as different peroxyds likewise admit of mutual replacement, it is common to write A as a general symbol for the protoxyds of a compound, and Ri for the peroxyds. It is also common to write the special symbols of the protoxyds which replace one another, in parentheses, with a comma between them. Thus in the Garnet referred to, in which lime and protoxyd of iron replace one another, the gen-,eral formula may be either 3'Si-;kl'Si;;or (Oa, e'e)'Si+;~'i. The proportions of the lime and protoxyd of iron are not here stated, but may be; if 1: 2, the formula becomes gain, the formula (a+, g), signifies that the compound is a _Again, the forrmula (0~, ~g)O, signifies that the compound is a COMPOSITION OF MINERALS. 189 carbonate of lime and magnesia, in definite or indefinite proportions; (15a+kig)d that the proportion is 1: 1; (2 Na+ 3g)o that the proportion is 2: 3, ] and q having this ratio, and together equaling a unit. Al is a general expression for a carbonate of any protoxyd. 4. The formula for Garnet,,g3i+AiSi, may also be written with equal precision as follows: (R3+-tAX1)Si, the ratio I: I: 2 being still retained, and the fact being also presented to the eye that the oxygen of all the oxyds is to that of the silica as 1: 1. In Gehlenite, another silicate of alumina and lime, the oxygen ratio is 3: 3: 4, which gives 6: 4 or 3: 2 for the ratio of the oxyds and silica, (that is, the oxygen of the silica is two thirds that of all the oxyds), while that of the protoxyds and peroxyds is 1: 1. The formula may hence be R3SiI+'Si-; or (R )i In the first of these formulas each of the two members has the same oxygen ratio 3: 2; in the second this ratio is also retained, and is more briefly expressed, without the hypothetical idea that the silica in the compound is divided off between the protoxyd and peroxyd bases. 5. To deduce the per-centage atomic relations from a formula, the process above described is reversed. For example: for feldspar we have 4 of silica, 1 of alumina, 1 of potash. In the preceding table the atomic weight of silica is 566'25, and four times this is 2265. Setting this down and the atomic weights of alumina and potash below it, and adding, we have 4 of Silica,. 2265 1 of Alumina,...... 642'5 1 of Potash, 588'86 Total atomic weight of the feldspar, 3496'36 Now if this amount (3496'36) of feldspar contains 2265 of silica, what will 100 parts contain? Hence, to obtain the per-centage, we divide the atomic weight of each constituent in succession by the sum of the whole, and this gives the per-centage relation for each; viz. Silica 64'78, alumina 18'38, potash 16'84. 2. Relations of Jiirnerals, as exhibited in the Principles of Isomorphism or Homceomorphism, and -Dimorphism. The principle has now been long established that analogous elements, bases, or acids, may replace one another in compounds, without an essential change in the crystalline form of the species. Mutual replacement of protoxyd of iron, protoxyd of manganese, lime, and magnesia, in garnet, has already been alluded to. Similarly arsenic and phosphoric acids may replace one another, and 190 cinmIan MINERALOGY. the crystallization remain unchanged, or with but a slight variation of angle. This capability of mutual replacement without change of form has been traced to a similarity of form in the replacing substances, and such substances are said to be isomorphou8, (from c~oo, equal, and Fhoppi, form), or homoeomorpkhous, (from toioo, similar, and poppn). Absolute identity of form between related species occurs only when the crystallization is monometric. In this system very wide variations in composition take place, through isomorphous substitutions, without the slightest change of angle. There is a balance of forces in these equiaxial forms which is not overcome even when the substitutions are such as would make a difference of two or three degrees in a rhombohedral form. Thus in Garnet, magnesium and calcium take one another's places with no change in the angle of the form, while the same substitution in a rhombohedral carbonate makes a difference of nearly two and a half degrees. The term Isomorpdism is hence strictly applicable only to monometric species, while Homwomorvphism is of general application. The more important isomorphous groups of elements, bases, and acids, as regards the constitution of minerals, are the following: 1. Oxygen, Fluorine. 2. Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine. 3. Sulphur, Selenium; Sulphuric and Selenic Acids, with also in part Tantalic, Columbic, Molybdic, and Tungstic Acids. 4. Chromic and Vanadic Acids. 5. Arsenic, Phosphorus, Antimony, Bismuth; Arsenic and Phosphoric Acids. 6. Titanium, Tin; Deutoxyd of Tin, and of Titanium. 7. The metals of the Hydrogen Group, (see beyond); their protoxyds; their sesquoxyds. In the Sulphurets, eu or 2Cu replaces lPb, iFe, &c. Homceomorphism, as Laurent has observed, is not confined to forms of the same system alone. Thus Orthoclase and Albite, one monoclinic and the other triclinic, are in fact homceomorphous; so also Natrolite and Scolecite; Epistilbite and Heulandite. The approximation of form between Idocrase and the monometric octahedron may be regarded as homceomorphism, as stated by Laurent; and still as the monometric species undergo the various isomorphous substitutions without a change of angle, it is a less satisfactory case than the others mentioned. The same element may crystallize in different systems, so that the two forms are unrelated. Carbon is an example, the diamond being one form, (monoclinic), and graphite another, (hexagonal). In physical characters, the two are different; both as to hardness, specific gravity, color, optical characters, and also chemical reactions to some extent. This property of presenting two independent forms is called diimorphiism, from dis, twice, and opo?, form. HOMCEOMORPHISMnm DIMORPHISM. 191 In some cases, the same substance has three independent forms. Thus carbonate of lime is sometimes rhombohedral, as in Calcite;.sometimes trimetric, as in Aragonite; sometimes monock7nic, as in Barytocalcite. This is an example of trimoiphism. R]tile, Brookite, and Anatase, are three forms of Titanic Acid. Garnet, Allanite, in part, and Biotite, are three forms of the same silicate. Carbon is regarded as actually trimorphous, the diamond and graphite, as just stated, being two forms or conditions, and charcoal the third condition. Two substances may be both homceomorphous and correspondingly dimorphous; and they are then described as isodimorphous. Thus both Titanic Acid and Oxyd of Tin are dimorphous, and they are homcuomorphous severally in each of the two forms. This is an example of isodimorphism. There are also cases of isotrimorphism. Thus there are the following related groups; the angle of the rhombohedral forms here given is b: R; of the trimetric and monoclinic, I: I: Rhombohedral. Trimetric. Monoclinie. RaO Calcite, 1050 5'. Aragonite, 116~ 10'. Barytocalcite, 950 8'. R9S IDreelite, 930-940~. Anglesite, 1030 38'. Glauberite, 830-830 20'. s'S+nRO Susannite, 940~. Leadhillite, 10o~16'. Lanarkite, 840~. Calcite, Aragonite, and Barytocalcite, are an undoubted case of trimorphism, the same compound (cd) occurring under these three forms. Dreelite, Anglesite, and Glauberite, constitute another like series, and moreover it is closely parallel in angle with the former. The difference. between the angle R: R of Calcite and Dreelite is near that between I: I of Anglesite and Arafgonite, and also that between I: I of Glauberite and Barytocalcite. In the third line we have the sulphato-carbonate Susannite near Dreelite in angle, Leadhillite (identical with Susannite in composition) near Anglesite, and Lanarkite, another Sulphato-carbonate, near Glauberite, forming thus a third parallel line. The sulphuric acid in these sulphatQ-carbonates dominates over the carbonic acid, and gives the form of the sulphates enumerated in the second line of the table. The known cases of dimorphism among the elements are the following: 1. The two forms monometric and hexagonal (R: R=_82~-88~).Arsenic, Antimony, Phosphorus, Bismuth, Palladium, Iridium, Iron (?), Copper, Carbon. 2. The two forms monometric and dimetric. —Tin. 3. The two forms trimotric and monoclinic.-Sulphur, Selenium. The homoeomorphous groups among minerals are numerous, and in many of them species very various in composition are included. 192 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. Before giving a list of them, the methods of comparison and evidence of true affinity or homology may be briefly reviewed. Molomeotric System.-In this system, as the dimensions are unvarying, the species fall into a single group, unless cleavage and hemihedrism are important distinctions. Cleavage is often of little importance. The two species Gray Copper and Tennantite, analogous in composition, have one, an octahedral, the other, a dodecahedral cleavage. Sylvine (chlorid of potassium) has a cubic cleavage, while the related compound, chlorid of ammonium, has an octahedral. YHemihedrism is often of value in marking off species. It is a remarkable fact that while the protoxyd of zinc is rhombohedral, like the peroxyd of iron and aluminium, and unlike other protoxyds, the sulphuret of zinc is tetrahedral, unlike most related protosulphurets. Again, the borates, Boracite and Rhodizite, are hemilledral; and so also are all minerals containing boracic acid, that crystallize in other systems, excepting those that are oblique in crystallization. On the other hand, the related compounds, FeS2 (pyrites), Co (S,As)2, and Co As2 differ, the first two being hemihedral, while the last is not so —indicating apparently that the sulphur here determines the hemihedral character. Dimetric and Trimetric Systegns. —In the dirnetric system, there are two square prisms to each form, one diagonal to the other, and the axial dimensions of a species will vary according as we assume one or the other to be the fundamental prism. This uncertainty is one to be set aside by the best means we may have, and to be admitted where analogies still leave it unremoved. The length of the vertical axis also varies directly according as one octahedral plane or another in a series is referred to the unit octahedron. There is often a number of planes, between which we may choose, one of which will give a vertical axis two or three times as long as another. IHere is a second source of doubt. The planes assumed as those of the unit octahedron by crystallographers, are ordinarily so assumed because they afford a simple view of the relations of the planes; and with no better evidence of correctness than this, they may lead to error, when we have in view a comparison of form between different species. Cleavage affords the best criterion with regard to the vertical prism, the cleavage prism being usually the true fundamental prism. But in some cases there are no vertical cleavages, and only basal or octahedral. An octahedral cleavage affords important evidence as to the fundamental octahedron, whenever it occurs. Frequency of occurrence of planes is another criterion, and one of some value in determining the true fundamental prism and the unit octahedron; yet it is often a false guide. A striking example of its want of value in another system, is seen in Calcite, the fundamental rhombohedron of which is of rare occurrence; also in Fluor, which is oftenest in cubes, although its cleavage is octahedral; —so also in Quartz, Tourmaline and other species, in which the fun HIOMCEOMORPHISM. 193 damental form is far less common than some of the secondary forms, if ever observed. Twimf-composi8dion parallel to an octahedron plane, is good evidence as to which is the true nnit-octahedron, since twills are formed, with rare exceptions, parallel to planes of unit or primary value I n the monometric system they occur only parallel to the three primary sectiomis-that is, parallel to a cubic face, an octahedral and a dodecahedral; and they are almost always parallel to corresponding sections in the dimetric system. Still the doubt may remain whether the plane of composition, if a unit plane, belongs to the fundamental or diagonal series; and it is possible that it may be some other than a unit plane. There is hence no criterion which is an unfailing reliance. All the several characteristics must be reviewed, and also the analogies with other species, in order to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion. In very many cases, we may make out a relation in the angles of the series of octahedral planes occurring in dinmetric species, when it is impossible to decide with certainty which plane in the series belongs to the unit-octahedron for the species. This serial relation is of the highest importance, and is independent of all the doubts above alluded to. It indicates a funidamental analogy between the species so related. Thus the table beyond shows that the'octahedron regarded as 1 in zircon and rutile, is identical nearly in angle with that considered I in Nagyagite; and if these two planes have this relation, then the plane 2 of the former and 1 of the latter will be likewise related; so that there is a serial relation between the forms of the species. Again, 1 in zircon is nearly identical in angle with the intermediate octahedron 2i of Scapolite and Mellilite. There is no valid reason for making this octahedron of scapolite one of the diagonal series; and none also for assuming it as 2i rather than ii or 4i, excepting the frequency of occurrence of the plane. This example and the further application of the same principle apparent in the table will suffice to illustrate what we mean by the serialc relation of forms. In ]Tirietrie forms, doubts are still more varied. It is first necessary to decide which is the true vertical axis, as either of the three axes may be made the vertical. The best evidence on this point, is that afforded by cleavage, the prism of most perfect cleavage being almost always parallel to the true vertical axis. The next point is to determine the unit vertical prism from which we may ascertain the relation of the lateral axes (b: c). This may be the cleavage prism just alluded to. Yet in some cases two species evidently closely related in form, have cleavage parallel to different prisms. In Augite, in the monoclinic system, cleavage is parallel to a prism of 8S~ 6', and in hornblende, closely honceomorphous with augite, it is parallel to a prism of 124~ 30'; the last has twice the breadth of the other,-a simple mathematical relation which proves an actual analogy of form 2o 194 CHEMICAl MINERALOGY. in the two species; and this is sustained by finding that all the planes of one may be very simply deduced from the type of the other. Another criterion is afforded by twin composition, on the principle already explained. Although as stated above, it is not always sure evidence, it is in very many cases of high authority. hSimilarity in modes of composition always suggests, if it does notj)rove, that species are related inform,, and that the pplanes of conq-)osition are homologous. Thus we have evidence in the twins parallel to a prism near 120~ in angle, of the relation which exists between Aragonite, Cerusite, Chrysoberyl, Copper Glance, etc.; and at the same time, of the wide discrepancy between Aragonite and Bournonite, and between Chrysolite and Chrysoberyl. The prism of Bournonite (115~ 58'), near the fundamental prism of Aragonite, is only a secondary prism (i); the twins of Bournonite are formed parallel to the true fundamental prism of the species, that of 930 40'. Chrysolite also affords no stellate twins like those of Chrysoberyl; the angle of its vertical prism is 94~ 3', and it belongs to a different zone from that of Chrysoberyli Chrysoberyl and Aragonite, on the contrary, are closely related; they have similar twins, anid the former has a brachydome of 1080 26', the latter of 1090 39/. Additional assistance, but of less certain value, may be had by reference to the frequency of occurrence of planes, or superior lustre or smoothness, and also by noting the resemblance in habit to species that are already well determined. After determining the true vertical axis and unit vertical prism, a unit dome or octahedron must next be ascertained, in order to fix the length of the vertical axis. Here twin composition, the frequency of occurrence of planes, and rarely cleavage, come in to afford help, yet only to afford presumptive, not demonstrative, evidlence. Analogies with other species chemically related, afford very essential aid, and should never be overlooked.?&otwithstanding the doubts that may remain, we may, as in the dimetric system, discover a serial relation in the angles, and this is sure evidence of a true mathematical relation between forms. If we cannot decide whether the form which crystallographers have made the unit octahedron is in fact. the true unit octahedron, we may discover that the angles of the forms i, 1, 2 or 2, are similar to a series in another species, and prove thus a true fundamental resemblance. Clinohedral Systems. In the.Monoclinie System the same difficulties exist. Of the three axes the vertical must lie in the clinodiagonal section, but it may have any position in this section. A crystal in this system is hence like a wheel, any spoke of which may be made the vertical one. When there is distinct cleavage parallel to a prism, the axis parallel to the faces of this cleavage prism may be regarded as the true vertical axis. But the top plane HOMCEOMORPHISM. 195 of this prism is yet to be assumed or ascertained: either by taking a plane of cleavage, when there is one; or one of twin-compositiorn; or one of mostfrequent occurrence; or one suggested by analogies with other species. The criterion appealed to by the crystallographer is usually, simplicity in calculation —one of some importance, but often misrepresenting the true relations of species. Rhombohedral System. The remarks on the Dimetric System apply in principle here. In this system, there are two hexagonal prisms to each species, one diagonal to the other, (one lettered I, the other i2); also two series of pyramids, one corresponding to each prism, (one lettered 1, 2, 3, &c., the other 12, 22, 32, &c.) Either series may be the fundamental series: and in a series of pyramids, there may be a choice between two or three of them as to the unit pyramid. Hence the angle of pyramid 1 in one species, may be near that assumed by the crystallographer as 2 in another, and which might as correctly be made 1. In the table beyond, such relations are seen in numerous cases. The serial relations in angle exhibited are devoid of hypothesis on this point. After the above explanations, the following tables are presented. In the Dimetric and Rhombohedral Systems, the accepted values of the planes are given, without conforming them to one or more types. In the Trimetric System, the related species for the different groups are reduced to a common type, and the values of the planes as adopted by the best authors, when not the same as taken in the table, are mentioned in parentheses. 1. MONOMETRIC SYSTEM. 1. Holohedral Forms.* Cleavr. Cleav. Amalgam, AgHg2 D. Red Copper, VuO 0. Galena, RS H! Melaconite, CuO Cuproplumbite, " H! Spinel, RRt H,O,tr. Erubescite, " O. Magnetite, " Manganblende, " D. Franklinite, " Silver glance, " H, D, tr. Chromic Iron, " Naumannite, RSe H I Arsenolite, AsOa 0. Clausthalite, " H. Senarmontite, SbO3 O. Altaite, RTe H. Fluor Spar, CaF O! Linneeite, CoSS4 H. Salt, RC1 1t. Skutterudite, CoAs'3. Sylvine, ". Smaltine, RAsa D, tr. Sal Ammoniac, " O. Chloanthite, " " Horn Silver, " Ullmannite, R(S, Sb, As)2 HI Bromic Silver, RBr Dufrenoysite, RS+iAs2SS. Embolite, R(C1, Br) H. Periclase, RO H. Perofskite, OCaTi H. * In this table H stands for Hexahedral or cubic; O for Octahedral; D for Dodecahedral. 196 CHEMICAL 312MINEIRALOGY. Cleav. Cleav. Pyrochlore, iR3Ta2 Ittnerite, (~tt-)Si4i+2- 2. Alum, (t -)'S4-H241[ O. Sodalite, " NaC1. Garnet, (P3,)Si D. Hauyne, ~" -}-,CaS. Leucite, ( R t)i3 ID. Nosean, — iaS. Analcime, " +21. 2. Ttcrahedral. Blende, Gray Copper. IHelvin, Tennantite. Tritomite, Eulytine. Boracite, Pharmacosiderite. Rhodizite, 3. Pyritohedrcal Pyrites, FeS'. Cobaltine, Co(S, As)2. Itauerite, MnS2. Gersdorffite, Ni(S, As)2. 2. DIMETRIC D HEXAGONAL SYSTEMS. In the Dimetric System, there are two grand groups, the first (Rutile Group) consisting of Sections I, II, III, and IV; and the second (Idocrase Group) of V and VI. The simple relation as to the vertical axis in the sections of each of these groups is obvious without further remark. In the first of these groups, the basal angle of the fundamental octahedron is near 90~ (40 to 7~ above it), and in the second near 1090 28'; or taking ii of Idocrase as 1, the basal angle is also near 90~, but 1~ to 60 less than 90~. In the hexagonal system, there are also several Sections, if we take the values of the vertical axis as usually deduced. But the second section becomes united to the first if we take the plane ~ as 1; and the IV, also, if we take * as 1, the ratios of the axes for the sections being of this simple kind. In Section V, an intermediaet pyramid is very near in angle a pyramid in each of the other sections. The basal angle of pyramid 1 in this section is near 90~, and henwe R: 1? in Calcite, &c., is near 105~, and to this angle many species approximate. In Section IV, the angle R2: _ is near 90~, but 1 to 6 degrees less than 90~. In Section III, the angle R: 2 is also near 900, but 2 to 5 degrees above it. There are close correspondences in angle between Hexagonal and Dimetric species, as the two tables exhibit to the eye; and they indicate a kind of Homceomorphism; for a like inclination of the base on a pyramidal plane is truer evidence of analogy or identity than equality in the calculated axes; it is a correct measure of the relations in the ellipsoidal molecules of the two forms. With equal axes in a Dimetric and Hexagonal form, the inclination of 0 on 1i in the former will equal O on 12 of the latter; but O on 1 in the two will diverge widely, because in one the lateral axes cross at 90~ and in the other at 60~; hence the unsatisfactory character of comparisons between the forms of the two systems made from the calculated axes. HOMMEOMORPHIS8M. 197 Dimetric System.* I. 0:1 0:2 0:3 Tin,.......... 151~ 241 1320 31'...... 1210 26' II. 0o2( 1 o' 0:O: 2 Zircon,............. 1480 52'............ 137~ 50' 1180 54' Rutile,.............................. 13'7~ 40' 1180 46' Cassiterite,'............ 136~ 26' 117~ 431 CGrstedite,.............. 138~ 2'. Edingtonite,......................... 136~ 20' III. 0: 2i 0: 4i Scapolite,....................... 1380.38' 119~ 36' Sarcolite,......................... 138~ 25' 119~ 24' Meionite,....................... 1380 43' 1190 40' Mellilite,............................. 137~ 43 1180 48' IV. o: o o. Apophyllite,........ 149~0 30............ 138~ 32f 119~ 30' Nagyagite,.................... 137~ 30' 118~ 37' Uranite,...................... 1370 27' 118~ 35' Anatase,.................... 138~ 23' 1190 22' Matlockite,........................... 138~ 37' 1190 34t Calomel,............................ 138~ 56' 119 51' Hausmannite,....................... 140~ 17' 121~ 3' Fanujsite,................................. 118~ 16' V. 0:li 0:1 Romeine,................. 1340 17' 124~ 35'........... Cerasine,.............. 132~ 40' 123~ 06' Chiolite,....................... 123 17............ Braunite,................. 1250 40'............ Idocrase..................... (2) 1230 27'............ Copper Pyrites,............ 135 25' 125 40............ a Tin Pyrites,........ Mellite............. (1)133~ 2'7' 1230 16'...... Gismondine,............. (1) 133~ 45'.............. VI. 0: 0: 1i Scheelite,............. 1330 38' 1230 59' Scheeletine,.............. 1320 5' 1220 33'...... Wulfenite..................... 1220 26'...... Fergusonite,................... 1240 20'............ * The angles given in the Dimetric System, are the inclinations of the basal plane O on the octahedral planes specified; and in the Hexagonal System, those of O on different pyramids specified, (or rhombohedrons). The isomorphous groups of species presented in this and the following tables, have to a large extent been made out by other authors. Von Kobell as early as 1831 showed the relations of.a large part of the dimetric species in principle as above presented. The alumina group fiirst indicated by Mitscherlich, was extended by Prof. G. Rose, who added the rhombohedral metals and Red Zinc Ore. Frankenheim and others have labored extensively in this department. e The relations of the groups to one another in these several tables were first presented as here given by the author in the Jour. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1854, vi, 37, and Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, 430, xviii, 35, and many additions to the groups were made by him at the same time, and to some extent in earlier papers. 198 CtIEMICAL MTINERALOGY. Iiexazona~ S1 stcyen. T. 0:1 0:2 0: 3 0:1!2 0:2-2 0:4-2 Coquimbite..... 1510 00'........ Beryl......... 1500 3' 1300 57' 120~ 3' 1530 29' 1350 4 1160 37 Pyrosmalite,..... 148 30' 1290 13' 118~ 33t 152~ 3' 133~ 18' 115~ 13' Eudialyte (R),... 148~ 38' 1290 21' 1180 40' 152~ 10' 1330 27' 1150 20' Dioptase (R),....148~ 38' 1290 21' 1180 40' 1520 10' 1330 27' 1150 20' II. 0 2e: A...: 2 0: 4-2 Apatite........1150~ 35-1 131~ 35' 1200 36'.... 1350 41' Levyne (R)..... 150 43' 1310 43 1200 44' 135~ 50.... Mimetene........0~ 130 53' 120~ 135~ 0' Pyromorphite,... 1500 27' 1310 26' [120~ 28'.... 1350 32' III. 0: 0:1 0 0:-/2 0:11 -2 0 0:2-2 Quartz (R)....... 147~0 35' 128~ 13' 11'7~ 42' 1510 12' 1320 17' 1140 27' Chabazite (R),... 1480 32' 1290 15' 1180 35' 1520 5' 1330 20' 1150 15' Dreelite (R),......1470........ Susannite (R),...147~0 26' 1280 03'. 1510 3' 1320' 1140 19' Cinnabar (R),....146~ 32'.127 06'. 1500 13' 1310 8' 113035~/ Zinc,............... 1260 57'..... IV. 0 3 0' 3 0:- 12 0 2-2 0 4-2 Corundum (R),.. 152~ 19' 1330 37' 1220 26' 1550 34t 137~ 441 1180 49' Specular Iron (R)..... 1220 30' 1550 37J' 137~0 49' 118~ 53' Ilmenite (R),......... 1220 30' 155 37' 1370 49' 118~ 53' Willemite (R),.... 1220 18' 155~ 27' 137~ 35' 1180 411' Phenacite (R),...... 123~ 16' 1560 15' 1380 39' 1190 36' Bismluth, (R),........... 1230 36' 156~ 31' 1390 1' 1190 55' Arsenic (),........ 122~ 9' 1550 20' 137~0 26' 1180 34' Antimony (R),....... 123~ 32' 1560 28' 1380 56' 119~ 51' Tellurium (R),....... 122~ 24' 1550 33 137~0 42' 1180 48' Iridosmine (R),...... 121~ 33' Tetradymite (R),..... 118~ 38' Red Zinc Ore,....... 1230 5' 1560 5' 1380 27' 1190 26' Copper Mica (R),. 124~ 9'.... Alunite (R).................... Brucite (R)......... 119........ V. 0: — 2 0 2 0:2-2 0: 0.1 0:2 Pyrrhotine,....1490 3'.... 190 53' 1530 20' 134~ 52' 116~ 28' Greenockite,............ 154 32' 1360 23' 117~ 42' Breithauptite......... 1530 38' 135~ 15' 1160 46' Copper Nickel,........... 154 41' 1360 35' 117~ 51' Iodid of Silver,.......... 154~ 49' 1360 46' 1180 Nepheline................. 1540~ 13' 1360 1170 221' Cancrinite,............ 154~ 7' 1350 52' 117~ 16' Parisite........... (') 1360 53' (1) 117 500 Tourmaline (R),.. 1490 10'........ 152 40 1340 3' 1150 49' Calcite (R)....... 150 20'........ 153~ 45' 1350 23"' 116 53' Dolomite (R),........ 154~ 20' 1360 8' 11710 28' Magnesite (R)........... 154 57'1 1360 56' 118~ 9' Spathic Iron (R),. 1.... 54~ 43' 1360 37' 1170 53' Smithsonite (R),.... 155~ 2' 1370 3' 118o 24' Diallogite(R),.... 154~ 37' 136~ 31j' 11~0 48' Pyrargyrite (R),......... 155 32' 137~0 42' 1180 47' Proustite (R),.......... 155~ 7' 1370 9' 1180 19' Levyne................ 136 1'.... Millerite (R).............. 142~ 44' HOMIEO0MORPHISM. 199 3. TRIMETRIC SYSTEM. The species of this system fall naturally into three or four great groups, differing in the angle of the unit vertical prism, (angle 7: 1), as follows: 1. Angle I: 1 from 90"~ to 95~. 2. Angle I: Inear 102~, or from 980 to 105~. 3. Angle I: Inear 1100~. 4. Angle I: Inear 120~. The species of the third group, by changing the position of the crystal, fall into the second group, and this may be their true place, although cleavage seems to indicate that the prism of 110~ is the true vertical plism. The species are inserted in the second group, and also stand as Table III by themselves. The angles mentioned in the Tables are the obtuse angle of the prism I: I, (column 1), and the angle at top of the unit macrodome and brachydome (1; and 1~). TABLE I. Angle of Vertical Prism I near 900. Vert Prism, Macrodome. Brachydome. Axes. _I__ _1: 1I 1. 1 1:1;: a: b: c Thomsonite,............ 900 40' 108~ 18' 1080 56' 0o'72253: 1: 1'0117 Mesotype............. 910 (2i)1080 46' (21)1090 42' 0'71644:1: 1'0176 Harmotome,........... 91 46' 1080 48' 110~ 26' 0'71626: 1: 1-0312 W6hlerite,............ 900 54' 108~ 2' 108~ 56' 0'7261 1: 1'01583 Polymignyte,.......... 910 44' 108~ 6' 109~ 46' 0'7252: 1 1'0308,E~schynite,............. 900 34' 1110 56' 1120 28' 0'675: 1: 101 Pyrolusite,............ 930 401 1040 22' (~~)107~ 54' 0-776: 1: 1'0661 Andalusite,........... 900 44' 1090 6' 109~ 50' 0'71198: 1: 1'0129 Lievrite,.............. () 91~ 32' 111~ 14' 1120 40' 0'68429: 1: 1 0271 Staurotide............ (1) 930 8'i (T)1080~ 12 1110 10' 0'72388: 1: 10561'7 Wavellite,............ () 900 34' (21)106~ 14' 1060 46' 07'5047: 1: 1 0099 Olivenite,.............. 92~ 30' 1080 28' 110 50' 0 72034: 1: 1'0446 Libethenite,............ 920 20' 1070 40' 1090 52'1 07311: 1: 1'0416 Caledonite,............ 950 (~m)1050 8' (~t)109~ 54' 0'76568: 1: 1'0913 Chondrodite,.......... 940 26' ()1060 52' ()1110 4' 0'74176: 1: 1'0805 Antimony Glance...... 900 451 (11)1090~ 26' (11)1100 8' 0'6901: 1: 1-0132 Do. do:. 90~ 45' (11) 880 (1H) 880 47' 1-0352 1: 1 0132 Polycrase,............. 950 (1i) 880 30' (1) 930 53' 1'02655: 1: 10913 II. Epsomite,............. 900 34' 1200 4' 1200 33' 0'57647: 1: 101 Zinc Vitriol,........... 900 42' 120~ 20' 1200 3' 0'5735: 1: 10123 Diaspore,............. 930 52' 1150 16' 1180 42' 063398: 1: 1'0699 G6thite............... 940 52' 1130 6' 117~ 30' 0'66063: 1: 1'0888 Polianite,............. 920 52' 115~' 26' 1180 0'6317: I: 10513 Euchroite,............ 920 8' 117~ 20' 1190 13' 0'6088: 1: 1-038 Topaz................. (1)930 8' (-)115~ 22' (~)1180 10' 0'63258: 1: 105617 Chrysolite,........... 940 3, (~)1150 36' (1)1190 12' 06297: 1: 10733 Triphyline............. 940 (~i)1180 27' (Az)1210 55' 0'59549: 1: 1'0724 Bournonite,.......... 930 40' ('i)115~ (.1)1180 14' 0-63745: 1: 1-0662 Do. (11) 92~ 34 (11) 96~ 12' 0'95618: 1: 1'0662? Warwickite,.........930-940................ Lanthanite........... 930 45,................ 200 CHEMICAL IINERALOGYo TABLE II. Angle of Vertical Prism I qeear 1020. Prism Dome Dome Axes I 13. 1. a: b: c. I. Valentinite.............. (~) 103~ 30' 58~ 17' 700 32' 17934: 1: 12683 Barytes,................ 1010 40' 63~ 40' 740 36' 1'6107: 1 1'2276 Ansglesite................ 103~ 38' 62~ 42, 750 29' 1-6415: 1: 1'2715 Leadhillite,............ 103~ 16' 60~ 20/ 72~ 34' 1'7205 1: 1 2632 Celestine................ 1040 2' 62~ 39/ /750 52' 1'6432: 1: 12807 Anhydrite,............. 102 56' 610 25' 72~ 38' 1-6836: 1: 1-2557 Tantalite,............... 101 32' (2) 64~ 7' (2) 740 58' 1'5967: 1: 1'2247 Glaserite,...... o.... 1040 52' 590 31' 730 14' 1/749: 1: 13 Thenardite.............. 103~ 26' 610 12' 730 42' 1'6900: 1: 1'267 Descloizite............. 1000 28' (23) 67~ 36' (23) 770 47' 1 494: 1: 12052 Mascagnine,............ 10'7 40' 650 52' 83~ 6' 1'5437: 1 1'3680 Atacamite............... 970 2' 670 40' 740 20' 1'491.9:: 1-1310 Marasite.............. 990 40' 6170 12' 760 24' 1'5049: 1: 11847 Sulphur................. 1010 58' (q-) 650 18' (3) 76~ 40' 1-5606: 1: 12342 S...... o........ " (1l) 46~ 16' (17) 505 36' 2'3408: 1: 12342 IT, Orpiment.............. 100 40' 730 83~ 30' 1-3511: 1: 1'2059 Dimorphine (I)........... 98~ 6' 750 40' 83~ 40' 1'28766: 1 1:1526 " (II).......... 1000 32' 740 2' 84~ 24' 1 3262: 1: 1'203 Mispickel................ 99~ 52' 720 58' 82~ 40' 1'3520: 1 ~ 11890 Aurotellurite............. 1010 26' 71~ 52' 83~ 6' 1-3797: 1 1-2235 Epistilbite............... () 100~ 58t ( 7t) 70~ 50' (~ ) 81~ 30' 1-4063 1: 1-2121 Childrenite,......... 1040 141' 730 87~ 14' 1-3514; 1: 1-2853 Prehnite............. 990 56' (27) 89~ 451 990 411 1-0044: 1: 11904 Columbite,.............. 1000 40 860 45' 97~ 28' 10584: 1:1'2059 Wolfram,.. 1010 5' 880 6' 990 13' 1-0337: 1: 1-2149 Mengite,................ 1000 28' 87~0 24 97~0 54' 1'0463: 1: 1'2071 Brookit,............... 1000 830 14' 930 16' 11260: 1: 1'1918 Scorodite............ 98 2' 84 40' 92~ 43' 1'0977: 1 11151 Hopeite,. 101o 86~ 38' 97~ 40' 1'0607:1 1:2131 Struvite,*.......... 101~ 421 850 4' 96~ 50' 1'0900: 1: 12283............... s ( )620 54' (3 ) 730 50, 16350 1: 112283 IV. Manganite............... 990 40' 1140 19' 1220 50' 0'6455: 1' 1'1847 Calamine,................ 103~ 541 116~ 39' 128~ 26' 0'6170: 12: 12776 IHaidingerite........... 1000 1180 32' 126~0 58' 05945: 1: 1'1918 Brochantite,............ 1040 10' (23)114~ 29' 1260 41' 0'6434: 1: 12838 Cotunnite............... 990 46' 118~ 28' 126~ 44' 0'5953: 1: 11868. Mendipite,......... 102~ 36' X: 1 12482? Jamesonite....... 101~ 20' x: 1 2203 * Taking -2 as 13, then the dimensions of Struvite are near those of Barytes. HOMCEOMORPHISM. 201 TABLE III. Angle of Vertical Prism, near 1090 28'. Prism Dome Dome Axes. 1I. 1{, aa: b: c. Marcasite............... 106 5' 640 52' 800 20' 15'737: 1 1'3287 Mispickel............... 1110 53! 590 14' 800 8'0 17588 1:'41793 Leucopyrite,.............. 1110 30' Aurotellurite,........... 1100~ 48' (2) 580 52' (2)780 34' 1'7723: 1 1'4496 TABLE IV. Angle of Vertical Prism, near 1200 (115?0-1200). Prism Dome Dome Axes.I. 1_, 11. c: b: a. Sternbergite,............. 1190 30' 690 38' 1000 2' 1'4379: 1: 17147 II. Aragonite............... 1160 10' 810 40' 1080 26' 1'1571:1: 1'6055 Cerusite,................ 1170 13' 800 19' 1080 16' 1'1852:1: 163888 Witherite,............ 1180 30' 1770 30' 1060 64' 1'2460: 1: 16808 Bromlite................ 118~ 50' 77~ 18' 1070~ 5 112504: 1: 1-6920 Stephanite,............. 1150 39' 85~ 5' 1110 8' 1'0897:1:1'5844 Nitre................. 118~ 50' 800 16' 1090 57' 1'1861: 1: 1 692 Chrysoberyl............ 1190 46' (-3 ) 78~ 54' (3) 1090 38' 1-2152: 1: 1-4239 Discrasite,.............. 1190 69' 2 810 22' 1120 12' 1'1633: 1:1'7315 Copper Glance........ 1190 35' (b!) 830 56' 1140 10' 1'1117: 1: 1'7176 III. Herderite,.............. 1150 53' 1110 421 1350 58' 0'6783: 1: 1'5971 IV. Iolite.................. 1190 10' 940 1210 38' 0'9325:1: 1'7033 Mica.................... 1190-1200 In Table I, of the Trimetric System, there are two sections; 1, having the domes near 109~ 28', the angle of the regular octahedron; 2, having the domes near 120~, the angle of a dodecahedron. In the first, the axes have approximately the ratio 1: V2: V2; in the second, the ratio 1: V3 v /3. The former is almost exactly true of Andalusite, and the latter of Epsomite and Zinc Vitriol, (Goslarite). For many of the species, the domes 2! and 2~ might with as good reason be made the unit domes; and in that case, the summit angle would be near 700 32', (the supplement of 109~ 28')' 26 202 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. which is the angle over the apex, in the regular octahedron. It is impnortant to observe that the regular octahedron is represented by these united domes or the rectangular octahedron, and not by the rhombic octahedron of these trimetric species, and hence the axes of this rectangular octahedron (and not those of the rhombic, or the crystallographic axes) are homologous with those of the regular octahedron. Antimony Glance is an exception to this remark, and probably also Bournonite and Polycrase. The relation of Topaz to Andalusite in form and formula, indicates the homeomorphism of oxygen and fluorine. At the same time the divergence in the angle of the domes shows the distinctive influence of fluorine; and the same is seen in the relations of Chondrodite and Chrysolite, or in the unlike angles of the three types of Chondrodite alone. In Table II, section I has the macrodome near 60~ and the brachydome near 700 32', both monomretric angles, acnd these angles necessarily require that the vertical prismn should be near 10 34' in acngyle; and hence thefrequgency of angles near this. In Valentinite the brachydome has exactly the angle 70~ 32', and the axes have nearly the typical value 1 ~ V/: Vi. Section II has the macrodome of 70~ to 750 or near the brachydome of section I. Section III has the macrodome of 830 to 90~, or near the brachydome of section II, and 90~ is nearly a mean between the macrodome and brachydome. In section IV, the macrodome is between 1140 and 120' in angle, and 1200 is nearly a mean between the two dones. The vertical axis in section III is two-thirds that of section I; and taking a- as 1i, the two groups would coalesce. We hence perceive that: in the change that takes place in a case of dimorphism from the monometric to these trimetric forms, the characteristics of the monometric system are still to a considerable extent retained. In Table IV, Section I has the angle of the macrodome near T70 32'; II, brachydome near 1090 28'; III, macrodome near 1090 28'; IV, brachydome near 120~. By a change of position, making one or the other of the lateral axes the vertical axis, many of the species might be referred to Table IV. Although the cleavage is opposed to this change, it is of interest to view the species in this way, in order to apprehend more fully all the relations of the forms. Hausmann has thus compared the anhydrous sulphates and carbonates. The following Table (IV A) contains the species of the Tables I to III, which admit of this change; and~ in the first column, the particular dome is mentioned which is here made the vertical prism. IIn the followings and preceding tables, the only changes from the fimudamental forms adopted by other authors,* are such as de*'The fundamental forms adopted through the Descriptive part of this work, are made to correspond with these tables,: when there was no doubt as to the propriety of it; in other cases they stand as given by the best authors. HOM(EOMORPHISM. 203 pend on the simple ratios 1: 2 and 2: 3. The general principle is everywhere illustrated, that species may be homceomorphous and still vary by the simple ratios 1: 2 or 2: 3; a fact which has been illustrated by reference to anugite and hornblende, and is also exemplified in the case of Andalusite, Topaz and Staurotide, and in other species. TABLE IV. A. Prism Dome Dome From Table I. Chrysolite,................... 1 1150 36' 600 48' 850 57/ Do..7.............. 1 1190 12' 640 24' 940 3' Triphyline...................... 1 1180 27' 58~ 5' 860 Do................. 17 1210 55' 610 33' 940 Epsomite,..................... 17 1200 4' 590 27' 890 26' DO..................... 17 120~ 33/ 590 56' 900 34' Diaspore.................... 1i 1150 16' 610 18' 86~ 8' Do..............1...7.... 1 1180 42' 64~0 44' 930 52' Gbthite,...................... 1 1130 6' 620 30' 85~ 8' Do................... 1 117~ 30' 660 54' 940 52' Polianite,....1..... 1150 26' 620 870 8' Do.................... 1 1180 640 34' 920 52' Euchroite,..................... 1 117 20' 600 47' 87~ 52' Do..................... 17 1190 13' 620 40' 920 S1 Topaz,.................... 1i (1) 1150 22' 610 60' 860 52' Do.................... 1 () 1180 10' 64~ 38' 930 8S Bournonite,.............. 1 (j) 1150 61C 46' 860 20' Do.......(............. 1 ( 1180 14' 65~ 930 40' From Table II. Valentinite,.U.....1... 1200 56' 77 24' 1090 28' Barytes...................... 17i 1160 20' 780 20' 1050 24' Anglesite.................. 1.... 1 1170 18' 760 22' 104~ 31' Leadhillite,................... 1 119~ 40' 76~ 44' 107~ 26' Celestine.................... 17, 117~ 21' 750 58' 104o 8' Arihydrite................1..... 1180 35' 770 4' 1070 22' Tantalite................... 1.. 1150 53' 780 28' 1050 2' Mascagnine,......1........ 1 1140 85 720 20' 960 52' Sulphur................. (i) 114~ 42' 780 2' 1030 20' Manganite,...... 1 1140 19' 570 10' 80~ 20' Calamine,...................... 1 1160 39' 510 34 660~- 6' Haidingerite.................. i 1180 32' 530 2' 800 Brochantite,..........,..... 1140 29' 530 19' 750 50' Cotunnite,.................... 1180 28' 530 16' 800 14' From Table III. Marcasite..................... II 1150 8' 730 55' 990 40' Mispickel..................... I. 1 1200 45' 680 7/ 990 2' Ausotellurite................. l1 1210 8' 690 12' 1010 26t' The angle of Andalusite is 900 4V'; of Staurtotide 1290~ 20'; while Topaz gives two prisms, one of:860 52: and 930~ 8', and one of 124 19'. — The relation of the forms of Andalusite and Staurotide is as 1: 2, (for the axes b, c); while the two prisms in Topaz have the:same relation, and either, with almostequal reason, might be made the fundamental prism. The prism i2 of Staurotide is 930 8' in angle, as 204 CHEMICAL MIERALOGY. 4. MONOCLINIc SYSTEM.-TRICLINIC SYSTEM. Among the minerals of the Monoclinic system, several prominent homoeomorphous groups may be pointed out. 1. Pyroxene Group. —I: 1=850 to 88~. Borax, a'B2'+10. Hornblende, 44'SiS —RSi9. Glauber Salt, Sa' S+10. Acmite, (R+)1i3-=(A3, -)Si4.2 Hydromagnesite, ig403+4.-4 Laumontite, (9l, A1)'Si2+22. Pyroxene, R3 Si2. Leonhardite? see vol. ii, p. 308. Rhodonite, rn Si'. Pectolite, ( 4s, t)'i 4+Aq. Wollastonite, Ca'Si2. Caporcianite? Spodumene, (t.3, I) Si'. Okenite? see vol. ii, p. 306. 2. AMronazite Group. —I: I=91-95j~ Monazite, 1VP;. Lazulite. Crocoisite, Pb Cr. Wagnerite. 3. Euclase Group. —I: I=nearly 1150~. Euclase, (Al, Be)'ib. Datholite, (3,, 3) Si. Sphene, (0at-Ti)'Si —=(R)'i0. Barytocalcite,: C. Zoisite. 4. Heulandite Group. Eeulandite, ( _tJl)Si4~ 5A. Stilbite, (1+-i3l)Si4+- 61 Brewsterite. " Gypsum, Ca'S+2f. Other groups are mentioned in the Descriptive part of this work. In the Triclinic System, the feldspars (exclusive of orthoclase) make a natural group, having I: P' nearly 1200, and characterized by a basal and clinodiagonal cleavage. Orthoclase is properly of the same homceomorphous group, although Monoclinic (or more probably Diclinic.) In the discovery of the first facts in Isomorphism, the grand principle was announced by Mitscherlich, that analogous compounds of related elements were alike in crystallization, and the converse proposition was deduced, that similarity of form was evidence of similar or analogous composition. Dr. H. iKopp, in pursuing this subject, observed that such homceomorphous compounds were closely similar in atomic volume, and he obtained the following results for the carbonates: in Table I, and this although not an observed prism, may be made the fundamental prism, as the mere frequency of occurrence of a form (that having the angle 1290 20' in Staurotide) is not necessarily proof of its being the fundamental form. But the plains of twin composition have complex expressions with either of these fundamental forms, and become simple (1, and It) only when the larger lateral axis is made two-thirds the usual length, in which case the prism is 1090 20'. HoazcEOMOIRPIISM. 205 Atomic volume. Axis a. Angle. Carbonate of zinc, 175'33 0'807 107~ 40' Carbonate of magnesia, 181'25 0'812 1070 25' Mesitine, 186'26 0.815 1070 14' Carbonate of iron, 188'50 0'819 107~0 Carbonate of manganese, 202'29 0-822 106~ 51' Dolomite, 202'36 0 83;3 1060 15' Calcite, 231'20 0'854 105~0 05' This table, which contains also the length of the vertical axis, (axis a), and the angle of the rhombohedron of each of these minerals, illustrates the interesting principle which he next deduces, that the axis increases, in this series, or the angle diminishes, as the atomic volume increases. Subsequent investigation showed that there may be resemblances of form among unrelated compounds. A simple multiple relation in the atomic volume was to some extent detected in such species, and this fact was regarded as the true explanation of the identity of forms. The author obtained simpler results by reducing the aggregate atomic volume of the bompounds to a unit value by dividing by the number of atoms in the compound.* The following are examples of the atomic volumes thus obtained. 1. Borax 46'38, Pyroxene 46-1-48-8, Glauber Salt 49'6, Spodumene 43'44, Hornblende 48-2 —48'6, Acmite 48-33. 2. Scapolite 51'6, Meionite 55'65, Dipyre 55'21. 3. Epidote 45-28, Orthite of the Ural 48'025, Orthite of HEitteroe 48'43. 4. Calcite 46'24, Dolomite 40'47, Spathic iron 37'70, Carbonate of zinc 35'07, Chrysoberyl, 37'15. 5. Quartz 54, Chabazite 51 5. 6. Andalusite 41'94, Topaz 42'6. 7. Feldspar family:-1. 2Monoclinic: Orthoclase 60'4; 2, Triclinic:!Albite 55-67, Andesite 55, Labradorite 53'0, Oligoclase 54-64, Anorthite 52855; 3. Monometric: Leucite 63-08. The serial relation of the rhombohedral and trimetric carbonates was pointed out in the same paper, as follows: The upper range of figures pertain to the rhombohedral species, and the lower to the trimetric. Calcite is the only one certainly known to be dimorphous. Zn g Pea Nina a b Srb:l 3ad 107~' 40' 107~ 25' 107~ 0' 1060 51' 1050 15' 35'07 36-25 37 70 40 46 46 24 43 50-6 50 54 57 3 116~ 10' 1170 13' 117~ 19' 118~ 30' These, in each series, are acknowledged isomorphs, according to the old principle. Yet the range of numbers is wide. From the tables on the preceding pages the subject of Isomorphism has a still wider extension. Some modification of earlier views are required, as was long since urged by von IKobell (1832.) * See Am. J. Sci. [2], ix. 1850, xii, 204. 206 CemrMICAL MNEERALOGY. It is still true that similarity or analogy of composition may be exhibited in similarity of crystallization; and when forms are similar and composition is analogous, homceomorphism is evidence of a homceomorphism in the constituents of the compound. Thus the similarity of form between Tantalite and Heavy spar is evidence that tantalic and sulphuric acids are homceomorphous. But it is also evident that similarity of form may be independent of relations in composition, and result from a certain mathematical dependence of the prismatic forms on the monometric. The elements are mostly monometric in one state or another; and as the prismatic forms are derived from these elements, and often have a monometric form as one of their dimorphous states, the retained impress of the mdnometric forms, found in the angles of the domes, determines the prismatic angles, and leads often to identity of form when there is no analogy either in the nature of the elements or their proportions in the compound. Among the striking cases of homceomorphism with unlike constitution, are the following: one group includes Sulphur, the Anhydrous sulphates Rg, Marcasite Fe S2, Descloizite Pb2V. Another includes Childrenite a phosphate, Epistilbite a silicate, Orpiment As2 8S, Mispickel Fe (S, As)', Aurotellurite (Ag, Au) Te'. Another contains Tourmaline a silicate, Nitratine a nitrate, Pyrargyrite a sulphuret, the Anhydrous Carbonates, Iodic silver. Again, along with arsenic and some other metals, there are protoxyds, as protoxyd of zinc, many peroxyds, (as of iron, &c.) and Willemite, a silicate of zinc. The tables are made up of similar examples. In many cases of homceomorphous compounds which are apparentlv dissimilar in composition, a resemblance may hereafter be detected when the true relations of the constituents are better understood. Hermann has discussed the varying composition of Scapolite, Epidote, Tourmaline, and other species, and explains it by supposing the mineral to include two silicates which are mutually replaceable. Thus for the Scapolite group, these silicates or "heteromerous molecules" are a, A9:i+{'S2i, — b, k~i-'+0i, Meionite=a; Edingtonite, which he refers to the group,=a-+12 fr; Wernerite, one variety a-+b; another variety a+2b; a third a —6b; a fourth, a+12b; a fifth,=b. This mode of explaining the facts is but partial in its bearing, and tends to give increased complexity to the subject, by multiplying points demanding explanation. Scheerer endeavors to explain the relations of various magnesian species, hydrous and anhydrous, on the hypothesis that three parts or atoms of water may replace one of magnesia, and that three of alumina may replace two of silica. He thus reduces Talc, IOMCEOMORPoHISM. 207 Steatite, and certain other magnesian silicates, to the hornblende type; and another set of related species to the augite type; and still a third group to the type'gi. But the so-called species referred to are for the most part uncrystallized, and therefore not well adapted to settle questions in this department. Others have met some of the difficulties by the view that protoxyds and peroxyds may replace one another, in the proportion of.the oxygen they contain. It is found in Epidote and Idoecrase, that while the protoxyds and peroxyds vary in their oxygen proportions, the ratio of the sum of the two to'the silica is constant. Now a fact that is thus a constant one for a species is a fundamental fact of the profoundest signification; and there is hence the best reason to accept of the oxygen ratio between the oxygen of all the bases (protoxyds and peroxyds) and the silica as the essential characteristic of the species. The oxygen ratio of the protoxyds and peroxyds may still be in general a simple ratio, and this is probably true for the species mentioned, the two prevalent ratios being 1: 2 and 3: 2.' This relation may be expressed in the formula in the manner already explained, (p. 189), making 3g replace M; thus the general formula (1), and two special formulas (2), (3), of idocrase, are,(~.) (3 ), (2.) R-a)+g,'8i (3.) (3ft+;5)'i. In Tourmaline, as Rammelsberg has shown, there are five varieties, differing widely in the oxygen ratios of the protoxyds, peroxyds, boracic acid, and silica, and varying nearly indefinitely for the boracic acid,-the ratios for the protoxyds, peroxyds and boracic acid lying between 1: 3: 1 and 1: 14: 3. Yet there is the constant ratio 4: 3 between the oxygen of all the oxyds, including the boracic acid, and that of the silica. This ratio of 4: 3 is consequently the characteristic of the species. Disregarding this fact, and making the boracic acid replace silica, we obtain no common type of formula for the species; Rammelsberg's formulas being (1.) R i'Si23-S' i (2.) +Si2-4g'Si, (8.) 3i2-+6'Si, (4.) k'Si+-gSi, (5.) gSi+-4gSi. But recognizing the true bearing of this ratio, we are compelled to place the boracic acid with the bases, and make it, on the principle stated, replace the other oxyds. The general formula is then (R3 R, P) SiJ in which g, -R, 1, vary between 1: 3: 1 and 1: 14: 3.t Thus the mode of making the oxyds replace one another in the proportion of the oxygen they contain appears to exhibit the true simplicity of nature. * The whole oxygen ratio for RX, t, Si in Idocrase, is 1: 1: 2, for one variety, and I:: 11 (or 3: 2: 5) for the other. Adding the first two terms, we have 1: 1 for the ratio of the oxygen of the bases and silica in'each. t See further under Tourmaline, vol. ii, p. 271. 208 cEMIAiL MTNERAOGY. The correctness of this application of the principle alluded to, is proved by the remarkable isodimorphism of Tourmaline and Calcite.?: R in these species is respectively 103~ and 105~. Now Calcite and Barytocalcite are dimorphous, and related carbonates. Moreover Barytocalcite and Euclase are quite nearly related in form.* Therefore Tourmaline and Euclase are dimorphous. Moreover, since the accepted formula of Euclase is (~'~it, Tourmaline and Euclase have on the ground taken, and no other, analogous formulas. Another example illustrating the fact that Ai and R replace one another, is afforded by Spodumene and Augite. The crystallization of these species is the same, and the resemblance is so close, that G. Rose, in his recent classification, places them together, although this does not correspond with the principles of his system. The augite oxygen ratio for the protoxyds and silica is 1: 2. Spodumnene contains peroxyds, with the oxygen ratio 1: 4: 10. Addirng the 1 and 4, we have 1+4: 10 or I: 2, the true augite ratio, and thus the species are reduced to the common type.'The formulas of the two species are therefore:ii Augite, R3'Si2; Spodumene, (R3,o)Si2, or exactly (1 R3+ #)S1i, the oxygen ratio of the oxyds in Spodumene being 1: 4. Again, this principle brings together the homceomorphous species Zircon and Meionite, in which the ratio is 1: 1; so also Willemite and Phenacite, which, with the same ratio 1: 1, are nearly alike in rhombohedral form and angle; so also Danburite and Axinite, both of which are triclinic. The fact that the protoxyds and peroxyds are thus mutually replaceable is further shown by the crystallization of the oxyds themselves. The protoxyd of zinc is well known to be isomorphous, in many species with the protoxyd bases; yet it crystallizes in hexagonal forms, with the angles of alumina and other peroxyds. And hence it should also be ca-pable of replacing peroxyds, and not only should this be true of protoxyd of zinc, but also of the other protoxyds by which zinc is replaceable. The protoxyds may exist apparently in two states, in one of which they replace protoxyds, in the other peroxyds. The peroxyd of iron is also supposed to crystallize in octahedrons in martite, and if this be sustained, the argument is double-headed; for we then not only have protoxyds with the hexagonal form of peroxyds, but peroxyds with the monometric form of protoxyds. The principle is sustained again by another well-known fact, that the peroxyds and protoxyds combine together and form monometric species, as in magnetite, spinel, etc.t * See paper by the author, Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, p. 216. t There are many examples showing that the rhombohedron of 840 to 880, and a monometric form are related as the two forms of a dimorph, and that there is thus a mutual dependence. Arsenic, Antimony, Palladium, present both forms, proving HOMEOIMORPlSM. 209 Many deductions bearing on the principles of Chemistry might be deduced from the facts that have been presented,* and large citations might be made from various authors. But the discussion has proceeded far enough to exhibit the bearing of the subject on% the classification of minerals. The arrangement which is explained beyond, is a systematic view of the hornceomorphous groups of species under the several grand divisions; and the parallel groups in the same division, which are analogous in composition, are examples of dimorphism-or, to use the more general term, of pleomorphism. Cause of Dimworphism.-The occurrence of one of two forms of a dimorphous substance rather than the other, has been shown by Mlitscherlich, Rose, and others, to result in many instances from the different temperatures attending crystallization. When a right rhombic prism of sulphate of zinc is heated to 126~ F., certain points in its surface become opaque, and from these points bunches of crystals shoot forth, in the interior of the specimen; and in a short time the whole is converted into an aggregate of these crystals diverging from several centres on the surface of the original crystal. The small crystals, thus formed at 126~ F., are oblique rhombic prisms; and the same form may be obtained by evaporating a solution, at this temperature, or above it. Sulphur crystallizes from fusion in oblique rhombic prisms, while the common form obtained by evaporation is a rhombic octahedron. - Rose has obtained crystals of aragonite by evaporating a solution of carbonate of lime to dryness by means of a water bath, and crystals of cale spar by permitting the solution to evaporate in an open vessel at the ordinary temperature. The crystals of aragonite were minute six-sided prisms and double six-sided pyramids. They change to rhombohedrons of calc spar if left moist; but if washed and dried at once, they remain permanent. By exposing aragonite to a low temperature, the crystal falls to pieces, in consequence of the change to cale spar which takes place; or if the prisms hold together, they consist, after the change, of an aggregate of minute particles of cale spar.t Artificial aragonite has been observed in the interior of a copper boiler used to supply hot water for household purposes at Port Eliot, Cornwall. The crystals were minute six-sided prisms, and were atthis correlation. The oxyds come under this system, the peroxyds presenting usually this rhombohedron, but sometimes its correlate; the protoxyds usually the monometric form, but sometimes the rhombohedral. * We call attention to one point, the close homceomorphous relations of Sulphur, prismatic sulphuret of iron, (Marcasite Fe S2), and the anhpydrous sulphates, tabl, 2, p. 200; and of Orpiment As2 S3, and mispickel Fe, (S, As)2. In the former grou,), the sway of the Sulphur is seen; in the latter, that of the Arsenic. The same dominant sulphur influence is seen in the Sulphato-carbonates, Susannite having the form of Dreelite, (a sulphate), and Leadhillite the form nearly of Anglesite. f Rose, Lond. and Ed. Phil. Mag. [3], xii, 465. 27 210 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. tached at base to the surface supporting them.* DBreithaupt has described a carbonate of lime from a greenstone rock near Zwickau, which consists of alternations of layers of aragonite and calc spar; and he suggests that one may be a winter, the other a sulmmer deposit.t Temperature appears to be a prominent cause. Yet it is probable that the nature of the solvent, or the presence of some accidental ingredient in the solution, may have some effect in changing the molecules; but in general the only effect of these causes is to produce secondary planes. Rose did not succeed in obtaining aragonite crystals by mixing a strontian salt with the solution of lime, and shows that the strontia in arragonite does not alone produce the rhombic form. The presence of one base in place of another isomorphous with it, often decides the form, as with the soda in albite and potash in orthoclase, the latter causing a monoclinic form, the former a triclinic in a compound otherwise identically the same. II. CHEMICAL EXAMINITATION OF MINERALS. The chemical properties of minerals are ascertained (1) by the action of acids and other re-agents; 2, by heat, concentrated by means of the blowpipe, assisted by various chemical re-agents; 3, by chemical analysis. This subject, especially the last division of it, falls into the department of chemistry. Only the more ordinary chemical and blowpipe tests are here mentioned. I. CHEMICAL TESTS. The simplest use of acids consists in the detection of a volatile inuredienlt expelled by them. A carbonate is thus distinguished. The acids ordinarily employed are the sulphuric, muriatic, and nitric, and they are commonly diluted with one-half water. Carbonate of lime, when dropped into either of these acids diluted, gives off bubbles of gas, an effect called effervescence. Some carbonates require the addition of heat. Before making this trial it should be observed that the mineral is quite pure, as a carbonate in seams or fissures might give a fallacious result. Another gas of a pungent odor is obtained when common salt is subjected to the action of sulphuric acid; and another of acrid character when copper and some other metals are acted on by nitric acid. In such examinations with acids it is important to observe the odor of the escaping gas-whether very suffocating and disagreea* Lond. and Ed. Phil. Mag. [3], xii, 330, 1841. f Pogg. li, 506, 1840. CHEMICAL TESTS. 211 ble, or merely pungent; also, its color, And the color of the solution. In many instances, solution is obtained without effervescence; and often a mineral is but partly soluble, and the insoluble part is thrown down in the state of a powder; frequently, it may be insoluble in cold, but soluble in hot acid. The fumes given off will sometimes redden paper tinged blue with litmus or cabbage liquor, owing to their acid character; others will blacken paper that is charged with acetate of lead, because of the sulphur they contain. Others, again, will discharge the color of brazilwood in paper, a property of hydrofluoric acid, which acid, when driven off from a mineral by strong sulphuric acid, will also corrode glass placed over it. Another effect of the action of acids is the formation of a jelly. To accomplish this, the finely pulverized mineral is thrown into a strong acid, and a gentle heat applied. After a short time, as the solution cools, it gelatinizes; or in other cases, partial evaporation is necessary before the jelly appears. In a few instances, a jelly may be formed with cold acid. By heating the mineral, this property is often destroyed; but occasionally it takes place, with equal facility, before and after heating, and sometimes not at all until after heating. The minerals that gelatinize in this manner are silicates; it arises from the separation of the silica in a gelatinous state. The following are some of the more common chemical re-actions: a. Ccarbonctes.- Effervesce with dilute muriatic acid, yielding a colorless inodorous gas, which gives a white precipitate when passed into lime water. The fumes slightly redden moist litmus paper and heat restores the blue color. b. &tlphactes.-No effervescence with acids. When in solution, they give with barytic water a white precipitate not soluble in water, or the muriatic, nitric, or sulphuric acids. c. lVitrates.-With strong sulphuric acid give white corrosive vapors of nitric acid. With heated muriatic acid yield an acid that dissolves gold, becoming at the same time yellow. d. Phosphates.-Well dried and heated in a glass tube with potassiurnm, give a phosphuret, which in water produces phosphuretted hydrogen, a gas which inflames on coming into the atmosphere, and has a garlic odor. The phosphates generally dissolve unchanged in muriatic and nitric acids. In sulphuric acid they are for the most part decomposed-forming double salts. With nitrate of silver the soluble phosphates, or neutral nitric solutions of the insoluble, produce a characteristic yellow precipitate of phosphate of silver. When molybdate of ammonia is added to a solution of any phosphate, and then muriatic or nitric acid in excess, a yellow color soon appears, and after a while a yellow precipitate is thrown down. e. Fluorids.-If a pulverized fluorid be subjected to the action ot strong sulphuric acid, in a platinum crucible, and heat be applied, 212 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. fumes will be given off which will corrode a plate of glass placed over the crucible. f. Chlorids.-In solution afford with nitrate or silver a white curdy precipitate, which darkens and becomes violet on exposure, is not soluble in water, hardly so in acids, and wholly in ammonia. Any chlorid heated in sulphuric acid yields muriatic acid, which acts as just stated with nitrate of silver; or heated with oxyd of manganese, affords chlorine. g. Silicates. —Fuse in a silver crucible with three or four times their weight of caustic potassa or soda, yielding a silicate soluble in water, which gives with an acid a precipitate (silica) that dries to a white, insoluble powder, harsh to the touch. Many silicates gelatinize with acids, as already stated. They dissolve with effervescence in strong fluohydric acid. h. Borates.-If a borate in powder is heated with sulphuric acid, and.alcohol is then added, the flame will have a green color, especially on the edges. i. Salts of Lime. —In solution, even if dilute, give with oxalic acid or oxalate of ammonia a white precipitate insoluble in water or acetic acid, but very soluble in either of the stronger acids. Ak. Compounds of Iron. Protoxyd Salts. Peroxyd Salts. Precipitate with potash 5 greenish white, becoming green } brown, of hydrated or soda, and then yellow on exposure. peroxyd of iron. Precipitate with ferrocy- l white, becoming blue on ex- Prussian blue. anid of potassium, posure. Precipitate with nutgalls none;but becoming bluish black deep blue black. or tannic acid, on exposure. 1. CMomyponds of Jlianganese. —The oxyds heated with muriatic acid give chlorine. Heated with potash or its nitrate, the salts give manganate of potassa, which affords a green color with water, and a rose' tint with dilute acids that is destroyed by sulphurous acid or organic matters. n. Covmpounds of Copper.-Mostly soluble in nitric acid. Metallic iron in the solution becomes coated with metallic copper; potash or soda produces a blue precipitate, which becomes black on boiling; ammonia a green, which is soluble in an excess of ammonia and becomes fine blue. n. COompounds of Zinc.-The sulphate gives a white precipitate with potash, soluble in an excess of this re-agent; no precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen. Acetate of zinc affords an abundant white precipitate with sulphnretted hydrogen. o. U Comouns of' Lead.-Dissolved in nitric acid, give with sulphuretted hydrogen a black precipitate, insoluble in excess; with iodid of potassiunm, or chromate of potash, a yellow precipitate. The acetate yields with metallic zinc, metallic lead in shining plates or scales. With a slip of zinc neutral solutions of lead precipitate metallic lead. BLOWPIPE EXAMINATION OF MINERALS. 213 p. Comnpound8s of Tin. —Dissolved in muriatic acid, form a chlorid, which with chlorid of gold give a purple color, or if strong, a brown precipitate. q. Cormpouznds of Jiercury.-The protosalts in solution give with potash a black precipitate insoluble in excess; with sulphuretted hydrogen a black insoluble precipitate; with metallic copper, they yield metallic mie'cury, which is dissipated by heat. With muriatic acid afford a white precipitate or calomel. r. conmpouonds of Silver.-Dissolved in nitric acid, a chlorid or muriatic acid throws down a dense, white, curdy chlorid of silver, which blackens on exposure, and is soluble in ammonia. With metallic copper it affords metallic silver. s. Gold.-Dissolves in nitromuriatic acid, (aqua regia), but not in either of the acids unmixed. The solution gives, with protochlorid of tin, a purple precipitate, and with protosulphate of iron, metallic gold. t. Platmiumr.-Dissolves in nitromuriatic acid, and not in either of the acids unmixed; the solution gives with muriate of ammonia a yellow precipitate, which heated in a platinum crucible gives metallic platinum in powder. II. ACTION WITH THE BLOWPIPE. The first of the following figures represents the simplest kind of blowpipe. It is merely a bent, tapering tube of brass, from seven to ten inches long, with a minute aperture at its smaller end. It is used to concentrate to a point the flamne of a lamp or candle; and this is done by blowing through it while the smaller end is just within the flame. After blowing awhile, the moisture of the breath often condenses in the tube; and to receive this moisture, and prevent its passing out at the beak, the chamber at o (see 257 268 259 f. 258, 259) is usually added. The air- chamber in f. 259 is a cylinder, into which the tube abe is screwed at c, and 2 the smaller piece, def, at d. The point ef, screws off, and is made of platinum in order that it may be cleaned-when o necessary, by immersion in an acid.' When the blowpipe is made of brass, it is usual to have an ivory mouthpiece, as it is more agreeable in the mouth. Silver is the best material; and the point, at all events, should be of platinum. Wollaston contrived a convenient pocket instrument on the plan of a common pencil case. The instrument represented in f. 259 has a screw'-L I, 214 CEMICAt MINERALOGY. at b. On unscrewing it, the part be may be inserted at a into the part a6, and the two screwed together again. In this way it is as portable as Wollaston's, and has the advantage of being more easily made tight with the screw, and is less liable to get out of order. Operations with the blowpipe often require an unintermitted heat for a considerable length of time, and always longer than a single breath of the operator. It is therefore requisite that breathing and blowing should go on together. This may be difficult at first, but the necessary skill or tact is soon acquired. Let the learner attempt first to breathe through his nostrils with his cheeks inflated and mouth closed. This accomplished, if the blowpipe is now p-ut to the mouth, he will find no difficulty in continuing his respirations while the muscles of the inflated cheeks are throwing their contained air through the blowpipe. When the air is nearly exhausted, thle mouth may again be fllled through the nose without intermitting the process of blowing. The chamber at o has been recently made of india rubber, with valves, which does away with all the difficulty. The blowpipe flame consists of two cones: an inner of a blue color, and an outer, yellow. The heat is most intense just beyond the extremity of the blue flame. The inner flame is called the reduction flame, and the outer the oxydation flame. A mineral reduced to the metallic state by the inner, may often be oxydized, or combined with oxygen, in the outer flame, where it is in contact with the atmosphere. For oxydation, the beak of the blowpipe should have a large aperture, and the wick of the lamp should also be large: the heat may be that of incipient redness. The best flame is that of a lamp with a large wick, fed by olive oil. A common candle with a large wick will answer for most of the purposes of the mineralogist, and is most conveniently carried about. When used, the wick should be bent in the direction of the flame. To support the mineral in the flame, either charcoal or platinum forceps or wire may be used. The charcoal should be well burnt but firm; that from pine wood is the best, as it burns with least ashes. The reaction of the carbon of the coal aids in reducing or decomposing many mineral species. A convenient kind of forceps is represented in the annexed figure. 260 It is made of steel, with platinum points, a1, and pins at p,, for opening the forceps. The mineral kyanite, and also mica, are sometimes used for a support when more convenient means are not at hand. BLOVPIPE EXAMINATION OF MINBINRALS. 215 To test the presence of water or a volatile ingredient, the mineral may be supported near one end of a test tube, which may be three or four inches long, and the bore little larger than a quill. The flame is concentrated on the exterior of the tube beneath the assay, and the volatilized substance usually condenses in the upper part of the tube. By inserting into the upper end of the tube a strip of litmus or other test paper, it is ascertained whether the fumes are acid or not, the color of the paper, if so, changing to red. The specimen to be subjected to the flame of the blowpipe should be a very small thin fragment, especially when the mineral is not very fusible; for fusion is often thus obtained, when impossible with a fragment without thin edges. A fragment as large as a pea might afford a score of pieces, large enough for a blowpipe trial. Many minerals remain unaltered before the blowpipe, unless some substance be added to aid in the fusion or reduction. These substances are called fluxes. Those in common use are borax, carbonate of soda, and salt of phosphorus or microcosmic salt.* Care should be taken to obtain the fluxes pure, and for this purpose it is well to dissolve and recrystallize the borax; and the soda should be tested for sulphuric acid, as any adulteration with this acid will give the glass obtained with silica, a brown or reddish color. These fluxes should be powdered and added to the mineral, and the whole assay should not exceed the size of a small pea. One fourth this size is better than larger. The soda should be added in small successive doses; this flux is often absorbed by the charcoal, but generally reappears when the heat is sufficiently raised. Besides the fluxes mentioned, other tests are sometimes used, of which the following are the most important. a. Nitrate qf cobalt in solution, for distinguishing alumina and magnesia. This solution should be pure, free from alkali and slightly concentrated. Berzelius recommends having a bit of platinum wire in the cork stopper, in order to take out a drop upon it when required for use. b. Boracic acid and iron wire, used in testing for phosphoric acid. c. Tin-foil, for using with certain peroxyds of metals to reduce them to protoxyds. The assay, previously heated in the reducing flame, should be touched with the end of the tin-foil; a very minute quantity of a metallic oxyd is often thus detected. d. Gypsum andfluor, used as tests of one another. When two parts of the former rendered anhydrous by heating, and one of the * This salt, a phosphate of soda and ammonia, may be made by dissolving sixteen parts of sal-ammoniac in a small quantity of boiling water, and afterwards adding 100 parts of crystallized phosphate of soda, boiling gently the whole, and then setting itawayto cool. The salt of phosphorus is deposited in small crystals. If the heat be too great during ebullition, decomposition takes place. 216 cEMEICA MINERALOGY. latter, are mingled and heated, they fuse to a clear glass, which is a milk-white enamel on cooling. The globule from fluor and heavy spar is transparent when cold; and that with sulphate of strontian is more or less frothy. c. Saltp2etre is employed in discovering manganese, bringing out the characteristic amethystine color when the quantity of this metal is too small to color glass without this reagent. The heated globule is touched with the point of a crystal, just at the moment of suspending the blast. The melted mass swells, foams, and either becomes immediately colored, or is so soon, upon cooling. f. Anh4ydrots bisudpkhate of potash, used for detecting lithia. It is kept in a coarse powder in a phial well secured from moisture. i. Oxalate of nickel, or nitrate of nickel, used to detect potash. The nickel must be quite free from cobalt; it may be tested by treating it with borax, with which it should give a brown, not a blue bead.!A. Xitro)prwssid of soduwm,*' for detecting sulphur. The effects of the blowpipe are various. Some minerals are volatilized wholly or in part, others fuse at a low temperature; while others melt only on the edges, (then called subfusible), or are wholly infusible. Kobell has proposed the following scale for denoting in figures the degree of fusibility: 1. Gray antimony. -2. Natrolite.-3. Cinnamon, Stone, (var. of garnet).-4. Black Hlornblende.-5. Feldspar.-6. Chondrodite. The fusibility, when equal to that of natrolite, is designated by 2; or if like hornblende, by 4, and so on. The'fluxes are also often required in obtaining the pure metals from the metallic ores. The following are some of the reactions with the fluxes: 1. Silica, Silicates.-Silica dissolves with effervescence in soda. The silicates are decomposed by salt of phosphorus, and the silica is set free, often remaining as a silica skeleton in the globule. Columbic acid, on the contrary, forms a clear glass with salt of phosphorus. 2. Potassc, Soda, Lithia. —Soda gives an intensely yellow color to the flame, even when in combination: yet this color may be otherwise produced. Potash salts often give a violet tinge, and a lithia salt a red color to the flame; but the presence of soda vi* It is readily obtained by treating two parts of the powdered ferrocyanid of sodium with five parts of common nitric acid previously diluted with its own volume of water. The solution when the escape of gas has ceased, is heated in a water bath, until a salt of the protoxyd of iron gives a slate colored (and no longer a blue) precipitate. It is then cooled, when a precipitate forms; the liquid is next filtered and neutralized with carbonate of soda, when a green or brown precipitate goes down leaving it ruby colored; this liquid is poured off and evaporated, a crystallization takes place of nitrate of potash and soda, together with the new salt, the last in crystals of a splendid ruby-red color. BLOWPIPE EXAMINATION OF MINERALS. 217 tiates the test by communicating its own color. A glass of borax containing potash becomes blue when a little oxalate of nickel is carefully added, and one of soda, brown; and this holds good for the potash salt, although soda be present. A lithia salt fused on platinum foil, if soda be present, produces a yellow: stain; but this stain is produced also by other reagents. If a lithia mineral be mixed with one part of Iluor finely pulverized, and one and a half parts of bisulphate of potash, the flame is red; if no lithia is present, it is faint violet. 3. -Iime.-Lime and lime salts give a brilliant white light. They sometimes tinge the flame reddish, but more faint than carbonate of strontia. 4. Xia gnesiac.-Magnesia and many magnesian silicates afford a clear rose-red color with cobalt solution, after a long heat. A fragment after heating, should be moistened with the solution, and then heated again; the color deepens on cooling. Magnesia is not acted on by soda. 5. Alumina.-If a fragment of alumina, or if an aluminous silicate, after heating to redness, be moistened by cobalt solution and again heated, but not to fusion, it assumes a fine blue color. The harder species should be finely pulverized. The test is sure except when oxyds of certain metals are present; and also when saltpeter is present, since it gives a blue color with silica and zirconia, and in some other cases. 6. Arsenic and Arsenical Compoaunds.-Give off usually arsenical fumes having an alliaceous odor when heated on charcoal or with soda. With many of the compounds heated in a tube, white arsenic or orpiment is condensed; and with charcoal metallic arsenic is obtained on the tube in crystals. 7. Selenium and Seleniurets. —Give a horse-radish odor in the outer flame on charcoal; yield in a tube a sublimate in the form of a dark red powder. 8. S'upu Arets.-A glass made of soda and silica becomes red or orange yellow when sulphur is present. Heated on charcoal with soda and then adding a drop of water, the sulphurets yield sulphuretted hydrogen, which blackens silver foil or test paper containing acetate of lead. — Heated-in a glass tube closed below, with litmus paper above, they redden the paper and yield often a sulphureous odor. A more delicate test for sulphur is the nitroprussid of sodium, as published by Prof. J. W. Bailey. Heat.by blowpipe any sulphuret or sulphate (or anything containing sulphur) upon charcoal with carbonate of soda, put the fused mass into a watch glass with a drop of water, and-add a particle not larger than a pin's head of the nitroprussid of soda; there will be a magnificent purple at once. If this test for sulphur is tried upon parings of nails, hair, albumen, &c., the carbonate of soda should be mixed with a little starch, which appears to prevent the loss of any of28 218 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. the sulphur by oxydation. On winding up a piece of hair four inches long by coiling it around one point of a platinum support, noistening it and dipping it into the mixture of carbonate of soda with starch, and then heating by the blowpipe, the fused mass will give with the nitroprussid an unmistakable action indicative of sulphur. By careful management perfectly satisfactory results may be obtained from a piece of hair less than an inch long. 9. Tellurium and Tellurets.-Give fumes but no odor. Heated on charcoal, the oxyd covers the charcoal with a brownish yellow coating, and the inner flame directed upon this coating is tinged bright green. In a tube the fumes rise and coat the glass, and when heated the coating melts into drops, which are but slowly driven off by the continued heat. 10. Chromium. — Oxyd of chromium with borax gives an enreraid green color; but on platinum wire in the outer flame the color nearly disappears. Chromic iron gives the same color, and it is brightened on the addition of tin-foil. 11. Antimony. —The ores of antimony afford fumes usually white on charcoal, which are inodorous. The oxyds form with soda on the platinum wire, a clear colorless bead, which becomes white on cooling; on charcoal they are reduced. In an open tube, antimony gives white fumes, which coat the glass, and vaporize easily on a new application of the heat, without fusion to globules. 12. Bism'uth. —Fuses and gives off inodorous fumes. On charcoal it becomes surrounded with a dark brown oxyd, which is pale yellow on cooling; the flame directed on the coating is not tinged; ultimately the metal is wholly vaporized. 13. Titanium.-Titanic acid with borax yields a colorless glass, which becomes milk-white on flaming, if not without. In the inner flame the glass with little of the assay is first yellow and afterwards amethystine and transparent. With more assay on charcoal in the inner flame becomes dark blue or nearly black on cooling; but it is pale blue afterwards on flaming. With salt of phosphorus, it forms in the outer flame a clear colorless glass; in the inner flame, a red or violet-blue glass, when cold, especially if tin be added. When iron is present the color after heating in the inner flame is deep red on cooling. Siliceous titanic minerals, as sphene, do not give the reaction with borax, except after long heating in the inner flame with salt of phosphorus, and it is apparent only on cooling. 14. Tin. —Oxyd of tin is slowly dissolved by borax to a transparent glass, which is transparent on cooling. With soda or cyanid of potassium on charcoal it is easily reduced; and if borax also be added, a very minute quantity of tin may be detected when present in other minerals. 15. Cerium. —Oxyd of cerium affords with borax and salt of phosphorus, a fine red or dark yellow glass in the outer flame, which becomes white on flaming.. The protoxyd changes to BLOWPIPE EXAMTNATION OF MINERALS. 219 peroxyd, and the latter is not changed in the inner flame. In the compounds with silica, cerium is not distinguishable from iron by the blowpipe. 16. lead.- Minium is black while hot, but at a low red heat changes to a yellow oxyd. The ores of lead on charcoal, with or without soda, are reduced; unlike tin, they often give a coating of oxyd on the charcoal, when heated in the outer flame. 17. Zinc.-Oxyd of zinc with borax gives a clear glass, whichll is milk-white on flaming; or with more assay, is enamel-white on cooling. In the inner flame on charcoal, fumes are given off, and a white coating surrounds the assay. With soda on charcoal, the ores, even when containing little zinc, afford the peculiar bluish flame of burning zinc,. and the oxyd is deposited on the coal. With cobalt solution, a green color, while tin gives a bluish green. 18. Cadmium.-Oxyd of cadmium, even when in small proportions in other minerals, when heated on charcoal deposits a reddish brown powder; it forms from cadmiferous blende before the zinc begins to incrust the charcoal. 19. Copper.-Oxyd of copper gives a fine green glass with borax, which becomes cinnabar-red on cooling. The ores are reduced on charcoal with soda, and a malleable copper-colored globule obtained; when the copper is combined with oxyds that are reduced together with it, borax and tin should be used. If iron be present, the copper and iron are obtained separately. 20. Wfanganese.-Oxyd of manganese gives with borax in the outer flame an amethystine globule, (very deep, with much manganese), which becomes colorless in the inner flame. With soda on platinum the oxyd gives a green color which is bluish green on cooling. When other metals are present, soda should be added, and then the bluish green color is obtained, even with less than one per cent. of manganese. 21. Ifron.-With borax in the outer flame, oxyd of iron gives a dark red glass, which becomes yellowish or colorless on cooling. In the inner flame it affords a bottle green color, or a bluish green in a more perfect reduction. With tin the green color is hastened. The peroxyd becomes magnetic.when heated in the inner flame. 22. Cobalt.-Oxyd of cobalt gives a clear blue bead with borax, which does not become opaque on flaming. As in other metallic species, the sulphurets should be roasted before testing for the cobalt. 23. Nicke. —Oxyd of nickel forms a dark yellow or reddish glass with borax, which is nearly colorless on cooling; but with more of the oxyd, the glass is dark brown, while hot, and becomes red on cooling; and with saltpetre in the outer flame the color is changed to a blue or deep purple, distinguishing it from oxyd of iron. Silver.-The ores on charcoal, with, if not without, a flux, are reduced to the metallic state. But when other metals are pres 220 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. ent, lead is to be mixed with the assay, with the borax, and thus an alloy of lead and silver formed, from which the silver may be obtained by cupellation. 25. Chlorid&s.-A dull green pearl, made by dissolving a little oxyd of copper in salt of phosphorus, becomes surrounded by a fine blue or purple flame if a chlorid be added, which continues till the chlorine is expelled. 26. Fluorids. —When fluorids are heated with salt of phosphorus previously melted in an open glass tube, the glass is coroded, and Brazil paper, placed within the tube, is turned yellow. The salt of phosphorus for this experiment should be free from all chlorids. If the fluorine is present only in small quantity the assay may be heated in the same way without the salt of phosphorus. 27. Sulphates. —Like the sulphurets, in their reaction with a glass of borax and silica. 28. Nitrates.-Deflagrate on burning coals, and also give, off a red gas when heated in a matrass with a drop of sulphuric acid. 29. PAosphates.-If a phosphate be fused with boracic acid, and the extremity of a small iron wire be inserted into the melted globule, and the whole be heated in the reduction flame, the globule formed at the extremity of the wire will prove to be more or less brittle, when struck with a hammer on an anvil. As the bead cools, a flash of light is usually seen. Before this trial it should be ascertained that no sulphuric or arsenic acid is present, which also may form a globule with the iron; nor any metallic oxyd reducible by the iron. 30. Borates. —When a borate is melted with three parts of the flux called Turner's reagent, (a mixture of two parts of fluor spar and one of bisulphate of potash), the flame at the instant of fusion is brightly tinged with green. This trial should be made in a dark place. For a more complete account of the blowpipe and of its use in chemical analysis, I would refer to the Treatise by B1erzelius (Whitney's translation) and also that of Plattner. In addition to the instruments already described, the following are important: 1. A smnall hammer, with a slightly rounded face and a transverse sharp edge at the other extremity. 2. An an/vil, or piece of steel 3 inches long, 1 broad, and -13 thick-to be used for pulverizing minerals, for which purpose the specimen should be first wrapped in a piece of paper. 3. Plcttinum foil, for enveloping minerals that decrepitate. 4. Fine Platinum wire, bent at one end into a circle one or two lines in diameter; it very conveniently holds the assay in fusion. 5. Cutting _piers, for separating small fragments of a mineral for assay. Cu2pellation.-Cupellation is a process by which one metal in an alloy is oxydized and absorbed by a porous material, and the ether left pure. It is used for separating silver and gold from BLOWPIPE EXAMINATION OF INERALS. 221 lead. It is performed before the blowpipe by making a small rounded cavity in charcoal, about as deep as broad, (say 4 inch), putting in fine bone ashes a little moistened, and made smooth by pressure, and upon this, after drying slowly, the assay; then heating in the outer flame. When the alloy of silver and lead is thus treated, the lead becomes an oxyd and is absorbed by the bone ashes, and the silver, though extremely minute in quantity, remains as a brilliant globule in the cavity.* The ordinary process of cupellation is as follows: The assay is heated in a small cup (called a cupel) made of bone ashes, (or in a cavity containing bone ashes), while the atmosphere has free access. The heated metal is oxydated by the air passing over it, and the oxyd formed sinks into the porous cup, leaving the precious metal behind. In order to fuse the alloy and still have the atmosphere circulating over it, the cupel is placed in a small ovenshaped vessel, called a muffle, (f. 261); it is of infusible stoneware, and has a number of oblong holes 261 through which to admit the flame from the fire, and give exit to the atmosphere which passes into it. The muffle is inserted in a hole fitting it in the side of a verti- A cal furnace, with the open mouth outward and even nearly with the exterior surface of the furnace. The fire is made within the furnace, below, around, and above; and after heating up, the cupel is put in the muffle with the assay in its shallow cup-shaped cavity. It thus has the heat of the furnace to fuse the assay, and the air at the same time is drawn in over it through the large opening of the muffle. The oxygen of the atmosphere unites with the lead of the assay, and produces an oxyd, which oxyd sinks into the cupel, leaving the silver or gold behind. The completion of the process is at once known by the change of the assay suddenly to a bright shining globule. In the cupellation of gold containing copper, lead is melted with the assay. The lead on being fused in a draft of air oxydizes, and also promotes the oxydation of the copper, and both oxyds disappear in the pores of the cupel, leaving the gold behind, and the silver alloyed with it. In this process the gold is melted with three times its weight of silver, (a quartation, as it is termed, the gold being one part out of the four of the alloy), in order by diffusion to eIfet a more complete removal of the silver as well as the contained copper. The cupel is placed in the heated furnace, and the gold, silver, and lead on the cupel; the heat is sustained until the surface of the metal is quiet and bright, when the cupellation is finished; the metal then is slowly cooled and removed. * A table by Prof. W. W. Mather, is contained in the American Journal of Science, [2], iii, 414, which gives the ascertained weight of globules of silver, of given diameters. Similar tables are given in different Treatises on chemical analysis. 222 CIEMICAL MINERALOGY. The button obtained, after annealing it by bringing it to a red heat, is rolled out into a thin plate and boiled in strong nitric acid. This process is repeated two or three times with a change of the acid each time, and the silver is thus finally removed. At the United States mint, half a gramme of gold is submitted to assay. The assay-gold and quartation-silver are wrapped in'a sheet of lead weighing about ten times as much as the gold under assay. After cupellation, the plate of gold and silver, loosely rolled into a coil, is boiled for 20 minutes in 14 oz. of nitric acid, of 20 to 22~ Beaume; the acid is then poured off and another portion of stronger acid is added, about half the former quantity, and boiled ten minutes; then the same again. The gold thus purified is washed and exposed to a red heat, for the purpose of drying and annealing it, and then weighed. III. PSEUDOMORPHS AND METAMORPHIC CHANGES IN MINERALS. Pseudomorphs were formerly viewed as singular freaks of nature, of occasional or rare occurrence. As science advanced, their numbers were found to be large, collections of them began to be made, and chemistry was variously taxed for their individual explanation.. At the present time they are looked upon as types and evidences of vast metamorphic changes and processes of decay or reformation in inorganic nature, which have modified extended rock strata, and altered the structure of the earth's surface. The earliest systematic treatment of the subject was made by Haidinger in Brewster's Edinb. Jour., vols. ix, x. In 1843 appeared the extended work of Blum, which has been followed by two supplements. Since then, the wide range of metamorphic action as illustrated by pseudomorphs has been discussed with ability, and many new developments by Bischof,; in his Chemical and Physical Geology. The work of Volger on the history of minerals, issued the year past, follows up the same subject in some of its departments with critical care, and some original views. Various memoirs by other authors have also appeared, illustrating this important topic. Mineralog;y is thereby becoming a living science, and the active germ from which the science of Geology in some of its departments is to have its true development. Moreover, it is receiving a. purification itself, by the thorough study of the liabilities of species to change, thus making known the causes of variations in analyses, and bringing to light the true types of the original species. A high importance is given moreover to these variations; for each marks out principles that have operated ex PSEUDOMORPHS. 223 tensively in the earth's history. Even the smaller differences in the varieties of species are proving to have an influential bearing on the alterations of these or other species; and they have also become essential data towards discussing the origin and peculiarities of associated species and the genesis of the beds of rock in which they occur. Every analysis has therefore a high interest, a special as well as a general value, and they cannot be too much multiplied, nor too fully presented in a Mineralogical Treatise. The formulas commonly given have their value, if they are right, which is not always sure. But the details of the analyses have a higher and wider importance, geological as well as mineralogical. Pseudomorphs have been classed under four grand heads: 1. Pseudomorphs by alteration: those formed by a gradual change of composition in a species; e. g., change of Augite to Steatite. 2. Pseudomorphs by substitution: those formed by the replacement of a mineral which has been removed, or is gradually undergoing removal; e. g., petrifaction of wood. 3. Pseudomorphs by incrustation: those formed through the incrustation of a crystal which may be subsequently dissolved away; often the cavity is afterwards filled by infiltration; e. g., change of Fluor to Quartz. 4. PseudonmorpAs byJparamor/phism r those formed when a mineral passes from one dimorphous state to another; e. g., change of Aragonite to Calcite. These different kinds of change are not always distinguishable without special study. In some cases a change may take place through alteration of the surface, and then, this process ceasing, the interior may be dissolved out, leaving a pseudomorph like one of incrustation; or a pseudomorph that appears to be a result of alteration, explicable on chemical grounds, may be wholly due to substitution simply. Again, changes of some Scapolites to a feldspar, and of Augite to Uralite, (hornblende), have been considered by Scheerer examples of _paramorphismn; Scapolite being considered dimorphous with some feldspar, and Augite with Hornblende. But while such paramorphic changes undoubtedly take place with Aragonite, their occurrence in these silicates-which are common associates in the same rock, and must have been formed under like circumstances-is hardly probable. The following table contains a list of the known varieties of pseudomorphs that have thus far been observed: 1. ELEMENTS. Pseudomorph. Forms Imitated. Native Copper, Red Copper, Aragonite. Native Antimony, Valentinite. Graphite, Pyrites. 224 CHEMIoAL MINERALOGY. 2. SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS. Pseudomorph. Forms initated. Pyrites, Mispickel, Pyrrhotine, Stephanite, Red Silver Ore, Polybasite, Marcasite, Galena, Specular Iron, Barytes, Calcite, Quartz, Anhydrite. Leucopyrite, Stephanite. Marcasite, Stephanite, Calcite. Erubescite, Copper Glance. Copper Glance, Chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite, Copper Glance, Gray Copper. Gray Copper, Galena. Silver Glance, Pyrargyrite, Native Silver. Galena, Pyromorphite, Calcite. Blende, Calcite. Stephanite, Polybasite. Covelline, Copper Pyrites. 3. CHLORIDS, FLUORIDS. Horn Silver, Silver, Red Silver Ore. Common Salt, Dolomite. Fluor, Calcite. 4. OXYDS. Magnetite, Spathic Iron, Specular Iron, Actinolite, Mica. Hematite, (Fe), Pyrites, Magnetite, Limonite, G6thite, Spathic Iron, Pharmacosiderite, Dolomite, Calcite, Barytes, Fluor, Quartz, Garnet. GSthite, Pyrites, Dolomite, Smithsonite, Barytes, Calcite, Calamine, Vivianite. Limonite, Specular Iron, Pyrites, Leucopyrite, Marcasite, Beryl, Ankerite, Spathic Iron, Scorodite, Cube Ore, Spherosiderite, Blende, Galena, Pyromorphite, Cerusite, Barytes, Fluor, Calcite, Dolomite, Comptonite, Jeffersonite, Pyroxene, Red Copper, Beryl, Quartz. Minium, Cerusite, Pyromorphite, Galena, Calcite. Pyrolusite, Manganite, Polianite (?), Dolomite, Calcite. Hausmannite, Manganite, Calcite. Braunite, Manganite. Wad, Psilomelane, Pyrolusite, Barytes, Fluor, Pharmacosiderite. Manganite, Calcite. Black Copper, Copper Glance. Tin Ore, Feldspar. Bismuth Ochre, Needle Ore. Antimony Ochre, Gray Antimony. Antimony Blende, Gray Antimony. Valentinite, Gray Antimony. Arsenolite, Realgar. Quartz, Barytes, -Fluor, Gypsum, Calcite, Smithsonite, Calamine, Diallogite, Barytocalcite, Dolomite, Scheelite,. Cerusite, Augite, Corundum, Garnet,.Stilbite, Heulandite, Natrolite, Datholite, Scapolite, Wolfram, Galena, Pyrites, Spathic Iron; as Prase, Calcite; as Chalcedony, Barytes, Fluor, Calcite, Dolomite, Datholite, Pyromorphite; as Carnelian, Calcite; as I-ornstone, Fluor, Calcite, Mica, Spathic Iron; as Jasper, Hornblende; as Semiopal, Calcite. 5. ANHYDROUS SILICATES. Hornblende, Augite. Mica, Pinite, Iolite, Feldspar, Andalusite, Wernerite, Tourmaline, Hornblende, Eleolite, Beryl, Idocrase, Augite, Epidote, Albite. PSEUDOMORPES. 225Pseudomorph. Forms Imitated. Orthoclase, Calcite, Laumontite, Prehnite, Analcime, Leucite. Ice Spar, Leucite. Albite, Orthoclase, Wernerite. Scapolite, Epidote. Kyanite, Andalusite. Sandstone, clay, Common Salt. 6. MAGNESIAN HYDROUS SILICATES. Talc, Kyanite, Feldspar, Pyrope, Chiastolite, Couzeranite, Actinolite, Magnetite. Steatite, Dolomite, Spinel, Quartz, Chiastolite, Topaz, Feldspar, Mica, Scapolite, Tourmaline, Andalusite, Staurotide, Kyanite, Garnet, Idocrase, Hornblende, Pyroxene, Gehlenite. Serpentine, Pyroxene, Hornblende, Chrysolite, Spinel, Schiller Spar, Diallage, Mica, Garnet, Chondrodite. Chlorite, Garnet, Hornblende, Feldspar, Tourmaline, Magnetite (?) Limonite (?) Calcite, Fluor. Rensselaerite, Pyroxene. Green Earth, Pyroxene, Prehnite, Chabazite. Meerschaum, Calcite. 7. NON-MAGNESIAN HYDROUS SILICATES. Kaolin, Feldspar, Porcelain Spar, Scapolite, Leucite, Beryl, Sodalite, Volknerite, Spinel. Lithomarge, Topaz, Feldspar, Fluor. Cimolite, Pyroxene. Pinite, Labradorite, Hornblende. Fahlunite, etc., Iolite, (see page 214, vol. ii). Prehnite, Analcime, Leonhardite, Laumontite, Natrolite. Gieseckite, Nepheline. Natrolite, Nepheline, (Elseolite). Thomsonite, Nepheline, " Carpholite, Wolfram. Chrysocolla, Copper Mica, Red Copper, Azurite, Chalcopyrite, Cerusite. 8. SULPHATES, MOLYBDATES, TUNGSTATES. Celestine, Strontianite. Barytes, Witherite, Barytocalcite, Calcite. Anhydrite, Common Salt. Gypsum, Anhydrite, Calcite, Common Salt. Polyhalite, Common Salt. Copperas, Pyrites. Anglesite, Galena. Wulfenite, Galena. Scheelite, Wolfram. Wolfram, Scheelite. 9. PHOSPHATES. Pseudotriplite, etc., Triphyline. Cobalt Bloom, Smaltine. Pyromorphite, Galena, Cerusite. 10. CARBONATES. Calcite, Gay-Lussite, Gypsum. Anhydrite, Fluor, Feldspar, Pyrope, Garnet, Pyro;xene,Barytes,, Pyromorphite, Manganite. 29: 226 CHIEMICAL MINERALOGY. Pseudomorph. Forms Imitated. Dolomite, Calcite. Brown Spar, Cerusite. Strontianite, Gypsum. Spathic Iron, Calcite, Dolomite, Barytes. Smrithsonite, Calcite, Fluor. Cerusite, Galena, Anglesite, Leadhillite, Linarite, Barytes, Fluor. Diallogite, Galena. Malachite, Red Copper, Chalcopyrite, Gray Copper, Azurite, Calcite, Cerusite. Azurite, Gray Copper, Red Copper. These examples of pseudomorphism should be understood as cases not simply of alteration of crystals, but in many instances of changes in beds of rock. Thus all serpentine, whether in mountain masses or the simple crystal, has been fiormed throuLgh a process ofpseudomorphism, or in more general language, of metamorphism. The same is true of other magnesian rocks, as stetatitic, talcose, and chloritic slates. The crystalline rocks often offer examples of a change similar in nature. The Graphite of these rocks may be but a pseudomnorph (or metamorph) after some vegetable product, and as truly so as the petrified wood of more recent times. Thus the subject of metamorphism, as it bears on all crystalline rocks, and that of pseudomorphism, are but branches of one system of phenomena; the chemistry is the same for both. The common change of pyrites, forming the main ingredient of the upper part of metallic lodes, to earthy red or brown iron ore, thus producing the yossan of miners, is an example of these processes now in progress. In a similar manner, lodes containing copper pyrites are sometimes changed above to red or black copper ore, or impure chrysocolla, or malachite, mixed with which are the results of alteration of other minerals, (as iron pyrites, arsenical pyrites, and other sulphurets and arseniurets), that were associated with the copper ores; and often the gossan contains disseminated silver or gold derived from the decomposed ores. These are cases of pseudomorphism, as truly' as when a simple crystal of iron pyrites becomes limonite; the mode of change and its laws are the same. In like manner, the erubiescite of the upper part of a copper lode is a comparatively modern product, arising from the alteration of vitreous copper; or copper pyrites and vitreous coppei, may have each proceeded from the yellow copper pyrites; for the erubescite and then the vitreous copper usually disappear as the lode is more deeply explored. So, when Spathic Iron is the veinstone of a lode, it is often extensively changed to earthy brown iron ore, more or less impure from mixed ingredients. Again, phosphates and arsenates of copper, lead, &C., as well as carbonates and sulphates, are among the surface species, or those that occupy the upper part of metallic lodes; they are the results: of alteration within those depths to which atmospheric agencies penetrate, METAMORPHISM. 227 Ccauses of Change.* The causes of change are the simplest and most universal operations about us. (1), The solvent power of ordinary waters, cold or hot, or of steam; (2), the reactions, according to chemical principles, of the ingredients dissolved in these waters, or in mineral or sea waters, heated or at the ordinary temperature; (3), the process of gradual oxydation to which some substances are liable, and the reaction of substances thus formed on the ingredients at hand, aided or promoted by electrical currents or heat; (4), the action of exhaling gases from the earth, with or without volcanic action. Ordinary waters hold in solution, as is well known, more or less of mineral matter. The Professors Rogers subjected a large number of minerals in powder on filters to the action of water containing carbonic acid; there were among them, different feldspars, tourmaline, mica, leucite, hornblende, pyroxene, epidote, axinite, garnet, prehnite, zeolites, steatite, serpentine, chlorite; and in all cases the water that passed the filter gave evidence of the presence of an alkali, or lime, or magnesia, and some even gave the tests with the first drops. Pure water gave with many of them a similar result, but more slowly. By digesting for forty-eight hours in carbonated water, hornblende, actinolite, epidote, chlorite, serpentine, feldspar, mesotype, &c., they procured a quantity of lime, magnesi, oxyd of iron, alunina, silica, and alkali, and the dissolved ingredients of these minerals severally amounted to from, 0'4 to 1 per cent. of the whole mass. The lime, magnesia, and alkalies were in the condition of carbonates, and the iron passed firom the state of carbonate to that of peroxyd during evaporation. Thus forty grains of hornblende digested for forty-eight hours in carbonated water at 60~ F., with repeated agitation yielded silica 0'08, oxyd of iron 0'05, lime 0O13, mcagnesia 0095, mancganese, a trace. The silicates of magnesia, lime, and manganese, were especially ready in yielding to this action. These facts illustrate two important points: 1. That ordinary waters upon and through the earth's surface, are constantly active in dissolving and decomposing minerals and rocks; and that even species reputed indestructible are thus acted upon. 2. That the waters are thus furnishing themselves with chemical agents for effecting other changes. These waters penetrate all rocks, as well as percolate through soils, or run in streams over the earth's surface. Hence the action is a universal one, everywhere going on; and the results are universal. Bones, shells, corals, and animal remains generally a:le also sources of carbonate of lime, phosphates, and fiuorids; and plants may contribute also potash and soda, and sometimes silica. * The following observations are derived mainly from Bischof's extensive work. 228 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. Carbonic acid is a constant ingredient of the atmosphere, and is dissolved by the rains as they descend; and hence this active decomposing agent is present in ordinary waters. It is also a result of different mineral changes. Sulphate of iron along with vegetable matters gives oxygen to the carbon of the vegetable matter, and thus produces carbonic acid and pyrites or sulphuret of iron, and the large quantities of pyrites in coal beds shows on how grand a scale this process has acted. Sulphate of zinc in a similar manner produces carbonic acid and blende or sulphuret of zinc. Bischof observes that the carbonic acid which has thus been eliminated, must have been sufficient in quantity to make if together an atmosphere of carbonic acid equal in height to our present atmosphere. Again, decomposition of sulphurets produces sulphuretted hydrogen; this by oxydation by means of the atmosphere forms sulphuric acid, and the sulphuric acid acting on limestone produces gypsum, it may be in extensive beds, and liberates carbonic acid. Sulphurous acid also forms about volcanoes, which becomes sulphuric acid, with the same result. Moreover silica in waters accompanied by heat will decompose limestone and liberate carbonic acid. Hence it is that this gas is exceedingly common'in exhalations from mineral springs, and occurs more or less in all waters. The dissolving and decomposing action of carbonated waters is therefore general. The sea and all other sources partake of this character, and unite in carrying on the changes to which the process leads. The chemical agents with which ordinary waters are generally supplied, are the following: Carbonic acid carbonate of potash, of soda, bicarbonate of magnesia, of lime, o protoxyd of iron; chlorids of sodium,, of magnesiuxmv, of calcium; sulphate of soda, of lime, of magnesia; silica or silicate of soda, of magnesia, of lime; phosphate of lime; with rarer ingredients, as fluorine, in some of its compounds, nitrates, salts of lithia. Mineral waters contain the same ingredients only in larger quantities; also, boracic acid and borates, sometimes traces of arsenic, copper, and other metals, bromwids, iodids, sul/phretted kydrogen. The sea differs rather in the proportion of the salts than in their kinds. Chlorid of sodium or common salt is most abundant; next tchlorid and sulphate of magnesium; then chlorid of potassium, of:magnesium, sulphate and bicarbonate of lime, some silicate, (probably, according to Bischof, a silicate of magnesia), bromids, iodids, fluorids, boracic acid, and hydrosulphurets. The carbonic ~acid in sea water, most abundant about shores where animal life'may contribute it by respiration, enables it to dissolve shells and;corals, and form bicarbonate of lime.* * See on this subject, Bischof, Vol. I, p. 966, and elsewhere. METAMORPHISM. 229 The following are the constituents of different natural waters-in 10,000 parts: I, Sea water from near coast of France, Vogel; II, ib. near Havre, Riegel; III, Mediterranean, Laurent; IV, Geysers, Dr. Sandberger; V, Rhine, Muiller; VI, Thames, near Twickenham, Clarke; VII, Artesian well, near Vienna, Ragsky (containing also free carbonic acid, 4'44 cub. in. in 26 Prussian ounces); VIII, Salt Springs of Wiesbaden, Fresenius, (to the analysis add, chlorid of lithium 0'0018, chlor. ammonium 0'17, iodid of magnesium trace, bromid of magnesium 0'04, silicate of alumina 0'0051, arsenic acid 0'0015, traces of carbonate of baryta, strontia, oxyd of copper, and 32'2 cub. cent. nitrogen); IX, Marienbad, temp. 11.85~ C. Kersten,-add Carb. lithia 0-06, carb. strontia 0'02, phosphate of alumina 0'07. I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Sea. Sea. Sea. Geys. Rhine. Thames. Art.well. Wiesbaden. Marienbad ChloridSodium, 251'0 246'32 272'2 25'21 007 68'36 14-54 " Potassium, - 3'07 0-1 - - - 146 Calcium, 439 0'250 0'13 4-71 " Magnesium, 35'0 25'64 614 202 2'04 Carb. Lime, 2'0 1-76 0'1 0-85 1'823 3865 4-18 6-04 " Magnesia, -- 078 19 - 043 0'147 0'90 0'10 4'64 Sulph. Lime, 1'5 10'97 1.5 0.33 0'064 2-58 -- " Magnesia, 5'78 21-46 70'2 0'04 0'26 Free Carb. Acid, 2'3 - -- 557 51'34a 4'44' 5229.-0 19-48' Phosphate Lime, --- 0004 0-02 Silica, - - - 50-97 0-16 0'039 0'17 0'60 0'88 Sulphuret Sodium, - - -- 088 Carb. Soda, - - 1939 - 1154 " Ammonia, - - 0'83 - - - Sulph. Soda, - 10'70 0'286 - 47-22 Potash, - - - 4-75 0'095 - 0'65 Carb. Manganese, - 0'04 - 0006 0.05 Iron, -- -- -- -- 008 - 001 0'06 0.45 Organic, - 0'48 0'497 019 - NitrateMagnesia, - - -- -- b 1.50 - Soda, -- - -- - 27 - 1 - a In cubic centimeters. b Add 0'195 alumina. The amount of solid matter in solution in the Rhine, which passes Emmerich in a day, according to Muller, amounts to 44,240 cubic meters, of which 4,604 is sulphate of lime, 4,580 sulphate of magnesia, 11,523 carbonate of lime, 5,770 carbonate of magnesia, 940 carbonate of Iron and manganese, 930 chlorid of sodium, 1,930 silica, 2,730 alumina, 11,333 organic ingredients; and the amount for the year is 16,147,600 cubic meters of these ingredients. For an analysis of the waters of the Dead Sea, see Vol. II, p. 91, and for others of sulphuric acid waters, p. 143. For American waters, Am. J. Sci. [2], ii, 218; iv, 385; ix, 123: xi, 174. The following are the rates of solubility in water of some mineral substances, as given by Bischof: 230 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. Silica in its gelatinous condition, 1 part in 1,000 of water. Silicate of Potash (K3'Si, Wasserglas), " 4 to 5 heated " Carbonate of Lime, " 16,000-24,000 it " - with carbonic acid, " 1,000 Carbonate of Magnesia, " " 742 Carbonate of Baryta, " " " 4,300 Sulphate of Lime, 320 F., 462 " " 2120~ F., " 462 Sulphate of Magnesia, 32~ F., " 4 Sulphate of Baryta, " 210,000 Silicate of Baryta, " 20,000 Silicate of Strontia, " 1,262 Silicate of Lime, (Wollastonite), 5 5,383-6,882 Silicate of Magnesia, " 32,000-90,600 Silicate of Alumina, (formed by action of alkaline silicate on a hot solution of alum), 179,000-334,600 Very many of the ingredients in solution are, when pure, active agents in producing chemical changes: and their power is not altogether lost by diffusion in water. Afi alteration or decomposition may go on at slow pace, but it is all sure progress, and in process of time it will make itself apparent; with past geological ages to work in, the results may be measured only by the extent of the earth's surface itself. Heat may occasion greater activity in these changes; and the wide prevalence of thermal springs, and volcanic regions, extinct and active, and the foldings, elevations, and crystallization of rock strata, show that this aid has, been extensively given. The saline and other ingredients of waters are derived from various mineral species. Lime.-From Calcite, and related species, Gypsum, Apatite, much Pyroxene (some giving 20 p. c.), Hornblende (12 p. c.), Wollastonite (46 p. c.), Scapolite (20 p. c.) and related species, Oligoclase (3 p. c.), Labradorite (11 p. c.), Anorthite (15 p. c.), Andesite (5 p. c.), Epidote (21 p. c.), Allanite (10 p. c.), Idocrase (33 p. c.), Garnet (some 30 p. c.), Axinite (20 p. c.), Margarite (10 p. c.); also from shells, Bones, etc. Potash.-From Orthoclase (12 p. c.), less abundantly from the other feldspars; Muscovite (9 p. c.), Biotite (8 p. c.), Lepidolite (4-10 p. c.), Phlogopite (6 —10 p. c.), Nepheline (5 p. c.:),Leucite (21 p. c.), some Tourmaline, Scapolite. Hence Potash is abundant in granitic and most feldspathic rocks. Soda.-From Albite (10 p. c.), Oligoclase (8 p. c.), other feldspars less abundantly. Nepheline or Elseolite (16 p. c.), some Scapolite (5 p. c.), Acemite (10 p. c.), some Tourmaline, some Mica, Analcime, and many Zeolites. Soda is therefore largely distributed in Granites, Syenites, and various igneous rocks, besides being so abundant in Seawater. jMagnesia. —Fronm Talc or Steatite (33 p. c.), and Talcose rocks, Serpentines (40 p. c.), and related minerals, Chlorite (33 p. c.), and Chlorite rocks, Pyroxene (some 20 to 25 p. c.), Hornblende (some 20-30 p. c.), Chrysolite (50 p. c.), Chondrodite (55 p. c.), Iolite (10 p. c.), Biotite (18 p. c.), Phlogopite (26 p. c.), Spinel (20 p. c.) Sparingly in Garnet, Idocrase, Epidote, &c. Lithia.-From Petalite (2-6 p. c.), Spodumene, (5 p. c.), Triphyline (5 p. c.) Lepidolite (sometimes 4 p. c.) Silica.-From Quartz and all silicates. The Silicates contain Silica either in its soluble or its insoluble state, the former in those species which gelatinize with acids, and these are most readily decomposable and most soluble. METAMORPHISM. 231 Fluorine.-From Fluor Spar (48 p. c.), Cryolite (54 p. c.), Apatite (1'25 p. c.), Chondrodite (8'5 p. c.), some Mica (sometimes 10 p. c.), Topaz (15 p. c.), Fluocerite, Yttrocerite; also traces in Hornblende, Pyrochlore, Leucophane, Fahlunite, Apophyllite, Carpholite and Pyromorphite, and several other phosphates; also in corals, shells, and animal remains. Chlorine. —From Common Salt and other Chlorids; also Sodalite, Pyrosmalite; traces in Apatite and some other Phosphates, some Micas, Elneolite, Nosean, Hauyne, &c. Boracic Acid-From Boracite (69.'5 p. c.), Danburite (27 p. c.), Tourmaline (4 to 12 p. c.), Axinite (5 p. c.), Datholite (21 p. -c.), Warwickite (50 p. c.?) Sulphur and Sulphuric Acid. —From Sulphate of Lime and other Sulphates, Iron Pyrites and other Sulphurets; also Nosean, Hauyne, ielvin, Lazulite, Skolopsite. Phosphoric Acid.-From Apatite and other phosphates; also sparingly disseminated in Basaltic and other rocks; also from bones, shells, corals, and all animal remains, and soil which contains the results of their decomposition. The following are some of the modes in which the ingredients in waters act, and the results of the operations. Governing the whole, is the general principle in chemistry, that in, decompositions the resultinzg compound is less soluble thana the compound attacked. 1 Carbonic acid (C) in -solution. a. Dissolves calcite (CaC), and thus aids in forming pseudomorphs by substitution after calcite, the new mineral present, as carbonate of iron or carbonate of manganese, taking its place. Hence Spathic Iron, -Diallogite, etc., after Calcite. b. Acts on Scapolite; combines with the lime and:forms carbonate of lime (CaC); and when the lime is removed 0 if it continues to act, removes alkalies, as alkaline carbonates. c. Acts on Labradorite and the lime feldspars; combines with the lime, making carbonate of lime, (Calcite). Hence part of the Calcite in amygdaloids. If too little C to take up all the lime, the rest separates as silicate of lime. Hence may come Wollastonite; and with hydrous silicate of alumina, the zeolites containing lime; with alumina and silicate of soda from: the soda of a feldspar, come the zeolites containing soda, and with infiltrating waters holding baryta in solution, those containing baryta. In the above process, part of the silica is set free as soluble silica; hence may come silica in the form of rock crystal, agate, chalcedony, opal, common in amygdaloids;. Also with the feldspars, atmospheric waters, in which there is little C, carry off part of the alkalies, and the rest separates as alkaline silicates, in solution, and leave Kaolin, (13 Si4 1l6), containing some disseminated silica, that is set free by the process. d. Acts on pyroxene, hornblende, trap or basalt, (usually composed of labradorite and augite,) and amygdaloid: if solution is saturated-with C, lime is removed as carbonate of lime, also the magnesia as carbonate of magnesia; and thus by the removal of the bases may come Cimolite. With less C, the magnesia is not acted upon until the lime is mostly removed, and if C is exhausted, the magnesia separates as silicate of magnesia; hence may come Saponite; and if iron is present, chlorite, both of which are common in amygdaloids. e. Acting on olivine, removes the protoxyd of iron and some magnesia, as carbonate, hence serpentine after olivine.: Carbonate of magnesia is a common associate of serpentine. f. Dissolves gelatinous silica, and the silica crystallizes as quartz on heating slowly to 200 or 300 C. (Senarmont). 2. Alkaline Carbonate in Solution, (IO -or 9Sa( with water). a. Decomposes CaF (fluor spar), especially if heated, making carbonate of lime (Ca C) ); hence the pseudomorph Calcite after Fluor. b. Acts on heavy spar, (BaS), heated to 800 F., affords Witherite, and alkaline sulphates, (BaC), hence Witherite after Heavy Spar. Temperature much below 800, the sulphate is restored. Hence Heavy Spar after Witherite. 232 CiEMInAi MINERALOGY. c. Acts on Celestine, (Sr 9) heated to 800 F., affords Strontianite (Sr 15), and alkaline sulphates; hence Strontianite after Celestine. Similarly on Pb?. d. Acts on Silicate of lime, decomposing it, forming Carbonate of Lime. e. Acts on pyroxene, the lime of pyroxene takes the C, and the alkalies take the place of the lime; hence Green Earth after Augite. The same on Scapolite; hence Mica after Scapolite; and also, Algerite after Scapolite; in a similar manner other altered alkaline forms. f. Acts on an aluminous hornblende, the alkalies are left, and ia removed; hence Mica after Hornblende. Or Fe and M-Ig removed and Chabazite is formed, (oxygen ratio of which for bases and silica is 1: 2, as in hornblende). g. Acts on phosphate of lime (apatite), producing carbonate of lime and alkaline phosphate; hence Calcite after Apatite. h. Dissolves alumina, and may remove part of the alumina from aluminous minerals. i. Acting on Sulphate of Copper, forms carbonate of copper or Green Malachite,(Rose). k. Bicarbonate of Soda acts on Sulphate of lime and forms Calcite if the solution is very weak, (20 Beaume); or Aragonite, if stronger, (50 or 60); and hence aragonite in gypseous and saliferous deposits; the same acting on sulphate of magnesia heated forms Carbonate of Magnesia; on sulphate of iron forms Carbonate of Iron, etc.; on sulpho-arsenite of silver, forms Light red silver, Senarmont. Potash in solution acting on gypsum forms calcite, the carbonic acid in this case coming from the atmosphere. 3. Alkaline Silicate in solution, (derived largely from decomposition of feldspars. a. Acts on sulphate or chlorid of lime, produces Silicate of lime, and sulphate of alkali; hence Wollastonite. b. Acts on sulphate of magnesia, if heated, produces Silicate of magnesia and sulphate of alkali. c. Acts on BaS or SrS, no decomposition. d. Acts on Mg Cl, produces Silicate of magnesia and chlorid of alkali. e. Acts on bicarbonate of lime, heated, a partial decomposition, complete only after a long trial; forms alkaline carbonate, carbonate of lime, and free silica; hence quartz, &c., (in part) in amygdaloid; and Quartz after Calcite. f. Acts on bicarbonate of iron, similar result. g. Acts on Magnesia Alba, similar result. h. Acts on carbonate of iron (FeC), and carbonate of magnesia, (MfgO), together produces augite?. i. Acts on aluminous hornblende, gives alkali removing lime, and forms mica; hence Mica after Hornblende. k. Acts on ferruginous grains, and forms Glauconite, (green grains of cretaceous formation containing alkalies). I. Decomposed when organic matter and an alkaline carbonate, which give rise to ammonia, are present, and silica separates, as opal, quartz, chalcedony; a common process. m. With phosphate of lime (NaB) or phosphate of alumina no action, even when heated; and hence these compounds may Coexist with alkaline silicates. n. Potash silicate acted on by solution of common salt, more or less changed to soda silicate. o. Decomposed by carbonic acid, if the silicate contains no more than lI: to 16Si; and hence alkaline silicates and carbonates of alkali coexist; so also silicate of soda and bicarbonate of lime, as in Cancrinite. p. Silicate of baryta in solution is changed. by sulphate of magnesia, lime or soda to sulphate of baryta. Silica in solution is often distributed through other minerals, and may thus give them an unnatural hardness. The hydrous magnesian silicates and zeolites appear especially to be at times affected by this cause. 4. Sulphate of Soda in Solution. a. Acts on chlorid of calcium, forms gypsum. b. Acts on chlorid of magnesium, forms sulphate of magnesia. c. Acts on BaC forms sulphate of baryta, (Heavy Spar). 5. Carbonate of Lime in Solution, as Bicarbonate. a. Acts on alkaline silicates, producing Silicate of Lime, Alkaline Carbonates, and free Silica; hence Quartz, &c., in rocks. METAMO1RPHISM. 333 b. Acts on sulphate or chlorid of copper, and affords Sulphate of Lime and Carbonate of Copper. c. Dissolves fluor spar; hence infiltrating waters in limestone dissolve out fluorids, (as Fluor Spar), and carry them to open spaces where they may crystallize. Perhaps the same with Apatite. d. Acts on sulphuret of iron and forms Sulphate of Lime and Carbonate of Iron, or Limonite by oxydation of iron. e. Acts on blende and forms Carbonate of Zinc, (Smithsonite). f. Acts on Sulphate of Magnesia, if heated, and forms Dolomite (von Morlot) and Gypsum, which minerals are often associated. 6. Sulphate of Lime (CaS) in Solution. a. Acts on Witherite (BaC) at ordinary temperature, producing Heavy Spar (BaS), hence Heavy Spar after Witherite. b. Acts on Barytocalcite similarly; hence Heavy Spar after Barytocalcite. c. Acts on Strontianite (SrO); hence Celestine after Strontianite. d. Acts on Carbonate of Magnesia, producing Sulphate of Magnesia and Calcite. e. Acts on Silicate of Strontia, yielding silicate of lime, and Sulphate of Strontia, (Celestine). f. Acts on an alkaline silicate, affording Silicate of Lime. g. Dissolves Apatite, (CaSTi). h. Acted on by organic matter, yields carbonic acid by deoxydation of sulphuric acid and lime, and forms sulphuret of calcium and water. i. Decomposed by steam, sulphuretted hydrogen produced.'. Carbonate of Magnesia in solution as bicarbonate. a. Acts on NCa( and produces a double carbonate of lime and magnesia, or Dolomite; hence Dolomite after Calcite. b. Acts on sulphate of lime, and produces Dolomite; hence Dolomite after Gypsum. c. Acts on silicate of lime, forming silicate of magnesia; hence steatitic compounds. d. Acts on pyroxene, the carbonic acid taking off lime and leaving magnesia; hence Hornblende *after Augite, Pyrallolite after Augite, Bronzite and Hypersthene after Augite. Further action, removing all the bases but magnesia, and adding magnesia in place of the lime, and water taken up; hence Serpentine, Steatite, Talc, after Pyroxene. 8. Sulphate of Magnesia in solution. a. Acts on carbonate of baryta, (BaC), produces Heavy Spar, (iBS), and carbonate of magnesia, (Mg0C); and similarly with carbonate of strontia; hence Heavy Spar after Witherite, Celestine after Strontianite. 9. Silicate of Magnesia in solution.. a. With carbonate of magnesia, (Mgg), produces the siliceous variety of magnesite. b. Acts on fMgO, produces Steatite; hence Steatite after Magnesite. c. Acts on Spinel, produces Steatite; hence Steatite after Spinel; similarly for Chiastolite, ]Feldspar, Augite, and many other steatitic pseudomorphs. 10. Sulphate of Iron in solution. a. Acts on phosphate of lime in solution, (from animal remains), and produces phosphate of iron; hence Vivianite; similarly from sulphate of copper in solution, Phosphate of Copper or Pyromorphite. b. Acts on carbonate of lime, and'produces carbonate of iron and sulphate of lime; hence Spathic Ir'on after Calcite. Similarly sulphate of zinc produces carbonate of zinc; and hence Smithsonite, (ZnO), after Calcite. 11. Carbonate of Iron, (FeC), in solution, as bicarbonate. a. Acts on phosphate of lime, and produces Vivianite or phosphate of iron, (probably the common process). b. Acts on silicate of lime, and forms silicate of protoxyd of iron, Hisingerite, Pingerite, Chlorophweite, Silicates of Iron, resulting from decomposition of basalt, and minerals containing iron. 12. Sulphuretted Hydrogen or Hydrosulphurets in solution, (produced by oxydation of sulphurets, or by deoxydation of sulphates in water, through the intervention of organic matter with water). a. Acted on by organic matter, a deposit of Sulph~ur, as in some sulphur water. 30 334 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. b. Acted on by sulphurous acid, a deposit of Sulphur, as about volcanoes, (2HS+ SO'=2HO+3S). c. Changed by oxydation through oxygen of atmosphere, to sulphuric acid and water, and some sulphur deposited; and sulphuric acid, with chalk, or calcite, then forms gypsum, and gives rise to other sulphates; hence Gypsum after Calcite anld Gaylussite. Hence gypsum beds and the sulphur they contain. d. The sulphur acid acts on augite, feldspar, &c., in volcanic regions especially, and produces complete decomposition, separating silica as Hyalite, Quartz, siliceous incrustations, Sinter, forming also Cimolite, Pholerite, Lenzinite, Scarbroite, &c. Lithomarge after Feldspar and Topaz. e. Acts on sulphate of zinc, and reduces it to sulphuret of zinc. f. Acts on carbonate or phosphate of lead, and changes it to Sulphuret of Lead or Galena; on Native Silver, and changes it to Sulphuret. g. Acts on chlorids of the metals, and forms sulphurets; thus Blende, Pyrites, Galena, Copper Glance, Silver' Glance, Bismuth Glance, Antimony Glance, Tetrahedrite (Durocher). 14. Oxydation. a. The protoxyd of iron is especially liable to peroxydation, when moisture is present; and compounds containing it, whether silicates or carbonates, often undergo alteration by this means. The protoxyd of iron usually passes to the state of a hydrous sesquoxyd (Pe l'3) and then to anhydrous sesquoxyd (ye). Spathic iron (Fe C) often goes through these changes, becoming brown, black, and when finally anhydrous, red, unless it passes to the crystalline state. Pyroxene, augite and augitic rocks, mica, garnet, often show commencing decomposition in the peroxydation of the iron; if carbonic acid exists in the moisture, the iron may pass into the state of carbonate; but then in many cases it passes soon to a hydrous oxyd. b. The protoxyd of manganese is still more liable to oxydation, and it may pass to two states of oxydation, with or without water. This liability is so strong that some species, as the phosphates of protoxyd of manganese, are seldom found in an unaltered state. The silicates become black, and several species have been made from analyses of the altered varieties. c. Stulphurets, arseniurets. Many sulphurets (RS2 or RS) change readily to hydrous sulphates, by an oxydation of the sulphur and metal (air and moisture being present) often developing nitrogen if the oxygen is derived from the air; or sulphuretted hydrogen if partly from the water; and frequently some sulphur is set free. The sulphates may then promote other changes. 15. Deoxydation. By means of organic matter, sesquoxyd of iron (Pe) may be reduced to protoxyd (Fe); and thus a carbonate of iron may be formed if carbonic acid is present or is formed in the process. Hence spherosiderite. Sulphate of lime, of iron, of zinc, by the same means, may be reduced to sulphurets, sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid often:being given out at the time, the carbonic acid forming from the oxygen removed by the carbon of the organic matter; thus come Pyrites, Blende, etc., by the wet way; when a sulphate, oxyd of iron and organic matter are together, pyrites may be formed; thus sulphurets may have been produced in fossil plants, as in Fuci. 16. Other reactions and results. a. Alkaline phosphates act on a magnesian salt- and form phosphate of magnesia: also upon lime in Scapolite and form phosphate of lime. b. Sulphate of baryta is rarely decomposed, like sulphate of lime, by organic matter. Sulphate of copper in solution, in contact with porous limestone forms Brochantite. c. The decomposition of species containing iron, (as some augites, hornblende, &c.), gives rise in many cases to silicates of iron, as HIisingerite, pinguite, chlorophceite, etc. d. Alkaline fluorids, acting on pargasite, may form Chrondodite (?); with wollastonite, they are decomposed into'alkaline silicate and fluor spar (CaF). r. Moisture, acting on anhydrite, water is absorbed and the species is changed to gypsum. Hence Gyposum after Anhydrite. Acting on other minerals it is more or less absorbed, and promotes their decomposition. Added to Labradorite, it may form Mesolite. METAMORPHISM. 335 f. The degree of solubility of silicates of strontian and barytes accounts for their non-occurrence as species among minerals. g. In pseudomorphs of oxyds of iron after calcite, it is probable, as Volger urges, that the calcite first passes to the condition of spathic iron; then to a hydrous sesquoxyd (Pe2 213, Fe 1:2, or Fe lq); then to an anhydrous sesquoxyd (at 1600 to 1800~, C. Senarmont); then it may be by deoxydation to Magnetite (Fe Fe), or to Fe; and then to FeC or carbonate of iron again, if carbonic acid is present. h. Carbonated waters dissolve silicate of zinc without decomposingit. i. Organic matter with heat to 150~ to 250~ C., reduces salts of copper or lead. 7c. Steam, acting for a period of time, will dissolve away or decompose many silicates; alter some sulphurets promoting their oxydation; at a high temperature acting on Galena, it will carry off the sulphur as sulphurous acid and sulphuretted hydrogen and leave metallic lead; acting on chlorid of iron, deposits Specular Iron, regarded by Gay Lussac and Mitscherlich the origin of specular iron of volcanoes; acting on chlorid or fluorid of tin, forms oxyd of tin or Cassiterite; on the same of titanium, forms brookite, anatase, or rutile; on the same of silicon, forms quartz: Daubree, (Compt. Rend. 1849, 227, 229), who observes that these minerals just mentioned (rutile, quartz and specular iron) are associates in the Alps; acting on the furnace product Ti Cy+3Ti3iN, produces crystals of Anatase. 1. Carbonate of lime is decomposed by silica at the temperature of boiling water, and carbonic acid expelled; hence carbonic acid given out by many waters. It is thus seen that in the decomposition of a silicate, there may not only be a removal of the alkalies and earths, but in other cases, a large addition of alkalies. It is also obvious, that no mineral can withstand the agencies to which it may be exposed, and even when apparently unaltered, changes may have already been begun. Bischof regards the feldspar called Andesine as Oligoclase fiom which some silica has been removed by the methods explained, and scapolites are considered as mostly altered, the Meionite oxygen ratio being taken as the true ratio of the unaltered species. Although these particular cases may be doubted, it is altogether probable that different feldspars and scapolite are liable to a loss of silica or other ingredients from this means. In several of the processes of alteration, silica is set free. This silica takes on the form of opal or quartz, according as it is soluble or insoluble silica, these being two isomerous states of the same species. Delesse has experimented on the loss of silica produced by the action of a potash solution, heated to boiling, on different igneous rocks in powder. He found no action on granite: but on porphyry a loss of 5'35 per cent., Basalt 7'60, Black lava 4'50, Obsidian 18'39, Retinite 9'50 to 12'23, Trachyte 17'06 to 36'00. There was also a removal of some alumina, the porphyry losing a trace, the Basalt 2-85 per cent., Black lava 2'60, Obsidian 378, Retinite 1'16 to.l25, Trachyte trace to 2'39.. The partially altered rocks were much the most easily acted upon, and those containing quartz the least. The Retinite, Pelilite, Trachyte which contain the silica partly in the soluble condition or in easily attacked glassy silicates are most readily acted upon. The loss of alumina was greatest in the glassy rocks, and in those that contain augite. 336 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. The various recent papers on pseudomorphs by Haidinger should have attentive study in this connection. Various applications of the principles that have been presented will be found throughout the Descriptive part of this work. On these principles and others of like nature which science may develop, the changes and origin of minerals and rocks are to be studied. Bischof, in all his discussions, has direct reference to Geology, and arrives at a Neptunian theory-making nearly all rocks by the "wet" way-in which few will follow him. The subject needs a much more extended investigation from the opposite point of view before the exact limits of the two agencies fire and water shall be appreciated. We have aimed in the preceding pages at a brief review of the elements of the subject, such as is appropriate to a treatise on Minerals; a fuller discussion pertains rather to Chemical Geology. As an appendix to the above, some further results of Chemistry in the formation of minerals, and the artificial products of furnaces, may be mentioned, although several of the processes appear not to be the out-door processes of nature. The following are among the mineral species that have been made and crystallized artificially. Grayish white Pyroxene, by mixing the constituents and exposing to a high temperature: B]ERTHIER, Ann. de Ch. xxiv, 3X76. Idocrase, Garnet: MITSCHERLICH, Ann. de Ch. et de Phys. lvii, 219. Spinel, colorless and of red, blue, and black colors, Chrysoberyl, Chromic Iron, Emerald, Chrysolite, Corundum: EBELMEN, Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxii, 211, 1848, by employing the dissolving action of boracic acid or borax; spinel was formed by mixing alumina and magnesia, with boracic acid, and exposing to a high heat, adding a little oxyd of chrome to form red spinel, oxyd of iron for the black, oxyd of cobalt for blue; the Chrysoberyl was formed in a similar way from 6 of alumina, 1'62 of Glucina, and 5'0 of boracic acid; crystallized corundum from four parts of borax and one of alumina. Periclase, Perofskite, Tantalate of lime, (resembling Pyrochlore), Tantalate of iron: EBELMEN, Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxxiii, 34, 1851; by making lime to act on borate of magnesia at a high temperature, the magnesia (Periclase) separates in cubo-octahedra; similarly lime acting on a silicate of titanium, perofskite (titanate of lime) is produced, &'c. Oxyd of Copper, Sulphuret of Silver, of Copper, of Tin, of Lead, of Mercury, of Iron, Kermes, Iodids, &c.: BEEQUEREL, Ann. Ch. Phys. xli, and xlii, 225,: using weak electrical currents; the sulphuret of silver from solutions of nitrate of silver and hydroaulphate of potash, &c. CRYSTALLIZED FURNACE PRODUCTS. 331 Native Copper, and other native metals, by electric decomposition through weak currents: BIRD, Phil. Mag. x, 376. Sulphurets, Arseniurets, &c.; DuRocHER, Compt. Rend. xxxii, 823-see p. 334. Crocoisite and Melanochroite: DREVERMANN, Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. lxxxvii) 120. Diamond: DESPRETZ, Compt. Rend., 1853, by the action of galvanic heat on charcoal in a glass globe, the vapor of carbon thus formed condensing in minute octahedrons on the glass. Carbonate of Magnesia (Magnesite), of Iron (Spathic Iron) of manganese (Diallogite), of zinc (Smithsonite), &c.; also Sulphurets of Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Zinc, etc: SENARMONT, Ann. Ch. Phys., [3], xxx, 129. This important paper contains many new processes, for carbonates, sulphurets, and other species. Cassiterite, (Tin Ore), Brookite, Quartz, Apatite, Wagnerite, Topaz: DAUBRInEE, Compt. Rend. xxvii, 1849, 227, xxxii, 625, 1851, -see p. 335; Topaz by the action of fluorid of silicon on alumina at a high temperature; apatite by means of chlorid or fluorid of phosphorus acting on lime. Dolomite: DunocEER, by action of vapors of anhydrous chlorid of magnesium in a gun barrel on porous carbonate of lime: for VON MonLOT's process, see p. 333: BRoiEIS, by reaction of chlorid of magnesium in solution on carbonate of lime, Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxxxi, 129. Heavy Spar, Celestine, Anhydrite, Pyromorphite, Wolfram, Tungsten, Scheeletine, Wulfenite, Crocoisite, Anglesite: N. S. MARoss, Inaug. Dissert. G6tting., and Am. J. Sci., [2], xii, 186. The following are observed Crystallized furnaceeproducts.' 1. Elements.-Graphyite, in six-sided tables at Dillenberg; Silvere; lead; Copper; Izron; Bismuvth. 2. Silicates. —Chrysolite, (Silicate of iron), having the form of crystals and angles of native chrysolite, from Iron and Copper Furnaces, at Fahlun, Oldbury in England, etc. Pyroxene at Garpenberg; also in an iron furnace near Hacheburg, and a copper furnace near Dillenberg; Iron Augite at Fahlun and Oldbury;Hornblende in crystals, giving for the angle I: I, 1230 55', yet with the composition of pyroxene;-a fibrous amcanthus-likce substance, at Westphalia;;-icca, at Garpenberg, having nearly the composition of a magnesia mica; —Jdocrase, in square prisms, from hot-blast furnaces of Dudley, England, and Marchienne, Belgium;-Gehlerite (or near) in thin square prisms, white, and transparent when very thin, from a hot-blast furnace at Oldbury, England; —Eumlnboldtilite (2) in long yellow squaie prisms, with perpendicular cleavage;-1eldspar in crystals at Sangerhausen; — Hexagonal crystals, resembling Nepheline, from Rauthenthal in the Hartz. 238 CHEMICAL MINERALOGY. Also the following compounds unknown in nature;-Cyto_phyllite, IHausmann, a gray subfoliated species, resembling kyanite a little, I. = 55, G.=2-940, and having the formula (Pe, Ca) (si, 5a1); analysis, Silica 54'89'7, alumina 5-078, protoxyd of iron 20'794, lime 20O346.-Tabular Crystals, yellow or leek green, G.-=289,:.6'-5; composition, Silica 48'20, alumina 8'41, lime 37'67, protoxyd of iron 0'97, of manganese 2'23, magnesia 0'74, with 1'78 of sulphuret of calcium, alkalies, water and loss (Schnabel); see further for analyses of doubtful compounds, Percy and Miller's paper, referred to below. 3. Oxyds.-lJliagzetite in octahedrons at different places; Specular Iron, usually in tabular crystals; Oxyd of Zinc, in many furnaces; Red Copper, in crystals; Peroxyd of Chromium, in brilliant black tabular crystals, like those of Specular iron. 4. Siphurets, &c.-Galena, in cleavable tubes at Holzappel, Ems, &c.; Blende, in modified octahedrons and other forms in the Hartz, &c.; Copper Pyrites, in square octahedrons; lagnetic Pyrites; Antimonial Naickel, in long hexagonal needles, at Ems. The cyanid, TiCy+3Ti'N in cubes, at Bodenstein, Lahnstein, and Cornwall, (formerly called native titanium.) 5. Suilphates, Arsenates, cc. —Anglesite; Arsenate of Copper; Arsenate of _Nickel; an antimonite of copper 3Cu2O+SbO3, (not observed in nature), in copper-red or yellow hexagonal tables at Dillenburg.* The subject also of the association of minerals in rocks has an intimate bearing on the question of their origin. Associated minerals may obviously have been either cotemporaneously or successively formed. If the former, the species were alike in the general phenomena attending their origin; if the latter, there may still have been many circumstances in common, arising from their condition in the same rocks, or their dependence on the same system of causes, or from the earlier contributing more or less to the material in the latter; or again, they may have no relation except that of relative position. The chemistry of the formation of species is therefore to be learned from a thorough study of all these conditions, as well as from the principles of chemical science itself. This subject properly pertains to geological science: and we only pass in rapid review in this place some of the more frequent associations of mineral species. A full investigation of the subjet, with reference to its geological bearings, would require that each species of mineral should * The more important papers on furnace products are the following: —Mitscherlich, Ann. de Ch. xxiv, 355, Pogg. 1826, 680; Kersten, Pogg. xxxiii, and Ann. de Ch. lvii, 219; Percy and Miller, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1846, 351, (Am. J. Sci. [2], v, 127,) giving several analyses; Hausmann, Beit. z. Met. Krystallkunde, Gdttingen, 1850 and 1852, valuable papers from the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Science at Gbttingen; Sandberger, Pogg. lxxxiii, 696, and Jahrb. d. Nassauisch. Ver. f. Nat., 1851, 131; Schnabel, Pogg. lxxxiv; 158, lxxxv, 462. ASSOCIATION OF MINERALS. 239 be taken up by itself, its associates in its various localities noted, and also the relative connection or relative position of a species and its associates, whether one is imbedded in the other, implanted upon it, or the two are only in juxtaposition, besides other peculiarities of condition. Breithaupt in his work on the " Paragenesis of Minerals," Bischof in his Chemical and Physical Geology, and Delesse, Durocher, and others, in various memoirs, have treated of these subjects. Very much remains yet to be done. The following are some of the most prominent groups of associated species: 1. Beryl, apatite, columbite, tantalite, eschynite, uranium ores, orthoclase, albite or oligoclase; often together in coarse-grained granite; with sometimes chrysoberyl, garnet, automolite, zircon. At the columbite locality, near Middletown, the columbite occurs imbedded in each mica, feldspar, apatite, and beryl. 2. Topaz, tourmaline, mica, beryl, euclase, phenacite, apatite, fluor, tin, often lithomarge with topaz; with quartz and tourmaline makes topaz rock. 3. Spodumene, lepidolite, triphyline, blue and red tourmaline, petalite, (all containing lithia), in granite; also with garnet, staurotide, magnetite, scapolite, sphene, pyroxene. 4. Scapolite, hornblende, (often gray, white,.or brown), pyroxene, asbestus, sphene, zircon, feldspar, graphite, yellow or other varieties of garnet, brown tourmaline, idocrase, apatite, chondrodite, mica, sphene, allanite, warwickite, perofskite, fluor, phlogopite, biotite, serpentine, corundum, spinel, rutile, clintonite, graphite, specular iron, in granular limestone; corundum is associated often with margarite, euphyllite, chloritoid, diaspore, tourmaline, chlorite, specular iron, &c. 5. Talc, actinolite, nephrite, dolomite, brown spar, magnesite, tourmaline. 6. Tabular spar, green pyroxene, coccolite, colophonite, sphene, in granular limestone. 7. Nepheline (eleolite), apatite, brookite, leucophane, schorlomite, zircon, mica, pyrochlore, cancrinite; in granite, syenite. 8. Nepheline, glassy feldspar, ilmenite, hornblende; in phonolite. 9. Garnet, hornblende, kyanite, corundum, staurotide; in mica slate or gneiss; with often anthophyllite, tourmaline, graphite. 10. Labradorite, ilmenite, magnetite, hypersthene; constituting a labradorite granite-like rock. 11. Oligoclase, albite, danburite, sphene; oligoclase, tantalite, and other tantalates, allanite. 12. Serpentine, diallage, hornblende, pyroxene, (var. sahlite and diopside common), pyrosclerite, chromic iron, brucite, hydromagnesite, aragonite, dolomite, emerald nickel, pyrope. 13. Quartz, and the various zeolites, with pectolite, wollastonite, prehnite, datho. lite, chlorite, chlorophmite, and sometimes spathic iron; in amygdaloid; the prehnite or datholite lowest when occurring with the zeolites; and next analcime; quartz either below or above.* 14. Olivine, augite; magnetite or ilmenite, labradorite, with sometimes leucite and sodalite; in basalt, or augitic lava. 15. Andalusite; in clay slate. 16. Manganesian epidote, greenovite, heteroclin. 17. Chlorite, sphene, hornblende, ehlorospinel, garnet, epidote, rutile, magnetite, specular iron, quartz. 18. Tin ore, the tungsten ores wolfram and scheelite, molybdenite, magnetic pyrites, tourmaline, fluor, beryl, topaz, apatite, pyrochlore, lepidolite, native bismuth; in granite or gneiss; lodes less common in mica slate, hornblende slate, or clay slate. 19. Native gold, tetradymite, pyrites, bismuth needle ore, copper pyrites, galena, blende, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite, specular iron, in quartz veins intersecting talcose * See on this subject, a paper by the author, in the Am. J. Sci., xlix, 49, 1845. 240 CHEMICAL M EINERALOGY. and chloritic rocks or slates, or in these rocks near the veins; kyanite, brookite, monazite, garnet, platinum, iridium ores, and diamond, often in the same regions. 20. Specular iron, spathic iron, sulphuret of nickel, (millerite). 21. Specular iron, or magnetite, hornblende, epidote, black or dark red garnets, apatite, sphene, in gneiss or granite, &c. 22. Franklinite, red zinc ore, willemite, magnetite, hornblende, brown garnet, calcite, &c. 23. Cobaltine and other cobalt and nickel ores, mispickel, magnetic pyrites, axinite, glaucodot; also with copper pyrites, linnaeite. 24. Magnetite, bitter spar, dolomite; disseminated in crystals through talcose and chlorite slates. 25. Galena, blende, salts of lead, often copper pyrites, as a large constituent of the vein of galena; calcite, sometimes heavy spar, spathic iron, quartz or fluor as gangue; with pyrites, &c., the blende having a black color when associated with pyrites, (Breit.); also tetrahedrite, &c. 26. Tetrahedrite, antimonial lead ores, galena, spathic iron, copper pyrites. 27. Red silver ore, silver glance, native silver, freislebenite, stephanite, spathic iron, argentiferous galena, antimonial lead ores, native arsenic, bournonite, calcite; in veins in gneiss, metamorphic slates, &c., the chlorid and bromid of silver usually in upper part of bed or vein, and in Chili near junction of stratified and igneous rocks; also often ores of nickel, cobalt, uranium, bismuth. 28. Limonite, wad, pyrolusite, red copper, phosphates of iron, kaolin; sometimes malachite, azurite, copper pyrites, gibbsite. 29. Copper glance, erubescite, native copper, malachite and other salts of copper, red copper, pyritous copper, (below in the lode), pyrites, often galena, &c.; the red copper, malachites, and native copper in upper part of lode. 30. Calamine, smithsonite, usually with galena and blende, and most commonly in stratified limestone. 31. Gypsum, sulphur, anhydrite, boracite, selenite, calcite, sometimes with fluor. PART IV. TAXONOMY. I. MINERALOGICAL SPECIES. It has already been remarked, that the power of crystallization in the inorganic kingdom is, in a certain sense, analogous to that of vitality in the other kingdoms of nature. As in these kingdoms, therefore, the existence of species and their peculiarities depend on the action of this vitality, so in the organic kingdom the existence and individuality of species are determined by the power of crystallization. It must be understood that the term crystallization, as here used, includes not merely the action of the attraction that aggregates the molecules in the formation of a crystal, but also the power that fixes the form and condition of the molecule. Regularly crystallized minerals alone, therefore, are properly perfect individuals in the mineral department; imperfect crystallizations, like the monsters among organic bodies, have arisen from a suspension of the regular plan of nature by some extraneous influence. It would, hence, be theoretically correct, and in accordance with the practice in the sciences of Botany and Zoology, to confine the term species to perfectly crystallized individuals, and in the descriptions, to give their characters alone, reserving for subsequent remark, the imperfect crystallizations or mineral monsters. But inorganic nature differsi fiom organic, in this essential particular, that while in the latter, exceptions to this regular organizing action are but seldom observed, in the former, they are far the most numerous, perfect individuals being of comparatively rare occurrence. A mineral species, therefore, is any natural inorganic substance, composed of particles capable in favorable circumstances of combining by means of their mutual attractions so as to constitute a crystalline solid. We thus include among mineral'species the liquids found in nature, for they require only a proper temperature, or favorable circumstances of pressure, and a freedom from disturbing causes, to enable them to assume a regular crystalline form. The conditions of liquidity, gaseity, and solidity, are only different physical 31 242 TAXONOMY. states of substances, and are never admitted as specific distinctions; much less can they separate one division of inorganic species from another, and thus be made a criterion for limiting the mineral department. We also include all natural inorganic products, in which a tendency to crystallization can be detected, although they have never been observed in regular crystals. We exclude all mechanical aggregates, which, as they are composed of heterogeneous particles, can never assume, from any innate powers, the forms of a crystalline solid. This definition implies that the substance in the case of each species is a definite chemical compound, as such only are of homrogeneous composition. But chemical analysis is not therefore always an available test of the homogeneity of a crystal; crystallization is quite as generally important as a test of chemical combination, and is often referred to for this purpose. The question still arises, what is distinctively a mineral species By some authors, every separate chemical compound among minerals has been arranged as a separate species, however like others in crystallization or physical characters. But since it has been found that, in accordance with the principles of isomorphism, there are elements which may replace one another indefinitely and still the form of the crystals remain the same, crystallization has been assumed as the only authoritative test of identity or distinction of species: and this idea has been the means of greatly simplifying the science. The species garnet would make, according to the old chemical view, a dozen or more species. The species hornblende includes a still greater variety of different chemical compounds. Indeed, as magnesia, line, protoxyd of iron, and protoxyd of manganese, are substitutes for one another in all proportions, the species based on composition alone would be without number. Isomorphism has thus come to the aid of the science, and removed much perplexity. In some instances, however, this principle has seemed inadequate, and while those regarding the crystallographic criterion as paramount have retained together the varieties of like crystallization, others insistinop upon a seeming incompatibility of chemical formula have widely distributed them. The species Epidote and Tourmaline are examples. But.research may yet discover a principle (if not already accomplished) which will embrace these seemingly anomalous cases, and establish the canon that individcals of analogoaus constitutiotn which care one -i2n crystallizction, constitute a single species; they aire at least so far identical as to pertain naturally to a common group, whether we call it a genus, family, or species, or by any other name. The canon must be allowed some flexibility in the present state of science. Min.erals.are so seldom in distinct'..rystals, that it becomes necessary to weigh well,what importance should be attached to other characters. MINERALOGICAL SPECrES. 243 After crystallographic characters, chemical composition takes the highest place, or rather both are on the same level. The physical characters differ much in value. 1. I~ustre.-The distinction of metallic lustre friom non-mzetallic, is of the first importance; but all the different kinds of non-metallic lustre are sometimes presented by the same species. 2. Streac. —A highly important character, seldom varying with the color of the mineral. 3. Icardness.-The liability of some minerals to decomposition, their accidental impurities, and the mechanical states they may present, render this in certain instances a character of some uncertainty. An allowance of 0'5 at least, should usually be made for variation. 4. Specfic Gravity.-Subject to variation, like hardness, especially through variations in composition arising from impurities and substitution of isomorphous substances in the composition of species. 5. Color. —Subject to but little variation in those species that have a metallic lustre, and not without some value in the discrimination of non-metallic minerals. 6. Diaphaneity.-Subject to wide variations in the same species. 7. State of Aqgregation. —More especially useful among the metallic minerals, and occasionally among the non-metallic species. 8. Taste. —Useful only among the soluble minerals. 9. Fracture. —Seldom of much value except in distinguishing varieties. 10. Refraction, Polarization.-Of great value in determining the character of crystallized substances, whose form is not distinct. By these means, species have been distinguished when the mineral was invisible unless magnified. The properties of elasticity and conductility of heat afford analogous results. 11. Phosphorescence, Electricity, alagnetism, and Odor, are each of limited importance. In the determination of minerals, and especially the institution of new species, the value of the above characters should be well weighed. With distinct crystals, identity or non-identity may be fully ascertained. And with two or vmore concordant chemical analyses, when the species is crystalline and homogeneous, the determination may be as satisfactory. But when not obviously crystalline, and especially if earthy and opaque, analysis is often unsatisfactory, as there may be reasonable doubts of the homogeneity of the substance. Physical characters, without chemistry or crystallography, seldom afford a proper basis for the institution of a species. Haste in making species is the bane of the Science; and every bad species, introduced through carelessness or a worse reason, cannot fail to prove a millstone to the reputation of its author. 244 TAXONOMY. II. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. In the classification of minerals it must be fully understood that we are dealing with but a small part of the third department of nature —the Inorganic Kingdom. The term Mineral Kingdom, so often used, is fundamentally erroneous, although all natural products not organic may be embraced under it. The distinction between natural and artificial inorganic products is convenient for the student, but is contrary to strict science; for nothing authorizes the wide separation usually admitted but the necessities of the school-room, or the fact that mineral information is the A B C of another science, and the basis of certain arts. Any classification therefore that can claim to be perfect, must take into consideration the whole range of inorganic compounds; and each species should have its place fixed on the broadest principles of the science of inorganic nature. The fullest development of the science of Chemistry is required to give the classification its highest perfection. While considering the relations of Species, it should also be observed that some minerals are only the result of the decay or alteration of others. Every species has its perfect state, and also its changes from the influence of various disorganizing causes, which, like disease in organic beings, result in modifications of the type, and it may be in the total destruction of the original mineral. We cannot therefore give the history of a species without embracing these results of alteration, and we shall naturally cluster about the original species, others that originate in their decay, especially such of these results of alteration as are uncrystallized. As usually presented in full title among the other species, they are a burden to the Science. The Science will thus take on a consistent aspect and prove a more efficient handmaid to Geology. With this restriction, the classification of Minerals must flow directly from the principles of Chemistry. The true basis for the classification of compounds is found in the relations of the elements. These relations are indicated in a general way in the following classification of them. The elements exhibit their resemblances in their crystallization or isomorphous relations; and in their entering into like compounds with the same or analogous elements. Thus Iron, Chromium, Manganese, form both protoxyds and sesquoxyds, RO and R'03; Sulphur and Selenium form acids R03; Arsenic and Phosphorus, Acids R05'; Tin and Titanium compounds RO2. The affiliations are seen to be most intimate when the stable compounds, or those of most common occurrence, are alike. Iron may exist in the compound RO2 like Tin, but still the metals are rather remotely related, as 1RO is the stable,,and common compound of the latter, while it is not at all so of the CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 245 former. The principles of isomorphism, as well as other considerations, remove Carbonic Acid far from Titanic Acid, although each contains 2 of oxygen. The arrangement of the elements is as follows: 1. HYDROGEN GROUP. Either RO, R2O3, or RO2, the most stable and common states of oxydation. 1. HYDROGEN SEcTIoN.-Hydrogen. 2. IRON SECTION.-RO or R203, the most common or stable state of oxydation. Crystallization mostly monometric, sometimes dimorphous, and then both monometric and hexagonal.-Gold; Platinum, Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium;Mercury, Silver, Copper, Uranium, Lead; Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, Manganese, Chromium, Iron, Aluminium, Beryllium, Thorium, Cerium, Lanthanum, Didymium, Yttrium, Erbium, Terbium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontiun, Baryum; Sodium, Lithium, Potassium. 3. TIN SECTION. RO2 the most common and stable state of oxydation; crystallization dimetric.-Tin, Titanium. 2. ARSENIC GROUP. Oxyds include the compounds R03 or R205, these the most stable or common states of oxycation, and acting as acids. 1. ARSENIC SECTION. R205- a common state of oxydation; crystallization usually hexagonal, sometimes monometric; or dimorphous, and both hexagonal and monometric.-Nitrogen; Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, Osmium, Tellurium (?). 2. SULPHUR SECTION. ROthe most stable state of oxydation; crystallization, (in part), trimetric or monoclinic.-Sulphur, Selenium; Tantalum, Columbium, Tungsten, Molybdenum, Vanadium. 3. CARBON GROUP. 1. BORON SECTION. The common oxyd RO', either a base or acid.-Boron. 2. CARBON SECTION. The common oxyd RO2, always an acid. —Carbon. 3. SILICON SECTION. The common oxyd RO3, always an acid.-Silicon. 4. CHLORINE GROUP. Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine. 5. OXYGEN GROUP. Oxygen, Fluorine (?). The Hydrogen Group passes into the Sulphur Section of the Arsenic Group through Chromium, which forms an acid R03 analogous to the Vanadic; also through Iridium and Palladium, which are in part rhombohedral in. crystallization.'The Arsenic and Sulphur Sections are united through Tellurium, which is most analogous in its characters to the Arsenic Section, but is not known to afford the oxyd R2O'. The Carbon Group is most nearly related to the Hydrogen Group through'Boron, whose oxyd BO3 may replace the peroxyd bases of Aluminium,' Iron, &c.t * Equivalent to RO5 if the double atom of the element be taken as adopted in the table of atomic weights, pp:. 184, 185. t The relations of the elements may -be viewed as follows, adopting Laurent's theory with regard to the oxyds. The oxyds RO, R203, RO2, RO3, are equivalent to RO, 1R0, R1O, R~O; in which 1 of oxygen is combined with a metal in different 246 TAXONOMY. The classification of the elements establishes the fundamental points in the classification of compounds or minerals. The elements of the Hydrogen Group enter as electro-positives, (1) Into compounds with elements of the Arsenic Group; (2) Into compounds with elements of the Chlorine Group; (3) Into compounds with elements of the Oxygen Group. The elements of the Arsenic and following Groups also enter into combination with Oxygen. There are hence the classes(1) Slp/harets, Arseniurets, etc.; (2) Chlorids, Bromids, etc.; (3) Oxyds. 4In each of these divisions there may be Binary Compoun/ds and Double Binacry Corezpounds, the latter consisting of an acid in combination with bases, as the salts; the former being bases alone, either singly or united together, as the ordinary sulphurets, oxyds, &c. The Binary Oxygen Compounds are either (1) OxmJds of Elements of the Hydroyen Group; (2) Oxyds of Elements of the Arsenic GroTp; or (3) Oxyds of Elements of the Carbon Group. The Double Binary Oxygen Compounds or Salts, may be Salts (1) of Acids RO3; (2) of Acids MIO5; (3) of Acids RO'; (4) of Acids R20'. Such are the main points in the classification followed in this work. In general principle it is like that of Berzelius, and therefore closely related to the systems adopted by various authors in mineralogy. The details of the system will be gathered from the synopsis given beyond. Analogous composition requires that species should be grouped together in the same division; and species that are related in form constitute a natural group in such a division. From the facts already stated, it appears that boracic acid should be regarded as a base in all silicates. Datholite is related to Euclase as well as Sphene in both form and formula, if the boracic acid is thus regarded; and Axinite has also the simple oxygen ratio 1: 1. Again, titanic acid in the so-called silico-titanates, acts as a base, this acid RO united with RO being equivalent to R'O', and replacing thus an ordinary peroxy.d. See under Sphene, ii, 269.? The true relations of the anhydrous Silicates are made out by states, virtually equivalents, as they saturate equal quantities of oxygen. These states are R, Rs, RI,'RI. The metals of the Hydrogen Section in the state expressed by R appear to be monometric and mutually replaceable; in the state of Ri rhombohedral'; in the state of R- dimetric, as in Tin, Titanium. Chromium in the states R and Ri is related to. Iron; in the state RI it should be classed with Vanadium, as exemplified in the relations of the Chroniates and Vanadates. Iron in the state of Rg (as in the deutoxyd) is related to Tin and Titanium. The dimorphous forms of a metal may deperid on these different states or conditions. * Also a paper by the Author, in the Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, p. 218. CLASSTFICATION OF MINiERALS. 24r taking, as the basis, the oxygen ratio between all the oxyds and the silica, as explained on p. 207. They may for the most part be grouped into four grand sections. 1. Oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1: 3. 2. Oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1: 2. 3. Oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1 1. 4. Oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1 to less than 1. The first group includes one or two doubtful species, Edelforsite -a silicate of lime, Mancinite a silicate of zinc. The second includes Augite, Spodumene, Rhodonite, Beryl, &c., and is the Avzite Section. The third includes Garnet, Chrysolite, Zircon, Meionite, Idocrase, Epidote, &c., and is the Garnet Section. Thefourthincludes Andalusite, Topaz, Staurotide, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Sphene, Euclase, Tourmaline, &c., constituting the Andalusite Section. Besides these, there may be another group, characterized by the ratio 1:14, represented in Eulytine, (Bismuth Blende), and Leucophane. The composition of Eulytine is however still in doubt. There are in some cases accessory ingredients, or an excess of base or silica, which cause divergences from these ratios, and indicate another principle which should be recognized alongside of the prominent central one. Thus Hornblende and Augite are related in form and so closely in composition that they graduate into one another, and a mineral with the form of one may have the composition of the other. Yet the oxygen ratio of Augite is 1 2, and of Hornblende 1: 24. In Hornblende there is an addition therefore of'one eigh,7t, to the silica, without removing the species from the Augite type. Meionite has the oxygen ratio for the bases and silica of the Garnet Section 1 1, and Bischof and Rose regard this as the true ratio of all Seapolite. The analyses of Scapolite give mostly the ratio 1: 14, and taking this (as is probably correct) as the Scapolite ratio, there is here an addition of one third to the silica, which does not interfere with close homceomorphism with Meionite. Again, Sodalite, I-ailyne, and Nosean have a like trapezohedral form and also a common composition, ex'ept that one contains a portion of chlorid of sodium, another'of sulphate'of lime, another of sulphate of soda; -and the accessory ingredients do not interfere with the fundamental resemblance of the species. In Ittnerite there is the same form and composition, with water as the accessory ingredient. Nepheline and Cancrinite are closely allied to one another both in forni' nd composition, except that the latter includes a portion of carbonate.of lime and soda; this addition in Cancrinite causes scarcely any divergence from the angles of Nepheline. In Staurotide, the oxygen ratio for the peroxyds and silica is mostly 1; yet'soime good analyses afford the ratio 1:.3; and moreover there is a difference iin specific gravity, corresponding 248 TAXONOMY. with the difference of composition, the ratio 1 ~ being connected with the highest. In Andalusite the ratio is I: J; yet a chemist analyzing Andalusite and associated Kyanite finds this ratio for the latter, and I: 4 for the former, in which last several analysts agree with him. ThIe analyses of Sillimanite afford the oxygen ratios 1: I, I:, 1: ~, and perhaps also 1: 1. The facts therefore go to show that there may be an addition to the amount of silica without altering the type of the species. In the Feldspars, Anorthite, a well characterized species, has the oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1: 1, as in Meionite. Oligoclase, Andesine, Labradorite, and Albite, are all Triclinic and closely homceomorphous with Anorthite. Yet these species differ fromn Anorthite in having an increased proportion of silica, and this silica is therefore added without changing the type. I: 1 is therefore the type ratio of the Feldspars, while 1: 1, 1:4, 1: 2, 1: -,: 3, are the occurring ratios. The iicas illustrate the same principle; the type ratio is 1.1, as with the feldspars. The Hydrous Silicates are also in many cases examples of the same, the water often not affecting the type, and the species, if the water is excluded, having an analogy in form and composition to anhydrous species. In characterizing the sections of silicates laid down, it is therefore necessary to recognize not only the type ratios for the group, but also the variations on this type that occur. It appears also preferable to make distinct sections of the Micas and Feldspars, as these species form natural groups by themselves. The Feldspar section is characterized by a ratio of 1: 3 for the oxygen of the protoxyds and peroxyds, which ratio does not occur in the other sections of anhydrous Silicates. With respect to the Sulphurets and Arseniurets, an important fact is established by the homceomorphismn of the species, as recognized by Frankelheim, viz: that Arseniurets and Sulphurets are related in form, and also in formula, if the halved atomic weight of arsenic be adopted. Thus Fe S2, Fe (As, S)2, Fe As2, are related compounds. In the following synopsis, it will be observed, that the species of each division are associated on the ground of their analogy in composition and divided into groups, according to their crystalline forms. These groups are therefore in many cases mutually dimorphous, or rather pleomorphons. The many cases of pleonmorphism among minerals and their exact relations, are therefore exhibited in the arrangement. ~ * The classification whiff is here adopted, both in its Berzelian features, and its grouping species of like crystallization together, is similar'to that published in the last edition of this work. There are however many modifications introduced, especially in the arrangement of the Silicates; and greater precision has been given to all of its divisions. The recent arrangement published by Professor Gustaf Rose in his Krystallo CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS. 249 General Review of the Classficeation of ii/inerals. I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. I. HYDROGEN GROUP. 1. Iron.Section. 2. Tin Section. II. ARSENIC GROUP. 1. Arsenic Section. 2. Sulphur Section. III. CARBoN GROUP. II. SULPH-IURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. I. BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with one another, (p. 30). 1. ]ealgar Group. Composition R S. Monoclinic.-Realgar. 2. Os:piment Gr. Composition R2 S3. Trimetric. —Orpiment, Bismuthine, Stibnite. 2. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with those of the Hydrogen Group. 1. DISCRASITE DIVISION. Composition R2 A,* (p. 35). 1. Discrasite Gr. Trimetric. -Discrasite. 2. GALENA DIVISION. Composition R A, (p. 37). 1. Galena Gr. Monometric.-Silver Glance, Erubescite, Galena, Cuproplumbite, Manganblende, Syepoorite, Scheererite, Clausthalite, Tilkerodite, Naumannite, Altaite. 2, Blende Gr. Monometric, Tetrahedral.-Blende. 3. Stromeyerite Gr. Trimetric.-Copper Glance, Stromeyerite. 4. Pyrrhotine Gr. iexagonal.-Cinnabar, Millerite, Pyrrhotine, Greenockite, Copper Nickel, Breithauptite. 3. PYRITES DIVISION. Composition R A2, (p. 54). 1. Pyrites Gr. Monometric.-'-Pyrites, Hauerite, Smaltine, Chloanthite, Cobaltine, Gersdorffite. Ullmannite. 2. ilcrcasite Gr. Trimetric. —Marcasite, IRammelsbergite, Leucopyrite, Mispickel, Glaucodot, Sylvanite. 3. Nagyagite Gr. Dimetric.-Nagyagite. 4. Govelline Group. HIexagonal.-Covelline. 4. SKUTTERUDITE DiVISION. Composition R A3. Monometric, (p. 67.) Skutterudite. Chemische Mineral-System (1853) has.many points in common with the above. Yet in the adaptation of Crystallography to the' Berzelian System, the author's method is his own and of earlier' date; moreover the peculiarities are many and of a fundamental character. The author however takes pleasure in acknowledging his indebtedness to Prof. Rose's able work, for many invaluable facts and opinions therein contained.: A stands for Arsenic, Sulphur, or any element of the Arsenic Group. The halved Atomic Weight of Arsenic is adopted in these formulas. 32 2250 TAXONOMY. II. DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. The Persulphuret a Sulphuret of Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel, (metals of the Hydrogen Group), (p. 67). 1. Linnceite GCr. Monometric.-Linnseite. 2. Chalcopyrite Gr. Dimetric.-Chalcopyrite, Tin Pyrites. 3. Sternbergite Gr. Trimetric.-Sternbergite. 2. The Persulphuret a Sulphuret of an element of the Arsenic Section, (p. 72). 1. Persulphuret of the form R2 S. —Wolfsbergite, Berthierite, Zinkenite, Miargyrite, Plagionite, Jamesonite, Heteromorphite, Brongniardite, Chiviatite, Dufrenoysite, Freislebenite, Pyrargyrite, Proustite, Bournonite, Boulangerite, Aikinite, Wolchite, Kobellite, Tetrahedrite, Tennantite, Geocronite, Stephanite, Polybasite. 2. Persul2phuret of theform R2 S6. —Enargite, Xanthocone, Fireblende. III. FLUORIDS, CHLORIDS, BROMIDS, IODIDS. I. BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. CALOMEL DIVISION. Composition R2(Cl, I, Br), (p. 89). 1. Calomel:r. Dimetric.-Calomel. 2. RocIw SALT DIVISION. Composition R (C1, I, Br) or RF. 1. Rock Salt Gr. Monometric.-Sylvine, Rock Salt, Sal Ammoniac, Kerargyrite, Embolite, Bromyrite; Fluor Spar, Yttrocerite. 2 Iodyrite Gr. Hexagonal.-Iodyrite, Fluocerite. 3. Cotunnite Gr. Trimetric.-Cotunnite. II. DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS. Cryolite, Chiolite. IV. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. I. BINARY COMPOUNDS. I. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE HYDROGEN GROUP. a. Anhydrous. 1. MONOMETRIC OXYDS, (p. 101). 1. Periclase Gr. Composition R O.-Periclase, Red Copper. 2. Martite GC. Composition Ra 03. —Martite. 3. Szpinel Gr. Composition ZR.O+R2 03. —Iserine, Irite, Spinel, Automolite, Magnetite, Franklinite, Chromic Iron, Pitchblende. 4. Melaconite Gr. Compqsition R 2. —' Melaconite (?). 2. iEEXAGONAL OXYDS,. (P. 110). 1. Zincite Gr. Composition R O. —Zi'icite, Water (?). -2. Crundum Gr..Composition R2aO3. —Corundum, Specular Iron, Ilmenite. 3. Tenorite Gr. Composition ZR O"2.-TenQrite. 3. DIMETRIC OXYDS, (P. 117). -1. jRutile Cr. Composition R Oa2. —Cassiterile, Rutile, Anatase; Braunite, Hausmannite.(?)..4. TRIMETRIC OXYDS, (p. 122). I1. Chalcotrichite Gr. Composition R O.2 —Chalcotrichite. CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAS. 251 2. Chrysoberyl Gr. Composition R2 0. —Chrysoberyl. 3. Brookite Gr. Composition R O2. —Brookite, Pyrolusite (?). 5. COMBINATION OF OXYDS AND CHLORIDS OR SULPHURETS, (p. 127). Matlockite, Mendipite, Voltzite. b. Hydrous Oxyds. (p. 128). 1. /Diaspore Gr. Ratio of oxygen of oxyd and water 3:1. Trimetric.-Diaspore, Gothite, Manganite, (?) Polianite ()j. 2. Limonite Gr. Ratio of oxygen of oxyd and water 2: 1.-Limonite. 3. Brucite Gr. Ratio of oxygen of oxyd and water 1: 1. Hexagonal.-Brucite, Gibbsite. Appendix. V5lknerite, Psilomelane, Wad. 4. Combination of oxyds and chlorids.-Atacamite. II. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC GROUP. 1. ARSENIC DIVISION, (p. 139). 1. Arsenolite Gr. Composition R Os. Monometric.-Arsenolite, Senarmontite. 2. Valentinite Gr. Composition R 0O. Trimetric.-Valentinite, Bismuth Ochre(?). 3. Kermesite Gr. Composition R (0, S)3. Monoclinic.-Kermesite. 4. Cervantite Gr. Composition, R 04.-Cervantite. 2. SULPHUR DIVISION, (p. 143.) 1. Sulphurous Acid Gr. Composition R 02. —Sulphurous Acid. 2. Sulphuric Acid Gr. Composition R O3.-Sulphuric Acid. 3. Wolframine Gr. Composition R 03. —Wolframine, Molybdine. III. OXYDS OF CARBON, BORON, SILICON. Carbonic Acid, (p. 144). Sassolin, (p. 144). Quartz, Opal, (p. 145).'I. DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS, OR SALTS. 1. Acid of the Form R 03. I. SILICATES. a. Anhydrous Silicates. 1. EDELFORSITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio of bases and silica, 1: 3, (p. 155). Edelforsite, Mancinite. 2. AUGITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1: 2-varying to 1: 2+, (p. 156). 1. Augite Gr. Monoclinic.-Wollastonite, Pyroxene, Rhodonite, Spodumene, Hornblende, Acmite, Wichtyne, Sordawalite. 2. Babingtonite Gr. Triclinic.-Babingtonite. 3. Beryl Gr. Hexagonal.-Beryl, Eudialyte. 3. EULYTINE SECTION. Oxygen ratio I 1~, (p. 181). Eulytine (?). Leucophane.. 4. GARNET SECTION. Oxygen ratio: 1; —varying to l: in Chondrodite, and 1 ~f in Scapolite. 1. Chrysolite Gr. Trimetric, (p. 184).-Chrysolite) Fayalite, Tephroite, Chondro. dite. 2. Phenacite Gr. Hexagonal, (p. 189).-Willemite, Phenacite. 252 TAXONOMY. 3. Garnet Cr. Monometric, (p. 190).-Garnet, Pyrope, Helvin. 4. Scapolite Gr. Dimetric, (p. 195).-Zircon, Idocrase, Sarcolite, Meionite, Scapolite, Mellilite, Dipyre (I). 5. Epidote Gr. Monoclinic, (p. 206). —Epidote, Allanite, Zoisite, Gadolinite. 6. Axinite Gr. Triclinic, (p. 212).-Danburite, Axinite. 7. lolite Cr. (p. 214).-(Perhaps more related to mica section). Iolite. 5. MICA SECTION. Oxygen ratio for type 1: 1, —varying to 1:' l Structure micaceous, (p. 217). Muscovite, Phlogopite, Biotite, Lepidolite, Lepidomelane. 6. FELDSPAR SECTION. Oxygen ratio for type 1 1, —varying to 1 3; oxy en ratio between protoxyds and peroxyds 1 3. 1. Leucite Gr. Monometric, (p. 229). —Sodalite, Lapis-lazuli, Hauyne, Nosean, Leucite. 2. Nepheline Gr. Hexagonal, (p. 232). —Nepheline, Cancrinite. 3. Feldspar Gr. Triclinic or Monoclinic, (p. 234).-Anorthite, Andesine, Labradorite, Oligoclase, Albite, Orthoclase. 4. Petalite Gr. Petalite. 7. ANDALUSITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1 to less than 1. 1. Gehlenite Cr. Dimetric, (p. 256). —Gehlenite. 2. Andalusite Gr. Trimetric, (p. 257).-Andalusite, Topaz, Staurotide, Lievrite (?). 3. Kyanite Gr. Triclinic, (p. 263). —Kyanite, Sillimanite. 4. Euclase Gr. Monoclinic, (p. 267).-Euclase, Sphene. 5. Tourmaline Gr. Hexagonal, (p. 270).-Tourmaline. b. Hydrous Silicates. A. MAGNESIAN HYDROUS SILICATES. 1. TALC SECTION. Oxygen ratio for bases and silica (water excluded) 1: 3 to 1: 21, (p. 275). Talc, Meerschaum, Neolite, Spadaite, Chloropheeite, Crocidolite (?). 2. SERPENTINE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1 2 to 1 1, (p. 279). Picrophyll, Kerolite, Moniradite, Aphrodite, Picrosmine, Antigorite, Saponite, Serpentine, Deweylite, Hydrophite. 3. CHLORITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1: 1 to I ~2, (p. 289). 1. Oxygen ratio 1: 1. —Hisingerite, Thuringite, Euphyllite, Pyrosclerite (A). 2. Oxygen ratio 1 J.-Pyrosclerite (B), Clinochlore, Chlorite, Delessite. 3. Oxygen ratio 1: J.-Ripidolite, Aphrosiderite, Clintonite, Ohloritoid (A). 4. Oxygen ratio 1 J.-Chloritoid (B), Cronstedite, Sideroschisolite, Margarite. B. NON-MAGNESIAN HYDROUS SILICATES. 1. PYROPHYLLITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio between bases and silica, water excluded, 1 * 3 to 1 2,1 p. 303. (Related to Edelforsite Section of Anhydrous Silicates.) Pyrophyllite, Anthosiderite. 2. PECTOLITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1: 2 to 1 2~, p. 304. (Related to Augite Section of Anhydrous Silicates). 1. Apophyllite Cr. Apophyllite (I). 2. Laumnontite Cr. Monoclinic and Augitoid.-Pectolite, Okenite, Laumontite, Catapleiite (.). 3. Dioptase Gr. Hexagonal and B-erylloid.-Dioptase, Pyrosmalite. CLASSIFICATION OF MIINERALS. -254 3. CALAMINE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1I 1, p. 311. (Related to Garnet Section of Anhydrous Silicates). 1. Tritomite Gr. Monometric and Garnetoid.-Tritomite. 2. Thorite Gr. Thorite, Cerite. 3. Calamine Gr. Trimetric.-Calamine, Prehnite. Appendix. Chlorastrolite, Savite, Schneiderite, Carpholite. 4. ZEOLITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio of protoxyds and peroxyds 1 3, p. 317, (as in Feldspar Section of Anhydrous Silicates). 1. Analcime Gr. Monometric and Leucitoid, (p. 318). —Analcime, Ittnerite. 2.:Chabazite Gr. Hexagonal, (p. 319).-Chabazite, Gmelinite, Levyne. 3. Gismondine Gr. Dimetric, (p. 322).-Gismondine, Edingtonite, Faujasite. 4. Thomsonite Gr. Trimetric. I: I=90~-92~; rarely monoclinic, and when so, still homceomorphous with the trimetric species. No perfect pearly cleavage. (p. 323).-Harmotome, Phillipsite, Thomsonite, Natrolite, Scolecite, Sloanite. 5. Stilbite Gr. Monoclinic or trimetric; a perfect pearly cleavage, (p. 330). —Epistilbite, Heulandite, Brewsterite, Stilbite, Caporcianite. 5. DATHOLITE SECTION. Oxygen ratio 1 to less than 1. (Related to Andalusite Section of Anhydrous Silicates), p. 334. Datholite; Allophane, Schr6tterite. -Appendix to Hydrous Silicates, (p. 337). c. Unarranged Silicates containing Titanic Acid, (p. 341). Keilhauite, Tscheffkinite, Schorlomite, Mosandrite, Wohlerite. II. TANTALATES, COLUMBATES, (TITANATES), TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, VANADATES, CHROMATES, (p. 344). 1. Pyrochlore Gr. Monometric.-Oxygen ratio I: 2.-Perofskite, Pyrochlore, Pyrrhite (?). 2. Scheelite Gr. Dimetric.-Oxygen ratio of bases and acid 1: 3.-Scheelite, Scheeletine, Wulfenite, Azorite (?). 3. Fergusonite Gr. Dimetric. Oxygen ratio 2: 1. —Fergusonite. 4. Tantalite Gr. Trimetric; I. I-1000-1020.-Tantalite, Wolfram, Columbite, Samarskite, Mengite. 5. Polymignyte Gr. Trimetric; 1: I=90~~-950.-Polymignyte, Polycrase, AEschynite, Euxenite, Rutherfordite. 6. Yttrotantalite Gr. Oxygen ratio I: 1.-Yttrotantalite. 7. Vanadates, Chromates. Crocoisite, Melanochroite, Dechenite, Descloizite, Vanadinite, Volborthite, Arveoxene. III. SULPHATES SELENATES. 1. ANHYDROUS, (p. 364). 1. Celestine Gr. Trimetric.-Glaserite, Thenardite,.Barytes, Celestine, Anhydrite, Anglesite, Almagrerite, Leadhillite, 2. Dreelite Gr. Rhombohedral.-Dreelite, Susannite. 3. Glauberite Gr. Monoclinic.-Glauberite, Ladarkite. A~ppendix. Connellite, Selenate of Lead, Reussin. 2. HYDROUs, (p. 376). Misenite; Polyhalite; Gypsum, Astrakanite; Mascagnine; Coquimbite; Cyanosite; Alunogen; Alum; Epsomite, Goslarite; Copperas, Bieberite, Pyronmeline, Johannite; Glauber Salt;'Botryogene;, Copiapite; Apatelite; Alunite, Jarosite; Websterite; Pissophane; Linarite; Brochantite; Lettsomite; Medjidite, (p. 376-396). 253 TAXONOMY. IV. BORATES. Boracite, Rhodizite; iHydroboracite; Hayesine; Borax; Lagonite; Larderellite; Warwickite, (p. 392-395). 2. Acid of the Form R20". V. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES, NITRATES. 1. ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES. 1. Apatite Gr. Hexagonal.-Oxygen ratio of bases and acids, (exclusive of fluorid or chlorid), 3: 5, (p. 396).-Apatite, Osteolite, Cryptolite, Zwieselite, Pyromorphite, Mimetene. 2. Xenotime Gr. Dimetric. Oxygen ratio 8: 5, (p. 401).-Xenotime. 3. Afonazite Gr. Monoclinic. Oxygen ratio 3: 5'to 4: 5, (p. 402).-Monazite, Wagnerite, Kfihnite, (?) Lazulite. 4. Triplite Gr. Trimetric. Oxygen ratio 3: 5 to 4: 5, (p. 406).-Triphyline, Triplite. 5. Fischerite Gr.* Trimetric. Oxygen ratio 6: 5, (p. 408).-Fischerite, Peganite. 6. Romeine Gr. (p. 410). Romeine. Appendix. Hopeite, Amblygonite, Herderite, Carminite. 2. HYDROUs PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES. Thrombolite; Stercorite;.Struvite; Haidingerite; Pharmacolite, Vivianite, Erythrine, Nickel Green, Kiottigite, Symplesite, Scorodite; Libethenite, Olivenite; Euchroite; Arseniosiderite; Pharmacosiderite; Beudantite; Wavellite, Cacoxene; Childrenite, Erinite; Cornwallite; Phosphochalcite; Tyrolite; Delvauxene; Dufrenite; Aphanesite; Chalcophyllite; Liroconite; Uranite, Chalcolite; Carphosiderite; Plumboresinite; Castelnaudite, (p. 412-432). Sulphato-phosphates: Pitticite; Diadochite, (p. 432). 3, NITRATES. Nitre; Nitratine; Nitrocalcite, (p. 433, 434.) 3. Acid of the Form R'02. VI. CARBONATES. 1. ANHYDROUS CARBONATES. 1. Calcite Gr. Rhombohedral. R:R =105~-1080, (p. 435).-Calcite, Magnesite, Dolomite, Breunnerite, Mesitine, Chalybite, Diallogite, Smithsonite. 2. Aragonite Gr. Trimetric. I: I-116~-119~, (p. 448).-Aragonite, Witherite, Strontianite, Bromlite, Manganocalcite, Cerusite. 3. Barytocalcite Gr. Monoclinic, (p. 4653).-Barytocalcite. 2. iHYDROUS CARBONATES. Carbonate of Ammonia; Trona; Thermonatrite; Natron; Gaylussite; Lanthanite; Hydromagnesite; Malachite~ Azurite; Aurichalcite; Zinc Bloom; Emerald Nickel; Remingtonite; Liebigite; Bismutite, (p. 454-457). 4. Acid of the Formn RWO9. VII. OXALATES. Whewellite; Oxalite; Conistonite, (p. 464, 465). * This group (p. 408). should be transferred to the section of Hydrous Phosphates, &c. NOMENCLATURER. 255 V. RESINS-ORGANIC COMIPOUNDS. Amber; Copaline; Middletonite; Retinite; Scleretinite; Guyaquillite; Piauzite; Walchowite; Bitumen; Idrialine; Pyropissite; Brewstoline; Elaterite; Scheererite; K6nlite; Fichtelite; Kbnleinite; Hartite; Hartine; Ixolyte; Hatehettine; Ozocerite; Chrismatine; Dopplerite; Dinite; Mellite. III. NOMENCLATURE. A systematic nomenclature like that for botany and zoology, is out of place in this science, except it be based upon relations among the whole range of inorganic products. Moreover, it is not necessary nor desirable.* The number of minerals known is less than seven hundred, and the double names of Natural History, therefore, can well be dispensed with. The addition of thetermination ite or lite, (originally fronm xlog, stone), answers sufficiently well the purposes of science. The best names allude to some promznen. characteristic of the speees; others are given in honor of those who have labored in the science, or in reference to a promiznent locality of a species. It should be remembered that the use of names of persons eminent in other sciences, or of such as are ignorant of all science, is wholly at variance with good usage and propriety; moreover, an attempted flattery of the politically distinguished is degrading to science, and cannot be too strongly discountenanced. It is important that the names when taken from a locality, or the name of a person, should retain their original orthography; and also when not thus derived, that they should be of Greek derivation.t * The author has here departed widely from principles deemed important in the first two editions of this treatise. The arrangement of Mobs, followed in the main in those editions, cannot stand the test of the developments of science. Even on its assumed ground of being a natural system, it is in many parts singularly artificial; being little better in some of its groupings than an ancient classification of plants which arranged the hard wood species in one group, the herbaceous in another, or collected together flowers of a color. For it is on no better ground that the diamond is placed alongside of topaz and sapphire; spathic iron near heavy spar, (instead of near calcite); graphite'near psilomelane; allophane with green malachite; mica in the same order with cronstedite, spodumene with prehnite; iolite with quartz and chrysolite: and so on. Yet in justice to this Mineralogist of merited celebrity, it should be said, that'very many hnatural groupings were embraced in his classification-far, more, indeed,.than in any of the chemical systems of that time, for the latter refusing almost all reference to physical characters, and considering only the elements present, instead of the pmutual relations of the constituent elements, broke up species into fragments and'strewed. them about into most heterogeneous assemblages Von Kobell has published a valuable work on Mineralogical Nomenclature, entitled, "Die Mineral-Namen," etc. MInchen, 1853. PART V, DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. In the following Tables for the Determination of Minerals, the student is supposed to have the requisite means for determining the blowpipe and ordinary chemical characters of minerals, so far at least as to be able to test —* 1. The effervescence or non-effervescence with the three mineral acids. 2. The solubility, more or less perfect, in these acids, cold or hot, or the insolubility of a mineral in the same reagents. 3. The presence of water by subjecting the mineral in a matrass or tube closed below, to the blowpipe heat. 4. The character of the water or fumes given off with the acids or heat, whether containing fluoric or other acids, or alkaline. 5. The blowpipe reactions for sulphur, phosphorus, boracic acid, and other cases of this kind. 6. The presence of arsenic, and each of the volatile mletals; also of copper, lead, &c. The student is advised to study well the use of the blowpipe, and the various effects of the fluxes; and for this purpose Whitney's translation of Berzelius on the' Blowpipe, (published at Boston), will be found the best guide in the English language.t Two tables are here given, one in which the general divisions are based on lustre, streak, and blowlpipe and chemical characters; and another, in which the species are arranged under the several systems of crystallization. * It is obvious that for correct results, the testing should be carefully performed. It is not sufficient in trying for carbonic acid, to put a drop of dilute acid on the specimen; for carbonate of lime may be present as an impurity, and give rise to effervescence: a fragment should be tested in a test tube and its complete solution and effervescence to the end ascertained. To ascertain whether a mineral yields a malleable globule before the blowpipe with the fluxes, soda should be tried, if not successful with borax, and in pome cases cupellation is necessary. t Plattner's " Die Probirkunst mit dem Lithrohre" (3d edit., Leipzig, 1853) is a large and full work on the subject, giving the most recent facts, and including also reactions with acids and other chemical reagents. DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. 25~7 Before presenting the, Tables for determining species, a few facts upon some prominent minerals may be stated, that may aid the student in naming the specimens of his Cabinet.. 1. Quartz.-No mineral is more common, or more varying in its, colors, than quartz. It is the most abundant ingredient of gravel beds, of the pebbles of the fields, and of the sands of shores, as. well as a characteristic ingredient of granite and many rocks. It will therefore be everywhere encountered by the student. He will hardly err in pronouncing a specimen to beg quartz, whatever the color; if on trial he finds it equal to 7 in hardness, and. there — fore scratching glass with facility and not attacked by a file-not at all cleavable-infusible before the blowpipe-not acted upon byacids hot or cold-easily dissolved to a bead before the blowpipe with carbonate of soda-specific gravity not over 2'84. After a little experience, the hardness and absence of cleavage will suffice to: determine it in almost all its varieties. Calcite.-The mineral next in abundance to quartz, and as varied in its aspects, is limestone or calcite. Here-a knife-point easily scratches the surface-a drop of dilute muriatic acid causes an immediate effervescen.ce-the: blowpipe does not produce fusion.. but gives an intense, light, and the mineral after heating is alkaline, (being reduced- to quicklime)-the specific-gravity is not over 2'8and- when not compact massive, there is a very perfect cleavage. Zeolites.-The hydrous silicates of alumina and some alkali or. earth (potash, soda, or lime) are often called'zeolites. They are-, most commonly found associated together in cavities or seams in. amygdaloidal. rocks, though occurring also in other rocks, as granite, &c. QOn.page 317, Vol., II, several groups are mentioned. The Stilbite group is distinguished by its pearly cleavage; the forms are often laminato-radiate, and a drusy surface of a crystalline mass is made up of narrow oblong projections.. In Group IV, there is no perfect pearly cleavage; the forms are often acicular, and radiated masses consist of slender fibres, with the exterior often made of the squarish blunt or acute extrem-. ities of crystals. The other groups do not present fibrous forms;. the species occur mostly in short and stout glassy crystals, analeime showing usually faces of the trapezohedron (f. 39,) and chabazite often in rhombohedrons which are nearly cubes., Hornblende, Pyroxene,'Epidote.-These minerals fall among anhydrou& species, that are fusiblee before the blowpipe and have an uncolored streak. Epidote has commonly a characteristic yellowish-green color,. and this variety is unlike any pyroxene or. hornblende; it shades into brown, gray, and grayilsh-white,. and. may sometimes be red. Hornblende and Pyroxene vary fromt white to black through grass-green and olive-green. shades. Hornblende and Pyroxene are distinctly cleavable, andz prisnms when broken longitudinally often show a cleavage plane or splintery look; Epidote has no very distinct cleavage, and the crystals 33 258 DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. and columnar forms have a more solid aspect, with a smoother surface, without any splintery appearance in the fracture or a tendency to further subdivision of the columns. In this last it resembles columnar Tourmaline, which is also distinct from Hornblende in its more compact look, with no vertical lines of cleavage in the several fibres or columns. Hornblende and Pyroxene are often distinguished with difficulty when not in crystals, except by the aid of chemical analysis. The crystals of HIornblende are often six-sided prisms, with angles approaching:1200 (two angles of 124"~ and four of about 1180) or rhombic prisms of 124 ~; while Pyroxene crystals are as commonly four-sided prisms near 90~ in angles, (87~ 6' and 92~ 54'), or eightsided prisms near 1350 in each angle of the prism. Feldspars. —The feldspars are 6 to 7 in hardness, and occur either in tabular crystals or cleavable massive; never fibrous columnar and rarely granular; the lustre is vitreous, sometimes inclined to pearly, and the colors are white to flesh-red common; but sometimes bluish, greenish, and brown. There is one perfect cleavage, giving a smooth surface; another less perfect, at right angles, nearly or quite, with the former: if at right angles the species is Orthoclase; if varying three or four degrees from ninety, it is triclinic and therefore some other feldspar. Spodumene is a whitish, grayish, or pale greenish mineral, resembling a feldspar; but it has two very distinct cleavages making between them an angle nearly of 135~. Jiicaceous linerals. —The following are the names of the only unmetallic minerals that are properly micaceous in any of their varieties-that is, which consist of very thin, easily separable laminna:~ 1. Miuscovite, Phlogopite, Biotite, L~epidolite.-Closely related, with laminae elastic, unless they have undergone alterationaffording no water, or only a trace in a tube-B.B. fusing only on the edges; with acids, little or no action; with cobalt solution sometimes a clear blue,'but usually.dull. G.=275- 32; H.=1' 5 -2. See further, pp. 221 to 227. 2. Pyrophyllite, ifiargarite, Ezp hyllite.-Laminme, (excepting in Pyrophyllite), rather brittle, colors white or pale, affording water in a tube; B.B. fusing on thin edges; Pyrophyllite swells out. With acids, little or no action; a blue color with cobalt solution. G.=2'7 -3'1; H.=3'5 — 45, (1'5 in Pyrophyllite.) See pp. 291, 300, 303. 3. Chlorite, Ripidolite, Clinochklore,, Pyroselerite.-Laminae not elastic, flexible, affording water in a tube-feel often a little greasy-B.B. fusing on the edges, more easily than the preceding; in cobalt solution no blue color. Somewhat attacked by acids; colors mostly dark green, except pyrosclerite, which is often reddish. See further, pp. 291-296. 4. Talc.-Like the last in most of the characters, but laminae more greasy, much softer, and less thin, and color mostly very DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. 259 pale green; B.B. infusible, and with acids not dissolved; with cobalt solution, with some difficulty, a reddish color. 5. Brucite.-Somewhat like talc, whitish or greenish in color; B.B. infusible, heated in a tube affords water; in the acids entirely soluble without efervescence. See further, p. 133. 6. Diallage, Hypersthene, Bronzite, Clintonite, (hloritoid.Often nearly micaceous, though more properly foliated. The lamninae are brittle, and do not separate easily. The same is true of Marmolite, which has some resemblance to talc, and differs from the species just enumerated in having a greasy feel. 7. Gypsum.-A crystallized variety: it is very soft, laminae separable, hardly flexible without breaking, often transparent, and generally colorless. B.B. whitens and crumbles, but fuses only with difficulty. 8. l/ranite, (p. 430), Red Zinc Ore, (p. 110), copper iiica, (p. 428). —Uranite is bright green, or yellow; Red Zinc Ore is bright or deep red; Copper Mica is deep green. Crystals of Uranite are square tables, and those of Copper Mica hexagonal. Copper Mica gives a copper reaction; Red Zinc Ore is oxyd of zinc. Erythrine (Cobalt Bloom) is peach-blossom red in color, with often a bluish tinge. Pharmacolite and Vivianite have also a very perfect cleavage in one direction. The classification in the body of the work may be conveniently used in determining species. A specimen, for example, may be easily ascertained to be a sulphate, and next a hydrous sulphate, if such; and then by turning to the section containing hydrous sulphates, a few further trials will enable the student to ascertain which of the species described he has in hand. To facilitate the use of the work in this way, a few remarks on certain compounds, in addition to those to be derived from the chapter on chemical tests and blowpipe analysis, are here offered, and also an index to some of the prominent classes of species. phu ates.Sphrets may have a metallic lustre or an znmetallic lustre with a colored streak. Only Blende (sulphuret of zinc) and Voltzite (an oxysulphuret of zinc) have an unmetallic lustre and an uncolored streak. Consequently, with these exceptions, any unmetallic species witah u ncolored streak which containsfreely of'sulphur, must be a s ulphate. The sulphates are all unmetallic in lustre, and they are often colorless. Helvin, Hauyne, and Nosean are silicates containing a very little sulphur. Phosphates.-All the phosphates have an unmetallic lustre. The streak may be colored or uncolored. XNone of them are soluble in water, or have taste, excepting a single phosphate of ammonia; and the pure phosphates give no odor in any way before the blowpipe. Besides the direct test for phosphorus, the tests for carbonic acid, boracic acid, sulphur, separate them from the carbonates, 260 DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. borates, and sulphates; the test for fluorine from fluorids, although traces of fluorine often occur in phosphates; the complete solubility (without gelatinizing) in muriatic acid, hot or cold, distinguishes them from the silicates. There are the following exceptions to this last character: viz., Xenotime, Childrenite, MLonazite, Turquois, Lazulite, which are also B.B. infusible. XMolybdates, liungstates. -The Molybdates and Tungstates are unmetallic in lustre. Tlhe streak is colored, (yellow or yellowish, rarely red from chrome,) excepting in Scheelite, which is often white. Specific gravity never under 6. Columbates, lTantalates.-Mostly submetallic in lustre, with an iron-black, velvet-black, or brownish black color. But W6hlerite and Pyrochlore are yellow to brown, and Yttrocolumbite yellow to black; streak yellowish to nearly colorless. See in the second volume for description of species ofSulphurets, not containing Arsenic, Bismuth, Selenium, or Antimony,,pp.. 37 to 56,'0, 66 to 7.1, 127. Arseniurets, or.Sulphurets containing Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, pp.:31-36, -41, 44, 52-63, 67, 73-88., 141. Arsenic and Antimony Oxyds, pp. 139-142, 410. Seleniurets, pp. 42, 43, 62. Tellurets, pp. 21, 44, 64, 65. Fluorids, Chlorids, Bromids, Iodids, pp. 89-98, 127, 128,.138, 463. Sulphates, Anhydrous, p. 364.; Hydrous, p. 376; Selenates, p. 375..Arsenates, Phosphates,.Anhydrous, p. 396; Hjydrous, p. 411. Borates, p, 392. See also Silicates containing Boracic Acid, Danburite, Axinite, Tourmaline, Datholite. Nitrates, p. 433. Carbonates, Anhydrous, p. 434; Hydrous, p. 454. Yanadates, Chromates, pp. 359-364. Columbates, Tantalates, Tungstates, Molybdates, pp. 345-358. Ores of Silver, Sulphurets, pp. -37, 48.; Sulpho-arseniurets,.Arseniurets or.Antimoniurets, pp. 35, 75-88; Seleniurets, p. 43; Tellurets, pp. 44, 64; Chlorid, Bromid, Iodid, pp. 92, 93, 95. Ores of Quicksilver, Sulphuret, p. 48; Seleniuret, p. 52; Chlorid, Iodid, p. 89, 96. Ores of Copper, Sulphurets, pp. 38, 46, 65, 68.; Arsenical or Antimonial, pp. 36, 73, 77, 82, 84-88; Seleniurets, p. 43; Oxyds, pp. 101, 109, 117, 122; Oxychlorid, p. 138; Silicate, p. 309; Chromates, p. 360; Sulphates, pp. 375, 389, 391; Phos-.phates, Arsenates, pp. 412, 419 —421, 425, 426, 428, 429; Carbonates, 458. Ores of Lead, Sulphurets, pp. 39, 41; Seleniurets, p. 42; Tellurets, pp. 44, 65;.Antimonial Sulphurets, pp. 74-88; Chlorid, p. 97; Oxyds, pp. 109, 117, 126.; Oxychlorid, p. 127; Tungstate, p. 348; Molybdate, p. 349; Chromate, Vanadate, pp. 359-362; Sulphate, 370-374, 390; Selenate, p. 375; Phosphate, pp. 400,.431; Arsenate, p. 401; Carbonate, 452. Ores of Cobalt and Nickel, Sulphurets, pp. 41, 42, 49, 67; Bismuth, p. 45; Antimonial or Arsenical, pp. 52, 53, 56-59, 61, 63, 67.; Sulphate, p. 385; Arsenate, pp..416, 418; Carbonate, 461. Ores of Iron, Sulphurets, pp. 50, 54,. 60, 68; Arsenical or Antimonial, pp. 61, 62, 73; Oxyds, pp. 102-10t1, 113-116, 129, 131.; Sulphate, pp. 380, 383, 385,.387,.389.; Borate, pp. 395,,; Phosphate, pp..99, 406.-408, 415, 424, 427, 431:; Arsenate,'p. 418,422, 432; Carbonate, 444. Ores of Zinc and Cadmium, Sulphuret, pp. 45, 51; Oxyd., p. 110; Oxysulphuret, p. 127; Silicate, pp. 156, 189, 313.; Sulphate, p. 38,4; Phosphate, p. 409; Arsenate, p..418; Carbonate, 447, 460. Ores of Bismuth, Sulphurets, pp. 33, 73, 77, 88, 82; Telluric, 21; Silicate,.181; -Oxyd, 141;'Carbonate, 462., Ores of Antimony, Sulphurets, p. 33; Oxyds, pp. 140-142, 410. Ores of Arsenic, Sulphurets, pp. 31, 32.; Oxyds, p. 139. 'DTERMATIXVE MINERALOGYo 261 Ores lof Manganese, Arsenical, p. 63; Sulphuret, p. 41, 56:.; Oxyds, pp. 118, 125, 130, 135, 136; Silicate, p. 167, 186; Phosphate, ipp. 397, 406-408; Carbonate, 446, 452. Ores of Molybdenum, Tungsten, Sulphuret, p. 66; Oxyd, pp. 143, 144. Ores of Tin, Sulphuret, p. 70; Oxyd, p. 118. Ores of Uranium, Oxyds, p. 107; Sulphate, pp. 386, 392; Phosphate, pp. 430; Carbonate, 461, 462. Ores of Titanium, Oxyd, pp. 120-123; other ores, 115, 268, 345, etc. The following are the Tables for the determination of Species. By llfusible, ofr nearly so, is meant either wholly infusible or fusing only with great difficulty on the thinnest edges. The abbreviations employed are explained beyond, (p. 264). TABLE I. I. SOLUBLE MINERALS.: MINERALS SOLUBLE IN WATER AND HAVING TASTE. I. CARBONATES: effervescing with muriatic acid; fumes in-.odorous, II. NITRATES.: -deflagrating more or less on burning coals; effervescing with sulphuric acid and not with nitric or muriatic. IIIT. CLoRIDs.: effervescing and giving off suffocating fumes with sulphuric acid, and not with minuriatic. TIV. SULPHATES AND PIIOSPIATES: -no effervescence -with either of the acids; 1B.B. a sulphur or phosphorus reaction. 1. Little or no metallic reaction. 2. Reaction of iron, manganese, cobalt, zinc, or copper. V. BORATES O:R BORACIC ACID: nott effervescing with the acids; B.B. boracic acid reaction. VI. ARSENOJUS ACID: RB.B. on charcoal alliaceous fumes. 371. INSOLUBLE MINERALS. I. LUSTRE UNMETALLIC. A. STREAK, UNCOILORED. a. B.B.;so ODO-ROUS oR VISIBLE FUMES ON CHARCOAL, WITH OR WITHOUT FLUXES; GLOBULE OBTAINED BY REDUCTION NOT MALLEABLE. 1. When pulverized, wholly soluble to a liquid state in one or more of the acids, (cold or hot); none gelatinizing. * B.B. infusible or nearl y so, (p. 267.T 262 DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. t Carbonates: when pulverized, effervescing more or less in acids; fumes inodorous, reddening litmus paper. f~ Sulphates, Phosphates, Oxyds: no effervescence with acids. 1 f Fluorids, Borates, Oxalates. ** B.B. fusible, (p. 269). jt Carbonates: when pulverized, effervescing as above. f f Phosphates, Sulphates: no effervescence with acids; B.B. a sulphur or phosphorus reaction. fff Fluorids: a fluorine reaction, and none of phosphorus. f t fBorates: no effervescence; B.B. reaction of boracic acid. 2. Soluble in acids the silica gelatinizing~: Silicates. * B.B. infusible or nearly so, (p. 271). ** B.B. fusible, (p. 271). f Hydrous. ftf Anhydrous. 3. Insoluble in acids, or _partly soluble without gelatin'izing. * B.B. infusible, (p. 274). f B.B. reaction of sulphur, phosphorus or fluorine. tf Hydrous: B.B. no phosphorus reaction; Hydrous silicates of magnesia, alumina, or oxyd of iron, with opal and hydrates of alumina. ft ff Anhydrous, (p. 277). **k B.B. fusible; (includes no phosphates), (p. 280). f Sulphates: sulphur reaction. ff Hydrous; B.B. no sulphur reaction; G below 3'8. fff Anhydrous: B.B. no sulphur reaction, (Helvin excepted), (p. 282). b. B.B. EITHER FUMES, OR A MALLEABLE GLOBULE, (p. 286). * B.B. globule of lead with the fluxes on charcoal if not without, and lead oxyd on charcoal; no fumes of Arsenic, Selenium, or Antimony. ** B.B. inodorous fumes of Zinc, Bismuth, Antimony, Tellurium. *** B.B. odorous fumes of Arsenic or Selenium. **** B.B. wholly vaporizable, with fumes of Quicksilver and Chlorine. B. STREAK COLORED. a. B.B. NO FUMES WITHOUT OR WITH THE FLUXES; GLOBULE NOT MALLEABLE. B.B. infusible or nearly so, (p. 288). f Gelatinize with acids. tf Not gelatiniling with acids. DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY. 263 ** B.B. fusible, (p. 291). f Gelatinize with acids. tf Not gelatinizing with acids; B.B. phosphorus reaction. tit Not gelatinizing with acids; B.B. no phosphorus reaction. b. B.B. NO FUMES, EXCEPT SOMETIMES OF LEAD; A MALLEABLE METALLIC GLOBULE, (p. 294). * B.B. infusible; a globule of tin or copper with soda. ** B.B. fusible; a globule of lead, copper, or silver; no fumes of Arsenic, Sulphur, Selenium, or Antimony. t Gravity below 4'5; Ores of Copper. ff Gravity above 4-5; Ores of Lead, Copper, or Silver. c. B.B. VAPORIZING WHOLLY AND EASILY IN FUMES, LEAVING NO METALLIC GLOBULE, (UNLESS ANTIMONY OR BISMUTH), (p. 296). d. B.B. FUMES OF ARSENIC, SULPHUR, ANTIMONY OR CHLORINE; LEAVING A GLOBULE WHICH IS NOT MALLEABLE, (p. 297.) * B.B. fumes arsenical.' B.B. fumes not arsenical. e. B.B. FUMES OF SULPHUR, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, CHLORINE, BROMINE, OR IODINE; A MALLEABLE GLOBULE OF COPPER OR SILVER, (. 298). * B.B. flumes of Arsenic, Sulphur or Antimony. ** B.B. fumes of Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine or Muriatic Acid. II. LUSTRE METALLIC. A. -STREAK UNMETALLIC. a. B.B. NO FUMES, (p. 300). B.B. infusible, or nearly so; colors steel-gray to black. With muriatic acid fumes of Chlorine; contain manganese.> I No fumes of Chlorine with muriatic acid; (no hydrous species). ** B.B. fusible. b. B.B. GIVING OFF FUMES, (p. 302). * B.B. fumes of Arsenic associated sometimes with Sulphur; globule brittle; color whitish with sometimes a reddish or yellowish tinge, excepting Tennantite, which is black. ** B.B. fumes sulphurous or antimonial, not arsenical; globule brittle; colors rather pale, excepting Manganblende, which is black. *~* B.B. a malleable globule, or mineral wholly vaporizable, (p. 304). B.B. A globule of lead, silver or gold. I B.B. A globule of copper or tin. 264 DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY". B; STREAK METALLIC. a. NoT MALLEABLE, (p. 306)o. a B.B. no fumes; infusible. ** B.B. fumes.; globule not malleable'. **'- B3.B. fumes; malleable globule, or, mineral. wholly vaporizable. f B.B. wholly and easily vaporizable, (ores of lead not included). ft B.B. a malleable globule; fumes odorous. $ B.B. a globule of lead or silver, without copper or any copper reaction.:4 B.B. a globule of copper, or of silver or lead along. with. copper;. a copper reaction. - ti. B.B. a& malleable globule.; fumes inodorous. b. MALLEABLE, (p. 309). The following are the abbreviations used in thefollowing: pages. Antim. Antimony. Aui. Muriatic acid. Arsen. Arsenical. Nit. Nitric acid. B, bh. Blue, bluish. Op. Opaque. BB Before the Blowpipe. Phos. Salt of phosphorus. Bn, bnh. Brown, brownish. P'ly. Pearly. Bk, bkh. Black, blackish. Pms. Prisms. Bor. Borax. R, rdh. Red, reddish. Cleav. Cleavage, Cleavable. Rad. Radiated. Cryst. Crystals, Crystalline. Ren. Reniform. Decrep. Decrepitate. Soda, Carbonate of soda.. Dif. Difficult, difficulty. Sol. Soluble, solution. Effior. Effloresce. Stalact. Stalactitic. Exfol. Exfoliate. Stel. Stellate. Fib. Fibrous, Strl. Translucent on edges- only. Fol. Foliated. Strp. Semitransparent. Fus, Fusible, Fusion. Sulph. Sulphureous. Gelat. Gelatinize. Submet. Submetallic. Gn, gnh. Green, greenish. Sul. Sulphuric acid, Gran.. Granular. Trl. Translucent.. Gy, gyh. Gray, grayish.. Trp. Transparent.. Insoli Insoluble. Vit. Vitreous. Intum. Intumesce. W, wh. White, whitish. Met. Metallic. Yw, ywh. Yellow, yellowish. The constituents of the species are in all cases stated, and they are an indication of the blowpipe reactions, both as to whether amineral affords water in a matrass or not, and, the effects of the metallic oxyds and other ingredients present. The page on which the species is described at length is added, that the student may resolve his final doubts by a reference to the full descriptions. The Roman numerals indicate the system of crystallization, in the order: I, Monometric; II, Dimetric; III, Trimetric; IV, Monoclinic; V,. Triclinic; VI, Hexagonal.. After each subdivision in the following Table, there is a catalogue of the species of the subdivision that occur foliated or fibrous in some or all varieties, also a list of the species arranged according to their specific gravities. As species often vary much, they sometimes fall into more than one of the sections in the following Table. SOLUBLE MINERALS. 265 I. SOLUBLE MINERALS, HAVING TASTE. I. CARBONATES: effervescing with muriatic acid; fumes inodorous. B.B. either fuse, liquefy, or vaporize. Hardness. Carb. Ammonia, Whitish crusts. Odor of Ammonia. 454. Natron, 1-1.5 Crusts: (; 1'423; w, gyh; taste alkaline; efflor; Na, (, Aq, 455. 2'ona has G( 211, 454. Thermonatrite has G 1'5-1 6, 455. Gay Lussite, 2 —3 IV; cryst; G 1'9-2; ywh-w; vit; taste weak; B.B. decrep, opaque, like calcite. 3a. Ca, C, Aq, 455. II. NITRATEiS: deflagrating onl burning coals; effervescing with sulphiuric acid, but not withl nitric or mnuriatic. Nitrocalcite, Silken tufts, efiRor; vit; taste sharp, bitter; very deliq; BB slight defiagration, fises and dries; Ca, 19, Aq, 434. Nitratine, 1-5 —2 VI; rhombolledral; efflor; mas; G 2 -.. 2'3; w, bnh, ywh; vit; trp; taste cooling; BB yw flame; Na, R, 433. Nitre, 2 IIT; 120~0; in crusts; acic eryst; G 1 93'7; w; vit; strp; taste saline cooling; B13B flale not yw; iC,', 433. III. CHLORIDS: effervescing with suffocating fuimles with sulphuric acid, and not with inuriatic. Sal Ammoniac, 1-1 —5 Whitish, ywh, gyh; crusts; pungent saline taste; odor of amnmonia with soda, 92. Sylvine, 2 1; malns; x; vit; taste saline; BB flame not yellow; K, C1, 90. Common Salt, 2'5 I; cryst; mnas; w, ywh, rdh, bh; trp; taste saline; 13B flame yellow; Na, Cl, 90. IV. SULPHATES and PHOSPHIATE: 110 effervescence with either of the acids. B.B. sulphur or phosphorus reaction. 1. B.B. little or no metallic reaction. (All but Thenardite, Glau6crite, Reussin and Glaserite, contain water.) Mascagnine, In ywh crusts. Odor of ammonia with soda, 879. Glauber Salt, 1 5 —2 IV; efflor crusts; G 1'48; w, wh; taste cool saline, bitter; BB fuses, flame yw; Sa, S, Aq, A386. Alum, 2 —2'5 I; fibrous; crusts; efflor; G 1 5-'2; w, ywh, rdh; taste astringent; very soluble; B13 intum, spongy; -Al,', Aq, with I', Na, Mg, Fe, Mn or Am, 382. Epsomite, 2-2-5 III; inas; cryst; G 1'751; w; vit; taste bitter saline; Astrakanite, BB deliq; flame not yw; Mg, S, Aq, 384. Astrakanitc, Sig, Na, S. Aq, 879. Polyhalite, 2-3 ITI'; massive; subfibrous; G 2'7-2'8; rdh; trl, op; taste bitter astringent, very weak; BB fus!!; K, Mfg, Ca,', Aq, 317. 34 266 SOLUBLE MINERALS Hardness. Thenardite, 2-26 III; cryst; G 2'73; w; vit; trl; efiloresces; BB yw flame; Na, 8, 365. Glauberite, 2-3 IV; cryst; G 2'7 —2'9; ywh, gyh; vit; taste weak saline; BB decrep; trp glass; Na, Oa, 8, 374. Reussin, Prisms; acic; efflor; w; taste saline, bitter; kIg, Na, S, 375. Alunogen, 2 —3 fib; massive; crusts; w, ywh, rdh; vit; silky; taste like alum; BB intum; fus! very sol; il, S, H, 381. Glaserite, 2 —-3 III; massive; crusts; G 1'7 —175; w, bh; gnh; trl; taste saline, bitter; BB fus; no intum; lS, S, 365. Misenite is a sulphate of potash containing water, p. 365. 2. B.B. reaction of Iron (in Copperas, Botryogen, Iron alum), Manganese (il Manganese alum), Zinc (in Goslarite), Copper (in Cyanosite), Cobalt (in Bieberite), UIranium (in Johannite), and Nickel (in Pyromeline.) Copperas, 2 Crusts; massive; vit; gu, gnh-w; w on exposure; trp, Copiapite, trl; taste sweetish-astringent, met; BB magnetic; Fe, Coquimbite, S, Aq, 385. Copiapite is yellow; 381; Coquimbite, Apatelite, wh, ywh, bnh, 380. Iron-Alum, 2-5 I; crust; G 2; ywh, gnh; taste met-astringent, or ehalyVoltaite, beate; BB iron reaction; Pe, X1l, S, Aq, 383. Voltaite is sometimes black, 383. Manganese Alum, 2'5 I; crusts; fibrous; G 2; ywh, rdh; taste met-astringent; BB manganese reaction; Sin,;1,', Aq, 382. Goslarite, 2-2'5 III; incrustations, massive; w; vit; trp, trl; BB intum; taste astringent, met; Zn, S, Aq, 384. Cyanosite, 25' V; massive, earthy; G 2-213; bright blue; strp, trl; taste metallic, nauseous; BB on charcoal copper; Cu,:, Aq, 380. Bieberite,. IV; stalact; crusts; fesh and rose-red; trp, trl; taste astringent; BB "on charcoal sulph; with bor blue; 6o, S, Aq, 385. Johannite, 2-2' ]IV; cryst, massive; G 3'19; vit; emerald green, gnh; streak paler; trp, trl, op; taste bitter; solution bna precip with infusion of nutgalls; A, S, Aq, 386. Pyromeline, Capill cryst; also as a gnh-w efflorescenee; taste met-astringent; contains nickel,,Ii, S, Aq, 386. Botryogen, 2-2'5 I7; deep hgacinth-red, ywh; streak ochre yw; trl; taste slightly astringent. BB iron reaction; e, te,'t, 38'7. V. BoRATES, or BoRAcIc AcID: -not effervescing with the acids; B.B. boracic acid reaction. Sassolinu 1 Massive or in scales; G 1'48; w, ywh; p'ly; feel smooth; acidulous; BB fus!! flame gn; ~, Aq, 144. Hydroboracite, 2 Fibrous and fol like gypsum; G 19; wv; trl, op; BB fus I trp glass, flame gnh; slightly sol in water; in mtur easily sol; Oa, Sig, 1B, Aq, 393. LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. 267 Hardness. Borax,' 2-2'5 IV; G 1-716; w, gyh, bh, gnh; vit; tri, op; taste feebly sweetish-alkaline; BB puffs up, then fuses to a glass; Na, B, Aq, 394. VI. ARsENOUS AcID: B.B. alliaceous fuines on charcoal. Arsenolite, 1'5 IV'; capillary; botiyoidal, stalactitic; G 3'7; vit, silky; w, ywh, rdh; trp, op; taste astringent, sweetish, 139. II. INSOLUBLE MINERALS, OR WITHOUT'TASTE. IC. LUSTRE UNMETALLIC. A. STREAK UNCOLORED. a. B.B. No ODOROUS OR VISIBLE FUMES ON CHARCOAL l WITH OR WITHOUT THE FLUXES; GLOBULE OB'rAINED BY REDUCTION NOT MALLEABLE.; 1:. When tpulverized, wholly soluble in one or roril e acids (cold or hot) wit 4ovut gelatinizingq-Carbonates, Suliphates, Phosphates, Fluorids, Borates, Oxyds.'?- Infusible orl nearly so. f- Carboawates: when pulverized, effervescing more or less in acids; fumes inodorous. Obs. —The species are all anhydrous excepting IIydroimagnesite, Lanthanite, and Parisite; the last contains also fluorine. All hut Lanthanite, Diallogite, and Spathic Iron give an alkaline reaction after strongly heating B.B. Hydromagnesite, 2 —35. Fibrous, subfol, earthy, crust; w; in mur efferv; ig, a, Aq, 456. Lanthanite, 2'15-3 III; thin plates; earthy; gyh-w, ywh; dull, p'ly; La,, 11, 456. Calcite, 1-3'5 VI; cleav rhombohed;, cryst, fibrous, massive; G 2'2'78; w, ywh, rdh, bn, bk; vit, subvit, earthy; trp, op; BB intense light, caustic; in mur easy efferv; columns of fibrous var, have an oblique cross cleavaye, and in this unlike Aragonite, (a, 0, 435. Aragonite, 3. 6-4 III; cryst, mas, fib; G 2-9-3'; w, gyh, ywh; trp, trl; BB falls to powder; Ca, 0,448. Dolomite, 35i —4 VI; 10lO 15'; cleav; rhombohed, cryst, gran, mas; G 2'85 —3'1; w, ywh, rdh, bn, bk; vit; strp, op; in mour slow efferv; Ca, MSIg, C, with sometimes Pe, and then bn on exposure, 441. Barytocalcite, 4 IV; 106~0 55'; cleav; G 36 —3'7; w, gyh, gnh, ywh; trp, trl; BB with bor trp glass; Ba, Ia, (, 453; Bromlite is same compound trimetric; 451. 268,LUSTRE UNlNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. Diallogite, 3'5 —45 V'; cl R; clear massive; botryoid, fib; G 8'4 —36; vit, p'ly; rose-rd; bn on exposure; trl, strl; BB bn, infus, decrep; in hot mur efferv; In, a, 446. Manganocalcite (p. 452) is the same compound in rhombic prisms. Magnesite, 4 —5 VI; cleav R.; cry st, fibrous, massive; G 298-3; w, ywh, r1dh, bnI; trp, op; in u?1r slow efferv; SfIg, Oa, 414. Spathic Iron, 3-5-4-5 VI; R cleav, massive, foliated; G 3'7 —885, vit, pl'y; gyh-w, bnll, gnh-gy; bnh-r; trl, op; BB bk, magnetic; ini mar sol dif; Fe, G;, often with Sin, SlIg, Oa, 444. Breunnerlite is similar; G 3-363; w, ywh; bn on exposure Mg, Fe, C, 443. Parisite, 4-5 VI; cleavage bansal! G 4.35; bnh-yw; streak wh, w; vit; BB bnh; witb bor trp glass; in mur slow sol and efferv; Ce, 0a, 0, F, Aq, 463. Smithsolite, 5 VI; mas botryoid; p'ly, vit; wh, gyb, gnh, bnh; BB fimes of zinc; 2n, C, 447. a. Very distinctl~yfoliated orfibrous in some varieties. Hardness. Hardness. Hydromagnesite, 2'5 Fol, fib. Aragonite, 3 5-4 Fib. Calcite, 3 —3'5 Fol, fib. Diallogite, 3I5-4'5 Fib. Magnesite, 3-4 Fib. Spathic i1on, 3'5 —4'5 Fol, fib. i. Species arranged according to their specific gravity. Sp. 1Gravity. Sp. Gravity. Cale Sinter (Ca C'() Diallogite, 3'5-3'6. Hydromagnesite, 21 —2'2. Barytocalsite 3 6-3'7. Calcite, 2'5-2'78. Bromlite, 3 73' 72. Magnesite, 2 8-3. Spathic Ilson, 3'7-3'82. Dolomite, 285 —3 1. Lanthanite. Aragonite, -3. Prisie, 35. Breunnerite, 3-3'63'ft Phosphates, (Childrenite, Cryptolite, Fischerite); Sulphates, (Alunite); Oxyds, Periclase; or iTyd ated Oxyds, (Brucite, Volknerite); no effervescence with acids. Brucite, 1'5 VI; tables; foliated! laminte flexible; also fine fibrous; G 2'35; w, gyh; p'ly! trl, strl; in nit sol, no efferv; BB op, fiiable, alkaline; Mg, Aq; 133. V6lknerite, VI; cleav! foliated, massive; G 2-04; w; p'ly; feel greasy; BB exfol; with bor intum, trp glass; in acids sol; Sg, A1, Aq, 134. Apatite, 45 —5 VI; hexag prisrus; also massive; G 3 —33; green, bh, w, gnh, gyh, rh, bnh; vit, subres, brittle; BB fus difl!! in rour in powder o1l; iCa, Pi, F, 396. Childrenite, 4'5-5 III; only in cryst; yw, ywh, bnh; vit-res; trl; in. maur sol after long ignition; Al, Fe, Mn, P, H, 424. Alunite, 5 VI; cleav basal; massive gran; G 2'5-2'8; w, gyh, Jarosite, rdh; vit, p'ly; trp-strl; BB decrep; in sul powder sol; A1, K, }, Aq, 388. Pissophane is green, Al, Fe, ~, ]i, 390. LUSTRE UNIEALLIC-STR:EAK tJNCOLORED. 269 Hardness. Cryptolite, 5 —5'5 Minute acic hexag pins; G 4'6-4'8; ywh or colorless. BB fus dif!! flame gnh; in sul sol; 0e, P, 399. Fischerite, III; crystals; massive; dull gn trl; G 246; 3BB much Variscite, water; Al, P, II, 408. Variscite is apple-green, 408. Periclase, 5-6 I; only in cubes or oct; clear, cub; G 3'674; gnh, gn; trp, trl; in hot nit sol, no efferv; Sig, 101. a. Very distinctly foliated or fibrous in sorne varieties. Brucite, Fol!, fib. Villknerite, Fol. ftf Fluorids, (Yttrocerite, Fluoeerite),-B-orates, (Warwickite), —Oxalates, (Whewellite). Obs.-Parisite is a carbonate containing fluorine, and many phosphates also include a small per-centage. Topaz, Chondrodite, and some micas are infusible silicates containing fluorine. Danburite, Tourmaline, Axinite are silicates containing boracic acid. Yttrocerite, 4-5 III?; massive, earthy, G 3'4 —3'5, violet, gyh, wh, rdh. bn, vit, p'ly; BB with bor glass yw in outer flame while hot; in mtur in powder sol yw; Ce, Y, Ca, F, 95. Fluocerite, 4-5 VI; hexag pms and plates; massive; G 4-7, tile.rd, ywh; streak w, ywh, strl-op; BB darkens; Ce, Y, F, 96. Warwickite, 3-4 Prismatic cryst, imbedded; G 3-188; submet, p'ly, often dull; bn, bkh, gyh, 895. Whewellite, 2-5-3 IV; cryst and opaline incrust; lustre subadamantine, vitreous; in mur sol; oxalate of lime, 464, 465. Conistonite is similar, but trimetric, 465. "" Fusible. (Apatite fuilses with great difficulty, and is placed above.) t 6arbonates: when pulverized, effervescing more or less; fumes inodorous. Witherite, 3-3'75 III; cryst; massive, subfib; G 4'3; w, ywh, gnh; vitres; strp, trl; BB fus! in mnur efferv; Ba, C, 449. Strontianite, 3'5-4 III; cryst, massive, fibrous; G 3'6 —372; gnh; w, gyh, ywb; trp, trl; BB fus dif, rdh flame; Sr, a, 450. f.f Phosphates and Sulphates: no effervescence with acids; BB sulphur or phosphorus reaction. Nearly all the anhydrous species contain also some fluorine. t Hydrous. (Altered Tryphyline falls here, see p. 407). Websterite, 1-2 Massive, reniform; G 1 66; w; earthy; adheres to tongue; BB fuses dif; in acids sol, no efferv; Al, S, Aq, 389. Pissophane, 1 —2 Massive, stalact; G 1'9-2; gn, gnh; trp, fragile; BB fus dif; in muar sol; BB bk; -il, 3e, S, Aq, 390. Struvite, III; in crystals; wh, yh, bnh; vit; BB water and ammonia, a colorless glass; in acids sol; Am, Mg, T, 413. Hopeite,'5-3 III; cleavl; massive; G 2'76 —29; vit; p'ly; gyh-w; bn; trp, trl; sectile; BB fus, flame gn; with soda fumes of zinc; in mtur sol; Zn, P, Aq, 409. 270o LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. Wavellite, 3-4 III; stellate fibrous, hemispheres; G 2'3 —24; w, ywh, gnh, bnh, bk; vit-res; trl: BB w, intum; in hot sul sol; often fluorine;:l, i, F, Aq, 423. Cacoxene, 3-4 III; stellate fibrous; G 3-38; ywh, bnh, bn on exposure; resinous; trl; like wavellite; Fe, A1, P, Aq, 424. t Anhydrous. Pyromorphite, 35 —4 VI; hexag; ren, bot, fib, gran; G 6'5 —'1; bn, bright gn; orange; strp, strl; brittle; BB on charcoal fus, glob, cryst; in hot nit sol; Pb, P, C1, F, 400. Triphyline, 4-5-5 II1; often cleavable; massive; G 3'5-3'8; subres; Triplite, bh, bn, dull b, bkh-bn; streak gyh; trl, strl; BB fus! magnetic; in acids sol, no efferv; Fe, SIn, ti, P, 406, 408.-Often altered and hydrous. Herderite, 5 III; cleav imperf; G 2-98; ywh, gnh-w; vit, subres; trl; very brittle; BB fus dif w enamel; in hot mur sol; Al, Ca, Pi, F? 410. Zwieselite, 5 iHexag? cleav; G 3'97; bn; streak gyh-w; BB decrep, fus bh-bk glass, magnetic; Fe, Mn, P, F, 399. Wagnerite, 5-5-4 IV; massive; G 3; ywh, gyh; vit; trl; BB fus dif, gnh glass, with bor trp; in heated nit or dilute sul sol, no efferv; SIg, P, F, 403. Amblygonite, 6 III? cryst; cleav brilliant; G 3 —3'11; pale gll; vit, p'ly; strp-trl; BB fus! intum, w; in sul in powder sol; Al, F, t, F, 409. a. Species very distinctly foliated or fibrous, in some varieties. Wavellite, Fib! Pyromorphite, Fibrous. Cacoxene, Fib!.a. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. Gravity. Sp. Gravity. Websterite, 389. 1'66. Wagnerite, 403. 3. Pissophane, 390. 1-9-2. Amblygonite, 409. 3-3'11. Wavellite, 423. 2-3 —24. Cacoxene, 424. 3-38. Hopeite, 409. 2'76-2-9. Triphyline, 406, 408. 35 —3'8. Hederite, 410. 2-98. Pyromorphite, 400. 6'5-7'1. fti Fluorids: a fluorine reaction, and none of phosphorus. Cryolite, 2'5 II.?; massive, cleav rectang; G 2'9-3-:1; w; vit, subp'ly; strp-trl; brittle; BB fus!!!; in sul soluble, fumes of fluorine; Na, Al, F, 97. Chiolite is very similar, 98. Fluellite,: III; cryst; w; vit; trp; Al, F, 98. Fluor Spar, 4 I; cryst; cleav oct!; massive granular;.G 3'1 —3'2; w, yw, gn, rdh, bh, purple; vit; trp, trl; brittle; BB phosphoresces fus dif, enamel; Ca, F, 94. tft tj Borates: no effervescence with acids. B.B. reaction of boracic acid. Hydroboracite, 2 Foliated and fibrous like gypsum; G 1'9-2; wh; BB fus, clear glass; Ca, MIg, fi, B, 393. GELATINIZING SILICATES. 271 Hardness. Hayesine, Masses made of interwoven fibres; w; Ca, B, Aq, 393. Other hydrous borates, p. 394. Boracite, 7 —8 I; small cubes, &c., hemihed; massive; G 29 —3; w, Rhodizite, gyh, ywh, gnh; vit; strp, trl; BB intum, glass, which is w when cold; in omur sol; Mg,'B, 393. 2. Soluble in acids, the silica gelatinizing either before or after the mineral has been heated; Silicates. B.B. infusible or nearly so. Collyrite, 1-2 Like clay; feel greasy; adheres to the tongue; G 22'2; BB infus; in nit gelat; Al, Si, Aq, 338. Nontronite, 2-3 Massive; feel unctuous; ywh, gnh; op, strp; fragile; BB infus, bh, bn; in mur gelat; Fe, Si, Aq, 338. Allophane, 3-3'5 Mas, or in hyaline crusts, and reniform; G 1'85 —21; Schrbtterite, gnh, bh, ywh, w; BB flame commonly green with bor fus! glass; Al, Si, Aq, 336, 33/7. Calamine, 4'5-5 III; mammillary, botryoid, massive; G 3-35-3'45; wh, bh, gnh, ywh, bnh; trp, trl; BB fus dif!!; with bor glass; with soda, fumes of zinc dif; in mur gelat!Zn, Si, Aq, 313. Willemite, 5'5 VI; in hexag pms and massive; G 3-9 —42; wh, gnh, yw, gyh, bnh; trp, op; BB decrep, infus or fus dif!!; in powder in mur gelat; Zn, Si, 189. Gehlenite, B65-6 II; in small glassy cryst; G 29-3-1i; gnh, gyh, bnh; BB fus difI! in mtur gelat, 256. Cerite,.-65 VI; in hexag pms, mas, gran; G 4'912; dull adamantine, resinous; clove-bn, cherry-r, gyh; strl, op; BB infus; powder in dilute mur gelat easily; Ce, Fe, Si, Aq, 312. Chrysolite, 65-67 III; glassy grains and crystals disseminated; G 3'3 —35; green; trp-trl; BB with bor fus, iron bead; in mur insol; sul gelat; Mg, Fe, Si, 184. Chondrodite, 6-665 III; opaque ywh or bn grains or masses dissem. in cryst limestone; also in cryst at Vesuvius; G 3'1 —3 2; in m7ur gelat; fluorine reaction, 186. ** B.B. fusible. f Hydrous. (Apophyllite and Analcime imperfectly gelatinize.) Spadaite, 25' Mas; rdh; p'ly; BB glassy enamel; in mur sol, imperf Metachlorite, gelat; Mg, Si, Aq, 278. Metachlorite is dull leek-gn, in mur gelat; BB fus dif l 297. 0aporcianite, 2'5 IV; like Heulandite; also laminato-radiate; G 2'47; flesh-red; p'ly; BB no intum, w, enamel; in acids gelat I; Ca, Al, Si, Aq, 334. 272 LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. Schneiderite, 3 Laminato-radiate; w; opaque; BB fus, intum; in acids gelat! Al, Ca, Mg, Si, Aq, 316. Leonhardite, 3 —35 IV; cryst, cleav; G 2'25; p'ly, vit, w, ywh, bnh; usually whitens and crumbles on exposure like Laumontite; BB exfol, intum, fus!; Ca, Al, Si, Aq; 308. Sphaerostilbite, 3 5 Glob, diverg, laminato-radiate; G 205 —2'21; p'ly, vit; w, ywh, gyh; trl, strl; brittle; BB intum, fus; Al, Ca, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 333. Laumorntite, 35 —4 IV; cryst, cleav; G 2'26-2'36; vit, p'ly; w, ywh, gyh;. trp, trl; usually epaque and falls to powder on exposure; BB intum, fus; in nit or mur gelat; Al, Ca, Si, Aq, 307. Mesole, 35 —4 Globe, diverg, flat columnar; G 2'3 —2-4; silky, p'ly; wh, ywh, rdh; trl; BB fus; in mur gelat!; Al, Ca, Na, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 328. Gismondine, 465 II; in octahedrons and mammillated forms, surface drusy; bh-w, gyh, rdh; splendent; trp, trl; BB intum, fus; Al, Ca, K, Si, Aq, 322. Phillipsite, 4 —465 III; in glassy cryst, often cruciform; cleav imperf; G 2 —22; vit; w, rdh; tri, op; BB intum, fus; in mur in powder gelat!; Al, Ca, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 324. Pectolite, 4-5 IV; fibrous, acicular, radiate; G 2'25 —274; w, gyh; Okenite, subvit, p'ly; strl; op; tough; BB fus! enamel; in tmur gelat after heating, (okenite before heating); Ca, Na, Si, Aq, 305; Okenite, Ca, Si, Aq, 306. Gmelinite, 4'6 VI; in small glassy hexag crystals, w, or colorless; G 2'05 —21; BB intum, fus; in mtur gelat; Al, Ca, Na, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 321. Apophyllite, 4a5-5 II; acute octahedrons and prisms, cleavage basalI also subfoliated; massive; G 2-2-4; w, gyh, gnh, ywh, rdh; trp, op; brittle; BB exfol, fus; in nit imperf gelat; Ca, K, Si, Aq, 304. Thomsonite, 6-5'5 III; in glassy or somewhat p'ly cryst; also columnar diverg; G 2'3-2-4; vit, p'ly; w, bnh; trp, trl; brittle; BB intum, fus difl in mtur in powder! gelat Al, Ca, Na, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 325. Analcime, 5-565 I; usual in glassy or whitish trapezohedrons; G 2-052'3; vit; sometimes gnh, ywh, rdh; trp, op; brittle; BB fus, no intum; in mur gelat; Al, Na, Si, Aq, 318'; Ittnerite is similar in form, also massive; G 2'3-2'4; bh-gy, ash-gy; BB some sulphur; Na, Ca, Al, Si, S, Aq, 319. Natrolite, 5,5'5 III; in acicular cryst; also diverg fibrous; G 2'1-2'25; vit, subp'ly; w, gyh, ywh; trp, trl; biittle; BB fus quietly; in mur gelat!; A1, Na, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 327. Seolecite, 5-5'5 III; in acicular cryst, also diverg, fibrous; G 2'2 —28; vit, p'ly; w, gyl, ywh; trp, trl; BB curls up like GELATINIZING SILICATES.'78 Hardness. a worm, fus; in mur gelat!; Al, Ca, Aq; Zeolite, 328. Like Natrolite, but lustre more p'ly. Sloanite fuses without intumescence, 329. Datholite, 5-5-5 IV; small glassy cryst; mas; G 2'9-3; w, gyh, gnb, ywh, purplish; trp, trl; BB intum, vit glob, flame gn; in nit gelat; Ca, Si, B, Aq, 334. a. Species distinctly foliated or fibrous in some varieties. Caporcianite, 334. H.=2'5 Col. Okenite, 306. H —4'5 —5 Fib. Schneiderite, 316. 3 Fib. Apophyllite, 304., 4-5 —5 Fol. Sphmerostilbite, 333. 3'5 Fib. Thomsonite, 325. 5-5-5 Fib. Laumontite, 307. 35 —4 Col. Scolecite, 328. 5-5'-5 Fib. Mesole, 328. 3'5 —4 Fib. Natrolite, 327. 5 —55 Fib. Pectolite, 305. 4-5 Fib. /. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Collyrite, 338. 2 —22. Scolecite, 328. 2'2 —228. Spadaite, 297. Laumontite, 307. 2'26-2'36. Phillipsite, 324. 2 —2'2. Mesole, 328. 2'3 —24. Gmelinite, 321. 2'05 —211. Thomsonite, 325. 2'3 —2'4. Spheerostilbite, 333. 2'05-2'21. Ittnerite, 319. 2'37-2'4. Analcime, 318. 2'05-2'3. Datholite, 334. 2'9-3. Apophyllite, 304. 2 —24. Gehlenite, 256. 2'9 —31. Pectolite, 305. 2-2-74. Chondrodite, 186. 31 —32 Natrolite, 327. 2'15 —225. Willemite, 189. 4-4'2. Okenite, 306. 2'28 —238. tt Auhydrous. Wollastonite, 4'5-5 IV; cleav, mas, sublamellar, subfib; G 275 —-2'9; w, Edelforsite, gyh; ywh, rdh, blnh; strp, trl; subvit, p'ly; BB on charcoal fus, colorless bead; mur gelat; Ca, Si, 155, 156. Mellilite, 5 II in small pims; G 2'9 —3 15; vit; bnh, yw, gnh, rdh; trl, op; BB fus dif; in acids gelat; Al, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Si, 205. Lapis Lazuli, 5.5 I; massive; dodec; G 2'3 —25; vit; b; trl, op; BB fus; in nour gelat, 229. Sodalite, 5 —6 I; dodec; G 2-2 —24; vit; bn, gy, b, gn; trp, strl; BB fus Hauyne, dif; in nit or mur gelat; Al, Na, Si, C1 or S, 229, 230. Nosean, Skolopsite (231) is similar. Cancrinite, 55 —6 VI; hexag, like Nepheline; massive; G 2'42 —262; subvit, subp'ly; w,gy, yw, gnh, b, rdh; trl; BB fus I intum; in mur efterv, gelat after heating; Al, Na, Ca, Si, C, 233. Nepheline, 65 —6 VI; hexag pmis; massive; G 25 —2'65; vit, greasy; w, gyh, gnh, rdh, bnh; trp, strl; BB fus; in acids gelat!; Al, Na, K, Si, 232. Barsowite, 56 —6 Mas, gran; G 2'7-2'76; subp'ly; w; strl; BB fus dif; in acids gelat; Al, Ca, Si, 236. 35 2174 LUSTRE UNiMETALLIC —STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. Allanite, 5 —6 IV; broad or acic cryst, mas; G 3-3 —4-2; pitch-black, Orthite, bn, ywh; strl, op; brittle; streak gyh; BB intum, fus; in acids gelat; Al, Fe, Ce, Ca, Si, 208. Sarcolite, 5'5 —6 II; in small glassy cryst; G 2'545; flesh-r, rdh-w; trp, strp; brittle. BB fus w enamel; Ca, Al, Si, 200. Indianite, 6 V; mas, gran; G 2-668; w, gyh; trl, strl; BB fus dif; acids gelat t; Al, Ca, Si, 235. Eudialyte, 6 VI, R, cleav basal!; mas; G 2'89 —2'91; vit; bnh-r; op, strl; BB fus gyh-gn scoria or op glass; in powder acids gelat; Zr, Fe, Ca, Na, Si, 181. Tephroite, 6 Mas, gran; G 4 —412; ash-gy; streak gyh; bn or bk on exposure; BB fus! bk scoria; in mur gelat!, not evolving chlorine; Mn, Si, 186. Idocrase, 6'5 II; often in square prisms; cleav indist; mas; G 3'34 — 4'0; vit, res, often lustrous; bn, gn; yw, b; strp, strl; BB fus! intnum; in acids after heating, soluble and gelat; Al, Ca, Fe, Si, 197. Epidote, 6'7 IV; cryst; massive, subcolLmn; G a325 —3'5; vit, res; (in part), pistachio-gn, bn, gy; strp, op; BB fus; in msur after strong ignition sol and gelat; Al, Ca, Fe, Si, Mg, Ce, 206. Chrysolite, 6' 5-7 III; glassy grains, massive, resinous; G 3'1 —3 6; green to black; Mg, Fe, Si, 184. a Species distinctlyjfbrous in some sarieties. Edelforsite, 155. H=5'5 Fib. Wollastonite, 156. — 4'5 —5. i. Species arranged according to their specific gravity. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Sodalite, 229. 2'2 —2'4. Barsowite, 236. 2 -1-2'76. Nosean, 230. 2'25 —2-3. Wollastonite, 156. 2'-1-29. Lapis Lazuli, 229. 2-3 —25. Eudialyte, 181. 2-9 Haiiyne, 230. 2-4 —2-5. Mellilite, 205. 2'9 —315. Cancrinite, 233. 2'42 —2'62. Epidote, 206. 3'25 —35. Nbpheline, 232. 2'5 —2'65. Chrysolite, 185. 3 —36. Skolopsite, 231. 2-53. Allanite, 208. 3 3-4'2. Sarcolite, 200. 2'545. Idocrase, 197. 3'34 —40. Edelforsite, 155. 2'58. Tephroite, 186. 4-4-12. Indianite, 235. 2'668. 3. Irsoluble iln acids, or sartly solttble, without gelatiniziyg. Obs. -The only species in this subdivsion in which G is above 4'8, are Scheelite, Plumboresinite, Cassiterite, and Yttrotantalite. See pp. 347, 359, and 431. * Infusible, or nearly so. i B.B. reaction of sulphur, phosphorus, or fluorine, (fluorine only in fluocerite). Blende, 35 —4 I; perfect cleavage dodec; massive; G 3'9-4'2.; resinyw, bn, bk, rdh, gnh; brittle. BB infus or fus difl Il; in ntur sol, sulphur separating; Zn, S, 45. NOT G-ELATINIZING WITH ACIDS —INFUSIBLE. 275 Hardness. Xenotime, 4 —5 II; small octahed cryst; G 4'4-4-6; ywh-bn; streak pale; res; op; BB with bor uncol glob; in acids insol; Y, P, 401. Fluocerite, 4-5 VI; in hexag pms; G 4-7; rdh, yw; streak w, ywh; strl, op; BB darkens; with bor sol, red in outer flame; Ce, F, Aq, 96. Turquois, 6 Massive, stalact, reniform, no cleavage; G 2'6 —285; bhgn; waxy; strl, op; BB decrep, bn, gn flame; with bor fus; in m~ur insol; [1, P, Aq, 405. Lazulite, 5-6 IV; cryst, massive; G 3 —3'15; blue, gnh; vit, strl, op; BB blebby appearance; with bor trp glob; after heatsol in acids; Mg, Il, P, Aq, 404. No species in this subdivision is either fibrous or foliated, excepting Blende, which is sometimes imperfectly fibrous. t t Hydrous; no phosphorus reaction. (Hydrous silicates of magnesia, alumina, or oxyd of iron, with opal and hydrates of alumina.) Obs.-1. Species giving a blue color with cobalt solution are Pholerite, Halloysite, &c. Margarodite, Margarite, Pyrophyllite, Gibbsite, Diaspore; 2, the remaining species give the reaction of mnagnesia or iron, excepting (Erstedite, Opal, and Malacone; and Opal sometimes contains oxyd of iron when impure. Schiller Spar is altered pyroxene; and of similar nature are other hydrous substances, which if good species would fall here, as Pyrallolite, &c., (see p. 165). Zircon and Kyyanite are also sometimes hydrous, (see pp. 195, 265). Pholerite, 05 —1 Soft pearly scales, w; massive; G 23 —2'6; in dilute nit not sol; Al, Si, Aq, 251. Halloysite, &c. 1 Clay-like, mass; G 1'5 —2'1; w, bh; waxy; feel greasy; Kaolin, adheres to the tongue; strl, more trp in water; in Dillnite, acids decomp; Al, Si, Aq, 251, also 340. Kaolin differs Collyrite,. in its harsh feel, 249. Dilluite, 338. Pyrophyllite, 1 Foliated like talc, radiated; G 2'7-2-8; p'ly; gn, gnh, w, ywh; strp, trl; laminie flexible; BB swells up!!, with soda fus; in sul partly sol; A1, Si, Aq, 303. Vermiculite, 1 —1 5 Scaly massive; scales foliated; G 2-756; olive gn, gnh; p'ly; strl; BB fus dif, swells out, worm-like!! in mur decomp; Mg, Al, Fe, Si, Aq, 292. Saponite,.1-2 Massive; soft; G 2-26; w, ywh, bh, rdh; greasy; BB bkns, fus dif!!; in sul soluble; Mg, A1, Si, Aq, 282. Neolite, 1-2 Fib, stel, mass; G 2 77; gn; silky or earthy; BB an iron reaction; Mg, Fe, Al, Si, Aq, 278. Ripidolite, 1-2 VI; hexag; foliated!; mas, gran; G 2'65 —296; gn, Chlorite, olive-gn; p'ly; trl, strp; lam flexible, inelast; BB fus Clinochlore, often dif!!; Mg, Fe, Al, Si, Aq, 293-296. Talc, 1 —12 III? foliated!; also compact massive; G 2'55 —285; Marg'arodite, gnh, gn, w; p'ly; feels greasy; laminae flexible, inelastic; BB with bor intum, glass; acids no action; Talc Mg, Si, 275. Margarodite (223) is more like Mica, and gives a dull blue color with cobalt solution. SC2716 LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. Steatite, Is a massive talc; w, gyh, gnh, 275. Meerschaum is similar, gyh-w, earthy texture; 2 —2'5, 277. Aphrodite is allied, 276. Iterolite, 2 —25 Massive, reniform, foliated; G 2 —24; vit, res; w, gnh, gn; trp-trl; feel greasy; BB bkns; Mg, Si, Aq, 280. Chloropal, 2-3 Gives an iron reaction; color ywh-gn, gnh-yw; BB Pinguite, bkns; Fe,?i, Aq, 337. Antigorite, 2-5 III; mas, fol!; G 2-622; bnh-gn, leek-gn; trp, trl, feel smooth, not greasy; BB fus dif!!; in mur decomp dif; Mg, Fe, Si, Aq, 281. Groppite, 2'6 Mas, foliated; G 2'73; rose rd; trl; BB wns, fus dif!!; with bor sol, intum; Al, Fe, Mg, Si, Aq, 287. Epichlorite, 29-2'5 Fib; G 2'76; dull leek-gn; greasy; strl; BB fus dif!!; Mg, Al, Fe, Si, Aq, 288. Picrosmine, 265-3 III; cleavable massive, fibrous; G 2'59 —275; gnh-w, Picrophyll, gn, gy; p'ly, vit; strl, op; odor argil if moist; BB intum; Mg, Si, Aq, 281, 280. Serpentine, 2-4 Massive, foliated, or fibrous; green, ywh, bk, wh, bnh, bkh; subres; feel somewhat greasy; BB fus dif!! bor sol! mur sol; Mg, Si, Aq, 282. Retinalite, (283), and Deweylite, (285), have a pale resin-like look. Chrysotile or fibrous Serpentine is soft. Metaxite is related, 285. Xylite or X4ylotile is wood-brown, 285. Margarite, 3-4 Micaceous like Mica, but lamine rather brittle; p'ily; G 2'9-3, 300. Euphyllite is similar, (291); BB fus dif. Gibbsite, 3-4 VI; hexag tables with basal cleav; commonly stalactitic, surface smooth; G 2'3 —24; gyh, gnh, w; p'ly, waxy; trl; tough; i1, Aq, 134. Schiller Spar, 36 —4 Foliated; G 2'5 —28; gn,pinchbeck-bn; met-p'ly; lam brittle; BB fus dif!!; sul decomp; Mg, Fe, Si, Aq, 165. Clintonite, 4-5 Foliated! massive; G 3'098; rdh-bn; copper-r; submetp'ly; strl; laminme brittle; BB wtns; with bor sol; in acids in powder some action; Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, Si, Aq, 297. Bowenite, 6 Massive like nephrite; G 2659 —28; apple-gn; faint vit; trl; splintery, tough; BB unalt; in hot mur decomp, 283. Monradite, 5-6 Mas, fol; G 3 2 —33; ywh, w, rdh; vit; Mg, Fe, Si, Aq, 280. Chloritoid, 655-6 Coarse fol or micaceous; G 3'4 —356; gy, gyh-gn, gnh Sismondine, bk; weak-p'ly; BB darkens, magnetic; with bor fus iron glass; in acids not sol; Al, Fe, Si, Aq, 298. Opal, 565-6'6 Mas; G 1'9 —2'3; w, yw, r, b, gn, gy, bn; vit, res, p'ly; BB yields some water, sometimes rdns when impure; with soda fus! Si, Aq, 151. NOT GELATINIZING WITH ACIDS-INFUSIBLE. 277 Diaspore, 6-7 III; thin or acic cryst; foliated mas; G 3-3 —3'5; gyh, gnh, bnh; p'ly, vit; trl, strl; brittle; BB decrep; with soda unalt; in sul no action; 1l, Aq, 128. a. Species distinctly foliated or fibrous in some varieties. Pyrophyllite, 303. 1H=1, Fol! Picrosmine, 281. H. —=2'5 —3 Fib. Talc, 275. 1 —1'5 Fol! Picrophyll, 280. Fib. Vermiculite, 292. 1-2 Fol. Gibbsite, 134. 3-4 Fol. Neolite. 278. 1-2 Fib. Margarite, 300. 3-4 Fol. Ripidolite, 293. 1-2 Fol. Euphyllite, 291. 35 —4 Fol. Chlorite, 296. Fol. Schiller Spar, 165. 3'5-4 Fol. Xylite, 285. Fib. Clintonite, 297. 4-5 Fol. Metaxite, 285. Fib. Monradite, 280. 5-6 Subfol. Serpentine, 282. 2-4 Fol, Fib. Chloritoid, 298. 5'5-6 Subfol. Kerolite, 280. 2-2-5 Fol. Diaspore, 128. 6-6'5 Fol. fl. }Species arranged according to their speefic gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. IHalloysite, 251. 15-21. Picrophyll, 280. 2 75. Kerolite, 280. 2 0 —22. Pyrophyllite, 303. 2'7-2'8. Opal, 151. 1'9-2'3 Antigorite, 281. 2'622. Saponite, 282. 2'26 Groppite, 287. 2 73. Gibbsite, 134. 2'3 —2-4; Epichlorite, 288. 2-76. Pholerite, 251. 2'3 —2'6. Vermiculite, 292. 2'76. Retinalite, 283. 2'493. Clintonite, 297. 3'098. Talc, 275. 2'55 —265. Monradite, 280. 3'2 —33. Picrosmine, 281. 2'59 —268. Diaspore, 128. 33 —3'5. Bowenite, 282. 259 —2-8. Chloritoid, 298. 3-4 —36. Steatite, 275. 2'65 —28. ffi Anhydrous. Obs.-Andalusite, Chiastolite, Kyanite, Sillimanite, Rubellite,Topaz, Chrysoberyl, Sapphire, and sometimes Leucite and Spinel, give a fine blue color with cobalt solution; Mica and Phenacite less clearly so. Chondrodite, Topaz and some Mica give a fluorine reaction. Hardness. Mica, 2 —25 Micaceous; laminie thin flexible, elastic; G 2'75-3'1; w, gy, gnh, ywh, bnh, bk; trp, trl, opaque. BB whitens, fuses on the edges; K, Mg, Al, Si; 217. Chiastolite, 3 —65 III;. in stout prisms, nearly square, tesselated with gyhw; dull, subvit; G 2'8 —3'3; BB infus, with bor fus, dif!! Al, Fe, Si, 257. Azorite, 4 —45 II, like zircon; only in minute cryst; vit; colorless, ywh, gnh; trl, op; BB with bor sol dif!, with more bor op, on flaming; with phos slow solution; Ca, Ta (?) 350. Knebelite, 5-6? Mas; G 3'71; glistening; gy, r, bn, gn; BB alone unaltered, with bor fus dark olive-gn pearl; Mn, Si, 186. Boltonite, 5'5 Disseminated grains, somewhat cleavable; G 2'8-3; dark gyh-bn, ywh-gy; ywh on exposure; vit; trl; BB bleached; with bor trp glass; Mg, Fe, Al, Si, 167. Pyrochlore, 5 —5'5 Only seen in small octahedral cryst; yw, bn; subres; G 3'8 —435. BB fus dif!! with bor rdh, yw, 345. Perofskite, 5.5 I; in cubes, hemihed; G 4-017; met-adamantine; gyh, iron-bk; strl, op; BB with bor glass, titanium reaction; Ca, Ti, 345. 278 LUSTRE UNMIETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. Leucite, 5'5-6 I; in trapezohedrons; cl imperf; G'2'45 —25; vit, not lustrous; w, gyh-w; trl, op; BB with bor fus dif; in acids decomp, silica pulv; Al, K, Si, 231. Opal, 5'5 —6'5 Never cryst, massive, crust, often opalescent; G 1-9(in part), 2'3; sometimes hyaline, also trl, strl; nearly opaque; BB with soda fus! 151. Brookite, 123, 5-5-6'5 G 3-85 —4'25; met-ad; bn, bh, gnh, black; BB unalt; T['i. Anatase, 121, Broolcite in trimetric crystals, H=5'5 —6; G 38 —4'18; Rutile, 120, Putile in square prisms often geniculated, often acicular, G 4'18-4'25, H=6'5; Anatase in brown or dark bluish acute octahedrons, G 3'85-8'95, H1=55. Chondrodite, 6-6'5 III; disseminated in granular limestone; G 3-1 —32: subvit, res; yw, wh, bnh; gnh, bkh; trl-sbtrl; very brittle; BB with bor ywh-gn; reaction of fluorine, Mg, Fe, F,'Si, 186. Chrysolite, 6-'7 III; in green glassy grains and masses; G 33 —3 6; rarely white; trp, trl; Fe, Mg, Si; 184. Cassiterite, 6-7 II; cryst, mas, grains; G 6'3 —'1; ad, subvit, subres; bn, bk, rdh, gy; ywh; st gyh; strp-op; BB char redue dif!, bor and soda reduced; acids insol; Sn, 118. Kyanite, 6 —7-25 V; in slender bladed cryst, common; bh, wh, deepest Sillimanite, blue along the middle; rbc pmns, bnh; gyh; also fib mas; G 3-5-3'7, Kyanite; 31 —36 Sillimanite; vit, sbp'ly; trp-sbtrl; BB unalt; bor fus dif; Al, Si, 263, 265. Andalusite, 6-7-5 III; prisms stout, nearly square, often tesselated; G 3-1 -3-3; vit, weak; gyh, rdh, gnh; strl-op; tough; BB unalt, with bor fls dif!; Al, Si, 257. Quartz, 7 VI; cryst, mas; G 2'6 —2'7; w, yw, r, bn, gn, b, bk; trp-op; vit, subres; BB with soda fus! Si 145. Staurotide, 7 —75 III; 1290 20'; always in crystals, prisms stout, often cruciform; G 3'5 —375; subvit, vit; bnh, rdh, bn, bk, gy; trl, op; BB darkens, with bor fus dif gn glass; Al, Fe, Si, 261. Chrome Garnet, 7-5 I; dodec; G 3 4184; vit; emerald-green; BB infus.; bor chrome-gn glass; Cr, Al, Ba, Si, 190. Zircon, 7'5 II; always in crystals; G 45 —4'75; vit-adamantirie; bn, r, yw, gy, w, often bright; trp, strl;.BB loses color; with phos and soda infus; in acids no- action, or dif! Zr, Si, 195. Rubellite, 7 5 VI; three or six-sided prisms; red, bh, wh; G= —3-33; BB infus; A1 B, Si, 270. Sapphirine,'7-8 Small grains, or gran mas; 3'4 —35; vit; pale b, gn; trp, trl; BB infus, with bor iufus, unaltered; Mg, Al, Si, 266. Beryl,'75-8 VI; in hexag pms; G 2'65-2'75; vit, subres; green, emerald-gn; ywh, bh, bnh; trp, strl; BB with bor clear glass; Be, Al, Si, 178. NOT G]ELATINIZING WITH ACIDS-INFUSIBLE. 279 Hardness. Phenacite, 8 VI; in crystals, cleav RI; G 2'9 —3; vit; colorless, wineyw; rdh; trp, op; BB with bor fus dif, trp glass; with soda w enamel; cobalt solution dull blue; Be, Si, 189. Topaz, 8 III; usual in crystals; cleav basal!; sometimes massive, sub-fibrous; G 3-4 —365; vit; yw, w, gnh, bh; trp, trl; BB with bor clear glass; Al, Si, F, 259. Spinel, 8 I; usual in octahedrons; G 3-5-4-8; vit; r, gn, b, gy, Automolite, bk, sometimes bright; trp, op; BB with bor fus dif; Kreittonite, &c., Mg, Al; Zn, Al; Mg, Fe, Al; Zn, Mn, Al, Fe; Zn, Fe, 103. Chrysoberyl, 8'5 III; cryst'; G 3'5 —38; vit; bright green, ywh; rdh; trp, trl; BB unaltered, soda infus; bor fus dif!; Be, Al, 122. Sapphire, 9 VI; in hexag crystals; mas; G 3 9-4'2; vit, p'ly; blue; r, yw, bn, gy, wh; trp, op; tough; BB soda unaltered; in acids no action; X1, 111. Diamond, 10 1; in crystals, rarely massive; G 3-4 —36; w, b, r, gn, bn, gy, bk; adamantine; trp, strl, 24. a. Species distinctly foliated oryfibroszs in some varieties. Mica, 217. H=2 —3 Fol! Sillimanite; 265. 7-7-5 Fib. Kyanite, 263. 6-6'75 Fib. 6. Species observed always or mostly in distinct crystals. Perofskite, I. Anatase, II. Zircon, II. Chiastolite, III. Rutile, II. Beryl, VI. Azorite, II. Andalusite, III. Phenacite, VI. Leucite, I. Staurotide, III. Spinel, I. Brookite, III. Chrome Garnet, I. Diamond, I. y. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Opal, 151. 1-9-2-3. Kyanite, 263. 35 —3.'7 Leucite, 231. 2'4 —25. Staurotide, 261. 3'5-3'75. Quartz, 145. 2'6 —2'7. Spillel, 1 03. 3'5 —48. Beryl, 178. 265-2-'75. Topaz, 259. 3'4-3.85. Boltonite, 167. 2-8-3. IEnebelite, 186. 3 71. Andalusite, 257. 2'8-3-3. Brookite, 123. 3 8-4.18. Phenacite, 189. 2'969. Anatase, 121. 3 85-395. Rubellite, 270. 3 —3'3 Pyrochlore, 345. 3 8-4 4. Chondrodite, 186. 3'1 —3'2. Sapphire, 111. 3 9 —42. Sillimanite, 265. 3'1 —3'5. Perofskite, 345 4-017. Chrysolite, 184. 3'3 —36. Rutile, 120. 4-18-4'25. Chrome Garnet, 190. 3'418. Azorite, 350. Sapphirine, 266. 3-4 —35. Zircon, 195. 4.3-4-75. Diamond, 24. 3'4 —3 6. Cassiterite, 118. 6-3-7-1. 280 LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. ** Fusible. (Includes no Phosphates). f Sulphates: Sulphur reaction. Anhydrous (excepting Gypsum). Hardness. Gypsum, 15 —2 IV; 111~ 14'; cleav crystals; foliated!! massive fibrous I G 2'26-2' 36; w, gy; ywh, bn, bh, bk; trp, op; BB exfol, whitens, crumbles; fus dif!; Ca,', Aq, 378. Heavy Spar, 2'5-3-5 III; tabular cryst; also prismatic; also tabular and fibrous massive to compact; G 4-3-4-5; w, ywh, gyh, bnh; rdh; trp,'trl, op; BB fus dif; 3Ba,, 366. Anhydrite, 3 —35 III; rectang cleavages, lamellar; fib, massive; G 2'85 -3; w, gyh, bh, rdh; vit-p'ly; trp, trl; BB not exfol, fus dif CIa,;, 369. Celestine, 3 —35 III; prismatic cryst; also massive, fibrous; G 3'9 —4; w, bh; vit, p'ly; trp; strl; brittle; BB decrep, fus; Sr, ~, 368. Dreelite, 3.5 TVI; rhombohedral; G 3'2 —34; w; p'ly, splendent; Na, Ba, S, 373. Species distinctly foliated orfibrous in some varieties. Gypsum, 378. 1=1-5-2 Fol! fib! Anhydrite, 369. E1=3-3'5 Fol, fib. Heavy Spar, 366. 2'5-3-5 Subfol, fib. Celestine, 368. 3-3.5 Fib. 1t Hydrous; B.B. no sulphur or phosphorus reaction; G below 3'8, (excepting Plumboresinite). Obs.-Of the included species, the magnesian are Chlorite, Spadaite, Pyrosclerite, Xylite; the earthy aluminous Halloysite and allied; the crystallized aluminous or zeolites, Stilbite, Heulandite, Epistilbite, Chabazite, Harmotome, Edingtonite, Apophyllite, Brewsterite, Faujasite, to which Savite, Chlorastolite, Apophyllite, and Prehnite are related; Crocidolite is asbestiform; Palagonite a tufa product; Ottrelite and Chloritoid more or'less foliaceous, and of gray to green and black colors. Halloysite, 1 Mas; earthy; G.i16 —2 1; w, bh; adheres to the tongue; (in part), waxy; strl, more trp in water, and increase in weight; acids decomp; Al, Si, Aq, 250. The Halloysites and allied species are generally infusble. Chlorite, 1-2 Micaceous or massive; lam inelastic, p'ly; olive-gn, bn, Ripidolite, Clinochlore, wh; BB fus dif!-293-296. Chlorophaeite fuses easily Chloropheite, 278; aphrosiderite is a ferruginous ripidolite, 297. Fahlunite, 2-3 Often in coarse hexag prisms, basal cleavage and someGigantolite, times foliated; G 2-7-2'9; gyh-gn, gnh bnh; sub-p'ly; Iberite, sbtrl; BB fus dif; bor iron glass; soda insol; in acids insol; Al, Fe, Si, Aq, 216. Spadaite, 2'5 Mas; rdh; p'ly; BB glassy enamel; in tmur sol; imperf gelat; Mg, Si, Aq, 278. Hydrophite, 25 —3'5 Massive, fibrous; G 2'4 —265, dark gn; BB bkns, becomes magnetic, fus bk glob, Mg, Fe, Si, Aq, 286. Damourite, 25 —3 Scaly massive, scales foliated, G 2'792; yw, ywh; p'ly; trl, scales trp; BB wns, fus dif!, with bor sol; in mur insol, in sul sol; Al, K, Si, Aq, 223. NOT GELATINIZING WITH ACIDS —-FUSIBLE. 281 Hardness. Pyrosclerite, 3 III?; foliated!; mas, gran; G 2'74 —276; gn, gyh, wh, rdh; weak p'ly; trl; feel somewhat greasy; BB fus dif!; in?our decomp; Mg, Si, Aq, 291. Margarite, 3'5 —4'5 Thin micaceous; G 2'9- 3'032; pale gyh, wh, ywh; Euphyllite, trl, strl; rather brittle: BB intum, fus dif; A1, Ca, Si, Aq, 300, 291. Ephesite is related, 301. Plumboresinite, 4 —4'5 Reniform, glob; fib, massive; ~G 4-9 —64; res; ywh, rdh-bn, ywh-w; like gum arabic; Pb), Al, i (.?) Aq, 431. Savite, 3 II, Acicular prms; G 2-45; colorless; trp; BB fus dif; in acids soluble; Mg, Na, A1l, Si, Aq, 316. Liebenerite, 3-5 VI; hexag pms; cleav indistinct; G 28S14; greasy; gnhgy; BB intum, fus dif no globule; Al, K Si. Aq, 216. Stilbite, 3 5 IV; cryst, a pearly cleavage; diverg. columnar, laminato-radiate; G 2-(05 —221; ['ly, vit; w, ywh, gyh, rdh; strp, strl; brittle; BB intumn, fus; in acids slimy; AI, Ca, Si, Aq, 332. Heulandite, 3'5-4 IV; apearly cleavage; cryst; sometimes glob; G 219 — 2-2.5; w, rdh, gyh, bnh; tIrp, strl; brittle; BB intum, fus; in maer sol; A1, Ca, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 330(. Epis. tilbite is similar, but is trimetric, 330. Crocidolite, 4 Fibrous like asbestus, fibres easily separable; lavenderblue. BB fus! shining slag; Fe, Si, Aq, 279. Chabazite, 4-4~5 VI; in R and hexag forms; G 2'05-'2'2; w, gyh, rdh; vit; trp,'trl; brittle; BB intum, fus; in mur in powder sol; A1l, Ca, Si, Aq, 319. Iarmotome, 4-4-S III; in glassy cryst, often cruciform, cleav imperf; G 2-35-2'5; w, ywh, rdh, bnh. trp, trl; BB fus, no intum; in acids not sol without heat; Al, Ba, Si, Aq, 323. Edingtonite, 4-4-5 II; in cryst, hemihed; G 2,7-2'8; vit; w, gyh; trl; BB w, opaque, fus dif; Al, Ca, Na, Si, Aq; Zeolite, 323. Palagonite, 4-5 Massive, part of volcanic tufas, G 2-43; yw, ywh-bn; trl; resinous -subvit; BB fus!; in mur sol; Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Si, Aq, 166. Apophyllite, 45 —5 II; in acute octahedrons and prisms, a pearly basal Gyrolite, cleavage; also subfoliated massive; G 2-2-4, w, gyh, gnh, ywh, rdh; trp, op; brittle; BB exfol, fus; in nit flaky, imperf gelat; Ca, K, Si, Aq, 304. Brewsterite, 4' —5 IV; cryst; apearly cleavage; G 2'-1-2'44 vit, p'ly; w, ywh, gyh; trp, trl; BB froths, fus, in. mur sol; Al, Ba, Sr, Si, Aq,.32. Faujasite, 5 II; in octahedrons; G 1-923; w, bnh; vit; trp, trl; BB intum, fus; in 7tur sol; Al, Ca, Na. Si, Aq, 323. Ottrelite, 5 Scales, micaceous, birittle disseminated through a slaty rock; G 4'4'; bkh.gy, gnh-gy; BB fus dif, glob, bk. magnetie; Al, Fe,,Mn, ii, Aq, 287. 36 282 LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK'UNCOLORED. Hardness. Carpholite, 5 —55 Radiated, stell; G 29 —2'95; straw-yw; silky; op; very brittle; BB intum, fus dif, bn, op; in acids hardly attacked: Al, Mn, Si, Aq, 316. Allanite, 655 In slender cryst and massive; pitch-black, bnh-bk, dark (in part), ywh-brown, 208. Erdmannite, (p. 340) may belong here. Chlorastrolite, 55 —6 Massive, radiated fibrous or subfibrous, stell; p'ly; gn, pale bh-gn; BB fus! intum; in mur sol; Al, Ca, Fe, Si, Aq, 315. Chloritoid, 5-6 Coarse foliated; G 3'4 —3'5; gy, gyh-gn, gnh-bk; weak (Masonite), p'ly; BB mag; fus dif, dark gn; Al, Fe, Si, Aq, 298. Prehnite, 6 —6-5 III; botryoid, or thick and hard incrust, surface crystalline; G 28 —3; vit, sbp'ly; gnh, wh; strp, trl; BB intum, fus; in mur sol slowly; Al, Ca, Si, Aq, 314. a. Species foliated or fibrous in some varieties. Hardness. Hardness. Ripidolite, 293. 1-2 Fol! Margarite, 300. 35 —4'5 Fol! Chlorite, 295. 15 —2 Fol! Euphyllite, 291. 4 —5 Fol! Fahlunite, 216. 2-3 Fol. Apophyllite, 304. 45 —5 Subfol. Iberite, 216. 265 Subfol. Ottrelite, 287. 5 Fol. Pyrosclerite, 291. 3 Fol. Carpholite, 316. 5 —5'5 Fib. Stilbite, 332. 3'5 Fol! Chlorastrolite, 315. 5-5 —6 Subfib. Heulandite, 330. 35 —4 Fol! Chloritoid, 298. 5'5-6 Subfol. 3 Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Halloysite, 250. 16-21. Fahlunite, 216. 2'-7-29. Faujasite, 323. 1'922. Pyrosclerite, 291. 2'74 —2'76. Stilbite, 332. 2'0-2'21. Vermiculite, 291. 2'756. Chabazite, 319. 2 0 -2'21. Prehnite, 314. 2-8-3. Apophyllite, 304. 2'0-2'4. Iberite, 216. 2'89. Heulandite, 330. 2'19 -22. Carpholite, 316. 2'9-2'95. Brewsterite, 332. 2'1 —2 44. Margarite, 300. 3 —3'1. Harmotome, 323. 2'35 —2'5. Euphyllite, 291. 2'9 —31. Palagonite, 166. 24 —2'7. Chlorastrolite, 315. 3'18. Spadaite, 218. Chloritoid, 298. 3 4 —3'5. Chlorite, 293-296. \ 2'6-3. Ottrelite, 287. 4'4. Edingtonite, 323.. 2'7 —2'8. -t fl Anhydrous; no Sulphur reaction, (excepting in Helvin.) Obs.-Of the following species, the only micaceous one is Mica; Diallage and Hypersthene are thin foliated; the only delicately fibrous, with separable flexible fibres, are *encluded under Asbestus; the other fine fibrous, with brittle fibres or columns, are either Pyroxene or Horrnblende; Epidote and Tourmaline are sometimes columnar, and rarely Idocrase. The only Tetrahedral species is Helvin. Danburite gives a strong boracic acid reaction, and Tourmaline and Axinite one less decided. Obsidian or black volcanic glass would fall in this division were it a jimple mineral. (See p. 248.) Hardness. Asbestus, Fib, sometimes like cotton, fibres separable or not; BB fus dif; in acids imperf soluble: same compound as pyroxene or hornblende, 158, 170. NOT GELATINIZING WITH ACIDS-FUSIBLE. 283 Hardness. Mica, Muscovite,* 2 —25 Thin micaceous, laminae very thin, flexible, elastic, easily Phlogopite, separable; G 2'75 —3'1; w, gy, gnh, ywh, bnh, bk, Biotite, rdh, purplish; trp —trl; BB whitens, sometimes fluoLepidolite, rine reaction, fus dif; Al, K, Fe, Si; Al, Mg, Fe, Si; Al, Li, K, Si, F, 217-227. Leucophane, 3'5 —4 III; mas, columnar, cleavable; G 2'974; vit; dirty gn, wine yw; trp —trl; BB fus, violet glass; fluorine reaction; with bor amethystine glass; Be, Ca, Na, Si, F, 1F2. Sphene, 5-5'5 IV; usual in thin acute-edged crystals; also massive; G 3-4 —3'6; adamant, res; brown and black common; also gy, yw, gn; trp —op; BB fus dif intum, enam; with metallic tin a violet color; with bor clear glass; in mur heated, imperf solution; Ca, Ti, Si, 268. Melinophane, 5 Massive, cleav; G 3'0; vit; yw; brittle; optically uniaxal, 183. Wohlerite, 5'5 Tabular cryst, massive; G 3-4; yw, bnh, gyh; BB ywh, glass; in zmur sol; Zr, Na, Ca, Si, 343. Babingtonite, 5'5-6 V; G 3'3 —3'5; vit; gnh-bk; strl, op; BB fus! bead magnetic; Ca, Fe, Mn, Si, 178. Glaucophane, 5'5 Prisms massive; G 3-108; vit, p'ly; b, lavender-b, bhViolan, bk, gyh; streak gyh-b; trl —op; powder slightly magnetic; BB fus! gn glass; acids partly sol; Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Si, 177. Scapolite, 5-6 II; in square pms, large or small; massive; G 2'5 —2'75; Meionite, vit-p'ly, vit; w, gy, bh, gnh, rdh; trl, strl, op; BB Dipyre, fus intum; in acids decomp; Ca, Na, Al, Si, 200, 201, 205. Pyroxene, 5-6 IV; prisms, hornblende 124032'; acmite and pyroxene Hornblende, 87~ 6'; massive, fib, gran, foliated; G 2'9 —34; vit, Acmite, p'ly; gn, w, bk; BB fus dif or easy; Ca, Si; Mg, Si; Fe, Si; Mn, Si, 158, 170, 176. Prismatic crystals of hornblende often hexagonal, with angles approaching 1200, while those of pyroxene are often 8-sided, with angles near 1350. Diallage and hypersthene are thin foliated and fus dif!! Wichtyne, 5'5 —6 Mas; G 3-03; dull; bk; BB fus bk, mag; acids not attacked; Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, Si, 177. Saussurite, 5-5-6 V? mas, cleav; G 3 2 —37; p'ly, vit; w4 gnh, gyh; strl; tough! BB fus dif; in acids insol; Al, Fe, Ca, Na, Si, 254. Allanite, 55 — 6 IV; cryst often tabular, prismatic or acic; mas; G 3-3Ortthite, 42; pitch-black or bn, ywh; strl, op; brittle; streak * These micas often contain some water. Margarodite, Margarite and Euphyllite are hydrous species, yet the amount of water is very small, being but 4 or 5 per cent. B.B. fus. often easily. 281- LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Hardness. gylh; iltnm easily, fus; in acids sol or insol; Al, Fe, Ce, Ca, Si, 2.8, 210. E.rdalanuite, (p. 340), may be nlear oltllite. Latrobite, 5'5 —t6'5 V. isas G 27 — 28; vit; rose-r, pink; strl, op; BB fus dift; Al,. Mn, Mg, Ca, K, Si, 835. Rhodonite, 5'5 —6'5 IV; like Augite; mnassive, cleavable or granular; G 3-4 -3'75. vit; light rd; gnh, ywh, when impure; bk on exposure; BB bn, rdh-bn glob; in mur partly sol; Mn, Si, 1 7. Orthoclase, 6 IV; in crystals; cleavable, massive; G 2'4 —26: vit, sut,'lly; w, rdh, gyh, gnl; trp-sbtrl; BB fus dif; in acids insol; Al, K, Si, 242. Andesine, 6 V; massive feldsp cleav; G 2-6 —2-8; subvit, p'ly; gy, Labradorite, bni, gnh, often a play of colors: trl, strl; BB fus dif; Vos!gite, Labradorite in rna.r heated sol! A~ndesine attacked by Bytownite, acids; Bytownite is granular massive, gnh-w, trl; Al, Cyclopite, Ca, Na, Si, 236, 237, 254. Petalite, 6 —6'5 Mas; subcleav; subfeldsp; G 2'4 —24.5; vit, glist, a little p'ly or greasy; w, gy, rdh, gnrh trl; BB1 fus difl w enamel. reaction of lithia; in acids insol; Al, Na, Li, Si, 253. Albite, 6 —65 V; feldsp; G 2'6-2'69; vit, subp'ly; ywh, gyh, w; Oligoclase, trp, strl; BB fus quietly, flame ywh; in acids ilsol; Al, Na, Ca, Si, 239, 240. Oligoclase is a little more pearly or greasy in look usually tlshan albite. Tihe hardness of albite is sometimes 7. Albite anld other triclinic feldspars differ from Orthoclase in having the two most perfect cleavages, (or planes O and i7), riot quite at right angles with one another, (850 to 87~0.) Anorthite, 6-7 V: in crystals; G 2'65 —2-78; w, gyh, rdh; tp, trl; BB fus dif; with soda an enamel; in acids sol; Al, Ca, Si, 234. Couzeranite, 6 —6-5 II? G 2'69: vit; gy, gnh-gy, bk; BB fus w enamel; in acids insol; A1, Ca, K, Na, Si, 206. Pollux, 6-6'5 Mas, like quartz; G 2-88; vit; colorless; trp; BB fus, flame orange; with bor glass easily; in acids decomp; Al, K, Li, Na, Si, 255. ielvin, 6 —65 T; tetrahed; G 3'1 —33; vit; subres; wax-yw, bnh, gnh' strl; BB fus, intum, yw globule op; with bor manganese reaction; Be, Mn, Si, S, 194. Fayalite, 6'5 Black, gnh, bnh, massive, glassy; G 4-1. BB fus! with acids easily attacked; Fe, Mg, Si, 185. Isopyre, 6 5 Massive, no cleav; G 2-9-3; glassy black, gyh; op, strl; brittle; BB fus. in acids decornp, dif; Al, Ca, Fe, Si, 255. Nephrite, 6 —7 Mas, subgran; G 2'9 —3'1; subvit; wh, gnh; tough; BB fus dif!!; Mg, Ca, Si, 175. NO'r GELATINIZING WITH ACIDS-FUSIBLE. 285 Hardness. Weissigite, 6'5 IV, in small indistinct crystals, cleav; G 2'5 —2'6; w, pale rose-red; BB fus, w blebby enamel, outer flame weak red, yw at point; Al, Na, Li, Si, 254. Idocrase, 6'5 II; often in four or eight-sided prisms; cleav indist; mas; G 3'3 — 4; vit, res. often brilliant; bn, gn; yw, b; strp-strl; BB fus! intum; in hot acids sol; Al, Ca, Fe, Si, 197. Epidote, 6-7 IV; cryst; massive, subcolumn, hardly cleavable; G 3'2 Zoisite, — 3'5; vit-res; pistachio'-gn, bn, gy; strp-op; BB fus; in mtur more or less sol; Al, Ca, Fe, Si, sometimes with Mn, Ce, 206. Spodumene, 6'5 —7 IV; Massive, cleav; G 3-1 —32; subp'ly; gyh-gyh-gn; trl, strl; BB fus, intum; Al, Li, Si, 169. Axinite, 6-5-7 V; crystals with' sharp thigi edges; G 3'2-3'3; vit; bn, bh, gyh; trp, trl; B13 fus!; Ca, Al, Fe, Si, n, 213. Garnet, 6'5 —7 I; dodecalledrons; trapezohedrons; Inas; in grains; G 3'5 —4'3; vit, res; r, bn, ywh-bn, yw, w, gn, bk; trip -stll; BB fus; ian acids more or less sol; Ca, Al, Si; Fe, Al, Si; Al, Mn, Si; Ca, Fe, Si, 190. Pyrope, G 3'69 —3 8; in rounded grains; 1313B fis dif; bor emerald-green glob, 194. Muromontite, 6-7 Grains; G 4263; bk, gnh-bk; streak gyh-w; strl, op; Bl3 fus dif, glows, flaine yellow, 211. Iolite, 7-75 III; six and twelve-sided pms; also massive; G 2'55268; glassy and dark blue trp, trl; BB fus slow; b glass; in acids attack dif!; Al, Mg, Fe, Si, 214. Danburite, 7-7V5 Disseminated cryst, sub-cleav mnns; G 2'8-3; pale ywh, whl; vit; trl, strl- very brittle BB fus, strong reaction of boracic acid; Ca, B, Si, 212. Tourmaline, 7-7'5 VI; usual in three or six-sided prms; mas; G 3 —33; black common; also b, gn, rd, w, bn; vit, res; trp, op; BB fus or infus; Al, Si, B, with often Fe, Ca, K, 2V0. Euclase, 7'5 IV; in cryst, also one perfect diag cleav; G 3-31; vit; pale gn, bh; trp, strp; very brittle; BB intum; fus dif; w enamel; with bor a clear glass; electric by friction!; Be, Al, Si, 267. B Species arranced according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Petalite, 253. 2'39 —345. Dipyre, 205. 2'646. Orthoclase, 242. ~ 24 —2'6. Andesine, 236. 2-6.5-2-74. Meionite, 200. 2'5 -2'74. Anorthite, 234. 2'65 —2-78. Weissigite, 254. 25-2-'6. Labradorite, 236. 2'68-276. Iolite, 214. 2'55 -2V7. Couzeranite, 206. 2'69 Allite, 240. 2-'59-2'65. Vosgite, 237. 2'-2 -8. Loxoclase, 244. 2'6-2'62. Latrobite, 235. 2'7-2.-8. Hyposclerite, 242. 2 6 -27. Mica, 217- 227. 2-75-3 -1. Scapolite; 200, 201. 2' 6-2'75. Daxiburite, 212. 28 —3. Oligoclase, 239, 2P63-2-69. Pollux, 255. 2-88. 286 LUSTRE YUNMETALLIC-STREAK UNCOLORED. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Isopyre, 255. 2'9 —3. Pyroxene, 158. 3 23-3 5. Nephrite, 175. 2 9-3'1. Epidote, 206. 3'25 —3'5. Euclase, 267. 2'9 —31. Allanite, 208. 3 3 —3'42. Leucophane, 182. 2'973. Idocrase, 197. 3'34 —4. Hornblende, 170. 29 —3 3. Wohlerite. Tourmaline, 270. 3-3'2. Babingtonite, 178. 3'3 —3'5. Wichtyne, 177. 3'04. Spheile, 268. 3 4 — 3 6. Melinophane, 183. 3 0. Rhodonite, 167. 3'4 —3 7. Glaucophane, 177. 3'108. Garnet, 190. 3 5 —3 8. Helvin, 194. 3'1 —33. Pyrochlore, 345. 3'8 —4'35. Spodumene, 169. 3'15 —32. Fayalite, 185. 4'1. Axinite, 213. 3'2 —3'3. Muromontite, 211. 4'263. Saussurite, 254. 3-2 —34. Microlite, 397. 5'4. Acmite, 176. 3 2 —3'55. [NOTE. —The ores of lead, having an uncolored streak, as they yield a metallic malleable globule before the blowpipe, fall into the next subdivision.] b. LB.B. EITHER FUMES, OR A MALLEABLE GLOBULE) OR BOTH. Obs.-There are no sulphurets here included. Blende and Voltzite do not give off the sulphur as fumes. Other sulphurets without a metallic lustre have a colored streak. Specific gravity of the included species above 4-8. * Globule of lea(l or silver, with, or without, the fluxes; the lead passes off in fumes, and discolors the charcoal around the assayr: no fumes of Arsenic, Selenium or Antimony. Hardness. Cotunnite, 1-2 III; acic cryst; adamantine, silky; w; BB fus! flame b; on charcoal w vapors, with soda lead; Pb, C1, 97. Kerargyrite, 1 —15 I; like wax; sectile; G 53 —5'6; pearl-gy, ywh, bnh; streak shining; trl-op; BB on charcoal fumes of chlorine, and silver glob; Ag, C1, 92. Embolite, (p. 93), * contains also bromine. Matlockite, 2'5-3 II; tabular crystals; G 5'4 —'2; clear ywh, gnh; adamantine, or little p'ly; trp, trl; Pb, Cl, O, 127. Cerasine, 2'5-3 II; G 6-6'3; adamantine; w, gyh, ywh; trp, trl; BB on charcoal fumes lead; nit efferv; Pb, Cl,C, 463. Anglesite, 2'5-3 III; cryst; mas; G 6'2 —6'3; adamantine, vit, res; w, Leadhillite, ywh, gyh, gnh; trp, op; brittle.; BB fus!, on charcoal with soda lead; Pb, S, 370; for' Leadhillite Pb, S, C, 371. Susannite is the same, but rhombohedral, 373. Lanarkite is related, 374. Caledonite has a deep bluish green color and greenish streak. Wulfenite, 2'5-3 II; square tables and octahedrons; also massive; G 6'3 -69; res, adamantine; ywh, orange yw; strp, strl, brittle; BB decrep, fus dif; on charcoal- with soda lead; in mur or nit in powder decomp; Pb, Mo, 349. Lanarkite, 2-2'5 IV; cleav basal!; G 6'3 —7; p'ly, adamantine; res; gnh-w, ywh, gyh; trp, trl; BB fus, w cold; on charcoal lead; in nit sol little efierv;' Pb, ~, 0, 374. B.B. FUMES, OR ELSE A MALLEABLE GLOBULE. 287 Hardness. Vanadinite, 2'5-3 VI; hexag prisms; glob incrust; G 6'6 —73; res; pale bnh-yw, straw-yw, rdh bn; strl, op; brittle; BB fus; on charcoal glob lead; in mtur sol gn, in nit yw; Pb, C1, V, 362. Mendipite, 265-3 III; columnar, rad; cleav!; G 7 —71; p'ly; w, ywh, rdh; sbtrl, op; BB fus!, on charcoal w, fumes; with soda lead; Pb, C1, 0, 128. Scheeletine, 265-3 II; cryst; G 7'8-8'12; res, subadamantine; gn, gy, bn, rdh; trl, strl; BB fus; on charcoal vapors of lead; in nit sol, yw; Pb, W, 348. Cerusite, 3-3'5 III; cryst; mas; G 64 —6'5; earthy, 5 4; ad, vit, res; w. gyh, bh; sometimes bkh externally; trp, strl; brittle; BB fus! on charcoal lead; in nit efferv; Pb, a, 452. a. No foliated species in this division; Mendipite is sometimes fibrous. I?. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Cotunnite, 97. Lanarkite, 374. 6'3 —7. Kerargyrite, 92. 5'3-5'6. Caledonite, 372. 6'4. Matlockite, 127. 5'4-7-2. Cerusite, 452. 6-4-6'5. Cerasine, 463. 6-6'1. Susannite, 373. 6-55. Leadhillite, 371. 6-6'5. Vanadinite, 362. 6'6-7'3. Anglesite, 370. 6'2 —63. Mendipite, 128. 7-7'1. Wulfenite, 349. 6'3 —6'9. Scheeletine, 348. 7'9-8'2. ** B.B. Inodorous Fumes of Zinc, Bismuth, Antimony, Tellurium. Bismuth Ochre, Mass, earthy, pulv, somewhat fol; G 4-36; gnh-yw, straw-yw; gyh-w; ad, earthy; BB char met, then fumes; Bi, 0, 141. Zinc Bloom, 2-2'5 Earthy; G 3'5 —36; dull; w, gyh, ywh; op; BB on charcoal fumes of zinc; in mur sol; Zn, 0, Aq, 460. White Antimony, 2-3 III; lam; mas, columnar, gran; G 5'2 —5'7; adamantine, Senarmontite, p'ly; w, gyhb rdh; trl, strp; BB fus!!!, volat, w fumes; Sb,-O, 140. Senarmontite is octahedral, 140. Eulytine, I; hemihed, glob, columnar, lamellar, granular; G 5'96-1; res, adamantine; bn, ywh-gy, straw-yw; strp, op; BB fus; fumes inodorous, on charcoal ywh-bn areola; Bi, Si, 181. Cervantite, 4 Massive, earthy, incrust; G 3-9 —48; res, dull; gy, bnh, Bleinierite,:ywh; st gyh, ywh, op; BB char fumes antim, someVolgerite, times arsen; glob lead; Pb, Sb, O, Aq, 141, 142. Bismutite, 3'5 —4.5 Acic, inprust; massive; G 7-7-7; vit, earthy; w, gnh, ywh; strl, op; BB decrep, fus! on charcoal met, fumes; Bi, a, Aq, 462. Smithsonite, 5 VI; cleav rbdrl; mas; earthy; G 4 —45; vit, p'ly; w, gyh, gnh, bnh; strp, trl; BB infus, zinc fumes; in nit effervr.; Zn, 0, 447. 288 LIJSTRE UINM:ETALLIC —-STTREAK COLORE D. a. No foliated species in this subdivision, excepting white antimony, which may be lamellar; this species and eulytine may occur columnar. *- B B. odorous fumes of Arsenic or Selenium. Hardness. Haidingerite, 1-5 —25 III; cleav!!; minute cryst, crusts, botryoid; G 2-848; w; vit; trp, tr-l; laminne flexible; BB on charcoal arsenic; in nit sol, 413. Pharmacolite, 2 —25 IV; cleav!! fibrous, acic, stellate; massive; G 2'642'75; w, gyh; vit; p'ly; trl, op; lamins flexible; BB fus w; on charcoal arsenic; in acids sol!; Oa, As, f:, 414. Pitticite, 2-3 Reniform, massive; G 2'2 —2'5; vit, greasy; ywh, rdhbn, rd, w; trl, op; BB clhar arsen; Pe, Xs, S, Aq, 432. Mimetene, 3-5 VI; in hexag prisms; G 5-4 —7 3; resinous; pale-yw, bnh, orange-yw; strp, trl; BB fus, bnh-yw; on charcoal arsen; in nit sol; Pb Xs, 401. Selenate of Lead, 3-4 Botryoidal, glob; vit, greasy; sulphur yw; brittle; BB fus! bh slag; on charcoal selen; Pb, ~e, 375. Scorodite,, 3' —4 III; eryst; G 3'1 —33; vit, subadamantine; pale gn, bn; BB arsen, fus scoria, magnetic; in mur sol; Ve,.s, Aq, 419. Kiihnite, 6-6 Massive, one cleavage; G 2'52; wh, ywb; waxy; BB on charcoal arsenic; in nit sol; 6a, Ig, Xs, 40)4. a. No foliated species in this group, but Pharmacolite and Haidingerite have a very perfect cleavage; Pharmacolite occurs fibrous.:~'~ B.B. wholly vaporizable with fumes of quicksilver and chlorine. Calomel, 1-2 11; massive incrust; G 6'482; adamantine; ywh-gy, gy,.wh; trl; strl; sectile; BB volat; Ilg, Cl, 89. B. STREAK COLORED. a. B.B. NO FUrMES WITHOUT OR WITH THE FLUXES; GLOBULE NOT MALLEABLE. * B.13. infusible, or nearly so. t Gelatinize with acids. Obs.-Dioptase affords with soda a kernel of copper, but with difficulty. Wolchonskoite, 2-8 Massive, compact; G 2-283; dull gn; trl, op; Chrysocolla: BB reaction of chrome; in mur.gelat;Cr, Si, etc., 839, Nontronite, 2'5-3 Massive; G 21 —2 2; nearly dull; gn, gnh. streak paler; BB fus; with bor iron; in mur gelat; Fe, Si, Aq, 337. NO FUMES WITHOUT OR WITH THE FLUXES. 289 Hardness. Dioptase, 5 VI; in emerald-gn cryst; G 3'278; vit; streak gn; brittle; BB decrep, gn flame; with bor gn glob, copper; in mur gelat; Cu, Si, Aq, 309. Tritomite, 5'5 Brown tetrahedrons; G 4-1 —4-7; vit, submet; dark bn; streak ywh-bn; BB whitens; with bor a glass; in mnur gelat; Ce, La, Ca, Si, Aq, 311. Cerite, 5'5 VI; hexag pms; bn, cherry-red; G 4-9; streak grayishwhite; brittle; Ca, Si, Aq, 312. Thorite, 6 Massive, compact; G 4-6 —54; vit to res; bnh-yw, bk, bn; streak dark-bn; BB bnh-r, infus; with bor fus! glass colored by iron; in mnur gelat; Th, Fe, Mn, Si, Aq, 312. s. No foliated or fibrous species in this subdivision. 1. Not gelatinizing with acids. Obs.-Fluorids include, Fluocerine, Fluocerite; Phosphates, Xenotime, Monazite; Oxalates, Oxalite; Tantalates, Pyrochlore, Yttrotantalite, Fergusonite; Carbonates, Zippeite, Liebigite, Emerald Nickel, Parisite; Oxyds, Wad, Chrome Ochre, Red Iron Ore, Red Zinc, Limonite, Pitchblende, Brookite, Rutile; Silicates, Chloropal, Malacone; Borate, Warwickite. Remiingtonite a carbonate of cobalt (p. 461) may belong in this section. Wad, 0 5 —3 5 Mas; earthy; G 3 —-3 7; bkh, dull bh, bnh; often soils; BB infus (or subfus); in mur fumes of chlorine; Mn, O, Aq; often with Co, or Cu, 136. Oxalite, 2 Capillary, botryoid, earthy; yw; streak ywh; BB blackens and becomes magnetic; in acids sol; oxalate of iron, 464. Chrome Ochre, Mas; bh-gn, grass-ga; a chrome reaction with the fluxes, 339. M3iloschinz is indigo-blue to celandine-gn, 339. Zippeite, Earthy powder; sulphur yw, bnh, rdh; BB orange; BB in inner flame gn, infus; V, I', C, 461. Voglite contains Ca, Cu, 0, Aq, 462. Wolframine, Bright yw powder, crust; BB infus; W, 143; occurs with ores of tungsten; 143. Liebigite, 2 —2'5 Mamillary cleav; apple-gu; vit; trp; BB bkns; with bor yw in outer fl, gn glass in inner; in acids efferv, yw sol; U, Ca, Aq, 461. Red Iron Ore, Massive; lentic, earthy, &c.; G 4-5; often earthy, dull or bright red; streak the same; BB bor gn or yw glass; in hot mur sol; Fe'2 O, 113. Chloropal, 25 —3 Massive; G 1-7 —22; nearly dull; gn, gnh; streak lighter; BB infus, bk, bn; with bor iron reaction; in mur partly sol; Fe, Si, Aq, 337. Pinmelite is apple-gn, amorphous, and contains nickel; G 2'2 —28; feel greasy; does not adhere to the tongue, 339. Emerald Nickel, 3 —385 Massive, crust; G 25-5-2'7; emnerald-gn; streak gnh; Ni, A, Aq, 461. 3 90o LLUtSTRE UNMttI'ALLIC —STREAK COLOREID. Hardness. Warwickite, 3-4 Oblong prisms, often slender, imbedded; G 3'188; submet-p'ly, subvit; bn, bkh, gyh; streak bh-bk; BB infus, reaction of boracic acid, 395. Xenotine, 4-5 II; in small octahedrons; G'4 —4'6; ywh-bn, streak pale; resinous; BB with bor uncolored glob; in acids insol; 41, ], 401. Red Zinc, 4 —-'5 VI; foliated; G 54-5-6; subadamantine; deep-red; ywh; streak orange; trl, strl; brittle; BB with bor trp glass; Zn, 0, 1.10. Fluocerine, 4'5-6 I; usually massive; yw, rdh, bnh1; streak yw, bnh; strl, Fluocerite, op; vit, res; BB bkns; with bor slow sol, red in outer flame; in sul sol, yw; Cc, F, Aq, 96. Parisite, 4'5 VI; cleav basal I; G 4'35; bntl-yw; streak ywh-w; vit; BB bnhl; with bor trpglass, yw hot; in mur slow sol, efferv; Ce, Ca, d, F, 463. Limonite, 3-5 Massive, stalactitic, incrust; G 385-4; earthy, silky; bn, yw, ochreous; streak ywh-bn; BB bkns, becomes magnetic; with bor iron; in hot nitro-m-rr sol; Fe, O, Aq, 131. Pyrochlore, 65 —5 In small bn or yw octahedral cryst;streak bn, ywh; BB fus dif I Ce, Th, Ca, Ta, Ti, 345. Pyrrhite is also in small octahedral cryst; HI=6; orange yw, 345. Monazite, 5-5'5 IV; in small crystals, basal cleanv perfect; rdh-bn, subresinous; G 49 —53; 1BB with bor fus; in mur de composed; Ce, La, it, 402. Yttrotantalite, 5-5 G 5'395; submet; iron-bk; streak gy; op; BB with soda intum, fus; with bor sol; Y, Ca, Fe, Ta, W, U, 359. Pitclblende, 5'5.1; massive, in grains; G 64 —711; submet or dull; gyhbk, bnh-bk, velvet-bk; op; stseak bk, gnh; BB flame usually gn; with bor fus yw glass, gnh in inner fl; in nzit pulv sol dif; U, O, 107. Eliasite is dull rdh-bn; G 4-4-25, 108. Brookite, 5'5-6 III; cryst; G 3 8-1-18; met-adamantine, submet; bn, ywh, rdh, bk;.streak gyh, ywh; B13B like Rutile; T'i, 123. Fergusonite, -— 6 II; hemihed, cleav traces; G 5'8-5'85; vit, submet; bnh-bk, bn, ywh-bn-; streak pale-bn; strl, op; BB loses color, witlh bor fus dif; with soda a slag; Y, Ce. Zr, Ta, 350. Rutherfordite is' similar; G 5 —5'5; 358. Rutile, 6 —6i II; cryst, often acic; mas; G 4-18-4256; met-ad, subvit; rdh-bn, rd, ywh, bk; streak pale-bn; strp, op; 3BB uanait; bor red in outer flame; Ti, 120. Malacone, 6'5 II; cryst, like Zircon; G 4-047; vit, subres; bnh, rdh; bh-w within; streak bn; BB yields water; with 6or aol dif; in powder in acids boiling sol dif; Zr, Si, Aq, o19l NO FUME8 WITHOUT OR WITH THE FLUXES. 291 a. There are no fibrous species in this subdivision, excepting Limonite, which is sometimes imperfectly so; and Red Zinc Ore is the only species that occurs distinctly foliated. f. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Chrome Ochre, 839. --- Red Iron Ore, 113. 4-5. Zippeite, 462. ----- alacone, 196. 4'047. Wolframine, 143,? Rutile, 120. 4'18 —4'26. Liebigite, 461. Eliasite, 4-2'5. Fluocerine, 96. Parisite, 463. 4'35. Chloropal, 337. 2'1 —2'2. Xenotime, 401. 4-4 —46. Emerald Nickel, 461. 2 5-2'7. Monazite, 402. 4-9 —58. Wad, 136. 3 —37. Rutherfordite, -6-5'5. Warwickite, 395. 3'188. Yttrotanta]ite, 859. 5'295. Limonite, 131. 3 5 —4. Red Zinc Ore, 110. 5-4-5-6. Broolkite, 123. 3'8-4.3. Fergusonite, 356. 5'8-5'9. Pyrochlore, 345 S'8 —44. Pitchblende, 107. 6-4-1-1, tusibl e $ Gelatinize with acids-(Silicates.) Hardness, Hisingerite, 1'5-2 Massive, cleav; G 3'045; bk; streak gnh-gy, bnh-yw; fracture earthy; sectile; BB fus bk magnetic slag; in acids sol, subgelat; Fe, Si, Aq, 290. Thuringite, 2-2'5 Mas, cleav; G 3'1-3'2; p'ly; olive-gn; streak gnh; BB with bor iron; in maur gelat; Fe, Si, Aq, 290. Sideroschisolit,, 2-5 Crystals minute; G?3-384; velvet-bk, gnh-gy; streak leek-gn, gnh-gy; op; BB fus! magnetic; in mur sol, gelat; Fe, Si, Aq, 299. Cronstedtite, 2S' VI; hexag pms; also ren, mas; cleav basal; G 3'348; vit I; bhn-bk, bh; streak dark leek-gn; thin lamina elast; BB intum, froths; in mur in powder gelat; Fe, Mn, Si, Aq, 299. Lievrite,'5- 6 III; prisms, massive; G 3'8 —4'2; submet, bh, gyh-bk; streak bk, gnh,.bnh; brittle; BB fus, bk glob; with bor iron glass; in mnur gelat; Fe, Ca, Si, 262. Gadolinite, 65 —7 V; massive, G 4 —4A5; vit-pitchy; bk, gnh-bk; streak gnh-gy; strl, op;,BB decrep, swells up, usually glows; in tnur gelat; Y, Ce, Fe, Si, 211. Tscheffkinite is similar; streak dark-bn; G 4' —4'6; BB intum; fus dif! bh glass; in mour gelat 1 211. a. No species in this subdivision are properly foliated or fibrous. fi Not gelatinizing Wiith acids; B.B. phosphorus reaction. Obs. —All but Triplite and Zwieselite are hydrous species. Vivianite, Alluaudite, Dufrenite, Carphosiderite, Zweiselite, Triplite, afford B.B. a.magnetic bead. Vivianite, 1'5-22 IV; cryst, cleav! radiated fibrous, incrust, earthy; G( 2'66; p'ly, vit; b, gn, dirty-gn; streak bh-w, b, bn; trp, trl; BB bnu or bk scoria, magnetic; in acids sol; Ae, tS hq, 41.5. t29~2 ILUSTRE UNMETALJIC — STREAK COLORED, Hardness. Uranite, 2 —25 II; micaceous; G 3 —36; bright yw (Uranite), bright gn Chalcolite, (Ckhalcolite), streak similar; p'ly, ad; lam, brittle; BB fus bkh mas; in nit yw, sol; U, Ca, Cu, P, 430. Dufrenite, 2-3 Fibrous, radiated; G 3-2 —34; weak, silky; dull leek-gn, yw, bnh on exposure; streak gn; strl; BB fus! slag magnetic; in acids sol; Fe, l;, Mn, Aq, 427. Delvauxene is ywh-bn, bnh-bk, rdh; G 185; Fe, P, Aq, 427. Carphosiderite, 4-4'5 Reniform; G 2'5; res; straw-yw; streak ywh; feel greasy; BB magnetic bead; Fe or Fe, P, Aq, 431. Alluaudite, 4'5? Massive, sometimes cleav; dull clove-bn, rdh-yw; streak Hureaulite, ywh, strl, op; BB glob, bk, magnetic; in nmur sol; Fe, Mn, Pi, Aq, 407. Zwieselite, 5 VI? cryst, massive; G 3-97; greasy; clove-bn; streak gyh-w; BB decrep, bh-bk glass, magnetic; Fe, /In,, F, 399. Triplite, 5 —5,5 III cryst, massive; G 3'4 —3'8; resinous, adamantine; bn, bkh-bn; streak ywh-gy; strl, op; BB fus! bk scoria; in nit sol; l-n, Fe, P, 408. a. Species distinctly foliaceous orfibrous in some varieties. Vivianite, 415. HI=15 —2 Fib, fol. Chalcolite, 430. H=2-2-5 Fol! Uranite, 430. 2 —25S Fol! Dufrenite, 427. 2-3 Fib.,. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Delvauxene, 427. 1'85. Dufrenite, 427. 3 2 —34. Hureaulite, 407. 2-27. Alluaudite, 407. 3-468. Carphosiderite, 431. 2'5. Triplite, 408. 3-4 — 38. Viviante, 415. 2-66 Chalcolite, 430. 3' —3 6. Uranite, 430. 3-3'2. Zwieselite, 399. 3-97..lit Not gelatinizing with acids; B.B. no phosphorus reaction. Obs. —Lepidomelane, Stilpnomelane, Linmonite, G6thite, Crocidolite, Anthosiderite, afford B.B. a magnetic. globule. Molybdine, 1 Yw, powder or crust; BB on charcoal slag; in mur sol; Mo; occurs with Molybdenite, 144. Chlorophnite, 15 —2 Massive, or foliated granular; G 2'02; dark-gn, bkh; BB fus; Fe, Si, Mg, Aq, 2'78. Sordawalite 2'5 Pitch.bk, gyh-bk, mnassive; G 2 5 —2'6; streak liver-bn; BB fus dif; in mur partly sol; Al, Fe, Si, H, 17'7. Lepidomelane, 3 VI; in small micaceous black scales or aggregations of scales; G 3; ad, vit; streak mountain-gn; op, strl; not flex; BB fus, bk, op; magnetic; with bor bottle-gn glass; Fe, A1, K, Si, 227. Stilpnomelane, 3 Foliated, rad, mas; G 3 —34; vit, p'ly; bk, gnh-bk; streak gnh; BB fus dif bk glob; in acids sol imperf; Fe, Si, Al, Aq, 287. NO FUMES WITHOUT OR WITH THE FLUXES. 293 Hardness. Limonite, 3 —55 Massive, botryoid, stalact, incrust, earthy; G 3'6-4; silky, dull; bn, ochreous; streak ywh-bn; BB bkns, magnetic; fus dif!; with bor iron; Fe, O, Aq, 131. Mosanidrite, 4 In prisms; also fibrous, cleav; G 2'9-3; vit, greasy; dull rdh-bn; streak gyh-bn; BB fus! bnh-gn pearl; with soda manganese; Ti, Ce, Mn, Si, Aq, 342. Crocidolite, 4 Asbestiform; G 3'2 —33; silky; bh, gnh; fibres separate easily; subelast; CB fus! magnetic; Fe, Na, Si, Aq, 279. Gothite, 5 —55 III; acic, capil, fibrous, reniform, mas; G 4 —44; bn; rdh; streak bnh-yw; BB bkns magn; fus dif!; with bor iron; Fe, Aq, 129. Pyrochlore, 5-5-5 I; in octahedral crystals; G 3'8 —435; vit, res; ywh, bnh, dark-bn; streak ywh, bnh; strl, op; BB fus dif! with bor rdh-yw trp, on flaming op, with more borax w enamel; Ce, Th, Ca, Ta, Ti, 345. Glaucophane, 5'5 Prism, massive; G 3'108; vit, p'ly; b, lavender-b, bhbk, gyh; streak gyh-b; trl, op; powder slightly magnetic; BB fus! gn glass; in acids partly sol; A1l, Fe, Mg, Na, Si, 177. Catapleiite, 6 Prisms, cleaY basal!; G 2-8; nearly dull; light ywh-bn; streak isabella-yw; opaque; BB fus, w enamel; in mur sol easily; Na, Zr, Si, Aq, 308. W6ohlerite, 5'5 Tabular cryst, pms, massive; G 3 4; light-yw, bnh, gyh; streak ywh-w; vit, res; trp —strl; BE ywh glass; in tmur sol; Zr, Ca, Na, Si, 343. Kleilhauite, 6.5 Massive, cleav; G 3'69; vit, res; bnh-bk; bnh-r in splinters; streak gyh-bn; BB fus! intum, slag; in mur sol; Ca, Y, Si, Ti, 341. Anthosiderite, 6'5 Tufts, fibrous in structure; G 3'6; ochre-yw, bnh; streak same; tough; BB rdh-bn, fus dif, black magnetic slag; in mur sol; Fe, Si, Aq, 304. Schorlomite, 77-75 Massive, no cleav; black, sometimes pavonine tarnish; G 3'78 —381; vitreous; streak gyh-bk, bh; BB fus dif!! black mass; in tsur partly soluble; Ti, Ca, Fe, Si, 342. a. Species foliated orfibrous in some of their varieties. Stilpnomelane, 287. 11=3 Fol. Limonite, 131. H-3-3-5, Subfib. Lepidomelane, 227. 3 Fol. Crocidolite, 27'9. 4 Fib! Mosandrite, 342. 4 Subfol, fib. Anthosiderite, 304. 6'5 Fib! a. Spccies arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Molybdine, 144.. Crocidolite, 279. 3 2-3 3. Chlorolpheite, 278. 2'02 W6hlerite, 343. 3'4. Sordawalite, 177. 2:5 —2'6. Anthosiderite, 304. 31. Catapleiite, 308. 2'8. Limonite, 131. 3'6-4. Mosandrite, 342. 2'9-3. Kteilhauite, 341. 3'69. Lepidomelane, 227. 3 Schorlbmite, 342. 3'7-3'81 Stilpnomelane, 287. 3-3'4. Pyrochlore, 345. 3-8-5-4. Glaucophane, 177. 3'108. Gothite, 129. 4-4'4. 294 LUSTRE UNMETALLIOG-STREAK OOLOIRED c. B.B. NO FUMES, (EXCEPT SOMETIMES OF LEAD); GLOBULE MALLEABLE. " Infuisible Hardness. Chrysocolla, 2-3 Massive, and in seams; G 2-28; bh-gn; trl, op; BB with bor gn globule, and a grain of copper; in mut' decomposed, silica deposited; Cu, Si, Aq, often with some 10, 309. Cassiterite, -7 II; cryst, massive; adamantine; subvit, subres; bn, bk; streak gyh, bnh; BB with soda tin, 118. Dioptase, 5 VI; Emerald gn cryst; G 3'2-3 4; vit; trp, strl; BB bk; with bor gn globule, and finally copper; in mur gelat; Cu, Si, Aq, 309. ~' B.B. fusible; a globule of Lead, Copper, or ilver, with the fluxes, f not without. No fumes of Arsenic, Sulphur, Selenium, or Antimony. t Gravity below 465; ores of Copper. Obs.-Aurichalclte, Chalcolite, Thrombolite, Malachite, Azarite, Libethenlte, and Phosphochalcite, are hydrous species; Aurichalcite, Malachite, and Azurite, are carbonates. Aurichalcite,'' Acicular, drusyd; granular, lamellar; p'ly; verdigris-gntrl; BB darker, slag; with soda and bor copper and zinc; in mnur sol, efferv; 2n, Nu, 6, Aq, 460. Buratite is similar. Chalcolite, 2-2'5 II; micaceous; G 83'56-6; emerald-gn;l apple-gn; streak gnh; BB fus bk, flame bh-gn; in nit ywh-gn sol; U, Cu, P,9 I, 430. Volborthite, 3-85 VI; mas; earthy; G 3'4-3-9; p'ly, vit; gn, gy; streak ywh, bnh-yw, bn, gy; strl; BB fus! no intum, slag; with bor chrome-gn glass; Cu, Ca, and Vanadic Acid, 362. Thrombolite, 3-4 Amorphous; G 8338 —34; vit; emerald, darkogn; op; BB flame b, gn; on charcoal fus I copper; Cu, l, Aq, 412. Malachite, 385 —4 IV; mas, earthy, tublerose, incrust, compact fib; G 3'7 -41; silky, adamantine, dull; gn; streak paler; trl, op; BB on charcoal fus! copper, flame gn; acids efferv; Ou, d(, Aq, 458. Azurite, 3'5 —46 IV; mas, earthy; G 356-3'9; vit'; adamantine; bright deep-b; streak paler; trp, strl; brittle; BB on charcoal fus, copper, flame gn.; in acids efferv; 0u, 6, Aq, 459. Libethenite, 4 III; G 3'5 —3'8; resinous; olive-gn, dark; streak same; strl; BB fus bnh globule! on charcoal copper; (u, i, Aq, 420. NNO F-UtiES, WITHOUT 0ir WITH THE FLUXES. 295 Hardness. Phosphochalcite, 4'5-5 IV; mas; G 3'8 —4'4; ad, vit; emerald, dark-gn, verdigris; streak paler; trl, strl; BB fus! on charcoal copper; in nit sol; Ou, P, Aq, 425. a. Species foliated or fibrous in some of their varieties. Aurichalcite, 460. 11=2 Lam, fib. Malachite, 458. 3'5-4 Fib. Chalcolite, 430. 1=2 —25 Fol! B. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Aurichalcite, 460. 3'2-3'4. Azurite, 459. 3 5-3'9. Buratite, 3'3 —3'4. Libethenite, 420. 3'5-3 9. Thrombolite. 412. 3'3 —3'4. Malachite, 458. 3'7-4'1. Volborthite, 362. 3'4 —39. Phosphochalcite, 425. 3'8-4'4. Chalcolite, 430. 3'5-3-6. ft Gravity above 4'5; ores of Lead, Copper, or Silver; colors various. Minium, Massive, earthy; G 4'6; bright red; BB fus; on charcoal lead; Pb, 0, 126. Plumbic Ochre, 2-3 Mas, scaly cryst; G 8; yw, ywh; BB fus I Pb, 0, 109. Melaconite, 2=6 1; mas; earthy; G 5'1-54; bk; streak bk; BB on charcoal no fumes; glob copper; Cu, 0, 109. Linarite, 2'-53 IV; cleavI G 5'2-5'5; vit, ad; azure-b; streak paler; trl; BB fus; Pb, 1u, 9, Aq, 390. Vauquelinite, 2'6-=3 IV; reniform, botryoidal, gran; G 5-5-5'8; adamantine, res; dark-gn; bkh-gn; streak siskin gn, bnh; trl, op; BB fus, on charcoal gray, submet; some points of lead; in 7,it partly sol; Pb, Ou, &r, 360. Crocoisite, 2-5-3 IV; cryst; massive; G 5'9-6'1; adamantine, vit; bright hyacinth-red; streak orange; trl; BB fue, on charcoal with soda lead; in mur sol, gn; Pb, Cr, 359. Caledonite, 2'5-3 III; G 6'4; resinous; verdigris-gn, bh-gn; streak gnh-. w; tri.; BB on charcoal lead; Pb, Cu, ~, 9, 372. Melanochroite, 3-3.5 III; mas;'G 5'75; res, ad; bright red; lemon-yw on exposure; streak brick-r; strl, op; BB fus I on charcoal lead; Pb, b r, 861. VanadateofLead, 35 —4 Cryst, massive; 5'8-'2:, color ywh, rdh-bD, dull red, (Dechenite and Vanadinite); bn, bk, wh, (Descloizite); deep red, (Arteoxene); BB fus easily; with soda lead. 361-364. Red Copper,'5 —i I; octahedral, massive; earthy; G 585-6'15; adamantine, eartbhy; red, often bnh; streak bnh-r; strp-op; BB on charcoal copper; Cu, 0, 101.. Chalcotrichite is similar but capillary and trimetric, 122. i. No species in this stubdivision fibrons or foliated, 296 LUSTRE UNMETALLIC-STREAK COLORED.,f. Species arranged according to their: specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Minium, 126. 4'6. Red Copper, 101, 126. 5'85 —615. Melaconite, 109. 561 —54. Vanadate Lead, 361, 364. 5-8 —7 2. Linarite, 390. 5'2-5'5. Crocoisite, 359. 5'9 —61. Vauquelinite, 360. 5'5-5'8. Caledonite, 372. 6'4. Melanochroite, 361. 5'75. Plumbic Ochre, 109. 8. c. B.B. WHOLLY AND EASILY VAPORIZABLE IN FUMES, LEAVING NO METALLIC GLOBULE, (UNLESS ANTIMIONY OR BISMUTIH). Hardness. Coccinite, Earthy particles, rdh-bn; BB violet; Hg, I, 96. Sulphur, 15 —2'5 III; crystals, massive; G 2 —21; yw; trp, trl; BB sulph fumes, 22. Selensulphur, 15 —2-5 Massive; G 2'1 —25; orange or bnh; on char sulph and selen fumes, 24. Selenium, Incrust; G 43 —4-8; gyh, bnh; red in splinters; powder red; selen fumes, 23. Ammiolite, Red powder consisting of antimonous acid and quicksilver, 142. Orpiment, 1'5-2 III; cleav!, submicaceous, laminie flexible, inelastic; G Dimorphine, 3'4-3'5; p'ly; lemon-yw; streak ywh; strp, strl;. BB fus, burns b flame, fumes alliaceous; As, S, 32. Dimorphine no cleav, 32. Realgar, 1'5-2 IV; cleav; massive; G 34 —3'6; res; bright-rd; streak ywh-rdh; trp-trl; sectile; BB fus! burns b flame, fumes alliaceous; As, S, 31. Kermesite, 1-1'4 IV; capillary cryst in tufts; 4'4 —46; adarmantine; cherry-rd; str'eak bnh-r; trl, strl; sectile; BB on charcoal fus, vol, sulph fumes; Sb, O, S, 141. Cinnabar, 2 —2'5 VI; mas; earthy; G 8'5-9; adamantine, in crystals, submet; also dull earthy; cochineal-r, bnh-r; streak scarlet; strp, op; BB volat, sulph; in a matrass with soda, quicksilver; Hg, S, 49. Bismutite, 4 —45 Acic, incrust; vit; earthy; w, gnh, ywh; streak gnhgy; strl —op; BB decrep, fus! on charcoal met, fumes; Bi, (, Aq, 462. Cervantite, 5-5 Mas; G 5-28; greasy; ywh; streak ywh, shining; trp; BB on charcoal fumes inod; Sb, O, H, 141. a. Species foliated or fibrous in some of their varieties. Orpiment, 32. Fol! /B. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Coccinite, 96. Selenium, 23. 4'3 —4'8. Ammiolite, 142.' - ~ Kermesite, 141. 4'4-4-6. Sulphur, 22. 2 —21. Cervantite, 141. 5'28. Selensulphur, 24. 2'1-2'5. Bismutite, 462. 6-8 — 7. Orpiment, 32. 3-4-3- 5.; Cinnabar, 49. S9'1, Realgar, 31. 3'4-3'6. FUMES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE —GLOBULE NOT MALLEABLE. 297 d. B.B. FUMES OF ARSENIC, SULPHUR, ANTIMONY, OR CHLORINE; A GLOBULE WHICH IS NOT MALLEABLE. * B.B. fumes arsenical. Species all contain water. Hardness. Annabergite, 2 IV; capil; mas; fine apple-gn; streak gnh-w; BB on charcoal arsenic;'Ni, Xs, Aq, 418. Pitticite, 2-3 Reniform, mas; G 2'0 —25; vit, greasy; ywh, rdh-bn, Diadochite, r, w; streak yw; trl, op; BB on charcoal arsenic; 3e, Is, S, Aq, 432, 433. Arseniosiderite, 1-2 Fib; diverg; G 3'5-3-9; yw, golden; streak ochreous; fibres separable!; BB fus bk; with soda arsen; in hot nit or mnur, sol; Pe, Ca,,s, Aq, 422. Erythrine, 1'5-2'5 IV; cleav!! laminee flexible; earthy; G 2'948; p'ly, earthy; peach-r, crimson; gyh; streak paler lavenderblue; trp, strl; BB on charcoal arsenic; in acids sol; Co, Xs, Aq, 416. Symplesite, 2-5 IV; cleavr!; G 2-957; p'ly, vit; indigo, gn; streak bhw; strp-trl; BB on charcoal arsen; bk, without melting, magnetic; Fe or Fe, Xs, Aq, 418. Pharmacosiderite, 2-5 1; cubes, etc; G 29 —3; adamantine; olive-gn, ywh, Beudantite, bnh, rdh, gn; streak gn, bn, yw; strl; BB on charcoal arsen, magnetic; Fe, Xs, Aq, 422. Kottigite, 2'5-3 IV; cleav!; crusts; G 3-1; silky; light rd; streak rdhw; trl, sbtrl; BB on charcoal fus, arsen; in acids sol!; Zn, 1Co, Xs, Aq, 418. a. Species foliated or fibrous int some of their varieties. Arseniosiderite, 422. Fib. Erythrine, 416. Fol. * $ Fumes of Chlorine, Sulphur or Antimony. Greenockite. 3-3-5 VI; hexag cryst; G 4'5 —5; adamantine; honey-yw, orange; streak yw rdh; strp, trl; BB on charcoal ywh ring; in mur sol; Cd, S, 51. Hauerite, 4 I; G 3-463; met-adamantine; rdh-bh, bnk-bk; streak bnh-r; BB on charcoal sulphur; Mn, S, 66. Pyrosmalite, 4-4-5 VI; hexag; cleav basal; mas; G 3-3'1; p'ly, vit; pale liver-bn', gy, gnh; guh-yw within; BB on charcoal fumes of chlorine, fus slag, magnetic;. in nit perfectly sol; e', n, C1, C i, Aq, 310. Voltzite, 4'5 Implanted glob; G 3'66; vit, p'ly; rdh, ywh, bnh; op, strl; BB on charcoal zinc fumes; in mur sulph hyd; Zn, S, 0, 127. Romeine, 5-6 II; octahed; hyacinth or honey-yw; BB fus bkh slag; in acids insol; Ca, Sb, 0, 410. a, None of the species of this subdivisioni are foliated or fibrous. 38 298 LUSTRE UNMETALLIC — STREAdK UNCOLORED. /1. Species arranyed according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Romeine, 410. ----—? Voltzite, 127. 3-66. Pyrosmalite, 310. 3 —3-1. Greenockite, 51. 4'8-5. Hauerite, 56.. 3'463. e. B.B. FUMES OF SULPHUR~ ARSENIC, ANTIMON~Y CHLORINE1 BROMINE OR IODINE; A MALLEABLE GLOBULE OF SILVER OR COPPER. * Arsenical, Sulphur, or Antimony fumes. Hardness. Tyrolite, 1-5-2 III; reniform, mas; drusy; p'ly, vit; G 38 —31; pale apple-gn, bh; streak paler; trl,strl; laminte flexible; BB on charcoal fus, arsen; (u, Xs, Aq, 426. Covelline, 165-2 VI; incrust; mas; G 3e7 —39; res, faint; indigo-b; streak lead gray, shining; BB on charcoal fus, sulphur, copper; Cu, S, 65. Lettsomite, Drusy, velvety crusts; clear smalt blue; p'ly; BB on charcoal copper; NCu, Al, S, Aq, 392. Chalcophyllite, 2 VI; cleav basal!!, foliated!; G 2-4 —27; p'ly, vit; emerald, grass gn; streak paler; BB decrep, on charcoal arsen, fus; with soda copper; in acids sol; Iu, Xs, Aq, 428. Xanthocone, 2 VI; reniform, massive, cryst structure within; G 5 —52; dull-rd, clove-bn; streak yw; sbtrl, edges orange; BB on charcoal sulph, arsen, silver; Ag, S, As, 87. Fireblende, 2 IV; G 42 —-43; p'ly adamantine; hyacinth-r; trl; sece tile and somewhat flexible; Ag, S, Sb, 88. Liroconite, 2-2'5 III; rarely gran; G 2'8-3; vit, res; sky-b, verdigris; streak same; BB on charcoal arsen, bk scoria; with bor gn, partially reduced; in nit sol; Cu, A1, Xs, Aq, 429. Miargyrite, 2 —2'5 IVi cleaxv imperf; G 5~2-5'4; submet-adamantine; ironbk; streak dlark cherry-red; thin splinters red; sectile; BB on charcoal antim, sulph, silver; Ag, S, Sb, 74. Proustite, 2-25 VI; crystals and massive; 5'4-5'5; adamantine; coch-, ineal-r; streak briglit red; strp, trl; BB on charcoal sulphur, arsen, silver; Ag, As, S, 18. Pyrargyrite, 2-2-5 VI; crystals and massive; G 5'!7_5-9; met-adamantine; bk, rdh; streak cochineal-r; trl, op; sectile; BB on charcoal sulphur, antim, silver; Ag, S, Sb, 7,. Aphanesite, 2'5-3 IV; massive, rad hemispher; G 4'19-4'36; p'ly; dark verdigris; streak same; strl; BB on charcoal fus, deflag, arsen; 6u, is, Aq, 428. Olivenite, 3 III; glob, reniform, fibrous; massive; G 839-4'4; ad, vit, p'ly; olive-gn, leek-gn; wood-bn; streak gn, bn; strp, op; BB on charcoal fus, deflag I, arsen; in nit ol; XO, 8s, Aq, 420. FUMES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE-GLOBULE MALLEABLE. 299 Hardness. Carminite, 2'5 In clusters of fine needles; carmine to tile-red; BB on charcoal arsenic; with soda lead; Pb, Xs, Pe 410. Brochantite, 3-5 —4 III; G 3-8-3'9; vit; emerald, bkh-gn; streak paler; trp; BB on charcoal fus, copper; u, S., Aq, 391. Euchroite, 3'5 —4:II; G 3'389; vit; bright emerald, leek-gn; streak paler; trp, trl; BB on charcoal fus, deflag, copper, arsen; Cu, Xs, Aq, 421. Erinite, 4-5 —5 Mammillary, massive; G 4-043; dull, res; fine emeraldgreen, streak paler; strl, op; BB arsen, copper; ~u, &s, Aq, 425. Conichalcite, 4'5 Massive, reniform; G 4123; pistachio-gn; streak same, tu, OP, Xs, P) II, 2, 1 a. Species oliated orfibrous in some of their varieties. Chaicophyllite, 428. H=2 Fol! Aphanesite, 428. — 2'5-3 Fib. Lettsomite, 392. Drusy fib. Olivenite, 420, 3 Fib. fB. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Lettsomite, 392. -- Erinite, 425. 4'1043. Chalcophyllite, 428. 2-4-2'7. Conichalcite, 421. 4'123. Liroconite, 429. 2-8-3. Aphanesite, 428. 4-19-4136. Tyrolite, 426. 3-3-1. Fireblende, 88. 42 —43. Euchroite, 421. 3'389. Xanthocone, 87. 5-5-2. Brochantite, 391. 3 7 —39. Miargyrite, 75. 5-234. Covelline, 65. 3'8 —39. Proustite, 78. 5-4-6-6. Olivenite, 420. 3'9-4'4. Pyrargyrite, 77. 5-7-5'8. Carminite, 410. ~* Fumes of Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, or Muriatic Acid. Todyrite, VI; thin plates, lam; G 5-504; resinous; pale citronyw, ywh-gn; trl; streak submet; plates flexible; BB fus!!, on charcoal fumes of iodine, violet flame, silver; Ag, I, 95. Kerargyrite, 1-1-5 I; like wax; G 5 —56; pearl-gy, gnh; bn on exposure; streak shining; sectile; BB fumes of muriatic acid; on charcoal silver; Ag, C1, 92. Bromyrite, 1-2 I; concretions; G 58-6; splendent; often gn without, yw within; BB fus; fumes of bromine; silver glob; Ag, Bri, 93. Percylite, I I; in cubes; sky-blue; BB emerald-gn easily! b on cooling; flame gn, fus!, on charcoal fumes; Pb, Cu, Cl, 0, see 4ppendix. Embolite, 2 I; oct; mas; G 53 —5-8; yw, gn; adamantine; fracture hackly; BB fus! fumes of bromine and chlorine; silver glob; Ag, Br, C1, 93. Connellite, VI; vit; fine blue; trl; BB on charcoal fumes; glob copper; Cu, S, C1, 375P 300 LUSTRE METALLTC — STREAK UNMETALLIC. Hardness. Atacamite, 3 —3-5 III; mas; G 3'7-4'3; adamantine, vit; olive-gn, bright gn; streak paler; trl, strl; BB gn or b flame, fumes of muriatic acid; on charcoal copper; Cu, C1, O, Aq, 138. a. None of the species in this subdivision are properly foliated or fibrous. II. LU-STRE MIETALLIC OR SUBMETALLIC. A. STREAK UNMETALLIC. a. 13.13. NO FUMES. " B.B. Iafusible, or nearly so. Colors steel-gray to black. j With muriatic acid, fumes of chlorine: contain manganese. Obs.-Wad, Psilomelane and Manganite, are the only hydrous species included. Hardness. Wad, 0' —3'5 Mas; earthy; incrust; G 3-3-7; submet, dull; bk, bh or bnh; BB infus or subfus; Mn, O, H; sometimes Mn, Cu, O, HI, or Mn, Co, Ni, O, H, 136. Pyrolusite, 2-2'5 III; also divergent columnar; mas; G 48-56; submet; Polianite, bk, gyh; streak bk; brittle; BB infus; Mn, 0, 122, 131. Manganite, 4 III; prismatic, columnar, radiated; gran; G 4'2 —44; submet; steel-gy, bk; streak rdh-bn, nearly bk; BB infus; Mn, 0, 11, 130. Hausmannite, 5 —565 II; G 4'722; submet; bnh-bk; streak7 bn; BB infus; Mn, 0, 118. Psilomelane, 6-6 Mas, bot; G 4-4-4; submet; iron-bk, gy; streak bnhbk, shining; BB infus; Mn, O, H, 135. Braunite, 6 —6' II; massive and in crystals; G 4'-1-4'9; submet; bnhuh bk; streak dark bnh-bk; brittle; BB infus; Mn, O, 117. Jeterocliz (p. 127) and Crednerite (p. 126) are other manganese ores, with black streak. H=45 —5. tf No fumes of chlorine with muriatic acid. Pitchblende, 5'5 I; massive; in grains; submet or dull; G 6-4-8; veal5 Coracite, vet-bk, bnh; streak bk, BB flame usually gn; with bor fus yw glass, gnh in inner flame; in nit in powder slowly soluble; U, 0, 107. Coracite contains water, 107. Limonite, 4 —5'5 Massive, stalact, botryoid; G 3-6 —4; submet; bk, bn; streak hn; BB bkns, magnetic; Fe, O, Aq, 131. NO FUMES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE. 301 Hardness. Chromic Iron, 5'5 I; oct, massive; G 4'3-4'5; iron bk, gyh-bk; streak bn; brittle; sometimes magnetic; BB infus; with bor fus dif, beautiful gn glob; Fe, Cr, 0, 106. Yttrotantalite, 5'5 G 5'395; submet; iron-bk; streak gy; Y, Ca, Fe, Ta, W, 359. Columbite, 5 —6 III; mas, uncleav; G 5-4- 8'0; bk; submet; often a Mengite, steel tarnish; streak bk, to bnh-red; brittle; BB infus, with bor fus slow, bkh-gn glass; Fe, Mn, Cb, 353. Mengite contains Zr, Fe, Ti, 356. Tantalite, 5-6 III; cryst, mas; G 7'1-8; bk; streak rdh-bn; brittle; BB like Columbite; Fe, Mn, Ta, 351. Fergusonite, 55 —6 II; hemihed; cleav traces; G 5'8-6; submet, vit; bnhbk, bnh; streak bnh; strl, op; BB infus; with bor fus dif; Y, C, Ta, 350. Specular Iron, 5'5 —6'5 VI; cryst, massive; and Specular Iron is sometimes miIlmenite, caceous, &c.; Martite and Iserine, I, oct.; G 4-5-5-3; Martite, steel-gy, often splendent; BB infus; bor gn or yw Iserine, glass; in hot mur sol; streak of Spec. Iron red; of Ilmenite black or nearly so, or submet; 113, 115: Martite is the same as Specular Iron, except it is octahedral, 102. Iserine is similar to Martite, 102. Franklinite, 5'5 —65 I; oct, massive, gran; G 5 —51; bk; streak dk rdh-bn; slightly magn; BB infus; on charcoal oxyd zinc at high heat; with bor manganese reaction; Fe, Mn, Zn, 0, 106. Euxenite,. 6'5 III; massive without cleav; G 4,6 —4'9; submet, vit; Polymignyte, bnh-bk, rdh-bn! streak rdh-bn; BB infus; with bor _zschynite, fus; Y, U, Ce, Ti, 358, 356. Polycrase similar; G 5'1; in sul sol, 357..iEschynite BB intum on thin edges, but infus, 357. Irite, Octahedral; G 6'506; contains Iridium and Osmium, with Iron and Chromium, 103. a. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Wad, 136. 3-3'7 Polymignyte, 356. 4'17 —4-85. Limonite, 131. 3'6-4. Polianite, 131. 4 8-4.9. Psilomelane, 135. 4 —44. Es'chynite, 357. 4-9-5'14. Manganite, 130. 4'2-44. Franklinite, 106. 5-5'1. Chromic Iron, 106. 4'3-4'5. Polycrase, 357. 5'1. Hausmannite, 118. 4-722. Yttrotantalite, 359. 5'395. Ilmenite, 115. 4'5-5. Columbite, 353. 5-4-6'4. Pyrolusite, 122. 4'8-5. Mengite, 356. 5'48. Specular Iron, 113. 4.5 —5 3. Fergusonite, 350. 5'8 —6. Martite, 102. 3'8 —5'3. Tantalite, 351. 7-8. Euxenite, 358. 4-6 —49. Pitchblende, 107. 6'4-8. Iserine, 102. 4-8-5'1. Irite, 103. 6'507. 302 LUSTRE METALLIC-STREAK UNMETALLIC.'@ Fusible. Colors steel-gray to black. Obs. —Tenorite and Melaconite afford a globule of copper; Magnetite fuses with difficulty; Crednerite contains manganese. No species fibrous. {Hardness. Tenorite, VI; scales; dark steel-gy; streak bk; BB on charcoal no fumes, copper globule; Cu, O, ll7. Melaconite, 8 —-6 I; mas; G 51-o54; earthy; bk; streak bk; BB on charcoal no fumes, copper glob; Cu, 0, 109. Crednerite, 4-:~ IV; cleav; G 4'9-5; met; iron-bk, gy; streak bk, bnh; BB fus dif! Mn, Cu, 0, 126. Wolfram, 55'5 III; cryst; mas; uncleav; G 7'1-7 6; submet; gyh-bk, bnh-bk; streak dark rdh-bn; BB fus dif, magnetic globule; with bor gn bead; Fe, Mn, W, 351. Sanmarskite,'.5 III; in grains; G 4 —57; bk; streak dark rdh-bn; BB burns like Gadolinite, fus dif! to a steel-gy mass; with bor fus! Fe, U, Y, Cb, 355. Lievrite,.' 5-6 III; rbe prism; massive; G 3'8-4-'2; submet; bk, bnjh; brittle; BB fus bk glob; in mur sol, gelat; Fe, Ca, Si, 262. Magnetite, 5'5-6'5 I; octahedrons, &c.; massive, gran; G 4'9-5'2; bk; streak bk; magnetic; BB fus dif! loses magnetibm; in hot nmuer sol; Fe, 0, 105. b. RB.B OGrIG 0 F UMEs. B13.B. fumes of Arsenic, and sometimes also of Sulpthur; globule brittle. Color whitish, with sometimes a reddish ori yellowish tinge, excepting T'+il:nantite, which is black. No species fibrous. Obs. —en.nantite, Leucopyrite, and Mispickel alone afford B.B. a magnetic globule; of the other species, Kaneite gives a manganese reaction, and the rest a reaction of Cobalt or Niickel. Tennantite, 3'5-4 I; G 4'3 —4'5; bkh lead-gy, iron-bk; streak dark rdhgy; BB burns b flame, arsen, bk scoria magnetic; Cu, Fe, S, As, 84. Leucopyrite, 5 —55 III; cryst, mas; G 7'0-7'4; tin-w, gyh; streak gyh-bk; BB on charcoal fumes of arsenic, imag glob; Fe, As, 61. Copper Nickel, 5 —5'5'VI; massive; G l3 —7'17; copper-r, gyh or bkh tarnish; streak pale bnh-bk; brittle; BB on charcoal arsen; fus w glob; in nit gn coating; Ni, As, 52. Kaneite, above 5. Massive, botryoidal; fol or gran; gyh-w, bkh tarnish; BB b flame, on charcoal arsen; nit-mour sol wholly; Mn, Asj 53. Gersdorffite, 5'5 I; cleav cubic; massive; G 5'6 —69; silver-w, gyh; tarnish gy, gyh-bk; streak gyh-bk; BB on charcoal arsen; Ni, As, S, Fe, 58. FUMES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE —GLOBULE NOT MALLEABLE. 303 Hardness. Smaltine, 5.5 I; in crystals; massive; G 6-46-7'2; tin-w, gyh; streak Chloanthite, gyh-bk; brittle; BB on charcoal arsen, w glob; Co, Ni, As, Fe, 56. Rammelsbergite is similar, but trimetric, 61. Cobaltine, 5'5 I; hemihed; massive; G 6 —63; silver-w, rdh; streak gyh-bk; brittle; BB on charcoal arsen, bk mag glob; Co, As, S, Fe, 67. Mispickel, 5-6 III; crystals; usually massive; G 6'0-6'4; silver w, gyh; Glaucodot, streak dark gyh-bk; BB on charcoal arsen fumes; mag glob; Fe, As, Co, S, 62, 63. Skutterudite, 6 I; cleav cubic; G 67 —6'9; gyh tin-w; BB on charcoal arsen; Co, As, 67. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Tennantite, 84. 4.3 —45. Skutterudite, 67. 6-7-6-9. Gersdorffite, 58. 5S6 —6'9. Smaltine, 56. 6-4-7-2. Glaucodot, 63. 5'9 —61. Chloanthite, 56. 6-4 —7 2. Cobaltine, 57. 6 —6'3. Leucopyrite, 61. 70 —7-4. Mispickel, 62. 6'0 —6'4. Copper Nickel. 7'8-7-7. Ullmannite, 59. 6'2 —6'5, Kaneite, 53. ** Fumes sulphurous or antimonial, not arsenical; globlule brittle. Colors rather pale, (excepting Manganblende, which is black). Obs. —Berthierite, Pjyrrhotine, Pyrites, and Marcasite afford B.!3. a magnetic globule; Manganblende, a manganese reaction; the others react:ions of Cobalt or Nickel. Breithauptite contains Antimony. Erubescite, Cuban, and Chalcopyrite, also afford BB a magnetic globule, but with borax or soda they yield a. globule of copper, and they are consequently not included in this subdivi:. n. Syepoorite, Massive; G 5'45; steel-gy, ywh; Co, S, 41. Berthierite, 2-3 Long prisms or massive plumose; G 4-4-3; dark steelgy; pinchbeck-bn; BB fus! antim fumes, bk magnetic slag; Fe, S, Sb, 73. Millerite, 3 —3'5 VI; capillary; G 4'61 —5-65; brass-yw, tarnish gy, irid; brittle; streak bright; BB fus, brittle glob; warm nit gyh or pale-gn sol; open tube sulph; Ni, S, 49. Manganblende, 3'5 —4 I; cleav cubic; mas; G 39- 4'1; submnet; iron-bk, bn on exposure; streak gn.; BB on charcoal fus dif!; in mur sul-hyd; Mn, S; 41. Pyrrhotine, 3 5-4'5 VI; hexag, mras; G 4'4 —44 7; bronze yv, ridh; streak dark gyh-bkk magnetic; BB nearly-like Pyrites; Fe, S, 450. GrCinauite, 4'5 I; clectv octahed; G 6513; pale steelogy, silver-w; tarnish ywh, gyh; brittle streak daru- gy; BB on charcoal sulph; coal ywh; Ni, Bi, Fe, S, 14. Jllmannite, 5-5'5 I; cleav. cubic; mass;G 6'4 —6'55; wh steel-gy; brittle; BB on charcoal fumes antim, sulph-; Ni, Sb, S, 59. Lianneite, 5'5 I; cleav cubic; G 4'8 —5'0 pale steel-gy, copper-r tarnish; streak bkh-gy; BB on charcoal sulphur; Co, S,, "61. 304 LUSTRE METALLIC —STREAK UNMETALLIC. Hardness. Breithauptite, 5'5 VI, thin plates; arborescent; G 7'5 —7 6; light copper rd, violet; streak rdh-bn; brittle; BB on charcoal antim; Ni, Sb, 53. Pyrites, 6 —6'5 I; cubes, &c.; also massive; pale brass-yw; streak dark bnh-bk; G 46 —5'1; BB on charcoal fumes sulph; mag glob; nit sol; Fe, S, 64. Marcasite, 6 —656 III; in thin crystals, often crested; also massive; G 4'65 -4'85; pale ywh-bronze, ywh, gyh; streak gyh-bk; BB like Pyrites; Fe, S, 60. Species arranged according to their speciJic gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Manganblende, 41. 3'9-4'1. Griinauite, 44. 5'13. Berthierite, 783. 4-4'3. Syepoorite, 41. 5 45. Pyrrhotine, 50. 4'4-4'7. Millerite, 49. 4'6-5'65. Marcasite, 60. 4'6-4'9. Ullmannite, 59. 6'4 —66. Pyrites, 54. 48 — 5'1. Breithauptite, 63. 7' 6-7 6. Linnaeite, 67. 4'8-5'0.:~b B.B. with the fluxes, if not without, a malleable globule, or mineral wholly vaporizable. t Globule of Lead, Silver or Gold. (Aikizite and C(uproplunmbite, afford a globule of lead containing copper.) Obs. —Sulphur fumes, Cuproplumbite; Antimony or bismuth fumes, often with sulphur, Ileteromorphite, Miargyrite, Pyrargyrite, Kobellite, Aikinite, Tannenite; Selenium fumes, Clausthalite. Heteromorphite, 1-3 Capillary,.plumose; massive, gran; G 56 —5'9; dark lead-gy, steel-gy; BB fus!!, on charcoal antim, sulph; Pb, S, Sb, 76. For other antimonial ores of lead, see p. 7:2, etc. Miargyrite, 2 —2'5 IV; cleav imperf; G 56234; submet ad; iron-bk; streak dark cherry-red; op, thin splinters red; sectile; BB on charcoal antim, sulph, silver; Ag, S, Sb, 74. Pyrargyrite, 2 —25 VI; massive; G 5'7 —59; met-adamantine; bk, rdh; streak cochineal-red; trl, op; sectile; BB on charcoal sulph, antim, silver; Ag, S, Sb, 77. Kobellite, soft Like Stibnite; radiated columnar; G 6'29 —632; bkh lead-gy to steel-gy; streak bk; BB fus, charcoal yellow, w glob; pb, S, Bi, Sb, little Fe, 82. Aikinite, 2 —25 III'; acicular cryst.; mas; G 6'1 —68; bkh-lead-gy, pale rdh tarnish; BB on charcoal fumes sulph; Bi, Pb, Cu, S, 81. Tannenite, Thin prisms; bright metallic; gyh to tin white; BB sulphur, on'charcoal with soda copper, fumes of bismuth; Cu, Bi, S, 73. Cuproplumbite, 2-5 I; cleav cubic!; mas; G 64 —6'46; bkh-lead-gy; streak bk; BB on charcoal lead, sulph; Pb, Cu, S, 41. FUMES BEF'ORE THE BLOWPIPE- GLOBULE MALLEABLE. 305 Hardness. Dufr6noysite, I; dodec; G 6-55; steel-gy; streak rdh-bn; brittle; BB on charcoal arsen, sulph, lead; in acids sol; Pb, S, As, 77. Clausthalite, 2'5 I; granular mas; G 7-8'8; lead-gy, bh; streak dark gy; BB on charcoal selen, lead; Pb, S, with iometimes Co, Ag, Cu, 42..i Globule of copper or tin with soda. Obs.-Sulphur fumes alone, Erubescite, Chalcopyrite, and Tin Pyrites; Antimony or bismuth fmnes, W1ichite, Wolfsbergite, Wittichite; Arsenical fumes Domeykite, Tennantite, Enargite. Erubescite, 3 I; cryst mas; G 5-51; pinchbeck bn, tarnishes reddish and bluish; lustre bright; streak pale gyh-bk; brittle; BB on charcoal sulph; nit partly sol; Cu, S, 38. Barnhardtite: see Appendix. Wilchite, 3 III? cryst, and mas; G 6'7-5-8; bkh-lead-gy; brittle; BB on charcoal antim, sulph; Pb, Cu, S, Sb, 82. Domeykite, 3 —3' Massive, reniform; G 46; tin-w, ywh tarnish; BB fus arsen; in mur partly sol; Cu, As, 36. Wolfsbergite, 3-4- II; G 4'748; lead-gy, iron-gy; streak bk; BE decrep, fus!, on charcoal antim, copper; Cu, S, Sb, 73. Wittichite, 365 IFI; acic, columnar; G 5; steel-gy, tin-w, tarnish leadgy; streak bk; BB fus! sulph fumes; Bi, Cu, S, 88. Enargite, 3 ItI; massive, gran or fib; G 4'3-4-5; iron-bk; streak same; BB on charcoal, arsen, sulphur, with bor copper; Cu, As, S, 87. Tennantite, 3'5 — Tetrahed; G 4'37-4-5; bkh-lead-gy, iron bk; streak dark rdh-gy; BB decrep, burns with b flame, arsen fumes, magnetic globule; Cu, Fe, S, As, 84. Chalcopyrite, 3'5-4 II; tetrahed; mas; G 4'1 —43; steel-gy, brass-yw; Cuban, streak gnh-bk; BB on charcoal sulph; fus mag glob; in nit partly sol; Cu, Fe, S, 68. Cuban is cubic, 68. Tin Pyrites, 5 II; massive; G 43-4 52; steel-gy, bkh, ywh; streak bk; B13 on charcoal sulph, scor glob bk; nit-mur sol, Species arranged accordling to their specific gravities. Sp. Gravity. Sp. Gravity. Cuban, 68. 40-4'2. Miargyrite, 74. 56234. Chalcopyrite, 68. 4'1-4'3. Dufr6noysite, 77. 5655. Tin Pyrites, 70. 43 —4'52. Heteromorphite, 76. 5'6 —59. Tennanite, 84. 4'3 —45. Pyrargyrite, 77. 5'7-5-9. Enargite, 87. 4'3-45. Wolchite, 82. 5'7-5'9. Domeykite, 36. 4'5. Aikinite,' 81. 6 1 —6'8. Wolfsbergite, 73. 4756. Cuproplumbite, 41. 6 4 —66. Wittichite, 88. 5. Kobellite, 82. 6-29 -632, Erubesoite, 38. 5 —I'1 Clausthalite, 42. 7-8'8, 39 306 LUSTRE METALLIC-.STRE AK METALLIC B. STREAK METALLIC. (t. NOT AMALLEABLE.' B.B. no fumes with fluxes, or without; infusible. Hardness. Graphite, 1'0-2-0 VI; foliated!, mas, gran; G 2 —2 1; steel gy, bkh; sectile; soils; nit no action; BB infus, 29. 3 B.B. fumes; globule not malleable. Molybdenite, 1-1. 5 VI; fol 1, G 4'44-4-8; lead-gy; laminfe flexible; inelast; sectile; a trace on paper; BB on charcoal sulph; in nit sol; Mo, S, 66. Trite, Grains or scales; G 6-506; black; magnetic; BB with nitre reaction of osmium; Ir, Os, Cr, Fe, 103. Iridosmine, VI; also i; scales; G 19-22; tin-w; light-steel gy; BB infusible, with nitre odor of osmium, 19. Berthierite, 2-3 Prism, mas, cleav; plumose; gran; G 4 —43; dark steel-gy, tarnishes; BB fus I fumes antim sulph; mur sol; Sb, Fe, S, 73. Millerite, 3'5 VI; Acicular crystals; 4'6-5'7; nearly brass-yellow, tarnish gyh; brittle; BB fus, magnetic glob; Ni, S, 49. ~* B.B. fumes; a mialleable globule, or wholly vaporizable. f Easily and wholly vaporizable, (ores of lead not included). Stibnite, 2 III; in prisms; clearv; also fib, massive; G 4'5-4'65; lead-gy; streak lead-gy; tarnish dark; sectile; BB fus!; on charcoal, fumes, sulph; in mur sol; Sb, S, 33. Tellurium, 2 —25 VI; clear hexag; gran; G 61-16-3; tin-w; streak tinw; brittle; on charcoal fus! gnh-flame; w vapors, 20. Tetradymite, 2 VI; cleav basal! I mas, fol, gran; G 7 2-8 5; pale steelgy; laminae elastic; soils paper; G fus 1! flame b on charcoal.wh or ywh, fumes; Bi, Te, with often S or Se, 21. Bismuthine, 2-2'5 III; acicular cryst; cleav; also mas, fol, fib; G 64 — 6'6; lead-gy-tin-w, ywh or iridescent tarnish; sectile; BB fusl, on charcoal vol, yw areola; sulph fumes; in hot nit sol; Bi, S, 33. Bismuth, 2-2'5 VI; R, cleavl mas; G 97 —9'8; rdh-silver-w, tarnishes; sectile;' brittle; BB fus; on charcoal yellow areola, 20. Antimony, 3-'3-5 VI; cleav!; massive, lamnellar; G 6'6 —6'72; tin-w rather brittle; BB fus! w fumes, inod. 21. LUSTRE METALLICO-STREAR MEIPALLIC, 307 Hardness. Native Arsenic, 3'5 VI; massive, reniform gran; G 5'8-6; tin-w, gy; streak the same; BB volat; w fumes, alliaceous; As, 22. Arsen. Antimony, 3-5 VI; reniform massive; G 6 1-6'21; tin-w, rdh, gyh; Allemontite, tarnished bnh-bk; BB fus, fumes arsen, antim; Sb, As, 22. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. 8p. gravity Stibnite, 3:3. 4'5-4'65. Bismuthine, 33. 64 —6 6. Arsenic, 22. 5'8-6. Antimony, 21. 6'6 —7'2. Allemontite, 22. 61l-6'21. Tetradymite, 21. 7'2-8 5. Tellurium, 20. 6'1-6'3. Bismuth, 20. 9 7-9 8. tl B.B. a malleable globule; fumes odorous. t A globule of lead or silver, without copper or a copper reaction. Nagyagite, 1 —1 5 II, foliated! laminm flexible; also granular; G 6 85 —72; bkh lead gy; BB on charcoal tellurium, flame b, sometimes sulphur fumes; Pb, Au, Te, S, 66. Bismuth Silver, Acic; massive; tin-w, gyh, tarnishes; sectile; BB fus! on charcoal lead, bismuth, silver; sectile; Ag, Bi, Pb, S, 16. Sylvanite, 1-5-2 III, massive; oftel like writing characters; G 5 7 —83; steel-gy, silver-w, or ywh; streak same; very sectile; BB fus; flame gnh-b, malleable globule; nit sol; Au, Ag, Te, 64. Silver Glance, 2 —25 I; no cleav; G 1'19-7-37; streak and color bkh lead gy; streak shining; bkh tarnish; sectile!!; Ag, S, 37. Stephanite, 2 —25 III; massive; G 6'269; iron-bk; streak same; sectile; BB on charcoal antim, sulph; with soda silver; Ag, S, Sb; some As, 86. Freislebenite, 2 —25 IV; clean; G 6 —64; steel-gray; wh; dark gyh; streak same as color; BB on charcoal antim, sulph, lead, silver; Ag, Pb, S, Sb. 79. Sternbergite, III; clean basal!!!; fbliated; pinchbeck-bn; G 4'215; streak bk; thin lam flexible like tinfoil; traces on paper; BB on charcoal sulphur, b flame, silver, Ag, Fe, S, 71. Plagionite, 2-5 IV; tabular crystals; massive; G 5'4; bkh-lead-gy; streak same; brittle; BB fus!!; sulphur, antim, lead; Pb, S, Sb, 75. Naumannite, 2'5 1; cleav cubic; massive; iron-bk, splendent; G 8'0; streak iron-bk; BB on charcoal fus!, selen; with soda silver; Ag, Se, 43. Riotite: see Appendix. Geocronite, 2-3 III; cryst; massiv'e; G 6-4-6'6; light lead-gy, bh; streak same; Pb, S, Sb, As, 85., 308 LUSTRE MiE~ALLIC-STREAK MIETLLI0. Boulangerite, 2'5 —3 Plumose, columnar; gran; G 5'7-6. bh-lead-gy; 3BB on Jamesonite, charcoal sulph, antim; Pb, S, Sb, 81. Jamesonite has Heteromorphite, a basal cleavage! p. 75. Galena, 2'6 —3 I; cleav l cubic; massive granular; G'72 —7; leadSteinmannite, gy; brittle; BB on charcoal sulph, lead; Pb, S, 39. Steinmannite gives antim fumes, 41. Zinkenite, 3-3'5 III; hexag; G 5-3 — 54; steel-gy; streak same; BB decrep, fus I!; on charcoal antim, lead; Pb, S, Sb, 74. Brongniardite, above 3 Massive, no cleav; G 5'95; steel-gy; streak gyh-bk; BB on charcoal decrep, fus!, sulphur, w fumes, silver; Pb, Ag, S, Sb, 76. Chiviatite, Cleav massive; G 6'92; lead-gy; BB sulph, Bi, trace of copper; Pb, Bi, S, 77. Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Sternbergite, 71. 4'215. Geocronite, 85. 64 —6 6. Zinkenite, 74. 563-5'4. Chiviatite, 77. 6'92. Plagionite, 75. 5'4. Steinmannite, 41. 6-833. Jamesonite, 75. 5'5-5'8. Nagyagite, 65. 68 —7'2. Heteromorphite, 76. 5'6 —59. Sylvanite, 64. 5'7-83. Boulangerite, 81. 5 7-6. Silver Glance, 37 7' 19-7'4. Brongniardite,'76. 5'95. Galena, 39.'72-7'7. Freislebenite, 79. 6-6c'4 Naumannite, 43. 8 0. Stephanite, 86. 6'269. Bismuth Silver, 16. t: Globule of Copper, or of Silver or Lead along with Copper; BB a Copper reaction. Obs.-Polybasite, Bournonite, and Stromeyerite afford a copper reaction, and on cupellation a globule of silver; Tetrahedrite is sometimes argentiferous. Berzelianite, Dendritic crusts; silver-w BB selen; fus gy bead; with soda copper; Cu, Se, 43. Eucairite, - 2'.65 Mas; films; silver-w, lead-gy; streak shining; sectile; BB on charcoal fus! selen I; Cu, Ag, Se, 43. Polybasite, 2 —8 VI; tabular; massive; G 6'214; iron-bk; streak same; BB fusl; on charcoal sulph, antim; with soda arsen; Ag, Cu, Sb, S, As, 85. Copper Glance, 2'5-3 III; in crystals, and massive; G 5-5-58; bkh lead-gy; streak same; BB on charcoal sulph, flame bh; copper; hot nit a gn solution; Cu, S, 46. Bourn onite, 256-3 III; cruciform and wheel-shaped cryst; massive; G 5'7 — 50; steel-gy, bkh; streak same; brittle; BB decrep, fus!; ot charcoal antim, sulph; lead fumes on char; Pb, Cu, S, Sb, 80. Stromeyerite, 2'5-3 III; massive; G 6-2-6' 3; dark steel-gy; streak shining; sectile; BB fus!; glob little malleable; on charcoal sulph; with lead, silver; Ag, Cu, S. 48. Tetrahedrite, 3-4 I; t1etrahed; massive; G 4'5-5-2; steel-gy, bkh; streak same as color, or bnh; BB antim; on charcoal copper; in powder' sol nit bnh-gn; Cu, S, Sb, sometimes with Ag or Htg, 82. LUSTRE METAL —IC-STEAK LETALLIC. 309 Species arranged according to their specific gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Berzelianite, 43. Bournonite, 80. 5 7-5-'9 Eucairite, 43. Polybasite, 85. 6'214. Tetrahedrite, 82. 4'5-5'3. Stromeyerite, 48. 6'2-6'3. Copper Glance, 46. 55 —5-8. l.t B.B. a malleable globule; fumes inodorous. Hardness. Nagyagite, 1-1'5 II1; Laminue flexible, foliated!; also gran; G 6'85 —7'2 bkh lead-gy; BB on charcoal tellur, flame b, (sometimes fumes of sulphur); Pb, Au, Te, 65. Amalgam, 3 —3'5 1; dodecahedrons; massive; silver-w; brittle; G 10'5Arquerite, 14; quicksilver fumes, silver globule; Ag, Hg, 15. -Iessite, 2 —3'5 Granular massive; G 8'3 —8'9; lead-gy and steel-gy; slightly malleable; Ag, Te, 44. Altaite, 3 I; cleav cubic, massive; G 8'16; tin-w, sectile; Pb, Te, 44. Discrasite, 3'5-4 III; mas; G 9'4 —-10; silver-w, tia-w; tarnish yw, bkh; BB antim, glob not malleable; on charcoal silver; Ag, Sb, 35. Gold Amalgam, Small w grains, easily crumbling; BB fumes of mercury, and a globule of gold left; Hg, Au, 15. Species arranged according to their specifc gravities. Sp. gravity. Sp. gravity. Nagyagite, 65. 6-8-7'2. Amalgam, 15. 10'5-14 Altaite, 44. 8'16. Arquerite, 15. Hessite, 44. 83 —8'9. Gold Amalgam, 15. Discrasite, 35. 9'4-10. b. MALLEABJ3E. Obs. —Palladium, Platinum, and Iridosmine are infusible. Native Bismuth, Bismuth Silver, and Silver Glance, not here included, are somewhat malleable. Iridosmine is imperfectly malleable. Sp. gravity. Tin, 7 285 II; gyh-w; BB fus!, 19. Iron, 7 3 —78 I; iron-gy; H 4-5; BB fus dif, no fumes; magnetic, 17. Lead, 11'445 I; lead-gy; BB fus!!, fumes, 17. Copper, 8'5 —9 I; copper-rd; ductile, malleable; HI 2'5 —3; BB fus, flame gn; in nit sol, and solution with ammonia blue, 17. Silver, 10-11'1 I; H 2-5-3; silver-w; BB fus, no fumes; nit sol, 15. Palladium, 11-5 —12-5 I also VI; scales; HI 45-5; wh steel-gy; ductile;malleable; BB infus, 14. Gold, 15'6-19'5 I; massive, grains, leaves; H 25 —3; gold-yw, sometimes wh; BB fus; in nit insol; in nit-tnur sol, 7. Quicksilver, 13'6 Liquid-down to - 39~ F.; tin-white, 14. Platinum, 16-1.9 I; massive; grains; no cleav; H 4 —4'5; whitish steelgy; ductile; BB infus; in nit insol; in hot nit-mur sol, 12. 310 ORYSTALLIZATIOIN MONOLWETRIC. Sp. gravity. Iridosmine, 19-21'5 I, also VI; scales; H 6 —7; tin-w; steel-gy; imperfectly malleable; BB infus; with nitre odor of osmium; in nit insol' in hot nit-mur sol, 19. TABLE II. MINERALS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR CRYSTALLIZATION.' I. CRYSTALLIZATION MONOMETRIC. I. LUSTRE UNMETALLIC. Hardness. Kerargyrite, 1-165 C1 none; wax-gy, etc.; G 5-3-5'6, 92. Bromyrite, 1-2 Cl none; gn, yw; G 5'8 —6, 93. Arsenolite, 15 Whitish; G 3'698, 139. Sal Ammoniac, 15 —2 Cl oct; G 1'528; taste saline, pungent, 92. Sylvine, 2 C01 cubic; G 1'9-2; taste saline, 90. Embolite, 2 Cl cubic, traces; yw, gnh; G 5'75 —5'85, 93. Senarmontite, 2-2'5 Oct; w; G 5'2-5'3, 140. Common Salt, 2'9 Cl cubic!; G 2'257; taste saline, 90. Pharmacosiderite, 2-5 C1 cubic; G 2'9-3; gn, bn, rdh, 422. Alum, 2-3 Oct; cl oct perf; taste alum, iron varieties inky, 382. Percylite, Cubes; sky-blue. Manganblende, 35 —4 C1 cubic!; bk, bn; submetallic; G 39 —4-1, 41. Blende, 35 —4 Tetrahed; cl dodec!; yw, bn, bk, etc; res; G 4-4'2, 45. Red Copper, 3.5 —4 Ci oct; red; G 5'8 —615, 101. Fluor, 4 Cl oct perf!; G 3'14-3-18; vit, 94.:lauerite, 4 Pyritohed; cl cubic; G 3-463; bn, rdh, bk, 56. Eulytine, 4'5 Hemihed; cl dodec; bn, ywh, gy, yw; G 5'9-6-1, 181. Analcime, 5 —5'5 Trapezohed; cubic; cl indistinct; G 2-2-3, 318. IHaiiyne, 5 —55 Dodec; cl usually indist; b, gnh; G 24 —2'5, 230. Pyrochlore, 5-5-5 Oct; cl imperf; yw, bnh; G 3'8-5, 345. Nosean, 5'5 Dodec; gyh, bh,. bnh; G 2'2 —23, 230. Skolopsite similar; G 2 —2'3, 231. Sodalite, 5. —. Cl dodec; gy, bn, b, gn; G 2'2-2'4, 229. Lapis Lazuli, 5'5 Dodec; b; G 2'3 —25, 229. * In this table the angles of a pyramid given are first the pyramidal angles, and then the basal; the angle of a dome mentioned is that over 0, unless otherwise mentioned. In the dimetric and following systems, the figure 1 preceding the angles stands for the octahedron 1, (P in Naumann's system); and so on. CIRYS TALLIZATIO/N MONOMEITRIC'. 311 Hardness. Ittnerite, 5'S Dodec; cl dodec: gy, bh; G 2'35 —24, 319. Perofskite, 5'5 Cubes; cl cubic imperf; G 4'017; gyh-bk, 345. Tritomite, Tetrahedral; dull-brown; G 4'1-4'7, 311. Leucite, 5-5 —6 Trapezohedrons; w, gyh-w; G 2'4-2'5, 231. Periclase, 6 C1 cubic; G 83674; gyh, gn, 101. Pyrrhite, 6 Oct; cl not observed; color orange-yw, 346. IHelvin, 6-6'5 Tetrahed; cl oct traces; G 3'1-3'3, 194. Garnet, 65 —7'5 Dodec; trapezohed, etc.; cl dodec; G 3-5 —4'3, 190.. Boracite, 7 —8 Tetrahed; cl oct dif!; G 2'9-3, 393. Rhodizite, 8 Tetrahed; cl oct dif?; G 3'3-3'5, 393. Spinel, 8 Oct; cl indistinct; G 3'5 —49, 103. Diamond, 10 0ii oct, perf; G 3'5 —3'6, 24. If. LUSTRE METALLIC. Dufr6ynosite, 2 01 indistinct; G 56549; gy, 77. Silver Glance, 2 —2-5 C1 dodec imperf; gy; G 7'15 —7'4, 37. Cuproplumbite, 2'5 l1 cubic!; bkh gy; G 6'4-6'45, 41. Steinmannite, 2'6 CZ cubic; G 6'883; gy, 41. Galena, 25-3 Cl cubic II; lead-gy; G 7 25 —7'7, 39. Clausthalite, 2'5-3 CI cubic; gy, bh; G 7-8'8, 42. Naumannite, 2'5 Cl cub; bk; G 8'0, 43. Copper, 2'5 —3 Oct; r; G 8-9, 17. Silver, 2' —3 Cl none; w; G 10-11, 15. Gold, 2'56-S (71 none; yw; G 19'5-20, 7. Erubescite, 5 Cl dif l; rdh or bronze yw, tarnishes; G4'4-5'1, 38. Altaite, 3 Cl cubic; w; G 8'159, 44. Amalgam, 3-3 5 CI dodec, imperf; G 10-14; w, 15. Tetrahedrite, 3-4 Tetrahed; cl oct imperf; gray; G 4'5, 82. Tennantite, 3'5-4 C01 dodec, imperf; bkh-gy; G 4'3-4'S, 84. Melaconite, 3-6 Cub; bk; G 5'1-6'2, 109. Cuban, 4 Cubes; G 4-4'17; rdh bronze, bk, 68. Platinum, 4-4'5 White, gyh; malleable; G 16-19, 12. Griinauite, 4'5 C1 oct; w, gyh; G 5'13, 44. Iron, 4'5 Iron-gray; G 7'3-7'8,.17. Palladium, 4'5-5 Gyh-w; G 11-12'5, 14. Ullmannite, 6-6 -5 CI cubic!; G 6'4 —6'51; gyh, w, 59. Perofskite, 5'5 Cubes; bk, gyh; G 4'017, 346. Chromic Iron,'5' Oct; cl oct.; gyh-bk; G 4'3 —4'5, 106. Gersdorffite, 5'5 Pyritohed; cl cubic; G 5'6-6'9; w, gyh, 58. Cobaltine,'5 Pyritohed; cl cubic!; G 6-6'3; w, rdh, 57. Linnmeite, 5'5 C1 cubic; gyh-w; G 6'3-6'4, 67. Smaltine, 5'5-6 1l oct imperf; w, gyh; G 6'4 —7'2, 56. Pitchblende, 55 Oct; cl none; G 6'4-8; bk; submetallic, 107 Chloanthite. 5'S —6 W, gyh; G 64-6'8, 56. 312 CRYSTALLIZATION DIMETIPIC. Hardness. Magnetite, 5'5-6'5 Oct, dodec, &c.; cl oct; gyh-bk; G 4'9 —52, 105. Martite is similar; G 3'8-4'82, 102. Franklinite, 55 —6-5 Oct, cl oct; gyh-bk; G 5-5'1, 106. Skutterudite, 6 C01 cubic; w, gyh; G 6'7-6'9, 67. Iserine, 6 —6'5 Oct; cl none; G 417-5'1; gyh-bk, 102. Pyrites, 6-6'5 Pyritohed; ywh; G 4'8-5'1, 54. Iridosmine, 6-7 W, gyh; G 19-22, 19. Platiniridium, 6 —7 W; G 22'6 —23, 13. Irite, Octahedrons; black, 103. II. CRYSTALLIZATION DI-METRIC. I. LUSTRE UJNAETALLIC. Calomel, 1-2: 1 119~ 51', O: ii 1290 4'; cl I; G 6'4 —6-5, 89. Uranite, 2 —25 0: i 1280 36'; cl basal!!; G 3-3 6; gn, yw, 430. Cerasine, 2-5-3 0: 1 123~ 61'; cl I; G 6 —6'3; w, gy, yw, 463. Wulfenite, 25 —3 1 990 40', 1310 35'; cl oct; G 63 —6'9 yw, gn, wh, 349. Matlockite, 2' —3 O: 2i 1110 50', 0: I 1190 34'; yw; G 7'21, 127. Scheeletine, 2-5-3 1 990 44', 1310 25'; 2 920 40', 154o 36'; cl basal imperf; gn, gy, bn, r; G'-9 —8-2, 348. Savite, 3 Acic pms; colorless; OG 2'45, 316. Chiolite, 4 Snow white; G 271-2'9, 98. Edingtonite, 4 —4'5 Hemihed; pms 92~ 41', 1290 8'; el I perf; G 2'7 —2'8, 323. Xenotime, 4-5 1 1240 26', 820 30'; cl I; G 4'4 —4'6, 401. Gismondine, 4'5 1 118~ 30' and 92~ 30'; bh-w, gyh, rdh; G 2-265, 322. Azorite, 4 5 1 1230 15'; nearly colorless; cl none, 350. Apophyllite, 4'5-5 1 1040 2', 1210; cl basal! I; G 2-2 —24, 304. Scheelite, 4-55- 1 1000 40/, 1290 2'; 1i 108~ 12', 1120 2'; cl oct,i mperf; Gr 6 —6'1, 34'7. Mellilite, 5 ii 1340 48', 650 30'; cl basal; G 2'9-3-1, 205. Faujasite, 5 ii 1110 30', 105~ 30'; bn, w, G 1'923, 323. Gehlenite, 5 —5'5 Cl basal, hardly distinct; Gl 2'9-3'1, 256. Dipyre, 6-5'5 Like Scapolite; G 2'646, 205. Scapolite, 5 —6. 1 136~ 1', 630 48'; cl ii and I; G 2'6-2'75, 201. Romeine, 5-6 1 (basal) 1110~; yw, rdh; G 4-6-4'12, 410. Meionite, 5'5 1 1360 11' and 63~ 40'; w; G- 2'5-274, 200. (Erstedite, 5'5 1 1230 16~'; G 3'629, 197. Anatase,.5 —-6 1 97~ 55', 1360 30; cl 1 and 0 perf; G 3'8-4, 389. Sarcolite, 6 0: ii 156~'. 0: 2 1280 33'; w, rdh; G 2'545, 200. Rutile, 6-6-5 1 123~ 8', 840 40'; ii 1340 58', 65~0 35' cl lat.; G 4143. 120. Idocrase, 6 5 1 129~ 29'. 174 14'; cl iniperf; G 33-335, 197. Cassiterite, 6-71 1 1'21~ 40', 810 7P; ii 1320 31, 617~ 50'; cl imperf; G 6'5-'7, 118. Zircon, 1'5 1 1230 19', 840 20'; cl iuperf; gy, bn, r, etc; G 4O0438, 195. CRYSTALLIZATION TRIME'RIC. 313 II. LUSTRE M[ETALLIC. Hardness. Nagyagite, 1-1'5 2i (bas) 137~ 52'; cl basal!!; bkh-gy; G 6'8-1-2, 65. Chalcopyrite, 35 —4 Tetrahed; 1, 1090 53', 108Q~- 40'; cl imperf; yw; G 4'1 -4'3, 69. Tin Pyrites, 4 Steel-gray, ywh, bkll, 0. Hausmannite, 55 —6 0: 1 121~ 3', 0: Ii 130~ 25'; bnh-bk; G 47 —4-8, 118. Fergusonite, 5'5-6 1 1000 54', 1280 28'; cl basal imperf; G 58 —-5'9, 350. Submetallic. Braunite, 6-65 1 109~ 53', 108~ 39'; bnh bk; G 4'7-4'9, 117. III. CRYSTALLIZATION TRINMETRIC).'' I. LUSTRE UNMETALLIC. Thermonatrite, 1-1'5 107~ 50', 830 50'; cl brachyd imperf; G( 1'5-1'6, 455. Tyrolite, 1-1-5 Gn, bh: G 5-31, 426. Orpiment, 15 —2 I, 1000 40'; 11 830 30'; fol!; yw, 32. Sulphur, 1'5 —2'5 cl oct; 11010 46'; Oct 1 1060 25', 85 07', 1430 23'; G 2-072, 23. Haidingerite, 1'5-25 I1000; 1H 126~ 58'; cl brachyd perf!; G2-8-2'9, 413. Conistonite, 2 1 970 5', 11 860 30'; colorless; G 2'0; 465. Struvite, 2 1 1010 42', i- 630 8', 1H 960 50'; ywh, bnh; G 1'6-117, 413. Nitre, 2 I 1180 50'; G 1'9-2; taste saline, cooling, 433. Mascagnine, 2-2'5 1 107~ 40'; cl brachyd; taste pungent, 379. Epsqmite, 2-2'5 190~ 34'; hemihed; G 1175, 384. Goslarite, 2 —25 1900 42'; cl brachyd!; w; G 2-2'1,384. Thenardite, 2-2-5 cl 0; taste alkaline; G 2173, 365. Mica, 2-2'5 1 1200; cleav basal, micaceous! lam elastic; G 2'7-3'1, 221. Phlogopite, and Lepidolite similar, 224, 226. Clinochlore, 2 —2'5 1 1200; cleav basal, micaceous! lam flex, inelast; G 21-2'8; green, 293. Liroconite, 2-2'5 1 1190 20'; 1 7120 22'; b, bh-gn; G 2'8-3, 429. Glaserite, 2-3 cl macrod; taste saline, bitter, 365. Bromlite, 25 I11180 50'; cl imperf; G 3-7-3'72, 461. Leadhillite, 2a5 1103~ 16'; cl iR perf!; G 6'2 —6'5; w, ywh, gnh, 371. Polyhalite, 25 —3 I115~0 cl imperf; taste bitter, weak; G 2'78, 377. Picrosmine, 25 —3 11260 52'; 11 (bas) 620 11'; G 2'65 —27, 281. Hopeite, 2'5-3 I 1010; cl braehyd I; gyh-w, bnuh, 409. Fischerite, G 2'46, 408. Lanthanite, 25-3 I930~-940~; gyh, ywh, 456. Valentinlite, 2'5-3 I1360 58'; 1D 700 32'; w, G 5-5'6, 140. In this system, Mica, Margarite, Clinochlore, Chondrodite, Datholite, Phoaphocalcite, are hernihedral and have a Monoclinic form. 4-0 314 CRYSTALLIZATION TRISMETRIC,. Hardness. Anglesite, 2'5-3 I 103~ 38', 13 (bas) 104~ 31'; w, gyh; G 6'2 —63, 370. Mendipite, 25 —3 11020 36'; cl I!; w, ywh; G 7-'71, 128. Heavy Spar, 25 —3'5 I 1010 40'; l1(bas) 1050 24'; G 43-4'8, 366. Caledonite, 2.5 —3 1950; cleav indistinct; gn, bh; G 6'4, 3'72. Fluellite, 3 [1050; w; trp, 98. Olivenite, 3 1920 30', 13 1100 50'; cl imperf; 0G 41 —4-4, 420. Stilbite, 3 5 1 94-~ 15'; in rectang pms; clbrachyd!! p'ly; G 2-22, 332. Anhydrite, 3 —35 I 102~ 56'; cl 0 perf! iZ perf, il less so; w, bh, gyh; G 2'9-3, 369. Celestine, 3 —8'5 1 104~ —104-0; 1 (bas) 1040 8'; G 3'9 —4, 368. Witherite, 3 —3'75 11180 30'; ce I, imperf; w, gnh; G 4'3, 449. Cerusite, 3 —3'5 I 117~ 13'; cl Iimperf; w, gyh; G0 64 —65, 452. Atacamite, 3 —35 Il1120 20', 13 1050 40'; green, bkh; G 4-4'3,138. Descloizite, 3'5 I 1000 28', occurring prisms 122~ 6', 116~ 25'; bk, olive, yw, bnh; G- 5839, 362. Serpentine, 3-4 Angles of Chrysolite (pseudomorphs?); G 2'2 —2'6, 282. Cotunnite, 1990 46', i2 1180 38'; w; G 5'24, 97. Wavellite, 3-4 11260 25', 13 1060 46'; cl Iimperf; G- 2'3 —24, 423. Aragonite, 3'5-4 11160 10'; 13 (bas) 1080 26'; G- 2-9 —30, 448. Scorodite, 35-'4 1980 2', i7, 1200 10'; gn, bn; G 3'1-3'3, 419. Dufrenite, leek-gn, 427. Euchroite, 3'5-4'1920 8', 11 1170 20'; cl I, 11 imperf; gn; G 3'384, 421. Stront.ianite, 3'5-4 1117~ 19'; cl I; G 3'6-3'75, 450. Brochantite, 3'5-4 I1040 10', 2i 114~ 29'; 3 1510 52'; cl i!; gn; G 3J7 — 39, 3S91. Margarite, 3'5-4'5 1 1200; Micaceous; lain, rather brittle; w; G 3, 300. Libethenite, 4 1920 20', 1 1090 52'; cl imperf; dark gn; G 3'6-3'8, 420. Epistilbite, 4 11350 10'; cl brachyd I w; bh, ywh; G 2'2 —23, 330. Harmotome, 4 —4'5 1 1210 6', 1190 4', 890 52'; 13 1100 26'; cl imperf; G 2'35 —25, 323. Phillipsite, similar; G 2'2, 324. Phosphocalcite, 4-5-5 Hemihed, monoclinic; gn; G0 4-4.4, 425. Manganocalcite, 4 —4-5 Inear Aragonite, 452. Sloanite, 4'5 1 1050; white; G 2441, 329. Childrenite, 4'5-5 1 111~ 54', 23 750 46t; cl imperf; G 3 1 —3 3, 424. Calamine, 4'5-5 1 1030 54'; clI!; w, gyh, gnh; G 3.3-39, 313. Triphyline, 5 1940, i2 1300; gnh, gy, bh; G 3'45-3-65, 406. Gothite, 5 1 940 52', i~- 1300 40'; bn; G 4 —44, 129. Portite, 5 11200; white; G 2'4, 311. Herderite, 5 1 115~0 63'; cl imperf; G 2'9-3, 410. Natrolite, 5-.5'5 I910; w; gyh; G 2'1-2'27, 327. Scolecite is similar, 328. Thomsonite, 5-5'5 1900 40'; w; bnh; G 2'3-2'4, 325. Triplite, 5-5.5 bn, bkh-bn; G 3-4-3.8, 408. Datholite, 5-5-'5 11150 26'; i-2 760 44'; cl indistict w; w; G 2'9-3, 334.,sechynite, 5 —6 1 90~ 34'; i2 127~ 19'; el imperf; G 4'9-5-2, 357. C1RY STALLIZATIOIN T}RIAIE RIC. 315 Hardness. Wihlerite, 5'5 1900 54', O: Ii 1440 1'; clean; yw, bnh, gyh; G 3-41, 343. Lievrite, 5'5-6 11110 12'; 1 138~ 26', 117~ 34/, 177 50'; gyh-bk; G 3'8-4'2, 262. Brookite, 55 —6 1 1000; bn, bk; cl indistinct; G 3'8 —42, 123. Amblygonite, 6 I106~ 10'; cl Iperf; 3 —3'15, 409. Chondrodite, 6-6-5 1 940 26', hemihed; yw, bn; G 3'1 —3'25, 186. Keilhauite. 6'5 122~ 30'; bnh-bk, 341. Prehnite, 6 —6'5 I990 56'; cl basal; gnh, w, ywh; G 2'8 —3, 314. Diaspore, 6-7 1930 52', i~ 129~ 54'; cl brachyd!! G 3'3 —35, 128. Chrysolite, 6 —7 1940 3', i2 130~ 2'; green, glassy; G 383 —35, 184. Iolite, 7 —7'5 I 119~ 10'; cl indistinct; G 25 —2'67, 214. Staurotide, 7-7'5 1 1290 20'; cl brachyd, imperf; G 3'5 —3'375,,261. Andalusite, 7-5 1 90~ 44'; cl I; G 3'1 —3'3, 257. Topaz, 8 I1240 19'; i2930 8'; clbasall; yw, bnh, bh, gnh, w; G 3'4, 259. Chrysoberyl, 8'5 11190 46', 31 70~ 40'; cl brachyd, imperf; G 3'5 —38, 122. II. LUSTRE _METALLIC. Sternbergite, 1-1'5 1 1190 30'; cl basal!!; bnh bronze; 4'2 —43, 71. Sylvanite, 1'5-2 11100 48', 11 780 34'; gy; G 5'7-8'5, 64. Stibnite, 2 1 90~ 45'; cl brachyd!; G 4'5 —4'7, 33. Pyrolusite, 2 —25 I930 40'; cl 1, il;; 4'8-5, 125. Jamesonite, 2 —2'5 1 1010 20'; cl basal!; gy; G 5'5 —5'8, S75. Aikinite, 2 — 25 1 1100; long acic, cryst; gy; G6 6'1 —68, 81. Bismuthine,, 2-2'5 I910 30'; cl i'l; lead-gy; 6'4-6'6, 33. Stephanite, 2-2'5 11150 39t; 21 720 12'; cl 21, iR; bk; G 6'2 —63, 86. Geocronite, 2-3 1 1190 44'; cl one perf; gy; G 6-4 —66, 85. Copper Glance, 2'5 —3 1 119~ 35'; 21 1250 28'; cl I difl gy; G 5'5 —5'8, 46. Bournonite, 2'5 —3 1 930 40'; 11 960 12'; gy, dark; G 5'7-5'8, 80. Stromeyerite, 25 —3 11190 35'; gy; G 6'2 —6'3, 48. Enargite, 3 198~ 11'; bk; G 4'4 — 46, 87. Wolchite, 3 dark-gy; G 517-5'8, 82. Zinkenite, 3 —35 11200 39', Rose; G 5'3 —5'4, 74. Wolfsbergite, 3-4 1101~, i2 1380 12'; gy; G 4'748, 73. 5Manganite, 3.5 —4 1 990 40'; cl brachyd!; gyh-bk; G 4'3 —4'4, 130. Discrasite, 3'5-4 I 119~ 59'; often in hexag twins; w; G 94 —10-lO0, 35. Glaucodot, 6 1 i120 361; cl basal!; G 5'9-6'1; gyh-w, 63. Leucopyrite, 5-55 1 111~ 30', (1220 26'); cleav; w; G 70 —7'4, 61. Wolfram, 5 —55 1 1010 5'; 11 990 12'; bk, 351. Columbite, 5-6 1 1000 40'; cl iL, il imperf; bk; G 5'4 —6'4, 353. Mengite similar, 356. Tantalite, 5 —6 1 10 32'; occurring prism 1220 54';.cl imperf; bk; G 7-1-8, 351. 316 CRYSTALLIZATION MONOCLINIC. Hardness. Samarskite, 5'5 1101~, i'3 1350 to 1360; cl imperf; G 53 —5'7; submetallic, 365. Mispickel, 5'5 —6 11110 53'; 1U 800 8'; cl I; G 5'9-6'2, 62. Ranmmelsbergite, 5-5-6 11230 to 1240; w; G'7 —72, 61. Marcasite, 6 —65 11060 5', 11 800 20'; ywh; G 4'6-4'9, 60. Euxenlite, 6'5 1 1200; cl none; G 4-6 —4'8; submetallic, 358. Polymignyte, 6'5 1910 44'; 1 1090 46', 2~ 70~ 30'; cl imperf; G 4'7 — 4'9, 356. Polycrase is related, 357. Polianite, 6'5 —7 1920 52', 0: 1i 147~ 43'; bkh; G 4-8 —4-9, 131. IV. CRYSTALLIZATION MONOCLINIC. I. LUSTRE UNMETALLIC. Talc, 1'0 Hexag tables; 11200 nearly; angle between the optical axes 70 24'; cl basal!!; G 2'55 —2'85, 275. Natron, 1 —1-5 1760 28'; taste alkaline, 455. Kermesite, 1 —1'5 cl basal; r; G 4-4 —4-6, 141. Glauber Salt, 1'5-2 I 86 31/; cl clinod perf, 386. Gypsum, 1'.5-2 prisms 1110 42', 143~ 42'; cl i. perf!!; G 2'3-2'35, Vivianite, 1'5 —2 1 1110 12t, 011~ 25'; 1 119~ 10'; bh; G 2'66, 415. Realgar, 1'5-2 174~ 26'; i2 113~ 6'; r, rdh-yw; G 3'4-3'6, 31. Copperas, 2 1 820 21'; gn, w; G 1 8-1 9; taste inky, 385. Fireblende, 2 1 1390 12'; hyacinth-red; G 4-2-4-3; 88. Borax, 2 —-5 1 8107~; taste sweetish, alkaline, feeble; G 11-16, 394. Botryogen, 2-2'5 1190 56'; i/ 980 16'; bn; G 2 —21, 387. Pharmacolite, 2-2'5 I 1110 6'; 1 11~0 24'; cl clinod perf!!; G 2'6-2'75, 414. Bieberite, Like Copperas; rdh, 385. Erythrine, 2-2-5 I1110 16', C 700 54'; cl clinod!!; rdh; G 2'9-3'1, 416. Lanarkite, 2 —2'5 One perf cleav; 0 ii 120~ 45'; G 6'3-7; gyh-w, ywh, gyh, 374. Johannite, 2-5-55 169~; C850 40'; cl I; G 3'19; gn, 386. Miargyrite, 2-2'5 1390 38', i3 900 30'; bk; G 5'2 —5-4; submetallic, 14. Gay-Lussite, 2-3 1 680 50', a 78~ 27'; cl I; ywh.w; G 1'9-2, 455. Vauquelinite, 2-5-3 bkh-gn, dark-gn; G 5-5 —58, 360. Whewellite, 2'5 —3 11000 36'; cl 0; w,464. Trona, 25 —3 a 103~ 15'; taste alkaline; G 1-9 —2, 454. Glauberite, 2-5-3 1830 20'; cl 0 perf, G 2-6 —2-9, 374. Kittigite, 2-5-3 Like Cobalt Bloom; G 31; rdh, 418. Linarite, 2-5-3 1610; cl ii perf!; azure b; G 5'2 —5'5, 390. Crocoisite, 2-5 —3 1 93 44'; rd; G 5-9-6'1, 359. Aphanesite, 25 —3 1560; gn, b; G 4'15-4'4, 428. Hydromagnesite 3 18107~ 52'; w; G 2'14-2'18, 456. Heulandite, 3'5 —4 11360 4'; cl clinodr!! p'ly; G 2'15-2'2,330. CRYSTALLIZ,AT'ION MONOCLINIC. 317 Hardness. Laumontite, 3-5 —4 1 86~ 16', cl iii!; G 2'25 —2'4, 307. Leonhardite resembles Laumontite, 308. Stilbite, 35-4 1 94~ 16', cleav clinod! p'ly w, rdh, yw; G 2 —2'2, 332. Azuritc, 3'5 —4 I990 32'; b; G 3'5 —3'9, 459. Malachite, 3'5 —4 I 103~ 42'; cl basal!; gn; G 3'7 —41, 458. Barytocalcite, 4 1 1060 54'; C 730 52'; G 3'6 —3'7, 453. Turnerite, above 4 1960 10; 0: 1 900 40'; cl diagonals, one perf. Brewsterite, 45 —5 I 1360; 0: ii 930 40'; cl clinod p'ly; G 2-1 —2'5, 332. Wollastonite, 4'5 —5 I87~ 28', 21 950 36'; cleav; G 2-75 —3, 156. Pectolite, 5 near Augite in form; w; G 2-6 —2 8, 305. Monazite, 5 193~ 10', C 1030 45'; cl basal!; G 4'8 —5'25, 402. Scolecite, 5 —55 Monoclinic, according to Rose; 191~ —910 35'; G 2'12-25, 328. Wagnerite, 5 —5'5 I95~ 25'; C710 53'; cl imperf; G 3'068, 403. Sphene, 5-55 Angles of dif prisms, 1360 4', (or 1360 48'); 1330 48', (or 1330 56'); cl imperf; G 3'4 —3'6, 268. Rhodonite, 5-5 —65 187~ 6', like Augite; cl I; rdh; G 3'4 —3'7, 167. Hornblende, 5 —6 I124~ 30'; cl I, perf; colors various, w to gn to bk; G 2-8 —3'2, 272. Lazulite, 5 —6 I910 30'; C880 15'; c lIindist; G 3 —3'15, 404. Pyroxene, 5 — 6 Is87 6'; cl I, and diags; also O sometimes; G 3-2 — 3'6, 158. Allanite, 5 5-L6 1/ 700 51'; O: ii 114~ 55'; G 3-3 —42; bk, gnh, bnh, gyh, 208. Orthoclase, 6 11180 48'; cl 0 perf, ii nearly perf; w, rdh, bh; G 2-4 — 3 6, 242. Petalite, 6 —6'5 Cleav 1420; w, gyh; G 2'4 —2'45, 253. Acmite, 6 —6-5 1860 56'; G 3'2-3'6, 176. Epidote, 6-7 1 630 8'; 1 700 33', 1 1700 9' 0: ii 1150 24'; cl imperf; G 3-2-3'5, 206. Zoisite, 6 —6'5 1160 16'; gy, bnh, 211. Weissigite, 6'5 White, rdh; G 25 —2-6, 254, (perhaps Orthoclase). Spodumene, 6'5 —7 1 80; cl I and ii perf; G 3'1-3'2, 169. Gadolinite, 6'5-'7 11150~; cl imperf; G 4 —4'5, 211. Euclase, 7'5 1115~; cl clinod!; G 3 —31, 267. II. LUSTRE MLETALLIC. Freislebenite, 2 —2-5 11190 12', 4i 132~ 16'; gy, wh; G 6-6'4, 79. Miargyrite, 2 —2-5 1390 38', 1i 380 18'; cl imperf; bk; lustre submet; G 52 —5'4,'75. Plagionite, 2'5 2 1200 49'; 0: 2 1380 52'; cl 2 perf; gy; G 5'4, 75. Crednerite, 4'5 CI basal perf!; bk, gyh; G 4-9 —51, 126. Eeteroclin is similar, 127. Wolfram (in part) 5 —5 I 10101~, C910 59', according to Descloizeaux, Allanite, 55 —6 See above; sometimes submetallic. 318 CRYSTALLIZATION HEXAAGONAL. V. CRYSTALLIZATION T-RICLINIC. Hardness. Sassolin, 1 I: 1' 118~ 30', O 1J 950 3'; cleav basal!, 144. Cyanosite, 2-5 109~ 32', 127~ 40', 1230 10'; cleav imperf; b; G 2'22'3, 380. Babingtonite, 5'5 Different prism, angles 89~0 20', 92~ 34', 1120 30'; 88~ between cleavages; one cl perfect; G 3'4-3'5, 178. Latrobite, 5'5-6'5 930 30', 91~ 9', 98~ 30'; cleav 3 unequal; G 2-7-2-8, 235. Albite, 6 fI:] 1220 1i5; 0: iR 930 36'; G 2'55 —265, 240. Oligoclase, 6 I: I' 1200; O: i 930 15'; G 2-6-2'7, 239. Labradorite, 6 1: ii 1190 16'; 0: 7i 86~ 32'; G 2'65-2'8, 237. Andesine, 6 Like Albite; but cl lessperfect; G 2'65-2'74, 236. Anorthite, 6-'7 I: I' 1200 30'; 0: i 850 48'; G 2'65-2'78, 234. Kyanite, 6-7-'5 0: i 1000 50', i: il 106~ 15';: I' 970 4'; cl macrod; G 3-1 —37, 263. Axinite, 6 5-7 1340 40', 1150 17', 1350 10'; bn, gyh, bk; G 3-271, 213. Sillimanite, 6-5-7'5 I: I' 980 varying to 1100; cl macrod!; G 3'2-3'6, 265. Danburite, 7 1100, 540, 930; cl dist; ywh, pale; G 2-9 —3, 212. VI. CRYSTALLIZATIO1N HEXAGONAL. I. LUSTRE UNAIETiALLIC. Iodyrite,'Hexag pms, 0: 1.136~ 46'; yw, 95. Ripidolite, 1-2 Hexag; cl basal!!; lam flex; G 2'7-3, 296. Brucite, 1'5 Hexag tables; cl basal!!; G 2'35, 138. Nitratine, 1'5-2 R 1060 33'; cl AR perf; G 2 —2'3; taste cooling, 433. Chlorite, 1-5-2 Tab; cl basal!! lain flex; G 2'6-2'9, 294. Chalcophyllite, 2 i 6(9~ 48'; cl basal!!; gn; G 2'4 —27, 428. Xanthocone, 2 R 71~ 34', 0: R 1100 30'; rd, bn; G 5-5'2, 87. Coquimbite, 2-2'5 Hexag; 0: 1 151~; w, bh; taste copperas; G 2-2'1, 380. Proustite, 2 —25 1A 10~0 48'; cl R-; rd; G 5-4 —5'6, 78. Pyrargyrite, 2 —2-5 1080 42'; -k A 13~0 58'; cl A; bk, rdh; G 5a7-5'9,'77. Cinnabar, 2 —2'5 R 920 46'; 2 R 710 48'; cl I; r; G 8-8'1, 48. Cronstedtite, 2'5 Hexag; cl basal!; bnh-bk; G 3'3 —3'4, 299. Susannite, 2'5 2 R 720 30'; cl 0 easy; w, gn, ywh, bnh; G 6'55, 373. Pyrosclerite, Cl basal!!; lam flex; G 2'6 —2'8, 291. Biotite (Mica), 2-5-3 Hexag; cl basal!!; G 2'8-3'1, 225. Calcite, 3 A 1050 5'; cl R perf; G 2'5 —2-8, 435. Volborthite, 3-3-5 Hexag; cl one perf; yw, ywb-gn; G 3'4-3'9, 362. Greenockite, 3 —3-5 Hexag piYs; honey yw, 51. / Vanadinite, Hexag; yw, bn; G 6'6 —7'3, 362. Gibbsite, 3-4 Hexag; cl basail; G 2'3 —24, 134. CRlYSTALLIZATI;ON1 HEXAGONAL. 319 Hardness. Magnesite, 3 —4 R 107~ 29'; cl R perf; G 28 —3, 441. Dreelite, 3 5 R 93~0 to 940; cl R traces; w; G 3-2 —3 4, 373. Mimetene, 3'5 Hexag; 0: 1 1390 6'; yw, rdh; G 7'1 —4725, 401. Dolomite, 3'5-4 R 106~ 15'; cl R perf; G 2-8 —31, 441. Alunite, 385-4 R 89~ 10'; cl bas!; w; gyh, rdh; G 2-5 —28, 388. Jarosite, R 88~ 68'; cl bas; ywh; G 3-2 —33, 389. Pyromorphite, 3-5-4 Heexag; 0: 1 1390 38'; cl imperf; gn, yw; G 6'9-7-1, 400. Diallogite, 3'5-4'5 P 1060 51', (1)07~ 20'); cl R!; rdh, bnh; G 3-4 —3-6, 446. Chalybite, 3'5-4'5 R 107~; cl R!; gnh, bnh; G 3 7 —3'9, 444. Connelite, Hexag; b; trl, 375. Chabazite, 4 —4'5 R 940 46'; cl R, also hexag; w, rdh; G 2 —22, 319. Pyrosmalite, 4-4'5 Hexag; 0: 1 1480 30'; cl basal!; bn, gy, gn; G 3 —3-1. 310. Breunnerite, 4 —4.' R 1070 23'; cl P perf; G 3-3'63, 443. Parisite, 4'5 1 Hexag; 1 1200 34', 1640 58; ci basal! bnl-yw; G 4'35, 463. Clintonite, 4-5 Hexag tables; cl basal!; lam brittle; G 3 —3-1, 297. Fluocerite, 4-5 G 4-7; ywh-bn, 96. Zinc, 4-4'5 Hexag; cl basal! I; rd. G B54-5 -6, 110. Apatite, 5 0: 1 1390 47'; 0: 22 124~ 30'; cl indistinct; G 3-3'3, 397. Cryptolite in acic hexag pms; G 4-6, 399. Dioptase, 5 R 1260 24'; 2 R 95~0 58; cl R!; gn; G 3'2-3'4,309. Smithsonite, 5 R 107~ 40'; cl R; w, gyh, gnh; G 4 —4 5, 447. Willemite, 5.5 R 1150; ~R 1280 30'; IR 142~ 52'; cl basal and lateral; G 3-9 —42, 189. Cerite, 5'5 Hexag; bn, r; G 4'912, 312. Cancrinite, 5'5-6 Hexag; 0: ~ 154~ 7'; cl I imperf; G 2-4 —2-65, 233. Nepheline. 5.5 —5.6 Hexag; 0: 1 1360 2', 0: 154 15'; cl I, 0; G 2-52'65, 232. Eudialyte, 6 R 1260 25', 4 R 73~ 30'; cl basal! R imperf; G 285 — 3, 181. Quartz, 7 R 94~ 15'; hexag; cl indistinct; colors various; G 2'6 -2'7, 145. Tourmaline, 7 —7'5 2 R 1330; cl imperfect; bk, bn, b, gn, rd; G 3-3'3, 270. Beryl, 7'5-8 Hexag; 0: 1 1500 3'; cl basal not very distinct; G 2-6 — 27, 178. Phenacite, 8 R 1160 40'; el R; G 2-9-3, 189. Corundum, 9 R 860 4'; cl basal; G 3'0 —42, 111. HI. LUSTRE METALLIC. Molybdenite, 1-1-5 Hexag tables; cl basal!!; G 4-1 —48, 66. Graphite, 1-2 IHexag tables; cl basal!!; G 2'0891,29. Covelline, 15 —2 IIexag; dark b; G 3-8-3-9, 65. Tetradymite, 2 2 R 660 40';.R 810 2'; cl basal!; gyh; G 7-8-4, 21. 320 CRYSTALLIZATION HEXAGONAKL. IIardness. Tellurium, 2 —2-5 R 860 57'; G 61 —6'3; tin-w, 20. Bismuth, 2 —25 R 87~ 40'; G 9'727; tin-w, rdh, 20. Tenorite, Scales; G 5-5-5; lead-gy, 117. Polybasite, 2-3 Hexag, 0: 1 1210 30', tabular; cl indist; bk; G 6-214, 85. Millerite, 3 —35 R 144~ 8'; cl R; yw; G 5-2 —57,49. Allemontite, 3 —35 Rhombohedral; cl basal!; w' G 6'1-6'2; arsenical antimony, 22. Antimony, 3-3- 5 R 87~ 35'; IB 117' 71'; cl basal!; w; G 6'6-6'8, 21. Arsenic, 3'5 R 85~ 41; w, gy; G 5'6-6, 22. Pyrrbotine, 4 —45 Hexag pms; ci basal; bronze; G 4'4-4'7, 50. Copper Nickel, 5-55 Hexag; cl imperf; rdh; G 7-3-7-'7, 52. Ilmenite, 5-6 R 85~ 40'-86~ 10'; cl imperf; gyh-bk; G 4-5 —51, 115. Crichtonite 5 R 61~ 29', 115. Breithauptite, 5'5 Hexag; rdhl; G 7 541, 53. Hematite, 55-5-6'5 R 860 10; cl imperf; gyh-bk; G 4'8-5'3,113. Iridosmine, 6-7 R 84-~ 52'; w, gyh; G 19-22, 19. SYSTEMS OF COMPRISING THE NOST RECENT DISCOVERIES: INCLUDING FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES AND THEIR LOCALITIES, CHEMICAL ANALYSES AND FORMULAS, TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERALS,,WITH A TREATISE ON MATHEMATICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND THE DRAWING OF FIGURES OF CRYSTALS. ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS WOOD CUTS. By JAMES D. DANA, A. M. Member of the Soc. Cees. Nat. Cur. of Mteoscow, the Soc. Philomathique of Paris, the Geological Soc. of London, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Boston, etc. Silliman Professor of Natural History, Yale College. "Hacec stdcia?zobiscum peregrinantur, rucsticantur." FOURTH EDITION, REWRITTEN, REARRANGED, AND ENLARGED; VOL JUME II. NEW YORK AND LONDON: PUBLISHED BY GEORGE P. PUTNAM & CO. 1854. THOMAS J. STAFFORD, PRINTER7 NEW HAVEN, CONN. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. IN the Descriptions of Species, the characteristics are mentioned in the following order:-l, Structure; 2, Hardness, Specific gravity, Lustre, Color, Diaphaneity, etc.; 3, Chemical Composition and reactions, etc.; 4, Geological position; 5, Localities and Mineral associates, etc.; 6, Altered Forms. Under Structure are included, the system of crystallization, axial dimensions, occurring forms and angles, cleavage, modes of composition, and semicrystalline aggregations. To avoid any ambiguity in the angles and prisms referred to in the follow-, ing pages, and render the subject intelligible to those who may not be familiar with crystallographic language, a few explanations are here given in recapitulation of some of the principles more fully elucidated in the chapters on Crystallography. The annexed figure represents a rectangular prism with replaced edges and angles. 0 is the basal plane. —--—, \ of the prism; ii the larger lateral plane, parallel, \' -,' to the longer lateral axis; it the smaller lateral /,/ \ \ /\ plane, parallel to the shorter lateral axis. a, b, c,, t are the axes, of which a is the vertical, b the. i shorter lateral or brachydiagonal, c the longer ~ - lateral or mlacrodiagonal. I are planes on the edges of the rectangular prism, which when ex- - tended would form a vertical rhombic prism, hav- ".. -. ing its axes b and c in the ratio of lb: Ic. Itis: therefore the unitor fundamental vertical prism. ii are planes parallel to the longer lateral axis,. and having for the axes a, b, the ratio la: lb; i. extended upwards they form a dome, (so named from domus, a house), which is called the macrodome. The planes 1r in a similar manner form what is called a brachydome, they being parallel to the shorter lateral axis; its axes a, c, have the'ratio la: lc, that is, the two diagonals of this horizontal prism have this ratio. These two domes are there 4 INTRODUCTORY URE'MARKS. fore the unit domes. The planes 1 on the eight angles are planes of an octahedron, having for the axes a, b, c, the ratio la: lb: lc. It is therefore the unit or fundamental octahedron, (1). Its pyramidal edges, if the octahedron were completed, as in f. 13, would be of two kinds, two at each extremity opposite to the axis c, the longer lateral axis, and two opposite to b, the shorter lateral axis. The former is the macrodiagonal edge, the latter the brachydiagonal. By doubling the length of the vertical axis, the lateral being fixed, we form the octahedron 2; by trebling it the octahedron 3; by halving it the octahedron ~; and so for the domes, doubling the vertical axis we have the dome 2i or 2Z; by halving the same, the dome Iie or j, and so on. The letter i stands for infinity, and means that the plane is parallel to one of the axes; i, that it is parallel to the longer lateral axis; I, that it is parallel to the shorter lateral axis: i or I alone, or as the initial letter in a symbol, signifies that the plane is parallel to the vertical axis. A plane ii is parallel both to the vertical and longer lateral; ii, both to the vertical and shorter lateral. The octahedrons alluded to above have for the axes b, c, the ratio lb: Ic, and belong to what is called the fundamental series. But others may exist with different ratios for b and c, and any value for a. If the ratio for b, c, is lb: 2c, then as b is the shorter lateral axis, if the vertical axis is la, the octahedron is 12; or if the vertical axis is 3a the plane is 32, or if ~a, it is IsSo for the ratio 3b: lc; if the vertical axis is lacc, the octahedron is 13, or if 2a, it is 2'; and if the vertical axis is infinite, the plane is parallel to the vertical axis, and the symbol is is. The first figure or letter in these symbols always refers to the vertical axis, and the second to one of the lateral axes. The planes may thus be viewed as lying in vertical zones, a different zone for every ratio of the lateral axes b: c. Each series, or zone, terminates above in the basal plane of the prism, for which a-O, and below in a vertical prism, for which a is infinite. The small tables inserted in connection with the crystalline forms of many of the species consist of the vertical zones of occurring planes. The planes of a vertical zone have mutual horizontcit intersections in the crystal. Consequently in a crystal not oblique the inclination of the basal plane, 0, on any plane in a zone, subtracted from 270~, gives the inclination of the prismatic plane of the same zone on that plane, and the tangents of the supplemental angles of 0 on the planes of a zone vary as the coefficient of the vertical axis for each plane. Thus, suppose there are the planes li, 2i, 3i, take the supplement of 0: zi (which, if 0: 1i is 124~, equals 180~ —1240=560); then the tangent of this angle, doubled, will be the tangent of the supple INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 5 ment of 0: 2i, and trebled, of the supplement of the angle of 0: 3X. The same for the planes 1, 2, 3, or 12, 2-, 3.'; and so on. In these tables, the column of the fundamental series of octahedrons is distinguished from the other columns by being enclosed by heavier lines. Reading across the tables, planes with the vertical axis equal, (that is, with the initial figure of the symbol the same), are in the same horizontal line; and the planes in any one of these transverse lines between the fundamental column and the right-hand column have their mutual intersections parallel; and so also with planes between it and the left. The horizontal line made up of the symbols of the vertical prisms is also enclosed by heavier lines. For further elucidation of these tables, see page 58, etc., under Crystallography. In the Dimetric System, the lateral axes are equal, and there is no distinction of longer and shorter axis. The symbols 1i, 2i, apply to planes about the base of a square prism parallel to either lateral axis, as in figure 83, p. 40. In the Monoclinic System, the planes above the middle horizontal section in front differ from those below, on account of the obliquity of the crystal, and those of one set are +-, and the other -. In the Rhombohedral section of the Hexagonal System, the planes 1, 2, 3, 2, etc. are planes of rhombohedrons, having for the vertical axis, la, 2a, 3a, -a, etc., la being the value of the axis in the fundamental rhombohedron, (R). The angle of a Rhormbohedron mentioned, is always that over a terminal edge, as that between the upper planes R of figure 26, p. 30. On gradually shortening the rhombohedron in figure 06, it may become ~ R, ~ R, and so on, till the length becomes 0, and the rhombohedron is reduced to a fiat plane. Hence starting from this plane, (which corresponds to the basal plane of the rhombohedron or hexagonal prism), the rhombohedron as it elongates reaches the form of figure 26; and continuing the elongation, the vertical axis doubles,-trebles,-and so on, till finally, it becomes infinite and the rhombohedron is then a six-sided prism. If a diminution in length now commences by planes inclined to the opposite extremities of the vertical axis, these planes correspond to another series of rhombohedrons which are distinguished by a minus (-). The planes, 4 1 Ov e..1..2...I (or o).... —2.. —1.. -..... lie in a single vertical zone; and the same relation exists for the tangents of the supplemental angles of the inclination on O, as is mentioned above. In the Hexagonal prism, the tables include one sixth of either extremity of the prism, commencing with the fundamental series or zone, n.. J, and continuing around 30 degrees to the intermediate series m2.. i2; the prism i2 truncates the lateral edges of prism, as shown in figure 121. 6 — INTIODIUCTORY IEBMARKS. The above explanations may suffice to give a general idea of the system of notation used in this work and the principles on which it is based; and they will subserve completely their end if they tempt the reader to study carefully the chapters on Crystallography, the difficulties in which with most persons are more imaginary than real. The angles of the domes mentioned (in the descriptions of species) are the angles at top, unless otherwise stated. Those of the octahedral forms, are the angle at the macrodiagonal edge, as the angle 1 1 in the preceding figure over I i, (indicated by the syllable mnac.); that at the brachydiagonal edge, or 1: 1 over 1, (brach.); that at the basal edge or 1: 1 over the base, (bas.) Those of the vertical prism, may similarly be either the macrodiagonal (over ii) or brachydiagonal, (over ii). The angles of Monometric forms are mentioned in a table on pages 70, F71. The dimensions of the axes given in the following pages are those that correspond to the values of the angles mentioned in the same line of the text. But in very many species, these angles admit of variations from change of temperature, and often still wider variations from other causes. They are therefore to be regarded only as approximations, or the best mean results that have been arrived at. In the classification of the mineral species here adopted, the grand subdivisions are as follows: I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. II. COMBINATIONS WITH ELEMENTS OF THE SULPHUR AND ARSENIC SECTIONS. 1. Binary Compounds. 2. Double Binary Compounds. ITI. FLUORIDS, CHLORIDS, BROMIDS, IODIDS. 1. Binary Compounds. 2. Double Binary Compounds. IV. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS. 1. Binary Compounds. 2. Double Binary Compounds. V. OEGANIC COMPOUNDs, as Resins, etc. Under the second subdivision of the Oxygen Compounds, fall the Silicates, Titanates, Columbates, Tzngstates, Sulphates, Phoslhates, Carbonates, and other related groups of Salts. PART VIe DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. I. NATIVE ELEMENTS. I. HYDROGEN GROInP.-Oxyds either RO, R203, or R02. 1. IRoN SECTION. —Monolmetrie; sometimes diluorphous, and both monometrie and hexagonal. 2. TIN SECTION.-Dimetric. II. ARSENIC GRoP. —Oxyds include the compoundcls 03 or R205. 1. ARSENIC SECTIoN.-Mostly hexagonal. 2. SULPHIuJ SECTION. -Trinuetric or monoclinice. II. CARBON GROUP.1. DIAmirOND SECTION.- -iononmetric. 2. GRAPHITE SECTION. —Hexagonal. I. IIYDROGEN GROUP. 1. IRON SECTION: Gold, Platinum, Palladium, Platiniridium, Quicksilver, Silver, Amalgam, Copper, Lead, Iron, NTickel; and to this section also belong the elements Chromirum, Manganese, Cobalt, Calcium, &c. 2. TIN SECTION: Native Tin. GOLD. Gediegen Gold, WT. Or Natif, H. Sol, Alchym. Rex Metallorum. Monometric. Observed planes, 0, T, 1, 33, 42, i2. Fig. 1, 11, 14, 15 to 199 32, 33, 40, 45, and the following. Edges of crystals often salient. Cleavage none. Twins, composition as in f. 200. Conn 8 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. mon in filiforml, reticulated, and arborescent shapes; also in thin laninin; often in flattened grains or scales, and in rolled masses in gravel or sand detritus. 262 263 H.=2'5-3. G.=15'6-19'5: 19'30-19'34, when quite pure, G. lRose. Lustre metallic. Color and streak various shades of gold-yellow, sometimes inclining to silver-white. Opaque. Very dcletile and malleable. Composition.-Gold with silver in different proportions. The ratio 6: 1 contains 84'6 of gold; 8: 1, 88 of gold; 12: 1, 91'6; 18: 1, 94'2 of gold. The proportion of silver in the electrum of Klaproth, is gold 64, and silver 36, or two of gold to one of silver. The following are analyses by G. Rose, (Pogg. xxiii, 161); Boussingault, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xxxiv, 408); Awdejew, (Pogg. liii, 153); Rivot, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], xiv, 67); T. M. Henry, (Phil. Mag. xxxiv, 205, 1849); Hoffmann, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lxx, 255); E. T. Teschemacher, (Quart. J. Chenm. Soc. ii, 193); F. Oswald, (Pogg. lxxvii, 96); T. S. ilunt, (Logan's Rep. Geol. Canada, and Amer. Jour. Sci. [2], xv, 448); A. Levol, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [2], xxvii, 310); A. D. Thomas, (Phil. Mag. [4], i, 261); Kerl, (B. u. II. Ztg. 1853, No. 3): Gold. Silver. Proportion. 1. Linarowski, Altai, 60'08 39'38, Cu 0'33=98'79, Rose. 2: 1 2. Vorospatak, Transylvania, 60-49 38'74-9923, Rose. 3. Santa Rosa, 64'93 35'07=100, Boussingault. 4. Transylvania, 64'52 35'48=100, Bouss. " 5. Katharinenburg, G.=15'627, 70'86 28'30, Cu, Fe, loss 0'84, Awd. 2-: 1 6. Marmato, G.=12'666, 73'45 26'48=99'93, Bouss. 3: 1 7. Titiribi, Columbia,'7340 26'00=100, Bouss. 8. Guamo, 73-68 26'32=100, Bouss. 9. Titiribi, Columbia, 74'00 26.00=-100, Bouss. 10. Katharinenburg, G. —16-03, 79'69 19'47, Cu, Fe and loss 0'84, Awd. 11. Trinidad, 82'40 17'60=100, BoLuss. 5: 1 12. Ojas Anchas, 84-50 15'50=100, Bouss. 6: 1 13. Senegal, 84'50 15'30, Cu, 0'20=100, A. Levol. 14. Nischne Tagilsk, 83'85 16'15-100 Rose. 15. Santa Barbara, Transylvania, 84'80 14-68, Cu 0'04, Fe 0'13=99'65, Rose. 16. Goruschka, near N. Tagilsk,. 87-31 12-12, Cu 0-08=99'51, Rose. 8: 1 17. Petropawlowski, 86'81 13'19, Cu 0'3, Fe 0'24, Rose. 18. Near Miask, 87'40 12'07, Cu 0'09=99'56, Rose. 19. Chandiere, Canada, 86'73 13'27-100, Hunt. 20. Senegal, 86-80 11'30, Ou 0'90=100, A. Levol. 21. California, G.=15'63, 86'57 12'33, Cu 0'29, iron 0'54=99'73, He'nry. 22. Senegal, Africa, 86'97 10'53=-97 50, Darcet. 23. Rio Sucio, near Mariquita, 87-94 12'06=100, Bouss. 24. Chandiere, G.=-17 60, 87 77 12'23=100, T. S. Mtnnt. 25. Baia, near Pamplona, 88'15 11'85=100, Bouss. GOLD. 9 Gold. Silver. Proportion.. 26. Malpaso, near Mariquita, 88'24 11'76=100, Bouss. 8: 1, 27. Llana, near Vega de Supia, 88'54 11-42=99-96, Bouss. 28. Near Miask, 89'35 10'65=100, Rose. 29. Chaudiere, fine scales, G.=16'57, 89 24 10'76=100, T. S. Hunt. 30. California, G.-17.4, 87'6 8-7, Fe, Xl,Ca 1 7, Si, igl.loss 20-=100, 0.. 31. California,G.=14-6, fused, 17 48, 90'70 8'80, Fe 0'38-99-88, Rivot. 32. California, G.=15-96, 90'01 9-01, Cu with Fe trace 0'86=99-88, Ien. 33. California, 89'61 10-05, Cu andFe undet.-99'66,I-Iofimann.. 34. Boruschka, near N. Tagilsk, 90-76 9-02-99-78, Rose. 35. Beresof, 91'88 8'03, Cu 0'02, Rose. 12: 1 36. Katharinenburg, G. 17'74-18-35,91'21 8'03, Cu, Fe and loss 0-76, Awd. 37. Bogota, 92'00 8'00=100, Bouss. 38. California, G.=16'33, 92'00 7'00=99, Teschemacher. 39. California, 92-70 6-90, Cu 0-40=100, A. Levol. 40. Perroe-Pawlowsk, near Kath., 92'60 7-08=99-78, Rose. 41. Czarewo-Nikolajewsk, 92-47 7-27-99-74, Rose. 42. IKatharinenburg, G. 18-11-18'4,92'23 6'17, Cu, Fe and loss 1-6, Awd. 43. 92-80 7-02, Fe 0-08, Rose. 44. " 93'34 6-28, Cu 0'06, Fe 0-32=99-94, Rose. 44~. California, 93'53 647-=100, A. ID. Thomas. 45. Katharinenberg, 93'75 6-01, Cu, Fe and loss 0-24, Awd. 46. 94'09 5'55, " " 0-36, Awd. 47. Brazil, 94'00 5'85-99'85, Darcet. 18: 1 48. Senegal, irregular grains, 94'00 5-85, Platinum, 0-15=100, A. Levol. 49. Boruschka, 94'41 5'23, Cu, 0'39, Fe 0'04=100'07, Rose. 50. Katharinenburg,G.18'77-18'89, 95'5 4'0, Cu, Fe and loss 0-5, Awd. 51. Australia, 95'48 3'59, Quartz 0'10=99'17, Kerl. 52. Katharinenburg, G. 18'79, 95'81 3'58 Cu, Fe and loss 0-61, Awd. 53. California, 96'42 - 3-58=100, A D. Thomas. 54. Schabrowski, near ) Katharinenburg, G.=19-099 9 016=9912, Rose. The Californian gold averages 875 to 885 thousandths in gold, and the Australian 960 to 966 thousandths. The Chilian gold afforded Domeyko 84 to 96 per cent. of gold and 15 to 3 per cent. of silver, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], vi). Copper is occasionally alloyed with gold, and also palladium and rhodium. A Brazilian specimen of Palladium gold (Poqpezite) from a place called Porpez, affordecd Berzelius, Gold 85-98, palladium 95-8, silver 4-17. Gold amalgam has been reported from California, especially near Mariposa. Rhodium gold has the specific gravity 15-5-16-8. It is brittle, and contains, according to Del Rio, 34 to 43 per cent. of rhodium. The mineral nagyagite contains 8 to 9 per cent. of gold. Native gold is largely obtained from alluvial washings. It is also found disseminated in certain rocks, especially the quartz veins that intersect talcose, mica, and argillaceous schists. It is sometimes found also in gneiss, granite, and porphyry. It is often contained in pyrites, constituting the auriferous pyrites. The detritus affording gold dust has proceeded from some gold-bearing-rocks. Gold is widely distributed over the globe. It occurs in Brazil, (where formerly a greater part of that used was obtained), along the chain of mountains which runs nearly parallel with the coast, especially near Villa Rica, and in the province of Minas Geraes; in New Grenada at Antioquia, Choco, and Giron; in Chili; sparingly in Peru; in Mexico; in New Mexico, near Santa Fe, Cerillos, Avo; in Guatemala, and near Panama; in the Rocky Mountains, near the Great Salt Lake; in California, between the Sierra Nevada and the Sacramento and San Joaquim; in the southern of the United States. In Europe it is most abundant in Hungary at Konigsberg, Schemnitz, and Felsobanya, and in Transylvania at Kapnik, Vriispatak, and Offenbanya; it occurs also in the sands of the Rhine, the Reuss, and the Aar; on the southern slope of the Pennine Alps from the Simplon and Monte Rosa to the valley of Aosta; in Piednront; in.Spain, formerly worked in Asturias; in many of the streams of Cornwall; near Dolgelly and other parts of North Wales; in Scotland, in considerable amount, near Leadhills, and in Glen Coich and other parts of Perthshire; in the county of Wicklow, Ireland; in Sweden, at Edelfors. 2 10 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In the Urals are valuable mines at Beresof, and other places on the eastern or Asiatic flank of this range, and the comparatively level portions of Siberia; also in the Altai mountains. Also in the Cailas mountains in Little Thibet. There are mines in Africa, at Kordofan, between Darfour and Abyssinia; also south of Sahara in the western part of Africa, from the Senegal to Cape Palmas; also in the interior on the Somat, a day's journey from Cassen; also along the coast opposite Madagascar, between 22 and 35 degrees south latitude, supposed to have been the Ophir of the time of Solomon. Other regions are China, Japan, Formosa, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, western coast of Borneo, and the Philippines. The gold of commerce comes mostly from Asiatic Russia, Australia, Brazil, Bohemia, Transylvania, Africa, the East India Islands, California, and the southeastern parts of the United States. The Russian mines, until the discovery of the mines of California and Australia, were the most productive in the world. They are principally alluvial washings, and these washings seldom yield less than 65 grains of gold for 4000 pounds of soil; never more than 120 grains. The alluvium is generally most productive where the loose material is most ferruginous. The mines of Katherinenburg are in the parent rock-a quartz constituting grains in a half decomposed granite called "beresite," which is connected with talcose and chloritic schists. The shafts are sunk vertically in the beresite, seldom below 25 feet, and from them lateral galleries are run to the veins. These mines afforded between the years 1725 and 1841, 679 poods of gold, or about 30,000 pounds troy. The whole of the Russian nmines yielded in 1842, 970 poods of gold, or 42,000 pounds troy, half of which was from Siberia, east of the Urals. In 1843, the yield was nearly 60,000 pounds troy, or about $13,000,000; in 1845, it amounted to $13,250,000; and in 1846, to 1722'746 poods, equal to 75,353 troy pounds, and $16,500,000; in 1851, $15,000,000. Fig. 263 is by G. Rose from a Ural crystal. At the Transylvania mines of VYr6spatak, the gold is obtained by mining, and these mines have been worked since the tinme of the Ronmans. The annual yield of Europe, exclusive of Russia, is not above $1,000,000. Austria afforded in 1844, 6785 marks. The sands of the Rhone, Rhine, and Danube, contain gold in small quantities. The Rhine has been most productive between Bale and Manheiln; but at present only $9000 are extracted annually. The sands of the richest quality contain only about 56 parts of gold in a hundred millions; sands containing less than half this proportion are worked. The whole amount of gold in the auriferous sands of the Rhine is estimated at $30,000,000, but it is mostly covered by soil under cultivation. Africa yields annually at least 4500 pounds troy, ($850,000), and Southern Africa, 1250 pounds, ($235,000). The mines of South America and Mexico were estimated by I-Iumboldt to yield annually about $11,500,000; but the amount has much diminished. Brazil of late has furnished about 17,500 pounds troy. It is estimated that between 1790 and 1830, Mexico produced $31,250,000 in gold, Chili $13,450,000, and Buenos Ayres $19,500,000, making an average annual yield of $1.6,050,000. The mines of Australia yield 60 or 80 millions of dollars a year. They are situated mostly in southeastern Australia, especially about Mt. Alexander, in lat. 37~ S., long. 144~ 20' E; the valleys of Forest Creek and Fryer's Creek are most productive. The mines of the Southern United States have produced till recently about a million of dollars a year. They are mostly confined to the States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, or along a line from the Rappahannock to the Coosa in Alabama. But the region may be said to extend north to Canada; for gold has been found at Albion and Madrid in Maine, Canaan, N. H., Bridgewater, Vermont, Dedham, Mass., and on the Chaudiere river, and elsewhere in Canada. Traces occur also in Franconia township, Montgomery Co., Pennsylvania. In Virginia, the principal deposits are in Spotsylvania county, on the Rappahan. nock, at the United States mines, and at other places to the southwest; in Stafford county, at the Rappahannock gold mines, ten miles from Falmouth, in the Culpepper county, at Culpepper mines, on Rapidan river; in Orange county, at the Orange Grove gold mine, and at the Greenwood gold mines; in Goochland county, at Moss and Busby's mines; in Louisa county, at Walton's gold mine; in Buckingham county, at Eldridge's mine. In North Carolina, the gold region is mostly confined to the three ranges of counties between Frederick and Charlotte, which are situated about in a line running northeast and southwest, parallel nearly with the coast. GOLD.' 11 The mines of Mecklenburg are principally vein deposits; those of Burke, Lincoln, and Rutherford, are mostly in alluvial soil. The Davidson county silver mine had afforded $7000 of gold in 1844. In Georgia, the Shelton gold mines in Habersham county have long been famous; and many other places have been opened in Rabun and Hall counties, and the Cherokee country. In South Carolina, the principal gold regions are the Fairforest in Union district, and the Lynch's creek and Catawba regions, chiefly in Lancaster and Chesterfield districts; also in Picken's county, adjoining Georgia. There is gold also in eastern Tennessee. In Canada, it occurs at St. Francois Beauce, Aubert, Gallion, Sherbrooke, Melbourne, etc., with some platinum and iridosmine. Viewing the gold region of the Eastern United States as a whole, it is perceived that it ranges along the Appalachians, particularly the eastern slope, from Maine to Alabama, having nearly a northeast and southwest course. Gold also occurs in Arkansas, Texas, and the Rocky Mountains. The California mines are mostly alluvial. They yield 50 millions of dollars annually. The gold is found in the gravel and sand of the valleys, and beds of streams leading from the Sierra Nevada into the adjoining valley of the Sacramento and San Joachim. Pebbles of quartz abound over the region, and magnetic iron sand is also abundant. All the tributaries of these rivers have their auriferous sands, and the dry valleys and gorges, (runs of water only in the wet season), also yield it abundantly. In the higher country, or along the dry ravines, the gold is in larger pieces, or grains, and occasionally cavities in the surface of the subjacent rocks, (called pockets), are laid open, which afford large quantities of the metal. Lower down the streams, the gold is in finer grains, usually flattened scales, a form which partly results from the condition in laminie in the original rock, and partly from the trituration the grains are subjected to among the gravel nnder the action of running water; for as in other regions of alluvial gold, the auriferous earth, or gravel, has resulted from the wear of auriferous rocks, and water has been some way concerned in producing, transporting, and distributing it. The gold being specifically four or five times heavier than ordinary pebbles, it settles high up the streams, and only the small particles are carried far below. The scales have been observed by Mr. J. E. Teschemacher to be sometimes hexagonal plates. Zircons have been observed in the auriferous sands, and also platinum; diamonds have been reported. Fig. 262 represents a crystal of gold of natural size, as published by F. Alger. C. U. Shepard describes another crystal from California which is a pentagonal dodecahedron two fifths of an inch in diameter. The color of the grains varies from a pale to a deep yellow, the shade depending mainly on the proportion of silver present; there is generally great uniformity in the appearance of the grains of the same locality, The gold rock of the United States is to a great extent a micaceous or talcose schist, with veins or beds of quartz. The gold is mostly confined to these veins, though also found to some extent in the rock either side. The schist is often half decomposed or rusted. The quartz is usually more or less cellular, or wanting in perfect compactness, and sometimes tabular; yet it is at times quite solid. Iron pyrites is frequently present, and by decomposition it stains the rock with iron rust. Other minerals often associated with the gold, are copper pyrites, blende, galena, anglesite, zircons, sulphur, (in minute crystals, proceeding from the decomposition of pyrites). Heavy spar is sometimes a large constituent of the vein, and fluor spar is now and then present. The peculiar appearance of the quartz, somewhat cellular, more or less rusted, and its position in veins, through an imperfect shale, and generally not firmly attached to the enclosing walls, afford the best indications of the presence of gold, though the absence of all theseeonditions is not evidence that no gold is to be found. The grains of gold may sometimes be seen in the cavities of the quartz, or it sparkles on a surface of fracture. But very commonly a mass of quartz that shows nothing to the eye, yields gold on trial. The same kinds of rock and veins of quartz-were observed by the author in 1842 near the Umpqua river, Southern Oregon, and pebbles from similar rocks were met with along the Sacramento; and the resemblance to other gold districts was remarked at the time; but there was no opportunity for exploring the country where gold has since been found. Masses of gold of considerable size have been found in North Carolina. The largest was discovered in Cabarras Co.; it weighed twenty-eight pounds avoirdupois, (" steel-yard weight," equals 37 lbs. troy), and was 8 or 9 inches long by 4 or '12 DESCRIPTIVE MINIERALOGY. 5 broad, and about an inch thick. The largest mass yet reported from California weighed 20 pounds. In Paraguay, pieces from 1 to 50 pounds weight were taken from a mass of rock which fell from one of the highest mountains. Several specimens weighing 16 pounds have been found in the Ural, and one of 27 pounds; and in the valley of Taschku Targanka, in 1842, a mass was detached, weighing very nearly 100 pounds troy. This mass is now in the Museum of Mining Engineers at St. Petersburgh. A mass found recently in Australia had the enormous weight of 134 lbs. 7 oz., and afforded 109 lbs. 11 oz. of fine gold; it sold for ~5,532. Another of 27 lbs. 6 oz. 15 dwts. was obtained at Forest Creek, South Australia. An examination of a gold rock for gold is a simple process. The rock is first pounded up fine and sifted; a certain quantity of the sand thus obtained is washed in a shallow iron pan, and as the gold sinks, the material above is allowed to pass off into some receptacle. The largest part of the gold is thus left in the angle of the pan; by another similar process a further portion is obtained; and when the bulk of sand is thus reduced to a manageable quantity, the gold is amalgamated with clean mercury; the amalgam is next strained to separate any excess of mercury, and finally is heated and the mercury'expelled, leaving the gold. In this way, by successive trials with the rock, the proportion of gold is quite accurately ascertained. It is the same process used with the larger washings, though on a small scale. Mercury unites readily with gold, and thus separates it from any associated rock or sand; and it is employed in all extensive gold washings, though much gold, may be often obtained by simple washing without amalgamation. The operation of hand washing is called in Virginia panning. With a small iron pan, they wash the earth in a tub. or in some brook, and thus extract much gold from the gravel or soil, which is said to pan well or pan poorly, according to the result. Masses of quartz, with no external indication of gold, examined in the above way at a Virginia mine, afforded an average of more than eight dollars to the bushel of gold rock. When gold is alloyed with copper or silver, the mode of assay for separating the copper depends on the process of cupellation; and that for separating the silver, on the power of nitric acid to dissolve silver without acting on gold. (See chapter on chemical reactions). The uses of gold are well known; and also that it owes a great part of its value to its extreme malleability, and the fact of its not tarnishing on exposure. Although a costly metal, it is one of the cheapest means of ornament, on account of the thinness of the leaves into which it may be beaten. A grain of the metal may be made to cover 561 square inches of surface, and the thinnest leaf is but 1,280,000th of an inch thick. Perfectly pure gold is denominated gold of 24 carats, orfine gold. If it contains 22 parts of pure gold to 2 of silver, or I of copper and 1 of silver, it is said to be 22 carats fine; so also for 20 carats fine, it contains 20 parts of pure gold. The carat is divided into 4, I, I6, 32 parts, for a more minute specification of the quantity of gold. The standard of gold of the United States consists of 900 parts of gold to 100 of an alloy of copper and silver. The eagle (10 dollars) contains 232 grains of fine gold. PLATINUM. Gediegen Platina,1 W. and L. Polyxen, Haus. Platine Natif, H. Monometric. Rarely in cubes, usually in grains, and occasion-.ally in irregular lumps. Cleavage none. H.=4 —4'5. G.=16-19, 17'862, 17'T79, two masses, G. Rose, 17'200, a smaller; 17'108, small grains, Breit.; 17'608, a mass, Breit.; 17T60, large mass from Nischne Tagilsk, Sokoloff. Lustre metallic. Color and streak whitish steel-gray; shining. Opaque. XDuctile. Fracture hackly. Composition.-Platinum combined with iron, iridium, and other metals. Analysis; 1 —4, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. IH. 1828, 113); 5, 6, Osann, (Pogg. viii, 505, xi, 411, xiii, 283, xiv, 329, xv, 158); 7, 8, Svanberg, (Jahresb. xxiii, 2"73): PLATINUM. 13 Plat. Fe Irid. Rhod. Pal. Os Cu 1. Columbia, 84'30 5-31 1'46 3'46 1'06 1'03 0'74, quartz 0'6, Ca 01298.08,Berz. 2. Goroblago't, 86050 8-32 - 1'15 1'10 - 0'45, Ir. Os 1'40-98'92,a Berzelius. 3. N. Tagilsk, 78-94 11-04 4-97 0-86 0-28 -- 0'70, " 1'96=98-75,a Berzelius. 4. " 73'58 12-98 2'35 1'15 0'30 -- 520, " 2'30 —9786,a Berzelius. 5. " 83'07 10'79 1'91 0'59 0'26 -- 130, " 180 —99'72, Osann. 6. Ural, 80'87 10'92 0'06 4'44 1'30 - 230, " 011=100,, Osann. 7. Choco, 86'16 8'03 1'09 2'16 0'35 0'97 0'40, " 1-91,Mn 010=101 17, Sv. 8. Pinto? 84'34 7'52 2-52 3'13 1'66 0'19 trace, " 156, " 0-31=101-23, Sv. a Loss partly osmium. Svanberg makes the Platinum of Nos. 2, 7, 8-Fe Pt'; of No. 1, (Barbaqoa, Columbia), Fe Pt4; of 3, 4, 5=Fe Pt2. The last is called Iron Platinum (Eisenplatin) G.-14-6-15'8, H.=:6. B.B. infusible. Soluble only in heated nitro-muriatic acid. Acts slightly on the magnet; but this property depends on the amount of iron it contains. Platinum was first found in pebbles and small grains, associated with iridium, rhodium, osmium, palladium, gold, copper, and chrome, in the alluvial deposits of Brazil, Choco, and Barbaqoa, in South America, where it received its name,platina, from plata, silver, of which word platina is a- diminutive. Occurs at Nischne Tagilsk, and Goroblagodat, in the Ural, here, (as elsewhere), in alluvial or drift material; the gravel has been traced to a great extent up MountLa Martiane,which consists of crystalline rocks. It has been formed into coins of eleven and twenty-two rubles each, by the Russians, which are not a legal tender, but pass conventionally, and principally in the southern provinces of the empire. Russia affords annually about 800 cwt. of platinum, which is nearly ten times the amount from Brazil, Columbia, St. Domingo, and Borneo. The amount coined from 1826 to 1844, equaled 21- millions of dollars. Platinum is also found on Borneo; in the sands of the Rhine; at St. Aray, val du Drac; county of Wicklow, Ireland; on the river Jocky, St. Domingo; in the California gold region; in traces with gold in Rutherford Co., North Carolina; at St. Francois Beauce, etc., Canada East. Borneo affords 600 to 800 pounds per year. Although platinum generally occurs in quite small grains, masses are sometimes found of considerable magnitude. A mass, weighing 1088 grains, was brought by Humboldt from South America, and deposited in the Berlin museum; specific gravity 18'94. In 1822 a mass from Condoto was deposited in the Madrid museum, measuring two inches and four lines in diameter, and weighing 11,641 grains. A specimen was found in the year 1827, in the Ural, not far from the Demidoff mines, which weighed 10 y- Russian pounds, or 11'57 pounds troy, and similar masses are not uncommon; the largest yet seen weighed 21 pounds troy, and is in the Demidoff cabinet. The infusibility of this metal, and its property of resisting the action of the air and moisture, and nearly all chemical agents, render it highly valuable for the construction of philosophical and chemical apparatus; for vessels for the concentration of sulphuric acid; for crucibles and capsules in chemical analysis; for covering other metals, and for painting on porcelain. It may be drawn into wire of extreme tenuity; Dr. Wollaston succeeded in obtaining a wire not exceeding the two thousandth of an inch in diameter. The metal platinum was first discovered by Ulloa, a Spanish traveler in America, in the year 1735. This metal fuses readily before the " compound blowpipe;" and Dr. Hare succeeded in 1837 in melting twenty-eight ounces into one mass. The metal was almost as malleable and as good for working as that obtained by the other process; it had a specific gravity of 19'8. He afterwards succeeded in obtaining from the ore masses which were 90 per cent. platinum, and as malleable as the metal in ordinary use, though somewhat more liable to tarnish, owing to some of its impurities. PLATINIRIDIUM, Svanberg. Native Iridium. In small grains with Platinum; sometimes in cubes with truncated angles, (f. 15). H.=6-67; G.=22-6-23. Color white. 14 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY, Composition.-Platinum and iridium in different proportions. Analyses by Svanberg, (Jahresb. xv, 205): Irid. Plat. Pallad. Rhod. Fe Cu Os 1. N. Tagilsk, 76-80 19'64 0'89 -- 178 =99.11. 2. Brazil, 27-79 55 44 0-49 6-86 4'14 3'30 trace=98 02. Prinsep, in a specimen from Ava in India, found 60 of iridium and 20 of platinum. If platinum and iridium are isomorphous, it is probable that the proportions of these metals are indefinite. Dr. Genth, after some trials, considers some grains occurring with the California gold to be Platiniridium. Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 246. PALLADIUM. [Ionometric. In minute octahedrons, IHaid. Mostly in grains sometimes composed of diverging fibres. H.=545 —. G.=11'8, Wollaston; 12'14, Lowry. Lustre metallic. Color whitish steel-gray. Opaque. Ductile and malleable. CUomposition.-Palladium, alloyed with a little platinum and iridium. Infusible alone before the blowpipe, but fuses readily with sulphur. By continuing the heat, the sulphur is driven off, and a globule of palladium obtained. Palladium occurs with platinum, in Brazil. Quite large masses of the metal are brought from that country. It is extracted from the auriferous sands by first fusing it with silver, and consequently forming a quaternary alloy of gold, palladium, silver, and copper, which is granulated by projecting it into water. By means of nitric acid all but the gold is dissolved; and from the solution, the silver is first precipitated by common salt as an insoluble chlorid, and then, after separating the chlorid, the palladium and copper are precipitated by plates of zinc. This precipitate is redissolved in nitric acid, an excess of ammonia added, and then hydrochloric acid sufficient to saturate; a double chlorid of palladium and ammonium is deposited as a crystalline yellow powder, which on calcination produces spongy palladium. The metal is malleable and when polished has a splendid steel-like lustre, which does not tarnish. A cup weighing 34 pounds was made by M. Breant for the mint of Paris, and is now in the garde-meuble of the French government. One part fused with six of gold forms a white alloy; and this compound was employed at the suggestion of Dr. Wollaston, for the graduated part of the mural circle, constructed by Troughton for the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. It has been employed for balances and mathematical and surgical instruments. A brown ochreous substance associated with the Palladium Gold of Brazil, has been considered a Palladium Ochre or oxyd. It is soluble in muriatic acid. Detected by Johnson and Lampadius, (J. f. pr. Chem. xi, 309). HEXAGONAL PALLADIUM.-The native palladium also occurs in small hexagonal tables, with perfect lateral cleavage: Color pale steel-gray; lustre bright. Occurs at Tilkerode. It is the Selenpalladite of Zinken. QUICKSILVER. Native Mercury. Gediegen Quecksilber. Mercure Natif, H. Hydrargyrum. Argentum Vivum. Spuma argenti. Liquor FEternalis, Plizy. Mercurius of the Alchemists. Monometric. Occurs in small fluid globules scattered through its gangue. G.=13'568. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white. Opaque. Composition.-Pure mercury, (Hg); with sometimes a little silver. Entirely volatile before the blowpipe, vaporizing at 6620 F.: becomes solid at i, — 39~ F., and may be crystallized in octahedrons. Dissolves readily in nitric acid. Mercury in the metallic state is a rare mineral; the quicksilver of commerce is mostly obtained from cinnabar, one of its ores. Its most important mines are those of Idria in Carniola, and Almaden in Spain. At Idria it occurs interspersed through a kind of clay slate, from which it is obtained by washing. It is found in small quantities at W6lfstein and Mhrsfeld, in the Palatinate, in Carinthia, Hungary, Peru, and other countries; also at Peyrat le Chateau, in the department of the tHaute Vienne, in a disintegrated granite, unaccompanied by cinnabar; in California. SILVEIt. 15 AMALGAM. Mercure argentif, H. Naturlich Amalgam, W. Monometric. Observed planes, as in 264 the annexed figure, with also plane 2. Figure 14 common; also 17, 18, 19, 37, 43, 44. Cleavage: dodecahedral, in traces. Also massive. H.=3-3'5. G.=10'5-14; 131755, 22 Haid. Color and streak silver-white. At Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, un- 3 3 1 even. Brittle, and giving a grating noise when cut with a knife./ 2 Conmposition.-Both Ag Hg' (=Silver 34-8, quicksilver 65'2), and Ag Hg3 (=Silver 26'25, and quicksilver 73'75), are here included as afforded by the following analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. i, 182); 2, Cordier, (Jour. d. Mines, xii, 1, and Phil. Mag. xix, 41); 3, Heyer, (Crell's Annal. ii, 90): Silver. Mercury. 1. Ag Hg', Moschellandsberg 36 64 =-100, KIlaproth. 2. Ag Hg3, Allemont? 27-5 72'5=100, Cordier. 3. " Moschellandsberg, 25'0 73'3=98'3, Heyer. B.B. the mercury volatilizes and silver is left. Dissolves in nitric acid. Rubbed on copper it gives a silvery lustre. From the Palatinate at Moschellandsberg, in fine crytals, and said to occur where the veins of mercury and silver intersect one another. Also reported from Rosenau in Hungary, Sala in Sweden, Allemont in Dauphine, Almaden in Spain, and in crystals in Chili. ARQUERITE, Berthieer.-The arquerite is a silver amalgam from the mines of Arqueros near Coquimbo. Occurs crystallized. According to Domeyko, (Compt. Rend. xiv, 567), it has the formula Ag6 Hg=Silver 86-49, mercury 13 51=100. GOLD AMALGAM, H. Schneider, J. f. pr. Chem. xliii, 31/7. In small white grains as large as a pea, easily crumbling. Composition.-(Au, Ag)2 Hg5. Analysis by Schneider, Mercury 57 40, Gold 38'39, Silver 5'0. From the platinum region of Columbia, along with platinum. Reported from California, especially near Mariposa. SILVER. Gediegen Silber, W. Argent Natif, H. MlIonometric. Observed planes 0, 1, I, i2, i4, 33. Figs. 1, 11, 15, 16, 33, 40. Cleavage none. Compound crystals, f. 200. Usually coarse and fine filiform, reticulated or arborescent; also in plates, and in superficial coatings.; also in masses. H.=2'5 —3. G.=-10' —111, when pure 10'5. Lustre metallic. Color and streak silver-white; subject to tarnish, by which the color becomes grayish-black. Ductile. Composition.-Silver, with some copper, gold, platinum, antimony, and other metals. Berthier found in a specimen from Curcy, near Caen, (Ann. d. Mines, xi, 72), silver 90, copper 10. Fordyce found in an alloy, silver 72, gold 28; and Klaproth, silver 36, gold 64; and under gold, many other combinations of these metals are given. John detected 1 per cent. of antimony in silver from Johanngeorgenstadt, besides traces* of copper and arsenic. A bismuth-silver from Copiapo, S. A., con 16 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. tained 16 per cent. of bismuth. The Kongsberg native silver contains some per cent. of mercury, which accounts for its whiteness, and perhaps for its fine crystallization, (Sramann). B.B. fuses rather easily, and ofteh crystallizes on cooling. Soluble in nitric acid, and again deposited by a plate of copper. Native silver occurs in masses or in aborescences and filiform shapes, in veins of calcareous spar or quartz, traversing gneiss, slate, and other ancient rocks. The filiformn varieties are often composed of one or more series of octahedrons, either closely united or arranged linearly in straight rows. This structure is apparent in most of the Norwegian and Mexican varieties. The mines of Kongsberg in Norway, have afforded magnificent specimens of native silver. One specimen among the splendid suite from this locality in the royal collection at Copenhagen, weighs upwards of 5 cwt., and recently two masses have been obtained weighing severally 238 and 436 pounds. The principal Saxon localities are at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt; the Bohemian, at Przibram, and Joachimstahl. It also occurs in small quantities with other ores, at Andreasberg, in the Hartz, in Suabia, Hungary, at Allemont in Dauphiny, in the Ural near Beresof, in the Altai at Schlangenberg, and in some of the Cornish mines. Mexico and Peru are at present the most productive countries in silver. In Mexico it has been obtained mostly from its ores, while in Peru it occurs principally native. A. Mexican specimen from Batopilas weighed when obtained 400 pounds; and one from Southern Peru, (mines of Huantaya), weighed over 8 cwt. During the first eighteen years of the present century, more than 8,180,000 marks of silver were afforded by the mines of Guanaxuato alone. In the UTnited States it is disseminated through much of the copper of Michigan, occasionally in spots of some size, and sometimes in cubes, according to J. D. Whitney, at Copper Falls Mine. It has been observed at a mine a mile south of Sing Sing prison, which was formerly worked for silver; at the Bridgewater copper mines, Ne1w Jersey; in interesting specimens at King's mine, Davidson Co., N. C.; at Prince's location, Lake Superior, Canada. ALTERED FonnIs.-Pseudomorphs, consisting of horn silver and silver glance. The last may proceed from the action of hydrosulphurets or sulphuretted hydrogen. BISMUTH SILVER. Bismuthic Silver Ore. Wismuthsilbererz. Wismnuthbleierz, Hans. Silberwismuthglanz. Bismuth Sulfur6 Plombo-Argentif6re, Levy. Rarely presents acicular or capillary crystallizations; generally amorphous. Soft. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white or grayish; subject to tarnish. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Sectile. Comiposition.-Analysis by Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 291), Bismuth 27, Lead 33, Silver 15, Iron 4'3, Copper 09, Sulphur 16 3. Soluble in nitric acid. B.B. fuses readily to a silver button, covering the charcoal with the oxyds of lead and bismuth, and giving fumes of sulphur. Bismuth silver accompanies copper pyrites, in amorphous masses, at Schapbach, in Baden; also in the cupreous shale of Mansfeld, Thuringia. It was formerly worked as an ore of silver. A bismuth silver fi'om the mine of San Antonio, near Copiapo, Chili, afforded Domeyko, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], vi, 165), Silver. Bismutth Copper Arsenic 60'1, 10'1, 7'8, 2-8, gangue 19-2. It occurs disseminated and has one or more perfect cleavages, and is probably either monolietric or rhombohedral. IRON. 17 COPPER. Gediegen Kupfer. Cuivre Natif, IL. Venus, Alcceln. Monometric. Observed forms 0, 1, I, i2, i, 33. Fig. 1, 11,. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32, 33, and others. Cleavage none. Twins,. composition-face octahedral. Usually massive and also arborestent, filiform, or in films. H.=2'5 —3. G.=8'94, when pure. Lustre metallic. Color copper-red. Streak metallic shining. Ductile and malleable.. Fracture hackly. Composition.-Pure Copper; but often containing native silver disseminated' through it. B.B. fuses readily; on cooling, it is covered with a coating of black oxyd. Dissolves readily in nitric acid, with the extrication of the red fumes of nitrous acid, and produces a blue solution with ammonia. Copper occurs in beds and veins accompanying its various ores, and sometimes associated with iron. It is frequently found in loose masses imbedded in the soil. In Siberia, and the island of Nalsoe, in Faroe, it is associated with mesotype, in amygdaloid, and though mostly disseminated in minute particles, sometimes branches through the rock with extreme beauty. Common in Cornwall, at many of the mines near Redruth; and also in considerable quantities at the Consolidated mines, WVheal Buller, and others. Brazil, Chili, and Peru afford native copper; a mass now in the museum at Lisbon, supposed to be from a valley near Bahia, weighs 2616 pounds. This metal has been found native throughout the red sandstone region of the eastern United States, particularly in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and more abundantly in New Jersey, where it has been met with sometimes in fine crystalline masses, especially at Brunswick, Somerville, Schuyler's mines, and Flemington. One mass from near Somerville, on the premises of J. C. Van Dyke, Esq., of Brunswick, weighed 78 pounds, and is said originally to have weighed 128. Near Brunswick a vein or sheet of copper, a line or so thick, has been traced for several rods. Near New Haven, Conn., a mass was formerly found weighing 90 pounds. No known locality exceeds in the abundance of native copper, the Lake Superior copper region, near Kewenaw Point, where it exists in veins that intersect the trap and sandstone. Masses of great size were observed in this district near the Ontanagon river, by Mr. Schooleraft, in 1821. A large mass was thrown down in the Lake Superior region, July 8th, 1853, at the North American mine; it was about 40 feet long, and its estimated weight was 200 tons. This copper contains intimately mixed with it about -1- per cent. of silver; often this metal is in visible grains, lumps, or strings, and occasionally a mass of copper when polished, appears sprinkled with large silver spots, resembling, as Dr. Jackson observes, a porphyry with its feldspar crystals. The copper occurs in trap or sandstone, near the junction of these two rocks, and has probably been produced through the reduction of copper ores. Strings of copper often reticulate through crystals of analcime and prehnite. The copper of Chili also contains silver, and sometimes 7 to 8 per cent. NATIVE LEAD. Plomb Natif, H. Gediegen Blei, W. gMonometric. Found in thin plates and small globules. H. —=15. G. =11 445, when pure. Lustre metallic. Color leadgray. Malleable and Ductile. Composition. —Pure lead. Fuses easily, covering the charcoal with a yellow oxyd. This species is reported as occurring in globules in galena at Alstonmoor; in lava in Madeira, Rathke; at the mines near Carthagena in Spain; in carboniferous limestone near Bristol, and at Kenmare, Ireland; recently, according to R. P. Greg, Jr., in thin sheets in red oxyd of lead near a* basaltic dyke in Ireland. IRON. Gediegen Eisen, TK and L. Fer Natif, H. Mars, Alcthem. Monometric. Cleavage octahedral. 3 18 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. lI.=4'5 G.=-73-7'8; rarely as low as 6 in meteorites; 7-318 a partially oxydized fragment of a crystal of meteoric iron from Guilford Co., N. C. Lustre metallic. Color iron-gray. Streak shining. Fracturehackly. Ductile. Acts strongly on the magnet. Native iron, supposed to be of terrestrial origin, has been observed at Canaan, Conn., (Am. Jour. Sci. xii, 154, and [2], v, 292), where it is said to have been found in a vein or plate, two inches thick, attached to a mass of mica-slate rock. It contained graphite in the broad lamin.e into which it was divided; and it had no obvious crystalline structure, nor was any developed by etching with nitric acid, as in most meteoric irons. Foreign specimens are also reported to have been found. Cramer describes one weighing four pounds, obtained in the mine of IlIackenburg. It is said to have been observed in thin laminte in an iron stone conglomerate in Brazil and in lava in Auvergne; also in the keuper in Thuringia, in an argillaceous sandstone, containing fossils. It afforded but a trace of nickel: G.=5-24-, (Pogg. lxxxviii, 1853, 145, where other localities are mentioned).* The presence of metallic iron in grains in basaltic rocks (from Giant's Causeway, etc.,) has been announced by Dr. Andrews. After pulverizing the rock and separating by means of a magnet the grains that were attracted by it, he subjected the grains to the action of an acid solution of sulphate of copper in the field of a microscope, which salt, when there is a trace of pure iron present, gives a deposit of copper; and in his trials there were occasional deposits of copper in crystalline bunches. Meteoric iron usually contains 1 to 20 per cent. of nickel, besides a small per centage of other metals, as cobalt, manganese, tin, copper, chromium; also phosphorus common as a phosphuret, sulphur in sulphurets, carbon in some instances, chlorine. For a review of papers on meteoric iron, see Rammelsberg's I-Iandwl rterbuch of Chemical Mineralogy, 422, and Supplements, ii, 90, iii, 80, iv, 151, v, 1, especially the last, which is a general account of the subject with full citations of analyses; also Kengott's iMoineralogischen Forschungen, for 1844-1849, p. 222, and 18501851, p. 135; also Dissertation on Meteoric Irons, by W. S. Clarke, Lieb. u. W. Ann. ixxxii, 367, reviewed in Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 7; various papers in Am. J. Sci. by C. U. Shepard, especially, in [2] vols. ii, iv, vi, x; and a recent paper by J. Lawrence Smith in vol. xvii. The following are a few analyses; 1, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. H. 1834, Pogg. xxxiii, 123); 2, Bergemann, (Pogg. lxxviii, 406); 3, W. S. Clarke, (loc. cit.), 4, v. lHolger, (Baumg. Zeits. ix, 323, and Pogg. xxvii, 118). 1 2 3 4 Siberia. Zatatecas, Mexico. Lenarto. Bohumilitz. Iron, 88'042 85 09 90'153 86'67 Nickel, 10-732 9.89 6'553 8'12 Cobalt, 0 455 0-67 0'502 0'59 Manganese, 0'132 - 0145 0 46 Copper, 0'066 0'03 0'080 Be 0'12 Tin, Magnesium, 0'050 0.19 0'082 Al 0'32 Carbon, 0'043 C, Fe 0'33 Ca 0'41 Sulphur, tr 0'84 0 482 Fe, Ni, P., 1 65 1-226 Chromiron, 1-48 Gangue, 0-480 - 134 100'000 100-33 99'223 98-16 One of the most extraordinary of these iron meteorites, preserved in any collection, is now in the Yale College cabinet. It weighs 1635 lbs.; length three feet four inches; breadth two feet four inches; height one foot four inches. It has been analyzed by C. U. Shepard, (Amu. Jour. Sci. xvi, 217), also by B. Silliman, Jr., and * The supposed terrestrial native iron of Schooley's mountain referred to in this paper is known to be nothing but a furnace slag. fvand to contain Iron 90'02 to 92-912, nickel 8'80 to 90674. The crystalline structure of this iron is very remarkable as developed by nitric acid on a polished surface. Silliman has observed that the nickel is segregated along the lines of crystallization, and that it is not uniformly alloyed with the iron, as had been previously supposed, (communicated to the author). It was brought from Red river. Still more remarkable masses exist in South America; one was discovered by Don Rubin de Celis in the district of Chaco-Gualamba, whose weight was estimated at 30,000 lbs., and another was found at Bahia in Brazil, whose solid contents are at least twenty-eight cubic feet, and weight 14,000 lbs. The Siberian meteorite, discovered by Pallas, weighed originally 1600 lbs. and contained imbedded crystals of chrysolite. Smaller masses are quite eommon. Meteoric iron is perfectly malleable, and may be readily worked into cutting instruments, and put to the same uses as manufactured iron. M. Bahr has observed grains of native iron in a fragment of petrified wood. The iron was mixed with limonite and organic matter, and is supposed to have been produced by the deoxydation of a salt of iron by the organic matter of the wood. He calls the iron Sideroferrite. NATIVE TIN. Drimetric. 1 1 (over basal edge)-57T 13', over pyramidal =1400 25', 1i: 1i (over basal edge)=420 11', over pyraimidal=1500 31'; a-=0'38566. Reported as occurring in small grayish-white metallic grains along with the Siberian gold. Composition.-Tin with some lead. Hlermennn, J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 300. The above angles are from artificial crystals galvanically deposited, measured by Miller. ARSENIC GROUP. 1. ARSENIC SECTION: Hexagonal or rhombohedral. Iridosmine, including Newjanskite, (Ir, Rh) Os, and Sisserskite, Ir Os4; Tellurium, Te; Bismuth, Bi; Tetradymite, (Te, Bi); Antimony, Sb; Arsenic, As; Arsenical Antimony, (Sb, As.) 2. SULPHUR SECTION: Trimetric or monoclinic. Sulphur, S; Selenium, Se. IRIDOSMINE. Native Iridium. Osmium-Iridium. Irid-osmium. Newjanskite, Haid. Sisserskite, Haid. Hexagonal. Rarely in hexagonal prisms with replaced basal edges; pyramidal angle, 1270 36', basal, 124~. Commonly in irregular flattened grains. H.=6 — 7. G.=193 — 21' 12. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, and light steel-gray. Opaque. Malleable with difficulty. Composition.-Analyses: 1.-Iridium 46'77, osmium 49'35, iron 0'74, rhodium 3 15, Berzelius, (Pogg. xrxii), corresponding to Ir Os [=Iridium 49'78, osmium 50'22=100]. This variety occurs in flat scales.. —7. G.=19'386-19'471. Color tin-white. From Katharinenburg. 2.-Iridium 25, osmium'5 100, corresponding to Ir Os3 [=Iridium 24'83, osmium 17517=100]. In flat scales, often six-sided. This compound may be a mixture. 3.-Ir Os4 —Iridium 19586, osmium 80'14=100. In six-sided scales. Color steelgray. H.-=7. G.=21'118, Rose. From Nischne-Tagilsk. 4.-Iridium 72'9, osmium 24'5, Fe 5-6=100, Thomson. From Brazil. Color steelgray. G.=19 5. 20 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. No. 1 is Haidinger's Newjanskite, and 2 and 3 his Sisserskite, names derived from the names of localities. At a high temperature the Sisserskite gives out osmium, but undergoes no further change. The Newjanskite is not decomposed and does not give an osmium odor. With nitre, the characteristic odor of osmium is soon perceived, and a mass obtained soluble in water, from which a green precipitate is thrown down by nitric acid. It occurs with platinum in the province of Choco in South America, and in the Ural mountains. It was first distinguished by Dr. Wollaston, who discovered that the specimens were an alloy of iridium and osmium. It is rather abundant with the alluvial gold of California, occurring in small bright lead-colored scales, sometimes six-sided. Also found in the gold-washings on the rivers du Loup and des Plantes, Canada. TELLURIUM. Gediegen Sylvan, W. Gediegen Tellur, Haus. and L. Tellure Natif Auro-ferrif6re, H. Hexagonal _R: R 86~ 57', G. Rose; O: R=1230 4', a=1-3302. Observed planes, BR, -R, -T O; R:-R (over base) -113~ 52'. In six-sided prisms, with basal edges replaced. Cleavage: lateral perfect, basal imperfect. Commonly massive and granular. I. =2 -2'5. G.-=61 —6-3. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin-white. Brittle. Gomposition.-According to I(laproth, (Beit. iii, 2), Tellurium 92-55, iron 7 2, and gold 0'25. A specimen from Nagyag afforded Petz, (Pogg. lvii, 1842, 447), Tellurium 97-215, and gold 2'785, with a trace of iron and sulphur. It fuses readily on charcoal, burning with a greenish flame, and volatilizes almost entirely in white vapors, forming a white areola on the charcoal, red at the border. Native tellurium occurs at the mine of Maria Loretto, near Zalathna, in Transylvania, in sandstone, accompanying quartz, iron pyrites, and gold. About forty years since it was found in considerable abundance, and was melted to extract the small quantity of gold it contains. BISMUTH. Gediegen Wismuth, W. Bisemutum, Agricola. Plumbran Cinereum. Tectum Argenti. Antimonium Femininum. Hexagonal.?': B=87~ 40', G. Rose; O: R=123~ 36'; a= 1'3035. Observed planes, R, — R, 0, 2, and — 2; 2: 2=69~ 28'. Cleavage: basal, perfect, 2, — 2, less so. Also in reticulated and arborescent shapes; foliated and granular. 11.=2 —2'5. G.=9'727. Lustre metallic. Streak and color silver-white, with a reddish hue; subject to tarnish. Opaque. Fracture not observable. Sectile. Brittle when cold, but when heated somewhat malleable. Composition.-Pure Bismuth, excepting occasionally a slight admixture of arsenic. Fuses readily; fusing temperature 4760 F. B.B. evaporates, and leaves a yellow coating on the charcoal. Dissolves in nitric acid; subsequent dilution causes a white precipitate. Crystallizes readily from fusion. Bismuth occurs in veins in gneiss and clay slate accompanying various ores of silver, cobalt, lead, and zinc. It is most abundant at the silver and cobalt mines of Saxony and Bohemia, Schneeberg, Altenberg, Joachimstahl, Johanngeorgenstadt, &c. It has also been found at Mlodum in Norway, and Fahlun in Sweden. At Schneeberg it forms aborescent delineations in brown jasper. At Huel Sparnon, near Redruth, and elsewhere in Cornwall, and at Carrack Fell in Cumberland, it is associated with ores of cobalt; formerly from near Alva in Stirlingshire. At Lane's mine in Monroe, Conn., it is associated in small quantities with rwolfraum, tungstate of lime, galena, blende, &c., in quartz; also at Brewer's mine,,Chesterfield district, South Carolina. ANITIMONY. 21 TETRADYMITE. Telluric Bismuth. Tellurwismuth. Bornite. Rhombohedral. 0: ]I=1180 38', f': R=810 2'; a=1'5865. -2: -2=660 40', 0: — 2=1050 16'. Crystals often tabular. Cleavage: basal, very perfect. Also massive, foliated or granular. l. —-1'5 —2. G.=7"2-8' 44. Lustre metallic splendent. Color pale steel-gray. Not very sectile. Lamine elastic. Soils paper. G7omposition. —Bi and Te in different proportions according to G. Rose, the two being isomorphous, and the other ingredients unessential. Hausmann sustains the samie view. Analyses: 1, Wehrle, (Schw. J. lix, 482); 2, Berzelius, (KI. V. Ac. I. 1823, 183); 3, Wehrle, (Baumg. Zeit. ix, 144; 4-5, C. Fisher, Jr., (Am. J. Sci. [2], vii, 282); 6, C. T. Jackson, (This. Min. 3d edit.., p. 712);', F. A. Genth, (Am. Jour. Sei. [2], xvi, 81); 8-9, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiii, 372). 1. Schubkau, Te 34'6 S 4'8 Se trace Bi 60'00=99'4, Werhle. 2. " 36'05 4'32 - 58'30, gangue 0'75=99'42, Berzelius. 3. Deutsch-Pilsen, 29'74 2'33:- 61'15, Ag 20'7=95'29, Werhle. 4. Fluvanna Co., Va., 35'7 - 6'81 51'65, Fe 1'25, Si 3'86=99'34, Fisher. 5. " 37'96 -'723 54'81-=100, Fisher. 6. Whitehall, Va., 35'05 3'65 - 58'80,Au, Fe, Si'70=100'20, Jackson.'7. DavidsonCo.,N. C. 33'84 5'27 trace 61'35=100'46, Genth; G=-7237. 8. Brazil Bornite, 15'93 3.15 1'48 79'15=99'71, Damour. 9. 15'68 4'58 78'40=98'66, Damour. Dr. F. A. Genth finds no sulphur and little selenium in the Fluvanna Co. mineral. B.B. fuses instantly, tinging the flame blue, and covering the charcoal with a whitish or yellow color, red at the margin in the seleniferous variety. In an open tube gives off white fumes; also a reddish sublimate, and the odor of selenium from the Virginian ore. Occurs at Schubkau near Schemnitz; at Retzbanya; at Tellemark in Norway; at Bastnaes, Sweden; at Deutsch-Pilsen in Hungary. San Jos6 in Brazil (Damour's analysis). In the United States, at:the.i`iWhitehall gold mines, Spotsylvania Co., at Monroe mine, Stafford Co., and Tellurium mine, Fluvanna Co., Virginia, associated with native gold; in Davidson Co., North Carolina, about five miles west of Washington mine, in foliated scales and lamellar masses along with gold, copper pyrites, magnetite, epidote, limonite, etc.; it was partly altered to a combination of tellurous acid and oxyd of bismuth, with but little of carbonate of bismuth (Geath, loc cit.) ANTIMONY. Gedigen Antimon. Spiesglas,'W. Antimoine Natif. H. Rhombohedral. 7: R=87~ 35', Rose, 0: R=123 32'; a= 1/3068. Observed planes, f, 0, 1, —2, i2; O: (cleavage plane) -1420 58', 1:1 =117o 7', 2: 2=890 25,.=-1 440 24/, 0: = 1590 26' 0: 2=1080 20'. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect; — distinct. Generally massive, lamellar; sometimes botryoidal or reniform with a granular texture. H.=3-3'5. G. —— 6646-6' 72, 665-6' 62, crystals, Kengott. Lustre metallic. Color and streak tin-white. Rather brittle; not ductile. Gomlposition.-Antimony, containing sometimes silver, iron, or arsenic. Analysis by Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 169): from Andreasberg, Antimony 98, silver 1, iron 0'25 =99'25. B.B. soon melts to a globule, which continues to burn though the heat be removed; a continuation of the heat causes it to evaporate in white fumes, which are deposited around the globule. Under the microscope, yellowish-white octahedrons are seen to be first formed, and subsequently, prismatic crystals of oxyd of 22 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. antimony, with which at last the whole globule is covered. Crystallizes readily from fusion. Occurs in lamellar concretions in limestone at Sahlberg, near Sahl in Sweden; at Andreasberg in the Hartz; in argentiferous veins in gneiss at Allemont in Dauphiny; at Przibram in Bohemia; in Mexico, and other places. ALTERED FORM.-Oxydizes on exposure and forms Valentinite, (Sb). ARSENIC. Gediegen Arsenik, -W; Arsenicum. AppveVKOv, ApcevLKov. Rhombohedral. R: R-85~ 41', 0: R==1220 9', a=1'3779. Observed forms?, —, 0; -:- ~ -— =1130 21'. Cleavage: basal, imperfect. Often granular massive; sometimes reticulated, reniform, and stalactitic. Structure rarely columnar. H. =3'5. G.=5'93. Lustre nearly metallic. Color and streak tin-white, tarnishing soon to dark-gray. Fracture uneven and fine granular. Composition.-Arsenic, often with some antimony and traces of iron, silver, gold, or bismuth. B.B. volatilizes in white fumes, having the odor of garlic; if heated nearly to redness it burns with' a pale bluish flame, giving out alliaceous fumes. Native arsenic commonly occurs in veins in crystalline rocks and the older schists, and is often accompanied by ores of antimony, red silver ore, realgar, blende, and other metallic minerals. The silver mines of Freiberg, Annaberg, Marienberg, and Schneeberg, afford this metal in considerable quantities; also Joachimstahl in Bohemia, Andreasberg in the Hartz, Kapnik in Transylvania, Orawitza in the Bannat, Kongsberg in Norway, Zimeoff in Siberia, in large masses, and St. Maria aux Mines in Alsace. In the United States it has been observed by Jackson at Haverhill, N. H., on the estate of Mr. Francis Kimball, in thin layers in dark-blue mica slate, stained by plumbago, and containing also white and magnetic pyrites; also at Jackson, N. H. The name Arsenic is derived from the Greek appevKrov or apesvKcov, masculine, a term applied to orpiment or sulphuret of arsenic, on account of its potent properties. Breithaupt's arsenglanz from Marienberg, is arsenic impure with 3 per cent. of Bismuth. G.=5-36-5'39..-=2. ALTERED Fonms.-Oxydizes on exposure, producing a black crust, which is a mixture of arsenic and arsenolite (is), and also pure arsenolite. ARSENICAL ANTIMONY. Arsenikantimon. Antimon-arsen, Nacum. Rhombohedral. In reniform masses and amorphous; structure curved lamellar; also fine granular. H.=3'5. G.=6413, Thomson; 6'203, Raammelsberg. Lustre metallic, occasionally splendent; sometimes dull. Color tin-white, or reddislh-gray; often tarnished brownish-black. Cyomposition.-SbAs'=-Arsenic 63-62, antimony 36-38. Analysis by Rammelsberg of the Allemont ore (Ist Supp. 13): Arsenic 62'15, antimony 37 85=100. B.B. emits fumes of arsenic and antimony, and fuses to a metallic globule, which takes fire and burns away, leaving oxyd of antimony on the charcoal. It occurs sparingly at Allemont; also at Przibram in Bohemia, where it was observed by Zippe in metallic veins, associated with blende, antimony, spathic iron, &c.; at Schladming in Styria, and Andreasberg in the Hartz. NATIVE SULPHUR. Nattirlicher Schwefel. Soufre, H. Trimetric. I: 1=1010 46', 0: 1;=1130 6'; a: b: c=2'344: 1: 1'23. NATIVE SELENIUM. 23 O' =s1340 47'. 0: 1=1150 53'. 1: 1 (mac.) =1060 25'. 0: =123~ 30'. O: 1=1170 41'.- 1:1 (brach.)= 85~0 07'. 0: 1=108~ 19'. 0: 2=1280 12'. 1: 1 (bas.) =1430 23'. Cleavage: l, and 1, 265 imperfect. Twins, o composition-face, I, i sometimes produc- 3 1 _ ing cruciform crys- r _____. tals. Also massive, sometimes consisting 3 of concentric coats. Is II. —1.5- 5. G. a.. —I _2-072, of crystals l 1 from Spain. Lustre \ resinous. Streak sul- =- I - phur- yellow, some- Observed Planes. timles red dish or greenish. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidlal, more or less perfect. Sectile. Composition.-Pure sulphur, but often contaminated with clay or bitumen; burns with a bluish flame at a low temperature, with the strong odor of sulphurous acid; becomes resinously electrified by friction; is insoluble in -water, and not acted on by the acids. Sulphur is dimorphous, the crystals being obtuse oblique rhombic prisms, of 900 32', and inclination of the vertical axis=950 46', when formed at a moderately high temperature, (125 C., according to Frankenheim). The great repositories of sulphur are either beds of gypsum and the associate rocks, or the regions of active and extinct volcanoes. In the valley of Note and Mazzaro in Sicily, at Conil near Cadiz in Spain, Bex in Switzerland, and Cracow in Poland, it occurs in the former situation. Sicily, and the neighboring volcanic isles, the Solfatara near Naples, the volcanoes of the Pacific ocean, &c., are localities of the latter kind. The crystals from Sicily are sometimes two or three inches in diameter. It is also deposited from hot springs in Iceland; and in Savoy, Switzerland, Hanover, and other countries, it is met with in certain metallic veins; near Cracow and in Upper Egypt there are large deposits. A fibrous variety is found near Siena in Tuscany. Sullphr is found near the sulphur springs of New York, Virginia, &c., and also in coal deposits and elsewhere, where sulphuret of iron is undergoing decomposition; also in microscopic crystals at some of the gold mines of Virginia and North Carolina; and as a powder in the Western lead regions in fissures in the limestone. It occurs in small masses. in limestone on the Potomac, twenty-five miles above Washington. The sulphur mines of Sicily, the crater- of Vulcano, and the Solfatara near Naples, afford immense quantities of sulphur for commerce. It is also largely obtained in roasting the sulphurets of iron and copper. This species is homceomorphous with Barytes and Marcasite if t be taken as the unit macrodome. The above figure is by Scacchi of Naples. NATIVE SELENIUM. I\lonoclinic, according to Mitscherlitch. In incrustations of a submetallic lustre, and grayish or brownish black color; translucent and red in thin splinters. Powdcer deep red. H.=2-0. G. =43 —4%32. Brittle. Observed by Del Rio, at Culebras in Mexico. 24 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. SELENSULPIIUR. Resembling sulphur, but of an orange or brownish color. B.B. on chareoal burns readily, yields fumes of selenium and sulphurous acid. From Vulcano, one of the Lipari Islands. Also observed by the author at Kilauea, Hawaii. CARBON GROUP. DIAMOND. Adamant. Demant, W;. Diamant, L. and H. H'AMaasg. Monometric. Observed planes, 1, 2, I; 0, 3{-, i3, i; often tetrahedral in planes 1, 2, and 33. The annexed figures, (266, 267, planes 33); also f. 11, 14, 15, 19, 49, 51, 4, similar to f. 33; 65, 66, 185. The faces often convex. Cleavage: octahedral, highly perfect. Twins, f. 200, plane of composition octahedral; also f. 185, of the same kind, but the crystal shortened in the direction of an octahedral axis; also f. 267A, same repeated. Rarely massive. 266 267 267 A North Carolina. ll.=10. G.-=-35295, Thompson; 3 55, Pelouze. Lustre brilliant adamantine. Color, white or colorless: occasionally tinged yellow, red, orange, green, brown, or black. Transparent; translucent when dark colored. Fracture conchoidal. Composition. —The diamond is pure carbon crystallized. It burns, and is wholly consumed at a temperature of 14~ Wedgewood, producing carbonic acid gas. It is not acted on by acids or alkalies. Exhibits vitreous electricity when rubbed. Index of refraction 2'439. The refraction of light by the diamond is often irregular, probably arising from the cause which has produced the convex forms. In some plates from crystals, Descloiseaux has observed a fixed star of six symmetrical rays, and in others, allied in character, the rays were replaced by three large elliptical areas. Descloiseaux shows that the rays are symmetrical with reference to the faces of the octahedron, and supposes them to be due to foreign matter. The diamond appears generally to occur in regions that afford a laminated granular quartz rock, called itacolunmite, which pertains to the talcose series, and owes its lamination to a little talc or mica. This rock is found at the mines of Brazil and the Urals; and also in Georgia and North Carolina, where a few diamonds have been found. It has also been detected in a species of conglomerate, composed of rounded siliceous pebbles, quartz, chalcedony, &c., cemented by a kind of ferruginous clay. Diamonds are usually, however, washed out from the soil. According to M. Denis (Ann. des M. [3], xix, 602) the diamond in Minas Geraes, Brazil, is found DIAMOND. 25, in two different deposits; one called gurgulho, consisting of broken quartz, and: covered by a thin bed of sand or earth; the other, cascalho, of rolled quartz pebbl')s,. united by a ferruginous clay, resting usually on talcose clays, the whole, the debris from talcose rocks. The first deposit affords the finest diamonds, and both contain also gold, platinum, magnetic iron, rutile, &c. The most celebrated mines are on the rivers Jequitinhonha and Pardo, north of Rio Janeiro, where the sands (the waters being turned off) are washed by slaves. It has lately been found in Bahia,, on the river Cachoeira, at the mines of Surua and Sincora; and Damour has recognized in the sand of the locality, quartz, feldspar, rutile, brookite, anatase, zircon crystals, diaspore, magnetic iron, gold in grains, anhydrous phosphate of alumina and lime, a silicate of yttria, and a hydro-phosphate of yttria. At Bagagem, Minas Geraes, an enormous diamond of 247- carats has recently been found. The Ural diamonds occur in the detritus along the Adolfskoi rivulet, where worked for gold, and also at other places. In India, the diamond is met with at Purteal, between Hyderabad and Masuli — patanm, where the famous Kohinoor was found; but there are now only two. places of exploration, and these are let to some of the natives for less than 25, francs a year; and if the hands find a stone worth four or five rupees ($2 to $2~): a month, they consider themselves fortunate. To such a state are the famous mines of Golconda now reduced. Found also near Parma in Bundelcund, where some of the most magnificent specimens have been found; also on the Mahanuddy near Ellore. The locality on Borneo is at Pontiana, on the west side of the Ratoos mountain. The river Gunil, in the province of Constantine in Africa, is reported to have afforded some diamonds. In the United States, a few crystals have been met with in Rutherford Co., N. C., and Hall Co., Ga. (Am. J. S. [2], ii, 253, and xv); in Australia, on the banks of the Turon. The diamond has been found massive in Brazil, in small black pebbles, having the specific gravity 3-012 —3416. They proved on trial to be pure carbon excepting 2'07 to 0'27 per cent. This compact diamond is sold in the region at 75 cents the carat of three and onb-sixth grains troy. The largest diamond of which we have any knowledge is mentioned by Tavernier, as in possession of the Great Mogul. It weighed originally 900 carats, or 2769-3 grains, but was reduced by cutting to 861 grains. It has the form and size of half a hen's egg. It was found in 15,50 in the mine of Colone. The Pitt or Regent diamond weighs but 136825 carats, or 4191 grains; but is of unblemished transparency and color. It is cut in the form of a brilliant, and is estimated at ~125,000. The Kohinoor measured on its arrival in England about 1] inches in its greater diameter, over 8 of an inch in thickness, and weighed 186.5k~ carats. It has since been recut and reduced to a diameter of 1-!7 by 1 nearly; and thus diminished over one third in its weight. It is supposed by Mr. Tennant to have been originally a dodecahedron, and he suggests that the great Russian diamond and another large slab weighing 130 carats were actually cut from the original dodecahedron. Tavernier gives the original weight at 787~ carats. The Rajah of Mattan has in his possession a diamond from Borneo, weighing 367 carats. The mines of Brazil were not known to afford diamonds, till the commencement of the 18th century. Maure mentions one crystal from these mines of 120 carats, but they rarely exceed 18 or 20. Colorless diamonds are most highly esteemed. When cut and polished, a diamond of the purest water in England, weighing one carat, is valued at ~8; and the value of others is calculated by multiplying the square of the weight in carats by S. except for those exceeding 20 carats, the value of which increases at a much more rapid rate. This rule is scarcely regarded in market, as the standard of purity and taste for different countries differs, and the slightest tinge of color affects greatly the commercial value. The method of polishing diamonds was discovered in 1456, by Louis Berquen, a citizen of Bruges, previous to which time, the diamond was known only in its uncut state. The diamond is valuable for the purposes of engraving and cutting glass, and the curvature of the cruystalline faces much improves it for this purpose. It is also used in powder for polishing and cutting, other gems, and in splinters for drilling. It has been used for lenaes for microscopes, on account of its slight chromatic aberration, and the large fieId it consequently affords; but the crystals often have an 4 26 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. irregularity of internal structure, even when clear, which unfits them for this purpose. The diamond is supposed to be of vegetable origin. It has probably proceeded from the slow decomposition of some vegetable material or bituminous matter. Black specks, like charcoal, have been observed in some crystals; but this proves nothing necessarily respecting their origin, since this is the form which carbon uncrystallized assumes, whatever its source. MINERAL COAL. Bituminous-Bituminous Coal. Common Coal. Brown Coal. Black Coal. Cherry Coal. Splint Coal. Cannel Coal. Jet. Lignite. Braunkoklle. Pechkohle. Blatterkohle. Bitumin6ses HIolz. Houille. Jayet.-Non-bituminous-Anthracite, H. Glance Coal. Mineral Carbon. Blind Coal. Columnar Coal. Kilkenny Coal. Stangenkohle. Glanzkohle, WI Anthrazit, Hates. Kohlenblende, L. l.=1-2'5. G.=1'2 —1'75. Lustre moreor less resinous,sometimes submetallic. Streak and color black or brown: often grayish when impure, sometimes iridescent. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal —uneven. Brittle, or sectile. No distinct crystallization. Composition.-Carbon, with usually a few per cent. of silica and alumina, and sometimes oxyd of iron; often contains a large proportion of bitumen. Potash and soda have also been detected. The bituminous varieties burn with a bright yellow flame and bituminous odor; while those destitute of bitumen afford only a pale blue flame arising from the decomposition of the water present, and the formation of the gas carbonic oxyd. The bituminous and non-bituminous varieties are usually arranged as distinct mineral species, although more properly but one. VARIETIES. 1. Without bitumnen. Anthracite.-H.-=2 —2'5. G.=1'32 —17, Pennsylvania; 1-81, Rhode Island; 1-'26 —136, South Wales. Lustre bright, often submetallic, iron-black, and frequently iridescent. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Usiially contains 80 to 90 per cent. of carbon, 4 to 7 of water, with some earthy impurities. The anthracites of Pennsylvania contain 85 to 92 per cent. of carbon; those of South Wales, 88 to 95; of France, 80 to 83; of Saxony, 81; of Russia, sometimes 94 per cent. Anthracites differ much in hardness and readiness of combustion. The softer are called free-burning coals, and contain a trace of bitumen. Fossil Coak.-More compact than artificial coak, and some varieties contain considerable bitumen. From the Edgehill mines near Richmond, Va., according to Genth, who attributes its origin to the action of a trap eruption on bituminous coal. II. Bituminous Coal.-The proportion of bitumen is indefinite, varying from 10 to 60 per cent., and the coal is said to be Dry or Fat, according to the amount of bitumen. The coal is softer than anthracite, less highly lustrous, of a more purely black or brownish-black color, and the specific gravity varies between 1 14 and 15; 1-26 —1'37, Pennsylvania; 1-27, Newcastle, England; 1-199, Lancashire cannel; 1-27 —1-32, Scotland; 1 2-1-33, France; 1-271-'3, Belgium; Albert coal, HIillsboro, 1'129; Jet coal, Grayson Co., Ky., 1-166; ib. Breckenridge Co., Ky., 1'14-1-16. Of bituminous coal, there are several varieties. Pitch or caking coal, when heated, breaks into small pieces, which, on raising the heat, unite in a solid mass. Its color is velvet black, or grayish-black. Specific gravity, 1'269. It burns readily, with a yellow flame, but requires frequent stirring to prevent its caking, by which the ingress of air for combustion is prevented. Cherry coal resembles caking coal, but does not soften and cake, when heated. It is very frangible, and hence, in mining it, there is considerable waste. Near Birmingham, the loss in mining; including the pillars, amounts to two-thirds of the whole. It burns more rapidly than caking coal, with a clear yellow flame. Splint coal is a dry coal, harder than the cherry coal; it is a coarse kind of cannel coal. There are other varieties which are still less bituminous; the flint coal of En MINEERAL COAL. 27 gland is of this kind, and approaches anthracite; the flew coal of Wedgebury in Staffordshire is of a similar nature; and the crow coal of Cumberland at Alston Moor is almost without bitumen. Cannel coal has a dark grayish-black or brownish-black color, a fine compact texture, a large conchoidal fracture, and receives a good polish. It burns readily, without melting, with a clear yellow flame, and it has been used as a substitute for candles, whence its name. It abounds at Lesmahago, about twenty miles from Glasgo'w, also in different parts of Ayrshire, where it is made into inkstands, snuff-boxes, and other similar articles. The Albert coal of Nova Scotia has the appearance of asphaltum, and is partially soluble, (about 20 per cent.), but it has not the fusibility of asphaltum. It is the melanasphalt of Wetherill. The Jet Coal of Breckenridge and Grayson Cos., Kentucky, is like jet in compactness and beauty, and is worked with tools like Cannel Coal. Both this variety and the Albert Coal are strongly electrical when rubbed. Jet resembles cannel coal, but is blacker, and has a more brilliant lustre. It occurs in detached pieces in clay, on the coast near Whitby in Yorkshire, and at Ballard Point, and elsewhere. It is the Gagates of Dioscorides and Pliny, a name deridved from the river Gagas in Syria, near the mouth of which it was found. Brown coal is more recent in origin than the carboniferous era of geologists. It sometimes closely resembles common bituminous coal. Other varieties have a brownish-black color, bright coal-like lustre, with something of the texture of wood remaining; and often the form and fibre of the original tree is retained: this is called Lignite. Lignite burns with an empyreumatic odor. Brown coal occurs in beds, usually of small extent, and is seldom as pure from pyrites as the more ancient bituminous coal. There are, however, some workable mines. Professor W. R. Johnson obtained the following results in his analyses of coals: Vol. combus- Ash and Moisture. tible matter. Fixed carbon. clinkers. 1. Pennsylvania anthracites, 1-34 3-84 87 45 7'37 2. Maryland free-burning bituminous coal, 1-25 15'80 87301 9 74 3. Pennsylvania free-burning bituminous coal, 0'82 17 01 68'82 13 35 4. Virginia bituminous, 1'64 36-63 50'99 10'74 5. Cannelton, Indiana, bituminous, 2'20 33'99 58'44 4'97 The following are other analysis: 6-13, by B. Silliman, Jr.; 14, Frazer, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xi, 301). Vol. matter. Fixed carbon. Ash. 6. Grayson Co., Jet Cannel, 61-95 30'07 7-98-100'08 7. " " 65-59 27'22 7-27= 99-91 8. Breckenridge Co., Jet Cannel, 64-30 27 16 8'48= 99-93 9. Grayson Cannel, G.=1'371, 62'03 14'36 23'62-100'00 10. " bitum., 41 06 54-94 4'11-100'11 11. Albert Coal, 61'74 36'04 2'22-=100'00 12. Boghead Cannel, (Scotch,) 66'35 30'88 2'77=100'00. 13. Pittsburgh bitum., 32'95 64'72 2'31= 99'98 14. Cowlitz, Oregon, (Brown coal), 49-5 42'9 2'7, water 4'9-100 In the Albert coal, Prof. Booth found 59'75 per cent. of volatile matter, and Dr. Jackson 58'8 to 61'67 per cent. Dr. Wetherill obtained, (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. x, 353), Carbon 82'670, H 9'141, 0, N, 8'189-100; and he states that 4 parts were soluble in ether and 30 in turpentine. For the geological evidence distinguishing coal of the true carboniferous era, reference may be made to geological treatises. The beds of coal occur interstratified with clay slate, and sandstone, or grit rock, forming distinct layers, varying from a fraction of an inch to 30 feet or more in thickness. In the United States, the anthracites occur east of the Alleghany range, in rocks that have undergone great contortions and fracturings, while the bituminous are found farther west in rocks that have been less disturbed; and this fact and other observations have led some geologists to the view that the anthracites have lost their bitumen by the actioni of heat. Extensive beds of mineral coal occur in Great Britain, covering about one-tenth the whole area, or 11,859 square miles; in France; in Spain; in Belgium, covering one twenty-second the whole area, or 518 square miles; in Netherlands, Prussia, 28 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Bavaria, Austria, Northern Italy, Silesia, Spain, Russia on the south near the Azof. It is found in Asia, abundantly in China, in Persia in the Cabul territory, and in the Khorassan or Northern Persia, in Hindostan, north of the gulf of Cutch, in the province of Bengal (the Burdwan coal field) and Upper Assam, in Borneo, Labuan, Sumatra, several of the Philippines, Formosa, Japan, New South Wales and other parts of New Holland, New Zealand, Kerguelen's Land; in America, besides the United States, in Chili, at the Straits of Magellan, Northwest America on Vancouver's Island near the harbor of Camosack, at Bellingham Bay in Puget's Sound, at Melville Island in the Arctic seas, and in the British Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland. In the United States there are four extensive coal areas. One of these areas, the Apalachian coal field, commences on the north, in Pennsylvania and southeastern Ohio, and sweeping south over western Virginia and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, to the west of the Apalachians, or partly involved in their ridges, it continues to Alabama near Tuscaloosa, where a bed of coal has been opened. It has been estimated to cover 65,000 square miles. It embraces several isolated patches in the eastern half of Pennsylvania. The whole surface in Pennsylvania has been estimated at 15,437 square miles, or one-third the whole area of the State. A second coal area (the Illinois) lies adjoining the Mississippi, and covers the larger part of Illinois, the western part of Indiana, and a small northwest part of Kentucky; it is but little smaller than the preceding. -A third occupies a portion of Missouri and Iowa west of the Mississippi. The second and third are separated by only a narrow belt of silurian rock, and properly belong together as one; and the united area is half larger than that of the Apalachian coal field. A fourth covers the central portion of Michigan. Besides these, there is a smaller coal region (a fifth) in Rhode Island, which crops out across the north end of the island of Rhode Island, and appears to the northward as far as Mansfield, Massachusetts. Out of the borders of the United States, on the northeast, commences a sixth coal area, that of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, which covers, in connection with that of Newfoundland, 18,000 square miles, or 2-9ths the whole area of these Provinces. The mines of western Pennsylvania, commencing with those of the Blossburg basin, Tioga Co., those of the States west, and those of Cumberland or Frostburg, Maryland; Richmond or Chesterfield, Va., and other mines south, are bituminoZs. Those of eastern Pennsylvania, constituting several detached areas,-one the Schuylkill coal field, on the south, worked principally at Mauch Chunk on the Lehigh, and at Pottsville on the Schuylkill;:another, the Wyoming coal field, worked at Carbondale, in the Lackawanna region, and near Wyoming, besides others intermediate, those of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, and some patches in Virginia, are anthracites. Cannel coal is found near Greensburg, Beaver Co., Pa. in Kenawha Co., Va., at Peytona, etc.; also in Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana. In England, the principal coal fields are the Manchester of Lancashire and Cheshire; the Great Central of South Yorkshire, Nottingham, and Derby; that of South Wales, Glamorganshire, &c.; the Newcastle field of northern England. In Scotland, a range of beds extends across from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde; whole area 1650 square miles. In Ireland, the three are the Limeric fields about the mouth of the Shannon, the Kilkenny fields to the eastward, and those of Ulster on the north.* Mineral coal occurs in France, in small basins, 88 in number, and covering in all, according to Taylor, 1-117th of the whole surface. The most important are the basin of the Loire, between the Loire and the Rhone, and that of Valenciennes on the north, adjoining Belgium. In Belgium, it occupies a western and eastern division, the western in the provinces of Namur and Hainault, and the eastern extending over Liege. Coal beds more recent than the true coal era are sometimes worked. That of For full statistics with reference to coal and coal fields, reference may be made to the very complete work on coal by R. C. Taylor, 754 pp. 8vo. Philaedelphia, 1848. Also, for results of investigations into the values of different coals, to a Report to the Navy Department of the United States on American Coals applicable to Steam Navigation, and to other purposes, 600 pp. 8vo., Washington, 1844, and Am. Jour. Sci..xlix, 310; also to Memoirs Geol. Survey of Great Britain by De La Beche, vol. ii. Also, on Coals for making Gas, by A. Fyfe, Jameson's Jour. 1848, and Amer. Jour.:'i, [21, vii, 77, 157. GRAPHITE. 29 Richmond, Virginia, is supposed to be of the lias era; the coal of Brora, in Sutherland, and of Bovey, Yorkshire, are oolitic in age. Tertiary coal occurs on the Cowlitz, in Oregon, (anal. 14). Bituminous coal, Carboniferous in age, (See J. Hall, in Rep. of Stansbury's Exped. 1852, 401), occurs on the Rocky Mountains, according to Lieut. Abert, near the Raton Pass-lat. 37~ 15', long. 1040 35' —also according to Fremont, and probably of the same age, near lat. 41~O, long. 1110, on Muddy river. R. C. Taylor, in his extensive work on coal gives the following table showing the proportional areas of coal land in Europe and America, p. xv. Entire area Area of Proport'ns Relative each country. coal land. of coal to parts in COUNTRIE S q. miles Square their whole 1000 of English. miles. areas. coal areas. Great Britain, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, 120,290 11,859 1-10 64 Spain, [Asturias region], 177,781 3,408 1-52 18 France, [area of fixed concessions] in 1845, 203,736 1,719 1-118 9 Belgium conceded lands, 11,372 518 1-22 3 Pennsylvania, United States, 43,960 15,437 1-3 84 British Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland, 81,113 18,000 1-41 98 Prussian Dominions, 107,937 Austrian Prov. containing coal or lignite, 150,000 The United States of America, 2,280,000 1-17 The twelve principal coal-producing States, 565,283 133,132 1-4 724 184,073 1000 GRAPHITE. Black Lead. Plumbago. Carburet of iron. Hexagonal. In flat six-sided tables, (0, I), having the basal planes (0) striated parallel to the alternate edges. Cleavage: basal, perfect. Colmmonly in imbedded, foliated, or granular masses. I.= 1-2. G.=2'0891. Lustre metallic. Streak black and shining. Color iron-black —dark steel-gray. Opaque. Sectile; soils paper. Thin lamina3 flexible. Feel greasy. Composition. -Carbon and usually a variable quantity of iron, which is mechanically mixed with the carbon. The following are a few of the analyses: Scheele. Berthollet. Vauquelin. Saussure. Vanuxem. Prinsep. Carbon, 81 90 0 92 96 - 94-4 98-9 Iron, 10 9'0 8 4 oxyd 1-4 Oxygen, 97 - - - silica 2-6 alumina 1-2 Fuchs obtained from a graphite from Wunsiedel only 0'33 per cent, of ash, (J. f. pr. Ch. vii, 353). At a high temperature it burns without flame or smoke, leaving usually some red oxyd of iron. B.B. infusible, both alone and with reagents. Unaltered by acids. Graphite occurs in beds and imbedded masses, laminge, or scales, in granite, gneiss, mica slate, crystalline limestone, and gray-wacke, and is sometimes connected with deposits of coal; also met with in greenstoae. A fine variety of graphite occurs at Borrowdale in Cumberland, in nests in trap, which occurs in clay slate. In Glenstrathfarrar in Invernesshire, it forms nests in gneiss, and is associated with garnet. At Arendal in Norway, it is found in quartz. It occurs at Pargas in Finland, in various parts of Austria, Prussia, France. At Craigman in Ayrshire, it occurs in coal beds, which have been formed by contact with trap. Large quantities are brought from the East Indies. Graphite is disseminated in large masses forming veins in gneiss, at Sturbridge, Mass., where it presents a structure between scaly and fine granular, and an occasional approximation to distinct crystallizations; also at North Brookfield, Briml 30 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. field, and HIinsdale, Mass.; extensively in Cornwall, near the Housatonic, and in Ashford, Conn.; also in Brandon, Vt.; at Grenville, C. E., associated with sphene and tabular spar in granular limestone; in Wake, N. C.; on Tyger river, and at Spartenburgh near the Cowpens Furnace, S. C. Foliated masses of graphite occur near Ticonderoga, on Lake George, upon Roger's Rock, associated with pyroxene and sphene. Near Amity, Orange Co., N. Y., it is met with in white limestone, accompanying spinel, brucite, hornblende, &c.; at Rossie, St. Lawrence, Co., N. Y., with iron ore, and in gneiss; also in Bucks Co., Penn., three miles from Attleboro', associated with tabular spar, pyroxene, and scapolite; and one and a half miles from this locality, it occurs in abundance in syenite, at Mansell's black lead mine. There is a large deposit at St. John, New Brunswick. Graphite is used for pencils, crucibles, and for diminishing friction in heavy machinery, &c. In the United States, the mines of Sturbridge, Mass., of Ticonderoga and Fishkill, N. Y., of Brandon, Vt., and of Wake, N. C., are worked; and that of Ashford, Conn., formerly afforded a large amount of graphite. The name black lead, applied to this species, is inappropriate, as it contains no lead. The name graphite is derived from ypaqc, I write. Graphite has probably the same vegetable origin as mineral coal. Tremenheerite, Piddington, appears to be an impure variety of graphite, or it is between coal and graphite. It is scaly in structure, deep black, and highly metallic in lustre. It burns with great difficulty, reddening only at first, and is long in consuming. It afforded Piddington Carbon 85-70, water and sulphur 4-00, peroxyd of iron 2-50, earthy impurities, chiefly silica, 7-50, water and loss 0-30=100; the iron occurs as sulphuret. Tenasserimn, Rev. F. Mason, Maulmain, 1852, p. 52. II. COMBINATIONS WITH ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC GROUP. 1. Binary compounds. I. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with one another-Elements of the Arsenic Section of the Arsenic Group being combined with elements of the Sulphur Section. II. Compounds of Elements of the Arsenic Group with those of the Hydrogen Group. 2. Double Binary Comrnpounds. III. Compounds in which the persulphuret is a sulphuret of elements of the Hydrogen Group, as Iron, Cobalt, Nickel. IV. Compounds in which the persulphuret is a sulphuret of elements of the Arsenic Group. * Under this head, the Atomic weights of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth'are taken at half the value given in the table under Chemical Mineralogy, as it is in' this state that they approximate to Sulphur in the forms and relations of their compounds. SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 31 I. BINARY COM POU NDS. I. COMPOUNDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC GROUP WITH ONE ANOTHER. REALGAR GROUP. Composition RS. Crystallization Monoclinic. REALGAR, As S. ORPIMENT GROUP. Composition R2 S3. Crystallization Trinmetric. ORPIMENT, AS2 S3. BISMUTHINE, Bi2 S3. DIMORPHINE, STIBNITE, Sb2 S3. REALGAR. Red Orpiment or Ruby Sulphur, J. Red Sulphuret of Arsenic. Rothes Rauschgelb, W. Arsenic Sulfure Rouge, H. Risigallo. Arsenicum Sandaraca, Linsn. laviapaKnc, Theoph. Discor. Sandaraca, Plin. Vitr. Monoclinic. C=66~ 5', I: — 740 26' (Marignac, Sccachi) 0: ii =1380 21'; a: b: c=0-6755: 1: 06943. 0: 1=1040 12'.: i=1130 55'. i: 1 1330~1. 0: li=1390 38'. i2: i2=1130 6'. ii: 12=115 1'. Cleavage: ii, 0 rather perfect; I, ii in traces. Also granular, coarse or fine; compact. is - -12 268 00 — -G -- -- -- -- 68 a = 33i 24 2i 5 s i42 t I I i2 4 si4 si1 ii - I _ _ 1 12 14 ii Observed Planes. H.=1 5-2. G.-=34 —36. Lustre resinous. Color aurora-red or orange-yellow. Streak varying from orange-red to aurora-red. Transparent-translucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Sectile. Composition.-As S=Sulphur 29 91, arsenic 70'09=100. B.B. fuses readily, burns with a blue flame, and is dissipated in fumes of an alliaceous odor, with some sulphurous acid. Fine crystallizations of this species have been observed with ores of silver and lead, at Felsobanya in Upper Hungary, at Kapnik and Nagyag in Transylvania, at Joachimsthal in Bohemia, at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Andreasberg in the Hasrtz. At Tajowa in Hungary, it occurs in beds of clay; at St. Gothard it Switzerland, imbedded in dolomite; near Julamerk. in Koordistan; also in the Vesuvian lavas, in minute crystals. Strabo speaks of a mine of sandaraca (the ancient name of this species) at- Pompeiopolis in Paphlagonia. Realglar artificially prepared has long been used as a pigment. 32 D, ESCRIPTIVE ]IINERALOGY. ALTERED Foarrs.-Changes, on exposure, to Orpiment (As2 SS) and Arsenolite (As2 03), 6 of As S becoming 2 As2 S3, and 2 As being set free which changes to As2 Os or Arsenolite, (Volger). A black crust sometimes forms on Realgar, which is supposed by Volger to be a sulphuret containing less sulphur than Realgar. ORPIMENT. Yellow Sulphuret of Arsenic. Gelbes Rauschgelb, W. Rauschgelb, -aues. Operment. Auripigment, L. Arsenic Sulfur6 Jaune, H. Resigallum. Auripigmentum, Vitr. ApCeVLK6v, Dioseor. AppsvnKOv, Theoph. Arsenicum, PTin. Trimetric. I:1=1000 40', O: 1T-1260 30': ac: 6: c=1-3511: 1 1'2059. Observed planes as in the annexed fignre. 0': 1=1310 45'. vi:i2i (ov.it)-117'0 49'. 16: 16=830 30'. 0: 22=127~ 27'. 2: 22 (adj.)=940 20'.. 2: 2:2 (ov. 1)131o 36'. 269 Cleavage: 1i. highly perfect, is in traces. 14 longitudinally striated. Also massive, foliated, or columnar, sometimes reniform. 1.=15 -- 2. G.= 348, I-Iaiclinger: 3 4, Breithaupt. Lustre pearly upon the faces of perfect I ibf 21'i' cleavage; elsewhere resinous. Color several shades of lemon-yellow. Streak yellow, conmonly a little paler than the color. Subtrans* S S9> parent-subtranslucent. Sectile. Thin lamin e obtained by cleavage, flexible but not elastic. Composition. —As2 Ss=Sulphur 39 and arsenic 61. B.B. burns with a blue flame on charcoal, and emits fumes of sulphur and arsenic. Dissolves in nitromuriatic acid or ammonia. Orpiment in small crystals is imbedded in clay, at Tajowa, near Neusohl in Lower Hungary. It is usually in foliated and fibrous masses, and in this form is found at Kapnik in Transylvania, at Moldawa in the Bannat, and at Felsobanya in Upper Hungary, where it exists in metalliferous veins, associated with realgar and native arsenic; at I-Iall in the Tyrol it is found in gypsum; at St. Gothard in dolomite; at the Solfatara near Naples, it is the result of volcanic sublimation; in brown coal of Fohnsdorf, Styria. Near Julamerk in Koordistan, there is a large Turkish mine. Small traces are met with in Edenville, Orange Co., N. Y., on arsenical iron. The name orpiment is a corruption of its Latin name aurigmentum, "gollen paintb," which was so called in allusion to its color, and also because it was supposed to contain gold. It it used as a pigment, but is usually prepared artificially for that purpose. DIMORPHINE. Scacchi, Mem. Geol. sulla Campania, Napoli, 1849. Trimetric. Two types; (A) I: 1=980 6'; 0: 1T=127~ 50', a: b: c=1'2876:1: 1'1526; (B) common form, I: -=1000 32', 2710 A 270 B 0:1+= 12711',,a: b: c= 1'3262: 1:1203. Ob-,,*- served planes as in the 55 5- 5 annexed figures. J<+ 1B/ \ / ~ 0: lv=-1500 49/, 1: 15 \X 1i (over 0)=830 40', 41. 1 (ov. 1)= 111~ 10'. In B. O': 4,-=1210 61o SULPHURETS ARSENIURETSI ETC. 330; 0: =1510 7', 0: A =116~ 40', 4': Pi==112~ 45'. Cleavage, none. Crystals minute. H. =1'5. G.- 358. Lustre splendent adamantine. Color orange-yellow: powder saffron-yellow. Translucent and transparent. Fragile. Composition. — From imperfect trials by Scacchi, perhaps As4 S'=Sulphur 24 55,. Arsenic 75'45. Heated in a porcelain crucible with a spirit lamp, affords an agreeable odor and becomes red; with more heat becomes brown, gives off yellow fumes,. and evaporates, leaving no residue; with soda a garlic odor. Completely soluble in nitric acid. From a fumarole of the Solfatara, Phlegroean fields. Crystals not over half at millimeter in their longest direction. BISMUTHINE, Beud. Sulphuret of Bismuth. Wismuthglanz. Bismuth Sulphure', H.. Trimetric. I: J=910 30'. Observed planes I, iA, is, iZ, Brooke. Cleavage: brachydiagonal perfect; macrodiagonal less so; basal perfect. In acicular crystals. Also massive, with a foliated or fibrous structure. - H.=2-2'5. G.=6-4 —6549. Lustre metallic. Streak and color lead-gray, inclining to tin-white, with a yellowish or iridescent tarnish. Opaque. Sectile. Composition.-Bi2 SI =Sulphur 1854, bismuth 81'6;. isomorphous with Stibnite. Analyses: 1, H. Rose, (Gilb. Ann. lxxii, 192); 2, Wehrle, (Baumg. Zeits. x, 285); 3, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxv, 299); 4, Hubert, (Haid. Ber. iii, 401); 5, Rammelsberg, (5th Suppl., 261). S Bi 1. Riddarhyttan, 18-72 80-98=99'70, Rose. 2. Retzbanya, 18'28 80'96=99'24, Wehrle. 3. Gjellebik, 19'12 79'77, Fe 0'15, Cu 0'14=99'18, Scheerer; G. 6-403. 4. Orawitz, 1946 74'55, Fe 040, Cu 313, Au 053, Pb 226=100-33, Hubert. 5. Cornwall, 18'42 17800, Fe 1-04, Cu 2-42=99'88, Rammelsberg. Fuses in the flame of a candle. B.B., is volatilized, and covers the charcoal with yellow, throwing out small drops in a state of incandescence. Dissolves readily in hot nitric acid, and a white precipitate falls on diluting with water. Accompanies molybdenite and apatite in quartz, at Caldbeckfell in Cumberland, having a foliated structure; near Redruth; at Botellach near Land's End; at Johanngeorgenstadt, Altenberg, Schneeberg, in limestone; with cerium ore at Bastnis, Sweden. Shepard reports its occurrence with Chrysoberyl at Haddam, Ct. STIBNITE. Stibine, Beud. Antimony Glance. Sulphuret of Antimony, P. Gray Antimouny, AntimQnite, Haid. Grauspiessglaserz, Wt Grauspiessglanzerz, Haus. Antimonglanz. Antimoine Sulfur6, HE Stibium. rtlypt. Il)XarvoBaXFov. Leo. Ruber. Plumbum Nigrum, Tetr. Lupus Metallorum, AIchem. Trimetric. I: 1=90~ 45', 0: 1T=1340; a:: 6: c=1'0352: I 1'0132. 0: =154~ 7'. O: 1-=1340 23. I: 1 (mac.)=1090 16'. 0: 1=1240 31'. i2: 2 (mac.)1270~ 28'. 1: l(brach.)=108010'.. 0: 29'=1130 36'. 1t:' 1t (top) =880 47'. 1: 1 (bas.)=1100 58'0. 5 34 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 271 Lateral planes deeply - o - [ striated longitudinally. Cleavage: iz highly perfect. Often columnar, g coarse or fine; also -= _ —_ _- O _sere granular to impalpable. H-. -- 2. G._4'516) _ - 1 _ _laaiyi 4'62, 3iohs.Lustre metallic. Color and streak lead-gray, 3 — [lae incliningto steel-gray: Observed Planes. subject to blackish tarnish, sometimes iridescent. Fracture small subconchoidal. Sectile. Thin laminie a little flexible. Composition.-Sb S3=Sulphur 27'12, antimony 72'88. Analyses: 1, Bergman, (Chem. Opus. ii, 167); 2, J. Davy, (Phil. Trans. 1812, 196); 3, Thomson, (Min. i, 86); 4, Brandes, (Trommsdorff's N. J. iii, 252): Antimony, 74 74-06 7377'73.5 Sulphur, 26=-100,Berg. 25'94-100, D. 26'23=100, T. 26-5=100, Brandes. Fuses readily in the flame of a candle, coloring it greenish. B.B. on charcoal emits white fnmes and a strong sulphurous odor, and yields a white slag. When pure perfectly soluble in muriatic acid. Gray antimony occurs with spathic iron in beds, but generally in veins. It is often associated with blende, heavy spar, and quartz. It is met with in veins at Wolfsberg, in the Hartz, and at Posing, near Presberg in Hungary. Its most celebrated localities, however, are Felsobanya, Scbemnitz, and Kremnitz in Hungary, where it often occurs in diverging prisms, several inches long, accompanied by crystals of heavy spar and other mineral species. In Dulfriesshire it occurs fibrous and laminated; in Cornwall massive; and compact at Magurka in Hungary. Also abundant in Borneo. In the United States, it occurs at Carmel, Penobscot Co., Me., and at Cornish and Lyme, N. H.; also at "Soldier's Delight," Md. This ore affords nearly all the antimony of commerce. The crude antimony of the shops is obtained by simple fusion, which separates the accompanying rock. From this product most of the pharmaceutical preparations of antimony are made, and the pure metal extracted. This ore was employed by the ancients for coloring the hair, eyebrows, &c., to increase the apparent size of the eye; whence they called the ore 7rXarv6oOatpol,, from rXarvs, broad, and oqOaXpos, eye. According to Dioscoricdes, it was prepared for this purpose by enclosing it in a lump of dough, and then burning it in the coals till reduced to a cinder. It was then extinguished with milk and wine, and again placed upon coals and blown till ignition; after which the heat was discontinued, lest, as Pliny says, "plumbum fiat," it become lead. It hence appears that the metal antimony was occasionally seen by the ancients, though not distinguished from lead. ALTERED Foans. —Changes on exposure by partial oxydation to A ntimon.y Blende, (2 Sb' S'+Sb2 0'), and by further oxvdation to ITalentinite, (Sb2 03); Antimony Ochre, (Sb2 03-+Sb2 0'), and also Sb2 0(+5H, are other results of alteration. SULPHIURETS, AlSENIURETS, ETC. 35 II. BINARY COMPOUNDS OF THE ARSENIC GROUP WITH THE OTHER ELEMENTS. 1. Discrasite )Division. Composition ZR2 A.* 1. DIScnASITE GRouP.-C-omposition R2 Sb. Trimetric. 2. Gcena Divisioon. Composition R A. 1. GALENA GRouP. —Composition R (S, Se, Te). Mlonometric, holohedral. 2. BLENDE GROUP.-Composition ZR S. Mionometric, tetrahedral. 3. STROMEYERITE GROUr.-Composition R S. Trimetric. 4. PYRRHOTINE GRovP. —Composition R (S, Se), or R (As, Sb). Hexagonal. 3. Pyrites Division. Composition R A2. 1. PYIrTES GRoUP.-Composition R 52, or R, (As, Sb)2, or R, (S, As, Sb)2. Monometric. 2. MARCASITE GRouP.-Composition R S2, R (As, Sb)2, or R (S, As, Sb)2. Trimetric. 3. NAGYAGITE GRouP.-Composition ZR (Te, S)2. Dimetric. 4. COVELLNE GROP. — Composition R S2. Hexagonal. 4. Skutterudite DZivision. Composition R A3. 1. SKXUTTERUDITE Gnoup. Monoinetric. 1. DISCRASITE DIVISION. The Discrasite Group here included contains the species DISORASITE, (Ag2 Sb). DDOMEYxITE, which follows, may belong to a separate section, but is of somewhat uncertain constitution. DISCRASITE, Frobel. Antimonial Silver. Antimoniet of Silver. Spiesglas-Silber, W. Silber-Spiessglanz, HIaus. Antimon-silber, I. Argent Antimonial, H. Trimetric. 1: I=119~ 59'; 0:1; 1300 41'; a: b: c —-11633: 1: 1'7315. 0: 1=1460 7'. 0: 1- = 146~0 6'. 1: (brach.)=920. O: 1=1260 40'. 0:26 = 1260~ 392/. i2" 2= 98~ 13'. 0: 13=1420 12/. 1: 1 (mac.) 132~ 42'. i' i -=120~ 1'. ~ A is put for any element of the Arsenic Group. We repeat that the halved atomic weights of As, Sb, Bi are here adopted, as well as beyond. R S' and R As2, or R S and R As, are then approximately isomorphous. 36 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Cleavage: basal distinct; 1' also diso tinct; Iimperfect. Twins: stellate forms i- -I Iand hexagonal prismns. Also massive, granular; particles of various sizes, weakly coherent. 21 H.=3-5-4. G.=9-44-9-8; 914406,. Haiiy. Lustre 3metallic. Colorand streak silver white, inclining to tin-white; someOsered Planes. times tarnished yellow or blacish. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Composition. —Ag2 Sb=Antimony 23, silver 77=100. Also Ag3 Sb=Antimony 16'6, silver 83'4. Analyses: 1, 2, 5, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 298, iii, 173); 3, Vauquelin, (Haiiy's Min. iii, 392); 4, Abich, (Crell's Ann. 1798, ii, 3): 1. Wolfach, coarsegranular, Antimony 24' Silver 76=100, Klaproth. 2. Andreasberg foliated granular, 23-''7=100, Klaproth. 3. " 22' 78=100, Vauquelin. 4. " 24'25'7525=99'5, Abich. 5. Wolfach, fine granular, 16' 84=100, Klaproth. B.B. fumes of antimony are given off, and a gray metallic globule, which is not malleable, is left. By continuing the heat, on charcoal, silver is obtained. Soluble in nitric acid, leaving oxyd of antimony. Occurs in veins at Altwolfach in Baden, Wittichen in Suabia, and at Andreasberg in the Hartz, associated with several ores of silver, native arsenic, and galena, and other species; also at Allemont in I)auphine, Casalla in Spain, and near Coquimbo, S. A. If less rare, this would be a valuable ore of silver. Named from igs, two-fold, KpauLg, mixture. ARSENIC SILVER, (Arseniksilber) from Andreasberg, is shown to be a mixture of mispickel, arsenical iron, and discrasite, (Pogg. lxxvii, 262). DOMEYKITE, Haid. Arsenical Copper. Cuivre Arsenical, Duf. Weisskupfererz, W. Arsenikkupfer. Condurrite, Faraday. Reniform and botryoidal; also massive and disseminated. H.=3 —3'5. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, a slightly yellowish or iridescent tarnish. Fracture uneven. Also black and soft, soiling the fingers (Condurrite) when impure. Composition. —Pu3 As2=Arsenic 28'3, copper'71'7. Analyses: 1, 2, Domeyko, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], iii, 5); 3, 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxi, 305); 5, Blythe, (J. of Chem. Soc. i, 213): 1. Calabazo, Chili, As 28'36 Cu 71'64=100, Domeyko. 2. Copiapo, " 2329 70'70 Fe 0'52 S 3'87=98'38, Domeyko. 3. Cornwall, Condurrite, 18-70'7051 0'66, Rammelsberg. 4. " " 1'784'7002 gangue 1'07, Rammelsberg. 5. " " 19'51 60-21 0-25, S 2'33, 11 2-41, C 1'62, IH 0-44, N 0-06, O 13'17-=100, Blythe. The Condur'rite is a mixture of the Domeykite with red copper ore, and arsenous acid, or arsenite of copper. Rammelsberg treated one specimen with muriatic acid, and analyzed the soluble and insoluble portions separately, obtaining 1. Soluble, As 13'89, Cu 12'81, S 2'20, Xs 3'70, u 62-29, t 5.33, gangue 0 70=101 42. 2. Insollble, 13'89 4'16, Sulphuret of Copper 10-85. SULPHURETS, ARSENTUIRETS, ETC. 37 Kobell, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxix, 204), with the same treatment of alnother specimen, found the composition of the soluble part,;s 8-03, -u'7900, Fe 3-47, II 9-50=100; and the insoluble, consisted of arsenic and some sulphuret of copper in grains. Blythe concludes, as a mean of many analyses, that the arseniuret of copper contained in Condurrite consists of Arsenic 28'85, copper 71'15, which corresponds with the Domeykite. Faraday's analysis (Phil. Mag. 1827, 286) leads to the same result, or Arsenic 29-88, copper 70-11. B.B. fuses easily, with the odor of arsenic. Not dissolved in muriatic acid. The Condurrite affords in a tube fumes of arsenous acid and water, and with soda and borax yields a globule of copper. From the Calabazo mine near Coquimbo, and also from Antonio mine, Copiapo, Chili; also from the Condurrow mine near H-Ielstone, and according to Lettsom, the IIuel Druid mine at Camrn Brae, near Redruth, Cornwall. 2. GALENA DIVISION. 1. GALENA GROUP. —Monometric, holohedral. SILVER GLANCE, Ag S. CLAUSTHALITE, Pb Se. EnUBEscITE, (Fe, Mu) S. TILKERODITE, (Pb, Co) Se. GALENA, Pb S. NAUAMANNITE, Ag Se. CUPROPLUMBITE, (Cu, Pb) S.?BERZELIANITE, Cu1 Se. MIANGANBLENDE, Mn S.?EUCAIRITE, (Cu, Ag) Se. SYEPOORITE, CO S.?HEiSSITE, Ag Se. ScIIEEoREITE, (- Ni+[ Fe) S. ALTAITE, Pb Te. 2. BLENDE GROUP.-Monometric, tetrahedral. BLENDE, Zn S, or (Zn, Fe, Cd) S. 3. STROMEYERITE GROUP.-Trimetric. COPPER GLANCE, Cu S. STROMEYERITE, (-Cu, Ag) S. 4. PYRRHOTINE GROUP.-Hexagonal. CINNABAR, Hg S.?ONOFRITE, Hg (S, Se). MILLERITE, Ni S. CoPPER NICKEL, R (As, Sb). PYRREOTINE, Fe S [+- Fe2 S']. BREITHAUPTITE, Ni Sb. GREENOCKITE, Cd S.?KANEITE, Mn As. SILVER GLANGE. Argyrose, Beud. Vitreous Silver. Sulphuret of Silver. Glaserz, Haus. Silberglanz, L. Argent Sulfur6, H. Argentite, Haid. MIonometric. Observed planes O, 1, 2, 22. Figs. 1, 11, 14 to 19, 37, 38, 39, 47. Cleavage: dodecahedral in traces. Also reticulated, arborescent, and filiform; also amorphous. H.=2- 2'5. G.=7'196-7'365. Lustre metallic. Streak and color blackish lead-gray; streak shining. Opaque. Fracture small subconchoidal, uneven. Composition.-Ag S=Sulphur, 12'9, silver 87-1=100. Analysis by Klaproth, (Beit. i, 158), Sulphur 15, silver 85=100. 38 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. B.B. intumesces, and on charcoal soon affords a globule of silver. Soluble in dilute nitric acid, sulphur being deposited. This important ore of silver occurs in Europe, principally at Annaberg, Joachimstahl, and other mines of the Erzgebirge, at Schemnitz and Kremnitz in Hungary, and at Freiberg. At the last place it accompanies other silver ores, in veins traversing gneiss. It is abundant also in Mexico and Peru. Found also in Cornwall. A mass of sulphuret of silver is stated by Troost to have been found in Sparta, Tennessee; it also occurs with native silver and copper in Northern Michigan. A silver ore not yet analyzed, occurs, according to Jackson, with gray antimony, at Cornish, N. H. A " silver ore " from Prince's mine, on the north shore of Lake Superior, fifteen miles west of Sturgeon Bay, afforded E. L. Seymour S 1-78, Ag 2'58, Zn 3'15, Cu 0'81, Pb 0'26, Fe 0'13, Au 0-02, gangue or rock 91'27=-100. The average of three assays gave 4 per cent. of silver. Sulphuret of silver is said to occur at this mine with gray copper, vitreous copper, and argentiferous copper. ERUBESCITE. Bornite, Haid. Variegated Copper. Purple Copper, P. Livercolored Copper Ore. Pllillipsite, Duf. Buntkupfererz, W. and L. Bunter Kupferkies, Hlaus. Cuivre Pyriteux Hepatique, H. Monometric. Observed planes O, I, 1, 22. Fig. 1, 11, 14, 38, 43. Cleavage: octahedral in traces. Twins: f. 200. Imperfect crystallizations, structure granular, strongly connected. H.=3. G.= 4'4 —5-003. Lustre metallic. Color between copper-red and pinchbeck-browvn; speedily tarnishes. Streak pale grayish-black, and slightly shining. Fracture small conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Composition.-Fe S~+2euS or (Fe, Cu) S, Berzelius=Sulphur 23'7, copper 62'5, iron 13'8. 3Cu S+-Fe2S3, Raalm.-Sulphur 28-1, copper 55'5, iron 16'4, but mixed often with copper glance. Analyses: 1, 2, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], iii, 48, vii, 540, 556); 3, Phillips, (Ann. Phil. 1822, 297;) 4, Brandes, (Schw. J. xxii, 354); 5-9, Plattner, (Pogg. xlvii, 351); 10, Varrentrapp, (ib); 11, Hisinger, (Afh. i Fys. iv, 362); 12, Chodnew, (Pogg. lxi, 395;) 13, Bodemann, (Pogg. Iv, 115); 14, Staaf, (Ofv. K. V. Ak. Forh. 1848, 66); 15-18, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 61); D. Forbes, (Jameson's J. i, 2'78). S Cu Fe 1. Montecastelli, Tuscany, 21'4 67-2 6'8, gangue 4'0=99'4, Berthier. 2. St. Pancrasse, 22-8 59'2 13'0, gangue 5'0=100, Beithier. 3. Ross I., L. Killarney, 23'75 61'07 14'0, quartz 0'5=99 32,Phillips. 4. Siberia, 21'65 61-63 12'75, " 3'5=99'53, Brandes. 5. Sangerhausen, massive, 22-58 71-00 641-=99'99, Plattner. 6. Eisleben, massive, 22'65 69'73 7'54=99'91, Plattner. 7. Woitzki, White Sea, mass., 25'06 63-03 11-56-99-65, Plattner. 8. Condurra M., Cornw. cryst., 28'24 56'76 14'84=99'84, Plattner. 9. Dalarne, massive, 25'80 56'10 17-36, Si 0'12=99'39, Plattner. 10. " 26'98 58-20 14-85-100'03, Varrentrapp. 11. Vestanforss, Westmannland, 24'70 63'33 11'80-99'83, Hisinger. 12. Redruth, cryst., 26'84 57'89 14-94, gangue 004=99 71, Chodnew. 13. Bristol, Ct., massive, 25'70 62'75 11-64, quartz 0'04=100'13, Bodemn. 14. Westmannland, - 60'56 10'24, gangue 4-09=99-11, Staaf. 15. Mt. Catini, 24'93 55-88 18'03=98'84, Bechi. 16. " 23'36 59'47 13-87, gangue 0'75 3e 1.50=98'95, B. 17. Miemo, 23'98 60-16 15'09=99'23, Bechi. 18. Ferriccio, 24-70 60'01 15'89=100'60,.Bechi. 19. Espedal, Norway, 24-49 59l71 11'12, Mn 0'1, Si 3'83=99-15, Forbes -G.=-4432. B.B. blackens and becomes red on cooling; at a higher temperature fuses to a globule, attracted by the magnet. Mostly dissolved by nitric acid. Occurs with other copper ores. Crystalline varieties are found in Cornwall, and SULPmURETS, ARSENURETS, ETC. 39 mostly in the mines of Tincroft and Dolcoath near Redruth, where it is called by the miners " horse-flesh-ore." Other foreign localities of massive varieties are at Ross Island in Killarney, in Ireland, in cupriferous shale in the Mansfeld district, Germany, and in Norway, Siberia, Silesia, and the Bannat. Massive varieties of erubescite are found in the United States at Mahoopeny, near Wilkesbarre, Penn., and in other parts of the same State, in cupriferous shale, associated in small quantities with vitreous copper; also in granite at Chesterfield, Mass., also in New Jersey. At the copper mine Bristol, Conn., it is abundant, and occurs in fine crystallizations, (f. 1, 14, 43, and 43 with planes 0). At Cheshire, it is met with in cubes, along with heavy spar, malachite, and vitreous copper. This species is a valuable ore of copper. Its name alludes to its liability to tarnish, thus receiving a reddish hue. GALENA. Sulphuret of Lead. Blue Lead. Bleiglanz. Blau-Bleierz, WV. Plomb Sulfure, H. Monometric. Figs. 1, 11, 14 to 19, 47 with planes 1. Cleavage, cubic, perfect and easily obtained. Twins, like f. 200; the same 272 272 A 3I I 3 3 _ 22 2 Blu Z 0 i0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 22 Observed Planes. kind of composition repeated, (f. 272A), flattened parallel to 1. Also reticulated, tabular, and coarse or fine granular, sometimes impalpable; occasionally fibrous. H.=25 -2'75. G.=7'25 —7'7. Lustre metallic. Color and streak pure lead-gray. Surface of crystals occasionally tarnished. Fracture flat subconchoidal, or even. Frangible. C7omposition. —Pb S=Sulphur,3'4, lead 86-6; contains also at times some selenium, (ore from Fahlun, Berz.), zinc or sulphuret of zinc, silver, antimony, copper: and platinum is reported to have been found in a galena from the Department of Charente, France. Analyses: 1, Thomson, (Phil. Jour. 1829, 256); 2, 3, Lerch, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. xlv, 325): 1. Durham, S 13-02 Pb 85'13 Fe 0'50=98'65, Thomson. 2. Przibram, G.==7252, 14'41 81'80 Zn 3 59=99'80, L. Pb S to Zn S as 6: 1. 3. " G.='7324, 14-18 83'61 2 18=99 97, L. Pb S to Zn S as 12: 1. The silver present is detected easily by cupellation. The galena of the IHartz affords'03 to'05 per cent. of silver; the English'02 to'03; that of Leadhills, Scotland,'03 to'06; of Monroe, Ct., 3 per cent.; Eaton, N. IH., 0-1, C. T. Jackson; Shelburne, N. H., 0'15; Arkansas,'003 to'05. Silliman, Jr., 44-71 oz. to the ton, Mather; Middletown, Ct., 40-70 oz. to the ton. The following from Tuscany, contain antimony and silver, (C. Bechi, Am. Jour., Sci. [2], xiv, 60): S Pb Sb Fe Cu Zn Ag 1. Bottino, 12-840 80-700 3'307 1'377 0'440 0'024 0'325= 990.13 2. " 15'245 78'238 4'431 1'828 trace. 0 485-100 227 3. " 15-503 /8'284 2'452 2811 - - 0'560 —= 99610 4. Argentiera, 16'780 72'440 4'308 1'855 4'251 - 0650=100'289 5. " 1662 72'90 5-77 1'77 1 11 1 33 0'72 -= 9822 40 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY No. 5 is the Jargionite of M. Bechi; it is near the Bleischweif of the Germans, and may be identical with Steinmannite; it occurs in octahedrons; G.=6-932. B.B. on charcoal decrepitates unless heated with caution, fuses, gives off sulphur, and at last affords a globule of pure lead. Galena occurs in beds and veins, both in crystalline and uncrystalline rocks. It is often associated with blende, iron, and copper pyrites, the carbonate and other lead ores, and occurs in a gangue of heavy spar, calc spar or quartz. At Freiberg in Saxony, it occupies veins in gneiss; in Spain in the granite hills of Linares, and also in Catalonia, Grenada, and elsewhere; at Clausthal and Neudorf in the Hartz, and at Przibram in Bohemia, it forms veins in clay slate; in Styria it occurs in the same kind of rock in beds; at Sala in Sweden, it forms veins in granular limestone; through the gray-wacke of Leadhills and the killas of Cornwall, are disseminated veins of this ore; and in mountain limestone occur the rich repositories of Derbyshire, Cumberland, and the northern districts of England, as also those of Bleiberg, and the neighboring localities of Carinthia. In the Isle of Man, cubes 12 inches across occur. In the English mines it is associated with calcareous spar, pearl spar, fluor spar, heavy spar, witherite, calamine, and blende. Other localities are Joachimstahl, where it is worked principally for the silver; in Bohemia southwest of Prague; in the Daouria mountains, Siberia; in Algeria; near Cape of Good Hope; in Australia. Extensive deposits of this ore in the United States exist in Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The ore occurs in what has been called "cliff" limestone, associated with blende, calamine, (" dry-bone" of the miners), carbonate and sulphate of lime, pyrites, and often an ore of copper and cobalt. The mines of Missouri were discovered in 1720, by Francis Renault and M. la Motte; they are situated in the counties of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. The lead region of Wisconsin, according to I. D. Owen, comprises 62 townships in Wisconsin, 8 in Iowa, and 10 in Illinois, being 87 miles from east to west, and 54 miles from north to south. Throughout this region there is scarcely a square mile in which traces of lead may not be found. The occurrence of cale spar in the soil, or sink holes in lines, are considered indications of lead. The diggings seldom exceed 25 or 30 feet in depth. From a single spot, not exceeding 50 yards square, 3,000,000 lbs. of ore have been raised. The mines of the Upper Mississippi afforded in 184'7 about 77,000 pigs of 70 pounds, and in 1850, 570,000; those of Missouri 125,000 to 150,000 pigs. Galena occurs also at Cave-in-Rock, in Illinois, associated with fluor spar. Veins at Rossie, in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., traverse, nearly perpendicularly, the gneiss of the region, and vary from one to three or four feet in width. Crystals often very large, (like f. 272, without i). It occurs with calcite, iron and copper pyrites, and some blende and celestine. Near Wurtzboro, Sullivan Co., a large vein occurs in millstone grit; it is associated with blende, iron and copper pyrites. The Ancram lead mines, Columbia Co., have afforded considerable lead. In Maine, veins of considerable extent exist at Lubec, where the ore is associated with copper pyrites and blende; also less extensively at Blue Hill Bay, Bingham, and Parsonsfield; in New Iampshire at Eaton, with blende and copper pyrites, and also at Haverhill, Bath, and Tamworth; in Vermont at Thetford; in Connecticut at Middletown, in a vein in argillite, massive and crystalline. Southampton,'Leverett, and Sterling, Mass., afford small quantities of galena; also Austin's mines in Wythe Co., Walton's gold mine in Louisa Co., and other places in Virginia; at Brown's Creek, and at Haysboro, near Nashville, it occurs with blende and heavy spar; in the region of Chocolate river and elsewhere, and Lake Superior copper districts. Argentiferous galena occurs at Monroe and Middletown, Ct.; Bath, IHaverhill, Eaton, Shelburne, and other places in New Hampshire, (C. T. Jackson). Galena in cubes is sometimes a furnace product, (Hausmann). ALTERED FORmS. Minium, anglesite, cerusite, pyromorphite, wulfenite, gray copper, dialogite, quartz, limonite, pyrites, calamine, occur as pseudomorphs after galena, partly from alteration and partly through removal and substitution. A change to the carbonate (cerusite) with the setting free of sulphur, is the most common. The supersulp-huretted lead of Johnston is galena mixed with free sulphur. He obtained Pb S 90-38, S 8'71. SUtLPHItR1ETS ARSENIURETS, ETC. 41 STEINMANNITE, Zippe. Described as occuring at Przibram in octahedrons with cubic cleavage and massive; H.=2-5; G.=6'833, Zippe; color lead gray. On charcoal gives fumes of sulphurous acid and antimony, and finally a globule of lead containing some silver. CUPROPLUMBITE, Breit. Kupferbleiglanz. Tesseral. Occurs massive granular; cleavage cubic. H. =25. G.=6'408-6-428. Lustre metallic. Color blackish lead-gray. Streak black. Rather sectile and brittle. Composition. — nuS+2PbS, or (4Vu, Pb) S=Sulphur 15-1, lead 6560 copper 19 9. Analysis by Plattner, (Pogg. lxi, 671): S (loss) 15-1 Pb 64-9 Cu 19'5 Silver 0'5=100. B.B. on charcoal surrounds the assay with an areola of oxyd of lead and sulphate of lead; with soda affords a globule of metal. In an open tube fuses and gives off sulphurous fumes. From Chili. MANGA.NBLENDE, B reit. Sulphuret of Manganese, P. Alabandine, Bend. Schwarzerz, Haus. Manganglanz, L. Mangan6se Sulfur6, H. Monometric. I cubes andl octahledrons. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Usually granularly massive. H. S-. G.=3-955 —401.4. Lustre submetallic. Color iron-black, tarnished ibrown on exposure. Streak green. Fracture uneven. Composition.-MnS=Sulphur 36 7, manganese 6383. Analysis by Arfvedson, (K. V. Ac. H. 1822): Sulphur 37 90, Manganese 62'10=100. A specimen from Siebenburg afforded Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 35), Min 82, S 11, C 598; and in another Vauquelin found, Mn 85, S 15=100. In one. from Mexico, Del Rio found, S 39'0, Mn 54'5, Si 6'5=100. B.B. on charcoal fuses on the thinnest edges. When pulverized and thrown into mnuriatic acid, or dilute sulphuric acid, sulphuretted hydrogen is evolved. Manganblende occurs in veins in the gold mines of Nagyag in Tra'.sylvania, aasociated with tellurium, carbonate of manganese, and quartz. SYEPOORITE, Nicol. Snlphtret of Cobalt. Kobaltsulfuiret, Racmv, Graueobalterz. Massive, disseminated in grains or veins. G.=5-45. Color steel-gray, inclining to yellow. comleposition.-Co S=Sulphur 35'2, cobalt 64'8. Analysis by Middleton, (Phil. Mag. [3], xxviii, 352): Sulphur 35'36, Cobalt 64'64=100. From Syepoor, near Rajpootanah in North West India, where it occurs in ancient schists with magnetic pyrites. It is employed by the Indian jewelers to give a rose color to gold. 42 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. SULPHIURET OF IRON AND NICKEL. Eisennickelkies, Scheerer. Monometric. Cleavage octahedral. Massive, granular. H.=3'5 —4. G.:=46. Color light bronze yellow. Streak light bronze brown. Not magnetic. Comnposition.-( Ni+2-, Fe) S-Sulphur 36'0, iron 41'9, nickel 22'1=100. Analysis by Secheerer, (Pogg. lviii, 315): Sulphur 36-86, Iron 40-86, Nickel 22'28. Occurs with copper pyrites in a hornblende rock near Lillehammer in Southern Norway. The ore is valuable for the extraction of nickel, this metal being now in great demand. An impure variety, slightly mixed with magnetite, is found at Inverary, in Argyleshire, Scotland. CLAUSTHALITE. Seleniuret of Lead. Seleniet of Lead. Selenblei. Plomb Seleniur6, Levy. Tilkerodite, Haid. Raphanosmite, Kob. Zorgite, B. and M. Monometric. Occurs commonly in fine granular masses; some specimens foliated. Cleavage cubic. H.=2'5 —3. G.=7 —8' 8. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray, somewhat bluish; cupreous varieties yellowish. Streak darker, Opaque. Fracture granular and shining. Rather sectile. Gomnposition.-Pb Se=Seleniumn 27'6, lead'724, with part of the lead often replaced by silver. Analyses: 1, -H. Rose, (Pogg. ii, 415, iii, 281); 2, Stromeyer, (Pogg. ii, 403); 3, Rammelsberg, (2d Supp. 127); 4, 5, 6, 1. Rose, (Pogg. iii, 288); 7, 8, Kersten, (Pogg. xlvi, 265): 1. Tilkerode, 27'59'7181, Rose. 2. Clausthal, 28'11 70'98 Co 0'83=99'92, Stromeyer. 3. Tilkerode, 26'52 60-15 Ag 11'67=-98'34, RammLnelsberg. 4. Clausthal, (selenkobaltblei), 31-42 63-92 Co 3-14, Fe 0-45=98 93, Rose. [R. 5. Tilkerode, (selenbleikupfer), 34'26 47'43 Cu 1515 Ag 1'29 Ve and Pb 208-100-51, 6. " (selenzkcuferblei), 29'96 59'67'786 Fe 0'33, Fe and Pb 0'44, iundeconisp. 1'00=99'26, Rose. 7. Glasbach, " 30-00 53'74 8'02, Ag 005 Fe 2'00, S trace, quartz 4'5-98'31, Kersten. 8. " " 29'35 63'82 4'00 0'07, Fc and S trace, quartz 206 —99'35, Kersten. In No. 3 part of the lead is replaced by silver=(Pb, Ag) Se. Nos. 5 to 8 contain copper, and may be distinct species as they have been considered; but it may be more correct to view them as varieties of Clausthlalite, in which copper replaces part of the lead. No. 4 is Tilkerodite, I-laid.; 5, 6, caaphanosinite, Kobell; 4, 5, 6, are called Zorgile by Brooke and Miller. No. 5 gives the formula, Pb Se —Cu Se; G.=5'6. Nos. 6, 7=2 Pb Se+Cu Sc; G.=6-9 —7'04, No. 8 —4 Pb Se+CuL Se; G.=7-4 —7 45. Color dark lead-gray; powder grayish black. No. 4 corresponds to 6 Pb Se+Co Se2. B.B. in addition to the usual phenomena arising firom tile presence of lead, it gives off the odor of horseradish, and deposits on the chllarcoal a reddish brown substance. Heated in a glass tube closed at one end, the selenium almost immediately sublimes, forming a red ring within the tube, and on heating the tube to redness, the ore fuses anid the red ring partially cisappears, and a white crystalline deposit remains. The ores containing copper, give a copper reaction. Clausthalite much resembles a granular galena; but its color is somewhat peculiar in its slight tinge of blue, It occurs massive in a vein of bem1it::;le, nearl larz SULPI1:URETs,.ASENIU:RETS,;Trc. 43 gerode in the Hartz, at Clausthal, Tilkerode, Zorge, and Lehrbach } and at Reinsberg near Freiberg, in Saxony. LEIRBACHITE, B and M. —Selenid of Mercury and Lead, (Selenquecksilberblei). From Tilkerode and Lehrbach, and may be a mechanical mixture of Clausthalite and Selenid of Mercury. It is described as having the structure and color of Clausthalite. G.=-73. Analyses by RIose: Se 24-97 Pb 55'84 Hg 16'94=971'5.'27 98 27 33 4-469=100. B.B. gives the odor of selenium andcl affords mercury with soda. NAUMANNITE, Tictid. Selensilber, Rose. Silberphyllinglanz, Breit. Mlonionetric; in cubes. Cleavage: cubid, perfbct. Also mnassive, granular, and in thin plates. H. —25. G. 8'0. Lustre metallic, splendent. Color and streak iron-black. Coqmposition.-Ag Se —Seleniuml 26'8, silver 75'2. Analysis by G. Rose, (Pogg. xiv, 4'71): Selenium 29'53, Silver 65'56, Lead 4'91=10.0. B..B. on charcoal it melts easily in the outer flame; in the inner, with some intumescence. With soda and borax it yields a bead of silver. Occurs at Tilkerode in the Hartz. According to Del Rio, another selenid of silver occurs at Tasco in Mexico, crystallized in hexagonal tables. The Silbeiph/yllinglazz, according to Plattner, is a mixture of selensilver and selenmolybdena, containing a little gold. 1.-=1-2. G.-=5 8-59. Color dark gray. Foliated, with one perfect cleavage. From Deutsch-Pilsen, Hungary, in gneiss. BERZELIANITE. Selenid of Copper. Seleniuret of Copper. Selenkupfer, AM. Cuivre Sel6ni6, H. Berzeline, Beud. In thin dleldritic crusts. Soft. Lustre metallic. Color silverwhite. Streak shining.,omjposittiom.-u1 Se-Selenium 38'4, copper 61 6. Analysis by Berzelius, (Afhandl. vi, 42): Selenium 40, Copper 64. B.B. the odor of selenium and fuses to a gray bead. With soda slowly reduced. Occurs at Skrikerum in Sweden, and also near Lehrbach in the Hartz. Beudant gave the name Berzeline to this species, which, as it has other applications in the science, we have changed to another form, as above. EUCAIR ITE, Berz. Seleniuret of Silver and Copper, P. Argentiferous Seleniet of Copper. Selenkupfersilber. Cuivre S616ni6 Argental, H. Eukairit. Massive; in black metallic films, staining the calcareous spar in which it is contained. Soft; easily cut by the knife. Lustre metallic. Color between silver-white and lead-gray. Streak shining. Comosition.-ul Se+Ag Se-(Gu, Ag) Se-Selenium 816, copper 25'3, silver 43-1. Anallysis by Berzelius, (Afhandl. vi, 42): Selenium 26'00, Copper, 23'05, Silver 38'93, gangue 8'90-96'88. 44 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. B.B. gives copious fumes of selenium, and on charcoal fuses readily to a gray metallic globule, leaving a bead of selenid of silver. With borax, a copper reaction. Dissolves in boiling nitric acid. It has been found only in small quantities in the Skrikerum copper mine in Smnaoland, Sweden, in a kind of rock, imbedded in calcareous spar. It was discovered and analyzed by Berzelius, and named from tv and Kaipos, opportunely, because the mineral was found soon after the discovery of the metal selenium. HESSITE, Frobel. Telluric Silver. Petzite, Haid. Bitellulet of Silver, Thomson. Tellursilber of the Germnans. Monometric? In coarse-grained masses, andl granular. H. =2 -35. G.=8'3 -8'9. Lustre metallic. Color between lead-gray and steel-gray. Slightly malleable. Composition. —Ag Te=Telluriun 37-2, silver 62 8 Analyses: 1, 2, G. Rose, (Pogg. xviii, 64); 3, 4, Petz, (Pogg. lvii, 467); 5, Raimmelsberg, (4th Supp. 220): 1. Savodinsky, Altai, Te 36'96 Ag 62'42 Fe 0'24=99'62, Rose. 2. ". 36'89 62'32 0'50=99 71. Rose. 3. NTagyag, G.=8'31 —8'45, 37-76 61-55, Au 0-69, Fe, Pb, S, trace=100, Petz. 4. G.=8'72 —8'83, 34'98 46 76 18-26 " =100, Petz. a. Retzbanya, 2'7 96 54-67, Foreign substances 15'25=97'88, Ramem. No. 4 is the Petzite of Haidinger, (Tellurgoldsilber of IIausmann); owing to the gold, the specific gravity is high. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a black globule, which on cooling, after the action of the reducing flame, presents points or dendrites of silver on its surface. When heated in a glass tube it melts and gives a yellow color to the glass. Fused with carbonate of soda a globule of pure silver is obtained. It occurs in the nmine of Savodinski, about forty wersts from the rich silver mine of Sirdnowski, in Siberia, in a talcose rock, with iron pyrites, black blende, and copper pyrites. Specimens in the museum of Barnaul, on the Ob, are a cubic foot in size. ALTAITE, Hcaid. T'ellurid of Lead. Tellurblei. Monomletric. -Usually massive; rarely in cubes. Cleavage: cubic. H.=3 —35 G.= —8'159. Lustre metallic. Color tin-white, resembling that of native antimony, with a yellow tarnish. Sectile. Comlposition. —Pb Te=Tellurium 38'3, lead 61-7. Analysis by G. Rose, (Pogg. xviiii, 68): Tellurium 38-37, Silver 1'28, Lead 60-35. BB. volatilizes in the reducing flame, excepting a minute bead of silver. Colors the flame blue. Soluble in nitric acid. Occurs at Savodinsky, near Barnaoul, in the Altai, with telluric silver. GRUNAUITE, Nicol. Saynite, Kobell. Bismuth Nickel. Nickelwismuthglanz. Mlonometric. Figs. 1l, 15, 16. Cleavage octahedral. H.=4'5. G.=5'13. Lustre metallic. Color light steel-gray to silver-white, often yellowish or grayish through tarnish. Brittle. Compositiont.-Analyses: 1, Kobell, (J, f. pr. Chem, vi, 332): 2, 3, Schnabel, (Ramm. 4th Suppl. 164): SULPHURETS, ARSENIURET$ ) ETC. 4O S Bi Ni Fe Co Cu Pb 1. 38-46 14'11 40'65 3-48 0'28 1-68 1-58=i)10024. 2. 31'99 10'49 22'03 5-55 11-24 11'59 711 —100, Schnabel. 3. 33'10 10'41 22'78 6'06 11'73 11'56 4'36=100, Schnabel. B.B. fuses to a gray brittle magnetic globule, coloring the charcoal greenish yellow. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur. Found at Griinau, in Sayn Altenkirchen, with quartz and copper pyrites. BLENDE. Sulphuret of Zinc. Black Jack. Zinc Sulfur6, H. Sphalerite, GI. Cleiophane, Nuttal. Marasmolite, Shepard. Przibramite, ]Iuot. ilonomletric: tetrahedral. Observed planes, 0, I 1, 2, 33, i-l. Figs. 14, 53 to 58. Cleavage: dodecahedral, highly perfect. Twins: face of composition 1, as in f. 273A, of which f. 273 is the simple form. Also botryoidal, and other imitative shapes; structure columnar impalpable; also massive, compact. 273 273A 274 33 1i.=3'-5~. G.=3-934-2. 4'063, white, New Jersey. Lustre resinous to adalllantine. Color brown, yellow, black, red, green; white or yellow when pure. Streak white-reddish-brown. Transparent-tranlslucent. Fractmre conchoidal. Brittle. (Composition.-71n S3-Sulphur 33, zinc 67. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (IK. V. Ac. E. 1822, 438, and Pogg. i, 62); 2, Lowe, (Pogg. xxxviii, 161); 3, Kersten, (Pogg. lxiii, 132); 4, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxv,300); 5, 6, 7, Jackson, (Geol. Rep. N. Hampshire, 208); 10, T. H. Henry, (Phil. Mag. [4], i, 23); 11, 12, C. Bechi, (Aml. J. Sci. [2], Xiv, 61); 13, Lecanu, (J. de Pharm. is, 457); 14, Berthier; 15,16, Boussingault, (Pogg. xvii, 399): S Zn Fe Cd 1. G 33'66 66'34 - - - 100, Arfvedson. 2, Przibran, fibrouCs, 33 15 61'40 22y9 1'50=98'34, Lawe. [99-16, K. 3. Carinthia, Raibel, rh. yw. 32-10 64S22 1k32 trace, Sb and Pb 0-72,T 08 —s4. Christiania, fibrous, 33'73 53'17 11'79 —, Mn 0'74, Cu trace 99l43, Sch. 5. Eaton, N. H. ywh. bit., 3322 63'62 3-10 0'6 including loss=100, Jackson. 6. Shelburne, N.. 32'6 52,0 10-0 3'2, Mn 1'3 —991, Jackson. 7. Lyma., N. H. 33'4 55P6 8-4 2 3 —99 7, Jackson. 10. White,N. Jesey, 32P22 67'46 i, trace, 99 68, Henry. 11. i~rarmatite, Tuscany, 32312 50'90 11244 1023, Fe S2 0'75e96944, Bechi. 12. " " o 33 65 48'11 16'23 tr., Cn tr.=-97 99, Bechi. 4(6 DESCRIPTIVE M1INERALOGY. ZnSi FeS 13. Charente, 82'76 13-71 —96(47, Leeanu. 14. England, 91'8 6'4-98'2, Berthier. 15. 1Icaryncatiie, Mallrmato, 77'5 22'5 100, Boussingault. 16. " 768 23'2=100, " Part of the zinc, as shown by the analyses, is often replaced by iron and cadmium, The Affirmatite (anal. 15, 16) affords the formula 3ZnS+FeS-77 Zn S and 23 FeS; (amal. 11, 12), 4Zn S+FeS. carasmolite of Shepard (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 210) is a marnatite from Middletown, Ct., partially decomposed and containing some free sulphur. Prailbrcoaite is cadclmiferous blende. B.B. infusible both alone and with borax, or only the thinnest edges rounded. By a strong heat in the outer flame on charcoal vapors of zinc are evolved, which coat the charcoal. Dissolves in nitric acid, during which sulphuretted hydrogen is disengaged. Some specimens phosphoresce when struck with a steel or by friction. Blende occurs in both crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and is usually associated with galena; also with heavy spar, copper pyrites, fluor, spathic iron, and fiequtently in silver mines. Derbyshire, Cumberland, and Cornwall, afford the black varieties; also Transylvania, Hungary, and the HIartz. Sahla in Sweden,Ratieborzitz in Bohemia, and many Saxon localities, afford splendid black and brown crystals. A variety having a divergent fibrous structure and presenting botryoidal forms, is met with in Cornwall; at Raibel; and at Geroldseck in Baden. Blende abounds with the lead ore of Missouri, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois. In New York, Sullivan Co., near Wurtzboro', it constitutes a large part of a lead vein in millstone grit, and is occasionally in octahedrons; in St. Lawrence Co., brown blende occur s at Cooper's falls, in a vein of carbonate of lime; at Mineral Point with galeina, and in Fowler, on the farm of Mr. Belmont, in a vein with iron aind copper pyrites traversing serpentine; at the Ancram lead mine in Columbia Co., of yellow and brown colors; in limestone at Lockport, in honey and wax-yellow crystals often transparent; with galena on Flat Creek, two miles southwest of Spraker's Basin. In Massachusetts, at Sterling of a cherry-red color, with galena; also yellowish brown at the Southampton lead mines; at Hatfield with galena. In New Hampshire at the Eaton lead mine; at Warren, a large vein of black blende. In Maine it occurs at the Lubec lead mines; also at Bingham, Dexter, and Parsonsfielcl. In Connecticut, yellowish-green, at Brookfield; atBerlin of a yellow color; brownish-black at Roxbury, and yellowish-brown at Lane's mine, Monroe; a shzoite blende (Cleiophane of Nuttall) occurs at Franklin, N. Jersey. In Pennsylvania at the Perkiomlen lead mine. In Virginia at Walton's gold mine, Louisa Co., and more abulndantly at Austin's lead mines, Wythe Co., where it occurs crystallized, or in radiated crystallizations; at Prince vein, Lake Superior, abundant; near Rosiclare, Illinois, with galena and calcite; in Tennessee, at Haysboro', near Nashville. The Leber-blendcle (hepatic-blende) of Breithaupt, (J. f. pr. Ch. xv, 321), contains carbon, and is considered by Berzelius common zinc-blende, impure with a mineral resin, or some other mineral with carbon in its composition. ALTERED Foa:Ns.-Blende by oxydation changes to zinc vitriol. Calamine (2n3 Sit —l~ HI), Smithsonite, (Zn (), and Limonite occur as pseudomorphs. The sulphate is decomposed by bicarbonate of lime, producing Smithsonite; and the kalkaline silicates in solution, acting on the sulphate or carbonate, afford Silicate of zinc. COPPER-GLANCE. Chalkosine, Betid. Vitreous Copper. Sulphuret of Copper. tRedruthite, Nicol. Glance Copper. Kupferglas, W. Kupferglanz, tiraus. and L. Cuivre Sulfur6, H. Trinietric. I: I 1190 35', 0: l1,=120C 57; ca: b: c= —16676: 1: 1'7176. 0:- =147~ 16'. 0 4 —-147~ 6'. i~: i=120o 25'. 0: =i1360 21'. 0: 2=1170 16'. 1: 1 (mac.)=1260 56F'. 0 1=117~0 24'. 21: 2Z=125~ 28/. 1: 1 (brach.)=790 48~'. SULPHUIRET'S, AIRSENIURETS, ETC. 47 Cleavage: 1, indistinct. Twins: (1,) coimposition-face I, producing hexagonal, or stellate forms, (f. 27G3B); (2,) composition-face -, a cruciform twin, (f. 276A), crossing at angles of 920 5' and 87~ 55'; (3,) composition-face 2i (f. _ ~ I 276B) a cruciform twin, angle of intersection 1250 28'. Also massive, structure granular or / - compact and impalpable. H.=2~5 — 3. G.=5-5 —5-8; 57022,Thomsonl. -. - - Lustre metallic. Color and streak blackish lead- 1I 1 gray; often tarnished blue or green; streak some- -5 _ times shining. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile. 2 Composition. —u S-Sulphur 20'2, copper 7958. Analyses: - _1, Ullmann, (Syst. tab. Uebers. 243); 2, 3, Scheerer, (Pogg. 4 lxv, 290); 4, Schnabel, (:Lamm. 4th Supp. 121); 5, C. Bechi, Ij (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 61); 6, Wilezynsky, (Rammelsberg's 5th3 2? Suppl., 151): Observed planes. 2'75 2'76 2/76B 2'76A 2,,f /)'/2,1 Bristol, Ct. Bristol, Ct. Bristol, Ct. 1. Siegen, 19'00 79'50 0'75, Si 1'00100'25, Ullmann. 2. Tellemnark, Norway, G.-5'795, 20-43'7-76 0-91=99'10, Scheerer. 3. " G.=5.521, 20'36 79'12 0'28-599'76, Scheerer. 4. Siegen, massive, 21'50 74'L73 1'26, Si 2'00=99'49, Schlabel. 5. Mt. Catini, 20'50 76-54 1'75=98'79, Bechi. 6.. Chili, 21-81 74'71 3'33-99' 85, Wilezynsky. Scheerer infers from the'structure of the specimens employed for his second anal ysis above, that the crystallization was monometric, and therefore that this sulphuret of copper is dimorphous. Haity erroneously made'the crystallization hexagonal. B.B. in the outer flame melts, gives out fumes of sulphur, and emits glowing drops with a noise, coloring the flame at the same time blue. In the inner flame becomes covered with a coating and does not melt. On charcoal the sulphur is driven off, and a globule of copper remains. In heated nitric acid forms a green solution, and the sulphur is precipitated. Cornwall affords splendid crystals where it occurs in veins and beds with other ores of copper. It occurs also at Fassnetburn in Iaddingtonshire, in Ayrshire, and in Fair Island, Scotland. The compact and massive varieties occur in Siberia, Hesse, Saxony, the Bannat, &c. In the United States, compact varieties occur in the red sandstone formationl atl Simlsbury and Cheshire, Conn.; also at Sehouyler's mines, N. J. Bristol, Conn., affords large and brilliant cryst;als, f. 276, 2'76A, 2'76B; fig. 2'76B a crystal wnith its strie and irregularities, comjiounded by two different methods. Another crystal has a small octahedral plane situated obliquely upon the intersection of 1?1, and 48 iDFiSCRIPTIVE MINEXRALOGY. adjoining the brachydiagonal section, which is probably the plane s 2i: 2i in the Bristol crystals=1250 43'. In Virginia, in the United States copper mine district, Blue Ridge, Orange Co. Between Newmarket and Taneytown, Maryland, east of the Monocacey, with copper pyrites. The argent enz epis or cuivre spiciforme of Haiiy, which is merely vegetable matter impregnated with this ore, occurs at Frankenberg in IHessia, and also Mahoopeny, Penn. This species, if;i be taken as 11, is closely homceomorphous with discrasite and aragonite. ALTERED Fonus.-Copper pyrites, Erubescite, Black copper, constitute pseudomorphs after copper glance. DIGENITE, Breithaupt. —A copper glance or allied mineral from Chili and Sangerhausen in Thuringia. G.=4-568 —468. By a blowpipe examination, Plattner obtained 70-2 of copper, and 0-24 of silver; the formula proposed is -u S+3Cu S(= Cu5 S4), making it a compound of 1 of copper glance and 3 of covelline. STROMEYERITE, Iiaid. Argentiferous Sulphuret of Copper. Cupreous Sulphuret of Silver. Sulphuret of Silver and Copper. Silberkupferglanz qf the Germans. Cuivre Sulfur6 Argentif6re. Trimetric: isomorphous with Copper glance. I: 1=1190 35'. Observed planes 0, il, ~,J; 0: j=1540 16', 0 1':=155~ 7/. Also massive, compact. HE.=2-5 —3. G.=6'2 —6-3. Lustre metallic. Color dark steelgray. Streak shining. Fracture snbconchoidal. Sectile. Corzposition. -(4u, Ag) S, or Q3u S+-Ag S=Sulphur 15'8, silver 53-1, copper 31'1. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Schw. J. xix, 325); 2, Sander, (Pogg. xl, 313); 3-7, Do meyko, (Ann. d. Mines 4j], iii, 9): S Ag Cu Fe 1. Schlangenberg, Siberia, 1.5'782 52'2'72 30'47S 0-333=98'875, Stromeyer. 2. Rudelstadt, Silesia, 15'92 52'71 30'95 0'24=99'82, Sander. 3. S. Pedro, Ch1lili, 20'79 2'96 75'51 0'74-100, Domeyko. 4. Catemo, " 21'41 12'08 63-98 2'53-100, Domeyko. 5. " " 20'53 16'58 60'58 2-31=100, Domeyko. 6. " " 19-93 24'04 53'94 2'09=100, Domeyko. 7. S. Pedro, " 17'83 28'79 53S38 -— =100, Domeyko. B.B. fuses easily to a gray metallic globule, which is a little malleable; with the fluxes gives the reaction of copper, and on a cupel with lead affords silver. Dissolves in nitric acid, affording sulphur. The blue solution, obtained with nitric acid, affords indications of copper when a plate of iron is dipped into it, and also precipitates silver upon an immersed copper plate. Found associated with copper pyrites at Schlangenberg, near Kolyvan in Siberia; at Rudelstadt, Silesia; also in Chili. A variety has been observed at Combavalla, in Peru, which contains some iron. It was first described and recognized as a distinct species by Stromeyer. CINNABAR. Sulphuret of Mercury. Zinnober, Mercurblende of the Germans. Quecksilber Lebererz, T;V. Stinkzinnober Lebererz, Haus. Corallinerz. Mercure Sulfur6, H. Kvva6aps, Theoph. c. 103. AAptLov, Dioscor. V. e. 109, 110. Minium, Vitruv., Plin. Rhombohedral. R: R=920 36', i?: 0=1270 6'; ac=11448, Observed planes rhombohedrons, 8 1 -,, 1 R. I 4 1 6 2?;, W? 2 3 5, —,x,-, 32 4 9 16 8, -9 4 -29 _4 -R _ 3, -1; pyramids, 22, 62; scalenohedron *'; and also 0, I Also granular, massive; sometimes forming superficial coatings. SULPIURETSY ARSENIURlET5S ETC. 49 0: =14 6~ 32'. O: 2=1100 43/. -. 2110~ 6'. 0: =1380 36'. 2 2=710 48/. 0: 1=900~. 0: ~=133o 24'. 1: 4-=10O 58'. I: 1=120~. Cleavage: ], very perfect. Twins: composition face 0. H. 2-2-5. G. —8998, a cleavable variety fromn Neumarktel. Lustre adamantine, 27 inclining to metallic when dark colored, 0 o and to dull in friable varieties. Color a,-: cochineal-red, often inclining to brownish- - 2 2 red and lead-gray. Streak scarlet, sutb- -_ transparent, opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Sectile. I I Comrposition.-IHg S=Sulphur 13'8, quicksilver 86'2. Sometimes impure from clay, oxyd of iron, bitumen. - Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 14); 4, John, (John's Chem. Untersuch. i, 252); 5, 6, Schnabel, (Rammelsberg, 4th Supp. 269); 7, A. Bealey, (Quart. J. Chem. Soc. iv): S Hg 1. Neumarltel, 14'25 85'00=99'25, Klaproth. 2. Japan, 14'75; 84'50=99'25, Klaproth. [Klaproth. 3. Idria, hepcatic, 13'75 8180, Fe 0'2, A1 055, Cu 0'02, Si 0'65, C 3'3=99 27, 4. Japan, 17'5 7854, Ve 1'7, A1 0'7, Ca 1'3, M]n 02-=100, John. 5. Westphalia, 13'67 86'79=100'46, Schnabel. 6. Wetzlar, 18'78 84'55, gangue 1'02=99'35, Schnabel. 7. California, 11'38 69'36, Fe 1'23; Ca 1'40, 1l 0'61, Mg 0'49, Si 14'30, Bealey. B.B. in a matrass wholly sublimes; and with soda yields mercury, sulphurous fumes escaping. The heypttic cinnabar or liver ore is an impure variety, sometimes affording a brownish streak; it is occasionally slaty, though commonly grsanular or impalpable in structure. Cinnabar occurs in beds in slate rocks, and rarely in granite or porphyry. It has been observed in veins, with ores of iron. Good crystals occur in the coal formations of Moschellandsberg and Wolfstein in the Palatinate; also in Japan, Mexico, and Brazil. The most important European beds of this ore are at Almaden in Spain, and at Idria in Carniola, where it is usually massive. It occurs at Richenau in Upper Carinthia; in beds traversing gneiss at Dunbrawa in Transylvania; in graywacke at Windisch Kappel in Carinthia; at Neumarktel in Carniola; at Ripa in Tuscany; at Schemnitz in Hungary; in the Urals and Altai; in China abundantly, and in Japan; at San Onofre in Mexico; at Huanca Velica in Southern Peru, abundant; in the Province of Coquimbo at Guallilinga and Punitaqui; and forming extensive mines in California. The California beds occur at New Almaden, in a mountain to the south of San Jose, between the Bay of Francisco and Monterey. This ore is very abundant, and of easy access. The variety corallinerz, from Idria, has a curved lamellar structure. This ore is the source of the mercury of commerce, from which it is obtained by sublimation. When pure it is identical with the manufactured vermillion of commerce. The above figure is from an elaborate paper by Schabus, Wien. Akad. vi, 63. MILLERITE, liaid. Capillary Pyrites. Sulphuret of Nickel. Haarkies, Schwefeinickel. Nickel Sulfurl, Levy. Nickel Natif, H. Rhombohedral. R: R=-1440 8', Miller; a=0'32955. Observed planes: rhombohedral, R -1,, -i, -3; prismatic, I i2, it;: 1= 7 50 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 1100 50', I: -3=1380 4T7', - - — 161~ 22', O:1=159~ 10'. Cleavage: rhombohedral, perfect. Usually in delicate capillary crystallizations. 1I.=3 —3'5. G.=5'25 —5'65. 4'601, Kengott, Joachimstahl. Lustre metallic. Color brass-yellow, inclining to bronze-yellow, with a gray irridescent tarnish. Streak bright. Brittle. Composition. — Ni S=Sulphur 35-1, nickel 64'9. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (K. V. Ac. H. 1822, 427); 2, Raammelsberg, (1st Supp. 67): 1. S 34'26 Ni 64'35=98-61, Arfvedson. 2. Saalfeld, S 35-79 Ni 61'34, Cu 1'14, Fe 1'73=100, Rammelsberg. G. 5-65. B.B. fuses to a brittle metallic magnetic globule. With warm nitric acid partly dissolved, forming a gray or pale-green solution. Wholly soluble in aqua regia. In an open tube gives sulphurous acid. Occurs in capillary crystals in the cavities, and among crystals of other minerals, at Joachimstahl in Bohemia, Johanngeorgenstadt, Przibram, Riechelsdorf, Andreasberg, Cornwall, and other places. Near Merthyr Tydvil, at Dowlais, it is found in regular crystals, occupying cavities in nodules of spathic iron. In capillary crystals with spathic iron at the Sterling Mine, Antwerp, N. Y.; the largest crystal yet observed was about a fifth of a line in diameter. In some cases crystals of spathic iron are transfixed by the needles of millerite. (Am. J. Sci. [2], ix, 287). Also in Lancaster Co., Pa.. with chromiciron, emerald nickel, and ksemmererite. PYRRHOTINE, Breit. Magnetic Pyrites. Magnetkies, W. Fer Sulfur6 ferrif6re. Fer Sulfure magnetique, H. Hexagonal. 0: 1=1350 8'; a=0'862. Observed planes 0, 1, 1,12, i2. O: = 900. O: 22=1190 53'. 1: 1=1380 48/. 0: 2=1160 28'. 2: 2=1260 52'. I: 1=1200~. Cleavage: 0, perfect; 1; less so. Commonly massive and amorphous; structure granular. H.=3'5 —4'5. G.=4'4-47; 4'631, 278 a crystalline variety. Lustre metallic. Color between bronze-yellow and cop- r 0 per-red. Streak dark-grayish black. I - Fracture small subconchoidal. Brittle. I Slightly attracted by the magnet, and subject to speedy tarnish. Composition.-Fe S[+' Fe2 S]-=Fge7 S'=Sulphur 39-5, iron 60-5, G. Rose. Schaffgotsch makes also the compounds FeS+Fe2S3, and 9 FeS+Fe2S3, but they are rejected by Rose. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Gilb. Ann. xviii, 183, 209); 2, 3, Plattner, (Pogg. xlvii, 369); 4, 5, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], xi, 499); 6, H. Rose, (Pogg. xlvii); 7, Schaffgotsch, (Pogg. 1, 533); 8, Stromeyer, (loc. cit.): 1. Hartz 2. Brazil 8. Fahlun 4. Sitten 5. Sitten 6. Bodenmais 7. Bavaria 8. Bareges Sulphur, 40'15 4043 40'22 40-2 39 0 38-78 39-41 43'63 Iron, 59 85 59-63 59'72 59-8 61'0 60'52 60 59 56 37 100 00, S. 100-06 P. 99'94, P. 100'0, B. 100'0, B. 100'00, R. 100, Sch.100, St. Frankenheim considers the mineral essentially Fe S=Sulphur 36-4, iron 63'6, considering the species isomorphous with greenockite (Cd S). SULPHUR ETS, A RSENIURETS, ETC. 51 A nickeliferous variety analyzed by Berzelius, (Jahresb. xxi, 182), and another by M. Boye, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiii, 219), afforded, S Fe Ni Co Mn Cu Gangue 1. Klefva, 38-089, 57 643, 3 044, 0'094, 0-223, 0 447, 0-460. 2. Lancaster Co. Pa. 24'84, 41-34, 4'55, Pb 0'27, 1'30, 27'16.[ Deducting the impurities in Boye's analysis there are 21-01 sulphur to 40'19 iron. In another specimen from Modum, Norway, Scheerer detected 2-8 per cent. of nickel. B.B. affords fumes of sulphurous acid and the odor of sulphur. On charcoal in the exterior flame, converted into a globule of red oxyd of iron; in the interior flame it fuses and continues to glow, after the blowpipe is removed. The mass on cooling, is magnetic and has a metallic crystalline structure, and a yellowish color on a surface of fracture. Dissolves in muriatic acid, excepting the sulphur. Crystalline plates of this species have been observed at Kongsberg in Norway, and at Andreasberg in the Hartz; but they are of rare occurrence. It generally occurs massive, in fissures of crystalline rocks; also found at Kupferberg in Siberia, Bodenmais, Breitenbrunn, Fahlun; at Joachimstahl on crystals of pyrargyrite. Cleavable varieties accompany iolite at Bodenmais in Bohemia. The compact specimens are abundant in Cornwall, at Appin in Argyleshire, Saxony, Siberia, and the Hartz. It has also been observed in the lavas of Vesuvius, and in some meteoric stones. Trumbull, Conn., and the adjoining town of Monroe, afford the cleavable variety of this species; at the former place it occurs in the topaz and fluor vein, at the latter in a quartz vein, in gneiss. Compact varieties occur with iron pyrites, at Stafford, Corinth and Shrewsbury, Vt., and in many parts of Massachusetts; also a mile and a half north of Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y., near Natural Bridge in Diana, Lewis Co., and with magnetic iron ore at O'Neil mine, and elsewhere, in Orange Co., N. Y. In Canada in large veins at St. Jerome, &c. Its inferior hardness is sufficient to distinguish it from common pyrites. GREENOCKITE, Brooke and Connel, Jameson's Jour. xxviii, 390; Breithauclt, Pogg. ii, 274. Sulphuret of Cadmium. HIexagonal; hemihedral, with the opposite extremities dissimilar. 0: 1=1360 24'; a: 08247. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 4 and i2. 0: 1-=154~ 32'. I: 1=133~ 36' 1: 1:(pyr.) 1390~ 39'. 0: 2=117~ 42'. I: 2=1520 18' 2: 2'" =1270 26'. Cleavage: -, distinct; 0, imperfect. 279 H.=3-3'5. G.=4'8, Brooke; 4'9-4'999, Breithaupt; 4-5, the artificial, S6chting. Lnustre adamantine. Color honey-yellow; orange- 2 yellow-veined parallel with the axis. Streak powder between orange-yellow and brick-red. I Nearly transparent. Strong double refraction. Not thermo-electric, (Breithaupt). Composition.-Cd S=Sulphur 22-3, cadmium 77 7. Analysis by Connel, (loc. cit.), Sulphur 22-56, and cadmium 77'30=99'86. B.B. on charcoal decomposed, and a yellowish-red ring of oxyd of cadmium is deposited. Soluble in muriatic acid, affording sulphuretted hydrogen. Greenockite occurs in short hexagonal crystals at Bishoptown in Renfrewshire, Scotland, in a porphyritic trap and amygdaloid, associated with prehnite. It was named in honor of Lord Greenock, its discoverer. This species is related in form to copper nickel and breithauptite. It has been found as a furnace product, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxxxvii, 34, and Halle Zeitschr., i, 346, 1853). 52 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. ONOFRITE, Haid. Selenid of Mercury. Merkurglanz, Br. Selenquecksilber. Selenschwefelquecksilber. Mlassive; texture compact granular; no cleavage. HI.=25. G.=7'1 —'T37, Cla-usthal ore. Lustre metallic. Streak shining. Color steel to blackish lead-gray. Composition.-Analyses: 1, H. Rose, (Pogg. xlvi, 315); 2, 3, Kerl, (B. u. H. Ztg., 1852, No. 47): 1. Mexico, 6 49 10'30 81-33=98-12, Rose. 2. Clausthal, 21'27 0'36 65'52, quartz 10285=99'57, Klerl. 3. " 2405 0'12'7226, " 2'86=99'74, Ker. Analysis: 1, Hg (S, Se), with S to Se as 4: 1; 2, 3, Hg Se=Selenium 28-3, quicksilver'71-7=100'0; or more nearly Hg' SeS-Seleniuml 24-7, quicksilver 75'2=100. B.B. on charcoal gives off the odor of selenium, and a white incrustation covers the coal. Occurs with other ores of mercury in Mexico, near San Onofre; also with copper pyrites near Clausthal in the Hartz. It has nearly the color and lustre of gray copper. COPPER NICKEL. Arseniet of Nickel, Thornm. Kupfernickel, W. Arseniknickel, L. Nickel Arsenical, H. Nickelkies. Rothnickelkies. Hexagonal, and isomorphous with Breithauptite. 0: 1=1360 35'; a: 0-81944. Observed planes, O and 1; 1: I (pyr.)-1380 48'. Usually massive-structure nearly impalpable; also reniform with a columnar structure; also reticulated and arborescent. H.=5 —55. G.=7-33 —' 6711.Lustre metallic. Color copperred, with a gray to blackish tarnish. Streak pale brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Composition.-Ni As=Arsenic 55'9, nickel 44'1. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Gdtt. gel. Anz. 1817, 204); 2, Pfaff, (Schw. J. xxii, 256); 3, Suckow, (Verwitt. im Min., 58, Ramm. 4th suppl. 122); 4, Berthier, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xiii, 52); 5, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxv, 292); 6, Ebelmen, (Ann. d. M. [4], xi, 55); 7, Schnabel, (Raamm. 4th Suppl. 122): As Ni Fe Pb Co Sb S 1. Riechelsdorf, 54'73 44'21 0-34 0'32 -- - 040= 9999, Strom. 2. " 46'42 48-90 034 056 -- 080 — 97-02, Rfaff. 3. " 53-69 45-76 2'70 - - - 0-15=102-30, Suckow. 4. Allemont, 48'80 39'94 -- - 0'16 8'00 2'00= 99'90, Berth. 5. Krageroe, G.7'662, 54'35 44'98 0'21 - Cu 0'16 0'14= 99'79, Scheer. 6. Ayer, G=-739, 54'05 43'50 0'45 -- 0'32 0'05 2'18, gangue 0'20= 100475, E. 7. Westphalia, 52-71 45'37 - - - - 048, Cu 1-44=100, S. An ore from Balen in the Pyrenees, afforded Berthier, As 33'0, Sb 27'8 Ni 33'0, Fe 1'4, S 2'8, quartz 2'0=100, in which, as in his Allemont ore, part of the arsenic appears to be replaced by antimony. B.B. on charcoal emits arsenical fumes and fuses to a white globule, which darkens by exposure to the air. In nitric acid soon assumes a green coating, and in nitromuriatic acid is dissolved. Copper nickel accompanies cobalt, silver, and copper, in the Saxon mines of Annaberg, Sclineeberg, &c.; also in Thuringia, Hesse, and Styria, and at Allemont in Dauphiniy. It is occasionally observed in Cornwall, as at Pengelly and Huel Chance, and at the Leadhills, Scotland. It is found at Chatham, Conn., in gneiss, associated with smaltine. This is the most important of the ores of nickel. SULPHIURETS, AISENIURETS, ETC. 53 BREITIIAUPTITE, Haid. Antimonial Nickel. Antimoniet of Nickel. Antimonnickel. Hexagonal. 0:1=1350 15'; a=08585. Observed planes: 0, 1, 23, I. 0 =1530 38', O: 3-=123~55'. In thin hexagonal plates. Also arborescent and disseminated. H.-=55. G.=7'541, Breithaupt. Lustre metallic, splendent. Color in the fresh fracture light copper-red, inclining strongly to violet. Streak reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven-small subconchoida1. Brittle. Not acted on by the magnet. Composition. —Ni SbAntimony 68'6; Nickel 31'4. Analyses: 1, 2, Stromeyer, (Pogg. xxxi, 134): 1. Sb 63'734 Ni 28'946 Fe 0'866 Galena 6'437=99'983. 2. 59'706 27 054 0'842 12'357=99 959. B.B. on charcoal antimony sublimes. Formerly found in the Andreasberg mountains, with calcite, galena, and smaltine, but long since exhausted. Has been observed as a furnace product, crystallized. KANEITE, [aid. Arsenical Manganese. Arseniuret of Manganese. Arsenikmangan. In botryoidal masses, also amorphous; structure foliated or granular. II. above 5? stated as hard. G. —555, Lustre metallic. Color grayish-white, with a black tarnish. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Composition. —Mn As=Manganese 42-4, arsenic 57 6. Analysis by Mr. Kane, (Quarterly J. of Sci., New Ser., vi, 382): Manganese 45'5, Arsenic 51-8, and a trace of Iron=97-3. B.B. burns with a blue flame, and falls to powder; at a higher temperature the arsenic evaporates, and covers the charcoal with a white powder. Dissolves in aqua regia, without leaving any residue. It is supposed to be from Saxony, and was first observed by Mr. R. J. Kane of Dublin, attached to a mass of galena. SCHREIBERSITE, Iaidinger. In steel-gray folia and grains. Folia flexible. H.=6-5. G.=7-01-7;22. Magnetic. Composition.-Analysis by M. Patera, (Mitth. v. Freund. d. Nat. in Wien, 1847; and Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 439): Phosphorus 7-26, iron 87'20, nickel 4'24=98'70, carbon undetermined. Found in the meteoric iron of Arva. A similar substance was distinguished by Berzelius in the meteoric iron of Bohumilitz, consisting of iron, nickel, and sulphur. The Dyslytite of Prof. Shepard, (Am. J. Sci. [2], ii, 380), is supposed to be a phosphuret of iron, nickel, and magnesium. It occurs as a blackish-brown powder in many meteoric irons, constituting usually 0-25 to 2'25 per cent. The Schreibersite of Shepard, (Am. J. Sci. [2], ii), from a meteorite, is supposed to be a " Sesquisulphuret of chromium." The name has been changed to Shepardite by Haidinger. 54 DESCRIP TIVE MINERALOGY. 3. PYRITES DIVISION. 1. PYRITES GROUP. -Monometric. PYRITES, Fe S2. COBALTINE, CO (S, As)2. HAUERITE, Mn S2. GERSDORFFITE, Ni (S, As)2. SMALTINE, (Co, Ni) As2. ULLAMANNITE, Ni (S, Sb, As)2. CHLOANTHITE, (Ni, Fe, Co) As2. 5. MARCASITE GROUP.-Trimetric. MARaASITE, Fe S2. MISPICKEL, Fe (S, As)2. RAMMELSBERGITE, Ni As2. GLAUCODOT, (CO, Fe) (S, As)2. LEUCOPYRITE, Fe As2. SYLVANITE, (Ag, AU) Te2. 3. NAGYAGITE GROUP.-Dimetric. NAGYAGITE.? (Pb, Au) (Te, S)2. 4. COVELLINE GROUP.-Hexagonal. COVELLINE, eu S2. MOLYBDENITE, MO S2. PYRITES. Cubic Pyrites. Mundic. Marcasite. Bisulphuret of Iron, Thomson. Schwefelkies, W. Eisenkies, L. Fer Sulfure, H. 7rvp7r-s. Monometric; pyritohedral. Common form, the cube. Observed planes 0, i; 1, i2, i}, i3, 2, 22, 33, 42, 3}, 55,. Fig. 1, (common), 11, 14, 67 —75, and the annexed. 180 181 0 0 Rossie. Rossie. 182 182A 2 2 122 Peru. SULPHURETS, ARSENIUIE TS, ETC. 55 Cleavage: cubic and octahedral, more or less distinct. Planes 0 and I often striated, as in f. 167. Twins: composition parallel to I; this composition sometimes parallel to each of the edges, when the form in f. 182A is produced. Also radiated subfibrous, and massive. Often reniform or globular with a crystalline surface. It.=6 —65. G.=4'83 —5031. Lustre metallic, splendentglistening. Color a characteristic bronze-yellow, nearly uniform. Streak brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Strikes fire with steel. Composition-Fe S2=Iron 46'7, sulphur 63'5. B.B. becomes red in the oxydating flame, and gives off sulphur; ultimately yields a globule of oxyd of iron, attractable by the magnet. Soluble in nitric acid, except a white residue. Some varieties are very liable to decomposition on exposure to the atmosphere. A variety from Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pennsylvania, gave J. C. Booth (as communicated to the author) 2-39 per cent. of copper, affording the formula (Fe, Cu) S2. The analysis afforded, S 53'37, Fe 44'47, Cu 2'39. This variety tarnishes, readily, assuming the bluish tarnish of steel. The ballesterosite is a variety in cubes from Galicia, containing traces of zinc and tin, (Bull. Geol. de F. vii, 21).' A variety occurring with millerite at the Kearney Ore bed, Gouverneur, N. Y., is nickeliferous; it is pale bronze and radiated botryoidal in structure; IH.==5'5; G.-4'863, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xv, 444.) It sometimes contains mechanically mingled, a minute quantity (perhaps one five thousandth part) of gold, and is then termed auriferous pyrites. Auriferous pyrites occurs in most gold regions. Iron pyrites occurs abundantly in rocks of all ages, from the oldest crystalline to the most recent alluvial deposits. It usually occurs in small cubes, but often modified as above described; also in irregular spheroidal nodules and in veins, in clay slate, argillaceous sandstones, the coal formation, &c. Cubes of gigantic dimensions have been found in some of the Cornish mines; pentagonal dodecahedrons and other forms occur on the island of Elba, sometimes three or four inches in diameter. Large octahedral crystals are found at Persberg in Sweden. Magnificent crystals have been brought from Peru; but still more brilliant and well-finished crystals occur at Traversella in Piedmont. Alston Moor, Derbyshire, Cornwall, Fahlun in Sweden, Kongsberg in Norway, are well-known localities. The clay at Miinden in Hannover, and the chalk at Lewes in Surry, have afforded some remarkable compound crystals. It has also been met with in the Vesuvian lavas in small irregular crystals. At Rossie, N. Y., fine crystals (f. 180, 181) occur at the lead mine in green shale; at Scoharie, a mile west of the court house in single and compound crystals, often highly polished and abundant; in interesting crystals at Johnsburgh and Chester, Warren Co., N. Y.; in gneiss near Yonkers; in Orange Co. at Warwick and Deerpark; in Jefferson Co., in Champion, and near Oxbow on the banks of Vrooman's lake, in modified octahedrons, (f. 16); in limestone at Shoreham, Vt., crystals abundant; at Hartford, Vt., in cubes of 2 to 4 inches; at Lane's mine, Monroe, Conn., in small octahedrons; in cubes in chlorite slate, at Orange and Milford, Conn., and in mica slate at Stafford; in Massachusetts at Heath in handsome crystals; in Maine at Corinna, Peru, Waterville and Farmington; in Connecticut at Middletown lead mine, (f. 15), sometimes acicular; in Pennsylvania, in crystals, at Little Brittain, Lancaster Co.; at Chester, Delaware Co.; in Carbon and York Cos.; at Knauertown, Chester Co,;in Cornwall, Lebanon Co., in lustrous cubo-octahedrons, and with an elegant steel tarnish, sometimes an inch through; at Pottstown, near French Creek, in large yellow octahedrons; with magnetic and copper pyrites. Massive varieties are abundant in Connecticut in gneiss at Colchester, Ashford, Tolland, Stafford, and Union; in Massachusetts at Hawley and Hubbardston; in Maine at Bingham, (saw 56 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. mills), Brooksville, and Jewell's Island; in New Hampshire at Unity; in New York in Franklin, Putnam, and Orange Cos., and elsewhere. This species affords the greatest part of the sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid of commerce, and also a considerable portion of the sulphur and alum, The name pyrites is derived from the Greek, rvpitrTS; a term applied to this mineral, because, as Pliny states, "there was much fire in it," as was made apparent by friction. This term was applied to flint and some siliceous millstones for a similar reason. ALTERED FonRs. —Pyrites readily changes to sulphate of iron by oxydation, some sulphur being set free; also to limonite on its surface, by the action of bicarbonate of lime carrying off the sulphuric acid, as change proceeds; and from limonite to red oxyd of iron. Green vitriol, Limonite, Gdthite, Red iron ore, also Quartz, Graphite, occur as pseudomorphs after pyrites. HAUERITE, Haid. Naturwiss. Abhandl. of Vienna, 4to. 1847, i, pp. 101 and 107. Monometric; hemihedral, like pyrites. Figures 11, 16, 15, 19, 73 (0, 32), 67 (0, i3); octahedral form most common. Crystals sometimes clustered in spheroidal forms. Cleavage: cubic, imperfect. IT.=4. G.=3-463, v. Hauer. [Lustre metallic adamantine. Color reddish-brown, brownish-black. Streak brownish-red. CGomposition. —Mn S2=Sulphur 53'7, manganese 46-3. Analysis by Patera, (loc. cit. and Pogg. lxx, 148): S 53'64, Manganese 42'97, Iron 1-30, Silica 1'20-99'11. B.B. gives off much sulphur and is reduced to a simple sulphuret Mn S; with soda a manganese reaction. From Kalinka in Hungary, in clay with gypsum and sulphur, in a region something like a solfatara, trachytic and dioritic rocks decomposing and adding to the clay, and at the same time the sulphur which is given off producing some deposited sulphur, besides gypsum and sulphurets. SMALTINE. Gray Cobalt. Tin-white Cobalt, J. Binarseniet of Cobalt, Thom. Tesseralkies, Breit. Weisser-Speiskobold, TV. Speisskobalt, Hates. and L. Cobalt Arsenical, H.-CHLOANTHITE, Breit. Rammelsbergite, Haid. White Nickel. Chathamite, Shepard. Weissnickelkies. Arseniknickel. Monometric. Observed planes: 0, 1, 22, 1-. Figures 9, 11, 15, 17, 19, 37. Cleavage: octahedral, distinct. Cubic, in traces. Also massive and in reticulated and other imitative shapes. 1H.=5'5-6. G.6-'466-7' 2. Lustremetallic. Colortin-white, inclining, when massive, to steel-gray, sometimes iridescent, or grayish from tarnish. Streak grayish-black. Opaque. Fracture granular and uneven. Brittle. Composition.-(Co, Fe, Ni), As —, with cobalt alone, Arsenic 71-8, cobalt 28-2; with nickel alone, Arsenic 91'7, nickel 28-3; with equal parts of cobalt, iron and nickel, Arsenic 72 1, cobalt 9'4, nickel 9-5, i 90. Anal. 6, R7 As6; 5, 7, 8, R4 As3. The species varies between an ore of cobalt and nickel, (or perhaps cobalt alone), with arsenic, and one of nickel alone; G. Rose doubts if it ever occurs without nickel, and states that in the earlier analyses of Stromeyer and Varrentrapp, the nickel was probably overlooked. Smaltinze has included the cobaltic variety, and Chloantlhite the nickel variety, between which there are gradual transitions. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Gott. gel. Anz. 1817,'72); 2, Varrentrapp, (Pogg. xlviii, 505); 3, Hofmann, (xxv, 485); 4, Kobell; 5, Jackel, (Rose's Kryst.-Chem., 53); 6, Klauer, (Ramm. 5th Suppl. 225); 7, Weber, (ib.); 8, Itammelsberg, (ib.); 9, SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 57 Sartorius, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxvi, 278); 10, 11, B. W. Bull, (Rose's Kryst. Ch. Min. 52); 12, Karstedt, (Ramm. 5th Suppl. 225); 13, Booth, (Am. J. Sci., xxix, 241); 14, Rammelsberg, (J. f. pr. Chem. Iv, 486); 15, 16, ib. (1st. Suppl. 15); 17, C. U. Shepard, (Am. J. Sci., xlvii, 351): As Co Fe Cu Ni 1. Riechelsdorf, 74-21 20'31 3'42 0'16 S 0'88=98'98, Stromeyer. 2. Tunaberg, 69'46 23'44 4-95 - - S 0'90=98'75, Varrentrapp. 3. Schneeberg,'70'37 13-95 11'71 1'39 1'79 S 0'66, Bi 0'01=99'88, Hofm. 4. " 71'08 9-44 18'48 trace - S trace, Bi 1'00=99'92, KIob. 5. Riechelsdorf, 6602 21'21 11'60 1-90 - S 0 49, Bi 0'04=101'26, Jackel, 6. " cryst. 68-73 16'37 2-30 0-45 12'15=100, Klauer. [G=6-84. 7. " cubes, 59-38 18'30 0i72 19'38 S 2-22=100, Weber, G=4-374. 8. " 60-42 10-80 0'80 25'87 S 2-11=100, Ramm. G=-4-374. 9. "'7353 9'17 2 24 - 14'06 S 0'94=99-94, Sartorius. 10. " cryst. 76'09 4'56 6-82 - 122599'72, Bull. 11. Schneeberg, 75-85 3-32 6-52 0'94 12'04=98'67, Bull, G=6-537. 12. "z 74-80 3'79 7'33 - 12'86 S 0'85 —-9963, Karstedt. 13. Riechelsdorf, 72-64 3-37 3-25 - 20'74=100, Booth. 14. " 7111 6- -82 18'71 S2'29=98'93, Ramm. G=6-411. 15. Kamsdorf, 70-34 - trace - 28'40=100'43, Ramm. G-6'735. 16., " 70'93 - trace - 29'50=100'43, " t7. Chathamite,'7000 1-35 17'70 12'16=101-21, Shepard. B.B. on charcoal emits copious arsenical fumes, and melts to a white brittle metallie globule. It colors borax and other fluxes blue, and produces with nitric acid, a pink solution, depositing arsenous acid; or gives the reactions of nickel. Usually occurs in veins, accompanying ores of cobalt or nickel, and ores of silver and copper; also, in some instances, with copper nickel and mispickel; often having a coating of nickel green. With silver and copper it occurs at Freiberg, Annaberg, and particularly Schneeberg in Saxony; at Joachimstahl in Bohemia, the reticulated varieties are frequently found imbedded in cale spar; also at Huel Sparnon in Cornwall; at Riechelsdorf in Hesse, in veins in the copper schist; at Tunaberg in Sweden; Allemont in Dauphin6. See analyses above, for the varieties at these localities. At Chatham, Conn., the Chloanthite (Chathamite) occurs in mica slate, associated generally with mispickel and sometimes with copper nickel; affords but 1 or 2 per cent. of cobalt. ALTERED FoRMs.-Smaltine occurs altered to Cobalt Bloom, (arsenate of cobalt), a change due to the oxydation of the arsenic and cobalt on exposure to moisture. COBALTINE, Beud. Silver White Cobalt. Bright White Cobalt. Glance Cobalt, Glanzkobalt, W. Kobalt Glanz, Haus. and L. Cobalt Gris, H. iMonometric; pyritohedral. Observed 283 9lanes, as in the annexed figure. Cleavage: - cubic, perfect. Planes O striated. Also i2, massive, granular or compact. 1 I.-=5'5. G.=-6-63. Lustre metallie. Color silver-white, inclined to red; also steel-gray with a violq.tinge, or 7l23 O1 t, i2 n grayish black when containing much iron. Streak grayish black. Fracture uneven and lamellar. Brittle. f(,omposition. —Co S2+Co As or Co (S, As)2=Sulphur 19 3, arsenic 45'2, cobalt 35'5. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Schw. J. xix, 336); 2, Schnabel, (Ramm. 3d Supp. 65); 3, Huberdt, (Ramm. 4th Supp. 116); 4, Patera, (ib.); 5, Ebbinghaus, (ib.); 6, 7, Schnabel, (ib.); 8, Schnabel, (ib. 5th Suppl. 149); 9, Heidingsfeld, (ib.) 8 8 - ~DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. S As Co Fe 1. Skutterud, 20-084 43'46 33'101 3-232=99'882, Stromeyer. 2. Siegen, 19'10 44'75 29-77 6-38=100, Schnabel. 3. Oratwitza, 19'75 44-13 30-37 5-75=100, Huberdt. 4. " columnar, 19-78 43'63 32'03 4-56=100, Patera. 5. Skutterud, 20-25 42-97 32-07 3-42, quartz 1-63=100'34, Ebbinghaus. 6. Siegen, massive, 19'35 45'31 33'71 1'62=99-99, Schnabel. 7. " plumose, 19'98 42'53 8'67 25-98, Sb 2-84=100, Schnabel. 8. " " 20'86 42'94 8'92 28'03=-100'75, Schnabel. ['75, Heid. 9. " " 19'08 43'14 9'62 24-99, Sb 1-04, Cu 3-26, gangue 0'52-100 The last 3 analyses have three-fourths of the cobalt replaced by iron; they are of the Stahlkobalt or Ferrocobaltine, from the Hamberg mine, Siegen. B.B. gives off fumes of arsenic, and affords, after roasting, a dull black metallic globule, which attracts the magnet. Colors borax blue, and effervesces in heated nitric acid. Soluble in warm nitric acid, depositing arsenous acid. Occurs at Tunaberg, Riddarhyttan, and Hokansb6, in Sweden, in large, splendid, well defined crystals; also at Skutterud in Norway. Other localities are at Querbach in Silesia, Siegen in Westphalia, and at Botallack near St. Just, and in other places in Cornwall. The most productive mines are those of ~ena in Sweden, where it occurs in mica slate. These mines were first opened in 1809. This, and the preceding species, afford the greatest part of the smalt of commerce. It is also employed in porcelain painting. GERSDORFFITE, Haid. Nickel-Glance. Nickelglanz. Nickelarsenikglanz. Nickelarsenikkies. Amoibite, Kob. Tombazite. Disomose, Beud. Monometric; pyritohedral. Observed planes 0, 1, i2. Figs. 11 15, 16, 68. Cleavage: cubic, rather perfect. Also lamellar and granular massive. II.-=55. G.=5-6 —6'9. Lustre metallic. Color silver-whitesteel-gray, often tarnished gray or grayish-black. Streak grayishblack. Fracture uneven. Composition.-Ni S2-+Ni As2 or Ni, (S, As)2=Sulphuif 19'3, arsenic 45'3, nickel 35-6. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. H. 1820); 2, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxviii, 511); 3, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 402); 4, Lowe, (Berichte Fr. Nat. in Wien, 1847); 5, Dobereiner, (Schw. J. xxvi, 270); 6, Rammelsberg, (Hlandw. ii, 14); 7, Heidingsfeld, (Ramm. 5th Suppl., 174); 8, 9, Lowe, (Ramm. 2d Suppl. 102, Pogg. lv, 503); 10-12, Pless, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. li, 250); 13, Ludwig, (Archiv d. Pharm, 1847, 288): As S Ni Fe Co 1. Loos, Sweden, 45'37 19'34 29'94 4'11 0.92, Si 0'9=100'58, Berzelius. 2. Harzgerode, G. 5-65,44-01 18'83 30'30 6'00 -- Sb 0'86=100, Rarnm. 3. Amoibite, G. 6-08,45-34b 14'00 37'34 2-50 trace, Pb 0'82=100, Kobell. 4. Prakendorf, 46'10 16'25 28-75 8-90 = —100, LUwe. 5. Kamsdorf, 48' 14' 27~. 11- --- 100, Dobereiner. 6. Lobenstein, 48'02 20'16 31'82 -100, Rammelsberg. 7. " 46-12 18'96 33'04 1'81 0-60 Cu 0-11, Sb 0'33=100,97, 8. Gersdorifite, 49-83 14'13 26'14 9'55 — =99-65, Lowe. [Heid. 9. Schlad., G. 67-6-9, 42-52 14'22 38'42 2-09 -., quartz 1-87=99'12, L6we. 10. "cryst., G. 6-64, 39'04 16'35 19'59 11'13 14'12=100'23, Pless. 11. " " 39'88 16'11 27-90 14'97 0'83=99-69, Pless. 12. " " 39'40 16'91 28-62 12'19 2-88-100, Pless 13. Oelsnitz, 35'26 8-90 20-94 - - Pb 0-29, Ca 12-58, Fe 8-26, Sn 1 02=87 25, Ludwig. a, with some Cu. b, by loss. c, with some Co. Analyses 1, 2 and 7 give the formula Ni S2+Ni As2=Ni (S, As)2, iron replacing some of the nickel. SULPIIURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 59 Analysis 3 (Amoibite) afforded Kobell, Ni2 SS+2NiAs2(=As4 S3 Ni)=Arsenic 47 4, sulphur 15'2, nickel 37'4. The ratio for the arsenic, sulphur, and nickel, is more nearly 4: 3: 4~. Analysis 4 corresponds nearly to Kobell's formula for the Amoibite-(Ni, Fe)2 SS+2 Ni As2; equivalent to 1 of [Ni S2+Ni As2] and 8 of copper nickel. Analysis 8, Gersdorfite, according to L6we, has the formula just mentioned for No. 4. The ratio 3: 2: 3 is nearer the analysis than 4: 3: 4, and affords the formula Ni As3+2(Fe, Ni)S. This is equivalent to 1 of [Ni S2-Ni As2] and ~ of copper nickel. Analysis 5 may belong here or under the formula for No. 4. Analyses 10 to 12 by Pless, give the formula 2NiS+Ni As2. The Oelsnitz ore, No. 13, was mixed with spathic iron and calc spar. It corresponds to Ni S2+2Ni As2, and comes under the general formula Ni(S, As)2. These discordant results do not seem to admit of being harmonized entirely. When heated it decrepitates with great violence. Ignited in a glass tube, sulphuret of arsenic sublimes as a transparent yellowish-brown mass, which remains clear on cooling. Partly soluble in nitric acid, depositing sulphur and arsenous acid. Occurs at Loos in Helsingland, Sweden; in the Albertine mine, near Flarzgerode in the Hartz, with copper pyrites, galena, calcite, fluor spar, and quartz; at Schladming in Styria, and Kamsdorf near Lobenstein in Thuringia. The Amnoibite occurs in small octahedrons at Lichtenberg near Steben, in Fichtelgebirge.. —=4. Color light steel-gray. ULLMANNITE, Fribel. Nickel Stibine. Nickeliferous Gray Antimony. Nickel spiesglanzerz. Antimonnickelglanz. Nickelantimonglanz. Antimoine Sulfur6 Nickelifere, H. Monometric. Observed planes 0, 1, I; f. 15-17. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Occurs also massive; structure granular. IH.=5 —55. G.=6'2 —6-51. Lustre metallic. Color steel-gray, inclining to silver-white. Brittle. Composition.-Ni S2+Ni(Sb, As)2, Ramm. or Ni (S, Sb, As)2=(arsenic excluded) Nickel 26'9, antimony 58'6, sulphur 14'5. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. vi, 329); 2, Ullmann, (Syst. tab. Uebers. 379); 3, 4, H. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 588); 5, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxiv, 189): As Sb S Ni 1. Freusberg, 11'75 47-75 15-25 25'25=100, Klaproth. 2. Siegen, 9'94 47'56 16-40 26'10=100, Ullman. 3. " -- 55'76 15-98 27'36-99'10, H. Rose. 4. " 54-47 15.55 28.04-98.06, H. Rose. 5. G. 6'506, 2-65 50'84 17-38 29'43, Fe 1-83=102-13, Rammelsberg. B.B. partlyvolatilizes, and the charcoal is covered with a white coating, with fumes of sulphurous acid and antimony; ultimately yields a metallic globule, which often gives a blue color with borax. In a tube decrepitates and gives a dark brownish sublimate without odor. Occurs in the Duchy of Nassau, in the mines of Freusberg, with galena and copper pyrites; in Siegen, Prussia; at Harzgerode and Lobenstein. Rammelsberg calls an ore from the Hartz Bournonit-Nickelglanz. It occurs in cubes; H.=4,5. G.-5'635-5'706. Analysis, (Pogg. lxxvii, 254): As 28-00, Sb 19'53, S 16-86, Ni 27 04, Co 1'60, Pb 5'13, Cu 1'33, Fe 0'51=100. It comes from Wolfsberg in the Hartz. Rammelsberg considers this and a nickelbournonite, (see under Bournonite), compounds of ullmannite and bournonite, and shows by calculation that the atomic volume of nickel glance and bournonite are the same. 60 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. MARCASITE, Iaid. White Iron Pyrites. White Bisulphuret of Iron. Radiated Pyrites. Spear Pyrites. Hepatic Pyrites. Cellular Pyrites. Speerkies, Strahlkies, Kammkies, Leberkies, Zellkies, SpArkies, Rhombischer Eisenkies. Fer SulphurB Aciculaire Radie, Fer Sulfure Blanc, H. Weisskupfererz and Kyrosite, Breit. Trimetric. I: T=1060 5', 0:1 _122~ 26', a: b: c=1'5737 1: 13287. O: 1=1160 55'. 1: 1 (mac.) =1150 10'. 1i: li=640~52'. O:At=1580 27'. 1: l(brach.)=890~ 6'. 11: 11=80~ 20'. 0: 1~=130~ 10'. 1: 1 (bas.) =126~ 10'. I: iv=1260 57'. o _ Cleavage: Irather perfect; 16 in traces. Twins: I plane of composition I, sometimes consisting of five individuals, united by the acute lateral angle (f. 285): also others with composition parallel to 1V. Also globular, reniform, and other imitative shapes-'1-j; Ik structure straight columnar; often massive, col"-iZP ~ unmnar, or granular. I H. =6-6'5. G. =4678 -4'847. Lustre metallic. ObservedPlanes. Color pale bronze-yellow, sometimes inclined to green or gray. Streak grayish or brownish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. 285 C7omposition.-Fe S2, or same as for Pyrites. Analyses: 1, Hatchett, (Phil. Trans. 1804, 325); 2, 3, Berzelius, (Schw. J. xxvii, 67); 4, Scheidhauer, (Pogg. lxiv, 282): 1. Fe 46'4 S 53-6=100, lEatchett. 2. 45'66 54'34=100, Berzelius. 3. Speerkies, 45'07 52'35, Mn 0-70, Si 0-80=99'92, Berzelius. 4. Kyrosite, 45-60 53'05, Cu 1'41, As 0-93=100'99, Scheidhauer. B.B. like pyrites. Very liable to decomposition, more so than pyrites. This species was formerly subdivided according to the different forms the mineral presents. Radiated pyrites included the radiated masses and more simple crystals; spear pyrites, the macled crystals; hepatic pyrites, or leberkies, (so called from Crap, liver), the decomposed liver-brown tessular crystals, which were originally iron pyrites, and also certain hexagonal pseudomorphs; cockscomb pyrites, or kammkies, the crest-like aggregations of this species of pyrites; cellular pyrites, the cellular varieties formed by the decomposition of crystals of galena, which contained films of pyrites between its layers, thus producing a honeycomb appearance. The spear pyrites occurs abundantly in the plastic clay of the brdwn coal formation, at Littmitz and Altsattell, near Carlsbad in Bohemia, and is extensively mined for its sulphur and the manufacture of the sulphate of iron. The radiated variety occurs at the same place; also at Joachimstahl, and in several parts of Saxony. The cockscomb variety occurs with galena and fluor spar in Derbyshire. It occurs in stalactitic concretions in Cornwall. The kyrosite ( Weisskupfererz, or arsenid of copper, as it has been called) is from the mine Briccius, near Annaberg. The Chilian Weissklupfererz contains, according to Plattner, 12-9 per cent. of copper, besides iron and sulphur, but no arsenic. (Breit. Pogg. Iviii, 281). SULPHURETS, ARSENJURETS, ETC. 61 At Warwick, N. Y., it occurs in simple and compound crystals, in granite, with zircon. Hustis's farm, in Phillipstown, N.Y., affords small crystals, referred by Beck to this species, occurring in magnesian limestone. Massive fibrous varieties abound throughout the mica slate of New England, particularly at Cummington, Mass., where it is associated with cummingtonite and garnet. Occurs at Lane's mine, in Monroe, Conn., and in the topaz and fluor vein in Tr~umbull; also in gneiss at East Haddam; at Haverhill, N. H., with common pyrites. Cockscomb pyrites is employed.in the manufacture of sulphur, sulphuric acid, and sulphate of iron, though less frequently than the common iron pyrites. Its color is considerably paler than the ordinary pyrites, and it is also more liable to decomposition. Hydrous pyrites, or Wasserkies of the Germans. This mineral, hitherto considered a variety of white iron pyrites, contains water, according to Glocker, in chemical combination; (Pogg. Iv, 489). H.=3-4. G.=3-33 —35. From Moravia and Upper Silesia. LONOHIDITE, Breit. and Plattel. Pogg. Ann. lxxvii, 135, (Kausimkies).-This mineral appears to be a variety of marcasite. Breithaupt gives for it the angles 1040 24' for I: I and 100~ 36' for the brachydome. H.=6 5. G.-=4925-5. Color tin-white, sometimes greenish or grayish; streak black. Analysis by Plattner (loc. cit.) S 49'61, As 4'40, Fe 44'23, Co 0'35, Cu 0-75, Pb 0'20=99'54, equivalent to 24 of marcasite (Fe S2) and 1 of Fe As2. From Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Cornwall. ALTERED FoaMs.-Limonite and pyrites occur as pseudomorphs after marcasite. RAMMELSBERGITE. Weissnickelkies. Trimetric; I: I=1230~-1240 (?) H.=5'25 —5'75. G.=7099 — 7188, Breit. Slightly ductile. Otherwise like the preceding. Composition.-The same as for Chloanthite, Ni As2=Arsenic 71-7, Nickel 28'3. Analysis: 1, Hoffmann, (Pogg. xv, 491, 494): Schneeberg, As 71-30, Ni 28'14, Bi 2'19, Cu 1'50, S 0-14-102-27. Occurs at Schneeberg and at Riechelsdorf. It was first separated from the tesseral white nickel by Breithaupt. LEUCOPYRITE, SkTepard..Glanzarsenikkies. Arseneisen. Arsenikeisen, Arsenikalkies. Arsenosiderit. Ldlingite, Haid. Mohsine, Chapman. 286 Trimetric. -: 1=1110 30', Greg; 1220, Rose. Cleavage: rather perfect, in one direction. Also massive. H.=5 —5'5. G.=7 0 —7'4; 7'228, from Silesia; 7'337 from Bedford Co., Pa.; 8'67 —871 from Schlad- r I ming, Weidenbusch. Lustre metallic. Color between silver-white and steel-gray. Streak grayishblack. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Composition.-Fe As2= —Arsenic 72-8, iron 27-2; or (Fe, Ni, Co) As2. Sometimes Fe2 As-==Arsenic 66 8, iron 33-2. Analyses: 1, Hoffmann, (Pogg. xv, 485); 2, Meyer, (Pogg. 1, 154); 3, Karsten, (Eisenhiittenkunde, ii, 19); 4, 5, Scheerer, (Pogg. xlix, 536, and 1, 153); 6, Hoffmann; 7, 8, Weidenbusch, (Rose's Kryst.-Chem., 54): As S Fe Ni Co 1. Reich'stein, 65'99 1'94 28-06, serpentine 2'17=98'16, Hoffmann. 2. " 63'142 1'631 30-243 - - 3550-98'566, Meyer. 3. cc 65'88 1'77 32'35 -=-100, Karsten. G.=7' 09. 4. Fossum, 70'09 1'33 27'39 - - — =9881, Scheerer. 5. " 70'22 1'28 28'14 - =- =9964, Scheerer. 6. Schladming, 60'41 5'20 13'49 13'37 5'10 =97B57, Hoffmann. 7. Reich'stein, 65'61 1-09 31-51 - -- gangue 1'04=99'25, Weid. 8. Schladming, 72'18 070 2648 - --- =99 36, Weid. 62 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. B.B. in a glass tube metallic arsenic sublimes; on charcoal yields arsenic fumes and a magnetic globule is left. In nitric acid dissolves with a separation of arsenous acid. Occurs associated with copper nickel at Schladming, in Styria; with serpentine at Reichenstein in Silesia, and at Lbling, near Hiittenberg in Carinthia, in a bed of sparry iron, associated with bismuth and scorodite; at Ehrenfriedersdorf, (G.= 7'219-7-290). A crystal, weighing two or three ounces, was found in Bedford Co., Penn., but it is not known under what circumstances. In Randolph Co., N. C., a mass was found weighing nearly two pounds. The name leucopyrite is derived from XCVKos, white, and pyrites; it was given to the species by Shepard in 1835, thus antedating Haidinger's Lilingite, and Chapman's Mohsine. The prism in this species is usually stated as having the angle 122~ or 1220 26'. But according to observations by R. P. Greg, Jr., as he informs the author, the angle is 1110 30'. The angle 1220 is near 1i: 1z in mispickel. MISPICKEL. Prismatischer Arsenikkies. Fer Arsenical, H. Danaite. Plinian, Breit. Arsenopyrite, Glocker. Trimetric. I: 1=1110 53', 0: 1;=1190 37'; a: b: c=1'7588: 1: 14793. Observed planes as in the annexed figures. 288 289 Franconia, N. tH. Franconia, N. PI., and Kent, N. Y. Danaite. O: 12=1180 18'. 0: a=1580 23'. li: 1i (bas.)=1200 46'. 0: 1 =115~ 12'. 0:' 1=149~ 16'. 1-: 11i (bas.)=990 52'. 0: 3 = 980 55'. 0: 1;=1300 4'. 3i: 38 (ib.)=1480 40'. 0: 3-=990 37'. O0 3-=1050 40'. ~v: ~o (top)=1180 32'. Cobaltic variety of Skutterud, according to Scheerer, I: 1=1110 40'-112~ 2', 1;: 17 (basal) 121~ 30'; that of Franconia (Danaite) according to Teschemacher, I: 1=112~, 1': 1i (bas.)=1210 30', 1i 1 (bas.)=1000 15'; according to Kengott, 1: 1=1120 33', 1X: 1; =1210 20', 1: 1;= 99~ 54'. Cleavage: Irather distinct; 0,faint traces. Compound crystals: planes of composition I; and 1U. Also columnar, straight and divergent, or irregular; compact granular, or impalpable. H.=55 —6. G.=6 —6-4; 6'269, Franconia, Kengott. Lustre metallic. Color silver-white, inclining to steel-gray. Streak dark grayish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. SULPIHURETS ARSENIUR1ETS ETC. 63 Composition.-Fe As2+Fe S2(=F e (As, S)2)=Arsenic 46'0, sulphur 19 6, iron 34-4; or (Fe, Co) (As, S)2 (Danaite and Skutterud variety). Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Schw. J. x, 404); 2, Chevreul, (Gilb. Ann. xvii, 84); 3, Thomson, (Ann. Lye. Nat. H., N. Y., iii, 85); 4, Scheerer, (Pogg. xlii, 546); 5, Wohler, (Pogg. xliii, 591); 6, Hayes, (Am. J. Sci. xxiv, 386); 7, Plattner, (Pogg. lxix, 430); 8, Weidenbusch, (Rose's Kryst.-Chem., 56): As S Fe Co 1. Freiberg, 42'88 21'08 36'04 --— =100, Stromeyer. 2. " 43 418 20'132 34'938 -=98'488, Chevreul. 3. " 45'74 19-60 33'98 -— 99'32, Thomson. 4. Skutterud, 46'76 17'34 26'36 9'01=100'47, Scheerer. 5. " 47'45 17'48 30'91 4'75=100'59, Wdhler. 6. Danaite, 41-44 17'84 32'94 6'45-98'67, Hayes. 7. Plinian, 45 46 20'07 34-46 — =99'99, Plattner. [G.=5'896, 8. Reichenstein, 45'92 19'26 33'08 -- gangue, 1'97=100'25, Weid. B.B. on charcoal, copious arsenical fumes, and a globule of nearly pure sulphuret of iron, which acts on the needle. Gives fire with steel, emitting an alliaceous odor. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting a residue of sulphur. Found principally in crystalline rocks, and its usual mineral associates are ores of silver, lead, and tin, iron and copper pyrites, and blende. Occurs also in serpentine. Abundant at Freiberg and Munzig, where it occurs in veins; at Reichenstein in Silesia, in serpentine; and also in beds at Breitenbrunn and Raschau, Andreasberg, and Joachimstahl; at Tunaberg in Sweden. Huel Mawdlin, and Unanimity, in Cornwall, are other localities. Met with in fine crystallizations in gneiss in New Hampshire at Franconia, associated with copper pyrites; also at Jackson, and at Haverhill. In Maine, at Blue Iill, Corinna; Newfield, (Bond's mountain), and Thomaston, (Owl's head). In Vermont at Brookfield, Waterbury, and Stockbridge. In Massachusetts, at Worcester and Sterling. In Connecticut at Chatham, with smaltine and copper nickel; at Monroe with wolfram and pyrites; at Derby in an old mine, associated with quartz. In New Jersey at Franklin. In New York, massive, in Lewis, ten miles south of Keeseville, Essex Co., with hornblende; in crystals and massive, near Edenville, on Hopkins's farm, and elsewhere in Orange Co., with scorodite, iron sinter, and thin scales of gypsum; also in fine crystals at two localities a few rods apart, four or five miles northwest of Carmel, near Brown's serpentine quarry in Kent, Putnam Co. Plinian of Breithaupt, stated to be monoclinic, with the composition of mispickel, is shown by G. Rose to be nothing but mispickel. G.=6-3. Reported from St. Gothard, Ehrenfriedersdorf and Zinnwald. Jordan has analyzed a mispickel from near Andreasberg, (J. f. pr. Chem. x, 436), and obtained As 55'000, S 8-344, Fe 36'437, Ag 0'011=99-792, giving nearly the formula 2FeS+3FeAs2=Arsenic 56'7, sulphur 8'0, iron 35'2. Jordan made out 3As, 5, 3 Fe, which requires arsenic 52-9, sulphur 7 5, iron 39-6. ALTERED FoRMs. —Pyrites pseudomorph. 290 G LAUCODOT, (Breithaupt and Plattner, Pogg. Ann. 1849, lxxvii, 127). Trimetric, like Mispickel. In prisms; I: I=112~ 36'. Cleavage: basal, very distinct, prismatic less so. Also massive. H.=5. G.=5 975-6'003. Lustre metallic. Color grayish tin-white. Streak black. Oomposition.-(Co, Fe) S2+(Co, Fe) As2, with Co to Fe as 2: 1, (or Co, Fe) (S, As)2=Sulphur 19-4, arsenic 45'5, cobalt 23-8, iron 11'3=100. Analyses: 1, Plattner, (loc. cit.); 2, Patera, (Pogg. lxxxi, 578): S As Co Fe 1. Chili, 20"210 43'200 (and trace of Ni) 24-774 11'900-100-84, Plattner, 2. Orawitza, 19'78 43'63 Cobalt 32-02 4'56=99-99, Patera. 64 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. B.B. gives the reaction of cobalt, iron, sulphur, and arsenic. Occurs in chlorite slate with cobaltine, in the province of Huasco, Chili; also at Orawitza in the Bannat with a pale yellow calcite. This species has the composition of Mispickel, excepting the replacement of onethird of the cobalt by iron. It is essentially a cobaltic mispickel, with which species it agrees nearly in crystallization. SYLVANITE, Iaid. Graphic Tellurium. Graphic Gold. Schrifterz. Sehrift-tellur. Tellure Natif Auro-argentif6re, H. Aurotellurite. Mullerite. Weisstellur. Trimetric. I: 1=1100 48', B and AM., 0: f1=1190 26', a: b c=17721: 1: 14496. 0:'-=1458~ 3&4. -' =1210 47T.'1: i2(brach)-108~ 8'. 0: 14=129~ 17'. 0: ~~=138~ 28'. 3': i~'" =1280 26'. 0: 1 =1320 54'. 0: 3=1260 58. 1:' 11 (bas.) =1010 26'. L~ bl I i i Cleavage: highly perfect in one dis -_ rection. Twins: prisms intersecting at - -3 - -600 nearly. Also massive, imperfectly _ 3 columnar and granular. ~z I s14 H.=1.5-2. G.=5-732; 8'28, Petz. L stre metallic. Streak and color pure 32 steel-gray, to silver-white, and some_3 times nearly brass-yellow. Fracture 3 - uneven. Very sectile. t 4 3 4 43 Comrposition. —(Ag, Au) TeO, G. Rose, =(Ag: Au 12 11 being as 1:2) Tellurium 558, gold 28'6, silver _. 12-__ 1~ 15'6. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 16); 2, Ber-. zelius, (Jahresb. xiii, 162, analysis imperfect); -_'~ - _i 2 3, 4, Petz, (Pogg. lvii, 472); 5, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, iS I i2 i~3 ft |20); 6-10, Petz. (Pogg. lvii, 473): Observed Planes. Tellurium Sb Gold Silver Pb 1. Offenbanya, 60' -- 30' 10' — =100, Klaproth. 2. " 52- tr. 24'0 11 3 1'5, Cu, Fe, S, As, traces, B. 3. " needles, 59'97 0'58 26'97 11'47 0'25, Cu 0'76=100, P. 4. " suberyst, 58'81 0'66 26'47 11'31 2'75=100, Petz. 5. Gelberz, 44-75 -- 26 75 8 50 19'50, S 0'5=100, K. 6. White cryst., G.=-8'27, 55'39 2'50 24'89 14'68 2-54=100, Petz. 7. " G.=7'99, 48-40 8'42 28'98 10'69 3'51=100, Petz. 8. Yello cryst., G.=-833, 51'52 5175 27'10 7-47 8-16=100, Petz. 9. " massive, 44-54 8'54 25-31 10-40 11'21=100, Petz. 10. " " 49 96 3'82 29'62 2-78 13'82=100, Petz. B.B. fuses easily, tinging the flame greenish-blue, and covering the charcoal with a white oxyd; finally a ductile metallic globule is obtained. Dissolves in nitric acid. Occurs with gold at Offenbanya in Transylvania, in narrow veins, which traverse porphyry; also at Nagyag in the same country. Probably also at Gold Hill, Rowan Co., N. C. (Genth) in minute crystals, with gold, pyrites, and chalcopyrite in chlorite slate. SUIJPHURETS, ARTSENIURETS ETC. 6(5 The name ygraphic telluriomn alludes to the artrange- 291 ment of the crystals, like writing characters. The large amount of gold it contains renders it a o highly valuable ore. 7 / The above angles and observed planes are from /t Brooke and Miller. Haidinger makes the Aurotel- lurite (or Weisstellur of Werner) (Analyses 5 to 10) different in its dimensions, and gives the following / angles: M: M=1050 30', 0: a=1080 301,0: a=1430 5'. It is from Nagyag. GT=7'99-8'33. NAGYAGITE, Yaid. Elasinose, Bendant. Foliated Tellurinum Bitelluret of Lead, Thom. Black Tellurium, P. Tellurium Glance. Nagyager-erz, f. Blttertellur, Hans. and L. Blttererz. Tellure Natif Auro-Plombif('re, I-T. Dimetric. 0:l 1=127~ 37'; ac=1'298. 292 Observed planes as in the annexed figure. - 0: 1=1180 37', 1: 1=1030 14', 0: 2i= 1111 4', 2i: 2,i (bas.) 137~ 52'. Cleavage: b)asal. Also granularly massive, particles of various sizes; generally foliated. I.= —'1-15. G.=6'85-7-2. Lustre metallic, splendent. Streak and color blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Sectile. Flexible in thiin laminie. Composition. —Analyses: 1, Klaproth (Beit. iii, 32); 2, BPrandes, (Schw. J. xxxv, 409 );,3, P. Schonlein, (J. f. pr. Ch. lx, 166): Te S Pb Au Ag Cu 1. 32'2 3 0 54'0 9'0 0'5 1'3=100, Klaproth. 2. 31'96 3'07,55'49 8'44 trace 1'14=100, Brandes. 3. 30'52 8'07 50 78 9-11 0 53 0-99=100, Schonlein. Schonlein found in other trials, Pb 51'01, 51 06, Te 26 67, S 9 62, 10'59; and Petz obtained (Pogg. lvii, 478), 8'54, 7'81, 6'48 per cent. of gold. Whhler deduces from Schonlein's analysis, Pbll Au, Te" S"3=Tellurium 31-36, sulphur 9'24, lead 50'65, gold 8'74-100; and proposes the formula (5 Pb S, 6 Pb Te, Au' Te)+4TeS2, or perhaps 3 R(S, Te), +Te S2, sulphuret and telluret of lead being considered isomorphous. This formula further simplified becomes nearly (Pb, Au) (Te, S)2. B.B. on charcoal fuses readily to a malleable metallic button, tinging the flame at the same time blue, and covering the charcoal with a white coating. With borax it affords a bead of gold, with a little silver. It dissolves partially in nitric acid, and also in nitro-muriatic. Occurs at Nagyag and Offenbanya in Transylvania, in foliated masses and crystalline plates, accompanying, at the former place, silicate of manganese, blende, and gold; and at the latter, associated with antimony ores. Berthier has analyzed another ore very similar to the above in physical characters, consisting of Tellurium 13 0, sulphur 11'7, lead 63'1, gold 6-7, antimony 4'5, copper 1 0=100; corresponding to 21S, 6Te, 4Sb, 18Pb, 2Au, but probably impure with sulphuret of antimony. COVELLINE, Beud. Indigo Copper. Kuferindig. Blue Copper. Hexagonal; O, I. Cleavage: basal, very perfect. Commonly massive or spheroidal, surface crystalline. H. 1'5-2. G.=3'8-3'85. Lustre resinons, faint. Color indigo-blue or darker. Streak lead-gray, shining. Opaqlne. Thin leaves, flexible. Sectile. 9 6 6 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGYo Uomposition. —Eu S —-Sulphur 33-5, copper 66 5. Analyses: 1, Walchner, (Schw. J. xlix, 158); 2, Covelli, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xxxv, 105): 1. Badenweiler, S 32'64 Cu 64'773 Fe 0'462, Pb 1'046=98-921, Walchner. 2. Vesuvius, 32-0 66'0=98'0, Covelli. A Dillenberg covelline afforded Grimm, (Lieb. Jahresb. 1850, 702), 66'82 bisulphuret of copper, 3 96 iron pyrites, 18 63 quartz, and 10'57 Fe Mi~n H. B.B. burns, before becoming red hot, with a blue flame, and fuses to a globule which is strongly agitated and emits sparks; finally yields a button of copper. Occurs with other copper ores near Badenweiler at Leogangin Saltzburg; Keilce in Poland; Sangerhausen in Saxony; Mansfeld, Thuringia; at Vesuvius on lava. MOLYBDENITE. Sulphuret of Molybdena, P. Molybdene Sulfure, II. MolybFdanglanz, L. Wasserblei, W. Hexagonal. In short or tabular hexagonal prisms with replaced terminal edges. Cleavage: basal, eminent. Commonly foliated massive, or in scales. H.=1-1 —5, being easily impressed by the nail. G.=4'44-4'8. Lustre metallic. Color pure lead-gray. Streak similar to color, slightly inclined to green. Opaque. Laminie highly flexible, not elastic. Sectile, and almost malleable. A gray trace on paper, a greenish on porcelain. Composition.-Mo S2=Sulphur 41'0, molybdenum 59'0. Analyses: 1, Brandes, (Schw. J. xxix, 325); 2, Seybert, (Am. J. Sci. iv, 1822, 320); 3, 4, Svanberg and Struve, (J. f. pr. Ch. xliv, 25/7); 5, Wetherill, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 443): 1. Altenberg, Mo 59'6 S 40'4=100, Brandes. 2. Chester, Pa. G.= -4444, 59-42 39'68-99'10, Seyber;. 3. Smaoland, 58'627 40'573, gangue 0'800, S & S. 4. BohUslan, 6'1 154 39 710, " 3136, S & S. 5. Reading, Pa. 55'727 38-198, Fe 3.495,'i 2-283, H. 0'297, Wetherill. B.B. infusible, but sulphurous fumes emitted, which are deposited on the charcoal. In the forceps, flame greenish; a dull brown pearl with borax on adding nitre. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting a white or grayish residue. Molybdenite generally occurs imbedded in, or desseminated through, granite, gneiss, zircon-syenite, granular limestone, and other crystalline rocks. At Numedal in Sweden, Arendal in Norway, and Greenland, it has been observed in hexagonal prisms. Altenberg and Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, Schlackenwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia, Rathausberg in Salzburg, Laurvig in Norway, Chessy in France, Peru, Brazil, are among its foreign localities. At Caldbeck Fell in Cumberland, it is associated with tungstate of lime and apatite; it also occurs at several of the Cornish mines; in Scotland at Peterhead, Glenelg, and at Corby on Loch Creran. In Connecticut at Haddam, and the adjoining towns on the Connecticut river, it occursin gneiss in crystals and large plates; also at Saybrook. In Vermont at Westmoreland, there is a large vein of molybdenite; at Newport, with crystals of white apatite. In Massachusetts at Shutesbury, east of Locke's pond; at Brimfield, with iolite. In New Hampshire, at Westmoreland, four miles south of the north village meeting-house, in a vein of mica slate, where it is abundant; at Llandaff, in regular tabular crystals; at Franconia. In Maine at Blue Hill Bay and Camdage farm, in large crystallizations; also at Brunswick, Bowdoinham, and Sanford, but less interesting. In New York, two miles southeast of Warwick, in irregular plates associated with rutile, zircon, and pyrites. In Pennsylvania, in Chester, on Chester Creek, near Reading; near Concord, Cabarras Co., N. C., with pyrites in quartz. Tn Canada at Balsam Lake, Terrace Cove, Lake Superior and St. Jerome, C. E. Distinguished from plumbago by its lustre and streak, and also by its behavior before the blowpipe and with acids. SULPHURETS, ARtSENIUg1ET') tS C 6e7 4. SKUTTERUDITE DIVISION. SKUTTERUDITE, ilaidinger. Tesseralkies, Breit. H:artkobaltkies. Hartkobalterz. Arsenikkobaltkies. Modumite, Nicol. Mioonomnetric. Observed planes 0, 1, 2, 1. Figs. 1, -1, 14, 39. Cleavage: cubic, distinct; i; in traces. Also massive granular. H.=6. G-.=6'74 —684. Lustre bright metallic. Color between tin-white and pale lead-gray, sometimes iridescent Contposition.-Co As'=Arsenic 79 2, cobalt 20'8. Analyses: 1, Scheerer, (Pogg. xlii, 545); 2, 3, Wohiler, (ib. xliii, 591): 1. Skutterud, As 77'84 Co 20'01 Fe 151 S 0'69=100'05, S. 2. " cryst. 79'2 1855 1-3 =99'0, W. 3. m" mnass. 79'0 19'5 1'4 — 99'9, W. B.B. nearly like smaltine. Yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic in a closed tube. From Skutt;eud near Moduim, in Norway. 2. DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS. I. THE PERSULPHURET A SULPH1URET iOF AN ELEMENT OF THE HYDROGEN GROUP, AS OF IRON, COBALT, OR NICKEL. 1. LINN/EITE GROUP. -Monometric. LINNA1TE, (Cu, CO) S+Co2 S'. SIGENITE, (Ni, CO, Fe) S+-(Ni, Co, Fe)' S. 2. CHALCOPYRITE GROUP.-Dimetric, Tetrahedral. CHALCo1YRITE, -uE S+Fe2 S3.?TIN PYRITES, CJU S4-(Fe' S', Sn2 S3). 3. STEINBERIGITE GROUP.-Trimetric. STERNBERGITE, Ag S+2 Fe 5S3. LINNzEITE, Haid. Cobalt Pyrites. Sulphulet of Cobalt. Kobaltkies. Schwefelkobalt. Kobaldine, Bedccl. Carrollite, Fcaber. Siegenite. Alonomnetric. Figs. 11, 15, 16. Cleavage: cubic, imperfect. Twins; plane of composition octahedral. Also massive, granular to impalpable. H..=5'5. G.=4-8 —5; 4'85, Carrollite, S. and B3. Lustre netallic. Color pale steel-gray, tarnishing copper red. Streak blackish-gray. Fracture uneven or subconchoidal. Composition.-Co S+Co' S', (Frankenheim)=Sulphur 42'0, cobalt 58-0. Cobalt sometimles replaced by copper or nickel. Analyses: 1, HIisinger, (Afhandl. iii, 319); 2, 3, Wernekink, (Schw. J. xxxix, 306, and Leonh. Zeit. f. Min. 1826); 4, 5, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 367); 6, Sehnabel, (Ramm. 4th Suppl. 117); 7, Ebbinghaus, (ib.): 68 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. S Co Cu Fe 1. Riddarhyttan, 38'50 43'20 14'40 3'53, gangue 0'33=99'96, Hisinger. 2. Milsen, 41'00 43-86 4'10 5-31, gangue 0'67-94'94, Wernekink. 3. " 42'52 53'35 0'97 2'30=98'87, Wernekink. [4685. 4. Ccarrollite, 41-93 37 25 17'48 1'26, Ni 1-54, As tr.=99'46, S. & B. G.= 5. " 40'94 38'21 17-79 1'55, " 1-54, " tr.-=10003, S. & B. 6. Siegenite, 41'98 22-09 2'29, " 33 64,=-100 Schnabel. G.-4-8. 7. " 42'30 11-00 4-69, "42'64=100'63, Ebb. G.=5 0. Carorollite, according to the analyses of Smith and Brush, is a Copper-Linnceite.. inu S-Co2 S3. Siegenite (Kobalt-Nickelkies, Rammelsberg) is a Nickel-Linzceite=(Ni, Co, Fe) S(Ni, Co, Fe)2 S3. I B.B. on charcoal gives a sulphurous odor, and after roasting colors glass of borax blue. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur. Occurs in gneiss with copper pyrites at Bastnaes near Rliddarhyttan, Sweden, and at Mfisen near Siegen, in Prussia, with heavy spar and spathic iron. Also at Mine La Motte, Missouri, with galena and black cobalt. (Carrollite is found at Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland, with copper pyrites, (W. L. Faber, Anm. J. Sci., [2], xiii, 418). The Siegenite is from Siegen and occurs in octahedrons. CUBAN, Breit., Pogg., lix, 325, 1843. iMionoinetric. In cubes or massive. Color between bronlze and brass-yellow. Streak dark-reddish bronze, black. 1.- 4. G-. 4t026, 13r.; 4'169, Booth. Colmposition.-Cu S-tFe' S', Booth. Analyses: 1, Eastwick, (communicated by J. C. Booth); 2, Magee, (ib.); 3, Stevens, (ib.); 4, Scheidauer, (Pogg. 1xiv, 280): S Cu Fe Si 39-01 19'80 38'01 2'30 — 9912. 39 35 21'05 38 80 1 90-101 10. 39 05 20-12 38-29 2-85=100-31. 34'78 22'96 42'51 Pb. tr.-100'25. Breithaurpt obtained in repeated trials 19 per cent. of copper. B.B. fuses easily, giving off fumes of sulphur, but no arsenic. With 2 of copper instead of 1, the composition would be analogous to that of Linnmite, From Barracanao, Cuba. CHALCOPYRITE, -Beud. Copper Pyrites. Yellow Copper Pyrites, Pyritous Copper..Kupferkies. Cuivre Pyriteux. Towanite, B. & lf..... - __ _ 293 294 __8_ W \ >;; \ \\ / 3 3 \ 2 2i i 55 I i3 ii Observed planes. COMPOUND SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 69 Dimetric; tetrahedral. 0:1 =1350 25'; a=-98556. O:'=1450 8'. 0: 2i=1160 54'. 2: 2 (pyr.)=96~ 33'. 0: 1=1250 40'. 0: i —124o 5'. 2: (pyr.)=1000 44" 0: 2 —109~ 44'. 1 l(pyr.) —-109 53'. 1: 1 (f.294)=T71 20' and [700 7'. 295 295A 2\, Cleavage: 29 sometimes distinct; O, indistinct. Twins: plane of composition, (1) li, f. 295, 295A; in the last, composition parallel to 4 terminal edges of a pyramid: (2) 1, similar to f.,200; (3) 4i, similar to f. 207. Often massive and impalpable. 11.=35 — 4. G.-=41 —43. Lustre metallic. Color brass-yellow; subject to tarnish, and often iridescent. Streak greenishblack-a little shining. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Rather sectile. GComnposition.-C-u S+Fe' S3, RaLmu.-=Sulphur 8349, copper 34'6, iron 30'5=100. But some analyses give other proportions, and probably firom admixture with iron pyrites. Analyses: 1, H. Rose, (Gilb. lxxii, 185); 2, Hartwall, (Leonh. Handb. 646); 3, 4, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 161); 5, S. D. Forbes, (Jameson's J. 1, 278): 1. Sayn, S 35'8'7 Cu 34'40 Fe 30'47 quartz 0'27-101 01, Rose. 2. Finnland, 36'33 32-20 30'03 2'23=100'79, I-artwall. 3. Val Castrucci, 35-62 34'09 30-29 = —— 100'00, Bechi. 4. Mt. Catini, 36'16 32'79 29-75 0-86= 99'56, Bechi. 5. Norway, 33-88 32'65 32'77 Mn tr. Si 0-32=99'62, Forbes. Other analyses: Malaguti and Durocher, (Ann. des M. [4], xvii, 299).* This ore is often mixed with iron pyrites indefinitely, and the color becomes correspondingly paler. B.B. on charcoal blackens, but becomes red on cooling. After a continued heat it fuses to a globule which is magnetic. With borax affords pure copper. Dissolves in nitric acid, excepting the sulphur, forming a green solution. A drop of liquid ammonia changes it to a deep blue. Chalcopyrite is the principal ore of copper at the Cornish mines, and 10 to 12,000 tons of pure copper are smelted annually from 150 to 160,000 tons of ore. It is there associated with tin, erubescite, copper glance, galena, gray copper, and blende. The copper beds of Fahlun in Sweden, are composed principally of this ore, which * For analyses of different ores firom New Hampshire, see Geol. Rep. of that State, by C. T. Jackson, p. 214. 70o DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. occurs in large masses,. surrounded by a coating of serpentine, and imbedded in gneiss. At Rammelsberg, near Goslar in the Hartz, it forms a bed in graywacke slate, and is associated with iron pyrites, galena, blende, and minute'portions of silver and gold. The Kurprinz mine at Freiberg affords well defined crystals. It occurs also in the Bannat, Hungary, Thuringia; in Scotland in Kirkcudbright and Wigtonshires, in Perthshire and Invernessshire; in Tuscany, (analyses, 3, 4); in South Australia. In the United States it occurs at the Southampton Lead Mines, Mass., at Turner's falls on the Connecticut, near Deerfield, and at Hatfield and Sterling, Mass.: in Vermont, at Stafford, and at Corinth, Waterbury, and Shrewsbury: in New Hampshire, at Franconia, in gneiss; at Unity, on the estate of James Neal; at Warren, on Davis's farm; at Eaton, two miles northeast of Atkins's tavern; at Lyme, east of East Village; at Haverhill and elsewhere: in Maine, at the Lubec lead mines, and at Dexter: in Connecticut, at Bristol and Middletown, sometimes in crystals: in New York, at the Ancram lead mine; five miles from Rossie, beyond DeLong's mills at the Rossie lead mines in crystals; in crystals and massive near Wurtzborough, Sullivan Co.; crystals and massive at Ellenville, Ulster Co.: in Pennsylvania, at Phenixville; at Pottstown, Chester Co., (Elizabeth Mine): in Virginia at the Phenix copper mines, Fauquier Co., and the Walton gold mine, Louisa Co.: in North Carolina near Greensboro', abundant massive, (Fenress or North Carolina, and Macculloch Mines), along with spathic iron in a quartz gazngue: in Tennessee, 30 miles' from Cleveland, in Polk Co., (Hiwassee Mines), with black copper and pyrites: in the Catoctin Mts., Maryland, and between Newmarket and Taneytown; also abundant near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Md., (Patapsco and other Mines), along with erubescite, carrollite, and malachite; in Canada, in Perth; extensively mined at Bruce mines, on Lake Huron. The Cornwall copper pyrites is not a rich ore; what is picked for sale at Redruth rarely yielding 12, generally only 7 or 8, and occasionally but 3 or 4 per cent. of metal. Its richness may in general be judged of by the color; if of a fine yellow hue, and readily yielding to the hammer, it may be considered a good ore; but if hard, and pale-yellow, it is poor from admixture with iron pyrites. Copper pyrites is readily distinguished from iron pyrites, which it somewhat re sembles, by its inferior hardness; it may be cut by the knife, while iron pyrites will strike fire with steel. The effects of nitric acid are also different. It differs from gold in being brittle, on which account it cannot be cut off in slices, like the latter metal; and moreover gold is not attacked by nitric acid. Occurs as a furnace product near Goslar. 0Ccalcopyrite is from,xaAKoS, brass and pyrites. Arr.TElED FoaRs.-Changes on exposure with moisture, especially if heated, to a sulphate. Malachite, Covelline, Chrysocolla, Black Copper, Copper glance, and oxyd of iron, are other forms into which it is sometimes altered. TIN PYRITES. Stannine, Beud. Sulphuret of Tin, P. Bell Metal Ore. Zinnkies, V: Etain Sulfure, H. Probably dimetric and hemihedral like chalcopyrite, Kengott. Commonly massive, granular, and disseminated. H.=4. G.=4'3 —4'522; 4'506, Zinnwald. Lustre mletallic. Streak black. Color steel-gray to iron-black, somletimes a bluish tarnish; often yellowish from tlhe presence of copper pyrites. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Composition.-C- u S (Sn2 S3, Fe2 Si), Kengott, analogous to Chalcopyrite=(ratio of S, Sn, tu, Fe, being 4:: 1: 1), Sulphur 30'0, tin 27'2, copper 29'7, iron 131 — 100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. v, 228); 2, Kudernatsch, (Pogg. xxxix, 146); 3, Johnston, (Rep. Geol. Cornwall, &c., 1839); 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxviii, 607); 5, Mallet, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 33): COMPOUND SULPHURETS, ARSEENIURETS, ETC. 71 S Sn Cu Fe Zn 1. Hiuel Rock, 305 26'5 30.0 12'0 — =99'0, Klaproth. 2. " 29'64 25655 29'39 12'44 1'177, gangue 1'02=99'81, Kud. 3. St. Michael's Mt., 29'929 31'618 23'549 4'791 10'113=100, Johnston. 4. " 29'46 26'85 29'18 6-73 7'26, gangue 0'16=99'64, Mal. 5. Zinnwald, 29'05 25'65 29'38 6'24 9'66=99'98, Rammelsberg. B.B. on charcoal sulphur is expelled, and afterwards a black scoriaceous globule is obtained; the charcoal is covered with the oxyd of tin. With soda and borax yields a globule of impure copper. Soluble in nitro-muriatic acid, with the exception of sulphur. This species is found at Huel Rock, in the parish of St. Agnes, Cornwall, where it forms a considerable vein, and is accompanied by iron pyrites, blende, and other minerals; also in granite at St. Michael's Mount; also at Zinnwald in the Erzgebirge with blende and galena. It frequently has the appearance of bronze or bell metal, and hence the name bell-metal ore. STERNBERGITE,.Uaidinger, Edinb. Phil. Trans. xl, 1, and Brewster's Journal, vii, 242. Trimetric. I: 1=1190 30', 0: 1= 296 1240 49', B. & I.; ac b:e =14379 1: 1-7145. 0: 1 (e)=1210, 0: 2 (6)=1060 43', 0: 2Z=120~ 48'. Stripe of 0 macrodiagonal, of sides horizontal. Cleavage: basal highly eminent. Commonly in implanted crystals, forming rose-like or fan-like aggregations. Sometimes compound parallel to 1. It.=1-1-5. G.-=4'215. Lustre of 0 brightly metallic. Color pinchbeck-brown, occasionally a violet-blue tarnish on e and e'. Streak black. Opaque. Thin lainine flexible; may be smoothed down by the nail when bent, like tin foil. Very sectile. Leaves traces on paper like plumbago. Composition. Ag S+-2 Fe2 S3 (?)=Sulphur 33'7, silver 32-5, iron 337. Ratio of sulphur, iron and silver more exactly 6: 4: 1. Analysis by Zippe, (Pogg. xxvii, 690): Sulphur 30'0, Silver 33'2, Iron 36'0=99'2. Heated in a glass tube it gives off a sulphurous odor, loses lustre, and becomes dark-gray and friable. B.B. on charcoal burns with a blue flame, and melts to a globule which is generally hollow, has a crystalline surface, is covered with metallic silver, and acts on the magnetic needle, exhibiting the properties of sulphuret of iron. With borax, a globule of silver may be obtained. Occurs with ores of silver, particularly Pyrargyrite and Stephanite, at Joachimstahl in Bohemia, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony. Named after Count Casper Sternberg of Prague. The Flexible silver ore (Argent sulphmlr flexible, Bour., Biegsamner Silberglanzz) from Himmelsfiirst, near Freiberg, is referred here. According to Brooke & Miller the figure by Phillips is a distorted figure of silver glance. The angles of sternbergite, above given, are from very perfect crystals in Mr. Brooke's collection, which were formerly in the possession of Count Bournon, (B. & M., p. 180). The plane 21 is on the edge 0: il; and besides this, there is another 10, represented by these authors, with also the -macrodome 6?, and the pyramid 22. 72 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. IIT. THE PERSULPHURET A SULPIIURET OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC GROUIP.* 1. Persa12hphret of the forwn, R2 S3. 1. WOLFSBERGITE GROUP, III. WOTIFSBERGITE, fen S —Sb2 S3? TANNENITE, un S.+Bi2 ST BERTHIERITE, Fe S+Sb2 Sb ZINKENITE, Pb S+Sb2 S2 2. MIARGYRITE GROUP, IV. MIARGYRITE, Ag S+Sb' S' 3. PLAGIONITE GROUP, IV. PLAGIONITE, Pb S+-Sb2 S3 4. JAMESONITE GROUP, III. JA-MESONITE, Pb S+ Sb2 53 5. HETEROMORPHITE GROUP,III. IHETEROIMORPHITE, Pb S+qSb2 S3? BRONGNIARDITE, (Pb, Ag) S~. Sb2 S'? CtIIVIATITE, (tCu, Pb) S-[4- Bi2 S3 6. DUFRENOYSITE GROUP, I. DUFRENOYSITE, Pb S+-~ As' S3.1. FREISLEBENITE GROUP, IV. FREISLEBENITE,? (Pb, Ag) S+.Sb2 SI 8. PYRARGYREITE GROUP, VI. PYRtARGYRITE, Ag S+~ Sb2 Sbs PROUSTITE, Ag S+~- AS2 S' 9. BOURNONITE GROUP, III. BOURNONITE, (tCu, Pb) S+. Sb2 Ss B)OULANGERITE, Pb S+-~ Sb2 S3? ACICULITE, (Chu, Pb) S+; Bi2 SS WOLCI-TE, 10. KOBELLITE GROUP, KOBELLITE, (Pb, Fe) S+2 (Sb, Bi)2 Ss 11. TETRAHEDRITE GROUP, I. TETRAHEDRITE, R S+1 (Sb, As)2 S TETNNANTITE, R S+ As2 S' 12. GEOCRONITE GROUP, III. GEOCRONITE, PbI S+ — (Sb, As)2 8s 13. STEPHANITE GROUP, III. STEPHANITE, Ag S+ — Sb2 S3 14. POLYBASITE GROUP, VT. POLYBASITE, (Ag, -tu) S+ (Sb, As)?S. 2. Pe8sat1phuret of the fyborm, I2 S5. ENARGITE, III. R S+-~ (As, Sb)2 S5. XANTIOCONE, VI. (3Ag S+As' S5) —2(3Ag S3+As2 S3). FIREBLENDE. APPENDIX. WITTIOHITE, eU StBi2 S? * In this table, the system of Crystallization is indicated by Roman numerals, as follows: I. Monometric System, IV. Monoclinic System, II. Dimetric System, V. Triclinic System, III. Trimetric System, VI. Hexagonal System. In the formulas, the ratios of the two Sulphurets-the Protosulphuret and Persulphuret-are given by making the former a unit, as this method is best adapted for a comparison of the composition of the several species. All hypothesis as to the arrangements of the constituents, beyond the simple expression of this ratio, is avoided. In this view, the objection to the use of fractions, that molecules are indivisible atoms, is of no importance, even if based on fact. COMPOUND SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 73 WOLFSBERGITE, Nicol. Antimonial Copper. Sulphuret of Copper and Antimony, Ht Rose. Kupferantimnonglanz, Zincken. Chalcostibites, Glocker. Trimetric. I: I=101, i2: i-1380 12', i2: i= 112~ 24'. In small aggregated tabular prisms presenting the planes 0, I, i2, ai. Cleavage: ia, very perfect; 0, less so. II. =3 —4. G.=41748. Lustre metallic. Streak black. Color between lead-gray and iron-gray. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Composition. —Qu S+SSb2 S'Sulphur 25'0, antimony 50'2, copper 24'8 —100. Analysis by H. Rose, (Pogg. xxxv, 361); S 26'34, Sb 46'81, Cu 24-46, Fe 1'39, Pb 0'56-99'56. The iron is supposed to exist as pyrites, and the lead as feather ore. B.B. decrepitates, fuses readily, and gives on charcoal fumes of antimony; also after a strong heat with soda a globule of copper. From Wolfsberg in the Hartz, in nests imbedded in quartz. It is usually covered with a coating of pyrites. Glocker's name antedates Nicol's, but it was given as a Latin generic name, the species being called by him Chalkostibites Hercynius. TANNENITE. Kupferwismuthglanz, R. Schneider, Pogg. xc, 166, 1853. Trimetric In thin striated prisms. Lustre bright metallic. Color grayish to tin-white. Composition.-eu S+Bi2 S8=Sulphur 19'1, bismuth 62'0, copper 18-9. Analysis by R. Schneider, (loc. cit.): Sulphur 18'83, Bismuth 62'16, Copper 18'72=99'71. In an open tube yields sulphur; B.B. on coal fuses easily with intumescence, and gives with soda a globule of copper. Nitric acid solution deep bluish green, becoming dark blue with ammonia. From Tannenbaum in Johanngeorgenstadt. BERTHIERITE, Poggendorff. Haidingerite of Beerthier. In elongated prisms or massive; a longitudinal cleavage rather indistinct. Also fibrous massive, plumose; also granular. H.=2-3. G.=4 —43. Lustre metallic, less splendent than gray antimony. Color dark steel-gray, inclining to pinchbeckbrown: surface often covered with iridescent spots. Composition. —Fe S+Sb2 S —=Sulphur 28-9, antimony 58'4, iron 12'7=100. Anal yses: 1, 2, 3, Berthier, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xxxv, 51); 4, 5, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xl, 153); 6, Pettko, (Haid. Ber. i, 62): S Sb Fe Zn 1. Chazelles, 30'3 52'0 16'0 0'30=98'6, Berthier. 2. Martouret, 28'81 61'34 9'85 — =100, Berthier. 3. Anglar, 29'18 58'65 12'17 - =100, Berthier. 4. Briunsdorf, 30'575 54'338 11'965 trace, Mn 0.456-=97.834, Rammelsberg. 5. " 31 326 54'700 11'432 0'737, " 2'544-100'739, " 6. Arany Idka, 29'27 57'88 12'85 -— 100, Pettko. G.= 4'043. Anal. 3-6 correspond to the above formula. No. 1=3FeS+2Sb' S'=Sulphur 29'6, antimony 53'1, iron 17 3=100. No. 2=3Fe S+4Sb2 S'=Sulphur 28'6, antimony 61'4, iron 10'0=100. B.B. on charcoal fuses readily, gives out fumes of antimony, and forms a black magnetic slag. Dissolves readily in muriatic acid, giving out sulphuretted hydrogen, Occurs at Chazelles and Martouret in Auvergne, associated with quartz, calcareous spar, and iron pyrites; in the Vosges, Commune of Lalaye, containing about 32 of Sb to 18 of Fe; at Anglar in La Creuse; also at Br:iunsdorf in Saxony, and at Tintagel and Padstow in Cornwall; at Arany Idka in Hungary. Yields antimony, but of inferior quality. 10 74 ~DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. ZINKENITE, G. Rose, Pogg. vii. Brewster's Journal, vi, 17. Trimetric. I: I=120~ 39', Rose; 120~ 34, Kengott. Usual in twins, as hexagonal prisms, with a low hexagonal pyramid at sumnuit; angle at pyramidal edge=1650 26'; 7 on face of pyramid= 1040 42'. Lateral faces longitudinally striated. Sometimes columnar, fibrous or massive. Cleavage not distinct. 1. =-3 —35. G. =530-5'35. Lustre metallic. Color and streak steel-gray. Opaque. Fracture slightly uneven. Comnposition.-PbS+Sb2 S3=Sulphur 21'6, antimony 43'5, lead 34'9=100. Analyses: 1, 2, H. Rose, (Pogg. viii, 99); 3, Kerl, (B. u. H. Ztg., 1853, No. 2): 1. Wolfsberg, S 22'58 Sb 44-39 Pb 31'84 Cu 0'42=99'23. 2. " undet. 44'11 31'97 undet. 3. " 21 22 43'98 30'84 Ag 012, Fe 1'45=97 61, K. B.B. alone on charcoal, decrepitates briskly, and fuses as readily as gray antimony, affording small metallic globules, which are volatilized, and the charcoal is covered with a coating of oxyd of lead. With carbonate of soda, yields globules of metallic lead. With muriatic acid forms chlorid of lead. Occurs in the antimony mine of Wolfsberg in the Hartz; the groups of columnar crystals occur on a massive variety in quartz; the crystals sometimes over half an inch long, and two or three lines broad, frequently extremely thin and forming fibrou s masses. Named in honor of Mr. Zinken, the director of the Anhalt mines, by G. Rose. Has been reported from St. Trudpert in the Schwarzwald. Resembles gray antimony and bournonite, but may be distinguished by its superior hardness and specific gravity. Kengott makes the crystallization monoclinic, and the pyramidal planes oblique basal planes; but such twins with pyramids so formed are not known among monoclinic species. (See page 152, vol. I). MIARGYRITE, H. Rose. Monoclinic; C=810 36', I: 1 o =390 38', 0:l 1=109~9'; a,: -: c= —10377: 1: 0'3565. ___ o O: li=1380 26' _ 0: 3i-116~ 2'. _. _ 0:; =1420 6' I- __1 0 =1340 17' IT 0 1 ==1230 38' 0:1 =1090 36' i - O: I= 92~ 40' 2 i 0: -2=119 47'___ 22 1: 1 (front)= 530 16' j 33 -2 C 380 44' 22: 22 " 1i703' 55: 55 =1150 54' 33: 33 =950 59' 77 3~ -13-13 " =106~ 21a' --. -16: -16 =1410 1/. i3 I i i3: i3 " = 900 30/ -2 Crystals thick tabular, pyra- li l6 -13 -- midal or short prismatic. Lateral planes deeply striated. Cleav- - age: I', 1t, imperfect. Observed Planes. COMPOUND SULPHUtRETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 75 H.-=2-2 5. G. 52-5'4. Lustre submetallic-adamantine. Color iron-black. Streak dark cherry-red. Opaque, except in thin splinters, which, by transmitted light, atre deep blood-red. Fracture subconchoidal. Very sectile. Composition.-Ag S+Sb2S'=Sulphur 21'2, nt;ilony 42, silver 359'. Analysi by H. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 469): S 21'95, Sb 39'14, Ag 36-40 Cu 1'06, Fe 0'62-=99'17. In an open tube fuses easily and gives a sublimate of oxyd of antimony and sulphurous acid. On charcoal with soda reduced, and a globule of silver obtained. Observed only at Braiinsdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, associated with argentiferous arsenical pyrites. Named from petwv, less, &pyvpos, silver, because it containa less silver than some kindred ores. The Hypargyrite of Breithaupt contains, according to Plattner, 35 per cent. silver, and is probably a variety of the above. PLAGIONITE, G. Rose, Pogg. xxviii, 421, 1833. Monoclinic. C=72~ 28', 1: I=850 25', 297 O: 11=1580 9', Rose; a: b: c=0-37015:1 0'8802. Observed planes as in tile annexed figure. 0 0: 1=154~ 20, O' —'10: 32'. O: 2=1380 52, 1:1 -142~ 3'. 0: -1=1490, 2: 2 -120~ 49'. Crystals thick tabular; the plane 0 shil- 2 2 inlg and smooth; others striated. Cleavage: 2, perfect, but seldom affording smooth surfaces. Also massive, granular. H.=2'5. G.=5'4. Lustre metallic. Color,,:1 blackish lead-gray. Opaque. Brittle. C6omposition.-PbS+ISb2 S'3Sulphur 20-6, antimony 38 3, lead 41 1. Analysee 1, HI. Rose, (Pogg. xxviii, 428); 2, Kudernatsch, (Pogg. xxxvii, 588): 1. Wolfsberg, S 21'53 Sb 37 94 Pb 40'52=99'99, Rose. 2. " 21'49 37'53 40'98=100, Kudernatsch. B.B. decrepitates and fuses easily, affording fumes of sulphur and oxyd of antimony, and coating the charcoal with oxyd of lead. Occurs at Wolfsberg in geodes and druses of crystals in massive plagionite, or crystallized on quartz, and was discovered by Zincken. Named, in allusion to its unusually oblique crystallization, from 7rnaytos, oblique. Taking the planes 2, 2, as the lateral faces of the fundamental prism, the lateral angle is nearly the same as in Freislebenite. JAMESONITE, Haid. Bleischimmer. Trimetric. I: I=101~ 20' and 78~ 40'. Observed planes, 1, i:i. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect; I and it less perfect. Sometimes capillary. Also massive, structure columnar, particles delicate, straight, and parallel or divergent. H.=2-2-5. G.=55 —5S 8; 5' 564, Hi aidinger. Lustre metallic. Color and streak steel-gray. Opaque. Sectile. 76 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Cornposition.-PbS+. Sb2 S'=Sulphur 20'2, antimony 36'2, lead 43'6. Analyses: 1, 2, H. Rose, (Pogg. viii, 101); 3, Schaffgotsch, (Pogg. xxxviii, 403); 4, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 60): S Sb Pb Fe Cu 1. Cornwall, 22'15 34'40 40'75 2'30 0'13=99'3, Rose. 2. " 22'53 34-90 38'71 2'65 0'19, Fe, Pb, Zn 0-74=99'72, Rose. 3. Estremadura, 21'78 32'62 39'97 3'63 - Bi 1'06, Zn 0'42=99'48, Sch. 4. Tuscany, 20'53 32'16 43.38 0'94 1'25, Zn 1'74=100, Bechi. B.B. in an open tube affords dense white fumes of oxyd of antimony; on charcoal decrepitates, fuses readily, and almost wholly passes off in fumes. Occurs principally in Cornwall, associated with quartz and minute crystals of Bournonite; occasionally also in Siberia, Hungary, Spain, and Brazil. Its perfect cleavage at right angles with the vertical axis, is sufficient to distinguish it from the species it resembles. Named after Prof. Jameson of Edinburgh. IIETEROMORPHITE, Ramm. Feather Ore. Plumosit, Haid. Federerz. In capillary formns resembling a cobweb. Also massive. IH.=I —3. G.=-567 —5'9; 5.6788, massive, Poselger. Lustre dull metallic. Color dark lead-gray-steel-gray, sometimes irised. Compositiotn.-PbS+- Sb' S'=Sulphur 19'2, antimony 31'0, lead 49'8. Analyses: 1, H. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 471); 2, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. Ann. lxxvii, 241); 3, Poselger, (Ramm. 3d Supp. 44); 4, 5, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xiv, 60): S Sb Pb Fe Zn 1. Wolfsberg, plurnose, 19 72 31'04 46'87 1'30 0'08=99'01, Rose. 2. i " " 20'86 30'67 42'79 2'83 1'84, Cu 1'01=100, Rose. 3. " massive, 20'32 32'98 48'48 --- =101'78, Poselger. 4. Tuscany, capil. 18'39 30'19 47'68 0'26 1'08, Cu 111=-98'71, Bechi. 5. " acic., 19'25 29'24 49'31 - 0'21, " 200=100'01, Bechi. Fuses instantly in the flame of a candle, evolving white fumes. Occurs at Wolfsberg in the Eastern Hartz; also at Andreasberg and Clausthal; at Freiberg and Schemnitz; in the Anhalt at Pfaffenberg and Meiseberg; in Tuscany, near Bottino. The name Feather Ore or Plumosite being inapplicable, since a massive variety has been found, Ramnelsberg substituted Heteromorphite. ZUNDERERZ, (Tinder Ore), supposed formerly to be Red Antimony, proves to be an impure arsenical sulphuret of antimony and lead, supposed to be mixed with red silver ore and mispickel. Borntrlger obtained in an analysis, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxv, 49), S 19'57, As 12'60, Sb 16'88, Pb 43'06, Ag 2'56, Fe 4'52=96'19. It is soft like tinder, and has a dirty dark reddish color. From Andreasberg and Clausthal in the Hartz. BROGNIARDITE, Darnour, Ann. des M. [4], xvi, 227. Massive without cleavage. H. above 3. G.=-5'950. Lustre like that of bournonite. Streak grayish-black. Conmposition.-Pb S —Ag S+Sb' S3, or (Pb, Ag) S+- Sb' S3=Sulphur 19'0, antimony 30'7, silver 25'7, lead 246 —100. Analyses by Damour, (loc. cit.): S Sb Ag Pb Cu Fe Zn 1. 19-38 29 95 25'03 24'74 0'54 0'30 0'40=100'34. 2. 19 21 29 60 24'46 25'05 0'61 0'26 0'32=99 51. 3. 19'14 29'75 24'81 24-94 0'70 0'22 0'37=99'93. B.B. on charcoal decrepitates, fuses easily, giving off an odor of sulphur and white vapors; after roasting, yields a globule of silver, surrounded with a yellow COMPOUND SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETS, ETC. 7 areola of lead. In a closed tube a feeble orange sublimate with a white one above; in an open tube fuses, affords an odor of sulphur and a white sublimate of oxyd of antimony. Rapidly attacked by concentrated nitric acid. From Mexico. CHIVIATITE, Rammelsberg, Pogg. lxxxviii, 320. Foliated massive; cleavable in three directions in one zone, one making an angle with the second of 1530, and with the third of 1330, Miller. G.=6'920. Lustre metallic. Color lead-gray. Composition.-(Qu, Pb) S+ — Bi2 S3, R. Analysis by Rammelsberg, (loc. cit.): S Bi Pb Cu Fe Ag insol. 18'00 60'95 16 73 2'42 1 02 trace 0'59-99 71. B.B. like needle ore, which it is near in constitution. From Chiviato, in Peru; along with Pyrites and Barytes. Resembles Bismuth glance. DUFRENOYSITE, Damour. Gotthardite, Ramzmelsberg. Monomnetric. Figure 43. Cleavage not distinct. G.=5-549. Lustre metallic. Colorsteel-gray. Streak reddishbrown. Brittle. onomposition.-PbS -4- As' S'=Sulphur 22'1, arsenic 20'7, lead 57'2, or analogous to Heteromorphite, arsenic replacing the antimony. Analyses by Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiv, 379): S As Pb Ag Cu Fe 1. 22'49 20'69 55'40 0'21 0'31 0'44=99'54 2. 22'30 20'87 56'61 0'17 0'22 0'32=100'49. In a matrass affords a red sublimate of sulphuret of arsenic. B.B. fuses easily, yielding sulphurous acid and arsenical fumes, and a globule of lead. Dissolves in acids. Occurs in dolomite alt St. Gothard, with realgar, orpiment, blende, and pyrites. PYRARGYRITE. Dark-red Silver Ore. Ruby Silver, P. Black Silver. ~Erosite. Rothgiiltigerz, W. Argyrythrose, Beud. Dunkles Rothgtiltigerz, G. Argent Antimoni6 Sulfur6, II. Antimonsilberblende. Argentum rubrum, 2inn. Rhomlbohedral. Opposite ex- 298A tremities of crystals often unlike. R': — =1080 42', B3. and M., 0 298 43 0 ~ BR-137~ 42'; ca=0'788. Ob- 2 53 served planes: rhombohedral, {, (R), 4,-5, -2, -1, -; scalenohe-. dral 13, 1a3 15 1 7 _la3 2 3 3 i2 _-2a _-, 47; pyramidal, 2; and 2 also 0,1, i2. 0: 1 155c 321. 4' -=137~ 58/. R: 1-=144~ 21'. 0: 13=112~ 33'. i2: = —1250 39'. R1: 3 =-1640 5'. 0' 17-=100 14'. i2:13 —1550 4'. i2: i2 =120~. Tg DEBESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Cleavage: R rather imperfect. Twins: plane of composition - as in f. 300, which consists of four individuals; O or basal plane, as in f. 300A; also R and /I Also massive, structure granular, sometimes impalpable. 299 300 300A /3 -i f " i ~ ~'/2 H.-=2 —2'5. G.-5 7 —5'9. Lustre mletallic-adanmaltine. Color black, sometimes approaching cochineal-red. Streak cochinealred. Translucent-opaque. Zracture conchoidal. Sectile, yielding readily to the knife. Composition. —Ag S+- Sb2 S3=Sulphur 17 5, antimony 23'5, silver 59'0. Analyses: 1, Bonsdorff, (K. V. Ac. H. 1821, 338); 2, Wohler, (Ann. d. Pharm. xxvii, 1057); 3, Bbttger, (Ramrm. Handw. ii, 106): S Sb Ag 1. Andreasberg, 16-61 22'85 58'95, gangue 0'30=98'70, Bonsdorff. 2. Mexico, 18'0 21'8 60-2 -100, W6hler. 3. Zacatecas, Mex., 11'76 24'59 5'745=99'80, B6ttger. B.B. fuses and gives out fumes of antimony; ultimately on charcoal a globule of silver is obtained. Dissolves in heated nitric acid, leaving sulphur and oxyd of antimony. The dark-red silver ore occurs principally with calcareous spar, native arsenic, and galena, at Andreasberg in the Hartz; also in Saxony, Hungary, Norway, at Gaudalcanal in Spain, and Cornwall. In Mexico it is worked extensively as an ore of silver. A light-red ore from Andreasberg, according to Zincken, contains no arsenic. A gray ore from the same locality contains both arsenic and antimony, and may be miargyite. ALTERED FORts. —Occurs like Proustite, changed to Silver glance, (Ag S); also to Pyrites. PROUSTITE. Light red Silver Ore. Lichter Rothgiiltigerz. Arseniksilberblende. Rhombohedral. Ri: R=10V7 48', O: R=137c 9/; a=0'78506. Observed planes: rhombohedral, 1, 1(R), -2, -, 1; scalenohedral, 13,, 143; prismatic I, i2; basal, O0.' ~ =137~ 16'. Simple forms and twins as in the preceding species. Also granular. H. =2-2 25. G. = —422-5'56. Lustre adamantine. Color cochineal-red. Streak cochineal-red, sometimes inclined to aurora CoaMPOUND SULPXRETTS, ARSENIURETS) ETC. 79 red. Subtransparent-subtranslueent. Fracture conchoidal —uneven. Coomnposition.-AgS+-I As2S-=Sulphur 19'4, arsenic 15-2, silver 654. Analysis by H. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 472): Joachimstahl, S 19'51, As 15'09, Ag 64'67, Sb 0'6999'96. B.B. like the preceding, excepting it gives off arsenical fumes instead of oxyd of antimony. Occurs in Saxony at Johanngeorgenstadt, Marienberg, and Annaberg; at Joachimstahl in Bohemia, Wolfach in Baden, Markirchen in Alsace, Chalanches in Dauphin6, Guadalcanal in Spain, in Mexico and Peru. FREISLEBENITE, Haid. Antimonial Sulphuret of Silver. Sulphuret of Silver and Antimony, P. Schilfglaserz, Freisleben. Silber-und-Antimon. Argent Sulfur6 Antimonifere et Cuprifere, Levy. Monoclinic. C=87~ 46', 1: 1=1190 12', 0: 1=137 ~ 10', (B. & M.); ac: b: c=1'5802: 1: 17032. O: i/=1230 55' 1: 1 (front)=1280 2' 4: 4 (front)=1320 48'. 0:'=i-156o 8' 14: 14 " =1660 6' i3: i3 " — 157~ 54'. 0: 2i=1180 21' 12: 12 " =1520 36' ii: 1ii (top) = 940 20'. Prisms longitudinally striated. Cleavage: Iperfect. H.=2 —2'5. G.=6 —64; 6'194, Hausmann. Lustre metallic. Color and streak light steel-gray, inclining to silver-white, also blackish lead gray. Yields easily to the knife, and is rather brittle. Fracture conchoidal-uneven. 301 1z- 1 — 1 U -- 1i 3 1 1 1 U 1 2 1/ 0 _ i3 |D ii. S i I i2.r Observed Planes. Comnposition.-(Pb S+Sb2 S)+2[3(Pb, Ag)S +Sb $', or (Pb, Ag)S+3 Sb2S, Wohler (Pb, Ag)S-+4 Sba2 S, is nearer the analysis, which may correspond to (Pb, Ag) S-f+ Sb2 S, together with L Sb2Sa (or gray antimony) as impurity. Analyses by Wihler, (Pogg. xlvi, 146): 1. S 18'77 Sb 27?72 Pb 30'00 Ag 22'18, Fe 011 Cu 1'62-100. 2. 181'2 27'05 30'08 23'78-99'60. B.B. on charcoal emits copious white vapors and a slight sulphurous odor, deposits oxyd of antimony and lead around the assay, and finally a white metallic globule remains. Occurs with silver glance, spathic iron, and galena, in the Himmelsfirst min'e, at Freiberg in Saxony, and Kapnik in Transylvania; also at Ratieborzitz, the ore of this region containing bismuth, according to Zincken. o0 DESCORIPTIVE MINERALOGY. An antimonial sulphuret of silver is said to occur with native silver and native copper, at the copper mines of Michigan. BOURNONITE. Endellionite, Bournon. Schwarz-spiessglaserz,;V. Bleifahlerz, Spiessglanz-bleierz, Haus. Wheel Ore. Radelerz. Antimonie Sulfur6 Plumbocuprifere, i. Trimetric. I: I=930 40', 0: 1=136~ 17', a: b: c=095618:. 1'0662. 0: =1540 27'. 0: ~ =146~ 45'. 1 1 (mac.) =1140 6'. 0: {}=147o 29'. 0 1 =1270 20'. 1 1 (brach.)=1090 6'. 0: 12=l330 26'. 0: I3=144o 29'. i.:i2 (ov. i) =1290 44'. 0: 2=1150 20'. 0: 1 =-1380 6'. i: ii (ov. i) = 1230 52'. 0 302 _3 o 21 3'. i I 21i 22 2 3 Observed Planes. Cleavage: i't imperfect; ii and 0 less distinct. Twins': plane of composition I; crystals often cruciform, crossing at angles of 930 40' and 860 20'. Also massive, granular, compact. H:.=2'5-3. G. —57 —59. Lnstre metallic. Color and streak steel-gray, inclining to blackish lead-gray or iron-black. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal or uneven. Brittle. 6'ornposition.-(Qu, Pb) S+- Sb2 S3, or (3 eu S+Sb2 S3)+ 2(3 Pb S+Sb2 S'), Rammelsberg=Sulphur 19'4, antimony 26'0, lead 41'8, copper 12'8. Analyses: 1, H. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 573); 2, Sinding, (Ramm. Handw. 123); 3, 4, Dufr'noy, (Ann. d. Min. [3], x, 371); 5, 6, 7, 8, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. Ann. lxxvii, 253): S Sb Pb Cu 1. Pfaffenberg, 20'31 26'28 40'84 12'65=100'08, Rose. 2. "' 19'63 25'68 41'38 12'68=99'37, Sinding. 3. Alais, 19'4 29'4 38'9 12'3-100, Dufr6noy. 4. Mexico, 17'8 28'3 40'2 13'3=99'6, Dufr6noy. 5. Meiseberg, 19'49 24'60 40'42 13'06=97'57, Ramm. 6. " 18'99 24'82 40'04 15'16-99'01, Ramm. 7. Wolfsberg, 19'76 24'34 42'88 13'06-100'04, Ramm. 8. " 19'87 24'28 35'52 9'05, Ni & Co 5'47, Fe 0'84, As 3'22=98'26, R. The Meiseberg mineral (No. 6) is light gray, and occurs in tabular crystals with an uneven conchoidal fracture, and submetallic lustre. G.=5'703, Zincken; 5'726, and 5 792, Bromeis; 5'779, Rammelsberg. Another variety (No. 5) is iron-black, with the faces of a rhombic octahedron largely developed. Fracture conchoidal. Lustre metallic. G.=5'822 and 5'847, Bromeis; 5'844, Zincken; 5'863, Rammelsberg. COMPOUND SULPHURETS, ABSENIURETS, ETC. 81 The Wolfsberg ore, (No. 7), is iron black. The crystals are rectangular prismatic. Fracture conchoidal. Lustre metallic. G.-5'726, Rammelsberg; 5-796, Zincken; 5'801 and 5-855, Bromeis. In the last analysis, part of the lead is replaced by nickel and cobalt. The specific gravity is 5'524 —5590. Rammelsberg calls the mineral Nickel-bournonite. B.B. decrepitates, fuses easily and gives off sulphur and fumes of antimony. Ultimately, fuses to a black globule. In a strong heat, the charcoal is covered with oxyd of lead. Readily dissolves in nitric acid, forming a blue solution. Good crystals of this species occur in the mines of Neudorf in the Hartz, where they occasionally exceed an inch in diameter; with quartz, gray copper, and phosphorescent blende, at Kapnik in Transylvania, in flattened crystals; at Servoz in Piedmont, it is associated with pearl spar and quartz.- Other localities are at Braunsdorf and Gersdorf in Saxony, Clausthal, and Andreasberg in the Hartz, &c.; also Endellion, near Redruth in Cornwall, where it was first found, and hence called Enclellionite, by Count Bournon, after whom it has since been named. Occurs also at Beeralston in Devonshire; and in Chili. BO3ULANGERITE. Sulphuret of Antimony and Lead, C. Boulanger, Ann. des Mines, 3d ser. vii, 1835. Plumbostib, Br. Embrithite, Br. Schwefelantimonblei. In plumose masses, exhibiting in the fracture a crystalline structure, generally massive; also granular and compact. H-.=25- 3. G.=5-75-6'0. Lustre metallic. Color bluish lead-gray; often covered with yellow spots from oxydation. Composition. —Pb S+j-Sb2 S'=Sulphur 17'9, antimony 24'1, lead 5850. Analyses: 1, Boulanger, (Ann. d. Mines, [2], viii, 575); 2, Thaulow, (Pogg. xli, 216); 3, Bromeis, (Pogg. xlvi, 281); 4, Bruel, (ib.); 5, Abendroth, (Pogg. xlvii, 493); 6, Rammelsberg, (3d Supp. 28); 7, 8, C. Bechi, (Am, J. Sci., [2], xiv, 60). S Sb Pb 1. Molieres, 18'5 25'5 53'9, Fe 1'2, Cu 0'9=100, Boulanger. 2. Nasafjeld, 18-86 24'60 55'57=99'03, Thaulow. 3. Nertschinsk, 18-21 25'04 56'29=99'54,Bromeis. 4. " 19-11 23'66 53'87, Fe 1-78, Ag 005 —98'47, Briiel. 5. Ober-Lahr, 19-05 25'40 55'60=100-05, Abendroth. 6. Wolfsberg, 18-91 25'94 55-15-100, Rammelsberg. 7. Tuscany, mas. 17'99 26-08 53-15 Cu 1'24 Zn 1'41 Fe 0'35=100'23, Bechi. 8. " acic. 17'82 27-74 55'39 " 125 " 0'09 " 0-23=101'52, Bechi. B.B. fuses readily, with exhalations of sulphurous acid and fumes of oxyd of antimony. On charcoal, a yellow circle indicates the presence of lead. Easily attacked by nitric acid. Boiling strong muriatic acid decomposes it with the extrication of sulphuretted hydrogen. Occurs quite abundantly at Molieres, department of Gard, in France; also at Nasafjeld in Lapland; at Nertschinsk, and Ober-Lahr; Wolfsberg; near Bottino in Tuscany, both massive, acicular, and fibrous. Specimens from Wolfsberg gave Rammelsberg G.=S-75, and pulverized 5'96. AIKINITE, Chapman. Aciculite, Nicol. Acicular Bismuth.. Needle Ore, J. Plumbo-cupriferous Sulphuret of Bismuth. Nadelerz. Bismuth Sulfur6 PlomboCuprifere, H. Belonit, Glocker. Trimetric. I: 1=1100~ nearly, HoIrnes. In imbedded long acicular crystals, longitudinally striated. Also massive. H.=2-2-5. G.=6-1 6'8. Lustre metallic. Color blackish lead-gray, with a pale copper-red tarnish. Opaque. Fracture uneven. 11 582 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition.-(3 euS+Bi2 S3)+2(3Pb S+Bi2 S')=( —u, Pb) S+~ Bi2 Ss=Sulphur 16'7, bismuth 36'2, lead 36'1, copper 11'0=100: supposed to be isomorphous with Bournonite. Analyses: 1, 2, Frick, (Pogg. xxxi, 529); 3, Chapman, (Phil. Mag. [3], xxxi, 541): S Bi Pb Cu 1. Beresof, 16'05 34'62 35 69 11'79=98'15, Frick. 2. " 16-61 36-45 36 05 10'59=99 70, " 3. " 18'-8 27'93 40'10 12'53=99-64, Chapman. G.=6-1. B.B. gives off fumes of sulphur, fuses, and emits nmnerous burning globules, and yields a bead of lead, containing copper, which colors glass of borax greenish-blue. Partly dissolved in nitric acid. Acicular bismuth occurs imbedded in white quartz, and accompanies gold, malachite, and galena, at Beresof, near Ekatherinenberg in Siberia. An ore of bismuth, according to Jackson, occurs at the Lubec lead mines, in Maine. Chapman's name, after Mr. Aikin, the chemist, given in 1843, claims priority. ALTERED Foams.-Occurs altered to bismuth ochre. WOLCHITE, Haid. Antimonial Copper Glance. Antimonkupferglanz, Breit. Prismatic. In short rhombic prisms; observed planes 0, i, i', I,1L. Angles not ascertained. Cleavage: brachydiagonal, imperfect. Also massive. H. =3. G.=5'7 —5' 8. Color blackish lead-gray. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Brittle. Composition.-Analysis by Schrotter, (Baumgart. Zeit. viii, 284): S 28'602, Sb 16-647, As 6'036, Pb 29'902 Cu 17'352, Fe 1'404=99'943. Occurs in the iron mines at St. Gertraud, in Carinthia. KOBELLITE, Satterberly, K. V. Ac.-:I. 1839, p. 188,-Berz. Jahresb. xx, 215. Resembles gray antimony, but brighter in lustre; structure radiated. G.=6'29 —632. Soft. Color blackish lead-gray to steel-gray. Streak black. Composition. - (3Fe S+2 Sb2 S3)-+4(3 Pb S+Bi2 S3) = (Fe, Pb)S- 2(Sb, Bi)2 S3= Sulphur 1719, antimony 8'7, bismuth 28'3, lead 42-2, iron 2'8. Analysis by Sitterberg, (loc. cit.): S 17'86, Sb 9 24, Bi 27 05, Pb 40'12, Fe 2'96, Cu 0'80, gangue 1'45=99-48. B.B. fuses, colors the charcoal yellow, passes off mostly in fumes, and yields a white metallic globule. Dissolves in concentrated muriatic acid, affording sulphuretted hydrogen. From the cobalt mine of HIvyena in Sweden. Named after von Kobell. TETRAHEDRITE, Haid. Gray Copper. Fahlerz, P. Panabase, Beud. Schwar — zerz, WV Kupferfahlerz. Weissgiltigerz. Schwarzgiltigerz and Graugiltigerz, in part, or Polytelite, Glocker. Cuivre Gris, H. Aphthpnite, Svanberg. Aftonite. Quecksilberfahlerz, or Spaniolite, Kobell. Monometric: tetrahedral. Observed planes as in the annexed figures, with also 33. Figs. 54-59, 61-64. Cleavage: octahedral, in traces. Twins: plane of composition a face of the octahedron. Also granular, coarse or fine, to impalpable, compact. CO}MPOUND SULPHIURETS ARSEIURETS, ETC. 83 El.=3 —45. G.=4'-5,511. Lustre metallic. Color between steel-gray and iron-black. Streak sometimes inclined to brown, 303 303A 22 2 2 02 2 ~ 12 22 but generally the same as the color. Opaque or subltranslucent in very thin splinters, with a cherry-red transmitted color. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Rather brittle. Some varieties contain silver and quicksilver: the former are called Polytelite by Glocker, the latter Spaniolite by Kobell. But the limits between these varieties are indefinite. Uompositioz. —(eu, Ag, Fe, Zn) S+-~(Sb, As)2 S3, in which Ag+-Qu is to Zn+Fe as 2 to 1. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iv); 2-6, II. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 576); 7, 8, Kersten, (Pogg. lviii, 161, lxvii, 428); 8~, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 60); 9, Bromeis, (Pogg. Iv, 117); 10, Amelung, (Ramm. 3d Supp. 51); 10~, Ebelmen, (Ann. des. M. [4], xi, 47); 11, Klaproth, (Beit. iv); 12, 13, HI. Rose, (loc. cit.); 14, Sander, (Ramm. 1st Supp. 52); 15, Svanberg, (Oefv. K. V. Ac. Fdrh. iv, 85); 16, 17, 18, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. Ann. lxxvii, 251); 18-i, F. A. Genth, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 83); 19, Scheidhauer, (Pogg. lviii, 161); 20, H. Weidenbusch, (Pogg. 1849, lxxvi, 86); 21, 22, v. Hauer, (Jahrb. d. Geol. Reichs. 1852, 98, J. f. pr. Ch. Ix, 55): 1. Containing little or no Silver. S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag 1. Kapnik, 28'00 22'00 - 37-75 3-25 5'00 0'25-96'25, Klap. 2. " 25'77 23-94 2'88 37-98 0'86 7'29 0'62-99-34, Rose. 3. Gersdorf, 26'33 16'52 7-21 38-63 4-89 2'76 2'37=98'71, Rose. 4. Elsace, 26'83 12-46 10-19 40'60 466 3'69 0'60 quartz 0'41, R. 5. Dillenburg, 25-03 25-27 2-26 38-42 1'52 6'85 0'83=100'18, Rose. 6. Clausthal, 24'73 28'24 - 34-48 2-27 5'55 4'97=100'24, Rose. 7. V. di Castello, 24-17 2747 - 3580 1-89 6'05 0-33=H-g 2-70, K. 8. Angina, Tusc. 23'40 27'47 35'90 1-93 6'24 0'33=Hg 2'70,Au trace gangue and loss 2'03, Kersten. 84. Angina, 24'14 26-52 37-72 1'64 6'23 0'45,Hg3'03=99'73,B. 9. Durango, Mex.23'76 25-97 37-11 4-42 5-02 1-09, Pb 0-54, undec. 0'4-7=98'38, Bromeis. 10. Camsdorf, 23'73 28-87 trace 38-78 5'03 3'59 — =100, Amel'g. 10~. Algeria, 27'25 1477. 9'12 41'57 4'66 2'24 — =99 61, Ebelm. II. Containing Silver. (Weissgiltigerz or Silberfahlerz, Polytelite). G. of 15, 4'87; of 16, 4'852; of 17, 4'892 —4946; of 18, 4'526. 11. Wolfach, 25'50 27'00 - 25-50 7'00 - 13'25=98 25, Klap. 12. " 23'52 26'63 ~ 2523 3'72 3'10 17'71-99'91, Rose. 13. Freiberg, 21'17 24'63 14'81 5'98 0'99 31'29=98'87, Rose. 14. Clausthal, 24'1 26'8 -- 357 45 - 89, Pb 0'9-100-9, S. 15. 4Aphthonite, 30'05 24'77 trace 32'91 1'31 6'40 3'09, Pb 0'04, Co 0'49, gangue 1'29=100 37, S. 16. Meiseberg,cry.24'80 26'56 30'47 3-52 3'39 10'48, Pb 078, Ramm. 17. Neudorf, mass.24'22 26'44 -- 8153 4-36 3'25 7'27=97'07, Ramm. 18. " " 24'69 25-74 32-46 4-19 3-00 7'55=97-63, Ramem. 18I. Cabarras N.C. 25'48 1]776 11-55 30-73 1'42 2-53 10'53-100, Genth. 84 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. III. Containing Quicksilver, Spaniolite, (see also, Nos. 7, 8, 81, above). G. of No. 20= 5-107, of No. 21, 4'606, of No. 22, 5'107. S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag Hg 19. Iglo, tHungary, 23-34 18'48 3-98 35'90 4'90 1'01 trace, 7'52, quartz 217397 86, S. 20. Schwatz, Tyrol, 22'96 21-35 - 34'57 2'24 1'34 — 1527, insol, 0'80W. 21. Poratsch, Hung. 25-90 26'70 tr. 36'59 7-11 -- 011 3'07=99'37, H. 22. " " 24-37 25'48 tr. 30'58 1'46 -- 009 16'69=98'58, HI. The ore of Moschellandsberg also, according to Zincken, contains mercury. A variety from Guadalcanal in Spain, according to Vauquelin, contains from one to ten per cent. of platinum. B.B gives off fumes of antimony and arsenic, finally melts, and after roasting, affords a globule of copper. When pulverized, dissolves with a little residue in nitric acid; the solution has a brownish-green color. The Cornish mines, near St. Austle, afford large tetrahedral crystals; their surfaces are commonly rough and dull. More brilliant and highly modified crystallizations occur at Andreasberg in the Hartz, Kremnitz in Hungary, Freiberg in Saxony, Kapnik in Transylvania, and Dillenberg in Nassau. Those belonging to the Fahlerz (gray ore) of Werner, have a steel-gray color. The Schwarxzerz is nearly iron-black; this variety occurs principally at the old mine of Schwatz in the Tyrol, and at Kapnik in Transylvania; also at Clausthal in the Hartz, where it is imbedded in red manganese. The Silberfahlerz has a light steel-gray color, G.=4-8 —51. A variety from McMakin's mine, Cabarras Co., N. C. (Anal. 18j) afforded Genth the ratio 4: 5 between the sulphur of the sulphobases and sulphacids, instead of 4: 3, as in the above formula; but the amount analyzed he observes was too small to authorize a separation of the mineral as a distinct species. It occurs with pyrites, galena, blende, talc, etc. It is associated usually with copper pyrites, and is worked as an ore of copper. An ore from mine Altar, 30 leagues from Coquimbo, afforded F. Field (Quart. J. Chem. Soc. iv, 332), S 30'35, As 3'91, Sb 20'28, Cu 36'72, Zn 7'26, Fe 1'23, Ag 0'075, Au 0'003. It is soft, of greasy appearance, greenish gray, slightly reddish, with powder bright red. Domeyko considers it impure with blende, pyrites, and galena. Prof. Ettling observes (ib. vi, 140) that the constitution is analogous rather to enargite than tetrahedrite, corresponding to the formula 4 (Cu, Zn, Fe, Ag) S+(Sb, As2) S5. The Aphthonite of Svanberg, (or Aftonite), from Wermland, (analysis 15), occurs massive of a steel-gray color and black streak; G.=4-87. H.-3. It gives the formula 7 R S+(Sb, As) S3. It resembles an argentiferous tetrahedrite. A Weissgultigerz from the mine " Hoffnung Gottes " near Freiberg, contains 36 to 38 per cent. of lead. It afforded S 22'53. antimony (loss) 22-39, lead 36-51-38-26, Ag 5'92-5'78, Fe 3'72-3'83, Zn 3'15-6-79, Cu 0'19-0-32-100. It occurs massive, fine granular, mixed with a little blende and pyrites. G.=5'438 and 5'465. The sulphur ratio for the bases and acid is 3: 2; but it becomes the tetrahedrite ratio 4: 3, if part of the bases exist as impurities. ALTERED FORnS.-Chalcopyrite malachite, azurite, occur as pseudomorphs after tetrahedrite. TENNANTITE. Graukupfererz. Kupferblende, Breit. ionometric; tetrahedral. Observed planes, 0, I 1, 22, }3. Figs. 55, 57, 58, and 18 with planes of 55. Cleavage: dodecahedral, imperfect. Twins, as in tetrahedrite. Not observed massive. H.=3'5- 4. G.=4'375- 4491. Lustre metallic. Color blackish lead-gray to iron black. Streak dark reddish-gray. Fracture uneven. Composition.-(Cu, Fe) S+-I As2 S', isomorphous with tetrahedrite. Analyses: 1, Phillips, (Quart. Jour. vii, 95); 2, Kudernatsch, (Pogg. xxxviii, 397); 3, Fearnley, (Scheerer, in Pogg. lxv, 298); 4, Plattner, Pogg. lxvii, 422): COMPOUND SULPHURETS1 ARSENIURETS, ETC. 85 S As Cu Fe 1. Trevisane, Cornwall, 30-25 12'46 47'70 9'75=100'16, Phillips. 2. " 2'776 19'10 48'94 357,Ag tr., quartz 008=9945, K. 3. Skutterud, G. 4'53, 29-18 19'01a 42'60 9'21=100, Fearnley. 4. Freiberg, Kupferblende, 28'111 18'875 41'07 2'219, Zn 8'894, Ag and Sb trace, a Determined by the loss. Pb 0 341=99051, Plattner. B.B. decrepitates slightly, burns with a blue flame, emits copious fumes having an alliaceous odor, and finally fuses to a black scoria which acts upon the magnet. Occurs in the Cornish mines, particularly near Redruth and St. Day, commonly in very splendent crystals investing other ores of copper. Also found at Skutterud in Norway, and in Algeria. The Kupferblende of Breithaupt or Zincfahlerz, from near Freiberg, has part of the iron replaced by zinc, (anal. 4): it has a brownish-red or dirty cherry-red streak. G.=4'2-4'4. GEOCRONITE, Svanberg. Kilbrickenite, Apjohn. Schulzite. Trimetric; I: 1=119~ 44, IKlerndt.' Observed planes, I, i, 1.: 12: 1 2 (pyram.) about 1530 and 640 45' (bas.) 1220. Cleavage: 1; Usually massive. Also granular or earthy. ~I.=2-3. G.=6' 4-6' 6. Lustre metallic. Color and streak light lead-gray —grayish blue. Fracture uneven. Comnposition. —Pb S+5 (Sb. As)2 S'=Sulphur 16'5, antimony 16-7, lead 66'8. Analyses: 1, Svanberg, (Jahresb. xx, 203); 2, Sauvage, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], xvii, 525); 3, Kerndt, (Pogg. lxv, 302); 4, Apjohn, (Trans. Roy. Irish Acad. for 1840); 5, Svanberg, (Ofv. K. V. Ak. Forh. 1848, 64): S Sb As Pb Cu Fe 1. Sala, Sweden, G.=6'54,16'26 9'58 4'69 65'45 1'51 0'42,Zn0'11=99'03, Sv. 2. Merido, G.=6'43, 16'90 16-00 - 64'89 1'60 -=99'39, Sauvage. 3. Tuscany, G.=6-45=6'47, 17'32 9-69 4'72 66'55 1'15 1-73=100-95, Kerndt. 4. Kilbrickenite, G.=-6407,16-36 14-39 - 68'87 - 0'38=100, Apjohn. 5. Fahlun, G.=6'434,15'16 5-66 4-62 64'17 4'17 0'08, Ag 0'24, Zn 0'59, Cu 4-17, X1 1-9-98'35, Svanberg. Svanberg deduces for the last the formula Pb S+- (Sb, As)2 S3. B.B. fuses readily, gives off fumes of antimony and sulphur, and colors the charcoal around, yellow. Geocronite comes from the silver mines of Sala in Sweden: also in Gallicia, at Meredo in Spain, in nodules in galena; it crumbles easily and soils the fingers; in the valley di Castello near Pietro Santo, in Tuscany. The Kilbrickenite is from Kilbricken, Clare Co., Ireland. The name geocronite is derived from y7, earth, and Kpovos, Saturn, the alchemistic name for lead. POLYBASITE, H. Rose. Eugenglanz. Hexagonal. O: 1-121~ 30'; a=1'4132. Observed planes O, l; 1. 1:1 (pyr.)=1290~ 32, (bas.)=117~. Usually in short tabular hexagonal prisms; terminal planes triangularly striated, parallel to the alternate terminal edges. Cleavage: basal, imperfect. Also massive and disseminated. II.=2-3. G.=6'214. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black; in thin tabular crystals, cherry-red by transmitted light. Streak ironblack. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Composition.-(Ag, Cu)S+- (Sb, As)' S3=with silver alone, Sulphur 14'9, antimony 9'9, silver 75'2=100. Analyses: 1-3, HII. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 573); 4, C. A. Joy, (Inaug. Dissert., 24): 86 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. S Sb As Ag Cu Fe Zn 1. Durango, Mexico, 17'04 5'09 3'74 64-29 9'93 0-06 -=100-15, 1R. 2. Schemnitz, 16-83 0'25 6'23'7243 3'04 0'33 0'59=99'70, R. 3. Freiberg, 16'35 8-39 1-17 69'99 4-11 0-29 -=100'30, R. 4. Cornwall, 1585'7 5,46 3'41 72-01 3-36 0-34 -=100-45, Joy. B.B. decrepitates somewhat, and fuses easily. In an open tube gives a white sublimate and a sulphurous odor; on charcoal an area colored with oxyd of antimony; with the fluxes a copper reaction; with soda, arsenical fumes. With acids like bournonite. Occurs in the mines of Guanaxuato and Gaudalupe y Calvo in Mexico; also at Guarisamez in Durango, with copper pyrites and calcareous spar. Named from rosXv, much, and C6ase, base, in allusion to the large amount of the base sulphuret of silver, as compared with the sulphurets of arsenic and antimony. ALTEaRED FoeMs.-Stephanite and Pyrites, occur as pseudomorphs after polybasite. STEPHANITE, Haid. Brittle Silver Ore. Brittle Silver Glance. Black Silver. Brittle Sulphuret of Silver. Spr6dglaserz, W: Sprodglanzerz, Haus. Melanglanz. Argent Noir, Argent' Antimoni6 Sulphurb6 Noir, H. Argent Sulphnur Fragile. Trimetric. 1: I=115 39', 0:15=132~ 321'; a.: c=1'0897 1 1'5844. Observed planes O, 1i it, i, i, 1, 2, 1" 21. 304 0(: ~=147 14'. 1: 1' (ov. i')=68O 52'. 0: 1=1270 50'. 2b: 2" (ov. ii)=107~ 48'. 0 O 2=111~ 14'. 1: 1 (mac.) =131~ 16'. // 1 /0 1: 0 =145~ 34'. 1: 1 (brach)=96~ 8'. 0: 2 =1260 6'. 2I 2 0~ Cleavage: 2; and ih imperfect. Twins: plane of composition I; forms like those of Aragonite frequent. Also massive, compact, and disseminated.'H.=2-2-5 G.=6'269, Przibram. Lustre metallic. Color and streak iron-black. Fracture uneven. Sectile. Composition. —Ag S Sb2 S3=Sulphur 156, antimony 14'0, silver'704. Analyses: 1, H. Rose, (Pogg. xv, 474); Kerl, (B. u. H. Ztg. 1853, No. 2). S Sb Ag Fe Cu As 1. Schemnitz, 16'42 14'68 68'54 - 0'64 — =100'28, Rose. 2. Andreasberg, 16-51 15'79 68'38 014 - — =100'82, Kerl. In an open tube gives a sublimate of arsenic acid, or of oxyd of antimony. B.B. fuses and gives out on charcoal fumes of sulphur and antimony, and is reduced to a dark colored metallic globule, which may be further reduced by the addition. of soda. Soluble in dilute heated nitric acid, sulphur and oxyd of antimony being deposited. It occurs in veins with other silver ores at Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony, at Przibram and IRatieborzitz in Bohemia, at Schemnitz and Kremnitz in Hungary, at Andreasberg in the Hartz, at Zacatecas in Mexico, and in Peru. A valuable ore of silver. Homceomorphous with aragonite. COMPOUND SULPHURETS, ARSENIURETTS ETC. 87 ENARGITE, Breithaulpt, Pogg. lxxx, 383. Trimletric. I: 1=-980 11'. Observed planes 0, 1, Z', gi. Cleavage: 1, perfect, i7, gt distinct, 0 indistinct. Also massive, granular or columnar. H.=3. G.=4A43 —445; 4'362, Kengott. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black; streak black. Brittle. Fracture uneven. Composition.-(8u, Fe, Zn) S+-(As, Sb)2 S(?. )=Sulphur 32'5, Arsenic 19'1, Copper 48'4. Analysis by Plattner, (loc. cit.): S As Sb Cu Fe Zn Ag 32'222 17'599 1'613 4'7205 0'565 0-228 0'01l —99'449. In a glass tube decrepitates and affords- easily a sublimate of sulphur; and with more heat reddish-yellow sulphuret of arsenic. B.B. on charcoal gives out fumes of arsenous acid, oxyd of antimony and oxyd of zinc, and in the reduction flame with borax yields a globule of copper. From Morococha, Cordilleras of Peru, at a height of 15,000 feet, in large masses, occasionally with small druses of crystals, along with Tennantite, imbedded in crystalline limestone. XANTHOCONE, Breithaupt, J. f. prakt. Chem. xx, 67, and Pogg. lxiv, 272. iRhombohedral; R: R=710 34'; O: ]=110~ 30', a=293163. Observed planes R, -2, 0. 0: 2=1000 35'. Cleavage: R, and 0. Usually in reniform masses, with the interior consisting of minute crystals. HI.=2. G.=5'0 —52. Color dull-red to clove-brown; crystals orange-yellow on the edges by transmitted light. Streak-powder yellow. Brittle. GCoenposition. —(3 AgS+AsS)+ 2(3AgS+As2S')=Sulphur 18'5, arsenic 15'3, silver 66'2=100. Analyses by Plattner, (Pogg. lxiv, 275): S As (loss) Ag 1. 21'358 13-491 64-181 Fe 0-97=100. 2. 21 798 14-322 63-880=100. B.B. in a matrass fuses easily and affords a sublimate of sulphuret of arsenic; on charcoal fumes of sulphur and arsenic, and a grain of silver remains. Occurs with Stephanite at the Himmelsfiirst mine, near Freiberg. Named by Breithaupt, in allusion to its yellow powder, from eavOos, yellow, and KOVIS, powder. RITTINGERITE, Zippe. (Ber. Wien. Akad, ix, 2, 345). Monoclinic; C=880 26'. In small rhombic tables with replaced basal edges. Observed planes: O, I, I, ~6, ~1. Observed angles: 0: I=910 24', I: 1=1260 18', 0:1=1320 24', 0: -1=1300 50', 1: -1=96~ 20', 0: -6-98~ 30, 0: = —1500, -1: -1=140~ 1'. H.= —15-3. Lustre submetallic adamantine. Color: O blackish brown in the larger crystals, less dark in the more minute; other parts iron-black. Translucent and dull honey-yellow to hyacinth-red in the direction of the axis. Streak orange yellow. Brittle. Composition.-Probably a compound of sulphuret of silver and antimony. B.B. fuses very easily, gives'an arsenical odor, and finally a globule of pure silver. From Joachimsthal, in small crystals. This mineral is considered identical with Xanthocone by Breithaupt, (B. u. Ii. Ztg. 1853, 16). 8 8 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGYo FIREBLENDE. Feuerblende, Breithaupt. Inonoclinic. In delicate crystals grouped like stilbite. Observed planes, according to Brooke and Miller,, it, 1-2, it, 2i. I: I=1390 12'. 21: 21 (top)=740. ii: 11=123~ 34'. 1i: i (top)=1120 52'. ii: 2i=1480 42'. 1 2: 1=62o 36'. Cleavage: ii, and crystals flattened in this direction. Faces ii striated parallel to the clinodiagonal. Twins: plane of composition ii, (orthodiagonal). H.=2. G.=42 —4-3. Lustre pearly adamantine. Color hyacinth-red. Translucent. Sectile and somewhat flexible. Composition. —Contains 62'3 per cent. of silver, along with sulphur and antimony, (Plattneit). B.B. like pyrargyrite. Rammelsberg has referred the species to Xanthocone. From the Kurprinz mine near Freiberg, and from Andreasberg. Appendix. WITTICHITE, Kobell. Cupreous Bismuth. Kupferwismutherz, Klap. Kupferwismuthglanz. Trimetric? Massive and disseminated, also coarse columnar or an aggregate of imperfect prisms. Cleavage in one vertical direction. 1-H.=3'5. G.=5. Color steel-gray, tin-white, tarnishing pale lead-gray. Streak black. Comlowsition.-euS+Bi2S? According to Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 91): S 12'58, Bi 47'24, Cu 34'66=94'48. B.B. fuses easily in an open tube, and gives sulphur and a white sublimate. On charcoal decrepitates, fuses, and yields a bismuth slag,; and after roasting with soda, a globule of copper. Klaproth supposes the loss in his analysis to be oxygen. From cobalt mines near Wittichen in Baden. FLIUORIDS, CHLORIDS, BROMIDS) IODIDS. 89 III. FLUORIDS, CHLORIDS, BROMIDS, IODIDS. I. BINARY COMPOUNDS. 1. Calomel Divisions. Composition R2 (Cl, I, Br). 1. CALOMEL GROUP.-Dimetric. CALOMEL, Hg2 C1. 2. Rock Salt I)ivi8ion. Composition R(Cl, I, Br) or R F. 1. ROCK SALT GROUP.-Monometric. SYLVINE, IK C1. EMBOLITE, Ag (C1, Br). ROCK SALT, Na C1. BROMYRITE, Ag Br. SAL AMMONIAC, NH4C1. FLUOR SPAR, Ca F. KERARGYRITE, Ag Cl. YTTROCERITE, (Ca, Ce, Y) F. 2. IODYRITE GROUP.-Hexagonal. IODYRITE, Ag I. FLUOCERITE, Ce F? 3. COTUNNITE GROUP.-Trimetric. COTUNNITE, Pb C1. II. DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS. CRYOLITE, Na F+- A2FS. CHIOLITE, Na F+-A12F3. CALOMEL. Horn Quicksilver. Dichlorid of Mercury, Thom. Chlorquecksilber. Chlormercur. Quecksilberhornerz. Mercure Chlorur6. Dimetric. O: 1i=129~ 4'; a=1'232. Observed planes *, 1, I, 2i, 2i, ii. 0: 1i=112~ 5'. 0: 1=1190 51'. 2i: 2i (pyr.)= 98~ 8'. o0 i=140o 36'. 0: *=1490 51'. 1 ~1 (pyr.)=1040 20'. Pyramid 2i when alone gives a very acute termination to the prism. Cleavage: I, indistinct. Also in crystalline coats, and granular. HI.=1-2. G.=6'482, iaid. Lustre adamantine. Color yellowish-gray, or ash-gray, also grayish, and yellowish-white, brown. Streak white. Translucent-subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile. Composition. —Hg2 Cl=Chlorine 15-1, mercury 84'9. When pure it is entirely volatilized before the blowpipe, on charcoal. It is insoluble in water. Found at Moschellandsberg in the Palatinate, coating the cavities of a ferruginous gangue, associated with cinnabar; crystals often large and well defined; also at' the quicksilver mines of Idria in Carniola, at Almaden in Spain, and Horzowitz in Bohemia. 12 90 { DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. SYLVINE, Beud. Chlorid of Potassium. Muriate of Potash. Kali Salzsaures. Monometric. Figs. 1, 15, 11. Cleavage cubic. Also compact. IT.=2. G.=1'9-2. White, or colorless. Vitreous. Soluble, taste like common salt. Composition.-KCl=Potassium 52'5, chlorine 47 5. Occurs, according to Smithson, at Vesuvius about the fumaroles of the volcano. KRmMERsITEx.-Kremers has analyzed ruby-red octahedrons from Vesuvius, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 79), which gave, Cl 55'15, Fe 16.89, K 12-07, Na 0-16, Am 6'17, iH 9-56=100. Formula 2, (K, Am, Na), Cl+Fe Cl(3+2H. COMMON SALT. Rock Salt. Muriate of Soda. Chlorid of Sodium. Kochsalz, W. Steinsalz, L. Soude muriat6e, H. Sal gemme. iEonometric. Observed planes, O, 1, 1 i2. Figs. 1, 11, 15, 32, and 15+32, 196. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Massive and granular rarely columnar. H.=2'5. G.=2'1-2-25T. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color white, also sometimes yellowish, reddish, bluish, purplish; often colorless. Transparent-translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Rather brittle. Taste purely saline. Conmposition.-NaCl=Chlorine 60-7, sodium 39'3. Commonly mixed with some sulphate of lime, chlorid of calcium, and chlorid of magnesium, which render it liable to deliquescence. Analyses: 1-8, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, [1], x, 259); 9, Fournel, (ib. [4], ix, 6551): NaCl MgCl Ca SagS igS' 1. Vie, white, 99'3 - 0 --- - Clay 0-2=100, B. 2. " grayish, 97-8 - 03 ---- - 19-100, B. 3. " gray, 90'3 - 5'0 2-0 --- 2-0 07-=100, B. 4. " red, 99'8 -- -1 0 2-2=100, B. 5. Marennes, uhitish, 97-2 0-4 1'2 - 05 0-7=100, B. o. " yellow, 96'70 0'23 1'21 - 066 1-20=100, B.'7. " red, 96-78 0'68 1'09 060 085=-100, B. 8. " green, 96'27 0'27 1'09 0'80 1-l57-100, B. 9. Algiers, 97-8 1'1 -- Silica 15 Ii 06-=100, F. Dissolves in three parts of water; attracts moisture, but is unchanged in a dry atmosphere. When heated, it usually decrepitates, owing to water between the laminue; the native rock salt, containing no water, fuses at a red heat without decrepitation. The martinsite of Karsten (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxvi, 127) contains 9'02 per cent. of sulphate of magnesia, which is equivalent to 10 parts of common salt to 1 of sulphate of magnesia. It is from Stassfurth. Common salt usually occurs in extensive but irregular beds in rocks of various ages, associated with gypsum, polyhalite, clay, sandstone, and calcareous spar; also dissolved, and forming salt springs. In Europe it usually occurs in the new red sandstone, or associated with red marl, but it is not confined to these rocks. At Durham, Northumberland, and Leicestershire, England, salt springs arise from the carboniferous series; in the Alps, some salt works are supplied from oolitic rocks; the famous mines of Cardona and Wieliczka are referred the former to the green sand formation, and the latter to tertiary rocks. Salt springs also occur in volcanic regions. In the United states the brines mostly come from Silurian sandstones. Salt also occurs as efflorescences over the dry prairies of the Rocky Mountains, and California; and in most desert or semi-des;;rt regions there are numerous salt lakes. FLUORIDS, CHLORIDS), BROMIDS1 IODIDS. 91 The principal mines of Europe are at Wieliczka, in Poland; at Hall, in the Tyrol; and along the range through Reichenthal in Bavaria, Hallein in Saltzburg, HIalstadt, Ischl, and Ebensee, in Upper Austria, and Aussee in Styria; in Hungary, at Marmoros and elsewhere; in Transylvania; Wallachia, Gallicia, and Upper Silesia; Vic and Dieuze in France; Valley of Cardona and elsewhere, in Spain, forming hills 300 to 400 feet high; Bex, in Switzerland; and Northwich in Cheshire, England. At Cheshire it occurs in a basin-shaped deposit, and is arranged in spheroidal masses, from 5 to 8 feet in diameter. which are composed of concentric coats, and present polygonal figures. It is bu-t little contaminated with impurities, and is prepared for use by merely crushing itbetween iron rollers. At the Austrian mines, where it contains much clay, the salt is dissolved in large chambers, and the clay thus precipitated. After a time, the water fully saturated with the salt. is conveyed by aqueducts to evaporating houses, and the chambers, after being cleared out, are again filled; at Berchtesgaden, the water is saturated in a month, at Hall it takes nearly a year. It also occurs forming hills and extended plains near Lake Oroomiah, the Caspian, &c. In Algeria, abundant; in Abyssinia; in India in the province of Lahore, and in the valley of Cashmere; in China and Asiatic Russia; in South America, in Peru, and at Zipaquera and Nemocon, the former a large mine long explored in the Cordilleras of Granada. In the United States, salt has been found forming beds with gypsum, in Virginia, Washington Co., 18 miles from Abingdon, and in the Salmon River Mts. of Oregon. Brine springs are very numerous in the Middle and Western States. The most famous of these springs are at Salina, in N. Y., in the Kenawha Valley, Va., and Muskingum, Ohio, and in Kentucky. The salt water is obtained by boring, and raised by means of machinery, and thence conveyed by troughs to the boilers, where it is evaporated usually by the direct application of artificial heat; sometimes by the heat of steam, and occasionally by exposure to the heat of the sun. The following table by Prof. Beck, (Mineralogy of N2ew York, p. 112), gives the amount of brine required for a bushel of salt at the principal salt springs in the United States: Galls. Galls. Boon's Lick, Missouri, 450 Kenawha, Virg. 75 Conemaugh, Penn. 300 Grand River, Ark. 80 Shawneetown, Ill. 280 Illinois River, Ark. 80 Jackson, Ohio, 213 Montezuma, N. Y. 70 Lockhart's, Miss. 180 Grand Rapids, Mich. 50-60 St. Catherines, Upper Canada, 120 Muskingum, Ohio, 50 Zanesville, Ohio, 95 Salina-Old wells, 40-45 N: ew wells, 30-35 Sea water at Nantucket gives a bushel of salt for every 350 gallons. Composition of New York brines, according to Beck: Syracuse. Salina, old well. Liverpool. Carbonic acid, 0'007 0 009 0 007 Oxyd of iron, silica, and trace of carb. lime, 0'002 0'004 0'003 Sulphate of lime, 0'569 0 472 0 404 Carbonate of lime, 0'014 0'017 0'013 Chlorid of magnesium, 0 046 0'051 0'077 Chlorid of calcium, 0'083 0'1)4 0'172 Chlorid of sodium, (pure salt), 13'239 14'002 14'285 Water, with a trace of organic matter, etc. 86'040 85'341 85'039 Vast lakes of salt water exist in many parts of the world. Lake Timpanogos in the Rocky mountains 4,200 feet above the level of the sea, is 2,000 square miles in area. L. D. Gale found in this water 20'196 per cent. of chlorid of sodium, (Stansb. Exped. cited in Amer. Jour. Sci. [2], xvii, 129). The Dead and Caspian Seas are salt, and the waters of the former contain 20 to 26 parts of solid matter in 100 parts. Prof. Gmelin, who analyzed a portion of these waters of specific gravity 1'212, found them to contain chlorid of calcium 3'336, chlorid of magnesium, 12'167, chlorid of sodium 7 039, sulphate of lime 0'052,bromid of magnesium, 0'443, chlorid of potassium 1'086, chlorid of aluminium 0'144, chlorid of ammonium 0'007, chlorid of manganese 0'161=24'435, with'75565 water=100'000. This result is given as corrected by Marchand. 92. DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. ALTERED FoRMs.-Anhydrite, Gypsum, Polyhalite, occur as pseudomorphs after this species; also Celestine, Dolomite, Quartz, Hematite, Pyrites; the removal of the salt cubes by their solution, leaves a cavity which any mineral may then occupy. The hopper-shaped crystals often leave an impression of their form on clays. SAL-AMMONIAC. Muriate of Ammonia. Chlorid of Ammonium. Salmiak, L. Naturlicher Salmiac, W; Ammoniaque muriatee, H. Monometric. Observed planes, O, 1, I, 22. Figs. 1, 11, 14,15, 43, 39. Cleavage octahedral. Also stalactitic and in globular masses; in crusts, or as an efflorescence. H. —15 —2. G.=1'528. Lustre vitreous. Color white; often yellowish or grayish. Streak white. Translucent-opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Taste saline and pungent. Composition.-NH4C1 —Ammonium 33'7, chlorine 66-3. Klaproth obtained: Vesuvius. Bucharia. Muriate of ammonia, 99'5 97'50 Sulphate of ammonia, 0'5 2-50 B. Silliman, Jr. obtained (Dana's Geol. Rep. Exp. Exp., p. 202) for a specimen from Kilauea, Hawaii, Chlorid of ammonium 65-53, chlorid of iron 12'14, peroxyd of iron 8'10, chlorid of aluminium 13'00, insoluble matter and loss 1-23=100. Dissolves in three times its weight of water, but does not deliquesce. B.B. sublimes in a matrass without fusing. Pulverized with quicklime, or soda, it gives out the pungent odor of ammonia. " Occurs about volcanos, as at Etna, the island of Vulcano, Vesuvius, and the Sandwich Islands, and near Hecla after the eruption of 1845, as observed by Bunsen. It has been observed in small quantities in the vicinity of ignited coal seams, as at St.Etienne, in France, and also at Newcastle, and in Scotland; crystallized near Duttweiler in Palatia, Germany, where a. coal seam has been burning for more than a hundred years. It occurs also in Bucharia; at Kilauea in IHawaii, a variety which contains largely of iron, and becomes rusty yellow on exposure; in Guano from the Chincha Islands. The diX appcwvago, sal-ammoniac of Dioscorides, Celsius, and Pliny, is proved by Beckmann (Hist. of Inventions, iv, 360) to be common rock salt, dug in Egypt, near the oracle of Ammon. The name was afterwards transferred to the muriate of ammonia, when, subsequently manufactured in Egypt. Sal-ammoniac is supposed to have been included by the ancients, with one or two other species, under the name of nitrsum, which, according to Pliny, gave the test of ammonia when mingled with quicklime. KERARGYRITE, Beud. Horn Silver. Kerate, Haid. Chlorid of Silver. Hornerz, Wern. Silberhornerz. Hornsilber, Haus. Buttermilcherz. Argent Muriat6, H. Monometric. Observed forms, 0, 1,1; f. 1, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17. Cleavage none. Usually massive and looking like wax; sometimes columnar, or bent columnar; often in crusts. H.=1 —15. G.=5-552; 5*31 —543, Domeyko. Lustre resinous, passing into adamantine. Color pearl-gray, greenish, whitish, rarely violet-blue; brown on exposure. Streak shining. Translucent-feebly subtranslucent. Fracture somewhat conchoidal. Sectile. Composition.-AgC1l=Chlorine 24'7, silver 75'3. This constitution corresponds,with Klaproth's analyses, (Beit. i, 132, and iv, 10). Fuses in the flame of a candle, with an emission of acrid fumes. On charcoal,easily reduced; and if rubbed with a plate of moistened iron, the iron becomes,covered with a thin film of metallic silver. Not soluble in nitric acid or water. FLUORIDS, CHLORlDS, BlROMIDS IODIDS. 93 Horn silver occurs in veins of clay slate, accompanying other ores of silver, and usually only in the higher parts of these veins. It has also been observed with ochreous varieties of brown iron ore; also with several copper ores, cale spar, heavy spar, &c. The largest masses, and particularly those of a green color, are brought from Peru, Chili, and Mexico, where it occurs with native silver. In Chilil it is a common ore of silver. It was formerly obtained in the Saxon mining districts of Johangeorgenstadt at Freiberg, but is now rare. A mass weighing six and threequarter pounds, from this region, is now in the Zwinger collection, at Dresden. It also occurs in Siberia; at Kongsberg in Norway; in Alsace; in Cornwall, and at Huelgoet in Britanny. At Andreasberg in the Hartz, an earthy variety is met with, called by the Germans Buttermilcherz, which, according to Klaproth, contains silver 24'64, muriatic acid 8'28, alumina 67-08. Horn silver is valuable as an ore of silver. EMBOLITE, Breith. Chlorobromid of Silver, Domneyko. Monometric. In cubes and cubo-octahedrons, f. 1, 15, 16. Also massive. H.=I —1'5. G.=5-31-5'43, Domeyko; 5'53, Yorke; 579 — 5'81, Breith. Lustre resinous and somewhat adamantine. Color asparagus-green to pistachio, olive, and grayish-green. Uomposition.-3 Ag C1+2 Ag Br (or Ag (C1, Br))=Chlorine 1.32, bromine 19-8. silver 67'0. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Domeyho, (Elementos de Mineralogia, 1845, 203); 4, Yorke, (Quart. J. Chem. Soc. iv, 2): Chlorid of Silver, 51'0 52'8 61'0 53-2 Bromid of Silver, 49'0, D. 47'2, D. 49'0, D. 46'8, Y. Plattner obtained Silver 66-862, bromine 20'088, chlorine 13'050, (Pogg. lxxvii, 134). Impure varieties from Quillota, Chili, of a grayish green color, afforded Domeyko, 81-4, 72'9, 66-4 and 65'6, of the chlorid of silver. His other specimens were from Chafiarcillo. Abundant in Chili; found also at Eulalia in Chihuahua, Mexico, and at Colula in Honduras. BROMYRITE. Bromie silver. Bromite, Hcid. Bromsilber. Bromure d'Argent. Plata Verde. Monometric: in cubo-octahedrons. Figs. 1, 15, 18. Occurs in small concretions, rarely in crystals. H.=1-2. G.=5-8-6. Lustre splendent. Color when pure bright-yellow, slightly greenish; often grass-green or olive-green externally. Sectile. Composition.-Ag Br=Bromine 42'6, silver 5'74. Analysis by Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], ii, 526): Bromine 42'44, Silver 57'56. B.B. fuses easily. Imperfectly dissolved by acids; soluble in heated concentrated ammonia. Occurs with other silver ores in the district of Plateros, Mexico, and at the mine of San Onofre, seventeen leagues from Zacatecas, associated with chlorid of silver and carbonate of lead; also at Chafiarcillo, Chili, with chlorid of silver; also at Huelgoet in Brittany, with horn silver. As the word Bromite has the form used for-a class of salts in chemistry, a syllable has been added, giving it a termination like that of Argyrite. 94 DESCRIP'IVEM INERALOGY. FLUOR. Fluor Spar. Fluorid of Calcium. Fluate of Lime. Ratoffkit, John. Chlorophane. Blue John. Chaux Fluat6e, HT. Flussspath. Muria Phosphorans, Linn. Liparite, GI. Monometric. Observed planes: 0, I, 1, 2, 3, 22, 42, 1,1 1,7, 33, i2, 4', i3. Figs. 1 (common), 11, 14, 15 to 18, 34, 38, 39, 41, similar to 48, (planes 1, and 33), 50. Cleavage: octahedral, perfect. Twins: plane of composition, 1, f. 200; also f. 306, in which the 305 306 0 0 -- composition is parallel to each octahedral face. Rarely columnar; often granular, coarse or fine. TI.=4. G.=3'14 —319; 3'1800 —3'1889, Kengott, from 43 specimens, mean 3-183. Lustre vitreous; sometimes splendent; usually glimmering in the massive varieties. Color white, yellow, green, rose and crimson-red, violet-blue, sky-blue, and brown: wine-yellow, greenish and violet-blue, most common; red, rare. Streak white. Transparent —subtranslucent. Brittle. Fracture of fine massive varieties flat conchloidal and splintery. Composition.-CaF=Fluorine 48-', and calcium 51'3. Berzelius found 0'5 of phosphate of lime in the fluor spar of Derbyshire. Kersten, in a fluor from Marienberg and Freiberg, detected a little muriatic acid. SchaffhiAutl (Ann. d. Ch. u. Ph. lxvi, 344) states that a violet-blue fluor of Welsendorf contained 0-02073 nitrogen, 0-00584 hydrogen, 0-0365 carbon, and 0'08692 chloric (or chlorous) acid. Ratoffkite is a granular or earthy-blue variety impure with clay, from Ratoffka, Russia. Below a red heat, the coarsely pulverized spar is vividly phosphorescent; the light is of various colors, and independent of the external color. The variety chlorophane emits a bright emerald-green light. At a high temperature, phosphorescence ceases, but it is partially restored by an electric discharge. B.B. decrepitates, and ultimately fuses to an enamel. If the flame be continued, the fluorine is in part expelled, and the specimen assumes a cauliflower appearance. Gives the reaction of fluorine. Seldom in beds, but generally in veins, intersecting gneiss, mica slate, clay slate, and also several secondary rocks. In the North of England, it is the gangue of the lead veins, which intersect the coal formations of Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham, and Yorkshire; the Cumberland fluor often contains drops of fluid within, especially the green variety, (Greg and Lettsom). In Derbyshire, it is abundant; and also in Cornwall, where the veins intersect much older rocks. Common in the mining district of Saxony. In the dolomites of St. Gothard it occurs in pink octahedrons; at Mfinsterthal in Baden in flesh-red hexakisoctahedrons. It has been detected in cannel coal by Prof. Rogers. A remarkable locality of fluor spar in the United States, now exhausted, was discovered on the borders of Muscalonge lake, in Jefferson Co., N. Y., where cubical crystals, some of them more than a foot through, and having a greenish tinge, were found in FLUORIDS5 CHLORIDS, BROTIIDS, IODIDS. 95 granular limestone, (occasionally f. 305). Rossie and Johnsburgh, St. Lawrence Co., have afforded some fine crystals of fluor. In Gallatin county, Illinois, for thirty miles along the Ohio, in the region southwest of Cone's Rock, 10 to 15 miles below Shawneetown, and other places, a dark purple fluor, often in large crystals, occurs through the soil, or in carboniferous limestone with galena. At the north village of Westmoreland, N. I., two miles south of the meetinghouse, of white, green, and purple shades, constituting a vein with quartz; also, sparingly, at the Notch in the White Mountains, green octahedrons in a crystalline quartz. Some fine veins have been discovered on Long Island, Blue Hill Bay, Maine. It also occurs sparingly of a green color at Putney, Vt.; in Shenandoah county, Virginia, near Woodstock, in the fissures of a limestone; on the Potomac, at Shepardstown, in white limestone; in Smith county, Tennessee, in white and purple cubes; at Lockport, N. Y., in white cubes with celestine in limestone; in cubes near Rochester and Manlius in limestone; at Amity, N. Y., in thin seams with spinel and tourmaline; at the Southampton lead mines in Massachussetts; the lead mine, MiddletownI, Ct.; and near the Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. The variety chlorophane forms two veins in gneiss, each about 18 inches wide, in the town of Trumbull, Conn., along with topaz and magnetic pyrites. ALTERED FonMs.-Fluor spar is slightly soluble in waters containing bicarbonate of lime in solution. The alkaline carbonates decompose it, producing carbonate of lime or Calcite, and a subsequent change of the calcite may produce other forms of pseudomorphs. Fluor spar occurs changed to quartz, by substitution, and also to Limonite, Hematite, Lifhomarge, Psilomelane, Calamine, Smithsonite, and Cerusite. YTTtROCERITE, Berz. Massive; crystalline-granular and earthy. Cleavage: in two directions inclined to one another 108~ 30'. IL.=4-5. G.=3'447, Berz. Lustre glistening; vitreouspearly. Color violet-blue, inclining to gray and white, often white; sometimes reddish-brown. Fracture uneven. Composition.-Contains CaF, CeF and YF, in different proportions. Analyses by Gahn and Berzelius, (Afhand. iv, 151 and Schw. J. xvi, 241): Ca 47 63, ie 18'21, Y 9'11, Fi: 25-05. " 50'00, " 16-45, " 8-10, " 25'45. B.B. on charcoal alone infusible; with gypsum the yttrocerite of Finbo fuses to a bead, not transparent, and that of Broddbo is infusible. With the three fluxes, the Finbo mineral behaves like fluor spar; the glass is however yellow in the oxydating flame as long as hot, and becomes opaque sooner than the glass given by fluor spar. In a pulverized state, it dissolves completely in heated muriatic acid, forming a yellow solution. Occurs sparingly at Finbo and Broddbo, near Fahlun in Sweden, imbedded in quartz, and associated with albite and topaz. Also at Amity, Orange Co., N. Y.; and in Mass., probably Worcester Co. The Amity mineral has been examined by J. E. Teschemacher. The Massachusetts mineral afforded Dr. C. T. Jackson, (Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist. 1844, p. 166), lime, yttria, oxyd of cerium, with some i:l, Fe and Si, and a loss of 19'4. The mineral is mixed with fluor spar in the vein, and probably the specimen analyzed was not pure from it. Yttrocerite has been considered a fluor spar in which part of the lime is replaced by oxyds of cerium and yttrium. The angle of cleavage reported, 108~ 30', differs but a degree from the angle between faces of an octahedron. IODYRITE. Iodic Silver. Iodite, lHaid. Argent iodure, Duf. Iodsilber, AL Hexagonal. 0: 1=136~ 46'; a=0'81438. Observed planes, (Descloizeaux), O, I, 4 2, i. Angles, (Descl.): 96 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 0: 2=118~.:0 =154~ 49'. 2: 2(pyr.) 127~ 36'. 0: 4=104o 53'. a. (pyr.)==155o 26'. 4:4 =1220 12'. Cleavage: basal highly perfect. Also in thin plates with a lamellar structure. Soft. G. =5504. Lustre resinous to adamantine. Color citron and sulphur-yellow, to yellowish-green. Streak yellow. Translucent. Plates flexible, sectile. Composition.-Ag I=Iodine 64, Silver 46, Domeyko, (Elementos de Min. p. 206, 1845. B.B. on charcoal, fuses immediately, producing a vapor which tinges the flame of a fine violet color, affording a globule of silver. Iodic silver occurs in thin veins in steatite at Abarradon, near Mazapil, in Zacatecas, Mexico, and at Delirio, mines of Chafiarcillo, Chili. It has also been found at Guadalajara in Spain. Descloizeaux has pointed out its homceomorphism with Greenockite. (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xl). COCCINITE, Haid. lodic Mercury, Del Rio. Mercury iodure, Duf. Iodquecksilber, EL. In particles of a reddish-brown color on selenid of mercury. Lustre adainantine.,omposition.-Probably Hg I=Mercury 44-1, iodine 55'9. Fuses and easily sublimes. From Casas Viejas, Mexico. Artificial crystals of Hg I are dimetric, and have I: 1=1600 30'; 1: 1 (pyram.)= 96~ 24'. FLUOCERITE, tHaid. Fluorcerium neutrales. Fluate of Cerium. Flucerine, Beud. Hexagonal. In hexagonal prisms and plates. Cleavage: basal most distinct. Also massive. H.=4-5. G.=4'7. Lustre weak. Color dark tile-red or almost yellow; deeper when the mineral is wet. Streak white or slightly yellowish. Subtranslucent -opaque. Composition.-Berzelius obtained in an analysis, (Afhandlingar, v, 56), ire 82-64 Y 1-12, HF 16'24. B.B. infusible alone, but darkens. In borax and salt of phosphorus, fuses slowly but completely. The globule is blood-red in the exterior flame, but becomes colorless on cooling. In the interior flame, colorless at all temperatures. In carbonate of soda does not fuse, but swells out and is decomposed. In a glass tube at a strong heat, yields fluorine. Occurs at Finbo and Broddbo near Fahlun, in Sweden, imbedded in quartz and albite, accompanying pyrophysalite and orthite. FLUOCERINE, Hausm. Basic flucerine. Basicerine, Beud. Fluorcerium basisches. Monometric a Supposed to show traces of the rhombic dodecahedron; usually massive. H.=4'5-5. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color a fine yellow, with some red, and when impure, brownish-yellow. Streak yellow, brownish. Subtranslucent to opaque. Composition.-Ce2 F'-83e = —Cerium 17-56, fluorine 10-88, peroxyd of cerium 66-41, water 5'15. Berzelius obtained (Afhand. v, 64) -Ce 84'20, HF 10-85, f1 4'95. From Finbo. A mineral from Bastn/s afforded Hisinger, (K. V. Ac. HI. 1838, 189), Peroxyd of Ce (and La) 36 43, fluorid, ibid. 50'150, water 13'413,which corresponds to the formula Ce' F3+f3e H514. X T. TOR.1jj9 W,+IA321;36) BRVt13I)B 800 i:5. (-) 3 COTUNNITEo Cotunnia, Monticelli. Cotunnite, von Kobell. Chlorid of Lead, 7Thom. Trimetric. I: J1=990 46', O: 1i=1490~ 14'; a: b: c=0'5953: 1: 1'1868. Observed planes, 1, &t, il, i-, 16. 0: 1=142~ 6', 0 i=1530 22', 1: 1 (mac.)=1330 22', (brach.) 123~ 58', i': qi (ov ii) =118~ 38'. In acicular crystals. May be scratched by the nail. G.=5'238. Lustre adamantine; inclining to silky or pearly. Color white. Streak white. Composition. —Pb Cl=Chlorine 25'5, lead 74-5. B.B. fuses readily and colors the flame blue, giving off white vapors, which condense on the charcoal. With soda, yields a globule of lead. Dissolves in about twenty-seven times its weight of cold water. Observed by Monticelli and Covelli, in the crater of Vesuvius, after the eruption of 1822, accompanied by chlorid of sodium, and chlorid and sulphate of copper. Named after a distinguished medical man at Naples. Angles very near those of Haidingerite. IODID AND BROMID OF ZINC. Iodine and bromine are stated by Mentzel to occur along with a cadmiferons zinc in Silesia, and hence it is inferred that iodid and bromid of zinc exist in nature, though not yet distinguished. MURIATIC ACID. Hydrochloric Acid. Chlorhydric Acid. Gaseous. G.=1-2847. Colorless. Odor pungent. Taste tacKi.! Coripositiovn.-tICl=Hydrogen 2 74, chlorine 97 26. Muriatic acid is one of the constituents of the vapors that issue from asoQ. i- v C;! eanoes,. It is sometimes found in solution in crevices about their slopes. CRYOLITE, Andrada. Alumine Fluat6e Alcaline, I. Kryolite. Eisstein. Chodneffite. Trimetric or dimetric. Cleavage: rectangular or nearly so; basal, perfect; lateral, less so. Occurs in cleavable masses, sometimes showing a compound structure like albite, (Genth). lH.=2 5. G.-=2' -3 07T7. Lustre vitreous; slightly pearly on 0. Color snow-white; sometimes reddish or brownish. Subtransparent —translucent. Immersion in water increases its transparency. Brittle. Composition.-Na F Al2FS-=Aluminium 13 0, sodium 32-8, fluorine 54'2. Berzelius obtained, (K. V. Ac. H. 1823, 315): Aluminium 13-00, sodium 32'93, fluorine 54'07. Chodnev obtained, (Verh. d. K. Russ. min. Ges. 1845-46, p. 208), excluding the fluorine, Alumina 24-83, soda 43'89, Mlg and Mn 0'83. Durnev obtained from the Miask Cryolite, (Pogg. lxxxiii, 588), Aluminium 13'41, sodium 32 31, fluorine 53*48, calcium 0"25, Pe and Mn 0-55=100. G.=2-95. Durnev; 2'962, Kokscharov. Fusible in the flame of a candle, and hence its name, from Kpvos, ice. Heated in an open tube, yields water, and by directing the flame in the tube the glass is corroded. B.B. fuses, then becomes hard, white, and opaque; ultimately a crust of alumina remains; soluble in sulphuric acid and hydrofluoric acid evolved. 13 9 8 DESCRIPTIVE MINEIALOGY. Found at Arksutfiord, in West Greenland, where it was discovered by Gies6cke, in two veins in gneiss, associated with galena, pyrites, and spathic iron. Specimens lnmy be obtained there from six inches to a foot in diameter; also with chiolite, lithia mica, and fluor, at Miask in the Urals. CIiOLITE, Her'mnanzr and Auerbach, J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii, 188. 307 IDimetric; a=10T77. Observed form f. 307 (Kokscharov). Pyramidal edges 107~ 32', basal 113~ 25'. Cleavage indistinct. Occurs massive granular, resembling cryolite; structure crystalline. \ H.=4. G.=2-72, I-Iermann; of powder, \ 842 —2898, Rammelsberg. Color snowwhite. Lustre somewhat resinous. Translucent. Composition.-NaF+Al12F3'=Aluminium 18'6, sodium 23'4, fluorine 58'0-100. Analyses: 1, Hermann, (loc. cit.); 2, 3, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxiv, 1848, p. 315); 4, Pearce, in Rammelsberg's laboratory, (ib.): 1. H. 2. R. 3. R. 4./P. Sodium, 23'78 24'69 24-56 22'91 Aluminium, 18'69 18'02 1'72 19'59 Fluorine, 57'53=100, II. Rammelsberg's analyses, supposing the undetermined part to be fluorine, give respectively, 57'29, 57172, 57'50 per cent. B.B. fuses easily like cryolite, and gives the reaction of fluorine. From Miask, where it occurs in granite, with fluor, topaz, phenacite, and cryolite. FLUELLITE, Levy, Edinb. Jour. Sci. 1825, p. 168. Fluate of Alumine. Fluorid of Aluminium. Tri-metric; in acuterhombic octahedrons with truncated apex.: 1 (pyram.)=1090 6', 82~ 12', and (basal) 1440~; I: 1=1050 nearly. 1T.=3. Color white. Transparent. Cominosition.-Fluorine and aluminium, according to Wollaston. Fluellite is a rare mineral found at Stenna-gwyn, in Cornwall, with wavellite and uranite, in minute crystals, on quartz. IV. OXYGEN COMPOUNDSo I. OYYDS. 1. OXYDS OF ELEMBENTS OF THE HYDROGEN GROUP. a. Anhydrous. b. Hydrous. 2. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC GROUP. 3. OXYDS OF CARBO, a BORON OR SrILCONe Io OXYIDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE HYDROGEN GROUP. a. Anhydrous Oxyds. I. MONOMETRIC. 1. PERICLASE GROUP.-Composition R O. PERICLASE, kaIg. RED COPPER, NOu 2. MARTITE GROUP.-Composition R2 O0. MARTITE, e.o 3. SPINEL GROUP.-Composition R 0+R2 03' ISERINE, e e.) KREITTONITE, (2n Fe) (A1, Ve). IRITE, P (Tr, Fe). MAGNETITE, Fe ve. SPINEL, Sig (A1, ee). FRANKLINITE, (2n, R) (Pe, N]tn). AUTOMOLITE, Zn X1. CaROMIRoN, (E'e, kg) (Al:r). HERCINI TE, Pe Al. PITCEBLENDE, 1:.. 4. MELACONITE GROUP.-Composition R O. MrELACONITE, -eU 0. 100 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. II. HEXAGONAL. 1. ZINCITE GROUP.-Composition, R O. WATER,. CRALCOTRICHITE, 3U. ZINCITE, Z n. 2. CORUNDUM GROUP.-Composition R2 OS. CORUNDUM, Al. ILMENITE, ve, Ti. SPECULAR IRON, Pe. 3. TENORITE GROUP.-Composition R 02. TENORITE, cU 02. III. DIMETRIC. RUTILE GROUP.-Composition R 02. CASSITERITE, Sn. ANATASE, Ti. IEUTILE, Ti. Appendix-. BRAUNITE,. HAUSMANNITE. IV. TRIMETRIC. CHALCOTRICOHITE GROUP.-Composition, R O. CHALCOTRICHITE, Cu 0. CHRYSOBERYL GROUP. —Composition R2 0' (or RO+R2 03). CHtRYSOBERYL, te-+-1l' or Be Al. BROOKITE GROUP.-Composition R 02. BROOKITE, T;i.? PYROLUSITE, in. HETEROOLIN. Appendix to Anhydrous Oxyds. MINIUM, Pb3 04. CREDNERITE, (]Ba, Cu)3 Mn2. V. COMBINATIONS OF OXYDS, AND CHLORIDS OR SULPHURETS. MATLOCKITE, II. Pb C1+-Pb O. MENDIPITE, II. Pb C —2 Pb O. VOLTZITE, Zn S +- Zn O. MONOiETRIC OXYDS. 101 I. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE HYDROGEN GROUP. A. Anhydrous Oxyds. I. MONOMETRIC OXYDS. PERICLASE. Periclasia, Scacchi, Mem. Min. Naples. Periklase. Monometric. Figs. 1 and 11. Cleavage: cubic, perfect. Also in grains. H.=nearly 6. G.=3'674, Damour. Color grayish to darkgreen. Transparent to translucent. Composition. —/Ig, or magnesia, with 1 part in 25 of protoxyd of iron. Analyses: 1, Scacchi, (loc. cit.); 2, 3, Damour, (Ann. d. M. [4], iii, 360, and Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, 1849, p. 313): 1. Sig 89-04 Fe 8'56=97'60, Scacchi. 2. 93-86 5'97=99-83, Damour. 3. 93'38 6'01=99-39, Damour. B.B. infusible. When pulverized dissolves slowly in nitric acid, but rapidly when heated. Moistened on test paper shows an alkaline reaction. Occurs disseminated through ejected masses of a white limestone, and in spots of clustered crystals, on Mt. Somma, sometimes with white olivine and earthy magnesite. RED COPPER. Cuprite, Haid. Red Oxyd of Copper. Oxydulated Copper, P. Tile Ore. Rothkupfererz, Ziegelerz, W: Cuivre Oxid6 Rouge, Cuivre Oxidulei, H; Zigueline. IMonometric. Observed planes 1, 0, i2, i5, 2, 3, 22, 33. Figs. 1, 14, 15 to 19, 32, and also 144, p. 92; forms commonly octahedral. Cleavage: octahedral. Also massive, granular; sometimes earthy. H..=3'35-4. G.=5-85 —615; 5'992, Haidinger. Lustre adamantine or submetallic —earthy. Color red, of various shades, particularly cochineal-red; occasionally crimson-red by transmitted light. Streak several shades of brownish-red, shining. Subtransparent-subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Composition. —u-=Copper 88'8, oxygen 11'2. B.B. in the reducing flame on charcoal, affords a globule of copper. Dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid. Tile ore formerly included the earthy variety, usually of a brick-red or reddishbrown color, and frequently mixed with oxyd of iron. Occurs in the Bannat, at Camsdorf and Saalfield, in Thuringia, at Les Capanne Vecebhie, in Tuscany; on Elba in cubes; and in Cornwall; fine translucent crystals of red copper ore occur with native copper and quartz at Huel Gorland and other Cornish mines. Isolated crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, are found imbedded in lithomarge at Chessy, near Lyons; they are generally coated with malachite. Splendid specimens are brought from the Bannat and Ekatherinenberg in Siberia. It is abundant also in South Australia. The zigueline (or ziegelerz of the Germans) is the earthy red oxyd of copper, or tile ore. 102 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. It has been observed crystallized and massive at Schuyler's, Somerville, and Flemington copper mines, N. J., associated with chrysocolla and native copper; also in red shale near New Brunswick, N. J.; with green malachite in trap, two miles from Ladenton, Rockland Co., N.Y.; at Cornwall, Lebanon Co., Pa.; in the Lake Superior Region. When found in large quantities, this species is valuable as an ore of copper. ALTERED FORMS.-A deoxydation of the Red Copper Ore sometimes takes place, producing native copper. It also becomes carbonated and green, by means of carbonated waters, changing to Malachite or Azurite; or through a silicate in solution it is changed to Chrysocolla. Limonite occurs as a pseudomorph by substitution after Red Copper. MARTITE, Breit. Monometric. In octahedrons like magnetite; f. 11, 16, 19; often flattened, and octahedral faces striated parallel to the edges. Cleavage indistinct. ll.=6. G.=4'82, Brazil; 4'65, Puy de Dome; 3'80, Peru, Breit.; 5'33,I Monroe, N. Y., Hunt. Lustre submetallic. Color iron-black, sometimes with a bronzed tarnish. Streak brown or purplish-brown. Fracture conchoidal. Not magnetic. Composition. —'e=Oxygen 30, iron 70, same as for specular iron. Found in the localities above mentioned, and at Framont. The Monroe crystals, occur in a rock containing quartz, flesh-colored feldspar and dark-green hornblende, and are imbedded in each of these minerals; they are sometimes half an inch through. The association with hornblende which contains protoxyd of iron is urged by Mr. T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiii, 370), as evidence that the crystals are not pseudomorphous, as some have supposed. The change from magnetic iron to the peroxyd is one that may and does take place in nature, as is believed, and some of the so-called martite may be altered specular iron, although probably not all. Scacchi has observed regular octahedrons of specular iron at Vesuvius, which he considers compound crystals after the rhombohedral primary. But it is more probable that they are actually simple crystals of martite. G. H. O. Volger endeavors to show that the crystals are dimetric (Entwick. Min., 1854, 368) and pseudomorphous, probably, after the oxyd Fe O2, supposed by him to be isomorphous with anatase, whence he derives the name for the mineral Eisenanatas. ISERINE. Mlonometric. Figs. 15 to 17; faces usually rounded and rough. Cleavage indistinct. H.= 6 —6'5. G.=4'85 —51. Lustre metallic or submetallic. Color iron-black; streak black. Brittle. Magnetic. Composition.-Fe (Fe, Ti). Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. liii, 129); 2, Rhodius, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm., lxiii, 218); 3, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 121): Ti Pe Pe 1. Unkel, Rhine, 11'51 48-07 39'16=98'74, Ramm. 2. Rheinbreitenbach, 8-69 61-27 3180= —101'76, Rhod. G.-5'1. 3. Etna, 11'14 58-86 30'00-100, Waltersh. G.=4-43. No. 1 has been called Slag-like magnetic iron. Waltershausen deduces the above from his analysis, which afforded Pe 92'19, Ti 12-37=104-56. No. 2 is strongly magnetic. B.B. infusible. From basalt at the localities mentioned, and also in Bohemia, Saxony, Calabria, and near Puy-de-dome in France. Iserine has been regarded as having the formula (be, Ti), and related to Martite. MONOMETRIC OXYDS. 103 IRITE, elermann. Monometric. In octahedrons, IXengott. Structure thin foliated. Color black. Lustre shining. G.=6'506. Magnetic. Cormposition.-Probably fgi or (Ir', (Os, Os, e) (Ir, Os, Cr)20', and isomorphous with spinel, magnetic iron, etc. Analysis by Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxiii, 276): Peroxyd of iridium 62-86, protoxyd of osmium 10'30, protoxyd of iron 12-50, peroxyd of chromium 13870=99'36, with traces of manganese. Occurs in the Ural with native platinum, titanic iron, iridosmine, and hyacinth. SPINEL, W. Ceylanite. Pleonaste. Spinelle Ruby. Balas Ruby. Almandine Ruby. Rubicelle. Candite, Bomurnon. Zeilanit, W. Automolite. Gahnite. Dysluite. Hercinite. Kreittonite. Chlorospinel. IMonometric. Observed planes: 1, -I 0, 2, 308 33. Figs. 308, 11, (common), 16, 19, 41. Cleavage: octahedral. Twins: f. 200; face of com- position 1. 1 IL.=8. G.=3'5-4'9; 3523, Haid.; 3'575, l/l red spinel. Lustre vitreous; splendent —nearly dull.. Color red of various shades, passing into blue, green, yellow, brown, and black; occasionally almost white. Streak white. Transparent-nearly opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Csomposition.-M(g, Fe, Ca, 2n, AI[n) Mi. Pure spinel, sometimes kp1g -l=Magnesia 2850, alumina 72'0; but the magnesia is often partly replaced by protoxyds of iron, zinc, or manganese, or by lime; and the alumina sometimes by peroxyd of iron. Analyses: 1, 2; Abich, (Pogg. xxiii, 305); 3, Berzelius, (Gehl. N. J. d. Chem. vi, 304); 4, 5, Thomson, (Min. i. 214); 6, C. Gmelin, (Jahresb. iv, 156); 7-10 Abich, (loc. cit.); 11, Abich, (K. V. Ac. H. 1842, 6); 12, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxv, 294); 13, 14, H. Rose, (Pogg. 1, 652); 15, Erdmann, (K. V. Ac. H. 1848); 16, Zippe, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lv, 357); 17, Ekeberg (Gehlen's N. J. v, 418); 18, 19, Abich, (loc. cit.); 20, Thomson, (Min. i, 221); 21, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Ch. xliv, 99). I. Containing Magnesia, Lime, or Iron. Al Ag Ca Fe. 1. Ceylon, red, 69'01 26-21 - 71 Br 110, Si 202=99-05, Ab. 2. Aker; blue, 68-94 2572 - 3'49 Si 2'25=100'47, Abich. 3. c" " 72-25 14'63 - 4-26 " 548 —96-62, B. and H. 4. Franklin, N. J., green, 73'31 13'63 7 42 - " 5 62 9998, Thomson. 5. Amity, N. Y. 61'79 17-87 10-56 c- La 2-80, 0-98=99'60, T. 6. Ceylon, Ceylanite, 57-20 18'24 20'51 Si 3'15 —9911 Gmelin. 7. Ural, Pleonaste, 65-27 17-5-8 13-97 " 2'50=99'32, Abich. 8. Monzoni, " 66-89 23-61 8'07 " 1'23=99-80, Abich. 9. Vesuvius, " 67'46 25-94 - 506 "c 2-38=100-85, Abich. 10. Iserwiese, " 59-66 17'70 19'29 " 1-79=99-17, Abich. 11. Vesuvius, " 62-84 24-87 3-87 e 6-15, Si 1'83=99'56, A. 12. Arendal, 55'17 17-65 - 18-33 Si 5-09, In 2'71=98-95, S. 13. Ural, (Chlorospinel, 64'13 26'77 0'27 - e8'70, Cu 0'27=100'14, R. 14. " 57-34 27-49 "14'77, " 0'62-100-22,R. 15. Tunaberg, 62-95 13-03 - 2346=99'44, Erdmann. 16. Hercinite, 61'17 2-92 35'67=99'76, Zippe. 1 04~: DE8CO WTI:WE. TMIN,-:,/,?': II. Containing Oxyd of Zinc. Ah1 Fig 1~n Zn Si 17. Fahlun, Automolite, 60'00 - trace, 24-25 4-75, Fe 9'25=98'25, E. 18. " " 55-14 5'25 trace, 30'02 3-84, " 5-85=1-00-10, A. 19. North America, 5'709 2'22 trace, 34-80 1-22, Fe 4-55=99'38, A. 20. Sterling, N. J. Dysl. 30-49 -'760 1680 2-97, Ii 0-40, Ve 41-93, T. 21. Bodenmais, Kreitt. 44-66 3'05 Ca 1-30 24-00, Fe 16-63, insol. 10-99'64, 7 Automolite (or gahnite): a zinc-spinel=2nAl; color dark-green or black; G.4'1 —46. Hercinite: an iron spinel=-iFe:l; G.=3'91 —395. Ceylanite, (or pleonaste): an iron and magnesia spinel=(Ig,, NMe):l; G.=-3-55. Dysluite: a zinc, manganese, and iron spinel; color yellowish-brown or grayishbrown; (Zn Mkn) (Xl, re); G.=4-55. Chlorospinel, (G. Rose): a grass-green spinel from Slatoust; ki/g(Xl,Ve); G.3'591-3'594. Kreittonite: a black spinel, (G.=4'49); Kobell writes for the formula, Znxl+~-Fe oe, or (2n, Fe) (Xl, Fe), and corrects the analysis as regards the iron as follows: A1 49'13, Pe 8'70, Zn 26'72, Fe 8-04, Mg 3-41, In 1'45=98'05. B.B. alone- infusible; red variety changes to brown, and even black and opaque, as the temperature increases, and on cooling becomes first green, and then nearly colorless, and at last resumes the red color. Fuses with difficulty with borax, but somewhat more readily with salt of phosphorus. Black varieties yield a deep green globule, owing to the iron they contain. The zinc varieties afford with soda oxyd of zinc. The varieties of this species have been denominated, according to their colors, as follows'; the black varieties pleonaste: the scarlet spinelle ruby; the rose red balas ruby; the yellow or orange-red rubicelle: the violet colored almandine ruby. The oriental ruby is sapphire. Spinel occurs imbedded in granular limestone, and with calcareous spar in serpentine and gneiss. It also occupies the cavities of volcanic rocks. In Ceylon, in Siam, and other eastern countries, it occurs of beautiful colors, as rolled pebbles in the channels of rivers. Pleonaste is found at Candy, in Ceylon, and hence was called Ccndite, by Bournon. At Aker, in Sweden, is found a paleblue and pearl-gray variety in limestone. Small black splendent crystals occur in the ancient scoria of Mount Somma, with mica and idocrase; also in compact gehlenite, at Monzoni, in the Fassa valley. From Amity, N. Y., to Andover, N. J., a distance of about thirty miles, is a region of granular limestone and serpentine, in which localities of spinel abound. At Amity, crystals are occasionally 16 inches in diameter; and one collected by Dr. Heron, weighs forty-nine pounds; it is in three pieces, and contains cavities studded with crystals of corundum; colors, green, black, brown, and less commonly red, along with chondrodite, and other minerals. A mile southwest of Amity, on J. Layton's farm, is a remarkable locality; also on W. Raynor's farm, a mile to the north; another half a mile north, affording grayish-red octahedrons; and others to the south. Localities are numerous about Warwick, and also at Monroe and Cornwall, though less favorable for exploration than those at Amity, (form 1, also 1, i, 33, f. 308). F'ranklin, N. J. affords crystals of various shades of black, blue, green, and red, which are sometimes transparent, and a bluish-green ceylanite variety here, has the lustre of polished steel; Newton, N. J. pearl-gray crystals along with blue corundum, tourmaline, and rutile; at Bryan, red, brown, green, and black colors, along with chondrodite. At Sterling, Sparta, Hamburgh, and Vernon, N. J., are other localities. Light blue spinels occur sparingly in limestone in Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. Y., two and a half miles south of Oxbow, and rose and reddish brown in Gouverneur, two miles north and three-fourths of a mile west of Somerville, St. Lawrence Co.; green, blue, and occasionally red varieties occur in granular limestone at Bolton, Boxborough, Chelmsford, and Littleton, Mass. Soft octahedral crystals occur in Warwick, which, according to Beck, are spinels permeated with steatite or serpentine, (Min. N. Y., p. 318). They have MONOMETRIC OXYDS. 105 e,-en considered pseudomorphs. Good black spinel in Burgess, CanadaWest; blue with clintonite at Daillebout, C. E. The automolite occurs in talcose slate near Fahlun and elsewhere in Sweden. The dysluite is from Sterling, N. J., along with franklinite and willemite. JKreittonite is from Bodenmais; and chlorospinel from Slatoust. The fine colored spinels, when of large size, are esteemed as gems. ALTERED FoaMs.-Acted on by silicate of magnesia in solution, and changed to Steatite or Serpentine, also when the alumina is not wholly removed by the process of change it becomes Volknerite, (i/Ig6Al+ 1511). MAGNETITE, Haid. Magnetic Iron Ore. Oxydulated Iron. Magneteisenstein, Magneteisenerz. Fer Oxydul6, H. Monometric. Observed planes O, 1, I, i2, 2, 22, 33, 10-10, 16-16, 3'. Figs 11 and 14 (common), 15 to 19, 168. Cleavage: octahedral, perfect to imperfect. Dodecahedral faces commonly striated parallel to the longer diagonal. Twins like f. 200. Massive, structure granular-particles of various sizes, sometimes impalpable..-=5 5 —6'5. G. -49 —52; 5-168 —5180, crystals, Kengott, and 5'27 after long heating. Lustre metallic-submetallic. Color iron-black; streak black. Opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, shining. Brittle. Strongly magnetic, and sometimes possessing polarity. Composition. —e e=_-Iron 72-4, oxygen 27'6, or Ve 68-97, PFe 31'03=100. Brei thaupt describes a magnetite from Sparta, N. J., containing magnesia; G.-4414-42. A variety from the Mourne Mts. gave Prof. Andrews, (Chem. Gaz., 1852, 379), Pe 71-41, Fe 21-59, lg 6-45 —e (Fe, Mg). An earthy magnetite (Eisenmulm) from near Siegen afforded Genth, (Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. lxvi, 277), Pe 66'20, Fe 13'87, Min 17'00, Cu 0-09, sand, &c. 1-75=98-91Pe (Fe, Mn). G.=3-76. B.B. becomes brown, and loses its influence on the magnet, but fuses with great difficulty. With borax, in the oxydizing flame, fuses to a dull-red glass, which becomes clear on cooling, and often assumes a yellow tint; in the reducing flame becomes bottle-green. Dissolves in heated muriatic acid, but not in nitric acid. Magnetite occurs in beds in gneiss or syenite, also in beds or isolated crystals in clay slate, hornblende slate, chlorite slate, greenstone, basalt, and occasionally in limestone. Often associated with emery. The beds of ore at Arendal and nearly all the celebrated iron mines of Sweden, consist of massive magnetite. Dannemora, and the T/iberg in Smaoland, are entirely formed of it. Still larger mountains of it exist at Kurunavara and Gelivara, in Lapland. Fahlun in Sweden, and Corsica, afford octahedral crystals, (f. 11), imbedded in chlorite slate. Splendid dodecahedral crystals occur at Normark in Wermland. The most powerful native magnets are found in Siberia, and in the Hartz; they are also obtained on the island of Elba. Extensive beds of magnetite occur in the counties of Warren, Essex, and Clinton, New York, in granite, syenitic granite, or allied rocks; and in Orange, Putnam, Saratoga, Herkimer counties, &c., in gneissoid granite, either in isolated masses or layers alternating with the layers of gneiss, (Beck); also in the mountainous districts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on the eastern side of Willis mountain in Buckingham Co.,Virginia; at Franconia, N. H., in epidote and quartz, (f. 14); at Warwick, N. Y.; near Morgantown, Berks Co., Penn., (f. 11, 14); at Marlboro', Rochester, Bethel and Bridgewater, Vt., in chlorite or chlorite slate, (f. 11); at Swanzey, near Keene, and Unity, New Hampshire; at Deer Creek, Md.; at O'Neil mine, Orange Co., N. Y., (f. 1, 11, 14, 15, 17); at Webb's mine, Columbia Co., Penn.; at Haddam, Conn., (f. 18, 19, 169); at Hamburg, near Franklin furnace, N. J.; at Raymond, Davis's Hill, Maine, in an epidotic rock. Masses strongly magnetic occur at Marshall's Island, Me.; also at Magnet Cove, Arkansas; at Goshen, Chester Co., Pa. Large beds at Hull, South Crosby, Marmora and Madre, Canada West, and Bromet, Sutton, Canada East, at Sutton in crystals. 14 106 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. No ore of iron is more generally diffused than the magnetic, and none superior for the malnufacture of iron. It is easily distinguished by its being attracted readily by the magnet, and also by means of the black color of its streak or powder, which is some shade of red or brown in specular iron and brown iron ore. The ore when pulverized may be separated from earthy impurities by means of a magnet, and machines are in use in many parts of Northern New York for cleaning the ore on a large scale. D)imagnetite of Shepard (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiii, 392) appears to be a magnetite pseudomorph. The slender rhombic prisms occur upon a surface which is covered with small cubo-octahedrons, dodecahedrons and cubo-dodecahedrons of magnetite, and some small irregular cavities in the dimagnetite crystals contain similar crystals; moreover no difference of lustre is perceived in a fractured surface of the magnetite and dimagnetite. The species imitated in the pseudomorph is probably Lievrite. The angle of the prism varies between 1100 and 1150, according to the author's measurements; (Shepard gives the angle 130~). One crystal gave approximately 1100 and 70~; another 1140 20' and 650 40'; another 1120 and 680, and the obtuse edge was beveled in this last crystal by planes (i2) inclined to the larger ones at an angle of about 1600~. The faces are even but not very bright. From Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. ALTERED Fons. —By deoxydation through organic matter changed to protoxyd, which may become a carbonate or spathic iron. By oxydation becomes sesquioxyd of iron or Specular iron. Pseudomorphs of chlorite after magnetite have been reported. FRANKLINITE, Berth. Monoimetric. Observed planes 1,; 0, 2, 22. Figs. 11, 16, 19 common. Cleavage: octahedral, indistinct. Also massive, coarse or fine granular to compact. H.=SS —'6'5. G.=5-069, Thomson; 5'091, Ilaidinger. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Acts slightly on the magnet. C'omposition. —(Fe, Zn, SLn), (Fe, Mn). Analyses: 1, Berthier, (Ann. des Mines. iv, 189); 2, Thomson, (Min. i, 438); 3, Abich, (Pogg. xxiii, 342); 4, 5, G. J. Dickerson, (C. T. Jackson's Rep. on N. J. zinc mines): Fe R n Zn 1. 66' 16' 17 -=99, Berthier. 2. 66'10 14'96 17'43, Si 0 20, I 0'56=99-25, Thomson. 3. 68'88 18'17 10-81 " 040, I10'73=9899, Abich. 4. 66'07 12-24 21'39 " 029=100, Dickerson. 5. 66'12 11'99 21'77 " 013=100, Dickerson. B.B. infusible. On charcoal affords oxyd of zinc at a high heat. Manganese reaction with borax. Stated to occur in amorphous masses at Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle. Abundant at Hamburgh, N. J. near the Franklin furnace, with red oxyd of zinc and garnet, in granular limestone; also at Stirling Hill, in the same region, where it is associated with willemite, in a large vein, in which cavities occasionally contain crystals from one to four inches in diameter. The attempts to work this ore for zinc have proved unsuccessful; but it is ground up for a dark paint, and is used also as an ore of iron. The zinc is said to give increased tenacity to the iron. CHROMIC IRON. Chromite, Iaid. Chromate of Iron. Chromeisenstein. Eisenchrom. Fer Chromate, H. Monometric. In octahedrons, (f. 11). Commonly massive, structure fine granular, or compact. MONOMETRIC OXYDS. 107 II.=5'5. G.=-4321, crystals, Thomson; 4'4989 a variety from Styria; 4'568, Texas, Pa. Lustre submetallic. Streak brown. Color between iron-black and brownish-black. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Sometimes magnetic. Gomposition. —'e r, or (Fe, Sg) (il,:r). Analysis: 1, 2, Seybert, (Am. J. Sci. iv, 321); 3, 4, Abich, (Pogg. xxiii, 335); 5, 6, Laugier, (Ann. d. Mus. d'Hist. N. vi); 7, 8, T. S. Runt, (Logan's Rep. Geol. Canada, 1849); 9, Moberg, (J. f. pr. Ch. xliii, 119); 10, A. Rivot, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxx, 202); 11, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 62); 12, 13, Starr and Garrett, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 45): Fe Sig' r;il Si 1. Chester Co. Pa., 36514 - 5156 9'72 2'90=99 32, Seybert. 2. Baltimore, 36'00 39'51 13'00 10'60=99'11, Seybert. 3. Baltimore, massive, 18-97 9'96 44-91 13'85 0'83=98'25, Abich, 4. " cryst. 20'13 7'45 60'04 11'85 -— =99'45, Abich. 5. Siberia, 24 - 53 11'i 1' Mn 1=100, Laugier. 6. Roraas, 25'66 5'36 54'08 9-02 4'83-98'95, Laugier. 7. Bolton, Canada, 35'68 15'03 45'90 3'20 -— 9981, Hunt. 8. L. Memphramagog, 21'28 18'13 49'75 11'30:=100'46, Hunt. 9. Beresof, 18'42 6'68 64-17 10'83 0'91-101'01, Moberg. 10. Baltimore, 30'04 - 63-37 1-95 2-21a Ca 2'02=99-60, Rivot. 11. Volterra, Tuscany, 33'93 - 42'13 19'84 475-=100 65, Bechi. 12. Chester, Pa., Pe 3895 - 60-84 093 0'62, Ni 0'10, Starr. 13. Texas, Pa. 38'66 63-38 - " 2-28, Garrett. a With some Titanic Acid? In Moberg's analysis, the chromium is supposed to be partly protoxyd, giving the formula (Fe, Mg, r) ((pr, Al). Garrett's analysis of the Texas ore corresponds to Fe ir 93-16+Fe Pe 0-59+-Ni Pe 7'15. In grains that were magnetic, Garrett found Jir 41-55, Ve 62'02, Si 1-25, corresponding to Fe Br 61'07+-Fe Pe 38-64 —-Si -25-=100'96, (loc. cit.) BB. alone, infusible. With borax fuses with difficulty, but completely, to a beautiful green globule. Chromic iron occurs in serpentine, forming veins, or in imbedded masses. It assists in giving the variegated color to verde-antique marble. Occurs in the Gulsen mountains, near Kraubat in Syria; in crystals in the islands of Unst and Fetlar, in Shetland; in the Department du Var in France; in Silesia and Bohemia; abundant in Asia Minor, (Am. J. Sci. [2], vii, 285); in the Eastern Urals. At Baltimore, Md., in the Bare Hills, it occurs in large quantities in veins or masses in serpentine: also in Montgomery Co., six miles north of the Potomac; at Cooptown, Harford Co. and in the north part of Cecil Co., Md. In Pennsylvania, in W. Goshen, (crystals), Nottingham, Mineral Hill, and elsewhere; Chester Co., near Unionville, abundant; near Texas, Lancaster Co., very abundant. Massive and in crystals at Hoboken, N. J., in Serpentine and dolomite; sparingly at Milford and West Haven, Conn.; in the southwestern part of the town of New Fane, and in Jay, Troy, and Westfield, Vt.; Chester and Blanford, Mass.; on I. a Vache, near San Domingo; in the gold sands of California; at Bolton and Ham, Canada East. This ore affords the oxyd of chrome, used in painting, etc. The ore employed in England is obtained mostly from Baltimore, Drontheim, and the Shetland Isles; it amounts to about 2000 tons annually. PITCHBLENDE. Protoxyd of Uranium. Pecherz, W. Pechuran, tHas. Nasturan, Kob. Gummierz, Pittinerz, Breit. Uranpecherz. Urane Oxydule, H. IMionometric. Observed forms, f. 11, 16, 19. Usually massive and botryoidal; also in grains; structure sometimes columnar or curved lamellar. 108 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. HI.-55. G. =6'468-8. Lustre submetallic or greasy to dull. Color grayish, greenish, brownish, red, or velvet-black. Streak, brownish-black, or olive green, a little shining. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Composition. —y? Ramem. Analyses: 1, Kilaproth, (Beit. ii, 197); 2, Pfaff, (Schw. J. xxxv, 326); 3, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lix, 35); 4, Ebelmen, (Ann. Ch. Phys. 1843, 498); 5, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxxii, 561); 6, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxvi, 18); 7, von Hauer, (Jahrb. geol. Reichs. 1853, 107): 1. t} 86-5 ePFe 2-5 PbS 6'0 Si 5'0=100, Klaproth. 2. 84-52 Fe 8-24 4-20 2'02, Co 1-42=100-46, Pfaff. 3.:flU 79'15 Fe 3'03 Pb 6'20 As 1'13, Ca 2'81, IgMg 0'46, Si 5'30, Bi (with Pb and Cu) 0 65, 1 0-36=99-09, Rammelsberg. 4. " q5'94 Fe 3'10 4-22 Sin 0'82, Ca 5-24, Mg 2-07, Na 0'25, C 3-32, Si 3-48, S 0 60, Ht 1-85-100-89, Ebelmen. 5. 76-6, Pb, met. acids, and Si 15'6 Mn 1-0 fI 4-1, loss and rock 2'7, Scheerer. 6.:'7200, Mn 0'05, Ca 6-00, Si 4'26 I 14'75, As trace, P 2'30, HF trace=99'36, K.'7. Cit 80-52, Fe 2-86, Pb 6-07, Sb 2-09, S 1'18, Si 1-79, Ca. 2-97,.g 0-64, H 0-48, C 0-89, v. Hauer. The specimens for these analyses were from Joachimsthal, excepting Nos. 2, 6, and 7; and 6 is the so-called Gummierz; No. 5 is the crystallized variety; No. 7 was from Przibram. Vanadium and also selenium occur in the ore from Johanngeorgenstadt. B.B. alone infusible, but in the forceps colors exterior flame green. With borax, melts to a dark yellow glass, which is dirty green in the reducing flame. With soda not dissolved, but yields the smell of arsenic. In the state of powder dissolves slowly in nitric acid, evolving red fumes of nitrous acid. Not acted on by muriatic acid, but affords easily a yellow solution with nitric acid. Not attractable by the magnet. Pitchblende accompanies various ores of silver and lead at Johanngeorgenstadt, Marienberg, and Schneeberg in Saxony, at Joachimsthal and Przibram in Bohemia, and Retzbanya in Hungary. It is associated with uranite at Tincroft and Tolcarn mines near Redruth, in Cornwall; also near Adrianople, Turkey; at the Middletown feldspar quarry in octahedrons with truncated edges, according to Shepard. It is very valuable in porcelain painting, affording an orange color in the enamelling fire, and a black color in that in which the porcelain is baked. A laboratory has been opened at Joachimstahl, where the ore is converted into uranate of soda for use. The Pittinerz of Breithaupt has an olive-green streak. H.=3 —35. G.=48 —5. The G'umrzierz of the same author has H.=2'5-3. G.=3'9-4'18. Color: hyacinthred, yellowish and reddish-brown, and looking like gum; contains nearly 15 per cent. of water. CoRAcITr, Leconte, (Am. J. Sci. [2], iii, 173). Resembles pitchblende. Amorphous, with a pitch-black color and gray powder..-=3. Afforded J. D. Whitney, (Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1849, vi, 36, and Am. J. Sci. [2], vii, 434): U Pb Ca P e Al if Si 59'30 5-36 14'44 7-47 2-24 0'90 4-64 4'35, Mig, pIn trace=98'70. Excluding the carbonate of lime as impurity, the percentage becomes:: 72'60, Pb 6'56, Ca 5.99, Pe 2-74,;1l 1'10, i 5-68, Si 5-33=100.;B.B. does not change nor tinge the flame. Gives the reaction of uranium with the fluxes. Dissolves readily without heat in dilute muriatic acid, effervescing strongly and yielding a green solution. On account of the ready solubility in acids, Mr. Whitney supposes the uranium to be in the state of peroxyd ($U), and not t::, as in common pitchblende. EBJ.ASITE, Haidinger, (Pogg. 1853, iv, Erganz. 348). Resembles pitchblende and coracite and may be an impure mineral. Occurs in flattened pieces, occasionally MONOMETRIC OXYDS. 109 half an inch thick. 1.=3'5. G.=4'086 —4237, v. Zepharovich. Lustre greasysubvitreous. Color dull reddish-brown, inclined to hyacinth-red on thinnest edges; streak dull, wax-yellow to orange. Subtranslucent. Comnposition.- — According to F. Ragsky, (loc. cit.): $ Xl Fe Pe Ca -iSg Pb Si a Hi As 61'33 1'17 6'63 1 09 3 09 2'20 4'62 5'13 2-52 0-84 10-68, tr.=99'30 B.B. like pitchblende. Decomposed by muriatic acid. At 1000C loses 5-81 per cent., and at 3000 C, 4-77, making 10'58 per cent. of water. From the Elias mine, Joachimstahl, with fluor, dolomite, quartz, etc. The carbonic acid may be combined with the lime and part of the magnesia as carbonate, making 5-7 per cent. MELACONITE, D. Black Oxyd of Copper. Kupferschwirze. Monometric? Occurs in cubes (pseudomorphs?) with truncated angles. Cleavage: none distinct. Mostly massive. 1i.=3. G.=6 25, J. D. Whitney; 5-952, Ramm. Lustre submetallic to earthy. Color dark steel-gray in crystals, to black or grayish-black when massive. Opaque. Streak shining. Composition. —eu02'=Oxygen 20'15, copper 79-85. Often with one to two per cent. of impurities, consisting mostly of silica, lime, and iron, J. D. Whitney. B.B. in the inner flame yields easily a globule of copper. Occurs at Copper Harbor, Kewenaw Point, Lake Superior, forming a vein in conglomerate, from which about 40,000 lbs. of the ore were removed; it is now exhausted. The crystals are imbedded in the masses, and Teschemacher and Hayes have considered them pseudomorphs after red oxyd of copper. J. D. Whitney objects to this view on the ground that the red copper of the vein is in octahedrons and not cubes, and that no evidence exists to prove that such a change has taken place. (See J. D.Whitney in Foster and Whitney's Report on Lake Superior Region, Part 2, p. 99). The Kupferschwarze or Black Copper of Werner is an impure, earthy black oxyd of copper, resulting from the decomposition of other ores, being mixed with more or less sulphuret of copper, pyrites, and other impurities. PLUMBIC OCHRE. Lead-ochre. Bleigliitte. Glhtte. Massive. Structure sometimes scaly crystalline. G.=8'0. Lustre dull. Color between sulphur and orpimentyellow. Streak lighter than the color. Opaque. Does not soil. Composition. —Pb=Oxygen 7-17, lead 92-83; more or less impure. Analysis by John, (Schw. J. iv, 219 and xxxii, 106): Pb 89'10, C 3-84, Fe and Ca 0'48, Si 2'40=95'82. Melts readily before the blowpipe, and is easily reduced on charcoal to the metallic state. It is said to occur at Badenweiler in Baden, in quartz. Gerolt states that it has been ejected from the volcanoes of Popocatapetl and Jztaccituall, in Mexico. It is found in many places in the provinces of Chihuahua and Cohahuila in considerable quantities, having been collected along the streams between Ceralvo and Monterey, being supposed to come from the range of mountains running nearly north of Monterey. The specimens (often 2 or more cubic inches in size) are between orpiment and sulphur yellow in color, and glisten like a granular mica of a nearly golden color. The natural surface is slightly crystalline and shining; and when broken it shows a scaly texture, (Bailey in Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 420).: Occurs also at Austin's mines, Wythe Co., Va. This species may belong with the Trimetric Oxyds. 110 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 2. HEXAGONAL OXYDS. WATER. Rhombohedral. Usual in compound stellate forms, f. 210. Liquid above 320 F., and boils at 2120 F. A cubic inch of pure water at 60~ F., and 30 inches of the barometer weighs 252-458 grains. Colorless. Inodorous. Tasteless. Composition.-HO=Oxygen 88-89, hydrogen 11'11. The density of water is greatest at 390 1 F., according to Joule and Playfair, (Phil. Mag., xxx, 41, 1847), the most recent investigators of this subject. Despretz obtained 390 176; Hallstrdm 390 38; Blagden and Gilpin 390; Hope 390 6; Muncke 38'804. Below this temperature it expands as it approaches 320, owing to incipient crystallization. Water as it occurs in nature is seldom pure. It ordinarily contains some atmospheric air, often pure oxygen and carbonic acid, besides various saline ingredients. For analyses of the waters used in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, by B. Silliman, Jr., see Am. Jour. Sci. [2], ii, 218; and for another of that last mentioned, by M. H. Boy6, see same Journal, ix, 123. In different mineral waters are found salts of magnesia, lime, iron, soda, potash, and sometimes traces of zinc, arsenic, lead, copper, antimony, and even tin, these ingredients being derived from the rocks or soil of the region. For citation of numerous recent analyses of Waters, see Kengott's Min. Forsch., 1844-1849, and 1850-51. 2 vols. 4to. Vienna. See on the Crystallization of Ice, Leydolt, Wien. Akad. vii, 477. It also occurs under Trimetric forms, and is regarded as dimorphous. ZINCITE, Haid. Red Zinc Ore. Red Oxyd of Zinc. Zinkoxyd, L. Zinc Oxyde. Rothzinkerz. Spartalite, B. and M. Hexagonal; 0:-1=118 7'; a=1'6208. In quartzoids with truncated summits, and prismatic faces I: 1 1 =1270 40', (to 43') Rose, I: 1=1510 53'; 1520 20', Levy. Cleavage basal, eminent. Usual in grains or coarse particles and disseminated masses, structure foliated; also granular. I[.=4 4-5. G.=5-432 —5524. Lustre subadamantine. Streak orange-yellow. Color deep red, also inclining to yellow. Translucent-subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Composition. —Zn=Oxygen 19-74, zinc 80-26; containing oxyd of manganese as an unessential ingredient. Analyses: 1, Berthier, (Ann. d Mines, iv, 483); 2, 3, Whitney, (Pogg. lxxi, 169); 4, A. A. Hayes, (Am. J. Sci. xlviii, 261): 1. Zn 88. Mifn]n 12=100, Berthier. 2. 94'45 Nin trace, gangue (franklinite) 4-49, ign 1-09=100'03, Whitney. 3. 96'19 3'70, undecomp. 0'10=99'99, Whitney. 4. 93-48 MSin 5'50, Pe 0'36, scales of specular iron 0-44=89-78, Hayes. Thin scales magnified and viewed by transmitted light are deep yellow. The author finds by means of a high magnifying power that this ore is free from foreign scales of red oxyd of iron or other substances; and consequently the color is probably due as held by G. Rose and J. D. Whitney, to the presence of Mn. B.B. alone infusible; with borax yields a yellow transparent glass. Dissolves HEXAGONAL OXYDS. 111 without effervescence in nitric acid. On exposure to the air, it suffers a partial decomposition at the surface, and becomes invested with a white coating, which is carbonate of zinc. Occurs with Franklinite and also with calcareous spar at Stirling Hill, Sussex Co., sometimes in lamellar masses in pink calcite. It was first noticed, described, and analyzed, by Dr. Bruce, (Bruce's American Mineralog. Journ., vol. i. p. 96). Mitscherlich has observed minute six-sided prisms in the iron furnaces of Konigshiitte, in Silesia, which he believes to be identical with this species. Similar crystals have been met with in the zinc furnaces near Siegen. It has been observed in considerable quantities in the furnaces and roast-heaps at the New Jersey zinc mines; surface drusy, color white to amber-yellow, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiii, 417); also by M. Stadtmuller at the iron furnace of Van Deusenville, Mass. An oxyd of zinc mixed with hydrate of iron occurs on marmatite at Bottino in Tuscany, which afforded C. Bechi (Am. J. Sci. [2] xiv, 62) Z n 31'725, Fe 47 450, ft 20'825. CORUNDUM. Sapphire. Emery. Oriental Amethyst, Topaz, Ruby, Emerald. Adamantine Spar. Rubin. Salamstein. Smirgel. Korund. Demanthspath. Telesie. Corindon. Asteria of Pliny.?Rhombohedral; B: R=86~ 4', 0: 1(R)-=122~ 26; a=1363. Observed planes: rhombohedrons, J, ~, 1(R), -2, -1; pyramids, 4 21 2 3 5 32, 942, 223, 2 3 42, 362, 82; scalenohedrons2 5 4 (= -105.,1 1); also I, i2, 4, O. 0:.=1520 19'. 0: 42 =1180 49'. 432 342 (pyr.)=128 2'. 0: — =141~ 48'. 0: 42 =1000 24'. 22: 22 =1240~. 0: 2=1070 38'. 0 63 =1200 59'. i2: =R 1360 58'. 0: 22=1100 9'. 10 9-1210 5. 2: 2=780 45/. Cleavage: basal, sometimes per- 309 310 feet, but interrupted, commonly imperfect in the blue variety; also rhombohedral. Large crystalsusu- 2 ally rough. Twins: face of com- i2 position 2R. Also massive granular or impalpable; often in layers from composition parallel to R. I 12 1 H.=9. G.= 3'909 —4-16. Lustre vitreous; sometimes pearly on the \k 1-2 basal planes, and occasionally exhibiting a bright opalescent star of six rays in the direction of the axis. Color blue, red, yellow, brown, gray, and nearly white; streak uncolored. Transparent-translucent. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Exceedingly tough when compact. Sapphire is pure alumina crystallized. The species Corundum includes sapphire, emery, corundum, and other varieties. Corundum embraces the opaque specimens, usually of dingy colors and often dark; emery the massive granular or compact variety, more or less impure, and sapphire, the brightly colored varieties. The following are analyses by J. Lawrence Smith, taken from an elaborate paper in the Amer. J. Sci. [2], x, 354, xi, 53. The column of hardness, gives the effective abrasive power of the powdered mineral, that of sapphire being 100; Mag. stands for Magnetite: 112 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. H. G. A1 Mag. C ia Si 1. Sapphire of India, 100 4-06 97-51 189 - 080 -=100'20. 2. Ruby of India, 90 - 9732 109 - 121 --— = 99'62. 3. Corundum of Asia Minor, 77 3'88 92-39 1-67 1-12 2-05 1-60= 98'83. 4. " of Nicaria, 65 3-92 87-52 7-50 0'82 2-01 0'68= 99'53. 5. " of Asia, 60 3-60 86'62 8-21 0'70 3-85 1 16 —=101 04. 6. " of India, 58 3'89 93-12 0'91 1'02 0-96 2'86= 98-87. 7. " of India, 55 3'91 84-56 7-06 1-20 4-00 3-10= 9992. Emery, Be 8. Kulah, 57 4'28 63-50 33-25 0-92 1-61 1'90=101-18. 9. Samos, 56 3-98 70-10 22-21 0'62 4'00 2-10= 99' 03. 10. Nicaria, 5o 3-75 71'06 20'32 1-40 4-12 2'53= 99-43. 11. Kulah, 53 4-02 63-00 30'12 0'50 2-36 3'36= 98'34. 12. Gumuch, 47 3'82 77-82 8-62 1-80 8-13 3'11= 99'48. 13. Naxos, 46 3'75 68-53 24'10 0'86 3-10 4'72=101'31. 14. Nicaria, 46 3-74 75-12 13-06 0-72 6-88 3'10= 98-88. 15. Gumuch, 42 4'31 60'10 33-20 0'48 1'80 5'62=101-20. 16. Kulah, 40 3'89 61-05 27'15 1'30 9'63 2i00-101-13. B.B. unaltered, both alone and with soda; fuses entirely with borax, though with great difficulty; and also, if pulverized, with salt of phosphorus. Not attacked by. acids. Friction excites electricity, and in polished specimens the electrical attraction continues for a considerable length of time. The red sapphire is sometimes called Oriental'ruby; the yellow, topaz; the green, emerald; violet, amethyst; and hair-brown, adamantine spar; the asteriated crystals, asteria, a name used by Pliny. This species is associated with crystalline rocks, as granular limestone or dolomite, gneiss, granite, mica slate, chlorite slate. The fine sapphires are usually obtained from the beds of rivers, either in modified hexagonal prisms, or in rolled masses, accompanied by grains of magnetic iron ore, and several species of gems. The emery of Asia Minor, according to Dr. Smith, occurs in granular limestone. The best ruby sapphires occur in the Capelan mountains, near Syrian, a city of Pegu, and in the kingdom of Ava-; smallqr individuals occur near Bilin and Merowitz in Bohemia, and in the sand of the Expailly river in Auvergne. Blue sapphires are brought froin Ceylon; this variety was called Salamstein by Werner. Corundum occurs in the Carnatic on the Malabar coast, in the territories of Ava, and elsewhere in the East Indies; also near Canton, China. At St. Gothard it occurs of a red or blue tinge in dolomite, and near Mozzo in Piedmont, in white compact feldspar. Adamantine spar is met with in large coarse hexagonal pyramids on the Malabar coast, in Gellivara, Sweden. Emery is found in large boulders at Naxos, Nicaria and Samos of the Grecian islands; also in Asia Minor, 12 miles east of Ephesus, near Gumuch-dagh, where it was discovered in situ by Dr. J. Lawrence Smith, associated with margarite, chloritoid, pyrites, cale spar, etc.; and also at Kulah, Adula, and Manser, the last, 24 miles north of Smyrna; also with the nacrite (?) of Cumberland, England. Other localities are in Bohemia, near Petschau, in the Ural, near Katherinenburg, and in the Ilmen mountains, not far from Miask; Frederick Valley, Australia... Blue sapphire occurs at Newton, N. J., (now rare), with hornblende, mica, feldspar, and tourmaline, in granular limestone; red variety at Vernon, N. J., near State line, crystals often several inches long; crystals of bluish and pink colors occur at Warwick, N. Y., in the cavities of large crystals of spinel. At Amity, N. Y.,white, blue and reddish crystals accompany spinel and rutile in granular limestone. In Pennsylvania, grayish corundum occurs in large crystals in Delaware Co.; near Village Green in Aston; at Mineral Hill in loose crystals; also in crystals at Unionville, Chester Co., abundant, with tourmaline in margarite, and in albite some masses weighing 4000 pounds, and crystals being occasionally 4 inches long. Pale blue crystals are found with kyanite at West Farms; Conn. near Litchfield. A boulder of blue massive corundum, affording broad cleavage surfaces, has been found in Buncombe Co., North Carolina; and crystals and massive corundum in place in Gaston Co.; and a fine red sapphire has been obtained in Cherokee Co., Georgia. In Canada at Burgess, red and blue. HEXAGONAL OXYDS. 113 Red sapphire is the most highly esteemed. A crystal weighing four carats, perfect in transparency and color, has been valued at half the price of a diamond of the same size. They seldom exceed half an inch in length. Two splendid red crystals, however, having the form of the pyramidal dodecahedron, and "de la longueur du petit doigt," with a diameter of about an inch, are said to be in the possession of the king of Arracan. Transparent blue sapphires are sometimes over three inches long. The sapphire is cut by means of diamond dust, and polished on copper or lead wheels with the powder of emery. The word sapphire is from the Greek aarnetpos, the name of a blue stone, and probably the lapis lazuli, which agrees with the character given it by Theophrastus, Pliny, Isidorus, and others. The latter remarks, " Sapphirus cceruleus est cum purpura, habens pulveres aureos sparsos," particles of iron pyrites, which are fre quently disseminated through lapis lazuli, looking like gold. Corundum is a word of Asiatic origin. ALTERED Founs.-Corundum under some circumstances absorbs water and changes to diaspore; and perhaps also to the mica-like mineral margarite. It is also replaced by silica, forming quartz pseudomorphs. HEMATITE. Specular Iron. Iron Glance. Peroxyd of Iron. Red Iron Ore. Oligiste Iron. Micaceous Iron Ore. Red Hematite. Red Clay Ironstone. Red Ochre. Iron Foam. Eisenglanz. Rotheisenstein, W. Blutstein, Haus. Rotheisenerz. Eisenoxyd, L. Rother Glaskopf. Fer Oligiste, H. Rhombohedral. R: R —86~ 10', 0: R= 1220 30'; a: 1'3591. Observed planes: rhombohedrons, 4,, (), 2 1 4,-5,-2, 3 132 1 3 2 27 - n - z -in, 6 -; scalenohedrons, 13, 3 -3 3 23; i -X5; pyramids, 32, Z2, 42, t-2, 42; prisms, I, i2, q{; and the basal plane 0.: 2=107~0 40'. 2: 2=68~ 47'. B 342=154~ 2'. 0:' 2=137~ 49'. 5: 5-610 34'. R: - =1430 55'.: 42=118~ 53/. i: -143~ 7'.:i2 -=136~ 55'. 0: 13=103~ 321. 2-: =115~ 22'. 13: i2 =1620 41'. Cleavage: parallel to O and _; often indistinct. Twins: face of composition 2; also O. Also columnar-granular, botryoidal, 311 0 Vesuvius, 312 313 2.12 ~ ~Elba. X l.R Elba. Elba, and stalactitic shapes; also lamellar-laminwe joined parallel to O, and variously bent-thick or thin; also granular-friable or compact. 15 114 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. i [.=S5'5 —65. G.=4 5 —53; of some compact varieties, as low as 4'2. Lustre metallic and occasionally splendent; sometimes earthy. Color dark steel-gray or iron-black; when earthy, red. Streak cherry-red or reddish-brown. Opaque, except when in very thin laminae, which are faintly translucent, and blood-red. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Sometimes slightly attractable by the magnet. Compnosition. —l-e=Iron 70, oxygen 30. B.B. infusible alone; with borax forms a green or yellow glass. Dissolves readily in heated muriatic acid, when pulverized. This species includes the old species specular iron and red iron ore, the latter uncrystallized, and presenting the color of the former when in powder. Specular iron includes specimens of a perfect metallic lustre; if the structure is micaceous, it is called micaceous iron. The varieties of a sub-metallic or non-metallic lustre, were included under the name of red hematite,fibrous red iron; or if soft and earthy, red ochre, and when consisting of slightly coherent scales, scaly red iron, or red iron froth. Under,this species must also be included different clay or argillaceous iron ores, many of which contain but small portions of iron; reddle or red chalk, the comimon drawing material, which has an earthy appearance and a flat conchoidal fracture; jaspery clay iron, more firm in its structure than the preceding, and having a large and flat conchoidal fracture; columnar and lenticular argillaceous iron, distinguished by a columnar or flat granular structure. Itabirite is a granular slaty rock consisting of specular or magnetic iron and quartz. Specular iron occurs in crystalline rocks; also among the ejected lavas of Vesuvius, etc. Argillaceous ores form beds in secondary rocks. It is usually an associate of emery. Fine specimens of this species are brought from the island of Elba, which has afforded it -from a very remote period, and is described by Ovid as': Insula inexhaustis chalybdum generosa metallis." The surfaces of the crystals often present an irised tarnish, and brilliant lustre. The faces O and i are usually destitute of this tarnish and lustre, and may therefore assist, when present, in determining the situation of other planes when the crystal is quite complex. St. Gothard affords beautiful specimens, composed of crystallized plates grouped in the form of rosettes, and accompanying crystals of feldspar. Near Limoges, France, it occurs in large crystals. Fine crystals are the result of volcanic action at Etna and Vesuvius, and particularly in Fossa Kankarone, on Monte Somma, where it incrusts the ejected lavas. Arendal in Norway, Langbanshyttan in Sweden, Framont in Lorraine, Dauphiny, and Switzerland, also afford splendid specimens. Red hematite occurs in reniform masses of a fibrous concentric structure, near Ulverstone in Lancashire, in Saxony, Bohemia, and the Hartz. In Westphalia it occurs as pseudomorphs of calcareous spar. In Brazil it is associated with quartz. Hematite, both compact, micaceous, and jaspery, is abundant in St. Lawrence and Jefferson Cos., N. Y., at Gouverneur, Hermon, Edwards, Fowler, Canton, &c. Handsome irised crystallizations of specular iron are found at Fowler, in cavities in granular micaceous iron ore, associated often with splendid groups of quartz crystals. Other localities are Woodstock and Aroostook, Me., and Liberty, Md. Occurs also in the Blue Ridge, in the western part of Orange Co., Va. Micaceous iron in large masses, composed of irregular curved laminTe, occurs at Hawley, Mass., and Piermont, N. H.; also eight miles aboveFalmouth, Stafford Co., Va., on the Rappahannock river; St. Armand, Canada East. Red hematite is found at Ticonderoga, upon Lake George. The iron mountain and Pilot Knob of Missouri are situated about fourteen miles from the La Motte lead mines, and ninety miles south of St. Louis. The Iron Mountain is 300 feet in height, and consists wholly of massive peroxyd of iron lying in loose blocks, which are largest about the summit, many 10 to 20 tons in weight. The Pilot Knob is estimated by J. D. Whitney at 650 feet in height; it is made up of a quartzose rock of the azoic period and is capped with specular iron which has an appearance of stratification and is micaceous in structure. Lenticular argillaceous ore is abundant in upper Silurian rocks, in Oneida, Herkimer, Madison, and Wayne Cos., N. Y., constituting one or two beds, ten to HEXAGONAL OXYDS. 115 twenty inches thick, in a compact sandstone; and the same exists in similar strata in Pennsylvania and as far south as Alabama. Large beds exist at Wallace Mine, Lake Huron and McNab, and Marmora, Canada West. This ore affords a considerable portion of the iron manufactured in different countries. The varieties, especially the specular, require a greater degree of heat to smelt than other ores, but the iron obtained is of good quality. Pulverized red hematite is employed in polishing metals, and also as a coloring material. This species is readily distinguished from magnetite by its reddish streak. Hematite, a word in use among the ancients, was applied to this species on account of the red color of the powder, from dtpa, blood. The term specular alludes to the brilliant lustre it often presents. ALTERED FonsM. —By deoxydation through organic matter forms magnetite or protoxyds; and from the latter comes spathic iron by combination with carbonic acid; or by further deoxydation through sulphuretted hydrogen, forms pyrites. By combination with water, forms Limonite. Limonite, m'agnetite, and pyrites, constitute occurring pseudomorphs after Hematite. ILMENITE, Kcupfer. Titanate of Iron. Crichtonite, Bournon. Titaniferous Iron. Menaken, Menaccanite, Kibdelophan, Basanomelan, Kobell. Titaneisen. Hystatite. Washingtonite, Shepard. Mohsite, Levy. Rhombohedral; tetartohedral to the hexagonal type. _': R =85~ 40'-860 10', 86~ 5, Rose and Deseloizeaux, 85~ 59', Mohs. Observed planes: rhombohedrons 2, 1((R), 314 5,X-2? -2,; pyramnids, 2, 2, 1-~2, which are hemihedral; also; i2, O. An- " gles nearly as in Hematite. Often a cleav- c 4 \ age parallel with the- terminal plane, 3 -but properly due to planes of composi- k/2 -4 2 / tion. Crystals usually tabular. Twins: face of composition 0; sometimes producing when repeated a form resembling f. 313. Often in thin plates or laminam, angular masses or grains. II.=5 —6. G.=-4-5-5. Lustre submetallic. Color iron-black. Streak metallic, black to brownish-red. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Influences slightly the magnetic needle. VARIXTIES.-This species includes several varieties which have been considered distinct species. They are however identical in crystallization, and the differences arise, as shown by Rose, from the isomorphous nature of titanic oxyd and peroxyd of iron. The following are the most important of these varieties: Axotomo'us Iron, Kibdelophan of Kobell.-Physical characters as above. H.5 -5-5. G.=4'661, Mohs; 4'723 —4735, Breit. Occurs in crystals; usually massive, or in thin-plates or lamin'e; R: R=850 59'. Ilmenite.-Occurs crystallized and massive at Lake Ilmen, near Miask, whence the name 1lmenite. In general the physical characters the same as above. H.=6. G.= —4895, Breit.; R1: R-850 43'. Mfennaccanite.-Occurs massive with traces of cleavage and in grains. Fracture uneven to fiat conchoidal. H.==55. G.=47-4'8. Streak black. Color light iron-black to steel-gray. Magnetic. First observed at Mennaccan, Cornwall. Crichtonite.-In acute rhombohedrons; R: R.=860 6~'; -5: -5=61~ 2T'. H. -6. G.=4'79. Cleavage imperfect. From Oisans. H;ystatite. Hystatisches Eisenerz, Breit.-Titaniferous iron from Arendal. B: R =86~ 10'. Cleavage, and color as in Ilmenite. H.=6. G.=5. The Washingtonite of Shepard, (Am. J. Sci. xliii, 364), is near Hystatite. It occurs in large tabular crystals, sometimes two inches in diameter. They are hexagonal tables with the faces of the rhombohedron; R: R=86~0, (obtained by varnishing the faces). Rhombohedral cleavage often distinct; 0 the brightest face, R the least so. H.=5-75. G.=4-963, from Westerly; 5-016, from Litchfield.~Anal. 13, 14. 116 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Eisenrose, Basanomelan of Kobell, is placed by Breithaupt along with hystatite. Titaniferous iron sand or trappisches eisenerz of Breithaupt, is described as occurring in octahedrons and cubes in roundish grains. It is iserine, (p. 102). The titaniferous iron of Aschaffenburg. -Occurs massive and in plates, with imperfect cleavage in one direction. 11.-=6. G.=4-78. Color iron-black. Comtposition.-Ti and Pe in various and probably indefinite proportions. H. Rose. Rose holds that the Ti (titanic acid) and Fe (protoxyd of iron) found in analyses, arise from an oxydation of the titanic oxyd (Ti) of the mineral, at the expense of the Pe, which takes place during the investigation. Berzelius sustained the view of Rose both on atomic grounds, and on that of the magnetism of the mineral. Rose shows that the specific gravity increases with the proportion of iron. Analyses: 1, Kobell, (Schw. J. lxiv, 59, 245); 2, Marignac, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiv, 50); 3, 4, Mosander, (K. V. Ac. H. 1829, 220, and Pogg. xix, 211); 5, Delesse, (These sur l'empl. de l'anal. etc. P. 46); 6, HI. Rose, (Pogg. iii, 163); 7, Kobell, (loc. cit.); 8-12, Mosander, (loc. cit.); 13, Kendall, (This work, 2d edit. p. 527); 14, Marignac, (loc. cit.); 19, Plantamour, (J. f pr. Chem. xxiv, 302); 16-18, IKobell, (loc. cit.); 19, Rammelsberg, (3d Supp. 122); 20, T. S. Hunt, (Logan's G. Rep. 1849, 1850, 105, and Amer. Jour. Sci. [2], xi, 231): Ti Fe Pe 1. Kibdel. Gastein, 59'00 4-25 36-00, Mn 1-65=100, Kobell. 2. (richt. St. Cristophe,52-27 1-20 46-53=-100, Marignac. 3. Ilmenite, Ilmen, Mts.,46-92 10'74 37-86,:]Mn 2-73, Mg 1'14=99'39, Mos. 4. " " 46-67 11.71 35.37, Mn 2-39, MkIg 0-60, Ca 0-25, 4ir 0'38,'i 2'80-100-17, Mosander. 5. " " 45-4 40'7 14-1, Ca 0'5, Sn 0'5, Pb 0'2=101-4, D. 6. " Egersund, 43-73 4270 13'57=100, Rose. 7..Menacc. " 43'24 28-66 27-91=99-81, Kobell. 8. " " 42-57 23-21 29'27, Ca 0-50, SMg 1'22, ir 0-33, Si 1-65= 98.75, M. 9. " " 41-08 25'93 29'04, Ca 0'49, MTg 1-94, Yt arid Be 0-58, Si 0'07-99'13, M. 10. " " 39'04 29-16 27'23, Ca 0'96, dlg 2'30, SIn 0-21, Jr 0-12. Si 031=99' 13, M. 11. Hystatite, Arendal, 24'19 53'01 19-91, Ca 0'33, Mfjg 0'68, Si 1'17=99.29, M. 12. " " 28-59 58-51 13-90, Ca 086, Mg 1-10, J3r 0'44, Si 1'88, =100-28, M. 13. " Conn. 25-28 51'84 22-86=99'98, Kendall. 14. " " 22'21 59'07 18'72=100, Marignac. 15. Titan. I. Uddewalla, 15-56 71-25 11'32 F, Si and loss 1-87=100, Plant. 16. " Aschaffenberg, 14'16 75'00 10-04, Mn 0'80,-100, Kobell. 17. Basanom. Schweiz, 12`67 82'49 4'84=100, Kobell. 18. Titanic I. " 10'0 88'5 1-5 with Mn=100, Kobell. 19. " Binnen, Ti 858 Pe 91'42=100, Rammelsberg. [Hunt. G.=4-66. 20. St. Paul, Canada, Ti 48-60 Fe 46-44, including some peroxyd, SMg 3'60=98'64, Alarge crystal from Miask gave E. E. Schmid (Pogg. lxxxiv, 498), Ti 28'05, F'e 70'7, M]7n 0-1=99'9. Specific gravity of Miask mineral, 4'579 —4'780, and after long heating 4'950 —4963, Kengott, (Min. Unters. ii, 124). The proportion of peroxyd of titanium to peroxyd of iron in analyses 1 to 20, according to the view of Rose, is as follows:Ti Fe Anal. 1, 5: 4 (G. 4'66)= —536 peroxyd of Ti, to 46 4 peroxyd of Fe. 2, 1: 1 (G:;4727)=48-1 " " 51-9 " ". 3-5, 4: 5 (G. 4-77)=42-5 ". 57.5. c 6-9, 2: 3 (G. 474)=38'2 " " 61'8 " C 11, 1: 3 (G. 4-93)=23'6 " " 164 " 14, 1: 4 (G. 4'96)=18'8 " " 81-2 " ". 15, 1: 6 (G. 4'78)=134 " cc 86-6 " CC 17, 1: 8 =104 " " 896 " 20, 1: 10(G.5127) 85 " " 91'5 ". DIMETRIC OXYDS. 11 B. B. alone unchanged. With salt of phosphorus in the reduction flame, a dull red glass. Dissolves very slowly in mnuriatic acid. Fine crystals of ilmenite, sometimes an inch in diameter, occur in Warwick, Amity, and Monroe, Orange County, N. Y., imbedded in serpentine and white limestone, and associated with spinel, chondrodite, rutile, &c.; also four miles west of Edenville, and near Greenwood furnace with spinel and chondrodite; also at South Royalston, Mass. Vast deposits or beds of titanic iron occur at St. Paul's Bay and Canada, with rutile in syenite; one bed 200 feet long and 90 broad; also at Vandreuil Beauce, mixed with magnetite as a vein in serpentine; G.-=4564-66. Also with labradorite at Chateau Richer. Grains are foundin the gold sand of California. PLATTNERITE, Ilaid. Superoxyd of Lead. Schwerbleierz, Breit. In hexagonal prisms with replaced basal edges, planes 0, I, 1, but pseudomorphous after pyromorphite, (Greg); cleavage indistinct. G.=9'39-9'45. Lustre metallic adamantine. Color iron-black. Streak brown. Opaque. Composition.-Pb O2=Lead 86'6, oxygen 13-4. Probably from Leadhills, Scotland. A doubtful species. TENORITE, Semmola. Opere Minori di Giovanni Semmola, Napoli, 1841, p. 45. Bull. Soc. Geol. de la France, xiii, 1841-42, p. 206. Hexagonal? Crystals small tabular or like scales. Lustre metallic. Color dark steel-gray. Streak black. Thin folia translucent and brown. Composition.-3-eu 02=Oxygen 20'15, copper 79'85. Found on lava at Vesuvius, in minute scales from 1 to ~ of an inch in diameter, often hexagonal, and sometimes triangular. Usually associated with common salt. The Melaconite (p. 109) may belong here, if the observed cubes of the mineral were pseudomorphs, which is hardly probable. III, DIMETRIC OXYDS. BRAUNITE. tHartbraunstein, aeaus. Dimetric; 0: li=1350~ 26'; a=098525. Observed planes 0, 1, 2, 22: O: 1=1250 40'. 2: 2 (pyr.)= 96~ 33'. 0: 2=1090~ 45'. 22: 22 (pyr. axial)=128~ 17'. 1: 1 (pyr.)=1090 53'. 22: 22 (pyr. diag.)=1440 4'. 1: 1=109~ 46' and 108~ 53', according to Descloizeaux. Occurs also massive. H. = 6-6 5. G.=4-75-4-818. Lustre submetallic. Streak and color dark brownish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. 118 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. C(omposition.-Mn(= —-nI2n)=Manganese 69'68, oxygen 30'32. Analyses: 1, Turner, (Edinb. Trans. xi); 2, Tronsager, (Pogg. lxv, 276); 3, C. Bechi, (Am. J. Sei., [2], xiv, 62); 4, A. J. Scott, (Jameson's J., 1852, liii, 277); 5, Damour, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], i, 400): 1. Eglersburg, Mn 86'94 O 9185 l3a 226 I1 0'95 Si trace=100, Tur.; G. 4-818. 2. Tellemark, Mn 8640 - 198 6'22,.e 1-57, gangue 3'62. =99'79, Tr. 3. Elba, M[n 88'31 3'08 1,03 2-08 0'75, Fe 4'75=100, Bechi. 4. Vizianagram,Sn 73-79 1'86 MIg 2'34 0-54 8'30, Fe 12'91=99'74, S. G.-4-50. 5. JMarceline, " 67/37 kn 19-17 Ca 122 -- 7-71, Pe l145,gangue, 27'/2. B.B. alone infusible. With concentrated muriatic acid evolves chlorine, and Marceline gelatinizes. Occurs both crystallized and massive, in veins traversing porphyry, at Oehrenstock, near Ilmenau, at Eglersberg in Thuringia; also near Ihlefeld in the Hartz, at St. Marcel in Piedmont; at Elba; at Vizianagram in India. Found also at Brandon and Chittenden, Vt. The species was named in honor of Mr. Braun of Gotha. Marceline is an impure Braunite, as shown by Damour and Descloizeaux. Descloizeaux's measurements were from St. Marcel crystals. G.=-475, Damour. Braunite is supposed by Volger (on the ground of an approximation in form to rutile) to be an altered mineral, changed by deoxydation from Mn; but the angles differ rather widely. HAUSMANNITE. Black Manganese. Red Oxyd of Manganese. Braunstein, Haus. Manganese Oxyd6 Hydrate, H. Dimetric; 0: li= —1300 25'; a=1'1743. Observed planes 1, V, ii; forms octahedral. 0: 1=1210 3'. 4 4 (pyr.)=1390 57'. 1: 1 (pyr.)= —1050 25'. li: Vi " =114~ 52'. 0: *=1510 2'. 1: ii 142~ 42'. Cleavage: basal, nearly perfect. Twins, parallel to li; nearly like f. 200; the same kind of composition sometimes between four individuals. Also granular, particles strongly coherent. H.=5-S'5. G.=4'722. Lustre submetallic. Color brownishblack. Streak chestnut-brown. Opaque. Fracture uneven. (,omposition. —MnMn=Manganese 72'1, oxygen 27'9 —n 69, Mln 31. Analyses.: 1, Turner, (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xi); 2, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xiv, 222): Sin Rn 0 ]a Si [ 1. Ihlefeld, 98'902 0'215 0'111 0'337 0'435-100, Turner. 2. Ilmenau, 92'487 - 7 004 0'150 - --— 99'641, Ramm. B.B. acts like manganite. Dissolves in heated muriatic acid, affording chlorine. Occurs with porphyry, along with other manganese ores, in fine crystals, near Ilmenau in Thuringia, and Ihlefeld in the Hartz. Reported also from Framont in Alsace. Observed at Lebanon, Penn. CASSITERITE, Beud. Tin Ore. Oxyd of Tin. Peroxyd of Tin, Thom. Tin Stone. Wood Tin. Stream Tin. Zinnerz, Zinnstein, W. Etain Oxyd6, H. Dimetric; 0: 1i — 1460 5'; a=0'6724. 0: 1 =1360~ 26'. 0: 32=112~ 25'. I: 1 =133~ 34'. O: =112~ 49'. 1: 1 (pyr.)=1210 40'. 1i: li(pyr.)=133031'. 0: 13=144~ 40'. 1: 1 (bas.)= 87~ 7'. I: i-=168~ 42'. DIMET'IOC OXYDS. 119 Cleavage: I and ii hardly distinct. Twins: f. 205 plane of composition 1l; also f. 316. Often in reniform shapes, structure fibrous divergent; also massive, granular or impalpable. 315 316 I 13 ii? 1 Observed Planes. H.=6-7. G.=6'3-T-1; 6'96, crystallized variety; 6 514, thin columnar variety. Lustre adamantine, and crystals usually splendent. Color brown or black; sometimes red, gray, white, or yellow. Streak white, grayish, brownish. Nearly transparentopaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. 6omposition.-Sn-=Tin 78-38, oxygen 21'62. Berzelius, (Afhand.iv, 164), found in a Finbo specimen: Sn 93-6 Ta 2'4, Ve 1 4, 56n 08 —98'2. In another specimen from the vicinity of Fahlun, Berzelius found 7 per cent. of columbic acid. Vauquelin obtained 9 per cent. of peroxyd of iron from wood tin. B.B. on charcoal, reducible, but with difficulty; reduction takes place more rapidly if mixed with borax and carbonate of soda. Alone in the forceps infusible. Insoluble in acids. Fused with caustic potash it yields a mass which is mostly soluble in water; hydriodic acid throws down from the solution a yellow precipitate. Tin ore is met with in veins traversing granite, gneiss, mica or clay slate, and porphyry. Cornwall affords remarkable simple crystals, associated with fluor, apatite, topaz, blende, wolfram, &c. The singular compound crystals come mostly from Bohemia andiSaxony. The twin forms from Zinnwald and Schlackenwald often weigh several pounds. At Limoges splendid crystals occur. Also found in Galicia, Greenland, Sweden, and the peninsula of Malacca and the island of Banca in the East Indies. The fibrous or wood tin occurs in botryoidal and reniform shapes of a radiated structure, and composed of concentric coats, and is found in Cornwall and Brazil. Toad's eye tin is the same, on a small scale. Stream tin is the alluvial debris of tin veins which is separated from the gravel by washing. It occurs in the low grounds of Cornwall. The United States have afforded a few small crystals of tin at Chesterfield and Goshen, Mass., associated with albite and tourmaline; also at Lyme, N. H., and somewhat more abundantly on the estate of Mr. Eastman, in the town of Jackson, N. II., where it was discovered by Dr. C. T. Jackson; also observed sparingly in some of the gold mines of Virginia, by Prof. Rogers, imbedded in a talco-micaceous slate. 120 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY.!RUTILE. Nigrine. Gallicinite. Sagenite, Saussure. Crispite. Titane Oxyd6, H. Titanic Acid, T2om. Eisentitan, Hausm. Dimetric. 0: li=1470 12k', a=0'6442. 0: 1=1387 40'. 1: 1 (pyr.)=1230 8'. I: i2=1610 34'. 0: 3=113~ 18'. 1: 1 (bas.)=84~ 40'. I: i3-1530 26'. 0: 13=1450 49'. 4 I: i2=1680 42'. ii: i2=1530 26'. 1: 1=123~ 7k', Kokscharov, Pogg. xci, 154, 1854. Cleavage Iand ii, distinct. Vertical planes usually striated. Crystals often acic317 i Y'/131 — 1 13 ii 833i I 2 62 i 3 s4 6 66 Observed Planes. ular. Often in singly and doubly geniculated crystals, (f. 206); composition parallel to li; also rarely parallel to 3i. Massive, compact. IH.=6-6' 5. G.=4'18 —4'25; 4-249, Ohlapian, Nigrine; 4'244, Snarum. 7Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color reddish-brown, passing into red; sometimes yellowish, also black. Streak pale brown. Subtransparent-opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. O(omposition.-Titanic Acid, FitiiTitanium 60-98, oxygen 39'02. The black variety nigrine, contains 1-5 to 2'5 per cent. of oxyd of iron. Analyses: 1, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], x, 417); 2, Kersten, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii, 170); 3, 4, Demoly, (Lieb. u. K. Jahresb. 1849, 728); 5, H. Muiller, (J. f. pr. Ch. lvii, 184): 1. St. Yrieix, rdh. subtrp. G.=1'209, 97-60 1'55=99'15, Damour. 2. Freiberg, nigrine. G.=4'242, 96'75 1'40 with magnetite=99'15, Kersten. 3. Ti 96'41 Fe 1'63 Mn 0'13, Si 1'83=100, Demoly. 4. 96'45 1'62 " 0'14, " 1'79-100, " 5. Terschenreuth, 86'2 Fe 14'2 =100'4, HI, Mtiller. G.=4'56. The magnetite in No. 2 was easily separated by a magnet after pulverizing. B.B. unaltered. With borax forms a hyacinth-red bead in the outer flame, less pure than the color with anatase. Rutile occurs in granite, gneiss, mica slate, and syenitic rocks, and sometimes in granular limestone. It is generally found in imbedded crystals, often in masses of quartz or feldspar, and frequently occurs in acicular crystals penetrating quartz. It has also been met with in specular iron. Brazil affords acicular crystals in limpid quartz; also occurs in Arendal in Norway; Saualpe, Carinthia; in the Urals; in the Tyrol; at St. Gothard; at Yrieix, in France; Krummhennersdorf, near Freiberg; in Castile, in geniculated crystals, often large. At Ohlapian in Transylvania, Nigrine in pebbles; in large crystals in Perthshire; at Cairngorm, Scotland; at Craig Cailleach near Killin, and in Bengloe, in isle of Burray, Shetland. A variety from Karingsbricka in Sweden contains a small percentage of chrome, and is the titane oxydi chromifire of Haiiy. Rough octahedrons, reticulated within, from Brazil, are supposed to be pseudomorphs after anatase. DIME1RIC OXYDS. 121 Fine rutiles occur in Massachusetts, in gneiss at Barre, crystals occasionally an inch and a half in diameter; at Windsor, in feldspar veins intersecting chlorite slate; at Shelburne, in fine crystals in mica slate; at Leyden, with scapolite; at Conway, with gray epidote. In Vermont, at Waterbury, Bristol, Dummerston, and Putney; also in capillary forms in transparent quartz, exceedingly beautiful, but exhausted. In New Hampshire, sparingly at Lyme, with tourmaline; near Hanover, rarely in magnificent specimens of acicular crystals in quartz, only in loose masses. In Maine, at Warren, along with tremolite and copper pyrites. In Connecticut, at Lane's Mine, Monroe, and in the adjoining town of Huntington. In New York, in Orange Co., a mile north of Edenville, with pargasite in linestone boulders; two miles east of Warwick, in granite with zircon; a mile east of Amity, in quartz with brown tourmaline, and two miles west, with spinel and corundum, and also two miles southwest, in dark-blue eight-sided prisms with red spinel and chondrodite; near Warwick, in slender prisms penetrating quartz; in New York Co., in veins of quartz, feldspar, and mica traversing granular limestone, at Kingsbridge; and in the limestone of Essex Co. In Pennsylvania, in fine long crystals, at Sadsbury, Chester Co., and the adjoining district in Lancaster Co.; at Parksburg, Concord, West Bradford, and Newlin, Chester Co.; at the Poor House quarry, Chester Co., in delicate crystals, sometimes iridescent, on dolomite. In New Jersey, at Newton, with spinel. In North Carolina, at Crowder's Mountain. In Georgia,. in Habersham Co. In the district of Columbia, sparingly, at Georgetown. In Canada, small crystals with specular iron at Sutton, C. E.; in the ilmenite of Bay St. Paul, C. E., orange translucent grains, pure Pi, and probably rutile or brookite.. The oxyd of titanium is employed for a yellow color, in painting porcelain, and also for giving the requisite tint to artificial teeth. Rutile is so named from the Latin rutilus, which signifies a shining red. Saussure named a reticulated variety sagenite, from aaymvt, a net. ANATASE. Octahedrite, J. Oisanite. Titane Anatase, H. Dimetric; commonly octahedral, or tabular: 0: 1i=1190 26'; a=1'7723. 0o =1530 22'. 0: 2i=105 45'. 2i: 2i(bas.)=148~30'. 0:o =160 47'. 1: 1 (pyr.)=970 55' i: ii (bas )=1210 8'. 0: 1=1111~45'. 1: l(bas.)- 136~ 30'. 0: 1=90~. Cleavage: 1 and 0, perfect. 318 O 1 i ii Obs. Planes. Add 8U. H.=5-5-6. G.=3'83 —3-95; sometimes 411l-4-16 after heating. Lustre metallic-adamantine. Color various shades of brown, passing into indigo-blue; greenish-yellow by transmittedi light. Streak uncolored. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. 16 122 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition.-Anatase, like rutile and brookite, is pure titanic acid. When heated it gives out a reddish-yellow phosphorescent light, which appears suddenly like a flame and is soon over. Rose found in crystals from Brazil 1-25 per cent. peroxyd of iron, and Damour obtained in an analysis, (Ann. Ch. Phys, [3], 10, 41q), Ti 98 36, Fe 1'11, Sn 0'20=99'67. Anatase occurs most abundantly at Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, with feldspar, axinite, and ilmenite. Found in mica slate in the Grisons, in Bavaria, near Hof in the Fichtelgebirge, Norway, and the Urals; in chlorite in Devonshire; with Brookite at Tremadoc, in North Wales; in Brazil in quartz, and in detached crystals so splendent as to be sometimes mistaken for diamonds. According to Beck, anatase accompanies native titanium in slags from the iron furnaces of Orange County, N. Y. iV. TRIMETRIC OXYDS. CHALCOTRICHITE, Glocker. Capillary Red Oxyd of Copper. Haarformiges Rothkupfererz. Kupferbliithe, Haus. Trimetric. I: I-140~ —150~, the prisms with the acute and obtuse edges truncate, Kengott. Observed planes, i, it, Ai. Usually in fine capillary crystallizations grouped or reticulated. Cleavago: rhombohedral, perfect. G.=5'8. Color cochineal and crimson-red. CJonmposition.-Identical with Red Copper. Kersten detected Selenium. Occurs at Rheinbreitenbach, Moldawa, and at N. Tagilsk. Kengott's specimens were from each of these localities. A capillary red copper occurs also at the Perkiomen copper mine, according to C. M. Wheatley. Mr. Brooke has shown that the fibrous red copper of Cornwall and Siberia is monometric, the fibres being enlongated cubes. Kengott has recently confirmed his own measurements. CHRYSOBERYL. Cymophane, H. Krisoberil, W. Alexandrite. Trimetric. I: J=1190 46'; O: 1I=1400 59'; a b: c=0'81: 1: li12. o:2= 129 27'. 0O 1-=154 49'. 1: 1 (brach.)=93~44'. 0: 1 =136~ 52'. O: 2-=136 46'. 1: 1; (top)=101~ 58'. 0: 2 =1180 05'. 0: 3= 125~ 20'. 1?: 1h (top)=129~ 38'. O:2'=128~ 52'. 1: 1 (mac.)=1390 53' 31: 3i (top)=70~ 41'. 320. 321 322 IX~ttffisLI 0t 0 Osre Pll nes Observed Planes. TRIMETRIC OXYDS. 123 Cleavaoe parallel to is; O less distinct. Twins: face of composition, 7, f. 209, 322. H.= —85. G.=3-5 —3'8; 3'597, Haddam; 3'733, Brazil; 3'689, Ural, Rose. Lustre vitreous. Color asparagus-green, grass-green, emerald-green, greenish-white, and yellowish-green: sometimes raspberry or columbine-red by transmitted light. Streak uncolored. Transparent —translucent. Sometimes a bluish opalescence internally. Fracture conchoidal, uneven. Composition.-(]]e+13l')=Alumina 80'2, glucina 19'8=100. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Avdejev, (Pogg. lvi, 118); 4, 6, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], vii, 173): Al Be R'e 1. Brazil, 78'10 17-94 4'47=100'15, Avdejev; G.=3'7337. 2. " q8'71 18'06 3'4 —100-24, " 3. Ural, 78'92 1802 3'12, ir 0-36, Cu and Pb 0'29=100-71, Avdejev. 4. Haddam, Ct., 77602 18-41 —, Pe 4'51, quartz 0'49=99'43, Damour. 5. "'7i43 17'93 —, " 4-06, " 0'96=98'38, "c B.B. alone unaltered; with soda, the surface is merely rendered dull. With borax, or salt of phosphorus, fuses with great difficulty. No action with acids. Chrysoberyl occurs in Brazil and also Ceylon, in rolled pebbles, in the alluvial deposits of rivers; at Marchendorf, in Moravia; also in the Ural 85 wersts from Ekatherinenberg in mica slate, with beryl and phenacite; this variety, which is of an emerald-green color, and columbine-red by transmitted light, has been called Alexandrite. It is supposed to be colored'by chrome like the emerald. At Haddam, Ct., lit occurs in granite traversing gneiss, with tourmaline, garnet, beryl, automolite, and columbite. Found also in the same rock at Greenfield, near Saratoga, N. Y., with tourmaline, garnet, and apatite; in the granite of Orange Summit, Vt., at the deep cut of the northern railroad. When transparent, and of sufficient size, chrysoberyl is cut with facets, and forms a beautiful yellowish-green gem. If opalescent, it is usually cut en cabochon. The name Chrysoberyl, from Xpros, golden, rlpvuXXso, beryl, was employed by the ancients for a different mineral, which possibly was chrysoprase. The name Cymophane, from Kvjua, wave, Valvco, to appear, alludes to a peculiar opalescence it sometimes exhibits. BROOKITE, Levy. Jurinite, Soret. Arkansite, Shepard. Eumanite, Shepard. Trimetric. I: I-=99~ 50' (-100~ 50'): O 1i=131~ 42'; a: b: c —11260: 1: 11883. 0: =5150 ~ 42'. ii: i2=157~ 11'.: = 147~ 14'. ii: i9- 59~ 30'. 0: 1 =1240 17' i:' z2 (mac.)= 1340 22.: i =143o 45'.:. " -=1350 14'. 0O 2A=111o 34'. 1:1 " =1150 43'. 0o. =12 32~ 19'. 12: 12(mac.)1010 3'. 0: 5~=101~ 38'. 12: 12 (brach.=135~ 37'. O: 2"=117~ 54'. 2:, 2 (top)=550 48'. I ~:i =139~ 55'. V: ~4=141~ 33'. Cleavage: I, indistinct; 0, still more so. H.=5'5 —6. G. =412-4'17, Brookite; 4'03 —4'085, Arkansite, Whitney and Damour, 3'86 —3 95, Rammelsberg; 3'81, Ural, Hermann. I-Hair-brown, yellowish or reddish, with metallic ada 124 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. mantine lustre and translucent, (brookite); also iron-black, opaque, and submetallic, (arkansite). Streak uncolored-grayish, yellowish. Brittle. ~z i 1 VI 1 12 a1 7 7 2 2 i 2 i " Observed Planes. Add? i297 L4 Kok9scharov;? D. 323 324 *2iiX X 326 826.-..... 21 a'T 121~Zd r2 TRIMETRIC OXYDS. 125 32'7 828 24 1 igl i4 2ll Zi i ] z II1 Composition.-Pure titanic acid, (Tsi), like anatase. Analyses: 1, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvi, 404); 2, Damour, (Ann. d. M. [4], xv, 447): 1. Urals, Pi 94'09, Ie 4'50, Al trace, ign. 1'40=100'00, Hermann. 2. Arkansas, 99'36, 1-36, 03 ---— =101'45, Damour. Rammelsberg obtained 94'23 per cent. of titanic acid from the arkansite, and a corresponding low specific gravity, while Whitney and Damour found little impurity and a higher specific gravity. Brookite occurs at Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny; at St. Gothard, with albite and quartz; in the Urals, district of Slatoust, and near Miask; rarely at VTal del Bove, Etna, with rutile; on Snowdon and near Tremaddoc, Wales; in thick black crystals (arkansite, f. 323) at Magnet Cove, Ozark Mts., Arkansas, along with elheolite and schorlamite; in small crystals from the gold washings of North Carolina; rare at Chesterfield albite vein, (Eumanite). Also lead mine at Ellenville, Ulster Co., N. Y., on quartz, (f. 325), with copper pyrites and galena. I:Iin Arkansite=1000-100~ 30', 12: 12 =1010 30', and 1350 15' to 1350 50'. In Eumanite, (f. 327, 328), some of the observed angles are I: 1=1000 to 1010,': =~_ 771~ 49', i9: 9= —140~-140~ 165, i: 4-=128( 20'-128~ 30', 2i: -- 1080. Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 211, 397, xiii, 117. The chemical identity of eumanite and brookite has not yet been ascertained. In Brookite from the Urals, I: 1=99~ 50', Kokscharov. PYROLUSITE. Gray Ore of Manganese. Wad. Anhydrous Binoxide of Manganese, Turner. Graubraunsteinerz. Weichmangan. Weichbraunstein. Trimetric. I: 1= 93~ 40', O: 1;=142~ II'; 828 A a:: c-=-076: 1: 1'066. Observed planes as in the figure. 0: 4 —1600,: J;i=1360 50', I: i- 133~ 10', -': I (top)=140~. Cleavage: Iand il. Also columnar, often divergent; also granular massive, and frequently in reniforIn coats. Often soils. H.-2 —2-5. G.=4-819, Turner; 4,97 when pure. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black, dark steel-gray, sometimes bluish. Streak black. Opaque. Rather brittle. Comnposition.-Mn=Mangangese 638', oxygen 36'7. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (Schw. J., xlii, 210); 2, 3, Turner, (Edinb. Trans. 1828); 4, Scheffler, (Arch. d. Pharm. xxxv, 260): 126 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. MlnMfn 0 fa Si f 1. Undenaes, 83'56 14568 - - 186=100, Arfvedson. 2. Eglersburg, 84-05 11'78 0'53 0'51 1'12=100, Turner. 3. Ihlefeld, 85662 11660 0-66 0'55 1'57=100, Turner. 4. Ilmenau, 87'0 11'6 1-2 0'8 5-8, Fe 1'3, Ca 03, Al 0'3, Scheffier. In another specimen Scheffler found 9-7 per cent. of baryta. Specimens from near Battenberg, Hesse, afforded Schwarzenberg and Engelhardt, 96-45 to 100 per cent. of pure superoxyd of manganese, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lxi, 262). B.B. alone infusible; on charcoal loses oxygen. A manganese reaction with borax. Affords chlorine with muriatic acid. This ore is extensively worked at Eglersberg, Ilmenau, and other places in Turingia; also at Vorderehrensdorf near Mihrish-Triibau, in Moravia, which place annually affords many hundred tons of the ore. Fine crystals occur near Johanngeorgenstadt, and at Hirschberg in Westphalia,, and crystalline plates at Matzka, Transylvania; also found in Timor. Occurs in the United States with psilomelane, abundantly in Vermont, at Brandon, Irasburg, Bennington, Monkton, Chittenden, &c., both crystallized. (f. 328 A) and massive; at Conway, Mass., in a vein of quartz; at Plainfield and West Stockbridge, Mass.; at Winchester, N. H.; at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., forming velvetlike coatings on limonite. Pyrolusite parts with its oxygen at a red heat, and is extensively employed for discharging the brown and green tints of glass. It hence receives its name from 7rtp,five, and Xvw, to wash; and for the same reason it is whimsically entitled by the French, le savon de verriers. It is easily distinguished from psilomelane by its inferior hardness. Appendix? to Anhydrous Oxyds. MINIUM. Mennige, Haus. Plomb Oxide Rouge, H. Pulverulent, occasionally exhibiting, under the miscroscope, crystalline scales. G. =46. Color vivid red, mixed with yellow. Composition.- Pb'04 [=-b+ 2Tb?]=Oxygen 9'34, lead 90'66=100. In the reduction flame of the blowpipe, globules of lead are obtained. Occurs at Bleialf in the Eifel; in Badenweller, in Baden; in Brillon in Westphalia; island of Anglesey; and Grassington Moore and Weirdale, in Yorkshire. Usually associated with galena, and also with calamine. Found at Austin's mine, Wythe Co., Va., along with cerusite. CREDNERITE, Rammelsberg. Mangankupferoxyd, Haus. Mangankupfererz, Credner. Mionoclinic. Foliated crystalline. Cleavage: basal very perfect; less distinct in two other directions obliquely inclined to one another. H.=4'5 G. —49- 51. Lustre metallic. Color iron-black to steel-gray. Streak black, brownish. Composition. —Cugn2 —Oxyd of copper 42'9, oxyd of manganese 57 1; but often mixed with oxyd of manganase. Analysis: 1, Credner, (Pogg. lxxiv, 555); 2-4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 559): tIn'n Ou Ba Ca ft 0'1. Friederichsrode, 22-96 31'25 42'13 0'52 0'63 0'25 -gangue 0'63=88'35, Cred. 2. 5' 62-55 - 40'65 1'48 - -— 5-'8 —100'46, Ramm. 3. " 54-72 -- 3465 2'71 - — 6'51=9849, Ramm. 4. " 64'24 -- 23'73 2'01 - -- 883=98'81, Ramm. OXYDS WITH SIULPHUIRETS OR CHLORIDS. 127 B.B. fuses only on thin edges when strongly heated. With borax gives a dull violet color, and with salt of phosphorus a green glass. From Frederichsrode, with volborthite, malachite, and manganese ores. Rammelsberg observes that this ore is the source undoubtedly of the cupreous manganese, a secondary product. HETEROCLIN, Breithaupt;.Evreinqff, Pogg. xlix, 204. Monoclinic. An oblique rhombic prism of 128~ 16': acute lateral edges of prism usually truncated, and two of the terminal edges replaced, (I: e=1510 37), and one of the front solid angles. Cleavage in one direction not very distinct. Also massive. H.=5. G.=4-652. Lustre submetallic. Color iron-black, inclining a little to steel-gray. Streak black, brownish. Fracture uneven to small conchoidal. Composition.-Analyses by Evreinoff, (Pogg. xlix, 204): Si Mn Fe Oa R 1. 10'30 85'86 3-72 0'62 0'44=100'94 2. 10'02 85-88 3'05 0'60 0'44=99'99. B.B. acts like the peroxyd of manganese. This species occurs at St. Marcel in Piedmont, mixed with manganesian epidote and quartz. Named from irepoeKX7vfiS, in allusion to its oblique form of crystallization. Berzelius obtained for a manganese ore from Piedmont, Si 15'17, Mn'7580, Pe 4.14,;1 2-80=97 -91. V. COMBINATIONS OF OXYDS WITH SULPHURETS OR CHLORIDS. VOLTZITE. Voltzine, Fournet. In implanted spherical globules; structure thin curved lamellar. H.=4-5. G.=3-66. Lustre vitreous to greasy; or pearly on a cleavage surface. Color dirty rose-red, yellowish, brownish. Opaque or subtranslucent. Composition.-4Zn S+Zn O=Sulphuret of zinc 82'73, oxyd of zinc 17-2'7. Anal ysis: 1, Fournet, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xli, 426): Zn S 82-92, Zn O 15'34, P3e 1'84, resinous matter trace=100'10. J. F. Vogl finds the same composition for a specimen from Joachimstahl, (Jahrb. k. k. R. 220). B.B. like blende. In muriatic acid affords fumes of sulphuretted hydrogen. Occurs at Rosieres in Puy de Dome; and Elias mine near Joachimstahl, with galena, blende, native bismuth, etc. Observed by Kersten in the slags of the iron works of Freiberg and Altenberg. MATLOCKITE, R. P. Greg, Phil. Mag., [4], ii, 120, 1851. Dimetric. 0: li=128~ 42'; a-=12482. 329 Observed planes, 0, I, 1, 2i. O: 1= 900, O: 2i=111~ 501' O: 1=119~ 34', 2i:2i(pyram.) =97~ 58', (basal) 136~ 19', 1: 1 (pyram.)= 1 -t 104~ 6', (basal) 1200 52'. Cleavage: basal not perfect. Crystals tabular. H. =2-5-3. G.-=721; 5'3947, in powder, Rammelsberg. Lustre adamantine, occasionally pearly. Color clear yellowish, sometimes a little greenish. Transparent to translucent. Composition. —Pb Cl+Pb O-Chlorid of lead 55-5, oxyd of lead 44'5. Analysis by Dr. R. A. Smith, (loc. cit): 128 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Pb Cl 55'177, Pb 0 44'300, Moisture 0'072=99'549. Rammelsberg found, (Pogg. lxxxv, 141), Pb C152'45, Pb O 46'42. Decrepitates when heated. B.B. fuses to a grayish-yellow globule. From the old mine of Cromford near Matlock, with cerasine. Largest crystals an inch square and one-eighth thick. MENDIPITE, Breit. Chlorid of Lead. Berzelite, Levy. Kerasine, Beud. Cerasite. Trimetric; 1: I=1020 36'. Observed planes, O, I, i, ia. Occurs in fibrous or columnar masses, often radiated. Cleavage I, highly perfect, diagonal less perfect. H.=2'5 —3. G.= —T7- 1. Lustre pearly and somewhat adamantine upon cleavage faces. Color white, with a tinge of yellow, red or blue. Streak white. Feebly translucent-opaque. C!omposition.-Pb C1+2PbO=Chlorid of lead 38'4, oxyd of lead 61-6 Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. HI. 1823, Pogg. i, 272, and Ramm. 1st Supp. 24); 2, Schnabel, (ib. 3d Supp. 78): 1. Pb C1 39'82 PbO 60'18=100, Berzelius by Rammelsberg. 2. " 38'74 61'26=100, Schnabel. B.B. decrepitates slightly, and readily fuses, producing a globule of a deeper yellow color than the original specimen. On charcoal, lead may be obtained. Treated with peroxyd of copper and salt of phosphorus, the flame assumes an intensely blue color. Easily soluble in nitric acid. This rare mineral occurs at the Mendip Hills, in Somersetshire, on earthy black manganese. Also at Tarnowitz, Silesia, in clay in opaque prismatic crystals; and near Brillon in Westphalia. B. -Hydrous Oxyds. DIASPORE GROUP.-Ratio of oxygen of oxyd and water 3: 1. Trimetric. DIAsrouR, 1 IT. MAGANITE, Mn i[. (?. RMn 12). G6THITE, Fe A.? POLIANITE,? RMn H. LIMONITE GROUP.-Ratio of oxygen of oxyd and water 2: 1. LIMONITE, Fe2 3HS. BRUCITE GROUP.-Ratio of oxygen of oxyd and water, 1: 1. Hexagonal. BRUCITE, kM[g IA. GIBBSITE, A1 Ha. Appendix.-VOLKNERITE,'tg6 1 +16A.-PSILOME LANE,. Mn2 H. —WAD. Combination of Oxyds and Chlorids.-ATAOAMITE, CU Cl+-30u fT. DIASPORE. Haiiy. Dihydrate of Alumina, Thom. Stephanite. Trimetric. I: -1 930 52', O0: 1T=147~ 38', a: b: o=0'634: 1: 107. Observed planes as in the figures. 0: 1=139~ 3'. 1: 1 (maz.)=126050'. i:' =109~ 6'. 0: 12=145~ 1'. 1: 1(brach.)=122~ 46'. i2: i2 (ov ii) 123~ 48'. 0: 1"=149~ 21'. 12: 1 (mac.) =151~ 54'. i[ 2 i2 (ov iA) 1290 54'. HIYDROUs OXDYs. 129 331 Crystals usually thin flattened prisms, sometimes acicular; commonly implanted. Cleavage ii, eminent; also i2 less per- 330 1 fect. Occurs foliated massive. H. —6'5-7. G.=3'3-3'5; 3'4324, Haiuy; 3'452, Duf.; 3 30 —3'34, Schemnitz diaspore. Lustre brilliant and pearly on2 cleavage faces; elsewhere vitreous. Color greenish-gray or hair-brown, yellow-'t ish to colorless, sometimes violet-blue in one direction, reddish plumb-blue in an- Schemnitz. other, and pale asparagus-green in a third. When thin, translucent -subtranslucent. Very brittle. Composition.-AII —=-85'1 alumina, 14-9 water. Analyses: 1, 2, Dufr6noy, (Ann. des Mines [3], x, 577, 1837); 3, Hess,(Pogg. xviii, 255); 4, Damour, (Comptes Rend. xxi, 322); 5, L6we, (Pogg. lxi, 307); 6, 7, J. L. Smith, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xi, 58); 8, Damour, (L'Institut, 1853, 78): 241 I Fe Si 1. Siberia, 74-66 14-58 Pe 4-51 2'90, Na and kg 1'64=9-829, Duf. 2. 78-93 15-13 " 0'52 1-39, Ca 1'98=97'95, Duf. 3. Miask, 85.44 14'56 - — =100, Hess. 4. Siberia, 79'91 14'90 - -unattacked 5'80=100'61, Dam. 5. Schemnitz, 85-131 15-00 - -- 100131, Lowe. G.=3-303. 6. Gumuch-dagh,83-12 14'28 0-66 082 Ca, g, trace= —98'88, S. G.345. 7. Naxos, 82-94 14-81 1'06 0-26 Ca 03-5=99-42, S. 8. Bahia, S. A., 84-02 14'59 Pe 0-68 Si 0'43=99-72, Damour. G.=3'464. In a matrass decrepitates strongly and separates into small white scales; finally yields water. B.B. infusible. With borax and salt of phosphorus dissolves slowly to a clear colorless glass. Not acted on by soda. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Not at all altered by concentrated and boiling sulphuric acid, except after calcination. Occurs in chlorite slate, near Koroibrod, district of Katharinenburg in the Ural, and at Schemnitz in veins between dolomite and limestone; also at Broddbo near Fahlun; with corundum in dolomite at St. Gothard; at,Gumuch-dagh and Manser, Asia Minor, and the Grecian Islands Naxos, Samos, and Nicaria, with emery, as detected by J. L. Smith. GOTHITE, Beud. Pecheisenerz, (in part). Nadeleisenerz, Naum. Pyrrhosiderite, Hlaus. Onegite. Lepidokrokite. Sammetblende. Stilpnosiderite. Rubinglimmer. Eisenrutil. Chileit, Breith. Trimetric. I: /=94~ 52', 13. and AM. (95~ 14', Levy, 960 Yorke), O: 1IT=146~ 33', a': b: c=0-66: 1: 1089. 0: 33-1150 44'. 0: 1 =148~48'. 1: 12(mac.)_1510 35, 0: 12=1430 55'. 0: 5=121~ 8'.'' 2,=130~ 40'. 0: 1=1380 6'. 1:1(brach.)=121~ 4'. i': 4i(ov.i)=1220 52'. 130 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In prisms longitudinally striated,. o and often flattened parallel to the........... shorter diagonal. Cleavage: braz 12 j_ 1i c~h vrchydiagoLnal, vely perfect. Also I5 22 filbrous; reniform; foliated or in i 3 scales; massive. _3~ H. =5 —5'5. G.=-40 —4'4. Lusiz! as, I i, [?> 1 tre imperfect adamantine. Color Observed Planes. yellowish, reddish, and blackishbrown. Often blood-red by transmitted light. Streak brownish-yellow —-ochre-yellow. Composition.-Te 1eT:=Peroxyd of iron 89'89, water 10-11. Analyses: 1-5, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Chem. i, 181, 319); 6, Brandes, (N6g. Geb. in Rheinl. Westph. i, 358); 7, Breithaupt, (J. f. pr. Chem. xix, 103); 8, Yorke, (Phil. Mag. [3], xxvii, 264): Fe.: 1. Lepiclokrokite, Oberkirchen, 90'53 9'47-100, Kobell. 2. I" H. Zug, 85'65 11560, ln 2'50, Si 0-35-100, Kobell. 3. Gdothite, Eiserfeld, 86-35 11'38, 4n 0-51,. Si 0'85, Cu 090=99-99, K. 4. Stilpnosiderite, Amberg, 86-24 10-68,.i[ 1-08, Si 2'00=100, Kobell. 5. l/~assive, Maryland, 86'32 10'80, Si 2-88=100, Kobell. 6. Lepidokrokite, H. Zug, 88'00 10'75,.n 0'50, Si 0'5=99'75, Breithaupt. 7. Chileite, Chili, 83'S 10'3, Cu 1'9, Si 4.3=100, Breithaupt. 8. Crystals, Lostwithiel, G.4'37,89 55 10 07, Mn 016, Si 0828'100 06, Yorke. Before the blowpipe the varieties act like limonite. The Lepidokrokite occurs in minute radiating crystals, or granular scales and feathery aggregations, imbedded in fibrous red oxyd of iron, in quartz, and in nodules of chalcedony. It has been found at Spring Mills, Montgomery County, Pa. The Giithite of Eiserfeld, in the County of Nassau, occurs in foliated crystallizations, (Rubinglimmer), of a hyacinth red color, with brown hematite. Other localities of G6thite are at Clifton, near Bristol, near Lostwithiel, and Botallack,- in Cornwall, and at Lake Onega (Onegite) in Siberia, at Oberkirchen in Westerwald, Zwickau in Saxony, Eiserfecld in Siegen, Przibram, &c. A capillary variety (Sammetblende) occurs at Przibram and elsewhere. Stilpnosiderite occurs amorphous and stalactitic or massive. 11.=45-5. G.=3'6 —3'8; pitch-black and blackish-brown. Some specimens, according to ~auquelin's and Ullmann's analyses, are Limonite. The Sammetblende has been called Przibramite, from Przibram, where it occurs. MIANGANITE. Gray Manganese Ore. Gray Oxyd of Manganese. Acerdese, Beud. Grauer Briunstein. Manganese OxydU, H. Newkirkite, Thomson. Trimetric. I: ]=990~ 40', 0: li-147 91l; a:: b c=0'6455 1: 1185' Hemihedral in plane f-. 0: 2i=1270 46'. 0: 22=1280 18'. 1': 1Y(mac.)-=162~ 39'. 0: 13=146~ 9'. 0: 1I=151~ 25'. i: i2(mac.)=1340 14'. 0: 12=144~59'. 1: 1(mac.)=130049'. i2: i2 (br.) =118~ 48'. O: 1 =139049'. l:l(brach)=1200 54'. i: i3 (br.)=136~ 54'. Twins: plane of composition 1l. Cleavage: iI very perfect, Iperfect. Crystals longitudinally striated and often grouped. Also columnar and granular. H.- 4.2 — 44. Lustre submetallic. Color dark steel gray —iron-black. Streak reddish-brown, sometimes nearly black. Opaque; minute splinters, sometimes brown by transmitted light. Fracture uneven. HYDROUS OXYDS. 131 332 _____ _____ ____ _ 1 i 3 i _ - 5 - i 1 52 bC?2 2 i 3 4 I'3 2 S 8 2 Observed Planes. Comnposition.-l'lnll= —'Mn 89'79, (=Tin 6278, 0 27 -22), -I 10'21. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (Schw. J. xxvi, 262); 2, Gmelin, (ib. xlii, 208); 3, 4, Turner, (Edinb. Trans' 1828): Mn O f 1. West Gothland, 89'92 10'08, Arfvedson. 2. Ihlefeld, 62-86 27 64 9'50, Gmelin. 3. " 62'68 27-22 10'10, (by loss), Turner. 4. " 627'7 27 13 10'10, " Turner. B.B.B. alone fuisible; with borax yields a violet-blue globule. Insoluble in nitric acid; in muriatic acid gives off chlorine, and dissolves without a residue. Occurs in veins traversing porphyry, associated with calcareous spar and heavy spar, at Ihlefeld in the Hartz; also at Ilmenau and Oehrenstock in Thuringia; in Aberdeenshire; at Undenaes in Sweden, and Christiansand in Norway. Newkirkite, according to Lettsorn, is nothing but manganite. Volger endeavors to show that the analyses of manganite are doubtful with regard to the water, and probably correspond to Mn 12, like Xanthosiderite, (Stud. z. Entw. 391). ALTERED FoRMs. —By loss of water changes to pyrolusite, hausmannite, or branunite. Varvacite of R. Phillips, from Warwickshire, is considered an altered manganite, consisting largely of pyrolusite. Analysisby Phillips afforded, MIn 63'3, O 31'7, f 5'0. Breithaupt observed a crystal with nearly the angles of.:anganite, giving I: 1=800 24/ and 990 36'. H11.-2-5-3. G.=4-283-4'623. POLIANITE, Breit. Trimetric. I: 1=920 52, 0: 1-=147~ 43'; a: b': e-063107:: 1'0513. Observed planes 0, Z, i, i, i, i, 1, 2?. 1': I1180, 0: 1-=1490. Cleavage: brachydiagonal, perfect. H.-= 65-7. G.-=484 —4'88. Resembles pyrolnsite. Composition.-Plattner obtained, (Pogg. lxi, 192), qMnin 87'274, O 12'111, Fe and A1 0'165, quartz 0-132, I 0'318=100, and this is the composition of pyrolusite, or Mn. But according to Volger (Stud. z. Entw. Min.) it is an altered'nul, it being isomorphous with G6thite. Occurs near Platten in Bohemia, also at Schneeberg, Geyer, and Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony, and in Siegen; near Schwarzenberg, and near Ilmenanin Thuringia. LIMONITE, Beud. Brown Hematite. Brown Iron Ore. Hydrous Peroxyd of Iron. Brown Ochre. Iron Stone. Yellow Clay Iron Stone. Brauneisenstein, Thoneisenstein, WV. Gelberde. Eisenoxydhydrat. Brauner Glaskopf. Bog Iron Ore. Raseneisentein (bog ore), Morasterz, Sumnpferz. Bohnerz. Usually in stalactitic and botryoidal or nlamnillary forms, having a fibrous or subfibrous structure; also massive and occasionally earthy. 132 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. II.=5 —5'5. G.=3'6 —4. Lustre silky, often submetallic; sometimes dull and earthy. Color various shades of brown, commonly dark, and none bright. Streak yellowish-brown. Composition. — e2fT3=Peroxyd of iron 85-6, water 14-4=100. The bog iron ore is often mixed with phosphates, (sometimes 10 or 11 per cent.), and also with some salts of organic acids formed in marshy ground. Analyses: 1, 2, Kobell; 3, 4, Karsten, (Arch. xv, 1); 5, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxvii, 53): Pe At Si 1. Perm, fibrous, 83-38 15'01 1'61=100, Kobell. 2. Siegen,.PitchyOre, 82'87 13'46 0-67, P 300, Mn, Cu, Ca trace=100, Kobell. 3. Bog ore, NewYork, 66-33 26.40a 2-80, " 0'12, Fe 3-6,'n 0-75-100, Karsten. 4. " Neumark, 5'750 29'50 860, " 3'90, "10'8, " 1-75, Sand 22-75, Karo 5. " Novgorod, 32-75 13-00 Mn 100,P3'50, humic acid 25, Sand47 5, Hero a With organic substances. Hermann writes for the last (his Quellerz) the formula Pe t —=Pe 74-8, f 25-2. A very pure stalactitic limonite from Amenia, N. Y., gave Beck, (Min. N. Y. p. 33), Peroxyd of iron 82'90, silica and alumina 3-60, water 13-50, with a trace of oxyd of manganese. In a limonite (bohnerz) from Staatswald Hardt, Wurttemberg, A. Miiller found (J. f. pr. Chem. lvii, 124) 0-05 per cent. of chromic acid, and 0-03 per cent. of vanadic acid. In a matrass yields water. B.B. blackens and becomes magnetic and thin splinters fuse; with borax gives an iron reaction. Dissolves in warmnitro-muriatic acid. The following are the principal varieties of this species. Brown hematite includes compact mammillary and stalactitic varieties. Scaly and ochrey brown iron ore are decomposed earthy varieties, often soft like chalk; yellow ochre is here included. Bog iron ore is a brittle or loosely aggregated submetallic ore, occurring in low marshy grounds. It proceeds from the decomposition of other species, and often takes the form of the leaves, nuts or stems, found in the marshy soil. Brown and yellow clay iron stone are hard and impure from admixture with clay or iron. Limonite occurs in secondary or more recent deposits, in beds associated at times with spathic iron, heavy spar, calcareous spar, aragonite, and quartz; and often with ores of manganese. Found in Cornwall, Clifton, Sandloge in Shetland, in Carinthia and Bohemia, at Siegen near Bonn, and at Villa Rica in Brazil. The bog ore forms large beds in Germany, Poland, and Russia. This ore is abundant in the United States. We mention a few only of its localities, and would refer to the various geological reports for more complete lists. Extensive beds exist at Salisbury and Kent, Conn., also in the neighboring towns of Beekman, Fishkill, Dover, and Amenia, N. Y., and in a similar situation north at Richmond and Lenox, Mass. At Iinsdale it is the cement in a conglomerate quartz rock. It is very abundant at Bennington, Vt., also at Monkton, Pittsford, Putney, and Ripton, of the same State. Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard are other localities; also near Tinder's Gold Mine, Louisa Co., Va, there is an abundant deposit; at Birmingham and elsewhere, Mo. The argillaceous varieties are abundant in Pennsylvania, near Easton, and through the Lehigh range in Fayette Co., at Armstrong, Upper Dublin, and in Washington Co. In nodules from one inch to a foot in diameter, it is met with at Bladensburg, Md.; also in gravel hills, near Marietta in Ohio. An argillaceous ore is also found on Mount Alto, in the Blue Ridge, in Shenandoah Co., Va., and in Chatham and Nash Co., N. C.: also near the Iron Mountains, Missouri. Limonite is one of the most important ores of iron. The pig iron, from the purer varieties, obtained by smelting with charcoal, is readily convertible into steel. That yielded by bog ore is what is termed cold short, owing to the phosphorus present, and cannot therefore be employed in the manufacture of wire, or even of sheet iron, but is valuable for casting. The hard and compact nodular varieties are employed in polishing metallic buttons, &c. Turgite, Hermann, a reddish-brown mineral from the Turginsk Copper Mines in -the Urals, and the Altai afforded Pe 94;15, fR 5'85, whence the formula pea f HYDROUS OXYDS. 133 =sesquoxyd of iron 94'7, water 15-3. G.=-3-54-3- 74. It may be only a red hematite. Kaliphite, Ivanoff. A mixture of brown iron ore, oxyd of manganese, and silicate of zinc with lime, from Hungary. ALTERED FORMs.-By deoxydation through organic matter, if carbonic acid is present, may form spathic iron, (Ca C). By losing water becomes hematite, (ye). Hematite occurs as pseudomorphs after limonite. This species forms numerous pseudomorphs of other species, (see under Chemical Mineralogy). XANTROSIDEnRITE, E. E. Schmid, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 495).-In fine needles or fibres stellate and concentric. Golden yellowish-brown to brownish-red, silky or greasy in lustre. H. —2 5. Comnposition.-F-e A2. Analyses by E. E. Schmid, (loc. cit.): Fe -I An Si f 1. Yellow, 74'96 1'32 1-82 2-51 15'67=96'28, 2. Brown, 75'00 1'51 1'33 5'02 14'10=96'96, leaving a loss due to undetermined carbonate of lime, magnesia, alkalies, antimony, and lead or bismuth, present as impurities. Occurs associated with manganese ores at Ilmenau. BRUCITE. Native Hydrate of Magnesia, Bruce's Min. Jour. i, 26. Native Magnesia, Cleav. Talk-Hydrat. Magnesia-hydrat. Magn6sie Hydrat6e, H. Nemalite, Amianthoid Magnesite, Nsuttall, Am. Jour. Sci. iv, 19, 1822. Rhombohedral; R: R=82~ 15' 0 R 333 -119~; a=1'527. Observed angles O R o =119~ 119 55', 0:2R=1050~30'. Cleavage: basal, eminent, folia easily separable. 2 Usually foliated; massive. Also fibrous, fibers separable and elastic. \ 2 H.=1'5. G.=2'35, Haidinger. Lustre pearly. Color white, inclining to gray, blue, or green. Streak white. Translucent-subtranslucent. Sectile. Thin laminm flexible. Composition.-f-g It=Magnesia 68'97, water 31'03. Analyses by Bruce, (Min. Jour. i, 26); Wurtz, (This. Min. 3d edit., 682); Stromeyer, (Untersuch, p. 467); Thomson, (Min. i, 157), J. D. Whitney, (Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1849, p. 36), Wurtz, (loc. cit.) Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxx, 284): Hoboken. Hoboken. Swinaness. Hoboken. Swinaness. Nemalite. Nemnalite. Nernalite. Mg 70 69'11 66'67 68*345 67 98 62'89 66g05 64-86 1 30 30'42 30'39 30'902 30'96 28-36 30'13 29'48 Ml-n - - 157 0637 - 1'57 Pe - 0'47 1'18 0-116 465 5-63 4'05 Ca - - 019 - 4-10 Si 0-27 100, B. 100'00, W. 100-00, S. 100-00, S. 100'51, T. 100'00, Wh. 101-81, W. 98-65, R. The fibrous variety is called Nemalite. B.B. loses weight, becomes opaque and friable, but does not fuse. In the matrass gives off water. Entirely soluble in the acids without effervescence; gives the test of magnesia. Brucite accompanies other magnesian minerals in serpentine. Occurs in considerable veins traversing serpentine, at Swinaness in Unst, one of the Shetland Isles, where it is sometimes found in regular crystals; at Pyschminsk in the Urals, and at Goujot in France. It is also found in the same rock at Hoboken, N. J., opposite the city of New York, in veins which are sometimes an inch in width, rarely in minute polished crystals, as above figure; also in Richmond Co., N. Y., and on the peninsula east of New Rochelle, Westchester Co. 134 DESCRIPTIVE MINER RALOGY. The fibrous variety (nemalite) occurs at Hoboken, and Xettes in the Vosges. This mineral was discovered and described by the late Dr. Bruce of New York. ALTERED FORmS.-Changed through carbonated waters, to bydromagnesite, as at Hloboken. GIBBSITE, Torrey, N. Y. Med. and Phys. Jour. 1, 68. iydrargillite, G. Rose, Pogg. xlviii, 564. Felsobanyite. Hexagonal; in small crystals with replaced lateral edges and eminent basal cleavage. Planes vertically striate. Occasionally in lamello-radiate spheroidal concretions. Usually stalactitic or small mammillary and incrusting, with smooth surface and often a faint fibrous structure within. H.=3 —375. G.=2'3 —24; from Richmond, 2'385, B. Silliman, Jr.; ilydrargillite of the Ural, 2'287, Hermann. Color white, grayish, greenish, or reddish-white. Lustre of 0 pearly; of surface of stalactites faint. Translucent. A strong argillaceous odor when breathed on. Tough. Composition.-XIlI —=Alumina 65656, water 34'44. Analyses: 1, Torrey, (loc cit.); 2, 3, 4, B. Silliman,Jr., (Am. Jour. Sci. [2], vii, 411); 5, 6, Smith and Brush, (Am. Jour. Sci., [2], xvi, 51, 1853); 7, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xl, 11); 8, Kobell, (J. f. pr Chem. xli, and 1, 491): Xi ft 1. Richmond, Mass., 64-8 34'7 -.=99'5, Torrey. 2. " 63-446 34.477 — i.g 0'3, insol. 1-777=100, B. S. 3. " 64'955 34'073 0'590 Mg 0'3, insol.'082=100, B. S. 4. " 64'160 34-151 trace M1g 03, insol. 1'627=100'238, B. S. 5. " 64-24 33'76 Si 133, P 0-57, kg 0-10, Fe tr=100, S. & B. 6. " 63'48 34-68 " 1'09," tr " 0'05," tr=99'30,S.&B. 7. Hydrarg., Ural. 64'03 34'54 1'43=100, Herm. 8. " Villa Rica, 65-6 34'4 -=100, Kobell. Silliman, Jr., did not find the phosphoric acid attributed to the Gibbsite by Hermann, and ascertained that the silica of Thomson's analyses was due to a mixture with allophane, with which mineral it is often associated. More recent results confirm this fact. The species hydrargillite therefore falls into Gibbsite. In a matrass, yields water. B.B. infusible; on charcoal decrepitates, becomes opaque, and crystals exfoliate; phosphoresces. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Dissolves wholly in concentrated sulphuric acid. The crystallized gibbsite (hydrargillite of authors) was discovered by Lissensko in the Schischimskian mountains near Slatoust in the Ural. The larger crystals were 1 to 2 inches long. This species occurs with corundum at Gumuch-dagh, Asia Minor; also on Corundum of Unionville, Pa.; in Brazil, resembling wavellite. The stalactitic occurs at Richmond, Mass., in a bed of limonite; also at Lenox, Mass.; at the Clove mine, Union Vale, Duchess Co., N. Y., on limonite; in Orange Co., N.Y. This species was named after Col. George Gibbs, the original owner (after extensive foreign travel) of the large Gibbs' cabinet of Yale College. Appendix to Hydrous Oaxyds. VOLKNERITE, Hermann, J. f. pr. Chem. xl, 11, and xlvi, 257. Hexagonal. Cleavage: basal, eminent; lateral, distinct. Also lamellar massive. G.=2'04. Color white. Lustre pearly, and feel greasy. HYDROUS OXYDS. 135 Comjposition.- [g6'l+ 1 16f.=-Alumina 16-29, magnesia 38'05, water 45'66=100. Analysis by I-Iermann (loc. cit.) Mg 3'7 07, 1 16 95, R 46 87-1001 In a matrass yields much water. B.B. exfoliates somewhla.t and gives out light, but infusible. A weak rose-red with cobalt solution. With the fluxes intumesces and affords a clear colorless glass. Occurs at the mines of Schischimsk, district of Slatoust, implanted on talc schist. Named in honor of Captain V~lkner. Hydrotalcite of Hochstetter, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxvii, 376) is referred to Vilknerite by Hermann, (ib. xlvi, 237,) part of the alumina being replaced by peroxvd of iron, =Ig6 (X1, Fe) +-16oI. It is a foliated pearly mineral, translucent, or in thin folia transparent, with a greasy feel, and hardness=2 0. HoIchstetter obtained.1 12'00, Ve 6'90, Mg 36'30, 1 32'06, - 10,54, insoluble 1'20=99 60. It occurs at Snarum in Norway. Houghite of Shepard, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 210), resembles Volknerite, and is probably the same compound. The color is white; lustre faint, pearly. H.=2'5. G.=2'0-2'1. It is the material of pseudomorphous 333 A spinel, near Oxbow, and in Rossie near Somerville, St. Lawrence Co., New York. The crystals are in all conditions from the pure spinel to octahedrons with rounded edges and pitted or irregular surfaces, and it also occurs in flattened nodules. The surfaces are sometimes soft and altered, when the edges or angles have the hardness of spinel. Mr. S. W. Johnson, who has redescribed the mineral, obtained in one analysis, (Am. Jour. Sci., [2], xii, 363), X119'743, Mg 36'292, a 8'458, insoluble spinel, &c.,: 8'264, silica 3-020, water (by diff.) 24'223. The whole loss by ignition in one trial was 40'86 p. c. This would give 33 to 34 p. c. of water. l-e observes that his results are ndt satisfactory and that he intended completing them. They are sufficient to show a close relation to the above species. It is associated with dolomite, spinel, phlogopite, graphite and serpentine in crystals, (pseudomorphous.) PSILOMELANE, faid. Compact and Fibrous Manganese Ore. Black Hematite. Compact Gray Oxyd of Manganese. Black Iron Ore. Schwarzeisenstein, W; Schwarzbraunstein, Ilaus. Schwarzmanganerz, L. Hartmanganerz. Manganese Oxyde Hydrate Concretionne, H. Massive and botryoidal. iT.=5-6. G=37 -4'328. Lustre submetallic. Streak brownish-black, shining. Color iron-black, passing into dark steel-gray. Opaque. Composition.-,t ]n2+-I mixed with Mn, Ramm., a large part of the superoxyd being considered mechanically combined. Analyses: 1, 2, Turner, (Edinb. Trans. xi); 3, Fuchs, (Schw. J. lxii, 255); 4, Rammelsberg, (Handw. ii, 73); 5, Clausbruch, (Ramm. 1st Supp. 121); 6, Scheffler, (Arch. d. Pharm. xxxv, 260); 7, Ebelmen, (Ann. d. Mines, [3,] xix, 155); 8, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxviii, 512): Rn iin Ba K: 1. Schneeberg, 69'80 7 36 16-36 -, Si 026, 1i 6-22=100, Turner. 2. Roman6che, 70'97''-26 16-69,Si 0955, II 4'13=100, Turner. 3. Baireuth, 81'8 95 - 4-5, i 42=100, Fuchs. 4. Horhausen, 81-36 9-18 3-04. Si 0-53,Cu 0 96, ~Fe 1-43, a 0-38, [Na andMg 0.32, H 3'39=100-61, Ramm. 5. Ilmenau, 7' -23 15-82 0-12 5'29, Ca 0-91, Cu 0-40, Si 0'52=100'29,Cl. 6. " 83-3 9'8 5-8 --, Ca 1'8, i 12-1, Fe 0'3, Si 17, 11 43= 99-1, Scheffler. 136 DESCiRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 1ofn 0 Ia k 7. Gy, H. Saone, 70'60 14-18 6-55 4'05, Mig 1)05, e 077,'Si 060, H 167= 99'47, Ebelmen. 8. Heidelberg, 70-17 15-16 8'08 2-62, Ca 0-60, Mg 0'21, Cu 0-30, Co 0o54, Si 0'90, IH and loss 1-43=100, Rammelsberg. In analyses 5 and 6, Rammelsberg considers 50 and 40 per cent. of the superoxyd of manganese a mixture, and a similar allowance is made by him for the others. As the mineral occurs only massive, the nature of the species cannot be satisfactorily ascertained. No. 7 contains potassa as well as baryta. No. 5 is anhydrous. B.B. yields water, gives a violet color to borax, and is completely soluble in muriatic acid, excepting a small quantity of silica, affording chlorine. This is a common ore of manganese. It is frequently in alternating layers with pyrolusite. It occurs in botryoidal and stalactitic shapes, in Devonshire and Cornwall; at Ihlefeld, in the Hartz; also at Johanngeorgenstadt, Schneeberg, Ilmenau, Eglersburg, Siegen, etc. It forms mammillary masses, at Chittenden, Irasburgh, and Brandon, Vt. Named from LXosg, smooth or naked, ieXas, black. NEWKIRKITE. Occurs in small needles, under the microscope apparently rectangular. prisms. H.-3 —35. G.-=3824. Lustre metallic, splendent. Color a brilliant black. Opaque. Rather sectile. Composition.-According to Muir, (Thom. Min. i, 509): On 56 30, Fe 40 35, H 6-70 =103'35. Forms a coating on red Hematite at Newkirchen, in Alsace. WAD. EARTHY COBALT. CUPREOUS MANGANESE. Earthy Manganese. Bog Manganese. Manganschaaum. Groroilite, Berthier. Schaumartiger WadGraphit, M. —Erdkobold. Schwarzer Erdkobalt, Hlaid. Cobalt Oxide Noir, H. Asbolan, Breit. Kakochlor, Breit. —Kupfermanganerz. Lampadite. The manganese ores here included occur in amorphous and reniform masses, either earthy or compact,'and sometimes incrusting or as stains. They are mixtures of different oxyds and cannot be considered chemical compounds or distinct mineral species. I.=-0'5 — 6. G.=3 —426; often loosely aggregated and feeling very light to the hands. Color dull black, bluish or brownish black. Composition.-Rammelsberg considers them related essentially to Psilomelane under the formula Mtn+ifl (or HA), but mixed with other ingredients. Wad or Bog Manganese consists mainly of oxyds of manganese and water, with some oxyd of iron, and often silica, alumina, lime or baryta. Grorodlite occurs in roundish masses of a brownish-black color and reddish brown streak; it is from Groroi in Mayenne, Vicdessos and Cautern, in France. Hardness sometimes 6 to 6-5. Cuptreous _Manganese (Kupfermanganerz) contains, besides hydrous oxyds of manganese, 14 to 25 per cent. of black oxyd of copper, and 4 to 18 per cent. of oxyd of cobalt, with various impurities. G.=3'1 —32. Pelokonite is a variety of cupreous manganese, having a liver-brown streak; HI. =3; G.=2'567. Earthy Cobalt (Asbolan) is a wad in which oxyd of cobalt sometimes amounts to 33 per cent. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 311); 2, 3, Turner, (Edinb. J. Sci. N. S., ii, 213); 4, 5, Berthier, (Ann. Ch. Phys. li, 19); 6, Wackenroder, (Kastn. Archiv. xiii, 302, xiv, 257); 7, Scheffier, (Arch. d. Pharm. xxxv, 260); 8, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxii, 157); 9, Igelstrim, (Jahresb. xxv, 342); 10, 11, Beck, (Rep. Min. N. Y., p. 55); IYDROIUS OXYDS. 137 12, Berthier; 13, Bahr, (J. f. pr. Ch. liii, 308, fr. Oefv. Ak. Forh. 1850. p. 240); 14, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 308;) 15, Dobereiner, (Gilb. Ann. lxvii, 333); 16, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. liv, 551); 17, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxvi, 1); 18, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. liv, 545); 19, B6ttger, (ib); 20: I. Wad. Ain'tn 0 Pe Ba Cu t I. Clausthal, 68 65 1'0 17-5, Si 80, C 10, C 10, Klaproth, 2. Devonshire, 79-12 8'82 - 14 - 10'66=100 Turner. 3. Derbyshire, - 38'59 - 52'34 5-4 10'29, insol. 2'74=109'36, T. 4. Vicdessos, 69-8 - 11-7 - - 124, l 70 —=100'9, Berthier. 5. Groroilite, 62-4 12-8 6'0 15-8, clay, 3-0=100, Berthier. 6. Baden, -- 32'73 -- 933 — 40 31-33, Pb 12-33, Pb 8-0, Pe 0-33, Si 0-13, quartz 2'60, W. 7. Ilmenau, 66-5 - 12'1 1'0 8-1 - 98, Si..?-5-100, Scheffler. 8. Rfibeland, 67-50 13'48 1'01 0-36 10'30, Si 0'47, Ca 4'22, R 3-66, =100, Ramm.9. Westgothland, — 8251 077 5-58, Si 1-43, Al 6-30, Ca 1-91, Mg 0-69=99'21, Iglst. 10. Hillsdale,N.Y. — 68-50 16'75 - -- 11'50, insol. 3 25=100, Beck. 11. Austerlitz," - 5850 - 2200- 1700, insol. 2 50=100, Beck. 12. Siegen, 58-5 - 10-4 57 - - 12-9 (with loss,) l 10-7,quartz 1-8, Berthier. 13. Skidberg, 66'16 2-70 15-34 Co 002 12'07, Si 092, A1075,aN 0a59, Mg 0'28, K 0-28=99-11, Bahr. II. Earthy Cobalt, (Asbolan.) 1mn Mn 0 Fe Ba No u if 14. Oberlausitz, 16'0 194a Q0 2 17-0, Si24'8,A120 4-97 8, K. 15. Camsdorf, 31-21 6 78 32-05 — 22'90=92'94, D6bereiner. 16. 40'05 4 9'47 4-56 0'50 19'45 4-35 21-24, EK0'37=99'94, Ramm. a With oxyd of Manganese. III. Cu2preous Manganese. Kupferschwidrze, or Black Copper, in part. kn Mn O Fe ]3a Co u;17. Schlackenwald, - 74-10 -- 0'12 480 20'10, Si0'3, gypsum 1'05 =100'47, Kersten; 18. Camsdorf, 49'99 -- 8-91 4'70 1'64 0.49b 14'67 14-46,. Ig 0'69,]E 0'52, Si 2-74 Ca 2'25=101 06 R. 19. " 53-22 — 9-14 1'88 1'70 0-14bl6-85 16-94, K 0-65 ea 2-85103 44, Bot. 20. Lauterberg, - 30'05 -- 29-00 - - 11'50 29'45. b With oxyd of nickel. The following formulas have been suggested for several of the above results:No. 5.-Man [H=Rn 83'17, ft[ 16'83. 7 and 8. —(n, Ca, Ba, K) Mn2+3l-, mixed with M4n (Ramm.) suggesting a relation to Psilomelane. For No. 8, R S/n4+3j-3, Berz. 9.-2 (Rn, A1)+-I, Svanberg. No. 13 has H.=6'5; G.=4254. 15.-(Co,'Mn)+6f.? 16.-(0Co, Cu) -n2-4H mixed with Mtn-or near Psilomelane, Ramnm. 17. —Mn+2f, mixed with Cu, Kersten.-Ou MnS-+6 Mn 3', Berz.-or Cu Mn ll' 18, 19. —B Mtn~+21T, Ramnam.; but mixed with some brown iron ore, oxyd of manganese and other impurities. This is the general formula given by Rammelsberg for the above minerals. 18 138 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. The above ores are results of the decomposition of other ores-partly of oxyds, and partly of manganesian carbonates. They occur at the localities above mentioned, and, many other places. Wad or Bog manganese is abundant in the counties of Columbia and Duchess, N. Y., at Austerlitz, Canaan Centre, and elsewhere, where it occurs as a marsh deposit, and according to Mather has proceeded from the alteration of brown spar; also in the southwest part of Martinsburg, Lewis Co., in a swamp. There are large deposits of this bog manganese at Blue Hill Bay, Dover, and other places in Maine. Earthy Cobalt occurs with cobalt pyrites at Riechelsdorf in HIesse, Saalfeld in Thuringia, at Nertschinsk in Siberia; at Alderly Edge in Cheshire. An earthy cobalt occurs at Mine la Motte, Missouri, which contains 10 or 11 per cent. of oxyd of nickel, besides oxyd of cobalt and copper with iron, lead and sulphur; also near Silver Bluff, South Carolina, affording 24 per cent. of oxyd of cobalt to 76 of oxyd of manganese. Cupreous manganese is found at Schlackenwald, and at Camsdorf near Saalfeld; at Lauterberg in the Hartz; Pelokonite, a variety of it, H.=3, G.-2'5 —2'6, is from Chili, where it occurs with Chrysocolla, (Richter, Pogg. xxi, 591; Kersten, Schw. J. lxvi, 7). ATACAMITE, Jameson. Salzkupfererz, WI Remolinite, B. and M. Trimetric. I: 1=112~ 20', 0:1==131~ 29'; a: b c=1'131:1: 1'492. Observed planes, I, 1, 1; i'2, ig, g2, 14. /'`2 /2 (ov. it) =106~ 34, is': (ib.)=139 ~4', 16: 14 (top)=1050 40', I: 1=1430 42', 1: 1 (mac.)= 126~ 40'. Usual in modified rectangular prisms, and rectangular octahedrons. Cleavage: vi perfect, 15, imperfect. Occurs also massive lamellar. ll.=3=3-5. G.-=4 —43; 3'7, Breit. Lustre adamantine —vitreous. Color various shades of bright green, rather darker than emerald, sometimes blackish green. Streak apple-green. Translucent-subtranslucent. Clomposition. — u Cl+3Cu -I=Oxyd of copper 55-8, chlorid of copper 31'5, water 12-7=100. Others, as that of Cobija, afford the formula Cu Cl+3Cu2 —= Oxyd of copper 49 6, chlorid of copper 27 9, water 22'5=100. Analyses: 1, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], vii, 542); 2, Ulex, (Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. lxix, 361). 1. Bolivia, Cobija, C1 14'92 50'00 21'75, Cu 13'33=200, Berthier. 2. Chili, " 16'13 56-23 11-99 " 14-56, Si 1-=1 00, Ulex. B.B. tinges the flame bright green or blue, and gives off fumes of muriatic acid; on charcoal, the copper is reduced to the metallic state. In acids easily soluble. This species was originally found in the state of sand in the Atacama province, northern part of Chili. It occurs in different parts of Chili, especially at Los Remolinos; also in veins in the district of Tarapaca, Bolivia; at Tocopilla, 16 leagues north of Cobija, is an important locality in Bolivia; with malachite in South Australia; it also invests some of the lavas of Vesuvius and Etna, being formed by the action of the volcano; Schwarzenberg in Saxony, is another locality. It is sometimes ground up in Chili, and sold under the name of Arsenillo, as sand for letters. OXYDS OF ARSENIC ANIMONY: ETC. 139 II. OXYDS OF ELEMENTS OF THE ARSENIC GROUP. I. ARSENIC DIVISION. 1. ARSENOLITE GROUP.-Composition Rt 0. Monometric. ARSENOLITE, As 03. SENARMONTITE, Sb 03. 2. VALENTINITE GROUP.-Composition R 0. Trimetric. VALENTINITE, Sb 03.? BISMUTH OCHRE, Bi 0O. 3. KERMESITE GROUP. —Composition R O, (S replacing part of 0). Monoclinie. KERIMESITE, Sb (0, S)3. 4. CERVANTITE GROUP. —Composition RO4 or RO'+RO5. CERVANTITE, SbO3+-Sb06. 5. VOLGERITE GROUP.-Composition R O5+6H. Appendix.-BLEINIERITE, Pb' Sb 05+441; AMMIOLITE. II. SULPHUR DIVISION. SULPHUROUS ACID GROUP.-Composition RO'. SULrHUROUS ACID, S 02. SULPHURIC ACID GROUP.-Composition R 03. SULPHURIC ACID, S O0. WOLFRAMINE GROUP.-Composition R 03. Monometric. WOLFRAMINE, W 03. MOLYBDINE, M 03. I. OXYDS OF ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, ETC. ARSENOLITE, Arsenous Acid. Arsenite, Iaid. White Arsenic. Arsenikbliithe. Arsenic oxide, H. IMonometric; f. 11. Usual in minute capillary crystals, stellarly aggregated, or crusts investing other substances. Also botryoidal and stalactitic. H.=1'5. G.=3'698, Roget and Dumas. Lustre vitreous or silky. Color white, occasionally with a yellowish or reddish tinge. Streak white. Transparent-opaque. Taste astringent, sweetish. Clomposition.-Xs=-Oxygen 24-24, arsenic 65'76. B.B. completely volatilized in white fumes. In the inner flame blackens, and gives off an alliaceous odor. Slightly soluble in hot water. Found accompanying ores of silver, lead, arsenical iron, cobalt, nickel, etc., at Andreasberg in the Hartz, and formed by the decomposition of other species. Occurs also at Joacbimsthal in Bohemia, at Kapnik in Hungary, and in the old mines of Biber in Hanau. 140 DESCRIPTIVE MINElRALOGY. It differs from pharmacolite, which it much resembles, in being soluble. Haidinger's name Arsenite, being a general name for salts of arsenous acid, we have changed it to Arsenolite. Native Arsenic is often covered by a blackish crust or powder, which has been considered a suboxyd (As); but according to Suckow, it is a mixture of metallic arsenic and Arsenous acid. ARSENPHYLLITE. Breithaupt has thus named a mineral of the composition of Arsenolite, occurring under a trimetric form, homoeomorphous with Valentiniteo SENARMONTITE, D).-H. de Senarmont, Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxxi, 504. Monometric; in simple octahedrons, (f. 11). Cleavage: octahedral, in traces. Also granular massive. H.=2 —25. G.=5'22-5'3. Lustre resinous, inclining to subadamantine. Transparent-translucent. Colorless or grayish. Streak white. Compo.sition.-Sb (like Valentinite)=Oxygen 15-68, antimony 84'32, with some-: times 1 p. c. of lead and 1 to 3 p. c. of grayish clay. Soluble in muriatic acid. B.B. like Valentinite. From the province of Constantine, Algeria, at Sensa, and also from Perneck near Malaczka in Hungary. The octahedrons are sometimes more than a centimeter in diameter. VALENTINITE, Haid. White Antimony. Oxyd of Antimony. Antimony Bloom. Weisspiessglanzerz, W; Hof. Spiesglanzweiss. Antimonbliithe, L. Antimonoxyd. Exit6le, Beud. Antimoine Oxid6, H. 334 Trimetric. I: 1=1360 58'; 0: 1 =105~ 35'; a j2~Zi- l~Ai, b: c=3-5868: 1: 2-5365. Observed planes, J_, i, *t, in, 4v, 22. I4: Vz (adj.) M0~ 32X, As: J'=129 0 32', I:' i=111~ 31'. Often in rectangular plates with it'~ I the lateral edges beveled, and in acicular rhombic prisms. Cleavage: 1, highly perfect, easily obtained. Twins: plane of composition il, producing an aggregation of thin plates. Also massive; structure lamellar, columnar, and granular. H.=2'5-3. G.=5'566, crystals from Bramnsdorf. Lustre adamantine, 1i often pearly; shining. Color snowwhite, occasionally peach-blossom red, and ash-gray to brownish. Streak white. Translucent-subtransparent. Sectile. Composition.-SbOs=Oxygen 15'68, antimony 84-32. Analysis by Vauquelin, (HIauy's Min. iv, 274): Oxyd of Antimony 86, Ibid. and iron 3, Silica 8=97. Fuses in the flame of a candle, and before the blowpipe is entirely volatilized, covering the charcoal with a white coating. This species results from the alteration of gray antimony, native antimony, and other antimonial ores. The tabular crystallizations of this species occur in small quantities at Przibram in Bohemia, in veins traversing primitive rocks;, and the prismatic, at Briunsdorf, near Freiberg in Saxony, Malaczka in Hungary, Allemont in Dauphiny, and elsewhere in Europe. Antimonophyllite contains oxyd of antimony, and occurs in thin inequiangular -six-sided prisms. Locality unknown. OXYDS OF ARSENIC) ANTI1IONY, ETC. 141 BISMUTH OCHRE. Oxyd of Bismuth. Wismuthochre, V. Bismuth Oxyde, II. Crystalline form not observed. Occurs massive and disseminated, pulverulent, earthy; also passing into foliated. G.=4'3611, Buisson. Lustre adamantine-dull, earthy. Color greenish-yellow, straw-yellow, grayish-white. Fracture conchoidal —earthy. Composition.-Bi-Oxygen 10-35, bismuth 89-65, along with some iron and other impurities. Analysis by Lampadius, (Handb. z. Chem. Ann. p. 286): Oxyd of bismuth 86-4, oxyd of iron 5-1, carbonic acid 4'1, water 3-4=99. Suckow obtained for another derived from the decomposition of aciculite, (Die Verwitt. im Min. 14), Bi 96'5, As 1'5, Ge2, i- 2-0=100. B.B. on charcoal, easily reduced to the metallic state, and subsequently the greater part may be dissipated. Occurs pulverulent at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Joachimstahl in Bohemia, and with native gold at Beresof in Siberia. Dr. Jackson reports an oxyd of bismuth not carbonated, as occurring with the tetradymite of Virginia. An earthy steatitic mineral from Agnes in Cornwall, afforded Macgregor, Oxyd of bismuth 28'8, carbonic acid 51-3, peroxyd of iron 2'1, alumina 7'5, silica 6'7, water 3'6. KERMESITE. Red Antimony. Rothspiesglaserz, WTV Rothspeissglanzerz, laus. Antimonblende, L. Antimoine Hydro-Sulfur6. Antimoine Oxyde Sulfure, H. Pyrantimonite, Br. Pyrostibite, Gl. Kermnesome, Chapman. Kermes, B. & Mi. IMionoclinic. C=77~ 51'; 0: =i=102~ 9', 0: 1 (plane on acute edge)=115~ 36', 0: ji=149~ 57'. Cleavage: basal. Usually in tufts of capillary crystals, consisting of elongated, slender six-sided prisms. H.=1 —1'5. G.==4'5-4-6. Lustre adamantine, inclining to metallic. Color cherry-red. Streak brownish-red. Feebly translucent. Sectile. Thin leaves slightly flexible. Conmposition.-LSbO3+2SbS'-Oxyd of antimony 30'2, sulphuret of antimony, 69 8 =100. Analyses: H. Rose, (Pogg. iii, 453, the sulphur separately determined): 1. Antimony 74'45, oxygen 5-29, sulphur 20'49. 2. " 75'66, " 4'27, " 20 49. B.B. fuses readily on charcoal, and at last is entirely volatilized. In nitric acid it becomes covered with a white coating. Results from the change of gray antimony. Occurs in veins in quartz, accompanying gray and white antimony, at Malaczka near Posing in Hungary, at Briiunsdorf near Freiberg in Saxony, and at Allernont in Dauphiny. The tinder ore has been shown to be wholly distinct from red antimony. CERVANTITE, -D. Antimonoxyd. Antimonsaures Antimonoxyd. Antimonocher, in part. In acicular crystallizations. Also massive, as a crust, or a powder. G.=4'084. Lustre greasy, bright, or earthy. Color Isabellayellow, sulphur-yellow, or nearly white. Composition. —SbO3+SbO5=Oxygen 19-9, antimony 80-1. Analysis by Dufrenoy: 0 Sb (a F Pe 16-85 67'50 11-45 1'50 insol. 2 70=99 80. 142 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. C. Bechi obtained from needle crystals from Pereta, Tuscany, 0 19'47, Sb 78'83, Fe 1i25, gangue 0'75=100'30, giving the same formula, (Amer. Jour. Sci., [2], xiv, 61). B.B. infusible; but easily reduced on charcoal. Soluble in muriatic acid. Found with gray antimony, and resulting from its alteration at Cervantes, in Galicia, Spain, Chazelles in Auvergne, Felsobanya, Kremnitz and elsewhere in Hungary. STIBIcoNIsE, Beud. (Antimonochre, Spiessglanzocher, ilaus., Stiblite, Bllum.,) is considered a mixture of valentinite, cervantite, and hydrous antimonic acid, by G. H. O. Volger, (Entwick. Min. 1854, 72). It occurs massive, and yellowish in color; H.-5-5. G.=-528. Blum and Delffs obtained in an analysis (J. f. pr. Chem. xl, 318), 0 19'54, Sb 75'83, As tr., 1H 4'63. From Goldkronach in Bavaria. VOLGERITE. Hydrous Antimonic Acid. Antimonocher, in part. A white powder or crust ocurring with cervantite, and resulting from its alteration, having the formula, according to Volger, (Entw. Min.,'7), Sb 05+-5 Ii= oxygen 18'8, antimony 60'3, water 21'0. ~ A white antimony from the province of Constantine, Algeria, analyzed by E. Cumenge, (Ann. d. M. [4], xx, 80), afforded O 17, Sb 62, H 15, -e 1, gangue 3=98. BLEINIERITE, Nicol. (Bleini6re, Haus: Antimonate of Lead. Antimonsaures Bleioxyd.) Probably a mechanical mixture of lead and antimony ochres. Occurs amorphous, reniform, spheroidal; also earthy or incrusting; structure often curved lamellar. X.=4. G.= —3933, Karsten; 4'6 —476, Hermann. Lustre resinous, dull, or earthy. Color gray, brownish, yellowish. Streak grayish or yellowish. Opaque. Composition. -Pb3 Sb+-41l, accordingto Hermann=Antimonic acid 31'3, oxyd of lead 62'0, water 6'7. Analyses: 1, Plaff, (Schw. J. xxvii, 1); 2, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxiv, 179): 1. Sb 43'96, Xs 16'42, Pb 33'10, Iu 3'24, Pe 0O24, Si 2'34, S 0O62, Fe Mn 3-32 =103'23, P. 2. Sb 31'71, Pb 61-83, 1f 6:46=100, Hermann. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a metallic globule, gives out fumes of antimony, and finally yields a bead of lead. From Nertschinsk, Siberia, and supposed to result from the decomposition of other ores of antimony. AMMIOLITE, 1). Antimonite of Quicksilver, Domeyko. Annales des Mines, 4th ser. vi, 183. Quecksilberoxyd Antimonigsaures. A red powder, consisting, according to Domeyko, of Sb 12'5, lIg 14'0, Pe 22-3, Si 26-5, I- and loss 24'7=100, being an antimonite of quicksilver mixed with clay and hydrated oxyd of iron. From the mines of mercury in Chili, accompanying ores of antimony, copper, and mercury. Also at Silberg, near Olpe, Westphalia, where it is produced by the decomposition of a quicksilver gray copper. The name Ammiolite is derived from act(LoV, vermilion. This mineral may be only a mixture, and is therefore placed here with the oxyds, rather than among the salts. OXYDS OF SULPHUR, TUNGSTEN, ETC. 143 II. OXYDS OF SULPHIUR, TUNGSTEN, MOLYBDENUM, ETC. SULPIUROUS ACID. Gaseous. G.=2'234, Thenard. Colorless. Taste acid. Odor pungent. Composition. —=Sulphur 50'0, oxygen 50'0. Dissolves readily in water, forming an acid solution, which reddens vegetable blues; destroys life and extinguishes combustion. Sulphurous acid is evolved from most active volcanoes. The sulphur about volcanoes is sometimes produced by the meeting of this gas with sulphuretted hydrogen, causing a mutual decomposition and a deposition of sulphur. SULPHURIC ACID. Liquid. G.=1'85. Colorless. Odor pungent. Taste intensely acid. Composition. —'S-=Sulphuric acid 81-6, and water 184 —100. This acid, in a dilute state, has been found in the neighborhood of several volcanoes. It occurs near Sienna, in the cavities of the small volcanic mountain named Zocolino, and in a cavern near Aix, in Savoy. Water strong with sulphuric acid occurs at Alabama, Genessee Co., N. Y.; also at Tuscarora, near Brantford, at Chippewa, Niagara, and at St. David's, Canada West. The first afforded W. J. Craw and H. Erni for 1000 parts of water, (Am. J. Sci. [2], ix, 449: Free S 1e'S 1 s3 S aS MgS E'S a'S Si NaCl 2'0122 0'4356 0'3702 1-1065 0-4592 0-1061 0-1196 0-0656 --- 46750, Erni. 2-0070 0-4266 0-3232 1-1161 05-305 0-0822 0'0945 0-0363 0-0684=4-6848,Craw. The specific gravity of the water is 1'00482 at 150 C., Erni. The Tuscarora water afforded T. S. Hunt 4-2 parts of sulphuric acid in 1000, with above 2 of the sulphates of iron, alumina, lime, magnesia, besides traces of alkalies, and some sulphuretted hydrogen, (Logan's Geol. Rep. 1847, 150). Sulphuric acid results from the oxydation of sulphuretted hydrogen. Paramo de Ruiz in New Granada, and Rio Vinagre, are volcanic localities. WOLFRAMINE, Lettsom and Greg. Tungstic Ochre, B. Silliman, Am. J. Sci. iv, 52. Tungsten ochre, Nicol. Wolframochre, Haus. Scheelsaure, Naeumann. Monometric. In cubes, also pulverulent and earthy. Color bright yellow, or yellowish-green. Composition.-W or pure tungstic acid=Oxygen 20'7, tungsten 79'3. B.B. on charcoal becomes black in the inner flame, but infusible. A clear glass in the outer flame with borax; with more of the mineral enamel-white on cooling; in the inner flame a yellowish glass, but if a larger proportion be added, it is bloodred on cooling. Occurs at Lane's mine, Monroe, Ct., filling small cavities in other ores of tungsten, or coating them, and has resulted from their decomposition. Also found at St. Leonard, near Limoges, rarely in distinct cubes of a sulphur-yellow color on wolfram and quartz, a fine specimen of which is contained in the cabinet of M. Adams of Paris; also with wolfram in Cumberland. Also in Cabarras Co., N. C. 144] DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. MOLYBDINE, Lettsom and Greg. Molybdena Ochre. Mlolybd/inocher, Karsten, Alln earthy yellow powder or incrustation. Composition.-Mo-Oxygen 34'29, molybdenum 65671. B.B. on charcoal fuses to a slag. With borax forms a colorless glass in the outer flame and a brown glass in the inner. Reduced with soda. Easily soluble in muriatic acid, and the solution is rendered blue by metallic iron. Occurs with molybdenite, from which it is probably derived, at the foreign localities of this species; also at Westmoreland, N. H., and Chester, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania. Molybdate of Iron?-Deep yellow and sub-fibrous, or in tufted imperfect crystals; and also pulverulent. According to an imperfect analysis by D. D. Owen, (Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Philad., vi, 108), contains Mo 40, Fe 35, Mg 2, Alkali 8, I 15. B.B. fuses easily. From the gold region, California, near Nevada City. III. OXYGEN COMPOUNDS OF CARBON, BORON, AND SILICON. CARBONIC ACID, C. SASSOLIN, 13. QUARTZ, Si. CARBONIC ACID. Gaseous. G.=1'5245. Colorless. Taste, slightly acid. Excites a pungent sensation in the nostrils, and destroys life. Cornposition. —C=Carbon 27'27, oxygen 72'73. Extinguishes combustion. Evolved from many mineral waters, and also about some volcanoes. The Saratoga and Ballston waters owe their briskness to this gas, which is constantly escaping. The mineral waters of Germany are famous localities. Near Naples, on lake Albano, there is a small cave called Grotto del Cane, which is filled with carbonic acid to the level of its entrance; the lake is supposed to occupy the crater of a volcano and the hot baths of San Germano are situated on its banks. SASSOLIN, Reuss. Boracic Acid. Acid boracique, H. Triclinic. I: 1=118~ 30', 0: I=950 3', 0: 1=80~ 33' B. and IM. Twins, compounded parallel to the base. Cleavage: basal very perfect. Usually in small scales, apparently six-sided tables, and also in stalactitic forms, composed of small scales. I-I.=1. G.=1'48. Lustre pearly. Color white, except when tinged yellow by sulphur; sometimes gray. Feel smooth and unctuous. Taste acidulous, and slightly saline and bitter. Composition.-B'-3=Boracic acid 56'4, water 43-6. The native stalactitic salt, according to Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 97), contains mechanically mixed, sulphate of magnesia and iron, sulphate of lime, silica, carbonate of lime, and alumina. Erdmann has stated, (J. f. pr. Ch. xiii, 7, 8), that sassolin contains 3-18 per cent. by weight of ammonia, and instead of being pure boracic acid, that it is a borate of ammonia. QUARTZ. 145 Fuses in a candle, and at first tinges the flame green; but this color disappears when the water of crystallization has evaporated. The cooled globule is glassy, and opaque if any gypsum is present. Found abundantly in the crater of Vulcano, one of the Lipari isles, forming a layer on the sulphur, and around the fumaroles or exits of the sulphureous exhalations. It is obtained for the arts from the volcanic fumaroles of Tuscany. The first locality known was at Sasso, whence the name, Sassolin. The hot vapors at the lagoons or boiling springs of Tuscany, consist largely of boracic acid. The vapors are made to pass through water, which absorbs the boracic acid; the waters are then evaporated by means of the steam from the springs. They yield seven to eight thousand pounds troy per day. These lagoons spread over a surface of about 30 miles, and in the distance, clouds of vapor are seen rising in large volumes among the mountains. On approaching the places, the earth seems to pour out boiling water, as if from volcanoes of various sizes, and the heat in the immediate vicinity is intolerable and the sulphurous smells suffocating. (Am. Jour. Sci. xxxvii, 1836, 270, and [2], ix, xi, 199; Quart. J. Geol. Soc. vi, 367.) QUARTZ. Flint. Silex. Chalcedony. Agate. Jasper. Hornstone. Cat's Eye. Amethyst. False Topaz. Rose Quartz. Prase. Chrysoprase. Cantalite. Iron Flint. Heliotrope. Eisenkiesel. Berg-crystal. Kalzedon. Rhombohedral. R: R-=94~ 15', 0: R=1280 13';,a=1'0999. Observed planes: rhombohedrons, -, 1 (R), 3, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -11, -7, -,-2, -, -1, —; pyramids, 12, 22; gyroidal forms, between 22 and i to left, 1 3, 1 44 l 5, 1 6, 8, 18 3 13-; ib. between 22 and i to right, r 1 21, 2, r 33, rp 10 o, p11 11, r 4, 13 6 7 T W 2 3 7 3 8 5 1-; ib. betweeen 22 and R A 5 9 9; between 22 and -1, 34; prisms i, i2, i-6 i. iHemihedral, or'tetartohedral in 22, and all the forms following, of the above, excepting i and i 2. Faces? often brighter than -1; i generally striated horizontally. 335 336 339 340 343 A 37 338 341 342 343 B R =141~ 47' i* 6= 1670 59' 1 -(ov. i)= 1030 34' 3 431 SI, 10 8v.3__1~3'' -154 87 =171~ 8' -1 (adj.)=133~ 44'.'.9 —158~ 31' i: 13 ~ —174~ o39/ R:i (ov. 22)=11308.:. 3=165 18' i: 4 (o v. 22)=125028' R: 22=1510 6'.,;. 22=142~ 2' 98 (ov. 22)=11807V /: - 9= 1750 1'. 2 3-=1540 55' i=120~ -1': 4 =1670 40,. 4=3 1610 31/ i' A=171~ 33 19 146.DESCRIPTIVE MINE RAJLOGY. Cleavage:', -1, and i very indistinct; sometimes effected by plunging a heated crystal into cold water. Twins: face of coinposition, o, (basal plane); plane truncating pyramidal edge, (f. 342); 1i, (f. 343 A., B, (Rose), opposite views of the same crystal). The two crystals in twins compounded parallel to o, some344 A 344 B 344 C 345 0046 j: F times penetrate one another very irregularly, while the external planes are regular and even. Also f. 345, 346, inetagenic twins, (p. 131). Figs. 188, 189, 193 represent distorted crystals. Also stalactitic and mammillary forms. Often massive, either impalpable, or coarse granular. Sometimes coarsely tabular and reticulated. H.=7. G.=2'5- 28; 26413- 2-6541, Beudant; 2'6701, aiy. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to resinous; splendentnearly dull. Colorless, when pure; often various shades of yellow, red, brown, green, blue, black. Streak white, of pure varieties; if impure, often the same as the color, but much paler. Transparent-opaque. Fracture perfect conchoidal —subconchoidal. Tough-brittle- friable. dal. fough-barittle-friable. QUARTZ. 147 Composition.-Pure silica in the insoluble state, that is, not taken up by a potash solution. Impure varieties contain variable quantities of oxyd of iron, alumina, oxyd of manganese, nickel, &c. B.B. alone undergoes no change, but with soda, fuses readily with effervescence to a transparent glass. The varieties arise either from crystallization, mode of formation, or impurities; and are naturally distributed into three series. (Ist), presenting the bright glassy lustre of broken quartz crystal; (2d), presenting the glistening subvitreous or waxy lustre, and translucency, or subtransparency of Chalcedony; (3d), with the nearly dull lustre, dull colors, and opacity of Jasper. I. The vitreous varieties. Rock crystal includes pure crystals of quartz. This stone, when cut for jewelry, is called "white stone." An asteriated variety contains whitish impurities or opacity arranged along the diametral planes. Amethyst is a clear purple or bluish-violet variety of quartz crystal. The color is supposed to be due to a small percentage of oxyd of manganese. But Heintz, in an analysis of a Brazilian specimen, obtained, besides silica, 0-0187 oxyd of iron, 0'6236 lime, 0'0133 magnesia, and 0-0418 soda; and he considers the color owing to a compound of iron and soda. Rose quartz has a rose-red or pink color, and is transparent, or nearly so. G. 2'6569 before heating, 2-6578 after heating, E. Wolff. It becomes very pale on exposure to the light. Usually massive, and often much cracked. The lustre is vitreous, sometimes a little greasy. The color is attributed by Fuchs to oxyd of titanium, who detected 1 to 1i per cent. in specimens from Rabenstein, near Bodenmais. Berthier states that the color is due to organic matter. It probably arises from manganese, the color being similar to that of manganese spar. False topaz is a light yellow pellucid variety of quartz crystal. It resembles yellow topaz, but is distinguished by its crystalline form, and the absence of cleavage. Smoky quartz, or Cairngorm stone, has a brownish smoky tint. The crystals are often pellucid; but occasionally the color is so deep as to render them nearly opaque, except in thin fragments. Milky quartz,'as the name implies, has a milk-white color. It is a massive vitreous variety, and one of the most common. It has sometimes a greasy lustre, and is then called greasy quartz. Prase is a leek-green variety of massive quartz. Aventurine quartz is minutely spangled throughout the mass with yellow scales. It is usually translucent, and of a gray, brown, or reddish-brown color. Siderite. An indigo or Berlin-blue variety, from Golling, near Saltzburg. Ferruginous quartz is of an opaque-red, brownish-red, or ochre-yellow color, which is due to oxyd of iron. It occurs in distinct crystals; the crystals are sometimes minute and aggregated into masses, like the grains of sand in sandstone. II. Chalcedonic varieties. Chalcedony has usually the subdued lustre of wax, either translucent or subtransparent; some milk-white varieties opaque. Occurs in mammillary and botryoidal shapes; also as stalactites, in cavities lined or roofed with chalcedony. According to Fuchs, it is true quartz with some opal disseminated through it. Chrysoprase. An apple, or leek-green variety of chalcedony; it is colored by nickel. Carnelian. A reddish variety of chalcedony, generally of a clear bright tint. Passes into common chalcedony through grayish-red varieties. Heintz by his analysis shows that the color is due to oxyd of iron; he found peroxyd of iron -0050 per cent., alumina 0'081, magnesia 0'028, potash 0'0043, soda 0'075. Sard, a deep brownish-red chalcedony, of a blood-red color by transmitted light. Agate, a variegated chalcedony, the colors in clouds, spots, or bands, the banded consisting of parallel or concentric layers, and either in straight, circular, or zigzag forms. The last are calledfortification agates, from a resemblance to the anguilar outlines of a fortification. In other agates the colors are owing to foreign matter disseminated through the mass. Moss agate or Mocha stone is a chalcedony containing within dendritic or moss-like delineations of an opaque brownish-yellow color, which are due to oxyd of manganese or iron. 148 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Onyx. Resembles agate, but the colors, usually a light clear brown and an opaque white, are arranged in flat horizontal planes. When the layers consist of sard and white chalcedony, the stone is called sardonyx. Cat's eye. A translucent quartz, presenting a peculiar opalescence, or glaring internal reflections, when cut en ccibochon, which effect is owing to filaments of asbestus. The color is commonly light greenish-gray-sometimes yellow, red or brownish. Flint. Somewhat allied to chalcedony, but more opaque, and of dull colors, usually gray, smoky-brown, and brownish-black. The exterior is often whitish; from mixture with lime or chalk, in which it is imbedded. Lustre, barely glistening, subvitreous. Breaks with a deeply conchoidal fracture and a sharp cutting edge. The flint of the chalk formation consists largely of the remains of infusoria, sponges, and other marine productions. The silica of flint, according to Fuchs, is partly soluble silica, easily taken up by a solution of potash. There is usually one per cent. or so of alumina and peroxyd of iron, with one or two of water. Hornstone. Resembles flint, but more brittle, the fracture more splintery. Chert is a term often applied to hornstone, and to any impure flinty rock, including the jaspers. Plasma. A faintly translucent chalcedony, approaching jasper, having a greenii ish color sprinkled with yellow and whitish dots, and a glistening lustre. III. Jaspery varieties. Jasper. A dull red, yellow, brown, or green siliceous rock, sometimes blue or black, compact, nearly or quite opaque, and presenting little beauty until polished,. When the colors are in stripes it is called Striped or Riband Jasper. Egyptian Jasper is zoned with colors, and forms nodules. Porcelain Jasper is nothing but baked clay, and differs from true jasper in being fusible on the edges before the blowpipe. Redporphyry often resembles jasper, but is nearly pure feldspar, and is also somewhat fusible. Blood stone or Heliotrope. Color, deep green, with interspersed, blood-red spots, like drops of blood. Lydian stone, Touchstone, or Basanite. A velvet black siliceous stone or flinty jasper, used on account of its hardness and black color for trying the purity of the precious metals. The color left on the stone after rubbing the metal across it, indicates to the experienced eye the amount of alloy.'Besides the above, there is a light spongy variety of quartz, called float stone — quartz nectzque of lHaiiy-which is so light as to float on water. It consists of fibres or filamentary crystals, aggregated into a spongy or porous mass. Siliceous sinter is a light cellular quartz. This term is also applied to a similar variety of opal.'Tabular quartz consists of thin plates, either arranged parallel, or crossing one another and leaving open cells. Yellowish white earthy deposits, like chalk in appearance, occurring in the low*er part of the chalk formation at Farnham, England, and elsewhere, are found by J. T. Way to contain 40-30 per cent. of soluble silica (soluble in solutions of caustice potash or soda on boiling in open vessels) and 41'23 of insoluble silica, with 14'50 alumina, etc. (Qu. J. Chem. Soc. vi, 102). It is therefore related to opal. Granular quartz is a massive quartz rock, of a granular texture. Its colors are various; always dull. Itacolumite is a fissile quartzose rock, containing some mica. Bzuhrstone is a cellular flinty quartz rock. Phthanite (Kieselsehiefer) is a flinty fissile rock, gray, black or greenish. Sandstone usually consists of quartz sand. Flexible'saindstone is a fissile variety, thin slabs of which are somewhat flexible; it is a variety of itacolumite. Silicified wood is wood petrified by silica or quartz. It has usually the structure of the original wood. A delicatefibrous quartz occurs at Oi tinge river, near the Cape of Good Hope. Haytorite is a name given to pseudomorphous quartz having the form of Datholite. (Quartz, in some of its varieties, oceurs in almost every rock-stratuim. It is anm essential constituent of granite, gneiss, and mica slate, and other allied rocks. The; chalcedonic varieties occur principally in the vesicular cavities of basaltic and allied rocks. Flint occurs imbedded in chalk. Hornstone is sometimes imbedded isl limestone. Jasper is associated with limestone, like hornstone, and also with basaltic rocks and porphyry. QUARTZ. 149 Switzerland, Dauphiny, Piedmont, the Carrara quarries, and numerous other foreign localities, afford fine specimens of rock crystal. The most beautiful amethysts are brought from India, Ceylon, and Persia, where they occur in geodes, and as pebbles; inferior specimens occur in Transylvania, in large crystalline groups; in the vicinity of Cork, and on the island of May, in Ireland. The false tolpaz is met with in Brazil. Rose quartz occurs in a vein of manganese, traversing the granite of Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, in Bavaria. P'rase is found in the iron mines of Breitenbrunn, near Schwartzenberg, in Saxony. The amygdaloids of Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, afford magnificent specimens of C'halcedony; also Iiittenberg and Loben in Carinthia, &c. A small blue variety, in cubical crystals, (pseudomorphs of fluor), occurs at Treszytan, in Transylvania. The finest carneliaas and agates are found in Arabia, India, Surinam, and Saxony. Perthshire, and other parts of Scotland, afford smaller, but handsome specimens. Cfhrysoprase occurs at Kosemintz in Silesia. Aventur'ine quartz at Cape de Gata in Spain. Cat's eye, in Ceylon, the coast of Malabar, and also in the Hartz and Bavaria. Plasma, in India and China, whence it is usually brought in the form of beads. Hleliotrope, in Bucharia, Tartary, Siberia, and the island of Rum in the Hebrides. Float stone, in the chalk formation of Menil Montant, near Paris, and in some of the Cornish mines. The banks of the Nile afford the Egyptian jasper; the striped jasper is met with in Siberia, Saxony, and Devonshire. A yellow jasper is found at Vourla, bay of Smyrna, in a low ridge of limestone, to the right of the watering place, between the harbor and the high hills back. It is associated with opal, chrysoprase, and hornstone, and these minerals seem to occupy in the limestone the place of hornstone, which is found in various parts of the adjoining country, and also at Napoli di Romania, in Greece. The plains of Argos are strewn with pebbles of red jasper. A variety of sandstone occurs in thin layers at Villa Rica, Brazil, remarkable for its flexibility, owing apparently to the dissemination of small scales of mica through the mass; a similar fexible sandstone occurs in the North Carolina gold region. Quartz crystals are abundant in Herkimer Co., N. Y., at Middleville, Little Falls, Salisbury, and Newport. They lie loose in cavities in the calciferous sand-rock, or imbedded in loose earth, and sometimes, according to Beck, in powdered anthracite. Fine dodecahedral crystals are obtained'at the beds of specular iron in Fowler, Hermon, and Edwards, St. Lawrence Co., New York. In Gouverneur, crystals occur with tourmaline, &c., in limestone, which have rounded angles as if they had been partially fused. On the banks of Laidlaw lake, Rossie, there are large implanted crystals. The Sterling ore bed, Antwerp, Jefferson Co., affords interesting dodecahedral crystals. Four miles east of Warwick, crystals presenting the primary form occur in jasper. At Palatine, Montgomery Co., crystals occur having one end terminated with the usual pyramid, while the other is rounded and smooth. Diamond Rock, near Lansingburg, is an old but poor locality. At Ellenville lead mine, Ulster Co., N. Y., in elegant groups. At Diamond Island and Diamond Point, Lake George, quartz crystals occur, as in Herkimer Co. Crystals with unusual modifications occur sparingly at the Charlestown syenite quarry, Mass., one of which from the cabinet of Mr. J. E. Teschemacher is represented in fig. 344 B. It has the adjacent planes, 22 and 32 uneven, and -4 with a triangular furrow but sharp edges; the rest are lustrous; with the reflective goniometer, reflecting the sun's rays, R: 9 9,-=175.0 Pelham and Chesterfield, Mass., Paris and Perry, Me., Benton, N. H., Sharon, Vt., and Meadow Mount, Md., are other localities of quartz crystal. Near Quebec, fig. 344 C., and other crystals similar, but the inverse. At Chesterfield; small unpolished r'hombohedrons have been found in granite. Paris, Me., affords handsome crystals of brown or smoky quartz. In large crystals often perfect and. weighing several pounds at Minnesota mine, Lake Superior, occasionally enveloped in metallic copper, as if cast around the crystals. Drusy quartz, of brown, apple-green, and other tints, occurs at Newfane, Vt. For other localities, see the catalogue of localities in the latter part of this volume. Rose quartz occurs at Albany, and Paris, Me., Acworth, N. H., Williamsburg, Mass., Southbury, Conn., and Port Henry, Essex Co., N. Y.; smoky quartz at Goshen, Mass., Richmond Co., N. Y., &c.; amethyst in trap at Keweenaw Point, Pic Bay, and Gargontwa, on Lake Superior; also in the same rock at Bristol, Rhode Island, and sparingly throughout the trap region of Massachusetts and Connecticut; in Surry, New Hampshire; in Pennsylvania in East Bradford, Aston, Chester, and Provi 1 50 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. denuce, (one fine crystal over 7 pounds in weight), in Chester Co.; very handsome at the Prince vein, Lake Superior, but now hardly obtainable as the mine is not worked; also very large fine crystals near Greensboro, N. C. Crystallized green quartz occurs in talc, at Providence, Delaware Co., Penn. Chalcedony and agates of moderate beauty are found in the same trap region; more abundantly about Lake Superior, the Mississippi, and the streams to the west; at Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y.; about the Willamet, Columbia, and other rivers in Oregon; abundant and beautiful on N. W. shore of Lake Superior. Belmont's lead mine, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., has afforded good chalcedony and chrysoprase, associated with calce spar. Red jasper is found on Sugar Loaf Mt., Maine, and in pebbles on the banks of the Hudson at Troy. Yellow jasper occurs with chalcedony at Chester, Mass. HIeliotrope occupies veins in slate at Bloomingrove, Orange Co., N.Y. Quartz, chalcedony, prase, carnelian, hornstone, constitute many of the pseudomorphs formed by substitution,(see chapter on Chemical Mineralogy). Pseudomorphs, after hexagonal and scalenohedral crystals of calcite and cubes of fluor, occur at Westhampton, Mass.; after heavy spar, probably, in Rutherford Co., N. C. often filled with water. Petrified wood consists of quartz, and sometimes of chalcedony or agate, of rare beauty. Quartz crystals occasionally occur of enormous size. A group in the museum of the university at Naples, weighs nearly half a ton. A crystal, belonging to Sig. Rafelli of Milan, measures three and a quarter feet in length, and five and a half in circumference, and its weight is estimated at eight hundred and seventy pounds; another at Paris is three feet in diameter, and weighs eight hundred weight. About a century since, a drusy cavity was opened at Zinken, which afforded 1000 cwt. of rock crystals, and at that early period brought $300,000. One crystal weighed 800 pounds. A group from Moose Mountain, New Hampshire, at Dartmouth College, weighs 1417 pounds, and contains 48 crystals; four of them are from 5 to 5i inches in diameter, ten from 4 to 4; inches. A crystal from Waterbury, Vt., 2 feet long and 18 inches through, weighs 1'75 pounds. Crystals often exhibit internal iridescences, owing to fissures or fractures. Foreign substances frequently penetrate or thoroughly permeate crystals of quartz. Oxyd of iron has already been alluded to as one of these permeating substances. Chlorite is sometimes so thoroughly intermingled, that the crystals appear to be composed entirely of this material; their hardness, howe ver, shows their siliceous nature. Anthracite, asbestus, actinolite, tourmaline, silver and copper are other penetrating sulstances. Specimens containing acicular crystals of rutile are often very beautiful. The most interesting of the substances occurring in quartz are the fluids, which occupy small cavities in the interior of crystals; they are either water, peculiar resinous liquids, or mineral solutions. Mr. Allan describes a crystal of amethyst in his collection, having four cavities partly filled with a bituminous fluid; at 830 F., the fluids dilates and fills all the cavities, and on cooling reappears with ebullition. Silica is held in solution in the Geysers of Iceland and New Zealand, whose solvent powers are due to their temperature, and a small quantity of alkali present. It is also present in traces in ordinary waters, as alkaline silicates. Several varieties of this species have long been employed in jewelry. The amethyst has always been esteemed for its beauty. Like most other stones, it is less brilliant by candle light; it appears to best advantage when surrounded with pearls and set in gold. The color of the amethyst is often irregularly diffused, as is well described by Pliny, " ad viciniam crystalli descendet albicante purpurae defece tu," purple, gradually fading into white. It was called amethyst, apOEvarog, on account of its pretended preservative powers againt intoxication, from a, not, and je0vo, to intoxicate. This is not, however, the only amethyst of the ancients. The violet colored sapphire, the violet fluor spar, (scalpturis faciles, Plin. easily graven), and some other purple species, were designated by the same name; and it has been supposed that garnet was also included. Cameos are in general made of onyx, which is well fitted for this kind of miniature sculpture. The figure is carved out of one layer, and stands in relief on another of different color. The most noted of the ancient cameos, is the Mantuan vase at Brunswick. It was cut from a single stone, and has the form of a cream pot, about seven inches high and two and a half broad; on its outside, which is of a brown color, there are white and yellow groups of raised figures, representing QuARTZ. 151 Ceres and Triptolemus in seach of Proserpine. The Museo Borbonico, at Naples, contains an onyx measuring eleven inches by nine, representing the apotheosis of Augustus, and another exhibiting the apotheosis of Ptolemy on one side, and the head of Medusa on the other; both are splendid specimens of the art, and the former is supposed to be the largest in existence. The carnelian (sarda of Pliny) receives a fine polish, and is often rich in color; but is too common to be much esteemed. When first obtained from the rock, carnelians are usually gray or grayish-red; they receive their fine colors from an exposure of several weeks to the sun's rays, and a subsequent heating in earthen pots. The colors of agate, when indistinct, may be brought out by boiling in oil, and afterwards in sulphuric acid; the latter carbonizes the oil absorbed by the apparently porous layers, and thus increases the contrast of the different colors. Agate is often made into mortars for chemical and pharmaceutical preparations, and according to Pliny, it was employed for the same purpose by the physicians of his day. The royal collection at Dresden contains a table service of German agate; and at Vienna, in the imperial cabinet, there is an oval dish twenty-two inches in length, formed from a single stone. The agate, or achates of the Greeks, was so called from the river Achates, in Sicily, whence, according to Theophrastus, these stones were originally brought. Iaspachates corresponded to our jasper agate; Sardachates contained layers of the sard, or carnelian; Dendrachates (from S&vZov, a tree and achates) was moss agate; Hcemachates (from alta, blood, and achates) was an agate, sprinkled with spots of red jasper, (Moore's An. Min.) Jasper admits of a brilliant polish, and is often formed into vases, boxes, knifehandles, &c. It is also extensively used in the manufacture of Florentine mosaics. The iaspis of the ancients, whence our word jasper is derived, appears to have included the green or blue colored variety, together with some other stones, not of the jasper kind. Quartz is distinguished by its Hardness,-Scratching glass with facility; Infusibility,-Not fusing before the blowpipe; Insolubility,-Not attacked by water or the acids; Uncleavability,-One variety is tabular, but proper cleavage is never distinctly observed. To these characteristics the action of soda may be added. OPAL. Hyalite. Muller's Glass. Hydrophane. Menilite. Cacholong. Siliceous Sinter. Pearl Sinter. Fiorite. Girasol. Eisenopal, Haus. Manganopal. Schwimmkiesel. Quartz hyalin concretion6e. Quartz r6sinite, H. Opalus, PoEderos, Pliny. o7rakXtos. Michaelite. Alumocalcite. Geyserite. Massive, amorphous; sometimes small reniform, stalactitic, or large tuberose. 5I.=5-55-6' 5. G.=1'9 —23. Lustre vitreous, frequently subvitreous,' and 6ften inclining to resinous, and sometimes to pearly. Color white, yellow, red, brown, green, gray, generally pale; dark colors arise from foreign admixtures. Streak white. Sometimes a rich play of colors, or different colors by refracted and reflected light. There are many varieties of this species. The precious opal exhibits a play of rich colors. Fire opal or girasol presents bright hyacinth-red and yellow reflections. Common opal and semi-opal are common varieties not opalescent. Hydrophane is not transparent, but becomes so when immersed in water. Cacholong is nearly opaque, and of a porcelain or bluish white color; it adheres to the tongue, and contains a small portion of alumina, with 3-' p. c. of water. It is closely allied to hydrophane, and often associated with it. Hyalite, or Muller's glass, occurs in small reniform, botryoidal, and occasionally stalactitic shapes, either colorless and pellucid, or white. Menilite is brown and opaque, occurring in compact reniform masses, occasionally slaty. Opal jasper contains several per cent. of iron, and is the analogue in this species of jasper in the preceding. Silicious Sinter is a loose silicious aggregate, deposited bv the Geysers of Iceland, where it presents porous stalactitic, fibrous, " cauliflower-like," and occasionally compact concretions, called geyserite by Damour. Pearl sinter, or fiorite, occurs in the cavities of volcanic 152 DESCRIPTIVE MIIfTERALOGY. tufa, in smooth and shining globular and botryoidal masses, which have a pearly lustre. TVood opal has a peculiar ligneous structure. 11fichaelite (from the island of St. Michaels, Azores) is a white fibrous pearly variety. Sp. gr.=1 88. Alumocalcite is an impure opal, of a bluish milk-white color, containing 6 per cent. of lime. Some if not all the deposits of silicious earth formed of infusorial remains, consist of soluble silica, and the name Rbandanite has been applied to a variety, composed mainly of silica of this kind. (See analyses below). Composition.-Silica in the soluble or gelatinizing state, but often combined with insoluble Silica; more or less hydrous, but the water is not considered essential. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iv); 2-6, Damour, (Bull. Geol. de France, 1848, 161); 7, Klaproth; 8, Forchhammer, (Pogg. xxxv, 331); 9, Stucke, (Rose, Beschreib, p. 73); 10, Damnour, (loc. cit.); 11, Pattison, (Phil. Mag., [3], xxv, 495); 12, Damour, (loc. cit.); 13, G. J. Brush, (communicated); 14, Damour, (loc. cit.); 15, Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 156); 16, Mallet, (Phil. Mag. [4], v, 285); 17, Damour, (loc. cit.); 18, Schaffgotsch, (Pogg. lxviii, 147); 19, Forchhammer, (loc. cit.); 20, Wrightson, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. liv. 358): Si fr 1. Fire opal, Mexico, 92-00'775 F'e 0'25=100, Klaproth. 2. Limpid, " G.=2.029, 91-12 8'88=100, Damour. 3. Chatoyant, " 2'024, 89'90 10'10, and some combust., Damour. 4. Geyserite, white, " 91'23 8'77=100, Damour. 5. " gray opaque, 2'081, 92-59 7'41=100, 6. Silex resinite, Iceland, 2'095, 92-03 7-97=100, 7. Mfenilite, Menil Montant, 85'50 11-00 Fe 0'5, Al 1'5, a 0-5, K:laproth. 8. Fire opal, Faroe, 88-73 7'97, KI, Na 0-34, Ca 0-49, Mg 1-48 il 0'99, Forch. 9. Semi-opal, Hanau, 82-75 10'00, Fe 3'00, na 0-25,'Al 3 50=99 50 S. 10. Iceland, Geyser, 87 -67 10-40, Xl, Fe 0 71, Ca 0-40, Na 0-82, K tr., =100, Damour. 11. Sil. incrust, N. Z. G.-=1-968, 77-35 7-66, Al 9'70, Pe 3'72, Ca 1-74=100-17, 12. Prec. opal, Hun., G=2'099, 93890 6'10-100, Danmour. [Pattison. 13. Fire opal, Georgia, G.-=207, 91-89 5-84, Al 1-40, Mg 0-92=100'06, Brush. 14. Silex resinite, Mex., G.=121, 95'40 4-60=100, Damour. 15. Yellow opal, (Pechopal)Telk. 93-50 5'00, ie 1-0, Klaproth. [ —99'86, Mallet. 16. Sil. incrust, N. Zeal., 94'20 3-06, Al 1-58, Fe 0'17, Ca tr., Cl Na 0-85 17. Hyalite, Waltsch, Bohemia, 96-94 3-06, Damour. 18. " Bohemia, 95'5 3'0, 9e 0-8, Ca 0'2=99'5,.Sch. 19. C'acholong, Faroe, 95'32 3-47, K 0-07, 1Na 0-06, Ca 0-06, -Al 0'2, Mg 0-4=.9958, F. 20. Semi-opal, Schiffenberg, 90-20 2-73, Fe 4-11, Mig 0-86, K 0-8, Al 1-86, Na 0-9, S 0'31, W. 21. " KIaschau, 92-16 ft and 0 5'75, Fe 2'00, Ca 0'28. The precious opal of Hungary afforded Kobell 10-94 p. c. of water. A resin opal from Vourla, Smyrna, afforded Mr. G. J. Brush, 5'10 p. c. of water. G.=2'054. (This. Min. 3d edit. p. 691). Another from near Harmanjickl, Asia Minor, contains, according to J. L. Smith, 3 per cent. of magnesia, besides 92 Si and 4-15 ft. A hyalite, called water opal, from Pfaffenreith, afforded Schmitz 35 per cent. of water. For other analyses, see Schnabel and v. der Mark,Verh. nat. Ver. Rheinl. 1852, 377, 459, 561; Bickell, Ann. Chem. Pharm. lxx, 290. The Randanite of Salvetat, (silice gelatineuse), corresponds to the formula'Si2 when dried at 16~ C. and Si4H when dried at 100~ C. Fournet and Salvetat obtained, (Ann. Ch. Phys., [3], xxiv, 348): 1. Ceyssat, Sol. Si 87-20, f, 0, and org. matters 10'00, Al and Pe 2-00, sand 0'89, F. 2. Algiers, Sol. Si 80, ft 9, insol. Si 6-48, Al 1141, Pe 0'55, Ca 0'56, Na, K, and loss 2'00, S. It occurs as a fine earth or in compact earthy masses, and consists mainly of the casts of infusoria. The Michaelite afforded Kobell, Si 83-65, t1 16-35. B.B. opal is infusible, but gives out water and becomes opaque. Some varieties containing iron turn red. SILICATES. 15 Opal occurs in short irregular veins in porphyry: also in the vesicular cavities of amygdaloid. Common opal sometimes occurs in limestone. Menilite is met with in clay slate. Some varieties are found with galena and blende, in mletalliferous veins. It also occupies the interior of fossils in sandstone. The precious opal occurs in porphyry at Czerwenitza, near Kashau in Hungary, at Frankfort, and at Gracias a Dios in Honduras, S. A. Fire opal is brought from Zimapan in Mexico, and from "the Faroe Islands. The common opal is abundant in Hungary, in Faroe, Iceland, the Giants' Causeway, and the Hebrides; found also within a half mile, and to the southwest, of the watering place at Vourla, the harbor of Smyrna, along with yellow jasper and hornstone, imbedded in a low ridge of compact limestone, of a light yellow or grayish-white color; colors wax-yellow or grayish-green, occasionally white. Hungary affords also the hydrophane. The Giants' Causeway affords small masses resembling mountain cork, which though opaque, become translucent on immersion in water. Cacholongy occurs in loose masses on the river Cach, in Bucharia, whence its name. Hyalite occurs in amygdaloid at Schemnitz, in Hungary, and in clinkstone at Waltsch, in Bohemia. Menilite is found imbedded in adhesive slate, at Menil Montant, near Paris. Wood opal forms large trees in the pumice conglomerates of Saiba, near Neusohl, and Kremnitz in Hungary, in Faroe, near Hobart Town, Tasmania, and other trap countries. The Randanite is abundant near Algiers, and was taken for Kaolin; also at Ceyssat, near lRandan in the Puy de Dome. Hyalite occurs in the United States, sparingly at the Phillips ore bed, Putnam Co., N. Y. in thin coatings on granite; and rarely with the auriferous quartz of Cabarras Co., N. C.; also in Burke and Seriven Cos., Georgia. In Georgia it lines cavities in a siliceous shell-rock. The Suanna spring in Florida, affords small quantities of siliceous sinter. Good fire-opal is obtained in Washington Co., Ga. The precious opal, when large, and exhibiting its peculiar play of colors in perfection, is a gem of high value. It is cut with a convex surface. The largest mass of which we have any knowledge, is in the imperial cabinet ofVienna; it is nearly as large as a man's fist, and weighs 17 ounces, but contains numerous fissures, and is not entirely free from the matrix. This stone was used as a gem by the Greeks and Romans, and was called opalus; also pcederos, 7ra~&pws, in allusion to its color and lustre, as expressed in the Orphic poem, ipcpro- riEpnEa Xp6la ratds, "having the delieate complexion of a lovely youth," (Moore's An. Min.) II. OXYGEN DOUBLE BINARY COMPOUNDS, OR SALTS. 1. Acid of the form RO 3. I. SmIICATES. Combinations of oxygen bases with Silica. APPENDIX. Unarranged Silicates containing Titanic acid or Columbic acid. II. COLUMBATES, NIOBATES, TUTNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES, CHIROfMATES, VANADATES. III. SULPEATES, SELENATES. IV. BOeRATES. 2. Acid of the form f2 O2 (=R O 2.) V. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTBIrONATES. 20 154 DESCEIPTIVE M-NERALOGYo 3. Acid of the foerM R O02. VI. TITANATES. VIE. CARBONATrES. 4. Acid of theform se2 03 (RO%VII. nOXALATES I. SILICATES. I. Alnhydrous. [The different species of Silicates are widely varied in their characters through the mutual replacements of lime, potash, soda, magnesia, protoxyd of iron, and other protoxyds, represented by the general expression (R;) and also of the peroxyds, alumina, peroxyd of iron, etc. (n). The mere presence of one or another of these bases affords therefore no ground for distinction4*in classification. The only general fact of a constant character is the almost total absence of magnesia from the feldspars, (and also the zeolites), and, in fact, from all those species in which the protoxyds and peroxyds are to one another in the ratio of 1: 1, (1P: 1E,) that is, which have 1 ~ 3 for the oxygen ratio. I divide the anhydrous silicates, as has been explained, into a few grand groups, dependent on the oxygen ratio for the oxygen of the bases and silica; these ratios being 3,:3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 1: 1, 1: or less than A.) The feldspars, although seemingly unconformable to this system, still have been shown to have the type-ratio 1:1, this occurring in Anorthite; the additional silica in the other species, being added without changing the crystallization or typical structure. A general principle is here indicated which modifies the law of ratios, and which is exemplified also in the micas, scapolite, hornblende, and some other species. It has been observed that while some species contain water, without its affecting the crystalline form, so there are silicates, not hydrous, in which there is an addition of accessory substances which do not modify the form, and which substances thus appear to be in a certain sense unessential. Thus Sodalite, Hauyne and Nosean, have each the ratio 1:3: 4, and a common formula, with the addition of some Na Cl for Sodalite, Oa S for Hauyne, and 3a S' for Nosean. By considering these as ingredients essential to the type, the species would be widely separated fiom their congeners. SILICATES. 155 The above facts contain the principles upon which the anhydrous silicates are arranged. They are more fully developed in the chapter on Cheronial Mineralogy and Classification. Besides the ordinary chemical formulas, which have the advantage of a familiar form and look, we add the condensed formulas, explained in our chapter on Chemical Mineralogy. There is little reason to doubt that the protoxyds and peroxyds replace one another, 3 parts of R1 replacing 1t; or generally that proportions of oxyds equal in amount of included oxygen are mutual substitutes in compounds. Thus A3, R and 1 are equivalents. In this view, the complex silicates are simply silicates of a single complex base. Thus the general garnet formula is (13, -) Si; under which the following are among the special formulas, Garnet, (~ f-~) Si, ( + Epidote, ( ~+ _A ) Si oas, which differ from one another only in the ratio of 13 to X, it being 1 1 in Garnet, 1: 2 in Epidote, 1: 1 or 3: 2 in Idocrase-the fractions within the brackets equaling together a unit and indicating this ratio. Such formulas give the constitution of the species with all the precision of the old formulas, exhibiting the exact relations of the constituents, without any hypothesis as to their atomic groupings.] The following are the subdivisions of the Anhydrous Silicates. I. EDPELFORSITE SECTIoN.-Oxygen ratio of bases and silica, 1: 3. II. AUGITE SECTION.-Oxygen ratio, 1:2. III. EULYT1NE SECTION.-Oxygen ratio, 1': 1. IV. GARNET SEcTIoN.-Oxygen ratio, 1 1. VT. MIcA SECTION.-Oxygen ratio in type, 1: 1; Structure micaceous. TI. FELDSPAR SECTION.-Oxygen ratio in type, 1: 1; Oxygen ratio of protoxyds and peroxyds, I: 3. VII. ANDALusvITE SECTION. —Oxygen ratio 1 to less than 1. I. EDELFORSITE SECTION. EDELFORSITE. Neutral Silicate of Lime. ~Edelforsite, IKobell. Fibrous or feathery, and massive. 11.=6. (?) G.=2'58. Lustre shining. Color white or grayish. Transparent. 156 DIESCRIPTIVE MINiEMALOGY. Comnposition.-CaSi=Silica 62'2, lime 37-8. B.B. fuses to a white translucent glass. Gelatinizes. Edelforsite is found at Aedelfors in Smaoland, Cziklowa in the Bannat, and at Gjelleback in Norway. MANCINITE. PlInose and shining, with two unequal cleavages inclined to one another, 920. Color brown. Conmposition. —n'i, probably, according to Jacquot, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], xix, 703). From Mancino near Leghorn. The species is a doubtful one. II. AUGITE SECTION. The oxygen ratio for the bases and silica in the Augite Section, is 1: 2; varying in the species hornblende and acmite, to 1 24. 1. AUGITE GROUP. Crystallization monoclinic. WOLLASTONITE, Cas"Si2, HORNBLENDE, t4 Si3 3 Si PYROxENE,:a Si, ACMITE, (R+R) iP=(R", B) SiT RloioNITEo, Sn' 2i' WICHTYNE, ( j-I+t,)i(?) SPODUMENE, ('.3+4i) Si 2 SORDAWALITE, (I U+.5R) Tii (?) 2. BAB3INGTONITE GROUP.-Triclinic. BABINGTONITE. 3. BERYL GROUP.-Hexagonal. BEYL, ()-e+ —.l)' i EUDIALYTE, (P'4-l. r)' i2. WOLLASTONITE, H. Tabular Spar. Table Spar. GTramnite. Sehaalstein, WI Tafelspath, M. Ilonoclinic. C= 690 48', I: I=87~ 28', 0: 2i= 137~ 48'; a: b c:=0'4338: 1: 089789. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 0: li=160~ 30'. 0: 3i=114~ 16'. ii: 2=1320 14;. 0: 3i=139~ 53'. 0: ii=110~ 12'. ii: 2='1200 50'. 0: 5i=1300 42/. ii: -li=95~ 23'. Vi: i=145~ 8'.: -1i=1540 25'. ii: 1=133~ 44'. m: i =1150 34'. Rarely in distinct tabular crystals. Cleavage: O most distinct; ii less so; 1i and -1i in traces. Twins: composition-face ii. Usually cleavable massive, with the surface appearing long fibrous, fibres parallel or reticulated, rather strongly coherent. H.=4'5-5. G.=2'78 —2'9; 2'785-2'895, (United States), Thomson; 2'805, (Bannat), Haidinger. Lustre vitreous, inclining SILICATES, AUGITE SECTION. 1f7 to pearly upon the faces of perfect cleavage. Color white, inclining to gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Subtransparent-translucent. Fracture uneven, sometimes very tough. 341 Composition. —a3'Si-=Silica 51'9, lime 48'1. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Untersuch., 1, 356); 2, HI. Rose, (Gilb. Ann. lxxii, 70); 3, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxx, 469); 4, Weidling, (K. V. Ac. Forh., 1844, 92); 6, Bonsdorff, (Schw. xxxiii, 368); 6, Vanuxem, (J. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. ii, 182); 7, Beck, (Min. N. Y. 271); 8, J. D. Whitney, (Bost. J. Nat. Hist. v, 486); 10, J. B. Bunce, (This Min. 3d Edit., 696): Si Ca'ffg Fe II 1. 51'445 4-7'412 - 0401 00'76, Rn0'257=99'591, Str. 2. Perhoniemi, 51'60 46'41 - - gangue 1'11=99'12, Rose. 3. C. di Bove, 51'50 45'45 0'55 - 200-99-50, Kobell. 4. G6ekum, 50'724 43'802 0'879 0-849 -Mln 0'334, CaC 2'732, W. 5. Skrdibbdle, 52-58 44'45 0'68 Pe 0'13 0'99=99'83, Bonsdorff. 6. Willsborough, 51'67 47'00 - "1.35 -100'02, Vanuxem.'7. Diana, 51-90 47'55 "025 --— 99-70, Beck. 8. Cliff Mine, 49.09 46'38 0'14 - 296, ln 0-48,l 1023, Whit. 9. " 49'6 44'87 - 2'96, Mn 0'93, A 1128, Whit. 10. Grenville, U C. 53-05 45'74 120=99'99, Bunce. In the matrass no change. B.B. on charcoal, fuses on the edges to a colorless bead: affords with borax a transparent glass and leaves a siliceous skeleton with salt of phosphorus; with some soda, a blebby glass, with more, swells up and infusible. With muriatic acid, gelatinizes. Phosphoresces when heated. Wollastonite is found in regions of granite and granular limestone; also in basalt and lavas. It occurs in the copper mines or Cziklowa in the Bannat of Temeswar, and also at Dognaszka and Nagyag. It accompanies garnet, fluor, and native silver, in limestone, at Pargas in Finland, and Kongsberg in Norway; also at Perhoniemi, Skribbile, Finland. At Castle Rock, Edinburgh, it is met with in basalt, associated with prehnite, presenting a fibrous radiated structure. A greenish-white variety occurs in lava at Capo di Bove, near Rome. In the United States, this species occurs at Willsborough, N. Y., forming the sides of a large vein of garnet, traversing gneiss; abundant at Lewis, ten miles south of ~Keeseville, with colophonite; half a mile north of Lewis corners, with garnet and quartz; at Roger's Rock, near the line between Essex and Warren Cos. with garnet and feldspar; Diana, Lewis Co., about a mile from the Natural Bridge, in abundance, of a snow-white color; at Boonville, Oneida Co., in boulders, with garnet and pyroxene: also at Grenville, Canada, with sphene and green coccolite; at St. Jerome and Morin, C. E., with apatite, in large tabular masses of a fibrous structure, in Bucks Co., Penn., three miles west of Attleboro', associated with scapolite, pyroxene and sphene; of a red color at the Cliff Mine, Kewenaw Point, Lake Superior, and on Isle Royale, a very tough variety, but now exhausted. 158 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Named after the English Chemist, Wollaston; also tabular spar from its lamellar orms and structure. Dr. Thomson has described under the name of Wollastonite, a mineral from Kilsytl gh, occurring in greenstone veins. It differs from tabular spar in containing some silicate of soda. Formula, Na Si+-a3Si2, or near acmite. It is referred by J. D. Whitney, to Pectolite. PYROXENE, Haiiy. Augite. Coccolite. Diopside. Sahlite. Alalite. Mussite. Pyrgom. Fassaite. Pentaclasite. Jeffersonite, Keating. Asbestus,. in part. Bronzite. Paulite. Green Diallage. Kokkolit, Baikilit, Omphazit, TV; Pentaklasit, Haus. Malacolithe, Habiy. Funkite. Hudsonite, Beck. Polylite,- T'hon. 2Egerine, in part. Breislakite, Brocchi. IMlonoclinic; C=730 59', I: 1=870 5', 0: 2i=1310 17'; a: b c =0-5412: 1: 0'91346. O: 1i=155o 511. 0: -li=148~ 35'. 0: -3i=109~ 31'. 0: ii=106~ 1'/. 0 1-1460 9'. 0: 2=1300 6'. 0: -1=1370 49'. 2 2i 0: -2=1140 28'. 5 o li- 1500 20'. o li'- 90~'... _ _ _ _ _ 2i 2i(ov. 0)=82 34'. 4i ii: li= o30 10'. ii i3 i2 I~ i2 i35'. 11: -li= 1050 24'. _ ii: i2=1520 15'. 1 i _ 1 _ 45 i2 i2(Ov.ii)=1240 30'. -2 2i?,2 i2(ov.ii)-500 501. * 1 i it 33'=1430 34'. -1 -1-120~ 32'. -2: -2=95 30'. Observed Planes. 1: 1=131~ 24'. 2: 2=111~ 10'. Cleavage: Irather perfect, often interrupted; ii and ii imperfect. Crystals usually thick and stout. Twins: face of composition ii, (f. 357). Often coarse lamellar, in large masses, parallel to O or ii. Also granular-particles coarse or fine; and fibrous, fibres often fine and long. H.=5-6. G.=3'23 —35. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous; some pearly. Color green of various shades, verging on one side to white or grayish-white, and on the other to brown and black. Streak white-gray. Transparent-opaque. Fracture conchoidal-uneven. Brittle. SILICATES, AIUGITE SECTION. 159 348 350 352 354 -2i 349 351 30353 355 356 357 I.t). Long Pond, N. Y. Conmposition.-R3s'Sia, in which R1 may be lime, magnesia, protoxyd of iron or manganese, or even soda; and in some instances aluminra enters into the composition without changing essentially the crystallization, and usually replaces silica. When R=(Ca, Mg), the color is white or light green; when R=(Ca, Fe), the color varies in shade of green to black, according to the proportion of oxyd of iron; if R-Mn, the color is flesh-red, and the mineral is manganese spar. It may also be (Ca, Mn), or (Ca, Mg, Fe), or (Fe, Mn), and when iron is abundant the mineral is very dark green or black. There are other kinds arising from mode of crystallization, the species being sometimes in distinct crystals, sometimes thin foliated, sometimes granular, and often fibrous or asbestiform. The following are the prominent varieties:1. Diopside, White Augite, White Malacolite, Mzussite.-Of white, grayish, eol grayish-green color, either crystallized, lamellar or granular. The granular, when coarse and somewhat friable, is called white coccolite. Alalite is a diopside from Ala in Piedmont. Mussite has a grayish-green color, and is lamellar parallel to the base, the lamellae sometimes contorted; it is from Mussa in Piedmont. These varieties contain the bases magnesia and lime, with little or no iron, and usually no alumina, (Ca, Mg)'3si2 G. —323-3-26. Diopside is from its, two-fold, and oits, appearance; malacolite, from FaXaKos and Xtdos. Scahlite resembles diopside, but has a dingy greenish color, and is coarse foliated, arising from composition parallel to O; from Sahla, Sweden. Baikalite is a green variety, from Lake Baikal. Pyrgom is a dingy variety of sahlite, (named from the Greek Trvpycopa.) Omphazite is a foliated leek-green variety. The same constitution as above, but usually with some iron. G. —3-23 —33. Pyroxene, (from rvp, fire, and 4evox, stranger).-Besides its general use, this name is specially applied to the green or grayish-green crystals, often of large size Green Mlalaecolite is another name for this variety. Fassaite is handsome grass-green or pistachio 160 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. green, with high lustre; from the Fassa valley, Piedmont. Green Coccolite is a granular friable variety, consisting of bright green shining granules, named from KOKKO;, a grain. Funkite is a green coccolite. Lherzolite has a deep green, or olivegreen color, and occurs both crystallized and lamellar; from Lake Lherz in the Pyrenees. Baikalite (from Lake Baikal) is an olive-green sahlite. These species contain the bases lime, magnesia, and protoxyd of iron, (Ca M/g, Fe)3Si2. G.=3-25 -3 3. Jeffersonite is a dark-green crystallized foliated variety, from Mine Hill, Franklin, New Jersey: it has the same constitution and angles as the last, with some oxyd of zinc. (Ca, Fe, SIg, Zn)'3 i2 G.=3-6. Named after Mr. Jefferson. Augite (from avyi, lustre) includes the black and greenish-black crystals, common in basaltic and volcanic rocks. It contains the same bases as the last, together with alumina. (Ca, Fe, Mg)3(Si, 1l)2. G.=3-33 —336; 3-359, Etna; 3356, Eiffel; 3-358, Fassa. Alumina is also contained at times in some of the above varieties. zEgirine of Brevig is a black or greenish-black to leek-green pyroxene; G.=3-432 -3'504, (Pogg. lxxx, 315). Breislakite occurs in wool-like forms at Vesuvius and Capo di Bove. Its crystallographic identity with pyroxene has been shown by Chapman, (Phil. Mag. xxxvii, 444,/1850). Named after Breislak, an Italian geologist. Hedenbergite is a black pyroxene, containing largely of iron, little or no magnesia, and no alumina. (Ca, Fe)3Si. G.=3-5. Named after the Swedish Chemist, L. Hedenberg. fHudsonite, from Orange Co., N. Y., near the Hudson river, is black and cleavable like Hedenbergite, but differs in having a considerable part of the silica replaced by alumina, (Ca, Fe,)'(Si, l1)2. G.=3'5, Beck; 3843 —346, Brewer; streak green; often has a brown tarnish. It also contains at times some manganese. Polylite is the same compound. A pure iron-augite analyzed by Grfiner, (Anal. 47), has been called Griinerite. Diallage, (from &laX)ay7, difference, alluding to the dissimilar cleavage).-Thin foliated and easily cleavable; laminae brittle; color various shades of green, gray, and brown, and sometimes bronze or pearly-metallic. G.=3'11-3-227. It includes Schiller spar (in part) and Bronzite. Bronzite has a greenish-brown or brownish color, and metalloidal lustre; it cleaves in three directions, two of which meet at an angle of 87~. G.=-3125. From Gulsen in Styria. Hypersthene, (from vrep and cOenos, very strong or tough), bears.nearly the same relation to diallage that the dark varieties of pyroxene bear to the light. It contains a large proportion of iron and little lime, yet varies much in this respect, and some varieties, not distinguished by external characters, have the composition nearly of diallage. Its colors are grayish or greenish-black, and copper-red, with a bright metallic-pearly lustre. It cleaves easily, but not into as thin folia as the preceding. G.-=3'3-3-6. The Paulite (G.=3'389) is from the island of St. Paul. Labrador Hornblende and fetalloidal Diallage are here included. The Bronzite has clove-brown and pinchbeck brown colors, with a metallic-pearly lustre. G.=3 23 5. Cleavage orthodiagonal, very perfect. -Diaclasite of Hausmann (analysis43) is between diallage and hypersthene in composition, but has the pale colors of diallage, passing into brass-yellow. Named from IdaKXa(o, to cleave through. Analyses: I.-I, Nordenski6ld, (Schweig J. xxxi, 45'); 2, H. Rose, (Schw. xxxv, 86); 3, T. Wachtmeister, (Schw. xxx, 334); 4, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxvii, 190); 5, Wackenroder, (Kastn. Archiv. xiii, 84); 6, Kussin, (Ramm. 4th Suppl. 12); 7, Reutersk6ld, (Jahresb. xxv, 362); 8, Richter, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 384). II. 9, Seybert, (Am. J. Sci. iv, 340); 10-13, H. Rose, (loc. cit.); 14, Wolff, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiv, 236); 15, Hochstetter, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxvii, 375). III. 16-20, Kudernatsch, (Pogg. xxxvii, 577); 21, Gmelin, (Leonh. u. Bronn, N. Jahrb. 1840, 549); 22, Delesse, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], xii, 293); 23, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxx.-iii, 458); 24-26, Waltershansen, (Vulk. Gest. 107 to 110). IV. 27, T. S. Hunt, (Logan's Geol. Rep. 1853). V. 28, 29, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 369); 30, Thomson, (Min. i, 495): VI. 31, 32, K6hler, (Pogg. xiii, 101); 33, Delesse, (Ann. d. NM. [4], xvi); 34-36, Regnault, (Ann. des M. [3], xiii, 147); 37, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxvi, 303); 38, Schafhautl, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Ph. li, 254); 39, Beck, (Min. N. Y., p. 310); 40, Seybert; 41, Muir, (Thom. Min. i, 202); 42, Damour, (Ann. des Mines, [4], v. 157; 43, Kdhler, (loc. cit.); 44, T. S. Hunt, (communicated). SILICATES, AUGITE SECUTION. 161 VII. 45, Meitzendorf, (Pogg. lii, 626); 46, Gruner, (Compt. Rend. xxiv, 794); 47, Beck, (This Min. 3d Edit. 692); 48-50, Scheerer and Richter, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 331): ~ I. ~White or pale green, containing little or no iron.-Analyses 2 to 7 correspond nearly to the formula (1 Ca+~ MIg)3Si2=Silica' 55 7, magnesia 18'5, lime 25 8. G. of 4, 3'28; of 6, 3'37; of 7, 3'27. Si Ig Oa Pe SIn -l 1. Pargas, bh-gn. 55'40 22'57 15'70 2'50 2-83 - ]Mn 043=99'43, Nord. 2. Wermland, ywh. 55'32 16-99 23'01 - - - e 2-16, Mn 159, R. 3. Norway, wh. 57'40 loj74 23'10 - 043 " 0'20=97'87,Wacht. 4. Achmato'sk, wh. 53'97 17'86 25'60 2-00 057 -=100, Herm. 5. Fassa, " 54-15 18-22 24-74 2-51 0'20, Mn 018= —100 Wack. 6. Brazil, 55'61 17-82 25-11 1-20 - — ==99'74, Kussin. 7. Langbanshyttan, 53-56 16-27 23-86 4-48 1'87 0-25=100-29, Reut. 8. Reichenstein, 54-50 18-96 21-41 3'00 - 110,1-19= — 100-16,Richt. II. Dark green to black, containing lime and iron, with more or less magnesia and no alumina. Analyses, 10 and 11=(OCa+-3Mg+- Fe)3Si2=-Silica 537, magnesia 13'4, lime 24'9, protoxyd of iron 8-0. Analyses 13 and 14=-(Ca+-Fe)sSi2=Silica 48'6, lime 22'5, protoxyd of iron 28'9. G. of 15=3 174. 9. L. Champl. gn. 50'38 6'83 19-33 20'40 trace 1'83=9877, Seybert. 10. Dalecarlia, " 54-08 11-49 23-47 10'02 - -Mn 0'61=99'67,Rose. 11. " " 54-55 15-25 20'21 8'14 - 014 " 0 73-9902. 12. Wermland, bk. 53'36 4-99 22'19 17-38 0'09 - = —-9801, Rose. 13. Tunaberg, Hled. 49-01 2-98a 20'87 26-08 -- - =98'94, Rose. 14. Arendal, bk. 47'78 - 22'95 27-01 - =97' 74, Wolff. 15. Azores, 50'40 2'40 21-10 22'00 2'99, ign 0'30=99'19, Hochstetter. a With some Mn. III. Black or brownish-black, containing alumina, with magnesia, lime and iron; mostly from basalt and porphyry. G. of 21, 2'705; of 24, 2-886; of 25, 3'204. 16. Rhone, 50'11 15-72 18-66 7'55 -- 68=98'72, Kudernatsch 17. Vesuvius, 50'90 14'43 22-96 625 - 537=-99'91, " 18. Etna, 50'55 13'01 22-29 7'96 - 485=98'66, " 19. Fassa, 50'15 13-48 19'57 12'04 4'02=9926, 20. Eifel, 49'39 13-93 22-46 7'39 - 600=9925, " 21. Wetterau, 56'80 5'05 4-85 12'06 M 372 15'32,.Na 3 14, K 0'34, G. 22. Vosges," 49'16 15'95 18-87 7'19 ST trace 5'08, H 2-26 —98-51, Del. 23. HIrtlingen, 47-52 12-76 18-25 13-02 i 0'40 8'13=100'08, Ramm. 24. Etna, black, 47-63 12'90 20-87 11'39 0-21 6-740-'28=-100-02,Walt. 25. " gnh. bk. 51'70 21'11 18'02 4-24 - 438 " 0'49=99'94, " 26. Iceland, 49'87 16'16 22'00 5-92 6'05=100, Walt. a This augite forms with the feldspathic mineral Vosgite, the porphyry of Ternuay. IV. White aluminous, like diopside in appearance. 27. Perth, C. W. 50'90 18-14 23-74 0'35 -- 615, ign 0'90=100'18, H. V. Black, containing alumina, with iron and lime without magnesia. Hudsonite corresponds to the formula R"(Si, A])2. 28. tudclsonite 39'30 2-98 10'39 30'40 0'67 9:78, KI, 2-48, Na 1-66, ign 1'95=98'61, S. &B. 29. " 38'58 3'02 10-32 30-57 0'52 11-05, I, Na 4'16, ign. 1-95-10017, S. & 1B. 30. Polylite, 40-04 - 9'42 34'08 6-60 21-54, I 0'4=102-08, Th. 21 162 DESCRIPTTVlEt MINERALOGY. VI. Thinjbliated. Nos. 31 to 33, i)iallage; ~34 to 37, Bronvzite; 38, Taqclclifero.us B~"ronzite; 389, 40, a kind of gIypersthene; 41, 4%, Ilyperstfhee; 44, ib.. from Chateau lRicher, Canada; 43, Diaclasite of Hausmann. Si kMg'Ca'e Sin z1 31. Hartz, 53'71 17-55 17'06 8-08 2-82, f 1-04=100-27, K. 32. Florence, 53'20 14-91 19'09 8-67 0-38 247, II 17'7710049, K. 33. Odern, diZllage, 49'30 17'61 1543 9-43 0-51 5'50, Vr 0'30, ign. 0-85= 98'93, Delesse, 34. Piedmont, 50'05 17-24 15'63 11-98 - 258, f 2'13=99-61, Reg. 35. Ural, 52-60 16'43 20'44 5-35 - 3'27, " 169=99-68, 36. Ultenthal, 55-84 30'37 - 10'78 109," 1'809998,." 37. Greenland, 58'00 29-66 - 1014 100 1-33-100-13, Kobell. 38. Genoa, G. 3-25, 49'50 14-12 18-12 3'28 - 5'55, V 3'65, Na 3'75, ifH 1'77, S. 39. Lake George, 45-45 18-00 24-33 11'49 - -- 99'27, Beck. 40. Wilmington, 52117 11-33 20'00 10-73 - 400, 1 0=99 23, Seyb. 41. Skye, Hypers. 51-35 11-09 1-84 33-92 - -, " 05=980, Muir. 42. Labrador, " 51'36 21-31 3 09 21-27 1-32 0 37=98672, Damour. 43. Baste, D)iacl. 53674 25-09 4673 11-51 0-23 1-34f 3-76-100-40,Kbh. 44. Canada, HJyp. 51'35 22'59 1-68 20'56 - 3670, ign. 0'10-99'93, H. VII. Asbestiform varieties. Analysis 45 has the composition of a diopside; 46 is an iron-augite, with the formula Fe3Si2=Silica 57'1, protoxyd of iron 54'3; G.= 3'713. No. 50 is from Zillerthal; oxygen ratio 13-94: 29'70 (water excluded.) 45. Zillerthal, 55687 20'33 17'76 4'31 1'12 -- 99'39, Meitzendorf. 46. Collobrieres, 43'9 1'1 0'5 52-2 1'9=99'6, Gruner. 47. Staten Id., 55'20 30673 11-82 H- 225 —100, Beck. 48. Tyrol, 57'50 23'09 13'42 3'88 — " 236=100'25, Scheerer. 49. Reichenstein, 55'85 23-99 11-66 5'22;i10'56 " 215, Cu 0-40-99'83, Rr. 50. Rock Cork, 57-20 22'85 13'39 4-37 " 2'43=100'24, Scheerer. Jeffersonite afforded Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvii, 13, 1849): 51. Si 49'91 (a 15 48 Sin 7-00 2n 4 39 Fe 10'53 -lI 1-93, 3ig 8'18, ign. 1'20. Other analyses: by Lory, (Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. [2], vii, 540); Delesse, (Ann. d. M. [4], xviii, 309, xx, 145); A. Erdmann, (K. V. Ac. IH. 1848, and Ramm., 5th Suppl., 58); Deville (Etudes, 1848); Breidenstein, (Ramm. 5th Suppl., 60); Fr6lich, (ib. 62. B.B. the whitish or pale varieties fuse with some effervescence to a colorless glass; with borax afford a clear glass. Varieties containing iron afford an iron reaction, which is more intense the greater the proportion. The Hedenbergite and dark sugites fuse readily to a shining black glass. Diallage yields some water in a matrass, and becomes of a paler color; on charcoal it fuses with difficulty on the edges to a gray slag; with borax it forms a glass colored with iron. Bronzite becomes of a paler color, but alone is infusible. Hypersthene generally fuses on charcoal rather easily to a grayish-green glass, not clear. Hudsonite fuses with effervescence to a black magnetic bead; with soda, a manganese reaction. Pyroxene is principally confined to crystalline or volcanic rocks, and is associated at different localities with granite, granular limestone, serpentine, greenstone, basalt or lavas. Diallage occurs generally in serpentine or greenstone; and hypersthene with feldspar and quartz forms hypersthene rock, which occurs extensively in some districts of crystalline rocks. Pyroxene, with labradorite or oliglocase, forms Greenstone or Diabase; and when the texture is very compact, it constitutes Melaphyre, which is reddish-brown to black. With labradorite and magnetite, forms Dolerite or Basalt, often crystalline granular, and called basalt more especially when the texture is impalpable. Pyroxene is common in lavas, and is a constituent of Tufas. Foreign localities are numerous and we mention but few. A:ugite occurs at Aussig and Teplitz, in Bohemia, in large crystals imbedded in basalt; and in small highly polished crystals in the lavas of Vesuvius, with nepheline, idocrase, and mica. Diopside is met with in crystals at Ala, in Piedmont, as SILICATES~, AACU TE SECTION. 163 eociated with garnets and talc in veins traversing serpentine. Its more tranparent crystals from this locality are sometimes cut and worn as gems. Sahlite is met with in granite rocks at Sahla, and elsewhere. Baikalite occurs principally on the borders of Lake Baikal. Omphazite accompanies granular garnet at the San Alp, in Carinthia, and near Hof, in Bayreuth, with the smaragdite variety of hornblende, which it much resembles. White subtransparent crystals are met with at Bytown, Lower Canada, in limestone, often measuring an inch by one and a half inches; grayish-green in limestone with phlogopite at Grand Calumet, Id.; crystals sometimes 1 ft. long and 4 in. wide, and having attached sniall crystals of greenish hornblende, at the high falls of the Madawaska, Canada. White flattened prismatic crystals, two or three inches long by one or two in breadth, occur in dolomite at Canaan, Conn.; large green crystals in the limestone of Trumbull; small transparent crystals with granular pyroxene, in Reading, Conn., on the turnpike near the line of Danbury. The Bolton quarries, Mass., afford good crystals. The dolomite of New York Co., N. Y., affords white crystals, often several inches long, and also the abandoned quarries at Kingsbridge, about 208th street. In Orange Co. there are interesting localities, affording, besides fine crystals, many of the massive varieties, from white to black colors, the former in limest6ne, the latter usually with magnetic iron; at TwoPonds, in Monroe, in simple or grouped crystals, often large, associated with scapolite, zircon, and sphene in white limestone: another, half a mile east of Greenwood furnace, along with mica in limestone, where one crystal was obtained six inches long and ten in circumference; two and a half miles north of Edenville, gray crystals. Near Amity and Fort Montgomery, are other good localities. Dark green or black crystals in limestone a mile northwest of Edenville. In Putnam Co., near Patterson, grayish-white crystals are abundant, strewed over the surface and in limestone. In Westchester Co., white at the Sing Sing quarries. Other good localities in New York, are at Rogers' Rock, Lake George, massive, and granular, (coccolite), of gray, green, and brown colors; on the banks of Vrooman lake, near Oxbow; in Diana, Lewis Co., in black crystals; at Fine, St. Lawrence Co., where the crystals are very large. Franklin, N. J., also affords good pyroxene. Massive varieties occur at most of the above mentioned localities. Crystals of black augite in trap at Montreal, Boucherville and Rougemont Mountains, C. E. A beautiful green coccolite, and also crystals (f. 356) occur near Long Pond, Essex Co.. N. Y., and a black coccolite in Monroe, Orange Co., a mile west of Coffee's Hotel; at Willsboro', N. Y., green coccolite is associated with sphene and tabular spar. A lamellar variety of a dark-green and bronze color is abundant in the Forest of Dean, Orange Co., N. Y., along with black coccolite; and fine sahlite with coccolite about three miles southeast of Greenwood furnace. Diopside occurs on Hustis's farm, Phillipstown, N. Y., and in the Bolton limestone quarry. Raymond and Rumford, Maine, afford massive varieties, diopside, sahlite, &c. At Berkshire, Mass., a white -variety is abundant. A broad lamellar sahlite of a white color at Watertown, Conn., at the lime quarry near the Naugatuck, and a less interesting grayish-green variety at the verd antique quarries of Milford and New Haven. Both crystals and granular pyroxene near Attleboro', Penn. Diopside in Burnett's quarry, Pennsbury. D)iallage in serpentine in Westfield and Blanford, Mass., at Deer Isle, Maine, Cooptown, Hlarford Co., Md. A massive fassaite with red sapphire and sphene, at Burgess, Canada West. Hypersthene is stated to occur in Essex Co., in much of the granite of that region, often associated with labradorite; also near Wilmington, Delaware. But the mineral from these localities, although presenting the external characters of this variety, differ much from one another in composition, (analyses 39, 40), and still more from the Labrador hypersthene, (analysis No. 42). It is also found with andesite rock at Chateau Richer and at St. Adele, Mille Isles, Canada, (analysis 44), grayishblack and brown, with laminie curved. The Hudsonite of Beck (analyses 28 and 29) occurs in a vein of quartz in Cornwall, Orange Co., N. Y. The Polylite of Thomson may possibly come from the same locality; Thomson attributes it to Hoboken, which Beck states must be an error. Pyroxene was thus named by Haiiy from rvp, fire, and evos, stranger, in allusion to its occurrence in lavas, where HIlaiy supposed it did not belong, or was a stranger. 164 DESCRIPTIVE MINIERALOGY. Crystals of this species have been obtained by fusion, and are not unfrequent, of a black color, among the iron slags of Sweden. Mitscherlich and Beudant have formed white crystals by heating together silica, lime, and magnesia. ALTERED FoaRs.-Pyroxene undergoes alteration in different ways, as has been well explained by Bischof. When containing much protoxyd of iron, as in many varieties, the iron, if moisture is present, undergoes oxydation, becoming brown or brownish-red and hydrated, or of a red color and anhydrous; or is carbonated and becomes gradually removed and the result uncolored, if carbonic acid is present. In an early stage of alteration, crystals often develop a basal cleavage. The carbonic acid of infiltrating waters when lime is present, carries off the lime, leaving the most of the magnesia, as in the change to Rensselaerite; or by continuing its action, carries off the magnesia and gives origin, if the pyroxene is aluminous, to a hydrous silicate of alumina, like Cimolite; an addition of alumina may probably take place through the accompanying decomposition of associated feldspar. Acted on by sulphuric or sulphurous acid about volcanoes, the protoxyd bases are rapidly removed, and a hydrous aluminous silicate is left, and often a siliceous deposit or sinter. Acted on by alkaline carbonates in solution, a similar result is produced, but alkalies take the place of the removed bases, and an alkaline silicate of alumina or of iron and alumina is formed, as Green earth; or under different circumstances there is a change to mica. Acted on by waters containing traces of bicarbonate of magnesia in solution, magnesia is exchanged for the lime, and thus pyrallolite, hypersthene and hornblende, may be formed from Augite; and the removal of the lime entirely, and its replacement by magnesia, gives origin to serpentine, steatite, talc, saponite. Silicates of iron and magnesia may also proceed from the action of alkaline silicates or carbonates. Tufas consist largely of altered augite, and are formed from augitic sands lunder the action of steam or heated waters, thus becoming a hydrous silicate of alumina, etc.; such, according to Bunsen, is the Palagonite of Waltershausen The following are analyses and descriptions of some of the more prominent results of alteration. 1, 2, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 305); 3, Beudant; 4, Beck, (Min. N. York, 297); 5, Nordenskiold, (Schw. J. xxxi, 386); 6, Kohler, (Pogg. xi, 192); 7, Rammelsberg, (3d Suppl. 106, and Pogg. xlix, 387); 8, Klaproth, (Beit., ii, 180, v, 22); 9, Svanberg, (K. V. Ac. H. 1840, and Pogg. lvii, 165); 10, 11, Smith & Brush, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 368); 12, Svanberg, (Pogg. liv, 267); 13, 14, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xlix, 387); 15, Delesse, (Bib. Univ. Geneve, June, 1848, 106); 16, 17, Waltershausen, (loc. cit., 301); 18,.Rammelsberg, (loc. cit.); 19, Klaproth, (Beit., i, 291); 20, Ilimoff, (Ann. J. M. Russ., 1841, 3386); 21, Rammelsberg, (loc. cit): 1. CALcAREO-MAGNESIAN.-1. EHydrosilicite. 2. Ibid.'i Al Mig Ca /Ta i A 1. 44'90 - 4'60 33-32 2-11 1'86 13'21-100, Waltershausen. 2. 43'31 3-14 8'66 28'70 1o70 14'48=100, Waltershausen. II. MAGNESIAN.-3. Sahla, Pseudomorph. 4. Rensselaerite. 5. Pyrallolite. 6. Schiller Spar. 7. Ibid. 8. Saponite, Cornwall. 9. Ibid. 10. Thalite, Lake Superior. 11. ibid. 12. Piotine. Si Xl Pe e kg Ca Na: 3. 60-65 -- - 4'18 25'20 4'97 Mn0' 8 -8 4'38=100'16. Beud. 4. 59'75 3'40 3290 1-00 - 2'85=9990, Beck. 5. 56-62 3'38 0'99 23-38 5-58n 0-99 - 3'58Bitandloss638, Nor. 6. 43'08 173 - 10'91 26'16 2-75 " 0'57 - 12-43 -r2-37=-100, KShler. I. 41-48 649 -- 16-61 27'24 -- -- 1013-101-95, Ramm. 8. 45-00 9'25 1-00 - 24-75 -- - 0-75 18'00=98'75, Klap..9. 46-8 8'0 04 -- 33.3 0'7 -- 1100 —100'2, Svanb. J10. 45'60 4-87 2'09 -- 24-10 1'07 0'45 20-66=-9884, S. and B. 11. 48-89 7-23 2'46 24-17 -- 0'81 15'66=99'22, S. and B. 12. 50o89 9'40 2'06 26'52 0'78 --- 10'6=100'15, Svanb. IIL ALKALINE.-13. Green Earth, Fassa. 14. Ibid. 15. Green Earth, Mt. Baldo, 16. Green Earth, Iceland. 17. Ibicd SILICATES, AUGITE SECTION. 165 Si XI Fe Pe [g Ca Na K fi 13. 45'87 11-18 24'63 0'28 1'50 6'72 9'82=100, Ramm. 14. 39'48 10-31 8-94 15'66 1-70 Ca C 15'24, alkali and Ti 867-=100, Ramm. 15. 51'25 1725 -- 20'72 6'16- 1 92 6 21 6'49-100, Del. 16. 52'04 4'93 -- 25 54 4'26 1'38 -- 6 03 5 19=99 37, Walt. 17. 60'09 5'28 - 15172 4'95 0'09 2'51 5 04 4'44-198-12, Walt. IV. ALU ousNOUS.-18. Bilin, Pseudomorph. 19. Cimolite, Argentiera. 20. Cimolite, Alexandrowski. Si XI * e Sig Oa I: 18. 60'63 23'08 4'21 0-91 1'28 9'12=99'23, Ramnmelsberg. 19. 63'00 23'00 1-25 -- -- 12'00=99'25, Klaproth. 20. 63'52 23'55 -- 12'00=99'07, Ilimoff. V. SILICEOUS. —21. Vesuvius, Pseudomorph. Si XI1 Fe Mg Ca II 21. 85-31 1'58 1-67 1'70 2-66 5-47-98-42, Rammelsberg. llydrosilicite, Waltershausen, (Analyses 1, 2).-Occurs amorphous or as a crust, at Palagonia and Aci Castello, in Sicily, associated or mixed with Ilerschelite, Phillippsite and Calcite. Formula o3 Si'~3H, or a hydrous augite. Rensselaerite, Emmons, (Analysis 4).-Compact steatitic, with an unctuous feel, fine compact texture, either gray, whitish, greenish, brownish, or at times black. I.=3-4, G.=2'87. Translucent. Has often the cleavage of pyroxene. On account of its softness, translucency and fine texture, it is worked in a lathe into inkstands and other forms. Occurs over large areas in Northern New York, in the towns of Fowler, Dekalb, Edwards, Russel, Gouverneur, Canton and Hermon, St. Lawrence Co. Pyrallolite, Nordensliold, (Analysis 5).-Cleavable or granular massive, and like pyroxene. H.=3'5 —4. G.=2'555 —2594. White, sometimes greenish; subtranslucent to opaque. Formula Mg3a Si2 with water. B.B. at first blackens and then becomes white. From Storgorcl in Finland, in limestone, with pyroxene and scapolite. Closely related to the Rensselaerite. Schiller Spar, (Analyses 6, 7).-Cleavable, massive, like some pyroxene. H.=3 5 -4. G.=2-5 —276. Lustre metallic pearly, to subvitreous. Dark green, inclining to pinchbeck brown. Subtranslucent. B.B. fuses on thinnest edges. From Baste in the Hartz with serpentine. It is considered an altered augite by G. Rose. The name is from the German for a play of colors or lustre. Called also Bastite. Saponite, Seifenstein, (Analyses 8-11).-Occurs like Green Earth in amygdaloidal cavities. It is soft, almost like butter, brittle on drying; white, yellowish, bluish, reddish,-not adhering to the tongue. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Wholly soluble in sulphuric acid. From Lizard's Point, Cornwall; amygdaloid of northern shore of Lake Superior Region, (Owen's lThalite, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1852, and Am. J. Sci., [2], xiii, 420, Anal. 10, 11); Svardsj6 in Dalarne, (Piotine of Svanberg, Pogg, liv, 267, Analysis 12). Green BEarth, (Seladonite).-Earthy or a minutely crystalline appearance, dark olive green, to celandine green, and quite soft, with an unctuous feel. It occurs in amygdaloidal cavities. The green earth from Mt. Baldo is nearly apple green; G. —2-907. That from Iceland where it occurs with zeolites, afforded a trace of vanadium; G. —2'67. Analyses of Green Earth Nos. 13 to 17; 13, 14, Fassa, 15, Mt. Baldo, 16, 17, Iceland. Picrophyl according to Breithaupt is also altered A_4gite. GCimolite, (Analyses 18-20).-Massive, earthy, very soft. G.=2-18-2-30. Color white, grayish. Lustre of steak greasy. Absorbs water but does not fall to pieces. Corresponds in composition nearly to Xl'Si3+3 (or 2) AI. B.B. infusible. The original Cimolite was from Cimolis, on the island of Argentiera, Greece. Analysis 18 is of a pseudomorph after augite from Bilin, identical in composition with Cimolite. Acemite is considered by Bischof and Rose, pyroxene altered by the alkaline process. 166 DESCRIPTIVE AMINERALOGY. Augite altered to Hornblende is found in Uralite, which has the form of Augite, with the cleavage and composition of hornblende. Pyroxene from Taberg _ and Pargas, and a variety from the Azores, also have a ii 12 i hornblende composition, while some hornblendes, as a tremolite from Pennsylvania, and a hornblende from - 2 Hartlingen, have the composition of Augite. These transitions are explained by Bischof, as above, (see p. I 6.2.. 164). Scheerer considers them cases of paramorph- _33 ism, or a change from one of the two forms of a dimorphous compound to the other, augite and horn- -2i -22 blende being dimorphous. The annexed table shows the relations in form of the two species referred to the -P7 -12 - 1 augite type; it presents the symbols of the planes in hornblende. Sandberger has observed crystals of au- Observed Planes in Hornblende, gite and hornblende forming a mace together; and in (p. 111), referred to the some cases the hornblende crystals are implanted around the augite. Sandberger and Blum regard facts of this kind as proving that the two species may form simultaneously. (Sandberger, Pogg., lxxxiii, 453). Other pseudomorphs after augite, are as follows:-steatite and serpentine by alteration opal, quartz, lirnonite, calcite, by substitution. Palagonite of von Waltershausen occurs amorphous and in grains and fragments forming much of volcanic tufa or conglomerate, H.=4 —5. G.=2-4-2-7. Lustre vitreous or greasy, or like pitchstone. Color amber-yellow, yellowish-brown, garnet-red, colophonite-brown, blackish. Streak yellow. Composition.-Analyses by von Waltershausen (Vulk. Gesteine, 1853). Means after gangue excluded: aSi;1 Fe Ca Sg Na K Hr 1. 1. Krisuvik, 40'68 14-59 14-24 6'95 7-65 1-84 0'45 13'60=100. II. 2. Hecla, 40'75 8'42 1'799 8'64 4-54 0'62 0'44 18'60-=100. 3. Laxa, 42'28 11-14 16-71 5b68 6-39 --- 1-80 16-00-100. 4. Val di Noto, 38-69 13-61 14-51 8-38 6-13 1'07 1-35 16'26-100. III. 5. Galapagos, 38-07 13-03 9-99 7-54 6'58 0'70 0'94 23-15=100. 6. " 36'94 11 56 1071'795 6'28 055 0'78 2523 —100. IV. 7. Saidafell, 41'46 10'91 18'12 8'54 4'80 0'64 0'40 14'49-99'37. 8. Val di Noto, 41-26 8-60 25'32 5'59 4'84 1'06 0'54 12'79=100. V. 9. " 40-86 10 07 20 54 4-46 3'28 3 99 110 15 70 —=100. VI. 10. " 34'99 6 02 20'50 6-08 11'02 0-92 0'93 19-54=100. Waltershausen calculates for chrysolite and sometimes carbonate of lime present in the above, and makes out for the correct composition, as mean results for many analyses under the above types, I to VI: Si Gil Fe Ca Mg Via k ft I. Palagonite, 41-90 12-72 16-74 6-71 6-86 1-92 099 1216= 3Si2~+2Si+6fl. II.' 4062 11'03 15'86 7 23 5'44 0'62 1-53 11 67= ". " +-91. III. " 38-96 12-75 1071 5-96 6-53 0-65 0.90 23-26==3 Si+2 A'i+121i. IV. Korite, 4407 12-00 19-47 5-53 4-95 070 044 12'84=R -Si+tFSi+311. V. Hyblite, 40'86 10'22 20-68 4-53 2-61 4'05 1-12 15-93= " " — +41. VI. Notite, 36-96 6-36 21'66 3'26 11'64 0'97 0'99 18 16=a2 Si+l'Si+51I. VII. Trinacrite, 31-82 5'25 33'95 2'57 4-57 4-19 3-42 14322=-R Si+3- gSi+9fS. The Korite is a hydrous labradorite; it is in dull brown grains, and is associated with Sideromelane, which has the same composition excepting the absence of water. It may well be doubted whether these substances are, all of them, distinct chemical compounds. Waltershausen makes out another allied compound which he calls Trinacrite, constituted as above given. It is dull brown and cleavable or micaceous, and is mixed with his Siderosilicite, a hydrous silicate of peroxyd of iron and alumina. It may be remarked that decomposed chrysolite in one of its stages has the brown appearance and structure of the mixed Trinacrite and Siderosilicite. SILICATES, AUGITE SECTION. 1s67 Bunsen regards the Palagonite of Iceland, (Pogg. lxxxiii, 219, and Ann. Ch. Phys. [], xxxviii, 237), as consisting of silicates R3 i2-+Aqi and R S.i —Aq, combined with one another. To the Palagonite of Iceland, he gives the formula, R3 Si2+2R Si+-Aq, to that of the Galapagos, 3 si2+-jR Si+Aq; and he observes that the palagonite occurs as the basis of the basaltic tufas of Germany, France, Azores, Canaries, Cape Verdes, Tortugas, and probably also of the Pacific Islands. He gives analyses which show great uniformity of composition in the basaltic tufas, and compares it with the constitution of pyroxene, the alteration of which is the source of the peculiarities of the tufa. He also observes that the Palagonite may be made artificially by putting powdered basalt into a large excess of caustic potash in fusion and pouring on water; the product, after washing, is hydrated, pulverulent, and gelatinizes -with weak acids, and its composition is like that of the purest palagonite of Iceland. The origin of the Palagonite is hence attributed to the alteration of pyroxene rocks, in which process the iron is peroxydized. BOLTONITE, Shepard. Disseminated massive. Cleavage rather distinct in one direction; in two others oblique to the first, indistinct. H.-5-5. G.=28 —2-9, Shepard; 3-008, Silliman. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color bluish-gray, yellowish-gray, wax-yellow, yellowish-white.. The darker colors turn yellow on exposure. Transparent-translucent. Composition.-Analysis by Silliman, Jr., (Aml. J. Sci., [2], viii, 392): Si 46'062,;1I 5-667, Mg 38-149, Fe 8-632, Ca 1l516=100-026. This gives the formula i'2'Sil ig' X1 01'or 2(i, 1l). But it is quite probable that the species is an altered augite. B.B. alone, it is bleached and rendered transparent, but does not fuse. With borax it forms a transparent glass. Boltonite is disseminated through white limestone at Bolton, Mass., and also at Roxbury and Littleton. Mr. Saemann attributes the change of color in boltonite to minute grains of magnetic iron disseminated in the substance of the crystals, which undergo change on exposure, and leave the mineral of a lighter color than it was when fresh. Thomson's bisilicate of magnesia, (Ann. Lye. Nat. Iist. N. Y., iii, 50), the analysis of which has been referred to this species, is shown by Silliman (loc. cit.) to be actinolite. RHODONITE, Beud. Manganese Spar. Bisilicate of Maganese, 7Thomson. Rother Mangankiesel. Kieselmangan. Photizite, Dumenil. Allagite. Corneous Manganese. Bustamite, BrJongn. Fowlerite. Marceline, Beuzd. Dyssnit, Kobell. Paisbergit, Igelstriim. Mionoclinic, and like pyroxene, I: I= 870~ 7'. Observed planes, I ii, i,) 0. Cleavage: Iperfect; O less perfect. Usually massive. I{.=5'5-6'5. G.=-3 —3'68; 3'612, Langbanshytta; 3'634, Siberia; 3'63, Hermann, Stirling. Lustre vitreous. Color light brownish-red, flesh-red, sometimes greenish, or yellowish, when impure. Streak white. Transparent —opaque. Fracture conchoidal-uneven. Brittle. Fbwlerite is the crystallized Rhodonite of Franklin, N. J.; it is often black externally from alteration. Named after Mr. S. Fowler. The name Rhodonite alludes to the red color. Photizite is a mixture of Rhodonite and carbonate of manganese. Marceline (from St. Marcel) is an impure silicate into which the Rhodonite changes on exposure. Bustamite, from Mexico, is grayish-red, and at times somewhat fibrous; it contains much lime. Allagite is greenish-gray, verging towards black, and is somewhat fibrous, resembling altered bustamite; named from aAXay,, change, alluding to change on exposure. Opsimose of Beudant, from Franklin, N. J., is the fowlerite partially altered. The dyssnite of'Kobell, is from the same region and of similar character. Thomson's analysis of fowlerite (Ann. Lye. N. Y., iii, 28) is from a partially altered specimen of this kind. 168 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition. —in3 i2-Silica 45'9, protoxyd of manganese 54-1=100, or a true manganese augite; usually (MVIn, Ca)3 Si2 or (M[n, Fe, Ca)3 Si2. Analyses: 1, Ber zelius, (Afhandl. i, 110, iv, 382); 2, 3, Ebelmen, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], vii, 8); 4, Dumas, (Ann. des Sci. Nat. viii, 411); 5, Ebelmen, (loc. cit.); 6, 7, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvii, 6, 8); 8, A. Schlieper, (this Mil., 3d edit., 463); 9, Igelstrdm, (J. f. pr. Chem, liv, 190).'Si n Ca g F'e 1. Langbanshytta, 4800 49:04 3'12 0'22 -=100-38, Berzelius. 2. Algiers, 45-49 39'46 4'66 2-60 6'42=98'63, Ebelmen; G.=3'599. 3. St. Marcel, 46'37 47'38 5-58 - — =99-23, Ebelmen. 4. Bustamite, 48-90 36-06 14'57 -- 081=100:34, Dumas; G.=3-12-3-35. 5. 6 44'45 26-96 14-43 0-64 1-15, Ca (C 12-27=99'90, Ebelmen. 6. Stirling, N. J., 46-48 31-52 4-50 3-09'723, Zn 5-85, ign. 1'00=99'67, H. 7. Cummington, 48'91 46-74 2-35 2-00 trace=100, Hermann. G.=3-42. 8. " 51'21 42'65 2'93 trace 4-34=101-13, Schlieper. 9. Paisbergite, 46-46 41-88 8'13 0'91 3-31=100'69, Igelstrdm. G.=3'63. Schlieper found his specimen (one furnished by the author and seemingly unaltered) to consist partly of carbonate of manganese and other bases. By digestion in concentrated muriatic acid, it afforded 90-15 per cent. of silicate of manganese, and 9-85 soluble portion. The latter gave on analysis, In C 50-52, Fe C 860, Ca C 37-17, Mg 0 2-44, I and loss 127-100. Ten per cent. of carbonates had been previously found in the Cummington mineral, by E. Hitchcock. Allowing that the ten per cent. of carbonates in Schlieper's specimen had been formed at the expense of the bases in the Rhodonite, and also that there was some free silica in minute points or grains, as was obvious to the eye, the oxygen ratio cannot be taken as different from that of Rhodonite. B.B. becomes dark brown, and m.lts to a reddish-brown glassy globule; with the fluxes gives the reaction of manganese. In powder, partly dissolves in muriatic acid, and the insoluble part becomes of a white color. Darkens on exposure to the air, and often becomes nearly black. Occurs at Langbanshytta, near Phillipstadt in Sweden, in iron ore beds, in broad folia, and also granular massive; also at Elbingerode, in the Hartz; in the district of Ekatherinenburg, in Siberia; with gray copper ore at Kapnik, in Transylvania; in Cornwall. Paisbergite is from Paisberg's iron mine in Phillipstadt, Sweden. Occurs in boulders in the town of Cummington, Mass., and some of the neighboring towns, and has been observed also in Warwick, of the same State, on the other side of the Connecticut. Also in an extensive bed on Osgood's farm, Blue Hill Bay, Maine; in Irasburgh and Coventry, Vt.; near Winchester and Hinsdale, N. H. An ore from Stirling, New Jersey, gave Thomson the angle 123~ 30', which is near the angle of hornblende, but we have not been able to verify the result. Thomson's analysis of this ore, if correct, would make it a manganese augite or Rhodonite, (Min. i, 515), and this sets aside his measurements, or at least throws doubts upon them. He found the specific gravity 3-586. The Fowlerite which occurs in large crystals with franklinite, at the Franklin Furnace, Hamburgh, at Stirling, N. J., has been analyzed by W. Camac, (Am. J. S. [2], xiv, 418), and the following composition obtained:S'i Sin Fe Zn Ca SIg 42'20 25'37 11'00 4'15 9'66 527; feldspar 3'56=101-20. This gives the oxygen ratio for the silica and protoxyds 3: 1'85, corresponding nearly to 9 ]R, 5 Si. The result needs confirmation. A rose-colored ore from Kapnik, in concretionary forms afforded Brandes, Si 53-50, Min 41-93, Fe 1'00, A1 1-24, H 3-00, and it has been considered a trisilicate, Mn Si; G. —2 8. Its purity is denied by Dufr6noy, who attributes part of the silica to the quartz with which it is associated. Mangan-Amphibole, I-Iermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvii, 7). Hermann separates from Rhodonite, without good reason, the Cummington Manganese spar under the idea that it is a hornblende, and not a manganese augite. He unites with it Thomson's Stirling ore. SILICATES, AUGITE SECTION. 169 ALTERED FoRMs.-Rhodonite changes partly to a carbonate, by the action of waters holding alkaline carbonates in solution, as exemplified in remarks above; and also becomes altered by the tendency of protoxyd of manganese to pass to a higher state of oxydation, accompanied with the absorption of water. By the last process, the red color becomes brown and black, and indefinite compounds or mixtures result, which may be either partly silicates, or wholly an oxyd of manganese. Marceline and Allagite, etc., are of this kind. The following also probably belong here as altered Rhodonite. Stratopeite, lgelstr6m. —From the Pajsberg iron mine in Philipstadt. Amorphous, massive. Easily scratched with a knife blade. G.=2-64. Color pitchblack, brown or brownish red in thin splinters. Streak brown. Fracture flat conchoidal. B.B. fuses to a black translucent globule. With muriatic acid, much chlorine is evolved. The following are analyses of this and other allied impure silicates by IgelstrSm, Bahr, and Svanberg, (Oefv. V. Ak. Firh. 1850, 1851, and J. f. pr. Ch. liii, 308, liv, 190). Si Al Fe Mn Cla g HI 1. Stratopeite, 35-43 - 1027 32'41 --- 804 13-75, Igelstrom. 2. Klapperud, 36-20 1'11 0'70 47'91 0-61 4'43 9'43=100-39, Bahr. 3. " 36'11 0'90 11'31 42-00 0'70 0'57 9 43=101 39, Svanberg. 4. " 34'72 1-09 10'45 42-64 0-56 0-36 9-76=99'98, Bahr. 5. " 23'69 0-61 9-14 56'21 0'50 0'39 9 51-=100'05, B. 6. " 33-81 1'03 7-53iMn46-18 0-72 1'42 9'57=100'26, B. 7. " 43 30 6'80 4'571 n 9.88 15-96 11-90 6'13, Go 0-39=98-93. lgelstrom writes for Stratopeite, (Anal. 1), the formula Tg' Si2+4 (Mn, e), Si12 H. A related mineral has been called Neotokite; formula deduced, Sig Si.+4 (1n, Be) Si+8 fI; G.=2'70. Wittingite is similar; formula given it, 2 (Fe, n1) Si~-3 1I; G.=2'71-2'76; from Wittinge, Finland. Analyses 2 to 4 are of a dull lead gray mineral; they give the oxygen ratio for the peroxyds, silica and water, 2: 2: 1. Analysis 5 gives the ratio 25: 1'5: 1; color pure black; fracture earthy; rather soft; G.=3'207. Analysis 7 is of a light yellow mineral, hard and without distinct cleavage; lustre between vitreous and greasy; G.-3'320; the oxygen ratio which the analysis gives for the protoxyds, peroxyds, silica and water is, 2'5: 1:5: 1'2. SPODUMENE, d'Andrada. Triphane, H. Monoclinic. C=690 40', I: I=87~, 0: 2i 358 =1300 30'. 0: ii=-690 40'. ii:-2=117~ 19'. 0:-1=1340 12'. i:-22=1250 12'., 0:-2=1100 50'. ii:-1=1010 6'. -ii: 1330 30'. it:- 2=1340 19'. ii: 3=107~ 33'. I:-2=1450 50'. 2i: 2i (top)=80~. 1:-1=121~ 28'. i I I3s Ui: 2i=139~ 30'. -1:-1=116~ 19'. ii: 2-=102~ 542'. -2:-2-91 ~ 24'. Crystals large. Cleavage: ii very perfect; Ialso perfect; ii in traces, seen in stria3 on?i. Twins, face of composition ii. Also cleavable massive. H.=6'5 —7. G.=3'1 —3'2; 3'17, Haidinger; 3'188, Thomson, specimen from Dublin Bay; 3'132-3'137, Rammelsberg. Lustre 22 1t0 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. pearly. Cross fracture vitreous. Color grayish green, passing into greenish white and grayish white, rarely faint reddish; streak uncolored. Trianslucent-subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Composition. -(53-+-S)i'=Si1-Silica 64'5, alumina 29'3, lithia 6'2. Analyses: 1, R, Hagen, (Pogg. xlviii, 361); 2, Thomson, (Min. i, 302); 3, 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxv, 544); 5-8, Smith and Brush, (Amer. Jour. Sci. [2], xvi, 3'72):'Si Al pe Li Na Oa 1. Ut6, 66-136 27'024 0-321 3'836 2'683 — =100, Hagen. 2. Killiney, 63-812 28'508 Se0-828 5-604 0'728, i 036=99'84, Thom. 3. Ut6, 65-02 29-14 F'e trace. 5'47 0'46 0-50, K 0-14, T.g O'15, o. 4. Tyrol, 65'53 29'04 Fe 1-42 4-49 0'07 0'97, K 0-07,. Mg 0-07, R. 5. Norwich, 64'04 27'84 0'64 5620 0'66 0'34 ign.0'50, K 0'16=99'38, S. & B. 6. " 63-65 28'97 5'05 0'82a 0-31 " 050=99'30, S. &B. V. " 63'90 28 70 4'99 0'80' 0'26 " 060=99'25, " 8. Sterling, 64-50 25-30 2'55 5'65 1'10 0'43 " 030,Mg0O06=-9989, S. & B. a With some soda; in 5, 6, 7, magnesia, trace. In a specimen from Sterling, Mass., Hagen found Si 65'247, Al 3 e 27-556; and in another from Tyrol, Si 66-027, Al 26-451. B.B. loses translucency and color, intumesces and fuses to a glassy globule; gives the reaction of lithia. Occurs on the island of UtO, in Sfidermanland, Sweden, with magnetic iron ore, quartz, tourmaline, and feldspar; also near Sterzing and Lisens in the Tyrol, and of a pale green or yellowish color, imbedded in granite, at Killiney Bay, near Dublin, and at Peterhead in Scotland. It occurs in granite at Goshen, Mass., associated at one locality with blue tourmaline and beryl; also at Chesterfield, Chester, Norwich, and Sterling, Mass.; at Windham, Maine, near the bridge, along with garnet and staurotide; at Brookfield, Ct., a few rods north of Tomlinson's tavern, in small grayish or greenish white individuals looking like feldspar. At Norwich, Mass., it is associated with triphyline, mica, beryl, and albite; one crystal from this locality was 16J inches long, and 10 inches in girt. Named from acrodos, ashes, because the mineral becomes ashy before the blowpipe. The following are the angles obtained with the common goniometer, from the Norwich crystals: 0: ii=690 40', ii: I-133~ 30', ii: i3=107~, 2i: 2. (top)=800, ii: 21 —1390 45', ii: 2= —103, ii: -2= —116, ii: -1=-100~ 30', ii: x=1400, ii: -2 -134~, i: -2=142, ]: -2=1440, -1: -1-117o, -2: -2-92~. ALTERED FonMs.-Killinite of Thomson (Min. i, 330) has the appearance of spodumene, and occurs with it at Killiney Bay. Mallet states that it affords by cleavage a prism of 1350, which is very nearly the angle between the diagonal and prismatic cleavage of spodumene, both of which are perfect. IH.=4. G.=-256. Lustre vitreous, weak. Color greenish-gray, brownish, or yellowish. Composition. According to Lehunt and'Blythe (loc. cit.) and Mallet, (Rammelsberg's 5th Sup. 143):,Si Al Foe Oia kig SIRn k t 1. 49 08 30'60 2'27 0-68 1'08 - 6-72 10'00=100'43, L. 2. 47-93 31'04 2'33 0'72 0'46 1'25 6-06 10'00-99'80, B1. 3. 52'89 33'24 3'27 1-45 -- - 4'94 3'67, Li 0'46=99'92, M. 1-IORNBLENDE. Amphibole. Green diallage. Actinolite. Actinote. Tremolite. Calamite. Pargasite. Smaragdite. Asbestus, in part. Amianthus. Amianthinite. Amianthoid. Lotalite. Strahlstein, Tremolith, Kalamit, Amiant, W. Grammatit. Byssolith, Haus. Carinthine, Anthophyllite, Schumacher. Cummingtonite, Dewey. Breislakite, Brocchi. Raphilite, Thom. Arfvedsonite, Brooke. /fgirin, Tamnau, in part. Kymatin, Breit. Diastatite, Breit. SILICATES, AUGITE SECTION. 171 Monoclinic. C=750 2', I: 1=1240 30', 0: 11 =1640 10', a: b: c =0'5527:1 18 1-825. Crystals sometimes stout, often long and 359 360 364 365' -1_ 22 361 3621 363 bladed. Cleavage: Ihighly perfect; ii, ii, sometimes distinct. Lateral planes often longitudinally striated. Twins: face of composition ii, as in f. 362, a twin of the form represented in f. 361. 0: 1i=155~ 33'. ii: i~ =1470 39/ 0: -1i=149~. i3: i3=15~ 18/. ___ 0: -2i=124~ 56'. ii: 33=1240~ 14. 2i 0: ii=104~ 58'. il: -3-3=130~ 15'. 33 0: 1=152~ 36'. 2i: 21(ov.0)=120~ 52'. - 0: -1=1450 35'. 1: 1=1540 26'. - A3 I i3 i 0: -2=121~ 29'. 1: -1=1480 28'.: 2i=1500 26'. -2:-2=1310 36'. 0: ii=900. 33: 33=111 32'. O: I=103~ 12'. -3 3: -383=99~ 30'. _i -1 ji: i3=990 57'. tObserved Planes. Imperfect crystallizations: fibrous or columnar, coarse or fine, fibres often like flax; sometimes lamellar; also granular, coarse or fine, and usually strongly coherent; sometimes friable. H.=5 —6. G.=2'9 —3-4. Lustre vitreous to pearly on cleavage faces; fibrous varieties often silky. Color between black and white, through various shades of green, inclining to blacki:h green. Streak uncolored or paler than color. Sometimes nearly transparent; usually subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven..Oomposition.P- 4'i= -si — _.1'Si.+1~Si. Isomorphism leads to the same variations of constitution in hornblende, as in pyroxene, and IR may be either lime, magnesia, protoxyd of iron or manganese. Alumina replaces silica, in some varieties. The prominent varieties are the following: 172 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Tremolite, (fr. Tremola valley, Switzerland), Grammatite, (fr. ypappn, a line).White, grayish, greenish, or yellowish-white specimens. Crystals often in long slender blades, either distinct and traversing the gangue, or aggregated in columnar and radiated masses. G.=2'93. Transparent-translucent. Calamite (fr. calamus, a reed) is asparagus green in crystals. Raphilite (fr. paot,, needle) is an asbestiform tremolite from Lanark, Canada. Formula, CaSi+Ig3 Si2=Silica 60'7, lime 12'5, magnesia 26'8. Actinolite, (fr. acrtv, a ray), Actinote, Strahlstein. Bright-green bladed crystals or columnar forms; if in distinct crystals, glassy actinolite. The crystals are long, slender prisms, and break easily across the prism. The fibrous or radiated crystallizations are often named asbestiform actinolite. The green color is owing to a small proportion of oxyd of iron, and on account of the iron present, the specific gravity of actinolite is above that of tremolite, usually between 3'02 and 3'05. Anthophyllite, (fr. anthophyllum). Fine columnar, or made up of acicular fibres of brown or grayish-brown color, often submetallic. G. =294 —3'16. The cleavage affords prisms of 1240 30', like other varieties of hornblende. Formula, ]'eSi+kg3 Si2=Silica 58'6, magnesia 25'9, protoxyd of iron 15'5. Asbestus, (fr. aa6esros, unconsumable), when of a white color or some light shade, is a fibrous variety of tremolite or actinolite. The fibres are often as fine as flax, and may be separated with the fingers. By traversing limestone or the gangue that contains it, it often gives an asbestiform appearance to large masses of the rock. The more delicate varieties, presenting the lustre of satin, are called Amianthus, (fr. aptiavros, undefiled).-The fibres of asbestus are sometimes so interlaced that the fibrous structure is not apparent; this variety is called mountain leather, and rock or mountain cork; the former occurs in flexible laminsa or sheets, resembling leather, and the latter has the feel and nearly the texture of cork: both are so light, owing to the loose interlacing of fibres, as to float on water. Pcargasite. Pargasite includes crystallized varieties (crystals usually thick and stout) of high lustre and rather dark shades of green; it is also granular. Hornblende. The name hornblende, as originally applied, belonged only to the dark green and black varieties, whether in crystals or massive. It contains much iron and alumina; G.-=3-1 to 3'4. The name alludes to the toughness. Carinthine is a hornblende (aluminous and ferruginous) from Carinthia. G.=3-127. Arfvedsonite. A black hornblende containing largely of iron and also soda, and, according to Brooke, having I: 1=1230 55'. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. G.-=3-44. Formula, NaSi+Fe3'Si2Silica 49-4, protoxyd of iron 39-3, soda 11-3. It is very fusible, melting even in the flame of a candle. Named after Professor Arfvedson of Sweden. EJgirine, as analyzed by Plantamour, is ablack hornblende related to Arfvedsonite. A black or greenish-black Brevig mineral so-called is pyroxene. Hornblende Rock and Amphibolite are names of rocks consisting of hornblende, and having a crystalline granular texture, sometimes slaty. Corneine is a compact hornblende rock of smooth fracture, extremely tough and sonorous when struck. The name is from' the Latin for horn. Diastatite. A hornblende from Wermland, differing a degree, according to Breithaupt, in the angle of the prism from hornblende. G.-=3 09 —31. Uralite (from the Urals) has the cleavage structure and composition of hornblende, though the external form of augite, and is considered a pseudomorph. The two species are variously mingled in different specimens, showing the change in different stages of progress. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Bonsdorff, (Schw. J. xxxi, 414, xxxv, 123); 4, Seybert, (Am. J. Sci. vi, 333); 5, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Ph. [3], xvi); 5~, 6, Ramm., (5th Sup. 131, 1st Sup. 73); 7, Murray, (ib. 2d Sup. 60); 8, Bonsdorff; 9, T. S. Hunt, (Amer. J. Sci. [2], xii, 213, Phil. Mag. [4], i, 322); 10, Richter, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 367); 11, Vopelius, (Pogg. xxiii, 355); 12, 13, Thomson, (Rec. Gen. Sci. xvii); 14, Heintz, (Pogg. lviii, 168); 15, 16, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 48); 17, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Ch. xiii, 3); 18, Plantamour, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxiv, 300); 19, 20, Bonsdorff; 21, 22, 23, Hisinger, (Schw: SILICATES, AJGITE SECTION. 173 J. xxxi, 289); 24, Bonsdorff; 25, Arfvedson, (Jahresb. iv, 149); 26,Goschen, (Ramm. 2d Sup. 61); 27, Clausbruch, (Ramm. 1st Sup. 72); 217, Kudernatsch, (Pogg. xxxvii, 585); 28, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxiii, 458); 29, 30, 31, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 111); 32, 33, Klaproth, (Beit. v, 150); 34, Hisirger. I. Tremolite and Actinolite, containing lime and magnesia, without alumina. Si lVg Ca e AJn 1l 1. Wermland, white,.59'75 25'00 14-11 0'50 - trace HF 0'94,.1 0'10, B. 2. Fahlun, " 60-10 24'31 12'73 1'00 0'47 0'42 " 0-83, E 0-15, B. 3. Taberg, greenish, 59-75 21'10 14'25. 3-95 0-31 -. " 0'76=100'12, B. 4. Concord, Pa., green, 56'33 24-00 10'67 4'30 -. 1-67, 11 1'03=100, Seyb. 5. St. Gothard, 58-07 24-46 12'99 1'82 - -_97'34, Damour. 54. Gouverneur,N.Y. wh. 57'40 24-69 13-89 1-36- 1-38, H 0-40=99-12, R. 6. Kymatin, Asbestus, 57'98 22'38 12'95 6'32 - 0'58=100'21, Ramm. 7. Taberg, " 59'50 19'30 1265 860 - --— =10005, Murray. 8. Tarentaise, " 58-20 22-10 15'55 3-08 0-21 0'14, HF 0-66, H 0'14, B. 9. Raphilite, 55'30 22'50 13-36 6-30 trace 0'40, Na 0O80, K 0-25, ign. 0' 30=99 31, Hunt. 10. Reichenstein, 58-89 23'37 9'57 3'79 - 0-67,13'60=99'89, Richter. II. Anthophyllite, containing magnesia and iron, without alumina. 11. Kongsberg, 56'74 24'35 - 13-94 2-38 —, 11 1'67=9908, Vop. 12. Perth, C. E., 57'60 29'30 3'55 2-10 -- 3'20,11 3-55=99-30, Th. 13. Tyrol, Asbestus, 54'92 26'08 12'60 - 1-64, H 5'28=100'52, Th. 14. Ural, " 59'23 31'02 - 827 -- 0'19, ign. 1'31=100, H. 15. (ummingtonite, 51'09 10-29 tr. 32-07 1'50 0'95, la 0'75, B tr., 11 3'04 -99'69, S. & B. 16. " 50'74 1Q'31 tr. 33'14 1'77 0-89 " 0-54 K tr., A1 3-04 =100'43, S. & B. III. Arfvedsonite, containing soda and iron, without alumina. 17. Greenland, 49'27 0'42 1'50 36'12 3n 0-62 2'00 Na 8800,a C10-24, K. 18. Brevig, AEgirine, 46,5'7 5-88 5-91 24'38 " 2-07 3-41 " 7'79, K 2-96, Ti 2'02, F. undermined=100 99, Plantamour. a With trace of K. IV. Containing alumina, with lime and magnesia. 19. Aker, Grammatite, 4'721 21'86 12'73 2-28 05'7 13-94, HF 09, 1 044, B. V. Containing alumina, with iron, lime, and magnesia. G. of 29=2'893; 31, 3'234. 20. Pargas, 45'69 18'79 13'83'732 0-22 12-18, IF 1-50=99-53, B. 21. " 41'50 19'40 14'09 7'75 0'25 15'75, H 0'5=97'24, H. 22. Fahlun, 47'62 14'81 12-69 15'78 0'32 7'38-98'60, Hisinger. 23. Westmanland, 45638 16'34 13'92 7'74 1 50 13'82, A 0'23=98'92, H. 24. Wetterau, 42'24 13'74 12'24 14'59 0'33 13'92=97-06,Bonsd. 25. Greenland, Arfved 41-81 11-20 11-55 19-50 1-47 12-14=9-'67, Arfvd. 26. Wolfsberg, Boh. 40'27 13'38 13'80V15'34 - 16'36, H 0'46=99'61, Gos. 27. Carinthia, C(arin. 46'03 18'48 10'23F1'744 - 8'37=100'55, Clausbruch. 27j. Uralite, 53'03 12-90 12'47 16'37 -- 4-56=99'35, Kud. 28. Hirtlingen, 42-52 13'45 12'25 16'59 - 11-00, Na 1'71, K 1'92, Ti 1 01=100'45, R. 29. Etna,V. d. Bove, bk. 43'84 11'70 12-05 21'79 - 92'7, [I 0-84=9949,Walt. 30. " Mascali, 40'91 13-19 13'44 17'49 tr. 13'68 " 0'85=99-56, Walt. 31. " Zoccolaro, 39'75 13'01 12-99 14'40 1-06 15-29 " 1'02=97'52b,Walt b Probably 2 1-2. per cent. of alkali to be added, W. 174 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. VI. Containing alumina, with iron and lime. Si Sig Ca Pe Min:1 32. Westmanland, 42'00 2'25 11'00 30'00 0'25 12'00, If 0'*5, k, trace — 98'25, Klap. 33. Fuldaischen, 47'00 2'00 8'00 1500 -- 26'00, 0'5 —=9850, " VII. Containing alumina, with iron and magnesia. 34. Garpenberg, 53'50 11'35 4'65 22'52 0'35 4'40, f 06 —=9710, His. Cummingtonite is an anthophyllite variety containing largely of oxyd of iron resembling an asbestiform tremolite, often scopiformly arranged; color ash-gray, lustre silky. B.B. alone fuses with great difficulty. Formula, (8 Fe+ ilg)4 Si', Smith and Brush, (Anal. 15, 16.) The analysis by Thomson, (Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, iii, 50), referred by Shepard to Boltonite, is shown by B. Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 391), to pertain probably to an actinolite from BoLton. The Raphilite, according to Hunt, has the augite oxygen ratio 2: 1, (anal. 9). The fluorine in many hornblendes is supposed to exist as fluorid of calcium, and this ingredient, according to Bonsdorff may constitute 1 part in 5 of the mineral. B.B. the tremolite and pale varieties, containing no iron, fuse readily with intumescence to a glass nearly transparent to milk-white; and with borax form a transparent colorless glass. The lighter colored varieties containing iron, fuse alone with more or less difficulty to a dark yellowish glass, and with borax give a transparent glass, tinged with iron. The darker green varieties afford a deeper iron color. The hornblende, containing alumina and little iron, acts much like tremolite; but the black varieties fuse to a brilliant black bead, and the borax glass is tinged with iron. Anthophyllite fuses with great difficulty to a glass colored by iron. Arfvedsonite fuses readily with intumescence to a black magnetic globule. Green or black hornblende is one of the constituents of syenite and greenstone, as well as hornblende rock and slate. Tremolite is most common in dolomite and granular limestone. Hornblende also occurs in granular limestone and in trachyte. Actinolite is found in the greatest perfection in talcose rocks. Asbestus often traverses serpentine rocks and granular limestones. Much of the so-called asbestus in serpentine is Chrysotile. Aussig and Teplitz in Bohemia, Tunaberg in Sweden, and Pargas in Finland, afford fine specimens of the dark colored hornblendes. Actinolite occurs at Saltzburg and Greiner, in the Zillerthal; Tremolite at St. Gothard, in granular limestone or dolomite, the Tyrol, the Bannat, Gulsjd in Sweden, &c. C(alamite occurs at Normarken in Sweden, in prisms in serpentine. Asbestus is found in Savoy, Saltzburg, the Tyrol; also in the island of Corsica, where it is so abundant that Dolomieu employed it in packing his minerals. Rock cork is obtained in Saxony, Portsoy, and Leadhills, where also mountain leather occurs. Oisans, in France, affords a variety of amianthus, composed of fibres having some degree of elasticity; it is the amianthoide of Hauy. Anthophyllite comes from Kongsberg, Norway, &c. Arfvedsonite was brought first from Greenland, where it is associated with sodalite. It occurs also at Fredericksviirn, in Norway. In the United States, black crystals of hornblende occur at Franconia, N. H..; at Chester, Mass.; at Thomaston, Me.; at Moultonboro', Me., in Syenite; at Willsboro', N. Y., presenting interesting crystalline forms; also near the bridge at Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.; near Greenwood Furnace, and in Warwick, Orange Co., N. Y. (f. 365.) Crystals of a dark green color occur near Two Ponds, and also a mile north, two and a half miles north, and a mile south of Edenville, together with gray or hair brown crystals and tremolite, sphene, and chondrodite, in granular limestone. Near Amity, hornblende occurs of various forms and colors, and often in large and perfect crystals: in dark green crystals, with ilmenite, at the Stirling mines, Orange Co.; at Gouverneur, in short green crystals, sometimes two or three inches in diameter, along with apatite; in Rossie, two miles north of Oxbow, the variety pargasite in neat bright green crystals. Pargasite occurs also at Phipsburg and Parsonsfield, Me. Gray hornblende or tremolite in good crystals is found at Bryam, N. J., and other varieties at Franklin and Newton of the same State. SILICATES, AIJGITE SECTION. 175 Large flattened crystals of a white color abundant in dolomite at Canaan, Conn., between the falls and the post office, and other places in Litchfield Co.; also at Lee (one and a half miles southwest of the meeting house) and Newberg, Mass.; in Diana, Lewis Co., N. Y. Glassy actinolite in good specimens occurs in the steatite quarries of Windham, Readsboro' and New Fane, Vt., and at Middlefield and Blanford, Mass.; also near a hamlet called Pecksville, in Fishkill, N. Y. Radiated or asbestiform actinolite at the same localities; at Unity, Me.; at Brown's serpentine quarry, 3 miles N. W. of Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y.; at Franklin, N. J.; at Carlisle, Pelham, and Windsor, Mass.; in Buckingham Co., Willis's Mt., Va. Actinolite occurs also in Pennsylvania, in Providence, Mineral Hill, Delaware Co.; at Unionville; at Kennett, Chester Co., often in fine crystals; radiated and asbestiform tremolite abundant in the dolomite of New England and New York; at Thomaston and Raymond, Me.; Lee and Great Barrington, Mass.; in New York at Dover, Kingsbridge, the Eastchester quarries, at Hastings and near Yonkers in Westchester Co.; at Knapp's quarry, Patterson, and on the banks of Yellow lake and elsewhere in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. The same varieties occur at Franklin, N. J.; in Pennsylvania, at Chesnut Hill, near the Wissahiccon; near Philadelphia, at London Grove, Chester Co.; at the Bare Hills, Md. Asbestus is met with at many of the above localities; at West Farms, Winchester, Wilton, and Milford, Conn.; at Brighton, Sheffield, Pelham, Newbury, and Dedham, Mass.; in New York, near Greenwood Furnace, Roger's' farm in Patterson, Colton rock and Hustis's farm in Phillipstown, (both asbestus and amianthus), near the quarantine, Richmond Co., asbestus with the fibres between two and three feet in length; at Chesnut Hill, Penn.; Cooptown and Bare Hills, Md.; and Barnet's Mills, Fauquier Co., Virginia. Mountain leather occurs at the Milford quarries, Conn., also at Brunswick, New Jersey. Cummingtonite is from Cummington and Plainfield, Mass. A variety of hornblende, on the island of Corsica, admits of a high polish, and is the Verde de Corsica duro. Asbestus was manufactured into cloth by the ancients, who were acquainted with its incombustibility. This cloth was sometimes the material for napkins; which could be cleansed by throwing them into the fire. This material was also employed for the wicks of lamps in the ancient temples, and it is now used for the same purpose by the natives of Greenland. The name amianthus was applied to it because of the simplicity of the means of restoring it, when soiled, to its original purity. The best United States locality for collecting it for this purpose is near the quarantine, Richmond Co., New York. It is extensively used in making safes. GEDRITE.-Resembles anthophyllite. Dufrdnoy obtained Si 38-81, Al 9'31, Fe 45.83, MTg 4'13, Ca 0-67, H 2-30. From Gedre in the Pyrenees. ALTERED FonRs.-Alterations of Hornblende are mostly like those of Augite. Varieties often contain some water from hydration, (as in analyses 10, 12, 13, etc.) especially asbestiform or anthophyllite varieties. The ferruginous change by oxydation is common; and all varieties are exposed to alteration from infiltrating waters holding carbonates, silicates, etc., in solution, thus giving rise to mragnesian, ferruginous, magnesio-ferruginous, (chlorite), alkaline, or aluminous forms. Beck has analyzed hornblende pseudomorphs from Warwick, N. Y., (Am. J. Sci. xlvi, 25); and Rammelsberg, another from Madrell, (Pogg. lxii, 142, and 2nd Suppl. 61.) The so-called Hydrous anthophyllite of Thomson (from New York Island) is an altered asbestiform tremolite. Fresh specimens afforded Smith and Brush as the mean of two analyses, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 49), Si 58-43, Mg 29-34, Fe 8-76, Na 0.88, K tr., ignition 2-26, Al tr. =99.67, corresponding to the hornblendq formula. Thomson found 11-45 per cent. of water, (Min. i, 209). It occurs also in Scotland. Talc, steatite, serpentine, chlorite, mica, pinite, chabasite, limonite, magnetite, occur as hornblende pseudomorphs. Chabasite, as Bischof observes, has the same oxygen ratio for the bases and silica as hornblende; but part of the protoxyd of hornblende (the magnesia) is removed and alumina substituted, probably through the results of the decomposition of feldspar in progress at the same time. Groppite, and perhaps Rosite, as L. Saemann has suggested to the author, may be altered Pargasite. NEPHRITE. Jade. Beilstein.-A hard compact, light green, bluish, or whitish stone, translucent, tough, breaking with a splintery fracture and glistening surface; but varying in composition, and not a distinct mineral. G.=2'9-3-1. H.=6-7. 176 DESCRIPTTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition.-Analyses: 1, Kastner, (Gehlen's J. ii, 459); *2, Rammelsberg, (lst Supp. 105, Pogg. lxii, 148); 3, 4, Schafhliutl, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm., xlvi, 338); 5, 6, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xvi): Si Mg Ca Fe Al e 1. 50 50 31'00 - - 1000 5'50, r 005, 11 275= —99.80, Kastner. 2. 54-68 26'01 16'06 2'15 - -, Mln 1-39, loss ign. 0'68=100'97, Ramm. 3. 58-91 22'42 12'28 - 132 2-70, Mn 0-91, K 0-80, I 0'25=99'60, Sch. 4. 58'88 22'39 12'15 - 1-56 281, Mn 0'83, i 080, i 0-27=99-70, Sch. 5. 58-46 27 09 12'06 1'15 - - =98'76, Damour. 6. 58'02 27-19 11'82 1'12 = —— 98'15, Damour. Damour's nephrite-white oriental specimens-affords the composition of tremolite-Ca Si-Jig' Si'. Schafhiutl obtained a similar result. Rammelsberg's specimen, as he states, approaches augite. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the thinnest edges; sometimes more easily to a gray mass or white enamel. It is found in connection with talcose rock or slate, and granular limestone. Nephrite is worked into images and ornaments in China, New Zealand, and Northwest America. The name is from vsqopo, kidney; it was supposed to be a cure for diseases of the kidney. The so-called ZNe phrite of Smithfield, Rhode Island, named Bowenite, is identical with Serpentine in composition. ACMITE, Hcaidinger, Akmite. Achmite. 366 Monoclinic, and like augite. I: 1=86~ 56', 1: i/=1330 28', a: a=1190 30', a: ii=1030 47'. Cleav- / age: Idistinct; lateral less so. Plane ii often longitudinally striated. Twins: face of composition par- // allel to ii, common. lH.=6. G.=3'2-3'53; 3'43, Ramnm. piece of a i crystal; 3-53, same pulverized. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Streak pale yellowish-gray. / Color brownish or reddish-brown; in the fracture / blackish-green. Opaque. Fracture uneven-earthy. 0 IBrittle. Composition.-(Na+- e) Si3 (=-a'Si+e Si2)=Silica 55017, peroxyd of iron 32-4, soda 12'6. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. HI. 1821, p. 160); 2, Lehunt, (Thomson's Min. i, 480): Si Fe tn Sa Na 1. 55-25 31'25 1 08 10'40 0'72 titanic acid, trace=98'70, Berzelius. 2. 56-02 28-08 Mn3-49 13'33 0'89 kg 0-50, Al 0-69-98-98, Lehunt. Rammelsberg in analyses directed towards determining the condition of the iron, found 33-25 —355 —35'85-34-44peroxyd of iron, and with the last, 54-13 silica. B.B. readily fuses to a black bead, which is magnetic. Affords: an iron-colored glass with borax; a silica skeleton with salt of phosphorus. With soda on platinum gives a manganese reaction. In powder partly decomposed by acids. Acmite occurs at Rundemyr, about four miles north of Dunserud, near Kongsberg in Norway, nearly a foot long, imbedded in feldspar and quartz; the crystals are often macled and bent, and quite fragile. Named from aKuli, a point, in allusion to the pointed extremities of the crystals. G. Rose suggests that Acmite as hitherto observed, is probably in a somewhat altered condition, and that possibly the tEgirine of Brevig is Acmite in an unchanged state, (Kryst. Chem. Min., 1852, p. 76). SILICAT]ES AUGTIE SECTION. 177 WICtHTYNE, Laurent. Wichtisite, Hausmann. Massive; cleavage parallel to the sides of a rhombic prism, nearly rectangular, according to Laurent. Scratches glass. G.= 3'03. Colorblack. Lustre dull. Fracture angular, or nat conchoidal. Composition.-(4~ 3+y~) Si2. Analysis by Laurent, (Ann. Ch. Phys. lix, 109): Si 56.3, Xl 13.3 Fe 4'0 FPe 13 0 Ca 6'0 ig 3'0 Na 3'5=99'1. B.B. fuses to a black enamel and becomes magnetic. Not attacked by acids. From Wichtis in Finland. Dufr6noy observes that a specimen examined by him had no cleavage. GLAUCOPHANE, Hausmann. Probably same as Wichtyne. Trimetric or monoclinic. In indistinct long thin six-sided prisms, made up of the planes I and ii, and longitudinally striated. Also granular massive. I.=5'5. G.=3 108. Color blue, lavender-blue, bluish-black, grayish. Streak-powder grayish-blue. Lustre vitreous to pearly. Translucent to opaque. Brittle. Powder slightly magnetic. Composition.-(351-32-) Si2; or if the iron be partly peroxyd (5.4Re, 6.0 Fe) (~t~3-~+)' Si, like Wichtyne, Kengott. Analysis by Schnedermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxiv, 238): Si 56-49, A112-23, Fe 10'91, Mln 0 50, klg "'97, Ma 2-25, Na with trace K 9'28=99 63. B.B. becomes yellowish-brown, and melts easily and quietly to an olive-green glass. An iron reaction with the fluxes. In acids, partly soluble. Occurs at the island of Syra, one of the Cyclades, in mica slate, along with garnet, hornblende, and mica. The name is from yXavos, bluish-green, and oatvw, to appear. Violan of Breithaupt, (J. f. pr. Chem. xv, 321), resembles Glaucophane. It occurs massive with the cleavage of a rhombic prism. G.=3'233; H. 6. Lustre waxy. Color dark violet-blue. B.B. fuses to a clear glass; with borax in the outer flame a brownish-yellow glass, violet-red when cold; in the inner flame a yellow glass, colorless when cold. Found with Manganesian epidote at St. Marcel in Piedmont. Named from its color. SORDAWALITE, Nordenskiild's Bidrag, p. 86.-Massive; no cleavage apparent,. —=25. G.=253 —2-58. Lustre vitreo-resinous, or like bitumen. Streak liverbrown. Color grayish or bluish-black. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Composition. —Analysis by Nordenski6ld, Si 49 4, Ail 13'8, Fe 18-17, MIg 10-67, T 2-68, 438 —:99'10.. Supposed by Berzelius to be a mixture of a silicate and phosphate, the silicate corresponding to (~ (Mkg, Fe)3+ —A) Si2), which is essentially the formula of Wichtyne. B.B. alone, it is difficultly fusible to a blackish globule. With borax it forms a, green glass. Partly soluble in muriatic acid. Becomes reddish on exposure, to that atmosphere. Forms thin layers on trap, near the town of Sordawala in Finland; at! I)oadnmais in Bavaria, it is associated with magnetic pyrites. It resembles piktcoal in appearance. TACHYLYTE. Hyalomelan.-Massive or in plates. No cleavage. H.=6-5. G.= 2'5 —254. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Color velvet-brown-black. Opaque. Fracture small conchoidal. Composition.-Analysis by Gmelin, of the variety from Vogelsgebirge: 9i Pi Al Fe Ca Mg a k Mn fI & Am 50'22 1-42 17'84 10'21 8'25 3-37 5'18 3587 0'40 0'50=101 31, 23 178 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. leading to the formula (+IR3+~i1) Si-. But the species is probably bad. It was. named from raxvs, quick, Xvow, to dissolve or to fuse. A similar mineral from Sisebfihl near Dransfeld, afforded Schnedermann, Si 55'74, Xl 12-40, Fe 13'06, lg 6'92, Na 3-88, K 0'60, Sn 0'19, fi 2'73=99s80. B.B. melts easily with intumescence to a brown slag or opaque glass. Occurs at Sisebiihl in basalt and wacke, and resembles obsidian or gadolinite in external characters: also at Vogelsgebirge; sp. gr. of this variety, (called Hyalomelan [fr. vaAos, glass, ieXas, black] by Hausmann), 2'7144. (Breithaupt, Kastner's Archiv. vii, 112. Gmelin, Pogg. xlix, 233). On the north shore of Lake Superior occurs a mineral resembling Tachylyte; also in a trap dyke at Johnsburg, Warren Co., New York BABINGTONITE, Levy, Ann. Phil. 2d ser. vii, 275. 367 Triclinic. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, 0: I=92~ 34', 0: 1=88~, - =150~ 25', I: 1'=112030', I: it=132~ I. 15', I' i: 4t=115~ 15', I': i'=155~ 25', I:.. 3.. i -13'7 5',: tiY' (over I)=900 40'. Levy. H.=5'5-A6. G.=3'35 -35. Lustre vitreous, splendent. Color dark greenish-black; thin splinters green in the direction of 0, and brown transversely. Faintly translucent; large crystals, opaque, or faintly subtranslucent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Comnposition.-(- a, Fe)6Si4. Analyses: 1, Arppe, (Berz. Jahresb. xxii, 205); 2, R4. D. Thomson, (Phil. Mag. xxvii, 123): rSi kig Pa Pe in _Il 1. 54'4 2'2 19-6 21'3 1'8 0'3 ign. 0'9=100'5, Arppe. 2. 47'46 2-21 14'74 16-81 10-16 6'48 ign. 1'24=99'10, Thomson. Reckoning the alumina with the silica, the two analyses essentially agree; but the mineral requires further investigation. G. of No. 2=3'355. B.B. fuses easily to a black magnetic bead. With borax affords a clear amethystine globule, which becomes green in the reducing flame. Babingtonite occurs in distinct crystals at Arendal, in Norway, associated with epidote and massive garnet, and in the Shetland Isles, imbedded in white quartz. It was named after Dr. Babington; it resembles some dark varieties of pyroxene. In the United States it is said to coat crystals of 368 feldspar, at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence Co., AN. Y..,........-......Small black polished crystals coating mica slate, = 0 i - < or micaceous gneiss, at Athol, Mass., (fig. annexed), have been referred here by Shepard. The author's measurements give the following approximate angles,.... I... O 0: 1-90'~91~,: O' I=85~, O:'=153~ 20', 1: I =1100 30' and 690 30', 1: i3=1290, 1': i'-=1200 30', 0: -1135~ 40', 0: 1=1350 30', 0: i-= 950 30', I: ~=950 30'. BERYL. Emerald. Aquamarine. Smaragd. Emeraude, H. Davidsonite, Richardson. Goshenite, Shepard. HIexagonal. 0: 1=1500 3': a=0'499. 0: a= 139o 10'. 0: 12=1160 37'. I: 33=1420 11'. 0: 2=130~ 58'. 0: 22=1350 4'. I: 8 —=1650 30'. 0: 2'=130~ 58'. 0: I=90. I: I=120~. SILICATES) AUGITE SECTION. 179 Cleavage: basal imperfect; lateral, indistinct. Ocasionally coarse columnar and large granular. 369 370 1 12 o 3 22: 2 K I 1 I "$~'~............2 2 2A 22 XI ii- i2 Observed Planes. Haddam, Ct. Siberia. H.=7'5 — 8. G.=2'732, emerald, Haidinger; 2'678, apple-green. Lustre vitreous; sometimes resinous. Color pale green, emeraldgreen, passing into light-blue, impure yellow and white. Streak white. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, uaneven. Brittle. Comnposition. —(~' ]je+-Xl) Si2-Silica 66-9, alumina 19'0, glucina 14'1=100. Analyses: 1, Du Menil, (Schw. J. xxxix, 487); 2, Berzelius, (Schw. J. xvi, 265, 277); 3, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 215); 4, Moberg, (Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. ii, 81); 5, Schlieper, (Ramm. 2d Supp. 34); 6, Borntriger, (Jahrb. Min. 1851, 185); 7, J. W. Mallet, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, 180): Si Al -Ve Be 1. Siberia, Beryl, 67-00 16-50 1-00 14'50, Ca 050=99'50, Du Menil. 2. Broddbo," 6835 1760 O'72 13'13, Ta 0'72=100'52, Berzelius. 3. Emerald. 68'50 15'75 1'00 12'50 Cr 0'30, Ca 025-98-30, Klaproth. 4. " Finland, 67'359 16'465 1497 12'747, Ta 0-280=98-348, Moberg. 5. " S. Amer. 69-51 14'49 15-41, i1g, Ca 1'64=101-05, Schlieper. 6. Beryl, Hirschgasse,66 90 18'15 2-95 12-20=100'20, Borntriger. 7. " Goshen, 66'97 17'22 2'03 12'91, ]n tr.=99-13, Mallet. Other analyses: Mallet, (Ramm. 5th Suppl. 66); W. Mayer, (Jahrb. Min. 1851, 185, and Lieb. Kopp, 1851, 779); Miller, (J. f. pr. Ch. lviii, 180). B.B. alone unchanged or becomes clouded; at a high temperature the edges are rounded, and ultimately a vesicular scoria is formed. Glass with borax, clear and colorless for beryl, a fine green for emerald. Slowly soluble with salt of phosphorus without leaving a siliceous skeleton. A yellowish variety from Broddbo and Finbo yields with soda, traces of tin. Emerald and beryl are varieties of the same species, the form.er including the rich green transparent specimens, which owe their color to oxyd of chrome, the latter, those of other colors. Fine emeralds are found in a vein of dolomite, which traverses a hornblende rock at Muzo, north of Santa Fe de Bogota.* A perfect hexagonal crystal from this locality, two inches long, is in the cabinet of the Duke of Devonshire; it measures across its three diameters 2t in., 21 in., 1i in., and Weighs 8 oz. 18 dwts; owing to flaws, it is but partially fit for jewelry. A more splendid specimen, though somewhat smaller, weighing but 6 oz., is in the possession of Mr. Hope, of London. It cost ~500. Emeralds of less beauty, but much * M. Lewy states that the rock is a black limestone, some parts of which contain fossils. 180 DESCRIPTrVE MINERALOGY. larger, occur in Siberia. One specimen in the Royal collection measures 143 inches long and 12 broad, and weighs 161 pounds troy; another is 7 inches long and 4 broad, and weighs 6 pounds troy. Mount Zalora, in Upper Egypt, affords a less distinct variety, and was the only locality which was known to the ancients. Other localities are Canjargum in Hindostan, and Salz7burg, where it is imbedded in mica slate. Pliny speaks of the finest beryls as those " qui viriditatem purl maris imitantur,"green like the sea,-and crystals of clear shades of sky-blue, or mountain-green, are hence termed aquamarine. This variety is found in Siberia, Hindostan, and Brazil. In Siberia they occur in the granite district of Nertschinsk, and in the Uralian and Altai ranges of Siberia. They have been obtained exceeding a foot in length, and are commonly striated longitudinally. The most splendid specimen of this variety of which we have any account, belongs to Don Pedro. It approaches in size, and also form, the head of a calf, and exhibits a crystalline structure only on one side; the rest is water-worn. It weighs 225 ounces troy, or more than 18~ pounds. The specimen is transparent, and without a flaw. Less clear crystals of beryl occur at the Mourne mountains, Ireland, county Down; rarely at Cairngorum in Aberdeenshire; at Limoges in France; Finbo and Broddbo in Sweden; Pfitscher-Joch, Tyrol; Bodenmais and Rabenstein in Bavaria, tin mines of Schlackenwald, also in Australia, and elsewhere. Beryls of gigantic dimensions have been found in the United States, at Acworth and Grafton, N. H., and Royalston, Mass. One beryl from Grafton, N. H., weighs 2900 pounds; it is 32 inches through in one direction and 22 in another transverse, and is 4 feet 3 inches long. Another crystal from this locality, according to Prof. Hubbard, measures 45 inches by 24 in its diameters, and a single foot in length, by calculation weighs 10,76 lbs., making it in all nearly 2- tons. At Royalston, one crystal exceeded a foot in length. The smaller crystals are often limpid and a yellowish variety, forms a gem resembling chrysolite; the colors are mostly aquamarine, grass-green, and yellowish-green; one locality is in the southeast part of Royalston, near the school-house, on the land of Mr. Clarke; the best crystals are imbedded in quartz. A still better is situated 4 miles beyond the old one in South Royalston; some crystals of a sky-blue color in white quartz are beautiful. At Barre, Mass., there is a similar locality, though less remarkable; also at Pearl Hill, in Fitchburg, Goshen, and Chesterfield, Mass. At Compton, N. H., the beryls are as fine as at Royalston. Albany, in Maine, and Norwich, a few miles above Bethel, towards Waterford, afford fine large beryls with green and black tourmalines; crystals, often large, are also obtained at Streaked Mountain, with black tourmaline and mica; at Bowdoinham and Topham of a pale green or yellowish white color in veins of graphic granite; at Georgetown, Parker's Island, at the mouth of the Kennebec; at Wilmot, N. H.; with modified terminations, (f. 369), at Haddam, Conn., in a feldspar vein in gneiss, on the east side of the river; the crystals are limpid at the extremity for about a twelfth of an inch, as indicated by the dotted line in f. 369; the chrysoberyl locality affords less interesting specimens; also the Middletown feldspar quarry, and the granite of Chatham, near the cobalt mine. At Monroe, Conn., beryl occurs in a granite vein, and the crystals often consist naturally of several pieces separated by plates of quartz, (f. 194). Crystals, sometimes 10-12 in. long and 1~ in. in diameter, occur with black tourmalines at Leiperville and Chester, Penn., Delaware Co.; also less interesting at Mineral Hill. The emerald derives its color from the presence of a minute quantity of oxyd of chrome, and beryl from oxyd of iron. The species ZDioptase and Pyrosmalite are homceomorphous with Beryl, and have the same oxygen ratio between the bases and silica, if the water and chlorine be excluded. ALTERED FonRs.-Kaolin, Mica, Limonite and Quartz, occur as pseudomorphs.after Beryl, the last two by substitution, the others by alteration. The change to Kaolin is the same essentially as in feldspar. * An altered beryl, from Tirschenreuth Sfforded H. Miller, (J. f. pr. Chem. lviii, 182), Si 58-8, Al 24-7, Re 10'2, Be 2-6, H 205. SILICATES, EULYTINE SECTION. 181 EUDIALYTE, Stromeyer. Eudyalite, improper orthography. Rhombohedral. R: R=126" 25', 0:3= 371 148~ 38'; a=0'52793. Observed planes: rhombohedrons 1(R), 4, 1, -8, -2; scalenohe- 4 drons, 42, 43; prism i2. O: 4=112~ 18'. i2: 43=166~ 1'. 0: i2=900. i2: 4=143~ 15'. 2 \ i2: 2 129~ 22'. 4: 4=73~ 30"' Cleavage O, very perfect, R, imperfect. Also 4 massive. H.=6. G.= 2'9036; 2-898, Levy. Lustre vitreous. Colorbrownish-red; streak uncolored. Opaque to slightly translucent. Fracture subconchoidal or splintery. Composition.-(%t3+-3 Z3r)'i2=2'3 Si2+Zr SiP, Ramm. Analyses: 1, Pfaff, (Schw. J. xxix, 1); 2, 3, Stromeyer. (Gilb. Ann. lxiii, 379); 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxiii, 142): Si Zr Fe Rn 0a Na 1. 54'10 11-58 7'86 2'93 10'80 11'40, HC1 0'30, { 1'66, Ou 0'92=101 55, Pfaff. 2. 53'33 11'10 6'75 2'06 9'78 13'82, " 1'03, " 180=99'68, Stromeyer. 3. 52'48 10'90 6'86 2-57 10-14 1392, " 1-03, " 1-80=9971, " Rammelsberg makes the iron and manganese protoxyd, and thus gives Si Zr Pe Sian na Sa 3, bis. 52-48 10-80 6'16 2-31 10'14 13'92, Cl 1100, ign. 1'80=98-70, Stromeyer. 4. 49-92 16-88 6-97 1-15 11'11 12'28, K 0'65, Cl 1'19, ign. 0'37-100'52, R. B.B. fuses to a grayish-green scoria or opaque glass. Intumesces and forms a pearl with salt of phosphorus. When pulverized, gelatinizes with acids. Found at Kangerdluarsuk, in West Greenland, associated with arfvedsonite and sodalite, or imbedded in compact white feldspar. Crystals usually small, but sometimes an inch or more in length. The name alludes to its easy solubility in acids, from EVi, easily, and awAvo,, to dissolve. III. EULYTINE SECTION. Oxygen ratio I: 1. EULYTINE GROUP. Monometric. EULYTINE, Bi Si:. LEUCOPHANE GROUP. Trimetric? LEUCOPH1ANE (~ Ca3-+ Ae)'Si2+ NaF. EULYTINE, Breit. Bismuth Blende. Kieselwismuth. Silicate of Bismuth, Thom. Monometric: tetrahedral. Usually in minute crystals and edges often rounded, figs. 59, 61. Observed planes, 1, 0, 22. Cleavage: dodecahedral, very imperfect. Twins: plane of compostion parallel to a dodecahedral face. Sometimes globular, and columnar, lamellar, or granular. 182 DESO2RlIPVE MINERALOGY. H. =4'5. G. =5'912- 6-006. Lustre resinous or adamantine. Color dark hair-brown, yellowish-gray, grayish-white, and strawyellow. Streak yellowish-gray or uncolored. Subtransparentopaque. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. Composition.-'Bi"Si3, with some phosphate and fluorid of iron, Frankenheim. Analysis by Kersten, (Pogg. xxvii, 81): DSi 69'38, Si 22'23, P 3'31, Pe 2-40, Mn 0'30, HF and l 1'01=98'6. The loss includes some HF. In a matrass decrepitates, and affords a trace of water. B.B. fuses to a dark-yellow mass, and gives out inodorous fumes. Fuses and froths on charcoal, staining it yellowish-brown, sometimes with a tinge of green. Fuses readily with soda, to a button, at first greenish-yellow, and then reddish-yellow, and finally affords metallic bismuth. With salt of phosphorus, it fuses to a yellow globule, with a silica skeleton, which becomes colorless on cooling. Found near Schneeberg, Saxony, in quartz, and at Brhunsdorf, near Freiberg. Atelesite.-Breithaupt thus names small monoclinic crystals containing bismuth, occurring at Schneeberg, with Bismuth Blende; they have a sulphur yellow color and adamantine lustre. HrYPoCHLoRITE, Schriler, (Griune Eisenerde). Minute crystalline..-=6. G.=2-9 -3. Lustre vitreous, feeble color, green. Streak light green. Brittle; fracture even to flat conchoidal. Composition.-Analyses by Schuiler: — Si 50-24;1 14-65 Bi 13-03 IFe 10'54 V 9-62 Mn tr. or perhaps a mixture of a silicate of bismuth and iron, and a phosphate of alumina. B.B. grows dark, but infusible; a yellow deposit on the coal. Insoluble in acids. In minute crystals and grains, or massive and earthy, at Schneeberg, Johanngeorgenstadt, and Braiunsdorf in Saxony. LEUCOPHANE, Esmark, Berz. Jahresbericht, xx and xxi. Leucofanite. Trimetric, (Descl.) Cleavage: imperfect in three directions inclined to one another at angles of 531~ and 361~. Usually massive and columnar. H.=3'5-4. G.=2'974. Lustre vitreous on a cleavagesurface. Color pale dirty green to wine-yellow; thin fragments transparent and colorless. Powder white, and strongly phosphorescent, whether heated or struck. Electric when heated. Optically biaxial, (Descl.) Composition.-( Ca3~+- e)Si2 ~+ Na F=i'aS Si2+-e Si+NaF-Silica 45.3, lime 2850, glucina 12'7, sodium 7'7, fluorine 6'3. Analysis by Erdmann, (K. V. Ac. H. f. 1840): Si 47'82, Be 1151, [n 1'01, Ca 25'00, Na 7'59, K 0'26, F 617=99'36. B.B. fuses to a clear violet glass, which becomes clouded on cooling. With borax fuses easily to an amethystine glass; with salt of phosphorus dissolves except a skeleton of silica. Gives the reaction of fluorine. Leucophan e occurs in syenite with albite, elkeolite, and yttrotantalite, on a small rocky islet near the mouth of the Langesundfiord in Norway, where it was found by Elmark. It resembles somewhat a light green variety of apatite. The name leucophane is from XevKo;, white, and atvcw, to appear. SILICATES) GARNET SECTION. 183 MELINOPHANE, Th. Scheerer, J. f. pr. Chem. Iv. 449. Dimetric or hexagonal; optically uniaxal, Descl. Massive, with a scaly and sometimes foliated structure. Cleavage in one direction. l.=5. G.=3'0, Richter. Lustre vitreous. Color sulphur, citron, or honey-yellow. Not phosphorescent. Brittle. Composition, according to an approximative analysis by R. Richter, (loc cit.): Si Re -i Mn Fe aa Mg Na F Si, Zr,e,Y. 44'8 2'2 124 1-4 1 1 31'5 0'2 2-6 2-3 0'3=98'8. This analysis gives for the ratio of the oxygen of the protoxyds, peroxyds, and silica, if we suppose the fluorid as replacing protoxyds, 11: 1: 3. From the zircon-syenite of Norway, near Fredericksvarn, with elheolite, mica, fluor spar, and magnetic iron. An imperfect crystal in the cabinet of R. P. Greg, Esq. gave him M: M' —1330, and edge M: M replaced by a rough plane, apparently not equally inclined to M and M'. The place of this species in the system is doubtful. IV. GARNET SECTION. Oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1 1, varying to 1: (Chondrodite), and 1:, (Scapolite). 1. CHRYSOLITE GROUP.-Trimetric. CHRYSOLITE, (Fe, Sg)3 Si, TEPHROITE, Mn3' i MONTICELLITE, (+'la+Ig)'Si, KNEBELITE, (Pe, Mln)s3Si FAYALITE, Pe 3 Si, CHONDRODITE, kig4'i 2. PHIENACITE GROUP.-H-exagonal. R: R=1150-117~. WILLEMITE, Zn3 si, PHENACITE, Re Si. 3. GARNET GROUP.-Monometric. GARNET, ( ~RT-+~ )Si HELvIN, (-l3+-I'e) si, in which R-= (Min, Fe, MnS.) PYROPE, ( 4. SCAPOLITE GROUP.-Dimetric. ZIRcoN, Zr'3i, MEIoNITE, (3Ca3~x)Si. IDOCRASE, a+ )i, SCAPOLITE, (-1f3 -1)Si3., ( ]Rs+ 5)'i,,,? ( RS+~X1)'i. SARCOLITE 3+I)i, MELLILITE5 (12v+ 3.). i. Dipyre may belong here. Taking 2i of Scapolite as the plane 1, (to which there is no objection), then 0: 1 in Zircon and the Scapolite Group will equal 137~-139~. Idocrase diverges more widely, giving for the corresponding angle 1330 3'. 5. EPIDOTE GROUP.-Monoclinic. EPIDOTE, (gf3+3I)Si, ZQISITE, (4W3~)Si ALLANITE, (~ +2i)S;i, GADOLINITE, I" Si. ~ /3'~3 2~)Si' 184 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 6. AXINITE GROUP.-Triclinic. DANBURITE, (a3, B) i, AXINITE, (,, B)i. 7. IOLITE GROUP.-Trimetic. Oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 1: 14, as in some Mica, and perhaps not belonging to this section. Related to the Micas in the prismatic angle near 1200. IOLITE, (4R'+1t)Si' CHRYSOLITE. Peridot, H. Olivine, Chusite. Limbelite, Saussure. Krisolith, W. Hyalosiderite. Batrachite, Breit. Glinkite, Romanowski. Monticellite, Brooke. Forsterite, Levy. Trimetric. I: = —940 3'; 0: 11=128~ 27'; a: b: c=12594: 1: 1'0733. O: 12=1250 45(. O: 1=130~ 27'. _': ~=(ov.4~510 8~ 50'.: 1=1200 9'. 1: l(mac.)=1070 46'. j2-: 4i(ov.iA)= 1 23~ 34/'. 0:. =1140 48'. 1: l(br.)=1010 32'. i: 1j 137~ 22'. 0.: =149~ 36'. i2: i2(ov.i-)=1300 2'. 372 2.__ _ _ 2 21' 2 I: 23 i2 27/ Observed Planes. Cleavage: bi rather distinct. MIassive and compact, or granular; usual in imbedded grains. H.=6-7. G.=3'33 —35; 3'441 of chrysolite,lHaidinger; 3'33 -3'345, olivine; 3'3514, chrysolite. Lustre vitreous. Color green-commonly olive-green, sometimes brownish, black in some iron chrysolites; rarely white. Streak uncolored. Transparenttranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Chrysolite includes usually the transparent crystals of paler color, while olivine, (so called from the olive-green tint), is applied to imbedded masses or grains of inferior color and clearness. Composition. —Pl3Si, in which 1 may be klg, Rie, In, NJa, alone or in combination. Common chrysolite is usually (Mg, Fe)'Si. Analyses: 1, 2, Walmstedt, (K. V. Ac. H. 1824, ii, 359, and Schw. J. xliv, 25); 3, 4, Stromeyer, (G6tt, gelehrt. Anz. 1824, 208; Pogg. iv, 193); 5, Walchner, (Schw. J. xxxix, 65); 6, W. v. Beck, (Verh. Russ, Min. Ges. St. Petersb. 184'7); 7, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. li, 446); 8, Walmstedt, (ib.); 9, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 117); 10, Deville, (Et. Geol. Canaries); 11, Domeyko, (Ann. des. M. [4], xiv, 187): SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 185 Si Mg P e;1. nIl 1. Iserwiese, 41'54 50'04 8'66 0'06 0'25=100'55, Walmstedt. 2. Mt. Somma, 40"08'44'22 15'26 0'18 0'48=100'24, " 3. Orient chrys. 39'73 50'13 9'19 0'22'0'09, NTi 032=99'68, Stromeyer. 4. Vogelsberg, 40'09 50'49 8'17 0'19 "0'20, " 037=99'51, " 5. Hyalosiderite, 31-63 32'40 28'49 2'21 " 048, 2-69, Cr. trace, Walchner. 6. Glinkite, 39'21 44'06 17'45 -- — 100 72, Beck. 7. Batrachite, 37'69 21'79 2'99 - Ca 35'45, 11 1'27=99'19, Ramm. 8. Pallasmeteorite 40 83 47 74 11'53 trace 0'29, Ca trace-100'39, Walmst. 9. Etna, 41-01 4'727 10'06 0'64 -- Ni 020, 1 1'04=100'22, Walm. 10. C.Verdes, Fog. 40'19 35'70 15-27 0'80 2'27 Ca 5-12=99-35, Deville. 11. Antuco, Chili, 40'7 39'7 19'6 -- -- 100, Domeyko. Berzelius detected oxyd of tin in the olivine of the Pallas meteorite, and Rummler a trace of arsenous acid. Other recent analyses: E. E. Schmid, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 51, Atacama); Erdmann (K. V. Ac. H. 1848, 15, Tunaberg). No. 5, Hyalosiderite is (/Mg-Ig-~Fe)'Si, with an excess of MIg Si. It occurs at Kaiserstuhl in yellowish and reddish-brown crystals; II.=55. G.=2'875. Tautolite, Breith. From volcanic rocks near Lake Laach, resembles hyalosiderite. I-.=6'5: G.=3'865. Forms trimetric. Forsterite, (Levy), from Vesuvius, is a white or colorless translucent chrysolite, occurring in small crystals, (Scacchi, Quad. Cryst. 63). Monticellite of Brooke, (Ann. Phil. 1831) is also Chrysolite. It is the peridot blanc of Scacchi. Formula (~Ca-~ Mg3')Si, Scacchi. Glinkite is greenish chrysolite from a talcose slate, in Perm, Russia, and occurring also in gneiss at Tunaberg with augite and garnet, (Analysis No. 6). Batrachite, from Rinzoni, Tyrol, has the formula of Monticellite; G.=3 033. Said to have two cleavages meeting at 115~ and 650, and a third diagonal to them. With the fluxes gives the reaction of iron. Scarcely attacked by muriatic acid, but easily gelatinizes with sulphuric acid. Berzelius says that it also forms a jelly with muriatic. Scacehi's Vesuvian variety is easily attacked by the acids. The iron chrysolites are fusible before the blowpipe; hyalosiderite forms a black magnetic bead. Others are infusible. Chrysolite is found near Constantinople, at Vesuvius, and the Isle of Bourbon in lavas; imbedded in obsidian, at Realdel Montein Mexico; among sand at Expailly in Auvergne, in pale green transparent crystals. Olivine is of frequent occurrence in basalt and lavas. Crystals several inches in length, in greenstone at Unkel, on the Rhine; spheroidal masses at Kapfenstein in Lower Styria; and at Hecla and Vesuvius, and various volcanic regions. Olivine is common in the lavas and basalt of the Sandwich and other Pacific Islands. It occurs in imbedded grains, and in masses sometimes several inches through in boulders of coarsely crystallized basalt in Thetford and in Norwich, Vermont. Crystals of this species are commonly very fragile, and therefore unfit for an ornamental stone. The word chrysolite is derived from xpvaos, gold, and Xltos, stone, in allusion to its color; hyalosiderite is from iaXos, glass, and ahripog, iron. FAYALITE, (Iron-chrysolite, Eisenperidot).-Fayalite is a pure iron-chrysolite. Color black, greenish or brownish, sometimes iridescent. Cleavage in two direetions at right angles with one another. H.=6'5. G.=4-11 —4'14; 4-006, Delessee Gontposition.-Fe3i=Silica 29'55, protoxyd of iron 70'45. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. v, 222); 2, Thomson; 3, Delesse, (L'Institut, 1854; p. 52); 4, Gmelin: Si Fe Sn lK TI 1. Volc. glass, 29-50 66 00 - 4'0 0'25=99'75, Klaproth. 2. Slavcarrach, Ireland, 29'60 68-73 1-78 -- -=100'11, Thomson.. 3. " " 29'50 63'54 5'07 tr. -- /1[g 0'30=98'41. IDelesse.. 4. Fayal, 24-93 65.-84 2-94 1-84 -- Cu 060, FeS 2'7'7Gmelin.. Fuses readily to a black globule which is magnetic. Easily attacked by acids. From the Mourne Mts., Ireland, in Pegmatite; also from volcanic rocks ate FIayal. The Obsidians or volcanic glass often approach Fayalite in composition. 24 TODl~6 IDEKSRIPTIVE MINERALO&Y. Iron-chrysolite has been observed in crystals, as a furnace product, near Goslaro ALTERED FoRMs.-Alteration of chrysolite, often takes place through the oxydation of the iron; the mineral becomes brownish or reddish-brown and iridescent. It also splits into thin laminge as the change goes on, sometimes so as to resemble a mica. A basalt thus changed was once pointed out to the author as a mica slate, although no further change had taken place than that here mentioned. Chusite and Limbelite are chrysolite more or less altered. The process may end in leaving the cavity of the crystal filled with limonite or red oxyd of iron. Under the action of carbonated waters, the iron is often carried off instead of beingperoxydized, and also some of the magnesia is removed at the same time; and thus may come serpentine, picsosmine, villarsite, which often retain the crystalline form of chrysolite. A further change may produce steatite and other magnesian species. TEPHROITE, Breithaupt. Dimetric? Massive, with cleavage parallel to the sides of a square or rectangular prisml; also granular. H.=5-5-6. G.=4 -412. Color ash-gray. Streak pale-gray. Darkens, on exposure, to brown and black. Composition.-In'sSi —Silica 29-8, protoxyd of manganese 70'2. Analyses: 1, Thomson, (Min. i, 514); 2, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxii, 145): 1. Franklin, Si 29-64 MI~n 66'60 Fe 0-92, Moisture 2'70=99'86, Thomson. 2. Sparta, 28-66 68'88 Fe 2-92=100-46, Rammelsberg. B.B. fuses easily to a black scoria. Gelatinizes perfectly in muriatic acid without evolving chlorine. From Stirling, N. J., with franklinite, and at Sparta. This species has the general formula of a chrysolite. A black silicate of manganese from Klapperud, Dalecarlia, having a submetallic lustre and yellowish-brown streak, afforded Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 137), Si 25-0, Mn 55-8, II 13'00=93'-8=- In'Si-31:, agreeing with the Tephroite, excepting the water. Klaproth obtained 60 per cent. of Mnln, whence the above is deduced by Berzelius. KNEBELITE. -Massive, with an uneven and cellular surface, and quite hard. G.-=3'14. Lustre glistening. Color gray, spotted dirty-white, red, brown, and green. Opaque. Brittle. Fracture subconchoidal. Conmposition.-(Fe In)'3 Si, Fe and ln being in equal proportions. Analysis by iDbereiner, (Schw. J xxi, 49); Silica 32-5, protoxyd of iron 32, protoxyd of manganese 35, and thus appearing to be a ferruginous tephroite. With muriatic acid decomposed, the silica separating. Unaltered alone before the blowpipe. Fuses with borax to a dark olive-green pearl. Locality unknown. Named by Dibereiner after Major von Knebel. CHONDRODITE, d'Ohsson. Condrodite, H. Maclurite, Seybert. Brucite, (Jleaveland. Humite, Bournon. Trimetric; often hemihedral in octahedral planes, producing forms monoclinic in character. I: 1=940 26'. Crystals of three types.* * Scacchi in Pogg. Ann. 1851, Ergdinz. ii, 161. The author adopts a modified view of these types and their axes. (See Am. J. Sci., [2], xiv, 175). The numbers given for the planes of these figures on page 59, vol. I, are based on a similar fundamental form, except that the longer lateral axis has twice the length here adopted. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 187 Type I, a: b: e=1'4678: 1: 10805; II, 15727:1: 10805; III, 1-4154: 1::10805. I. 0: 1~=124~ 16'. 0: 1-2=1210 44'. 0: 1= 1160 34'. 1:1 (bas)=1110 28'. 0: 3;= 020 48'. 0: ~ ==112~ 24'. 0: 3b=1030 47,. iA2 (fiaont)=71o 32'. II. 0: 1-=122~ 27'. 0: 42=98~ 13'. 0: 2=103~ 8. 0: 2"=108~ 58. III. 0: 1=125~ 141'. 0: 2=119~17' 0: 2%=1090 27'. 0: 82-=94~ 35/. 0: 4=97~ 23'. 0: 3=111~ 15'. 0: -: =119~ 47'. 1i 1% =1090 31'. 0: 4t-100 48'. 41: 4-134 23'. O: s-2-140~ 15'.: {i(ov. 1)=126~ 521' Fig. 376, left-handed hemihedral; 377, right-handedhemihedral. Observed angles in chondrodite (D): 41: 1=112~ (mean of same 373 374 4.2.~~~~85 Humite: Type 1. Humite: Type Ir. 375 376 54Y ~ ~ t 52 37 4 ~2 in3 types of Humite, 112~ 2'), 1j. ~ —136~, 1~.. - 157, 4..~ (over I )=127~, I: I(side)=85~ (85 34', calculated for Hlmite); 44 on edge above it t1~. 188 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Compound crystals parallel to 4i in the third type, and g4 in the second, the former sometimes producing stellate forms of six crystals, each hemihedral. Cleavage indistinct. Usually in imbedded grains or masses of a somewhat granular texture; sometimes in small implanted crystals. I-I.=6 —65. G.=3-118, from New Jersey, Thomson; 34199, Finland, HEaidinger; 3'234, white crystal, Type I; 34199, brown of Type III; 3'186, yellowish, Type III; 34177, yellow of Type II; Scacchi. Lustre vitreous —resinous. Color white, yellow, pale yellow or brown; sometimes red, apple-green, black, gray. Streak white, or slightly yellowish or grayish. Transparent — subtransllucent. Fracture subconchoidal uneven. Composition.-Mg4 Si, with part of the oxygen replaced by fluorine, or 1 ]fg4 mi, with 1 4(Mg F, Si F) in chondrodite, 1- in Type II for humite, ~~ in Type I, 1- in Type III, Rammelsberg. Analyses: 1, Seybert, (Am. J. Sci., v, 336); 2, 3, 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. liii, 130, and 1st Supp. 38); 5, W. Fisher, (Am. J. Sci., [2], ix, 85); 6, 7, 8, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxvi, 413): Si Mg Fe Fe. 1. New Jersey, 32-66 54'00 2-33 HF 4'09, I 1-0, Ik 211, S. 2. " yellow, 33-06 55-46 3-65 7-60- 99'77, Ramm. 3. Pargas, yellow, 33-10 56-61 2'35 - 869=100'75, Ramm. 4. " gray, 33-19 54'50 6,75 9-69=104-13, Ramm. N. New Jersey, red, 33.35 53'05 5 50 - 7'60= 99'50, W. Fisher. 6. Humite, type 1, 34580 60-08 2-40 3-47=10075, Ranmm.. " type 2, 33-26 57-92 2-30 Ca 0'74 5-04 1A 1-06=100-32, Ramm. 8. " type 3, 36'67 56'83 1'67 2'61= 97'-78, Ramm. B.B. on charcoal infusible, but becomes paler in varieties containing little iron, sometimes showing traces of fusion on the edges. With borax dissolves slowly but perfectly to a transparent glass slightly tinged by iron; if the glass is saturated it becomes cloudy by flaming. With salt of phosphorus in the open tube, affords fluoirine. Chondrodite occurs mostly in granular limestone. It is found near AbS, in the parish of Pargas in Finland, and at Aker and Gulsj6 in Sweden; at Taberg in Wermland; in Saxony; on Loch Ness in Scotland; at Achmatowsk in the Ural, along with perofskite, and in the mines of Schischimsk with red apatite. The humite occurs at Somma, in ejected masses of a kind of granite rock, along with white olivine, mica, and magnetite. Abundant in the counties of Sussex, N. J., and Orange, N. Y., where it is associated with spinel, and occasionally with pyroxene and corundum. At Bryam, orange and straw-colored chondrodite, and also a variety nearly black, occurs with spinel; at Sparta, a fine locality of honey-yellow chondrodite; a mile to the n orth of Sparta is the best locality of this mineral in New Jersey. It also occurs at Vernon, Lockwood, and Franklin. Chondrodite is abundant in Warwick, Monroe, Cornwall, near Greenwood Furnace, and at Two Ponds, and elsewhere in Orange Co., N. Y. Fine specimens may be obtained on the land of Mr. Houston, near Edenville. It is obtained also at Chelmsford, Mass., along with scapolite; in Harvy's quarry near Chaddsford, Pa., of yellow and orange colors and abundant. It occurs sparingly on the bank of Laidlaw lake in Rossie, N. Y. Abundant in limestone at S. Crosby, Canada West, St. Jerome, St. Addle, Grenville, etc. The name chondrodite is from XovJpos, a grain, alluding to its granular structure. ALTERED FoRMs.-Chondrodite altered to Serpentine, has been observed at Sparta, N. J., with spinel and mica. SILICATES, GA.RNET SECTION. 189 WILLEMITE, Levy, Ann. d. Mines, 4th ser. iv. 513. Siliceous Oxyd of Zinc, L. Vanuxem and W; H. Keating, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1824, iv, 8. Williamsite, Wilhelmite. Hebetine. Anhydrous Silicate of Zinc. Troostite, Shepard. Rhombohedral. R:?=115~, 0: R=141~ 378 397'; c=0'685. Observedplanesin crystals from New Jersey,R, -1, i2; in those ofMloresnet -, 1, O. I: 3=120' 7',: = —142' 52', 3 =3128~ 30' 1, Levy, (127 033', from R: R in the N. J. crystal). Cleavage: lateral distinct; basal also distinct. Also in grains or massive. 12 H.=5-5. G.=3'935,Moresnet, Thomson;4416 i6 *-418, ib., Levy; 3-89-4, N. Jersey, Vanuxem and Keating; 4'02, ib., HIermann; 3'98, ib. in powder, Wurtz. Lustre vitreo-resinous, rather weak. Color whitish or greenish-yellow, when purest; flesh-red, grayish-white, yellowishbrown; often dark-brown when impure. Streak uncolored. Transparent to opaque. Brittle. Fracture conchoidal. Composition.-Zn'Si=Silica 72'85, oxyd of zinc 27'15. Analyses: 1, 2, Vanuxem and Keating, (loc. cit.); 3, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvii, 11); 4, Thomson, (Min. i, 545); 5, Levy, (Ann. d. M. [4], iv, 515); Rosengarten, (Ramm. 3d Supp. 65); H. Wurtz, (Rep. Amer. Assoc. iv, 147): Si 2n 1. Stirling; 25-44 68-06, Fe and Mkn 6'50-100'00, Vanuxem and Keating. 2. " 25'00 71'33, " 067 " 266=99'66, Vanuxem and Keating. 3. " 26'80 60'07, In 9.22, Mg 2 P91, Fe trace, ign. 1'00=100, Hermn. 4. Moresnet, 26-97 68-77, Fe 1'48, 1l 0-66, ib. and trace Zn, Pe 0'78, H 1-25 5. " 27 05 68'40, " 0'75, ign. 0'30=96'50, Levy. [=99'91, Thom. 6. Upper Silesia. 27'34 70-82, Fe, 1'81=99'97, Rosengarten. 7. Stirling, 27'91 59'93, MI/In 3'73, Fe 5'35, M-g -1-66, Ca 1'60=100'18, W. Other analyses, A. Delesse, Ann. d. M. [4], x, 213. Affords no water in a matrass. B.B. decrepitates and becomes opaque, but does not fuse, or only on the edges to a white enamel. With borax or salt of phosphorus, a transparent white globule, containing a cloud of silica. In powder gelatinizes easily in concentrated muriatic acid. From Moresnet, in crystals and massive, the crystals but two or three millimeters long, and one thick. In New Jersey it occurs in large stout crystals at Stirling Hill, and also sparingly at Franklin. This species was first correctly described and analyzed by Vanuxem and Keating. PHENACITE. Phenakit, Nordenskiiild, K. V. Ac. HI. 1823, 160, Pogg. xxxi, 57. Rhombohedral; often hemihedral. R2: ~ =1160 379 40', 0: R=142~ 41'; a=0'66. Observed planes: rhomnbohedrons, R, -2, -1,-1; scalenohedrons, 12, 13, 2 -22, ]2 (beveling terminal edge of?); pyramids 22, 42; prisms, I, i2, iR. R.: I=127~ 19'. 12: 42=113~ 45'.': i2=121~ 40'. ~ =144 4'. ~22 ~2=1560 46'. 2: 2=87~ 12'. ~ J Cleavage: R7, and i2, imperfect. Twins: face of composition I. 190 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. H.=8. G.=2'969. Lustre vitreous. Colorless; also, bright wine-yellow, inclining to red. Transparent -opaque. Fracture similar to that of quartz. Composition.-l-e Si=Silica 54'3, glucina 45'7=100. Analyses: 1, Hartwall, (Pogg. xxxi, 57); 2, Bischof, (Pogg. xxxiv, 525): 1. Ural,'i 25 14 3e 44-47 -il and lIg trace=99'61, Hartwall. 2. Framont, 54'400 45'567 Ca and Mg 0'96=100'063, Bischof. B.B. alone remains unaltered; with borax fuses with extreme slowness, unless pulverized, to a transparent glass. With soda affords a white enamel; with more, intumesces and becomes infusible. Dull blue with cobalt solution. Occurs with emerald in mica slate, in Perm, 85 wersts from Katherinenberg, in the Ilmen mountains, Siberia, with topaz and green feldspar; also in highly modified crystals with quartz, in the brown iron ore of Framont, in Alsace. Named from ftva~, a deceiver, in allusion to its having been mistaken for quartz. GARNET. Melanite. Pyrope. Grossularite. Topazolite. Almandine. Aplome. Essonite. Cinnamon stone. Greenlandite. Pyreneite. Colophonite. Allochroite. Granat. Ouvarovite or Uwarowite, Hess. Rothoffkit. Pirop. Kolophonit. Kaneelstein. Romanzovit, Yordenskiild. Braunsteinkiesel, W. Grenat, H. Carbunculus. Polyadelphite, Thom. fMonometric: Observed planes: 1, 22,, 33, 4,3 i2,0. Figs. 14 and 39, common; also 43, 17, 43 with planes i2, and 380, 381. 380 381 22 \b/ 22 Cleavage: dodecahedral, sometimes distinct. Twins: face of composition, octahedral. Also massive; granular, coarse or fine, and sometimes friable; lamellar, lamellke thick and bent. H.=6'5-7'5. G.=3'15 —43, 3-504, a white lime-garnet, anal. 10. Lustre vitreous-resinous. Color red, brown, yellow, white, green, black; some red and green colors often bright. Streak white. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Garnet is a silicate of different bases-alumina, lime, magnesia, oxyds of iron and manganese, with sometimes oxyd of chrome. It has been divided into six subspecies. I. Consisting of silicates of alumina and lime-alumina-lime garnet, —including cinnamon stone or essonite. II. Containing alumina and magnesia,-alumina-magnesia garnet. III. Consisting of silicates of alumina and iron-alumina-iron garnet-including almandine or precious garnet, with common garnet and colophonite in part. SILICATES) GARNET SECTION. 191 IV. Consisting of alumina and manganese-alumina-manganese garnet-or manganesian garnet. V. Consisting of silicates of iron and lime-iron-lime garnet-including allochroite, aplome, melanite and common garnet in part. VI. Containing lime and chromic oxyd-lime-chrome garnet. But these compounds pass into one another by imperceptible shades, as the following analyses show. Composition. —l3 ii+ Si=(-'- 3+4t- ) Si. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (K. V. Ac. IH. 1822, 87); 2, C. Gmelin, (Jahresb. v, 224); 3, 4, Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 319, v, 138); 5, T. Wachtmeister, (K. V. Ac. HA. 1823); 6, 7, Karsten, (Karst. Arch. f. Min. iv, 388); 8, T. Wachtmeister, (loc. cit.); 9, Nordenskild, (Schw. J. xxxi, 380); 10, Croft, (G. Rose, Reise n. d. Ural, 132). 11, T. Wachtmeister, (loc. cit.); 12, Hisinger, (Schw. xxi, 258); 13, 14, Kobell, (ib. lxiv, 283); 15-17, Karsten, (loc. cit.); 17-20, T. Watchmeister, (loc. cit.); 21, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 22, v, 131); 22, W. Watchtmeister, (Jahresb. xxv, 364); 23, Bahr, (Jahresb. xxv, 364); 24, A. Besnard, (Lieb. u. Kopp Jahresb. 1849, 745); 25, 26, Mallet, (J. I)Dubl. Geol. Soc. and Rammelsberg's 5th Supp. 125.) 27, HI. Seybert, (Am. J. Sci. vi, 155, 1823); 28, Rammelsberg, (J. f. pr. Chem. lv. 487); 29, d'Ohsson, (Schw. J. xxx, 346); 30, IHisinger, (Jahresb. ii, 101); 31, Seybert, (Am. J. Sci. v, 118, where iron is made protoxyd); 32, Karsten, (loc. cit.); 33, 34, Bredberg, (K. V. Ac. I. 1822, i, 63); 35, Bucholz, (Scheerer's N. J. iv, 172); 36-41, Watchtmeister, (loc. cit.); 42, Thomson, (Ann. Lye. N. York, 1829, iii, 9); 43, Vauquelin, (Jour. de Phys. Ann. viii, L. 94); 44, Klaproth, (Beit. v, 168, where the iron is made protoxyd); 45, Karsten, (loc. cit.); 46, Ebelmen, (Ann. des Mines, [4], vii, 19); 47, W. Fisher, (Am. J. Sci. [2], ix, 84); 48, Bahr (J. f. pr. Chem. liii, 312); 49, Weber, (Ramm. 5th Suppl., 193); 50, Baumann, (ib.); 51, Komonen, (Verh. min. Ges. St. Petersb. xxiii, 291); 52, Erdmann, (Jahresb, xxiii, 291): I. Lime-Garnet.-Grossular. -CasSi +-lSi=(Ca3+X~l)'Si=Silica 40'1, alumina 22-7, lime 37-2. Color pale greenish, clear red and reddish-orange, cinnamon color. G.=3'43 —3'73. B.B. fuses to a glass or enamel slightly greenish; in powder, soluble in concentrated muriatic acid. Cinnamon stone, essonite, grossular, wiluite, romanzovite, topazolite, and succinite are names of varieties. Grossular or wiluite has a greenish color; G. —3-1. Succinite has an amber color, to which the name alludes. Topazolite has a topaz color. Romanzovite is brownish. Cinnamon stone or essonite (Kaneelstein, Germ.) has a clear cinnamon brown shade; G.=3-5-3-6. Si i1 Fe Fe AIn kg Ca 1. MalsjS, Cin. 41'87 20'57 3'93 - 039 33-94-100' 0, Arfved. 2. Ceylon," 40-01 23'00 367 - - - 30'57,K0 59,ign.0'33,G. 3. " " 38-80 21'20 6'50 - - - 31-25=97'75,Klaproth. 4. Wilui, Gross. 44'00 8'50 12'00 - trace -- 3350=98, Klaproth. 5. " " 40'55 20'10 5 00 -- 0'48 - 3486-100'99, Wacht. 6. " " 38-25 19'35 7-33 - 050 2-40 31'75-99'58, Karsten. 7. St. Gothard, Cin. 37-82 19-70 5'95 - 0-15 4'15 31-35=99-12, Karsten. 8. Tellemark, wh. 39-60 21-20 - 2-00 3'15 - 32-30=98-25, Wacht. 9. Romanzovite, 41'21 24'08 7'02 - 0-92 247 6,ign. & lossli98,N. 10. Urals, white, 36'86 24'19 - -- - 37-15=98-10, Croft. II. Mag~nesia-Garnet. —(ig, Fe)3Si+-Al'Si-(i(sIg, Ie)3-~il)Si. Color deep coalblack. G.=3-157. Lustre somewhat resinous. B.B. easily fusible, intumescing and forming a dark grayish-green globule, which is not magnetic. 11, Arendal, 42-45 22'47 -- 9-29 6'27 13'43 6-53=100-44, Wacht. III. Jron-Garnet, or Almandine.'e3Si+;l'Si=(iFe- 3+ )'Si —Silica 36'3, alumina 20-5, protoxyd of iron 43'2.-Common Garnet, Precious Garnet.-Dark red, brownish-red to black. Allochroite is fine grained massive, of a dark dingy color. Precious garnet is deep red and translucent or transparent. Common garnet is dingy red. G. of these varieties 3-7 —4'21. B.B. fuse rather easily with an iron reaction. 192 DECRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si A1 Fe Fe Mn SIg Ca 12. Fahlun,Almnand. 39'66 19'66 -- 39'68 1 80 -- - 100'80, Hising. 13. Zillerthal, bn. 3912' 21'08 6'00 27'28 0-80 - 5'76=100-04, Kobell. 14. Hungary, prec. 40-56 20'61 5'00 32'70 1'47 — =10034, Kobell. 15. Zillerthal, " 39'62 19-30 - 34'05 0'85 2-00 3'28=99'10,Karsten. 16. Ohlapian, 37'15 18'08 -- 31'30 0'30 10'15 0'36=97'34, Karsten. 17. Greenland, 39-85 20'60 -- 24'85 0'46 993 3'51=99'20, Karsten. 18. Engs6, dull red, 40-60 19-95 - 33-93 6'69 - -— =101'17, Wacht. 19. N. York, " 42 51 1915 -- 33-57 549 -- 1'07-101 7'9, Wacht. 20. Norway, 52-11 18-04 -- 23-54 1'74 -- 5'78=101-20, Wacht. 21. Oriental, 35'75 27-25 - 32'33 0'25 - -— =95-58, Klapr. 22. Garpenberg, 39'42 28'28 - 24'82 7'51 3.69 2-63=98'35, Wacht. 23. Brena, Westm. 37'16 19'30 - 37'65 3-19 2-03 0'90=100'23, Bahr. 24. Albernreit, bnh-r. 38'76 21-00 - 32'05 6-43 3'95 — =102'19, Bern. 25. Wicklow, black, 35-77 19-85 -- 38'07 5'04 - — =98'73, Mallet. 26. Killiney, brown, 37-80 21-13 -- 38'43 -- 4'46 1-53-99'75, Mallet. IV. MAanganese-Garnet, Spessartine, Beud. -(~i1Mn3+q-~ l)Si. Brownish-red. B.B. gives the reaction of manganese. G.=3-7-4'2. Si;iK Fe' Mui 27. Haddam, Ct. 35'83 18'06 14-93 30'96=99'78, Seyb. G.=4 —128. 28. " 36'16 19 -76 11-10 32-18, Ca 0'58, M-g 0'22, Ramm. 29. Broddbo, 39-00 14-30 15-44 27'90, Sn 1=97-64, d'Ohsson. V. Iron-Lime Garnet-M1,elanite, Pyreneite.-CasSi-eSi — (~a3 —~e)'Si. Dark red, brownish-black, black; either dull or shining. Sometimes with a resinous lustre, then called colophonite; G. of Willsboro, 3'896, Seybert. Melanite has a velvet black color. PPyreneite is black or grayish-black, with often a submetallic lustre. G. of these varieties 3-6-4'0. Aplome has the faces striated parallel to the shorter diagonal, and is brown or orange brown, with G.=3-44. Si F Pe e n.!lg Ca 30, Westmanland, 37'55 -- 31 35 -- 470 26-74-100-34, His. 31. Willsboro', coloph. 38 00 6-00 28'06 -- - 29-0010106, Sey. 32. Schwarzenberg, gn. 36-85 4-05 25-35 -- 0'95 - 323299'52, Kars. 33. Sala, 36-62 7-53 22-18 -- - 1-95 31'80=100'08,Bred. 34. " 36'73 2-78 25-83 - - 12'44 21 79 —99'57, Bred. 35. Thuringia, brown, 34'00 2-00 27'84 - 3'15 - 30-75, II, Cu 4-25, B. 36. Langbanshytta, yw. 35-10 - 29'10 - 7'08 - 26-91,1(0'98=99-17, Wacht. 37. Altenau, Aplome, 35.'64 - 30'00 - 3-02 - 29-21,K 2'35,Wacht. 38. Hesselkulla, bn. 37 99 2-71 28-53 -- 1'62 - 30-74=100-59, W. 39. " gn. 3813 7-32 19'42 -- 3-30 - 3165-99-82, W. 40. Arendal, bnh-bk. 40'20 6-95 20-50 -- 4'00 - 29-48=101'13, W. 41. Vesuvius, bn. 39'93 13'45 10'95 3 35 1'40 -- 31-66 —100'94, W. 42. Franklin, N. J. gn. 33-72 7'97 1764 - 1670 - 2288-98-92, Thom. 43. Frascati, black, 34'00 6-4 25-5 - - -- 33'0=98'9,aaq.[K 44. black, 35-50 6'00 26-00 --- 32'50,MnO04=100'4, 45. " black,:84-60 4-55 28'15 - -- 0'65 31 80=99 75, Kars. 46. Beaujeu, black, 36-45 2-06 29-48 - 0'28 0'06 30-76, ign. 0'96, Eb. 47. Franconia, N.H. bk. 38-85 - 28'15 - -- - 32'00=99'00,Fisher. 48. Gustafsberg,G=3-6, 37-80 11'18 15-66 4'97 0'13 trace 30-28=100 02,Bahr. 49. Polyadelphite, 34-83 1-12 28-73 - 882 1'42 24'05 —98 97, Web. 50. " 354'7 3-10 28'55 - 5-41 2-13 26'74=101'40, Bau. VI. Lime-Chrome Garnet —Ouvarovite=da3'Si+(ir, Al)Si=(~a3+- (r, 1) )Si. Color emerald green. G.=3-4184. t.-7-5. B.B. aloneinfusible; aclearchromegreen glass with borax.'Si;1 Pte Er Fe Mg Ca 51. Bissersk, 37'11 5-88 - 22-54. 2-44 1-10 30'34, I 1'01=100'42, K. 62. " 36'93 5-68 1-96 21-84 -- 1-54 31-66, Cu trace=99'58, E. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 193 Polyadelvphite of Thomson (anal. 49, 50) is a brownish-yellow garnet from the Franklin Furnace, New Jersey. Garnet occurs imbedded in mica slate, granite, and gneiss, and occasionally in limestone, chlorite slate, serpentine, and lava. The precious garnet occurs in Ceylon, Greenland, and Brazil. Common garnet is met with in dodecahedrons from three to four inches in diameter, at Fahlun in Sweden, Arendal and Kongsberg in Norway, and the Zillerthal; abundant smaller crystals in mica slate, in the Island of Mull, in Perth and Inverness, Shetland; green at Schwarzenberg in Saxony. The magnesia-alumina garnet occurs at Arendal with calce spar; Melanite in the Vesuviari lavas, and also near Rome; GrosslUlarite near the Wilui River in Siberia, etc. Cinnamon stone in masses of considerable size in Ceylon, at Malsji in Wermland, and at St. Gothard; Romanzovite, a similar variety, at Kimito, Finland; Aplome on the banks of the river Lena in Siberia, and at Schwarzenberg in Saxony; Ouvarovite in emerald-green dodecahedrons, at Bissersk in Russia, with chromic iron. Other localities as above.. In New Hampshire at Hanover, small clear crystals in syenitic gneiss; blood-red dodecahedrons at Franconia, in geodes in massive garnet, with cale spar and magnetic iron; at Haverhill, in chlorite, some 1~, in. in diameter; at Unity, on the estate of J. Neal, with actinolite and magnetic iron, and at Lisbon, near Mink Pond, in; mica slate with staurotide; at Grafton, i to 1 in. in diameter. In Massachusetts,. at Carlisle, geodes of transparent cinnamon-brown crystals similar to figure 43,, with scapolite in limestone; at Boxborough, in similar but less remarkable specimens; also in gneiss at Brookfield and Brimfield; massive with epidote, at Newbury, and in crystals at Bedford, Chesterfield, with the Cummington kyanite, and at the beryl locality of Barre. In Maine, beautiful yellow crystals or cinnamon stone. (with idocrase) at Parsonsfield, Phippsburg, and Rumford; manganesian garnet atPhippsburg, as well as the finest yellow garnet in Maine; in mica slate near the bridge at Windham, with staurotide; in granite veins at Streaked Mountain, along with beryl; in large reddish-brown crystals at Buckfield, on the estates of Mr. Waterman and Mr. Lowe; the best red garnets in Maine, occur at Brunswick. In Vermont, at New Fane, in large crystals in chlorite slate; also at Cabot and Cavendish. In Connecticut, polished trapezohedrons, — 1 in. in diameter, in mica slate, at Reading and Monroe; at Haddam, large brittle trapezohedrons of manganesian garnet, often 2 in.through, with chrysoberyl; at Lyme, large blackish brown crystals in limestone. In New York, in mica slate, in Dover, Duchess Co., small; at Roger's Rock, crystallized and massive, and colophonite of yellow, brown, and red colors, abundant; brown crystals at Crown Point, Essex Co.; a cinnamon variety, crystallized and massive, at Amity; on the Croton aqueduct, near Yonkers, in small rounded crystals, and a beautiful massive variety-the latter, when polished, forms a beautiful gem. In New Jersey, at Franklin, black, brown, yellow, red, and green dodecahedral garnets; also near the Franklin furnace. In Pennsylvania, in Chester Co., at Pennsbury, fine dark-brown crystals with polished faces, in granite; near Knauertown at Keims' mine, good aplome in handsome lustrous crystals; at Chester, brown; in Concord, color of pyrope; in Leiperville, red; at Mineral Hill, fine brown. In Delaware, cinnamon stone in trapezohedrons, at Dixon's quarry, 7 miles from Wilmington. Also at Knife rapids on the Mississippi; at Marmora, Canada West, dark red, at Grenville a cinnamon-stone. Colophonite forms a large vein in gneiss at Willsboro, Essex Co., N. Y., associated with tabular spar and green coccolite; also at Lewis, ten miles south of Keeseville, Essex Co. The cinnamon stone from Ceylon and the precious garnet are used as gems when large, finely colored, and transparent. The stone is cut quite thin, on account of the depth of color, with a pavilion cut below and a broad table above bordered with small facets. An octagonal garnet measuring 8- lines by 6~ has sold for near $700. Pulverized garnet is sometimes employed as a substitute for emery. The garnet was, in part, the carbunculus of the ancients, a term probably applied also to the spinel and Oriental ruby. The Alabandic carbuncles of Pliny were so called because cut and polished at Alabanda. Hence the name Almandine, now in use. Pliny describes vessels of the capacity of a pint, formed from carbuncles. "non claros ac plerumque sordidos ac semper fulgoris horridi," devoid of lustre. and beauty of color, which probably were large common garnets. The garnet isa supposed also to have been the hyacinth of the ancients. 25 194 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. ALTERED FoRns.-Garnets containing protoxyd of iron, often become rusty and disintegrated through the oxydation of the iron, and sometimes are altered to red iron ore. The action of waters, containing traces of carbonic acid and carbonates and silicates in solution, result in the same changes nearly as with pyroxene, producing at different times, steatite, serpentine, chlorite. The lime in the lime garnets may be taken up by the carbonic acid of the waters; and if magnesia is combined with the carbonic acid (forming a bicarbonate) it may take the place of the lime, and thus give rise to a steatitic pseudomorph, or to a chlorite, if the iron partly remains. Alkaline carbonates seldom produce the changes, for alkaline pseudomorphs are rare. Ati excess of silica is to be expected in analyses, according to Bischof, since part of the bases are often lost through incipient change. Quartz also occurs with the form of garnet. JELLETITE, Apjohn. Said to occur in rhombic prisms giving the angles 60~, the supplement of which 120~ is the angle of the dodecahedron. H. above 7; G.= 3-741. Occurs as a yellowish, slightly greenish incrustation, and is compact in its texture. Composition, according to Wright, (J. Geol. Soc. Dublin, v, 119) Si 38'09, Fe 33-41, (Ca 28-61=100'11, which, if a small part of the iron is protoxyd, would give the formula of a garnet. Tritomite of Weibye, a hydrous species, is probably related in composition, as it is in form, to Garnet and Helvin; it appears to give, although a peroxyd silicate, the garnet oxygen ratio 1: 1. See description under Hydrous Silicates. PYROPE. 1Bohemian Garnet. Monometric; cubic with uneven rounded faces. Generally in rounded grains. Cleavage none. lH. 7'5. G.=3'69 —38. Lustre vitreous. Color blood-red. Transparent-translucent. Fracture conchoidal. oploslthion. —23'Si - 3~'Si.-=(-IRfd3-')Si. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 16, v, 171); 2, T. Wachtmeister, (K. V. Ac. HI. 1825, 216); 3, Kobell, (Kastner's Arch. v, 165, viii, 447, ix, 344). Si;Kl lPe Mn r Mig Ca 1. Bohemia, 40'00 28-50 16'50 0'25 2'00 10'00 3-50=100-75, Klaproth. 2. Meronitz, 43'70 22-40 -- 6-52 5-60 6'72, Fe 11-48,1Mn 368, Wo 3. Stiefelberg, 42'08 20'00 1-51 0-32 3-01 10-20 1-99, " 9'10-98'21, Kob. Fuses with some difficulty before the blowpipe to a black glass, and with borax yields an emerald-green globule. From the mountains on the south side of Bohemia, imbedded in trap tufa and wacke; and also at Zoblitz in Saxony, in serpentine. ALTERED Fonts. —Pyrope altered to talc, occurs at both of the above-mentioned localities. HELVIN, W. Tetrahedral Garnet. Monometric: tetrahedral. Figures 55 and 57. Cleavage: octahedral, in traces. HI.=6 —6 —6. G.=-31 —33; 3'216, Breithaupt. Lustrevitreous, inclining to resinous. Color wax-vellow, inclining to yellowishbrown, and siskin-green; streakuncolored. Subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Composition.-Analyses by Gmelin, (Pogg. iii, 53): Si 83326, Be and some il 12-03, Min 31'82, Mn 14'00, Fe 6556, ign. 1-16=97-82. "35-2'7, " 803, " 145," 29 34, "14 00, " 7'99, " 116=97 24. SILIC0AT:ES, GARNET SECTION. 195 G. Rose writes the formula (1in, Pe)'3 Si2 —e'i+Mn S, Mn O. If in this formula Mn S be considered as replacing a portion of protoxyd, the oxygen ratio for the bases and silica is 8: 9. The analyses correspond as well to the ratio 9: 9-1: 1, which is the garnet ratio; the formula. may then be (1~-3+'ie) Si or 2R3 Si+Re Si, which (if 1R=-4- Mn St3 fe+ell-Mn)=Silica 34-1, glucina 9'6, sulphuret of manganese 14'6, protoxyd of manganese 32'7, protoxyd of iron, 9'0=100. B.B. on charcoal fuses with intumescence in the reducing flame, to a yellow opaque globule. With borax gives the reaction of manganese. With muriatic acid evolves sulphuretted hydrogen, and affords a jelly of silica. Occurs in gneiss at Schwarzenberg in Saxony, associated with garnet, quartz, fluor, and calc spar; at Breitenbrunn, Saxony; also at Hortekulle, near Modum, in Norway. It was named by Werner in allusion to its yellow color, from,iXos, the surn. ZIRCON, W. Hyacinth. Jargon. Zirconite. Silicate of Zirconia. Erdmannite. Ostranite, Breithaupt. Calyptolite, Shepard. Dimetric. O: li=147 21'; a=0'6407. Observed planes as in f. 387, with also planes 2 and 3. I: 1=132~ 10'. ii:' 1=118~ 20'. ii: 44=1550 8'. I: 2=1510 6'. ii: 1i=1229 39'. 1i: ii (pyr.)=1350~ 11'. 1: 3=159~ 48'. ii: 33-148~ 17'. 1:1 (pyr.) —123 19'. Cleavage: Iirnperfect; 1, less distinct. Also in irregular forms and grains. 382 383 386 387 33 33 \33 33 33 384 385? 138 McDowall Co., N. C. HE.=7'5. G.=4'0 —4'75; 4'505, Haidinger; 4'072 and 4'222, near Stockholm, Svanberg; 4'599 and 4'610, Ilmen, ib.; 4'453, Ceylon, ib.; 4'681, Thomson, Svanberg; 4'721, Lowry; 4'03 from Stockholm. Lustre more or less perfectly adamantine. Color red, brown, yellow, gray, white. Streak uncolored. Transparentsubtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal, and brilliant. C'omposition.-ZrSi-Silica 33-2, zirconia 66'8=100, the zirconia, being partly the earth noria according to Svanberg. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. H. 1824); 2, Vanuxem, (J. Acad. Sci. Philad. iii, 59); 3, W. Gibbs, (Pogg. lxxi, 559); 4, Henneberg, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxviii, 508); 5, T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 214); 6, C. M. Wetherill, (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. x, 346, and Am. J. Sci. xv, 4483): 196 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si Zr Fe 1. Expailly, 33'48 67'16 - =100'64, Berzelius. 2. N. Carolina; G.=4-453, 32'08 67-07 -- =99'15, Vanuxem. 3. Litchfield, Me. G.=4'7, 35'26 63'33 0'79 undecomp. 0'39=99-74, Gibbs. 4. G.=4'615-4'71, 33-85 64-81 1-55 (a 0-88=101'09, Henneberg. 5. Grenville, G.=4'6254602, 33-7 66-3 - =1010, Hunt. 6. Reading, Pa., G.=4-595, 34'07 63-50 2-02, II 0'50=100-09,Wetherill. Not acted on by the acids, excepting by sulphuric after long digestion. B.B. loses color, but is infusible alone, and also with carbonate of soda and salt of phosphorus. With borax melts with difficulty to a diaphanous glass, which with more of the flux is opaque. Klaproth discovered the earth zirconia in this species in 1789. Hyacinth includes the bright colored varieties; Zirconite the grayish or brownish, frequently rough or opaque. The variety from Ceylon, which is colorless, or has a smoky-tinge, and is therefore sold for inferior diamonds, is sometimes called jargon. Hyacinth occurs in the sand and alluvial deposits of certain rivers in Ceylon; at Expailly near Le Puy, France; at Ohlapian in Transylvania; Pfitsch in the Tyrol, (1: 1=123~ 25'. Kobell); at Bilin, in Bohemia; Sebnitz in Saxony; occasionally in volcanic tufa in Auvergne; also in Greenland; in the zircon syenite of Fredericksviirn in Norway; near Brevig, sometimes called Erdmannite, containing Si 33-43, Zr (with some Fe and Mn) 66597, ign. 0'70, Berlin, Pogg, lxxxviii, 162; at Miask, in the Urals; in the iron mines of Arendal; also in Scotland, at Scalpay in Harris, and in the granite of Criffel in Kircudbrightshire; at Vesuvius with ryacolite, in white and blue octahedrons; at Santa Rosa, (Antioquia), New Grenada, in small colorless crystals. In Buncombe Co., N. C., on the road from the Saluda Gap to Asheville, upon the first elevation after passing Green river, crystals are found loose in the soil, andimbedded in feldspar; in the sands of the gold washings of McDowall Co., N. C., (f. 386). In New York, cinnamon-red, at Hall's mine in Moriah, Essex Co., in a vein of quartz; near the outlet of Two Ponds, Orange Co., with scapolite, pyroxene, and sphene, in crystals sometimes 1 in. in length; on Deer Hill, a mile southeast of Canterbury, in the same Co., crystals abundant of a deep brownish-red or black color, and occasionally 1~ in. in length; chocolate-brown crystals in Warwick, at the southern base of Mount Eve, in limestone and scapolite; near Amity, and also in Monroe and Cornwall, at several localities, of white, reddish-brown, clove-brown, and black colors; at Diana in Lewis Co., in large brown crystals sometimes 2 in. long, with sphene and scapolite, but rare. In St. Lawrence Co., with apatite at Robinson's in the town of Hammond, near De Long's Mills; some of the crystals are 1~ in. long, and j inch wide, and they sometimes contain a nucleus of carbonate of lime. Crystals are found also at Rossie, (form I, 1, 3), at Johnsburg, in Warren Co., in New Jersey at Franklin, and in gneiss at Trenton; at Middlebury, Vt.; at Litchfield, Me.; near Reading, Pa., in large crystals in magnetic iron ore; in talcose slate at Easton, Pa.; at Grenville, St. Jerome and Mille Isles, Canada; in the Gold washings of the north fork of the American River and elsewhere in California. Hyacinth occurs of sufficient dimensions to be valuable as a gem. It is very doubtful whether the modern hyacinth is one of the stones that were called hyacinth (v5&lv0os) by the ancients. Jameson seems to have supposed that they applied this name to the amethyst or sapphire. Ostranite, Breit., is a zircon of a grayish-brown color. From Fredericksviirn? ALTERED FonMs.-Zircon is one of the most unalterable of minerals, as it contains no protoxyds, and only the most insoluble of peroxyds. It however passes to a hydrous state, and is probably acted on by alkaline waters, which attack the silica, and thus (Erstedite may have been formed. Malacone, (Erstedite and Tachyaphaltite, are probably altered zircon. MMalacone, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxii, 436). Dimetric like zircon; 1: 1=124~40' to 1240 57' and 830 30'. H.-6'5. G. —39-4'047. Brown and vitreous to subresinous, powder reddish brown or uncolored. Composition Zr'i+-fl (or fll). Analyses: 1, Scheerer, (loc. cit.); 2, Damour, (loc. cit.); 3, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. liii, 32). SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 197 Si Er Fe Y Ca kIg I 1. Hitteroe, 31'31 63'40 0'41 0'34 0'39 0'11 3'03=98'99, Scheerer. 2' Chanteloube, 30'87 61'17 3-67 -- 008 -- 3'09, Mn 014=99'02, D. 3. Ilmen lts., 31-87 59-82 1ie311 - -— nli20 4-00=100, Hermann. B.B. like zircon, except it yields water. From Ilitteroe in Norway, and Chanteloube, Hhute Vienne, at the latter place occurring in thin plates rarely over 3 to 4 mm. thick and occasionally with crystals on their surface. Calyptolite of Shepard, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xii, 210); occurs with chrysoberyl at Haddam, Ct., in minute, short square prisms like f. 382, of a dark brown or greenish brown color; angle 1: 1 stated at 122 —124~. G.=4-34; H.6'-5. It yields some moisture, and is probably zircon somewhat altered. aErstedite, Forchhammer, (Pogg. xxxv, 630).-Dimetric; 1: 1=123~ 161'. H.=5'5. G.=3'629. Reddish brown and splendent adamantine; opaque or subtranslucent. Composition.-According to Forchhammer containsSi 19708 Ca 2-612 Mkg 2047 Fe 1'136 Pi and r 68'965 f 5'532=100. B.B. infusible, and according to Berzelius gives a trace of tin. Occurs in brilliant crystals at Arendal in Norway, and commonly on crystals of pyroxene. Named after (Ersted. TACHIYAPHALTITE, Berlin, Pogg. lxxxviii, 160. Dimetric. In short thick prisms, 3 lines long; planes _and ii, with two octahedrons, one of 110~ (edge of pyramid) and the other of 50~. Cleavage not distinct. H. = 5'5. G. =3'6. Lustre submetallic to vitreous. Color dark reddish-brown. Streak dirty yellow. Subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Composition.-Analysis by Berlin (loc. cit.): 9i Zr Fe Al 1h? 1f 34'58 38 96 37 2 1 85 12-32 8-49=99-92. B.B. infusible, but becomes dirty white; with borax dissolves with difficulty; with soda on platinum a dirty yellowish brown slag; in a tube gives water with a slight fluorine reaction. Partially decomposed by muriatic acid, after some time. From granite veins in gneiss, near Krageroe, with sphene. The name of the species is from raXvs, quick, and aoaXros, the mineral flying readily from the gangue when struck. IDOCRASE, H. Vesuvian. Egeran. G6kumite. Loboit, Frugardit, Idokras. Protheite, Ure. Wiluite. Cyprine. Xanthite, Mather. Dimetric. 0: li=151~ 51'; a=0'53507. 0: 1=142~ 53/. 0: J=90~. ii: i2=153 26'. 0: 2=1230 27. I 1i=118~ 9'. ii: 3=1610 34/. 0: 22=129~ 53'. ii: 22=-1330 20'. 1: (ov.l)=1290 29'. 0 44=1140 23'. ii: 33=1440 45'. 1 1(ov.1)=74~ 14'. O: M3=1390 46'. ii: 44=1520 5'. i': ii (pyr.)=1410 1'. Cleavage: I not very distinct, 0 still less so. Twins: plane of composition 4i, (?) angle of divergence 56~ to 60~; also ii. Columnar structure rare, straight and divergent, or irregular; occasionally granular. 198 DESCRIPTTVE MINERALOGY. H.=6'5. G.= 3-349 —3'45. Lustre vitreous: often inclining to resinous. Color brown to green; and the latter frequently bright and clear; occasionally sulphur-yellow, and also blue; sometimes 389 390 0 1 iir 1' 0 2 22 2i 391 392 3 -o33 4 42 44 5 fl i1 I i I i2 i3 ii (1(TV~~~~~t i conchoidlal -u neven. ~om~pos9ition.-3S'i+a'i=(4lt~%~2)'i=(if = f:) si 39, mia 2's ~~ i2 Zj e _i Z ti 012 lime 32'6, protoxyd of iron 5'3-100. Some analyses require 3 It'Si-2~ Si-( I13+ ~2)Si=(if BR equals as above) Silica 38-4, alumina 1'74, lime 38'0, protoxyd of iron 6'2=100. Analyses: 1-4, Magnus, (Pogg. xxi, 50); 5-8, Karsten, (Karsten's Archiv f. Min. iv, 391); 9, Varrentrapp, (Pogg. xlvi, 343); 10, Ivanoff, (Pogg. xlvi, 341); 11, 12, Kobell, (Kast.. Arch. vii, 399); 13, Nordenskiold, (Schw. J. xxxi, 436); 14, Thomson, (Min. i, 143); 15, Richardson,.(ib. 262); 16-18, Hermann, (J. f. prakt. Ch. xliv, 193): Si Al ie Ca ~hg 1. Vesuvius, brown, 31736 23'53 3'99 29'68 -,M/Tgand kn5'21=99'77,M. 2. Slatoust, Ural, 37'18 18'11 4'67 35'79 077, Mn 1'49=98'01, Magnus. 3. Cziklowa, green, 38'52 20'06 3-42 32'41 2'99, Mn 0'02=97'42, 4. Christiansand, 31766 17'69 6'49 31-90 4-54, in 050= —98-77, 5. Vesuvius, G. 3'420, 37-50 18'50 6'25 33-71 3-10, Sin 0-10=99-16, Karsten. 6. Piedm.gn.G.=3-399, 39-25 18'10 4-30 33-95 2-70, 1n 0175=95'25, Karsten. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 199 Si x1 Pe Oa;Ig 7. SassValley, brown, 38 40 18-05 3'10 36'72 1'50, Mn 0'65, Na 0'9=99932, K. 8. Egeran, 39-70 18'95 2-90 34-88 —,Mn 096, Na2g10=99-49,K. 9. Slatoust, Ural, 37'55 17'88 6'34 35'66 2'62,=99 95, Varrentrapp. 10. " " 37'08 14-16 16'02 30-88 1'86-100, Ivanoff. 11. Ala, 34'85 20'71 5'40 35 61 -,=96'57, Kobell. 12. Monzoni, 37-65 15-42 6-42 38 24 -,=97'72, " 13. Fsugyardite, 38-53 17'40 3-90 27-70 10-60, Mn 0833=98'46, Nord. 14. Xanthite, 35'09 17-43 - 33-08 2-00, Pe 6-37, Mn 2'80, 1 1'68, T. 15. Qyprine, G.=3'228,38-80 20'40 8'35 32'00 — =99'55, Richardson. 16. Achmat. G.=3-4, 37'62 13-25 0-60 36-43 3'79, M'n 0'5, Fe 7'12, C 0'7, H. 17. Slatoust, G.=3'42, 38-19 14-34 0-61 32-69 6-20, Mn 21, Pe 526,=9939, IH. 18. " G. —335, 39-20 16'56 0-30 34'73 4'00, K, Na2-0, Fel20, C1 50, H. B.B. fuses easily with some intumescence to a translucent yellow globule, and forms with borax a diaphanous glass, tinged with iron. By fusion the specific gravity is reduced to 2-93 —2945, according to Magnus, without any change of composition. Cyprine in the reduction flame affords a red pearl from the copper present. Idocrase is attacked by the acids, and after heating wholly dissolves and gelatinizes. A manganesian idocrase from St. Marcel, Piedmont, has a sulphur to honey-yellow color, and gives an amethystine color with borax in the oxydation flame. Idocrase was first observed in the ancient Vesuvian lavas, and was thence called Vesuvian. It has since been met with in serpentine, gneiss, and granular limestone. The Vesuvian idocrase has a hair-brown or olive-green color, and is associated with glassy feldspar, garnet, mica, and nepheline. The crystals from Ala, in the Valdi-Brozzo, in Piedmont, are usually transparent and brilliant with a green or brown color, rarely black. Egg, near Christiania, in Norway, the Ural,Wilui river near Lake Baikal, Cziklowa in the Bannat, and Monzoni in the Fassa valley, are other localities. Sulphur-yellow crystals have been found at Monzoni. A light brown variety occurs in Donegal, Ireland. From Frugard, Finnland, comes the frugardite; from Gbkum what has been called gikumite, and loboite. Liver-brown diverging groups, from Eger in Bohemia, have been called egeran. Crystals of a blue tint, called cyprine, come from near Tellemark, Norway; the color is attributed to copper. At Phippsburg and Rumford, just below the falls in Maine, in crystals and massive with yellow garnet, pyroxene, &c., in limestone; also at Parsonsfield, Me., with the same materials, abundant; also at Poland and Sandford, (fig. 393), Me.; at Worcester, Mass., in a quartz rock, with garnet, but exhausted; yellowish-brown in crystals at Newtown, N. J., with corundum and spinel; half a mile south of Amity, N. Y., grayish and yellowish-brown crystals, sometimes an inch in diameter, in granular limestone; also at the village, and a mile east of the village, of yellow, greenish-yellow, and yellowish-brown colors. The Xanthite, which is from this vicinity, is identical in crystallization with common idocrase. Large brownishyellow crystals occur at Clarendon, Canada West, in limestone with brown tourmaline. Named from EtI&, I see, and Kpaoas, mixture, because the crystalline forms have much resemblance to those of some other species. ALTERED FoRMs.-Alterations nearly as in garnet. Crystals from Maine often have the exterior, though still brilliant and glassy, cleavable easily from the part below, and equally so, parallel to all the smaller as well as larger faces, so that a pealed crystal has as brilliant and even planes as before. Idocrase has been observed altered to steatite and mica. An Egeran, analyzed by Ficinus, (Schrift. Dresd. Min. Ges. i, 235), gave, Silica 43'00, alumina 14'70, peroxyd of iron 2-40, ib. of manganese 4-00, lime 30'00, soda 5'33=99'43. It is probably in an altered state, as Rammelsberg infers from the de scription of Ficinus. The carbonic acid detected by Hermann in idocrase from Slatoust, (anal. 18), is evidence of alteration, and this acid and alkaline or earthy carbonates or bicarbonates in solution, are agents by which change is often produced. Heteromerite of Hermann, is a light green mineral from Slatoust, containing according to v. Hauer, (Jahrb. Geol. Reichs. 1853, 155): Si 43-29, 1l 23-17, Pe 6-10, Ca 23'78, Mg 3-05. The oxygen ratio from the analysis is 1: 1I: 3. 200 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. SARCOLITE, Thomson. Sarkolith. Analcime carnea, Monticelli. 0D Iimetric; 0: 1i=156~ 5'; a=0'4435. Hem2ihedral in the planes 23, only the alternate oc3 curring. O: 2=1280 33', 2: 2 (over terminal 63 Crystals small. H.=6. G.=2'545. Lustre vitreous. Color flesh-red, reddish-white. Transparent to subObserved Planes. transparent. Extremely brittle. According to an imperfect analysis by Scacchi, (Quadri Crystallographici, Naples, 1842, p. 66), contains Si 42'11 Al 24-50 Ca 32'43 Na 2-93=101'97, corresponding nearly to the composition of idocrase, and formula (~(ITa, Ca)9+1~l) Si. B.B. fuses to a white enamel. With acids gelatinizes. Of rare occurrence at Mt. Somma. MEIONITE, H. Mizzonite, Scacchi. 395 395 Dimetric 0: 1 —=156~ 18'; a=0'439. Observ/ 1~ / ed planes, 0, 13, I, 33, i3, 1d, ii; sometimes hemihedral in the planes 33, the alternate being wanting. 0: 1-1480 10', 1: 1, pyr.=-136~ 11', basal 63~ 40'. ii 3jIj lii" Cleavage: ii and Irather perfect, but often interrupted. H. = 5'5-6. G.=2-5-2' 74; 2'734 —2737, v. Rath. Lustre vitreous. Colorless to white. Transparent to translucent; often cracked within. Composition. —a'Si+2Ail Si=(~Ca3 -A1) Si=Silica 42-1, alumina 31'9, lime 26-0. Analyses: 1, L. Gmelin, (Schw. J. xxv, 36, xxxv, 348); 2, Stromeyer, (Unters. 378); 3, Wolff, (De Comp. Ekeberg. etc., Ramm., 2nd Suppl. 133); 4, v. Rath. (De Comp. Wern., Pogg. xc, and Ramm., 5th Suppl., 211):'Si M1 3e Ca g ga: 1. Somma, 43-80 32-85 - 20a64- 257a —, e1.07=10093, Gm. 2. " 40'53 32-73 24'24 1-81 Fe 0-18=99-50, Str. 3. " 4207 3171 - 22-43 0'45 0'31, ign 0'31=97 29, Wolff. 4. " 42-55 30-89 0'41 21-41 0'83 1'25 0'93, " 0-19=98'46, Rath. a With some Li. B.B. a colorless glass; a clear glass with soda. With acids does not gelatinize, according to v. Rath., contrary to v. Kobell's statement. Mizzonite,from Mt. Somma, afforded Scacchi the angles 1: 1=1350 56' and 64008'; B.B. does not intumesce as much as Meionite, and is less easily attacked by acids. Occurs in small crystals in geodes, usually in limestone blocks on Monte Somma, near Naples. Mleionite was named from petcsL, less, the pyramid being less acute than in idocrase. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 201 SCAPOLITE, Werner. Wernerite, H. Paranthine. Ekebergite. Nuttallite, Brooke.. Tetraklasit, Haus. Glaucolite, Fischer. Atheriastite, TVeibye. Terenite, Emmons. Porcellanspath, _Anchs. Stroganowite, Hermann. Schmelzstein, Skapolith, Spreustein, Wern. Dimetric: O: 1i=1560 14i'; a=0'4398. Observed planes, 0, Zg,, 1 1~ V, 427 43. 0: 1=1480 6'. I: i3 —153~ 26'. 1: 1 (pyr.)1360 7'. I: 1=1210 54'. ii: i3=161~ 34'. 1: 1 (bas.)=630 48'. I: i2=161~ 34'. ii: i2=153~ 26'. ii: 1i (pyr.)=1460 53'. 396 Cleavage: ii and Irather distinct, but interrupted. Also massive, granular, or with a /,< 1 \ X tfaint fibrous appearance; sometimes columnar. _____ H.=5 —5'5, nearly 6, a subtransparent variety from Gouverneur, N. Y. G.=2-612-.~ Ad 2'749' Lustre vitreous to pearly externally, inclining to resinous; eleavage and cross fracture surface vitreous. Color white, gray, blue, green, and red; colors usually light; streak uncolored. Transparent-faintly subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. The species Scapolite undergoes but small variations in structure. It never becomes strictly fibrous, and usually occurs in distinct crystals which are occasionally of large size. The crystals when not glassy, are often rendered opaque externally or throughout by partial alteration, and sometimes have a chalky appearance over the surface, after exposure. The massive varieties have some resemblance to the feldspars. The following are names of so-called varieties. Scapolite (named from acKaros, a club) or Wernerite includes common grayish and white varieties. N2uttallite is essentially the name; colors bluish, grayish and dark greenish. Paranthine has included certain compact varieties and.crystals of white and pale blue colors. Ekebergite is massive and subfibrous. The distinctions between these varieties are not well defined. Porcelain Spar is described as affording the prismatic angle 92~. But the analyses give the same oxygen ratio essentially as for Scapolite. G.=2-65 —268. Glaucolite (Anal. 15, 26, 27) is referred to this place by G. Rose, as its cleavages are those of Scapolite and not of Labradorite it is named from yXavKos, greenish-gray. G.=2-'2 —2'9. Color lavender-blue, greenish; somewhat resembling blue Cancrinite. Composition mostly a3 Si2+ 2X1 Si,=(-3W —:l) Si3=(if -=O0a) Silica 49'3, alumina 27'9, lime 22-8. Analyses: 1, v. Rath, (Pogg. xc); 2, 3, Wolff, (Foss. Ekeberg.); 4, 5, Rath, (loc.. cit.); 6, Stadtmiiller, (Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 294); 7, HI. Wurtz, (Am. J. Sci., [2], x, 325); 8, Hartwall, (Jahresb. iv, 155); 9, 10, Wolff, (loc. cit.); 11, 12, v. Rath, (loc.. cit.); 13, Hartwall and Hedberg, (Jahresb. iv, 155); 14, Nordenskidld, (Schw. J. xxxi,. 417); 15, v. Rath, (loc. cit.); 16, Berg, (Jahresb. xxv, 356); 17, Wolff, (loc. cit.); 18,. Ekeberg, (Afh. i Fys. ii, 153); 19, Fuchs, (Leonh. Tasch. f. Min., 1823, 94); 20, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Chem. i, 89); 21, Schafhautl, (Ann. Ch. u. Pharm., xlvi, 325); 22, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. liv, 420); 23, Wolff, (loc. cit.); 24, Hermann, (loc. cit.); 25, v. Rath, (loc. cit.); 26, Bergemann, (Pogg. ix, 267); 27, Giwartowsky, (Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow, 1848, 548); 28, 29, Hermann, (loc. cit.) Specific gravity of 1, 2-654; 2, 2-712; 3, 2-718; 4, 2-748; 5, 27'88; 6, 2'748 7, 2-704; 9, 2'623; 10, 2'733; 11, 2-763; 12, 2'751; 15, 2-666; 16, 2-34; 17,2'735 22, 2'70; 23, 2-712; 24, 2'69; 25, 2-633; 26, 27, 2'65-2-'72; 28, 2'80; 29, 2'74. 26 202 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si Ai1 Fe Ca Mg 1Na f 1. Pargas, gnh. 45-46 30'96 - 1722 - 229 1'31 f 1'29=9853, R. 2. " 45'10 32'76 - 1784 -- 076 0'68 ign 1'04=98'18,W. 3. Bolton, 48'79 28'16 0'32 15'02 1'29 4'52 0'54 ig. 074=99'36, W. 4. " bkh-gn. 455'7 23'65 3'38 20'81 1'23 2'46 0-63 f1 0'78=98 51, R. 5. " " 4440 25'52 3 79 20'18 101 209 0'51 " 1'24=98'74, R. 6. " 45-79 30-11 1 86 17 40 - tr. 3 48a" 1'63=100 27, S. 7. " blue, 47'67 25'75 2'26 17'31 -- 776 - = —100'77, Wurtz. 8. Pargas, 49'42 25'41 1'40 15'59 0'68 6-05 - ign.1'45 —100,Hlar. 9. Wermland, 49'88 27'02 0'21 12'71 0'85 7'59 0'87 ign.0'77=99'90,W. 10. Finland, 48'15 25'38 1'48 16'63 0'84 4'91 0'12ign.0'85-98 45,W. 11. MalsjS, blue, 47-24 24'69 tr. 16'84 2'18 3-55 0 85 Ht 1'75=9706, Rh. 12. Arendal,ywh. 45'05 25'31 2'02 17-30 0-30 6'45 1'55 I 1'24=9922, Rh. 13. Ersby, 48'77 31'05 -- 15'94 -- 3'25 -— I 0'61=9 9'62, 1I. 14. " 43'83 35-43 - 18'96 -- H 1.03, Nord. 15. L. Baikal, G1. 46'60 27'20 1'53 15'98 0'48 4'70 0'60 Io0.55-97.49,bRh. 16. Drothems, 46'35 26'34 0'32 17'00 0'54 4-71 0'32 ign.l'60,undec.0'99 =98'17, B. 17. Hesselk. Jikeb. 49'26 26'40 0'54 14'44 - 6-14 0'65 ign.0'69=98'12,W. 18 " 46'00 28'75 0'75 13'50 - 5-25 - "2'25=96'50, Ek. 19. Porcelain Sp. 49'30 27 90 - 14'42 - 5'46 -- fg 0'90=97 98, F. 20. " 50'29 27'37 - 13'53 -- 5'92 0-17 =97'30, Kobell. 21. " 49'20 27'30 -- 15'48 453 123 C1092,HI12,Schaf. 22. Bolton, red, 50'16 28'44 -- 13'12 0'76 1'42 0'91 Mn 0'14, Fe 0'12, a 2-94, Io0.8, Litr.=98-81, I. 23. Arendal, 50'91 25'81 0-75 13'34 0'58 7'09 0'85 ign.0'41-99'74,W. 24. Gullsjo, 52'94 27'64 -- 9.10 - 6'89 0'54 Sin 0-25, Fe 0'3, C1'50=9972,lHer. 25. Gouverneur, 52-25 23'97 -- 9'86 0-78 8'70 1'73 fI 1,20=98'49, Rh. 26. Glaucolite, 50-58 27'60 F 01 10-27 3-73 2-97 1-27 Mn 0O-87,ft 1'73,Be. 27. "c 50'49 28'12 "04 11'31 2'68 3-10 1'01 MnO'6 1l -79, Giw. 28. Ekebergite, 53-11 27-97 2-84 9'73 0-39 4-83 0'86 In027=-100,IdHero 29. Diana, 51-81 32'45 F 2-53 9-76 - 2-38 0'79 Mn0.28,f0.30,diH. a Na probably included. b 1'35 p. c. of Ca a being excluded. 382 Ca C, excluded, Rammelsberg. d 5'17 Ca C excluded. Bischof and G. Rose consider pure scapolite as having the oxygen ratio of Meionite, 1: 2: 3 for the protoxyds, peroxyds, and silica-=(~R3-4-~i1) Si=(if R- Ca) Silica 42-1, alumina 31'9, lime 26-0. But most of the analyses, as stated above, afford the ratio 1: 2: 4. Analyses 1, 2, 6, give more nearly 1: 2~: 4. No. 14 corresponds to the ratio 1: 3: 4=(~0a3+tAl) Si-Silica 43-2, alumina 36'8, lime 20'0. Nos. 24, 28, give the ratio 1: 3: 6; 25 the ratio 1: 2: 5; 29 the ratio 1: 3': 6. Other intermediate ratios are also presented by the analyses; and even among specimens of the same locality. Thus Bolton alone has afforded to analysts the ratios (approximate) 1:2:4, 1'2:2:4, 1-2:2-25:4, 1:2'5:4, 1:3:6, 1:21:6, 1:3-9:9, and in one specimen analyzed by v. Rath the species contains potash replacing soda, (see beyond on Altered Forms.) It is obvious that the variations are largely due to alterations of one or two types. The ratio 1: 2: 4 is apparently the most prominent of these types, as recognized by Rammelsberg. Von Rath adopts, as a second, the Gouverneur scapolite, with the ratio 1: 2: 5. Usually found in crystalline rocls, and in granular limestone, most common near its junction with granite; also in beds of magnetic iron, accompanying this rock. In the latter situation, scapolite occurs at Arendal, in Norway, and Wermland, in Sweden; also in fine crystallizations in Pargas, Finland, &c. At Arendal it is associated with hornblende and garnet in limestone, and occurs in long slender crystals. Wernerite is found in short thick crystals at the same locality. Paranthine occurs in the limestone quarries of Malsj6 in Wermland, Other localities as above. Por SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 203 celain spar occurs in granular limestone at Obernzell in Bavaria. Glaucolite is found near Lake Baikal, Siberia, in veins in granite. Good crystals occur aft Gouverneur, N. Y., in granular limestone, with apatite, sphene, and augite; at Two Ponds in Orange Co., N. Y., reddish-white crystals with pyroxene, sphene, and zircon, one crystal 10 in. long and 5 in diameter; in Warwick of the same county, milk-white crystals near Amity, with pyroxene, sphene, and graphite; five miles south of Warwick, and two miles north of Edenville, near Greenwood Furnace, (planes 1, I, i2, ii), are other good localities; in Essex county, perfect crystals and massive, nearly fibrous, white and greenish-white, abundant near Kirby's graphite mine, four miles northwest of Alexandria, in Ticonderoga, associated with pyroxene; at Crown Point; in Lewis Co., N.'Y., variety Nuttallite in fine crystals white, bluish, and dark gray, presenting the play of light usual with this variety; edges of the crystals often rounded. Bolton and Boxborough, Mass., afford good scapolite, both the common and the variety nuttallite, often in crystals sometimes large; also Chelmsford, Littleton, Chester, and Carlisle. At Parsonsfield and Raymond, near Dr. Swett's house, good crystals along with yellow garnet and adularia. At Franklin and Newton, N. J., and three miles west of Attleboro' crystallized scapolite occurs in limestone. At G. Calumet, Id., Canada, massive lilac-colored; in large crystals, at ilunterstown with sphene; at Grenville with pyroxene. Massive scapolite occurs at many of the above localities; also at Marlboro', VTt.; Westfield, Mass.; Monroe, Conn., white and nearly fibrous; stone quarry at Paugatuck, Stonington, Conn.; West Point, N. Y., with pyroxene; and of white and bluish-white colors at Fall Hill, Monroe, in Orange Co., N. Y., along with lamellar pyroxene. Canaanite of S. L. Dana is considered a grayish scapolite rock, from Canaan, Ct. Composition, Si 53-366, Ve 4-099,;I 10-380, Ca 25-804, Mg 1-624 C 4'00=99'673. ALTERED Fons.-Scapolite is exceedingly liable to alteration; and many of the analyses appear to have been made upon specimens that have lost part of their bases, so that the silica is in excess. The mineralin its more ordinary change loses its hardness and lustre. The action of carbonated waters is sufficient to produce this result, the carbonic acid taking up the lime; and by carrying off all the bases, the mineral may be thus reduced to a kaolin. By means of bicarbonate of magnesia in solution, steatite results. By alkaline carbonates in solution, alkalies may be introduced and lime removed, thus forming mica, algerite, etc., and perhaps zeolites; and the potash carbonate appears to be able under some circumstances to replace with potash, the soda of a soda silicate, as in algerite. By means of bicarbonate of iron in solution, an oxyd of iron may be introduced, the iron often peroxydizing in the process, and thus comes epidote after scapolite. Atheriastite, Stroganowite, Terenite, as well as Algerite are believed to be altered forms of scapolite. Many of the analyses of scapolite already given, are to some extent of altered forms. The following are of specimens more altered. I. Altered by removal of protoxyd bases, mostly by carbonic acid. II. Altered by addition of oxyd of iron or magnesia without potash, and partial removal of bases. III. Altered by addition of potash, and sometimes magnesia or oxyd of iron, and partial removal of bases. Analyses: I, Brewer, (this Min., 3d edit., 680), 3, 4, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiv, 177, and liv, 410); 5, Weibye and Berlin, (Pogg., lxxix, 299);-II, 6, 7, v, Rath, (Pogg., xc, 288);-III, 8, T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 103); 9, Crossley, (this Min. 3d edit., 680); 10, J. D. Whitney, (Am. J. Sci., [2] xvi, 207); 11, 12, 13, v. Rath, (loc. cit.); 14, 15, Bischof, (Geol., ii, 1433): Si Al Ca Mg Na K f I. 1. Franklin, N. J,, 46-39 2909 513 197 -- tr. 1'80, Fe 2'04, Oa C 10-72=97-15, Brewer. 2. c' " 48'32 28'44 6'88 2-07 - tr. 1'80, Fe 1-40, Ca C 10. 72=99 64, Brewer. 3. Diana, N. J., 45*99 28'80 8'67 - 2-11 070 030, Fe 0'25, Ca C 8'67-98'29, Hermann. 4. Stroganowite, 40-58 28'57 11'05 - 3-50 - -Fe, Mn 089, Ca C 14-55=100'14, Hermann. 20- DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si A1 Na Sig Ia rk t 5. Atheriastite, 38'00 24'10 22'64 2'80 -- - 6.95, Fe 4-82, MA[n 0'78-100'09, Berlin, II. 6. Arendal, black, 29'52 15'77 9'02 8'50 0'58 0'37 10'89a Fe 19'14, Ca C 4'62=98'45, v. Rath. 7. " epidote, 37-92 19'21 22'68 0'25 0'39 0'23 2'51, Fe 15'55= 98'74, v. Rath. III. 8. Algerite, N. J., 49-82 24'91 115 - 10'21 7 57, CaC 3.94 =99 45, Hunt. 9 "." 49-96 24'41 5-18 - 9'97 5'06, CaC 4.21, Fe 1-48=100-27, Cr. 10. " " 5209 18-63b undetermined 6'68, a( 4-41, aSa' 8'22, Whitney. 11. Yellow, Bolton, 49'99 23'01 3'35 1-73 0-35 7'09 4'23, CaC 7'80, Fe 1'64=99'19, v. Rath. 12. Red, Arendal, 59174 16'20 2'15 4'02 4'31 4'42 1'83, Fe 7-90= 100'57, v. Rath. 13. Mica, " 44-49 24'91 2'14 0'36 1'11 6'71 3'44, Fe 4-84= 99'11, v. Rath. 14. " " (65.82)c 27'37b - 0'42 0'42 5'77 0-20=100, Bis. 15. " Pargas, 46175 26'15 15178 0-82 5'64 0'63=95177, " a With some bitumen. b With a little peroxyd of iron. c By loss and probably too high. The altered scapolite of Franklin, N. J., (anal. 1, 2), is leek-green or yellowishgreen, and has the forms of scapolite. H.=3'5. G.=2-78. Lustre subresinous or subvitreous. Very fusible. Occurs with quartz and calcite. The mineral from 1Diana, N. Y., (anal. 3), is in large crystals in calcite. with sphene, with the cleavage and appearance of scapolite. Color gray. I-I.-55. G.=2'74. Stroganowite (Hermann) has a clear green color. HI.-55. G.-2'79. Form and appearance nearly as in scapolite. Color light oil-green, yellowish green. Subvitreous, inclined to greasy. From near the Sludinka, a river in Dauria. Named after M. Stroganow. Atheriastite, (Weibye), like scapolite in form and appearance. Green. Opaque. From the mines of Arendal. The Black scapolite of Arendal (anal. 6) is altered by a large addition of magnesia and iron. Color grayish-black; streak grayish-white. Rather soft. G.=-2837. No cleavage. B.B. edges rounded with difficulty. The -Epidote pseudomorph of the same locality, (anal. 7), has received still more largely of oxyd of iron, without magnesia. It gives the oxygen ratio of epidote 1: 2:3. Algerite (Hunt) (anal. 8, 9, 10) occurs in slender square prisms, sometimes 2 or 3 inches long imbedded in cale spar. Yellowish to gray and usually dull. Brittle..-=3 —3'; some crystalsmore altered, 2-5. G.=2'697 —2712 Hunt, 2-78, Crossley. From Franklin, Sussex Co., N. J. The varying results of analyses, and the presence of carbonate of lime, of magnesia, and the relations to known examples of altered scapolite, confirm the view derived from the form and appearances, that Algerite is an altered Scapolite. The yellow scapolite of Bolton examined by v. Rath (anal. 11) is a similar compound. It has H. —45, and G.-2'787; massive, with perfect rectangular cleavages. It is near to a mica in a composition, having received largely of potash in the change; oxygen ratio for 1R, i, Si, 1: 3-8: 8s9. The -ied scapolite of Arendal (anal. 12) has H.=5. G.=2'852. Brownish or brick red. Difficultly fusible. Oxygen ratio I: 2-4: 75. In the change, Fe, magnesia and potash have been introduced. The Mica pseudomorphs of Arendal occur in quartz, and have the form according to v. Rath, of large crystals of scapolite, 6 inches long. The crystals are covered with mica externally, and within consist throughout of an aggregation of the same mica. The mica is greenish-white, translucent. H.=2-3. G.-2'833. Oxygen ratio, (from v. Rath), 1: 5-6: 10'5; perhaps 1: 6: 10~, giving 1: 1~ for the oxygen of the bases and silica. The change from scapolite has consisted in the removal of lime, addition of Fe, and substitution of potash for soda. The Pargas mica pseudo-!,morph is a magnesian mica. Steatite pseudomorphs, formed by the substitution of magnesia, for other prot SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 205 oxyd bases, occur at Newton, in New Jersey, and Arendal in Norway. Nos. 6, 9, 12, 15, are examples of change in this direction. A specimen of Esmarkite, according to L. Snmann (private communication) given to Mr. Daubrbe of Paris by M. Esmark, has the rectangular cleavages of scapolite, and is probably an altered form of this species. Two different minerals appear therefore to be confounded under this name. The analyses were made upon a mineral resembling hydrous iolite (see under Iolite) and not on the scapolite mineral. MELLILITE, F. de Bellevue. Humboldtilite, Monticelli and Covelli. Somervillite, Brooke. Zurlite, Ramondini. Dimetric; 0: li=147~151'; a-=0'6432. Observed planes 0, I, 1i, i4 2. li~: i (over ii)=65~ 30', i': Ii (over terminal edge)=134~ 48'. Cleavage: 397 basal distinct. ll.=5. G.-=29- 3104. Lustre vitreous. Ii V Color brown, pale yellow, honey-yellow; greenish-yellow, reddish-brown. Translu- I i cent, and in thin laminte, transparent; also opaque. Fracture conchoidal-uneven. Composition.-2 3'Si+- Si or (.'R+~ 3- ) Si, analogous to the formula proposed for Helvin. Analyses: 1, Kobell, (Schw. J. lxiv, 293); 2, 3, 4, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], x, 59); 5, Kobell, (Kast. Arch. iv, 313): Si 11 Fe da kMg fla ]t 1. Numb., Somma, 43'96 11'20 31'96 6'10 4'28 0-38, Fe 2'32=100'20, Kob. 2. " " 40"60 10'88 4-43 31'81 4'54 4'43 0'36=98'35, Damour; G. 2-9. 3. Mell., C. diBove, 39'27 6-42 10'17 32'47 6'44 1'95 1-46=98-18, " G. 2-95. 4. " " 38834 8.61 10'02 32'05 6'71 2'12 1'51=99'36, " 5. MassiveGehlenite, 39'80 12-80 2'57 37-64 4-64 - 0'30 I 2-00=99-75, Kobell. No. 3, yellow crystals; No. 4, brown do. The massive gehlenite of Kobell comes under the formula of humboldtilite. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a yellowish or blackish glass. With the fluxes the reaction of iron and silica. In the acids gelatinizes. humboldtilite occurs at Vesuivius in lava. Mellilite (fr. mel, honey) of yellow and brownish colors, is found at Capo di Bove near Rome, with nepheline.'Somervillite, which Descloizeaux has shown to have the angles of this species, is found at Vesuvius in dull yellow crystals. DIPYRE, laiiy. Schmelzstein, W. In four-sided prisms, apparently dimetric like scapolite; ends rounded. Cleavage lateral and diagonal. G.=2'646. Sufficiently hard to scratch glass. Color whitish or reddish. Lustre vitreous. Transparent to translucent. Opaque when weathered. Composition. —4 (a, Na) Si+3l'Si, Delesse=Silica 53-8, alumina 26'2, lime 9'5, soda 10-5. Analysis by Delesse, (Compt. Rend. xviii, 994, 1844):'i 55'5, XI1 24'8, Ca 9'0 Na 9.4 K 07. B.B. becomes opaque and fuses with little intumescence to a white blebby glass. Melts easily with salt of phosphorus, except a skeleton of silica. Forms a limpid glass, with soda. Attacked with much difficulty by the strongest acids. 206 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Occurs near Mauleon in the Lower Pyrenees, with talc or chlorite, in an unctuous argillite. Named from as?, double, and rvp, fire, alluding to its both phosphorescing and fusing before the blowpipe. Couzeranite of Charpentier. According to R. P. Greg, Jr., who has examined several crystals, couzeranite occurs in square prisms, giving I: 1=900, and I: ii= 1350~. He suggests to the author that the species is Dipyre. It occurs in nearly the same region, (Couzeran in the Pyrenees), and resembles dipyre in appearance. Composition, according to Dufrenoy, Si 52'37, Ml 24-02, Ca 11-85, Mg 1-40, 1 5'52, Na 3-96=98-55. B.B. nearly like Dipyre. It has been referred to labradorite, and according to Dufrenoy has an oblique form. The crystals are rough and may give varying measurements. EPIDOTE, H. Zoisite, (in part.) Pistacite. Thallite. Withamite. Akanticon. Scorza. Delphinite. Arendalite. Bucklandite, Levy. Piemontischer Braunstein, W. Eisenepidot. Manganepidot. Thulite. Puschkinite, Wagner. Achmatit, Hermann. Monoclinic; C=64 36'; I: 1=63~ 8, 0 1i-125~ 4I-; a: b C =0'8693: 1: 0'5514. 398 399 400 ~1 22 O: i=1150 24'. 0 I =102~ 59'. -1:-1 (ib.)=96 10'. 0: ii (adj.)=1280~ 19'. ii: 1i=1160 17'. 1: 1 (ib.)=103~ 30'. o: ~i=1540 03'. ii: 900 33'. 22: 22 (ib.)=960 41'. 0: 2i= 980 57/. ii~ 1 =1040 49/. i2: i2(qv. i)= 101o 43'. O: 1=1100 59'. ii: -1=117o 49'. i': }i (ov. 0)=109~ 6' O: >=134o 55'. ii: 22=1280 5'. ii: ii (ib)=700 9'. 0: -1=1300 11'. 1: 1 (ov. 1i)=70033'. ii: l=1750 44'. ___ o Crystals lengthened in the direction of the orthodiagonal, or parallel to ii. Cleav___ 4age ii perfect; O less so. Twins: plane -t _ _ _ L of composition O; also ii. Also columnar, divergent, or parallel; also granular, par-. ticles of various sizes, sometimes impal3. pable. l2 - - -pabeH.=6-7. G.=3'25 -35. Lustre vit2i 22 reous, ii inclining to pearly or resinous. I i a2 I _ Color green, brown, or gray, sometimes red, white, black; green usually yellowi- sh; less yellow in the direction of the verOser_ iiP - tical axis, than at right angles with it. Streak uncolored, grayish, reddish. SubObserved Planes transparent-opaque: generally subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. SILICATES, GARNEr SECTION. 207 The species epidote includes:1. Lime-and-ilron-epidote, Pistacite, or epidote proper.-Color yellowish-green, pistachio-green, passing to olive and leek-green. G.=3'35-3'5. Here fall Pusschkinite and Buckllandite; the former of green, yellow, and red colors; G.-3'43;-the latter black; G.3 651. 2. Lime-epidote, Zoisite in part. —Color gray or brown to white. In crystalsusually deeply striated, and often columnar massive. G.=-32-3'45. 3. Manganesian-epidote.-Color reddish-brown or reddish-black, dark violet-blue. Streak reddish. G.=3 404. (Cerizm-epidote, containing cerium. Withaenite is a bright red variety; the crystals are pale straw-yellow in one direction across the prism. TIdlite has a rose or peach-blossom red color. G.=3-1 -334. Allarnite is a true cerium-epidote. Oomposition.-3Si~t2R'Si —(+~3-4i) i; probably also for some varieties 383'Siq-R2'Si:3R1+ —(2])'Si. Analyses: 1, Bucholz, (Gehl. J. i, 200); 2, Besnard, (J. f. pr. Chem. v, 212); 3, Geffkin; 4, Rammelsberg, (3d Supp. p. 43, and Pogg. lxviii, 509); 6, Kihn, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lix, 373); 6, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xliii); 7, Gmelin, (Pogg. xlix, 539); 8, N. J. Berlin, (Pogg. lxxviii, 414); 9, Gefflen, (as above); 10, Rammelsberg, (2d Supp. 48); 11, 12, Kiihn, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lix); 13, Hermann, (loc. cit.); 14, Raimmelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 453); 15, Baer, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvii, 46); 16, 17, Hermann, (loc. cit.); 18, Osersky, (Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, 1841, 112); 19, Hartwall, (K. V. Ac. H. 1828, 171) 20, Sobrero, (Arsb. 1840, 218); 21, Geffken, (lot. cit.): I. Lime-epidote. G. of No. 4, 33887; of No. 6, 3-28; of No. 8, 3'34. Si Al Fe Fe Ca 1. Fichtelgebirge, 40-25 30-25 4'50 - 22-50, Hf 2-00=99-50, Bucholz. 2. Grossarl, 40'00 26'46 6-33 - 20'66,.g 3-6, K 1'5=98'55, B. 3. Falltigel, 40'74 28'94 5619 - 20-52, Mn 1-78, Mg 4-75=101'92, Geff. 4. Rothlaue, 44-56 23-72 8-33 -- 2471=10132, Ramm. 6. Zwiesel, Bav. 40-62 29-18 6-19 - 22-67,MgO'73, ign. 0-42=99'81, Kuhn. 6. Falltigel, gray, 40'95 30'34 -- 4-96 21-56, I 0656, 0 113=99.50, H. 7~ Thulite, Soul'd, 42'84 31'14 2'29 - 18'73, Mfgl -64 Nal'8910'64=99-13,G. 8. " Klodeberg, 40-28 31'84 1-54 - 21 42, "0-66 IInO95, V0O22, ign. 132, (alk. undet.)-98'23, Berl. II. Lime-and-iron-epidote. G. of No. 13, 3-37; No. 16, 3-51; No. 17, 3-43. 9. Arendal, 36'14 22-24 14.29 -- 2286, iMg 2-38, iMn 2.12=100-03, G. 10. " 37-98 20 78 17-24 - 23-74, " 1-11=100'85, Ramm. 11. Geier, Erzgeb. 40'57 14'47 13'44 -- 30'00, " 2'76-101'24, Kihn. 12. Dauphiny, 39.85 21'61 16'61 - 2215, "' 0'3=100'52, " 13. B. d'Oisans, 37-60 18'67 13'37 5-55 21-19, " 1'40 IO-46,0C122=98'36,1. 14. " 38-37 21'13 16'85 -- 23-58, " 017=100-22, Ramm. 15. " 37-78 21'25 15697 -- 23'46, " 060, Na 0'41=99'47, Br. 16. Bucklandite, 36-97 21'84 10'19 9'19 21-14,10-68 Ca 0-32 —10033, Herm. 17. Puschinite, 37'47 18-64 14-15 2-56 22-06, Na, i;.(tr.) 2-28, H 0'65, C 0'79, B trace=98-60, Iermann. 18. " 38'88 18-85 16'34 - 16-00,'n 9-26, Mg 6'1, Na 1l67, Li 0-46=98'56, Osersky. III. Manganesian Epidote. 19. St. Marcel, 38'47 17'65 6'60 - 21'65,' n 14'08, M.g 1'82=100'26, IH. 20. " 3786 16-30 7- 41 13-42, nn 18-96, Mg4-82, Sn, Cu-4, S. 21. " 36'87 11'76 10'33 -- 22'78, Mn 18'25=99-99, Geffken. B.B. fuses on thin edges and swells up, but does not easily liquefy, the varieties containing most iron being most fusible; glass with borax colored by iron. The manganesian variety fuses readily with intumescence; glass with borax amethystine in the exterior flame. In acids the varieties are but partially decomposed, except after a strong heating. The specific gravity changes with heating. An Arendal specimen examined by Rammelsberg, (No. 15 above), had G.-=3403 before heating, 3-271 after heating. Most specimens of epidote afford a minute globule of tin before the blowpipe. Arendal, in Norway, affords fine crystals, whence the name Arendalite. Occurs 208 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. also in the Ural, Piedmont, Fichtelgebirge, Rothlaue in the Canton of Berne, Falltigel in Tyrol, Grossarl in Austria, Bourg d'Oisans, etc. In the last, Ramnmelsberg finds no'e. Bucklandite is from Achmatowsk, Arendal, and Lake Laach. Puschkinite is from west of the Urals, north of Katherinenburg. Thulite is from Souland in Tellemark, Norway, and also the iron mine near Klodeberg, Norway; specific gravity of the former 3-1 —32, of the latter 3'34. The manganesian variety occurs at St. Marcel, in the valley of Aosta, in Piedmont. At Franconia, N. H., both crystallized and granular epidote are abundant, the latter containing magnetic iron. Large crystals of unusual beauty are obtained at Haddam, Conn. Also in crystals at the gneiss quarries of Hadlyme and Chester; in limestone at Newbury, Mass.; in greenstone near Nahant; in hornblende slate at Rowe, Mass,; fine crystallizations in syenitic gneiss, at Athol, Mass., two miles southwest of the centre of the town; at Warren, N. H., with quartz and pyrites; at Cumberland, R. I., in a kind of trap; in gneiss at Harlem, on the banks of East River, near 38th st.; two miles southeast of Amity, N. Y., in quartz; two miles south of Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y., with hornblende and garnet; two miles south of Coffee's, Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y., in granite; at Franklin, N. J., a massive variety occurs; six miles west of Warwick, N. Y., of a pale yellowish-green color, associated with sphene and pyroxene; in Pennsylvania, at E. Bradford; very common in the Lake Superior copper region, as a rock, and veinstone, the latter on the Ontanagon; at the Norwich mine it occurs beautifully radiated, with quartz and native copper. Zoisite, or gray epidote, in columnar masses, is found at Willsboro', Vt.; at Montpelier, of a bluish-gray color, associated with calc spar in mica slate; at Chester, Mass., in mica slate; also at Goshen, Chesterfield, Hinsdale, Heath, Leyden, Williamsburg, and Windsor in Massachusetts, and at Milford, Conn.; in Pennsylvania in West Bradford and West Goshen, Chester Co.; also in Kennet township and East Marlboro. ALTErzED FORMs.-Epidote is less liable to alteration than most other silicates, and partly because the iron it contains is mainly peroxyd. Hermann found carbonic acid in several epidotes, an evidence of partial alteration; and J. D. Whitney describes a green mineral from Isle Royale with the composition of epidote, containing 5 per cent. of water, (Rep. Geol. L. Sup. 1851, 91). ALLANITE. Cerine, Histinger, (1811). Orthite, Be5rz., (1815). Bagrationite. K(okscharov. Uralorthite, Hermann. Xanthorthit, Hermann. Mlonoclinic, and isomorphous with epidote. C=65~ 5', O: 10 =1250 25; ac: b: e=0'8702: 1: 0'56137. Observed planes as in the annexed figures, (IKokscharov.) 401 o 0 1 140~ 5i'.- - O: li=1280 45'. o' 2i=990 35'. O ~ ~=1440 53~'. 0: 1=1110 27'. iit: it116 20'. ------ i' t-i=1450 30'.: ii 1=1050 1'. ii: -1=1270 40'. 402 ii: li=1040 8'. ---------- -- 1i: li(top)=700 51'. I I i " =109047'. 1 li=1250 45'. I -1=71~ 29'. -1 -1=960 37'. -- 2~.......... SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 209 Crystals either long and slender, or flat tabular. Twins like those of epidote. Cleavage: i in traces. Also massive, and in angular or rounded grains. H.=55 —6. G.=33- 4-2. Lustre submetallic and pitchy or resinous-occasionally vitreous. Streak gray, greenish, or brownish-gray. Color pitch-brown, brownish-black, yellowish. Subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture uneven or subconchoidal. Brittle. This species includes the following varieties:Allanite. G.=3'53 —354, from Jotun Field; 3'79, from Snarum. Occurs in crystals, and in masses or grains. Cerine. In crystals and crystalline masses. I.=6. G.=3'77 —38, Hisinger. Lustre weak, greasy. Color brownish-black. In thin splinters, subtranslucent. Orthite. Occurs in acicular crystals; also massive. Lustre vitreous, inclining to greasy. H.=5 —575. G.=3'288; 3-63 —365, from Fillefjeld; 3'546, Hitteroe, Ramm.; 3'373, Scheerer. Streak gray. Color pitch-brown. In very thin splinters subtranslucent. Xanthorthite. Yellowish; G.=2'78-2'9, (anal. 16 and 18). Contains much water. Bagrationite. Has the same angles as uralorthite, as shown by Kokscharov. G.= 4-115. Uralorthite. G.=3-41 —360. Pyrorthite is an impure orthite containing bitumen. Composition.. —R3Si-'i-=('R +~ t)Si. Rammelsberg writes for the orthite of the Ural, I3Si+~RSi-~H; for that of Hitteroe i'3Si+-Si-+. Scheerer's analyses give 31RSi+2Si-=( -ft3+ 2- ) i, which is the formula of some idocrase. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Pogg. xxxii, 288); 2, 3, Scheerer, (Pogg. li, 407, 465); 4, Credner, (Pogg. lxxix, 414); 5, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxx, 285); 6, Bergemann, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 485); 7, Zschau, (N. Jahrb. 1852, 652); 8, Hisinger, (Afh. i, Fys. iv, 327); 9, Scheerer, (loc. cit.); 10, 11, Berzelius, (Hisinger's Min. Schwed.); 12, 13, Berlin, (Jahresb. xvii, 221); 14, 15, Scheerer, (Pogg. li, lvi, 479); 16, 17, 18, Bahr and Berlin, ((Efvers. Af. K. V. 1845, 86); 19, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xliii, 105); 20, Ulex and Choubine: I. Allanite, (Anhydrous). 1, Iglorsoit; 2, Jotun Fjeld; 3, Snarumr; 4, Krux, Thuringia, G.=3'79; 5, Chester Co., Pa.; 6, West Point, N. Y., G.=3-4917; 7, near Dresden. Si K1 P e C e Si g 1. 33-02 15'23 15'10 21-60 11'08 -, n 0'40, I 3'0=99'40, Stromeyer. 2. 34-69 15'58 14'42 19-65a 11'90 1'09, Mn 1-55, H 0-52=99'40, Scheerer. 3. 85'75 15'49 15'19 19'96a 11'25 0'77=98-41, Scheerer. 4. 37-55 15-99 16-83 3'19 13'60 0'22, La 9'30, Y 0-56, MIn 0-23, A1 1.80= 99'27, Credner. 5. 31-86 16B87 12-26 2127 10.15 1-67, La 240, Pe 3.58,ign. 111=101 17, R. 6. 3383 13'61 12'72 20 90a 9'36 1'40, Pe 3.33, Mn 0'82, HI 2'95=99'02, B. 7. 33'41 10'90 20'88b 20-73 10'52 —, YV 0-69, t1 3-12=100'25, Zschau. a With oxyd of Lanthanum. b With oxyds of iron and manganese. II.'erine, (Anhydrous). No. 8, from Bastniis; 9, from Riddarhyttan. 8. 3017. 11-31 20'72 28'19 9-12 -, Ou 0-87-100-38, Hisinger. 9. 32'06 6-49 - 23'80 8'08 1'16, Pe 25-26, La 2'45, 1i 06-=99'90, Sch. III. Orthite, (Hydrous). 10, from Finbo; 11, Fahlun; 12, 13, Ytterby; 14, Fille Fjeld; 15, Hitteroe; 16, Erikberg, (Xanthorthite); 17, Thiergarten; 18, Kull — berg, (Xanthorthite). G. of 12 and 13, 3-5; of 15, 3'373; of 16, 2'78; of 17, 3'41; of 18, 2'88. 27 210 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si A1l Fe Ce Ca Mig Y 10. 36.25 14-00 11.42 17-39 4-87 3'80,M.n 1'36, 11 8'70=97-79, Berz. 11. 32'00 14'80 12'44 19'44 7'84 3-44, Mn 3-40, 11 536=98'72, " 12. 36'24 8-18 9'06 4'98 5'48 0'ol 29-81, 11 4-59, K, Na 0'61=99'96, B. 13. 33'60 12-58 13'48 4'56 9'59 1-60 20-83, H 3'34, K, Na 0'62=100, B. 14. 34'93 14-26 14'90 21'43a 10'42 0'86 1 91, 11 052, Mn1 0-85=100-08, Sch. 15. 33-81 13'04 15-65b 20'50 9'42 0'38 1-45, K 0'67, H 338=98'30, Scheer. 16. 32'93 15-54 4-21 20'01a 6-76 2'15, 0'59, Mln 0-39, 11 and some 0 17-55 =100'13, Br. 17. 33'05 15'29 16'64 20'55a 10'18 1 58b, 1-18, ign. 1'24=99'71, Berlin. 18. 27-59 16'14 16-01 11'75a 2-28 4'94, 2'12, Mn 1'55, II 11-46, C 6'71= 100'55, Bahr. a Including oxyd of Lanthanum and Didymium. b Containing also manganese. c Undetermined. IV. Urcalorthite, G=3 —34-3 647. From the Ilmen Mountains. 19. 35'49 18'21 13-03 10-85 9-25 2-06, tn 2'37, La 6'54, I 2=99'80, Herm. 20. 34'47 14-36 7-67 14-79 10'20 1-08, Fe 8-24, La 766, E 1'56=100-03, U. Rammelsberg has examined the orthite of Hitteroe, with special reference to its proportion of iron oxyds, (Pogg. lxxvi, 96), and corrects analysis 15 as follows: Si 33'81, X1 13'04, Fe 8'16, Fe 8'30, Ce 20'50, Y 1'45, Ca 9'42, kg 0'38, KC 0'67, fI 3-38=99-11, which gives, excluding the water, the formula above. The water amounts to I fl, with this formula. The same composition is derived from Hermann's analysis, No. 19. B.B. Allanite fuses with intumescence, to a dark glass or slag, sometimes magnetic. Cerine fuses easily. Orthite fuses slowly to a black blebby glass. Reaction of iron with the fluxes, and with soda a manganese reaction. Uralorthite intumesces, often very easily, and fuses on the edges to a black blebby glass. Some allanites, and also some orthites, gelatinize with acids; others are imperfectly decomposed. Uralorthite is dissolved in acids, somewhat gelatinizing. These varieties occur in albitic and common feldspathic granite, zircon-syenite, porphyry, and white limestone. Allanite occurs in Greenland, in granite; at Jotun Fjeld in Norway, in a kind of porphyry, and at Snarum in albite, along with rutile and apatite; at Plauensche GrUnd, near Dresden; in granite near Suhl in the Thiiringerwald. The Allanite from Jotun Fjeld gelatinizes with acids, while that from Snarum is not affected by acids; Cerine occurs at Bastnus in Sweden with hornblende and copper pyrites. Orthite occurs in acicular crystals sometimes a foot long at Finbo near Fahlun, and at Ytterby in Sweden; at Skeppsholm near Stockholm, in black vitreous masses disseminated through gneiss; also at Kragerbe, Hitteroe and Fille Fjeld in Norway, at Miask in the Ural; at Dresden. The name is derived from opOos, straight. Uralorthite occurs with small crystals of zircon in flesh-red feldspar at Miask in the Ural. In the United States in large crystals in Allen's vein at the gneiss quarries, Haddam, Conn.; in small crystals at the Bolton quarry, Mass.; at South Royalston in boulders; at Athol on the road to Westminster in gneiss; in a feldspathic rock in tabular crystals near West Point, and of similar character near Bay St. Paul, in Canada; in S. Mountain near Bethlehem, Pa., in crystals sometimes as large as the hand; in New Jersey, near Moriah, at Sandford ore bed. A massive pitch-black mineral from Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.; a similar variety is found at East Bradford, Chester Co., Pa.; G.=3 5, (Anal. 5); at St. Paul's, Canada West. With Allanite belong probably Bodenite, (Breith. Pogg. lxii, 273, Kers:en, ib. lxiii, 135, Kerndt, J. f. pr. Chem. xliii, 219), and Miuromontite, (Kernzdt, J..f. pr. Chem. xliii, 228). Bodenite occurs in long prismatic crystals, apparently rhombic, with I: 1=1100 -112~. H.=6-6 5. G.=2'523. Color brown, reddish-brown to nearly black, and lustre somewhat greasy. Analysis by Kerndt, (Ioc. cit.): Si 26-12, Ai1 10'34 Fe 12-05, Y 17'43, Ce 10-46, La 7'57, Ca 6-32, Mig 2-34, fn 1'62, 1K 1-21, Na 0'84, if 3-82=100. B.B. glows like gadolinite; in platinum forceps, fuses only on the edges after long heating, and gives to the flame the yellow color of soda in the outer flame. From Boden, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge, with oligoclase. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 211 The Mluromontite is found in grains half as large as a pea, and rarely larger; no trace of crystallization apparent. H.=7. G.=4'263. Color black or slightly greenish by reflection. Lustre vitreous or slightly greasy. Analysis by Kerndt, (loc. cit.): Si 31-09, Al 2-24, Re 5-52, Y 37-14, Ce 5.54, La 3-54, Fe 11'23, Mg 0-42, Mn 0-91, Ca 0'71, Na 0'65, KZ 0'17, -1 and loss 0'85=100. B.BR like Bodenite. From Mauersberg, near Marienberg, in the Saxon Erzgebirge. ALTERED FonAs.-The hydrous varieties of allanite or orthite are properly altered forms of the species. They often contain carbonic acid. It is probable that the carbonates of lanthanum and of cerium proceed at times from the alteration of allanite. ZOISITE, (in part.) Monoclinic. I: I=116~16',I: ii-121052', i2: ii=107~ 16', i2: i2-145~ 48', Brooke and Miller. Crystals lengthened in the direction of the vertical axis, and usually deep striate. Cleavage clinodiagonal, very perfect. Lustre vitreous. Color grayishwhite, gray, yellowish, brown, greenish-gray. Streak uncolored. Analyses by Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 179, and v, 41): 1. Carinthia, Si 450 Al 29'0 e 3'0 Ca 21.0=98, Klaproth. 2. " "44-0 " 32-0'" 2-5 " 20'0, Min trace=98'5, Klaproth. BB. in forceps intumesces and fuses without difficulty into a slightly translucent greenish-white irregular mass. With borax in the outer flame, or with salt of phosphorus, a transparent glass, light yellow, hot, colorless cold. This species was separated from Epidote on crystallographic grounds by Brooke, in 1831, and is so published by Brooke and Miller. But only the analyses of the so-called Zoisite specimens from the Saualp in Carinthia by Klaproth are recognized by these authors as belonging certainly to the species. It does not appear to include all the lime-epidotes, as thulite, peculiarly a lime-variety, has the form and cleavage of epidote, and is placed with that species by Brooke and Miller. We therefore leave the other analyses under epidote until the subject is further inves tigated. Klaproth's analyses lead nearly to the formula Cas3Si+3 i1l Si-=(Ca3+ EAl)Si — Silica 43-2, alumina 36-8, lime 20'0. The rest give the formula of epidote. Other localities mentioned by Brooke and Miller are Sterzing in the Tyrol, Fernleite in Fusch in Salzburg, Baireuth, Conradsreuth near Hof in Bavaria, and the Ural. Mr. Brooke observes that the form is near that of Euclase. GADOLINITE. Gadolinit, W. Ytterbyte. Monoclinic; rarely in crystals, with 403 uneven faces. Angles, according to A Levy, I: I=1150, 0: I=95' 22', - 0: e=-112 52', 0: ii=96~ 30', 0 a =1490 49', I: e=1620 50'. Brooke e obtained I: I=119~ 30', 0: i= 90~, 0: e=1120 33', I: e 1570 27', 2 i, 0: a=1630 8', and supposes the crystals trimetric. Scheerer obtained: 1=1150, 0: e-1310~, a clinodiagonal prism (over O)=70a0. No distinct cleavage. Usually massive, compact. H. =65- 7. G.-=40 —4'5; of Ytterby 4'097-4'226, but after 212 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. heating 4'286-4'456, -H. Rose; 4'35, from Hitteroe, Scheerer. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color black, pitch-black, greenish-black. Streak greenish-gray. Subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Composition.-Approximately f3li. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Berzelius, (Afhand. iv, 148, 389); 4, Richardson, (Thom. Min. i, 410); 5, 6, Scheerer, (De foss. allanit, orthit, cerin, gadol. Berolini, 1840, and Pogg. lvi, 4'79); 7, 8, 9, 10, Berlin, (Dissert. Gadol. Upsal. 1844, and Ofvers. af K. V. Ac. 1845, 86): Si Be iY ee Pe a 1. Finbo, 25'80 - 4500 16-69 10'26 - ign. 0'60=98'35, Berzelius. 2. Broddbo, 24-16 - 45'93 16'90 11'34 - ign. 0'60=98'93, Berzelius. 3. Korarfvet,29'18 2'00 47'30 )3'40 P'800 3'15 Mn 1'30, H: 5'20=99'53, B. 4.' 24'65 11-05 45'20 "4'60 "14-55 - fI 050=100-55,R. 5. Hitteroe, 25'78 9.57 45'67 01-81 11'68 0-34;a 4'75,=100'71, Scheerer. 6. " 25-59 10'18 4496 - 12-13 0'23 I]a 6'33=99'42, Scheerer. 7. Ytterby, 25'62 - 50'00 "7'790 14-44 1'30 SIg.054, Xl 0'48,:1 0'19, "Na 0'18=100'65, Berlin. 8. " 25'26 45 53 "6'08 20-28 0'50 kg, 0-11, X1l 0-28, K 0-21, Na 0'20=-98'45, Berlin. 9. " 24'65 2'13 49'60 7 7'64 15'03 0'46 flg, n trace=99'51, Berlin. 10. " 24'85 4'80 51'46 "5-24a 13'01 0'50 MlInMg 1'11100'97, B. a With oxyd of Lathanum. Of Berlin's analyses, the first two were of the glassy gadolinite; the others, excepting the last, did not present the glow of light when heated. B.B. decrepitates and swells into cauliflower-like masses, but does not fuse into a bead; in the progress of the heat it exhibits a vivid glow, and the color becomes paler. With borax a dark glass deeply colored with iron, bottle-green-in the reducing flame. Acted on by salt of phosphorus with great difficulty. A variety less glassy in appearance does not exhibit the glow on heating. Gelatinizes in muriatic acid. Gadolinite occurs principally in the quarries of Korarfvet and Finbo, near Fahlun, in Sweden; also at Ytterby, near Stockholm; at each place indistinctly crystallized, and in rounded masses, which are often encircled with a yellow crust, and imbedded in coarse-grained granite. At Korarfvet crystals have been obtained four inches long. It has also been met with at Disko in Greenland; in trap near Galway, Ireland; imbedded in granite in Ceylon; at Finbo and Broddbo, and at Krager6e and,Hitterbe in the southern part of Norway, crystals sometimes four inches across and twins at this last locality. Named after the Russian chemist, M. Gadolin. DANBURITE, Shepard, Am. Jour. Sci. xxxv, 139. Triclinic. Approximate angles, P: M 110~ 404 (and 70~, M: T 540 and 126~, P: T 93~ nearly, P:e 135~. Cleavage: distinct, parallel to I c eand P, less so parallel to T. Crystals imbedded, and often an inch broad. Also disseminated massive, without regular form. -.=7. G.=2-95, Silliman, Jr.; 2'957, Brush. Color pale yellow, whitish. Lustre vitreous, but usually rather weak. Translucent to subtranslucent. Very brittle. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 213 Composition. —asSi-+3'Si-i=(1 aS'+-'B)'Si=Silica 48'9, boracic acid 28'4, lime 22'7. Analyses by Smith and Brush, (Amer. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 365): Si -lte MRn Oa 3ig B ign. 1. 48'10 0'30 0'56 22'45 0'40 27'73 0'50=100. 2. 48'20 1'02 22'33 undet. 27'15 0'50=99 20. B.B. fuses rather easily, and in the dark the flame is seen to have a decided green tinge, especially after having moistened and heated the mineral with sulphuric acid. Gives the boracic acid test as strongly as borax. Affords easily a transparent bead with soda or borax. Yields no water. Occurs with oligoclas, in dolomite at Danbury, Connecticut. It has some resemblance to Chondrodite in color, lustre, and brittleness, but is distinctly cleavable, although the planes of cleavage are often irregular. AXINITE, Karsten. Thummerstein. Thumite. Yanolite. Triclinic. Usual in thin oblique crystals with sharp edges; P u-=1350 10'; P: r=134~ 40'; u: r=1150 1'; r: s=1430 20'; u: s=1520 5'; P: 1=1510 5'. Cleavage: parallel to a plane on the acute edge P: u', and also parallel to a plane replacing edge 405 x: P', but imperfect. Also massive, anal. P. lamellar, lamrelle often curved; sometimes granular. I.=6 5 —7. G.=3271, Haidin-,.,. P ger; a Cornish specimen. Lustre higlly glassy. Color clove-brown, plum-blue, and pearl-gray; exhibits trichroism, different colors, as cinna-. mon-brown, violet-blue, olive-green, l t. P. being seen in different directions. Streak uncolored. Transparent to subtranslucent. Fracture conchoi- X aln P. dal. Brittle. Pyroelectric. Composition. —At3 Si+2'Si.-. B' i=(R3, t=, B)Si. According to Rammelsberg and Rose a3(Si, B)2+2R(Si, B). Analyses: 1, Hisinger, (Min. Schwed., 170); 2, Wiegmann, (Schw. J. xxxii, 462); 3-6, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. 1, 363): i B 1 Al e Mn Oa Nig k 1. Wermland, 4150 - 13-56 7'36 10-00 25-84 - ign. 0'30=98'56, His. 2. Treseburg, 45'00 2'00 19-00 12'25 9'00 12'50 0'25 -=-100, Wiegmann. 3. Dauphiny, 43'68 5'61 15-63 9-45 3'05 20'67 1'70 0'64=100'43, Ramm. 4. " 43-46 und. 16-30 10'25 2-74 19'90 1-55 und., Ramm. 5. Treseburg, 43-74 - 15-66 11-94 1-37 18'90 1-77 ~-), K andloss 662, R. 6. Ural, 43'72 -- 16-92 10'21 1'16 19'97 2'21'I, K and loss 5-81, R. In the last two analyses Rammelsberg states that out of the last entry in each, 4'5 per cent. is not too large an estimate for the boracic acid. B.B. fuses readily with intumescence to a dark-green glass, which becomes black in the outer flame; with borax yields an iron-colored glass which after long heating in the outer flame becomes amethystine. Axinite is pyroelectric with two axes, and the analogue and antilogue poles are situated, according to Rose, as marked in the figure. Axinite occurs in implanted glassy clove-brown crystals, at St. Cristophe, near Bourg d'Oisans in Dauphiny, with albite, prehnite, and quartz; at Santa Maria, Switzerlan,d; at the silver mines of Kongsberg, in smaller crystals; with horn 214 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. blende or magnetic iron ore in Normark in Sweden, and of a dark color, at the Botallack mine in Cornwall, where it also occurs massive, forming a peculiar kind of rock with garnet and tourmaline; also at Thum near Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, and called Thumite and Thummerstein. It occurs with gray cobalt, near Coquimbo, Chili; at Phipsburg, Maine, with yellow garnet and idocrase; also at Wales, Maine. Axinite admits of a high polish, but is deficient in delicacy of color. It was named from a4tvrl, an axe, in allusion to the form of the crystals. IOLITE. Dichroite. Peliom. Steinheilite. Cordierite, H. Sapphire d'eau. Hard Fahlunite. Trimetric. In stout prisms often hexagonal. 0: 16=1500 49', 0: 1=132~ 12', [: = —600 50', and 1190 10', i': i —-120~50'. 0 406 Ii 1 2 i I3 t Observed planes. Cleavage: 0 and ig, indistinct. Crystals often transversely divided, or foliated, parallel with O. Also massive, compact. H. —7 —'5. G.=2'5969, Greenland, Stromeyer; 2'65-2'6643, IHaddam, Thomson; Ostgothland 264, Siildermanland 2'61, Schiitz. Lustre vitreous. Color various shades of blue, light or dark, smokyblue; often deep blue along the vertical axis, and brownish-yellow or yellowish-gray, perpendicular to it. Streak uncolored. Transparent-translucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Composition. —_3 Si2+3 Si, Berz. = -(J ~-1-, 1).i4=Silica 49 6, alumina 33 8, magnesia 8'7, protoxyd of iron 7 9. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Stromeyer, (Unters. 329, 431); 4, 5, Schiitz, (Pogg. liv, 565); 6, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxviii, 319, mean of two analyses); 7, Thomson, (Min. i, 278); 8, Jackson, (this Min. 2nd ed. 406, and Geol. Rep. New Hampshire, 184): Si;:1 ~91g Sf n Pe A 1. Bodenmais, 48'35 31'71 10'16 0'33 8-32 0'59=99'46, Stromeyer. 2. Greenland, 49-17 33-11 11'45 0'04 4-34 1-20=99'31, Stromeyer. 3. Fahlun, 50'25 32-42 10'85 - 4'01 1'66, Mn 0-68=99-87, Strom. 4. Ostgothland, 48-6 30'5 8'2 0'1 10'7 1 5, undec. 0-2=100'8, S. 5. Sadermannland, 49-7 32'0 9'5 0'1 60 Ca 0O6, ign. 2'1,und. 0-6=100'6,S. 6. Krageroe, 50-44 32'95 12-76 -- -l 1-02, e 1'07, Ca 1'12=99'36,S. 7. Haddam, Ct. 49-62 28'72 8-64 1'51 11-58 —, Ca 023=100'30, Thom. 8. Unity, Me. 48'15 32-50 10'14 0'28 7'92 0'50=99'49, Jackson. B.B. fuses slowly on the edges to a blue transparent glass; with borax forms a clear bead. In powder attacked by concentrated acids, but not perfectly dissolved. Iolite is met with at Bodenmais, in Bavaria, occasionally in perfect crystals 11 in. thick. This variety has been called peliomn, from its smoky-blue color, from =eXtos. SILICATES, GARNET SECTION. 215 It occurs in quartz, at Ujordlersoak, in Greenland; in granite at Cape de Gata, in Spain; at Arendal, in Norway; at Orijerfvi, in Finland, (Steinheilite); at Tunaberg, in Sweden, &c. Ceylon affords a transparent variety, in small rolled masses, of an intense blue color, the sapphire deau of jewelers. At Haddam, Conn., associated with garnet and anthophyllite in gneiss; also abundant in quartz with garnet and yellowish-green feldspar, near the Norwich and Worcester Railway, between the Shetucket and Quinnebaug, where the gneiss has been quarried for the road. At Brimfield, Mass., on the road leading to Warren, near Sam Patrick's with adularia, in gneiss; also good at Richmond, N. H., in talcose rock, along with anthophyllite. Iolite is occasionally e-nployed as an ornamental stone, and when cut exhibits different colors in different directions. Named from tov, violet, and AdLos, stone; dichroite, from its dichroism; Cordierite, after M. Cordier, the geologist. ALTERED FoRMs.-The alteration of iolite takes place so readily by ordinary exposure, that the mineral is most commonly found in an altered state, or enclosed in the altered iolite. This change may be a simple hydration, (Fahlunite, etc.); or a removal of part of the protoxyd bases by carbonic acid; or the introduction of oxyd of iron through carbonate of iron; or of alkalies through waters containing alkaline carbonates, forming Pinite and mica; the first step in the change consists in a division of the prisms of iolite into plates parallel to the base, and a foliation of the surfaces of these plates; as the alteration proceeds, the foliation becomes more complete, but afterwards it is often lost. Analyses: 1, Gmelin, (Kastn. Arch. i, 226); 2, Ficinus, (Schw. J. xxvi, 280); 3, Massalin, (Trommsdorff's N. J. iv, 2, 324); 4, Scott, (Ramm. Handw. ii, 61); 5, 6, Rammelsberg, (3d Supp. 94); 7-9, Marignac, (J. d. Pharm. Ch. [3], xii, 150); 10, 11, Trolle Wachtmeister, (K. V. Ac. H. 1827, p. 213); 12, Bonsdorff; 13, Erdmann, (Jahresb. 1.841, 174); 14, C. T. Jackson, (2nd edit. p. 306); 15, Trolle Wachtmeister, (Pogg. xlv, 558); 16, Marignac. (J. de Pharm. et de Chem. [3] i, 150); 17, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxviii, 323); 18, Erdmann, (K. V. Ac. H. 1840); 19, Wachtmeister, (K. V. Ac. H. 1827); 20, Nordenskibld, (Jahresb. xii, 1833, 174); 21, Marignac, (v. Leonh. 1849, 201); 22, v. Hauer, (Jahrb. K. K. Geol. R., 1863, 147). Analyses: 1 to 9, Pinite (or so called); 10, 11, Fahlunite; 12, Bonsdo:ilte; 13, Esmarkite; 14, Chlorophyllite; 15, 16, Gigantolite; 17, Aspasiolite; 18, Praseolite; 19, Weissite; 20, Pyrarygillite; 21, 22, Liebenerite. Si 1 Fe K Sig A 1. Auvergne,a Pin. 55'96 25-48 5*51 7'89 3-76 1-41. Na 0'39=100'42, Gm. 2. Neustadt, red," 54'6 23-6 - 11'2 0-8 1-2, Fe7'8, un16=100-8,F. 3. " " 45'0 30'0 12'6 124 - -=100, Massalin. 4. Penig, " 48'00 28-00 9'66 11'35 - 30, Ca 0'75-100 70, Scott. 5. " " 4700 38-36 Fe7-08 10-74 2-48 3883, Ca79,Na 1.07,1R. 6. Aue, " 46-83 27-65 7-84 6'52 ]102 7-80, Ca 0 -49, a 0'40, R. 7. Auvergne, " 47-50 31'80 Ve3-92 9'05 -- 5-03, N&al-78,Caa0 92=o00, M. 8. Saxony, G. " 46"10 32.46 " 4-27 9'00 2-26 5-45, Na 0'46=100, " 9. Chamouny,G." 44-70 31'64 " 657 7'89 2-86 5-39, Na 0'95=100, a In porphyry. The magnesia in the analysis includes some manganese. 10. Grafen, Fahl. 44'60 30'10 3-86 1-98 6-75 9'35, Mn 2'24, N;a HF tr. Ca. 1 35=1-00'23, Wacht. 11. " " 44-95 30'70 7'22 1'38 6'04 8'65, Mitn 1'90, Ca 0-95, W. 12. Abo, Bonsd. 45'05 30'05 5'30 - 900 10'60, (some MIn with Mg)= 100, B. 13. Brevig, Esmar. 45-97 32'08 3-83 — 1032 549, Mln 0-41, a, Pb, Cu, Co, Ti, 0 45=98'55, Erdmann. 14. Unity, Chloroph. 45-20 27'60 8'24 -- 9-60 3-60, n4-08, tr.=98-32, J. 15. Tamela, Gigant. 46-27 25'10 14'04a 2'70 3-80 6'00, Mn 0 89, Na 120, F. tr. Wachtmeister. 16. " " 42'59 26-78 14'21 5'44 2'72 5'70, Min 1-07, Marignac. a Reckoned as protoxyd by Marignac, instead of peroxyd, which reduces an excess in the analysis of Wachtmeister, and conforms it to Marignac's determination. 216 DESCRIPTIVE MINERIALOGY. Si I e A lfg f 17. Krageroe, Asp. 50'40 32'38 2'34 -- 8'01 6'73=99-86, Scheerer. 18. Brakke, Pras. 40-94 28'79 6'96a -- 13'73 7q38, Mn 0'32, Pb, Cu, Ca, Co, 0'50=98'62, Erdmann. 19. Fahlun, Weis. 53869 21-70 1'43 4-10 8'99 ft and NH' 320, Mn 0'63, Na 068, n 03-100-72, Wacht. 20. Helsingfors, Pyr. 43'93 28,93 5630 1'05 2.90b 1115'47, Na 1'85=9943, Nord. 21. Fleimser, ]Liebn. 44'66 36-51 1-75 9.90 1-40 i C 4'49, Na 0'92=99-63, M. 22. " " 44-45 38-75.? 2'26 6 45 tr. " 4'75c, Na 2-79, Ca 1'58-101'03, v. H. Reckoned as protoxyd by Erdmann. b With magnesia. c Loss. Pinite includes the alkaline varieties of altered iolite, (analyses 1 to 9). In 6 or 12-sided prisms; cleavage often indistinct, sometimes basal; color gray to grayish-green or brown. H.=2-5. Analysis 5 corresponds in formula to iolite+2H; 7, 8, 9, iolite +31t, Marignac; 6, to iolite +-l1 Si2+-61, Rammelsberg. B.B. whitens and fuses on edges. Occurs in Auvergne at the Puy-de-Dome, in decomposed feldspar porphyry; at Schneeberg in granite. Oosite related to pinite is from near Baden. Fahlunite, Iisinger, (Anal. 10, 11), Bonsdorfflte or Hydrous lolite of Bonsdorff, (Anal. 12), Esmarkite, Erdmann, (Anal. 13), Chlorophyllite, Jackson, (Anal. 14).These are very similar, occurring often in large 6 and 12-sided prisms, the form of the original iolite, (sometimes 6 inches across), with basal cleavage usually perfect and sometimes micaceous. Folia brittle. Color gray or grayish-green, greenish brown, dark olive green. Lustre pearly. G. in Fahlunite 2'6 —279; in Esmarkite 2'709; in Chlorophyllite, 2'705. B.B. fuse only on the thinnest edges. Bonsdorffite and Fahlunite correspond to Iolite+6If; Esmarkite, to Iolite+-311; Chlorophyllite to Iolite+2!I; but the water is not constant, and the varieties are not distinct. Fahlunite occurs with iolite at Fahlun; Bonsdorffite at Abo; *Esmarkite is from near Brevig; Chlorophyllite from Unity, Me., and Haddam, Ct. Gigantolite, Nordenskidld, (Anal. 15, 16).-Forms and cleavage as in the last; o. about 3'5, but on cleavage surface 2; G.=2-862-2'878. Greenish to dark steelgray; between vitreous and waxy, approaching submetallic. Formula if part of the iron is peroxyd, (Pe 2'83, Fe 11'61), equivalent to Iolite +311. B.B. fuses with intumescence to a light greenish slag. From Tamela, Finland, in a gneissoid granite. Crystals large. Aspasiolite, Scheerer, (Anal. 17). In prisms like the preceding, but cleavage less distinct. H.=3'5. G.=2'764. Greenish gray to whitish. Lustre weak. Composition, Iolite +-'Al Si2+65f. B.B. infusible. From Krageroe in Norway, with quartz and iolite. Praseolite, Erdmann, (Anal. 18). In prisms with basal cleavage, like the above. Green, with lustre greasy. Fracture flat-conchoidal and splintery. H.11=35. G.= 2'754. Composition if the iron is peroxyd, Iolite+31H, Rammelsberg. B.B. fuses on thinnest edges only to a bluish green glass. From Brikke, near Brevig, Norway, in granite. Weissite, (Anal. 19). Similar to Fahlurite. Color blue, green. G.=2-8. Formula given, 3' Si2+2R Si2. From Fahlun, occurring in chlorite state in masses as large as hazlenuts. Tennant has analyzed a mineral from Canada East, (Rec. Gen. Sci., 1836, May, 332), which has the composition of Weissite, affording Si 55-05, Al 22-60, Mlg 5-70, Fe 12'60, Mn trace, Ca 1'40, A 2-25=99-60. A relation to Weissite is doubtful. Pyrargillite, Nordenskidld, (Anal. 20). In prismatic forms; cleavage not distinct. H.=3-5. G.=2'5. Partly black, or bluish, liver-brown or dull red, and dull resinous. Odor argillaceous. Composition given,.'Si+A-l Si+4. B.B. infusible, becoming a little glazed in a strong heat. Soluble in muriatic acid. Near Helsingfors, Finland, in granite. Pyrargillite is referred to altered iolite by Bischof. Liebenerite, (Anal. 21, 22). In 6-sided prisms, without distinct cleavage. H.=3-5. G. —2814. Greenish-gray and somewhat greasy. Fracture splintery. Formula given l3 Si'+6A1l'Si-t5H. B.B. whitens and intumesces, but does not fuse. From a red feldspar porphyry at Mt. Viesena, Fleimser Valley, in porphyry. Von Hauer states that his specimen had no appearance of alteration. The reference of this mineral here may not be correct. SILICATES, MICA SECTION. 217 iberite, Svanberg, from Montalvan near Toledo, Spain, probably belongs here. It occurs in large six-sided prisms with basal cleavage. H.=2-5. G.=2-89. Vitreous to pearly. Composition according to Norlin, (Ofv. af. K. V. Ac. F6rh., 1844, 219), Si 40-90, 1l 30'74, Fe 15'-47, Mn 1'33, Ca 0-40, lMg 0-81, K 4-57, Na 0-04, 1 5'56=99'82. B.B. fuses to a dark pearl. HIuronite of Thomson, (Min. i. 384), from Canada, near Lake Huron, is considered an altered mineral near Fahlunite, by T. S. Hunt. Thomson in his analysis obtained, Si 45-80, X1 33-92, Be 4-32, Ca 8'04, Mg 1-72, 14-16=99-96. Infusible. Not attacked by acids. 4. MICA SECTION. Oxygen ratio, (type ratio), 1: 1; but ratio varying to 1 2. Structure micaceous.~ MUSCOvITE, (9J ]3+2) Si. MARGARODITE, (in part), (7J ) 7 it6n-. PHLOGOPITE, (5 +5)'. BIOTITE, (R-3+g)'i. LEPIDOLITE, (in part), (WR,R) Si2..... (R3, R) Si. LEPIDOMELANE, (-1s+ _g)Si. The micas have been considered as either monoclinic, trimetric or hexagonal. But Senarmont in his recent investigations has shown that monoclinic forms do not exist. He:,argues this from the fact that no twins have been observed in whic-Ui't{-erminal faces are inclined to one another, while they are common parallel to the prismatic planes with these faces in one and the same plane, as observable by optical means when not otherwise apparent. It is well known that slight admixtures of foreign ingredients change greatly the axes of polarization; moreover the same plate often varies several degrees in the apparent optical angle in different parts. But notwithstanding the variations thus occasioned, there is still a wide interval between the common micas and the phlogopites, the former varying in the angle between the apparent axes, from 450 to 780, the latter not exceeding 20~. The following are the results of the examinations of micas by Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci., [2], x, 372, and Senarmont, (Ann. de Ch. et de Phys. [3], xxxiii, 391, xxxiv, 171. They are important as identifying localities, independently of their optical interest. X The species Margarite and Euphyllite appear to be homocemorphous with the mricas; but being hydrous they are arranged near chlorite. 28 218 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. I. Observations of Silliman, Jr. 1. American Muscovite and Lepidolite; Angle from 550 to 76~. Apparent Angle. 1. New York Island, 4 m. from City, violet gray, containing black grains, 560 20.'-560 40' 2. Royalston, Mass., dark brown, fine crystal, 57~0 30' 3. ib. ib ib. ib. another, 580-590 4. Pennsbury, Penn., smoky brown, striated, 590 5. Philadelphia, Penn., greenish gray, banded, 60~ 30'-610 6. ib. ib. near Fairmount, smoky brown; resembles No. 4, 600~-620 30' 7. Oxford, Maine, light brown, 620 42'-63~ 8. Monroe, Conn., brown with patches, 640 30'-650 30' 9. R6yalston, Mass., violet brown; in thick plates, 65~ 10. Local.? greenish gray; in crystals, 650 30'-660 11. Falls road, 2{ m. from Baltimore, transparent brown, 650 30'-650 40' 12. Near Ellicott's Mills, Md., ib. ib., 660 30' 13. "Jones Falls," near Baltimore, blackish green; symmetrically banded, 660 15'-660 30' 14. Greenfield, Conn., greenish yellow, 660 30'-67~ 15. Haddam, Conn., (Quarry Hill), clear brownish green, 670 16. Grafton, New Hampshire, light brown, transparent, 67~0 30' 17. Unionville, Penn., white, Corundum locality, 670-6770 28' 18. Acworth, N. H., greenish gray, in granite, 67~ 15'-67~0 30' 19. Grafton, N. H., another specimen, light brown, with quartz and tourmaline, 680 5'-680 20' 20. Templeton, Mass., transparent brown, 69~ 30'-690 40' 21. Orange, Mass., ib. ib, beautiful crystals, 69~ 301-690 40' 22. Willimantic Falls, Conn., brownish green, transparent in granite, 690 30'-690 50' 23. Pennsbury, Penn., brown crystals; another locality, 69~ 271'-700 24. Royalston, Mass., dark brown; 2d locality, 690 40'-700 25. Grafton, N. H., light brown; 3d specimen, 690-690 30' 26. Middletown, Conn., brownish, feldspar quarry, 700-700 30' 27. Chester, Hampden Co., Mass., greenish white, 700-700 30' 28. Norwich, Mass., greenish yellow; Spodumene locality, 700 30' 29. Pennsbury, Penn., (3Sdlocal.), brownish green, 700-700 30' 30. Goshen, Mass., greenish yellow, with spodumene, 700-700 30 31. Greenfield, N. Y., brownish; Chrysoberyl locality, 700 45'-71' 32. Haddam, Conn., brownish; in large plates, 700 33. Gouverneur, N. Y., brownish-white, in boulder, 700 34. Templeton, Mass., (2d spec.,) transparent brown, 70~ 15' 35. Leiperville, Del. Co., Pa., faint greenish, plicated, 700 30'-710 36. Jefferson Co., N. Y., greenish; in a boulder, 71~-710 30' 37. Hebron, Maine, light brown, transparent, 710 40'-710 50' 38. Norwich, Mass., yellowish green transparent; 710 45' 39. Haddam, Conn., ib. ib.; Columbite locality, 71~ 30'-710 45' 40. E. Chester,Westchester Co., N. Y., yellowish green boulder, 710 30'-720 41. Paris, Maine, ib. ib., 720 15'-720 30' 42. ib. ib., ib. ib., 720 30' 43. Brunswick, Maine, whitish brown, silvery, 720 37'-720 50' 44. Gouverneur, N. Y.? fair rose color; no lithia, 730-730 5' 45. Paris, Maine, whitish green; with green tourmaline, 740~-740 30' 46. ib. ib. ib. another, 730 47. Orange, N. H., gray, with flattened tourmaline, quartz and feldspar,'13~ 4' 48. Pounal, Maine, nearly colorless; lithia? mica, 740 50-75' SILICATES, MICA SECTION. 219 Apparent Angle. 49. Goshen, Mass., yellowish green; with indicolite, 750 50. ib. ib., another, 750 30'-76~ 51. Lenox, Mass., rose-colored lithia (?) mica; with albite, 750-750 30' 2. American Phlogopite. 1. Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., glassy transparent, 7o-70 30' 2. Edwards, N. Y., rich reddish brown, 10~. 3. St. Lawrence Co.? N. Y., yellowish, 100~? 4. Vrooman's Lake, N. Y., in long crystals of a yellow color, 100 30'-10~ 50' 5. Edward's, N. Y., rich yellowish brown color, 11~ 6. Warwick, Orange Co., N. Y., in limestone, yellowish, 110~ 7. Falls of the Grand Calumet, Canada, yellowish green crystals many inches long, 130~-130 12' 8. Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y., large crystals, fine yellowish brown, 13~ 30' 9. Edwards, N. Y.; 2d specimen, yellowish brown, 13~ 30' 10. Churches Mills, Rossie, N. Y., resembles the Pope's Mills, 13~ 30'-14~ 11. Near Skinner's Bridge, Rossie, N. Y., silvery yellow mica, 14~ 12. Carlisle, Mass., rich yellowish brown, 140 13. Rossie, N. Y., near Mrs. Story's, light yellowish, 150 14. Pope's Mills, St. Lawrence Co., brownish yellow hexagonal crystal, 150 15. Natural Bridge, Jefferson Co., N. Y., rich yellow; associated with serpentine; same as analyzed by Meitzendorff, 15~ 15. bis. ib. ib., another specimen, 160 16. Edwards, N. Y., white silvery, curved crystals, 150 30'-16~ 30' 17. Vicinity of Rossie, N. Y., rich yellow brown; probably the same as Gouverneur, 160 7-16~0 15' 18. Essex, N. Y., in limestone, deep rich brown color, 160 30' 19. Upper Ottawa, Canada, reddish yellow transparent, 170 30'-180 20. Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y., very dark smoky red, Estd. 160-17~ 21. Gouverneur, N. Y., brownish copper red; Pope's Mills, 22. Somerville, N.Y., faint brownish, 50-70 23. Burgess, Canada West, bronzy, almost metallic, semi-transparent if thin; opake in plates a line thick; slightly elastic only, found with apatite in sandstone, Angle very low. 24. Franklin, N. J., bronzy yellow, About 140 25. Burgess, Canada West, whitish yellow, About 100 26. Fine, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., very dark olive brown, Estd. 100~-120 27. Amity, N. VY., opake silvery white, 100~-120 28. Sterling Mine, Morris Co., N. J., rich yellowish brown, inclining to red: in limestone. 29. Suckasunny Mine, N. J., deep olive brown, inclining to yellow; in limestone. 30. Newton, N. J., yellow; imperfect and very small; in limestone. 31. Lockwood, Sussex, Co., N. J., deep olive brown, like the mica of Fine, N. TY.; in limestone. Nos. 20 to 27 are less transparent, and the observations are not exact. Besides the above American phlogopites, there is another found at Oxbow, N. Y., a brownish olive green variety at Warwick, Pa., of about 100; a reddish coppery variety from St. Jerome, Canada, mentioned by Blake, (p. 221.) 220 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. II. Observations of Senarmont.* (1.) Micas whose optical axes are situated in the diametral plane of the longer diagonal. Appar. Incl. 1. Odontchelon, Daouria; gangue dolomite and diopside; brown; cryst. 1- 2~ 2. Lou. -? Hexagonal; transparent; brown, a little greenish, 1- 20 3. Loc. -- exag.; transparent; clear brown, 1- 20 4. Loc. --? Hexag.; transparent; copper-colored, 3- 4~ 5. Ceylon. Hexag.; transparent; clear green, nearly colorless, 3- 4~ 6. Philadelphia. Transparent; clear olive-green, 57-58~ 7. Siberia, in white quartz. Silvery, imperf. transparent, 57-58~ 8. Zillerthal, in albite. Silvery, imperf. transparent, 58-590 9. Arendal, in a feldspathic rock. Transparent; pale, 58-59~ 10. Loc.-? Transparent; gray, rhombs, 58-59~ 11. Leo. - Heiexag.; outer parts grayish-brown, 58-590 central parts colorless, 67 12. Loc. --? Transparent; clear brown, 58-590 13. Couzeran? Silvery, greenish-gray, with concave surface of cleavage, 60~ 14. St. Gothard, in quartzose gneiss; hexag.; silvery; clear gray, 600 16. Miask. Transparent; clear olive green, 62-630 18. Ekatherinenburg. Transparent; clear pale rose, 63-640 21. Schetank. Imperfectly transparent; rose-colored, 67~0 23. Brittany. Transparent, rhombic octahedrons; blond, 68~0 24. Kimito. Finland. Rhombic octahedrons; transparent; clear blonde, 67-68~ 25. Finland. Crystals, silvery; grayish green, 67-680 27. Aberdeen. Transparent; blonde, 68~ 28. Ekatherinenburg. Rhombic prisms in feldspar; cryst.; transparent; nearly blonde, 69-700 29. Loc. -2 Colorless; but affords a central region, 70 an outer region, 600 32. American, probably; Lepidolite or rose mica, 7 74-760 33. Alenqon. Hexag.; transparent; grayish blonde, 76-77~ (2.) Micas with the optical axes in the diametral plane of the shorter diagonal. 34. Lake Baikal. Hexag.; deep brown; transparent, 1 35, 36, 37, 38-micas of unknown locality, 1- 40 39. Loc. --? Hexag.; deep bottle green, 150 40. Saxony. Hexag.; silvery, clear gray; transp., macled, 440 42. Zinnwald, with tin ore. Hexag.; silvery, greenish blonde by trp. 46-47~ 43. Loc. -? Ilexag.; transparent; colorless; 500 44. Lepidolite; rhombic, 55~ 46. Piedmont. Rhombic; silvery reflection; grayish-green by trp. 630 48. St. Fre'ol, near Brives. Transparent; olive-green, 65~ 49. Milan. Hexag.; greenish-white; silvery; unctuous, not elastic, 650 51.' Fossuml, Norway. Hexag.; clear olive-green, 66~ 52. Scotland. Brown; in large thick crystals, 68~ 54. Tarascon (Ari6ge). Rhombic; transparent; colorless, 690 55. Ural, in graphic granite; octahedrons in quartz; silver lustre; color blonde, 72~ 56. UtO. Rhombs; lustre silvery; yellowish blonde by trp., 72-730 On examining different micas pressed between two plates of glass, and subjecting them to changes of temperature, Senarmont found no perceptible change in the optical axes. Many of the micas that were reputed unaxial, and are properly biotite, were * The micas of doubtful locality in Senarmont's table are in general here omitted; but his numbering is retained. SILICATES MICA SECTION. 221 shown by Silliman and also b y Blake, to present the optical characters of a biaxial mica with a very small angle. This biaxial character, however, has been attributed by some to the lamellar structure of the mica. But Dove has recently shown by a new method, (Berichter Acad. Berlin, April, ] 853), that they are actually biaxial, and they are so regarded by Senarmont. The greenish-black mica of Monroe, analyzed by von Kobell, is an example. Mr. W. P.i Blake gives the following list of such micas, part of which may be phlogopites, (Amer. Jour. Sci. [2], xii, 6): 1. Olive-green, from Greenwood furnace. 2. Silvery, from Easton, Pa. 3. Crimson, from Topsham, Maine. 4. Dark green, from Vesnvius, seven different varieties. 5. Deep copper red, from Franklin furnace, Sussex Co., N. J. (probably a phlogopite). 6. Dark bottle-green, from Moor's Slide, Ottawa, Canada. 7. Dark brownish-green, from St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. S. Rich smoky yellow, and another dark brownish-red, from Hammcn, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. 9. Dark brown, from Gouverneur, N. Y. 10. Dark green, from Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y. 11. Fiery red by transmitted light, from Moriah, Essex Co., N. Y. 12. Copper red, from St. N. Jerome, Canada East-angle 10~. A phlogopite. No micas were examined by Mr. Blake but what gave indications of two axes, when they were not too dark for trial. The following are some of these darker varieties: a dark green by transmitted light, from Sussex Co., N. Y.; another from Middletown, Ct.; another from New York Island. According to investigations thus far made, the muscovites vary in the apparent inclination of the axes between 440 and 750; the phlogopites between 50 and 20~; the biotites range below 5~. Silliman,. Jr., observes that the muscovites are confined to granitic and other igneous rocks, while the phlogopites are exclusively found in granular limestone and serpentine. The former contain in general potash or lithia, and little magnesia; and the latter contain magnesia, and often but little alkali. MUSCOVITE, D. Oblique Mica. Biaxial Mica. Potash Mica. Common Mica. Glimmer, in part. Phengite; Kob. Muscovy Glass. Verre de Museovie. Trimetric; I: 1=1200. Occurring forms usually hemihedral, with a monoclinic aspect. Cleavage: basal eminent; occasionally also at right angles to two opposite sides of O, separating in 407 408 409 0 A1 X i'l \ I ail 22j r 222 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. fibres. Twins: often observable by internal markings, or by poJarized light; composition parallel to I. Folia sometimes aggregated in stellate, plunose, or globular forms; or in scales and scaly massive. I.-.=2 —25. G.=275 —3'1. Lustre more or less pearly. Color white, gray, pale-green, and violet-yellow, sometimes brown and dark olive-green; colors different in axial and diametral directions. Streak uncolored. Transparent-translucent. Thin laminaE flexible and elastic, very tough. Sectile. Biaxial; angle between the axes of polarization 45o —75~. Composition.-(3', )'Sil4; mostly (_L] 3+ j — )Si4. Analyses: 1, 2, H. Rose, (Schw. Jour. xxix, 282, and Gilb. Ann. lxxi, 13, and Pogg. i, 75); 3, Svanberg, (K. V. Ac. H. 1839, 155); 4, 5, 6, Rose, (loc. cit.); 7, Svanberg, (loc. cit.); 8, Schafhautl, (Ann d. Ch. u. Pharm. xliv, 40): Si iM1 Fe kn kIg ]: HF 1. Ut.6 47'50 37'30 3'20 0'90 - 960 0'56,][ 2-63=101-59, Rose. 2. Broddbo, 46'10 31-60 8-65 1-40 - 839 1'12, 1'00=98'26, Rose. 3.' " 47*97 31'69 5'37 1-67 831 -,F 072, Al 0-35, lt 3'32, S. 4. Fahlun, 46'22 34'52 6'04 2'11 8-22 1 09, 0'98,1i trace=99'18, R. 5. Kimito, 46'36 36580 4-53 trace 9-22 0-71, I 1'84=99-52, Rose. 6. Ochotsk, 47'19 33-80 4-47 2'58 8-35 0-29, I 4'07, CaO-13=1)00'88,R. 7. Abborf. 39'45 9'27 35'78 - 3'29- 5'06 —, F 0'29, Ca 0'32, Fe 1'45, -n 25'7 —9059, Svanberg. 8. Fuchsite, 47'95 34-45 1'80 - 0-72 10'75 -, F 0'35, er 3'95, Na 0-37, Ca 0-42=100-76, Schaf. In analyses 2 to 6 the oxygen of the protoxyds, peroxyds, and silica has the ratio 1: 12: 16; or as nearly I: 12: 16+, which gives for the oxygen ratio for the bases and silica 4: 5, and affords the above formula. The Abborforss mica (No. 7) gives closely the ratio 2: 9: 12. Analysis No. 8 has nearly the ratio 1: 9: 12. The formula corresponding would be ( —- A3+9 B.B. fuses with some difficulty to a grayish-yellow blebby glass. Dissolves easily with borax and salt of phosphorus, leaving with the last a silica skeleton. The variety composed of scales arranged in plumose forms is called plumose mica; and that with a diagonal cleavage, prismatic mica. Mica is one of the constituents of granite, and its associate rocks, gneiss, syenite, and mica slate. It also occurs in more recent aggregate rocks; also in imbedded crystals in granular limestone, wacke, trachyte, and basalt. Coarse lamellar aggregations often form the matrix of crystals of topaz, tourmaline, and other mineral species. The Fuchsite is a green mica from Schwarzenstein in the Tyrol. Siberia affords lamine of mica, sometimes exceeding a yard in diameter; and other remarkable foreign localities are at Finbo in Sweden, and Skutterud in Norway. Fine crystallizations of mica occur in granite at Acworth, Grafton, and Alstead, N. H., and the plates are at times a yard across and perfectly transparent; also at Paris and Streaked Mountain, Maine. In Massachusetts, at Chesterfield with tourmaline and Albite. Barre and South Royalston, in two localities with beryl, and at Mendon and Brimfield; at Chester, Hamden Co., Mass., faint greenish. A green variety occurs at Unity, Me., on the estate of James Neal; and prismatic mica at Russell, Mass. In Connecticut, at Monroe of a dusky brown color, having internal hexagonal bands of a darker shade; in brown hexagonal crystal at the Middletown feldspar quarry; at Haddam, pale brownish, with columbite, and also similar at another locality with garnets. Six miles southeast of Warwick, N. Y., crystals and plates sometimes a foot in diameter, in a vein of feldspar; a mile northwest of Edenville in six-sided and rhombic prisms; silvery, near Edenville; in St. Lawrence Co., eight miles from Potsdam, on the road to Pierrepont, mica is found in plates seven inches across; town of Edwards in large prisms, six-sided or rhombic; Greenfield, near Saratoga, in reddish-brown crystals with chrysoberyl; on the SILICATES) MICA SECTION. 223 Croton acqueduct near Yonkers, in rhombic prisms with a transverse cleavage. In Pennsylvania, in fine hexagonal crystals of a dark brown color at Penusbury near Pennsville, Chester Co.; in Philadelphia Co. on the railroad near Philadelphia, smoky brown Vith hexagonal internal bands; at Chesnut Hill near the Wissahiccon, a green variety; at Leiperville, Delaware Co., faint greenish; in New Jersey, crystals are obtained at Newtown and Franklin. In Maryland, at Jones's Falls, a mile and three quarters from Baltimore; the plates show by transmitted light a series of concentric hexagons, the sides of which are parallel with the sides of a hexagonal prism. Other localities are given on pages 218 to 220. Thomson has analyzed (Min. i, 360) a mica reported from Orange Co., N. Y., and stated to be in " fine rhomboidal prisms," and obtained Si 49'38, Al1 23'67, Pe 7-31, K1 15-29, Ca 6-13, Li 0-06=101-89, affording the oxygen ratio 1: 3: 6= —Si+- Si, corresponding to some Lithia micas. Another mica from Chamouni, (probably biaxial, but not fully ascertained), afforded Delesse, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxv), Si 41-22, Al 13-92, Pe 21-31, kIg 4-70, i 6'05, Na 1'40, Ca 2-58, Pe 5'03, Mn 1'09, ign. 0'9, F 158= —9978. It gives the ratio 1: 2~: 4. G.=3'127. A chrome mica afforded Schafhiinutl (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. xlvi, 325) Si 4'7-68, Al 15-15, Fe 5'72, MIg 11-58, K 7-27, Mn 1-16,'r 5'91, Na 1' l, I 2-86, F1 trace= 98'50. ALTERED FORMs.-Mica at times becomes hydrated, losing its elasticity and transparency, and often some portion of the alkalies and oxyd of iron. Mcargarodite.-It is possible that Margarodite (analyses 6 to 11 below) may result from a change of this kind; it is a change in the oxygen ratio for the protoxyds, peroxyds and silica from 1: 12: 16 25 to 2: 12: 17-5, with the addition of some water, a change due partly to the added water, and perhaps partly also to the addition of magnesia and soda, as the analyses afford more soda and magnesia than exist in Muscovite. The formula corresponding to the above ratio is (13'+-67)Si4. In appearance, and optical characters, this Mica resembles Muscovite; but it is much more pearly or silvery and less transparent and elastic; and it is often in radiated aggregations of scales or plates, a condition which would expose the mineral especially to alteration. G.=2-872, Schafhaiitl, 2'79-2-81, Brewer; 2-817, Delesse; 2'831, Rammelsberg. Gilbertite, (Anal. 4, 5), also is probably hydrous muscovite; it gives the oxygen ratio 1: 12: 16, near some muscovite; but it has lost the alkalies or part of them. H.-=275. G. —2-648. It is from Stonagwyn, St. Just, Cornwall. Damourite of Delesse, appears also to be a Margarodite, and perhaps a hydrous Muscovite. The analysis corresponds to the formula(?- IR-y+ 9 )Si 5 t.+ Ithas a I ~0 010 scaly texture, a pearly lustre, yellow or yellowish-white color, and occurs associated with kyanite, at Pontivy, in Brittany. Sericite of K. List, is regarded by him as near Damourite. H.=l. G.=2-897. Foliated in one direction, plates undulated. Lustre silky. Color greenish or yellowish-white. B.B. exfoliates strongly, and fuses on the edges with a bright light, to a grayish enamel. Decomposed slowly by muriatic acid. Oxygen ratio, if part of the iron is peroxyd, 1: 3: 6: i. From a schist, with quartz, in the Taunus range, Western Germany. Mica also occurs altered to Steatite or Serpentine, through the action of bicarbonate or silicate of magnesia in infiltrating waters. A hydrous mica (Wasserglimmer, Morin, Ann. d. M. [3], xvii), afforded Morin, Si 34.8,;1 10'2, Ca 8'4, Mg 8-1, Fe 180, SMn 5'0, 1H14'4=98-9. Oxygen ratio for the protoxyds, peroxyds, silica and water, 2'24: 1: 3'79: 2'66. The following are analyses of other hydrous micas: 1, J. D. DaTrack, (this Min. 3d edit. 357); 2, Kussin, (Ramm. 4th Suppl. 75); 3, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 210, xvi, 46); 4, Lehunt, (Thomson's Mi. i, 235); 5, Thomson (ib.); 6, Schafhautl; 7, Delesse, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], xvi, 202, 1849); 8, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxi, 38); 9, 10, 11, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 46, 47); 12, Delesse, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xv, 248); 13, K. List, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxxxi, 181): 224 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. RSi Pt e kMg Na ta It f 1. Unionville, Jfusc. 46'75 39'20 tr. 1'02 0'39 - 656 4'90=98'82,D. 2. Zsidovacs, " 48'07 38'41 tr. - - - 1010 3'42,'n tr. —100, K. 3. Litchfield, " 44-60 36-23 1-34 0-37 0'50 4-10 6'20 5'26,IMn and F tr. 100'6, S. and B. 4. Cornwall, Gilb. 45-15 40-11 F2-43 190 417 - - 425-69'01,Lehunt. 5. -?. " 41780 32'62 "5'18 1'60 - 9'23 -- 4'00=100'42, Thom. 6. Zillerthal, Marg., 47-05 34-90 el-e150 1-95 - 4-07 7'96 1'45-98-88, Schaf. 7. St. Etienne, " 46'23 33-08 3'48 2'10 - 1-45 8'87 4-12, Mn and F tr.= 99'28, Delesse. 8. - a " 47-84 32'36 3'06 1.28 0'29 1-55 10-25 2'43=99-06, Ramm. 9. Monroe, " 46'50 33-91 2-69 0,90 - 2'70 7'32 4'63, F 0-82, C1 0.31, Smith & Brush. 10. " " 45'70 33-76 3-1.1 1-15 -- 2-85 7-49 4'90, F 0'82, C1 0-31 Smith & Brush. 11. Chester Co.," 45'50 34-55 tr. 1'08 2'31 2'35 8'10 5'40=-99'29, S & B. 12. Dcmourite, 45'22 37-85 tr. - - - 11'20 5'25=99'52,Delesse. 13. Sericite, 49'00 23'65 - 094 0'63 1'75 9'11 3'41, Fe 8'07, SiF3 1'60, Tii 1 59=100-14, L. The Unionville mica is whitish; ratio, exclusive of water, 1-61: 18'32: 24'29. That from Zsidovacs gives the ratio (excluding the water) 1: 10-5: 14-6, corresponding nearly to (l +L' {3 -)'Si45+-~[. The Litclfdld mica is nearly colorless and pearly, and occurs with kyanite; G.= —76; ratio 1'34: 12: 16'01. The eargyaodite of St. Etienne is in graphic granite; that of Monroe, is associated with topaz and fluor; that of Chester Co., Pa., is found at the Poorhouse quarry, and is in small implanted crystals having a pearly talco-micaceous aspect, associated with implanted crystals of orthoclase, (Chesterlite). Through Margarodite the mica section passes to the chlorite section; and if a distinct species, it should be arranged near Euphyllite. PHLOGOPITE, Breit. Rhombic Mica. Magnesia Mica, in part. Trimetric. In rhombic or hexagonal prisms, with refraction biaxial; I: 2=120~. Color yellow or copper red: also white or colorless, and different shades of brown. Cleavage as in Muscovite. Angle between apparent optical axes 50 (or less) to 20~. o7mposition. —(~R3n3u-.)S-i3R' RSi.2.Si, as in some Idocrase and Allanite. 1, Mean of three analyses by Mleitzendorff, (Pogg. lviii, 157); 2, Svanberg, (K. V. Ac. H. 1839); 3, 4, 5, Crawe, (Am. J. Sci. [2], x, 396); 5, Delesse, (Bull. Soc. Geol. de Fr. [2], ix, 121): Si A1 Ve Mg Ia nR F 1. N. Y., 41-30 15-35 1'77 28-79 -- 9'70 3'30, NTa, some Li0'05, ign. 0-28, M. 2. Sala, 42-65 12-86 F7.11 25'39 1-06 6'03 0-62, S1g0'36, A10-l,lH3-17,S. 3. Edwards,N.Y., 40-15 17'36 -- 28'10 -- 10'56 4'20, Na0'63=10100, Craw. 4. " 40-36 16-45 2955 - 7'23 -- "4'94, ign. 0'95=99'48, Craw. 5. " 40-36 16-08 - 30'25 -- 607 265 " 4'39=99'80, Craw. 6. Vosges, 37-54 19-80 F1'61 30-32 0-10 7'17 0'22 " 100,ign. 1-51=99'97, Delesse. The mica of No. 2 has not been examined optically; yet, as it agrees in atomic proportions with the Philogopite, it appears to belong here. The oxygen ratio in this species is probably 3: 2: 5. Mr. Craw's analyses however, afford 177: 1: 2-69 -7: 4: 11, and Meitzendorff's nearly the same. The silico-fluorids in the former are about 1-24th and in the latter 1-30th. Delesse's analysis affords the ratio 3:2:4. B.B. like common mica, fusing to a white enamel, and giving the reaction usually of fluorine. SILICATES, MICA SECTION. 225 No. 3, deep yellowish brown; 4, transparent and colorless; 5, from same crystal, but opaque from partial alteration. This mica is especially characteristic of granular limestone. For localities see page 219. The Vosges mineral occurs like other phlogopites in limestone. ALTERED FoRMs.-The phlogopites are quite liable to change, losing their elasticity, becoming pearly in lustre, with often brownish spots, as if from the hydration of the oxyd of iron. No analysis has been made of the altered mineral. In some cases an alteration to steatite has been observed. BIOTITE, Hausmann. Hexagonal Mica. Uniaxial Mica. Magnesia Mica. Rubel — lan, Breit. Meroxene, Breit. Glimmer, (in part). Rhombenglimmer, Kengott. Trimetric? Usual in tabular prisms. Cleavage: basal, highly eminent. Also common in foliated masses. Refraction biaxial; angle between the axes less than 50. HI.-2-5-3. G.=2'7 —3-1. Lustre pearly; often submetallic on the terminal faces of the prism; splendent-shining. Colors various, as in the preceding species, usually dark-green or brown, or nearly black: sometimes white or colorless. Streak uncolored. Transparent-opaque. Thin laminae flexible and elastic. Composition.-Rs'i+- gSi-=(~Rs~-i~)'Si, as in Garnet. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit.); 2, H. Rose, (loc. cit.); 3, 4, 5, Kobell, (Kastn. Arch. xii, 29); 6, 7, Svanberg, (loc. cit.); 8, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvi, 309); 9, Bromeis, (Pogg. lv, 112); 10, H. Rose, (Gilb. Ann. lxxi, 13); 11, Chodnev, (Pogg. lxi, 381, mean of 2 anal.); 12, Varrentrapp, (ibid.); 13, 14, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 45, 46); 16, C. Bromeis, (Bischof's Lehrb. d. Geol. ii, 1418): si;8l Fe klg f 1. Siberia, 42'50 11'50 22-00 9'00 10-00, Mn 2'0, ign. 1-00=98, Klaproth.. 2. " 40'00 12-67 19'03 15'70 5'61, HF 2'10, Mn063, Ti and Fel163,Ro 3. " 42-12 12'83 10-38 16-15 8-58, Fe 9-36, H 1-07=100~49, Kobell. 4. Monroe, N. Y., 40'00 16-16'7.50 21'54 10'83, HF 0'53, Pi 0-2, ft 3-0=99'76, K., 5. Greenland, 41-00 16-88 4'50 18'86 8'76, HF trace, Fe5'05, 114'30=99-35,Ko 6. Pargas, 42'58 21-68 10839 10-27 8'45, F 0'51, lMn 0-75, H 335, NCa 0-56= 99'80, Svanbergo, 7. Rosendale, 44'41 16'86 -- 11-26 405, F 041, Fe20'71, 1fn 045, 113, Ca 0'90, Ca, 0'43=101-60, Sv. 8. Bodenmais, 40'86 15-13 13'00 22'00 8'83, A 0'44=100'26, Kob.; G. 2'7. 9. Vesuvius, 39'75 15'99 8'2.9 24-49 8-78, Ca 0-87, ign. 0175, undc. 0-1=10. L. Baikal, 42'01 16-05 4.93 25-97 7.55, HF 068=97'19, Rose. [98'62, B. 11. Vesuvius, 4091 17179 11-02 19-04 9'96, Ca 0'3 —99'02, Chodnev. 12. Zillerthal, 39-85 16'07 13'21 15-60 K1, Na and loss 13'68, Ca 0-42= —100, V. 13. Monroe, N.Y., 39'88 14'99 1768 23'69 9-11, Na 1-12, H 1-30, F 0'95, C1 0-44= —, —Y- 99~16, So.& B. 14. " 39-51 15'11 7-99 23-40 10-20 ]ft 1-35, F 0-95, Cl 0-44=68'95, S& & B. 15. Putnam Co., 39-62 11735 5'40 23'85 8-95, Nla 1901 ft 141, F 1-20, C1 0-27= 99-06, S. & B. 16. Laach, 43-02 16'85 11-63 18'40 8'60, " 115, Ca 0.71=100.36a, B. a Much ammoniacal water, on ignition, given off. The above magnesia micas give for the most part for the oxygen of the protoxyds, peroxyds, and silica, the ratio 1: 1: 2, affording the above formula. The Pargas mica has the ratio J: 1: 2. In composition, Biotite and Phiogopite appear to be distinct, although optically no definite line can yet be drawn. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a grayish or blackish glass. With the fluxes an iron. glass. —Localities as mentioned on page 221. 29 226 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. The species biotite was shown to be in part, at least, optically biaxial, by Silliman, Jr., and Blake, and this conclusion is confirmed by Senarmont, who takes the ground 410 that the species is not rhombohedral. The annexed figure by Marignac, represents the rhombohedral aspect of a Vesuvian specimen, probably the same found to be biaxial by Sillita man, Jr. Marignac gives the angles R: R= 620 46', R: a=990 40' (990 45' by calculation), a on o=1020 28', a on o0198~ 23', a on onl 950 37. — v 6 The mica from Greenwood Furnace, Monroe, N. Y., analyzed by von Kobell, (anal. 4), occurs in large and very regular rhombic prisms, (some. times 5 or 6 inches across), oblique from an acute edge; and also in tetrahedral pyramids; the faces of the pyramids inclined to the cleavage plane at 113~ to 1140; Kobell gives for the angle R: R (faces of the pyramid) 71~ to 72~. This is the same mica with that analyzed by Smith and Brush, (anal. 13, 14), as Mr. Brush has assured himself by an examination of von Kobell's specimens at Munich. It is the Rkhombenglimmer of Kengott, (Pogg. lxxiii, 661). In composition it is true biotite. The Vesuvian biotite occurs in brilliant crystals, (Meroxene). A brownish-green biotite with a waxy structure and soapy feel, (anal. 15), occurs in Putnam Co., TN. Y. G. —280. One of the "uniaxial" micas of Biot is stated to have come from Topsham, Maine. ALTERED FORMs.-Rubellan is considered an altered biotite; it occurs in small hexagonal forms, of a red color, in a kind of wacke. Steatite is also a result of the alteration of this species, as in granite at Br/dnn and Thierscheim. Among the above analyses, several indicate incipient change, by the water and chlorine present. The mica of Putnam Co., N. Y., has even a soapy feel and is inelastic. Mica altered to Magnetite has also been observed in the Tyrol. LEPIDOLITE. Lithia Mica. Lithion-glimmer. Lithionite, Kob. In part, Zinnwaldite, Haid. Trimetric. Occurs often in oblique rhombic and hexagonal prisms of 1190 to 120~; also in coarsely granular masses consisting of foliated scales. Cleavage: basal, highly eminent. 1.=2'5 —4. G.=2-84-3. Lustre pearly. Color rose-red, violet gray, yellowish, whitish. Translucent. Apparent angle of optical axes 70~-78O. Cornposition.-r-According to Rammelsberg, the analyses afford the following formulas, the fluorine replacing part of the oxygen:1. Ural, Chursdorf, Uto, Rozena, Zinnwald (Ramm.), Altenberg (Stein) Rg3~i+B; [-(JnR3+qi) Si2.] 2. Zinnwald, Rozena, (Ramm. anal. 16), 2 f~Si+3gSi[- nearly ( - W+a-T-h) SiW.] 3. Juschakowa, (anal. 19, 20), 3 gi-Si+2'Si[=(~I2- 3))' Si 3.] 4. Altenberg, (Turner, anal. 11), 7 7'Si+6R-Si[-(-}R3q- )Si.] Ratio of fluorine to oxygen, in the Ural, Chursdorf, Uto and Rozena micas 1: 20; in the Altenberg, (Stein) 1: 60; in the Zinnwald, 1: 14, 1: 11,r1: 12; in the Juschakowa, 1: 8; in Turner's Altenberg 1: 25; in Rammelsberg's Rozena, (anal. 16), 1: 12. The last is the prevailing ratio. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. i, ii, v); 2, Gmelin, (loc. cit.); 3, Kralowansky, (Schw. J. liv, 230); 4, 5, Gmelin; 6, Turner, (Edinb. J. Sci. iii, and vi, 61); 7, Klaproth; 8- Lohmeyer, (Pogg. lxi, 377); 9, Stein, (Ramm. 5th, Suppl., 119); 10,'Rammelsberg, (ib., 119); 1i-15, Turner, (loc. cit.); 16, Rammelsberg, (5th Suppl. 120); 17, 18, Regnault, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], xiii, 151,); 19, 20, Rosales, (Pogg. lviii, 154); 21, Stein, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxviii, 295): SILICATES, MICA SECTION. 227 Si f te ~n MIn K Li HF 1. 54'50 38-25 0'75 -- 4'00 ---, H and loss 2'50=100, Klap. 2. 49'06 33'61 -- 140 -- 4-19 3'59 3'44,i!gO41, i 011, I loss 418,G. 3. 49'08 34'01 -- 108 -- 4-19 3'58 3'50 (with ST), Mg 0-41, 11 and loss 4'15. K. 4. 52-25 28-35 -- -- 366 6'90 4'79 5'07, I[ trace=101-03, Gmelin. 5. 46-23 14-14 17'97 -- 4'57 490 4'21 8-53, I 0-83=101-39, " 6. 44-28 24-53 -- - 1-66 9'47 4'09 5'14, Fe 11-33=100-50, Turner. 7. 47'00 20-00 15'50 1.75 -- 14-50 -— =98'75, Klaproth. 8. 42'97 20'59 14-18 0'83 -- 10-02 1'60 -, F 6-35, Na 1-41, C1 0'21, ign. 0'22=98'38, Lobmeyer. 9. 48-65 17-67 -- -- 124 8'60 2-41 F8-16, Pe 14-57, Mg 0'53, Na 0-71= 102-54, St. 10. 46-52 21-81 4-68 -- 1-96 9-09 1'27 " 747, Pe 6-80, " 0-44, Na 0-39, 01 013=100'66, R. 11. 40-19 22-49 -- - 2-02 7-49 3-06 3'99, Pe 19-78=99'25, Turner. 12.. 5091 28'17 - -- 1-08 9'50 5-67 4'11=99-44, Turner. 13. 50'35 28'30 -- - 1 23 9'04 5'49 5'20-99-61, Turner. 14. 50-82 21'33 -- - trace 9'86 4'05 4'81, Fe 9'08=9995, Turner. 15. 40-06 22-90 27'06 -- 1'79 4-30 2-00 2'71,=100-82, Turner, 16. 51'70 26'76 - 1'29 - 10-29 1 27 F 7 12, Mg 0.24, Ca 0 40, Na 1'15, I 0'16=100'38, Ramm. 17. 52-40 26'80 -- -- 150 9'14 4'85 4'40=99'09, Regnault. 18. 49'78 19-88 13'22 - - 8'79 4-15 4'25-10007, " 19. 48'92 19-03 - 5-59 - 10-96 2'77, F 10-44, C1 1-31, Ca 0-14, Na 2-23, R. 20. 46'62 21'05 -- 4-12 -- uad. utd., F 10'01, C1 1,01,Ca 0O12. rest und. R. 21. 47'01 20-35 14-34 - 1-53 9-62 4-33, F 1'43, Cl 0'40, ign 1-53=100'54, S. 1, 2, 3, from Rozena; 4, Chursdorf; 5-10, Zinnwald; 11, Altenberg; 12, 13, Uto; 14, 15, Cornwall; 16, 17, Rozena; 18, doubtful; 19, 20, Juschakowa. Ural; 21, Altenberg. Fuses easily to a white or grayish glass, sometimes magnetic; the flame often purplish red at the moment of fusion. The Zinnwald mica has been called Zinnwaldite. More chemical investigations are required before the species Lepidolite can be correctly subdivided, or comprehended. Physically it is hardly distinct from Muscovite. Foreign localities as above. In the United States, a rose mica is obtained at the albite vein in Chesterfield, Mass., and at Goshen, Mass.; granular variety at Paris, Maine, with red tourmalines; also near Middletown, Conn. The Goshen mineral is of difficult fusibility and slight lithia reaction. and may not be of this species. LEPIDOMELANE, Soltinann, Pogg. 1, 664. Hexagonal? Trimetric? In small six-sided tables, or an aggregate of minute scales. Cleavage basal, perfect. I.=3. G.=3'0. Lustre of the scales adamnantine, inclining to vitreous. Color of the scales black —occasionally a leek-green reflection.. Streak mountain-green. Opaque, or translucent in very thin laminoe. Somewhat brittle. Comnposition.-Rs'Si+3'Si=(113+-)'Si. Analysis by Soltmann: 1Si 37'40, 1l 11.60, Fe 27'66, Fe 12-43, MIg & Ca 0.26, K 9.20, E 0'60=99.49. B.B. at a red heat, becomes pinchbeck-brown, and resembles magnetic pyrites; then fuses to a black opaque magnetic enamel. With borax forms a bottle-green glass. Dissolves easily in muriatic or nitric acid, leaving a skeleton of silica. Occurs at Petersberg in Wermland. It was named, in allusion to its structure and color, from XETLS, a scale, and yEXas, black. 228 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 5. FELDSPAR SECTION. Type ratio for oxygen of bases and silica 1: 1, and varying from this by the addition of silica to the type. Oxygen ratio for protoxyds and peroxyds 1: 3 or 1: 4. I. LEUCITE GROUP.-Monometric. SODALITE, Oxygen ratio 1: 3: 4+ (Na+l)'Si3[-[+-Na C1l LAPIS-LAZULI, HAUYNE, 1:3:4+ (Ra+X1)Sii3[+Ca S]9 NOSEAN, " 1: 3: 4+ (Ra+3:l)i 3 [+ ia'] LEIUCITE, " 1: 3: 8 (] +Al)Si3 II. NEPHELINE GROUP. -Hexagonal. NEPHELINE, Oxygen ratio 1: 3: 44 (Na, ] +A1)Si2 CANCRINITE, t 1: 3: 4+ (4&a+il)Si [+ O(Ia, Ca) C] HII. FELDSPAR GROUP.-Triclinic or Monoclinic. ANORTTITE, Oxygen ratio 1: 3: 4 (Ca+;l)Si3 ANDESINE, " 1: 3: 8 (Ca, Na+-l)'Si3 LABRADORITE, " 13: 6 (Oa, Na+M-l)Si2 OLIGOCLASE, " 1: 3: 9 (Na, Oa+3;l)Si ALBITE, 1: 3: 12 (Na+Al)gi4 ORTHOCLASE, " 1: 3: 12 (S+1)Si4 IV. PETALITE GROUP.-Oxygen ratio for protoxyds and peroxyds 1: 4. PETALITE, Oxygen ratio 1: 4: 20 (t3+ 5-l)Si [The above formulas are a direct expression of the oxygen ratios, and present to the eye the prominent fact that the species vary in the proportion of silica. They might also be written like the formulas of the Garnet and Augite Sections; thus for Anorthite of the Feldspar group, (~R3+ tAl) Si; for Andesine (i~R+t3~l)Sii, &c.; the formula of Petalite is of this form. In either way, the species are better conm pared as to their composition, than by the old (and certainly not less hypothetical) formulas, which give for Anorthite Pt'Si+-3;&l Si; for Andesine S{i2+3X1'"Si2; Labradorite A S-i+dlSi. It is obvious that the bare ratios serve better the purpose of the student than formulas like these last. The species Leucite and Andesine are mutually dimorphous; so also Sodalite and Anorthite; also Orthoclase and Albite; which two species are besides closely homoeomorphous. Again, the Anorthite ratio is supposed to recur in Scapolite. Through Scapolite the Garnet and Feldspar sections osculate, and through Soodumene and Andesinethe Augite and Feldspar sections. Leucite is essentially an anhydrous analcime.] SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 229 SODALITE. Monometric. In dodecahedrons; also f. 17, 18, 38, 39, 43. Cleavage: dodecahedral, more or less distinct. Twins: hexagonal prisms arising from a combination of dodecahedrons. Also massive. H.=5-5-6. G. 2'26, Vesuvius; 2'289 Ural; 2'37, Greenland. Lustre vitreous inclining to greasy. Color gray, greenish, yellowish, white, and sometimes blue, lavender-blue. Subtransparenttranslucent. Fracture conchoidal-uneven. Composition. SiaSi+3 l Sii+Na Cl=(la+-il)Si3 [+-~Na Cl=-Silica 37 2, alumina 31'7, soda 19-1, sodium 4-7, chlorine 7 3=100. The name alludes to the soda. J. D. Whitney suggests that the color may be owing to ferric acid present. Analyses: 1, Ekeberg, (Thomson's Ann. Phil. i, 104); 2, Thomson, (Trans. Royal Soc.!Edinb. i, 390); 3, Arfvedson, (Jahresb. ii, 97); 4, Hofmann, (Pogg. xlvii, 377); 5, 6, Whitney, (Pogg. lxx, 431); 7, v. Bore, (Pogg. lxxviii, 413): Si Al 9a ICl Fe 1. Greenland, 36'00 32'00 25'00 6'75 0'15=99;90, Ekeberg. 2. " 38'52 27'48 23-50 3'00 1-00, Ca 2.7, ign, 2-1=98-30, T. 3. " 33-75 35'50 26'23a 5'30 — =-100' 78, Arfvedson. 4. Ilmen Mount. 38'40 32'04 24'47a 7-30 —, Ca 032=102-53, Hofmann. 5. Litchfield, Me., 37'30 32.S8b 23'86 C16'97,K[ 0'59=101'60, Whitney. 6. " " 37'63 30'93 25-48 Fe 1-08, rest undetermined, Whitney. 7. Lamr, Norway, 38.86 30'82 22'03 K 0'51, Ca 121,]M/g0O44,Clundet.=-93.87,B. a With some K. b With Pe. c Traces of Sn Mn, W, Mo. The sodalite from Greenland fuses with difficulty before the blowpipe. The sodalite of Vesuvius forms a colorless glassy globule. Gelatinizes with nitric or muriatic acid. Sodalite is met with in mica slate, granite, trap, basalt, and volcanic rocks. Sodalite occurs in Greenland in mica slate, along with feldspar, hornblende, and eudialyte; at Vesuvius in white translucent dodecahedral crystals; massive and of a gray color imbedded in trap at the Kaiserstuhl in Brisgau; also near Lake Laach; in Sicily, Val di Noto, with nepheline and analcime; at Miask, in the Ural, blue in granite with elheolite and feldspar; in nodular masses at Lamb near Brevig, Norway, with eleolite, of a lavender-blue color. A blue variety occurs at Litchfield, Me., massive with distinct cleavage, associated with eheolite, zircon, and cancrinite. Bergemann obtained for a greenish mineral occurring with elseolite at Brevig in Norway, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 492), Si 46.03, 1Al 23'97, Na 21'48, Cl 7'43, P 0'86, Oa, Pe tr.=99 77. It gives the formula (Na+A-l) Si2+-Na Cl. ALTERED FoRIrs.-Sodalite occurs altered to Kaolin, like the feldspars. LAPIS LAZULI. Lasurstein. Ultramarine. Monometric. In dodecahedrons. Cleavage: dodecahedral, imperfect. Commonly massive, compact. H.=5'5. G.=2'38-2'45. Lustre vitreous. Color rich Berlin or azure-blue. Translucent-opaque. Fracture uneven. Composition.-A silicate of soda, lime, and alumina, with a sulphuret probably of iron and sodium. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. i, 189); 2, Gmelin, (Schw. J. xiv, 329); 3, Varrentrapp, (Pogg. xlix, 515): 9i S, Al Pe Na 9a A 1. 46'0 4,0 14,5 3,0 175 -- 2'0 0 10'0=97'0, Klaproth. 2. 49- 2 11' 4. 16' 8' - Mg 2=92, Gmelin. 3. 45'50 5-89 31'76 - 3'52 9-09 0'12 Fe 0-86, Cl 0'42, S 095'=98-11, V, 230 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Lapis Lazuli fuses to a white glass, and if calcined and reduced to powder, loses its color, and gelatinizes in muriatic acid; with borax it effervesces, and forms a colorless glass. It is usually found in granite or crystalline limestones. It is brought from Persia, China, Siberia, and Bucharia; the specimens often contain scales of mica and disseminated pyrites. On the banks of the Indus, it occurs disseminated in a grayish limestone. The richly colored varieties of Lapis Lazuli are highly esteemed for costly vases and ornamental furniture; also employed in the manufacture of mosaics; and when powdered constitutes the rich and durable paint called Ultramarine. An artificial ultramarine equal to the native in color and permanency, and now extensively used in the arts, contains according to Varrentrapp, Si 45-604, S 3.830, Xl 23.304, Ca 0.021, NTa 21.476, KZ 1.752, S 1.685, Fe 1'063, C1 trace=98'785. A mineral from the Andes, occurring in large masses of a bright blue color with veins of carbonate of lime is referred to Lapis Lazuli by Mr. F. Field. He obtained (.Quart. J. Chem. Soc. iv, 331), Si 37-60, Al 11'21, S 1-65, Fe 0'08, Mg 0'36, NTa 9'66, C 15'05, Ca 24'10=99'71. HAUYNE. Auina, Monticelli. Berzelin, Necker. Marialite, Ryllo. lMonometric. In dodecahedrons, (f. 14,16, 18,43). Cleavage: dodecahedral, sometimes distinct. Commonly in crystalline grains. H.-=55. G.=24 —2'5. Lustre vitreous to greasy. Color bright blue, occasionally asparagus-green. Streak bluish-white. Subtransparent to translucent. Fracture flat-conchoidal —uneven. Composition.-Na9Si 3lSi-2CaS=(Na~Al) Si[+-CaS, fromWhitney's analysis of Haulyne of Mt. Albano=Silica 32-1, alumina 21'3, lime 9'9, soda 16'5, sulphuric acid 14-21. Analyses: 1, Gmelin, (Schw. J. xiv, 325, xv, 1); 2, Varrentrapp, (Pogg. xlix, 515); 3-5, J. D. Whitney, (Pogg. lxx, 431): Ri Al'Oa k fa 1. Marino, 35-48 12-39 78-87 12-00 15'55 -, Vel-16,HS and loss3-45,G. 2. INiederm'g, 35-01 12-60 27-41 12-55 - 912, Fe 0-17, C10058, S 0'24, [ 6'2=98 34, Varrentrapp. 3. " 33-90 12'01 28'07 7'50 - 19'28=10073, Whitney. 4. " 34.53 12-13 28-51 7-23 --- 1857, e0-31=101'58,Whitney 5. Mt. Albano, 32'44 12"98 27-75 9'96 2'40 14'24=99'77, Whitney. The Haiiyne from Niedermendig gives the formula, according to Whitney, a'Si+ 3;alSi+~aS, 2(Na3S'i+3X1lSi+2 CaS), corresponding to a compound of 1 Nosean and 2 of the Albano Hafuyne. B.B. Hauyne decrepitates and fuses slowly to an opaque white or greenish-blue blebby glass. With borax effervesces and forms a glass which is yellow on cooling. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Hauyne occurs in the Vesuvian lavas, on Somma; in basalt at:Niedermendig, near Andernach on the Rhine. NOSEAN. Nosin. Spinellane. Haiiyne, in part. i/[onometric, like H]aiiyne; in dodecahedrons. Often granular massive. H.=-5'5. G.=2'25 — 2-3. Color grayish, bluish, brownish; sometimes black. Translucent to nearly opaque. Conposition.-a3'Si+3AlSi+NaS=(a~-'al)'Si3[+ -NaS=Silica 36'3, sulphuric acid 8-0, alumina 30'9, soda 24'8=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Bergmann, (Bullet. des Sci. 1823, iii, 406); 3, ~arrentrapp, (Pogg. xlix, 515); 4, 5, J. D. Whitney, (Pogg. lxx, 431): SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 231 Si $ Al Ca ITa 1. Lake Laach,38 50 8-16 29-25 1'14 16-56, Fe 1-50, Mn 100, HS 3'00=99'11, B. 2. " 3700 11-56 27-50 8-14 12'24, Fe.15, Mn 0'50, HS 1'50=99'59, B. 3. " 35-99 9'17 32'57 1'12 17-84, Fe 0'04, Cl 0'65, A 1'85=99'22, Var. 4. " 36'52 7-66 29-54 1-09 23'12,Fee0-44,Cl0 61,ign. 1-37=100'34,W. 5. " 36563 7'13 29'42 1'62 22-97, Fe0-44,C1061, ign. 1'37=100-99,W. B.B. loses color and fuses on the edges. Gelatinizes in acids, yielding no sulphuretted hydrogen. From near Andernach on the Rhine, at Lake Laach, in loose blocks consisting largely of a glassy feldspar, with mica, magnetic iron, and occasionally zircon, the nosean occurring in cavities in the feldspar, in small grains or crystals; also found at Rieden and Volkersfeld in a leucite rock. SKOLOPSITE, Kobell, J. f. pr. Chem. xlvi, 484. Massive, imperfectly grauu lar; no trace of cleavage. H.-5. G.=2-53. Color grayish-white, pale reddish-gray. Translucent in thin splinters. Rather brittle. Fracture splintery. Composition.-t3f'iS+l Si+g ~a'S. Analysis by Kobell, (loc cit.): Si A1 Fe, Pe SIn Ca SIg 1f f a S 41'13 15'42 2'49 0'86 15'48 2'23 1'30 10'06 4'09, with 778S of sodalite. B.B. fuses with intumescence like idocrase, and forms a shining blebby greenishwhite glass. With borax dissolves to a colorless glass. A sulphur reaction with soda on charcoal. Reaction of chlorine with salt of phosphorus and oxyd of copper. A trace of water which is not acid. In muriatic acid easily gelatinizes. From Kaiserstuhl in Brisgau, with some carbonate of-lime and magnetic iron. LEUCITE, Werner. Amphigene, H. _Monometric. Usual form the trapezohedron, (f. 39). Cleavage: cubic, very imperfect. Surfaces of crystals even, but seldom shining. Often disseminated in grains; rarely massive granular. HI.=5= 5 —6. G.-=2483-2'49. Vitreous. Ash-gray orsmokegray, white. Streak uncolored. Translucent-opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Composition. —3'Si2+3A1'i2-=(k+A-i l)Si3=Silica 55 1, alumina 23'4, potash 215 —100. Analyses: 1-4, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 39); 5, Arfvedson, (Afhandl. i Fys. vi, 139); 6, Avdejev, (Pogg. Iv, 107): Si xi K 1. Vesuvius, 53'750 24-625 21'350=99'725, Klaproth. 2. " 53'50 24'25 20'09=97'84, Klaproth. 3. Pompeii, 54'50 23-50 19'50=97'50, Klaproth. 4. Albano, 54' 23' 22-=99, Klaproth. 5. Vesuvius, 56-10 23-10 21-15, ~e 0-95=10130, Arfvedson. 6. " 56-05 23'03 20-40, Na 1-02, Ca trace=100-50, Avdejev. B.B. infusible, except with borax or carbonate of lime, with which it melts with difficulty to a clear globule. A fine blue with cobalt solution. Leucite is abundant in trachyte between Lake Laach and Andernach, on the Rhine. Vesuvius, however, presents the finest and largest crystallizations. Near Rome, at Borghetta to the north, and Albano and Frescati to the south, some of the O)lder lavas appear to be almost entirely composed of it. 232 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. The Leucitic lava of the neighborhood of Rome has been used for the last two thousand years at least, in the formation of mill-stones. Mill-stones of this rock have lately been discovered in the excavations at Pompeii. Named from XEvKOS, white, in allusion to its color; and because its form is similar to a common variety of garnet, it has been designated white garnet. ALTERED FoRMs.-Feldspar and Kaolin occur with the form of Leucite, as a result of its alteration. Leucite changed to glassy feldspar has been observed at Mt. Somma by Scacchi. BERZELINE, Neckar. Occurs in octahedrons and cubo-octahedrons, and in twins like f. 200; faces often uneven or rounded. Cleavage: cubic, tolerably perfect. Also massive. Colorless, gray, white, vitreous; H.=5. G. —2'727-2428, Gmelin. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a blebby glass; with borax a clear glass. In muriatic acid soluble, and heated forms a jelly. Said to be near leucite in composition. Occurs in peperino at Mt. Albano and Marino, near Rome. NEPHELINE, HE. Sommite, P. Nefelina, Monticelli. Cavolinite, Mont. Davyne, Mont. Beudanite, U(ovelli. Pseudo-nephelin. Elaeolite. Fettstein, W. Pierre Grasse. Hexagonal. Fig. 10, 120. Observed planes and angles, (Scacchi): 0 on -, 1580 54'; on a, 154~ 15~'; on 2, 147~ 16'; on 1, 136~ 2/; on 2, 117~ 24; on 4, 1040 32'; on 6, 99~ 48'; besides also the form 42, and prisms, I, i2, i. 0: 42=120~ 54', I: i]=160~ 53'. Cleavage: Idistinct, O imperfect. Also massive, compact; also thin columnar. H.=55 — 6. G.=2'5 —264, Nepheline and Elmolite. Lustre vitreous-greasy; little opalescent in some varieties. Colorless, white or yellowish; also when massive, dark green, greenish or bluish-gray, brownish and brick-red. Transparent-opaque. Fracture subconchoidal. Nepheline includes the crystallized varieties from Vesuvius; Elceolite the coarse massive varieties having a greasy lustre. Composition. —(a, ])2 Si+2 ~l'Si=(1a, (-j —+1)Si3 =(if Na::-=5: 1) Silica 44 4, alumina 33-6, soda 16-9, potash 5'1=100. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (Jahresb. ii, 97); 2, 3, 4, Scheerer, (Pogg. xlvi, 291, xlix, 359); 5, Gmelin, (Neph. im Dolerit, &c., Heidelberg, 1822); 6, Heidefreim, (J. f. pr. Chem. 1, 500); 7, Monticelli and Covelli, (Prod. min. Vesuv. 375, and Pogg. xi, 470); 8, 9, 10, Scheerer, (Pogg. xlvi, 291, xlix, 359); 11, 12, Bromeis, (Pogg. xlviii, 577); 13, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 371): I. Nepheline. Si Al Pe Oa ATa 1] ft 1. Vesuvius, 44'11 33'73 - - 20'46 -- 0'62=98'92, Arfved. 2. " 44'03 33-28 0'65*1-77 15'44 4-94 0'21=100'32, Scheer. 3. " 44-29 33'04 0'39* 1'82 14'93 4'72 0'21=99'40 " 4. Odenwald, 43'70 32-31 1'07 0'84 15'83 5'60 1 39=100,74 " 5. " 43'36 33'49 1'50 0'90 13'36 7'13 1'39=101'13, Gmelin. 6. Lbbau, 43560 32'33 1'42 3855 14'13 5'03 0'32, Sig 011i=100'39, Heid. 7. Davyne, 42'91 33'28 1'25 2'02 - 7'43 -=96,89, M. & C. * With Mn. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 233 II. Elaeolite. 1Si A1 Pe Oa Ra lt ft 8. Fredericksv'n, gn. 45'31 32.63 0'45 0"33 15'95 5'45 0'60=100'72, Scheer. 9. Brevig, bn. 44'59 32-14 0'86 0'28 15'67 5'10 2'05-100'69, " 10. Miask, white, 44'30 33'25 0'82 0-32 16'02 5'82, iMg 007=-100-60," 11. f' " 42'51 33'73 trace 0'20 14'01 6-91, " 0'77=-9813, Brom. 12. " " 42'33 34-39 trace 0-47 16'26 5'95, " 0-45,11 092=100'-7. Brom. 13. Magnet Cove,Ark., 44'46 30'97 2'09 0'66 15'61 5'91, ign 0'95=100'65, S.& B. Traces of muriatic acid, and also of sulphuric, were detected by Scheerer and Bromeis; and in one nepheline from Mt. Somma they found 0'22 of the former and 0-10 of the latter. B.B. nepheline fuses with difficulty to a vesicular glass. Dissolves slowly with borax. With cobalt solution a grayish-blue color on the fused edge. Elkeolite fuses easily. In acids easily gelatinize. Nepheline occurs in crystals in the older lavas of Vesuvius, with mica, idocrase, &c.; also at Capo di Bove, near Rome, and in the clinkstone of Katzenbuckel, near Heidelberg. Elaeolite comes from Brevig, Stavern, and Fredericksviirn, Norway, where it is found imbedded in zircon-syenite; also from Ilmengebirge in Siberia, along with white feldspar, brown hexagonal mica, zircon, pyrochlore, &c. The crystal measured by Scacchi was of the variety Sommite, or Davyne, occurring at Somma in a geode in limestone with sodalite. Elheolite occurs massive and crystallized at Litchfield, Me., with cancrinite; in the Ozark Mts., Arkansas, with brookite and schorlomite. The name nepheline is derived from vesXAn, a cloud, and alludes to the action in acids; and elheolite is from EXatov, oil, in allusion to its greasy lustre. ALTERED FoRMs. —Nepheline or Elseolite is liable to ready alteration, and usually produces a zeolite, as natrolite, (Bergmannite), or Thomsonite. The Ozarkite of Shepard, according to Smith and Brush, is Thomsonite, and its situation in cavities in elaeolite shows that it is a product of alteration. The large amount' of soda in nepheline compared with the silica, fits it especially for generating zeolites. The relation of Bergmannite to Elaeolite was shown by Blum, (Pogg. lxxxvii, 315.) Gieseckite is shown by Blum to be a pseudomorph after this species. It differs mainly in containing 4'88 per cent. of water. It occurs in six-sided greenish gray prisms of greasy lustre. Blum also considers Leibenerite a similar pseudomorph. Elheolite has also been observed altered to Mica. CANCRINITE, G. Rose. Hexagonal. In six and twelve-sided prisms, sometimes with; basal edges replaced; 0: 1=154~ I', I: 1=115~ 53', ~: 154~ 47'. Cleavage: Ivery perfect; 0 imperfect. Also thin columnar and massive. ll.=55 —6. G.=2-42 —2'62; 2'44, yellow, and 2-461, green, from Litchfield, Me., Whitney; 2'429, Vesuvius. Color white, gray, yellow, green, blue, reddish; streak uncolored. Lustre subvitreous, or a little pearly or greasy. Translucent. Con1position.-Na'Si+- 2 1 Si + (Na, Ca)6O+-t=(Na+X-l) Si1 [-+I a. — ~ f= Silica 37'6, alumina 28-4, lime 3'9, soda 21'5, carbonic acid 6'1, water 2'5=100.: Struve (anal. 15) gives the same. Rose found no water. Analyses: 1, 2, G. Rose, (Pogg. xlvii, 779); 3, 4, J. D. Whitney, (Pogg. lxx, 431);, 5, v. Struve, (Pogg. xce, 615): 30 234 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGYY. Si X1 Oa Sa f': t 1. Ural, 40'59 28'29 7'06 17'38 0'57 6'38 -=100'27, G. Rose. 2. " 40-26 28'34 6'34 17-66 0'82 6'38 — 99-'70, " 3. Litchfield, yellow, 37'42 27-70 3'91 20'98 0-67 5-95 2-82, Mn, Fe 0'86= 100.31, Whit. 4. " greenish, 3720 27'59 5'26 20-46 0-50 5692 3-28, Mn, e 0-27,W. 5. Turkinsk Mts. 38 33 28'55 424 203'7 - (C & I) 8'51=100, v. Str. Whitney found a trace of chlorine in his analyses. The red color of the Miask cancrinite is due to disseminated grains of specular iron, according to Kengott, who also found calcite in microscopic grains, and suggests that this may be the source of the carbonic acid of cancrinite. B.B. loses color and fuses easily with intumescence to a white blebby glass. Effervesces with muriatic acid and forms a jelly on heating, but not before. Cancrinite is found at Miask in the Urals; also of citron-yellow color in the Turkinsk Mts., 400 wersts west of Irkutsk, in a coarse granite with zircon, calcite and magnetite; and also in crystals and massive at Litchfield, Maine, with sodalite and zircon. ANORTHITE, Rose, 1823. Amphodelite, Nord. Latrobite, Brooke. Indianite, Bour. Christianite, Mont. Biotina, Mont. Diploite, Nord. Linseite, Komoneno Thiorsauite, Genth. Triclinic. 0 iz=850 48', 0 I=1140 22', O' 1=110~ 57/. 0: 26=133~ 13'. 0: {=145~ 12'. 0: 42'-=98 37'. 0: 2i'=137~ 22'. 0: 1=121~ 50'. i: I'=1220 2'. 0: 1; (adj.)=128~ 27'. 0: 1'=1250 38'..i: I=117~ 28/. 0: 2; (ov. li)=980 29'. 0: 2=94~ 53'. 1: 1=1200 30'. (Angles from Brooke and Miller). 411 0 -1 _ I' 2i1 & -2i 2V -42' I i i 3 I i3' i3 1 42 1 42 412 2i 2 2 2 02 21 Observed Planes. 2. Cleavage parallel with 0 and i4 perfect. Structure often granular, columnar, or coarse lamellar. H.=6-7. G.=2'66 —278; 2'762, (massive), Rose; 2763, Amphodelite; 2'668, Indianite, Silliman. Lustre of cleavage planes SILICATES) FELDSPAR SECTION. 235 inclining to pearly; of other faces vitreous. Color white, grayish, reddish. Streak uncolored. Transparent-translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Comnposition.-t3lSi+.31kl Si=( —- +- l)Si3-Silica 43'2, alumina 36-8, lime, 20-0. Analyses: 1, G. Rose, (Gilb. Ann. lxxiii, 173); 2, 3, Abich, (Pogg. li, 619); 4, Reinwardt, (Pogg. 1, 351); 5, Forchhammer, (Jahresb. xx, xxiii, 284); 6, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest., 22); 7, Erdmann, (Ofv. K. V. Ak. F. 1848, 67); 8, Nordenski5ld, (Pogg. xii, 174); 9, Svanberg, (Jahresb. 238); 10, Chenevix; 11, Laugier, (Mem. du Mus. d'hist. nat. vii, 341); 12, G. J. Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], viii); 13, 14, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlvi, 387); 15, Damour, (Bull. G. Fr., [2], vii, 83); 16, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xlviii, 254); 17, 18, C. Gmelin, (Pogg. iii, 68): Si AlPe 1e a kIg 1 Sa 1. Mt. Somma, 44'49 34'46 0'74 15-68 5'26 -- - 100'63, G. Rose. 2. " " 44-12 35612 0'70 19'02 0'56 0'25 0'27=100'04, Abich. 3. " " 43'79 35649 0'57 18-93 0'34 0'54 0'68=100-34, Abich. 4. Java, 46'0 37'0 - 1-45 - - 06 -981, Reinw. 5. Iceland, 47'63 32-52 2-01 17'05 1'30 0'29 1'09=101'89, F.; G. 2'70. 6. Hecla, 45'14 32'10 2'03 18'32 Mn0O78a 0'22 1'06, ign. 0'31=99'96,W. 7. Anorthite, 43-34 35-37 -- 17'41 MgO035 0'52 0'89, ign. 0'39, Fe 1-35, undec. 0'57=100'19, E. 8. Amphod. Fin, 45-80 35-45 - 10-15 5'05 -—,Fe 1-70, H 1-85, N. 9. " Tunaberg, 44-55 35'91 0'07 15'02 4'08. -- iga 06 100'23, S. 10. Indianite, red, 42'00 34'00 3'20 15600 -- - 3 35, H 1 0-98-55, Ch. 11. " white, 43'0 34'5 1 0 15'6 - - 26, H 1-0 97-7, Laug. 12. " " 42-09 38-89 - 15-78 - - 4'08=100'84, Brush. 13. ]~epol., Lojo, 42-80 35'12 1-50 14'94 2'27 150 -,ign 1'o5699'69, H. 14. " Orrijervi, 42-50 33'11 4-00 10'87 5'87 1'69, ign 1-50=99'54, H. 15. Iceland, 45'97 33'28 1'12 17-21 -- 1-85, augite 0 69=100'12, Delesse. 16. Linseite, 42'22 27'55 6'98 -- 8'85 3'00 2-53, Fe 2-00, H 7'00, IH. 17. Latrobite, 44'65 36'81 - 8'28 0-63 6'58, An 3-16, 11204=102'16. 18. " 41'78 32-83 - 9.79 5.77b 6-58, Ht 2-04_98-78, Gmelin. a With Ca and Ni. b With an. B.B. like albite, except that it forms with soda an enamel. Entirely decomposed by muriatic acid, but anorthite does not gelatinize. Indianite gelatinizes readily. Amphodelite [fr. aqow, both, and o&Aos, a spear] is a reddish gray or dingy peachblossom-red variety, occurring crystallized and massive, with the angle 0: i-=860 40', and cleavage parallel to 0 and i%. Indianite has a granular texture somewhat like statuary marble, a glistening surface of fracture, and occurs massive. The grains cleave parallel to two planes inclined to one another 840 45', which is not far from the angle of anorthite, considering the difficulty in this case of obtaining perfectly accurate measurement. Anorthite (Biotine) occurs at Mount Vesuvius, among the old lavas in the ravines of Monte Somma, associated with ice spar, augite, mica, and idocrase. Also on the island of Procida near the entrance to the bay of Naples; in the Faroe Islands, and Java. Amphodelite occurs at Lojo, Finland, and at Tunaberg, Sweden. The Lepolite from Lojo and Orrijerfvi, is the same mineral; the crystals are sometimes two inches long; and Linseite is probably the same partly altered, containing a few per cent. of water. The Indianite is from the gangue of the corundum in the Carnatic, and is associated with garnet, kyanite, and hornblende. The specimen analyzed by G. J. Brush, was originally from the hands of Count Bournon, and came from the Indian locality. Genth's Thiorsauite from Iceland has been considered the same mineral that was analyzed by Forchhammer, (analysis 5); G.=2-688. H.=6. Color white to grayish. Genth obtained Si 48'36, Al 30-59, Pe 1-37, Mg 0-97, Mn trace, Ca 17'16, Na 1'13, K{ 0-62-100-20. Walmstedt's " Scapolite" from Tunaberg is Anorthite, according to G. Rose, (Kryst. Chem. Min. 83). A mineral from Bytown, U. C., analyzed by Tennant, has been referred to amphodelite. He obtained 236 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si 45-80, 1l 26'15, Na 16-25, Sig 2-95, Fe 4-70, Loss by ignition 2'00=97[85. Rosite or Rosellan, (Svanberg, K. V. Ac. II., 1840, Pogg. liv, 268, and lvii, 170, and Polyargite, Svanberg), is stated by G. Rose, (Kryst. Chem. 89), to be altered anorthite. Latrobite, Brooke, (Diploite, Breit.), is referred to anorthite by Hermann and others. It is pale rose-red and closely resembles the Amphodelite. It is from Amitok island, coast of Labrador, where it is found with feldspar, mica, and calcite. ANDESINE, Abich, Berz. Jahresb. i, 167. Pseudoalbit. Triclinic. Like albite in crystalline forms and twins; but distinct in cleavage, and surfaces of cleavage more uneven and edges less sharp. Also fine granular. H.=6. G.=2'65 —2'14; from the Andes, 2'7328: of Saccharite, 2'668; from the Vosges, 2'65-2-68; 2'668, Canada, Hunt. Color white, gray, greenish, yellowish, flesh-red. Lustre subvitreous, inclining to pearly. Oompo+sition.-Bl~gSi+3;l'Si2=(Oa, la+-;-l)'Si-. Analyses: 1, Abich, (Pogg. li, 523); 2, 3, 4, Delesse, (Mem. Soc. d'Emulation du Doubs); 5, Schmidt, (Pogg. lxi, 385); 6, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest., 24); 7, 8, Rammelsberg, (5th Suppl., 48); 9, T. S. Hunt, (private communication): Si l Fe Oa IlTg k fIfa 1. Andes, 59'60 24'18 1'58 5-77 1'08 1-08 6-53:=99'92, Abich. 2. Vosges, white, 58'92 25'05 - 5'64 0'41 2'06 7'20, [ 1'-27=99-55, D. 3. " red, 58'91 24-59 0'99 4'01 0'39 2'54 7'59, 0'98=100, D. 4. Chagey, 59'95 24'13 1'05 5'65 0'74 0-81 539," 2'28=100, D. 5. Saccharite, 58'93 23'50 1'27 5-67 0-56 0'05 7-42, Ni 0'39, I: 221= 100, S. 6. Iceland, crystals, 60'29 23-75 3'21 6'29 0'64 0'87 5'70=100'75, Walt. 7. Marmato, 60'26 25'01 tr. 6'87 0'14 0'84 7'74=100'86, Ramm. 8. " 58'32 26'52 tr. 8'18 0'11 2'36 5'27 ign0'60=101'36,R. 9. Canada, 59'80 25'39 0'60 7'78 0'11 1'00 5'14=99'82, Hunt. Other analyses: Delesse, (Ann. d. M. [5], iii, 374, Vosges). Andesine fuses in thin splinters before the blowpipe. Saccharite melts only on thin edges; with borax forms a clear glass. Imperfectly soluble in acids. Andesine occurs in the Andes, at Marmato, in the rock called Andesite, a whitish syenite; also in the syenite of Alsace in the Vosges. G.=2 683, white of Servance; 2'651, red of Coravillers; and also in the porphyry near Chagey, Haute Saone; G. =2-736; at Vapnefiord, Iceland, in honey-yellow transparent crystals, (anal. 6, G. — 2'65). Saccharite is a granular mineral, having traces of cleavage in one direction, occurring in veins in serpentine at the chrysoprase mines near Frankenstein, in Silesia. In North America, found at Chateau Richer, Canada, (anal. 9), forming with hypersthene and ilmenite a wide spread rock; color flesh-red;. G.=2-668. BARSOWITE, G. Rose, Pogg. xlviii, 567, 1839. Massive of a granular texture, with a nearly perfect cleavage in one direction. H.-5'5-6. G.=2'74-2-752. Lustre more or less pearly. Color snow-white, subtranslucent. Fracture granular or splintery. Composition.-Ca'Si2 +3:l'Si=(Ca+- l) Si 4=5Silica 48-8, alumina 8332, lime 18'0. Analyses by Varrentrapp, (Pogg. xlviii, 568): S'i 1 Oa Ikg 1. 49'01 33'85 15'46 1'55=99'87. 2. 49'05 33'78 15-30 1-42=98'56. 3. 48'07 34-08 15'10 1'65=98'90. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 237 B.B. alone, fuses only on the edges to a vesicular glass. Melts slowly with borax to a clear colorless glass. The glass with salt of phosphorus is colorless with little of the salt, but with more, becomes opaline on cooling. Gelatinizes easily on heating with muriatic acid. Occurs in boulders in the auriferous sand of Barsowskoi, as the gangue of the blue corundum, as Indianite is the gangue of the corundum of the Carnatic. A feldspathic mineral forming with augite the orbicular diorite of Corsica afforded Delesse (Ann. Ch. Phys. xxiv) Si 48-62,;a1 34'66, Fe 0'66, Oa 12'02, kg 0'33,:Na 2'55, 1E 1'06, H 0'49-100'39. BYTOWNITE, Thomson, Min. i, 372. Massive, texture granular. Grains with one perfect cleavage and indications of another oblique to this. H.-6-6'5. G.=2-801, Thomson; 2'733, Hunt. Lustre vitreous, cleavage surface pearly. Color greenish-white. Translucent. Analyses: 1, 2, Thomson, (loc. cit.); 3, T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 213, from Phil. Mag. [4], i, 322): 1. Si 47-74 l1 29-69 pe 3.75 Ca 8'80 fig trace ma 7'60 I 2'00=99-58 2. 47'40 29'60 3 4 9-32 0 40 7-60 1-96=99-68. 3. 47-40 30-45 Fe 080 14-24 0'87 2-82 2-00, 0'-38=98'96. Thomson's analyses afford the oxygen ratio and formula of Barsowite, 1: 3: 5. Mr. Hunt's analysis gives the ratio 1: 271: 4'66, which corresponds to the same proportion of alumina to silica, and differs only in a small excess of protoxyds. Occurs in large boulders, near Bytown, Canada West. A dark bluish-green granular mineral or rock from Perth, Canada, which has been called Bytownite, is considered by Mr. Hunt as probably a mixture of bytownite and hornblende. It has a smoky-blue translucence in pieces a fourth of an inch thick. LABRADORITE. Labrador Feldspar. Anhydrous Scolecite. Mauilite. Silicite, Thomson. Triclinic. 0:i- 86~ 32', 0: ]=114~48', ii: 1=1190 16'. Twins like those of albite. Cleavage O perfect; ii distinct and usually striated; Iindistinct. Also massive, with distinct cleavage. H. —6. G.- 267 —2'76. Lustre of 0 pearly, passing into vitreous; elsewhere vitreous or subresinous. Color gray, brown, or greenish; sometimes colorless and glassy; usually a change of colors may be observed, in which blue and green are predominant; yellow, red, and pearl-gray, are also apparent. Streak uncolored. Translucent —subtranslucent. Composition. —' Si+-l Si=(f+-al) Si2-=(if sa: Oa=1l: 3) Silica 53-1, alumina 30'1, lime 12-3, soda 4'5-=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. vi, 250); 2, 3, Lehunt, (Ed. N. Phil. J. 1832, July, 86); 4, Abich, (Ann. Ch. Phys. Ix, 332); 5, Svanberg, (Jahresb. xxiii, 285); 6, Forchhammer, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxx, 385); 7, 8, Kersten, (Pogg. lxiii, 123); 9, A. Schlieper, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xi, 121); 10, Nordenski61d, (Schweig. J. xxxi, 417); 11, Thomson, (Phil. Mag. 1843, 190); 12, 13, Delesse, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], xii, 251, 258); 14, 15, T. S. Hunt, (Am. S. Sci. [2], xi, 213, fromPhiL Mag. [4], i, 322, and Logan's Rep. 1851); 16, 17, 18, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 1853, 24): 1. Labrador, 55-75 26'50 1'25 11-00 4'00 - —, H 0'5=99'00, Klap. 2. Campsie, 54'67 27'89 0'31 10'60 5'05 0'49 0-18=99-19, Lehunt. 3. Glasgow, 52-34 29'97 0'87 12'10 8397 0'30 -— 9995, Lehunt. 4. Etna, 53-48 26'46 1'60 9-49 4'10 0'22 1'74, 1 042, Mn 0-89= 98'40, Ab. 238 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si -l Fe Oa Ra E lkg 5. Dalarne, 52'15 26'82 1'29 9'14 4'64 1'79 102, ign. 175=98'60, Sv. 6. Faroe, 52'52 30'03 1'72 12'58 4'51 - 0'19-101 55, F. 7. Egersund, 52-30 29'00 1'95 11'69 4'01 0-50 0'15=99-60, Karst. 8. " 52-45 29-85 1'00 11'70 3-90 0-60 0-16=9966, Karst. 9. Maui, Pacific, 53'98 27'56 1'14 8'65 6'06 047 1'35=99'21, Schlieper. 10. Scolexerose, 54-13 29'23 15'45 --, 1 1'07=99'88, Nor. 11. Silicite, 54-8 284 - 12'4 -- - —, e 40,:I 06=100'2, Thomson. 12. Greece, 53'20 27-31 1'03 8-02 3'52 3'40 1'01, 112'51=100-63,D. 13. Tyrol, 53'23 27-73 1'50 8-28 7'38 0'93, " 0 95-100, Del. 14. Drummond, C. 54'70 29'80 0-36 11'42 2'44 0'33, - H 0'4=99'35, H. 15. Morin, 54'20 29'10 1'10 11-25 3'80 kiMg 0'15, ign. 0-4=100, H. 16. Etna, Cryst. 53'56 25'82 3'41 11'69 4-00 0'54 " 052,ign. 0'95=100'48, Waltershausen. 17. " " 55'83 25'31 3'64 10'49 3'52 0'83 " 074=100'35, Walt. 18. Labrador. 53'75 27-06 0-99 9-58 1-25 7-53 " 047, I 0-62=101'25, Waltershausen. No. 7, brown massive variety; 8, with blue opalescence; 9, glassy colorless crystals; 14, from a boulder. G. of 6, 2'68; 7, 2'71; 8, 2'72; 11, 2'666;!4, 2'697; 15, 2'69; 16, 2-618; 17, 2-633; 18, 2'646. Other analyses: Delesse, (Ann. d. M. [4], xvi, 239, 324, 342, 512); Damour, (Bull. G. Soc. de Fr., [2], vii, 88); Metzger, (Leonh. Jahrb. f. Min., 1850, 683); Deville, (Et. Geol. 1848). See also Ramm., 5th Suppl., 155. B.B. on charcoal, acts like feldspar, and fuses with a little less difficulty to a colorless glass. With oxyd of nickel and borax affords a blue pearl. When pulverized, entirely dissolved by heated muriatic acid, which does not attack either feldspar or albite. Labradorite is a constituent of some lavas, as those of Etna and Vesuvius; of many porphyries, as the oriental verd antique of Greece, (analysis 12), and other varieties; of dolerite; certain hornblende rocks, granites, and syenites; of some porphyritic greenstones, as at Campsie, Scotland; of melaphyres, as in the Tyrol, (analysis 13). On the coast of Labrador, whence it was originally brought, it is associated with hornblende, hypersthene, and magnetic iron ore. It has been found in place at Mille Isles, Canada, also in Morin, Abercrombie and elsewhere. It occurs abundantly at Essex Co., N. Y. Large boulders are met with in the towns of Moriah, Newcomb, M'Intyre, Westport, and Lewis, N. Y.; also occasionally in Orange, Lewis, St. Lawrence, Warren, Scoharie, and Green counties. In Pennsylvania, at Mineral Hill, Chester Co., and opposite New flope, Bucks Co. The Scolexerose and Anhydrous Scolecite are from Pargas, Finland; the Silicite is from Antrim, Ireland. Scolexerose has been referred to scapolite. Labradorite receives a fine polish, and owing to the chatoyant reflections, the specimens are often highly beautiful. It is sometimes used in jewelry. Vosgite of Delesse (Ann. d. M. [4], xii, 284) appears to be a Labradorite rendered hydrous by partial alteration, as stated by Rammelsberg. Color whitish, with sometimes a shade of green or blue; lustre greasy or }early. G.=2'771. Analysis by Delesse, (loc. cit.), Si 49-32, Al 30'07, Fe 0'70, Mn 0'60, Ca 4'25, Mg 1-96, Ta 4'85, K 4'45, HI 3-15-99'35. Delesse deduces the oxygen ratio 1: 3: 5, but by adding the water to the bases; excluding the water, it gives 0'96: 3: 6. It constitutes the porphyry of Ternuay, in the Vosges. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 239 OLIGOCLASE. Soda Spodumene. Natron-spodumene, Berz. Unionite, Silliman, Jr. Triclinic. I: I' about 120~, 0: i=93~ 15', O: -'=115~ 37'. Cleavage: O, ii very distinct. Twins common. 413 o I iiI.... I Observed Planes. Arendal. H.=6. G.=2'58-2-69. Lustre vitreous, vitreo-pearly or greasy. Color yellowish, grayish, reddish, greenish-white, white. Transparent, subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal —uneven. Composition. —l + i+l Si2-=(f;+ l)Si3=Silica-623,'alumina 23'5, soda 14,2=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelius, (Jahresb. iv, 147, xix, 302); 3, Laurent, (Ann. Ch. Phys.lix, 108); 4, R. Hagen, (Pogg. xliv, 329); 5, Rosales, (Pogg. Iv, 109); 6, Francis, (Pogg. lii, 470); 7, Chodnev, (Pogg. lxi, 390); 8, Wolff, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxiv, 234); 9, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxiv, 163); 10, 11, Kersten, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxvii, 1'73, Leonh. Jahrb. 1845, 653); 12, Deville, (Compt. Rend. xix, 46); 13, Forchhammer, (Skand. Nat. S. Stockholm, 1842); 14, L. Svanberg, (Clfv. K. V. Ann. Foerh. iii, 111); 15, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lvi, 617); 16, 17, 18, Delesse, (Ann. Ch. Ph. [3], xxiv, Bull. Geol. [2], vii, 310, Ann. d. M. [4], xix, 149); 19, Kerndt, (J. f. pr. Chem. xliii, 218); 20, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 211, mean of 2 analyses); 21, Bodemann, (Pogg. lv, 110); 22, 23, Smith and Brush, (loc. cit., xvi, 44, each mean of 2 anal.); 24, Walterhausen, (Vulk. Gest., 26): Si AI Fe Oa kg 9a 1Z 1. Danvikszoll, 63'10 23'95 0'50 2'05 0'65 8-11 1'20=100'16, Berz. 2. Ytterby, 61'55 23'80 -- 3'18 0-80 9-67 0'38=99'38, " 3. Arriege, 62'6 24'6 0'01 3'0 0'2 8'9 — =99'4, Laurent. 4. Arendal, 63'51 23'09 -- 2-44 07'7 9-37 2'19=101-37, Hagen. 5. Arendal, yel.-w. 62'70 23'80 -- 4'60 0'02 8'00 1-05,Fe0O62=100'79R. 6. Ajatskaja, 61-06 19'68 4'11 2'16 1'05'755 3'91-99'52,Francis.'7. Kimito, red, 63'80 21'31 - 0'47 -- 12'04 1'98=99-60, C. 8. Schlw. Holstein, 64-30 22-34 -- 4'12 -- 9'01 — =997'7, W. 9. Sunstonefr. Tved.61-30 23'7'7 0'36 4-78 -- 8'50 1'29-100, Scheerer. 10. Near Frieberg, 62-97 23'48 0'51 2-83 0'24'724 2-42=99'69, Kersten. 11. Marienbad, 63'20 23'50 0'31 2'42 0'25 7'42 2-22=99'32, Kersten. 12. Teneriffe, 62'97 22'29 -- 2-06 0'54 8'46 369=100, Deville. 13. Hafnefjordite, 61'22 23'32 2'40 8-82 0'36 2'56 tra.-98'68, Forch. 14. " 59'66 23'28 1'18 5'17 0'36 5'61 1'75. ign.1 02,und.0'82 =98'85, Sv. 15. Warmbrunn, 63.94* 23'71 tra. 2'52 tra.'766 2'17=100, Ramm. 16. Mer-de-glace, 63'25 23-92 tra. 3'23 0-32 6-88 2'31,Mntra.=99'91, D. 17. Quenast, 63'70 22'64 0'53 1'44 1'20 6'15 2'81,ign.1'22=99'69,D. * Loss. 240 DESCRIPTIY MINERALOGY. 9i A1 Fe Oa Sig 9a l 18. Visembach, 63'88 22-27 0'51 3-45 tra. 6-66 1'21,ign:.170=98'68,D. 19. Boden, 61'96 22-66 0'35 2'02 0'10 9-43 3-08=,1Mn040=100,K 20. Unionville, Pa., 64'27 21'21 tra. 0'81 0'58 10'94 1'36, ign.1'08=100'25, S. & B. 21. Schaitansk, Ural, 64'25 22'24 0'54 2'57 1'14 7-98 1'06=99'76, Bodemn. 22. Danbury, Ct. 63'76 22'56 tra. 3'09 tra. 9'72 0'55, ign. 0'26=99'94, S. & B. 23. Haddam, Ct. 64'26 21'90 - 2'15 tra. 9'99 0'50 ign. 0-29, S. & B. 24. Borodin, Finland,63'20 18'41 0'20 0'11 0-87 0-52 14-41 "0'57=98'29, W. G. of No. 7, 2'63; 8, 2'651; 9, 2'656; 10, 2'65; 11, 2-631; 12, 2-59; 14, 2'69; 19, 2'65. Other analyses: Lory, (Bull. Geol. Soc. de Fr. [2], vii, 452); Damour, etc. (Ramm. 5th Supp. 178); Deville, (Et. Geol. Teneriffe, 1848). B.B. fuses more easily than orthoclase, and quietly to a glass, either clear or enamel-like. Not acted upon by acids. Occurs in porphyry, granite, syenite, serpentine, and basalt; with quartz and mica it forms the granite at Kimito, containing columbite. At Teneriffe it occurs in trachyte. Among its localities are Danvikszoll near Stockholm; at Arriege and Arendal, with calcite, crystals sometimes two or three inches long; at Schaitansk, Ural, greenish, in a gangue of quartz and mica and yellowish-white feldspar; at Clausthal in serpentine; at Lake Baikal; as sunstone at Christiana-fiord, Norway, the aventurine character of which is owing to minute particles of specular iron, according to Scheerer, (g6thite according to Kengott). In Iceland at Hafnefjord, (Hafnefjordite), Borodin, etc. In the United States, at Unionville, Pa., (Unionite), with euphyllite and corundum, G.=2-61; also at Danbury, Ct., with othoclase and danburite; at Haddam, Ct., often transparent, with iolite and black tourmaline; at Mineral Hill, Delaware Co., Pa., called Moonstone. Named from oXLyos, little, and Kaco, to cleave. ALBITE, D] Cleavelandite, Brooke. Periklin, Breit. Tetartine. Kieselspath, Taus. Triclinic. 0 q i,=93~ 36', over 21=86~ 24'. (B. & M.) O: 1=1150 5'. 0 =150~ 5'. 1: 2-=134~ 32'. o 1' -— 110~ 51'.': /'i3'1490 12'. I': 2-=138~ 34'. O: 24=133~ 55'. I: 1/=122~ 15'. i/: I=117~ 53'. 0: 2V' 137~ 26'. i': i= —148~ 30'. I': _ =119~ 52'. O: 1U(adj.)=1270 23'. i': 1'=1200 27'. 1: I=122~ 32'. O0: 2 (ov, 1-)=-97 3'. i: 1=112~ 11'. 1': 1/ 124~ 53.' 414 415 416 r2 2i Q 417 418 Observed Planes, SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECON. 241 Cleavage: O very perfect; i' less so; I' imperfect. Twins: similar to f. 415 usually flattened parallel to ii; also similar, but with 1U and O in same plane nearly, (f. 416); also parallel 419 to 0. Also lamellar and granular: the laminiae sometimes divergent; granular varieties occasionally quite fine, approaching to impalpable. ~ 0 IT.=6; some granular varieties 7. G. —=259~65; 2'612, Finbo, Eggertz; 2'619, Broddbo; 2'641, varietyPericline; 2'626, Peristerite. Lustre pearly upon a cleavage face; vitreous in i other directions. Color white; also occasionally bluish, gray, reddish, greenish, and green; sometimes having a bluish opalescence or play of colors on 0. Streak uncolored. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. Brit- 1 tie. Compositionr.-NaSi+giSi —(Ra+ l)Si4Silica 68 7, alumina 19-5, soda 11 8= 100. Analyses: 1, GC. Rose, (Gilb. Ann. lxxiii, 173); 2, Stromeyer, (Untersuch. 300); 3, Laurent, (Ann. COh. Phys. ix); 4, Thaulow, (Pogg. xlii, 571); 5 Abich, (Berg. u. hfittenm. Zeitg. 1 Jahrg.); 6, Erdmann, (Jahresb. xxi, 192); 7, Abich, (Pogg. li, 526); 8, 0. G. Gmelin, (Pogg. vii, 79); 9, Redtenbacher, (Pogg. lii, 468, mean of 3 anals.); 10, Brooks, (PoXg:,: lxi, 392); 11, Kersten, (Leonh. Jahrb. 1845, 648); 12, 13, Brush and Weld, (..:Sdi. [2], viii, 390); 14, T. S. Hunt, (Phil. Mag. [4], i, 322, and Am. J. Sci. [2], "Xii,: 212); 15, Diday, (Cryst. from Melaphyre of Agay, Ann. d. M. [5], ii, 184, 193); 16, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxix, 305): Si A1 V% e E 3na Oa 1. Arendal, - 6846 19'30 0'28 -- 9'12 0'68=97'84, G. Rose. 2. Chesterfield, 70'68 19'80 0'11 - 906 024=99'88, Stromeyer. 3. " 68-4 20 8 0'1 -- 10'5 0'2=100, Laurent. 4. St. Gothard, cryst. 69-00 19'43 -- 11-47 0'20=100'10, Thaulow. 5. Miask, cryst. 68-45 18'71 0'27 0'65 11-24 0`50, Mg 0-18, Mn tr.= 100, A. 6. Brevig, 69'11 19'34 0'62 0-65 10-98 tr., kg, In tr.=100'7, E. 7. Pericl. Pantellaria, 68-23 18-30 1'01 2'53 7-99 1-26, Mfig 0-51=99-83, Ab. 8." " " 6794 1893 0-48 2-41 9'99 0'15, ign 036=100-26, G. 9. Pennsylvania, 67'20 19-64 -- 1-57 9'91 1'44, Mg 031 —100'07, R. 10. St. Gothard, white, 67-39 19'24 - 677 6'23 0'31,MgO 61= —10055, Bks. 11. Marienbad, 68-70 17'92 0-72 1'18 11'01 0-24=99'77, Kersten. 12. Lancaster Co., Pa., 66'65 20-79 - -- 9 36 2'05, M[g 0'52=99'42, B. 13. Unionville,Pa., 66'86 21-89 - - 8-78 1 79, Mg 0 48, AI 0 48= 100'27, W. 14. Peristerite, 66'80 21'80 0'30 0'58 7'00 2'52, Mg 0-20, ign 0-6= 99 80, Hunt. 15. Albite, cryst., 67-0 19-2 0'3 2'2 7-2 1-2, Milg 1-8=98-9, Diday. 16. Hyposclerite, 67'62 165'9 2'30 0'51 10'24 0'85," 146-998, R. In No. 5, G.=2,6i4; ii11, G. 2.612; 12, G.=2.619; 15, G.=247t8; 16, G.=2-63 to 2-66. B.B. like feldspar, but colors the flame distinctly yellow. Acted on by hot acids. Albite often replaces feldspar as a constituent of granite; in other instances it is associated with feldspar, as in Pompey's pillar, and then may be generally distinguished by its superior whiteness. The albite granites are often repositories of several of the granite minerals, tourmalines of different colors, beryls, allanite,. 31 242 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. &c. It is associated with pearl spar in the Tyrol, where it occurs in large transparent crystals; with epidote and garnet at Arendal; with eudialyte and hornblende in Greenland. It is frequently one of the constituents of syenite and greenstone. In Massachusetts, U. S., at Chesterfield, with red and blue tourmalines in lamellar masses, (Cleavelandite), slightly bluish, and also fine granular, and rarely in small crystals. Contains the same minerals at Paris, Maine, and at Goshen, Mass., at Acworth and Alstead, N. iH. At Haddam, Conn., accompanies chrysoberyl, beryl, columbite and black tourmalines. Fine transparent or translucent crystals at the Middletown feldspar quarry, (fig. 419; gave the author for 0: iR, 920 40' and 87~ 20'). At Granville, Washington Co., N.Y., white transparent crystals. At Monroe, Con], a fine granular variety containing beryl. In Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, at Unionville, a granular variety is the matrix of the corundum, (see analyses 12 and 13), having the hardness of quartz, (7 —7 25). It had been taken for Indianite. A similar variety equally hard is found with Idocrase at Sandford, Maine. The name Albite is derived from albus, white, in allusion to its color, and was given the species by Gahn and Berzelius in 1814. &Hyposclerite of Breithaupt, analyzed by Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xlvi, 396), with the resulting ratio for the protoxyds, peroxyds and silica 1: 2: 6, is shown by Ram melsberg to be probably albite mixed with augite. G.=2-6 —266. From Arendal. Named from vro, under or less, and orXnpos, hard. ORTHOCOLASE. Feldspar. Potash-Feldspar. Ice-spar. Felsite. Adularia. Murchisonite. Leelite. Amausite. Amazonstone. Sunadin. Moonstone. Napoleonite. Necronite. Pegmatolite. Mikroklin, Breit. Valencianite, Breit. Feldstein, Haus. Feldspath, H. Eispath, W. Erythrite, and Perthite of Thomson. Monoclinic; (Diclinic.) C=63~ 53', 1: f=118~48', O: 1i= 1530 28'; a: b: c=0'844: 1: 15183. 420 421 424 X2 W W ~~~~~~ii I;1 422 423 426 i 4.'/@7~ 1Y~-fl h~'112i 2 2i 426 _ ii 7II i3 ii -2i j~it xI~ Xrt I gl -1 Observed Planes. SMIOATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 243 Cleavage: O perfect; ii less distinct; ii faint; also imperfect in the direction of one of the faces. Twins: f. 424 and 425 face of composition, iz; f. 428 parallel to plane 2i; also parallel to O and i3. Often massive, cleavable, or granular; sometires coarse lamellar. 427 428 429 28:i4 2=99~ 8'. O = ~ 3. 3 146~ 40 O:-2=139~. O 2 13. _ I 134~ 19'. Loxoclase. o:ji=1450 47'. 0:-1=1460 30'.' ii: i' =1500 35'. 0: 1i=i290 41'. 0: 2=98' 4'. ii: 42'=1420 25'. 0:4i=116' 33'. 0: il =770 31'. ii: -4' =130' 50'. 0: 2i=99' 38'. 0: it'1610 36'. i'il: 3 - =146' 40'. 0: -2i==1390. 0:22i= -135 3'. I: 2i=134' 19'. 0: ii=116~ 7'. O: izi=90~ I: li=110~ 40'. O: 1=1500 52'. O: I= 6 44'. 1: 1 126~ 14'. 0: 1=124~ 42'. ii: ii=900. -1: -1=-142 40'. tH.-6. G. =24-2'62. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly upon the face of perfect cleavage. Color white; often gray, reddish-white, flesh-red, greenish-white, green; streak nncolored. Transparent-translucent. Fracture conchoidal to uneven. Comiposition.-K'Si+;il SiS=(i:+;il)'Si4=Silica 64'8, alumina 18'4, potash 16-8 =100. Analyses: 1, Val. Rose, (Scheerer's J. viii, 244); 2, G. Rose, (Pogg. xxviii, 143); 3, Schnedermann, (Stud. Gotting. v. b. Freunde, v. lift. 1); 4, Delesse, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxv); 5, 6, 7, Abich, (Pogg. li, 528, and Berg. und hiittenm. Zeitg. Jahrg. 19); 8, Domeyko, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], ix, 529); 9, Brongniart and Malaguti, (Ann. Mines, [4], ii, 465); 10, Kroner, (Pogg. lxvii, 421); 11, Kersten, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii, 162); 12, Plattner, (Pogg. xlvi, 299); 13, Evreinoff, (Pogg. xlvii, 196); 14, T. S. Hunt, (Phil. Mag. [4], i, 322, and Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 212); 15, 16, Gmelin, (Pogg. lxxxi, 313); 17, J. D. Whitney, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 440); 18, Rammelsberg, (4th Suppl. 71); 19, F. A. Genth, (Keller and Tied., iii, 486); 20-23, Smith & Brush, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 42); 24, Plattner, (Pogg. lxvii, 419)':'Ai Al I Ve,a I Na 1. Lomnitz, 66'75 17'50 1'75 1-25 12'00 — =9825, V. Rose. 2. Sanidin, Vesuv. 65-52 19'15 - 0-60 14'74, with some Na, G. Rose. 3. Glassy, Dransfeld, 64-86 21'46 trace trace 2'62 10'29=99'23, Schned. 4. Chamouni, 66'48 19'06 trace 0-63 10'52 2-30=98'99, Delesse. 244 D1ESCRIPTVE MNEARALOGY. Si il e /la itk 2a 5. Adul. St. Gothard, 65-69 17'97 -- 134 13'99 101 —100, Abich. 6. Baveno, green, 65-72 18'57 - 0'34 14-02 1-25, Mig 0'1=100, Ab. 7. Siberia, green, 65'32 17'89 0'30 0'10 13'05 2'81, Mg 0'09, Mn 0-19, C(u trace=99'75, Ab. 8. Chili, rose, 65'37 20'47 -- 2'60 6'30 4'00=98'74, Dom. 9. Moonstone, Ceyl. 64'00 19-43 -- 0-42 14'81 —, Mg 0-2, f & loss 1'14, B. & M. 10. Marienberg, 66'43 17'03 0'49 1'03 13'96 0'91=99'85, Kron. 11. Saxony, 65'52 17'61 0'80 0'94 12-98 1'70=99'55, Kersten. 12. Valencianite, 66'82 17'58 0'09 - 14-80 -=99'29, Plattner. 13. Microcline, 65-76 18'31 trace 1'20 14'06 — =99'33,Evreinoff. 14. Perthite, 66-44 18-35 1'00 0-67 6'37 5'56, lg 0'24, ign 0'40 -99'03, H. 15. Orth. Laurvig, gnh. 65'90 19'46 0'44 0"28 6-55 6'14,ign0'12=98 89,G. 16. " Freder'v'n, blh. 65,19 19'99 0'63 0'48 7'03'708," 0-38=100'78,G. i7. "IL. Superior, 66'70 18-68 0'30 9-57 3-58, 0'70=99'53,W. 18. " Auerberg, 66'26 16'98 0'31 0-43 14'42 0-20, 1I 1-29, Mg 0-11, 19. "Davidson Co., =100, Ramm. 19sN. C o s 65'30 20'20 tr. 0 05 14'35 0'79, Mg tr.=100'69, Genth. 20. Chesterlite, 64'76 17'60 0'50 0-65 14'18 1'75, AgO030, ign 0'65, =100 39, S. & B. 21. " 65'17 17'70'0'50 0'56 13-86 1 64, g 0-25, ign 0'65 =100-33, S. & B. 22. Loxoclase, 65-40 19-48 1-25 2-26 2'76 7'23, Mg 0'20, ign 0'76 =99'34, S. & B. 23. " 66'31 18'23 0-67 1'09 4'35 7'81, MIgO-30, ign0'20 ==9896, S. & B. 24. " 63'50 20-29 0'67 3-22 3'03 8'76, g tr. SiFlH 1'23 =100-7, Plattner, G. of No. 5=2'5756; of 6, 2'55; of 7, 2158; of 8, 2-596; of 10, 2-44; of 15, 16, 2'59; of 19, 2'547. Analyses: Diday, (Ann. d. M. [5], ii, 181); Delesse, (ib., iii, 372, 388, 406); Dechen, (of Sanidin, Verh. nat. Ver. Rheinl. 1852, 336); Avdeeff and Moss, (Pogg. lii, 465); Moll, (Ramm. 4th Suppl., 69). B.B. fuses with difficulty, and only on the edges, to a semi-transparent blebby glass. With borax forms slowly a transparent glass, and with soda a vesicular glass. Not acted on by the acids. With cobalt solution, becomes blue only on the fused edges. Difference of color and lustre has given rise to distinct names for several varieties of this species. Common Feldspar or Orthoclase [fr. op0os, straight or rectangular, and KXaco, to cleave] includes the subtranslucent varieties, the common constituent of granite. Loxoclase, Breit., has the composition of orthoclase as shown by Smith and Brush, and does not differ essentially in cleavage; the basal and clinodiagonal being much the most distinct; 1: Iabout 120~; G.=2'6-2'62, Plattner. Necronite [fr. VEKPog, a corpse] gives off a fetid odor when struck. Adularia is a transparent or translucent variety, found in granitic rocks. The crystals are often large, and occur of great perfection in the high districts of Savoy; the name is derived from Adula, one of the highest peaks of St. Gothard. The Valencianite of Breithaupt is a variety of adularia; the name is from the Mexican mine Valenciana. Moonstone is a variety of adularia, presenting, when polished, chatoyant or pearly reflections. Sunstone is a similar variety, containing minute scales of oxyd of iron, or GOthite, (Kengott), disseminated through it. The opalescence is seen in the direction of a plane replacing the edge I: I somewhat obliquely. But neither of these are exclusively common feldspar. A Siberian sunstone has been shown by Scheerer to be oligoclase; and the moonstone of Mineral Hill, Delaware.Co,, Pa., is of the same species. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 245 Aventurine Feldspar is less pellucid, and has yellow and reddish internal reflections. Glassy Feldspar is a transparent variety found in trachytic and volcanic rocks, having a perfect vitreous lustre. It has been called Sanidin, from cavts, a board, the crystals being tabular; and according to Naumann, it has. C=63~ 55'. O: 1=1100, O: I'=115~. The name Ice Sipar is sometimes given to a similar variety found in Vesuvian lavas; the term however includes pellucid varieties of other species of feldspar. Other varieties are the Mz/rchisonite of Levy, [named after Murchison, the Geologist], which is a yellowish-gray or flesh-red variety from Heavitree, near Exeter; Amazon stone, a verdigris-green variety colored by copper, from Lake Ilmen; the Leelite of Dr. Clarke, (the Helleftinta of the Swedes), which occurs at Gryphyttan in Sweden, with a peculiar waxy lustre, and deep flesh-red color; and the rariolite, a dark green variety, containing lighter globular particles, from river Drac in France. Kaolint is a term applied to a clay resulting from the decomposition of feldspar. (See beyond.) The lFficrocline [fr. PusKpos, little, KXLro, to incline] of Breithaupt, is a variety of this species from Arendal, (Pogg. xlvii, 196). The Erythrite [fr. epvOpos, red] of Thomson (Phil. Mag. xxii, 188, 1843) is a flesh-colored feldspar, containing three per cent. of magnesia, found in amygdaloid; G;.=-2541. The Perthite of Thomson is from Perth, in Upper Canada. Rhyacolite of Rose, (or Ryacolite), from Vesuvius, [named from pvat, a lava stream], has the crystallization of feldspar, and resembles the glassy variety. G. Rose states (Kryst. Chem. Min. 88, 1852) that he suspects that in his analysis (Pogg. xxviii, 143) some nepheline may have been mixed with the feldspar, as they often occur together at the locality, and he therefore does not mention it as a distinct species in this recent work of his. Feldspar in fine crystals is found at Carlsbad and Elnbogen in Bohemia, (twins, f. 424, 425). Ekatherinenburg in Siberia, Arendal in Norway, Baveno in Piedmont, Lomnitz in Silesia, Land's End, &c., are other localities. At the Mourne mountains in Ireland, fine specimens occur, associated with beryl and topaz. Glassy feldspar occurs in great abundance in the trachyte of the Drachenfels on the Rhine; also in the lavas which devastated the island of Ischia, near Naples, in 1302. Ice spar is found principally at Vesuvius; it may be obtained in profusion in the valley called Fossa Grande. Fine crystallized feldspar occurs in New York, in St. Lawrence Co., at Rossie, two miles north of Oxbow; the crystals are white or bluish-white, and sometimes an inch across; also eight miles from Potsdamn, on the road to Pierremont, where crystals a foot through are said to have been found; and near DeLong's mills in the town of Hammond, with apatite and zircon, where the Loxoclase is obtained; in Lewis Co., feldspar occurs both crystallized and massive in white limestone near Natural Bridge, with scapolite and sphene; in Orange Co., crystals near West Point; more abundant and interesting forms are found at Rocky Hill, in Warwick, with tourmaline and zircon; and at Amity and Edenville. In Saratoga Co.,-N. Y., at the Greenfield chrysoberyl locality, white translucent crystals, usually coated with silvery mica. In Connecticut at the gneiss quarries of Haddam and the feldspar quarries of Middletown, crystals a foot long, and six or eight inches thick; near Bradleysville, in the western part of Litchfield, crystals 2-3 inches long, abundant. In Massachusetts at South Royalston and Barre, in crystals often large; also at Three Rivers, in Palmer. The Acworth beryl locality, the tourmaline locality of Paris, Maine, are other localities of crystallized feldspar. In Pennsylvania, in crystals at Leiperville, Mineral Hill, and Chester, (chesterlite), Delaware Co.; a sunstone in Kennett Township; fine crystals of green feldspar occur on the island, Mt. Dessert, Me. Washington Mine, Davidson Co., N. C., in white and yellowish crystals, (anal. 19). Massive feldspar is abundant at the above mentioned localities, besides many others. An aventurine variety, with bright coppery reflections in spots, occurs at Leiperville, Pennsylvania. Adularia occurs at the Falls of the Yantic, near Nor 246 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. wich, Conn., at Brimfield, Mass., with iolite, and at Parsonfield, Me.; and sunstone at Lyme, Conn. (Some of these may be oligoclase). Kaolin occurs at Andover, Mass., and abundantly in New Milford, Kent, and Cornwall, Conn., and in the counties of Essex and Warren, New York; also in New Garden, Chester Co., Pa., abundant. Necronite is found at Roger's Rock, Essex Co., and at Thomson's quarry, near 196th street, New York. Chesterlite (anal. 20, 21) is shown by Smith and Brush to have the constitution of Orthoclase. It occurs in crystals sometimes 1I inches broad, implanted often on dolomite. Faces not polished; I: I'_-121~-127~. O: ii-900 as shown by twins; O: I and 0: I' unequal, (as also 2i on I and 2i on 1'), but not constant, and the difference may be an irregularity. Cleavage parallel to O and ii, perfect. Twins common parallel to O: also a peculiar twin, in general form rectangular, made by composition parallel both -to 0 and ii, the latter composition shown by the meeting of strihe along the middle of 0, and the former by a similar meeting on ii; but it is singular that in the two specimens observed by the author (from the cabinet of Joel Baily) this meeting of strio is seen on only one of the planes 0, and one ii; on the other plane 0 the strite extend across, parallel to the intersection of 0 with one of the planes I, a fact that indicates a diclinic rather than a monoclinic form. The crystals normally would have 4 planes I at one extremity but the specimens are partly broken and only two are present on one side, one above the other. Feldspar enters into the composition of a great number of rocks. Granite consists of feldspar, quartz, and mica, crystallized promiscuously together. The feldspar constitutes ordinarily about 40 per cent., but varies very widely; while the quartz is usually 30 to 40 per cent. Ordinary granite contains about 72-3 silica, 15'3 alumina,'-4 of alkalies, 5'0 of'lime, magnesia, and oxyd of iron,a composition near that of petrosilex. Pegmnatite is graphic granite. Gneiss has the same ingredients as granite, but with traces of lamination. Mica slate is similar in constitution, with a..distinctly foliated structure. Beresite is a fine grained granite, containing pyrites, from near Beresof, in the Ural. Syenite consists of feldspar, hornblende, and quartz, and otherwise resembles granite. These rocks pass into one another by insensible gradations. Protogine is a talc granite. -Dolerine is a gneissoid rock in the Alps consisting of talc and feldspar. Granulite, Eurite, or Leptynite, (Weissstein), is a granular compound of feldspar and quartz, with sometimes garnet. The Hornfels of the Germans is a massive compound of quartz and feldspar breaking with a smooth flinty fracture. The Cornubianite is similar. Pyroxenite consists of feldspar and lamellar pyroxene. Pyromeride is a granitoid rock containing spherules thickly disseminated. Similar spherules sometimes occur in porphyry, trachyte, eurite, diorite, and occasionally granite. Delesse has shown that rocks containing these spherules have an excess of silica. The spherules are feldspathic, but contain mixed quartz which is most abundant in the exterior coats or at the centre. Miascite, a granular slaty rock consisting of orthoclase, mica, and elseolite, with sometimes quartz, albite, and hornblende. Porphyry consists of a compact feldspathic base, (cornite or porphyrite), with crystals of feldspar, (often orthoclase or oligoclase); it may be green with blotches of paler green or white, or red with white blotches, or specks, besides other shades of color; the blotches of a polished surface are the feldspar crystals. When distinct feldspar crystals are scattered through granite it is called porphyritic granite. The feldspar of porphyry is often also the species labradorite, as is the case in the ancient verd antique porphyry of Greece, quarried from rounded hills on the plains of ielosin, Laconia. In the porphyry of Ternuay in the Vosges it is the species vosgite. It is often quartzose or globuliferous. Clinkstone or phonolite is a compact feldspathic rock of grayish colors and smooth fracture, clinking under the hammer when struck somewhat like a metal. G.=2-5 -26. Trachyte is a rock of similar constitution and color with clinkstone, but having a rough surface of.fracture.:Domite is a grayish earthy variety from Puy-de Dome. Pumnice (Bimsstein, German) is a porous feldspathic scoria from volcanoes; the pores are fine and linear and often barely visible without a glass. G.=2'2-2'4. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 247 Trap or greenstone is a dark and heavy blackish-green or brownish rock, consisting of feldspar and hornblende; it usually has a crystalline texture, but is sometimes compact. When albite replaces orthoclase the rock is called diorite. Basalt or dolerite is a similar rock, consisting of feldspar (often labradorite) and augite, either suberystalline or not at all so, and often containing distinct crystals of augite or feldspar or both, and still more frequently chrysolite in bottle-glass colored grains, with also grains of magnetic iron. It passes into lavas, which often have the same constitution and are of the same origin. Anamesite is a very fine granular rock of similar constitution, in which the labradorite predominates. Wacke is an earthy variety, or a rock consisting of basaltic earth or sand.* * In the analysis of basalt, it is subjected to the action of nitric or muriatic acid, and thus separated into a soluble and insoluble portion. The basalt of'Wickenstein, thus examined by LUwe, with muriatic acid, afforded him 55-58 per cent. of insoluble product, and 44-42 of soluble, the latter consisting of 39'81 of zeolite or zeolitic minerals, and 4-61 of magnetic iron. The basalt from Stolpen, according to Sinding, consists of 5'7736 per cent. soluble in muriatic acid, and 42-264 insoluble. On analysis, the soluble and insoluble portions afforded, From Wickenstein. —Lrwe. From Stolpen,.-Sainnc/. Zeolitic. Insoluble. Soluble. Insoluble. Silica, 39'13 47-98 39 920 52-62 Alumina, 29'00 910 21 266 11 93 Lime, 10-62 14'41 7-857 15-49 Soda, 13-92 - 5-279 Potash, 1'43 - 2795 Protoxyd of iron, - 16'51 Oxyd, 16-800 Peroxyd, 10'63 Magnesia, 12'97 4'379 8-26 Water,'793 2'490 100'93 100'97 100-786 98-93 Tile zeolite of the Wickenstein basalt is stated by L6we to be near Thomsonite in composition. According to Girard, who analyzed the same basalt with somewhat different results, it is a mixture of mesolite and nepheline. The rest of the basalt, excluding the magnetic iron, is augite, and, according to Girard, the whole consists of mesotype 22'686, nepheline 22'686, magnetic iron 6-370, augite 48'256. The Stolpen basalt is inferred from the analysis, to consist of zeolite 74-837, olivine 12-630, magnetic iron 13 318. The zeolite is supposed to be a mixture of several zeolitic minerals; it approaches, in composition, mesole, brevicite, and sodalite. A Dolerite from Iceland, analyzed by Auerbach, gave labradorite 38-18 per cent. and augite 61-82. Girard shows that the only difference between the so-called dolerite and the basalt of Meissner is that the latter contains zeolites. Composition of Phonolite, from Marienberg near Aussig, by Meyer, and from Whisterschan near Teplitz, by Redtenbacher of Vienna. The phonolite as a whole. Soluble part. Marienberg. Whisterschan. Marienberg. WhIsterschau. Silica, 56'652 54'090 43'244 41'220 Alumina, 16-941 24'087 21'000 29 238 Perox. of iron, 3'905 Protoxyd, 1-248 Peroxyd, 7-816 Protoxyd, 2-497 Perox. of mang. - 0'319 - 0'638 Lime, 1'946 0'687 2'986 1'034 Potash, 9'519 4'244 0'035 3 557 Soda, 2-665 9'216'7112 12'108 Magnesia, 1'697 1'379 - 1'261 Oxyd of copper,. 0012 - 0-025 Water, 4'993 3 -279 13-325 6'558 98'318, M. 98'561, R. 95-518, M. 98'136, R. The Marienberg phonolite is supposed to contain, besides feldspar, natrolite and 248 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Petrosilex (Adinole, Beudant) is compact impure feldspar, like the base of porphyry. It differs from jasper, which it often resembles, in being fusible before the blowpipe. G. —2606-2-66. A greenish-gray specimen from Brittany afforded Berthier, Silica 75'4, alumina 15'5, potash 3'8, magnesia 1-4, oxyd of iron 1-2. The results are varying; as the species is rather a rock than a pure mineral. Thomson's Leelite, which falls here, consists of Silica 81-91, alumina 6'55, potassa 8'88, protoxyd of iron 6-42. Obsidian or volcanic glass is sometimes an impure feldspar in a glassy state; and in other cases it is a mixture of feldspar and augite with chrysolite and much iron, or of augite and chrysolite or labradorite, &c., the materials varying with the lavas of a volcano; for any lava will become glassy, and thus make obsidian, by rapid cooling. G.=2-25 —28. Pitchlstone has the lustre of pitch rather than glass; pearlstone has a pearly lustre, and is sometimes in spherules, (spherulite), or consists of spheroidal concretions. G1.-23 —24. The spherules of pyromeride, porphyry, etc., are'quite similar. The siliceous character of these spherules is mentioned on page 246; see also Delesse on Globuliferous Rocks, Trans. Geol. Soc. France, 1853, and Am. Jour. Sci [2], xvii, 168. Krablite, Forchhammer, or Baulite, appears to be a siliceous feldspathic mineral, related to these concretions. It forms the basis of the trachyte, obsidian and pitchstone of Iceland. According to von Waltershausen, it occurs also in triclinic crystals; and he deduces the oxygen ratio 1: 3: 24=(1+-Al)'Si'. B.B. fuses only in thin splinters; in acids insoluble. 1H=6. G. —2656, Forch., 2'572, Walt. The following are analyses of pumice, obsidian, spherulite, krablite, etc.: 1, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], v, 543); 2, Vauquelin, (N. allg. J. d. Chem. v, 230); 3, 4, Erdmann, (J. f. techn. Chem. xv, 32); 5, Thomson; 6, Trommsdorf, (N. J. d. Pharm. iii, 301); 7, Erdmann, (loe. cit.); 8, Ficinus, (Schw. J. xxix, 136); 9, Erdmann, (loc. cit.); 10, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 62, iii, 262); 11, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, vii); 12, 13, B. Silliman, Jr., (Dana's Geol. Rep. p. 200); 14, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. p. 211); 15, Delesse, (Bull. Geol. Fr. [2], ix 175); 16, Forchhammer, (Skand. Nat. Samm. i. Stockholm); 17, Genth, (Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. lxvi, 271):;i il Pe Oa ]ig l a k 1. Obsidian, Pasco, 69'46 2'60 2'60'7.54 2-60 5'08 7'112, 13 00= —100,Berth, 2. " Mexico, 78- 10' 2 1 -- - - n 1 6=98'6,Vauq. 3. "Telkiban. 74'80 12'40 2-03 1'96 0'90 -- 640,T1n 1 31=99'80, E. 4. Pitchstone,Meis. 75'60 11,60 1-20 1'35 6'69 2'77 - H 473=103'95, E. 5. " Arran 63'50 12-74 P3-80 4-46 - 6'22 —, ign.8'0=98'71,Th. 6. "bk. Dresdn. 74-00 1'00 1700 2'75 1 50. - — Li 300,-9825,Tr.'7. Pearlstone,Hun. 72-87 12-05 1'75 1-30 1-10 6-13 1I 3'0=98'20, Erd. 8. " "'7912 12-00 2'45 -- 1-10 3-58 R 1-76=100-01, F. 9. Spherulite. " 77-20 12'47 2'27 3'34 0'73 4'27 =100'28, Erdmann. 10. Pumice, Lipari,'7'50 17-50 1-75 -- 300=99'75, Klaproth. il. " "'7000 16'00 0'50 2'50 - 6-50, H 3'00=98'50, B. 12. Pili's Hair, 5119 - -- -- 18-16, Fe 30'26=99'61,S. Hawaii, volc.glass, 39'74 1055 -- 2'74 2'40 21'62 -, Fe 22'29, At 0'33= 99'67, Silliman, Jr. 14. Sideromelane, 49-25 15-18 20'23 9'61 2'10 2-51 1'12=100, Waltersh. 15. Spher. inpyrom. 88'09 6'03 0-58 0'28 1'65 2-53 i 0'84=100, Del. 16. Krablite,Iceland 74-83 13'49 4'40 1'98 0'17 5'56 tra.=100-43, F. G.= 2'389. 17. " " 80'23 12"08 -- 95 - 226 4'92=100'44, Genth. Other analyses of obsidian, Deville, (Bull. Geol. [2], viii, 427); of pumice, ib.; also Schaffer, (J. f. pr. Chem. liv, 16): ap6phyllite, some anhydrous silicate, (nepheline?) that gelatinizes with: acids. Phonolite from Abstrode, analyzed by 0. Gmelin, according to him, consists of mesotype, or some allied mineral, and a feldspar containing both soda and feldspar; but the proportions vary much in different phonolites, and some are but slightly attacked by acids. See further, Ramm. Handw. 76, etc., and Suppl. i to v. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 249 Sideromelane is an amorphous ferruginous labradorite; formula g Si+- Si. P616's Hair (anal. 12) has the composition of an augite, (Rammelsberg). ALTERED FORMS.-Feldspar may be altered through infiltrating waters carrying more or less carbonic acid in solution, (Forchhamlmer, Fournet, Bischof); also through the action of waters rendered acid by the decompositio nof pyrites, (Mitscherlich); also by ordinary waters holding traces of alkaline and other ingredients. in solution, (Bischof). The presence of pyrites, or a mineral containing protoxyd of iron, as some mica, garnet, &c., is often the first occasion of the change. The decomposition of the mineral with the attendant oxydation of the iron distributes ferruginous waters through the rock, (or sulphate of iron, from the altered sulphuret), and thus by a disaggregating or decomposing action, prepares the way for other agencies. When the infiltrating waters contain traces of carbonic acid, the feldspar acted on first loses its lime, if a lime feldspar, by a combination of the lime with this acid; next, its alkalies are carried off as carbonates, if the supply of carbonic acid continues, or otherwise as silicates in solution. The change thus going on, ends in forming Kaolin or some other hydrous silicate. The carbonate of soda or potash,. or the silicate of these bases, set free, may go to the formation of other mineralsthe production of pseudomorphic or metamorphic changes-and the supplying fresh: and marine waters with their saline ingredients. Kaolin is generally a simple hydrous silicate of alumina, expressed by the formula;1'Si+2fHSilica 40'0, alumina 44'5, water 15-5; occasionally it corresponds to Xl'Si4-+21[. Orthoclase in changing to the former loses 1K+ 3Si; or to the latter, Ik+. Si. Part of the silica set free may go off with more or less of the potash, or may form opal, quartz, siliceous sinter. The alumina also is often in part removed. The same explanation is readily applied to the change in albite or other feldspars.. When the change is not carried on to the exclusion of the protoxyd bases, certain zeolites may result, especially as Bischof states, when labradorite is the feldspar undergoing alteration, which species he describes as giving origin to the species mesolite. Massive nepheline or elweolite is a still more common source of zeolites. When the waters contain traces of a magnesian salt-a bicarbonate or silicatethe magnesia may replace the lime or soda, and so lead to a steatitic change, or to a talc when the alumina. is excluded; and when augite, or hornblende is present, it may give origin to chlorite. The action of sulphurous acid from volcanic fumaroles produces often a complete destruction of the feldspar and other minerals present, giving rise to deposits or incrustations of silica, in some of its various forms, and also Halloysite, etc. Steatite, Talc, Chlorite, Kaolin, Lithomarge, occur as pseudomorphs after orthoclase or albite; and Tin ore and Calcite also replace these feldspars by some process of solution and substitution. Labradorite more rarely forms kaolin. Orthoclase is also described as occurring altered to Albite. This has been mentioned as an example of paramorphism, the two species being dimorphous. But as these feldspars occur together in the same rock, and must have been formed under very similar circumstances, we can hardly suppose that either is liable to a change like that of a dimorphous compound to the form of the other. The following are analyses of Kaolin. No. 1 to 28 are by Brongniart and Malaguti, who carefully separated the free silica and undecomposed feldspar. Their results are here reduced to 44'5 as constant for the alumina, this being the amount in the Kaolin of the formula, Al; Si+2 I{. G.=2'21-2'26.: Analyses a, b, are from analyses by Ebelmen and Salvetat, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xxxi, 257). Analyses 1 to 17 and 21 give quite closely the theoretical formulas Al Si+2t1; 19, 20, have one quarter more of silica; 22, one half more; 26 and b, twice more. 1. Limoges, 40 - 44-5 1155 10: 1 2. Clos de Madame, Allier, 46'0 16 1615: 1 3. Chabrol, Puy-de-Dome, 37-2 15'9 0-93: 1 4. Plympton, Devonshire, 409 " 15'3 1'02: 1 5. Piedmont, 36-5 ~' 15'5 0-91: 1 6. Diendorf, Passau, 36'9 " 16 0'92: 1 7. Rama, Passau, 43.8 " 15-4 1-09: 1 8. Auerbach, Passau, 38.3 15 -9 0'96: 1 32 250 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si A1 Si l 9. Seilitz, near Meissen, 41'2 44-5 15'7 1'03: 1 10. Aue, near Schneeberg, 44-6 " 14"5 1'11: 1 11. Morl, near Hall, 42'9 " 14'8 107: 1 12. Munschoff, Carlsbad, 4567 " 14-9 1-14: 1 13. Bornholm, Scandinavia, 40'0 15 8 1' 0: 1 14. Oporto, Portugal, 37'4 " 14'8 0'93: 1 15. Newcastle, Delaware, 35'3 " 15'5 0-86: 1 16. Galicia, 43 8 " 15-2 109; 1 17. Near Cherbourg, 51'5 15'6 1-29: 18. Kaschna, near Meissen, 49-1 " 174 123: 1 19. Zetlitz, Carlsbad, 41'1 6 16'0 103: 1 20. Elba, 60'7 " 15'8 1'52: 1 21. Wilmington, Delaware, 26'1 " 1564 0'65:1 22. Cornwall, 83'8 " 16-1 2-09: 1 23. Schletta, near Meissen, 82' " 15.5 2'05: 1 24. Hungary, 17'5 5 15'2 1'89: 1 a. China, 734 " 14'4 1'81: 1 b. " 80'7 " 12-0 2-01: 1 Ebelmen and Salvetat found in the last 1; 1 per cent. of potash, 2 of peroxyd of iron, and 2-7 of soda. The following are other analyses in which the free silica and undecomposed mineral was not separated. Analyses c to 1 reduced to the same standard as the above, give 13 to 16'5 for the water. c to g are by Brongniart andMalaguti; A, i, R. D. Thomson and Richardson, (Thom. Min. i, 244); k, Rammelsberg, (3d Supp.!117); 1, Dumenil.(Chem. Anal. i, 1825, p. 35); m, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxii, 152); n Glocker, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxv, 39); o, W. S. Clarke, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxxx, 122): Si Al SC da,@[g,k (Sa,~1g,Ta c. Newcastle, 29173 25'59 8-94 -- - Residue not argillac. 34'99,d Wilmington, 32-69 35'01 12'12 1-14 0172 " 22'81 e. Limoges, 42-07 34'65 12117 1'33 -- 976 f. Devonshirej 44'26 36'81 12174 1'55 -" 4 30 g. China, 23'72 9-80 2'62 K 3'08 ee0-43 " 68'18 h. Tuesite, 44'30 40'40 13-50 Ca0O75 Mg050=99' 45, Thomson. i. " 43'80 40-10 14-21 " 0-64 0i' 55 Fe094 —10023, R. k. Schlackenwald, 43'46 41'48 13-49 " 1'20Ta0-371==00, Ramm. i. Clausthal, 43'00 40-25 15650 " 0-47 3e 0'48=99-70, Dumenil. m. Zorge, 49175 29'88 5'48 " 043 Mgl 147, K6'35 Fe6'61=99'97, R. n. Smelite, 50'0 32'0 13'0 STa2'1 e2' 0=99'1, Glocker. o. Schneckenstein, 46175 39658S/g 0'93 ll13'42=100'68, W. S. Clark. G.-=2-6 No. m contains still considerable potash, and was but partially decomposed. The Smelite is from a trachytic porphyry near Telkibanya, Hungary; it is rather tough; H.=2-5. G.=2-168; grayish-white, bluish. Named from -aXlv7, soap. The Schneckenstein Kaolin often surrounds the crystals of topaz. Appears under the microscope to consist in part of rhombic scales. B.B. becomes brownish but does not melt. Formula deduced Al3Si4+S-6ft.;Many localities of Kaolin are already given in the above table. The name is a corruption of the Chinese Kauling, meaning high-ridge, the name of a hill near Jauchau Fu, where this mineral is obtained. The petuntze (peh-tun-tsz) of the Chinese, with which the Kaolin is mixed in China, for the manufacture of porcelain, is a quartzose feldspathic rock, consisting largely of quartz. The name Lithomarge (Steinmark) is often applied to a Kaolin material; the color may be white, yellow, or red, the latter color due to oxyd of iron. A variety from Rochlitz analyzed by Kflaproth (Beit. vi, 285) is red, and is called Carnat by Breithaupt. Analyses h to l have been referred to Lithomarge. Myelin of Breithaupt (Talksteinmark) is from Rochlitz, and is of a yellowish or reddish color. Kersten obtained in an analysis Si 37-62, A1 60-50, MIg 0-82,'n063, Pe trace=99'57. Melopsite of Breithaupt is a yellowish or greenish white Lithomarge from Neudeck in Bohemia. H.=2-3. G.=2'5-2'6. Feelgreasy; adheres a little to the tongue. SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 251 Pholerite does not differ much from Kaolin in composition, but occurs in soft nacreous scales of a white color. G.=2'35-2'57. Infusible. Formula given Al Si — 2 1. Analyses 1, 2, 3, Guillemin, (Ann. d. M. xi, 489); 4, 5, J. L. Smith, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xi, 58):'Ai ~l ft 1. Fins, 41'65 43835 15'00=100, Guillemin. 2. " 42-93 42'07 15'00=100, " 3. R. de Gier, 40715 43'89 15'86=100, 4. Naxos, 44'41 41-20 13-14, Ca 1.21=99'96, Smith. 5. Schemnitz, 42'45 42'81 12'92, Ca kiMg tr.=98-18," From Fins in the Dept. of Allier, and Rive de Gier, Dep. de la Loire, in France, filling fissures in nodules of iron ore in the coal formation. Also from Cache-Apr&s, at Mons in Belgium; with emery and margarite at Naxos, and with diaspore at Schemnitz. Halloysite. With a higher percentage of water (mostly about 24) the aluminous material is called Halloysite, Berthier, Lenzinite, John, etc. The composition corresponds mostly either to i1 Si+311 or Al SWiT+4 11; the last —Silica 41'5, alumina 34'4, water 24'1. Halloysite has a waxy lustre, a shining streak, white or bluish shade of color, and is subtranslucent, or becomes so in water; also adheres to the tongue. G.= 1 8-2'1. Analyses: 1, 2, Berthier, (Ann. Chim. Phys. xxxii, 332, Ann. des Mines, [3], ix, 500); 3, Boussingault, (ib, v, 554); 4, 5, Dufr6noy, (ib. iii, 393); 6, Oswald, (J. f. pr. Chem. xii, 173); 7, Monheim, (Verh. d. Nat. Ver. d. preuss. Rheinl. v. 41 in Ramm. 4th Suppl. 221); 8, Sauvage (Ann. M. [4], x, 11); 9, ib. (ib. [3], xx, 204); 10, Salvetat, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxxi, 102): Si Al ft 1. Anglar, 44'94 39'06 16'00=100, Berthier. 2. Iousscha, 4617 36'9 16'0=99'15, Dufrenoy. 3. New Granada, 45'0 40'2 14'8=100, Boussingault. 4. La Vouth, 40'66 33'66 24-83=99-15, Dufr6uoy. 5. Thiviers, 43-10 32-45 22'30, Mg 1170=99'55, Dufr6noy. 6. Upper Silesia, 40'25 35'00 24'25, Mg 0'25=9:955, Oswald. 7. Altenberg, 40-31 33'23 23-69, Zn 1-23=98'46, M. 8. Milo, 44'1 32-9 17'9, Mg and Alk, 145=100, Sauvage. 9. Ecogne, 42- 34- 24'0=100, Sauv~age. 10. Conde, Smectite, 43'0 32'5 2117, Fe 1'02, Mg 0'3, KA, Na 0'4, Si gel. 15 — 11. Lenzinite, Eifel, 37-5 3175 25-0=100, John. [101'62, Sal. 12.' Chanteloube, 36'36 36'00 21'50, Fe 1'95, Mg 0'18, K Na 0-50, Si gel. 2'0, quartz 1'64=100'13, Sal. The Halloysite of Housscha is derived from graphic granite; that of Milo is from a pumiceous tufa, and it contained 29-3 per cent. of quartz. The mineral from Cond6, near Houdan, France, is called Smnectite by Salvetat, and he gives the formula Al2'Si'+7-1; it is greenish, and in certain states of humidity appears transparent and almost gelatinous. For his Lenzinite, Salvetat writes the formula 1 Si+3ft-; the mineral is from the pegmatite of La Vilate, near Chanteloube, (Haute Vienne); it is clear brown, tender, not plastic. B.B. becomes reddish, but does not fuse; decomposed by heated sulphuric acid; at 1000 C, the water is reduced to 16'5 per cent. Samoite is related to the above, but contains more water. Moreover it is much harder than the other aluminous silicates that are here described as results of alteration. It forms stalactites three or four inches broad, and half as long, in a cavern in lava, island of Upolu of the Navigator group. The structure is lamellar; color whitish; lustre a little pearly. H.=4 —45. G.=17 —19. Analysis by Silliman, Jr. (Dana's Geol. Rep. Exp. Exp.): Si 31-25, A1l 3121, f 30'45, M kg 4-06, Ca( 0'01, Na 0-06=99-04. corresponding to Al Si+-5t. In another analysis he obtained Si 35-19, Al 31'95, f1 30-80, etc. 252 DESCIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Bole. —The material so-called is closely related to Halloysite in its appearance, and prominently in its large per centage of water; but it is more varying in character. It is subtranslucent to opaque, has a shining streak, a brown, yellowish or reddish color, a greasy feel, and adheres to the tongue. Some varieties contain considerable oxyd of iron, from the decomposition of other minerals associated with the feldspar. -Rock soap, (Bergseife), Bolus of Sinope, and Ochran of Orawitza, are of similar character. The following are analyses: 1, 2, Ldwig, (Leonh. Oryk.); 3, Wackenroder, (Kast. Arch. xi, 466); 4, Zellner, (Leonh. N. Jahrb., 1835, 467); 5, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xlvii, 180); 6, 7, Salvetat, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xxxi, 102); 8, Smith & Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 211); 9, Bucholz, (Gehlen's, N. J., iii, 597); 10, Berthier, (Ann. d. M. [3], xi, 479); 11, Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 345); 12, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxvi, 31): Si iAl Fe 0la Mg:f 1. Ettingshausen, 42'00 24-04 10-03 0'52 0-43 24'03 —101-05, Ldwig. 2. C. de Prudelles, 41-05 25'03 8'09 0'45 0'50 24'02=99'14, LEwig. 3. Sisebtihl, 41'9 20'9 122 - - 249 =99'9, Wackenroder. 4. Striegau, 42'00 20-12 8'53 2-81 2'01 24'00, K 0'5=99'97, Zellner. 5. Stolpen, 45'92 22'15 trace 3'90 trace 24'86=97'83, Ramm. 6. Thiviers, 47'55 22'60 1 05 1'66 0'30 26'20, B: Na 0'1, Si gel. 1'04, qtz. 1-04=99-46, S. 7. --- 45-44 24-00 1-35 0-83 0'09 26-70,.Ta 093 —99'35, Salvetat. 8. Unionville, Pa., 44-50 25'00 7-75 22'39 K, Na M9In tr.=99-64, Smith. 9. Bergseife, Thu. 44'0 26-5 8'0 0'5 -- 20'5=99'5, Bucholz. 10. " Plomb., 44'0 22'0 - - 2'0 25'0, Sand 6'0=99'0, Berth. 11. Bolus, Sinope, 32-0 26'5 21'0 17 0 NaCl 1'5-=98 0, Klaproth. 12.- Ochran, Oraw., 31-3 43'0 1'2 " 21'0 and trace of B=96'5, Kersten. The first two analyses give the formula R2'Si3+9fI, and 7 to 10 nearly il'Si2+611. The Unionville mineral occurs with euphyllite; H.=2-25; G. 2'2; yellowishwhite; brittle; crumbles to pieces in water. The Thiviers mineral which Salvetat calls Halloysite, has a rose-red color and is unctuous to the feel. No. 7I is similar. He writes for the formula of these'Si2~+7[l. Clays are mostly derived from the decomposition of feldspathic rocks. Common clay consists ordinarily of about 1 part of alumina to 2 of silica, besides water; and often there are other ingredients present, as carbonate of lime, oxyd of iron, and some magnesian compounds; and when iron is present it burns red. Acids attack the clay but slightly, showing that the water present is not to any great amount in chemical combination forming hydrous silicates of alumina; and thus they differ from the Halloysites and related compounds. Catlinite of Jackson, (Am. J. Sci. xxxv, 388), is a variety of reddish clay stone, from the Coteau de Prairies, west of the Mississippi; and Pipestone, (pfeifenstein) is also a variety of clay slate or argillite. A variety from Northern Oregon, of a grayish color, has been analyzed by Thomson, (Min. i, 287). Such clays or clay-slates have often been altered through infiltrating waters and heat. Of this nature are Agalmatolite, Dysyntribite of Shepard, and Parophite of Hunt. -The alteration they have undergone has been dependent not properly upon a kaolinising process, but on the action and addition of alkalies, through the infiltration of solutions containing alkaline silicates or carbonates, which ingredients the decomposition of feldspar produces on a large scale. Agalbnatolite (Figure stone, Bildstein, Pagodite, Lardite, Fun Shih or Powder stone of the Chinese) occurs massive, with a greasy feel and is rather soft. H.=2-3. G.=2-8 —29. Colors white, greenish, grayish, brownish, sometimes mottled. Found in China, Saxony, at Nagyag, and Schemnitz. B.B. fuses only on the thinnest edges. Dysyntribite of Shepard, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 209), is massive or slaty and tough, and looks somewhat like serpentine; H.=3 —35. G.=2'76 —2'81. Color mottled, usually greenish, sometimes mottled with red. The composition varies widely, as Smith and Brush have shown. It is from Diana and other places in St. Lawrence Co., Northern New York. B.B. fuses in thin fragments. Parophite of Hunt, (Logan's Rep. Canada, 1852, 95, Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, 127), has the same serpentine aspect, and to this its name alludes; it is massive or slaty; SILICATES, FELDSPAR SECTION. 253 greenish, yellowish, grayish or reddish in color; I.=2'5-3, cutting like massive talc. G.=2-7-2'i 84. It is identical with some agalmatolite. Mr. Hunt regards it as an altered clay slate. It is from Canada. Analyses; 1, Vauquelin, (Ann. de Ch. xlix, 88); 2, Klaproth, (Beit. v, 19); 3, Thomson, (Min, i, 343); 4, Karafiat, (Pogg. lxxviii, 575); 5, 6, T. S. Hunt, (loc. cit.); 7, 8, 9, Smith and Brush, (Am. J, Sci. [2], xvi, 50). Si Al Fe Oa:lfg K If 1. Agalmatolite, 56' 29' 1 2' - 7- 5'=100, Vauquelin. 2. " 5450 34'0 0'75 - 625 4'=99'50, Klaproth. 3. " 49-82 29-60 1'50 6'00 - 680 5-5=99-21, Thomson. 4. " 49'50 27 45 Fel-03 5-56 0'72 10'20 5-10, MIn tr.=99-56, Karafiat. 5, Parophite, 48'50 2'7 50 " 5'67 1'30 2'24 5'30 7'00, Na 1l91-99'42,I Hunt. 6. " 48'42 27-60 " 4'50 2'80 1'80 5-02 6-88, " 2'78=99.80, Hunt. 7. -Dysyntribite, 44-80 34-90 Ve3-01 0-66 0-42 6-87 5-38, Na 3-60 MnO-30=99-94, Smith & Brush. 8. " 46-70 31'01 3'69 tr. 050 11'68 5'30, " tr. =98'88, S. &B. 9. " 44'94 25'05 3'33 8'44 6'86 5'80 6'15, " tr. =100'13, S. &B. The analyses by Hunt agree rather closely with 3 and 4 by Thomson and Karafiat. Karafiat's agalmatolite is in part the gangue of the Diaspore of Schemnitz; it is slightly greenish and somewhat greasy in lustre. H. —25-3. G.=2'735. Walmstedt and Lychnell have analyzed other so-called Agalmatolites from China which contain no alkali; Walmstedt obtained (Ofv. K. V. Ak. Forh., 1848, 111) Silica 65'96, Al 28-58, Pe 0'09, Ca 0-18, II 516=100'12. Some specimens called agalmatolite are steatite. PETALITE. Castor, Breit. BMonoclinic? Massive, with three cleavages in one zone, affording the angles 1170,; 142~ and 1010; the cleavages inclined at 1420, the most perfect. II.=6 —6'5. G.=2'42, Arfvedson; 2'45, Dr. Clarke; 2-426, C. G. Gmelin. Lustre vitreous and glistening; pearly on the faces of perfect cleavage. Color white or gray, with occasionally a reddish or greenish tinge. Streak white. Translucent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal. Composition.-(Li, Na)3Si4i4X1 Si4-' —(3f-l)' Si4-(if a: Li=- 6) Silica 77'9, alumina 17-7, lithia 3-1, soda 1'3=100. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (Schw. J. xxii, 93); 2, Gmelin, (Gilb. Ann. lxii, 399); 3, 4, R. Hagen, (Pogg. xlviii, 361); 5, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxv, 553); 6, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 296); 7, 8, Smith d& Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 373); 9, Plattner, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. ]xix, 443). *Si Al Li Na 1. UtS, 79'212 17'225 5'761 -- — 102-198, Arfvedson. 2. " 74-17 1741 5'16 Ca 0-32, ign. 2-17-99'23, Gmelin. 3. " 77'812 17-194 2-692 23-02=100, R. Hagen. 4. " 77'067 18-000 2'660 2'273-100, " 5. " 7779 18'58 3 30 1'19=100, Rammelsberg. 6. " reddish, 7674 18'66 2-69,e0o OS, Mnl -0, 1'gl 0, I97=99-95,W. 7. Bolton, Ms. 77'95 16-63 3-74 0'48, Ve 0 62, BK, Ca, tr., Mg 0'21,ign. 0'60= 100'23, Smith & Brush. 8. " 77 90 15-85 3'52 0 53, " 0'51 " tr., MgO'26, ign. 0O70,S.&B. 9. Castor, 78-01 18-86 2-76 (with tr. K, Na)=100-24, Plattner. G.=2-392. The protoxyds in Castor are less than in Petalite, according to the analyses: but it is hardly possible that it can be a distinct species. Its cleavages are like those of Petalite, according to Rose. 254 DESCRIPTIVE MIXNRALLOGY. Gently heated, it emits a blue phosphorescent light. B.B. on charcoal becomes glassy, subtransparent, and white, and melts only the edges; gives the reaction of lithia. With borax, it forms a clear, colorless glass. Not acted on by acids. Petalite occurs at the iron mine of Uto, accompanying lepidolite, tourmaline, spodumene, and quartz; near York on the north coast of Lake Ontario; at Bolton, Mass., with scapolite; on Elba (Castor) in attached crystals. Lithia was first discovered in this mineral by Arfvedson. The name petalite is from,rerasov, a leaf. ZYGADITE, [fr. ZvyaJrv, in pairs] Breithaupt, Ann. d. Ph. u. Chem. lxix, 429. Plattner in a qualitative analysis found silica, alumina, and lithia, without water. Form thin tabular rhombic prisms; onlyseen in twins, and like albite. G.=2 511. Lusbre like glass. Color red and yellowish-white. Feebly transparent. Occurs with quartz and stilbite at Andreasberg in the Hartz. Appenditx. CYCLOPITE, von Waltershausen. Triclinic; in small crystals resembling those of Anorthite and Labradorite. H.=6. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Transparent. Composition. —R'Sit'2Si=(~+-3)Si, or same as for Meionite. Analysis by Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest., 292): Si 41'45, l 29-83, Fe 2-20, Ca 20-83, MIg 0-66, Na 2-32, K 1'72, Ii 191-100-92. In dolerite of the Cyclopean Islands near Catania. SAUSSURITE. Jade tenace, Feldspath tenace, H. Lemanit. Magerer Nephrit. Probably oblique. Cleavage in two directions parallel to the lateral faces of a rhombic prism of 124~0 nearly. Composition often granular, impalpable; strongly coherent. H.=5'5-6. G.=3'256, Piedmont; 3'642, Pays de Vaud. Lustre pearly, inclining to vitreous upon the faces of cleavage; also resinous in some specimens, particularly the massive. Color white, passing into greenish-white, mountain-green or ash-gray. Streak white. Fracture uneven, splintery. Subtranslucent. Extremely tough. Composition.-(*3Rg+lI)Si Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 278); 2, Saussure, (J. d. Mines, xix, 205); 3, 4, Boulanger, (Ann. d. Minces, [3], viii, 159): Si Al l e' n Ca:sa k lkg 1. Lake Geneva, 49'00 24'00 6-50 - 10'50 5'50 -- 3'75=99'25, Klap. 2. " " 44 00 30'00 12-50 0'05 4'00' 00 0'25 — =96'80, Saus. 3. Mt. Genevre, 44-6 30'4 -- 15'5'5 -- 2'5=100'5, Boul. 4. Corsica, 43'6 320 - 21'0 - 16 2-4=100'6, " B.B. fuses with great difficulty to a greenish-gray glass. Not acted on by acids. Saussurite occurs in regions of crystalline rocks, and with hornblende and augite constitutes the rocks called gabbro and euphotide. It was first found on the borders of the lake of Geneva, by Saussure, Senior, whose name it bears. It also occurs at Monte Rosa and its vicinity, in Corsica, in Greenland, at Madras, and elsewhere, as a constituent of the above rocks. This species has been considered an impure Labradorite. WEISSIGITE, G. Jenzsch, N. Jahrb., 1853, 396. Monoclinic. Crystals very small and indistinct. Cleavage unequal in two directions, parallel to the vertical axis, and meeting at 1180 ~; also in the direction of a hemidome inclined 106~ to the brachydiagonal. Sometimes in twins. Also massive. H.=6'5. G.=2'538-2'546. Lustre vitreous. Color white to pale rose-red. Streak white. Composition. -Contains silica, alumina, soda, lithia, and no water, and near petalite. B.B. fuses easily on the edges to a white somewhat blebby enamel and tinges SILICATES, FELDSPARt SEcOrON. 255 the outer flame weak red and yellow at the point; the red color more distinct, on platinum, but less so than with petalite. With borax a colorless glass; with salt of phosphorus, a silica skeleton. Occurs in the cavities of a porphyritic amgydaloid, with chalcedony and quartz, near Weissig; also as a pseudomorph after a zeolite. POLLUX, Breit., Plattner, Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lxix, 439, 445. Massive. Like quartz in appearance; traces of cleavage. H.-6 —65. G.=2'880. Colorless and transparent, with a vitreous splendent lustre. Fracture conchoidal. Refraction biaxial. Composition.-Analysis by Plattner, (loc. cit.):'i 46-200, 1l 16 394, Pe 0-862, K 16 506, Tla (and Li trace) 10'470, I[ 2-321=92'753. The quantity analyzed was too small for a satisfactory result. B.B. fuses to an enamel-like blebby glass, and tinges the flame orange. Dissolves easily with borax and forms a colorless glass. Glass with salt of phosphorus uncolored when cold. Decomposed completely in the acids. Associated with castor at the island of Elba, ISOPYRE, Turner. Ed. New Phil J. iii, 263. In compact masses, with cleavage. H.=6 —65. G.- 29 —3. Lustre vitreous. Streak light greenish-gray. Color grayish or velvet-black, occasionally spotted red, like IHeliotrope. Opaque-subtranslucent. Fracture flat conchoidal. Brittle. Acts slightly on the magnetic needle. Composition.-(Ca-+(Al, Fe) )Si2 or essentially same as for Labradorite. Analysis by Turner, (loc. cit.): Si 47'09, X1 13 91, Fe 20-07, Ca 15 43, Cu 1'94=98'44. Part of the iron is supposed to be protoxyd, judging from the color of the mineral. B.B. fuses easily to a magnetic bead. On platinum colors the flame green. A silica skeleton, with salt of phosphorus. With the acids decomposed with difficulty and imperfectly. From St. Just, near Penzance, in a quartzose granite with tourmaline and tin ore, in pieces two inches in diameter. Also in breccia, on the Calton Hill, Edinburgh, with limonite. SILICATE OF YTTRIA, Damour, L'Institut, 18583, 78. 1. —5 — 6; scratches glass. G.=4'391. Color brown. Probably a silicate of yttria. B.B. whitens, but infusible. Not soluble in salt of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid heated to 3000C decomposes it, leaving a siliceous residue. From the Diamond sands of Bahia, Brazil. POLYCHROILITE, P. C. Weibye. Hexagonal? In 6-sided prisms of about 120~, with fiat summits. Also massive, and reniform. H.=3 —35. Lustre greasy. Color blue, green, brown, red, rarely white. Fracture splintery-subeonchoidal to even. Analysis by Dahl, (v. Leonh. 1846, 288). Si 52, Al 37, kg 7, Fe 3, Ca, f; Scheerer found less alumina and 6 per cent. of water. Found in gneiss at Kragerde, Norway. 256 DESORIPTIVE MINERALOGY. VII. ANDALUSITE SECTION. Oxygen of the bases exceeding in amount that of the silica. 1. GEILENITE GROUP.-Dimetric. GEHLENITE, - ( 4 28+ 4 gi3.4. 2 2. ANDALUSITE GROUP.-Trimetric. ANDALUSITE, Al iM; also i. TOPAZ, Ail ~i-3 (F in place of some 0). STAUROTIDE, (1, e)i.? LTEVRITE, ( 3 S. 8. KYANITE GROUP.-Triclinic. KYANITE, A1 2i....2..3 5_ SILLIMANITE, A1 Si3; also S14,Siw,Si! 4. EUCLASE GROUP.-Monoclinic. EUCLASE, (e,;L)'ii. 2 2 SPHENE, (Ca+ —i)Si3 =~'SiF. 5. TOURMALINE GROUP. —Hexagonal. TOURMALINE, (R, i, )'Si4. [Euclase and sphene are homceomorphous, and probably dimorphous with Tourmaline. (See Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 96, xvii, 216). Through andalusite, kyanite and sphene, the compound Si is trimorphous; and including gehlenite, it is tetramorphous. Datholite, although hydrous, is related to sphene and euclase both in form and formula.] GEHLENITE, Fuchs. Stylobite. Dimetric. Usual in short square prisms, sometimes tabular. Cleavage: basal, imperfect; lateral in traces. H.=5'5-6. G.=2'9 —3067. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Color different shades of grayish green to liver-brown; none bright. Faintly subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture uneven -splintery. Streak white-grayish-white. SILICATES, ANDALUSITE SECTION. 257 Composition. —3RSi+' i'3Si=(~R3+% )Sii — (if Xl: 3e=5: 1) Silica 30'8, alumina 19'6, peroxyd of iron 6'8, lime 42'8. Analyses: 1, Fuchs, (Schw. xv, 277); 2, Thornson, (Min. i, 281); 3, Kobell, (Kastn. Archiv. iv, 313); 4, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], x, 66); 5, 6, Kuiihn, (Ann. Ch. u.: Pharm. lix, 371); 7, Rammelsberg, (3d Supp. 47): Si x Pe Fe Oa Sig fi 1. Fassa, 29-64 24-80 6'56 35'30 - 3 30=99'60, Fuchs. 2. " 29'13 25-05 -- 4'35 37-38 - 4-54=100-45, Thomson. 3. " 31 0 21'4 - 4'4 37'4 3'4 2'0 —99'6. Kobell. 4. " 31'60 19'80 5.97 38'11 2-20 1'53, Na 0'33=99'54, Damour. 5, " 30'47 17.79'730 - 36-97 2'99 3'62=99-14, K iihn. 6. " 29 53 19'00 7- 25 36-55 1'41 555= —9928. " 7. " 29'78 22'02 3'22 1'73 37'90 3'88 lI&loss 128,MIn0'19=100, R. Rammelsberg has cleared up the discrepancies in the analyses, by discovering that the mineral contains both peroxyd andprotoxyd of iron. B.B. thin splinters fuse with difficulty to- a gray glass. With borax fuses slowly to a vitreous globule colored by iron. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Gehlenite is found mostly at Mount Monzoni, in the Fassa Valley, in isolated or aggregated crystals, invested by calcareous spar. Named by Fuchs after his colleague, Gehlen. In the first of the above formulas, (the one usually adopted), the protoxyd and peroxyd silicates have the widely unlike ratios 1: 1 and 3: 1, the latter very improbable in any case. The second formula is not thus objectionable. ALTERED FoaRs.-Gehlenite occurs altered to Steatite. ANDALUSITE. Feldspath Apyre, H. Macle, H. Chiastolite. liohlspath. Crucite. Stanzait. Trimetric. I: = —900 44', 0': l=-1440 33'; a: b: -c=0712: 1:1'013. 0': I=90~ 0', 0:1=144~ 55', i': i-= 127~ 28'. Cleavage: Idistinct. Also massive, indistinctly columnar and granular. 430 431 0 WtI X Westford, Mass. H.-=7'5. G.=3 —31 2. Lustre vitreous, often weak. Color flesh-red, pearl-gray; sometimes showing trichroism, green in one direction, and hyacinth-red in another transverse. Streak white. Subtranslucent-nearly opaque. Fracture uneven. Tough. The variety chiastolite varies in hardness from 3 to 7'5, owing to impurities, which are arranged in part symmetrically about the edges and axis, so as to give a 33 258 DESCRIPTIVE MINTERALOGY. tesselated appearance, as shown in the following figures, from a memoir by Dr. C. T. Jackson, (Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 55). Figs. a and b are from opposite extrem432 I' i ll Isu M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~m ~~Hisil a c- b ca cud e pf g h ities of the same crystal; so also c and d, and e and f. h appears to be a twin crystal. Composition. —1 SiJ=Silica 37'0, alumina 63 0. Perhaps in part Al'i=Silica 40'3, alumina 59-7. Analyses: 1, Bucholz, (v. Moll's Ephemer. iv, 190); 2, Thomson, (Min. i, 332); 3, Kersten, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii, 162); 4, Svanberg, (Jahresb. xxiii, 279); 5, Bunsen, (Pogg. xlvii, 186); 6, A. Erdmann, (Jahresb. xxiv, 311); 7, Bunsen, 8, Jackson, (Bost. J. Nat. Hist. i, 55); 9, Renou, (Expl. Sci. de l'Algerie, Paris, 1848, 58); 10, Hubert, (Jahrb. k. k. g. Reichs. i, 350):'i Al Pe 1. Herzogau, 36'5 60-5 4'0-101-0, Bucholz. 2. Tyrol, 35-30 60-20 -, Fe 1-32, Mig 1-0, fE 2-03=99-86, Thomson. 3. Munzig, 3'751 60'01 1'49, Ca 0'48, Mg 0'46=99'95, Kersten. G. —3'152. 4. Fahlun, 37'65 69'87 18'7, Ca 058, YMg 0-38=100-35, Svanberg. 5. Lysens,Tyrol4017 58 62 -, Rn 0'51, Ca 0'28=99'58, Bunsen. 6. " " 39-99 58-60 0-72, Mn 0'83-100-14, Erdm. G.= —3154. 7. Chiast.Lanc. 39'09 58'56 -, Mn 0-53, Ca 0-21, ign. 0.99 —99'38, Bunsen. 8. " " 33-0 61-0 4'0, H1 1'5= —995, Jackson. 9. " Algeria, 36'6 61'9 -, 98'5, Renou; I: I=930 30'. G.-=31. 10. Andal.Tyrol, 39-24 59'49 0-63, Mlg 0'25, Ca 0'51=100'12, Hubert. B.B. alone infusible. When pulverized and mixed with borax, it fuses with extreme difficulty to a transparent colorless glass. With soda it swells up without melting. Andalusite occurs in crystalline schists, especially mica and clay slate. It was first observed in the province of Andalusia, in Spain. Occurs in the Lisens valley, in the Tyrol, in large crystallizations; at Brdunsdorf and Penig in Saxony; Goldenstein, in Moravia; in Bavaria; in Siberia; at Killiney Bay, Ireland, in mica slate; and near Balahulish, Argyleshire. Chiastolite at Jago di Compostella in Spain, Bariges in the Pyrenees, Bayreuth, and Cumberland in England. At Westford, Mass., abundant both crystalline and massive, sometimes rosecolQred. Litchfield and Washington, Conn., fine crystals; also Mt. Abraham, Bangor, and Searsmont, Me. In Pennsylvania, near Leiperville, in large crystals; also at Marple; at lake St. Francis, Canada East, in flesh-red translucent crystals in a mica schist of Silurian age, the larger crystals sometimes chiastolite. Chiastolite is abundant in the towns of Lancaster and Sterling, Mass.; and at the former place occasionally in quartz, presenting all the essential characters of andalusite, (anal. 7, 8). Andalusite occurs also near Bellows Falls, Vermont; at the White Mountain Notch, N. H.; at Camden in Maine, and Charleston, N. H. ALTERED FORns.-Andalusite occurs altered.to Kyanite. Hubert's analysis above, was of the interior of an Andalusite crystal, the exterior of which was changed in structure to Kyanite. The exterior afforded Si 36-67, A1 60-00, Pe 1-33, Ca 0'93= 98-93. The analysis of the Andalusite affords the second formula above, while that of the Kyanite affords the first, which is that of all Kyanite. It is also found changed to talc, steatite and mica. SILICATESI ANDALUSITE SECTION. 259 TOPAZ. Fluosilicate of Alumina, Thon. Physalite, Pyrophysalite, Hisinger. Pyenite. Schorlartiger Beril, W. Stangenstein. Alumine Fluat6e Siliceuse, H. Trimetric. I: 1=1240 19': 0: 1i-=138 3'; ac b: c —0-8987: I: 18932. 0: ~ i=- 149~ 5'. 0: ~ {(unobs.)=145~ 59'. 0: 27=119~ 5'. 0: =1450 53'. -__ 0: 1=1340 32'. 1 O: 2=116~ 12'. 0: A24 -1280 56/. o: = 146o 3'. 0 A Vl (unobs.)=144' 34".A: =1250 33/'. 2 0: 4=1470 41'. 2 2 2 0: 2="-1360 29'. - - 4 0: 4i=1110 47'. -4 - iX: ii'(adj.) —930 8'. 42:i =1610 161 -''isi=150o 6-'. 2'2 i3 i4 1: 1(mac.)=141~ 7'. Observed planes. fi'n" =1490~ 38'. 2: 4' =1550 37'. 2:2 " =130 7'. 438 4~9~ ~~~~~~~33 434 435 436 i- ii 2 Schneckenstetn. Trumbull, Ct. Crystals usually hemihedral, the extremities being unlike. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect. Also granular-coarse or fine. 260 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. HI. =8. G. =3'4-3-65. Lustre vitreous. Color yellow, white, green, blue; pale. Streak uncolored. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Pyroelectric. Composition.-l'Si-i with one-seventh of the oxygen replaced by fluorine, Rammelsberg. Analyses: 1-3, Berzelius, (Schweig J. xvi, 423, Afhand. iv, 236); 4,5, Forchhammer, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxix, 195, xxx, 400); 6, Berzelius, (Schw. J. xvi); 7, Bucholz, (ib. i, 385); 8, Forchhammer, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxix, xxx): ~'i ~1 F 1. Auerbach, Saxony, 34 24 57'45 14'99, Berzelius. 2. Brazil, yellow, 34'01 58.38 15-06, " 3. Finbo, pyrophysalite, 34'36 57 74 15-02, " 4. Monroe, Ct., 35639 55'96 17'35, Forchhammer. 5. Finbo, pyrophysalite, 35-66 55'16 17'79, " 6. Pyenite, Altenberg, 38-43 51'00 17'09,.Berzelius. 7. " " 3560'480 16'5, Ca 0'5, Bucholz. 8. " " 39'04 56125 18-48, Forchhammer. B.B. infusible alone on charcoal, but when strongly heated becomes covered with small blisters, which crack as soon as formed. Some varieties take a wine-yellow or pink tinge when heated. With borax forms slowly a diaphanous glass. Pycnite is a massive subcolu.nnar variety; G. Rose has observed the prism 930 15' -930 20', proving its identity with topaz. The formula l'Si with one-seventh of the oxygen replaced by fluorine, is proposed by Rammelsberg. Physalite or pyrophysalite of Hisinger is a coarse, nearly opaque variety, found in yellowish-white crystals of considerable dimensions; it intumesces when heated, and hence its name from cvuaco, to blow. Minute crystals of three or four different kinds, and two or three kinds of fluids have been detected by Sir David Brewster in crystals of topaz. Topaz occurs in gneiss or granite, with tourmaline, mica, and beryl, occasionally with apatite, fluor spar, and tin; also in talcose rock, as in Brazil, with euclase, &c., or in mica slate. With quartz, tourmaline, and lithomarge, it forms the topaz rock of Werner. Specimens of quartz crystal from Brazil, penetrated by topaz, are not uncommon. Fine topazes come from the Urals and Altai mountains, Miask in Siberia, and from Kamschatka, of green and blue colors; Villa Rica in Brazil of deep yellow color, either in veins or nests in lithomarge, or in loose crystals or pebbles; sky-blue crystals in Cairngorm, Aberdeenshire; Jameson mentions one which weighed 19 oz.; the tin mines of Schlackenwald, Zinnwald, and Ehrenfriedersdorf, smaller crystals also at Schneckenstein and Altenberg; the Mourne mountains, small limpid crystals with beryl, albite, and mica, in drusy cavities in granite. Physalite occurs in crystals of great size, at Fossum, Norway; Finbo, Sweden, in a granite quarry, and at Broddbo in a boulder; one crystal from this last locality, at Stockholm, weighed eighty pounds. Pycnite is from Altenberg, Schlackenwald, Zinnwald, and Kongsberg. Topaz occurs in the United States at Trumbull, with fluor and diaspore, at Middletown, Conn., and Crowder's Mountain, N. C. At Trumbull the crystals are abundant, but are seldom transparent, except those of small size; these are usually white, or with a tinge of green or yellow. The large coarse crystals are sometimes six or seven inches in diameter. A variety of topaz from Brazil, when heated, assumes a pink or red hue, resembling the Balas ruby. The finest crystals are brought from Minas Novas in Brazil. From their peculiar limpidity, topaz pebbles are sometimes denominated gouttes d'eau. The coarse varieties of topaz may be employed as a substitute for emery. The name topaz, is from roraLto;, an:island in the Red Sea. ALTERED FoRMs.-Topaz is found altered both to Steatite and Kaolin or Lithomarge. It is possible that pycnite has lost part of its alumina by a process of change, and hence the excess of silica. SILICATESI ANDALUSITE SECTION. 261 STAUROTIDE, Haiiy. Staurolite. Grenatite. Staurolith, W. Trimetric. I': I=1290 20', 0: 1-=124~ 38'; a: b: c —1-44h8: 1 2'11233. 0: ~ (plane of composition, f. 440)-134~ 12'; 0 A 32 (plane of composition, f. 441)=119~ 23', I: ait=115~ 20'. Cleavage: 439 440 441 distinct but interrupted; in traces. Crystals thi often cruiA distinct, but interrupted; fin traces. Crystals thick, often cruxciform, surface often rough. Massive varieties have not been observed. I.=-7 —'5. G.-=35-3'75. Subvitreous, inclining to resinous. Color dark reddish-brown —brownish-black. Streak uncolored, grayish. Translucent-nearly or quite opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Composition.-(Ml, ve)'i~=(if;K1: Ve=2: 1) Silica 29 3, alumina 53 5, peroxyd of iron 17'2. But the crystals from Airolo in St. Gothard and Polewskoi in the Ural and Brittany, if correctly analyzed, are irreconcilable with this formula; the first affording g'Si, and the second'Si5. Analyses: 1-4, Jacobson, (Pogg. lxii, 419); 5, Marignac, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiv, 49); 6-11, Jacobson, (Pogg. lxviii, 414): Si Al Pe'n ig. 1. St. Gothard, 30-31 46580 18'08 -- 216 Ca 013=9'7-48, Jac. G.=3797 2. " 30'91 48-68 15-37 -- 133,S n1'19=97/48, Jac. in pieces, 3. " 29-72 54'72 15 69 --- 186-101-98, Jac. 3 744 4. " 29'13 52'01 17'58 -- 1'28=100, Jac. J pulveriz. 5. " 28'47 63'34 17'41 0'31 0'72=100'25, Marig. 6. Airolo, 33'45 47'23 16'51 -- 1'99=99'18, Jac. G.=3'66-3'73. 7. " 32'99 47'92 16-65 - 166=99'22, Jac. 8. Brittany, 39'19 44'87 15'09 0'32, lIn 0'37=99'64, Jac. G.=3'528. 9. " 40'35 44'22 15'77 - —, 1n 010-100'44, Jac. 10.Polewskoi,Ural38'68 47'43 15'06 2'44=103'61, Jac. G.=3'549-3'588. 11. " " 38-33 45697 14'60 -- 247=101'37, Jac. " " B.B. alone darkens, but infusible; with borax forms with difficulty a dark green glass. Occurs imbedded in mica slate and gneiss, at St. Gothard, in Switzerland; at the Greiner mountain, Tyrol, in simple crystals associated with kyanite and sometimes appearing as a continuation of its crystals, parallel with them. Angle of prism in a crystal from Cheronice, Switzerland, according to Kengott 1280 42'. Large twin crystals occur in Brittany; also at Oporto and St. Jago de Compostella, &c. 262 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Staurotide is very abundant throughout the mica slate of New England. At Franconia, Vt., large brownish-red opaque crystals, often compound; also brownish black. At Windham, Me., near the bridge, the mica slate is filled with large crystals; also at Mt. Abraham, Hartwell, and Winthrop, Me. In New Hampshire, at Lisbon, abundant in mica slate, and on the shores of Mink Pond, loose in the soil; at Grantham, two miles from Meriden, of a gray color. In Vermont, at Cabot. At Chesterfield, Mass., in fine crystals; also at Bolton, Vernon, Stafford, and Tolland, Conn. Small crystals at the Foss ore bed in Dover, Duchess Co., N. Y.; also three and a half miles from New York city, on the Hudson,. Reddish-brown crystals abundant on the Wissahiccon, eight miles from Philadelphia. If we make Ithe plane i3, then the faces of composition have simple expressions, being 1i and 1; I: I=109~ 14', 0: 11=1240 38', 0: 1i=134~ 12'. The only difference between this form and the above is that the longer lateral axis is one third shorter. If we halve a and c the axes are nearly identical with those of andalusite. Dr. C. T. Jackson has described a variety of stauro442 tide in tesselated crystals like chiastolite, from Charlestown, N. H., as represented in the accompanying figure. He states that the staurotide macles pass by insensible shades into andalusite macles, where the mica slate passes into argillaceous slate. Staurotide and Staurolite are derived from aratpos, a cross. ALTERED FoRMs.-Staurotide crystals occur altered to steatite. LIEVRITE, W. Yenit. Ilvait. Trimetric. I: 1=1111 12', 0: 11=146~ 20'; a: b: c =06643::1'46.: 3i=1160 35'. O: 2z=137~ 37'. 1': li=112~ 40'.: 1=141~ 5'. 1: 1 (mac.)=138~ 26'. i'2: i2 (brach.)=107~ 44'. o: ~=167~ 9', 1: 1 (brach.)-117~ 34'. I: i2=1600 32'. Lateral faces usually striated longitudinally. Cleavage: parallel to the longer diagonal, indistinct. Also columnar or compact massive. 443 0 _ i 22I i_ _' 2_ 1 i2 i iI Observed Planes. H.=55 -6. G. =38 —42; 3'994, Haidinger; 3'9796, Stromeyer; 3'825 —4061, Lelievre. Lustre submetallic. Streak black, inclining to green or brown. Color iron-black, or dark grayishblack. Opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. SILICATES, ANDALUSITE SECTION. 263 Composition.-3(Fe, Ca)3Si+'e2Si=(3 t )i=(if Fe: Ca=3:1) Silica 282, peroxyd of iron 25'0, protoxyd of iron 33'7, lime 13'1. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Unters. 372); 2, same corrected by Kobell, (Schw. J. lxii, 166); 3, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. 1, 157, 340): Si Pe Fe Ca l Rn it 1. Elba, 29'28 - 52-54 13-78 0'61 1-59 1'27=99'07, Stromeyer. 2. " 29-28 23'00 31'90 13-78 0-61 1-59 127 —101-43, Kobell. 3. " 27-83 [24'58] [30-73] 12'44 - DI]n 1'51 —, Rammelsberg. In two other trials Rammelsberg found Pe 22'80, 21'29, and Ie 33'07, 34-20. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a black globule, vitreous in the external flame; in the interior flame dull, and provided the globule has not been heated to redness, attractable by the magnet. With borax and carbonate of soda, it fuses to an iron glass. It is soluble in muriatic acid, forming a jelly. The mineral was first discovered on the Rio la Marina, on Elba, by M. Lelievre, in 1802, where it occurs in large solitary crystals, and aggregated crystallizations in compact augite. Also found at Fossum in Norway, in Siberia, near Andreasberg in the Hartz; near Predazzo, Tyrol, in granite; at Schneeberg in Saxony, at Skeen, in Norway.' At Cumberland, R. I., slender black or brownish-black crystals traverse quartz, associated with magnetic iron and hornblende; also at Milk Row quarry, Somerville, Mass. Named Lievrite after its discoverer; Ilvaite from the name of the island (Elba) on which it was found; Yenite or Jenite, by the French in commemoration of the battle of Jena, in 1806. A boulder from near Bytown, Canada, analyzed by T. S. Hunt, gave (Logan's Rep., 1853) Si 27-80-28'20, Fe 56'52,' e 10'80, Ca 0'64, lig 2'59, ign. 1'20=99'55; near Lievrite. It is black, submetallic and magnetic, with two oblique cleavages. H.= 5'5. G.=4-15 —4'16. In powder gelatinizes with acids. Possibly a furnace slag! Wehrlite of Kobell is probably Lievrite. It is massive granular. H.=6-6'5. G.=3-90. Analysis by Wehrle, Si 34-60, Pe 42-38,'n 0'28, A1 012, Fe 16578, Oa 5-84, fI 1'00=100. B.B. fuses with difficulty on the edges. Imperfectly soluble in muriatic acid. From Szurraskd, Hungary. If iA be taken as 1 in Lievrite, the form approaches that of Andalusite, affording I: 1=910 32', 0: 1i145~ 37', 0: 1l=1460 20', 1H: 1 —1120 40', 1i: 1i=1110 14'. KYANITE. Cyanite. Disthene, H. Sappare. Rhcetizite. Monrolite, Silliman. Triclinic. Observed planes a triclinic prism (0, i, ii), with one plane (I') on the acute lateral edge and two (land i2) on the obtuse lateral edge. Crystals usually bladed. O: t —=93~ 15'. 0: I'-96~ 42'. ii: I=145~ 41'. 0: i_1=OO00 50'. 0- -: i= 1060 16'. ii: I_=-131 23'. o: L=980 58'. I':' —97~ 4'. i': i-159~ 15'. Cleavage: perfect parallel with the smoother lateral plane; basal imperfect. Twins: of two kinds, with face of composition bi, and planes gi meeting at an angle; in one kind the planes O coincident, in the other forming a reentering angle. Also coarse bladed columnar; also subfibrous. 264 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. H.=6 —725. G.=3'559, white kyanite; 3'6T5, blue transparent; 3'661, Tyrol, Erdmann. Lustre vitreous-pearly. Color blue, white, blue with white margins; also gray, green, black. Streak uncolored. Translucent-transparent. Kyanite is generally in bladed crystallizations, though occasionally in short prisms; and these prisms or blades are bounded by the planes it and i~, with cleavage parallel to the larger face. The prevalent color is pale blue, which is often deeper along the middle of the prisms. The crystals may often be easily scratched on the lateral surface while they are very hard on the extremities. Composition.'-XSi=Silica 37'0, alumina 63'0. Analyses: 1-3, Arfvedson, (K. V. Ac. H. 1821, i, 148, and Schw. J. xxxiv, 203); 4, Rosales, (Pogg. lviii, 160); 5, Marignac, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xiv, 49); 6, 7, A. Erdmann, (Jahresb. xxiv, 311); 8, Jacobson, (Pogg. lxviii, 416); 9, 10, 11, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 49, 371): 9i Wd Fe 1. R6raas, Norway, 36-4 63'8 — =100'2, Arfvedson. 2. St. Gothard, 34.33 64'89 — 99-22, 3. " 36-9 64'7 -=101 6, " 4. " 36'67 63-11 1'19=100'97, Rosales. 5. " 36-60 62'6'6 0-84=100'60, Marignac. G.=3'6. 6. IR6raas, 34-40 61-86 0'52, Cu 0'19=96-97, Erd. G.=3'124. 7. Tyrol, 37'36 62-09 0-71=100-16, Erd. G.-3-661. 8. Greiner, Tyrol, 37'30 62-60 1'08=100'98, Jacobson. G.=3'678. 9. Monroe, N. Y., 37-20 59'02 2'08, ign. 1-03=99-33, Smith and Brush. 10. " 3703 61'90 " 0-85=99-78, " 11. Lincoln Co., N. C.,37'60 60'40 1'60 " — =99-60, " " B.B. unaltered. With borax slowly fuses to a transparent colorless glass. With cobalt solution, a dark blue. This species occurs principally in gneiss and mica slate. Transparent crystals occur at St. Gothard in Switzerland; at Greiner and Pfitsch (Rhcetizite or white variety) in the Tyrol; also in Styria, Carinthia, Bohemia; at Pontivy, France; Villa Rica, South America. In Massachusetts, at Chesterfield, it occurs with garnet in mica slate;'Worthington and Blanford in good specimens. In Connecticut, at Litchfield and Washington in large rolled masses with corundum and massive apatite; at Oxford, near Humphreysville, in mica slate. In Vermont, at Thetford and Salisbury; in New York at Monroe, Orange Co., (Monrolite). In Pennsylvania, in fine specimens near Philadelphia, on the Schuylkill road near the Darby bridge; near the Schuylkill on the Ridge road, back of Robin Hood Tavern; at Leiperville;. at East and West Branford and. Darby, Chester Co.; at Morris's Ferry, Delaware Co. In Maryland eighteen miles north of Baltimore, at Scott's mill; in Delaware, near Wilmington. In Virginia at Willis's Mt., Buckingham Co., and two miles north of Chancellorville, Spotsylvania Co. In North Carolina, on the road to Cooper's gap in Rutherford Co., near Crowder's Mtn. In short crystals at Bellows Falls, Vt., in gneiss, at Westfield, and Lancaster, Mass., and at Jaffrey on the Monadnock Mt., N. H. A black variety associated with rutile occurs in North Carolina. Kyanite, when blue and transparent, and in sufficiently large pieces, is employed as a gem, and somewhat resembles sapphire. The name is from Krvavos blue. The name sappare arose from a mistake by Saussure in reading a label of this mineral on which it was called sapphire. Disthene is from Js, twice, or of two kinds, and 0esvos, strong, alluding to its unequal hardness and electric properties in two different directions. Bamlite, Erdmann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxi, 165), from Bamle, Norway, has the structure and appearance of some Kyanite, occurring in columnar somewhat plumose forms, silky in lustre, with one perfect cleavage. H.=5-7. G.=2'984. Greenish-white or bluish green. The analysis by Erdmann (loc. cit.) gave Si 56'90,:1 40-73, Fe 1-04, Ca 1'04, F trace=99'71. There is an excess of silica. But according to recent observations by Mr. L. Spemann, there are minute prisms of quartz among the fibres of the Bamlite, which fully account for this excess. SILICATES, ANDALUSITE SECTION. 265 Xenolite of Nordenski6ld resembles kyanite as well as bucholzite; and the analysis differs no more from the accepted formula than some that have been made of, each of these species. Komonen obtained (Act. Soc. Sci. Fenn., i, 372, Pogg. lvi, 643) Silica 47'44, alumina 52'54=Al Si. H.=5. G.=3 58. From Peterhoff, Finland. ALTERED FORMS.- W- erthite appears to be an altered or hydrous kyanite, which it resembles. H.=.7 25; white and translucent. Hess obtained (Pogg. xxi, 73) ~i 40-58, Al 53'50, Mg 1'00, ft 4-63=99'71. B.B. infusible. From near St. Petersburg. Hydrobucholzite of Thomson is probably of similar origin. Thomson obtained: (Min. i, 237)'i 41'35,:Al 49'55, A 4'85, gypsum 3'12=98'87. Probably from. Sardinia. Kyanite has also been observed altered to talc and steatite. SILLIMANITE, Bowen. Bucholzite, Brandes. Fibrolite, Bournon. Triclinic. I: I —=98~, but varying to 110, and larger when the faces are much striated; O:'-=1050, O: m =1330 30', I': m: 120~ 30', 0: a=1300, D., (but only approximations, as the terminal planes were rough and uneven.) Cleavage: perfect, parallel with thelonger diagonal, 444affording a brilliant surface. Also compact or a M loose fibrous; and columnar massive... H.= 6 —-'25. G.- 3'238, from Norwich, Dana, 3-232. ib., Brush; 3 259, Yorktown, Norton; 3'239,bucholzite of Chester, Del., Erd- I i mann. Lustre vitreous, approaching subadamantine. Color hair-brown, grayish. Streak uncolored. Translucent-transparent. Bucholzite and fbrolite are generally fibrous massive, sometimes approaching distinct prisms, like those of sillimanite; the lustre approaches adamantine as in sillimanite. The colors are grayish, whitish and pale brown. Composition. —l Sit, like Kyanite=Silica 37'0, alumina 63-0. Bucholzite and fibrolite of Bournon afford the same, according to Silliman, Jr. Most analyses of bucholzite give Al SitSilica 46'9, alumina 53'1. Erdmann's (No. 9) corresponds to Al Si A. Bowen's and Hayes's analyses of Sillimanite afford Al Si — Silica 42'3, alumina 5i7 7. I, SILLIMANITE.-1, Bowen, (Am. J. Sci. viii, 113); 2, Hayes, (Alger's Min. p. 601); 3, Connel, (Jameson's J. xxxi, 232); 4, Norton, (2d edit. of this work, 378); 5, Staaf, (Jahresb. xxv, 348); 6, Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 386. II, BUCaOLZITE. —7, Brandes, (J. de Pharm. xci, 237); 8, Thomson, (Ann. Lyc. N. York, iii, and Min. i, 235); 9, A. Erdmann, (K. V. Ac. HI. 1842, 19); 10, B. Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci. [2], viii, 386). III, FIBROLITE. —11, 12, B. Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci. [2], 8, 388); 13, Chenevix:'i Al te 1. Chest.Ct.,Sillimanite,42'66 56'111 1.999,1. 0'510=99 286, Bowen. 2. " " 42'60 54'90 1'10, Ca 0'31, Mg 0'4=99'31, Hayes. 3. " " 36'75 68'94 0'9=96'68, Connell. 4. Fairfield, N.Y." 317700 62'750 2'287-102.739, Norton.* 5. Chester, Ct., " 37'362 58'622 2'174, Mg 0'398, H1 0'428=98'984, Staaf. * Prof. Norton states that in his analysis the excess of alumina was probably owing to the presence of aluminate of potassa, which remained with the alumina after separating the peroxyd of iron by caustic potassa; subtracting this excess, the analysis corresponds to those by Silliman. 34 266 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si Al Fe 6. Chest.Ct.,Sillimanite,3'653 62-411 - =100'064, Silliman. 7. Tyrol, Bucholzite, 46'0 50'0 2'5, K 1-5=100, Brandes. 8. Chester, Pa., " 46'40 52'92 trace=99-32, Thomson. 9. " " 40'08 58'88 0'74-99-67, Erdmann=-K14 ~i". 10. " " 35'96 64'43 -- Mg 0-52=100-910, Silliman. 11. Carnatic,* Fibrolite,36'309 62-415 -- g 0'702=99-426, Silliman. 12. Brandywine Sp." 36'159 63'525 — =99'684, Silliman. 13. Carnatic, " 38'00 58'25 0'75=97'00, Chenevix. B.B. alone unaltered. With borax slowly fuses to a transparent colorless glass with cobalt solution, a dark blue. Occurs in slender prisms often flattened and striated, thickly traversing quartz in a vein of gneiss at Chester, Conn., near Saybrook; also at the falls of the Yantic, near Norwich, Conn., associated with minute zircons and monazite. Prisms half an inch in diameter are occasionally met with. It also occurs in the town of Yorktown, Westchester Co., N. Y., about ten miles northeast of Sing Sing, near the road leading from Pine's Bridge to Yorktown Post Office, associated with monazite, tremolite, and magnetic iron; the crystals are distinct and often run through the iron ore. Bucholzite was originally obtained from Fassa in the Tyrol. A similar variety occurs at Chester, Pennsylvania, in the Delaware, near the Queensbury forge; at Concord and Birmingham, Chester Co.; atBrandywine Springs, Delaware; in Monroe, Orange Co., N. Y.; at Humphreysville, Conn.; Worcester, Mass.; in Aston and Leiperville, Pa., approaching the Sillimanite. Sillimanite was named after Prof. Silliman; and bucholzite after Bucholz. NOTE.-In the last edition of this work, the author placed together Kyanite and Sillimanite. The angles I: I' are approximately alike, and if polished prisms of the latter mineral could be found, they might prove to be much nearer. The terminal planes observed are so rough that were other points of identity made out, we should not rely upon them as evidence of a real difference. But the two minerals, as G. Rose states, (Kryst. Chem. p. 80), differ strikingly in appearance, and widely in speciftc gravity; and they have not been found associated together, although both occur in the same class of rocks. We therefore adopt the view of Rose, and make them for the present distinct species. SAPPHIRINE, Stromeyer Trimetric? Shows colors with polarized light, hence not monometric. Occurs granular massive. H.=7 —8. G.=3-42-3'48. Lustrevitreous. Colorpaleblue or green. Translucent. Composition.-Contains 3 MIg, 4 A1, 1 Si, which, if a portion of the alumina equal to the silica (or 1lk1) acts as acid, becomes SlIgs ('i, 1)~+-3 Ml(Si, 1lj~=(j~IgS-3;l)j(Si, Xl)~=Silica 14'8, alumina 65'7, magnesia 19'5. Some relation in composition to clintonite and chloritoid. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Untersuch. i, 391); 2, 3, Damour, (Bull. Soc.Geol. d. Fr. 1849, 317): -i;A:l kig (ha Pe 1. 14'51 63-11 16'85 0'38 3-92 ign. 0-49=99'78, Stromeyer. 2. 14'88 63'31 19'06 -- 2-09 -99'34, Damour. 3. 14-84 63'20 19'50 - 1-90 =99'44, " B.B. alone and with borax infusible, unaltered. Associated with mica and anthophyllite at Fiskenaes, in Greenland. The name alludes to the sapphire color. * One of Bournon's own specimens, received by Col. Gibbs (from whom the Yale Cabinet was obtained) from Count Bournon himself. SILICATES) ANDALUSITrE SECTION. 267 EUCLASE, H. Euklas, W. Monoclinic. C=71~ 7'; I: I-115~ 0' 0: O 1 162~ 30'; a: b: c=0'49492: 1 1'41852. Angles, (Schabus, Denks. K. Ak. Wion, vi, 57): 0: ii=108~ 53'. 1: 1-1510 43'. 445 0: 1i=1580 10'. -1 -1=1430 42'. ii: l=-1300 52'. -3:-33 (front)=156~ 14'.': -1147~ 30'. 3: 33 (front)- 105~ 49-'. ii: i2=162~ 20'. -33: -33 (front)=900 56'. i2: i2=144~ 40'. -22: 22 (front)-1330 29'. ii: -33=101~ 53'. 3: 3(front)-130~ 16'.,21-33-=112 50. 21: 2i(top)=1150 32'. I i 2 ii' -4=130 17'. l 33 =127 5'. Cleavage: "i highly perfect; O and ii mnch less distinct.' H.=7'5. G. =3036, Mallet; 3-098, Haid- inger. Lustre vitreous. Color pale mountain0 -1 -22 27 9 -_ _ -32 -33 -3 13i -44 I 4i ii i3 i2 - I ia 2 2 3 2 3 39- 33 = -|_ 8 | 7 i |= d Observed Planes. Add j1li,i 8, 1, i32,Schabus. green, passing into blue and white. Streak uncolored. Transparent; occasionally subtransparent. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. Composition.-(~e+4.;l)Mi, G. Rose=Silica 43-2, alumina 32-6, glucina 24-2 =100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (Schw. J. xxvii, 73); 2, Mallet, (Phil Mag. [4], v, a127): Si xl Pe Re Sn 1. 43-22 30656 2'22 21'78 0'70-98'48, Berz. 2. 44'18 31'87 1'31 21-43 0'35=99'14, Mallet. B.B. strongly heated intumesces and becomes white, throws out points, and melts to a white enamel, if the temperature is still further increased. Dissolves with borax with effervescence to a clear glass. A silica skeleton with salt of phosphor us. Becomes electric by friction, and when once excited, retains this property for several hours. Not acted on by acids. 268 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Occurs in Brazil, in the mining district of Villa Rica, in chlorite slate resting on sandstone. The crystallization of this species is elaborately detailed by Schabus in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Vienna, vol. vi. Euclase receives a high polish, but is useless as an ornamental stone on account of its brittleness. Named by Haiiy from s, easily, and KOa&o, to break. SPHENE. Titanite. Menakerz. Menachine Ore, Wern. Titane Silico-calcaire, H. Lederite, Shepard. Greenovite, D1uf. Spinthbre. Pictite, Saus. Arpidelite. IMonoclinic. C=600 2''; I': I-=113 28', 0: 11=159~ 34'; a: b: c-=0'568: 1' 1326.* 0(y): li3i(P)=1190 33'. -1 1()-1330 48'. O(y) li(x)=1580 55'. -2(t):-2(t)=110 54'. O(y): 4i(s)=123' 52'. 22(e): 22(e)-=5~ 12'. 0(y): I(r)=1140 21. 12(w): 12(w)=1640 32'. O(y): 1(z)=1540 13'. 1(r): [(r)=113~ 28'. O(y) 2(2)=141o 36'. 63 ( i): i(b)=140~ 26'. O(y): -1(/)-139~ 20'. -3 (wi,):-3 (m)-76~ 1'. O(y): -2(t)=109o 3'. -3 (M): i/(b)=141~ 59'. ](z) 1(z)=1490~ 38'. ii(P): i3(o) 167~ 40'. 2(n): 2(n)= 136 4'. ii(P): i(b)=900 449 446 447 448 \\, \ _' 1 450 451 2 3 f P 0 - J r 2~l 7 -. r, - Authors generally take P as the base of the fundamental prism, y as tile plane replacing the front angle, and I as the lateral prismatic planes. Above, in figures SILICAT ES, ANDALUSITE SECTION. 269 Cleavage: sometimes distinct parallel with I; orthodiagonal less so; parallel with -1, also very imperfect, and not easily obtained. Sometimes massive, compact, and rarely lamellar. I-. 5 —5o G. = 3'4-3'56. Lustre adamantine -resinous. Color brown, gray, yellow, green, and black. Streak white, slightly reddish in greenovite. Transparent-opaque. Brittle. Uomposition —The analyses afford 3Sa, 2 Si, 3 Ti=Silica 30'45, titanic acid 41 33, lime 28'22=100, (which have been written 20a Si+CaTi'.) The oxygen of the Ca and TPi is to that of the Silica as 3; 2=1: }, and this leads to the formula (Ca+ Pi) Si- or R'it, (since Ca+~Ti=RO-+R2=R203); so that sphene is a silicate of a peroxyd (Ti) in which part of the Pi is replaced by Ca. It is probable that there is the same kind of replacement by a protoxyd in much ilmenite, and also in Keilhauite, etc., and that there are properly no silico-titanates. The formula accords with the relation in form to Euclase. Analyses: 1, Fuchs, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. xlvi, 319); 2, Ei. Rose, (Pogg. lxii, 253); 3, 4, Rosales and Brooks, (ib); 5, Marignac, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [8], xiv, 47); 6, Delesse, (Ann. d. Mines, [4], vi, 325): 7, T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 442): Si Pi da 1. Schwarzenstein, yw. 32'52 43-21 24'18=9991, Fuchs; G.=3'44. 2. Zillerthal, ywh. green, 32-29 41-58 26'61,Fe 0'96=101-44,Rose; G.=3-535. 3. Arendal, brown, 31-20 40-92 22-25, Fe 5'06-99'43, Rosales. 4. Passau, 30'63 42'56 25600, e 3'93=102'12, Brooks. 5. Piedmont, Greenovite, 32'26 38.57 27-65, Fe 0-76,'4n 076=100, Marignac. 6. " " 304 42-0 24'3, Mn 3-6=100-3, Delesse. 7. Grenville, Lederite, 31583 40'00 28531, ign. 0'40=100'54, Hunt. G.=3-5. B.B. the yellow varieties are not altered in color; the others become yellow; they slightly intumesce, and fuse on the edges to a dark enamel. With borax they afford a clear yellowish-green glass. Imperfectly soluble in heated muriatic acid; and if the solution be concentrated along with tin, it becomes of a fine violet color. This species was formerly divided into titanite and sphene; the former included the brown or black variety, the latter the lighter colored and translucent. Greenovite, from St. Marcel in Piedmont, was shown to be identical in crystallization with sphene by Breithaupt (Pogg. lviii, 257) and Descloizeaux, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xx, 84). Sphene occurs in imbedded crystals, in gneiss, granite, mica slate, and granular limestone; also in syenite, beds of iron ore, and volcanic rocks. Found with pyroxene, in beds of iron ore, at Arendal in Norway; in granite in Greenland; in complicated compound crystals of a pale green color and transparent, at Graubinden in the Grisons, associated with feldspar and chlorite; in mica slate at St. Gothard; also at Mont Blanc, and elsewhere, in the Alps. Small crystals occur in syenite at Strontian in Argyleshire, and Criffel in Galloway. Occasionally it is found among volcanic rocks, as at Lake Laach, and Andernach on the Rhine. Occurs in Canada at Grenville, Elmsley, Burgess and Grand Calumet Island, in amber-colored crystals; in the trap of Montreal, Yemaska, Monnoir, and Brome Mts. In Maine in fine crystals at Sanford, also at Thurston' In Massachusetts, good crystals in gneiss, in the east part of Lee; at Bolton with pyroxene and scapolite in limestone; at Pelham. In Connecticut, at Trumbull. In New Jersey, at Franklin, of a honey-yellow color. In Pennsylvania, Buck's Co., three miles west 450, 451, y is made the base, and r the prismatic planes, a course recommended not only by the simplicity it gives to the view of the crystallization, but also by the fact that y is a common plane of composition in twins, and r is the direction of most distinct cleavage; moreover the analogy with Euclase is thus brought out. In Enclase I: 1=1150~, 0: i-158~ 10', 1: 1=151~ 43', and the same angles in Sphene are 113~ 28', 158~ 55', 149~ 38'. Fig. 450 represents an ideal crystal containing all known planes; it has both the old and new lettering. 270 DESCRPTNIVE MINERLOGY. of Attleboro', associated with tabular spar and graphite. In New York, at Rogers Rock on Lake George, abundant in small brown crystals, along with graphite and pyroxene; at Gouverneur, in black crystals in granular limestone with scapolite; in Diana near Natural Bridge, Lewis Co., in dark brown crystals, among which is the variety lederite (f. 451), in which cleavage is distinct parallel to I; the crystals are sometimes nearly three inches square; at Rossie, St. Lawrence Co., in pale red and brown crystals with apatite, pargasite, and feldspar; in Macomb near Pleasant Lake; in Orange Co., in large crystals abundant in limestone, near Duck-cedar pond, in the town of Monroe; near Edenville, in light brown crystals, sometimes nearly two inches across, in limestone; five miles south of Warwick, in large grayish-brown crystals, with zircon, hornblende, and iron ore; also in small crystals a mile south of Amity; in Westchester Co., near Peekskill, in an aggregate of feldspar, quartz, and hornblende; also near West Farms, in small reddish-brown prisms. The name sphene alludes to the form of the crystal, and is from aorbv, a wedge. Ligurite, (from a talcose rock in the Appenines), according to Dufr6noy, has the angles and characters of sphene. TOURMALINE, W. Sch6rl. Rubellite. Indicolite. Aphrizite. Aphrite, W. Turmalin. Tourmaline Apyre, H. Zeuxite, Thomson. Rhombohedral. P: ]R=1030, 0: R-1340 3'; a-=0'89526. Observed planes: rhombohedrons, 4, 1(), 4,, -, 5,?,-2, -, -7 2'i 1.,~; Scalenohedrons, l1 13 1~ 12,0 38 -,5-2; Scalenohedrons, ~2, 22X-5, 13,12, 49 -3 (the last replacing angle between -', l, and 43); prisms, I, 2, 47, Forms usually unlike at the opposite extremities and prisms often triangular. The annexed figures, and also 253, 254. Cleavage R, —, and i2, difficult. Sometimes massive compact; also columnar, coarse or fine, parallel or divergent. 452 463 456 457 ~454 4Ei5 I I-4 0: ~=165o 31'. 4 ~=1540 59'. i2: - 130o 55'. 0: — 152~ 40'. 1 1 =133~ 8'. i2:1=136~ 41'. 0: A=1290 21'. i2: =1130 26'. i2: 12=1470 51. 0 -=115~ 49'. i2 R i=128o 30'. i2. - 4=160 54:'. 0 -1110 9. i: 155 14:'. i2' i: =166 6'. 0: =99,9 58'. i2. =142 26'. i' 2: =1500. SILICATE8, ANDALUSrITE SEOTION. 7 - H.=7-7S5. G.=2'94-3'3; 38021. Lustrevitreous. Colorblack, brown, blue, green, red, and rarely white or colorless; some speci459 458 2!460 A,2, II 1 chroism. Streak uncolored. Transparent-opaque; unlike in transparency across the prism and in the line of the axis. Fracture subconchoidal-uneven. Brittle. Pyroelectric. (7Gomposition.-((R, I, B)Sit, the oxygen ratio between the Silica and all the other ingredients being 3: 4, as ascertained by Rammelsberg. The oxygen ratio for the mostly 4: 12 4; II, 4: 15: 5; III, 4: 21: 6, 4: 24: 7, etc.; IV, 4: 40: 12, 4: 86 11, etc.; V, 4: 48: 13, 4: 56: 12, etc. The special formula for group I is, IR3 Sil +3 Si -AB Sit or ( ~: -+ B) Sit; for analysis 23 in group V, t'Si+ "1' 14t'Sit+3B it or (~R +4T-+-# B)Si, and these (excluding analysis 26) are the extreme variations. For analyses see next page. BB. I, fuse rather easily to a white blebby glass or slag; II, fuse with a strong heat to a blebby slag or enamel, either white, greenish or brownish; III, fuse with difficulty, or in some, only on the edges to a brownish, brownish-red, gray, or black slag; IV, fuse on the edges, an often with great difficulty, to a yellowish, grayish, bluish or whitish slag or enamel, and some are infusible; V, infusible, but becoming white or paler, sometimes, as the Paris (Me.) rubellite, affording a fine enamel on the edges. Blue tourmalines have been termed indicolite, from their indigo-blue color; the colorless, achroite; red tourmalines, trubelite; and to the black, the name schorl was formerly applied. The green color is due to iron; the red has been attributed to oxyd of manganese, Tourmaline is usually found in granite, gneiss or mica slate. It also occurs in dolomite or granular limestone, and in sandstone near dykes of igneous rocks. Large black tourmalines occur in Greenland, at Hdrlberg, near Bodenmais, in Bavaria; at K1ringbricka in Sweden; near Bovey in Devonshire. Small brilliant crystals in decomposed feldspar, at Andreasberg in the Hartz, are thethe variety Aphrizite. Rubellite and green tourmaline occur near Ekatherinenburg in Siberia; pink crystals are found at Elba. Pale yellowish brownish crystals in talc, at Windisch Kappell, in Carinthia; green at Airolo, Switzerland; white specimens (A chroite) come from St. Gothard, Siberia and Elba. The Grand Duke's collection at Florence contains a specimen 11 inches square, on which there are 4 erect green tourmalines and I prostrate, 2, 4, and 2l inches long and i to 1 inch thick. Black tourmalines occur with the emery of Naxos. Other localities are mentioned beyond. I. _~ragnesia Tourmaline. —G. —3 —3.07; mean 3'05. G'~i'~ ~1'~n Be re ~g ~a f~a ~: 9 1. ~Brown, Gouverneur, 3'049 38'85 8'25 31'32 - 1'27 ---- 14'89 1'60 1'28 0'26 --- 2'28~-100. 2. " ~V. tCappel, Carinthia, 3'035 38'08 9'39 34'21 ---- 1'43 --- 11'22 0'61 2'37 0'47 0'12 2'10 —100. 3. Gree~zish, reddish, Eibenstock, 3'034 37'83 8'88 30'86 --- 4'85 --- 11'62 0'88 2'27 0'30 ~ 2'51 —100. 4. _Brown, Orford, ~T. H., 3'068 38~33 9'86 33'15 ---- 3'07 0'12 10'89 0'77 1'52 0'24 2'50 —100'45. 5. " Monroe, Ct., 3'068 39'01 9'04 31'18 --- 3'44 0'98 9'90 1'81 1'82 0'44 -- 2'38 —100. 6. _Black, Zillerthal, 3'054 37'94 8'58 33'64 --- 2'79 0'37 10'46 0'98 2'13 0'37 0'24 2'50 —-100. II. Iron-magnesia Tourmaline. —G. —3'05 —3.2. mean 3'11. q. ]{lack, Geenland, 8'072 37'70 7'36 34'53 --- 4'63 0'25 9:51 1'25 2'00 0'48 0'11 2'28 —100. 8. " Texas, Pa., 3'043 38'45 8'48 34'561~/fn0'09 3'31 ~ 9'11 0'71 2'00 0'73 0'20 2'36 —100. 9. Brownish black, St. Gothard, 3'055 38'00 8'99 32'28 -- 6'36 1'51 7'27 1'31 1'43 0'28 0'24 2'33 —100. 10. _Black, Haddam, Ct.,~ 3'136 37'50 7'94 30'87 -- 8'31 1'06 8'60 1'61 1'60 0'73 tr. 1'78 —100. 11 ",,,, b 8'132 36'55 4'87 32'46 --- 11'08 0"50 8'51 1'80 2'28 --- 1'95 —100. 12. " Unity, Me,, 3'192 36'29 6'94 30'44 --- 13'08 2'38 6'32 1'02 1'94 1'59~100. aGneiss Quarries. b (3hrysobery! locality. IIL Iro~ Tourmaline;.Black. —G. —3'13~3'25; mean 3'19. 13. ]~ovey Tracey, 3'205 37'00 7'66 33'09 ~ 9'33 6'19 2'58 0'50 1'39 0'65 0'12 1'49 —100. 14. Alabaschka Ural, 3'227 37'54 8'00 34'40 7'61 8'60 1'76 0'86 1'02 0'47 ---- 1'54 —1~()0. 15. Sonnenberg, I-Iartz, 3'243 36'51 7'62 32'921~n0'11 8'13 9'51 0'78 0'72 1'36 0'58 0'12 1'64 —100. 16. I71 10-63 0-65 0-33 22-29, Fe 0'15=100-76, G. 10. Parsboro, 52'14 19'14 7-84 0'71 0'98 19-19=100, Rammelsberg. 11. Giessen, 48'31 19'47 11'01 - 1'17 19-65, MIgO26, Engelhardt 12. Acadiolite, 52-02 17'88 4-24 4'07 3'03 18'30=99'54, Hayes. 13. " 52'20 182'7 6'58 2'12 20'52=99'69, " 14. Leipa, Phacolite, 46'46 21'45 10'45 0'95 1'29 19'40=100, Rammelsberg. 15. " " 46'20 2230 10'34 1'77 19'05,. g0'34=100, Ramm. 16. " " 45-63 19'48 13-30 1'68 1-31 17-98, Mg 0-14, Ve 0'43= 99 96, Anderson. B.B. intumesces and fuses to a blebby glass, nearly opaque. Dissolves in muriatic acid, when pulverized. The Acadiolite is a Nova Scotia chabazite of a flesh red color; form f. 474, with the scalenohedron of f. 475, also the simple rhombohedral form of chabazite; the color is red, though passing into white. In some crystals the color is arranged in a tesselated manner, the angles being nearly colorless. Haydenite is a yellowish chabazite from Jones's Falls, Maryland. Levy made the form an oblique rhombic prism with 1: I=980 22', 0: I-96~ 5'. The form is actually a scalenohedron (f. 475) differing but slightly from the rhombohedron; it is apparently the same scalenohedron that occurs in the Nova Scotia chabazite; angle of edge X=97-980, of edge Y, about 176~. The crystals are often in twins parallel to R, and they are incrusted with chlorite, and sometimes consist of this mineral, unlike the accompanying heulandite, (beaumontite). Delesse obtained in an analysis of the haydenite (Revue Sci. xxv, 107), Si 49'5, Al, Fe 23-5, Ca 2'70, Mig trace, K1 2-50, H 21'0=99'2. Chabazite occurs mostly in trap, basalt, or amygdaloid, and occasionally in gneiss, syenite, and mica slate. Occurs at the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland, associated with chlorite and stilbite; at Aussig in Bohemia, in a kind of greenstone, (the graustein of Werner); at Annerode near Giessen; at the Giant's Causeway, Kilmalcolm, Renfrewshire, Isle of Skye, &c. In Nova Scotia wine-yellow or flesh-red (the last, the acadiolite), associated with heulandite, analcime, and calcite. Phacolite occurs at Leipa in Bohemia. Both massive and incrusted, at the Paugatuck stone-quarry, Stonington, Conn., with scapolite, sphene, and apatite; also yellowish-red in North Killingworth, on the Essex turnpike; at Hadlyme, Conn., on gneiss; in syenite at Charlestown, Mass.; also at Chester, Mass., in amygdaloid; at Bergen Hill, N. J., in small crystals; in the same rock at Piermont, N. Y. Phacolite has been reported from New York Island. The name Chabazite is from Xacgatos, an ancient name of a stone. Phacolite is from laKos, a bean, and L0os;; and Acadiolite from a former name of Nova Scotia. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 321 GMELINITE, Brooke. Soda Chabazite. Natron-Chabasit. Hydrolite. Herschelite, Levy. Hexagonal. Observed planes as in the figure, with sometimes the pyramidal and prismatic edges truncated; 1:1 (pyram.) 142~ 26'; (basal)= 80~ 8', Brewster, 800 54', G. Rose, 80~ 6', Dufrenoy,'79 44', Breithaupt, 80~ 8', Brooke and Miller. O: 1=139~56', O: 12=1430 56'. Cleavage: parallel to the faces of a 6-sided prism, perfect, G. Rose, (Kryst. Chem. Min., 1852, 100). HI.=4-5. G.=2'04 —212. Lustre vitreous. Colorless, yellowish-white, reddish-white, flesh-red, translucent. Brittle. Composition.-Like that of chabasite, the compound therefore being dimorphous, according to G. Rose. The Herschelite affords the same excepting 15 H. Analyses: 1, Connell, (Edinb. New Phil. J. 1838); 2, 3, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xlix, 211); 4, 5, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiv, 99); 6, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 261): S2i;Kl Oa 9a K H 1. Glenarm, 48'56 18'05 5'13 3'85 0'39 21-66, Fe 0'11=98'75, Connell. 2. " 46'40 21'09 3'67 7'29 1-60 20-41=100-47, Rammelsberg. 3. " 46'56 20'19 3-89'709 1-87 29'41=100-02, Rammelsberg. 4. Herschelite, Etna, 47'39 20'90 0'38 8'33 4-39 17-84=99'23, Damour. 5. " " 47-46 2048 0-25 9'35 4-17 17-65=99'06, Damour. 6. " " 46'46 19-21 4-75 5-27 2-88 17'86, lg 0'42, Fe l1l14=97'99, W. B.B. like chabasite. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. Waltershausen found a trace of phosphoric acid and supposed it combined with the Fe. Occurs in amygdaloidal rocks at Montecchio Maggiore, and at Castel in the Vicentine, at Glenarm, and the Island Magee. Grnelinite is usually considered rhombohedral, and the crystals as twins, secondary to a rhombohedron of 860 18'. Tamnau makes R: R as in chabasite, and the pyramidal faces the form j2. The hexagonal cleavage observed byiRose separates it widely from chabasite. It was named after Prof. C. Gmelin, of Tiibingen. Herschelite is from Aci Castello, Etna, Sicily, along with Phillipsite. The crystals are colorless hexagonal prisms and tables, and are generally aggregated like those of Prehnite; bases convex with traces of a flat rhombohedron. Damour's analyses give (Na, K)3 Si2+3i;l Si2-+151l, making it a distinct compound from the above. Tke angles of the pyramidal edges are 1240 45', and the base makes with the pyramidal faces 1320 nearly. H.=5'5. G.=2'06. Ledererite of Jackson, from Cape Blomidon, Nova Scotia, has the form of Gmelinite. It has the same formula with one third the amount of water. Analysis by Hayes: Si 4947, Ail 21'48, Ca 11-48, Na 3'94, Fe 0'14, 11 8-58,; 3-48=98-57, (Am. J. Sci., xxv, 78). G.-2-169. Named after Baron Lederer, formerly Austrian Consul at New York. LEVYNEj Brewster. Rhombohedral: R: R=1060~4'; 0: R-=136~ 1'; a=0'83583. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, 478 with also -3; 2: 2=790 29', 0: 3=109~ 3', 0: 2=117 23/. Cleavage, R1, indistinct. 0 Twins compounded parallel to O. Crystals often striated; often in druses. H.=4 —4-5. G.=2'09-2-16. Lustre 41 322 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. vitreous. Colorless, white, reddish, yellowish. Transparent to translucent. Composition. —CaSi+~l Si-[-i+41=(~a- l))Si+4P11-, from Damour's analyses,which contain less silica than the others. Berzelius's analyses gives the formula of chabasite. Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelius, (Jahresb. iii, 146, v, 216); 3, Connel, (Phil. Mag. v, 50); 4, 5, Damour, (Ann. d. M. [4], ix, 333): Si il Ca- ATa 1T 1. Faroe, Levyne, 48-00 20-00 8-35 2586 0'41 19'30, Mg 0'4-=99'32, Berz. 2. " / esolin, 47 50 21-40 7'90 4580 - 18'19=99'79, Berz. 3. Skye, Levyne, 46'30 22'47 9'72 1'55 1-26 19'51, Fe, MIn 0O96=102' 07, C. 4. Iceland, Levyne, 45-04 21'04 9712 1'42 1'63 17'49=99-34, Damour. 5. " " 45'76 23-56 10'57 1'36 1'64 17-33=100-22, Damour. B.B. fuses to a blebby glass nearly opaque. Soluble in acids when pulverized, without gelatinizing. Found in amygdaloid at Glenarm; Hatfield Moss, Renfrewshire; at Dalsnypen, Faroe; at Godhavn, Disco Island, Greenland; at Skagastrand in Iceland. Named after the English Mineralogist, Mr. Levy. GISMONDINE, Beud. Abrazite, Breislak. Dimnetric. In octahedrons, either separate or clustered into mammillated forms with a drusy surface; basal angle 92~ 30', pyramidal 118~ 30', M1arignac. H.-=45. G.=2'265. Bluish white, grayish, reddish. Lustre splendent. Transparent to translucent. Comnposition. —(Oa, 1)29Si+2f;lSi+9t-1. Analysis by Marignac, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiv, 41): Si 35-88 A&l 27'23, Na 13'12, KC 2-85, A 21-10=100-18. Easily dissolves in acids and gelatinizes. At 1000 C. yields one third of its water. B.B. whitens, intumesces much, and melts to a milky glass. Occurs at Capo di Bove near Rome, associated with Phillipsite, and often the latter is involved in the grouped crystallizations of the former. The crystalline surfaces of the octahedrons are not even, and afforded Marignac very variable angles; angle at the base from 930 30' to 890, and pyramidal edges from 117" to 1220~. The faces of the crystals never have the striwe of those of Phillipsite, and the mammillated specimens are not columnar within; moreover Phillipsite does not lose any of its water below 1000. Kobell analyzed the mineral called Gismondine or zeagonite, with a different result, (J. f. pr. Chem. xviii, 105). (See below.) Brooke considers them cruciform twins of Phillipsite. Kengott makes- them distinct and dimetric, stating that they have an octahedral cleavage. ZEAGONITE. Occurs in trimetric crystals, the angles of the fundamental octahedron being according to Kengott, 1210 44', 1200 37', 890 13', which are near those of Phillipsite. G.=2'213, Kengott, or same as for Phillipsite. Klobell obtained in an analysis of this mineral, (J. f. pr. Ch., xviii, 105), Si 42-60, Al 25'50, Ca 7 50, E 6'80, H 17'66=100'06. But it has been supposed that the specimen was a mixture of Phillipsite and Gismondine. Zeagonite and Phillipsite (p. 324) appear to be correctly regarded as one species. Scacchi reports both to the same species, and mentions Somma as a locality. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLIT!E SECTION. 323 EDINGTONITE, Haid. Brewster's Edinburg Jour. Sci. iii, 316. Antiedrit, Breit. Dimetric; hemihedral. 0: li=145~ 49 59'; a=0'67473. Observed planes as intheannexedfigure. 0:1 =136~20/', I: 1=133 ~39:', I: ~=115~ 26', 1:1,over 1 summit, 920 41', -' ib. 1290 8'.I Cleavage: Iperfect. 4 H.==4-4 —5. G.=2'7- 275. Lustre vitreous. Grayish-white. Streakuncol- 1 ored. Translucent. Brittle. Composition. —3Ba Si+4W1 Si+ 1211. Analysis by Mr. Hieddle, (Greg and Lettsom's Brit. Min.): Si 37.263, Al 23'751, Ba 26'514, f1 12-462=100. At a high heat, before the blowpipe, it fuses to a colorless mass, having first given off water, and become white and opaque. Edingtonite occurs in small crystals, with datholite in:the Kilpatrick hills. FAUJASITE, JDamour. Dimetric. 0: 1=1270 15'; a=1'315. In octahedrons; li: l (pyr.)=1110 30', (bas.)=105~ 30.' H.=5. G.=1 923. Colorless-brown. Fracture vitreous and uneven. Composition.-lRSi4-Al Si2-9=a(s-l)'Si3- 9s-Sili ca 46, alumina 17, lime 5, soda 5, water 2'7. Analysis by Damour, (Ann. des Mines, [4], xiv, 67): Si 46'12, Al 16-81, Ca 4'79, Sa 5'09, 11 27-02-99'83. In a matrass yields water. B.B. intumesces and fuses to a white blebby enamel. Soluble in muriatic acid. Occurs with black augite in mandelstein at Kaiserstuhl in Baden. It was named by Damour, in honor of Faujas de Saint Fond. From the above dimensions, 0: 1=1180 16, which is near a corresponding angle in apophyllite, etc.; also as near 0: 2 in Zircon, Rutile, etc., or O: 4i in Scapolite and Mellilite. EARMOTOME, H. Baryt-Harmotome. Staurolite, Kirwan. Andreolite. Andreasbergolite. Kreuzstein, W. Morvenite, Thom. Trimetric: 1: 1=91~ 46/, 0: 1;=144~ 24'; a: b: c=0T716: 1: 1031. Observed planes as in figures, with also 14, 1 and 11. 0: 1=135~ 4'. 0o: 2 —=125 45'. 1i: 1 (top)=1100 26'. o: 1i=900. 1: I (mac.)=121l 6'. 21: 2& (top)=71~ 30'. 0: 1=-145~ 13'. 1: 1 (brach.)=1190 4'. 14 1l4(brach.)=163~ 16'. Cleavage: i; and ui'& imperfect, the latter a little the most distinct. Twins: (fig. 481), composed of four individuals, face of composition I; common. Rarely massive. 324 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. II.=4-5. G.=2'39 —2498. Lustre vitreous. Color white; passing into gray, yellow, red, or brown. Streak white. Sub480 481 // — ] transparent-translucent. Fracture uneven, imperfectly conchoidal. Brittle. Composition.-a'Si+ —lSi2-+5H=(Ba+l)Si35[-l=Silica 44'0, alumina 16'6, baryta 24-8, water 14'6=100. Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Kohler, (Pogg. xxxvii, 661); 4, Rammelsberg, (Handw. i, 200); 5, Connel, (Ed. N. Phil. J. July,1832, 33); 6, Damour, (Ann. des M. [4], ix, 336, and Compt. Rend. xxii, 745); 7, 8, Damour, (Ann. do Mines, [4], ix, 345): Si Xl Ba Ca K fA 1. Andreasberg, 46-63 16'82 20'32 0'26 1'02 15'03=100'08, K6hler. 2. trontian, 46'10 16'41 20-81 0'63 0'90 15'11=99 96, " 3. Oberstein, 46'65 16'54 19'12 1'10 1'10 15'24=9977, " 4. Andreasberg, 48-74 17'65 19-22 -- -- 14'66=100'27, Rammelsberg. 5. Strontian, 47'04 15-24 20'85 0'10 0-88 14'92, Na 0-84, Fe 0o24=100l11, 0. 6. " 47'74 15'68 21-06 -- 0'78 13'19, Na 0'80, Fe 0'51=99'76, D.'. Morvenite, 47-60 16-39 20-86 -- 081 14'16, Ta 0'74, Pe 0-65=101'21, D. 8. " 4'759 16'71 20'45 -- 14'16, Fe 0'56=99'47, Damour. B.B. on charcoal, melts without intumescence to a clear globule. Phosphoresces when heated, giving out a yellow light. Scarcely attacked by the acids, unless they are heated, and then not gelatinizing. Harmotome occurs in amygdaloid, and also on gneiss and in metalliferous veins. Strontian, in Argyleshire, affords both simple and compound crystals of this species, the former sometimes an inch through. Occurs also in a metalliferous vein at Andreasberg in the Hartz; at Oberstein in Deuxponts, in siliceous geodes; at Kongsberg in Norway, on gneiss; with analcime in the amygdaloid of Dumbartonshire, in simple crystals. Named from aptos, joint, and revw), to cut, alluding to the intersection of the crystals in the ordinary twins, and the coalescence in a single plane of two ordinary pyramidal faces. Morvenite occurs at Strontian, and is distinguished by its more brilliant crystals. Damour and Descloizeaux show it to be harmotome, (Ann. d. M. [4], ix, 339). PHILLIPSITE, Levy, Ann., Phil. 2d ser. x, 362. Lime-Harmotome. Christianite, _Descloizeaux. Trimetric. Simple and compound crystals like those of harmotome. 1: 1=121~ 20', 1200 44 and 88~ 40', Marignac; 120~ 42', 119~ 18', and 90~, Brooke and Miller. HI. 4 —45. G. — 22; 2'213, Marignac. Lustre vitreous. Color white, sometimes reddish. Streak uncolored. Translucentopaque. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 325 Composition.-(Ca, K) Si+-lSi2-+5 I, G. Rose=(2R+l) SiS511I=Silica 51-3, alumina 19'4, lime 6'4, potash 5'9, water 17'0=100; or 3s'Si-2+3;l'Si2+121'=Silica 50'2, alumina 21'3, lime 7'0, potash 6-5, water 15-0=100; or the last with 1511= Silica 48'4, alumina 20'6, lime 6'7, potash 6-3, water 18'0=100. Analyses: 1, 2, Gmelin, (Leonh. Zeits.f. Min. 1825); 3, 4, KShler, (Pogg. xxxvii); 5, Connel, (Edinb. Phil. J., xxxv, 1843, 375); 6, Marignac, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiv, 41); 7, 8, Damour, (Ann. d. M. [4], ix, 336); 9, Genth, (Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxvi, 272); 10, 11, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 263): Si Al Na K e 1 1. Marburg, 48'51 21'76 6'26 6'33 0'99 17-23=100-38, Gmelin. 2. " 48'02 22'61 6'56 7'50 0'18 1675 —-=100'62, " 3.' 50'45 21'78 6'50 3-95 - 16'82=99-49, KShler. 4. Cassel, 48'22 23-33 7- 22 3'89 -- 17'5=100-22, " 5. G. Causeway, 47'35 21-80 4'85 5.55 a 3'70 16-96=100'21, Connel. G. 2'17. 6- Vesuvius, 43-64 24-39 6-92 1035. -- 15'05=100'35. Marignac. 7. Iceland, 48'41 22'04 8'49 6'19 - 1560=100-73, Damour. 8. " 50-16 20-94'7-74 6-50 -- 1466=100'00, " 9. Marburg, 48-17 21'11 6'97 6-61 " 0'63 16-62, Fe 0'24, Ba tr.=100'35, G. 10. Aci Castello, 48'53 19'88 2-92 3-82" 6-18 14-76, " 2-64,aIigl.60=100-34,W. 11. Palagonia, 48-37 21'07 3'24 6'15 " 3-41 14-54, " 0'71,a" 1'42=98'91, W. a Probably as phosphate. B.B. intumesces somewhat, and fuses like other zeolites. Pulverized, dissolves very easily in muriatic acid and gelatinizes. In large translucent crystals in amygdaloid, in the Giant's Causeway in Ireland, and in sheaf-like aggregations at Capo di Bove, near Rome; also in long crystals in radiating masses, at Aci Castello and elsewhere; among the Vesuvian lavas; at Stempel, near Marburg; Habichtswalde near Cassel; Annerode near Giessen; in Iceland. Named after the English mineralogist, J. Phillips. The name Christianite was given by Descloizeaux to the Marburg harmotome and crystals from an amygdaloid in Iceland. To phillipsite, Brooke has referred the zeagonite and gismondine, from Capo di Bove near. Rome. THOMSONITE, Brooke. Mesotype, (in part), Haiiy. Needle Zeolite, (in part), Werner. Comptonite, Brewster. Chalilite, Thom. Triploklas, Br. Ozarkite, Shepard. Trimetric. I: I=90 40'; O:' 1=141~ 9'; 482 a: b: -c=07225 1: 1 1'0117. Observed planes, - as in the annexed figure. 0: 21=125~, i': I \ 2/ =134n 40'. Cleavage: id and iz easily obtained. Also columnar, structure radiated; also amorphous. lH.=5 —55. G.=2'35 —24; 2'35 —2'38, Comptonite, Zippe. Vitreous, inclining to pearly. Snow-white: impure varieties brown. Streak uncolored. Transparent-translucent. Fracture uneven. Biittle. Uomposition.-(Ca, 9a)3Si+3;:l:Si+-V7, (611,Waltershausen)=Silica 37 4, alumina 31'8, lime 13-0, soda 4'8, water 13'0. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (Jahresb. ii, 96); 2, Rammelsberg, (J. pr. Chem. lix, 349); 3, Retzius, (Jahresb. iv, 154); 4, Zippe, (Verh. Ges. Mus. Bohm., v. 1836, 39); 5, 6, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xlvi, 288); 7, Melly, (Bib. Univ. N. S. xv, 193); 8, Rammelsberg, (J. f. pr. Chem. lix, 348, mean of results); 9, 10, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 50); 11, 12, Walterhausen, (Vulk. Gest. 272, 277): 326 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si -Al ca Na k H 1. Kilpatrick, 38830 30'70 13-54 4-53 -- 13-10-100-17, Berzelius. 2. Dumbarton, 38'09 31'62 12'60 4'62 13'40=100'20, Rammelsberg. 3. Faroe, 39'20 30'05 10'58 8'11 13-40, Fe 05 —101-84, Retzius. 4. Seeberg, Compt., 38'25 32'00 11-96 6-53 -- 11-50=100-24, Zippe. 5. " 38'73 30'84 13'43 3-85 0'54 13'10=100'49, Ramm. 6. " " 38-77 31'92 11'96 4-54 12-81 —100, Ramm. G. 2'37. 7. Elbogen, 37'00 31-07 12-60 6'25 - 12-24=99'16, Melly. 8. Hauenstein, 39'63 31'25 7'27 8'03 - 13-30-99'48, Ramm. G. 2'357. 9. Ozarkite, 36'85 29'42 13-95 3-91 -- 1380, Fe 1'55=99-88, S. & B. 10. " 37'08 31'13 13-97 3'72 - 13'80=99'70, Smith & Brush. 11. Carjphostilbite, 39'28 29'50 12-38 4-09 0-38 13-23, Mg0'13,Fe 1-49=100'48,W. 12. Thomsonite, 39'86 31'45 13-33 5'30 1'00 11'39-102'33, Waltershausen. B.B. intumesces, becoming white and opaque; the edges merely are rounded at a high heat. When pulverized it gelatinizes with nitric or muriatic acid. Thomsonite occurs near Kilpatrick, and Lochwinnoch, Scotland, in amygdaloid. Comptonite is met with in the lavas of Vesuvius; in basalt at the Pflasterkaute in Saxe Weimar, at Seeberg and elsewhere in Bohemia in the cavities of clinkstone; in the Cyclopean islands, Sicily, with analcime and phillipsite; in Faroe; in phonolite at Hauenstein, (called Mesolite of Hauenstein.) Long slender prismatic crystallizations of a grayish white color are obtained at Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, where it is associated with apophyllite, mesotype, laumontite, and other trap minerals. Ozarkite, as Smith and Brush show, is an amorphous or fibrous radiated Thomsonite. It occurs at the Ozark Mts., Arkansas, with elbeolite, and appears to have resulted from its alteration; it is often mixed with apatite in colorless slender prisms. In analysis 10 some.e is included with the;-1. Chalilite of Thomson may be an impure massive thomsonite. It afforded Thomson, (Min. i, 324), and v. Hauer, (Jahrb. Geol. Reichs. 1853): Si 36.56 Al 26.20 Ca 10.28 Na 2-72 i: 16.66 Fe 9'28=o10170, T. 38'56 27'71 12'01 Mg 6'85 14'32 tr.=99'45, H. From the Donegore Mountains, in the county of Antrim. Color deep reddishbrown. According to Kengott, Chalilite includes two species. The one analyzed, is massive, with a splintery fracture, subtranslucent to opaque; streak yellowish and a little greasy; B.B. fuses with intumescence; in a tube yields water, and blackens. The other is flesh-red; H.-5, G.=-224; B.B. fuses with more difficulty than the preceding to a white blebby glass; it appears to contain but little water. (Sitzungs. Wien. Akad., x, 179). Scoulerite of Thomson is near thomsonite in composition, but contains less alumina and water, and 6~ per cent. of soda. It comes froi Port Rush in Ireland, (Phil. Mag. Dec. 1840, 402.) Carphostilbite from Berufiord, Iceland, is straw-yellow, and columnar; it gives the oxygen ratio for.: HA: Si; H=] 1: 3; 44: 2-5. G.=2-362. PIcnoTroMsoNITz. —Meneghini and Bechi, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xiv, 63). —This species is like Thomsonite in form and near it in composition. The soda is replaced by magnesia, and it is possibly the result of alteration. It occurs in radiated masses, laminated in structure, and cleaving with equal ease parallel to two sides of a rectangular prism. H.-5. G.=2'278. Lustre pearly. White. Transparent in small fragments. Very fragile. Com osition. —(Oa,:Ig)'3i+ 2~'I1Si-+4~tI Analysis: Si Al Ca MIg Na,ak Cl 40'36 31-25 10'99 6 26 0'29 10 79=99 94. B.B. fuses to a white enamel, with intumescence. Dissolves in cold acids and gelatinizes. Occurs with caporcianite in the Gabbro rosso of Tuscany. The name, from rcKpos, bitter, and Thomsonite, alludes to the magnesia present. HYDROUS SILICATES) ZEOLITE SECTION. 327 NATROLITE, W. Soda Mesotype. Feather Zeolite. Bergmannite, Spreustein. Radiolite. Fiserzeolite, TV. Natron-Mesotyp, N. Lehuntite, Thom. Brevicite, Berz. Trimetric. I: I=91~, 0: l=1440 23'; 483 a: 6: c=017165: 1 0176; -: -(mac.)=1430~ 20', (brach.)=-142 40', I: ~=116= 40'. Crystals usually slender, often acicular; frequently interlacing, divergent, or stellate. Also fibrous, radiating, and massive. I 1 H. = —55. G.- 2-17-2'24. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly, especially in fibrous varieties. Color white, or colorless; also grayish, yellowish. Streak uncolored. Transparent-translnucent. Comnposition.-NiaSi~+l'Si+2f1=Silica 47'4, alumina 26 9, soda 16 2, water 9'5. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. v, 44); 2-4, Fuchs, (Schw. J. viii and xviii); 5, Thomson, (Min. i, 317); 6, Kobell, (J. f. pr. Chem. xiii, 7); 7, Riegel, (Jahrb. Pharm. xiii); 8, 9, 10, Scheerer, (Pogg. lxv, 276); 11, Thomson, (Min. i, 338); 12, C. G. Gmelin, (Pogg. lxxxi, 311); 13, C. Bergemann, (Pogg. lxxxiv, 491); 14, Souden, (Pogg. xxxiii, 112); 15, 16, Korte, (G. Rose's Mineral System, 1852, 96): Si Al Fe Na ft 1. Hoigau, 48'00 24'25 1'75 16560 9'00=99'50, Klaproth. 2. " 47-21 25'60 1-35 16'12 8'88=99'16, Fuchs. 3. Auvergne, cryst. 47'76 25'88 -- 16'21 9'31=99-16, Fuchs. 4. Tyrol, massive, 48'63 24'82 0'21 15-69 9'60 —98'95, Fuchs. 5. Antrim, cryst. 47'56 26'42 0'58 14'93 10'44, Ca1l4=101'33, Thomson. 6. Greenland, massive, 46-94 27'00 -- 14-70 9'60, Cal8-100-04, Kobell. 7. EiIgau, 48-05 25'80 2'10 15'75 9'00-100'70, Riegel. 8. Bergrnannite, red, 47-97 26'66 0'73 14-07 9'77, Ca 0'68, iK tr.=99 88, S. 9. " white, 48-12 26'96 0'22 14'23 10-48, Ca 0'69,. i1tr.=100'7, S. 10. Radiolite, 48-38 26-42 0'24 13'87 9'42, (a044,K1'54=100'31, S. 11. Lehuntite, 47'33 24'00 - 13'20 13'60, Ca1l52=9965, Thomson. 12. Laurvig, Natrolite, 48'68 26'37 -- 16-00 9-55, K0'36=100'96, Gmelin. 13. Iron atlrolite, 46'54 18'94 7'49 14'04a 9'37, Fe 2'40, M1n0'55=99'33B. 14. Brevicite, 43'88 28'39 - 10'32 9583, Ca 6'88, MTg 0'21, Souden. 15. " 48-32 26-24 -- 1597 9 47, Ca tr.=100'00, Kbrte. 16. " 48'50 26'05 - 16'49 929, (a tr=-100'33, BKorte. a With a little potash. B.B. natrolite becomes opaque and is often phosphorescent; it fuses quietly to a glassy globule. Gelatinizes readily with acids, even after ignition. This species occurs in cavities in amygdaloidal trap, basalt, and other allied rocks; and sometimes in seams in granite or gneiss. It is found in the graustein of Aussig in Bohemia; in Auvergne; the trap rocks of Kilmalcolm in Renfrewshire, and Glenarm in the county of Antrim and elsewhere. The Radiolite is from Brevig. Bergmannite is a red or white natrolite, from Zircon syenite near Brevig. Lehuntite is from Glenarm, and if Thomson's analysis is correct it contains 311 like the scolecites, although a soda-mesotype. Kengott finds the angle I: 1=910~. The Iron-natrolite (anal. 13, Eisennatrolith) occurs along with the brevicite of Brevig, and is in dull green opaque prismatic crystals and semicrystalline plates. HI.=5. G.=2-353. It has one fourth of the alumina replaced by peroxyd of iron. In North America, natrolite occurs in the trap of Nova Scotia; sparingly at Cheshire, Ct.;. also at Copper Falls, Lake Superior, in crystals, sometimes on native copper. 328 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Bergmannite is shown by R. Blum (Pogg. 1852, lxxxvii, 316) to result from the alteration of Eleolite. The Brevicite is found in white fibrous subfoliated masses, probably in syenite. G. Rose describes a crystal from a specimen in the collection of Mr. Krantz, which is from Brevig, and is labelled brevicite, which gives the angles of mesotype: I: I =910: obtuser pyramidal edge of one octahedron 1420 55'; of another 960 6', (the second 33-, the first being 1. The analyses (Nos. 14, 15, 16) differ so widely, that it still remains doubtful whether Souden may not have had another mineral. His results show a resemblance to mesole, below. (G. Rose, Kryst. Chem. Min. 1852, p. 95.) MESOLE. HARRINGTONITE.-Afesole occurs in implanted globules, with a flat columnar radiate structure. H.=3' 5. G.=2-35 —24. Lustre silky or pearly. Color grayish-white, yellowish, reddish. Streak uncolored. Translucent. LaminTe slightly elastic. The Harringtonite is described as snow-white, with a compact texture, much like an almond; very tough. Composition.-Perhaps (N2a, Oa)si2-+31W-li+818I (or 611 for Harringtonite, and also Souden's analysis of brevicite, p. 32'7). Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (Jahresb. iii, 147); 2, 3, Hisinger, (ib. v, 217, xx, 214); 4, Freissmuth, (Schw. J. xxv, 425); 5, Thomson, (Ed. N. Phil. J. xvii, 186); 6,7, Thomson (Min. i, 329):'i Al Oa Na Ar 1. Faroe, 42'60 28'00 11'43 5-63 12-70=100-36, Berz. 2. Annaklef, 42-17 27'00 9'00 10'19 11'79=100-15, Hisinger. 3. " 41-52 26-80 8'07 1080 11'/9=98-99, iisinger. 4. Hauenstein, 44'56 27'56 7 09 7-69 14-13=101'03, Freissmuth. 5. Bombay, 42-70 27'50 7-61 7'00 14-71=99'52, Thomson. 6. Harringtonite, 44'96 26'85 11-01 5-56 10-28, Fe 0-88=99'54, T. 7. " 44-84 28'48 10'68 5'56 10-28-99'85, Thomson. Harringtonite occurs in amygdaloid in the north of Ireland. Mesole occurs at the Faroe Islands; also at Disco Island, Greenland; in Iceland, and elsewhere. Scheerer describes a monoclinic natrolite crystal having I: 1=125~, 1: 1=1360, or approaching hornblende, and he supposes natrolite dimorphous, (Pogg. lxxxix, 37). ALTERED FoRMs.-Natrolite occurs altered to Prehnite. SCOLECITE, Fiuchs. Lime Mesotype. Needlestone (in part). Mesotype (in part). Kalk-mesotype. Poonahlite, Brooke. Antrimolite, Thomson. Mesolite or Lime and Soda Mesotype. Monoclinic; C=89~ 6'. 1: = —91~ 36', 0: i=-161~ 16-'3; a: b: c=06971: 1: 10282. -: -=144 40'; - -: -- 144 20'. Crystals long or short prisms, or acicular. Twins, compounded parallel to the orthodiagonal. Cleavage: I, nearly perfect. Also fibrous, massive and radiated. H. —5 —55. G.=2'2 —2'7. Lustre vitreous, or silky when fibrous. Transparent to subtranslucent. Pyroelectric, the converging end the analogue pole. Composition. —Ca Si+;l'i —3f=Silica 46-0, alumina 26-1, lime 14-2, water 13-7 =100. For mesolite, (Ca, Na)Si+-lSi+-+311. Analyses: 1-3, Fuchs and Gehlen, (Schw. J.); 4, Guillemin, (Ann. d. Mines, xii, 8); 5, Riegel, (J. f. pr. Chem. xl, 317); 6, Gibbs, (Pogg. lxxi, 565); 7, Gulich, (Pogg. lix, 373); 8, Domeyko, (Ann. d. M. [4], ix, 3); 9, Scott, (Jameson's J. liii, 277); 10, Berzelius, (Jahresb. iii, 147); 11-14, Fuchs and Gehlen, (Schw. J.); 15, Riegel, (loc. cit.); 16, Thomson, (Phil. Mag. 1840); 17, Breidenstein, (Ramm. 5th Supp. 168): HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 329 I. Scolecite, or Lime-mesotype. Si Al Oa Ta f[ 1. Iceland, 48-94 25-99 10'44 - 13'90=99'26, Fuchs andGehlen. 2. Faroe, cryst. 46-19 25-88 13'86 0-48 13'62=100'03, " 3. Staffa, feathery, 46-75 24-82 14-20 0'39 13-64=98'80, " 4. Auvergne, 49'00 26-50 15-30 - 9'00=99'80, Guillemin. 5. Niederkirchen, 48'16 23'50 14'50 0'30 13'50 —9996, Riegel. 6. Iceland, 46'72 25-90 13'71 - 13-67=100, Gibbs. 7. " 46'76 26-22 13-68 - 13-94=100-6, Giilich. 8. Chili, 46-3 26'9 13-4 - 14'0 =100-6, Domeyko. 9. Mull, Scotland, 46-21 27-0 13-45 - 13'78=100'44, Scott. II. Mesolite, or Lime-and-soda-mesotype. 10. Faroe, 46-80 26-50 9'87 5'40 12'30=100-87, Berzelius. 11. " cryst. 47'00 26-13 9'35 5-47 12'25=100-20, Fuchs & Gehlen. 12. Iceland, feathery, 46'78 25'66 10'06 4'79 12'31-99'60, " 13. " 47'46 25-35 10'04 4'87 12'41=100-13, " " 14. Tyrol, 46-04 2'700 9'61 5'20 12-36=100-21, " " 15. Niederkirchen, 46-65 27-40 9'26 4-91 12'00=100'22, Riegel. 16. Giant's Causeway, 48-88 26'36 7-64 4-20 1232, Ig246=101 86,Thomson. 17. Iceland, 45'78 27-53 9'00 5-03 12-38, K 0-31=100'03, Breid. An analysis by Walterhausen, Vulk. Gestein, 260. B.B. scolecite curls up like a worm, (whence the name from crKwXna, a worm), and finally melts to a bulky shining slag, which in the inner flame becomes a vesicular slightly shining bead. Occurs in the Berufiord, Iceland, where the crystals often exceed two inches in length, and are occasionally a quarter of an inch thick., It has also been met with in amygdaloid, at the Faroe Islands, Staffa; the Vendayah mountains, Hindostan; in Greenland; at Pargas, Finland; in Auvergne; also in veins in the Kilpatrick hills. Poonahlite of Brooke has the angle I: 1=91~ 49/, Kengott. Gmelin obtained in an analysis, (Pogg. xlix, 538), Si 45-12, Al 3044, Ca 10 20, Na and trace of K 0 66, -A 13-39=99-81. From Poonah, Hindostan. Brooke and Miller refer it to this. place. _Antrimolite of Thomson (Min. i, 326) occurs in white silky fibrous stalactites, about as large as the finger, in cavities in amygdaloid at Antrim, four miles east of the Giant's Causeway. Fibres divergent from the axes; angle of prism, according to Kengott, 92~ 13', and the outer edges beveled by a prism of 1500 30'. H.=3'75. G.=2'096. Thomson's analyses afforded Si 43'47, Al 30-26, Ca'750, K: 4'10, Fe 0'19, Cl 0'098,:1 15'32. B.B. forms a white enamel without intumescence. Gelatinizes with muriatic acid. A zeolitic mineral from Saspach in Kaiserstuhl, afforded J. Schill (v. Leonh. 1846,. 452), Si 51-50, Al 16-51, Ca 6'20, K 6-82, lig 1-93, H 17-00-99'96. Occurs in tufts. of fibres and concretions; G.=1-465. H.-4-5; white or colorless; lustre silky; to vitreous. Easily soluble in muriatic acid. SLOANITE, Meneghini and Bechi, Trimetric. I: I=105~. Cleavage: I very distinct. In radiated masses, and often a fracture transverse to the radiation. H.-=4'5. G.=2'441. Lustre pearly. White. Opaque. Composition.-(Ca, Mg)3 Si2+55Al Si+-91i=Silica 42-9, alumina 34'8, lime 11'3; water 11'0 —100. Analysis by Bechi, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xiv, 64): Si 42.19, A135.00, Ca 812, MIg2'67', NaO 25, fK 030, 12'50=100'76. B.B. fuses without intumescence to a white enamel. Dissolves in the acids even. in the cold, and gelatinizes. From the Gabbra rosso of Tuscany. 42 330 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. EPISTILBITE, G. Rose, Pogg. vi, 183, and Brewster's Jour. iv, 283. Monophan, B. 484 Trimetric. I: I=135~ 10', 0: 1i=144~ P1 53'; a: b: c=1'422: 1: 24242. Observed < 1 _, planes, as in f. 484, with 22 replacing edge I: 1t. 1i: 1i (top)=1090 46', 1:1; (top) =147~ 40',/' 1-: 122~ 9', 1;: 1;=141~ 47'. I I Cleavage: il, very perfect: indistinct in other directions. Face I mostly uneven. Occasionally in twins parallel to I. Also granular. H.= 35- 4. G.=2'249-2'363. Lustre pearly upon the cleavage face: upon I vitreous. Color white, bluish or yellowish-white. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. CSompositiosn.-(Ca, a)'Si+;-l'Si3'+5I=Silica 69'3, alumina 16'8, lime 9-2, water 14'7, which is identical essentially with the formula of brewsterite, and also with heulandite, taking Damour's formula; it differs from that of stilbite in containing 1 atom less of water. Analyses': 1, 2, G. Rose, (loc. cit.); 3, Dr. Limpricht, (Waltersh. ~ulk. Gest. 248); 4, Waltershausen, (ib.):'i I1 Ca Na 1f 1. Berufiord, 58-59 17-52 7-56 1-78 14-48=99'93, Rose. 2. " 60'28 17-36 8'32 1'52 12'51"(loss)-100, Rose. 3. " 58-99 18'21 6'92 2'35 14-98=101'44, Limpricht. 4. " 59'22 1'723 8'20 2-46 13-90=101'01, Waltershausen. B.B. intumesces, and forms a vesicular enamel. Borax dissolves a great part of it, and forms a clear globule. Soluble in concentrated muriatic acid without gelatinizing. Occurs with scolecite at the Berufiord in Iceland; in Faroe; at Poonah in India; in. small flesh-colored crystals at Skye; reported as occurring with stilbite, apophyllite, &c., at Bergen Hill, N. J. This species exhibits but one system of rings in polarized light, according to Dr. Brewster, while heulandite has two. The double refraction of heulandite is also much greater than that of epistilbite. Yet the angle I: Iin this species is near that of heulandite. Ehrenbergite of Nbggenrath (Lieb. Kopp, 1852, 867) is a pale rose-red amorphous mineral, almost gelatinizing with acids, from trachyte in'the Steinbruch. Bischof and Schnabel obtained for it, Si;:1 3 e l/n Pia AIg K.Na Ai with org. Subs. 64'54 6-04 4-56 4'61 3-96 0'41 8 11 (by loss) 7'77=100, B. 56'77 15'7' 1 65 0'80 2'76 1'30. 3'78 17'11=100, S. HEULANDITE. Foliated Zeolite, J. and W; Stilbite, (in part). Stilbite anamorphique, Hauy. Blattriger Stilbit, Haus. Blitterzeolit, W.' Euzeolith. Lincoln ite, Hitchcock. Beaumontite, Levy. Monoclinic. C=880 35', I: 1=136~ 4', 0: li=156~ 45'; a: b: c-=1065: 1: 2'4785. Observed planes as in the annexed figures. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 331 0: 2i=1160 20'. 2i: -2i=1290 40'. ii' =111~ 58'. 0: -2i=114~. i: -1=106~ 32'. -1:-1=146 56'. Cleavage: clinodiagonal (ii) eminent. Also in globular forms; also granular. 485 486 ~~~2i~~~~~~~2i. -2i H.=3'5 —4. G.=2'2, Haidinger; 24195, Faroe Islands, Thomson, 24175, Iceland. Lustre of ii pearly; of other faces, vitreous. Color various shades of white passing into red, gray, and brown. Streak white. Transparent-subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Composition. —Oa Si~+l'Si'+5-, Damour=Silica 59'3, alumina 16'8, lime 9'2. water 14'7. Analyses: 1, Thomson, (Min. i, 347); 2, Rammelsberg, (Handw. i, 302); 3, I)amour, (Compt. Rend. xxii, 956, Ann. M. [4], x, 207); 4, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 252). Si xl COa Ar Ve 1. Faroe, 59'15 17'92 7'65 15'40 -=100'12, Thomson. 2. Iceland, 58'20 17'60'7-20 16'00 — =99'00, Rammelsberg. 3. " 59-64 16833 7'44 14'33 —, 0'74, NTa 1'16=99-64, D. 4. Berufiord,58 90 16'81 7.38 14'33 0'12, " 163, " 0657, Ig 0-29=100'04, W. B.B. intumesces and fuses, and becomes phosphorescent. Dissolves in muriatic acid, affording slimy silica, without gelatinizing. Heulandite occurs principally in amygdaloidal rocks. Also in gneiss, and occasionally in metalliferous veins. The finest specimens of this species come from Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and from the Vendayah mountains in Hindostan. Red varieties occur at Campsie in Sterlingshire, with stilbite of the same color, and brown in ore beds, at Arendal. It also occurs in the Kilpatrick hills, near Glasgow, on the I. of Skye, in the Fassa Valley, Tyrol, in the Hartz and elsewhere; abundant in the amygdaloid of Abyssinia. At Peter's Point, Nova Scotia, it occurs in trap, presenting white and flesh-red colors, and associated with laumontite, apophyllite, thomsonite, &c.; also at Cape Blomidon, and other places in the same region, in crystals an inch and a half in length. In the United States with stilbite and chabazite on gneiss, at Hadlyme, Ct., and Chester, Mass., and with these minerals and datholite, apophyllite, &c., in amygdaloid at Bergen Hill, New Jersey; sparingly at Kipp's Bay, New York Island, on gneiss, along with stilbite; in a fissure in hornblende rock, a few miles southwest of Philadelphia, sparingly; on north shore of Lake Superior, between Pigeon Bay and Fond du Lac. Also in minute crystals, seldom over half a line long, with haydenite, at Jones's Falls, near Baltimore, on a syenitic schist. Levy has described these crystals, under 332 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. the name of Beaumontite, as modified square prisms. The difference in the lustre of 0 and ii, the two faces of the prism, shows that these planes are dissimilar, and that the form cannot be a square prism. In physical and other characters they resemble Heulandite, and the angle I: 2i, according to Levy, equals 147~ 18', which is near the same angle in this species. Levy makes I: 1=132~ 28'; but the author finds 1354~ to 136~~ by reflected light. Delesse's analysis afforded silica 64-2, alumina 14-1, protoxyd of iron 1-2, lime 4-8, magnesia ].'7, loss and soda 0-6, water 13'4; but it is probable that the specimen was not pure. G.=2'24, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], ix, 385). Named after the English Mineralogist, Mr. HIeuland. Parastilbite. VonWaltershausen thus names (loc. cit. p. 251) a specimen from Borgarfiord, which afforded on analysis, Si 61-87, 31 17-83, Ca 7-32, Na 2-00, ]K 1'78, HB 9'20=100, for which he writes the formula R Si+-;-l Si'+-31. It resembles Epistilbite, but he states that the angles are somewhat different. It may be Heulandite. BREWSTERITE, Brooke, Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi, 112. Diagonite, Breit. 487 - onoclinic. C —86 ~20', I: =1360, 0: 1i157~0,z i tV14'; ab:6:c=1038:1:2 -4'. 0: ii=93040',0: i=900, 0: i=176~, li ~i=172~. Cleavage'i JIll t. [ highly perfect. X' I ii I-. =4'5 —5. G.=2'12-2'432; the latter according to Thomson. Lustre of it pearly; of other faces, vitreous. Color white, inclining to yellow and gray. Streak white. Transparent-translucent. Fracture uneven. Composition.-(Sr, Ba)Si —lSit+5H=(if Ba: Sr=1: 2) Silica 53'7, alumina 15-2, baryta 7'6, strontia 10'2, water 13-3; but gives too little alumina. Analyses by Connel and Thomson, (Min. i, 348): i Kl Ba Sr Ca H: 1. Strontian, 53'67 17-49 6'75 8'32 1'35 12-58 0'29=100'45, Connell. 2. " 53'04 16'54 6'05 9'01 0-80 14-73 -=100'17, Thomson. B.B. parts with its water and becomes opaque; then froths and swells up, but fuses with difficulty. Leaves a silica skeleton when fused with salt of phosphorus. Dissolves in the acids with a separation of the silica, and according to Kobell, gelatinizes. Brewsterite was first observed at Strontian in Argyleshire, associated with cale spar. Occurs also at the Giant's Causeway, coating the cavities of amygdaloid; in the lead mines of St. Turpet; near Freiburg in the Brisgau; in the department of the IsWre in France, and in the Pyrenees. This species was named after Sir David Brewster. STILBITE, H. Desmine, Breit. Radiated Zeolite, A Foliated Zeolite. Strahlzeolith, W. Bliittrich strahliger Stilbite, Haus. Garbenstilbit. Sphoerostilbite, B. Hypostilbite, B. Monoclinic. Breit. I: 1=940 16' (whence Ai iA =1300 12', analogue of: Iin Heulandite); 1: 1(front)=119~ 16', ii: Iti= 90~. ]Brooke and Miller make O: ii or i —=90~, i: 1-123, i'h 1120~ 22'. Cleavage: ii perfect, ii less so. Twins of a cruciform character are rarely met with. Common in sheath-like aggregations; globular, divergent, and radiated forms; also thin lamellar and columnar. HYDROUS SILICATES, ZEOLITE SECTION. 333 488 -I.=35- 4. G.=2'094-2'205: 2-161, Hai- dinger. Lustre of ii, pearly; of other faces 1. 1 vitreous. Color white; occasionally yellow, brown, or red. Streak uncolored. Subtransparent-translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Composition.-OaiaS-ii3-li-+6l-Silica 5'7 6, alumina 16'3, lime 8'9, water 16'3. Analyses: 1, Fuchs and Gehlen, (Schw. J. viii, 253); 2, Hisinger, (ib. xxiii, 63); 3, Retzius, (Jahresb. iv, 153); 4, Moss, (Pogg. Iv, 114); 5, Riegel, (J. f. pr. Chem. xl, 317); 6, IHermann, (Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow, 1848, 318); 7, Miinster, (Pogg. lxv, 297); 8, 9, Sj6gren, (Ofv. K. V. Ak. 1848, 111); 10, Waltershausen, (Vulk. Gest. 254); 11, Kerl, (B. u. H. Ztg. 1853, No. 2); 12, R. Weber, -l (ib.); 13, Beudant, (Traitei de Min. ii, 119, 120). 1 / Si xl (ha ]Ta K A 1. Iceland, 55'07 16'58 7'58 1'5 19'30=100'04,F. & G. 2. " 58500 16'10 9'20 -- - 16'40=99'70, Hisinger. 3. Faroe, 56-08 17'22 6-95 217 -- 18'35=100'77, Retzius. 4. " 57'18 16'44 7'74 1'11 0'32'17 79=100'58, Moss. 5. Niederkirchen, 55833 16-66 7'16 1-62 -.145-0, FeO-26=98'53, R. 6. Ilmen Mts.; G.=2'19, 5631 16'25 7-66 1-03 - 17-75,Fe,Mnl'0=100H. 7. Christiana; G.=2'203,58'53 15'73 7'02 -- - 17'05,g alk. 307, 3'eO5 8. Gustafsberg, 57-41 16'14 8'97 1'21 1-04 16-60,1Mgtra.=_101-40,S. 9. Barbro, Norway, 58-41 16'56 7-89 -- - 16-53, MIg, Mn 0-59= 99'93, S. 10. Iceland; G.=2'134, 57-40 16'23 7'71 0'60 0-34 16-68,MVg0O13=99'09,W. 11. Andreasburg, 56-3 15-9 7' 4 -- 0'6 17'6, e'el3=99-1, Kerl. 12. Berufiord, Iceland, 58'02 14'94 8'33 -- 1-30 17'71=- 100 30, Weber. 13. S phcerostilbite, 55'91 17-61 9'03 0'68 -- 17-84=100'07, Beudant. B.B. intumesces and yields a milk-white bead. With acids yields slimy silica, excepting Beudant's sphcerostilbite, which forms a jelly. Stilbite occurs mostly in cavities in amygdaloid or trap. It is also found in some metalliferous veins, and in granite and gneiss. Abundant on the Faroe Islands, in Iceland, and on the Isle of Skye, in trap; at Andreasberg in the Hartz and Kongsberg and Arendal in Norway, with iron ore; in the Vendayah Mts., IIindostan, in large translucent crystals, having a reddishtinge; in fine crystals of a brick-red color, in porphyritic amygdaloid, near Kilpatrick in Dumbartonshire; a brown variety on granite, at the copper mines of Gustafsberg, near Fahlun in Sweden; at Andreasberg, Kongsberg, etc.; at Partridge Island, at Nova Scotia, this species forms a perpendicular vein from three to four inches thick, and from thirty to fifty feet long, intersecting amygdaloid; its colors are white and flesh-red. In the United States, sparingly in small crystals at Chester and the Charlestown syenite quarries, Mass; at the gneiss quarry, Thachersville, Conn., in crystals lining cavities, in coarse granite; at Hadlyme in radiated forms or gneiss, associated with epidote, garnet, and apatite; at Phillipstown, N. Y., in crystals or fan-like groups; opposite West Point, in a vein of decomposing bluish feldspar, intersecting gneiss, in honey-yellow crystals; in the greenstone of Piermont, in minute crystals; in scopiform crystals of a dull yellow color, near Peekskill, N. Y.; and at Bergen Hill, New Jersey, in small but bright crystals; also at the Michipicoten Islands, Lake Superior. The name stilbite is from crtXfrl7, lustre. ALTERED FotMS. —Stilbite has been observed changed to quartz. HIypostilbite of Beudant from Faroe, is considered a partially altered stilbite. Beudant obtained (loc. cit) Si 52-43. 1l 18'32, Ca 8'10, Na 2'41, H 18'17=99'96. Two specimens of stilbite analyzed by Thomson, (Min. i, 345), approach hypostilbite. 334 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. CAPORCIANITE, Savi. Monoclinic, according to Meneghini, resembling henlandite and near that species in its angles; 2i: -2i=131~, 2: I:=150~. Cleavage: ai very easy, and also parallel to 2i; easy parallel to -2i. Faces 2i minutely striated. Also in twins. Also imperfectly radiated foliaceous. ll.-=-25. G.-=2'470. Color flesh-red. Lustre pearly. Composition.-Ca3'Si'+3 —1 S*i2+91, Ramm. and near Laumontite=Silica 53-2, alumina 22'6, lime 12'3, water 11-9=100. Analyses: 1, Anderson, (Jameson's J. 1842, 21); 2, Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 62): 9i 1l Pe Ca. Mg E lT a f 1. 52'8 21'7 0'1 11'3 0'4 1'1 0-2 131=100'-7, Anderson. 2. 52-02 22-83 -- 9-68 1i11 1i11 0-25 13-17==100-1, Bechi. B.B. fuses to a white enamel without intumescence. Dissolves easily in acids, and forms a jelly even in the cold. Occurs in geodes with calcite in the Gabbro rosso of Monte de Caporciano at L'Impruneta and other places in Tuscany. It is sometimes accompanied by native copper. V. DATHOLITE SECTION. DATHOLITE. Borate of Lime, P. Borosilicate of Lime, Thom. Datolith, WV. Esmarkite, Haus. Humboldite, Levy. Botryolite, Haus. Chaux Borat6e Siliceuse, IH. 489 490 491 0,oC/ 4 4 492 493 2 2 2 HYDROUS SILICATES, DATHOLITE SECTION. 335 Trimetric and hemihedral, Brooke and Miller. I: 1=115~ 26', O: 1R=1530 26'; a: b: c=0'5 1 1'5829. 0: 2%=135~. 0: 6-=108~ 26'. 0: 6 — 108 4'. _ _ 0: 33=123~ 11'. - 0: 42 -115~ 27'. 0: 1 —1530 26'. 1 0: 4=141o 45'. _ _ 0:2=130~ 13'. - 3 2 O' 4=112~ 55'. 2~ z ~ - - 0o4=l l2~ 55t._ = = = =-2 22 2 = 2! 0: 2 —14:1 9'. 0: 8=10 7~ 15'. 313 _3_d 3 0: 24=145~ 49'. 41 42! 44 4i 0 3' —1350 35'. - - _ - 0: 2-=-147~ 43'.: 4 — 128~ 22'. 61 63 62 63: 63(mac)=157~ 23'. 82 33-: 33 — 160O 8'. 2:2 "d =131~ 52'. 2i 1 4 (ov.ii)-1410 24'. Observed Planes. i: i " =7 6~ 44/. Cleavage: i2 and i; indistinct. Crystals small and glassy. Also botryoidal and globular, having a columnar structure; also divergent and radiating; also massive. H.=5 —55. G.=2'989, (from Arendal), Haidinger. Lustre vitreous, sometimes subresinous on a surface of fracture; color white; sometimes grayish, pale green, yellow, red, or amethystine, rarely dirty olive-green or honey-yellow. Streak white. Translucent. Fracture uneven, subconchoidal. Brittle. Composition. —(a,',')'Si, in which i: Ca3: B= —: 2: 3=Silica 37'7, boracic acid 21'8, lime 34'9, water 5-6. 2Ca3Si+B'3Si2-+3, Rammelsberg. Botryolite, a variety occurring in botry oidal concretions, is supposed to afford more water, but more analyses are needed to show that this is constant. The species is related in formula as well as form to Euclase and Sphene. G. Rose writes the formula for Datholite 3(CaB+CaSi)+-HP'Si, and the same for Botryolite, except ft'Si for the last term. He also states that the formula of the former may be 2CaSi2~+3 3i, equivalent to two atoms of Wollastonite and three of Sassolin. But the boracic acid appears to be a base in all the silicates in which it occurs, as elsewhere observed. Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Pogg. xii, 157); 2, Du Menil, (Schweig. J. lii, 364); 3, 4, 5, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xlvii, 175); 6, Whitney, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 435): Si Oa B 1l 1. Datholite, Andreasberg, 37'36 35'67 21'26 5'71=100, Stromeyer. 2. " " 38-51 3'-59 21'34 4'6t-=100'04, Du Menil. 3. " " 38'477 35'610 20'315 5'568=100, Ramm. 4. " Arendal, 37-648 35'407 21'240 5'705-100, Ramm. 5. Botryolite, " 36-085 35'215 19'340 8'635=99'275, Ramm. 6. Datholite, I. Royal, 3'764 34'68 21-88(loss)5-80, Mntr.=100,Whitney. 336 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In a matrass affords water; becomes friable in the flame of a candle. B.B. on charcoal becomes opaque, intumesces, and melts to a glassy globule, coloring the flame more or less green. Dissolves readily with borax to a clear glass, and leaves a siliceous skeleton with salt of phosphorus. With cobalt solution affords a blue glass. Dissolves readily and gelatinizes with nitric acid. Datholite is found in amygdaloid and gneiss; sometimes also in beds of iron ore in primitive rocks. In the latter situation both varieties are found in Arendal in Norway; in agate balls at the Seisser Alp, in the Tyrol. Datholite is met with also in the valley of Glen Farg, Perthshire and Salisbury Craigs; at Ut6, Sweden, at Andreasberg, near Wolfstein in Rhenish Bavaria. At Mount Catini, Tuscany, and Toggiana, in Modena; crystals large and transparent. Occurs crystallized and massive at the Rocky Hill quarry, Hartford, Conn., in the northeast part of Southington, near Mr. IIHamlen's, in amygdaloid, both in crystals, fibrous and massive; also in Berlin, near Kensington; in the northwest part of Meriden and at Middlefield Falls, Conn. The best specimens in Connecticut come from Roaring Brook, fourteen miles from New Haven, where the crystals (f. 489, 493) are sometimes half an inch long, and nearly pellucid; the author obtained from a transparent crystal of this locality I: 1=1150 12', giving by calculation for i2: i2 76~ 28'. The plane s, is not quite even, and is often unpolished. It replaces edge 2X: I; its intersections with 63 and 4 are not parallel, nor is the intersection with 63 parallel to that of 63 and 6i, hence it is probably the plane 1_6 e Planes 8eand is of the Roaring Brook crystals are unpolished. The angles of the form36 8 are X=1390 26', Y=570 8', Z=-1410~32'. Bergen Hill, N. J., has afforded fine specimens, and Patterson, specimens of less interest. Occurs sparingly at Piermont, N. Y. At the hill near Copper Falls, south shore of Lake Superior, it occurs in amygdaloid, and the crystals often include native copper, and are sometimes amethystine in color; also on the south shore of Isle Royal in fine crystals; fig. 490, 491 are from crystals in the cabinet of J. E. Teschemacher; plane (-6 3) gives approximately 0 (bottom plane), on t,=1400-1420, i; t=1090 30', which are near the angles of plane; but the 22 intersections of t with 2 and 21 are not parallel, although those with 34 and 41 are parallel. The crystallization of Datholite was shown to be trimetric byBrooke and Miller, a conclusion which the author's observations confirm. ALLOPHANE, St}romeyer. Riemannite. IReniform and massive; sometimnes presenting traces of crystallization on the surface; occasionally almost pulverulent. H.=3. G.=1'852 —1889. Lustre vitreous or resinous; splendent and waxy internally. Color pale-blue; sometimes green, brown, yellow, or colorless. Streak white. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal and shining. Very brittle. COomposition.-Analyses: 1, Stromeyer, (Unters. 308, and Gilb. Ann. liv, 120); 2, Walchner, (Schw. J. xlix, 154); 3, Guillemin, (Ann. Ch. Ph. xlii, 260); 4, Bunsen, (Pogg. xxxi, 53); 5, Berthier, (Ann. des M. [3], ix, 498); 6, B. Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci., [2], vii, 417):'Si -Ml f au 1. Grafenthal, 21-92 32-20 41'30 -— u a 3'06, Ca 0'73, Gyps. 0'52, F'elS 0'27-99 88, Strom. 2. Gersbach, 24-11 38'76 35'75 2'33=100'95, Walchner. 3. Fermi, 23'76 39'68 35'74 0'95=99'83, Guillemin. 4. Friesdorf, 21'05 30.3'7 40'23 -, CuC 239, Fe 2'74, IgC 2'06, B. 5. Beauvais, 21-90 29-20 44'20 —, Clay 4'7=100, Berthier. 6. Richmond, Ms. 22'65 38'77 35-24 —, Mg 2'83=99'49, Silliman, Jr. The formula from analyses 2, 3, and 6, is A~l3i2i+-151:=Silica 24'22, alumina 40'39, water, 35-39; from 1 the same except 20t in place of 15IH. HYDROUS SILICATElS, APPENDIX. 337 In a matrass yields water. B.B. speedily deprived of color, and rendered pulverulent, causing some intumescence, and tinging the flame green. Does not fuse alone, but with borax melts readily to a transparent and nearly colorless glass. A jelly with acids. Allophane occurs lining irregular cavities in a kind of marl, at Saalfield in Thuringia, at Schneeberg in Saxony, Vis6 in Belgium, and elsewhere. The specimens analyzed by Berthier occur abundantly in the chalk of Beauvais, France; they present a honey-yellow color. It was first observed by Messrs. Riemann and Roepert, and hence has been called Riemannnite. The first analysis and description were made by Holfmann and Stromeyer, in 1816. In the United States it occurs with gibbsite at Richmond, Mass., forming a hyaline crust, scaly or compact in structure, and brittle; also at the Bristol Copper Mine, Conn. Named from aXoos, other, and qaivo, to appear, in allusion to its change of appearance under the blowpipe. A yellowish white earthy mineral from Kornwestheim between Stuttgart and; Ludwidsburg, with G.=1'794 and 2'098 consists of allophane and aluminite in combination, and is called Kiesel-aluminite (Siliceous aluminite) by Groningen and Oppel. For their analyses, see Lieb. u. Kopp's Jahersb. 1852, 893, from Wiirttemb,. Nat. Jahreshefte, 1851,189. SCIROTTERITE, Glocker. Opal Allophane. Resembles Allophane. H. -3 —35. G. =1-95 —205. Color greenish, yellowish, or at times spotted with brown. Composition.-l44'Si+-~tSilica 11-2, alumina 49'7, water 39'2. Analyses by Schrdtter, (J. f. pr. Chem., xi, 380): BSi 1 I Fe Ca Cu f 1. 11-95 46-30 36 20 2-95 1.30 0'25 0'78=99 73. 2. 11-93 46'28 35'50 2-66 1-03 0'25 0V48=98'14. Soluble in the acids. B.B. acts like allophane, but burns white. From Dollinger mountain, near Freienstein, in Styria, in nests between clay-slate and granular limestone. Appendix to fHydrous Silicates. CHLOROPAL, Bernhardi and Brandes, Schweigger's J. xxxv, 29. Nontronite, Berthier. Pinguite. Compact massive, with an opal-like appearance; earthy. II.=2-3. G.-=1727, 1'8T0, earthy varieties, the second a conchoidal specimen; 24105, Thomson, a Ceylon chloropal. Color greenish-yellow and pistachio-green. Opaque-subtransparent. Fragile. Fracture conchoidal and splintery. Composition.-4'eS'i2-+3=Silica 45'9, peroxyd of iron 40'5, water 13-7=100, Kobell. Related to the hydrous silicates of alumina, especially Halloysite, pp. 283, 284. Analyses: 1, 2, Bernhardi and Brandes, (loc. cit.); 3, Berthier, (Ann. Ch.. Phys. xxxv, 92); 4, Dufrenoy, (Ann. d. M. [3], iii, 393); 5, Jacquelin, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xlvi, 101); 6, Biewend, (J. f. pr. Chem. xi, 162); 7, H. Miller; 8, E. Uricoechea, (7, 8, communicated to the author by E. U.); 9, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxvi, 9):. Si Fe A1 Dig f: 1. Hungary, compact, 46' 33- 1 2' 18=100, Bernhardi & Brandes. 2. " earthy, 45'00 32'00 0'75 2-00 20'00-99'75, B. & Brandes. 3. INontron, Nontronite, 44'0 29'0 3'6 2-1 18'7, clay 01-=97'5, Berthier. 4. Villefrance, " 40'68 30'19 3-96 2-37 23'00-100'20, Dufrenoy. 43 338 DESCRIPTIVE MILNERALOGY, Si Pe A1 SMg ftV 5. Montmort, Nontronite, 41-31 35-69 3-31 - 1863, Ca 019, Ou 0'9=100'3, J. 6. Andreasberg, " 41'10 37'30 - - 215699-86, Biewend. 7. Tirschenreuth, " 471 3575 7'15 tr. 10'00=100, Miller. 8. " " 47'59 42-49 0-13a 9'79=100, Uricoechea. 9. Wolfenstein, Pinguite, 36'90 29'50 1'80 0'45 25'10, Fe 6-10 Mn 0156=100, Kerst a With some potash. Kobell found, after expelling the water, 1. Haar, Si 52'10 Pe 40-60 Al 3'00 Oa 1'60 lSIg 108=98-38. 2. Hungary, 52'33 43-34 2'32 0'93 0'73=99'65. The chemist does not consider all the water in chemical combination. B.B. infusible, but becomes black and then brown, With the fluxes gives an iron reaction. Partially dissolved in muriatic acid. Nontronite gelatinizes. From Hungary. Described as breaking readily into a kind of parallelopiped, the upper end and two adjoining lateral edges of which have the opposite magnetic pole from the lower end and the other two edges. The Pinguite affords the formula Be'Si+-ea2i3+15U. It has a greasy feel. G.= 2-3-2'35. A mineral from Ceylon, resembling chloropal, afforded Thomson, (Min. i, 464): 9i 53'00, Fe 26-04, Al 1'80, MIg 1-40, I 18-00=100'24. COLLYRITE. Kollyrite, Freisleben. Scarbroite. Collyrite is a clay-like compound, white, with a glimmering lustre, greasy feel and adhesive to the tongue. G.=2 —216. H.=1-2. B.B. infusible. Gelatinizes with nitric acid. From Ezquerra in the Pyrenees, in porphyry near Schemnitz, Hungary, near Wessenfels, Saxony. Scarbroite from the coast of Scarborough is related to Collyrite. G.=1-48. Does not fall to pieces in water or increase in weight. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. i, 257); 2, Berthier, (Ann.d. M. ii, 476); 3, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxi, 24); 4, Vernon, (Phil. Mag. and Ann. v, 178): 9i Al e ft 1. Collyrite, Schemnitz, 14'0 4560 - 42'0=101, Klaproth. 2. " Ezquerra, 15'0 44'5 -- 40'5=100, Berthier. 3. " Saxony, 23'3 42'8 - 347-==100'8, Kersten. 4. Scarbroite,' ~ 10'50 42-50 0'25 46'75=100, Vernon. The formula Al'Si+151[ has been written for Collyrite. Dillnite is a related substance, white and firm, (H.-=35), or earthy, (H.=1-8-2), G.=2'574 —2835. It is the gangue of the diaspore of Schemnitz. Analyses by Hutzelmann and Karafiat, (Pogg. lxxviii, 575): 1. Si 2240 Al1 56-40 Oa tr. Mug 0'44 ft 21-13, Fe, Mln, alk. tr.=-10037. H. 2. 23'53 53'00 0'88 1-76 20'05=99'22, Karafiat. The analyses correspond to the formula 2lf'Si+4l= —Silica 24'39, alumina 54'23, f1 21'38. Dr. J. L. Smith obtained a very different result for a similar material from the same Schemnitz locality, as given under Pholerite, (q. v.) HYDROUS SLICTTES, APPENDIX. 339 WOLCHIONSKOITE. Amorphous. Dull-shining. Color bluish-green, passing into grass-green. Streak bluish-green and shining. Feel resinous. Polished by the nail. Fracture subconchoidal. Adheres slightly to the tongue. Very fragile. Composition.-Considered an impure hydrated silicate of chrome. Analyses: 1, Berthier, (Mem. ii, 263); 2, Kersten, (Pogg. xlvii, 489); 3, Ilimoff, (Ann. Jour. Mines de Russie, 1842, 366); 4, Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 62): Si' r re AXl -n kig f[ 1. 27'2 34'0 7'2 - -- 72 23-2=98-8, Berthier. 2. 37'01 17'93 10'43 6-47 1'66 1-91 21'84,,Pb 1'01, K trace=98-26, Kers. 3' 30'06 31'24 9-39 3 09 - 6'50 12'40, Ca 1'90, Pb 0'16=100,74, Ilim. 4. 28'36 8'11 - 4133 - - 22'75=100655, Bechi. Gelatinizes with hot concentrated muriatic acid, in which half the chromium is dissolved, the rest remains in union with silica. Ilimoff gives 94'74 as the sum of his results. Should 6650 Mg be 0'60 klig? From Okhansk in Siberia; and a related compound (analysis 4) from Volterra, Tuscany. CHROME OCHRE A clayey material, containing some oxyd of chrome, allied to the preceding. Occurs earthy of a bright green shade of color. Analyses: 1, Drappier; 2, Duflos, (Schw. J. lxii, 251); 3, Zellner, (Isis, 1834, 637); 4, Wolff, (J. f pr. Chem. xxxiv, 202): Si Jir Al Pe }1. Creuzat, Fr. 64'0 10'5 23'0 -- -- Oa and kIg 265=100, Drappier. 2. Halle, 57'00 5'50 22650 3'50 11'00=99'50, Duflos. 3. -Silesia, 58650 2'00 30'00 3'00 6256=99'75, Zellner. 4. Halle, 46'11 4'28 30.53 3'15 12'52, K3-44,Na0-46=100'49,W. G.=2'701. The formula (Al, 1r ~e)Si2 corresponds nearly to the composition. Wolff's analysis, (No. 4), gives (1l, "r)3Si4+4-, which is the constitution of a kaolin. It is probably not a true chemical compound. Chrome ochre occurs at the localities above mentioned; also on Unst in Zetland, Mortenberg in Sweden, and elsewhere. Miloschin, Herder. Serbian, Breit.-Another chromiferous compact mineral, probably a mechanical mixture. Color indigo-blue to celandine-green. H.=2. G.= 2'13. Composition.-Approaches (-il,'3r)3'Si+9f1. Analysis by Kersten, (Pogg. xlvii, 486): Si 27'50, Al 45-01, -r 3'61, Ca 0'30, Mg 0'20, H 23830=99'92. In a matrass yields water. B.B. infusible. Partly dissolved in muriatic acid. From Rudniak in Servia, associated with quartz and brown iron ore. PIMELITE, Karsten. Alizite, Glocker. Massive,orearthy. H.=2-5. G.=2'23 —23: 2'71 —276, Baer; 1-44-1'46, (alizite), Schmidt. Lustre weak, greasy. Color applegreen. Streak greenish-white. Translucent to subtranslucent. Feel greasy. Does not adhere to the tongue. Composition.-Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 134); 2, Schmidt; 3, W. Baer, (J. f. pr. Ch. lv, 49): 340 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Si Ni Mg Fe Oa 1 A[ 1. Chrysoprase earth, 35'00 15'63 1'25 4-58 0'42 5'00 38.12, Klaproth. 2. Alizite, 54'63 32-66 5-89 Fel-13 0-16 0'30 5-23=100, Schmidt. 3. Hard Pimelite, 35-80 2-78 14-66 -e2-69 23'04 31'03=100, Baer. The second corresponds nearly to the oxygen ratio, for the protoxyds, silica and water: 1: 3:; the third for the protoxyds, peroxyds, silica and water,:1: 2:3;3. From Silesia and elsewhere. MONTMORILLONITE, Salvetat. Rose-red; fragile. From Montmorillon; Confolens in Charente; and near St. Jean de Colle, in Dordogne. Smectite, Breithaupt, is from Cilley in Lower Styria, and Zeug in Croatia. Supposed formula zK1 Si3+611. Malthacite of Breithaupt, (J. f. pr. Oh. x, 510). In thin plates and massive; soft like wax. G.1-99 —201; white or yellowish, and translucent. From basalt at Steindorfel, and greenstone near Beraun in Bohemia. Analyses: 1, Damour, (Bull. Soc. Geol. de Fr. [2], iv, 464); 2, L. A. Jordan, (Pogg. lxxvii, 591); 3, Meissner, (J. f. pr. Ch. x, 510): *i Al F3e Oa Mg K i 1. Afontmorillonite, 65004 20-16 0'68 1-46 0'23 1'27 26 0=99 84, Damour. 2. Smectite, 51'21 12-25 2 07 2-13 4'89 - 27'89, Jordan. 3. 7althacite, 50'2 10'7 3'1 0'2 - - 35'8, Meissner. Razouzntofzskin of John, is another clayey or halloysite-like substance from Kosemuth in Silesia. Zellner obtained Si 54-50,'Al 27 25, Ca 2'00, Mg 0'37, Fe 0'25, 1: 14-25=98-62. ERDMANNITE, Berlin, Pogg. lxxxviii, 160. In irmbedded grains and folia: with no traces of crystallization. G.-3'1. Lustre vitreous. Color dark-brown. In thin splinters. Translucent. Composition.-Analysis by Blotmstrand, of half a gramme, (loc. cit.): Ri Ox. Ce & La l CGa IFe Mln Y f: and loss 31 85 34.89 11-71 6-46 8'52 0-86 1-43 4-28 From the island Stoko in the Langesundfiord, near Brevig. Named in honor of M. Erdmann. BARALITE. Mlassive, and cellular. H.=4. Lustre glimmering. Color greeenish-black. Opaque. Streak grayish-green. Composition.-Contains silica, alumina, peroxyd of iron, lime, magnesia and water. B.B. alone infusible; with borax, a glass colored by iron; with soda partly dissolved. Wholly soluble in muriatic acid. In a tube yields pure water, and be0omes brownish. SILICATES, APPENDIX. 341 UNARRANGED SILICATES CONTAINING TITANIC ACID. The species here included, may perhaps be arranged in some of the groups of silicates, when their composition is better understood. In sphene, a silicate of the same kind, we have pointed out a close relation to the ordinary silicates, the titanic acid acting as a base. The same appears to be true in Keilhauite, which may prove, as we show, to be related to sphene. The other species may have similar relations to some of the anhydrous silicates. The following are suggested as probably the general formulas under which the species fall. 1. KE ILHAUITE, (1', ( )'Si (like sphene). 2. TSCImIEFKINITE, (R3, i'i S. ScrIonLomrIE, (f25, h):i'. 4.'MOSAXNDICITE, (Rse, ) Si+alq. 5. WO`LLERITE, (g3, ) Si. KEILItAUIT E, A. JEr&dncnn, K. V. Ac. H. 1844. Yttrotitanite, Scheerer, Pogg. lxiii, 459. Trimetric? I: 1=122~ 30' Greg. Cleavage: I, perfeet. Also massive. 1. =-6'5. G. = 369. Lustre vitreous to resinous. Brownishblack; in splinters brownish-red and translucent. Streak-powder rrayVisl-b to wiln. Composition.-Analyses by Erdmann, (loc. cit.): Si (p:l Pe AXTn Ce Ca Y 1. 30'00 29'01 6'09 6'35 0'61 0'32 18-92 9'62=100'98. 2. 29'45 28'14 5'90 6'48 0'86 0'63 18'68 9'64=99'88. The oxygen ratio between the bases and silica (reckoning Ti with the former, as in sphene) is very closely 3: 2, the sphene ratio; and the formula may consequently be RSii or (oir3,i)'Si' The lime (Ca) united with the Ti is equivalent to a peroxyd (that is TiO2+Ca0=R20O=-). Erdmnann writes the formula 3Ca3Si'+-ISi+iCi3, in which the three members have the widely unlike oxygen ratios, 2: 1, 1:1, 1: 3. B.B. fuses with intumescence easily to a black shining slag. Yields an ironcolored glass with borax, which in the inner flame becomes blood-red. With salt of phosphorus gives an iron color and a silica skeleton, and in the inner flame a violet pearl. Reaction of manganese with soda. In powder wholly dissolved in muriatic acid. Occurs about one and a half miles from Arendal, Norway, in a feldspathic rock. R. P. Greg, Jun., has a non-terminated crystal two inches long. TSCHEFFKINITE, G..hose, Reise n. d. Ural. Massive, amorphous. H.= -55. G.= — 508 —4'549, G. Rose; 4'5296, H. Rose, and in powder 4'615. Lustre vitreous. Color velvet-black. Streak dark brown. Subtranslucent to opaque. 342 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Analyses by H. Rose, (Pogg. lxii, 591): Si Pi Na!Ig Sin 1e Ox. Ce, La, D 1, Ta 21 04 20-17 3'50 0'22 0'83 11'21 4'7 29 0-12=104-38. The excess in the analysis is owing to the oxydation of the cerium from the state of protoxyd. The titanic acid is supposed still to contain some glucina, alumina, and yttria. The oxygen ratio leads to the probable formula (f3, R) Sit. B.B. intufmesces very much, becomes a porous mass; in a stronger heat becomes yellow, but does not fuse except in the strongest heat, when it forms a black glass. Gelatinizes readily on heating in muriatic acid. From the Ilmen Mountains, Siberia. SCHORLOMITE, Shepard, Am. J. Sci. 2d Ser. ii, 251. Massive without cleavage. H. =7 —'5. G.- 3862, Shepard; 3'807, Whitney; 3'783 in coarse powder, Rammelsberg. Color black, often tarnished blue and with pavonine tints; streak grayish-black, with a tinge of lavender-blue. Lustre vitreous. Fracture conchoidal. Composition. —Ca' Si+-e Si+-aTi2, Whitney=Silica 24'9, oxyd of iron 21'9, lime 30'7, titanic acid 22'5. If the Tl[i acts as a base, as in Sphene and Keilhauite, (it forming with C(a an equivalent to a peroxyd), then we have in the above formula,2Siq- 2 (Ti+~Ca)+1-le+2,a which corresponds to2Si+3i-+2Ca. The oxygen ratio between the silica and bases is here 6: 11. But if the silica be a little too high, the ratio may be 5j: 11 or 1: 2, which will afford the formula 2'Si+3'Si~, or (- R3 +%-t)Si — Silica 23'3, titanic acid 22-9, peroxyd of iron 22'4, lime 31'4=100. In Rammelsberg's analysis, the silica was determined only by the loss, and in two of the other analyses there was titanic acid remaining with the silica. Analyses: 1, 2, Whitney, (Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1849, vi, 46); 3, Rammelsberg, (J. f. pr Chem. lv, 488, former analysis revised); 4, Crossley, (this Min., 3d edit., 692)a 1. 25-66 22-10 29,78 21'58=99'12, Whitney. 2. 27-'89a 20'43 30'05 21'90-100'27, Whitney. 3. 25-24 22'34 29-38 20-11, ig 1'36, Fe 1'57=100, Ramm. 4. 26-36a 21-56 30'72 22-00, " 125, MRn trace=101'89, C. a With some titanic acid. In a matrass no water. B.B. in platinum forceps fuses on the edges with difficulty to a black mass. The pearl with borax is yellow in the outer flame, and becomes colorless on cooling, unless too much of the assay be used. Also a yellow glass with salt of phosphorus.; with tin on charcoal in the inner flame the bead becomes violet. In small masses with elveolite and brookite in the Ozark Mts., Magnet Cove, Arkansas. MOSANDRITE. Erdmann, Jahresb. xxi, 178. Monoclinic? In large flat prisms; lateral edges, replaced byplanes I; also a summit dome, observed by Greg, giving ii on Iby reflecting goniometer=147~ 30', g; on plane of dome-115~ by common goniorneter, angle of dome thence 1300. Also masssive and fibrous. Cleavage: in one direction distinct, in others indistinct. H.=-4. G.=2'93 —298. Lustre of cleavage face between vitreous and greasy, of other surfaces resinous. Color dull greenish SILICATES, APPENDIX. 343 or reddish-brown. Streak-powder grayish-brown. Thin splinters translucent, bright red by transmitted light. Composition.-Analysis by Berlin, (Pogg. 1853, 156): Si Ti Oe, La D Be Sig Ca: Ra ft 29-93 9'90 26'56 1'83 0'75 19-07 0-52 2-87 8-90=100-33. There is some $Mn with the Pe. Reckoning the Ti with the bases, as forming part of a peroxyd, as in Sphene and Keilhauite, the oxygen ratio of the protoxyds, peroxyds, and silica, is nearly 1: 2: 3, or of bases and silica 1: 1 (precisely 16'57: 15'86); affording the formula R'Si+2R~Si+4jA, or (iR9+t-1iR)Si+1jI. This excluding the water is the formula of epidote, to which the species may be related. WOHLERITE, Scheerer, Pogg. lix, 327, 1843. Trimetric. I: I=90~ 54', 0:1-=1440~'1, Descl.; a: b: c= 0'7261: 1: 101583. o ~: — =160~ 3'. 494 0 11=153 29'.' 0 ~ 1 —2=116~ 37'. 0' 1-2-1410 18'.'i: i' — 1160 56'. - i': 1=1350 2T'. i 2 i2 (OV. i)= —1260 9'. /3:~ i (OV. ) =-142O~34:'.: (ov. 0)=1400 6'. In tabular crystals and prisms: Cleavage: distinct in one direction. Also granular. H. =55. G. =341. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color light-yellow, wine-, honey-, resin-yellow, brownish, grayish; streak-powder yellowish-white. Transparent - subtranslucent. Fracture more or less conchoidal-splintery. Composition.-6R3'Si+3Zr'Si+-'ObSi=(T oR3+1-~Zr+-o C'b)Si=(if 0a Na=7l: 2). Silica 31'2, columbic acid 14'3, zirconia 18'9, lime 27 0, soda 8'6=100. Scheerer writes the formula Zr'Cb+5(NaSi+C-0aSi) which is hardly as near the analyses, and has for its three members the unlike oxygen ratios I: 1, 1: 3, 3: 1. If in the above, the Cb be united with the peroxyds, the ratio of Vt~ to R will be 3: 2 and the formula will be essentially that of some Idocrase and Allanite. Scheerer obtained in his analysis, Si 30'62,'0b 14'47, Zr 15'17, Pe 2-12, lIn 1'55, da 26'19, Na 7'78, A[ 0'24=98'14, with perhaps traces of cerium, and 0'4 of magnesia. Dissolves easily when heated in strong muriatic acid, with a separation of the silica and columbic acid. B.B. in a strong heat fuses to a yellowish glass. With the fluxes, gives the reaction of manganese, iron, and silica. W6hlerite occurs with eleolite in zircon syenite, on an island of the Langesundfjord, near Brevig, in Norway. Some crystals are nearly an inch long. EUKOLITE, Scheerer, Jahresb. xxv, 375, and Pogg. Ann. lxxii, 561). In reniform masses. Color brown. Resembles w6hlerite. G.-=301. Composition.-Analysis by Scheerer, (loc. cit.): Si 47 85, met. acids and some Zr 14'05, Pe 8'24, Ca 12'06, Ce 2-98, Na 12-31, fIn 1'94, iMg trace. AH 0'94-100-37. Scheerer considers it a wbhlerite, in which the zirconia is replaced by peroxvd of iron. From Rodkindholm near Fredericksviirn, Norway; also near Brevig. 344 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. IL. TANTALATES, COLUMBATES,* TITAN'ATES,t TUNGSTATES, IOLY BDATES, ANADATES, CIROMfATES. 1. PYROCHLORE GROUP. Monometric. Oxygen ratio 1: 2. PEROFSKITE, Ca Ti.?PYRREIITE. PYROCHLORE, k, Ta2. IH. SCHEELITE GROUP. Dimetric. Oxygen ratio of bases and acid, 1: 3. SCHEELITE, 6a W. WULFENITE, Pb Mo. SCIIEELETINE, Pb W.?AzoRITE. III. FERGUSONITE GROUP. Dimetrie. Oxygen ratio of bases and acid, 2: 1. FERGUSONITlE, (Y, e)'Ta. IV. TANTALITE GROUP. Trimetric. 1: I=100~-102~. TANTALITE, (Fe, lIn) (Ta,'b). SAMARSIITE. WOLrFRAM, (e, M1)W. MENGITE. COLUMBITE, (Fe, Mn)' ObV'. V. POLYMIGNITE GROUP. Trimetric. I: -=900 30' to 95~ POLYMIIGNYTE,.XSCIIYNITEL POLYCtRASE, Appendix, EUXENITE, RUTIIERFORDITE, VI. YTTROTANTALITE GROUP. Oxygen ratio 1: 1. YTTROTANTALITE, R'(Ta, W,'). VII. VANADATES, CH0ROiMATES. CROCOmSITE, Pb C r. * The metal of the American Columbite was early named Columzbi umr, by Hatchett, (in 1801); and as it is the same which Rose has since called niobium, Hatchett's name is here restored. See Phil. Mag. [4], vii, 461, June 1854. f The relation of the Titanates to the Columibates, etc., are so close, and at the same time so imperfectly understood and the acids are so often combined in the same mineral, that the species are here arranged together, instead of making a separate head for the Titanates. COLUMBATES, TITANATES, TUNGSTATES MOLYBDATES. 345 VAUQUELINITE, ( u, Pb)3i'r2. MELANOCHROITE, Pb' Cr'. DEMCENITE, Pb Y. DESCLOIZITE, Pb' V VANADINITE, Pb'V'-~Pb C1. VOLBORTHITE, (OU, P0a)'V+l'. ARAEOXENE, PEROFSKITE, G. Rose, Pogg. xlviii, 558. Monometric. Observed planes: 0, I, 1, 2,' 4, i-, 2, Usual in cubes; f. 1, 15, 17, etc. Cleavage: cubic, tolerably perfect. I-I.=55. G.-=4017. Lustre metallic-adamantine; less bright on a cleavage face. Color grayish to iron-black. Opaque-subtranslucent. Streak uncolored, grayish. Composition. i-OaliTitanic acid 59'4, lime 40'6=100. Analyses; 1, Jacobson, (Pogg. lxii, 596); 2, Brooks, (ib.): Tli Ca klfg 1. 58'96 39'20 trace Fe and trace of An 2'06=100'22, Jacobson. 2. 59'00 36'76 0'11 " " " 479=100'07, Brooks. B.B. alone infusible. With salt of phosphorus and borax, the pulverized mineral forms a clear glass colored with titanium; with the former in the inner flame theglobule, as long as it is heated, is grayish-green, but becomes of a violet-blue on cooling; in the outer flame, it is greenish-white while hot, and clear and colorless. on cooling; slightly acted on by the acids. Perofskite occurs in crystals or druses of crystals, the largest yet seen not over. six lines in length. The forms have been studied by Descloizeaux, (Ann. Ch.o Phys. xiii, 1845, 338). It is associated with crystallized chlorite, and magnetic iron in chlorite slate, at Achmatovsk, near Slatoust in the Ural. It is named in honor of von Perofski of St. Petersburg. In Sphene, as has been shown, (Ca+-ti) is equivalent to a peroxyd; and in this view, Perofskite may be considered as related to Martite and Iserihe, which are monometric. PYROCHLORE. Brewst. Jour. vi, 358. Microlite, Shepard. Hydrochlore and Fluochlore, Hermann. Monometric. Observed planes 1, 1 22, 33, O. In octahedrons; f. 11, 19, 41. Cleavage: octahedral, sometimes distinct, especially in the smaller crystals. H.-5 —55. G.=3'802, from Brevig, Berzelius; 4-32, from Miask, Rose; 4'203, Miask, Hermann; 4"203 —4221, from Fredericksviirn, Hayes. Lustre vitreous or resinous. Color pale honeyyellow, brown, dark reddish or blackish-brown. Subtranslucentopaque. Fracture conchoidal. 44 346 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition.-Analyses: 1, from Miask, 2, Brevig, 3, Fredericksvirn,Wohler,(Pogg. xlviii, 83); 4, 5, Miask, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxi, 94,1, 188, 192); 6, 7, Fredericksv/arn, A. A. Hayes, (Am. J. Sci., xlvi, 164); 8, Mlicrolite, Shepard, (Am. J. Sci., xxxii, 338); 9, ib. Hayes, (ib. xlvi, 158): ib Pi 1n P'e (Ia Oe At 1. 67'38 tr. 0'15 1'29 10'98 0'81 13'15C 1'16, Na3'93,F3'23,Sn,Mfg?=102'08,W. 2. 67'02 tr. 1'69 1'33 9'88 -- 5'16 7'06, 4'60, Sn, Mg,Na tr.=97'80, W. 3. - 62'75 2-'75e2'16 1285 - 6.80d 4'20, T5'18, SnO0'61, alk. tr.'=97'25, W. 4. 62'25 2'23 tr. 5'11 13'54 0'70 3-09 0-50, La 2-00, Zr 5-57, K, Na, Li 3-72, F 3 0=101'71, Hermann. 5. 60-83 4'90 - 2-23 9-80 0-94 15.23a -- lg 1'46, K 054, Na 2-69, F2'21= 100-83, Hermann. 6. 53'10 20-20 -- -2'35 19'45, oxyds of U, Mn, Pb, Sn, 1'20, ign. 0'80=97'10, H. 7. 59'00b" 18'33 - 16-73, Pe and:1G, etc. 0'70, Na 5'63, ign. 0-80= —101-19, H. 8. 75'70 Wr Y I 742, Ca 14'84, t 2'04=100, Shepard. Microlite. 9. 79-60 Pe 0'99, ox. of U and Mn 2-21, Ca 10-87, Pb 1-60, Sn 0-70=95-97, Hayes. a With oxyd of Lanthanum. b With some Lime and Titanic acid. c With Thoria. d Peroxyd of Cerium. B.B. becomes pale brownish-yellow or lemon yellow, but retains its lustre, and fuses with great difficulty. With borax forms a reddish-yellow transparent globule in the oxydating flame, which, on flaming, becomes opaque; with more of the borax, becomes a white enamel. With salt of phosphorus dissolves completely, and at first, with some effervescence, forming a glass which in the outer flame is yellow while hot, but becomes grass-green on cooling. Pyrochlore occurs imbedded in syenite at Fredericksv/arn and Laurvig in Norway, associated with zircon, polymignite, and phosphate of yttria; also-at Brevig with thorite, and at Ilmengebirge near Miask in Siberia. Named by Berzelius, in allusion to its becoming yellowish-green under the blowpipe, from irvp,fire, xwaoso, green. Microlite (from the albite vein, Chesterfield, Mass., associated with red and green tourmaline) resembles pyrochlore closely, and is here referred by J. E. Teschemacher, (Am. J. Sci. xliii, 33). It presents the forms of f. 11, 19, and 41. H.=5-5. G.0=5405, Hayes. Colors pale-yellow to brown. The light colored crystals appear to be nearly pure columbate of lime. PYRRHITE, G. Rose, Pogg. xlviii, 5o2. IMonometric; in octahedrons. Cleavage not observed. H. = 6. Lustre vitreous. Color orange-yellow. Subtranslucent. Infusible. Small splinters blacken and color the flame deep yellow. Pulverized, it dissolves easily in borax or salt of phosphorus; adding largely of the fluxes, it forms a clear glass, which, with still more of the flux, becomes yellowish-green; with less, the glass remains colorless. Pyrrhite was found by von Perofski of St. Petersburg, at Alabaschka, near Mursinsk, where it occurs in drusy feldspar cavities, containing also tables of lithia mica, crystals of albite, and white topaz. The largest crystal was but three lines long. The name is from 7rsppos, yellow. With this species J. E. Teschemacher identifies small orange-yellow octahedrons found with albite at the Azores. The crystals are a half to two lines long, and those of minute size are transparent. According to chemical and blowpipe trials by A. A. Hayes, on specimens furnished him by Mr. Teschemacher, these crystals consist of columbate of zirconia, colored apparently by oxyds of iron, uranium, and manganese. B.B. in the forceps, on the first impulse of the heat, becomes darker, and the fine orange color returns on cooling, even if the heat has been high; at the melting point of cast iron, in the reduction flame, the flame becomes permanently darker and brown. With borax (G parts to 1 of assay) it dissolves and affords a clear colorless glass, which becomes instantly opaline or opaque on flaming; transferred to COLUMBATES, TANTALATES, TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES. 347 the oxydating flame becomes opaque. With salt of phosphorus (in the same proportion) in the inner flame gives a clear glass, and when reduced, the glass is green; but in the outer becomes yellow. With a little more of assay, the glass remains clear. With soda (12 parts to 1 of assay) dissolves; some clear portions are seen in the globule while hot, but on cooling, opacity precedes the crystallization of the globule; finally a gray-brown slag remains, which cooled from the outer flame, has a green color indicating oxyd of manganese. Decomposed by much soda, and the resulting mass heated with nitric acid, gives a heavy white insoluble powder, which with boiling water takes a white flocculent form; the powder exhibited all the characters of columbic (niobic) acid. The acid solution, when mixed with carbonate of ammonia, remains clear; heated, some oxyd of iron falls, and the fluid is light yellow; with oxalic acid, a white earth separates, which, heated with sulphuric acid to destroy the oxalic acid, dissolves, and the fluid forms with potash before complete neutralization, a white double salt, which has the characters of that from zirconia, but may also contain oxyd of cerium. The oxalate when first formed did not afford when heated the cinnamon-brown color characteristic of deutoxyd of cerium. The extremely small amount of the mineral under examination forbids the expression of certainty respecting the base. Although inclining to the opinion of the existence of cerium in the mineral, firom the red color of the crystals, Mr. Hayes observes that he obtained no positive proof on this point. SCHEELITE, Leonh. Tungstate of Lime. Tungsten. Scheelin calcaire, H. Schwerstein, W. Dimetric; hemihedral in planes 12 and 33. O: i=123~ 59'; a=1'4835. 0: 1-115~ 29'. 1 1 (pyr.)=100~ 40'. 1i: li(bas.)-=112 2'. 0: 33=102~ 2'. 1 1 (bas.) 1299 2'. 1 1i 140~ 20'. o: 12=1210 5'.'i: ii (pyr.)=108~ 12'. 12: 1i=157~ 21'. Cleavage: 1, most distinct, li, interrupted, 0 traces. Twins: planes of composition Iand ii. Also reniform with columnar structure; and massive granular. 495 0 i-i- l ii I -' ii 12 Observed Planes.. Schlackenwald. H.=4-5-5. G.-6 —6076. Lustre vitreous, inclining to adamantine. Color white, inclining to yellow and brown; sometimes almost orange-yellow. Streak white. Subtransparent-translucent. Fracture uneven. Brittle. 348 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition.-CaW=Lime 19-46, tungstic acid 80'6. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 44); 2, Berzelius, (Afh. i Fys. iv, 305); 3, 4, Brandes and Bucholz, (Schweig. xx, 285); 5, Choubine, (Ann. des M. Russ. 1841, 317); 6, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxviii, 514); 7, Bowen, (Am. J. Sci. v, 118); 8, Domeyko, (Ann. d. M., [4], iii, 15); 9, Delesse, (Bull, Geol. Soc. [2], x, 17): W Oa Si Fe 1. Cornwall, 75-25 18'70 1'50 1-25, Mn 0'75=97-45, Klaproth. 2. Westmannland, Sweden, 80'417 19'40 -- — 99'817, Berzelius. 3. Schlackenwald,'7800 19-06 2'00 -=-99-06, B. and B. 4. Zinnwald, 76-50 16-60 2'94 1-50, Ca and A1 1-1=98'54, B. and B. 5. Katherinenburg, 78-41 18-88 Mg 0'65=97'94, Ch.; G. 6'071. C,. Neudorf, 78'64 2156 -- -— =10020, Ramm.; G. 6'03, 7. Monroe, Ct., 76'05 19-36 2'54 1'03,.Mn 0-31=99-29, Bowen. 8. Coquimbo,'7575 18-05 0'75 — Cu 3'30=97'85, Domeyko. 9. Framont, 80'35 19'40 -- =99.75, Delesse. B.B. on charcoal, fuses on thin edges to a semi-transparent glass. Soluble with borax to a transparent glass, which afterwards becomes opaque and crystalline. With salt of phosphorus forms a glass, colorless in outer flame, in inner green when hot, and fine blue, cold. With tin the glass deepens in color and becomes green. In muriatic or nitric acid decomposed, leaving a yellow powder soluble in ammonia. Tungstate of lime is usually. associated with crystalline rocks, and is commonly found in connection with tin ore, topaz, fluor, apatite, molybdena, or wolfram, in quartz. Occurs at Schlackenwald and Zinnwald in Bohemia; in fine crystals at Caldbeck Fell, near Keswick, with apatite, molybdena, and wolfram. Also at Schellgaden in Salzberg, Neudorf in the Hartz; Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony; Posing in Hungary; Dalecarlia and Bitsberg in Sweden; Framont in the Vosges with pyrites in polished crystals giving Delesse for the angles of octahedron 1, 1000 5' and 1300 31', G.6'05; and Coquimbo, Chili. In the United States,-crystallized and massive at Monroe and Huntington, Conn., at Lane's mine, with wolfram, pyrites, rutile, and native bismuth, in quartz. ALTERED FORMS.-Occurs altered to Wolfram, a tungstate of iron and manganese, by the action of a solution of bicarbonate of iron and manganese, or perhaps mainly through sulphate of iron arising from the decomposition of pyrites. SCHEELETINE, Beud. Tungstate of Lead. Stolzit, Iaid. Scheelbleierz. Scheelsaures Blei. Scheelbleispath. Bleischeelat. Wolframbleierz. Dimetric: 0: li=122~ 33'; a-=1567. Usual forms octahedral. -Observed pla:nes, 1, ~, 2, I, 1i; sometimes hemihedral in 1 and 1i. O =-132~ 4.. 1: 1 (pyr.)=99~ 44'. ii: Vi (pyr.)=106~ 50'. 0: 1=114~ 17'. 1: 1 (bas.)=131~ 25'. 1i: li (bas.) 114~ 54'. O: 2=102~ 42'. 2 2(pyr.)=92~ 46'. Crystals often indistinctly aggregated. Cleavage 0 imperfect; 1 still more so. H.- 2'75-3. G. —787 —8' 13. Lustre resinous, subadamantine. Color green, yellowish-gray, brown, and red. Streak uncolored. Faintly translucent. Conmposition.-PbW=Tungstic acid 51, oxyd of lead 49. Analyses: 1, Kerndt as the mean of two analyses of specimens from Zinnwald, (J. f. pr. Ch. xlii, 1i6); 2, E. J. Chapman, (Phil. Mag. [4], vi, 120): 1. iW 51-736, Pb 45'993, Ca 1-397, Fe & [n 0-471, Kerndt. 2. 59-50, 33-26, 6'37, - =99'13, Ch. COLUJMBATES, TANTALATES) TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES. 349 B.B. melts and gives off vapors of lead, leaving a dark colored submetallic crystalline globule, having a pale-gray streak. Soluble in nitric acid with a yellow precipitate. Scheeletine occurs at Zinnwald in Bohemia, with quartz and mica; at Bleiberg in Carinthia, accompanying molybdate of lead; in Chili, probably near Coquimbo. WULFENITE, Haid. Molybdate of Lead. Gelb-bleierz, WVern. Yellow Lead Ore. Bleigelb, Haus. Bleimolybdat. Dimetric: sometimes hemihedral in 1, Ii, and i 3. 0 l-= 126~ 26'; a=1'574. In modified square tables and octahedrons. 0: 1=114~0 12'. 1 1 (bas.) 131~ 35'. 2i' 2i (bas.) 92~ 43'. 1 - 1 (pyr.)=990 40'. li: li (pyr.)=106~ 44'. ~i ~i (bas.)=76~ 23' 496 497. 2 BO 1 -___ -- __ —___ ii s3.....Phenix.. ille.... i Observed Planes. Cleavage: I very smooth; 0 and i much less distinct. Also granularly massive, coarse or fine, firmly coherent. H.=2'75-3. G. =63 6-9. Lustre resinous or adamantine. Color wax-yellow, passing into orange-yellow; also siskin and olive-green, yellowish-gray, grayish-white, brown. Streak white. Subtransparent —subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal. Brittle. Composition.-PbkMo=Molybdic acid 38'5, oxyd of lead 61'5. Analyses: 1, Gobel, (Schw. J. xxxvii, 71); 2, Melling, (Rammnelsberg, 1st Supp. 59); 3, 4, Parry and J. Brown, (Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, April, 1847); 5, C. Bergemann, (Pogg. lxxx, 400): 1. Carinthia, Mo 40'5 Pb 59'0=99'5, G6bel. 2. " 40'293 61'903=102'196, Melling. 3. " 39 30 60'35=99 65, Parry. 4. " 89'19 60'23-99'42, Brown. 5. Zacatecas, 3'765 62'35=100, Bergemann. A red variety contains a trace of chromic acid. B.B. decrepitates briskly and becomes darker, and afterwards on cooling, the color disappears. On charcoal it fuses and is absorbed, leaving behind globules of metallic lead. With borax in the exterior flame, it fuses readily to a slightly colored glass; in the interior flame, the glass is transparent, but on cooling becomes all at once dark and opaque. Melts readily with salt of phosphorus, producing a green glass, when the proportion of the mineral is small, but,black and opaque, if large. This species occurs in veins in limestone with other ores of lead, at Swarzenbach, Bleiberg, and Windisch-Kappel in Carinthia. It is also met with at Retzbanya in Hungary, and at Moldawa in the Bannat, where its crystals are red and have considerable resemblance to chromate of lead. 350 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. It is found in small quantities at the Southampton lead mine, Mass., and in fine reddish orange crystals, containing a trace of chromic acid, at Wheatley's lead mine, near Phenixville, Pa., (fig. 2), and also in still thinner tables. A molybdate of lead from Pamplona, S. A., afforded Boussingault, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xlv, 325), Pb 73-8, Mo 10-0, C 2'9, HC1 1-3,'? 1-3, r 1-2,.e 1-7, A12'2, quartz 3'7 —98'1. He considers it a basic salt withthe formula PbsMo. AZORITE, J. E. Teschemacher, Am. J. Sci. [2], iii, 32. Dimetric. In minute octahedrons, somewhat shorter portionally than the regular octahedron, with the basal edges replaced; angle of pyramid (by reflective goniometer) 1230 15', M: e=1330 40', or near Zircon. Cleavage none. H.=4-4'5. Translucent to opaque. White with a faint greenish-yellow tinge, or colorless. Vitreous in fracture. Composition.-According to A. A. Hayes, columbate of lime. B.B. infusible; smaller crystals become opaque white; larger in outer flame reddish, and light yellow in inner. With borax, on platinum wire, dissolves with extreme slowness and difficulty to a transparent globule, sometimes faint greenish; with more borax opaque on flaming. With salt of phosphorus slowly dissolved, producing a faint green color. From the Azores, in an albitic rock along with black tourmaline and pyrrhite. First distinguished and described by J. E. Teschemacher. The largest crystal seen was but 1A lines in diameter. There is some resemblance in form to cryptolite, (p. 320), but a re-examination of the species by Mr. Hayes corroborates his first announcement that the mineral contains neither cerium nor phosphoric acid. FERGUSONITE, tIaidinger, Edinb. Trans. x, 274. 498 Dirmetric, hemihedral. 0: li —1240 20';.0 a=1'464. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 0: 1=115~ 46', 1: 1=1000 54', and 128~ 28',3 3= 91~ 59', i3 33169~ 17'. Cleavage: 1, in distinct traces. 33 / 2.33 X1{. -=55 —6. G. =5838, Allan; 5'800,......................... Turner. Lustre externally dull, on the frac-...,iz_:..ture brilliantly vitreous and submetallic. Color brownish-black; in thin scales, pale liver-brown. Streak pale brown. Subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture imperfect coni[. ~choidal. Composition.-(Y, Ce)6.a. Analysis by Hartwall, (K. V. Ac. H., 182S, 167): TPa 47 75, X 41-91, Ce 4'68, Zr 3'02, Sn 1-00,:U 0'95, Ve 0'34=99'65. B.B. infusible, but loses color; with borax fuses with difficulty, and forms a glass, which is yellow while hot, with some interspersed white spots of undissolved matter. With soda decomposed without solution, leaving a reddish slag; affords globules of tin. Discovered by Gisecke, near Cape Farewell, in Greenland, disseminated in quartz, and named in honor of Robert Ferguson, of Raith. COLUMBATES, TANTALATES, TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES. 351 TANTALITE, Ferro-tantalite. Columbate of Iron. Tamela-tantalite. KimitoTantalite. Kassiterotantal. Siderotantal. Trimetric. Observed planes as in the 499 figure. I: I-101o 32', O: 11=122' 3-'; a: b: c=1'5967t 1: 12247.: 1= 1460 54'.: (adj.)=126o. O 2t=117~ 2'. 12: ~2 (adj.)=1410 48'. o0 -L' —173~ 49'. i; ~ i=118~ 33'. 2'- 4 9 i: 1-2=-143~ 6'. -: g(top)=113~ 4S'. i z U ~: 1=1230 45'. 3t 3:(top)=540 4'. ~: =135~ 4'. -2t it(top)= 167~ 38. Also massive. H.=6 —65. G.=o&1 —7' 963. Lustre nearly pure metallic. Color iron-black. Streak reddishbrown. Opaque. Brittle. Composition.-(iFe, Mn) (Ta, Cb). Analyses: 1, 2, Berzelius, (Schw. J. xvi, 259, 447, and xxxi, 374); 3, Nordenski6ld, (Jahresb. xii, 190); 4, Jacobson, (Pogg. lxiii, 317); 5, Brooks, (ib.); 6, Wornum, (ib.): Ta Pe ln Sn Cu Ca 1. Kimito, 83 2'72 7-4 0'6 -- — =984, Berzelius. 2. " 85-67 12'93 1-61 0580 -- 056, Si 072=10229, Berzelius. 3. Tamela, 83-44 13-75 1'12 -- - — =9S31, Nordenskidld. 4. " 84-15 14-68 0'90 0'32 1-81 0'07=101'93, Jacobson. G.=7 197. 5. " 84'70 14-29 1'78 0'50 0'04 — =100'81, Brooks. 6. " 77'83 8-47 4'89 6-81 0-24 0'50=9874, Wornum. G.=-7187. The tantalite from Finbo and Broddbo (cassiterotantalite of Hausmann) contains much oxyd of tin as a mechanical mixture. Berzelius foundTa Fie'an Sn Ca 1. Finbo, 66-99 7-67 7'98 16'75 2'40=101'79. 2. Broddbo, 68'22 9-58 7'15 8'26 1-19, W 6'19=100-59. 3. " 66-35 11'07 6'60 8'40 150, " 6'12=100'19. Tantalite is confined mostly to albite, or oligoclase granite, and is usually associated with beryl. It occurs in Finland, both at Taniela and Kimito. In the Kamito tantalite, part of the iron is replaced by manganese. Near IHarkasaari, tantalite is associated with rose quartz and gigantolite, in albitic granite. At Katiala it is associated with lithia mica, black tourmaline, and colorless beryl. WOLFRAM, 1k. Tungstate of Iron. Tungstate of Iron and Manganese. Scheelate of Iron and Manganese. Scheelin Ferrugin6, H. Trimetric. I: 1=101~ 5', Rose, (101~ 45', Kerndt, 101~, Descloizeaux), 1: i —1400 32', i': li —117~ 20', 1i: it (over the sumrnit)-99~ 12', i: i- 157~ 38'. Crystals often monoclinic in habit, half of the planes 4, 1, -,, and 22, being absent or much smaller than the other half. Cleavage: it perfect, "& imperfect. Twins: planes of composition i;,.U, and rarely At. Also irregular lamellar; coarse divergent columnar; massive granular, the particles strongly coherent. 352 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. H. -5.- 5'5. G. =-7'1-'55. Lustre submetallic. Color dark grayish or brownish-black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Sometimes weak magnetic. 500 501 0 ~1 I i I 222' B Observed Planes. Composition.-(Fe,Sfn)W; either 2FeW+3&1VnW, or 4Fe 4+jtnW. Analyses: 1, 2, Schaffgotsch, (Pogg. lii, 475); 3, Ebelmen, mean of two analyses, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], viii, 505); 4, Kussin, (Ramm. 3d Supp. 127).; 5-10, Kerndt, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlii, 81); 11, R. Schneider, (J. f. pr. Chem. xlix, 322); 12, 13, Schaffgotsch, (loc. cit.); 14, Ebelmen, mean of 5 analyses, (loe cit.); 15, Rammelsberg, (2d Supp. 175); 16-19, Kerndt, (loc. cit.); 20-22, R. Schneider, (loc. cit.): 1. Formula, 2Fe'W+3tIn Wr. G W Fe in 1. Zinnwald,'7191 75'33 9'55 15'12=100, Schaffgotsch. 2. " 7'191 75-66 9'49 14'85=100, " 3. " 75'99 9'62 13'96, Ca 0'48=100'05, Ebelmen. 4. " 75'92 9-38 14-04=99-34, Kussin. 5. " 7'223 76-34 9'61 14'21=100'16, Kerndt. 6. "'7231-7'22 75'62 9'55 14'85=100'02, 7. Lane's Mine, 7'411-7'486 75-47 9'53 14-26=99'26, " s. " 7'208 —7269 75-96 9'74 14'50=100'00, " 9. Schlackenwald,'7'482-7-7535'7568 9'56 14-30=99'54, 10. Altenberg, 7'198-7-189 75 44 9-64 14-90=99-98, " 11. Zinnwald, 76-01 9-81 13-90, Cal 119=100'91, R. Schn. II. Formula, 4FeW+- n W. 12. Ehrenfriedersdorf, 76-10 19'16 4'74=100, Schaffgotsch. 13. Chanteloup,'7437 76'00 18-33 5'67=100, 14. Limoges, 76-20 19'19 4-48, Mg 0-80=100-67, Ebelmen. 15. lIarzegerode, 7'143 75'56 20-17 3'54=99'27, Rammelsberg. 16. " 7 23 75'90 19'25 4'80= —9995, Kerndt. 17. Monte Video, 7-5 —7513'6'02 19-21 4'75=99'98, " 18. Nertschinsk,'75 75-64 19-55 4'81=100-00, 19. Chanteloup, 7'48 —7'51 75'83 19'32 4'84=99'99, " 20. Hartz, Glasebach,'6-04 19-61 4-98, Ca 0-28, ifg tr.=100'92, Sch. 21. " Pfaffenberg,'7621 18'54 5'23, " 040, "0'36=100'74, " 22. " Meiseberg,'6'25 20'27 3-96, " 0'28, " 015=100'91, " Sp. gr. of the second group generally greater than that of the first. B.B. decrepitates, and melts at a high temperature to a magnetic globule, whose surface is covered with crystals, having a metallic lustre. With borax forms a green bead. With but little salt of phosphorus in the inner flame, if tin be added COLUIMBATES, TANTALATES, TUNGSTATES, MOLYBDATES. 353 and the whole heated, the color becomes green and it fuses to a clear globule, of a deep red color. Wolfram is often associated with tin ores; also with galena, in veins traversing graywacke; also in quartz, with native bismuth, tungstate of lime, pyrites, galena, blende, &c. It occurs at Cornwall, much to the detriment of the tin ores; in fine crystals at Schlackenwald, Schneeberg, Geyer, Freiberg, Altenberg, Ehrenfriedersdorf, Zinnwald, and Nertschinsk, and other places mentioned above; at Limoges, in France; near Redruth in Cornwall; in Cumberland, (both varieties, the first at Lochfell, the second at Godolphin's Bale); and on the island of Rona, one of the Hebrides. The crystals of Zinnwald are remarkable as hemitropes. In the United States it occurs at Lane's mine, Monroe, Conn., in quartz, associated with native bismuth, and the other minerals above mentioned, often pseudomorphous after tungstate of lime; also reported from near Mine La Motte, Missouri; in small quantities in Trumbull, Conn,, at the topaz vein; massive and in crystals on Camdage farm, near Blue Hill Bay, Me. This species is shown to be isomorphous with columbite by G. Rose, (Pogg. lxiv, 171). Descloizeaux found in the angles of Wolfram, some evidence that the crystals were monoclinic. But G. Rose shows from the twins that the form is trimetric, and not oblique. A mineral from Schlackenwald, occurring with fluor spar and apatite, in fine needles of a brownish-red color, and G.=6 45, probably an altered wolfram, afforded Rammelsberg on analysis, (Ramm. 3d Supp. 127), W 6"'05,'e 6'72, hn 19'73, Oa 3'02, A1 1'01, Si 0'08, ~ and F Q'61, ign. 0-78=100. ALTERED FoRMs.-Wolfram occurs altered to Scheelite, by a substitution of lime for iron. COLUMBITE, Hatchett. Tantalite, (in part). Tantale Oxid6, I. Niobite, Haid. Baierine, Beud. Torrelite, Thom. Trimetric. 1: 1=100~ 40', 0:;U=133~ 22'; a: b: c —10584::: 1'2059. 502 503 Bodenmais. DMiddletown, Conun 0o: i=160~ 34'. 1: 1(brac.)102~ 58'. i92 i((mac.)134~058'o o: ]i=144~ 48'. 1: 1(mac.)11~0 53'. i': I(ib.) 140~ 20'. 0: 1=126~ 2'. 1: 1(bas.) 107~ 56'. i' -: i-158~ 6'. 0: 1= _1360 36'. 13: 1g(brac.)1500 1'. i: i3 (brac.) 136~ 12'. O: 26 =1190 11'. 26': 2-(ib.) 160~ 29'. ii': 13= 104~ 52'. O: -2=119~ 40'. 2,: 2 (top) 590 20'. i/: 1=1219 31'. i k',4(top) 1410 8'.: ii= 157~ 29'. i: 13=129~ 36'. ]~: Hi (ib.) 1090 35'. 45 354 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Twins: face of composition 2?. -_ Cleavage: ii and ib, the former _ _ -..._ most distinct. Occurs also rarely it massive. l t.=6. G.=5'4 —64; 5-4695'85, Connecticut; 57 —6' 39, Bavarian. Lustre submetallic; a little 34?.. 4X shining. Color iron-black, brown-26 [2 ish-black, grayish-black; often iridescent. Streak dark red to i 2I i I i- ii black. Opaque. Fracture subObserved Planes: Add ( i-, id, 3. conchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Composition.-Essentially protoxyd of iron and of manganese with columbic acid=(Fe, Mn)'Cb2. Analyses: 1, Wollaston; 2, Schlieper, (Pogg. lxiii, 317); 3, 4, 5, 6, H. Rose, (ib.); 7, Avdejev, (ib.); 8, Jacobson, (ib.); 9, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxviii, 121); 10, Bromeis, (Pogg. lxxi, 157); 11, 12, Damour, (Comptes Rend. xxviii, 353); 13, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem., xliv, 207); 14, T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xiv, 340); 15, H. Muller, (J. f. pr. Ch. lviii, 183): G. iCb Pe l&n n l u 1. Connecticut, - 80 15 5 - -— =100, Wollaston. 2. Middletown, 5'469 —549578-83 16-66 4'71 0-29 00'7,Ca 0-45, Ni0O22=101'23. 3. " 5'708 79'62 16-37 4'44 0'47 0'06, Ca trace=-100-96, Rose. 4. Bodenmais, 6'39 81-07 14'30,3 85 0-45 0)13, " "-98-80, Rose. 5. " - 81'3413-89 3'77 0-19 0'10, " " -=99-29, Rose. 6. " I57 79'68 15-10 4'65 0'12 0'12," " =99'67, Rose.'7. " 602 —608 80-64 15-33 4'65 0'10 " 0-21=100'93, Avd. 8. " 5'976 797"3 14-77 4'77 0'10 1-51=100'89, Jacobson. 9. Ilmen Mts. 5'43 —5'73 8047 8550 6-09, i- 2-0 Mg 2-44, U 05-0=100, Herm. 10. " 5'461 78'60 12-76 4'48a Ca 0-75, iMg 3'01,: 0-56, Cu trace= 11. Limoges, 5'6-5-6727 78-441496 6-52=99-92, Damour. [100'17,Bromeis. 12. " " " 78'90 1450 7-15= —10055, Damour. 13. Middletown, 5*8 78-22 14-06 5-63, -i.ig 0-49, Sn 0-4,'W 0'26=99'06,Hn. 14. Haddam, 5'85 80'60 15-57 3'25, Cu 050, Sn tr.=99-92, Hunt. 15. Tirschenreuth, 73'6 25'1 5-2, Sn 07= —1046, Miller. a Includes Yttria. Damour finds in a Limoges varietyt8.-74 columbic acid, Fe 14-50, /In'7 17=100 41 (Ann. des M. [4], xiv, 423). The vttria and uranium of the Ilmen columbite, Hermann attributes to a mixture with Samarskite. Specimens of the highest specific gravity at Bodenmais, give a black powder, and others of less gravity a dark reddish brown. The Limoges specimens (analysis 11, 12) resemble those of Bavaria, in streak; and Damour has proposed for this variety the name Baierine; but Rose has shown that the metal pelopium, supposed to distinguish the variety, is identical with Columbium, (Rose's niobium). Wollaston's analysis was made on four grains of the original specimen in the British Museum, sent out from Connecticut by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane. B.B. alone, on charcoal, infusible. With borax, in powder, fusion takes place slowly but perfectly, forming a blackish-green glass. Columbite of Bodenmais, in Bavaria, on the Rabenstein, near Zwiesel, occurs in granite. In the United States it occurs both in feldspathic and albitic granite.' The occurrence of columbite in America was first made known by Mr. Hatchett's examination of a specimen, sent by Governor Winthrop to Sir Hans Sloane, then: President of the Royal Society, which was labeled as found at Neatneague. Dr. S. COLUMBATES TANTALATES, TUNGSTATES) MOLYBDATES. 355 L. Mitchill stated (Med. Repos. vol. viii) that it was taken from a spring at New London, Conn. No locality has since been detected at that place. But the rediscovery of it at Haddam, first published by Dr. Torrey, (Amer. J. Sci. iv, 52), has led to the belief that the latter was its original locality. It has since been discovered more abundantly near Middletown. At Haddam it occurs in a granite vein, with chrysoberyl, beryl, and automolite; also two miles from the chrysoberyl locality, (anal. 14); also at the iolite locality. Finer crystals come from a feldspar quarry near Middletown, along with albite; figure 503, represents one with brilliant faces three quarters of an inch long; another described by Professor Johnston, (Amer. J. Sci., xxx, 387), weighed before it was broken, fourteen pounds; and the part figured about six inches in length and breadth, weighed 6 lbs. 12 oz.; it exhibits the faces iR, iR, i-, I, i-, ~t, and another imperfect plane, which appears to be 1l. Chesterfield, Mass., has afforded some fine crystals, associated with blue and green tourmalines and beryl in granite; also Acworth, N. H., but this locality is now apparently exhausted. It has also been observed at Beverly, Mass.; at Plymouth, N. HI., with beryl; at Greenfield, N. Y., with chrysoberyl. Ildefonsite.-A columbite from Ildefonso, Spain, with a submetallic vitreo-adamantine lustre, and I: 1=1210 46', nearly the angle of the prism 21 above; G.-=7 416, Haidinger. SAMARSKITE, H.; Rose. Uranotantal, G. Rose. Yttroilmenite, Ilerm. Trimetric: angle of prism i2, 135~ to 136~, (whence I: 1= 100~ 40' to 1010~40', near columbite). Usually in flattened grains. H. =55 —6. G.= —5614 —568, Uranotantalite; 5-398-54A5, Yttroilmenite; 5'45-5- 69, North Carolina. Lustre of surface of fracture shining and submetallic. Color velvet-black. Streak dark reddish-brown. Opaque. Fracture subconchoidal Composition.-Analyses: 1, 2, 3, Peretz, under the direction of Rose, (Pogg. lxxi, 157); 4, Hermann, (his latest results, J. f. pr. Chem. 1, 178); 5, T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 341): Met. acids. U(3U?)'Fe Y klg Ca & l(In 1. 56'38 14'16 15'43 9 15 0-80 0'92=96'84. 2. 56'00 16'70 15-90 11-04 0'75 1 02=101 41. 3. 55-91. 16'77 15694 8'36 0'75 1'88=99'61. 4. 56'36 U16'63 8'87 13-29 0'50 Ce & La 285 iin 1-20, ign. 0'33=100'03, Herm. 5. N. Carolina, i5b 54'81 V17'03 140'7 11'11 Ce, La 3'95, ign. 0-24=101'21, T. S. Hunt. The acid is the columbic with some tungstic, according to Rose. Hermann's name yttroilmenite alludes to the supposed new metal ilmenium, alledged to exist in this species; in his recent analysis he makes the acid columbic with a little ilmenic acid. Heated slightly in a glass tube, it decrepitates, disengages sometimes a little moisture, and glows like gadolinite, becoming of a brownish-black color. In the platinum forceps it melts on the edges to a black glass. On platinum wire with borax the pulverized mineral fuses easily, and forms in the inner flame a yellowish glass, and in the outer a yellowish-green glass; with muriatic acid forms with difficulty a green solution. Uranotantalite occurs in reddish-brown feldspar, with crystallized Veschynite, in the Ilmen mountains, near Miask in the Ural. The largest pieces met with were of the size of hazel-nuts. If the occurring prism of Samarskite is i3 instead of iT (as in Mengite), then I: I becomes 1000 57' to 1020 20'. 356 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. MENGITE, G. Rose. Ilmenite, Brooke, Phil. Mag. x, 1831. Trimetric. I: 1=1000 28', O: li=1330 42'; a: b: c= 10463: 1: 1'2071. 504 0: 13=136~ 50', Ui: ~(adj.)=1360 20'. I: ii=140~ 14'. 1": l(mac.)=151~ 26'. ~' i':=111~ 50'. 1': lM(brac.)=101~ 10'. Occurs in short prisms often terminated by four-sided pyramids. No distinct cleav1 i~ 23 age. IH.=5 —55. G.=5'48. Lustre submetallic, splendent, of surface of fracture subvitreous. Color iron-black. Streak chestnut-brown. Fracture uneven. Conoposition.-Contains, according to G. Rose, (Reise, n. d. Ural. ii, 1842, 83), Zirconia, peroxyd of iron, and titanic acid. B.B. infusible, but becomes magnetic. With salt of phosphorus, in the outer flame, gives a greenish yellow clear glass; in the inner, a yellowish red, which is deepened by adding tin. With soda a manganese reaction. Occurs in granite veins in the Ilmen mountains. The crystals are imbedded in albite, and the largest are but two or three lines long. Brooke's name Ilmenite being preoccupied, was changed by Rose to Mengite. The mengite of Brooke is monazite. POLYMIGNYTE, Berzelius, K. V. Ac. H. 1824, p. 338. 505 Trimetric. Observed planes as in the an-...-. -' —--- 0 nexed figure. I: I=91'44', 0: 1O 44'3';.__0\ b:: c=0-7252: 1 10308. / 22 4=.2 = 0: 1=144~ 53'. 22: 22(mac.)1360 28'. X/: 2=125 15'. 22: 22(brac.)99~ 14'. j L' 0:2 -121~49'. 22: 22(bas.)1160 22'. \2 / 4:=160 26'. 1i: l(ov.0)109 46'. 1 = 1:2 22-=111~ 46'. Cleavage: di and O in traces. Crystals generally slender and thin, and striated longitudinally. H.=6 5. G. =4'77-485. Lustre submetallic, but brilliant. Color black. Streak dark brown. Opaque. Fracture perfect conchoidal, presenting, like the surface, a brilliancy almost metallic. Comsposition.-Analysis by Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. H. 1824, ii, 339), Ti 46'30, Zr 1414, Fe 12'20, Ca 4'20, An 2'70, He 5'00, Y 11'50=96'04, with a trace of potash, magnesia, silica, and oxyd of tin. B.B. alone unchanged. With borax yields easily a glass colored by iron; with tin the bead becomes reddish, inclining to yellow. Not easily dissolved by salt of phosphorus to a glass, which is reddish in the reducing flame. Occurs at Fredericksvarn in Norway, imbedded in feldspar and zircon syenite. Its crystals sometimes exceed an inch in length. It has been reported by Prof. C. U. Shepard as occurring at Beverly, Mass. COLUMIBATES TITANATES) TUNGSTATES) MOLYBDATES. 357 POLYCRASE. Polykras, Scheerer, Pogg. lxii, 430. Trimetric. I: [=95~, 0: 1i=134~ 15'; a: b: 506 c=1'02655: 1:0913. Observed planes as in the figure. 0: 21=118~. 1: 1(mac.) 112~ 32'. / O 1=125~ 41"V. 1: l(brac.)=106~ 24'.: 13=139C 59'. i: i3(ov.i)=1400. 1-3-: 13(mac.)=96~ 40'. ia: 13=160~. 13: 13l(brac.)=152~. Crystals thin linear. Cleavage none. H.=5'5. G.=5'09 -512. Lustre bright. Color black; in splinters brownish. Streak grayish brown. Fracture conchoidal. Composition. -Near Polymignyte, but containing in addition columbic acid, protoxyd of uranium, and but little lime with no manganese. B.B. decrepitates, glows and becomes brown, but infusible. Yields with borax a glass which is yellow in the outer flame and brown in the inner. With soda on platinum gives a weak reaction of manganese. Dissolves imperfectly in muriatic acid, and perfectly in heated sulphuric. From Hitteroe, Norway, in granite with gadolinite and orthite; crystals i to 1l inches long. Named from roXvs, many, and Kpates, mixture. On crystallization of Polycrase, see Am. J. Sci. [2], xviii, 46, 47. A/ESCHYNITE, Berzelius, Jahresb. ix, 195. Trimetric. I: 1= —900 34', 0: 1-=145~ 58'; a: b: c=0'675 1: 101. Observed planes, Is i2, 2i, 12. i2: — 127~ 19', (Rose), 21 21(top)=- 3~ 34', 1-2: 12(mac.)=136~ 36', (brach.) 83~ 4', (basal), 112~ 52'. Cleavage: i?, in traces. Crystals usually striated and imperfect. II. =5-6. G. =49 —5'14. Lustre resinous - submetallic, nearly dull. Color nearly black, inclining to brownish-yellow when translucent. Streak gray, or yellowish-brown, almost black. Subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture small subconchoidal. Composition.-Analyses: 1, Hartwall, (Pogg. xvii, 483, Jahresb. ix, 195); 2, Hermann, (new anal. J. f. pr. Chem. 1. 193): 1. Ti 56-0, Zr 20'0, fie 1560, Na 3-8, Fe 2'6, Sn 05-=97'9, Hartwall. 2. Ti 25'90,'b 33-20,'He 22-20, Ce 5-12, Fe 5645, La 6-22, Y 1'28, H 1'20=100'57, H. In a matrass yields water, and in an open tube traces of fluorine. B.B. on charcoal swells and becomes yellow, but does not fuse, though forming a black slag on the edges. With borax readily forms a dark-yellow glass, which is colorless on cooling, and with tin in the inner flame becomes red; with salt of phosphorus yields a transparent colorless bead, which with more of the salt appears yellow and clouded. Affords some tin. From Miask in the Ural, in feldspar with mica and zircon. Named from atLovvxn, shame, by Berzelius, in allusion to the inability of chemical science, at the time of its discovery, to separate the two unlike substances, titanic acid and zirconia. 358 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. EUXENITE, Scheerer, Pogg. 1, 149, and lxxii, 561. Trimetric? Form a rectangular prism (i7, zi) with lateral edges replaced by I, and a pyramid at summit, also with two domes, one parallel to each diagonal; I: I about 120~, Ai: 1=150~, angle (mac.) of pyramid 100~, iat: pyramid=1360, 1: pyr.=1320, i: macrodome=153~, i$: brachydome=124~; faces rough, and angles may be in error several degrees, R. P. Greg. Commonly massive, without any traces of cleavage. H.-.=6'5. G. =46-4-'76. Lustre metallic, greasy. Color brownish-black; in thin splinters a reddish-brown translucence lighter than the streak. Streak-powder reddish brown. Fracture subconchoidal. Composition.-Analyses by Scheerer, (loc. cit.): JMlster, G.-460. Tvedenstrand, G.-=4'8 —476. Titanic and metallic acids, - - - 57'60 53'64 Yttria, 25 09 28 97 Protox. uranium, - - - 6 34 7 568 Protox. cerium and lanthanum, - - 814* 2'91 Protox. iron, - - 2 60 Lime, - - - 2 47 - Magnesia, - 0'29 Water, - - 3.97 4.04 —99'74. * Protoxyd of cerium 2'18; ib. lanthanum 0-96. Scheerer has ascertainedkthat the mineral contains columbic acid in place of tantalic. The J6lster euxenite contains the most titanic acid; yet Scheerer does not doubt the identity of the two minerals. B.B. infusible. With borax in the oxydation flame becomes yellow or brownishyellow, and the same after cooling; by flaming, forms a yellowish enamel; color but little changed in the reduction flame. With salt of phosphorus dissolves in the oxydation flame, forming a yellow pearl, which on cooling becomes colorless. Euxenite comes from J6lster in Norway, where it was obtained by Prof. Keilhau; also near Tvedenstrand. Named by Scheerer from ev~Svos, a stranger, in allusion to the rarity of its occurrence. RUTHERFORDITE, Slhepard, Amer. Assoc. iv, 311, Am. J. Sci. [2], xii, 209. In crystals and grains, without cleavage. Monoclinic, with I: — 93~, according to Shepard. H- -'.= 5,HIunt. G.= —58 —5' 69, Shepard, 5'55, Hunt. Lustre of fracture shining vitreo-resinous, and color blackish-brown; opaque, but thin fragments translucent and smoky orange-brown by transmitted light. Streak and powder yellowish-brown, near fawn-color. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Composition.-According to Shepard contains titanic acid, oxyd of cerium, and possibly oxyd of uranium and yttria; according to some unfinished trials by T. S. Hunt, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 344), it contains probably 58'5 per cent. or more of titanic acid, with 10 per cent. of lime, with other ingredients undetermined. Occurs at the gold mines of Rutherford Co., North Carolina, along with rutile, brookite, zircon, and monazite. CHROMATES, VANADATES. 359 YTTRO-TANTALITE. Tantale Oxid6 Yttrifere, H. Three varieties; the black, yellow, and brown or dark. Black: indistinct traces of crystallization in four- or six-sided irregular prisms and plates. H.=5'5. G.=5-395, Berz., 5'67, Rose, and 640 after heating. Lustre submetallic. Color ironblack. Streak gray. Opaque. Yellow: not crystalline, and occurring in laminme in the fissures of feldspar. H.=5. G.=5'882, Ekeberg. Lustre resinous on the surface, vitreous in the fracture. Color yellowish-browngreenish. Streak white. Opaque. Brown: occurs with the yellow in thin plates, or rarely grains presenting no trace of crystallization. HI. =45-5. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color black, with a very light shade of brown, slightly yellow when in thin plates by transmitted light; streak white. Compnosition.-R3s(Ta, W, tV). Analyses: 1-4, Berzelius, (Afhandl. iv, 268, 2'72, and Schw. J. xvi, 451); 5, H. Rose, (Pogg. lxxii, 155): Ta W $ Y da Pe 1. Yellow, Y3 (Ta, Gt), 60'12 1'04 6'62 29'78 0'50 1'16=99'23. 2. "."..... 59'50 1'25 3'23 29'90 3'29 27 2_-99 89. 3. Black, (Y, Ca, 1e)'(Ta, 7), -700 825 0.50 20-25 6.25 3.50=95.75. 4. Brownish-black, (Y, a)3 Ta,51'82 2'59 1'11 38'52 3'26 0O55=97 85. 5. Black (after ignition), 58-65 0-60 3'94 21'25 7 55Fe6'29, Mg 1'40, Ou 0'40=100'08, Rose. Loss in analysis 5 by ignition, 3'9-5-'54 per cent.; the specimen was from Ytterby. B.B. infusible alone, but decrepitate and assume a light color. The black variety froths and fuses with carbonate of soda. They dissolve in borax, but are not acted on by acids. These varieties of yttro-tantalite occur in Sweden at Ytterby, in red feldspar, and at Broddbo and Finbo, near Fahlun, imbedded in quartz and albite, associated with garnet, mica, and pyrophysalite. CROCOISITE, Kobell. Chromate of Lead. Red Lead Ore. Krokoit, Breit. Rothbleierz. Plomb Chromate. Lehmannite. 507 508 ii i I 1 111 2i 2i ii i2 2 I i2 ii In -22 P2 A d -2i 2i Observed Planes. Add -3i, -4i. 360 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Monoclinic, C=780 1'; I: 1=93~ 44', 0: 1-=137~ 31'; a: b o=09773: 1' 1'044. 0: 1=1310 45'. 0: 21=1180 38'. 1: 1=118~ 58'. O0: 1=98~ 43'. i2: i2=1290 48'. -1: -1=107~ 54'. 0: ii=101~ 59'. ai: i -1230 50'.'-22: -22=131~ 38. Cleavage: Itolerably distinct; 0 and ii less so. Surface Istreaked longitudinally; the faces mostly smooth and shining. Also imperfectly columnar and granular. H.=2'5-3. G.= 59 —6'1. Lustre adamantine-vitreous. Color various shades of bright hyacinth-red. Streak orange-yellow. Translucent. Sectile. Composition.-Pb Cr=Oxyd of lead 68-7, chromic acid 31-3. Analyses: 1, Pfaff, (Schw. J. xviii, 72); 2, Berzelius, (ib. xxii, 54): 1. Pb 67-912 Cr 31'725=99'637, Pfaff. 2. 68'50 31'50=100, Berzelius. Blackens in the blowpipe flame, and decrepitates if quickly heated, but may be fused to a shining slag, containing globules of lead. It undergoes a partial reduction in glass of borax, at the same time coloring it green. Dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid, and produces a yellow solution. With soda yields easily metallic lead. Occurs at Nischne Tagilsk in the Ural, and in narrow veins, traversing decomposed gneiss, and associated with gold, pyrites, galena, quartz, and vauquelinite; in Brazil, at Congonhas do Campo, in fine crystals in decomposed granite; at Retzbanya in Hungary, at the mine of St. Anthony; at Moldawa in the Bannat; on Luzon, one of the Philippine Islands. VAUQUELINITE. Chromate of Lead and Copper, Phil. 509 IMlonoclinic. Crystals usually minute, irregularly aggregated. Twins: annexed ---------- figure; face of composition a plane on the acute solid angle: 0: 0 (of the two individuals)=1340 30'; 0: ii= 1490 nearly. Also reniform or botryoidal, and granular; amorphous. lH.=25 —3. G.=5'5-5'78. Lustre adamantine to resinous, often faint. Color dark-green to brown, sometimes nearly black. Streak siskin-green or brownish. Faintly translucent-opaque. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. Composition. —Cu3C'r2+2PbSCr2=(Ou, Pb)3i'r2=Oxyd of lead 61'2, oxyd of copper 10'9, chromic acid 27'9. Analysis by Berzelius, (Afhandl. vi, 246): Pb 60,87, Cu 10-80, Or 28-33-100. B.B. on charcoal slightly intumesces and fuses to a gray submetallic globule, yielding at the same time, small beads of lead. With borax or salt of phosphorus affords a green transparent glass in the outer flame, which in the inner after cooling is red to black, according to the amount of mineral in the assay; the red color is more distinct with tin. Partly soluble in nitric acid. Occurs with crocoisite at Beresof in Siberia, generally in mammillated or amorphous masses, or thin crusts; also at Pont Gibaud in the Puy de Dome; and with the crocoisite of Brazil. At the lead mine near Sing Sing, it has been found by Dr. Torrey in green and brownish-green mammillary concretions, and also nearly pulverulent. VANADATES, CIHlROMATES. 361 John describes a greenish or brownish chromo-phosphate of lead and copper, from Beresof, Siberia, as occurring in small crystalline concretions, having the surface covered with capillary prisms; H.-2 —3; opaque to subtranslucent; fracture uneven; powder dull greenish. Analysis afforded (v. Leonh. 1845, 67) Pb, Cr 45-0, Pb 19-0, Cu 11-20, i 4-10, Cr 7'50, manganese tr., f: 1'78, impurities 11-42. To a large extent soluble in nitric or muriatic acid. MELANOCHROITE, Hermann. Phcenikochroite, Glocker. Subsesquichromate of Lead, Thom. Phcenicite. Trimetric? Crystals usually tabular, and reticularly interwoven. Cleavage in one direction perfect. Also massive. H.=3 —3'5. G.=5-75. Lustre resinous or adamantine, glimmering. Color between cochineal and hyacinth-red; becomes lemon-yellow on exposure. Streak brick-red. Subtranslucent-opaque. C(omposition.-PbS3r2=Chromic acid 23'3, protoxyd of lead 76-7. Analysis: Hermann, (Pogg. xxviii, 162): Chromic acid 23'31, Protoxyd of lead 76'69=100. The same result was obtained by G. Rose, (Leonh. 1839, 575). B.B. on charcoal fuses readily to a dark mass, which is crystalline when cold. In the reducing flame on charcoal, lead is sublimed. Gives the reaction of chrome with fluxes. Occurs in limestone at Beresof, in the Ural, with crocoisite, vauquelinite, pyromorphite, and galena. Named from peXaS, black, and Xpoa, color. DECHENITE, C. Bergemann, Pogg. lxxx, 393. In small botryoidal masses; texture crystalline. Some appearances of a rhombohedral cleavage. H.=4. G.-=5'81. Lustre of fresh fracture greasy. Color when purest dull-red; also yellowish. Streak yellow. Composition. —Pbi-anadic acid 4534, oxyd of lead 54'66. Analyses, by C. Bergemann, (loc. cit.): V Pb 1. Dull-red, 47-164 52'915=100'079. 2. " 46'101 53'717=99'818. 3. Yellowish, 49'27 50'57 -99-84. B.B. alone fuses easily to a yellowish glass; on charcoal does not decrepitate, but forms a yellowish-green pearl which yields a slag containing some grains of lead. Sometimes traces of arsenic with more of the assay. With soda a white enamel containing grains of lead. From the Lauter Valley in Rhenish Bavaria, near Nieder-Schlettenbach, where it occurs in the variegated sandstone. DESOLOIZITE, A. Damour, Ann. Ch. Phys, 1854. Trimetric. I: I=100~ 28', 0: 1h=.610 143~ 14'; a: b: c=0'747:: 1:1 2052. Angles (Descloizeaux): ~-.'=122~ 6. 1-: 1'(adj.)=2?~ 10o'.. 4 1~: 12 (ov. U)=115~ 10'. 1-2' 1 =147~ 35'. o: 1U=1480 12k'. 46 362 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Cleavage none. 1{ brightest, 16 undulated; 4 striated. H.=-35. G.=5'839. Lustre bright. Color mostly deep black; smallest crystals olive, with a chatoyant bronze lustre, by transmitted light along the edges light brown inclining to red; in a surface of fracture, colors zoned with straw-yellow, reddish-brown and black, nearly clear at middle and darkest at extremities of crystals. Composition.-PbV=-Vanadic acid 29 3, oxyd of lead 70 7. Mean of two analyses, (loe cit.): V Pb 2n Cu Pe Mn ~1 Cl'n Sand. 22-46 54'70 2'04 0-90 1 50 5 32 2-20 0'32 6'00 3 44=98 88. The oxyds of manganese, iron, copper and zinc are regarded as impurities. B.B. on charcoal fuses and is partially reduced to a globule of metallic lead enveloped in a black scoria. With borax in the reducing flame a green glass, and with nitre in the oxydating flame, a violet color due to manganese. With salt of phosphorus in the reduction flame a glass of a chrome-green color, which is orange-yellow in the oxydation flame. Dissolves in cold dilute nitric acid. Occurs in small crystals, 1 to 2 mm. thick, clustered on a siliceous and ferruginous gangue from South America, and associated with acicular green pyromorphite. VANADINITE. Vanadate of Lead. Vanadinbleierz. Hexagonal. In simple hexagonal prisms. Usually in implanted globules or incrustations. H.=2'75-3. G.=6'6623-7-23. Lustre of surface of fracture resinous. Color light brownish-yellow, straw-yellow, reddishbrown. Streak white or yellowish. Subtranslucent —opaque. Fracture uneven, or flat conchoidal. Brittle. Composition.-Pb' V+tPb Cl=Vanadate of lead 89-7, chlorid of lead 10'3-100. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (Schw. J. lxiii, 119); 2, R. D. Thomson, (Thomson's Min. i, 574); 3, Damour, (Ann. d. Mines, [3], xi, 161): 1. Zimapan, Van. lead 74'00, Chlor. lead 25'33, Pe2'as 0-6=100, Berz. 2. Scotland, V 23'44, Pb 66-33, Pb 7'06, H C1 2-45, Pe and Si 0-16=99'43, T. 3.? 15-86, 63-73, 6-62, C1 226, Zn6 35, Cu 2'96, 113'80=101'60, D. B.B. in a pair of forceps, it fuses, intumesces, and retains its yellow color on cooling; if kept some time in fusion, however, it changes into a steel gray porous mass, which, upon charcoal, with soda, yields globules of metallic lead. On charcoal it fuses with much frothing into a bead, resembling the original assay. With salt of phosphorus on platinum wire, it forms a transparent pearl, of a fine green color in the inner flame, and yellowish-brown in the outer. It forms green solutions with the sulphuric and muriatic acids, and a beautiful yellow solution with nitric acid. This mineral was first discovered at Zimapan in Mexico, by Del Rio. It has since been obtained among some of the old workings at Wanlockhead in Dumfriesshire, where it occurs in small globular masses, sprinkled over calamine, or forming thin coatings on the surface of that mineral, and also in hexagonal crystals; also at Beresof in the Urals, with pyromorphite. VOLBORTHITE, Hess, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, iv, No. 2. Knauffite. Hexagonal. In small tables, often aggregated in globular forms. Cleavage: in one direction very perfect. VANADATES) CItROMIATES. 363 H.=3 —35. G.=3'459 —3860, Credner, the first green, the other a gray variety. Lustre pearly to vitreous. Color olivegreen; also gray. Streak clear yellowish-green, nearly yellow. Thin splinters, translucent. Composition. —A variety analyzed by Credner afforded (Cu, Ca)4V _+; and when Cu to Ca=5: 2, (analysis 1)=-Vanadic acid 37 5, oxyd of copper 45'9, lime 13 0, water 3-6,=100; when 3: 2, (analyses 2, 3)=Vanadic acid 38-3, oxyd of copper 39'4, lime 18'5, water 3'7=100. Analyses of specimens from Frederichsrode, by Credner, (Pogg. lxxiv, 646): V (ln a ig Ain A 1. Green, 36'58 44'15 12'28 0'50 0'40 4'62, gangue 0'10-98'63. 2. Gray, 39'02 38'27 16'65 0'92 0'52 5'05 " 0'76-101'18. 3. " 36'91 38 90 17-40 0-87 0'53 4-62 " 077 —100. The green mineral has a perfect cleavage in one direction; streak greenish yellow. The gray variety is fine crystalline granular; powder brownish yellow. H.=3'5. B.B. in a glass tube gives off some water, and blackens, without further change. On charcoal fuses readily without intumescence, and finally forms a graphite-like slag, which does not fuse to a globule. Affords a chrome-green globule with borax. With salt of phosphorus and a little of the mineral, on platinum, forms a pearl which is yellow in the oxydation flame, and green in the reduction flame. Volborthite was first discovered by Volborth, with copper ores, in the collection of Dr. Rauch, and occurs at Syssersk and Nischne Tagil, also in the Permian formation (Kupfersandstein) at several mines in the districts of Jugowskoi and Motowil. icha. Also found at Fredericksrode in Thuringia. A vanadate of copper (=CuV) has been reported as occurring in the Ural at Wosskressensk with native copper, copper glance, and malachite. It is pearly, of a citron-yellow color, foliated in structure, and occurring either reniform or pulverulent. VANADATE OF LEAD AND COPPrER, Domeyko, Ann. des Mines, [4], xiv, 150.-This ore has a dark brown or brownish-black color, and has been observed only in an earthy state, looking much like a ferruginous clay or earth. It occurs in cavities in an arseno-phosphate of lead along with amorphous carbonates of lead and copper. B.B. fuses easily and affords a black pearl, a little blebby; gives a clear green pearl with salt of phosphorus or borax and a globule of lead containing copper on charcoal. In nitric acid easily soluble. Composition.-P b6V+Cu6V. Analyses by Domeyko, (loc. cit.): V'is 9 6u Pb Pb C1 Oa Fe,;l1 i ft 1. 13'5 4'6 0'6 14-6 54'9 0'3 0'5 3-5 1'0 2'70, clay 10= —97'2. 2. 13-33 4'68 0'68 16'97 51'97 0'37 0'58 3'42 1'33 2'70, " 1'52=97'55. Considering the arsenic and phosphoric acids as combined with lead constituting the arsenophosphate with which the mineral is associated, the analysis affords very closely the above formula. This ore occurs at the silver mine called Mina Grande, or Mina de la Marqueza, in Chili, till recently worked for copper and silver. Vanadate from the Lake Superior Copper Region.-An ore similar in. color and clayey appearance to Domeyko's mineral, has been announced by J. E. Teschemacher among specimens from the Cliff Mine, in the Lake Superior Copper Region. The presence of vanadium was ascertained by both blowpipe and acid tests. The color is a dark chocolate, and also a bright yellow. The exact state of composition of the vanadic acid is doubtful. There is no oxyd of lead in the ore, and the brown variety is mixed with an earthy oxyd of iron; when carefully separated from the gangue, it was found to contain no copper. 364 DESCRlPTIVE MINERALOGY. ARlEOXENE, von Kobell, J. f. pr. Ch. 1, 496. Massive; imperfectly crystalline, with traces of a columnar structure. H..=3. Color deep red, with a brownish tinge: streak pale yellowish Composition.-Contains according to Kobell (loc. cit.), 48'7 p. c. of oxyd of lead, and 16'32 of oxyd of zinc, along with vanadic acid. The oxyds of lead and zinc are nearly in equal equivalents, and the oxygen of the bases at least equals that of the acid, as in vanadinite and volborthite, and unlike dechenite. B.B. on charcoal fuses with intumescence, yielding an arsenical odor and a globule of lead; more lead if soda be added; with borax a bright green glass in the reduction flame, light olive-green and then clear yellow in the oxydation flame, and pale greenish on cooling. In powder decomposed easily in heated concentrated muriatic acid, the liquid first yellow, then brownish, and after giving out chlorine emerald-green. On adding spirits of wine, heating it, and pouring off from the solution the separated chlorid of lead, it is still green; concentrating it with a vapor bath and diluting it with water, takes a fine sky-blue color: in this characteristic it is like other vanadium compounds. Fromn Dahn in the Palatinate, associated with galena. Resembles crocoisite, but color darker. III. SULPHATES.-SELENATES. I. ANHYDROUS SULPHATES OR SELENATES. 1. CELESTINE GROUP. Trimetric. GLASEnITE, S. ANHYDRITE, Ca. THENARDITE, Na S. ANGLESITE, Pb S. BARYTES, Ba,. ALMAGRERITE, Zn ". CELESTINE, Sr. LEADHILLITE, Pb S+3Pb 0. " 4C~(a, ( r)S. A ppendix. -CALEDONITE. 2. DREELITE GROUP. Rhombohedral. DREELITE,'a S~3'Ba -=(NOa+3Ba)S. SUSANNITE, Pb S+3Pb 0. 3. GLAUBERITE GROUP. Monoclinic, GLAUBERITE, Na S+-Ca'=(ga, Ca)S. LANAREITE, PbSL+Pb A. Appendix.-CONNELLITE. SELENATE oF LEAD. REUSSIN. ANHYDROUS SULPHATES. 365 [The compounds of sulphates and carbonates, or sulphato-carbonates, have the crystallization of the sulphates, the carbonic acid being wholly subordinated, as regards the form produced, to the sulphuric, the more powerful acid. Thus Leadhillite is homoeomorphous with Anglesite, Celestine, etc., Susannite with Dreelite, and Lanarkite with Glauberite; and these species are here arranged accordingly.] GLASERITE, Hausm. Aphthitalite. Sulphate of Potash. Arcanite, Haidinger. Aphthalose, Beudant. Vesuvian Salt, Lond. Phil. Trans., 1813. Kalisulphat, Naum. Trimetric. I: J=104~ 52', 0: li=119 46'; a: b: c=1'749: 1: 13. Observed planes O, 1,, {i, ii, 1, 22, 11, %1, ie. 0: i 1490 46'7 0: ~11=1460 4', Ii: 1 (basal)=1200 29', 1': 11 (ib.)=106~ 46', is: i (ib.)=600 28', e: 1=67~ 52'. Occurs in thin tables and in blades made up of aggregated crystals; also massive, or imperfectly mammillary, and in crusts. H.=3 —35. G.=11731. Lustre vitreous, inclined to resinous. Color white, sometimes tinged with blue or green. Transparent to translucent or opaque. Taste saline and bitter, disagreeable. Composition. —K~=Potash 541, sulphuric acid 45'9. A specimen from Vesuvius contained sulphate of potash'714, sulphate of soda 18'6, chlorid of sodium 4-6, chlorid of ammonium, copper, and iron 5'4=100, (Phil. Trans, 1813). Fuses before the blowpipe, without intumescence. Found at Vesuvius, uponI lava, in delicate crystallizations and also in masses often an inch or more in thickness. THENARDITE, -J L. Casaseca, Ann. Ch. Phys. xxxii, 311. Anhydrous Sulphate of Soda. Trimetric. I: I=103~ 26', 0: 1i=1200 36', Ilausmann; ca: b: c=16905: 1: 1'267, 0: 1=1260 51', 11: ii (top)=73~ 42',(basal) =1060 18'. Cleavage: basal, nearly perfect. H. —2-2'5. G.=2'73. Lustre vitreous. Color white. Translucent. Covered with a white powder on exposure to the air. Composition.-a'S=Soda 66'3, sulphuric acid 43'7; analysis by Casaseca, (loc. cit.), Anhydrous sulphate of soda 99-78, carbonate of soda 0'22; by A. Dick of a specimen from Tarapaca, (Phil. Mag. [4], v, 3'3), S 55'11, Na 42-37, insol. 2'19=996'7. Wholly soluble in water. Colors the blowpipe flame deep yellow. Occurs at Espartinas in Spain, 5 leagues from Madrid, and 2~ from Aranjuez. The water exudes during winter from the bottom of a basin, and becoming concentrated in the summer season, deposits crystals of thenardite. Also at Tarapaca, with Glauberite and Hayesine, the crystals of which locality give some of the angles nearly of Trona, according to H. J. Brooke, (loc. cit.) 366 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. BARYTES. Heavy Spar. Sulphate of Barytes. Hepatite, Haus. Barytine, B. Baroselenite. Aehrenstein. Bolognian Spar. Cawk. Litheospore. Allomorphite, Breit. Schwerspatll. Stangenspath, WT Calstronbaryte, Shepard. Trimetric. I: I=101~ 40', 0: 1T-121~ 50'; a: b: c —16107: 1 22T76. 0: i~j-158~ 4'. 0: 1-115~ 42'. i2': i2=135~ 40'. 0: ~ —141~ 8'. 0: I' 1 146 43'. i2 i2-116o 55'. 0: 1;=121~ 50'. 0: 1_'-127 18'.' I(.top)=102 17. 0 3' =111~ 36'. 1: 1(mac.)=111~ 38'. 1i: 1 " =63~ 40'. 0:' =152~ 33'. 1: l(brac.)-91~ 22'.': 2." t-113~ 26'. 0: -=133~ 54'. 1: 1(bas.)-128~ 36'. 1i: 1~ " -=74~ 36'. Crystals usually tabular, as in figures; sometimes prismatic, (f. 513). Cleavage: basal rather perfect, I somewhat less so, i2 inperfect. Twins: plane of composition ii, the compound character U l I I U~ A E 12 FiY2 i2 7 651 12 1 M 5 B 32 33 2 2i3 I i' i It Observed Planes. being apparent in the strim of the plane 0. Also in globular forms, fibrous or lamellar, crested; coarsely laminated, lamine convergent and often curved; also granular; colors sometimes banded as in stalagmite. 513 512 12_~_ I I~ i ii'/ II I 2 Cheshire. i Virginia..-=2-5 —35. G.4 —-3-4'72; 4'4864, G. Rose, a colorless crystal. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous; sometimes pearly. ANHYDROUS SULPHATES. 367 Streak white. Color white; also inclining to yellow, gray, blue, red, or brown. Transparent to translucent —opaque. Sometimes fetid, when rubbed. Composition.-BaS=Sulphuric acid 34-33, and baryta 65'67. Oxyd of iron, silica, carbonate of lime, and alumina, occur sometimes as impurities, and sulphate of strontian is a common ingredient. E. Riegel obtained from a crystalline variety, (Jahrb. pr. Pharm. xxiii, 348), BaS 93'92, SrS 0'86, Si 3'75,?e 0-64, ii 0'50=99-67. Freisleben found 8 per cent. of silica in a variety from Nassau; and Rammelsberg 15-12 per cent. of sulphate of strontia in another from Gbrzing; G.=-4488. The Allomorp hite, Breith. from near Saalfeld, according to Gerngross, contains 1-9 per cent. of sulphate of lime as impurity; but von Hauer found none, (Jahrb. k. k. geol. R. 1853, 152). Hepatite is an impure spar affording a fetid odor on friction. The Calstronbaryte contains according to Heidingsfeld, (Ramm. 5th Supp. 206), 9BaS, lSrS, 1CaS, the analysis affording; 36-91, Ba 54'58, Sr 4'01, (Ca 2'52, Fe 1'83= 99-85. Decrepitates before the blowpipe, and is difficultly fusible, or only on the edges. In the inner flame is reduced to a sulphuret, and the globule, when moistened, smells slightly hepatic. Not acted upon by the acids. Does not tinge the flame red like strontian when tested with muriatic acid and alcohol. Heavy spar occurs commonly in connection with beds or veins of metallic ores. it is met with in secondary limestones, sometimes forming distinct veins, and often in crystals along with calcite and celestine. At Dufton, England, large transparent crystals occur; one of them of a tabular form, has been described as weighing forty-two pounds, and measuring ten inches across its basal plane. Some of the most important European localities are at Felsobanya and Kremnitz, at Freiberg, Marienberg, Clausthal, Przibram, and at Roya and Roure in Auvergne. At Freiberg in Saxony, a variety occurs composed of indistinct prismatic crystals, and having a pearly lustre; this is the Stangenaspath of Werner. Rounded masses, composed of diverging columnar particles, occur at Mount Paterno, near Bologna, which have hence been called the Bolognese stone. At Staffordshire and Derbyshire is found an opaque massive variety, of an earthy appearance and dirty-white color; this variety has been called cawk. In Cheshire, Conn., large crystals, sometimes transparent, (f. 512 and simpler forms), occur in veins of red sandstone with vitreous copper and green malachite. Other similar localities are at Berlin, Farmington, and Southington, of the same State. Formerly found, but now exhausted, at Pillar Point, opposite Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., constituting a vein two to three feet-thick, in compact limestone. Large slabs, when polished, are often quite beautiful. Earthy. and foliated varieties and delicate crystals are found at the Perkiomen lead mine, in Pennsylvania. At Scoharie, N. Y., a fibrous variety occurs with carbonate of lime, and the two are often mechanically mingled. In St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., fine tabular crystals occur in De Kalb, at Fowler with specular iron, at the Parish ore bed, and on the farm of J. Morse, in Gouverneur, with cale spar and specular iron, and on the banks of Laidlaw lake in Rossie; the crested barytes is found at Hammond, with crystals of iron pyrites. At Wolcott, Wayne Co., near the stratum of lenticular iron ore, and on the south side of the Mohawk, opposite Little Falls, are other localities of some interest.; also at Hatfield and Leverett in Massachusetts; Piermont, N. Hampshire; Brown's Creek and Haysboro', near Nashville, Tennessee, and at the lead mines of the west; also at Eldridge's gold mine, in Buckingham Co., Virginia, (f. 513); three miles S. W. from Lexington, in Rockbridge Co.; a beautiful white variety is found on the plantation of J. I-ord, Esq., Fauquier Co., Virginia; in large veins in sandstone on the west end of I. Royale, L. Superior, and on Spar Id., north shore, one vein, (containing also calcite), fourteen feet wide, sometimes in crystals; in trap of north shore, veins numerous. There is a vein twenty-seven inches wide at Landsdown, Canada West, affording fine crystals. The white varieties of heavy spar are ground up and employed as a white paint, either alone or mixed with white lead. ALTERED Foans.-Heavy Spar occurs altered to Calcite, Spathic Iron, Cerusite, Quartz, Limonite, Red Iron Ore, Pyrites, Psilomelane, G6thite. 368 DECRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. CELESTINE. Sulphate of Strontian. ZWlestine, Wern. Colestin. Trimetric. 1:.J=104~ 2' (1030 30' —104~ 30'), 0: 1=1210 19-'; Ga':': =1'6432: 1: 12807.. 0 _ 0: ~l= 157~ 38'. _ i __ -__ - - 0o:,:140~ 35'. _______41 _ _ ~ 0: =129~ 3'. 0 ~=152~ 29'. 0 1=115o 38' ___ ___ _______'0 1=127~ 56'. 5' 0' 12=123~ 1V'. 0: 1 —=1250 38'. 0: 1'=1260 35/'. 1i 1 12 13 14 11 1: (mac.)=112~ 35'. 44 — 1: l: (brach.)=890 26'. 3 —1 I: l(basal)=128~ 44'. -.__ -. -2- i': -=1140 44'. 2 2P 1: t;(top)=101o 1'.'cT~s~fu II t2 = isDIO~DI 1:T l'(top)=75~ 52'. Observed Planes. Cleavage: O perfect; I distinct; iq less distinct. Also, fibrous and radiated; sometimes globnlar; occasionally granular. 514 515 22 L. Erie. Etna. II.H 3 —35. G. =3-92 —3963; 3'9593, Bendant, from small crystals. Lustre vitreous, sometimes inclining to pearly. Streak white. Color generally white, often faint bluish or reddish. Transparent-subtransluncent. Fracture imperfectly conchoidal —uneven. Very brittle. Composition.-SrS —ulphuric acid 43'6, and strontia 56-4. Analyses by Leonhard, (Lieb. Kopp. 1849, 776), and Madrell, (Hartm. Nachtr. 142). Often mixed with carbonate of lime, sulphate of baryta, or oxyd of iron. B.B. becomes opaque and decrepitates; on charcoal in the outer flame fuses rather easily to a milk-white alkaline globule. Phosphoresces when heated. Celestine is usually associated with secondary or silurianlimestone, or sandstone. Also in trap rocks, and in beds of gypsum, often with sulphur. ANHYDROITS SULPtHATES. 369 Sicily, at, Girgenti and elsewhere, affords splendid groups of crystals along with sulphur and gypsum. Fine specimens are met with at Bex in Switzerland, and Conil in Spain; at Dornburg, near Jena; in the department of the Garonne, France; in the Tyrol; Retzbanya, Hungary; at Norten, in Hanover. A fibrous variety of a blue color occurs in clay, at Dornburg, near Jena. Also found at Aust Ferry, near Bristol; in trap rocks near Tantallan, in East Lothian; at the Calton Hill, Edinburg; near Knaresborough, in Yorkshire; at Popayan, New Grenada. Specimens, finely crystallized, of a bluish tint, are found in compact limestone about Lake Erie, particularly on Drummond's island. Schoharie and Lockport, N.Y., have afforded good specimens; also the Rossie lead mine, N. Y.; Chaumont Bay, Depeauville and Stark, (farm of James Coill), New York. A blue fibrous celestine occurs near Frankstown, Logan's Valley, Huntington Co., Pennsylvania, associated with pearl spar and anhydrite. The celestine of Drummond's Island, Lake Erie, contains sulphate of barytes, and gave Hugard the angle 1030 30'. That of Kingston, C.W., (baryto-celestine of Thomson), is pure celestine, according to T. S. Hunt, as the specific gravity 3-921 would indicate. The same is found at Sydenham, C. W. ANHYDRITE. Cube Spar, Muriacite, W. Kaarstenite, Glaus. Vulpinite. Anhydrous Sulphate of Lime. Trimetric: I: I=102~ 56', 0: 1l=1200 42~', as: e=1-684: 1: 1-256. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. o0: =-1310 49'. 0: 1q=126~ 19'. V ( ~ 43'. o:0 T?=134 25'. i: o (4 o9)= 124' 10'. ~:f 2 )=1530 50'. Cleavage: 0 very perfect; i2, also perfect; i' somewhat less so. Also fibrous, lamellar, granular, and sometimes 516 impalpable. The lamellar and columnar varieties o often curved or contorted. H.=3-3'5. G.=2'899-2'957. Lustre: O and 1'b somewhat pearly; 1i vitreous, in massive varieties, vitreous inclining to pearly. Color white, sometimes a grayish, bluish or reddish tinge; also brick-red. Streak grayish-white. sn Fracture uneven; of finely lamellar and fibrous varieties, splintery. Composition.-Ca- =Lime 41'2, sulphuric acid 58'8. B.B. whitens, but does not exfoliate, and is finally covered with a friable enamel. With borax, dissolves with effervescence to a transparent glass, becoming yellow or brownish-yellow on cooling. Anhydrite has been variously denominated muriacite, anhydrite, tripe stone, (gekrlsstein), according to its structure; the first, when crystallized in broad lamelle; the second when granular; and the third when composed of contorted plates. Vulpinite is a siliceous variety, containing 8 per cent. of silex, and having the hardness 385. Pseudomorphs in cubes, imitative of rock salt, have been described by Haidinger. Crystallized anhydrite occurs at the salt mines of Bex in Switzerland, and at Salzburg near Hall in the Tyrol. At Aussee, both crystallized and massive, the latter brick-red. Also at Sulz on the Neckar, in Wiirtemberg; at Bleiberg in Carinthia; at Liineberg, Hanover; at Lauterberg in the Hartz; at Kapnik in Hungary; at Ischl in Upper Austria; and at Berchtesgaden in Bavaria. The variety gekrosstein has been found principally at Wieliczka in Poland. The Vulpinite, from Vulpino, Italy, admits of being cut and polished for ornamental purposes. In the United States, at Lockport, N. Y., fine blue, in geodes of black limestone, accompanied with crystals of calcareous spar and gypsum. In Nova Scotia it forms 47 370 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. extensive beds at the estuary of the Avon and the St. Croix river, also near the Five Islands, and elsewhere, associated with gypsum, in the carboniferous formation. ALTERED FORMS.-Absorbs moisture and changes to gypsum. Extensive beds are sometimes thus altered in part or throughout, as at Bex, in Switzerland, where, by digging down 60 to 100 feet, the unaltered anhydrite may be found. Sometimes specimens of anhydrite are altered between the folia or over the exterior. ANGLESITE, Beud. Sulphate of Lead. Lead Vitriol. Bleivitriol. Vitriolbleierz, W_. Trimetric: 1: I=103~ 38', (103~ 43-', Kokscharov, Pogg. xc, 158), 0: 1-=121~ 21'; a:: b c=1-64151: I: 1215. 0: i=-140~ 3T'. 0: 1i=127o 45'. 1': 1"(top)=750 29'. 0: 1=1150 33'. I: 1 (mac.) 112 13'. i: i (top)=1101~ 15'. 0:.=133~ 44'. 1:1 (brac.) 890 41'. i2: i2(ov. "i)=115~ 6'. O: 1 123~ 9'. 1: 1 (bas.) 128~ 54'. 517 518 /tA/I r 1ir ~ 520....._ o...-..Cleavage: I, 0, but interrupted. _ - The planes I and i, often vertical-6 _ ly striated, and; horizontally. Also lamellar, and massive granu~-~-'.h.... lar. -X -t - _. _ _. - ll.=2'75-3. G.=6'259 —6298. _ _ _ 2 Lustre highly adamantine in some -.1 specimens, in others inclining to _ _ 24 2 resinous and vitreous. Color white, -__.. -... tinged yellow, gray, green, and it I 4 i i; sometimes blue. Streak uncolored. ObservedPlanes. T: Transparent-opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Very brittle. ANHYDROUS SUILPHATES. 371 Composition. —b'S —=Sulphuric acid 26'4, oxyd of lead'73/6=100. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 162); 2, Stromeyer, (Unters. 226); 3, Thomson, (Min. i, 559): Pb Pe2]G9 f 1. Wanlockhead, 25'75 70 50 - 2-25=98'50, Klaproth. 2. Zellerfeld, 26'09 724'7 0'09 0'51, Mn 0'07=99-23, Strom. 3. Leadhills, 25'65 74'05 -- 0'30=100, Thomson. Decrepitates in the flame of a candle, and frequently becomes slightly reddish. B.B. in powder, melts to a bead which cools milk-white; and in the inner flame affords metallic lead by the addition of soda. This ore of lead results, in many instances, from the decomposition of galena. At Leadhills it frequently occurs, occupying the cubical cavities of galena, or disposed on the surface of this ore. This locality, and also Wanlockhead, afford large and beautiful crystals of this mineral, some of which are transparent, of a tabular form, and several inches in diameter; occurs also at Pary's mine in Anglesea, Mellanoweth, in Cornwall, Derbyshire in large crystals, Clausthal, Zellerfield and Giepenbach, in the Hartz, near Siegen in Prussia, at Schapbach in the Black Forest, Badenweiler in Breisgau, and on Sardinia. Small, but extremely perfect transparent crystals, have been brought from Fondon in Granada. The massive varieties are met with in Siberia, Andalusia, and Alston Moor in Cumberland. In the United States, it occurs in large crystals at Wheatley's mine, Phenixville, Pa., (f. 51'7, 518, 519); in the Missouri lead mine; at the lead mine of Southampton, Mass.; at Rossie, N. Y., with galena at the Walton gold mine, Louisa Co., Va. ALTERED FoRMs.-Anglesite occurs altered to cerusite (Pbo.) ALMAGRERITE. Anhydrous Sulphate of Zine, Breit.-According to Breithaupt, this sulphate occurs at the mine of Barranco Jaroso in the Sierra Almagrera, Spain, in crystals isomorphous with Anglesite and Heavy Spar. G.=4'331. (B. u. H. Ztg., 1852, No. 7; Ramm. 5th Suppl., 26). LEADHILLITE. Sulphato-tricarbonate of Lead, Brooke, Ed. Phil. Jour. iii, 117. Rhomboidal Carbonate of Lead. Bleisulphotricarbonat, Ramm. Ternirbleierz. Trimetric, Brooke and ~Miller. I: 1=103~ 16', 0: 1=120~ 10'; a: b: c=1 7205: 1: 1-2632. Observed planes as in f. 521, with also i2 replacing edge between I and i'. Hemihedral in 1 and some other planes; hence monoclinic in aspect, or rhombohedral when in compound crystals. 521 522 22; 1 9,1 1 523 0 ii=150~ 10'. S%' A3-=156~ 27'.,~' ~=128~ 22/. O' — =126~ 11'. ~t' i2 =128~ 14'. St: t=111~ 36i%' Vi=119~ 50'. itz i=111~ 30'. S: t-900. 3 3 2-' g%=90~ 372 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Cleavage: ii very perfect; /i braces. Twins, f. 523, 524, (drawn with ii as top plane), consisting of 3 crystals; face of composition 1t, (see f. 525); also parallel with I 525 624 I.hi B C 2'3X! 3: E.=2'5. G.=6'2-6' 5. Lustre of 9i pearly, other parts resinous, somewhat adamantine. Color white, passing into yellow, green or gray. Streak uncolored. Transparent translucent. Conchoidal fracture scarcely observable. Rather sectile. Composition. —Pb'S+-b(j=Sulphate of lead 27'44, carbonate of lead 72'56. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (Jahresb, iii, 134); 2, Stromeyer, (Gbtt. gel. Anz. 1825, 113): 1. Pb 9 28'7 Pb a 71o0=99'7, Berzelius. 2. 28'3 2'72=100, Stromeyer. B.B. intumesces at first, and then turns yellow; but white on cooling. Easily reduced on charcoal. Effervesces briskly in nitric acid, and leaves a white precipitate. This ore has been found principally at Leadhills, associated with other ores of lead; Grenada is also stated to be a locality of it, and the island of Serpho, Grecian Archipelago. The crystals seldom exceed an inch in length, and are commonly smaller. Reported by C. U. Shepard, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xv, 446), from Newberg District, South Carolina, but there is some doubt as to the locality. Brooke and Miller, who show that the form of Leadhillite is trimetric, make the prism ~i (of 1200 20'), the fundamental vertical prism, and appear to regard the species as related to Aragonite. The fact that the twins are not formed parallel to the faces of this prism, (as they should be if the prism ~i were homologous with the Aragonite prism), and the close approximation in angle to Anglesite, shown above, besides other reasons, have led the author to adopt the position of the crystals here given, which exhibits the Anglesite relation. Susannite (rhombohedral) and Leadhillite (trimetric) are mutually dimorphs, and so also are Dreelite and Anglesite. Now Susannite and Dreelite are nearly identical in angle; and therefore Leadhillite and Anglesite must be equally related. Since in Susannite the sulphuric acid dominates over the carbonic acid and impresses on the lead salt its character, (or the form of the sulphate), the same should be the case with its correlate Leadhillite-this species being the very same chemical compound. (See on this subject, Am. J. Sci. [2], vol. xviii). The hemihedrism of the species gives origin to the peculiar rhombohedral aspect of the twins. The angles of these twins are near those of Susannite. CALEDONITE, Beud Cupreous Sulphato-Carbonate of Lead, Brooke, Ed. Phil. Jour. iii, 117. Halbazurblei, Ramm. Trimetric. I: f=95~, 0: 1U=123~ 9'; a: b: c=1-5314: 1: 1'0913. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. O: li=125~ 29', O: 27=1080 5', 0: i=125~ 50', 0: 1=1150 43', I: ii=1320 30', 1: l,(pyr.)=1050 and 96~ 45'. Cleavage land 0 indistinct, it more ANHYDROUS SULPHATES. 373 obvious. Crystals sometimes large, 526 usually minute, and occasionally in bunches diverging from a point. H.=25- 3. G.=6'4. Lustre resinous. Color deep verdigris or blu- 1 \ ish-green; inclining to mountain- \'. green if the crystals are delicate.. Streak greenish-white. Translucent. Fracture uneven. Rather brittle. 2 Composition.-Analysis by Brooke, (Ed. Phil. J.ii, 119): Pb' 55-8 ftb ( 32-8 iu a 11-4=100, Brooke. B.B. easily reduced. Soluble in nitric acid, with slight effervescence. Occurs at Leadhills, Scotland, accompanying other ores of lead, in crystals with Linarite, at Roughten Gill in Cumberland; also reported from Tanne in the Hartz, and from Mine la Motte, Missouri. DREELITE, Dufrenoy, Ann. de Ch. et de Ph. lx, 102. Rhombohedral. R: R=93 or 940. Cleavage: rhombohedral, in traces. HI.=3'5. G.-=32 —34. Lustre pearly; splendent on a surface of fracture. Streak and color white. Composition.-CaS+3t-BaS, Analysis by Dufr6noy, (loc. cit.): BaS 61'73 CaS 14'275 GaO 8-05'Si 9'71 J 12405 Ca 1'52 i[ 231.100. In small unmodified crystals, disseminated on the surface, and in the cavities of a quartzose rock, at Beaujeu, France, Dep. of the Rhone; also at Badenweiler, (Baden). It was named by Dufrinoy in honor of M. de Driee, a liberal patron of science. Thomson has analyzed another compound of the sulphates of baryta and lime, (Min. i, 106), consisting of 71-9 of the former to 2851 of the latter; it was from Harrowgate in Yorkshire. SUSANN1TE, Haidinger. 527 528 IRhombohedral. R: R=940, 0: 9 R=128~ 3'; a=1'1062. Observed... planes, -2, O, i, 2, 4, -14. O: 2R fI =1110 13', 0: 4=101~ 30', 2: 2=720 30'. Cleavage 0 easily obtained. \ H.=2'5. G.-6'55. Lustre resinous-adamantine. Color white, green, 2 yellow, brownish-black. Streak uncolored. Comjposition.-Same as for Leadhillite. Analysis by Brooke, (Edinb. Phil. J., New Series, iii, 117, 138), Sulphate of lead 27'5, carbonate of lead 72'5. 374 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In attached crystals at Leadhills in Scotland, and at Moldawa in the Bannat, Formerly referred to Leadhillite, the compound crystals of which it resembles. The rhomhohedron R of Susannite, as it is assumed by Haidinger, equals very nearly -2 of Dreelite, which it is here made. (The minus sign is omitted in the figure). GLAUBERITE, Brongniart, J. des Mines, xxiii, 5. Brongniartin, v. Leon]h. o 530 Monoclinic. C=68~ 16' 6 I: 1=83~ 20', 0: 1i=136~ 30/~, Of30'; a: b: o=0'8454: 1: 0-8267. 0: ii=1110 44', 0: 22 I I 1 I ) 1 1360 49', 0: -3=88~ 57', -33 -3 0: 1=1040 15', 1: 1=116o -2i 20', -1:-1=95~ 22'/ -33 3 -- -33=136~ 8', B. & M. Ac-3i. = I |\ I | ~ cordingto Senarmont, (Ann. — 1-~ 1 J Ch. Phys. [3], xxxvi, 157), - __ -4 1: 1=820 56' (to 83~ 15'), 0: 1-137 37', 0: 3=89~ 6', Observed Plane. 0: I=105~ 17' (1040 52' — Oberved Planes. ~105~ 1T'), 1: 1=1160 52', (1160 18' —116~ 52), -33 -33=135~ 20'. Cleavage: 0 perfect. H. =25 —3. G. -2'64 —285. Lustre vitreous. Color, paleyellow or gray. Streak white. Fracture conchoidal; brittle. Taste slightly saline. Composition.-(~l2a+- Oa)S=Sulphate of soda 51'1, and sulphate of lime 48'9. Kobell obtained from a specimen from Berchtesgaden, (v. Leonh. 1846, 840), Sulphate of soda 48 6, sulphate of lime 51'0. Crystals from Atacama gave Hayes, (Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. iv, 498), Sulphuric acid 67'22, soda 21'32, lime 20-68, iron 0-14 — 99-56. Ulex found in the Peruvian mineral, less so; ii in traces. Plane of composition ii; 0:: 0=1460 50'. H. =2-2'5. G. =1'716. Lustre vitreous — resinous; sometimes earthy. Color white; sometimes grayish, bluish or greenish. Streak white. Translucent - opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Rather brittle. Taste, sweetish-alkaline, feeble. Composition. —la2lO+10 —=Boracie 36-58, soda 16 25, water 47-17. B.B. puffs up, and afterwards fuses to a transparent globule, called the glass of borax. It is soluble in water; the solution changes vegetable blues to greens. With fluor spar and bisulphate of potash, it colors the flame around the powder a clear green. BORATES. 395 Borax was originally brought from a salt lake in Thibet. The borax is dug in masses from the edges and shallow parts of the lake, and in the course of a short time the holes thus made are again filled. This crude borax was formerly sent to Europe under the name of tincal, and there purified. It is now extensively made from the boracic acid of the Tuscan lagoons, by the reaction of this acid on carbonate of soda. It has also been found at Potosi in Peru, and in Ceylon. It occurs in solution in the mineral springs of Chambly, St. Ours, &c., Canada West, (Hunt, Logan's Geol. Rep."1853). This salt is employed in several metallurgical operations as a flux, is sometimes used in the manufacture of glass and gems, and extensively in the process of soldering. Prof. Bechi has analyzed a borate occurring as an incrustation at the Tuscan lagoons, which afforded B 43'56, Na 19'25, t 37'19=100, giving the formula NaB' +-6H, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvii, 128). LAGONITE. An earthy mineral of an ochreous yellow color. Composition.-FeB'+3H-=Boracic acid 49'5, peroxyd of iron 37'8, water 12'7= 100. Analysis by Prof. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, 129): B 47-95, Fe 36-26, i 14'02, Ig, Ca and loss 1l77. Occurs as an incrustation at the Tuscan lagoons. LARDERELLITE, Bechi. Very light, white and tasteless. Appearing under the microscope to be made up of minute oblique rectangular tables; M: T= 110~, Amici. Composition.-NH401]B4+-41. Analysis by Prof. Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, 130): B 68'556, NH140 12'734, t 18'325. Dissolves in hot water, and is transformed into a new salt, represented by the formula NH40B6-+91. Occurs at the Tuscan lagoons. WARWICKITE, Shepard, Am. J. Sci., xxxiv, 313, xxxvi, 85.-Enceladite, T. S. CHunt, ib., [2], ii, 30. IMionoclinic? I: I=93 — 94~. Usual in rhombic prisms with obtuse edges truncated, and the acute beveled, summits generally rounded; surfaces of larger crystals not polished. Cleavage: macrocliagonal perfect, affording surface with vertical strioe and traces of oblique cross cleavages. H.=3 —4. G.=3'188, Hunt. Lustre submnetallic pearly on cleavage surface to subvitreous; often nearly dull. Color dark hairbrown to dull black. sometimes a copper-red tinge on cleavage surface. Streak bluish-black. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Composition.-Essentially a borotitanate of magnesia and iron, with over 20 per cent. of boracic acid, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci., [2], xvi, 293). Yields water. B.B. alone infusible, but becomes lighter in color; with borax a 396 DESCRIPTIVE MMNERALOGY. clear bead colored by iron; with salt of phosphorus a bead orange while hot, and purplish gray and opaque on cooling. Reaction of boracic acid.:Occurs in granular limestone two and a half miles S. W. of Edenville, N. Y., with spinel, chondrodite, serpentine, etc. Crystals usually small and slender; some times over two inches long, and three-eighths of an inch broad. V. PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, ANTIMONATES, NITRATES. 1. ANHYDROUS. 1. APATITE GROUP.-Crystallization Hexagonal. Oxygen ratio of bases and acids, (exclusive of fluorid or chlorid), 3: 5. APATITE, a'sP+- Ca(C1,F). ZWIESELITE, (Fe, ]fn)'9+~FeF? OSTEOLITE, PYROMORPHITE, Pb4S;+QPbO1. CRYPTOLITE, P eS9. MIMETENE, %bs'8's+-PbC1. 2. XENOTIME GROUP.-Crystallization Dimetric. Oxygen ratio 3: 5. XENOTIME, Y9P. 3 MONAZITE GROUP.-Monoclinic. Oxygen ratio 3: 5 to 4: 5. MONAZITE, (Ce,ta, Th). KUHNITE, S3M8S WAGNERITE, 1iSg'f-+1/g F. LAZULITE. 4. TRIPLITE GROUP.-Trimetric. Oxygen ratio 3: 6 to 4: 5. TRIPHYLINE, ]9v I TRIPLITE, iRt. 5. FISCOHERITE GROUP.-Trimetric. Oxygen ratio 6: 5. FISCHERITE, ilr -+8f1. PEGANITE,;1- t+6fl. Aippendi. HOPEITE, AMBLYGONITE, HERDERITE, CARM1NITE. 6. ROMEINE GROUP. ROMEINE, RS9Sb:b. APATITE, Werner. Phosphate of Lime. Spargelstein. Phosphorit, W Asparagus stone. Moroxite. Eupyrchroite, Emmons. Augustite. Pseudo-apatite, Breit. Hexagonal: often hemihedral. 0: 1-=139~ 47'; a=0'7323. IFigures 190, 191, and the annexed. ANHYDUROUS PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES. 397 0 -=157~ 5'. 0: 38=110~ 3'. 0: 42=108~ 51. O: 2=1200 36'. 0: 12=1430 47'.: 3-=149~ 37. 0: 4-=105~. 0: 22=1240 30'. 1: 1 (pyr.)=1420 20'. Descloizeanx makes 1: 1=142~ 15', and O0 1=139~ 45'. Cleavage: 0, imperfect; I, more so. Also globular and reniform, with a fibrous or imperfectly columnar structure; also massive, structure granular. 547 0 o 2 42 4 3s iI i2 4 2 Observed Planes. H.=5, sometimes 4'5. G.=3'25. Lustre vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Streak white. Color usually sea-green, bluish-green; often violet blue; sometimes white; occasionally yellow, gray, red, and brown; none bright. Transparent-opaque. A bluishopalescence sometimes in the direction of the vertical axis, especially in white varieties. Cross. fracture conchoidal and uneven. Brittle. Conetposition.-Ca3'S+- Ca(Cl, F)=Phosphoric acid 42'26, lime 50'0 fluorine 3.77, calcium 3.'97; or phosphate of lime 92'26, and fluorid of calcium 7'174, with Ca Cl sometimes replacing part of the fiuorid. According to G. Rose, (Pogg. ix): Sunarum, Cabo de Gata, Arendal, Greiner, St. Gothard, Norway, Spain. Norway. Tyrol.,Tyrol. Phosphate of lime, 91'13 92-066 92'189 92'16 92'31 Chlorid of Calcium,, 4'28 0'885 0'801 0'15 trace Fluorid of Calcium, 4'59 7 049 C 01 7.69 7.69 G.=3'174 G.=3-235 G.=3'194 G.=-3'175 G.-=3-3197 Other analyses: 1, Rammelsberg;_2, Weber, (Monatsb. Preuss. Akad. 1851, 173); 3, C. A. Joy, (Inaug. Diss., 45); 4, T. H. Henry, (Phil. Mag): Pi Ca Ca C1 F 1. Schwarzenstein, 42-58 49'66 4'06 0'07 3'63, Rammelsberg. 2. Snarum, 41'54 53-46 - 2'66? Pe, Ve, Y 1179, Weber. 3. Faldige, 43-01 55-24 -- 0'05? Me 0'09, Joy. 4. Huel Franco, 41'34 53-38 - — (loss) 2'32, Fe, Sin, 2'96, Henry. Weber's analysis corresponds'to 90-66 per cent. (Cas P, 4117 Ca C1, 3107 Ca F. Bischofhas found magnesia in some apatites. The Eupyrcliroite of Emmons (a compact concretionary subfibrous variety) afforded C. T. Jackson the constituents of apatite, with only the impurities Fe 2'00, CaC 2177, 11 0'50. G. —3053. B.B. infusible alone except on the edges; gives the test of phosphoric acid, With biphosphate of soda or borax fuses without difficulty to a glass, which on cooling, has a crystalline structure; also fuses if mixed with carbonate of iron; dissolves slowly in nitric acid, without effervescence. Some varieties are phosphorescent. Apatite usually occurs in crystalline rocks. It is often found in veins in gneiss 398 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. or mica slate, and particularly those containing tin and iron ore; also in granular limestone. It is sometimes met with in serpentine, and occasionally, as in Spain, in ancient volcanic rocks. Among its localities are Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony, Schwarzenstein and Pfitsch in the Tyrol; Amberg in Bavaria; Zinnwald and Schlackenwald in Bohemia; Caldbeck Fell in Cumberland, Devonshire; St. Gothard in Switzerland. The greenish-blue variety, called moroxite, occurs at Arendal in Norway, and Pargas, Finland. The asparagus stone or spargelstein variety, which is obtained at Zillerthal in the Tyrol, and Villa Rica, Spain, is translucent, and has a wine yellow-color; it is imbedded in talc. The phosphorite or massive radiated varieties are mostly obtained from Estremadura in Spain, and Schlackenwald in Bohemia. Large crystals of apatite are found in St. Lawrence County, New York, in white limestone, along with scapolite, sphene, &c. One crystal from Robinson's farm, in Hammond, was nearly a foot in length, and weighed eighteen pounds. The prisms are frequently well terminated. Also in crystals about a mile southeast of Gouverneur, and two miles north; and also in Rossie, with sphene and pyroxene, two miles north of the village of Oxbow. Also on the bank of Vrooman lake, Jefferson Co., in white limestone, fine green prisms from half to five inches long; Sanford mine, East Moriah, Essex Co., in magnetic iron ore, which is often thickly studded with six-sided prisms; also at Long Pond, Essex Co.; near Edenville, Orange Co. in prisms from half an inch to twelve inches long, of a bright asparagus green color, imbedded in white limestone; and in the same region, blue, grayishgreen, and grayish white crystals; two miles south of Amity, emerald and bluishgreen crystals; at Long Pond, Essex Co., with garnet and idocrase; at Greenfield, Saratoga Co., St. Anthony's Nose, and Corlaer's Hook, less interesting; fibrous mammillated (Eupyrchroite) at Crown Point, Essex Co., about a mile south of Hammondsville; at Hurdstown, Essex Co., where a shaft has been sunk and the apatite mined; masses brought out weigh occasionally two hundred pounds, and some cleavage prisms have the planes three inches-wide. In New Hampshire, crystals, often large, are abundant, four miles south of the north village meeting-house Westmoreland, in a vein of feldspar and quartz, in mica slate, along with molybdenite; some fine crystals at Piermont, N. H., in white limestone on the land of Mr. ThOmas Cross. In Maine, on Long Island, Blue-hill Bay, in veins ten inches wide, intersecting granite. In Massachusetts, crystals occasionally six inches long, are obtained at Norwich, (northeast part), in gray quartz; at Bolton abundant, the forms seldom interesting; also sparingly at Chesterfield, Chester, Sturbridge, Hinsdale, and Williamsburgh. In Pennsylvania, at Leiperville, Delaware Co., in Bucks Co., three miles west of Attleboro. Apatite has also been found near Balti. more, Maryland; at Dixon's quarry,Wilmington,Delaware, of a rich blue color; on the Morris Canal, near Suckasuny, N. J., of a brown color, in massive magnetic pyrites; Phosphate of lime in nodules occurs in Silurian rocks in Canada and elsewhere, which are supposed to be coprolites; at Burgess, C. W., in large green crystals; at Grand Calumet in calcite, in delicate blue crystals; in trap of St. Norbert, C. E., in transparent amethyst, rose, or colorless crystals, some one inch long, and one-sixth in diameter. Apatite was named by Werner from a7raamw, to deceive, in allusion to the mistake of the older mineralogists with regard to the nature of its many varieties. The Pseudoapatite is an impure apatite; analysis by Rammelsberg, J. pr. Chem. Iv, 486. The tale-apatite of Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxi, 101), is from chlorite slate in the Schischimskian mountains near Slatoust. It contains Lime 37-50, magnesia 17'4, phosphoric acid 39'02, sulphuric acid 2'10, chlorine 0'91, fluorine and loss 2-23, oxyd of iron 1'00, insoluble 9'50=100, whence the formula 3 Cia3 V-Mgig3 i. But from the variety of its constituents and the large per-centage of insoluble ingredients, Berzelius suggests that the magnesia may possibly come from the gangue. G.= 270 — 275. In six-sided crystals, grouped or single. ALTERED FoRMs.-The Osteolite of Bromeis is supposed to be apatite which has become earthy in appearance, and lost its fluorine and chlorine, (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lxxix, 1). It has a compact texture like lithographic stone, or else is earthy, and adheres to the tongue. G.=2-89. Composition, Ca3 P. Analyses: 1, Bromeis, compact part, (loc cit.); 2, Riitz, earthy, (ib.); 3, Ewald, intermediate part, (ib.); 4, G. Besanez, (Ann. Ch. Pharm., lxxxix, 221): ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES. 399 i da si Fe;l zing k fa C A 1. lanau, 36-88 49'41 4'50 1-85 0'93 0'47 0-76 0'62 1-81 2'28= 99.51 2. " 37-41 49 24 2-75 2-78 1'25 0'79 0-81 0'46 2'34 3'45=101 28 3. " 37'16 48'20 2'03 2'31 trace 1-85 0'73 0'43 2'55 3'63- 98'80 4. Amberg, 42-00 48'16 4-97 1-56 -- 0'75 0'04 0'02 2-21 1'31=101'02 From near Hanau between Ostheim and Eichen, and also from Amberg in the Erzgebirge. Occurs in altered dolonite. CRYPTOLITE, W'hler, Ghtting. gel. Anzeig. 1846, 19, and Poggendorff's Annalen, lxvii, 424. In acicular hexagonal prisms. G. about 4'6. Wine-yellow, transparent. Composition.-Nes', in which the cerium is part didymium= —Protoxyd of cerium 69'4, phosphoric acid 30'6. Analysis by Wohler, (loc. cit.): Oxyd of cerium 73'70, protoxyd of iron 1'51, phosphoric acid 27'37=102'58. The excess is owing as supposed to a change of the protoxyd of cerium to peroxyd. Soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid. Not altered by a moderate calcination. Occurs in the green and red apatite of Arendal, and distinguished on putting the apatite in dilute nitric acid; constitutes 2 or 3 per cent. of the mass; it was found especially in the red apatite, or in reddish points of the green, and associated with particles of magnetic iron, hornblende, and another cerium ore of a hyacinth-red color, supposed to be monazite. This mineral was looked for in the yellowish apatites of Snarum without success. Occurs also with apatite in the Tyrol. (?) Named from KpV~rrog, concealed. It has been suggested that Cryptolite is a cerium apatite. ProsPHocERIrTE, H. Watts, Quart. J. Chem. Soc. July 1, 1849, ii, 131.-The phosphocerite, as recognized by Mr. Watts, has the composition essentially of the cryptolite, but is said to differ in crystalline form. According to Watts and Chapman, (loc. cit. p. 154), the form is probably dimetric; yet as the crystals of both this species and the cryptolite are microscopic, the two, as observed by Chapman, may yet be brought together. They occur as a grayish yellow powder along with the cobalt ore of Tunaberg, and are associated with dark purple crystals of another kind and dodecahedral form, (Fe3S4), which are strongly magnetic. The crystalline forms most common in the powder are an octahedron and a square or rectangular prism, terminating in a four-sided pyramid parallel with the lateral planes, resembling fig. 382, under zircon. G.=4-78. H.=5-0 —55. Colorless or pale sulphuryellow. Lustre vitreo-resinous or adamantine. Composit:on.-(Ce, La, D)'P. Analysis by Watts, (loc. cit.): Protoxyd of cerium, lanthanum, didymium 67'38, phosphoric acid 29-66, oxyd of iron 2'95 —100. The oxyd of iron and a little cobalt detected are probably impurities. B.B. according to Chapman, it vitrifies partially on the edges, tinging the flame at the same time slightly green. Affords the reaction of phosphoric acid and also of cerium, producing however with borax and salt of phosphorus a glass which is pale violet-blue when cold, either due to the presence of didymium, or a minute portion of cobalt ore. [The analysis of cryptolite gives more nearly the oxygen proportion of 2: 3, corresponding to 10 of Ce and 3 of P.] ZWIESELITE, Breit. Phosphate of Iron and Manganese. Eisenapatit, Fuchs. HIexagonal? Supposed to be isomorphous with Apatite. Occurs in crystalline masses. Cleavage: distinct in three directions, but imperfect. H.=5. G.=3'97. Lustre greasy, color clove-brown. Streak grayish-white. Fracture uneven or imperfect conchoidal. 400 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition. —(Fe, Tn)?~n+iFe F; FeSP+Fe F, Rammelsberg. Analyses: 1, Fuchs, (J. f. pr. Ch. xviii, 499); 2, Rammelsberg, (4th Supp. 24'7): Pi PEle Mn F Fe' i 35'60 35'44 20'34 3'18 4-76 0-68, Fuchs. 30'33 41'42 23-25 6-00=100, Rammelsberg. B.B. decrepitates, and finally melts to a bluish-black glass, attracted by the magnet. This mineral was met with near Zwiesel in Bavaria, imbedded in granite. PYROMORPHITE. Phosphate of Lead. Braunbleierz, Grfinbleierz, Wern and Hoff. Traubenblei, Haus. Btintbleierz. Nussierite, Danhauser. Polysphaerite. Miesite, Beud. Hexagonal. 0: 1=139~ 38'; a=0'7362. Observed planes, 0, 1; i2, 1, 2, 4, 22. 0: 4=106~ 23'. 0: 22=1240~ 11'. 1: 1(pyr.)=142~12'. 0: 2= 1200 28'. 1 i2=1500. 1: 22=135~ 46'. Cleavage: I and 1 in traces, I commonly striated horizontally. Often globular, (Polysphaerite), reniform, and botryoidal, with a columnar structure; also fibrous and granular. HI.=3'5-4. G.=6'5871-T -048. Lustre resinous. Color green, yellow, and brown, of different shades, sometimes fine orange-yellow, owing to an intermixture with chromate of lead. Streak white, sometimes yellowish. Subtransparent-subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Brittle. Composition. —Essentially fPb43 + lPb Cl, Ca F usually replacing some of the Pb Cl, and arsenic acid some of the phosphoric acid. Analyses: 1-5, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxii, 1, and Pogg. xxvi, 489); 6, 7, Lerch, (Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. xlv, 328): Pb3P PbCl CaF NCa"' 1. Freiberg, brown, 77-02 10'84 1-09 11'05=100, Kersten. 2. Mies, brown, 81'65 10'64 0'25 7-46=100, " 3. " " cryst. 89'27 9'66 0'22 0'85=100, " 4. Bleistadt, brown cryst., 89'17 9'92 0-14 0'7 —100, 5. Poullaouen, cryst., 89'91 10'09 - — 100, " 6. Bleistadt,brown cryst., 87'38 10'23 00'7 0-86, Fe3iO 0-'7790-31,L. 7. " " 88'42 9'57 0-20 1-58, " 050=100 27, L. B.B. on charcoal, melts without addition, and the globule on cooling assumes a polyhedral form, and a dark color; in the reducing flame, becomes bluish. Dissolves readily in heated nitric acid. Pyromorphite occurs principally in veins, and acompanies other ores of lead. Fine specimens occur at Leadhills and Wanlockhead; and Poullaouen and Huelgoet in Brittany; at Zschopau and other places in Saxony; at Przibram, Mies, (Miesite, brown variety), and Bleistadt, in Bohemia; and at Sonnenwirbel near Freiberg; Clausthal in the Hartz; in fine crystals at Nassau; Beresof in Siberia; Cornwall and Wicklow in Ireland. Pyromorphite has been found in good specimens at the Perkiomen lead mine, near Philadelphia, and very fine at Phenixville; also in Maine, at Lubec and Lenox; in New York, a mile south of Sing Sing; sparingly at Southampton, Massachusetts, and Bristol, Conn.; in good crystallizations of bright green and gray colors, in Davidson Co., N. C. Named from vmp, fire, poporn, form, alluding to the crystalline form the globule assumes on cooling. This species passes into the following. Nussierite is considered by Dufrenoy an impure pyromorphite, containing some arsenate of lead. It is from Nussiere, Dep. of Rhone, France. ALTERED FORaS.-Occurs altered to Galena, (PbS), Calamine, (Zn"'i+l;4 ), Calcite, and Limonite; to Galena, probably through the action of sulphuretted hydrogen. ANHYDROIJS PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES. 401. MIMETENE. Green Lead Ore. Arsenate of Lead. Grtinbleierz, W. Traubenblei., Haus. Kampylite, Breit. Hedyphane. Mimetite. Hexagonal. 0: 1=139~ 6'; a=0'7491. Observed planes asin pyromorphite. 0: 2=120~, 0: 22=123041. Cleavage: 1, imperfect. H.=3'5. G.=719 —725, Mimetene; 5'3 —55, Hedyphane; 6'8 —69, IKampylite. Lustre resinous. Color pale-yellow, passing into brown; sometimes orange-yellow (kampylite) from the presence of chromate of lead; sometimes whitish when containing much phosphate of lime, (hedyphane). Streak white or nearly so. Subtransparent —translucent. Sectile. Composition.-(Pb, 6a)S('s, t)+-Pb Cl. Analyses: 1, W1hler, (Pogg. iv, 16'1); 2, 3, Dufr6noy, (TraitS. iii, 46): 4, Kersten, (Schw. J. lxii): Pbs s Pbs9P PbCl 1. Johanngeorgenstadt, 82'74 7'50 9'60=99'84, Wiihler. 2. Horhausen, 86'70 2'15 10'40=98'25, Dufr6noy. 3. Cornwall, 84'55 - 4'50 9'05=98'10, Dufrenoy. 4. Longbansh., HIedyphane, 60'10 -- 10'29==, Ca3i15.51, Ca9's 12'98=98'88,K. A Zacatecas ore afforded C. Bergemann, (Pogg. lxxx, 401), Xs 23-065, Cl 2'445, Pb 74'961=100-471, corresponding to Pb'is-s+PbCl=Arsenic acid 2382, oxyd of lead 67-5, chlorid of lead 9'3=100. Analysis by Rammelsberg, Pogg. xci, 316. Dissolves easily in nitric acid, especially if heated. B.B. fuses to a brownishyellow mass; and on charcoal gives out copious arsenical fumes and affords a globule of lead. Occurs at Huel Unity, near Redruth, in Cornwall, and at several other of the Cornish mines; also at Beeralston in Devonshire, and Caldbeckfell in Cumberland. At St. Prix, in the Department of the Saone, in France, in capillary crystals; at Johanngeorgenstadt, in fine yellow crystals; at Nertschink, Siberia, in reniform masses, brownish red; also at Zinnwald and Badenweiler. The Hedyphane is from Longbanshyttan in Sweden, usually in amorphous masses, and subadamnantine or resinous in lustre. Kampylite occurs at Alstonmoor and Badenweiler. Domeyko has analyzed an impure ore related to mimetene from Chili, Maria Grande, east of the silver mines of Arqueros. Its color is dirty'yellow, with an earthy or slightly resinous appearance. B.B. fuses with intumescence to a gray metallic scoria, giving a bluish tint to the flame. Composition.-According to Domeyko, (Ann. d. M. [4], xiv, 145): PbC1 905, Pb 58-31, Ou 0-92, Xs 11 55, l 5-13, V 1'86, (a 7'96,l, lr Pe 1'10, clay It if associated with a vanadate of lead and copper. [2'00, ign. 1'12=99'00 XENOTIME. Phosphate of Yttria. Phosphorsaure Yttererde. Ytterspath. Dimetric. 0: 1=1380 45'; a=0-6201. 548 Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 1: 1 (pyram.) 124' 26', (basal) 820 30', I: 1=131~ 15'. Cleavage: I, perfect. 1 H.=4 —5. G. =439 -4'55. Lustre res-.....;:; inous. Color yellowish-brown, reddish-'.. brown, hair-brown, flesh-red; streak pale \ i I brown, yellowish, or reddish. OpaqueFracture uneven and splintery. 51 402 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition. —3Yi=Phosphoric acid 37'06, yttria 62'94=100. Analysis by Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. HI. 1824, 334): Phosphoric acid 33'49 with trace of HF, yttria 62'58, subphosphate of iron 3'93=100. Scheerer found in the xenotime of Norway, i and Si 32'0, Y and Fe 68-0. B.B. alone infusible. With borax affords a colorless globule, which becomes milky on flaming and opaque with more of the flux. With salt of phosphorus dissolves with great difficulty to a colorless glass. With soda effervesces and yields a light gray infusible slag. Usual reaction of phosphoric acid. Insoluble in acids. From a granite vein at ilitter6e, with polycrase, malacone and orthite; also at Ytterby, Sweden. Also in the United States in the gold washings of Clarksville, Georgia, (f. 548), associated with zircon, rutile and kyanite; in McDowall Co., N. C. The angle 0: 1 in xenotime is near O: 1 in pyromorphite, with which it is dimorphous. MONAZITE, Breithaupt. Mengite, Brooke. Edwardsite and Eremite, Sheopard. MIonoclinic. C=76~14'; 1I: 1=93010', 0: 1=1380 8'; a: b: c=094715: 1 1 10265. Observed planes as in the annexed figures. 0: li=143~ 6'. 1 l(front)=119 22'. ii: I= 136~ 40'.:-li=130~ 6'. -1: -1" =106~ 36'. i2' i6 (front)=55~ 42'. O: ii=103 46'. 2: 2~ " =810 4'. ii: 1=131~ 53'. 0: 1=133~ 39'. ii: li=1400 40'. i': -1=118~ 13'.: -1=1210 6'. ii: -li=126~ 8'. ii: 2-2 =1200 10'. 0: 22=121~ 18'. ii: 1i=100~ 13'. 22: 2i=1520 56'. 0': 2i=119~ 10'. ii: 2i=93~ 6'. 1 I=146~ 17'. O ii=90. li: -li (top)=930 12'. -1: ~=1380~ 58'. 551 553 552 ti i 1,.'.............. ~~~i2C X X~~~~~~i Norwich, Ct. Watertown, Ct, Watertown, Ct. Crystals usually flattened prisms and small. Cleavage: O very perfect, and brilliant. H.=5 —55. G.=4'9 —525. Lustre inclining to resinous. Color brownish-hyacinth-red, clove-brown, or yellowish-brown. Subtransparent-subtranslucent. Rather brittle. ANHYDRIOUS PHOSP11ATES, ARSENATES. 403 Composition.-('je, ta, Th)'Sl. Analyses: 1, Kersten, (Pogg. xlvii, 385); 2, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxiii, 90): I~ Ce ta Th n in C:a 1. 28'50 26'00 23'40 17'95 2'10 1'86 1-68, K and Ti trace-101'49. 2. 28'05 37'36 27'41 - 175 trace 1'46, Mig 0'80, Fe trace=99'59. The presence of thoria in this mineral is considered certain, notwithstanding Hermann's result. Tin was detected in this species by Rose, with the blowpipe. B.B. infusible, becoming gray or greenish-yellow. With borax, slowly dissolves and forms a globule, which is bright yellowish-green, or yellowish-red while hot, and colorless when cold. Decomposed by muriatic acid. Monazite was first brought by Fiedler from the Ural. It occurs near Slatoust in granite, along with flesh-red feldspar. In the United States it is found in small crystals from one sixteenth to three fourths of an inch long, with the sillimanite of Norwich, and sparingly with the same mineral at Chester, Ct. A few minute crystals (the eremite of Shepard) were found in a boulder of albitic granite, containing also a few minute zircons and tourmalines, in the northeastern part of Watertown, Ct. Good crystals are obtained with the sillimanite of Yorktown, Westchester Co., N. Y.; also near Crowder's Mountain, N. C. The crystal affording the author the above angles (f. 552) was a fine one with polished faces, well calculated for accurate measurements.* Hermann gives the angle I: I 92~ 30'; Breithaupt 940 35'; Descloizeaux 93~. Monazitoid, Hermann, J. f. pr. Chem. xl, 21. This mineral is monazite in crystallization and external characters. H.-5. G.=5-281. Hiermnann states that the brown color is distinct. Hermann obtained in his analysis, i; 17 94, Ce 49 35, La 21'30, Pa 1 50, 1 1'36, subst. like tantalum 6 27, kg, Fe, a trace=97 72. B.B. infusible. With the fluxes like monazite. WAGNERITE, Fuchs. Pleuroclase. Talc Phosphorsaurer. Fluophosphate of Magnesia, Thom. Magn6sie Phosphatee. IMionoclinic. C-710 53', I: I= _ 95~25', 0:' i=144~25' (B.& M.); 0 _O______ a: b: c=078654: 1: 1'045. ~ it~ 0 ~:~i=160~ 19'........=__ _ o. 0 l_=: 135o 18'. _____________O 0 ii=108~ 7'. li 12 I 12 H 0 I_ ~3-:ii: 1i-116~ 35'. - -!i 1 1 (front) 112~ 6'. 2i -1'-1 =1270 32'. ii i i2 -I r12: 12 2 — 142~ 48'. am I~ - }' c =1380 54'.. -12.1 "=1060 /'. 1 se-i -1 -1P2 " =1190 0'. Observed Planes. i2,2' 1310 4'. i2 ii2 (side)1220 25'. Most of the prismatic planes deeply striated. Cleavage: I, and the orthodiagonal, imperfect; O in traces. I. = 5 —55. G. = 3'068 transparent crystal, and 2'985 untransparent, Rammelsberg. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. Color * See article by the author, Am. J. Sci. xxxiii, 1838, 70. Figure 3, in that article is zircon, and not monazite. 404 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. yellow, of different shades; often grayish. Translucent. Fracture uneven and splintery across the prism. Composition.-SIg'S+qMgF-=Phosphoric acid 43-32, magnesia 37'64, fluorine 11 35, Mg 7'69. Analysis by Fuchs, (Schweig. J. xxxiii, 269, revised by Rammelsberg), and Rammelsberg, (Ann. der Ph. u. Ch. lxiv, 251 and 405, and 2d Suppl. p. 168): k Mg Ie Ca HF I, 41'73 46'66 4'50 - 6'50=100'39, Fuchs. 2. 40'61 46-27 4'59 2'38 F 9'36=103'21, Ramm. B.B. fuses with difficulty, alonfe, to a dark greenish-gray glass; with borax or salt of phosphorus dissolves readily, and forms a colorless pearl. Nitric or sulphuric acid gently heated, evolves from its powder fumes of hydrofluoric acid. This rare species occurs in the valley of Hillengraben, near Werfen, in Saltzburg, Austria, in irregular veins of quartz, traversing clay state. KUHNITE, B. and M. Magnesian Pharmacolite. Berzeliit, Kuhn, Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. xxxiv, 211, Chaux arseniat6e anhydre, )Duf. Massive, with cleavage in one direction. H.-5-6. G. —252. Lustre waxy. Color dirty-white or honey-yellow. Brittle. Composition.-(Oa, Mig, Mn)'8 s=Arsenic acid 61 5, lime 22'5, magnesia 16'0=100. Analyses by K0ihn, (loc. cit.): Ca Mig is Mn 1. 23-22 15'68 68-51 2'13 ign. 0-30=99'84. t. 20'96 15'61 56'46 4'26 2 95, insol. 0'23=100'47. B.B. infusible, but becomes gray. Affords the reaction of arsenic, and of manganese with fluor spar. Wholly soluble in nitric acid. Occurs at Longbanshytta in Sweden, with an ore of iron and granular bitter spar. LAZULITE. Azurite, P. Azurestone. Hydrous diphosphate of alumina and magnesia, Thon. Blue spar. Feldspath bleu, H. Voraulite. Klaprothine. Blauspath, W. 5i4 iMionoclinic. — =880 15', I: I 0 =910 30', 0: li=139~ 45', Prii-,- 0 fer; a: b: c=0'86904:1:1'0260. /-1 1 Observed planes as in the annex2i 2ed figure, (Prilfer, Nat. Abh. 2t/ 2 Wien. i, 169). F:-t_~i' 2i= —-121~ 10'. \0'-li=1500 15". O.0 -- =40o 20'. -2 \ 0: 1- 129~ 10'. O 0: I=90~ 23'. 0: -- =141o 3'. 0: -2=111 37'. 2: 2 (front)=-1000 20'. 0: 2/=120~ 42k'. -2: -2 " =99~ 40'.: 1 (front)==1150 30'. 2i: ~=141~ 38'.'rwins: face of composition ii. Cleavage: lateral, indistinct. Also:massive. ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES. 405 H.= 5 —6. G.=3-057, Fuchs; 3067-3'121, Priil'er; 34122, Smith and Brush. Lustre vitreous. Color azure-blue; commonly a fine deep blue, viewed along one axis, and a pale greenish-blue, along another. Streak white. Subtranslucent —opaque. Fracture uneven. Brittle. Cornposition.-2(Mg,:Fe)S'-+-AimX1@+5f1, Smith and Brush=Phosphoric acid 43-88, alumina 31'77, protoxyd of iron 8'90, magnesia 9'89, water 5'56. From other analyses, 2(Mg, Fe)3+14'P3- 6H-=pho=ph horic acid 46i79, alumina 27'10, protoxyd of iron 7'10, magnesia 11'87, water 7'12. Perhaps (R+A-l);iP+B. Analyses: 1, Fuchs, (Schweig. J. xxiv, 373); 2, R. Brandes, (ib. xxx, 385); 3 to 8, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxiv, 260); 9, 10, Smith and Brush, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xvi, 370): -Al Sig Fe Ca II 1. Rildelgraben, 41'81 35-73 9'34 2'64 -- 6'06, Si 21-=87'68, F. 2. Krieglach, 43'32 34'50 13566 0-80 0-42 0 50, Si 656-99-6, Br. 3. Gratz, G.=3-131, 42'41 29'58 10'67 10'60 1'12 5 62=100, Ramm. 4. " " 43.84 33'09 9'00 6-69 1 44 5 94 100, " 5. " i 46'99 27 62 11'19 6'47 2'12 5'61=100, " 6. Krieglach, G.=2'02, 40'95 36'22 12'85 1'64 1'42 6 92=100, 7. t" "i 47-36 30'05 12'20 1-89 1-65 6856=100, 8. " " 47 73 27-48 12'16 1 91 4'32 6'40=100, " 9. North Carolina, 43'38 31-22 10'06 8'29 -- 5'68,il 07=99'70,S.B. 10. " " 44'15 32-17 10'02 8-05 -- 5'50,Si07= — 100'96," In a matrass yields water and loses its color. B.B. on charcoal, intumesces slightly and at a high heat assumes a blebby, glassy appearance, but does not fuse. With borax, yields a clear colorless globule. Forms a fine blue with cobalt solution. Rammelsberg found more or less silica as impurity which is excluded in the results above given. Occurs both massive and crystallized in narrow veins, traversing clay slate, in the torrent beds of Schladming and Ridelgraben, near Werfen in Saltzburg, with spathic iron; in Gratz, near Vorau, and elsewhere, and in Krieglach, in Styria. From the locality at Vorau it has been called voraulite. Also at Tijuco in Minas Geraes, Brazil. It is abundant at Crowder's Mt., Lincoln Co., N. C. The name lazulite is derived from an Arabic word azul, meaning heaven, and alludes to the color of the mineral. TURQUOIS. Calaite. Agaphite. Johnite. Kalait and Tiirkis. Birousa of the Persians. Callais (probably) of Pliny. Reniform, stalactitic or incrusting. Cleavage none. H.-6. G.=2'6 —283; 2'621, Hermann. Lustre somewhat waxy, internally dull. Color a peculiar bluish-green. Streak white. Feebly subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture small conchoidal. Composition.-Contains, according to John, (Ann. des Mines, [2], iii, 231), Zellner (Isis, 1834, 637), and Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 282):.Al P A Cau 1. Silesia, 44'50 30'90 19'00 3.75 Fe 1-80=9995, John. i. " 65450 38890 1'00 1'50 e 2-8=98-70, Zellner. 3 Blue Oriental, 47'45 27'34 18'18 2'02 " 1-10, un 0'50, a3P 3-41=100, HI. Formula from the first and last analyses, Al2i+ f1i=l 46'9, 1 32'6, I 20'5. The green Oriental turquois afforded Hermann only 5'64 per cent. of phosphoric acid, and is evidently a mechanical mixture, containing but little turquois. Specific gravity of the last 2'621. Berzelius obtained in his analysis, phosphate of alumina, phosphate of lime, silica, oxyd of iron, and copper. 406 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In the matrass decrepitates violently, and yields water. B.B. in the reducing flame becomes brown, and colors it green, but infusible; fuses readily with borax or salt of phosphorus to a transparent glass, which on cooling is faint copper green in the outer flame, and cloudy red in the inner, especially if tin be added. Soluble in muriatic acid without effervescence. Occurs in a mountainous district in Persia, not far from Nichabour. According to Agaphi, the only naturalist who has visited the locality, turquois occurs only in veins which traverse the mountain in all directions. A less pure variety is found in Silesia, and Oelsnitz in Saxony. It receives a good polish, and when finely colored, is highly esteemed as a gem. The Persian king is said to retain for his own use all the larger and finely tinted specimens. The occidental or bone turguois is said to be fossil bones or teeth colored with oxyd of copper. TRIPHYLINE, Fuchs. Tetraphyline. Perowskine. Trimetric. Mean of observations from Norwich crystals (f. 549),: f=940~, i2: i2 130o (1280-134~), I: i2 —160~, 0: 1- 131~; ib. from Bodenlnais, R. P. Greg, Jr., (f. 550), I: I 930~ (from angle i2: i2 and I: i2), i2: i —133~, I: i2=160~, O: 1-133~, 0: 1 —130~, 0: 1i (back) 130~, is: 1T=137. Surfaces rather rough and nearly dull in observed crystals, and angles not con549 O50 50 stant. Cleavage: Osometimes perfect; I and one diagonal imperfect, the latter least so. Commonly massive. H.:=5. G. =-36. Subresinous. Color greenish-gray; also bluish. Streak grayish-white. Translucent in thin fragments. Composition.-Analyses: 1, Fuchs, (J. f. pr. Chem. iii, 98, v, 319): 2, 3, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxv, 439); 4, Baer, (Arch. Pharm. [2], lvii, 374): P FPe Ma ti Na K A 1. Bodenmais, 41-47 48-57 4'70 3'40 -- - 0'68, Si 0'53 —99365. Fuchs. 2. " 39'35 41-42 9'43 7.08 1-07 0'35 1-28=99'98, Ramm. 3. " 40-72 39'97 9'80 7:28 1'45 0-58 —, Si 025=10005, R. 4. " 36-36 44'52 5-76 5'09 5-16 1'19, Ca 1'0, MIg'0'73, Si 1-78= 100-59, B. Formula (Fe, Mn, Li)'3,from Fuchs's analysis=Phosphoric acid 42-64, protoxyd of iron 49-16, of manganese 4'75, lithia 3-45. The same (W'P) from Baer's analysis, supposing the silica united to part of the protoxyds. Rammelsberg deduces for No. 2, R3P+tR4P, for No. 3, (mean of 4 analyses), ft3ti+2R4T. Rammelsberg's analyses give very nearly the oxygen ratio 2: 3, equivalent to if'OP. B.B. fuses easily to a dull steel gray magnetic bead, coloring the flame bluishgreen or somewhat reddish. Dissolves readily in borax, and affords a green glass, and with soda the reaction of manganese. Soluble in the acids. ANHYDROUS PHOSPHATES, ABRSENATES 407 Triphyline occurs at Bodenmais in Bavaria; and f. 550, is from a large somewhat distorted Bavarian crystal in the cabinet of R. P. Greg, Jr.; it has the appeasrance of being altered. Named from Trpi, three, and ovXlfamily, in allusion to its containing three phosphates. Tetraphyline, (or Perowskine), a similar compound, is from Keiti, in Finland. In the analysis below, the excess is supposed to be due to an incorrect determination of the lithia. It differs in physical characters from the preceding, in presenting a yellow color on its surface of fresh fracture, which by degrees becomes black. It afforded Berzelius and Nordenskiild, (Jahresb. xv, 211), P 42-6, Fe 38-6, MIn 12-1, Li 8'2, Mg 1'7=103'2. ALTERED FoRnMS.-Triphyline and Triplite undergo alteration, by taking up water, the protoxyds passing to peroxyds, and the former losing also its alkalies. The following compounds are supposed to have thus originated. Analyses: 1, Fuchs, (J. f. pr. Chem.); 2, Delffs, (Blum's Lehrb. d. Orykt. 2 Aufl. 537); 3, Dufrenoy, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xli, 342); 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxxxv, 439); 5, Dufr6noy, (loc. cit. p. 337); 6, Damour, (Ann. d. M. [4], xiii, 341); 7, 8, W. J. Craw, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xi, 99); 9, J. W. Mallet, (ib., xviii, 33): P Fe Man Fe i[n t'Si 1. Bodenmuais, 35'70 48171 8.94 - - 530 1'40=99'51, F. 2. " Pseudotriplite, 3571 51'00 8'07 - - 4'52 —,insol. 070= 100, Delffs. 3. Limoges, Heterosite, 41'7 -- 34'89 17'57 4'40 0'22=98'85,Duf. 4. " " 32-18 31-46 30'01 - - 6-35 -— 100, Ram. 5. Limoges, Hfureaulite, 38'00 - - 11'10 32-85 18'00 — =99'95, Duf. 6. " Alluaudite, 41'25 25'62 1-06 - 23-08 2-65 0'60, Na 5-47= 99-73, Damour. 7. Norwich, Mass., 41-35 27'36 2470 -- - 2-0 -, Li 2-27, Ca 1-97, MIg tr. insol. 0-29=100-01, Craw. 8. " " 44'64 26'02 23'30 - - 2-07 —, Li 2-20, Ca 1-61,iMg tr. insol. 0'30=100'14, Craw. 9. " " 43'04 29-50 22-59, Ca 0-09, Mg 0-73, Li 1-79, H 2'05= 99'79, Mallet. No. 1, Fuchs regards as altered Triphyline. Pseudotriplite corresponds to the formula (Ve,.n)'P2+2H. Ileterosite, by Rammelsberg's analysis, gives R'P4+611; but reckoning it as an anhvdrous protoxyd compound, the formula becomes, according to Rammelsberg, R3 P+_]_4P. It is of a brownish violet color, to greenish gray. Dufr6noy gives G.= 3-52, or 3-39 after exposure. Hureaulite is described as monoclinic with I: 1-117~ 30', 0: 1=1010 12', ii: i= 88~, I: li=1160 56'. Cleavage none. H.=5. G.=2'27. Color reddish-yellow, a little lighter than hyacinth-red. Translucent. Formula from analysis l4bi2+8fH. B.B. very fusible to a black metallic globule. Has some resemblance in appearance to zircon. From the Commune of Hureaux near Limoges. Alluaudite has 3 cleavages at right angles with one another, one more perfect than the others. H above 4; G.=3-468. Color clove-brown. Streak yellowish. Lustre dull. Subtranslucent to opaque. Fracture shining, scaly. Formula fr'om analysis RBt+ReP+Hf, or reckoning the iron as all protoxyd, Rl2PIH. From Chanteloub, near Limoges. The Norwich mineral (Massachusetts) is found only in crystals, some an inch long and wide, associated with spodumene in quartz. The crystals vary much in their angles; the faces are smooth but hardly polished. The following angles were obtained by the author from eight crystals, (the right hand if is here accented). I II III IV V VI VII VIII i:' i' 1280 131~-132~ 1270~-130~ 130~0 126~ 134~ 1280 1300 it: ii 113 113 108 108 i~: is 1211-122 120 115 118-119 0: R1 131 129-132 i2: 1H 101~-102 if,: 1R 113~ 110: 110-112 if (or i'):I 159 162 0: obtuse edge of I 94 8-9 90 93 100 90 86-87 86 86 80 90'I: d93 408 DESOCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Many of the crystals have a monoclinic form, while others are trimetric; but the latter is probably the normal form. They closely resemble the crystal from Bavaria, which according to Greg is trimetric. Cleavage not distinct. Color black. Streak brownish-red. Opaque. Brittle. H.=5 5. In composition it is quite near the alluaudite, as observed by Mallet. TRIPLITE. Ferruginous Phosphate of Manganese. Eisenpecherz, (in part), W: Pitchy Iron Ore. Trimetric. Imperfectly crystalline. Cleavage: unequal in three directions perpendicular to each other, one much the most distinct. H.=5-S5'5. G.=3344-3'8. Lustre resinous, inclining to adamantine. Color brown or blackish-brown. Streak yellowishgray. Subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture small conchoidal. Composition.-(Mfn, Pe)4i —Phosphoric acid 33'2, protoxyd of iron 33'6, protoxyd of manganese 33'2-100. Analysis by Berzelius, (Schw. J. xxvii, 70): Ti 32'8, Sin 32'6, Fe 31'9, 0a8l 3'2=100'5. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a black scoria. Dissolves readily in nitric acid without effervescence. With borax gives a glass colored with manganese, Occurs at Limoges in France, in a vein of quartz in granite, accompanied by apatite. FISCIERITE, Hermann, J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 285. Trimetric, Kokscharov. 1: /=1180 32'; a: b: c =x::1 189. I: i2 (beveling plane)= 1600 48', i2: i' — 990 52* and 800~ Y7' i-2,i=139~ 56'. Also crystalline, massive. G.=2'46. Colorless; dull-green, when massive. Translucent. Composition. —l'2+8I:=Alum ina 41 82, phosphoric acid 28'88, water 29'29. B.B. becomes white, spotted with blackish; yields much water, but no fluorine. Analysis gave Hermann, (loc. cit.): X;1 38'47, P 29'03, I 27'50, Pe and Mn 1l20, Cu 0-80, NIaS' and gangue 3'00. From Nisehne Tagilsk, where it occurs in veins in a ferruginous sandstone and clay slate. PEGANITE of Breithaupt, according to Hermann, has the composition of Fischerite excepting that it contains 61t. Hermann obtained for it, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 287), Al 44'49, t 30'49, H 22-82, Ou, Pe and gangue 2'20-100, affording the formula X121-+6tA. It occurs in crusts formed of small prismatic crystals, which are rhombic prisms of 127~, having the acute lateral edge truncated. Color green to white. H.-34. G.=2'49 —2'54. Occurs at Strigis near Freiberg in Saxony. Erdmann analyzed a Strigis mineral (Striegisan of Breithaupt) with a very different result, as seen from the analyses under Wavellite, to which species the specimens evidently pertain. Peganite has till recently been placed under Wavellite. VARISCITE, Breithaupt, (J. f. pr. Chem. x, 506). Contains the same ingredients as the above, but is not yet accurately analyzed. Reniform; apple-green; with white shining streak, weak greasy lustre, and translucent. Yields water in a mllatrass. B.B. in the forceps infusible, but becomes white; in the outer flame, colors the ANHYDROUS PIHOSPHATES, ARSENATES. 409 flame deep bluish-green; with borax and salt of phosphorus forms a pale yellowish green glass; with soda fuses with effervescence, but imperfectly; with cobalt solution, becomes blue. Occurs in quartz and siliceous slate at Messbach in Voigtland. HOPEITE, Brewster. Trans. Royal Soc. Ediub. x, 107. Zinkphyllit, Breit. Triinetric. 1: I-101~, 0: 1-1330~ 19', (Levy); a: b: c=1o0607: 1: 1'2131. Observed planes as in the annexed figure with also 2b, 38 and i3. 0: 1-= 138~ 50', i 1 (ov.0)=9~ 40', O: 2=1190 47', 2: 2 (mac.) 106~ 36', (brach.) 87~ 3', (bas.) 140~. Cleavage: vt highly perfect. Plane O striated. Also in reniform masses, and amorphous. H.=2'-53. G.=2'76 — 285. Lustrevitreous; 555 fi somewhat pearly. Color grayish-white; red- dish-brown when compact. Streak white. Trans- / parent-translucent. Sectile. Dissolves without effervescence in muriatic or nitric acid, and is slowly affected by sulphuric acid. B.B. gives out water, and then melts with difficulty to a clear colorless glob- i I o ule, tinging the flame green. The globule obtained with borax remains clear on cooling. With soda it affords a scoria which is yellow when hot, and gives out copious fumes of I zinc and some of cadmium. The fused mineral forms a fine blue glass, with a solution of cobalt. Hopeite is supposed, \ therefore, to be a hydrous compound of phosphoric acid and 2 oxyd of zinc, with a small portion of cadmium. It has been observed in the calamine mines of Altenberg, near Aix la Chapelle. It was named in honor of Prof. Hope of Edinburgh. The angle of As: ~1 in Hopeite is near i': i2 in Fischerite. AMBLYGONITE, Breith. Trimetric. Cleavage parallel to a rhombic prism of 106~ 10', rather perfect; less so parallel to its shorter diagonal. Also massive, columnar. HI.=6. G. =3 —311. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly on. Color pale mountain or sea-green. Subtransparent-translucent. Fracture uneven. Composition.-Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (Gilb. Ann. lxv, 321); 2, 3, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxiv, 265): i ti Na E F 1. Chursdorf, 56'69 35'69 9'11 -- - -- Berz. 2. Arnsdorf, G. —311, 47-15 38'43 7'03 3'29 0'43 8'11, Ramm. 3. " " 48 00 36'26 6'33 5 48 undetermined, Ramm. In two other trials, the alumina was found to be 36 62 and 36'89 per cent. Rammelsberg's analyses correspond nearly to (;1't;S+26i)+(A1 2Fs-RF), R standing for lithium and sodium; Rose writes the formula (2R23i+2FlA)~(AlF-~Al203). In a matrass yields water, which at a high heat is acid and corrodes the glass. B.B. fuses easily with intumescence and becomes opaque white on cooling. With borax and salt of phosphorus forms a transparent colorless glass. When moistened with sulphuric acid, the flame is bluish-green. In a fine powder, dissolves easily in sulphuric acid, more slowly in muriatic. 52 410 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Occurs at Chursdorf and Arnsdorf, near Penig in Saxony, where it is associated with tourmaline and garnet in granite: also at Arendal, Norway. The name is from a 6Avg, blunt, and yovv, angle. HERDERITE, Haid. Allogonit, Breit. 556 Trimetric. 1: ~-115~ 53', 0: 1~=145~ 51'; a: b: o=0'6783: 1 1: 5971. Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with also 3, 4 and 6i. 0: 1=141 19'. 1:1 (mac.) 141~ 17'. 0: 3=1120 35'. 1:1(brach )11f60 3'. o: - =147o 30'. o: I=90. 1/i/ Cleavage: Iinterrupted. Surfaces Iand 1 very smooth, and delicately lined parallel to their edge of intersection. H.=5. G.=2'985. Lustre vitreous, inclining to subresinous. Streak white. Color various shades of yellowish and greenishwhite. Translucent. Fracture small conchoidal. Very brittle. Index of refraction 1'47. Composition.-Probably, according to trials by Turner and Plattner, an anhydrous phosphate of alumina and lime with fluorine. B.B. fuses with difficulty to a white enamel; becomes blue with cobalt solution. Dissolves when finely powdered in muriatic acid. Very rare at the tin mines of Ehrenfriedersdorf in Saxony. Resembles the asparagus variety of apatite. Named after Baron von Herder, director of the Saxon mines. CARMINITE. Carmine Spar. Carminspath, Sandberger, Pogg. lxxx, 391. Trimetric? In clusters of fine needles; also in spheroidal forms with a columnar structure. Cleavage parallel to the faces of.a rhombic prism. H.=2'5. Lustre vitreous, but cleavage pearly. Color carmine to tile-red; powder reddish-yellow. Translucent. Brittle. Composition.-Probably an anhydrous arsenate of lead and iron. B.B. on charcoal fuses easily to a steel-gray globule, giving out arsenical vapors; with soda, a globule of lead, and with borax an iron reaction. Heated in a glass tube, no change. Soluble in nitric acid. From Horhausen in Saxony, with Beudantite in quartz and brown iron ore. ROMEINE, Damour, Ann. des Mines, [3], xx, 247, [5], iii, 179. Romeit. Dimetric. In octahedrons; basal angle, according to Dufrenoy, 1100 50'-111~ 20'; angle over the summit 680 10'-69~ 10'. Oc-:,curs in groups of minute crystals. Scratches glass. G. in grains 4'714; in powder 4'675. Color hyacinth or honey-yellow. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 411 Composition. —3, SbO3, SbO6 Damour. Analysis by Damour, (loc. cit.): 0 15'82. Sb 62-18, Fe 1-31,. SIn 1-21, Ca 16'29, Si sol 0'96, insol. 1'90=99'67, or Sb 05 40'79, Sb 0O 36-82, Fe 1-70, Mn 1'21, Ca 16-29, Si 0'96, insol. 1'90=99'67. B.B. fuses to a blackish slag. With borax affords a colorless glass in the inner flame, a violet in the outer. In acids insoluble. Romeine was found at St. Marcel in Piedmont, in small nests or veins in the gangue which accompanies manganese, consisting in part of feldspar, epidote, quartz, brown iron ore, and greenovite. It is named after Rom6 de l'Isle. 2. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. The hydrous phosphates are arranged in the order of the oxygen ratio, commencing with the species which have proportionally the most acid. Among them, two groups may be recognized: 1. VIVIANITE GRouP.-Containing Vivianite, Cobalt Bloom, and probably Symplesite and Kottigite, (oxygen ratio 3: 5), with also Pharmacolite, (oxygen ratio 2: 5), which is homoeomorphous with Vivianite. Monoclinic, with perfect clinodiagonal cleavage. 2. OXIEVNITE GRour.-Containing Olivenite and Libethenite. Trimetricl (oxygen ratio 4: 5). aP.+ P,Xs A THROMBOLITE, 1': 5: 3 PiuS i2+6]. STERCORITE, Na NH-I40 i+ 91: STRUVITE, lSIg2 NH40 1- 41211. HAIDINGERITE, 2 5: 4 Ca Ai+4H. PHARMACOLITE, 2: 5: 6 6Ca2es+ 6!L' VIVIANITE, 3: 5: 8 Be3'+s8[. ERYTHRINE, 3: 5: 8 Coss- +8]. NICKEL GREEN, 3: 5: 8 Ni3s+811. KOTTIGITE, 3: 5: 8 IWAS+-8S:f[ SYMPLESITE. SOORODITE, 3: 5: 4 VeXs+4-4. LIBETHENITE, 4: 5: I Cu4i'i-H. OLIVENITE, 4: 5: 1 Cu4(1js,P)+f. CONICfALcITE, 4: 5: 1~ }4(I's,t;)+ 1H. EUOHROITE, 4: 6: 7 CU4Xs-+71. ARSENIOSIDERITE, FS, Pe, Ca, tf. PHARMACOSIDERITE, 4: 5: 6 F'es6s++e e's'~+1811. BEUDANTITE, WAVELLITE, 4: 5: 6 XP'+3-1 38+IA1FS. 412 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. P.~11 I3j Xs At CHILDRENITE, 5 5 5 (13, Al)3V+15ll. ERINITE, 5: 5: 2 OU5AS+2H.[. CORNWALLITE, 5 5: 5 CU5:S+51.' PHOSPHO1HALcITE, 5: 5 2 CU6'f 2~4f[. EHLITE, TAGILITE, TYROLITE,: 5: 10 uXs-+10ft}[+-CaO. DELVAUXENE, 6: 5: 24 Fe215+24H. BERAUNITE, DUFRENITE, 6: 5: 24 je2 ~+2~-t. APHANESITE, 6 5 3 CU"6S8~3f. CHALCOPHYLLITE, 6(8?): 5: 12 LIRoCONITE, du, A1, Xs, i, ff. TJRANITE, 7: 5: 8 (Ca, ju)2+fi4+ 161. CARPHOSIDERITE, PLUMBORESINITE. HYDROUS PHOSPHATE OF ALUMINA AND LIME. CASTELNAUDITE. Suniphato-phosphates. PITTICITE, Ve2'3+2VeJs +24f1? DIADOCHITE, 2 egS2+ es2+ 36]1. THROMBOLITE, Breit. Amorphous. H. —3 —4. G.=3'38 —340. Lustre vitreous. Color emerald, leek, or dark green. Opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Composition.-Ou432+6[4. — Phosphoric acid 45-1, oxyd of copper 37'8, water 17'1. Analysis (approximate) by Plattner, (J. f. pr. Ch. xv, 321): Phosphoric acid 41'0, Oxyd of copper 39'2, Water 16'8=97'0. B.B. Colors the flame blue and then green. On charcoal, fuses easily to a black globule, and finally yields a bead of copper. With boracic acid and iron, gives the reaction of phosphoric acid. In a matrass yields water and becomes black. Retzbanya, Hungary, in limestone. HYDIROJUS PHOSPHATES AND AESENATES. 413 STERCORITE, SHerapath. Microcosmic Salt. Salt of Phosphorus. In crystalline masses and nodules. G. = 1'6151. Lustre vitreous. Color white, stained yellowish-brown. Transparent. Fragile. Not efflorescent. Easily soluble in hot and cold water.'omposition.-N-a NH140 P+9H=-S34'05, NH4012 40, Na 14'92, 11 38'63. Analysis by T. J. Herapath, (Quart. J. Chem. Soc. April, 1849): P 34'325, Am 7'680, Na 15-752, ]:t 42'243=100. Mixed with about 9 per cent. of impurities, consisting of organic matters along with chlorid of sodium, carbonate of lime, carbonate of magnesia, phosphate of lime, sand, &c. B.B. intumesces, blackens, and gives off,water and ammonia, and afterwards fuses to a transparent, colorless glass, soluble in boiling water. Found in guano at the island of Ichaboe on the western coast of Africa. This species is identical with the Salt oj Phosphorus, used as a flux in blowpipe analysis. STRUVITE, Ulex, Afv. K. V. Ac. Forh. iii, 32, Ann. Ch. Pharm. lxvi, 41. Guanite, E. P. Teschemacher, Phil. Mag. [3], xxviii, 546. Hemihedral, two opposite sides having 556 A unlike planes. I: I=101~ 42', 0:1~= < 132~ 32'; a: b: c=1'0900: 1: 1'2283. Observed planes as in the annexed figure. 0: 1,=138~ 25', 0: 1=151~ 25', 0::1g =90~, i 2: i'2 (ov. ii)=63~ 8', 1i 1 (ov.O) 2- =96,50', I: - (ov. i)=570 10'. Cleavage: 0, perfect. Twins: face of composition 2/b. HI.=2. G.=165 —1'7. Color slightly yellowish to brown; white. Lustre vitreous. Translucent; sometines opaque. Brittle. Tasteless, being but very slightly soluble. Composition.-NH40 Mg2 P+12l=Phosphoric acid 29'9, magnesia 16'3, NH40 10'6, water 44'0-100. Ulex obtained, (v. Leonh. 1851, 51): P 1ig Fe Ain Am, I: 28'56 13'46 3-06 1-12 53'76 B.B. falls to powder, giving off water and ammonia, and fuses to a colorless glass which becomes an enamel on cooling. Dissolves readily in acids. Found in guano from Saldanlla Bay, coast of Africa, imbedded in patches of crystals; also under an old church in Hamburg, where quantities of cattle dung existed in the soil, above a bed of peat which contained the crystals. This salt forms when a tribasic phosphate and a salt of ammonia are dissolved together, and a salt of magnesia is added to the mixture. The dimensions of the crystals are nearly those of barytes, if 1I be taken as 9i. HAIDINGERITE, Turner, Brewster's Journal, iii, 303. Trimetric. I: I=100~ (80~ over 4i), O 1-=1480 16'; a: b: c 0'595:1:~ 11918. ~: t (top) — 1460 53', 1t: 1 126~ 58',: i 1 1400, 1: iz=1300. Cleavage ii highly perfect. Mostly in minute crystals aggregated into botryoidal forms and drusy crusts. H.=1'5 —25. G.=2-848. Lustre vitreous. Streak white. 414 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Color white. Transparent-translucent. Sectile; thin laminae slightly flexible. 556 B 25. I iT 42 Observed Planes. Composition.-la2Xs+41-Arsenic acid 55-55, lime 27 05, water 17-39. Turner (Brewster's Journal, iii, 308) obtained, Arsenate of lime 855681, and water 14'319. Dissolves easily in nitric acid. B.B. like pharmacolite. Supposed to be from Baden or Joachimstahl, according to R. P. Greg, Jr., who possesses the only specimen that has been observed. It is associated with pharmacolite. PHIARMACOLITE, Brewster's Edinb. J., 1822, iii, 302. Arsenate of Lime. Chaux Arseniatee, H; Arsenikblithe, in part, Werner. Picropharmacolite. Monoclinic. I: I=111~ 6', i2: 2 557- f % -- 1410 8', i': i2 —109~ 26', /i: /=90~, - ii 1 1=117~ 24', i: 1=1210 28', i: 1,/ z =95~ 46', eve on edge (1: 1)=83~ 14'. R( it Cleavage as eminent. One face (1) often 1 I obliterated by the extension of the'j2 other. Surfaces ii and i2 usually striated parallel to their mutual intersection. Rarely in crystals; commonly in delicate silky fibres or acicular crystallizations, in stellated groups. Also botryoidal and stalactitic, and sometimes massive. lH.=2-2'5. G.=2'64 —2'3. Lustrevitreous; on iinclining to pearly. Color white or grayish; frequently tinged red by arsenate of cobalt. Streak white. Translucent-opaque. Fracture uneven. Thin laminse flexible. Composition.-C-aa s+6- =Arsenic acid 51'1, lime 24'9, water 24'0. Analyses by Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 277), John, (Chem. Unters. ii, 221), and Rammelsberg, (Pogg. Ann. lxii, 150): 1. Wittichen, 25 00 50'54 24'46=100, Klaproth. 2. Andreasberg, 27-28 45'68 23'86.96'82, John. 3. Gliiksbrunn, 23'59 51'58 23'40, Co, Fe, 1'43=100, R. The cobalt in the last is attributed to a mixture with cobalt bloom. Turner obtained for a specimen of unknown locality, (Brewst. J. iii, 306), Arsenate of lime /79'01, water 20'99=-100. B.B. in the outer flame fuses to a white enamel, and in the inner flame on charcoal gives the smell of arsenic, fusing to a bluish bead, and tinging the flame blue. Easily soluble in acids. Insoluble in water. Found with arsenical ores of cobalt and silver. Crystals have been found at Wittichen, Baden; also in botryoidal or globular groups at St. Marie aux Mines in HYDROUS PIHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 415 the Vosges; at Andreasberg in the Hartz, and at Riechelsdorf and Bieber in Hessia; at Gliicksbrunn in Thuringia; at Joachimstahl in Bohemia. This species was named, in allusion to its containing arsenic, from qapcaKov, poison. The Picropharmacolite of Stromeyer from Riechelsdorf, (Gilb. Ann. lxi, 185), contains, Lime 24'646, arsenic acid 46'971, magnesia 3-223, oxyd of cobalt 0'998, water 23'977=99'815, affording the formula (Ca, Ig)56Xsi+121l, Ramm.; but it is probably impure pharmacolite. This species, viewing the form as above, is remotely homceomorphous with cobalt bloom and vivianite. VIVIANITE. Phosphate of Iron. Blue Iron Earth. Mullicite, Thom. Fer Phosphat6, H. Blaue Eisenerz, Wern. Eisenblau. Fer azure, H. Glaukosiderit, Eisenphyllit. Monoclinic. C=-1~ 25', I: 1=111~ 12', 0: li=145~ 33'; a: b: o=1i002: 1: 1'3843. ii: Ii=1250~ 47'. ii: i3=167~7'. ii: 1=900~. ii: -1i=144~20'. 1: 1 (front)=-119 10'. i3: i3=154 14'. ii: I=145~ 36'. 1: li=149~ 35'. 2: -(front)-140o52'. Surface is smoth, others stria- 58 ted. Cleavage iihighly perfect; / ii and -i in traces. Often reni- 10 form and globular. Structure i divergent, fibrous or earthy; - I. also incrusting. - H.=15-5-2. G.-.=2-661. Lus- li 1 II tre, " pearly or metallic-pearly; 2i 1 i other faces vitreous. Color blue _ to green, deepening by expo — - sure; usually green when seen - perpendicularly to the cleavage _+ face, and blue transversely; the Observed Planes; add 5. two colors mingled, producing the ordinary dirty blue color. Streak bluish-white, soon changing to indigo-blue; color of the dry powder, liver-brown. Transparent-translucent; opaque on exposure. Fracture not observable. Thin laminae flexible. Sectile. Composition.-Pe"P+8-8f=Phosphoric acid 28S3, protoxyd of iron 4380, water 28'7, when colorless, being isomorphous with Cobalt Bloom; but changes readily, owing to oxydation of part of the iron; analysis afforded Rammelsberg 6 (FedS ~S8H)+ (#3ek 2+5 l) Analyses: 1, Vogel, (Gilb. Ann. lix, 174); 2, Stromeyer, (Unters. 2714); 3, 4, Rammelsberg, (Pogg. lxiv, 410); 5, Brandes, (Schw. J. xxxi,'7); 6, Thomson, (Min. i, 452); 7, W. Fisher, (Am. Jour. Sci. [2], ix, 84): T Fe Fe ft 1. Bodenmais, 26'4 41'0 -- 310 -9'84, Vogel. 2. St. Agnes, Cornwall, 31-18 41'23 27'48=99'89, Stromeyer. 3. N. Jersey, 2Mullicite, 28'40 33'91 12'06 4 cc (' i __ 3395 12-06 2'7449 Ramm. Undetermined. 6. Hillentrup, 30'32 4378 - 25-00, A10-7, Si 0-02=99'82, B. 6. Mullicite, 26'06 46'31 - 2' 14=99-51, Thomson. 7. Delaware, 2717 44'10 -- 27'95 Silica 0'10=99'32, Fisher. 416 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Rammelsberg has distinguished that part of the iron in the mineral is often peroxyd. Other analyses, probably of this species more or less impure, have afforded, 1 Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, xii, 303); 2, Segeth, (J. f. pr. Chem. xx, 256); 3, Klaproth, (Beit. iv, 12); 4, Berthier, (loc. cit.): i' Fe ft P ~e 1. Blue iron Earth, Alleyras, 23'1 43'0 32-4,;1 0'6,,n 0'3=99'4, Berth'r. 2. " " Kertsch, 24'95 48-79 26'26=100, Segeth. 3. c " Eckartsberga, 32'0 47'5 20'0 =99'5, Klaproth. 4. Anglarite, Anglar, 27'3 5660 16'5 =99-8, Berthier. The anglarite corresponds to the formula Fe4 q-4+41. A vivianite from New Zealand afforded R. Pattison, (Phil. Mag. [3], xxv, 495), Phos. iron 62'80, water 28'40, organic matter 2-80, silica 5'20=99'20. B.B. decrepitates, loses color, and becomes opaque; if pulverized, it fuses to a dark brown or black scoria, which affects the magnetic needle. Heated in a glass tube, it yields pure water. Dissolves in dilute nitric and sulphuric acids. It occurs associated with magnetic and common iron pyrites in copper and tin veins; also in narrow veins with gold, traversing gray-wacke; occasionally, it is met with in trap rocks. The friable and crystallized varieties occur in clay, and are sometimes associated with bog iron ore. At St. Agnes in Cornwall, transparent indigo crystals have been found, 1 in. in diameter and 2 long, on magnetic pyrites; at Bodenmais, and the gold mines of V6r6spatak in Transylvania, in crystals; on the promontory of Kertsch in the Black Sea, in large indistinct crstals in the interior of shells. The earthy variety, sometimes called blue iron earth or native Prussian blue, (fer azure), occurs in Greenland, Syria, Carinthia, Cornwall, &c. The friable varieties in bog iron ore in several peat swamps in the Shetland Isles, at Ballagh in the Isle of Man, accompanying sometimes the horns of the elk and deer, and near an old slaughter-house in Edinburgh. Fine translucent dark blue crystals of Vivianite, are met with at Imleytown, New Jersey. At Allentown, Monmouth Co., N. J., it occurs in considerable abundance, both crystallized in nodules and earthy, imbedded in bog iron ore, and associated with clays; also at Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co., N. J., (the mullicite of Thomson), in cylindrical masses consisting of divergent fibres or acicular crystals. At Franklin, N. J., this species is occasionally found. It often fills the interior of belemnites and other fossils, in the ferruginous sand formation; also (see analysis 7 above) 4 miles west of Cantwell's Bridge, in the green sand of Delaware, in fine large crystals which are colorless when first obtained, evidently as Fisher observed, containing only protoxyd of iron. At Harlem, N.Y., vivianite in crystals accompanies stilbite and feldspar in the fissures of gneiss. It occurs in the north part of Somerset and Worcester Cos., Maryland; with bog ore in Stafford Co., Virginia, and eight or ten miles from Falmouth, with gold and galena; also near Cape Henlopen, Sussex Co., Delaware; with limonite at Vandreuil, Canada East, abundant. ERYTHRINE, Beud. Cobalt Bloom. Prismatic Red Cobalt, J. Red Cobalt Ochre. Arseniate of Cobalt. Cobalt Mica Kobaltbluthe, llaus. Cobalt Arseniate, H. 559 Monoclinic. C=70~ 54', _I: 1=111 16', 0: ii 146o 19': a: b: c=09747: 1: 13818. Ob1 Ii 1 ) served planes: as in the annexed figure, together with 3i and 3i between i' and li. 0.1!o =32 55'5/.' ii ii: li=1240 51'. 1i:i:=1376'. ii':1=1200 48'. 2 2A. i: 1=1490 12'. i3 23 1300 10'. 1:1-=1180 24'. Surface ii and ii vertically striated. Cleavage:'i highly perfect, ii and li indistinct. Also in globN /' ular and reniform shapes, having a drusy surface and a columnar structure: sometimes stellate. Schneeberg. Also pulverulent, incrusting. HYDROITS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 417 H.-=15-2-5; the lowest on ii. G.=2'948. Lustre of ii pearly; other faces, adamantine, inclining to vitreous; also dull and earthy. Color crimson and peach-red, sometimes pearl or greenish-gray; red tints incline to blue, perpendicular to cleavage face. Streak a little paler than the color; the dry powder deep lavender-blhe. Transparent-subtrainslucelnt. Fracturenotobservable. Thin laminae flexible in one direction. Sectile. Composition. —o3'Xs4-8-f1=Arsenic acid 38-43, oxyd of cobalt 37-55, water 24'02; Co often partly replaced by Pe, Oa or iNi. Analyses: 1, Bucholz, (Gehlen's Jour. [2], ix, 308): 2, Laugier, (Mern. d. Mus. d'hist. n. ix, 233); 3, 4, 5, Kersten, (Pogg. lx, 251): Xs 0o I 1. Riechelsdorf, 37. 39' 22 =-98 Bucholz. 2. Allemont, 40'0 20-5 24'5, Ni 9'2, Pe 6-1=100-3, Laugier. 3. Schneeberg 38-43 36-52 24'10, Fe 1'01=100'06, Kersten. 4. " 38-30 33'42 24-08," 4'01=99'81, Kersten. 5. " 3810 29'19 23-90, Ca 800=99'19, Kersten. Yields water alone in a matrass and becomes bluish or green. B.B. on charcoal, gives an arsenical odor, and fuses in the inner flame to a dark-gray bead of arsenical cobalt. With the fluxes a cobalt reaction. Dissolves easily in the acids. The earthly cobalt bloom, of a peach blossom color, (Kobaltbeschlag), is shown by Kersten to be cobalt bloom, with some free arsenous acid. He obtained, 1Xs Xs Co Pe I: 1. Schneeberg, 51'00 19'10 16-60 2'10 1190=-100'70, 2. Annaberg, 48-10 20'00 18'30 - 12'13-98-53, with a trace of nickel, lime, and sulphuric acid, (Pogg. lx, 262). Occurs at Schneeberg in Saxony, in micaceous scales, stellularly aggregated. Brilliant specimens, consisting of minute aggregated crystals, are met with at Saalfeld in Thuringia; also at Riechelsdorf in Hessia; Wolfach and Wittichen in Baden; Modum in Norway. The earthy peach-blossom varieties have been observed at Allemont in Dauphiny, in Cornwall, and at the lead mine of Tyne Bottom, near Alston, in Cumberland. A perfectly green variety occurs at Platten in Bohemia, and sometimes red and green tinges have been observed on the same crystals. Occurs also on the north shore of Lake Superior at Prince's Mine on calcite. Cobalt bloom, when abundant, is valuable for the manufacture of smalt. ROSEzLITE.-The Roselite of Levy is probably a va- 560 riety of cobalt bloom; and Kersten suggests that it..- 0 may be identical with the variety in the third of his analyses above, which contains lime, an element detected by Children in Roselite. The form is given by Levy as here figured. ilaidinger makes it a twin i with composition parallel to ii. Trimetic; 1: 1=132~ 48'. O: 1=158~ 2'. Cleavage distinct and brilliant, parallel to ii. It is deep rose-red, with the lustre vitreous, and H.=3. Its only known locality is at Schneeberg in Saxony, where it has been found in small quantities on quartz. LAVENDULAN, (Breithaupt, J. f. pr. Chem. x, 505).-Amorphous, with a greasy lustre, inclining to vitreous. H. —2'5-3. G. —3014, Breithaupt. Color lavender blue. Streak paler blue. Translucent. Fracture conchoidal. Contains, accordir g to Plattner, Arsenic and the oxyds of cobalt, nickel and copper, with water. Fuses easily before the blowpipe, coloring the flame deep blue, 53 418 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. and yielding a globule which becomes crystalline on cooling. On charcoal yields an arsenical odor. With the fluxes gives the reaction of cobalt. Occurs at Annaberg in Saxony, with cobalt and iron ores. ANNABERGITE, Haid. Nickel Green. Nickelocker. Nicklebltithe. Nickel Arseniat6, IH. iMionoclinic. In capillary crystals; also massive and disseminated. Soft. Color fine apple-green. Streak greenish-white. Fracture uneven, or earthy. oenposition. —nsi3Xs+ t8I =Arsenic acid 38 41, oxyd of nickel 37'59, water 24'00= 100. Analyses: 1, Berthier, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xiii, 52); 2, Stromeyer, (Schw. J. xxv, 220); 3, 4, 5, Kersten, (Pogg. Ix, 251): is /i No I 1. Allemont, 36'8 36'2 2'5 25'5 —100, Berthier. 2. Riechelsdorf, 36'97 37-35 -- 24-32,Ve 1'13,S 023=100,S.; some Co with 9i. 3. Schneeberg, 38'30 36'20 1'53 23'91, Fe trace=99'94, Kersten. 4 " 38.90 35'00 --- 24'02, " 221-100-13, Kersten. 5 " 37'21 36-10 trace 23-92, " 110, As 0-52=98-85, Kersten. B.B. darkens in color or becomes dull yellow; on charcoal gives out the odor of arsenic, and in the inner flame of the blowpipe yields a metallic button; nickel reaction with the fluxes. This species is propably isomorphous with cobalt bloom. Occurs on white nickel at Allemont in Dauphiny, and is supposed to result from the decomposition of this ore; also at Kamsdorf, near Saalfeld, at Annaberg, at Riechelsdorf, and other mines of nickel ores. It has been occasionally observed associated with copper nickel in the cobalt mine at Chatham, Connecticut. KijTTIGITE, D. Zinkarseniat, Otto Kiittig, J. f. pr. Chem. xlviii, 183, 1849, and Naumann, ib. 256. Monoclinic, according to Naumann, and isomorphous with cobalt bloom. Massive, or in crusts with crystalline surface and fibrous structure. Cleavage: perfect in one direction. ET.=2-5-3. G.=3-1. Lustre of surface of fracture silky. Color light carmine and peach-blossom red, of different shades. Streak reddish white. Translucent to subtranslucent. Composition.-(Zn, (o, Ni,)'Xs+8At, or analogous to cobalt bloom. Analysis by Kottig, (loc. cit.): Xs (by loss) 37-17, 2n 30562, Co 6-91, Ni 2'00, Oa trace, ft 23'40=100. In a matrass yields water and becomes pale smalt blue. B.B. on charcoal in the outer flame changes color and fuses to a pearl, gives out fumes of arsenic, and leaves a slag of oxyd of zinc. Gives a cobalt and nickel reaction. In dilute acids easily dissolved. Occurs with smaltine at the cobalt mine Daniel, near Schneeberg. The color is owing partly to the arsenate of cobalt in the mineral. SYMPLESITE, Breithauvpt, J. f. prakt. Chemie, x, 501. Monoclinic; in form resembling Cobalt Bloom. Cleavage perfect parallel with the larger lateral face. In minute prismatic crystals; also aggregated. H:.=2-5, nearly. G.=2'957. Lustre of cleavage face pearly; elsewhere vitreou-s. Color pale indigo, inclined to celandine-green; HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 419 sometimes between leek and mounntain-green. Streak bluish-white. Subtransparent to translucent. Composition.-Supposed to be an arsenate of the protoxyd of iron. Heated in a glass tube, it turns brown, and loses 25 per cent. of water. On charcoal it gives off an alliaceous odor, turns black without melting, and is then magnetic. Occurs at Lobenstein in Voigtland, with cobaltic pyrites and spathic iron. SCORODITE. Neoctese, Beud. Martial Arseniate of Copper, P. Cupreous Arseniate of Iron, Bournon. Skorodit, Breit. Trimetric. I: 1=980 2', O: 1=1320 20'; ac: b: 561 c=-10977: 1: 1'1511. Observed planes as in the / annexed figure, with also I, and another pyramid~.'2: i2=-1200 10', Ai: i2 150~ 5', 1: 1 (pyr.)= 114~ 34' and 1030 5', (bas.) 1100 58', i: (pyr.)- 134~ 38' and 127~ 18', (bas.)=720 2'. Cleavage:', ii 2 imperfect,?i and it in traces. H.-3'5-4. G.-=31-3'3. Lustre vitreoussubadamantine and subresinous. Color pale leekgreen or liver-brown. Streak white. Subtransparent -translucent. Fracture uneven. Composition.-t e As+4:t=Arsenic acid 49-8, peroxyd of iron 34'7, water 15'5. Analyses: 1, Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. H. 1824, 350, and Jahresb. v, 205); 2, Boussingault, (Ann. Ch. xli, 337); 3-6, Danmour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], x, 412): As Fe At P 1. Brazil, Neoctese, 50'78 34'85 15-55 0'67, Cu trace=101'85, Berzelius. 2. Popayan, 49-6 34'3 16-9 -—, Pb 0-4=101'2, Boussingault. 3. Vaulry, gn. cryst. 50'95 31'89 15-64 -—,=98'48, Damour. G.=3 11 4. Cornwall, blue cryst. 51-06 32'74 15'68. —-,'99-48, " 5. Saxony, bluish, 62'16 33'00 15'58 -—,=100.74, " 6. Brazil, Neoctese, 50-96 33'20 15'70 —,=98'86, " G.=3-18 B.B. on charcoal gives out an alliaceous odor, and fuses to a reddish-brown or black scoria, which acts upon the magnet when all the arsenic is expelled. No action with nitric acid, cold or hot; but easily dissolved with muriatic acid. A brown variety occurs in the granitic mountains of Schwarzenberg in Saxony, associated with arsenical pyrites, and at L6ling, near HIuttenberg in Carinthia, along with leucopyrite; also at Chanteloube, near Limoges. A leek-green scorodite is found in the Cornish mines, coating cavities of ferruginous quartz. Minas Geraes, in Brazil, and Popayan have afforded some fine specimens. The Neoctese, from Brazil, is shown by Descloizeaux and Damour to be identical with Scorodite, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], x, 403). Occurs in minute crystals and druses of leek-green, grass-green, and greenish-white colors, near Edenville, N. Y., with arsenical pyrites, iron sinter, &c., in white limestone. Named from aKopozov, garlic, alluding to the odor before the blowpipe. An Iron-sinter, (Eisensinter, Arsenik-sinter), from Nertschinsk, analyzed by Hermann, is an amorphous scorodite. Hermann obtained, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 95), Xs 48'05, Fe 36-41, ft 15-54=100. It forms an ochreous crust upon beryl, topaz, and quartz crystals. ALTERED FORMS,-Scorodite occurs altered to Limonite. 420 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. JLIBETHENITE. Phosphate of Copper. Cuivre Phosphat6, H. Phosphatischer Olivenchalcit, Br. 562 Trimetric. I: 1=92~ 20', 0: 1t=143~ 50'; a-: b: c=0-311: 1: 1 0416. Olbservedl planes ha11, as in the annexed figure, with also the prismatic planes 2. 1:z l(top)-109~ 52',1:1 1(ov. 1;) =118~ 12' (adj.)-1200 56', (ov.l) — 90~ 46', rI | I I: 1 =1350~ 23. Cleavage: diagonal (i,i) very indistinct. Also globular or reniform, and compact. l.=4. G.=3'6 —38. Lustre resinous. Color i olive-green, generally dark. Streak olive-green. Translucent to subtranslucent. Fracture subconchoidal-uneven. Brittle. Comrposition.-Cu4+! —-Phosphoric acid 29'7, oxyd of copper 66'5, water 3-8, =100. Analyses: 1, Berthier, (Ann. d. Mines, viii, 334); 2, Kiihn, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. li, 154); 3, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii, 175); 4, Berthier, (loc. cit.): P OCu f. 1. Libethen, eryst., 28'7 63'9 7'4=100, Berthier. 2. " " 29'44 66'94 4'05=100'43, Kiihn. 3. " " 28-61 65'89 6 50-100, Hermann. 4. " massive, 22-8 64'8 9-0, C 10, Pe 16-=99'2, Berthier. The first analysis by Berthier is identical with Rhodius's analysis of Ehlite, on page 426=Cu4 +2H. B.B. fuses very easily to a brownish globule, which, by further action, acquires a reddish-gray color and metallic lustre, and ultimately yields at its centre a globule of metallic copper. Soluble in nitric acid, and also in ammonia. Occurs in cavities in quartz, associated with copper pyrites at Libethen, near Neusohl, in Hunigary; at Rheinbreitenbach, on the Rhine; in Bolivia, S. A., with malachite; in a brick red niatrix, in Chili; also in small quantities near Gunnislake in Cornwall; and in the Ural. OLIVENITE. Prismatic Arseniate of Copper, Bournon. Pharmakochalzit, Ha1aus. Olivenerz, WV 563 Trimetric. I: 1=92~ 30', 0: 1t=1440 14'; a: b: c=072: 1: 1'0446. Observed planes as in the figure. 1i: 1;(top)=110~ 50~, (110~ 47', Descl.), iC: 1-=124~ 35/,;,: I-136~ 15'. Cleavage: 1 and 1 1 in traces. Also globular and reniform, indisI A d x tinctly fibrous, fibres straight and divergent, rarely promiscuous; also curved lamellar and granular. IlH.=3. G.=4' —4-4; 3'913, Wood Arsenate. Lustre adamantine-vitreous; of some fibrous varieties pearly. Color various shades of olive-green, passing into leek-, siskin-, pistachio, and blackish-green; also liver- and wood-brown. Streak olive-green-brown. Subtransparent-opaque. Fracture when observable, conchoidal —uneven. Brittle. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES ANWD ARSENATES. 421 Composition.- - u4((s,P)+- t (the arsenic to the phosphoric acid as.1: )=Arsenic acid 31'7, phosphoric acid 6'6, oxyd of copper 58 4, water 3 33=100, and isomorphous with libethenite. Analyses: 1, Kobell, (Pogg. xviii, 249); 2, 3, Richardson, (Thom. Min. i, 614); 4, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Ch. xxxiii, 291); 5, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiii, 404); 6, Thomson, (Min. i, 615); 7, Hermann, (loc. cit.): As 9 Cu f 1. Cornwall, cryst. 36-71 3'36 56'43 3'50=100, Kobell. 2. " " 39'9 - 56'2 3'9=100, Richardson. 3. " " 39-80 -- 56'65 3'55=100, Richardson. 4. " " G.4135, 33'50 5'96 56'38 4'16=100, Hermann. 5. " " G.43378, 34'87 3 43 56'86 3'72=98'88, Damour. 6. " fibrous, 40'61 54'98 4'41=100, Thomson. 7. " " G.=3-913, 40-50 1'00 51'03 8'83, Fe 3'64=100, Hermann. The fibrous is the wood-arsenate, (Holzkupfererz), a variety from Cornwall, presenting a soft velvet-like surface, and a siskin or greenish-gray color. B.B. in the forceps affords a brown crystalline bead; on charcoal fuses with a kind of deflagration, and yields arsenical fumes and a white brittle metallic globule, which, as it cools, becomes covered with a red scoria. Dissolves in nitric acid, and also in ammonia. The crystallized varieties occur disposed on, or coating, cavities of quartz, at the Cornwall mines; also in inferior specimens at Alston Moor, in Cumberland. Found at Camsdorf and Saalfeld in Thuringia, in the Tyrol, the Bannat, in Siberia, Chili, and other places. CONICHALCITE. Konichalcit, Breit. and Platte., Pogg. Ann. lxxvii, 139. Reniform and massive. H.=4'5. G.=4'123. Color pistachio-green, inclining to emerald-green; streak the same. Subtranslucent. Brittle. Fracture splintery. Composition. —(Cu, Ca)4 (e, "Xs)+1-~i, with some vanadic acid replacing (?) part of the phosphoric, the copper and lime in equal proportions,the arsenic to the other acids as 2: 1. Closely allied to olivenite and volborthite. Analysis by Fritzsche, (loc. cit): As 3068, i 8s81, V 1.78, u 3176, Ca 21.36. ft 5-61. Probably from iinajosa de Cordova, in Andalusia, Spain. EUCHROITE, Breithuupt. Trimetric. I: I=92~ 8', 0: 1~=148~40'; a:.: c=0-6088: 1: 1038. Observed planes _64 as in the annexed figure. 1i: 1i-117~ 20', a~: 1;= 121~ i0l, iz; -,~=132~ 24', it: 2; = 140~ 36~', 2~: 2; (ov. i)=1010i 13'. Cleavage: Iand 1;. Faces 1i vertically striated. |* 1'/i H.=35- 4. G.=3'389. Lustre vitreous. Color bright emerald or leek-green. Transparent — translucent. Fracture small conchoidal-uneven. Rather brittle. Conlposition.-Cu4Xs+7-l=Arsenic acid 34-15, oxyd of copper 47'15, water 18'70 =100. Analyses: 1, Turner, (Edinb. Phil. J. iv, 301); 2, 3. Kiihn, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. li, 128); 4, Wbhler, (ib. 285): 422 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 1. Libethen, 33'02 47-85 18'80=99'67, Turner. 2. " 34-42 46'97 19-31-100-70, Kihon. 3. " 32'42 46'99 19-31=, Ca 1-12=99'84, Klihn. 4. " 33'22 48'09 18-39-99'70, W6hler. In the matrass loses water, becomes yellowish-green and friable. B.B. on charcoal is reduced in an instant with a kind of deflagration, leaving a globule of malleable copper, with white metallic particles disseminated throughout the mass. Occurs in quartzose mica slate at Libethen in Hungary, in crystals of considerable size, having much resemblance to dioptase. Its name is derived from evXpoa, beauti~ful color. If the prism 2i were made the fundamental vertical prism in euchroite, then I: I would equal 101~ 13', and 1T: l1(top)=87~0 2', nearly as in wolfram and hopeite. The cleavage is not in accordance with this view. ARSENIOSIDERITE, Du frnoy. Arsenocrocite. In fibrous concretions of a yellowish-brown and somewhat golden color, resembling cacoxene; the fibres large and easily separate between the fingers; when rubbed in a mortar the powder adheres to the pestle. H.-=1-2. G.=-3520, Duf., 3'88, Ramm. Lustresilky. Powder yellowish-brown, rather deeper in color than that of yellowochre. Composition.-A' es', Fe', Ia'19, (Rammelsberg from his analysis)=Arsenic acid 40'52, peroxyd of iron 39'37, lime 11'88, water 8'23. Analyses: 1, Dufr6noy, (Ann. d. M. [4], ii, 343, 182); 2, Rammelsberg, (2d Supp. 20, and Pogg. lxviii, 508): Xs Fe Rn Ca ZK H 1. 34'26 41'31 1'29 8-43 0'76 8'75, Si 4'04=98'84,Dufr6noy. 2. 39-16 40'00 -- 12'18 - 8-66=100, Rammelsberg. The arsenic in Rammelsberg's analysis was determined by the loss. His results give no very simple formula. Dufrenoy's correspond to Xs3, Fe5, (or re6), Gas, t9. The mineral appears from the analyses to vary in constitution. Taking the mean of the two, after reducing Dufr6noy's to a percentage rate, the silica and loss excluded, givesA. Mean result, Xs 3'765 Fe41'79 Mn 068 0 a 10'53 K 0'40 f 8'94. B. Oxygen ratio, 13'09 12-54 0'21 3'00 0'03 7 94. From this we obtain very nearly the oxygen ratio 25: 24: 6: 15, and the ratio of constituents Xs6, Fe8, CaI, H5, which affords the formula Ca'6Xs+4e2'Xs-+15ft =Arsenic 37'86, peroxyd of iron 42-14, lime 11'11, water 8-89. According to Fournet, arseniosiderite is essentially cacoxene with the phosphoric acid replaced by arsenic acid, and having the corresponding formula Fe4 XsS+1811; but this exceeds the proportion of water by nearly one half, and does not take into account the lime. B.B. fuses to a black enamel, with a feeble arsenical odor developed on adding soda. Dissolves readily in hot nitric or muriatic acid. This species occurs in a manganese bed at Romaneche in the Department of Saone et Loire, France. PHARMACOSIDERITE, Haus. Cube Ore. Wiirferlerz, IV. Fer Arseniat6, H. Siderite. Beudantite, Levy. Monometric; tetrahedral. Observed planes 0, 1, 2, I; ~ 1, 53, etc. Cleavage: cubic; imperfect. 0 sometimes striated parallel to its edge of intersection with plane 1, (f. 53); planes often curved. Rarely granular. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND AIRSENATES. 423 H.-=25. G.=29 —3. Lustre adamantine, not very distinct. Color olive-green, passing into yellowish-brown, bordering sometimes upon hyacintll-red and blackish-brown; also passing into grass-green and emerald-green. Streak olive-green-brown, yellow, pale. Subtranslucent. Rather sectile. Pyroelectric. Composition.-P-e3 Xs-+ e3'ls2- 8 st=(Fes,?e)4'is'+18 = —Arsenic acid 40'4, peroxyd of iron 2851, protoxyd of iron 12-6, water 189; according to G. Rose probably Ve4s-s3+18H. Analysis by Berzelius, (K. V. Ac. H. 1824, p. 354): Xs P He u 40'20 2'53 39-20 0'65 18561, gangue 1'-6=102-95. Exposed to a gentle heat, it becomes red; a higher temperature causes intumescence, but drives off little or no arsenic, and leaves a red powder. B.B. copious arsenical fumes are emitted on charcoal, and a metallic scoria is obtained in the reducing flame which acts on the magnetic needle. Cube ore was formerly obtained at the mines of Huel Gorland, Huel Unity, and Carharrack in Cornwall, coating cavities in quartz, with ores of copper; now found in quartz at Burdle Gill in Cumberland, in small brilliant crystals; also in Australia; at St. Leonard in France; and at Schneeberg and Schwarzenberg in Saxony. BEUDANTITE, Levy. This mineral from ilorhausen, Nassau, has been referred to Cube ore, but Brooke gives reason for believing it distinct. Form according to Levy, rhombohedral; R: R1=860 30', but faces not even. Black and opaque. Percy obtained in two imperfect analyses, (Phil. Mag. [3], xxxvii, 161): As P S Fe Pb R 9 68 1 46 12-31 42 46 24 47 8'49 13-60 undet. 12'35 37 65 29 52 8'49 Unless containing largely of impurities, it must be distinct from the above. Rammelsberg deauces the formula Pe4 Xs+8f. ALTERED FORMS.-Cube ore has been observed altered to Psilomelane, Limonite, (Ve2S3), Red Iron Ore, (he). WAVELLITE. Subphosphate of Alumina. Devonite. Alumine Phosphat6e, H. Lasionite, Fuchs. 565 Trimetric. I: ]=126~ 25', 0: 1- =1430 23'; a: b: c-0'7431: 1:14943. Observed planes as in / the annexed figure, with also 1, 2- and I:' 1 1= 1290 47', 1: 1 (mac.) 146~ 28', (brach.) 110~ 20' and (bas.) 790 34', 22': 2- (pyr.) 117 53', 118~ 33', (bas.) 930~ r i'7', is: i 123~ 57'. Cleavage: Irather perfect: also brachydiagonal. Usually in hemispherical or globular concretions, having a radiated structure. H.=3'25-4. G. 2'337, (Barnstaple), Haidinger; 2'3616, (Irish variety), Richardson. Lustre vitreous, inclining to pearly and resinous. Color white, passing into yellow, green, gray, brown, and black. Streak white. Translucent. Index of refraction 1-52. Composition.-(l"4P+-l18:)+ Al F=Alumina 33-8, phosphoric acid 34'9, aluminiurn 15, fluorine 3'1, water 26'6=100. Sonnensehein's analysis corresponds nearly to;lM"P2+12fT. Analyses: 1, 2, Fuchs, (Schweig. xxiv, 121); 3, Berzelius, (Schw. J. xxvii, 63), 4 -7, Erdmann, (Schweig. lxix, 154); 8, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxiii, 288); 9, Sonnenschien (J. f. pr. Chem. liii, 344): 424 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. A1; ft HF Fe 1. Devonshire, 37'20 35'12 28'00 -=100'32, Fuchs. 2. " 37'16 34-84 28-00 -=100 Fuchs. 3. " 35'35 33'40 26'80 2'06 1l25,a Oa 0'50=99'39, Berzelius. 4, Strigis, blue, 36'60 34'06 27-40 trace 1'00=99'06, Erd. 5. " green, yellow, 36'39 33'28 27'10 trace 2-69=99-46, Erd. 6.'.. brown, 34'90 31'55 24'01 trace 2'21. Si 7'30=99'97, Erd. 7. " black, 35-39 32-46 24'00 trace 1'5 Si 6-65-100, Erd. 8 Zbirow, 36'39 34'29 26'34 F 1'69 1'20=98'91, Herm. 9 Allendorff, 35'76 32'16 28-32 trace Ca0'86, Si 2'70=98'80, Sonn. a With peroxyd of Manganese. Hermann obtained much less fluorine than Berzelius, and gives a different formula. But Berzelius remarks that this ingredient may easily fall short. B.B. whitens and intumesces, but is infusible; gives the reaction of phosphorus. In a matrass yields water, and acts on glass from the hydrofluoric acid present.. Reduced to powder, and heated with sulphuric acid, it gives off a vapor which corrodes glass. Wavellite was first discovered in a tender clay slate near Barnstaple, in Devonshire, by Dr. Wavell. It has since been found at Clonmel and Cork, Ireland; it the Shaint isles of Scotland, at Zbirow in Bohemia; at Frankenberg and Langenstriegis, Saxony; Diensberg near Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt; on brown iron ore in the Jura limestone at Amberg in Bavaria, (the Lasionite of Fuchs); in a Manganese mine at Weinbach near Weilburg in Nassau, (Genth); at Villa Rica, Minas Geraes, Brazil. In the United States reported as found near Saxton's River, Bellows Falls, N. H.; also at the slate quarries of York Co., Pa., near the Susquehannah; found at Washington mine, Davidson Co., N. C., with actinolite, pyrites and native silver. A Wavellite containing oxyd of lead occurs at Rosieres in stalactites, as detected by Berthier. CACOXENE. Kakoxen, Steinmann. Occurs in radiated tufts of a yellow or brownish yellow color. ll.==3-4. G.=3'38. B3ecomes brown on exposure. Composition.-Supposed to be an iron-wavellite. (Fe, A1)4'3P181t, but doubtful. Analyses: 1, Steinmann, (Leonh. Orykt. 750); 2, Holger, (Baumg. Zeits. viii, 129); 3, Richardson, (Thomson's Min., i, 476): Al Pe'P Oa Si R and HF 1. Zbirow, 10-01 36'32 17'86 0'15 8'90 25'95=99'19, Steinmann. 2. " 11-29 36-83 9'20 - 3-30 18-98, with Mgl7-58, Zn 1-23, S11'29,H. 3. " - 43'1 205 11 2-1 30-2, with Mg 0'9=97 9, Rich. The differences are supposed to be due to impurities. Steinmann's analysis of wavellite was made on a specimen from Zbirow, and has the composition of true cacoxene. B.B. acts like wavellite, except that it affords the reaction of iron. It occurs at the Hrbeck mine, near Zbirow in Bohemia, along with an earthy brown iron ore, in the graywacke formation. CHILDRENITE, Levy. 566 Trimetric. I: 1=111~ 54' 0: 1i ____ 136~ 26':: b: c=0'9512:1:1'4798. 1 V 2g 1 1\ Observed planes as in the annexed fig-/ uire, with also 2. O 2:=12V7 53', 0: 1= 1314', m0 2=1420 35, 351 i 2~ _-90~, 1: 1 (mac.) 130~ 4', (brach., or over 26,) 102~ 41', (bas.) 97~ 52', 2i: 2{ (ov. 0)=-750 46', B. and M. Cleavage: i&, imperfect. HYDROUS PHOSPHATES AND ARSENATES. 425 I. -5. G.- 318 —324; 34184, Kengott. Lustre vitreous, inclining to resinous. Color yellow and pale yellowish-brown, also yellowish-white, and brownish-black. Streak white, yellowish. Translucent. Fracture uneven. In a matrass much water. Composition.-(R3, a1)6 93'-151l, with the protoxyds to the alumina as 4: 3= Phosphoric acid 27'78, alumina 14-4, protoxyd of iron 31'3, protoxyd of manganese 8-9, water 17-6=100. In the formula, the oxygen ratio for the bases and phosphoric acid is 15: 15; Rammelsberg's analysis, (Pogg. lxxxv, 435), which follows, affords 14'4: 15. 28-92 i1 1444 Fe 30-68 Sin 9'07 S/g0O14 1116'98=100'23, Rammelsberg. B.B. color of flame bluish-green; with the fluxes reactions of iron and manganese. Soluble in muriatic acid after long ignition. Occurs in crystals and crystalline coats, on spathic iron, pyrites or quartz, and sometimes with apatite near Tavistock in Devonshire; on slate at Crinnis in Cornwall. If the dome 21 be made the fundamental vertical prism, then 1: -1=1040 14', 1: 1i (top) —730, 1': 1i (ib.)=87'l 14'; the cleavage macrodiagonal; a: b6: c=13514: i: 1'2853. ERINITE, Haid. In mammillated crystalline groups, concentric in structure and fibrous, and rough from the terminations of very minute crystals; tile concentric layers compact, and often easily separable. Traces of cleavage in one direction. I.=4.5 —5. G.=4'043. Lustre almost dull, slightly resinous. Color fine emerald-green, slightly inclining to grass-green. Streak green, paler than the color. Subtranslucent —nearly opaque. Brittle. Composition.-Cu6X"s+22= —Arsenic acid 34'7, oxyd of copper 59'9, water 5-4= 100. Analyses, (approximative), by Turner, (Ann. Phil. [2], 1828, iv, 164): Xs 33'78, Cu 59'44, I 501, Al 1-7=100. Erinite occurs associated with other arsenates of copper, in the county of Limerick, Ireland, Wvhence its name. CORNWALLITE.-Zippe thus names an arsenate' of copper from Cornwall, which afforded Lerch, as mean of two analyses, (Ramm. 4th Supp. 122): Xs 30'21, P 2-16, Iu 54061, If 13'02=100), leading to the formula Cu5 As+5-H. G.-=4166; H.=4-5. It occurs amorphous of a blackish or verdigris-green color, and is associated with olivenite. PHOSPHOCHALCITE, Kobell. Pseudomalachite. Hydrous Phosphate of Copper Dihydrite, Herm. Kupferdiaspore, Kiihn. Lunnite, Bernhardi. Trimetric; hemihedral, producing mono- 567 clinic forms. I: 1=109~ 28', O: 1i146~ 18-'; ca: b: c=V/2: 1: 0'6667. Observed o planes as in the annexed figure. i2: i=1410 4' and 38~ 56', 1: 111'~ 49', 0: 24=166~ 34', 1: 1i=1680 46'. Cleavage: ii imperfeet. Also reniform or massive; indistinctly fibrous, and having a drusy surface. TI. =4'5-5. G.-4 —4-4. Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreous. Color dark erne54 4'26 DESCRIPTIVE MRINERALOGY. rald, verdigris, or blackish-green, often darker at the surface. Streak green, a little paler than the color. Translucent-subtranslucent. Fracture small conchoidal-uneven. Brittle. Composition.-CuSP+2jf (Nos. 2 and 4,)=Phosphoric acid 24'3, oxyd of copper 68'0, water 77 —100. Cu~P+31 (Kuihn), (Nos. 5, 6, 8,)=Phosphoric acid 21'1, oxyd of copper 70'9, water 8'0. Analyses: 1, Arfvedson, (Jahresb. iv, 143); 2-4, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii); 5-7, Kiihn, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. xxxiv, 218, and li, 124); 8, Rhodius, (Pogg. lxii, 369): 9 au Au 1. Rheinbreitenbach, 24-70 68'20 597 —98-87, Arfvedson. 2. Nischne Tagilsk, G.=4'25, 23'75 68-75 7'50=100, Hermann. 3. " Dihydrite, G.=4'4, 25'30 68'21 6'49=100, Hermann. 4. Rheinbreitenbach, G. =4-4, 24-55 67-25 8-20=100, Hermann. 5. " 2152 68'74 8'64=98-90, Kuihn. 6. Hirschberg, Voigtland, 20'87 71-73 7'40=100, Kfihn. 7. " Kupferdiaspore, 24-13 69-61 6'26 (or loss)=100, Kiahn. 8. Libethen, Rheinbreitenbach, 20'4 70-8 8'4=99'6, Rhodius. The compound u5-+212 of Kiihn, (Nos. 7, 3, 1), is named Prasin by Breithaupt. The Dihydrite is here included. B.B. fuses readily to a small vesicular metalloidal globule. Dissolves without effervescence in nitric acid; more readily if heated. Phosphochalcite occurs in veins traversing graywacke slate at Virneberg, near Rheinbreitenbach, on the Rhine, and is associated with quartz and other ores of copper; also at the other localities above enumerated; also in Cabarras Co., N. C. EELITE, Breithaupt.-This mineral is near phosphochalcite and also libethenite. It is described as occurring in reniform or botryoidal shapes. Structure radiating, foliated. Also amorphous. Cleavage perfect in one direction. H.=1 5-2. G.= 3'8-4-27. Lustre pearly. Color verdigris to emerald-green. Streak paler. Composition. —CuSi%- 3l-Phosphoric acid 24'0, oxyd of copper 66'9, water 9'1. Rhodius's analyses gives Cu4-+2f-=Phosphoric acid 28'6, oxyd of copper 64-1, water 7 3=100. Analyses: 1, Bergemann; 2, Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii); 3, Rhodius, (Ann. d. Chem. u. Pharm. lxii, 371): 9; Olu 1. Ehl, 24'93 65'99 9'06=99'98, Bergemann. 2. Nischne Tagilsk, 23'14 66'86 10'00=100, Hermann. 3. Ehl, 28'9 63-1 7'3=99'3, Rhodius. G.=4'27. The title of the mineral to the rank of a distinct species is yet uncertain. TAGILITE, Hermann.-Occurs at Nischne Tagilsk in reniform masses on brown iron ore. Structure fibrous and earthy. H.=2. G.=3'5. Color emerald-green to mountain green. Composition..-Cu4'-+31=Phosphoric acid 27 7, oxyd of copper 61-8, water 10'5=100. Analyses by Hermann, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxvii), P 26-44 OCu 6129 II 10'77 Fe 1'50=100. 26'91 62-58 10'71 ---— =100. TYROLITE, Haid. Copper Froth. Cupriferous Calamine, P. Zinc Hydrate Cupriflre, Levy. Kupferschaum. Pharnmacosiderite. Kupaphrite, Shepard. Trimetric. Observed planes, O, ii, I. Cleavage: 0, perfect. Usually reniform, massive; structure radiate foliaceous, surface drusy. H. —1-2. G.=3'02 —3098. Lustre: O pearly; other faces vitreous. Color pale apple-green and verdigris-green, inclining HYDROUS PHOSPHAITlS AND ARSENA1ES. 427 to sky-blue. Streak a little paler. Translucent —subtranslucent. Fracture not observable. Very sectile. Thin lamninte flexible. Composition.. —uSis+10 ]+6aC( (8)=Arsenic acid 25'4, oxyd of copper 43'8, water 19'8, carbonate of lime 11'0=100. The carbonate of lime may be an impurity. Analysis by Kobell, (Pogg. xviii, 253): Falkenstein, Tyrol, Xs 25'01 Ca 43'88 flh 17 46 (aG 13'65=100. B.B. decrepitates briskly, throwing off fine fragments which tinge the flame green, blackens, and fuses to a steel-gray globule, not crystalline on its surface. On charcoal emits moisture quietly, and after-a long continuance of the blowpipe heat, swells a little from the extrication of the vapor of arsenic. With soda, an imperfectly fluid mass is obtained, which contains a white metallic nucleus. Soluble in acids evolving carbonic acid. This mineral usually occurs in the cavities of calamine, cale spar, or quartz, accompanied by other ores of copper, appearing in small aggregated and diverging fibrous groups of a pale-green color, and possessing a delicate silky lustre. It has been observed in the Bannat; at Posing and Libethen in Hungary; Nertschinsk in Siberia; Falkenstein and Schwatz in the Tyrol; Saalfeld in Thuringia; Riechelsdorf in Hessia; Schneeberg in the Erzgebirge. Rammelsberg suggests that this species may be related to Aurichalcite; the latter has a yellowish-green color and may thus be distinguished. DELVAUXENE, Dumont. Delvauxit. Massive and earthy, with a yellowish-brown, brownish-black, or reddish color. H.-=25. G.=1-85. Waxy; dull. Opaque to translucent on the edges. Composition. — e2i-+24 I=Phosphoric acid 15-9, peroxyd of iron 35'8, water 48-3=100. Ve2'P+-18l, Delvaux. Analyses: 1, 2, Dumont, (L'Institut, No. 276); 3, Delvauk, (Bull. Acad. Brux. 1838, 147): 1. Reddish brown, i 16-04 Fe 34'20 H 49'76=100. 2. Brownish black, 16-57 36-62 46-81=100. 3. 18'20 40'44 41 13=99'"77 B.B. changes color, decrepitates, and fuses to a gray magnetic globule. From Berneau, near Vis6 in Belgium. It is supposed to be a mechanical mixture. BERAITNITE, Breit., is supposed to be a hydrous phosphate of peroxyd of iron. Occurs foliated and radiated, with one perfect cleavage and one imperfect; hyacinth-rec: or reddish-brown; streak reddish ochre-yellow. B.B. fuses and colors the flamnT bluish-green. Soluble in muriatic acid. Found in limonite near Beraun in Bohellia; also near Kertsch, Crimea. It is altered Vivianite, (Breit.) DUFRENITE, Brongn. Green Iron Ore. Kraurite, Br. Gruineisenstein, M. Trimetric..: I about 123~. Cleavage: brachydiagonal. Radiated fibrous, with a drusy surface. H.=35 —4. G.=3'2 —3'4. Lustre silky, weak. Color dull leek-green, blackish-green; alters on exposure to yellow and brown. Streak siskin-green. Subtranslucent. Composition. —e2P~+2 —=Phosphoric acid 28'0, peroxyd of iron 63-1, water 8,9 =100. Analyses: 1, Karsten, (Arch. f. Bergb. u. Hitt. xv, 243); 2, Vauquelin, (Ann. Ch. Phys. xxx, 202): 428 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 1. Siegen, 1 27'72 Pe 63'45 n -- l8C 8-56=99'73, Karsten. 2, Haute Vienne, 27'85 56-20 6'76 9'29=100, Vauquelin. B.B. Fuses easily to a slag. Occurs in Saxony and Haute Vienne, France. MELANCHLOR, Fuchs, (J. f. prakt. Ch. xvii, 171).-This is a phosphate of iron from RPabenstein, containing in 100 parts, 38'9 peroxyd and 3'87 protoxyd of iron, besides protoxyd of manganese and 9 to 10 per cent. of water. The name alludes to its blackish-green color. APHANESITE, Beud. Abichite, Haid. Klinoclas, Breit. Strahlerz, Hoff. Strahlenkupfer. Siderochalcit, Br. Cuivre Arseniate Ferrifbre, H. Monoclinic; C=80~ 30', I: I (front)=560 (side) 124~. Observed planes as in the annexed figures. 0: -3i=990 30', 0 i-=123~ 48'. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect. Also massive, hemispherical; structure radiated fibrous. 568 569 I/7:........... H.=25 —3. G.=4'19 —4'36. Lustre: O pearly; elsewhere vitreous to resinous. Color dark verdigris-green, inclining to blue; also dark blue. Streak verdigris-green. Subtranslucent. Not very brittle. Composition. —Cu6is+-31 —=Odu3As+30u A_=Arsenic acid 30'2, oxyd of copper 62'7, water 7'1=100. Analyses: 1, Rammelsberg, (2d Supp. 78); 2, Damour, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xiii): As P Nu f: 3Fe I. Cornwall, G.=4'258-4'359, 29'71 0'64 60'00 7-64 0'39, Ca 0'50, Si 1l12=100, R. 2. " G. —4'312, 27-09 1'50 62'80 7-57 0'49-99-44, Damour. B.B. deflagrates, fuses readily, and emits arsenical fumes. Soluble in acids. Occurs in Cornwall, with other salts of copper. The crystals usually present a very dark blue color and brilliant lustre, but are rarely recognizable, being aggregated in diverging groups, or disposed in extremely minute individuals, in cavities of quartz. Hence the name aphanesite, from'aabavnr, unmanifest. Also found in the Erzgebirge. COHALCOPHYLLITE, Br. Copper Mica. Kupferglimmer, W. and L. Kupferphyllit, Br. Tamarite. 5'O Rhombolledral. R: _-= 69~ 48', O 2R=1080 44'; a=2'5536. Observed planes: P, Observed planes as in the annexed figure, with sometimes i'. I: ii=1410 51'. Cleavage: basal, highly perfect; clinodiagonal less distinct. Twins: plane of composition, ii. Usually I tzy| I massive or incrusting, with surface tuberose, botryoidal, or stalactitic, and structure divergent; often delicately compact fibrous, and; banded in color; frequently granular or earthy. / oi --- 7 H.=3'5- 4. G.=3-7-4-008. Lustre adamantine, inclining to vitreous; fibrous varieties often silky; often dull and earthy. Color bright g'een. Streak paler green. Translucent-subtranslucent-opaque. Fracture subconchoidal, uneven. CoMnposition. -0u20+ —=Carbonic acid 1099, protoxyd of copper 71'9, water 852. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. ii, 287); 2, Vauquelin, (Ann. du Mus. xx, 1); 3, Phillips, (Jour. Royal Inst. iv, 276):. 0 1850 Cu 705 } 1115=100, Klaproth. 2. 21-25 70'10 8'75=100'10,Vauquelin. 3. 18'5 72'2 9'3=100, Phillips. B.B. like Azurite. Green malachite usually accompanies the other ores of copper. Perfect crystals are quite rare. The fibrous variety occurs abundantly in Siberia, at Chessy in France, in the old mine at Sandlodge, in Shetland; the compact occurs at Schwartz in the Tyrol; also in Cornwall, and in Cumberland. Crystals occur at Grimberg, near Siegen in Germany. At the copper mines of Nischne Tagilsk, belonging to M. Demidoff, a bed of malachite was opened which yielded many tons of malachite; one mass measured at top 9 feet by 18; and the portion uncovered contained at least half a million pounds of pure malachite. Also in handsome masses on the west coast of Africa. Neat specimens occur with vitreous copper at Cheshire, Connecticut; at Schuyler's mines, and still better at New Brunswick, New Jersey; between Newmarket and Taneytown, Md., east of the Monocacey; also in the Catoctin Mountains, Md.; in the Blue Ridge, in Pennsylvania, near Nicholson's Gap; near Morgantown, Berk's County, Penn., in good specimens; at the Perkiomen and Phenix lead mines, Pa.; and at the copper mines of Wisconsin; at Mineral Point, and elsewhere. Green malachite admits of a high polish, and when in large masses, is cut into tables, snuff boxes, vases, &c. MYsonIN.-Massive. G.=2-62. Soft. Color blackish-brown, when pure; usually green or red, from mixture with malachite and red oxyd of iron. Fracture conchoidal. Composition, according to Thomson, (Min. i, 601), Carbonic acid 16-70, oxyd of copper 60'75, peroxyd of iron (mechanically mixed) 19-50,,silica 2'10, loss 0'95. Gives no water in a glass tube. Occurs at Mysore, in Ilindostan. May be an impure malachite. LIME-MALACHITE. (Kalk-malachit, Zinclken).- Massive, reniform, botryoidal; structure fibrous and foliated. II.-2-5. Lustre silky. Color verdigris-green. From Zincken's trials it is a hydrous carbonate of copper, with some carbonate and sulphate of lime and iron. From Lauterberg in the Hartz. HIYDROUS CARBONATES. 459 AZURITE,'Beud. Blue Copper. Blue Carbonate of Copper. Blue Malachite. Chessy Copper. Kupferlasur, TV. Chessylite, B. and ill. Lasurite, Haid. Monoclinic. C-87' 39'; I: f=99~ 32', 0:.i=138~ 41'; a: b: c=1'039: 1: 181. 0 0: —910 48' o ii=920 21'. Si _ O0 1= 1320 43'. 2 0 1=125~ 8'. 0 2=1080 35'. 4 o' -1 —17~,_ __ 1:1 (front)=1160~ 7'. i -'-1 1 " =118~ 16'. _- __ ii i 1340 56'. 3 &ii ~ ~=115o 35'. 2i 22 2 2i l:i ii (bas.)=82 38'.44 4 21: 2i (bas.) = 1200 46'. - i2: i2=134~ 8'. 2| SMt i-. i 1210 10'. -2i -2- 1-22 i 2 ii=118~ 50'.4'i: 2i=1530 51'. _-32 ii: 1=139~ 46' - ObservedPlanes. Addi, 6i i 2i, 3j, lj Cleavage: 2i rather perfect; ii less 606 distinct, Iin traces. Also massive and presenting imitative shapes, having a columnar composition; also dull and l earthy. H.=-3'5-4'25. G. -3'5 —3'831. Lus- tre vitreous, almost adarnantine. Color varions shades of azure-blue, passing into Berlin-blue. Streak blue, lighter than the color. Transparent —subtranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle. Composition. —2gu~+ uNi [=(Cu, i)20]-=Carbonic acid 25 6, protoxyd of copper 69'2, water 5-2. Analyses: 1, Phillips, (Jour. Roy. Institution, iv, 2i6); 2, Vauquelin, (Ann. du Mus. xx, 1): 1. Chessy, a 25'46 Ou 69'08 II 5'46=100, Phillips. 2. " 25 0 68 5 6'5=Vauquelin. In a matrass yields water and blackens. B.B. on charcoal fuses, and affords a globule of copper, and in the forceps the flame is green. Borax is colored green. It dissolves with effervescence in the acids, and also in ammonia. Azurite occurs in splendid crystallizations, at Chessy, near Lyons, whence it derived the name Chessy Copper. It also occurs in fine crystals in Siberia; at' Moldawa, in the Bannat; at Wheal Buller, near Redruth, in Cornwall.; at Porto Cabello, S. A.; also in small quantities at Alston Moor, and Wanlockhead, &c. This mineral occurs in indifferent specimens at the Perkiomen lead mine, associated with galena, blende, and white lead ore; also near Nicholson's gap, in the 460 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Blue Ridge, Penn., and near Sing Sing, N. Y.; near New Brunswick, N. J., in crystals coating red shale at Cornwall, Pa. When abundant, azurite is a valuable ore of copper. When ground to an impalpable powder, it forms a blue paint of a bright tint; but it is of little value as a pigment, on account of its liability to turn green. ALTERED FORMS.-Azurite occurs altered to Malachite, through the addition of carbonic acid. AURICHALCITE, Bottger, Pogg. xlviii, 495. Green Calamine, Patrin. In acicular crystals forming drusy incrustations; also columnar and granular; also laminated. H.=2. Lustre pearly. Color verdigris-green. Translucent. Composition.-2(Zn, Cu) 0+3 (Zn, du) f, G. Rose=Oxyd of copper 29'2, oxyd of zinc 44'7, carbonic acid 16'2, water 9-9. Analyses: 1, 2, B6ttger, (loc. cit.); 3, Connel: Zn Ou Oa f 1. Altai, 45'839 28'192 16-056 9'951=100'057, B6ttger. 2 " 45'620 28'357 16'077 9'933= 99'987, Bdttger. 3. Matlock, 42'7 32-5 trace 27'5 =102'07, Conhel. B.B. in a matrass gives out water, which has neither acid nor alkaline reaction, and the green crystals become brownish-black. In the outer flame, the color becomes darker, but it does not fuse; in the reduction flame, forms a slag without melting, yellow while hot, and white on cooling. With borax and salt of phosphorus, intumesces and affords a green glass. With equal quantities of soda and borax; becomes reduced, affording a globule of copper in a slag of zinc oxyd. Soluble in muriatic acid with effervescence. Aurichalcite occurs at Loktefskoi, at a copper mine of the Altai, where it is associated with cale spar and brown iron ore, sometimes forming a drusy covering upon these minerals; also near Kleopinski, (Patrin's green calamine), in cavities; at Retzbanya in Hungary; also at Matlock, in Derbyshire, of a pale-green color, laminated structure and pearly lustre, and at Roughten-Gill in Cumberland. BURATITE, Delesse, Ann. Ch. Phys. 3d ser. xviii, 478. In radiated acicular crystals or plumose aggregations. Color verdigris-green. G.= —332. GComposition.-(-~-un+j-~u+ a)2 C+a. Perhaps a mechanical mixture, the lime being carbonate of lime. Analysis by Delesse, (loc. cit.): C 21-45, Zn 32'02, OC 29'46, Ca 8'62, j[ 8'45=100. Associated with calamine at Loktefskoi in the Altai Mountains; said to occur also at Chessy, near Lyons; at Campiglia in Tuscany; Framont in Tyrol. Closely related to aurichalcite and probably the same species. The Chessy ore afforded a 19'88,2n 41'19, Cu 29, Ca 2-16, 1 7-62=99-85. ZINC BLOOM, Smithson. Dicarbonate of Zinc. Zinconise, Beud. Zinkblithe. Earthy incrustations, and reniform. H.=2 —25. G.=3'58 —3'6. Lustre dull. Color white, gray-'ish or yellowish. Streak shining. Opaque.'Gomposition. —Z C+311- or 2n C-+2Zn — 9=Carbonic acid 12-89, oxyd of zinc 71'28, water 15-83. Analysis by Smithson, (loc cit.), c 13-50, Zn 69'38, H 15'1097,92. IHYDROUS CARBONATES. 461 EMERALD NICKEL, Silliman, Jr. Incrusting, and often small stalactitic or minute mammillary, and sometimes appearing prismatic with rounded summits. Also massive, compact. T. =-3- 325. G. — 257 —2-693. Lustre vitreous. Color emerald-green; streak paler. Transparent-translucent. Brittle. Composition.-Tia3 i+6If(or Ni C+2Ni H3)=Carbonic acid 11-66, oxyd of nickel 59'72, water 28'62; often containing magnesia in place of part of the oxyd of nickel. Analyses: 1, B. Silliman, Jr., (Am. J. Sci. [2], vi, 248); 2, Smith and Brush, (ib. xvi, 52): 1. Ri 58-811, 0 11-691, if 29'498. 2. 56682 11-63 29-87, MIg 1.68. In a matrass yields water, and loses color. With borax affords a transparent bead of a dark yellow or reddish color when hot, and nearly colorless when cold. In the inner flame the bead is gray from the presence of particles of metallic nickel. Dissolves easily with effervescence in heated dilute muriatic acid. Occurs on chromic iron at Texas, Lancaster Co., Pa., associated with serpentine; also at Swinaness in Unst, Shetland. REMINGTONITE. J. C. Booth, Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 48. A rose-colored incrustation, softy and earthy; opaque. Streak pale rose-colored. Composition. —A hydrous carbonate of cobalt, but precise composition not ascertained. Dissolves in muriatic acid with a slight effervescence, making a green solution, the color due to iron. Cobalt reaction with borax. Occurs as a coating on thin veins of serpentine, which traverse hornblende and epidote, at a copper mine near Finksburg, Carroll Co., Maryland. ZIPPEITE. Uranochre. Uranblfithe. Uraconise, Beud. Earthy and pulverulent. Color sulphur-yellow, citron-yellow to brownish or reddish-yellow. Opaque. 7omposition.-Probably: with water and some carbonic acid. It dissolves in acid, yielding a yellow solution, which affords a brown precipitate with prussiate of potash. Heated gently it becomes orange-yellow. In the reducing flame changes to green, but does not fuse. Accompanies pitchblende in Cornwall, at Joachimstahl in Bohemia, and at Symphorien in France. At the Callington tin mine, Cornwall, it has been observed in masses of considerable size, which were said to be quite free from carbonic acid. It is found sparingly with columbite and uranite at the feldspar quarry near Middletown, Ct. LIEBIGITE, J. I. Smith, Am. J. Sci. [2], v, 336, and xi, 259. In inammillary concretions, or thin coatings: cleavage apparent in one direction. II. —2 —25. Lustre of fracture vitreous. Color beautiful apple-green. Transparent. Composition.-:C0+QaC+-2.0-=-Carbonic acid 11'1, oxyd of uranium 36'3, lime 7'1, water 45-6; or 2 NCaO+U0+36H, Ramm. =C 9'02, U 39-12, Ca 7-67, H 44-19 =100. Analysis by J. L. Smith, (loc. cit.): IJ 38.0, (Da s.0 10.2, ft 452.~ 462 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In a matrass yields much water, and becomes yellowish-gray. At redness it blackens, witlout fusing, and on cooling returns to an orange-red color. At a higher heat it blackens, and remains so on cooling. With boraxit gives a yellow glass in the outer flame, and a green glass in the inner. Tested for vanadic acid, but none found. Dissolves readily in dilute acids with violent effervescence, and affords a yellow solution, with the reaction of uranium and lime. Occurs with Medjidite on pitchblende, near Adrianople, Turkey; also at Johanngeorgenstadt and Joachimstahl. Dr. Smith states that both the lime and uranium of this salt are derived from the pitchblende. A related mineral from Elias mine near Joachimstahl, has been examined by Vogl and J. Lindacker, (Jahrb. k. k. R., iv, 1.853, 221). It occurs in'scaly aggregations on pitchblende, and hasha siskin-green color, and a pearly lustre on a cleavage face; subtransparent to translucent; HI.=25-3'0. B.B. on charcoal infusible; with borax and salt of phosphorus, the reaction of uranium. Dissolves with effervescence in sulphuric acid, a white deposit being thrown down; solution in sulphuric sand m:-riati, acidc.' greei, in:iti;e,cid, -ello a. Composition according to J. ]indacker, (loc. cit.), tCt-CaC+5fl1. Analysis: C 24'18, t 37'03, Ca 15'55, I 23'24=100. VOGLITE, Hlaidinger. Uran-kalk-kupfer-Carbonat, Vogl. Iln aggregations of crystalline scales. Scales rhomboidal somewhat like gypsum, with angles of 100~ and 80~, Haid. Lustre pearly. Color emerald-green to bright grass-green. Dichroic. Composition.-2O-C+a -+Cu3'C2+141fi, Lindacker, from his analysis, (Jahrb. k. k. R. iv, 1853, 221): C 2641, t1 37'00, Ca 14'09, u 5840, II 13-90=100. B.B. in a tube yields water; on charcoal does not fuse; in the platinum forceps colors the flame green, especially after wetting the assay with some muriatic acid; with borax in oxydation flame, a pearl, which is green while hot, and brown and opaque on cooling. Dissolves easily in dilute muriatic acid. From the Elias mine near Joachimstahl, implanted on pitchblende. BISMUTITE, Breit., Pogg. liii, 627. Wismuthoxyd Kohlensaures. Bismuthite, iVicol. Wismuthspath. Carbonate of Bismuth. Agnesite. In implanted acicular crystallizations, (pseudomlorphous); also incrlsting, or amorphous. H. —— 4'5; 385, specimens that have lost their lustre. G.= 686 -6'909, Breit.;'670, fiom South Carolina, iRazlmnelsberg. Yitreons when pure; sometimes dull. Color white, mountain-green and dirty siskin-green; occasionally straw-yellow and yellowishgray. Streak greenish-gray to colorless. Subtranslucent-opaque. Brittle. 7omposition.-According to Plattner's examinations, (Pogg. liii, 727), it is a carbonate of bismuth, containing some iron and copper, (perhaps a carbonate of each), and also sulphuric acid. Melts on a burning coal, and is reduced with effervescence to a metallic globule, covering the coal at the same time with white oxyd of bismuth. Dissolves in muriatic acid, affording a deep yellow solution. Rammelsberg examined specimens from South Carolina, probably of this species, and obtained the formula, 3(BiC+- I)+BifI (=-Bi4 C3 1i4)-Oxyd of bismuth 90-28, carbonic acid 6'29, water 3'43=100. Analysis, (Pogg. lxxvi, 564, 1849): Bi 90'00, C 6'56, ] I 3-44=100. In a matrass yields water. B.B. decrepitates, darkens in color, becoming brownish-yellow, and fuses easily to a glass. On charcoal affords bismuth. With CARBONATES. 463 salt of phosphorus becomes dull yellow, and forms a colorless pearl, containing floating silica. Dissolves in nitric acid, and the solution is clouded on the addition of water. Bismutite occurs at Schneeberg and Johanngeorgenstadt, with native bismuth, and near Hirschberg in Russian Voigtland, with brown iron ore, native bismuth, and bismuth glance. Also in the #old district of Chesterfield, S. C., in porous yellowish masses, sometimes reddish from oxyd of iron. Surface of fracture white and vitreous. It resembles somewhat electric calamine. - It is supposed to proceed from native bismuth. III. CARBONATES WITH CHLORID OR FLUORID. PARISITE, R C+R F? CERASINE, Pb C-Pb C1. PARISITE, L. di Medici-Spada. Mussonite, Duf. H~exagonal. In elongated double six-sided pyramids, with truncated apex; basal angle 164~ 58', pyramidal 120~ 34'. Cleavage: basal, very perfect. H.=4'5. G.=4'35. Vitreous; cleavage face pearly or resinous. Color brownish-yellow; streak yellowish-white. Composition.-8SRC+2CaF-+t~J2,.in which.R=Protoxyd of cerium, lanthanum and didymium, Bunsen. Perhaps RC+RF with Cel as impurity, Ramm. Analyses by Bunsen, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. liii, 147): 6 Oe (with ta andD)) Ca 1f CaF 1. 23'51 65944 3'17 2"38 11'51 2. 23'64 60'26 3-15 2-42 10653 Yields on heating, carbonic acid and water, and becomes brownish, but does not fuse. A clear glass with borax, yellow while hot, and colorless cold. Dissolves slowly with effervescence in muriatic acid. From the emerald mines of the Musso valley, New Grenada. CERASINE, Beud. Corneous Lead. Murio-Carbonate of Lead. Chloro-Carbonate of Lead, Thomson. Plomb Chloro-Carbonat6, Dsf. Bleihornerz. Phosgenite, Breit. lHornblei, Hauzs. Dimetric. 0: l=-132~ 40'; a=1'0847. Observed planes, as in the annexed figure, with also 22 and i2. 0: 1=123~ 6'. I: 1=1460 54'. 607 0 22=1120~ 24/. 1' 1 (pyr.)=1070 21'. 0: 1=90. I: ii=135~. Cleavage: I and ii bright; also basal... H.-=2-5-3. G.-6 —63; 6'305, Ranm e I Lustre adamnantine. Color white, gray, and yellow. Streak white. Transparent-translucent. Rather sectile. Composition.-Pb Cl+Pb -0=Chlorid of lead 51, carbonate of lead 49=100. Analysis by Klaproth, corrected by Berzelius, (Beit. iii, 141, Schw. J. xxii, 281): Oxyd of lead 85'5, Muriatic acid 14-0, Carbonic acid 6'0=105'5. 464 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Dr. R. A. Smith obtained from a specimen from near Matlock, Chlorid of lead 51'784, carbonate of lead 48'215=99'999; and Rammelsberg from the same, 50'93 of the former, to 47 -45 of the latter, (Pogg. lxxxv, 141). B.B. melts readily to a yellow globule, which on cooling becomes white and crystalline. On charcoal lead is obtained. Dissolves with effervescence in nitric acid. At Crawford, near Matlock, in Derbyshire, whereowme of the crystals were two or three inches long; very rare in Cornwall; in minute crystals at a lead mine near Elgin in Scotland. Some crystals recently obtained at Crawford, sold for fifteen to twenty pounds sterling each. VTI. OXALATES. WHEWELLITE. OXALITE, 2Fe *+3-1. CONISTONITE, Ca V-[i71. WHEWELLITE, B. and M. Oxalate of Lime, H. T. Brooke, Phil. Mag. xvi, 449. Oxacalcite, Shepard. 508 iMlonoclinic. C=72~ 41',: I-=100~ 36' 0:.li=121 ~ 25'; a: b: c=1'5745: 1:1'1499. Ob11 o served planes as in the annexed figure. 0: I= 1030 14', 0: 1i=109~ 28/, 0: -=141~ 6', I: 1\ / \-: i = 5i-1290 42'. Cleavage parallel with 0; less'!it' /-~\_, perfect parallel with I, and the longer diagonal. r 1 All the planes bright except I and -, which are vertically striated. Twins: composition face 1i. H.=2-5-2'75. Lustre like sulphate of lead. Very brittle. Fracture conchoidal. This species, an Oxalate of lime, was observed by Brooke in crystals from a tenth to a fourth of an inch broad on cale spar; the locality of the spar is not known. OXALITE, Haus. Oxalate of Iron. IHutmboldtine, Mcariano de Rivero, Ann. de Ch. et de Ph. xviii, 207. Eisen-resin, Breithaupt. In capillary forms; also botryoidal and in plates, or earthy; structure fibrous or compact. II.=2. G. =2'13 2'489. Dull or slightly resinous. Color yellow. Fracture uneven, earthy. Acquires negative electricity by friction, when insulated. Composition. —2'Fe-8+3H= —Protoxyd of iron 41-40, oxalic acid 42'69, water 15-91 =100. Analysis by Rammelsberg, (Pogg. xlvi, 283): Fe 41138, Oxalic acid 42'40, (loss) 164'7=100. Mariano de Rivero obtained, Oxalic acid 46-14, and protoxyd of iron 53'86. Rammelsberg (Pogg. liii, 631, 1841) has confirmed his former analysis and shown that the iron is all protoxyd. OXALATES. 465 Blackens in the flame of a candle, and becomes attractable by the magnet. B.B. on charcoal yields a vegetable odor, and is decomposed, becoming at first yellow, then black, and finally red. It occurs at Kolosoruk, in Bohemia, and in the opinion of Rivero, has resulted from the decomposition of succulent plants; also in brown coal at Grosa-Almerode, in Hessia; and according to T. S. Hunt, at C. Ipperwash, Canada, in shales; soft, earthy, sulphur yellow, (Logan's Report, 1850). CONISTONITE, B. P. Greg, Jr., Am. J. Sci. [2], xvii, 333, 440, 1854. Trimetric. Observed angles, (Greg): I: =-97~ 5', 11: 1, (top) =86~ 30', 1X: 1I (top)-960 50', I: 1;=117~ 30', 1: 11=121~ 0'. Faces 1 brightest. Cleavage none. I.- =2. G.=2'052. Lustre vitreous. Colorless. Transparent to translucent. Slightly sectile. Fracture small conchoidal, uneven. Uomposition.-Ca ~i+-7A, M. F. Heddle, who obtained in his analysis, Oxalic acid 28'017, lime 21.055, soda and magnesia 05822, water 49'155=99'049. Soluble without effervescence in muriatic or nitric acid. Heated gives off water and carbonic oxyd, and is converted into a carbonate, and then effervesces with acids. From the copper mine near Coniston in Cumberland. Largest crystals not more than one-eighth of an inch across, and in general form not unlike the double foursided crystals of Edingtonite. THIERSCHITE, Liebig, Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. lxxxvi, 113, April, 1853. An oxalate of lime, occurring as a grayish, warty, and somewhat opaline incrustation, about a line thick, on the marble of the Parthenon, Athens. A complete analysis has not yet been made. Its origin is attributed to the action of some kind of vegetation on the marble. It is probably identical with whewellite. 59 V. RESINS-ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. AMBER. Yellow Mineral Resin, A. Bernstein of the Germans. Succin,H. Suce cinite, Breit. Succinum. IHXeKrpov. AvyKovptov. Lyncurion, Demostr. In irregular masses, without cleavage. H.=2 —2'.5. G.=1s081. Lustre resinous. Color yellow, sometimes reddish, brownish, and whitish, often clouded. Streak white. Transparent-translucent. Composition. —C'0 I1 O=Carbon'7896, hydrogen 1051, oxygen 10'52. Analyses: 1, Drapier: 2, Schritter, (Pogg. Ann. lix, 64): C H 0 Ca A1;i Total. 1. 80'99 7 31 6'73 1 54 1 10 0'63 97'90. 2.'78824 10'228 10'9 100'00. Burns readily with a yellow flame, emitting an agreeable odor, and leaves a black shining carbonaceous residue. Fuses at 287~ C. Becomes electric by friction. Soluble in alcohol. Amber occurs abundantly on the Prussian coast of the Baltic; occurring from Dantzig to Memel, especially between Pillau and Dorfe Gross-Hubnicken. It occurs also on the coast of Denmark and Sweden; in Gallicia, near Lemberg, and at Miszau; in Poland; in Moravia, at Boskowitz, etc.; in the Urals, Russia; near Christiania, Norway; in Switzerland, near Bale; in France, near Paris in clay, in the department of the Lower Alps, with bituminous coal, also in the department of 1' Aisne, de la Loire, du Gard, du Bas Rhin. In England, near London, and on the coast of Norfolk, Essex, and Suffolk. It also occurs in various parts of Asia. Also near Catania, on the Sicilian coast, sometimes of a peculiar blue tinge. At Hasen Island in Greenland, it also occurs in brown coal. It has been found in various parts of the Green sand formation of the United States, either loosely imbedded in the soil, or engaged in marl or lignite, as at Gay RHead or Martha's Vineyard; near Trenton and also at Camden in New Jersey, and atc ape Sable, near Magothy river in Maryland.'-e> vegetable origin of amber is now fully ascertained. This is inferred both frqm:its native situation with coal, or fossil wood, and firom the occurrence of insects encased in it. Of these insects, some appear evidently to have struggled after being entangled in the then viscous fluid, and occasionally a leg or wing is found some distance from the body, which had been detached in the effort to escape. (4Tppert ihas named the tree yielding it Pinites succinnifer. Amber.was early known to the ancients, and called nXEK7rpov, electrzum, whence, on account o.f its electrical susceptibilities, we have derived the word electricity. It was called By some Lyncurium, though this nalne was applied, as is supposed, also to Tourmaline, another mineral of remarkable electrical properties; also succinum, because of its supposed vegetable origin, as stated by Pliny, " quod arboris succum, prisci nostri credidere." Amber is extensively employed for ornamental purposes, though not of high value. In the royal museum at Berlin, there is a mass weighing fourteen pounds. Another in the kingdom of Ava, India, is nearly as large as a child's head; it is intersected by veins of carbonate of lime, from the thickness of paper to one twentieth of an inch. RESINS, ORGANIC COMIPOUNDS. 467 It is used in the manufacture of a varnish, and for obtaining succinic acid and oil of amber, which it affords at a low temperature. COPALINE, Hausmann. Fossil Copal, Highgate Resin, Aikin, Jameson. Like the resin Copal in hardness, color, lustre, transparency, and difficult solubility in alcohol. Emits a resinous odor when broken. Composition.-C40 H32 0. Analysis by Johnston, (Phil. Mag. xiv, 87, 1839): Carbon 85'408, Hydrogen 11q787, Oxygen 2'669, Ashes 0'136=100. Volatilizes in the air by a gentle heat, and burns easily with a yellow flame and much smoke. Slightly acted upon by alcohol. Comes from the blue clay of Highgate Hill, near London, from whence it is called Highgate resin. Another resin, resembling the fossil copal in external appearance, has been examined by Johnston, and found to consist of Carbon 85'133, hydrogen 10'853, ashes 3'256=99'242, or nearly C4 H3. It occurs in the form of flattened drops or coatings on calc spar, on the walls of a dyke of trap, at the old lead mine in Northumberland, called Settling Stones. Color pale yellow to deep red, with a pale green opalescence. G.= —116 —1l54. Hard, but brittle. Does not melt at 4000 F., but burns in the flame of a candle with an empyreumatic odor. Insoluble in water- and nearly so in alcohol. A pale honey-yellow resin from the East Indies, is described by Kengott, (Min. Unters. ii, 81, 153). H.=2. Streak white. G.=1'053. Heated, fuses to a clear fluid, burns with a yellow light and aromatic smell, and is consumed without residue. But little soluble in alcohol, and largely in concentrated sulphuric acid. Duflos found it to contain C 85'73, H 11'50, O 2-77=100, or near the Highgate resin. MIDDLETONITE, J. FTW. Johnston, Phil. Mag. xii, 261, 1838. In rounded masses, seldom larger than a pea, or in layers a sixteenth of an inch or less in thickness, between layers of coal. Brittle. G.=1'6. Lustre resinous. Color reddish-brown by reflected light, and deep red by transmitted; powder light-brown. Transparent in small fragments. No taste or smell. Blackens on exposure. Composition. —C2 H'-+H O; Carbon 86'437, hydrogen S8007, oxygen 5'563= 100'007, Johnston. Not altered at 4000 F., (2100 C.); on a red cinder, burns like resin. Boiled in alcohol, ether, or oil of, turpentine, the liquid becomes yellow, but dissolves only a mere trace of the resin. Softens and melts in boiling nitric acid, with the emission of red fumes; a brown fiocky precipitate falls on cooling. Soluble in cold concentrated sulphuric acid. Occurs about the middle of the main coal or Haigh Moor seam, at the Middleton collieries, near Leeds; also at Newcastle. RETINITE. Retinasphaltum, HIatchett, Phil. Trans. 1804.. Occurs in roundish masses. tI.=1-2'5. G.=1'135, Hatchett. Lustre often earthy externally, but slightly resinous in the fracture. Color light yellowishbrown, sometimes green, yellow, red or striped. Subtransparent -opaque. Fracture conchoidal. Often flexible and elastic, when first dug up; but it loses this property on exposure. 468 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. Composition.-According to Hatchett, (Phil. Trans. 1804, p. 404): Vegetable resin 55, Bitumen 41, Earthy matter 3=99, H. Johnston, after drying it at 3000 F., obtained, (Phil. Mag. xii, 560, 1838), Resin soluble in alcohol 59'32, insoluble organic matter 27'45, white ash 13'23=100. It takes fire in a candle, and burns with a bright flame and fragrant odor. The insoluble matter, heated in a tube, blackens and gives off an empyreumatic ordor: at a red heat, it burns. The whole is soluble in alcohol, excepting an unctuous residue. This species was first observed near Devonshire, by Dr. Milles, accompanying Bovey coal. A specimen from Cape Sable, U. S., afforded Troost 55~ parts soluble in alcohol, and 42~ parts insoluble with 1~ per cent. of alumina and oxyd of iron as an ash. A retinite from Halle afforded Bucholz, (Schweig. J. i, 290), 91 parts soluble in alcohol, and 9 parts insoluble. SCLERETINITE, J. W. Miallet, (Phil. Mag. [4], 4, 261). In small drops or tears, from the size of a pea to that of a hazel nut. H.-=3. G.=-1136. Translucent in thin splinters. Color black, but by transmitted light reddish-brown; streak cinnamon-brown. Lustre between vitreous and resinous, rather brilliant. Brittle; fracture conchoidal. Composition.-Analyses by J. W. Mallet, (loc. cit.) Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Ash 1. 76'74 8-86 10-72 3'68 2. 77'15 9'05 10'12 3'68 Affords the ratio CH70'O=Carbon 7'7'05, hydrogen 8-99, oxygen 10-28, ash 3'68. Taking the number of atoms of carbon at 40, which exists in so many resins, the formula becomes C40H2804. It is nearest in composition to amber, which contains C40oH204. Heated in platinum foil, it swells up, burns like pitch, with a disagreeable empyreumatic smell, and a smoky flame, leaving a coal rather difficult to burn, and finally a little gray ash. In a glass tube, yields a yellowish-brown oily product of a nauseous empyreumatic odor. Insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, caustic and carbonated alkalies or dilute acids; and even strong nitric acid acts slowly. From the coal measures of Wigan, England. GUYAQUILLITE, Johnston, Phil. Mag. xiii, 1838, 329. Amorphous. Yields easily to the knife, and may be rubbed to powder. G.= 1'092. Color pale yellow. Lustre not resinous, or imperfectly so. Composition.-C20H'S9O; Carbon'76665, hydrogen 8'114, oxygen 15-161=100, Johnston. Slightly soluble in water, and largely in alcohol, forming a yellow solution, which is intensely bitter. Begins to melt at 157~ F., but does not flow easily till near 2120. As it cools, becomes viscid, and may be drawn into fine tenacious threads. Soluble in cold sulphuric acid, forming a dark reddish-brown solution. A few drops of ammonia put into the alcoholic solution, darken the color and finally change it to a dark brownish-red. It is said to form an extensive deposit near Guyaquil in South America. The Berengelite of Prof. Johnston is near Guyaquillite. Analysis: C'2'472, H 9'198, O 18'330=C40H3108. Forms a bitter solution with cold alcohol. On evaporation the resin obtained has a clear red color, and remains soft and viscid at the ordinary temperature. Fracture and lustre resinous. Color dark brown, with a tinge of green. Powder yellow. Odor resinous, disagreeable. Taste a little bitter. It is said to form a lake like that of Trinidad, in the province of St. Juan de Berengela, about one hundred miles from Arica, Peru, and is used at Arica for paying lboats and vessels. RESINS, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 469 PIAUZITE, Haidinger, Pogg. Ann. lxii, 275. An earthy resin of a brownish-black color, occurring massive. Streak yellowish-brown. H.-=15; G.=1'220. Fuses at 315~ C. (600~ F.), and burns with an aromatic odor and much smoke, leaving 5'96 per cent. of ash. Soluble in ether and caustic potash, also largely in absolute alcohol. Heated in a glass tube a yellowish oily fluid is distilled, having an acid reaction. From brown coal at Piauze near Neustadt in Carniola. WALCHOWITE, Ilaidinger. In yellow translucent masses, often striped with brown. Lustre resinous. Fracture conchoidal. Translucent to opaque. II.=1'5 —2. G.=10 —1'069; an opaque variety 1'035. Composition.-C`2 O90, Schrdtter, or 3C'H9-+O, Ramm. —80'41 C, 10'66 H, 8.93 0. Fuses to a yellow oil at 2500 C., and burns readily: becomes transparent and elastic at 1400 C. Forms a dark brown solution in sulphuric acid; slightly soluble in ether. In brown coal at Walchow, and formerly called Retinite. Boussingault found a similar mineral near Bucaramanga in New Grenada. BITUMEN. Asphaltum. Petroleum. Mineral Pitch. Bergpech. Bergtheer, Haus. Mineral Oil. Naphtha. Erdol. Steinol. Maltha. Seneca Oil. Naphte, Beud. Bitumen includes several distinct species, the two prominent of which are Naphtha and Asphaltum. NAPHTHA, (St&in6l). -Liquid and colorless when pure, with a bituminous odor. G.=0'7 —084. Composition.-C6 H6. In nature often combined with asphaltum, and containing also parraffine and other substances. ASPHALTUAn.-Solid; black and brownish-black, with a conchoidal brilliant frace ture. G.=l —1'2. Odor bituminous. Fuses at 1000 C., and burns with a bright flame. An asphaltum from the island of Brazza, Dalmatia, consists, according to Kersten, (J. f. pr. Chem. xxxv, 271), of petrolene (volatile oil) 5'0, brown resin soluble in ether 20'0, asphaltene (bitumen insoluble in alcohol and ether) 74-0, yellow resin soluble in alcohol 1'0=100'0 There are also earthy varieties, called earthy and slaggy mineral pitch. Petroleium is a dark.colored fluid variety, containing much naphtha. J~alitha or Mineral tar is a more viscid variety. Asphaltum is abundant on the shores of the Dead Sea. It occurs also in reniform stalactitic masses at Matlock in Derbyshire; in granite, with quartz and fluor, at Poldice, in Cornwall; in cavities of chalcedony and calc spar, in Russia, and other places. Naphtha issues from the earth in large quantities in Persia and the Birman empire; at Rangoon there are upwards of five hundred naphtha wells, which afford annually 412,000 hhds. A remarkable lake of bitumen occurs on Trinidad, which is one and a half miles in circumference. The bitumen is solid and cold near the shores, but gradually increases in temperature and softness towards the centre, where it is boiling. The solidified bitumen appears as if it had cooled as the surface boiled in large bubbles. The ascent to the lake from the sea, a distance of three quarters of a mile, is covered with a hardened pitch, on which trees and vegetables flourish, and about Point La Braye the masses of pitch look like black rocks among the foliage. The lake is underlaid by a bed of mineral coal, (Manross). 470 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. In the peninsula of Apcheron, on the western shore of the Caspian, naphtha rises in vapor through a marly soil, and is collected by sinking pits several yards in depth, into which the naphtha flows. Near Amians in the state of Parma, is an abundant spring. Near Alfreton, England, naphtha has been discovered. Petroleum is met with at Kenhawa in Virginia, Scotsville, Ky., Oil Creek in Venango Co., Penn., Duck Creek, in Monroe Co., Ohio, and Liverpool, Ohio. It was formerly collected and sold by the Seneca and other Indians, and is hence called Seneca or Gsnesee oil. Also at Inniskillan, Canada West, the inspissated petroleum in some places is two feet deep. (Logan's Geol. Rep. 1852, 90.) Naphtha affords both fuel and lights to the inhabitants of Badku, on the Caspian. It is also employed in Persia and the Burman empire as a lotion in cutaneous eruptions, and as an embrocation in bruises and rheumatic affections. It is employed for various purposes in the arts, particularly in the manufacture of varnish, and as a substitute for oil in the formation of oil paint, it being preferred on account of its rapid evaporation and drying. Bitumen, in all its varieties, was well known to the ancients. It is reported to have been employed in the construction of the walls of Babylon, and at Agrigentum it was burnt in lamps, and called Sicilian oil. The Egyptians also made use of it in enbalming. Two ship loads of the Trinidad pitch were sent to England by Admiral Cochrane, but it was found that the oil required to render it fit for use, exceeded in expense the cost of pitch in England, and the project of employing it was therefore abandoned. Asphaltum is a constituent of the kind of varnish called Japan; it is also made into a cement for lining cisterns, and with ground stone into a material for pavements. Naphthadil. A substance derived from naphtha. It is black; weak, greasy lustre; copper-brown in fracture. Does not change in the light. Fuses at the same temperature as wax, and burns with a clear flame, (Von Leonh. J. 1846, 84). IDRIALINE. Idrialite, Schritter, Nicol. Quecksilberbranderz. Massive, with a greasy lustre, a grayish or brownish-black color, and a blackish streak inclining to red. Opaque. H.=1 —15. G.=1'-14 6. Composition.-According to Bbdeeker, C 91'828, H 5'299, O 2'873, (Kengott's Min. Forsch. i, 253); formula C42 H14+O. The distillation of the bituminous earth at Idria affords a product consisting of C 94'568, H 6'459, with the formula C'H, which is the radical of the Idrialine. Insoluble in water, and little so in alcohol or ether. Fuses at 400~ F. Occurs mixed with cinnabar at Idria. It is sometimes called, from its combustibility, quecksilberbranderz or inflammable cinnabar. PYROPISSITE, Kengott, Min. Forsch., 1850, 1851, p. 148. Like an earthy brown coal in appearance. G. —0493-0-522. Color dull yellowish brown, opaque. Streak shining and greasy. Feel greasy. Fracture earthy. Burns readily with a brownish-yellow flame and a weak aromatic odor. Heated, fuses to an asphaltum-like mass, which is porous, little soluble in alcohol and largely in oil of turpentine. Burns like bitumen. Little soluble in muriatic or nitric acid, and largely so in sulphuric. Forms a layer six to eight inches thick in brown coal near Weissenfels. According to Marchand, affords on distillation 62 per cent. of paraffine, one pound of the mass giving three cubic feet of illuminating gas. RESINS, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 471 BREWSTOLINE. Fluid. Colorless. Transparent. Expands one-fourth its size by an increment of 30~ F., or is nearly 32 times more expansible than water, by an increment of 300 of heat at the temperature of 50~. Occurs in minute cavities in crystals of topaz, chrysoberyl, quartz crystals from Quebec, and amethyst from Siberia, where it was detected by Sir David Brewster. We have thought proper to recognize this fluid among minerals and name it, although yet imperfectly described. The fluid expands with the heat of the hand. Its refractive power is less than that of water. It was sometimes indurated in the cavity like a resin. On exposure, the fluid undergoes quick motions and changes, and finally leaves a residue of minute particles, which from the moisture of the hand alone, suddenly became fluid again, and extended and contracted as before. This was indefinitely repeated. The residue is volatilized by heat, and dissolves in the acids without effervescence. CRYPTOLINE.-A second fluid was also distinguished in the same crystals that contaified the preceding, and often in the same cavities; yet they were not miscible, and remained distinct. On exposure it hardens speedily into a yellowish transparent resin-like substance, not volatilizable by heat, nor soluble in water or alcohol, but rapidly dissolving with effervescence in sulphuric acids. Nitric and muriatic acids also dissolve it. Refraction index nearly that of water. [See further Edinburgh Royal Trans. vol. x; also Am. J. Sci. xii, 214, 1827]. ELATERITE, HEausmann. Mineral Caoutchouc. Elastic bitumen. Elastisches Erdharz. Bitume elastique. In soft flexible masses. G.=0'9053 -1233, the Derbyshire variety. Lustre resinous. Color blackish-brown, of various shades. Subtranslucent; sometimes presents a brilliant dark orange-red color by transmitted light. Flexible or elastic. Com osition.-Analyses by Johnston, (Brewst. J. xiii, 22, 1838): Carbon, 85-474 84'385 83'671 Hydrogen, 13'283=98'757 12'576=96'961 12-535=96'206, showing that it is probably allied to ozocerite and hatchettine. M. Henry (Ann. des M. vii, 269) found 36'75 to 40'10 per cent. of oxygen in his analyses, and the constant loss in Johnston's is supposed by him to have been oxygen. Takes fire readily, and burns with a lively yellow flame, giving out a bituminous odor. This species was first observed in Derbyshire, at the forsaken lead mine of Odin, by Dr. Lister, in 1673, who called it a subterranean fungus. In 1797, it was accurately described by Hatchett, in the Linnwean Transactions, iv, 146. It has since been found in a coal mine at Montrelais, at the depth of 230 feet; and according to Hausmann, (Handbuch, iii, 273), it occurs at Neufchatel and on the island of Zante. A similar material has been met with at Woodbury, Ct. SCHEERERITE, Stromeyer. Monoclinic. In loosely aggregated crystalline grains and folia; also in minute acicular crystals, deposited in small cavities in coal. Soft. G.= —065, M/acaire Prinsep. Lustre pearly or resinous; feebly shining. Color whitish or gray. More or less translucent. Easily frangible. Tasteless. Inodorous. Feel not greasy. At 4T72 DESCRIPTIVE MINERALOGY. 1110 F., (44~ C.), according to M. Prinsep, it melts, and in the fused state resembles a fatty oil, and like it penetrates paper; these spots, however, may be removed by heat. On cooling, the mineral crystallizes in four-sided acicular crystals. Its boiling point is at 197T0 F. Composition.-According to Prinsep, (Pogg. Ann. xv, 294), Carbon 73, and hydrogen 24, nearly=C 12. It takes fire easily, and is completely consumed, giving out much smoke and a feeble aromatic odor. It was found by Capt. Scheerer, in the year 1822, in a bed of brown coal of tertiary age at Uznach, near St. Gallen, in Switzerland. Brancrhite, Savi, (Leonh. and Bronn, 1842, 459). A colorless translucent substance resembling Scheererite, from the brown coal of Mount Vaso in Tuscany. It fuses at 750 C. (167~ F.), but does not crystallize on cooling. G.=-100. It dissolves in alcohol. Tekoretin and Phylloretin, Forchammer, (J. f. pr. Ch. xx, 459). Resins from fossil wood in Denmark. Tekoretin is crystallized; it fuses at 450 C. Dissolves in ether, but little in alcohol, and consists of C 87'19, H 12'81 —C'0 l9. Phylloretin fuses at 860-87~ C. Dissolves easily in alcohol, and appears to have the constitution Cs H?. KiONLITE, Schritter, Pogg. Ann. lix, 37. Resembles Scheererite. In white crystalline folia and grains. Soft. G.=-0'88. Fuses at 114~ C., Kraus, 107~'5 C., Trommsdorff.' Very slightly soluble in cold alcohol, more so in hot, and still more so in ether. Composition.-C 92'429, H 7'571, Schrdtter-C2H. Kraus, (Pogg. xliii, 141), obtained C 92'49, H 17'42, specimen from Uznach; and Trommsdorff, (Ann. d. Pharm. xxi, 126), C 92'429, 11 75171, specimen from Redwitz. In brown coal at Uznach, and near Redwitz, Bavaria, in the Fitchelgebirge. FICHTELITE, Bromeis, Ann. der Pharm. xxxvi, 304. Schrotter, lix, 37. Resembles the preceding. Fuses readily at 460 C., and becomes crystalline on cooling. Slightly soluble in alcohol, easily so in ether. Composition.-C 83-9, H 11l-=C4 1S. Bromeis, (Ann. d. Ch. u. Pharm. xxxvii, 304), obtained carbon 89-3, hydrogen 1017. Occurs with K6nlite in the Fichtelgebirge. KONLEINITE, Kenyott, Min. Untersuch., ii, 111. In thin plates, consisting of an aggregate of crystalline scales. Crystals probably orthometric. Perfectly soluble in ether and alcohol; and the solution on the addition of water becomes white and opaque. The ether solution not changed by the addition of alcohol. Wholly soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid, little so in nitric. and not at all in muriatic acid. Partly soluble in ammonia and oil of turpentine. From the brown coal of Fossa, in the Eger valley. IESINS, ORGNIC COMPOUNDS. 473 HARTITE, Haidinger, Pogg. liv, 261. Monoclinic. Angle I: I of obh 609 lique rhombic prism about 100~, P: a =about 1200. Cleavage only in traces. H.=1. G.=-1'046. Lustre somewhat greasy. Color white. Translucent. Brittle. Composition. —C6 HI; Carbon 87'473, hydrogen 12'048, Schr6tter. Fuses at 1650 F., (740 C.), to a clear fluid, and at a high temperature distills. Dissolves easily in ether, less readily in alcohol, and crystallizes from each on evaporation. Hartite resembles wax. It is distinguished from Scheererite by its crystallization and the temperature of fusion, as well as action before the blowpipe, It occurs in brown coal at Oberhart in Austria.'HARTINE, Schritter, Pogg. Ann. 1843, liv, 46. Psathyrin, Glocker. Resembles Hartite. Massive, but crystallizes from a naphtha solution in needles of the trimetric system. Color white. Without taste or smell. Pulverizes in the fingers. Fuses at 2100 C., and distills at 260~ C. Composition.-C20 H1I7 02. C'7826, H 10'92, 0 10,82, Schr6tter. Little soluble in ether. From the brown coal of Oberhart, Austria. The Bogbutter of Williamson, (Butyrite, Glocker), from an Irish peat swamp, contains C'75'05, H 12'56, 0 1-2'39=C93H20'+O- HO. It fuses at 510 C., (1240 F.), and dissolves easily in alcohol. I.XOLYTE. Ixolyt, Haidinger, Pogg. lvi, 345. Amorphous. Occurs in bituminous coal. -I.=1. G.=1'008. Lustregreasy. Color hyacinth-red. Pulverized inthe fingers, it becomes ochre-yellow and yellowishbrown. Thin fragments subtranslucent. Fracture imperfect conchoidal in the purer varieties. Softens at 76 C., (1690 F.), but is still tenacious at 1000 C., (212~ F.)-whence the name, from ls65 and AvoJ, to dissolve. This species closely resembles the Hartite, but differs in the temperature of fusion and other characters. It occurs in a coal bed at Oberhart, near Gloggnitz. HATCHETTINE, Conybeare. Mineral Tallow. Crystallized and amorphous in thin lamina, like wax or spermaceti in consistency. G. at 60~F.=0'916. Lustre nacreous. Color white; black and opaque, after long exposure. Transparent. Feel greasy. 60 474 DESCRIPTIVE MINEERALOGY. Comjposition.-According to Johnston, (Phil. Mag. xii, 338), Carbon 85'910, hydrogen 14'624=100'634. Melts at 115~0 F., (460~ C.) eated cautiously it distills over without change. Sparingly dissolves in boiling alcohol, and precipitates again on cooling. Cold ether dissolves a small quantity, and hot ether more largely; the solution on cooling coagulates into a mass of minutely pearly fibres, from which the ether may be separated by agitation or compression. Occurs with the iron ores of the coal measures in Glamorganshire; also at Rossitz in Moravia; H.=-1; G.-=0892, Patera. A variety from Loch Fyne near Inverary, fuses at 1170 F., (417~ C.) Another allied mineral from Merthyr Tydvil, melts at 170~ F., (760 6, C.) OZOCERITE. Ozokerit. Erdwachs, Rarmm. Like a resinous wax in consistency and translucency; structure sometimes foliated. Color brown or brownish-yellow by transmitted light; leek-green by reflected light. Odor pleasant aromatic. G. =094-0'97. Composition.-According to Magnus, Ann. d. Ch. et de Ph. lv); Schr6tter, (Bib. Univ. 1836), and Johnston, (Phil. Mag. xii, 389, 1838): Moldavia. Moldavia. Urpeth. Hydrogen, 15-15 13'787 14'06 Carbon, 85'75=100.90, M. 86-204-99-991, S. 86'80=100-86, J. Fuses at 620 C., (1440 F.), Schritter, 840 C., (1830 F.), Malaguti, and boils at 2100 C., Schrdtter, 3000 C., Malaguti. According to Johnston a variety from Urpeth near Newcastle, fuses at 600 C., (1400 F.), and boils at 1210 C. Distills without apparent decomposition. No change in the strong acids, and very little in hot concentrated alcohol. The Moldavia ozocerite dissolves but slightly in ether, while that from Urpeth dissolves about four-fifths of the whole, which it deposits, on evaporation, in brown flocks, that melt at 1020 F. to a yellowish-brown liquid. Three or four substances are supposed to be here included. Ozocerite was discovered by Meyer in a sandstone in Moldavia, in the vicinity of coal and rock salt. It also occurs in Austria at Gresten near Gaming, and at Truskawiez in Galicia, (a variety fusing at 590 C., and boiling at 3000 C.); also at the Urpeth colliery, Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. CHRISMATINE, Germar. Leonh. u. Bronn's Jahrb. 1851, 353. Color oil-green to yellowish. Shining. Translucent to semitranslucent. Unchanged at 68 to 780 F., but softens at 55 to 60~ R. Burns with flame without smell. Near Ozocerite. From a red argillaceous sandstone of the coal formation at Wettin near Halle. DOPPLERITE. In thin plates or massive. When fresh, brownish-black, with a dull brown streak and greasy subvitreous lustre; and when in thin plates, reddish-brown by transmitted light. G.=1'089. Becomes elastic on exposure to the light. Composition.-C' H' O0. According to Schrotter, a homogeneous peaty substance from whose cellulose, two parts of water are removed. Analysis by Schr6tter, (Wien. Acad. Ber. 1849, 285): C 51'63 H 5'34 0 43'03. RESINS, ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 475 Heated to 1000 C., loses 78'5 per cent. of water. It resembles a black pitch. On heating the fresh mineral with potash, ammonia is given off. Near Aussee, in Styria, in peat. The species is named after M. Doppler. DINITE, Meneghini, Gaz. Med. Italiana, Firenze, Toscana, July, 1852. An aggregation or druse of crystals. Cleavage none. IIas the, appearance of ice, with a yellow tinge due to a foreign substance. Inodorous. Tasteless. Fragile, and easily reduced to powder. Insoluble in water; little soluble in alcohol, very soluble in ether, and in sulphuret of carbon. The ethereal solution on standing deposits large crystals of the dinite. Fuses with the warmth of the hand; heated in a close vessel distills over without undergoing any sensible decomposition. When melted it looks like a yellowish oil; crystallizes in large transparent crystals on cooling. From a lignite deposit, at Lunigiana, Tuscany, where it was found by Prof. Dini. MELLITE, H. Mellilite. Honey Stone. Mellate of Alumina. Honigstein, Werner. Dimetric; octahedral. Pyramidal edge=118~ 4', and basal edge 93~ 22', Haiiy; \the latter 93~ 1', Breithaupt; 93~ 6', Kupffer. In short octahedrons, and also with the terminal or lateral solid angles or edges truncated. Cleavage octahedral, very indistinct. Also in massive nodules. H.=2-2-i. G.=1'55 —165; 1'636 —1'642, Kenngott. Lustre resinous, inclining to vitreous. Streak white. Color honey-yellow, often reddish or brownish; rarely white. Transparenttranslucent. Fracture conchoidal. Sectile. Composition.-A-l M'3+l18=Alumina 14'32, mellic acid 40'53, water 45'15. Analyses: 1, Klaproth, (Beit. iii, 114); 2, WBhler, (Pogg. vii, 325): Alumina, 16 14 5 Mellic acid, 46 41,4 Water, 38-100 K. 44-1=100, W. Whitens in the flame of a candle, but does not take fire. Dissolves in nitric acid; decomposed by boiling water. In a matrass yields water. Occurs in brown coal at Arten in Thuringia; at Luschitz near Bilin in Bohemia; near Walchow in Moravia. SUP PLEIM EN T. CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN LOCALITIES OF MINERALS. THE following catalogue may aid the mineralogical tourist in selecting his routes and arranging the plan of his journey. Only important localities, affording cabinet specimens, are in general included. The list is an abstract of the fuller information with regard to localities, scattered through the Descriptive part of this Treatise. For the facts included, the country is especially indebted to the Reports of Prof. Shepard of the Connecticut survey, Profs. Beck, Emmons, and Mather, Messrs. Vanuxem and Hall of New York, Prof. Hitchcock of the Massachusetts; Dr. Jackson of the Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island surveys, Prof. H. D. Rogers of the New Jersey, Prof. W. B. Rogers of the Virginia survey, Profs. Troost and Houghton, and Mr. Owen of the Western States, Prof. C. B. Adams of the Vermont survey, Prof. M. Tuomey of the South Carolina, Messrs. Foster and Whitney of the Lake Superior Region: some distinguished names among the State Geologists are here omitted, as their regions were not mineral regions. The American Journal of Science and Arts, and the Transactions of the various scientific societies of the country, have also contributed essentially to this part of the work: and among the names in these Journals conspicuous in this department, in addition to the above enumerated, I would especially mention Messrs A. Bruce, P. Cleaveland, B. Silliman, W. Meade, G. Gibbs, C. Dewey, J. F. Dana, F. Hall, T. Nutall, H.. H. Hayden, J. G. Percival, G. T. Bowen, D. Olmsted, H. Seybert, C. U. Shepard, S. Fowler, T. G. Clemson, J. Delafield., J. Torrey, J. E. Teschemacher, C. B. Hayden, D. D. Owen of Indiana, G. Troost of Tennessee, O. P. Hubbard, B. Silliman, Jr., J. C. Booth, P. P. Tyson, J. Finch, J. B. Crawe, J. Johnson, G. W. Benedict, J. Gebhard, J. D. Whitney, and W. B. Hough. The author would also acknowledge here his indebtedness for many private communications in this department, especially from Prof. B. Silliman, Jr., Messrs. J. E. Teschemacher, and C. T. Jackson, Boston; Thomas F. Seal and Wm. S. Vaux, Philadelphia; L. White Williams, of Westchester, Pa.; Hon. T. L. Clingman, of North Carolina; D. Dale Owen and J. G. Norwood, of Indiana; Dr. F. A. Genth of Philadelphia, J. D. Whitney, and W. P. Blake. The Pennsylvania list is largely prepared from information furnished the author, mostly by Messrs. Williams and Seal; the Minesota and Wisconsin, through contributions by Messrs. Owen and Norwood; the North Carolina, from manuscript catalogues received from the Hon. Mr. Clingman and Dr. Genth. In the catalogue, the names of those minerals which are obtained in good specimens in the several localities, are distinguished by italics. When the specimens are remarkably good, an exclamation mark (!) is added, or two of these marks (! I) when the specimens are quite unique. The more exact position of localities may in most instances be ascertained by reference to the descriptions of the species in the preceding part of the Treatise. AMERTICAN LOCALITIES. 477 MAINE. MT. ABRAHAM.-Andalusite, staurotide. ALBANY.-Beryl! green and black tourmaline, feldspar, rose quartz. ALBIoN. —Iron pyrites. AROOSTOOK.-Red HIematite. BINosAM. —Massive pyrites, galena, blende, andalusite. BLUE HILL BAY.-Arsenical iron, molybdenite! galena, apatite! fluor spar! black tourmaline, (Long Cove), black oxyd of manganese, (Osgood's farm), rhodonite, bog manganese, wolfram. BowDoINaIAM. —Beryl, molybdenite. BRUNSWICK.- Green mica, garnet! black tourmaline! molybdenite. BUcKFIELD.-Garnet, (estates of Waterman and Lowe), iron ore. CAMDAGE FARM. —(Near the tide mills), molybdenite, (wolfram). CAMDEN.-Macle. CARMEL) (Penobscot Co.) —Gray Antimony. CORINNA.-Iron pyrites, arsenical pyrites. DEER IsLE. —Serpentine, verd antique, abestus, diallage. DExTER. —Galena, pyrites, blende, copper pyrites, green talc. DIxFIELD.-Native copperas, graphite. FARMINGTON.-(Norton's ledge), pyrites, graphite, bog ore. GEORGETOWN.-(Parker's island), beryl! black tourmaline. GREENWOOD.-Graphite, black manganese. HARTWELL.-Staurotide. LENOX.-Galena, pyromorphite. LEwIsTON.-Garnet. LITCHFIELD.-Sodalite, cancrinite, nepheline, zircon. LUBEC LEAD MINEs. —Galena, copper pyrites, blende, pyromorphite, an ore of bismuth. MADRID.-Gold. NEWFIELD, (Bond's Mt.)-Mispickel, olive phosphate of iron in botryoidal masses. PARIS.-Green! red! black, and blue tourmaline! mica! lepidolite! feldspar, albite, quartz crystals! rose quartz, blende. PARSONSFIELD.-Idocrase! yellow garnet, pargasite, adularia, scapolite, galena,blende, copper pyrites. PERRY.-Prehnite and calc spar, (above Loring's cove), quartz crystal, calc spar, analcime, apophyllite, agate, (Gin Cove). PERU.- Crystallized pyrites. PnIPSBURG. —Yellow garnet! manganesian garnet, idocrase, pargasite, axinite, lauzmonite! chabazite, an ore of cerium? POLAND.-Idocrase. RAYMOND.-Ma-agnetic iron, scapolite, pyroxene, lepidolite, tremolite, hornblende. RuMFORD.- Yellow garnet, idocrase, pyroxene, apatite, scapolite, graphite. SANFORD, York Co. —Idocrase! albite, calc spar, molybdenite, epidote. SEARSMONT. —Andalusite. STREAKED MOUNTAIN. —Beryl! black tourmaline, mica, garnet. TwoMAsToN.-Calc spar, tremolite, hornblende, sphene, arsenical iron, (Owl's head), black manganese, (Dodge's mountain). WARREN. —Galena, blende. WATERVILLE.- Crystallized pyrites. WINDHAM, (near the bridge). —Staurotide, spodumene, garnet. WooDsTocK, (New Brunswick). —Graphite, specular iron. NEW HAMPSHIRE. AcwoRTH.-Beryl! mica! tourmaline, feldspar, albite, rose quartz, columbite! ALSTEAD.-Mica!I albite, black tourmaline. AMHERST.-Idocrase I yellow garnet, pargasite, cale spar. BARTLETT.-Magnetic iron, specular iron, brown iron ore in large veins near Jackson, (on "Bald face mountain"), quartz crystals, smoky quartz. 478 SUPPLEMENT. BATH.-Galena, copper pyrites. BELLOWS FALLS.-Kyanite, wavellite, near Saxton's river. BENTON.- Quartz crystals. CAMPTON.-Beryl I CANAAN.-Gold in pyrites. CHARLESTOWN.-Staurotide macle, andalusite macle, bog iron ore. CoRNisH. —Gray antimony, antimonial argentiferous gray copper, rutile in quartz! (rare). EATON, (3 m S. of). —Galena, blende! copper pyrites, limonite, (Six Mile Pond). FRANCESTON.-Soapstone, arsenical pyrites. FRANCONIA. —Hornblende, staurotide I epidote! zoisite, specular iron, magnetic iron. black and red manganesian garnets: mispickel! (JDanaite), copper pyrites, molybdenite, prehnite; specimens now hardly obtainable. GILFOnD.-(Gunstock Mt.)-Magnetic iron ore, native " lodestone." GOSHEN. —Graphite, black tourmaline. GRAFTON.-Mica I (extensively quarried at Glass Hill, 2 m. S. of Orange Summit) albite I asparagus stone, blue, green, and yellow beryls! (1 m. S. of O. Summit), tourmaline, garnets. GRANTRAM.-Gray staurotide! HANOVER.- Garnet, a boulder of quartz containing rutile! black tourmaline, quartz. HAVERHILL.-Garnet! arsenical pyrites, native arsenic, galena, blende, iron and copper pyrites, magnetic and white iron pyrites. HILLSBORO', (Campbell's mountain). —Graphite. HILLSDALE. —Rhodonite, black oxyd of manganese. JAcKsoN. —Drusy quartz, tin ore, arsenical pyrites, native arsenic, fluor spar, apatite, magnetic iron ore, molybdenite, wolfram, copper pyrites, arsenate of iron. JAFFREY.-(Monadnock Mt. ) —Kyanite. KEENE. —Gra phite, soapstone, milky quartz. LANDAFF. —Molybdenite, lead and iron ores. LEBANON. —Bog iron ore. LISBON.-Staurotide, black and red garnets, granular magnetic iron ore, hornblende, epidote, zoisite, specular iron. LYME.-Kyanite, (N. W. part), black tourmaline, rutile, iron pyrites, copper pyrites, (E. of E. village), sutlphuret of antimony. MERRIMACR.-Rutile! (in gneiss nodules in granite vein). MOULTONBOROUGH, (Red Hill).-Hfornblende, bog ore, pyrites, tourmaline. NEWPORT. —Molybdenite. ORANGE.-Blue beryls! Orange Summit, chrysoberyl, mica, (w. side of mountain.) ORFORD.-Brown tourmaline (now obtained with difficulty), steatite, ruetile, kyanite, brown iron ore, native copper, green malachite, galena. PELHAM. —Steatite. PIERMoNT. —Micaceous iron, heavy svpar, green, white, and brown mica, apatite. PLYMOUTE[. —Columbite, beryl. RIcuomND.-Iolite! rutile, steatite, iron pyrites. SADDLEBACK MT. —Black tourmaline, garnet, spinel. SHELBURNE. —Argetiferous galena, black blende, copper pyrites, iron pyrites, manganese. SPRInGcIELD. —Beryls, (very large, eight inches diameter,) manganesian garnets I in mica slate, albite mica. SULLIVAN. —Tvurmalines, (black), in quartz, beryl? SuRREY.-Amethyst, calcite. SWANZEY, (near Keene). —Magnetic iron, (in masses in granite). TAMWORTH, (near White Pond).-Galena. UNITY, (estate of James Neal). — Copper and iron pyrites, chlorophyllite, green mica, magnetic iron, radiated actinolite, garnet, titaniferous iron ore, magnetic iron ore. WALPOLE, (near Bellows Falls). —Macle. WARREN —Copper pyrites, blende, epidote, quartz, iron pyrites, tremolite! galena, rutile, tale, molybdenite. WESTMORELAND, (South part). —Molybdenite I apatite! blue feldspar, bog manganese, (north village), quartz, fluor spar, copper pyrites, oxyd of molybdenum and uranium. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 479 WHITE MTS., (notch behind " old Crawford's house"). —Green octahedral fluor, quartz crystals, black tourmaline, chiastolite. WILMOT. —Beryl. WINCHssETE. —Pyrolusite, diallogite, psilomelane, magnetic iron ore, granular quartz. VERMONT. ADDISON. —Iron sand. ALBURGH. —Quartz crystals on calc spar, iron pyrites. ATHENs.-Steatite, rhomb spar, actinolite. BARNET. —Graphite. BELVIDERE. —Steatite, chlorite. BENNINGCTON. —Pyrolusite, brown iron ore, pipe clay, yellow ochre. BETaEL. —Actinolite! talc, chlorite, octahedral iron, rsutile, brown spar in steatite. BaRANDo N.-Braunite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, limonite, lignite, white clay, statuary marble; fossil fruits in the lignite. BRATTLEBOROUGH. —Black tourmaline in quartz. BRIDGEWATER. —Talc, dolomite, magnetic iron, steatite, chlorite, gold, native copper, blende, galena, blue spinel, copper pyrites. BRIsToL. —Rutile, brown hematite, manganese ores. BROOKFIELD. —Mispiclkel, iron pyrites. CABoT. —Garnets, staurotide, hornblende, albite. CASTLETON. —-_OOfin7 slate. CAVENDISI. —Garnet, serpentine. CHESTER. —Asbestus. CRITTENDEN. —Psilomelane, pyrolusite, brown iron ore, specular and magnetic iron, galena. COLCHESTER.-Brown iron ore, iron sand, jasper, alum. CoRINTHI —Oopperpyrites, (has been mined); magnetic iron pyrites. COVENTRY. —Manganese spar. CRAFTssBRY. —Mica in concentric balls. DUMMERSTON.-Rutile. FLETCHER. —Pyrites, octahedral iron, acicular tourmaline. GRAFTON. —The steatite quarry referred to Grafton is properly in Athens. GUILFOan-. —Scapolite. HARTFORD. —Calcite, pyrites! kyanite in mica slate. IRASBURG. —- Rhodonite, psilomelane. JAY. —Chromic iron, serpentine, picrosmine, amianthus. LOWELL. —Picrosmine, amianthus. MARLBORO. —RhOmb spar, steatite, garnet, magnetic iron. MENDON.-Octahedral Iron Ore. MIDDLEBURY.-Zircon. MIDDLESExx.-Rutile! (exhausted). MoNKTON.-Pyrolusite, brown iron ore. MORETOWN.-Smoky quartz! steatite, talc, wad, rutile. MoRRISTOWN.-Argentiferous galena. MOUNT HOLLY.-Asbestus, chlorite. NEW FANE.-Glassy and abestiform actinolite, steatite, green quartz, (called chrysophrase at the locality), chalcedony, drusy quartz, garnet, chromic iron, rhomb spar. NorawcIH.-Actinolite,feldspar, brown spar in talc. PrTTSFORD. —Brown iron ore, manganese ores. PLYMouTI —Spathic iron, magnetic and specular iron, both in octahedral crystals. PLYMPTON.-Massive hornblende. PUTNEY.-Fluor, brown iron ore, rutile, and zoisite in boulders. READING.-Glassy actinolite in talc. READsBORO'.-Glassy actinolite, steatite. RrPToN.-Brown iron ore, augite in boulders, octahedral iron pyrites. RocIHESTER.-Rutile, specular iron cryst., magnetic iron, in chlorite state. RoxBuaRY. —Dolomite, talc, serpentine, asbestus. SALISBURY.-Brown iron ore. SaRnoN. —Quartz crystals, kyanite. 480 SUPPLEMENT.S SaOREEAM. —Iron pyrites. SHREWSBURY.-Magnetic iron and copper pyrites. SOEaRSET.-Magnetic iron, native gold. STAFFORD.-Magnetic iron and copper pyrites, (has been worked), native copper, hornblende. STARKSBORO'. —Brown iron ore. STIRLING.-Copper pyrites, talc, serpentine. STocBRIDGE. —Mispickel, magnetic iron ore. THETFORD.-Blende, galena, kyanite; chrysolite in basalt. TROY. —Malgnetic iron, talc, serpentine, picrosmine, amianthus, steatite, one mile southeast of village of South Troy, on the farm of Mr. Pierce, east side of Missisco, chromic iron. WARREN.-Actinolite, magnetic iron ore, wad. WATERBURY. —Mispickel, copper pyrites, rutile, quartz. WATERVILLE.-Steatite, actinolite, talc. WELLS RIvER.-Graphite. WESTFIELD.-Steatite, chromic iron, serpentine. WESTMINSTER. —Zoisite in boulders. WARDSBORO'.-Zoisite. WINDHAM. —Glassy actinolite, steatite. WOODBURY. -Massive pyrites. WooDsTOCK. —Quartz crystals. MASSACHUSETTS. ALroRD.-Galena, iron pyrites. ATHOL.-Allanite, fibrolite, (?) epidote! babingtonite. AUBURN.-Masonite. BARRE.-Rutile! mica, pyrites, beryl, feldspar, garnet. GREAT BARRINGTON.-Tremolite. BEDFORD..-Garnet. BELCHIERTOWN.-Allanite. BERNARDSTON.-Magnetic oxyd of iron. BEVERLY.-Polymignyte, columbite, green feldspar, tin ore. BLANFORD.-Almarmolite, schiller spar, serpentine, anthophyllite, actinolite! chromic iron, kyanite, rose quartz in boulders. BoLTON.-Scajpolite / petalite, sphene, pyroxene, nuttalite, diopside, boltonite, petalite, apatite, magnesite, rhomb spar, allanite, yttrocerite, cerium ochre, (on the scapolite), spinel. BoxnoRouaG.-Scapolite, spinel, garnet, augite, actinolite, apatite. BRIGsHTON.-Asbestus. BRIMFIELD, (road leading to Warren).-Iolite, adularia, molybdenite, mica, garnet. CARLISLE.-Tourmaline, garnet! scapolite, actinolite. CHARLESTOWN.-Prehnite, laumonite, stilbite, chabazite, quartz crystals. CHELMSFORD. —Scapolite, chondrodite, blue spinel, amianthus! rose quartz. CaEsTER.-Hornblende, scapolite, zoisite, spodumene, indicolite, apatite —magnetic iron and chromic iron, (west part) —stilbite, heulandite, analcime and chabazite. CESTERFIELD. —Blue, green, and red tourmaline, cleavelandite, (albite), lithia mica, smoky quartz, microlite, spodumene, kyanite, apatite, rose beryl, garnet, quartz crystals, staurotide, tin ore, columbite, erubescite, zoisite, uranite, brookite (eumanite). CoNWAY.-Pyrolusite, fluor spar, zoisite, rutile! native alum, galena. CUMMINGTON.-Rhodonite! cummingtonite (hornblende), white iron pyrites, garnet. DEDHAM.-Asbestus, galena. DEERFIELD.-Chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, agate. FITCHBURG, (Pearl Eill).-Beryl, staurotide! garnets, molybdenite. FononoaOUGn.-Iron pyrites, anthracite. FRANKLIN.-Amethyst. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 481 GOSHEN. —Lithia mica, albite, spodumene! blue and green tourmaline, beryl, zoisite, smoky quartz, columbite, tin ore, galena.; GREENFIELD, (in sandstone quarry, half mile east of village).-Allophane, white and greenish. HATFIELD.-Heavy Spar, yellow quartz crystals, galena, blende, copper pyrites. HAWLEv. —Micaceous iron, massive pyrites, magnetic iron, zoisite. HEATH.-Pyrites, zoisite. HINSDALE. -Brown iron ore, apatite, zoisite. HUBBARDSTON.-Massive pyrites. LANCASTER. — Kyanite, chiastolite! apatite, staurotide, pinite, andalusite. LEE. —Trenolite! sphene! (east part). LENox.-Brown hematite, gibbsite, (?) LEvYERETT. —Heavy spar, galena, blende, copper pyrites. LEYDEN.-Zoisi te, 1ru-tile. LITTLETON.-Spinel, scapolite, apatite. LYNNFIELD.-Magnesite on serpentine. MARTHA'S VINEYARD.-Brown iron ore, amber, selenite, radiated pyrites. MENDON. —Mica! chlorite. MIDDLEFIELD. —Glassy actinolite, rhomb spar, steatite, serpentine, feldspar, drusy quartz, apatite, zoisite, nacrite, chalcedony, talc! MILBURY.- Vermiculite. MoNTAGUE.-Specular iron. NEwBURY.-Serpentine, chrysolite, epidote, massive garnet, carbonate of iron. NEWBuRYProRT.-Sepentine, nemalite, uranite. NE-w BRAINTREE.-Black tourmaline. NoRwicu.-Apatite! black tourmaline, beryl, spodumene! triphyline (alte red) blende, quartz crystals. PALMER, (Three Rivers).-Feldspar, prehnite, calc spar. PELHAM.-Asbestus, serpentine, quartz crystals, beryl, molybdenite, green hornstone. PLAINFIELD.- Cummingtonite, pyrolusite, rhodonite. RICHMOND.-B9rown iron ore, gibbsite! RowE.-Epidote, talc. SOUTH RoYALSTON.-Beryl!! (now obtained with great difficulty), mica! feldspar! ilmenite, allanite. Four miles beyond old loc., on farm of Solomon Heywood, mica! beryl! feldspar! RussEL.-Schiller spar (diallage?) mica, serpentine, beryl, galena, copper pyrites. SAUGUS.-Porphyry. SHEFFIELD.-Asbestus, pyrites, native alum, pyrolusite. SHELBURNE.-Rutile. S5IUTESBURY, (east of Locke's Pond). —Molybdenite. SOUTIAMrTON. — alena, white lead ore, anglesite, molybdate of lead, fluor, heavy spar, copper and iron pyrites, blende, corneous lead, pyromorphite. STERLING.-Spodumene, chiastolite, spathic iron, mispickel, blende, galena, iron and copper pyrites. STONEHIAM.-NVephrite. STURBRIDGE.- Graphite, garnet, apatite, bog ore. TAUNTON, (one mile south).-Paracolumbite. TuRNER's FALLS, (Conn. River.)-Copper pyrites, prehnite, chlorite, chlorophaczite, spathic iron, green malachite, magnetic iron sand, anthracite. TYaINGHAM.-Pyroxene, scapolite. UxBRIun;.-Argentiferous galena. WARwIcK.-Massive garnet, black tourmaline, magnetic iron, beryl, epidote. WASsINGTON.- Graphite. WESTFIELD.-Schiller spar, (diallage), serpentine, steatite, kyanite, scapolite, actinolite. WESTFORD.-Andalusite! WEST HAMPTON.-Galena, argentine, pseudomorphous quartz. WEST SPRINGFIELD.-Prehnite, ankerite, satin spar, celestine, bituminous coal. WEST STOCKBRIDGE.-Hematite, fibrous pyrolusite, spathic iron. WHATELY.-Nateive copper, galena. WILLIAMSBURG.-Zoisite, pseudomorphous quartz, apatite, rose and smoky quartz, galena, pyrolusite, copper pyrites. 61 482 SUPPLEMENT. WILLIAMSTOWN.- Cryst. quartz. WINDSOR.-Zoisite, actinolite, rutile! WonCESTER. —Mispickel, idocrase, pyroxene, garnet, amianthus, bucholzite, spathic iron, galena. WORTHINGTON. —Kyanite. ZoAR —Bitter spar, talc. RHODE ISLAND; BRISToL.-Amethyst. CRANSTON. —Actinolite in talc. CUMBERLAND.-Manganese, epidote, actinolite, garnet, titaniferous iron, magnetic iron, red hematite, copper pyrites. FOSTERz.-Kyanite. JOHNSON.-Talc, brown spar. NEWPORT.-Serpentine. PoRTSMOUTH.-Anthracite, graphite, asbestus, iron pyrites. SMITHnFIELD. — Dolomite, calc spar, bitter spar, nacrite, serpentine (bowenite), tremolite, asbestus, quartz, magnetic iron in chlorite slate, talc!! WARWIcK, (Natic village). —Masonite, garnets, graphite. WESTERLY.-Ilmenite. CONNECTICUT. BERLIN.-Heavy spar, datholite, blende, quartz crystals. BOLTON. -Staurotide, copper pyrites. BRADLEYVILLE, (Litchfield).-Laumontite. BnISTOL.-Copper glance, copper pyrites, heavy spar, erubescite. talc, allophane, pyromorphite. BROOFIELD. -Galena, calamine, blende, spodumene, magnetic pyrites. CANAAN.-Tremolite and augite! in dolomite. CHATHAM.-Mispickel, smaltine, chloanthite (chathamite), scorodite, copper nickel, beryl. CHESUIiRE.-HEeavy spar! copper glance cryst., erubescite, green malachite, kaolin, natrolite, prehnite, chabazite, datholite. CHrESTER.-Sillimanite 1 zircon, epidote. CORNWALL, near the Housatonic.- Graphite, pyroxene. DANBURY.-Danburite, oligoclase, moonstone, brown tourmaline. FARMINGTON.-Prehnite, chabazite! agate, native copper. GRANBY.-Green malachite. GREENNWIc.-Blaqk tourmaline. HADDAM.-Chrysoberyl! beryl! epidote! tourmaline / feldspar, anthophyllite, garnet! iolite! oligoclase, chlorophyllite! automolite, magnetic iron, adularia, apatite, columbite! zircon (calyptolite), mica, white and yellow iron pyrites, molybdernite, allanite, bismuth, bismuth ochre. HADLYME.- Chabazite and stilbite in gneiss, with epidote and garnet. HAARTFORD. —Datholite, (Rocky Hill quarry.) KENT.-Brown iron ore, pyrolusite, ochrey iron ore. LITcHFIELD. —Kyanite with' corundum, apatite and andalusite, ilmenite, (washingtonite), copper pyrites. LYME.-Garnet, sunstone. MERIDEN.-Datholite. MIDDLEFIELD FALLs.-Datholite, chlorite, &c., in amygdaloid. MIDDLErTOWN.-Miea, lepidolite with green and red tourmaline, albite, feldspar,.columbite! prehnite, garnet, beryl, topaz, uranite, apatite, pitchblende; at lead mine,.::galea, copper pyrites, blende, quartz, calcite, fluor, iron pyrites, sometimes capillary. MILFORD.-Sahlite, pyroxene, asbestus, zoisite, verd-antique marble, pyrites. NEW HAVEN.-Serpentine, asbestus, chromic iron, sahlite, stilbite, prehnite. NOaWICH.-Sillimanite, monazite! zircon, iolite, corundum, feldspar. O-xFoRD, near Humphreysville. —Kyanite, copper pyrites. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 483 PLYMovTH.-Galena, heulandite,.fluor. ROARING BROOK, (Cheshire). —Datholite! calc spar, prehnite, saponite. READING, (near the line of Danbury).-Pyroxene, garnet. RoxvBURY.-Massive spathic iron, blende. SALISBURY.-Brown iron ore, ochery iron, pyrolusite, triplite. SAYBROOK. — Colybdenite, stilbite, plumbago. SIMSBURY.- -opper glance, green malachite. SOUTHBURY.-Rose quartz, laumontite, prehnite, calc spar, heavy spar. SOUTHINGTON.-Heavy spar, datholite, asteriated quartz crystals. STAFFORD.-Massive pyrites. SToNINGTON.-Stilbite and chabazite on gneiss. THATCIERSVILLE, (near Bridgeport).-Stilbite on gneiss, babingtonite? ToLLAND.-Staurotide, massive pyrites. TRUMBULL and MoNRoE.-OChlorophane, topaz, beryl, diaspore, magnetic pyrites, iron pyrites, tungstate of lime, wolfram, (pseudomorph of tungsten), rutile, native bismuth, tungstic acid, spathic iron, mispickel, argentiferous galena, blende, scapolite, tourmaline, garnet, albite, augite, graphic tellurium, (?) margarodite. WASHINGTON.-Triplite, ilmenite I (Washingtonite of Shepard), diallogite, natrolite, andalusite (New Preston), kyanite. WATERTOWN, near the Naugatuck. —White sahlite, monazite. WEST FARMS.-Asbestus. WINCHESTER and WILTON.-Asbestus, garnet. NEW YORK. ALBANY CO.-C-OEYMAN'S LANDING.-Epsom salt. GUILDERLAND.-Petrolezm. WATERVLIET. —Quartz crystals. ALLEGANY CO.-CUBA.-Petroleum. CATTARAUGUS CO. —FEEDOM.-Petroleum. CAYUGA CO.-AUBURN.-Fluor, epsom salt. CAYUGA LAE. — Sulphur. LUDLowvILLE..-Epsom salt. SPRINGvILLE.-Nitrogen springs. CHATAUQUE CO. —FREDoNIA. —Petroleum, carburetted hydrogen. LAoNA. —Petroleum. COLUMBIA CO. —ANCRAM LEAD MINE. —Galena, blende, copper pyrites, heavy spar. AUSTERL1TZ.-Earthy manganese, molybdate of lead, copper mica. HDsoN. —Selenite I LEBANON.-Nitrogen spring. DUCHESS CO. —DovEn.-Garnet (Foss ore bed). FIHKILL. —Graphite, green actinolite! talc, hydrous anthophyllite. RHINEBECK. —Granular epidote. UNION VALE. —ibbsite, (at Clove mine). AMENIA. —Brown hematite. ESSEX CO. —ALExANDRIA. —Kirby's graphite mine, grapFhte, pyroxene, scapolite; sphene. CROWN PoINT.-Apatite, (eupyrchroite of Emmoons), brown tourrmaline!tin the apatite, chlorite, quartz crystals, pink and blue calcite, pyrites; a short distance south of J. C. Hammond's house, garnet, scapolite, copper pyrites, aventurine feldspar, zircon; magnetic iron (Peru). LEwIs.-Tabular spar, colophonite, garnet, labradorite. LONG PoND. —Apatite, garnet, pyroxene, idocrase, coccolitef! scapolite, magnetic iron ore, blue calc spar. 484 SUPPLEMIENT. McINTYRE. —Labradorite, garnet, magnetic iron ore. MORIAH, at Sandford Ore Bed. —Magnetic iron, apatite, allanite! actinolite, and feldspar; at Fisher Ore Bed, magnetic iron, feldspar, quartz; at Hall Ore Bed, or' New Ore Bed," magnetite, zircons. NEwcorBs.-Labradorite, feldspar. PORT HENRY.-Brown tourmaline, mica, rose quartz, serpentine, green and black pyroxene, hornblende, cryst. pyrites, magnetic pyrites, adularia. Phlogopite! at Cheever Ore Bed, with magnetite and serpentine. ROGER's RooK. —Graphite, tabular spar, garnet, colophonite, feldspar, adularia, pyroxene, sphene, coccolite. ScHRooN. —Galc spar, pyroxene, chondrodite. TIcoNDEROoA.- Graphite, pyroxene, sahlite, sphene, black tourmaline, cacoxene (Mt. Defiance). WEsTPORT.-Labradorite, prehnite. WILLSBoao.-Tabular spar, colophonite, garnet, green coccolite, hornblende. FRANKLIN CO.-CHIIATEAUGAY.-Nitrogen springs. MALoNE.-Aiassive pyrites, magnetic iron ore. GENESEE CO.-Acid springs containing sulphuric acid. GREENE CO.-CATSKILL.-C- al spar. DIAMOND HILL.-Quartz crystals. HERKIMER CO.-LITTLE FALLS. - Quartz crystals, heavy spar, calc spar, anthracite. MIDDLEVILLE.-Quartz crystals! calc spar, brown and pearl spar. SALISBURY.- Quartz crystals! blende, galena, iron and copper pyrites. STARE. —Fibrous celestine, gypsum. JEFFERSON CO.-ALExANDRIA. —IHornblende, orthoclase, tourmaline, celestine. ADAns. —Fluor, calc tufa, barytes. ANTWERP. —Stirling iron mine, specular iron, chalcodite, spathic iron, millerite, nickeliferous iron pyrites, quartz crystals, pyrites; at Oxbow, cale spar! porous coralloidal heavy spar; near Vrooman's lake, calec spar! idocrase, phlogopite! pyroxene, sphene, fluor, calcite, pyrites, copper pyrites; also feldspar, bog iron ore, scapolite, (farm of David Eggleson), serpentine, tourmaline (yellow, rare). HIGH ISLAND, (in the St. Lawrence).-Tourmaline. PAMELIA. —Agaric mingeral, calc tufa. PILLAR POINT. —IMassive heavy spar (exhausted). THERESA.-Fluor, calcite, specular iron ore, hornblende, quartz crystals, serpentine, (associated with the specular iron), celestine, strontianite; the Muscolonge lake locality of fluor is exhausted. WATERTOWN.-Tremolite, agaric mineral, calc tufa, celestine. [This county adjoins St. Lawrence Co., and the localities of Rossie, Hammond, and Gouverneur, near Oxbow, are in the latter county.] LEWIS CO.-DIANA, (localities mostly near junction of crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and within two miles of Natural Bridge). Scapolite! tabular spar, green coccolite, feldspar, tremolite, black pyroxene, sphene, mica, quartz crystals, drusy quartz, cryst. pyrites, magnetic pyrites, blue calc spar, serpentine, rensselaerite, zircon, graphite, chlorite, specular iron, bog iron ore, iron sand. GREIG.-Magnetic iron ore, pyrites. LOWVILLE. —Galc spar, fluor spar, pyrites, galena, blende, calc tufa. MARTINSBURGH.-Wad, galena, etc., but mine not now opened. WATSON, BREMEN.-Bog iron ore. MONROE CO. —RocHESTER.-Pearl spar, calc spar, snowy gypsum, fluor, celestine, galena, blende. MONTGOMERY CO.-RooT.-Pearl spar, drusy quartz, blende. PALATINE. —Quartz crystals, drusy quartz. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 485 NEW YORK CO. —CORLAER'S HooI. —Apatite. KINGSBRIDGE.-Tremnolite, pyroxene, mica, tourmaline, pyrites, rutile. HARLE., —Epidote, apophyllite, stilbite, tourmaline, vivianite, lamellar feldspar, mica. NEW YORKI.-Serpentine, amianthus, actinolite, talc, pyroxene, hydrous anthophyllite, garnet, staurotide, molybdenite, graphite. NIAGARA CO.-LEwISTON.-Epso m salt. LOCKPORT. — Celestine, cale spar, selenite, anhydrite, fluor, pearl spar, blende. NTAGARA FALLS.-Calc spar, fluor, blende. ONEIDA CO.-BOONVILLE.-Calc spar, tabular spar, coccolite. CLINTON.-Blende, lenticular argillaceous iron ore; in rocks of the Clinton Group, strontianite, celestine, the former covering the latter. ONONDAGA CO.-CAMIn.LLUS.-Selenite and fibrous gypsum. MANLIUS.-Gypsum and fluor. SaYRACusE. —Serpentine, celestine. ORANGE CO.-CCoRNwALL. —Zircon, chondrodite, hornblende, spinel, massivefeldspar, fibrous epidote, hudsonite, ilmenite, serpentine, boltonite. DEER PARK. —Cryst. pyrites, galena. MONROE.-Mica! sphene! garnet, colophonite, epidote, chondrodite, allanite, bucholzite, brown spar, boltonite, spinel, hornblende, talc, ilmenite, magnetic pyrites, common pyrites, chromic iron, graphite. At WILKS and O'NEIL Mine in Monroe.-Aragonite, magnetite, dimagnetite (pseud?), jenkinsite. At Two PONDS in Monroe.-Pyroxene! chondrodite, hornblende, scapolite! zircon, sphene, apatite. At GREENWOOD FURNACE in Monroe.-Chrondrodite, pyroxene! mica, hornblende, spinel, scapolite, biotite! ilmenite. At FOREST OF DEAN —Pyroxene, spinel, zircon, scapolite, hornblende, boltonite. Town of WARWICK. WARWICK VILLAGE.-Spinel, zircon, serpentine! brown spar, pyroxene! hornblende! pseudomorphous steatite, feldspar! (Rock Hill), ilmenite, clintonite, tourmaline, (R. H.), rutile, sphene, molybdenite, mispickel, white iron pyrites, common pyrites, yellow iron sinter. AMITY.-Spinel, garnet, scapolite, hornblende, idocrase, epidote! clintonite! magnetic iron! tourmaline, warwickite, apatite, chondrodite, ilmenite, talc! pyroxene! rutile, zircon, corundum, feldspar, sphene, cale spar, serpentine, schiller spar.(?) EDENVILLE.-Apatite, chondrodite! hair brown hornblende! tremolite, spinel, tourmaline, warwickite, pyroxene, sphene, mica, feldspar, mispickel, orpiment, rutile, ilmenite, scorodite, copper pyrites. WEST POINT. —Feldspar, mnica, scapolite, sphene, hornblende, allanite. PUTNAM CO.-CARBMEL, (Brown's quarry).-Anthophyllite, schiller spar, (?) orpiment, mispickel. COLD SPRING.-Chabazite, mica, sphene. PATTERSON. — White pyroxene! calc spar, asbestus, tremolite, dolomite, massive pyrites. PaILLIPSTOWN.-T'emolite, amianthus, serpentine, sphene, diopside, green crocolite, hornblende, scapolite, stilbite, mica, laumontite, gurhofite, cale spar, magnetic iron, chromic iron. PHILLIPS Ore Bed.-EIyalite, actinolite, massive pyrites. RENSSELAER CO.-HoosIc,-Nitrogen springs. LANSINGBURGaI.-Epson salt, quartz crystals, ironpyrites. TROY.- Quartz crystals, iron pyrites, selenite. RICHMOND CO. —RossvILLE. —Lignite, cryst. pyrites. QUARANTINE.-Asbestus, amianthus, aragonite, dolomite, gurbofite, brucite, serpentine, talc. 486 SUPPLEMENT. ROCKLAND CO.-CALDWELL.-Calc spar! GRASSY PoiNT. —Serpentine, actinolite. HAVERSTRAW.-Hornblende. LADENTowN.-Zircon, red copper ore, green malachite. PIERMONT.-Datholite, stilbite, apophyllite, stellite, prehnite, thomsonite, calc spar. STONY POINT.-Kerolite, lamellar hornblende, asbestus. ST. LAWRENCE CO. —CANTON.-Massive pyrites, cale spar, brown tourmaline, sphene, serpentine, talc, rensselaerite, pyroxene, specular iron, copper pyrites. DEKALB. -Hornblende, heavy spar, fluor, tremolite, tourmaline, blende, graphite, pyroxene, quartz (spongy), serpentine. EDARDs. —Brown and silvery mica! scapolite, apatite, quartz crystals, actinolite, tremolite, specular iron, serpentine, magnetite. FINE.-Black mica. hornblende. FowLER. —Heavy spar, quartz crystals! specular iron, blende, galena, tremolite, chalcedony, bog ore, satin spar, (assoc. with serpentine), iron and copper pyrites, actinolite, rensselaerite, (near Somerville). GOUVERNEUR. —Calc spar! serpentine! hornblende! scapolite! orthoclase, tourmaline! idocrase, (one mile south of G.), pyroxene, apatite, rensselaerite, serpentine, sphene, fluor, heavy spar (farm of Judge Dodge), black mica, phlogopite, tremolite! asbestus, specular iron, graphite, idocrase; (near Somerville in serpentine), spinel, houghite, scapolite, phlogopite, dolomite; three quarters of a mile west of Somerville, clondrodite, spinel; two miles north of Somerville, apatite, pyrites. HAnnTOND. —Apatite! zircon! (farm of Mr. Hardy), orthoclase, pargasite, heavy spar, pyrites, purple fluor, dolomite. IEaRMON. —QLeartz crystuls, specular iron, spathic iron, pargasite, pyroxene, serpentine, tourmaline, bog iron ore. MAcoMB.-Blende, mica, galena (on land of James Averil), sphene. MINERAL POINT, Morristown.-Fluor, blende, galena, phlogopite, (Pope's Mills), heavy spar. OGDENSBURG.-Labradorite. PITcAIRN.-Satin spar, associated with serpentine. POTSDAM.-Hornblende!-eight miles from Potsdam on road to Pierrepont, feldspar, tourmaline, black mica, hornblende. RossIE, (Iron Mines). —Heavy spar, specular iron, corralloidal aragonite in mines near Somerville, limonite, quartz, (sometimes stalactitic at Parish iron mine), pyrites, pearl spar. RossrE Lead Mine.- - ale spar, galena, pyrites, celestine, copper pyrites, spathic iron! white lead ore, anglesite. Elsewhere in RossIE. —alc spar, heavy spar, quartz crystals, chondrodite (near Yellow Lake), feldspar! pargasite! apatite, pyroxene, hornblende, sphene, zircon, mica, fluor, serpentine, automolite, pearl spar, graphite. iRUSSEL. -Pargasite, specular iron, quartz (dodec.), calcite, serpentine, rensselaerite, magnetite. SARATOGA CO.-GREENFIELD.-Chrysoberyl! garnet, tourmaline! mica, feldspar, apatite, graphite, aragonite, (in iron mines). SCOHARIE CO.-BALL'S CAVE, and others. —Cale spar, stalactites. CARLISLE.-Fibrous stulphate of baryta, cryst. andfib. carbonate of lime. SCOHARIE. —Fibrous celestine, strontianite! cryst. pyrites! SENECA CO.-CANoGA. —NTitrogen springs. SULLIVAN CO.-WuRTZBORO'. — Galena, blende, pyrites, copper pyrites. ULSTER CO.-ELLENVILLE.-Galena, blende, copper pyrites! quartz, brookite. MARBLETOWN.-Pyrites. WARREN CO.-CALDWELL. —Massive feldspar. CHESTEr. —Pyrites, tourmaline, rutile, copper pyrites. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 487 DIAMOND ISLE, (Lake George.)-Calc spar, quartz crystals. GLENN'S FALLs.-Rhomb spar. JoHNSBURG.-Fluor! zircon!! graphite, serpentine, pyrites. WASHINGTON CO.-FoRT ANN.-Graphite. GRANVILLE..-Lamellar pyroxene, massive feldspar, epidote. WAYNE CO.-WOLCOTT. —Heavy spar. WESTCHESTER CO. ANTHONY'S NOSE. —Apatite, pyrites, calcite! in very large tabular crystals, grouped and sometimes incrusted with drusy quartz. DAVENPORT'S NEcK.-Serpentine, garnet, sphene. EASTCHESTER.-Blende, copper and iron pyrites, dolomite. HAsTINGS.-Tremolite, white pyroxene. NEW RocHELLE.-Serpentine, brucite, quartz, mica, tremolite, garnet. PEEsSKILL.-Mica, feldspar, hornblende, stilbite. RYE. —Serpentine, chlorite, black tourmaline, tremolite, kerolite. SISININaG.-Pyroxene, tremolite, iron pyrites, copper pyrites, beryl, azurite, green malachite, white lead ore, pyromorphite, anglesite, vauquelinite, galena, native silver. WEST FARMS.-Apatite, tremolite, garnet, stilbite, heulandite, chabazite, epidote, sphene. YoNKERs.-Tremnolite, apatite, calc spar, analcime, pyrites, tourmaline. YORKTOWN. —-Sillimanite, monazite, magnetic iron. NEW JERSEY. ANDOVER IRON MINE. (Sussex Co).-Willemite, brown garnet. ALLENTOWN, (Monmouth Co.)-Vivianite. BELVILLE. —Copper mines. BERGEN.-Calc spar, datholite, thomsonite, pectolite (called stellite), analcime, apophyllite, prehnite, sphene, stilbite, natrolite, heulandite, laumontite, chabazite, pyrites, pseudomorphous steatite imitative of apophyllite. BRUNSWIcK.-Copper mines; native copper, malachite, mountain leather. BRYAM.-Chondrodite. CANTWELL'S BRIDGE, Newcastle Co., three miles west.- Vivianite. DANVILLE, (Jernmy Jump Ridge).-G6raphite, chondrodite, augite, mica. FLEMINGTON.-Copper mines. FRANKFORT.-Serpentine. FRANKLIN and STERLING.-Spinel! garnet! rhodonite! willemite! franklinite! red zinc ore! dysluite! hornblende, tremolite, chondrodite, white scapolite, black tourmaline, epidote, pink cale spar, mica, actinolite, augite, sahlite, coccolite, asbestus, jeffersonite (augite), calamine, graphite, fluor, beryl, galena, serpentine, honey-colored sphene, quartz, chalcedony, amethyst, zircon, molydenite, vivianite. Also algerite in gran. limestone. The zinc ores and franklinite, especially at Sterling Hill in Sterling, the jeffersonite at Mine Hill, in Franklin. FRANKLIN and WARWICK MTS. —Pyrites. GnEENBROOK.-Copper mines. GRIGGSTOwN.-Copper mines. HAMBURGH.-One mile north, spinel!, tourmaline!, phlogopite, hornblende, &c., limzonite, specular iron. HoBOKEN.-Serpentine, brucite! nemalite (or fibrous brucite), aragonite, dolomite. HvUDSTOWN.-Apatite, magnetic pyrites, magnetite. IMLEYTOWN.-Vivianite. LocKwooD.- Graphite, chondrodite, talc, augite, quartz, green spinel. MONTVILLE, Morris Co.-Serpentine, chrysotile. MuLLIcA HILL, Gloucester Co.- Vivianite lining belemnites and other fossils. NEwTON.-Spinel, blue and white corundum, (exhausted), mica, idocrase, hornblende, tourmaline, scapolite, rutile, pyrites, talc, calc spar, heavy spar, pseudomorphous steatite. PATTERsoN.-Datholite. 488 SUPPLEMENT. SCHUYLER'S MINEs. —Green malachite, red copper ore, native copper, chrysocolla. SoMERVILLE. —Red copper ore, native copper, chrysocolla, green malachite, bitumen, (two miles to the northeast). SPARTA. —Chondrodite! spinel, sapphire, green talc, graphite, epidote, augite. SUCKASuNNY, on the Morris canal.-Brown cpatite in magnetic pyrites. TRENTON.-Zircon, amber, lignite. VERNON. —Green spinel, chondrodite, red sapphire, hornblende, pyrites, phlogopite, graphite, limonite, rutile, sphene, ilmenite, zircon, fluor, margarite. WooDBRIDGE.-Copper mine. NOTE.-From Amity, N. Y., to Andover, N. J., a distance of about thirty miles, the outcropping limestone, at different points, affords more or less of the minerals enumerated as occurring at Franklin. (See Geol. Rep. on N. J., by H. D. Rogers). PENNSYLVANIA. ADAMS CO.-READING.-Molybdenite in quartz, zircon, magnetic iron ore. BERKS CO.-At JONES'S MINES, near MORGANTOWN, green malachite! cerusite, chrysocolla!, oct. and dodec. magnetic iron, iron pyrites, copper pyrites;-two miles to the northeast, graphite, sphene; at Steel's Mines, octahedral and micaceous iron ore, coccolite. BUCK'S CO.-Opposite New Hope, tourmaline l; near Attleboro', at Vanarsdale's limestone quarry, sahlite, scapolite, sphene, green coccolite, graphite, green mica. CARBON CO.-At Mauch Chunk, cryst. iron pyrites, selenite. CHESTER CO. —BIRMINGHAM.-Kerolite, amethyst, quartz cryst., serpentine. E. BRADFORD.-On Minorcus Hill, green, blue and gray kyanite, apatite, allanite; on A. Taylor's farm, sphene, cryst.'smoky quartz; on the farms of B. Jones, B. Price, L. Sharpless, and S. Entrikin, amethyst; near Strode's mill, asbestus, magnesite, marmolite, garnet; near T. Hoope's saw mill, epidote, asbestus; on Osborn's Hill, sphene, manganesian garnet, wad, tourmaline, actinolite, anthophyllite, feldspar, fetid calcite; near the Black Horse Inn, rutile. W. BRADFORD.-Near A. Jackson's limestone quarry, green kyanite, rutile, scapolite, iron pyrites; near Marshall's mill, chromic iron, serpentine; at Poor House (limestone) quarry, (called also Baldwin's), four miles north of Unionville, and six vest of Westchester, rutile! in brilliant acicular crystals; cryst. calc spar, cryst. dolomite, zoisite in quartz, talc in implanted crystals on dolomite, chesterlite! (in fine crystals implanted on dolomite), quartz crystals. CHESTER SPRINGS.-Gibbsite, in an iron mine; near Coventryville, in Chrisman's limestone quarry, augite, sphene, graphite, zircon I in iron ore about half a mile from the village on French Creek. WEST G;OSIEN.-Amianthus, asbestus, precious serpentine, cellular quartz, jasper, chalcedony, drusy quartz, chlorite, marmolite, dolomite, cryst. carb. magnesia i chromic iron! magnetic iron; near Westchester Water Works, zoisite, (rare, not found now). KEIM'S IRON MINE near Knauertown. —Flos-ferri, pyroxene, metaxite, micaceous iron ore, aplome!! actinolite, yellow octahedral pyrites, copper pyrites in tetrahedrons, red garnet I malachite, hornblende (var. byssolite). KENNET ToWNSHIP.-Actinolite i (rare on Gregg's farm), brown tourmaline, brown mica, epidote, tremolite, scapolite, aragonite; at Pearce's paper mill, zoisite, epidote, sunstone; on R. Lamborne's farm, chabazite in small brownish yellow crystals, (rare), zeolite; at Gause's corner, epidote. KNAUERTOWN.-North of Pughtown, graphite, sphene, cryst. magnetic iron; in Chrismard's Iron Mine, zircon. LONDON GRovE. —In Jackson's limestone quarry, yellow tourmaline! (rare), fib. tremolite; at Pusey's quarry, rutile, tremolite. NEW GARDEN TOWNSuIP.-At Nevin's limestone quarry, brown tourmaline! scapolite, brown and green mica, rutile, aragonite, kaolin. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 489 NEwLIN.-See Unionville, below. EAST MARLBORO.-Epidote, and nearly white tourmaline, (rare). OXFORD.-Iron pyrites, garnets. NOTTINGHAM. —At Scott's chrome mine, chromic iron, foliated talc, marmolite, serpentine, chalcedony; at the Magnesian Quarry, magnesite, marmolite, serpentine. PARKSBURG, (in township of Sadsbury).-In the soil for seven miles along the valley, rutile!; northeast of the village, amethyst, tourmaline, epidote, (in a boulder). PENN.-Garnets, figure stone. PENNSBURY TOWNSHIP.-On Cephas Cloud's farm, brown garnets 1; J. Dilworth's farm, near Pennsville, mica! I (in six-sided prisms from one quarter to seven inches across); at Harvey's lime quarry, on the Brandywine, chondrodite; quarter of a mile above the last, at Wm. Burnett's lime quarry, sphene, diopside, augite, coccolite. PHENIXVILLE.-In Railroad Tunnell, pearl spar (exhausted), dolomite, yellow blende, iron pyrites; at Wheatley's Mine, pyromorphite! cerusite! cryst. quartz, galena, anglesite I! copper pyrites, heavy spar, fluor, wulfenite I calamine, cerasine?, vanadinite?, phosphate of copper, chromate of lead. POTTSTOWN, near French Cr.-(Elizabeth Mine).-Iron pyrites I (in octahedrons), copper pyrites, magnetite, dark brown garnet, molybdenite. UNIONVILLE.-One and a half miles northeast, on Serpentine Barrens, corundum! massive and cryst. (often in loose crystals and also in albite, the loose crystals mostly covered with a thin coating of steatite, sometimes with gibbsite), talc, green tourmaline (with flat or pyramidal terminations), ligniform asbestus, yellow beryl (rare), serpentine, brucite, chromic iron, quartz crystals, green quartz, actinolite, clinochlore in cryst., diallage, granular albite (H.=7), adularia, oligoclase, halloysite, margarite, euphyllite, allanite, hematite, chalcedony; half a mile southwest, on T. Webb's farm, serpentine, chromic iron, (mas.); two and a half miles southwest, in R. Bailey's lime quarry, fib. tremolite, mussite; kyanite, margarodite; two miles southwest, at Pusey's saw mill, zircon (cryst. small, loose in the soil, rare), rutile; one mile south, on the farm of Baily and Brothers, bright yellow and nearly white tourmaline I (rare), orthoclase (chesterlite), albite! (inaccessible); two miles east, near Marlborough meeting house, epidote! (rare), serpentine, acicular black tourmaline in white quartz; one mile west, near Logan's quarry, staurotide, kyanite, yellow tourmaline, (rare); at Edward's lime quarry near the last, purple fluor, rutile; four miles west, in limestone quarries of West Marlborough, near Doe River Village, scapolite, rutile, tremolite. WEsTcaESTER.-One and a half mile north, hydromagnesite, clinochlore, brucite, in serpentine, zircon, two miles west; one and a half mile northwest, pitch-black allanite; B.B. intumesces very readily (G. 2-5); 3 m. south, clinochlore, phlogopite. WILLISTOWN.-Magnetic iron, chromic iron, actinolite. COLUMBIA CO.-At Webb's mine, yellow blende in calc spar; near Bloomburg, cryst. magnetic iron. DAUPHIN CO.-Near Hummerstown, green garnets, cryst. smoky quartz, tryst. feldspar. DELAWARE CO. —AsTON.-Near Village Green, amethyst, corundum, emerylite, staurotide, sillimanite, black tourmaline, pearl mica, asbestus, anthophyllite; near Tyson's Mill, garnet, staurotide; at head of Peter's Mill Dam, in a brook, garnet resembling pyrope. BIRMINGHA-M.-At Bullock's quarry, zircon, bucholzite, fibrolite, nacrite. CuIIESTER. —Amethyst, black tourmaline; in Burk's quarry, beryl!! black tourmaline!! feldspar! manganesian garnet, cryst. pyrites; on Chester Creek, at Carter's, molybdenite, molybdic ochre, copper pyrites, tourmaline, kaolin; at Little's quarry, brown garnets, tourmaline; near Henvi's quarries, amethyst in geodes. CHICHESTER.-Near Trainer's Mill Dam, beryl, tourmaline, cryst. feldspar, kaolin; on W. Eyre's farm, tourmaline! I 62 490 SUPPLEMENT. CoNcoRD.-On Green's Creek, garnets resembling pyrope, bucholzite, mica! in hexagonal prisms, beryl, actinolite, anthophyllite, fibrolite, rutile! in capillary crystals in the cavities of cellular rose quartz. DARBY.-Kyanite, zoisite, (in a boulder); near Gibbon's, garnets, staurotide. EDGEMONT.-1 m. E. of Edgemont Hall, near the road, rutile in quartz, amethyst, oxyd of manganese, cryst. feldspar. LEIPERVILLE.-Beryl! in granite; in Judge Leiper's Quarries, beryl, tourmaline, apatite, garnet, cryst. feldspar, mica; at Morris's Ferry, kyanite, sillimanite, apatite, red garnet, mica; at Hill's Quarries, chabazite, stilbite, zeolite, epidote, sphene, albite, calcite, cryst. pyrites; near Leiper's Church, on the edge of a wood, andalusite, apatite, tourmaline, mica, gray kyanite. MArPLE.-Tourmaline!; on A. Worrall's farm, andalusite, tourmaline; near C. Palmer's Mills, beryl, tourmaline, actinolite, amethyst. MINERAL HILL.-Corundum! aventurine feldspar (sunstone), chatoyant feldspar (moonstone), actinolite, green coccolite, green feldspar! chromic iron, cryst. green quartz, ferruginous quartz, asbestus, hydrous anthophyllite, brown garnet! magnesite, marmolite, bronzite, chalcedony, limonite, labradorite, float stone, red garnet, beryl, serpentine. PROVIDENCE.-At Blue Hill, serpentine, cryst. green quartz in green talc, asbestus, talc, anthophyllite, actinolite, hydrous anthophyllite; on M. Hunter's farm, amethyst! (one finely colored crystal found weighing over 7 lbs.), andalusite. RADNER.-Garnets, marmolite, deweylite, serpentine, chromic iron, asbestus, magnesite. SPRINGFIELD.-Andalusite; on Abby Worrall's farm, tourmaline, beryl, ilmenite?, garnets; on Fell's Laurel Hill, beryl, garnet; near Beattie's Mill, staurotide, apatite; near Lewis's Paper Mill, tourmaline, mica. IHUNTINGTON CO.-Near Frankstown, in the bed of a stream, and on the side of a hill, fibrous celestine, abundant. LANCASTER CO. —Near Texas, in the south part of the county, at Wood's Chrome Mine, emerald nickel, pennite, kcemmererite, millerite, baltinmorite, chromic iron, marmolite, picrolite, hydromagnesite, brucite, dolomite, cryst. magnesite, calcite, serpentine; at Low's Mine, hydromagnesite, brucite, picrolite! magnesite, chromic iron, talc, emerald nickel, serpentine, baltimorite; on M. Boice's farm, N. of the village in the soil, cryst. pyrites! anthophyllite, marmolite, magnesite; near the Rock Spring, chalcedony, carnelian, moss agate, green tourmaline in talc, titanic iron, cryst. magnetic iron in chlorite; at Reynold's Mine, calcite, talc, picrolite; at Gap Mine, magnetic pyrites (containing nickel), copper pyrites, actinolite; at Safe Harbor, iron ores; Pequea Valley, 8 m. S. of Lancaster, argentiferous galena (250 to 300 oz. of silver to the ton); 4 m. N. W. of Lancaster, on L. and H. Railroad, calamine, galena, blende. LITTLE BRITAIN.-Anthophyllite. LEBANON CO.-CORNWALL, adjoining Lancaster Co.-Pyrites! in cubo-octahedrons, brilliant steel tarnish, native copper, red copper, azurite. LEHIGH CO.-Near Friedensville in the Saucon Valley, calamine! (valuable mine), lanthanite, cryst. quartz, malachite, pyrolusite, wad; near Allentown, mag netic iron, pipe iron ore; near Bethlehem, in S. Mountain, allanite in syenite. MONROE CO.-In Cherry Valley, cale spar, chalcedony, cryst. quartz; in Poconoe Valley, near Judge Mervine's, cryst. quartz. MONTGOMERY CO.-At Perkiomen Copper Mine, azurite, blende, galena, pyromosphite, cerusite, molybdate of lead, anglesite, heavy spar, calamine, copper pyrites, green malachite, chrysocolla; at Henderson's Marble Quarry, cale spar; about one mile N. of Henderson's, in the bank of railroad, cryst. quartz in geodes; at Spring Mills, cacoxene, lepidokrokite, spathic iron; near the Gulf Mills, limonite, garnets, chromic iron; in Franconia township,(?) gold. NORTHUMBERLAND CO.-Opposite Selim's grove, calamine. NORTHAMPTON CO. —Near Easton, zircon!! (exhausted), nephrite, coccolite, AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 491 tremolite, calamite, pyroxene, sahlite, limonite, magnetic iron, purple cale spar; near Bethlehem, at the South Mountain, allanite, magnetite, epidote, brown garnet, black spinel and tourmaline in syenitic gneiss. PHILADELPHIA CO.-On the Schuylkill, near foot of inclined plane, laumontite, garnet, tourmaline, mica; on the Schuylkill, a fourth of a mile from the Suspension Bridge, yellow uranite. CHESNUT HILL.-Mica, serpentine, dolomite, asbestus, nephrite, tale, tourmaline, sphene, apatite, tremolite. GERMANTOWN.-Mica, apatite, feldspar, beryl, garnet. BANKS OF WISSAHICCON.-Actinolite, garnet, staurotide. FRANKFORD.-Garnet, staurotide, iron pyrites. CoNcIRocxEN.-Staurotide, garnet, argillaceous iron ore; near Manyunik Tunnell, stilbite, chabazite (rare in small brownish-yellow crystals). YORK CO.-Cale spar (transparent), cryst. smoky quartz, cryst. pyrites; in Slate Quarries near the Susquehannah, wavellite. DELAWARE. NEWCASTLE CO.-Brandywine Springs, bucholzite, fibrolite abundant, sahlite, pyroxene. Dixon's Feldspar Quarries, 6 miles N. W. of Wilmington, (these quarries have been worked for the manufacture of porcelain), adularia, albite, beryl, apatite, cinnamon stone! I (both granular like that from Ceylon, and crystallized, rare), magnesite, serpentine, asbestus, black tourmaline! (rare), indicolite! (rare), sphene in pyroxene, kyanite. Dupont's Powder Mills, "hypersthene." Eastburn's Limestone Quarries, near the Pennsylvania line, tremolite, bronzite. QUARRYVILLE.-Garnet, spodumene, fibrolite, sillimanite. Near Newark on the railroad, spherosiderite on drusy quartz, jasper, (ferruginous opal), cryst. spathic iron in the cavities of cellular quartz. WILMINGTON.-In Christiana quarries, metalloidal diallage. Kennett turnpike, near Centreville, kyanite and garnet. KENT CO.-Near Middletown, in Wm. Polk's marl pits, vivianite! On Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, retinasphalt, iron pyrites, amber. SUSSEX CO.-Near Cape Henlopen, vivianite. MARYLAND. BALTIMORE, (Jones's Falls, 1z miles from B).- Chabazite (haydenite), houlandite (beaumontite of Levy), pyrites, lenticular carbonate of iron, mica, stilbite. Sixteen miles from Baltimore, on the Gunpowder. —Graphite. Twenty-three miles from B., on the Gunpowder.-Talc. Twenty-five miles from B., on the Gunpowder. — Magnetic iron, sphene, pycnite. Thirty miles from B., in Montgomery Co., on farm of S. Eliot.-(Gold in quartz. Eight to twenty miles north of B., in limestone.-Tremolite, augite, pyrites, brown and yellow tourmaline. Fifteen miles north of B.-Sky-blue chalcedony in granular limestone. Eighteen miles north of B., at Scott's Mills.-kffagnetic iron, kyanite. BARE HILLS.-Chromic iron, asbestus, tremolite, talc, hornblende, serpentine, chalcedony, meerschaum, baltimorite, copper pyrites, magnetite. CAPE SABLE, near Magothy R.-Amber, pyrites, alum slate. CARROLL Co.-Near Sykesville, Liberty Mines, gold, magnetic iron, pyrites (octahedrons), copper pyrites, linnuite (carrollite), an ore of nickel (not analyzed); at Patapsco Mines, near Finksburg, erubescite, mliecehite, linnceite, remingtonite, magnetic iron, copper pyrites; at Mineral Hill Mine, erubescite, copper pyrites, ore of nickel (see above), gold, magnetic iron. CECIL Co., north part.- Chromic iron in serpentine. 492 SUPPLEMENT. COOPTOWN, Harford Co.-Olive-colored tourmaline, diallage, talc of green, blue, and rose colors, ligniform asbestus, chromic iron, serpentine. DEER CREEK.-Afagnetic iron! in chlorite slate. FREDERICK Co.-Old Liberty Mine, near Liberty Town, black copper, malachite, copper glance, specular iron; at Dollyhyde Mine, erubescite, copper pyrites, iron pyrites, argentiferous galena in dolomite. MONTGOMERY Co. —Oxyd of manganese. SOMERSET AND WORCESTER Cos., north part.-Bog iron ore, vivianite. ST. MARY'S RIVER.- Gypsum I in clay. VIRGINIA AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. ALBEMARLE Co., a little west of the Green Mts.-Steatite, graphite; galena. AMHERST CO., along the west base of Buffalo ridge. —Copper ores, etc. AUGUSTA Co.-At Weyer's (or Weir's) cave, sixteen mile northeast of Staunton, and eighty-one miles northwest of Richmond, calce spar, and stalactites. BUCKINGHAM Co. —Gold at Garnett and Moseley Mines, largely worked, also pyrites, pyrrhotine, calcite, garnet; at the Eldridge Mine (now London and Virginia Mines) near by, and the Buckingham Mines near Maysville, gold, auriferous pyrites, copper pyrites, tennantite, heavy spar; kyanite, tourmaline, actinolite. CHESTERFIELD Co.-Near this and Richmond Co., bituminous coal, native coke. CULPEPPER CO., on Rapidan river.-Gold, pyrites. FRANKLIN Co.-Grayish steatite. FAUQUIER Co., Barnet's Mills.-Asbestus; gold mines, barytes, calcite. FLUVANNA Co.-Gold at Stockton's Mine; also tetradymite at " Tellurium Mine." PHENIX Copper Mines. — Copperpyrites, etc. GEORGETOWN, D. C.-Rutile. GOOCHLAND Co.-Gold mines, (Moss and Busby's). HARPER'S FERRY, on both sides of the Potomac.-Thuringite (owenite), with quartz. JEFFERSON Co., at Shepherdstown.-Fluor. KENAWHA Co.-At Kenawha, petroleum, brine springs, cannel coal. LOUDON Co. —Tabular quartz, prase, pyrites, talc, chlorite, soapstone, asbestus, chromic iron, actinolite, quartz crystals; micaceous iron, erubescite, malachite, epidote, near Leesburg, (Potomac Mine). LouIsA Co. —Walton gold mine, gold, pyrites, copper pyrites, argentiferous galena, spathic iron, blende, anglesite; boulangerite, blende (at Tinder's Mine). NELSON Co.-Galena, copper pyrites, malachite. ORANGE Co.-Western part, Blue Ridge, specular iron; gold at the Orange Grovet and Vaucluse gold mines, worked by the "Freehold" and "Liberty" Mining Companies. ROCKBRIDGE CO., three miles southwest of Lexington.-Heavy spar. SHENANDOAH CO., near Woodstock. —Fluor spar. MT. ALTO, Blue Ridge.-Argillaceous iron ore. SPOTSYLVANIA Co., two miles northeast of Chancellorville.-Kyanite; Gold mines at the junction of the Rappahannock and Rapidan (" Gardiner" Co.);. on the Rappahannock (Marshall Mine); Whitehall Mine, affording also tetradymite. STAFFORD CO., eight or ten miles from Falmouth. —Micaceous iron, gold, tetradymite, silver, galena, vivianite. WASHINGTON CO., eighteen miles from Abingdon.- Rock salt with gypsum. WYTHE CO., (Austin's mines).-Cerusite, minium, plumbic ochre, blende, calamine, galena. On the Potomac, twenty-five miles north of Washington City.-Native sulphur in gray compact limestone. NORTH CAROLINA. ASHE Co.-Malachite, copper pyrites. BuNCOMBE Co.-Corundum (from a boulder), margarite, corundophilite, garnet, chromic iron, barytes, fluor, rutile, iron ores, oxyd of manganese. AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 493 BURKE Co. —Gold, monazite, zircon, beryl, corundumn, garnet, sphene, graphite, iron ores. CABARRUS Co. —Phenix mine, gold, barytes, copper pyrites, auriferous pyrites, quartz pseudomorph after barytes, tetradymite; Pioneer Mines, gold, limonite, pyrolusite, barnhardtite, wolfram, scheelite, tungstate of copper, wolframine, diamond, chrysocolla, copper glance, molybdenite, copper-pyrites, iron pyrites; White Mine, needle ore, copper pyrites, barytes; Long and Muse's Mine, argentifeious galena, iron pyrites, copper pyrites, limonite; Boger Mine, tetradymite; Fink Mine, valuable copper ores; Mt. Makins, tetrahedrite? magnetite, talc, blende, pyrites, galena. CALDWELL Co.-Chromic iron, CHATHAM Co.-Mineral coal, pyrites. CHEROKEE Co. —Iron ores, gold, galena, corundum, rutile. DAVIDSON Co.-King's now Washington Mine, native silver, cerusite, anglesite, scheelite, pyromorphite, galena, blende, malachite, black copper, wavellite, garnet, stilbite. Five miles from Washington Mine, on Faust's Farm, gold, tetradymite, oxyd of bismuth and tellurium, copper pyrites, limonite, spathic iron, epidote; near Squire Ward's, gold in crystals, electrum. GASTON Co.-Iron ores, corundum, margarite. Near Crowder's Mountain (in what was formerly Lincoln Co.), lazulite, kyanite, garnet, graphite; also twenty miles northeast, near south end of Clubb's Mtn., lazulite, kyanite, talc. GUILFORD Co.-McCullock copper and gold mine, twelve miles from Greensboro, gold, pyrites, copper pyrites (worked for copper), quartz, spathic iron. The North Carolina Copper Co. are working the copper ore at the old Fentress mine. HENDERSON CO.-Zircon. LINCOLN Co.-Diamond; at Randleman's, amethyst!, rose quartz. MACON Co. —Chromic iron. McDoWELL Co. —Brookite, monazite, corundum in small crystals red and white, zircons, garnet, beryl, sphene, xenotime, rutile, elastic sandstone, iron ores. MECKLENBERG Co.-Near Charlotte (Rhea and Cathay Mines) and elsewhere, copperpyrites, gold; chalcotrichite at McGinn's Mine; barnhardtite near Charlotte; pyrophyllite in Cotton Stone Mountain, diamond. ROWAN Co.-Gold Hill Mines, thirty eight miles northeast of Charlotte, and fourteen from Salisbury, gold, auriferous pyrites; ten miles from Salisbury, feldspar in crystals. RUTHERFORD Co. —Gold, graphite, bismuthic gold, diamond, euclase, pseudomorphous quartz, chalcedony, corundum in small crystals, epidote, pyrope, brookite, zircon, monazite, rutherfordite, samarskite, quartz crystals, itacolumite; on the road to Cooper's gap, kyanite. STOKES AND SURREY Cos. —Iron ores, graphite. UNION CO.-Lemmond Gold Mine, eighteen miles from Concord, (at Stewart's and Moore's Mine), gold, quartz, blende, argentiferous galena (containing 29'4 oz. of gold, and 86-5 oz. silver to the ton, Genth), pyrites, some copper pyrites. YANCEY Co. —Iron ores, amianthus, chromic iron. SOUTH CAROLINA. ABBEVILLE DIST.-Oakland Grove, Gold, (Dorn Mine), galena, pyromorphite, amethyst, garnet. ANDERSON DIST. —At Pendleton, actinolite, galena, kaolin, tourmaline. CHARLESTON. —Selenite. CnEOWEE VALLEY. —-Galena, tourmaline, gold. CHESTERFIELD DIST. —Gold, (Brewer's mine), talc, chlorite, pyrophyllite, pyrites, native bismuth, carbonate of bismuth, red and yellow ochre, whetstone. DARLINGTON.-Kaolin. EDGEFIELD DIST.-Psilomelane. GREENVILLE DIST.-Galena, phosphate of lead, kaolin, chalcedony in burhstone, beryl, plumbago, epidote, tourmaline. KERSHAW DIST.-Rutile. LANCASTER DIST. —Gold (Hale's mine), talc, chlorite, kyanite, elastic sandstone, pyrites; gold also at Blackman's mine, Massey's mine, Ezell's mine. NEWBERRY DIST.-Leadhillite (?). 494 SUPPLEMENT. PIOKEN'S DIST.-Gold, manganese ores, kaolin. RICHLAND DIsT.-Chiastolite, novaculite. SPARTANBURG DIsT. —Magnetic iron ore, chalcedony, hematite; at the Cowpens, brown hematite, graphite, limestone, copperas. SUMTER DIsT. —Agate. UNION DIST.-Fairforest gold mines, pyrites, copper pyrites. YORK DIST. —Limestones, whetstones, witherite, heavy spar. GEORGIA. BURKE AND ScRIVEN Cos. —IHyalite. CLARK CO., near Clarksville.-Gold, xenotime, zircon, rutile, kyanite, specular iron, garnet, quartz. HABERSHAM Co. —G old, iron and copper pyrites, galena, hornblende, garnet, quartz, kaolin, soapstone, chlorite, rutile, iron ores, galena, tourmaline, staurotide, zircon. HALL Co. —Gold, quartz, kaolin, diamond. HANCOCK Co.-Agate, chalcedony. LUMKPKIN Co.-Gold, quartz crystals. RABUN Co.-Gold, copper pyrites. WASHINGTON CO. near Saundersville. — Wavellite, fire opal. ALABAMA. BIBB CO., CENTREVILLE.-IrOn ores, marble, heavy spar, coal, cobalt. TuscALoosA Co.-Coal, galena, pyrites, vivianite, limonite, calcite, dolomite, kyanite, steatite, quartz crystals, manganese ores. BENTON Co.-Antimonial lead ore (Boulangerite?) FLORIDA. NEAR TAMPA BAY.-Limestone, sulphur springs, chalcedony, carnelian, agate, silicified shells and corals. KENTUCKY. MAMMOTH CAVE.-Gypsum, in imitative forms, stalactites, nitre, epsom salt. Near the line between Livingston and Union Cos., galena, copper pyrites. TENNESSEE. BROWN'S CREEK.-Galena, blende, heavy spar, celestine. CARTER'S Co. foot of Roan Mt.-Sahlite, magnetic iron. CLAIBORNE Co. —Calamine, galena, smithsonite, chlorite, steatite, and magnetic iron. CocKE Co., near Brush Creek. —Cacoxene, kraurite, iron sinter, stilpnosiderite, brown hematite. DAVIDSON Co.-Selenite, with granular and snowy gypsum, or alabaster, crystallized and compact anAydrite, luor in crystals? cale spar in crystals. Near Nashville, blue celestine, (crystallized, fibrous, and radiated), with heavy spar in limestone. Haysboro', galena, blende, with heavy spar as the gangue of the ore. DICKSON Co.-Manganite. JEFFERSON Co. —Calamine, galena, fetid heavy spar. KNOX Co.-Magnesian limestone. MAURY Co.-Wavellite in limestone. MORGAN Co.-Epsom salt, nitrate of lime. POLK Co., Hiwassee mine, southeast corner of state, near Ocoee river. Black copper! copper pyrites, iron pyrites, (mines valuable). AMERICAN LOCALITIES. 495 ROAN Co., eastern declivity of Cumberlands Mts. —Wavellite in limestone. SEVERN CO, in caverns.-Epsom salt, soda alum, saltpetre, nitrate of lime. SMITH Co.-Fluor. SMOKY MT., on declivity. -Hornblende, garnet, staurotide. OHIO. BAINBRIDGE, (Copperas Mt., a few miles east of B.)-Cale spar, heavy spar, iron pyrites, copperas, alum. CANFIELD,- GypSum! DUCK CREEK, Monroe Co.-Petroleum. LIVERPOOL.-Petroleum. MARIETTA. — Argillaceous iron ore; iron ore abundant also in Scioto and Lawrence Cos. POLAND. —Gypsum! MICHIGAN. LAKE SUPERIOR MINING REGION. — The four principal regions are Keweenaw Point, Isle Royale, the Ontonagon, and Portage Lake. The mines of Keweenaw Point are along two ranges of elevation, one known as the GreeAstone Range and the other, as the Southern orlBohemian Range, (Whitney). The copper occurs in the trap or amygdaloid, and in the associated conglomerate. Native copper I native silver! copper pyrites, horn silver, gray copper, manganese ores, epidote, prehnite, laumontite, datholite, heulandite, stilbite, analcime, chabazite, 9nesotype, (Copper Falls mine), leonhardite, (ib.), analcime, (ib.), apophyllite, (at Cliff Mine), wollastonite, (ib.), calc spar, quartz (in crystals, at Minesota mine), saponite, blackl oxyd of copper, (near Copper Harbor, but exhausted), chrysocolla; on Chocolate river, galena and sulphuret of copper; copper pyrites and native copper at Presqu' Isle. At Albion mine, domeykite; at Prince Vein, amethyst; at Michipicoten Ids., copper nickel, stilbite, analcime. ISLE ROYALE, 480 N., 89~ W. —Native copper, epidote, harmotome (?) datholite, wollastonite' (exhausted), pectolite, chlorastrolite. ILLINOIS. GALLATIN CO., on a branch of Grand Pierre Creek, sixteen to thirty miles from Shawneetown, down the Ohio, and from half to eight miles from this river. — Violet fluor spar! in carboniferous limestone, heavy spar, galena, blende, brown iron ore; near Rosiclare, calcite, galena, blende; five miles back from Elizabethtown, bog iron; one mile north of the river, between Elizabethtown and Rosiclare, nitre. In NORTHERN ILLINOIS, townships 27, 28, 29, several important mines of galena. POPE Co. —Pyromorphite. INDIANA. LIMESTONE CAVERNS; Corydon Caves, &c. —-Epsom salt. In most of the southwest counties, pyrites, sulphate of iron, and feather alusm; on Sugar Creek, pyrites and sulphate of iron; in sandstone of Lloyd Co., near the Ohio, gypsumn; at the top of the blue limestone formation, brown spar, cale spar. MINESOTA. NORTH SHORE OF L. SUPERIOR, (range of hills running nearly northeast and southwest, extending from Fond du Lac Superieure to the Kamanistiqueia river in Upper Canada). —Scolecite, apophyllite, prehnite, stilbite, laumontite, heulandite, harmotome, thomsonite, fluor spar, sulphate of baryta, tourmaline, epidote, hornblende, calcareous spar, quartz crystals, iron pyrites, magnetic iron ore, steatite, blende, black oxyd of copper, malachite, native copper, copper pyrites, amethystine quartz, ferru 496 SUPPLEMENT. ginous quartz, chalcedony, carnelian, agate, drusy quartz, hyalite 8 fibrous quartz, jasper, prase, (in the debris of the lake shore), dogtooth spar, augite, native silver, spodumene?, arsenite? of cobalt, chlorite; between Pigeon Point and Fond du Lac, near Baptism river, saponite, (thalite), in amygdaloid. KETTLE RIVER TRAP RANGE.-Epidote, nail-head calce spar, amethystine quartz, calcareous spar, undetermined zeolites, saponite. STILLWATER. —Blende. FALLS OF THE ST. CROIx.-Green carbonate of copper, native copper, epidote, nailhead spar. RAINY LAKE.-Actinolite, tremolite, fibrous hornblende, garnet, iron pyrites, magnetic iron, steatite. WISCONSIN. At MINERAL POINT and elsewhere, copper and lead ores, principally silicate and carbonate of copper, copper pyrites, and galena, (only the last abundant). Also pyrites, capillary pyrites, blende, white lead ore, leadhillite (?), smithsonite (carbonate of zinc), anglesite, heavy spar, and calc spar. SANK Co. —Specular iron I malachite, copper pyrites. MONTREAL RIVER PORTAGE. —Galena in gneissoid granite. LAC DU FLAMBEAU R. —Garjet, kyanite BIG BULL FALLS, (near).-Bog iron. LEFT HAND R., (near small tributary).-Malachite, copper glance, native copper, red copper ore, earthy malachite, epidote, chlorite? quartz crystals. IOWA. Du BUQUE LEAD MINES, and elsewhere. —Galena! cale spar, black oxyd of manganese; at Ewing's and Sherard's diggings, calamine I or smithsonite; at Des Moines, quartz crystals, selenite; Mahoqueta R., brown iron ore. CEDAR RIVER, a branch of the Des Moines. —Selenite in crystals, in the bituminous shale of the coal measures; also elsewhere on the Des Moines, gypsum abundant; argillaceous iron ore, spathic iron; copperas in crystals on the Des Moines, above the mouth of Saap and elsewhere, iron pyrites, blende. MISSOURI. BIRMINGHAM. — Limonite. JEFFERSON Co., at Valle's Diggings. —Galena, white lead ore, anglesite, calamine, pyritous copper, blue and green malachite, carbonate of baryta. MINE A BURToN. — Galena, white lead ore, anglesite, heavy spar, cale spar. DEEP DIGGINGs. —Carbonate of copper, white lead ore in crystals, and manganese ore. MINE LA MoTTE. —Galena I malachite, earthy cobalt and nickel, bog manganese, sulphuret of iron and nickel, white lead ore in crystals, caledonite, plumboresinite, wolfram. PERRY'S DIGGINGS, and elsewhere. —Galena, &c. Forty miles west of the Mississippi and ninety south of St. Louis, the iron mountains, specular iron, limonite. ARKANSAS. BATESVILLE.-In bed of white R., some miles above Batesville, Gold. OUACHITA SPRINGS. —Quartz I whetstones. MAGNET CovE.-Brookite! schorlomite, elceolite, magnetic iron, quartz, green cocco lite, garnet, apatite. AMFJRICAN LOCALITIES. 497 CALIFORNIA. Along the Sierra Nevada, gold, platinum (rare), iridosmine, molybdenite, molybdine, zircon, magnetic iron; near bay of San Francisco, actinolite, talc, serpentine, jasper, salt, gypsum, (island in the Caquines Straits); ridges of Sierra Azul, south of San Jos6, cinnabar. Gold also found inTthe Umpqua region, Oregon, and the Shasty Mountains. CANADA. CANAADA EAST. ABEROROMBIE.-Labradorite. BAY ST. PAUL.-Ilmenite!, apatite, allanite, rutile (or brookite?) AUBERT.-Gold, iridosmine, platinum. BoLTON.-Chromnic iron, magnesite, serpentine, picrolite, steatite, bitter spar, wad. BOUCHERVILLE. -Augite in trap. BRaoLE.-AMagnet ic iron, copper pyrites, sphene, ilmenite, phyllite, sodalite, cancrinite, galena. CHAMBLY.-Analcime, chabazite and calcite in trachyte. CHATEAU RICaERa.-Labradorite, ilmenite, hypersthene. DAILLEBouT.-Blue spinel, with clintonite. GazNVILLE. —Tabular spar, sphernc, idocrase, calcite, pyroxene, garnet (cinnamon stone), zircon, graphite, scapolite. HAe. —Chromic iron in serpentine. INVERNESS. - Variegated copper. LAKE ST. FRANcIs. —Anclalusite in mica slate. LANDSDOWNE. -Barytes. MILLE ISLEs.-Labradorite! ilmenite, hypersthene, andesine, zircon. MONTREAL.- Calcite, augite, sphene in trap. IMoRIN.-Sphene, apatite, labradorite. POLTON. —Chromic iron, steatite, serpentine, amnianthus. ROUGEMONT MTs.-Augite in trap. ST. ARaAAND.-Micaceous iron ore with quartz, epidote. ST. FRANqOIs BEAUCE. —GOldC, platinum, iridosmine, ilmenite, magnetite, serpentine, chromic iron, soapstone, magnetite, heavy spar. ST. JEROME.-Sphene, apatitc, chondrodite, phlogopite, tourmaline, zircon, molybdenite, magnetic pyrites. ST. N ORBERT.-Amethyst in greenstone. STUKiLEr.-Serpentine, verde antiue! schiller spar. SuTTON.-Magneetic iron in fine crystals, specular iron, rutile, dolomite, magnesite, chromiferous talc, bitter spar, steatite. UPToN.-Copper pyrites, malachite, calcite., VAUDREUIL.-Li1monit e, vivianite. YAMASKA. -— Sphene in trap. CANADA WEST. -BALSA-AM LAKu. — Molybdecitc, scapolite, quartz. BaANTORD).-Sulphuric acid spring, (4-2 parts of pure sulphuric acid in 1000). BATEURST. —Heavy spar, black tourmaline, perthite (orthoclase), peristerite (albite), bytownite. BRosi, -Magnetite. BuRGEss.-Pyroxene, albite, mnica, sapphire, sphene, copper pyrites, apatite, black spine! spodunmene, (in a boulder). BYTOWN. —Calcite, bytownite, chondrodite, spinel. CAPE IPPERwASH, Lake Huron. —Oxalite in shales. CLARENDON.-Idocrase. DALHOUSIE.-Hornblende, dolomite. DRUMnuONn.-Labradorite, 63 498 SUPPLEME~NT. ELMSLEY.-Pyroxene, sphene, feldspar, tourmaline. FITzRoY.-Amber, brown tourmaline, in quartz. G(TINrEAU RIVER, Blasdell's Mills.-Calcite, apatite, tourmaline,.hornblende, pyroxene. GRAND CALUAIET ISLAND.-Apatite, phlogopite! pyroxene! sphene, idoerase! serpentine, tremolite, scapolite, brown and black tourmaline! pyrites, loganite. HIGHI FALLS OF THE MADAwASKA.-Pyroxene! hornblende. HRuLL.-Ma;gnetite, garnet, graphite. HUNTERSTOWN. —Scapolite, sphene, idocrase, garnet, brown tourmnaline! INNISKILLEN. -Petroleum. LAO DES CHATS, Island Portage. — Brown tourmaline! pyrites, calcite, quartz. LANARK. -Raphilite (hornblende), serpentine, asbestus. LANDsDoOW.-Barytes! vein 27 in. wide, and fine crystals. MADOC. —Magnetite. MARMORA.-Magnetite, chalcolite, garnet, epsomite, specular iron. McNAB.-Specular iron. NEW BRUNSWICK, St. John. —Graphite. SOUTH CROSBY. —Chondrodite in limestone, magnetite. ST. ADELE,-Chondrodite in limestone. SYDENHAM. —Celestine. TERRACE CovE, Lake Superior.-Molybdcenite. WALLACE MINE, Lake Huron.-Specular iron, Bruce mines, copper pyrites. NoTE.-The rock of the Mississippi valley containing the remarkable deposits of galena, (sometimes regarded as the equivalent of the "Cliff" or "Upper Magnesian" Limestone), is considered by James Hall as between the Hudson River and Trenton Groups of New York in age, and as having no representative in the eastern part of the United States. The sandstones'and conglomerates of the Lake Superior copper region in Michigan are referred by Foster and Whitney, Hall, Owen, and Logan to the age of the Potsdam sandstone, or the lowest Silurian; while the copperbearing red sandstone of Connecticut and New Jersey, is shown by Rogers, Redfield and Hall, to be as recent as the Liassic Period. The metamorphic limestone of northern New York, (St. Lawrence Co., etc.), and north near the bay of Quinte, in Canada, abounding in apatite, scapolite, etc., is referred by T. S. Hunt to the _Azoic System; the beds of western Vermont, western Massachusetts, and south eastern New York and New Jersey, (containing in the latter regions especially, chondrodite, spinel, etc.), to the lower Silurian, as previously shown by H. D. Rogers and W. W. Mather; those of middle New England, occurring near Milford and New Haven, Ct., and north near Lake Memphremlagog, and on the Chaudihre in Canada, to the upper Silurian. Still a fourth range of the Devonian Ptriod is supposed to occur in eastern Massachusetts, and to include the quarries of Bolton, Chelmsford, etc. The intervening micaceous, gneissic and other rocks are of intermediate age; while those of northern New York, the most remote from the carboniferous deposits of iPennsylvania, and Rhode Island, are the most ancient. APPENDIX. APPENDIX rpo FIRST VOLUTTUE. 2Meathematical Crystallography.-P. 75, fifth line firom top, the formula ma tan J,-ZV/' should read ma-tan ~Z-V~. P. 87. In the Monoclinic System, the values of the axes, (the clinodiagonal b being a unit), are readily obtained by the following equations; X being half the front angle of the prism (or half of I: 1) and X'k half the angle above of the clinodome 1-oo (or half of 1i: 11 over 0): -=Tan X sin 0, a-=Tan X —tan X' —tan X cot X'. The proportion a: b-=sin lt sin v, in the seventeenth line from bottom of this page should be a: b=sin v: sin a. P. 92. The heading Mlonoclinic System should be ifonovmetric System. Atomic Weight of Glucinum2. —J. Weeren has obtained for the atomic weight of Glucinum 86'50. Pogg. xcii, 128, 1854. P. 189. Homeomorphism. —In a paper on the relations between Chemical Composition and Crystalline Form, (Paris, 1852), by M. Ladrey, from whom it has been just now received, the author reviews many different classes of compounds, principally minerals, and shows that all or nearly all of the forms may be obtained from fundamental forms, near 900 in angle, by assuming as the fundamental form where necessary, one having some simple relation to that usually so adopted. Relations to the monometric system are thus brought out, and also homoeomorphisms independent of compositioni. In deducing the relations, cleavage, twin composition, and all other points bearing on the actual or potential dimensions of a species, are disregarded; points which are dwelt upon in the chapter on homceomorphism, and which have led the author to a similar general conclusion by a different, and, as we believe, by a more consistent method. Rammelsberg has published an important paper in Pogg. xci, 321, on the Crystallization of Isomorphous Salts together. In the Ann. de Ch. et de Phys. [3], xxxix, 404, 1853, M. J. Nickles has a valuable memoir " On Polymorphism." Pseudclomoaphs, p. 222. —Add the following to the catalogue. They are mostly from a paper by Prof. Reuss of Prague, (1853): Hematite after Cerusite. Pyrites after Brown Spar. ".. Feldspar. Marcasite " Barytes. Galena " Cerusite. Chalcopyrite " Magnetite. Pharmacolite " Realgar. "' Nagyagite. Garnet i' Calcite. Thorite " Orthoclase. Cerusite " Calcite. P. 250. In the Classification of Minerals, the Fluorids are arranged along side of the Chlorids, where some chemists place them. The element Fluorine appears to be intermediate in character between Oxygen and Chlorine; and it is probably better to make for it a separate division, arranging the species (p. 250) as follows: III. CHLORII)S, BROAIDS, IODIDS. 1. Calomel Division, &c.-Calomel. 2. Rock Salt Division, &c. —lock Salt Groute, Sylvine, Rock Salt, Sal Ammoniac, Kerargyrite, Bromyrite; Iodyrite Group, Iodyrite; Cotuennite Group, Cotunnite. IV. FLUORIDS. I. BINARY COMPOUNDS.-1. sluor Group, Fluor Spar, Yttrocerite; Fluocerite Group, Fluocerite. II. DOUBLr BINARY COMPnOUNDS, Cryolite, Chiolite. Then v. oxYGEN COMPOuNDS, and so on. APPENDIX TO SECOND VOLUME. 1. Neew or Unarranyed Species. BARNHARDTITE, Genthl, (communicated to the author).-Massive, and of a pale bronze-yellow color, near that of pyrites, but lustre less bright, and tarnishes easily to pinchbeck and pavonine tints. Cleavage none. Streak black, slightly shining. Composition.-2 -fuS+Fe2S3. Analyses, by P. Keyser and W. J. Taylor, under the direction of Dr. F. A. Genth: 1. Pioneer Mills, Sulph-r 30'50 Copper 48'40 Iron 21'08, Keyser. 2. Dan Barnhardt's, 29'40 47'61 22'23, Ag trace, Taylor. B.B. gives sulphur fumes, and fuses to an iron-black magnetic globule; with the fluxes, reactions of iron, copper, and sulphur. From a mine on the land of Dan Barnhardt, Cabarras Co., North Carolina; also near Pioneer Mills, and at the Phenix and Vanderberg Mines in the same county, and in the neighborhood of Charlotte in Mecklenburg Co. CAROLATHINE, FI' L. Sonnenscheizn, (J. f: pr. Chl. Ix, 268, 1.853).-Massive, or in rounded balls. Color honey-yellow to wine-yellow. Subtranslucent. HI.=25. G. —1515. Fracture conchoidal. C7onposition.-Analysis afforded 11 241,0 19'39,C 1'33, for the volatile part, (water included) with 1l 4'17 25 and Si 29 62 for the fixed. This last corresponds to the formula'lGif, as in Andalusite. Heated it affords water, which is neutral in its reactions, and decrepitates at a higher temperature, the color becomes darker, and a black shining mass is'obtained. B.B. ignites somewhat without flame, and affords the reaction of alumina and silica. From a bed of mineral coal near Gleiwitz in Upper Silesia. Somewhat resembles Mellite. Named after the Prince of Carolath. CHALCODITE, Shepard. (Shep. Min. 3d. ed. 153).-Chalcodite appears to be near Anthosiderite, (p. 304). It occurs in minute thin laminin, aggregated in tufts, and forming very short velvety coatings, on hematite; color yellow and brownishyellow, with a pearly bronze lustre; laininme tender, flexible. Dissolves easily in hot muriatic acid. B.B. like Anthosiderite. Occurs at the Sterling Iron Mline, Antwerp, Jefferson Co., N. York. DELANOVITE, Jcennyott, (Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Reichs., iv, 633). —A reddish amorphous earthy mineral, H.=1 —1'5; fracture splintery to earthy; adheres to the tongue; streak reddish, a little shining; B.B. infusible. Analysis by C. von Hauer, (loc. cit): *Si 50.55 Al 1915 Ca 0.63 uIn 440 24.05=98.7s. 14-03 per cent. of water was driven off at 100~ C. The oxygen ratio for R, 3, Si, fI, is nearly 1: 2: 6: 15-S'3Si2-2gSi+451, or (I-: —tA)Sii2+15H, a composition which suggests that it may have proceeded like Cimolite from the alteration of Augite. From the department of Dordogne, France. Kenngott places it near Montmorillonite. IODO-BROMID OF SILVER. —M. Louis Suemann announces by letter to tile author, that he has distinguished an iodo-bromid of silver among the minerals of Chili. LINDACKERITE, J. Fi Vogl, (Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Reichs., iv, 552).-In oblong rhombohedral tables, probably trimetric, grouped in rosettes and reniform masses. H.=2-2'5; G.=2-2'5. Vitreous; verdigris to apple-green; streak pale-green to white. Composition. -20u"As+-i'S+-8f. Analysis by Lindacker, (loc. cit.): c8 28'58, S 6;44, Iu 36'34, Ni 16115, Fe 2'90, A: 9'32=99'-3. B.B. on charcoal APPENDsX. 501 alliaceous fumes, and fuses to a black mass. With borax:and salt of phosphorus a copper reaction. Soluble after long heating in muriatic acid, the solution giving a yellowish brown precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen. LOWEITE.-A yellowish saline mineral, from Ischl, approaching Astrakanite, (p. 379), affording the formula IgS+3Na-+2~S1=Sulphuric acid 51-94, magnesia 13'20, soda 20'27, water 14'59=100. Karafiat obtained, (Haid. Ber. Wien, 1846, 266), Sulphuric acid 52'35, magnesia 12'78, soda 18'97, water 14'45, peroxyd of iron and alumina 0'66=99'21. G.-2'376. MANGAN-VITRIOL, or Sulphate of Manganese.-AnIounced by Glocker, but imperfectly known. MENEGHINITE, Bechi, (Am. J. Sci. [2], xiv, 60. —In compact fibrous forms, very lustrous; H.=2'5. C6omposition. —PbS+-SbS2, Bechi, whose analysis afforded (loc. cit.), S 17'522, Sb 19'284, Pb 59'214, Cu 3 540, Fe 0'344=99'904. From Bottino in Tuscany, where it was obtained by Prof. Meneghini, along with Boulangerite and Jamesonite. The atomic proportions are those of tetrahedrite. PARACOLUMBITE, Shepar'd,, (Proc. Amer. Assoc., iv, 313, and Amer. Jour. Sci. [2], xii. 209).-In grains and short irregular seams, of an iron-black color, with a tinge of purple and a black streak; lustre imperfectly metallic. H. about 5. B.B. fuses readily to a black glass, which is not magnetic. With borax dissolves rapidly, the glass yellowish-brown while hot, but paler on cooling. Easily attacked by sulphuric acid, and gives reaction for fluorine; a heavy white precipitate falls, " unmixed with silica." The solution filtered was not rendered milky by boiling; it was decomposed by ammonia, and the precipitate " of mixed oxyds of uranium and iron was treated with carbonate of ammonia, which dissolved the latter, and showed its proportion to be small when compared with the former." Whence it is stated to consist probably of oxyds of iron and uranium, with some metallic acid not the-titanic. Occurs about a mile southwest of the village of Taunton, Mass., disseminated in very minutes quantities through a very large boulder, lying in a field contiguous to the highway. PARTSCHIN, Haidinger, (Haid. Ber. iii, 440).-Found in grains in small monoclinic crystals, somewhat resembling Monazite. LH.=6-6'5; G.=4-4-'1. Color reddish-brown. Lustre greasy. Fracture splintery. In sand from Olahllpian in Hungary with Rutile, Ilmenite, Zircon, Kyanite. Named after P. Partseh, of the Vienna Museum. PERCYLITE, H. J. Brooke, (Phil. Mag. [3], xxxvi, 131, 1850).-Monometric. In minute cubes; planes 0, 1, I, i2. H.=2-5. Color sky-blue; streak similar. Composition. —Contains, according to Percy, (loc. cit.), lead, chlorine, and copper, and probably oxygen; the quantity under analysis was too small for complete results. The examination gave, besides some water, chlorine 0-84, lead 2'66, copper 0'77, corresponding to equal atomic equivalents of these ingredients. Mr. Percy supposes that an equivalent of oxygen should be added, and writes the formula (PbCl+PbO)+(CuCl+CuO)+-Aq. B.B. by slight heat the blue color changes to emerald-green, and reappears on cooling; in the outer flame, the flame is green within and blue at the edges; fuses very easily, and in a tube fumes were given off, but no odors were perceived. On charcoal in the inner flame metallic globules are obtained, which dissolve without residue in dilute nitric acid. With borax in the outer flame, a transparent bluish-green bead is obtained, which in the inner flame becomes turbid and brownish-red. Accompanies gold in a matrix of quartz and red oxyd of iron, and is said to have come from La Sonora, in. Mexi6o. PRASOCHROME, Landerer.-A result of the alteration of chromic iron on the island Scyro, Grecian Archipelago, forming a dull green incrustation. Contains carbonate of lime colored by oxyd or chrome. 502 APPENDIX. 61J0. PROSOPITE, Scheerer, (Pogg. xc, 315).-Supposed from some qualitative trials on portions that were unaltered, to consist of 2// 1 ~ ~ aluminium, calcium, fluorine, and water. Occurs at the tin O2X/ 2 >1 lrtmines of Altenberg, ill crystals which are i,mostly altered to Kaolin. Scheerer points out a relation in some angles to Barytes; but'the form is in fact very much like that of Datholite, as shown in the angles and in the -annexed figure, altered in position from that given by Scheerer; i2': i2=7/~ to 78~, (760 12 12 44, iniDatholite); 0: 22=1350, (same in D.); 2: 2-1320, (1310 52' in D.); 21: 2i (top)=116i~, (1150 26' in D.); 23i: 23-=119~, (1180 9' in D.) Is it possible that the fluorine has been introduced through -? 2l52i the process of alteration, and that the mineral is when unaltered, nothing but Datholite? The name is from rpoocoretov, a vmask-, and alludes to its deceptive or masked condition. RIOLITE, Frfibel.-A selenid of silver, consisting according to Del Rio, of Silver 57-66, selenium 42'34=Ag Se2. Occurs- in small hexagonal tables of a lead gray color and malleable, at Tasco in Mexico. Requires further examination. The composition and form would place the species in the Covelline Group, p. 54. STRAKONITZITE, von Zepharovich.-A yellowish green steatite-like mineral, forming pseudomorphs at Mutenitz, near Strakonitz in Bohemia, with fluor spar which is partly-incrusted with quartz, and also sphene and pyrites in orthoclase and quartz. It is soft with a greasy feel, and G.-1 91. Analysis afforded von Zepharovich, (Jahrb. f... k. Reichs., iv, 695): Si 53.42 Xl 7.00 Fe 15641 (a 1'37 Mg 2.)4 f 19 86. The powder is pale yellowish, and becomes dull brown on heating. TELLURIC OCHRE, (Tellurite, Nicol, Tellurige Saiure, Petz). —Ocurs with niative Tellurium at Facebay and Zalathna in Transylvania, in small yellowish or whitish spherical masses, with a radiated structure also as an earthy coating. Supposed to be Tellurous acid. TUNGSTATE OF COPPER.-Announced by Dr. Genth, as occurring at Dr. Cosby's mine near Pioneer Mills, Cabarras Co., North Carolina, along with Wolframine, Wolfram and Scheelite, the last in large, but not very distinct, crystals. 611 TURNERITE, Levy, (Ann. of Phil. xviii, 241).-Mo_ oclinic. M: M=860 10', P: M-990 40'; MI: = 1380 6'; P: e=133~ 50. Cleavage parallel with Ce both diagonals of the prism, one more perfect than the other. HI. above 4. Lustre adamantine. Streak white or grayish. Color yellow or brown. Transparenttranslucent. a -CoUouzzositioa.-According to Children, it contains alumina, lime, magnesia, and a little iron; and it differs fiom sphene, of which it has been considered a variety, in containing very little silica and no titanium. It requires further examination, in order to determine its place in the system. Accompanies quartz, albite, feldspar, crichtonite, and anatase, at Mount Sorel in D)auphin6. It was distinguished by Levy, and named in honor of Mir. Turner, in whose collection it was first found. URANIUM, BASIC SULPHATE OF, H. Dauber, (Pogg. xcii, 261, June, 1854).Occurs in citron-yellow microscopic, rhombic or hexagonal tables, and in spherical aggregations. An analysis afforded Sulphuric acid 4'0, oxyd of uranium 1799, water 14'3=98'2, corresponding to 5:, IS, 1511. Is it a simple chemical compound? WILSONITE, T. S. Hunt, (Logan's Geol. Survey of Canada, 1863).-Massive. Cleavage perfect in two directions at right angles with one another, and giving APPi:NDIX.' 503 square prisms; a cross cleavage at right angles with one of those cleavages and inclined 1100 to 115~0 to the other. [According to the examination of fragments by the author, this last cleavage may be only a fracture, a supposition sustained by the wide variation mentioned in the angle of inclination]. H. —35. G.=2'765i2q'76. Lustre vitreous, shining, occasionally pearly on cleavage surfaces. Color reddish, rose-red to peach-blossom-red. Subtranslucent. Fracture uneven. composition. -Analysis by T. S. Hunt: ~i 43.55 1;l 27.94 Ve, Mn 0'20 a 6'50 Sig 3-81 t 8'3'7 Na 1'45 t 8-61 Oxygen 23-07 13-05 0'06 1'86 1-52 1-42 0'37'-65 B.B. whitens, becoming opaque, and losing water; fuses with intumescence to a white enamel. Occurs at Bathurst, C. W., with apatite, calcite, and pyroxene. Some resemblance in appearance to scapolite. Mineralfrom Italy, (Sitzungsb. Wien. x, 179).-This mineral substance is probably a mechanical mixture. It is crystalline; light greenish to wine yellow; translucent; shining with a waxy lustre; streak white. I.=5'5. G.=92969. Composition.-'i l 1 Ca ina 1f 3842 5 30 34'23 7-72 6'72 6 00. It affords no probable formula. Wholly soluble in sulphuric acid, and but little attacked by muriatic acid. B.B. on charcoal melts easily to a colorless blebby glass, phosphorescing. With borax easily forms a colorless glass. Meteoric Minerals.-Several substances occurring in meteorites have been named by C. U. Shepard as minerals, which are imperfectly described and little known. See Am. J. Sci., [2], ii, 377, vi, 402, xv. 363. They are called Apatoid, Sphenomite, (so called from Sphene), Dyslytite, Iodolite, Chladnite, Chantonnite,,Schreibersite, (changed by Haidinger to Shepardite), Iiyposulphite of Soda, Hyposuelphite of Magnesia, (Am. J. Sci., ii, 377), Olivinoid, (so called because like Olivine), I:owardite, (ib. vi, 402), Partschite, (ib. xv, 366). 2. Additional notices of described species. AMrBEl.-According to Prof. Goeppert, Amber is derived from at least eight species of plants besides the Pinites succinifer. The resin is supposed to have been altered to Amber through fossilization. Prof. Goeppert enumerates 163 species of plants represented by remains in Amber.-Monatsb. Akad., Berlin, 1853, and Am. J. Sci., [2], xviii. ANATASE, p. 121.-Keinngott obtains for 0: 1, 11 10 4-21, 1' 1 (pyr.) 97~0 51', 0: ii =1190 22'. —Min. Russl., 49. BERTHIERITE, p.'73.-Specimens from the mine Neue Hoffnung Gottes, near Freiberg, afforded C. v. Hauer (Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Reichs., iv, 635), Sulphur 30'53, iron 10'16, antimony 59'30=99'99. BISMIUTIINE, p. 83.-An artificial sulphuret of Bismuth afforded G. Rose the following angles: I.: I-90~ 40', i': ~i'53~ 40' and 126~ 20', I: i-=1350 20'.-Pog#. xci, 402, 1854. BOLE, p. 252.-Analyses by C. von iauer, (Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Reichs., iv, 634): 1. C. di Bove, Si 45'64 W1 29-33 P3e 8-88 Ca 0-60 i[g trace Af 14'27=98'72. 2. N. Holland, 38822 31'00 11-00 trace trace 18'81=99'03. 3. Discovery Id., 317-12 20'00 22'4'7 2'99 trace 17 62=-10020. Probably results of alteration of feldspathic or some aluminous mineral. Sinopite, Hausm. is the Bolus of Sinope; Stolpenite, Kenngott, is the bole of Stolpen; Oropion, Glocker, is Bergseife, p. 252. The right to a name in each of these so-called. species is very questionable. CALAMINE, p. 313.-Altenberg crystals of Calamine have been measured by H. Dauber, Pogg. xcii, 245, June, 1854. CALCITE, p. 435.-The Fontainbleau crystals contain, according to Delesse, upwards of fifty per cent. of sand: in one crystal, G.= —284, he found fifty-seven per a5(4 APPENr DX. cent. of mixed sand in another sixty-two per cent.; another G.=2'53, sixty-three per cent.; in a less perfectly crystallized spheroidal mass, eighty-three per cent. Halle Zeitschr, 1854, 215. F. W. Wimmer describes a crystal of Calcite affording the scalenolhedron - -5, ib., 1854, 334. CATAPLEIrTE.-The crystallization of Catapleiite, according to H. Dauber, is hexagonal. The crystals have the.edges replaced by the planes 1, 2, 4; 0: 1=1420 1.', 0: 2=122~ 38', 0: 4=107~ 45'. —Pogg. xcii, 239, June, 1854. CHILEITE. —Domeyko's vanadate of lead and copper, p. 363, is named Chileite by Kenngott. This is the second species so called,; the name being a synonyme under Gdthite. CHLOROPAL, p. 337.-Named Unghwarite by Glocker, and regarded as a good species by Kenngott. Occurs amorphous; H=25 —3; G=2'10 —216; greenish-yellow; streak greenish-white; lustre weak waxy. B.B. infusible, but becomes brown to black in a glass tube, and gives off water. Muriatic acid takes up the hydrate of iron. Von Hauer obtained in an analysis, (Kenngott's'Min. Notizen, ix), Si 67.76 Pe 20.86 Ca 1.77 A 19 T78-10'l1. This result differs considerably from other analyses. CURYSOCOLLA.-,L. Sumanlln communicates to the author that he has specimens of Chrysocolla from Chili, which have in the interior the fibrous structure and composition of pure malachite, showing that the whole was once malachite. In an earthy Chrysocolla-incrustation firom Chili, Berthier found sulphuric acid, (analysis p. 310); and in another Kittredge (anal. 11, p. 310) obtained neither cairbonic nor sulphuric acid. The Chrysocolla analyzed by Scheerer, (anal. 8, p. 310), occurs with feldspar, and is supposed to have resulted from the action of sulphate of copper on the feldspar. Bischof observes (Lehrb. ii, 1885) that silicate of copper may be formed through the action of an alkaline-, lime-, or magnesia-silicate on sulphate or'nitrate of copper in solution. He also shows that this silicate is decomposed by carbonated waters, producing carbonate of copper. The silicate is slightly soluble in pure water, and therefore may act in forming the pseudomorphs after carbonate of lead and libethenite, which have been described. Its solubility and formation by the methods stated, account for its occurrence in hydrous silicates, as Allophane. The alkaline silicates are furnished by the decomposing granite, and the sulphate of copper by altered pyritous copper. CLAY AND CLAYEY EARTis, EARTHY nYuDRous ALUMINOUS SILIcATEs. -Various compounds of this nature are described on pp. 165, 249 to 253, and 337 to 340. The following are others: Sphraegide, Hausm.-A yellowish-gray earth or clay, speckled with red, called Lemnian earth; Ai7/via rppayte of the Greeks; Siegelerde of the Germans. Adheres but little to the tongue, and falls to pieces in water. Analysis by Klaproth, Beit. iv, 333, specimen from Stalimene, the ancient Lemnos. Fuller's Earth, (Walkerde, MIertn; Walkthon, Hausn).-Earthy with a shining streak; greenish-gray, oil-green,white, yellowish, reddish, red, brown; G.-1 7-2'4; feel either greasy or harsh; adheres a little to the tongue; falls to pieces in water. Analysis by Klaproth, Beit. iv, 338, and Thomson. Occums in connection with the chalk, oolite, &c. Found in England at Nutfield near Riegate, in Sussex; near Maidstone, in Kent; Woburn, in Bedfordshire; at Vahls, near Aix la Chapelle; Rosswein, in Saxony; Zwikowetz, in Bohemia; and elsewhere..Potter's Cla:.-Analyses of Potter's Clay by Klaproth, Beit. vi, 281, and by Aubert and Berthier, Diet. Tech. xvii. Severite.-.-A variety of halloysite, analysis by Pelletier, Beud. Tr. ii, 36. Onkosin, Kobell.-In roundish pieces, having an apple-green color; sometimes grayish or brownish; lustre weak, greasy; translucent; H.=2; G.=2'8; fracture fine splintery. Analysis by Kobell, J. f. pr. Chem. ii, 295. From Salzburg. B.B. fuses with intumescence to a. white blebby glass; in sulphuric acid soluble, but not in m-uriatic. APPENDIX. 505 Si Xl Pe Ag 6a Pa t 1. Sphragide, Stalimene, 66'00 14'50 6-00 0'25 0'25 3'50 8'50, Klaproth. 2. Fuller'sEarth, Riegate, 53-00 10-00 9'75 1,25 0'50 24'00, K1 trace, hTaC1 0-10, Klap. 3. " " Silesia, 48'50 15'50 6'50 1'50 0'50 25 50, Klap. 4. " " Maxton, 57'105 31'850' 2615 -- --- 7-280, Thom. 5. Potter's Clay, Silesia, 61' 27' 1- - - 11, Klap. 6. " " France,t 57'0 37'0 4'0 - -- 1-,aAubert. 7. " " " 60'0 30'0 7'6 -- 24 - - aBerthier. 8. Onzkosin, 52-52 30-88 -- 3'82'e0'80 i6'38 4'60, Iobell. 9. S'everite, 50' 22 -- -- 26; Pelletier. a Water excluded. Anauxite, Breith. —Anauxite is greenish-white, pearly, granular, with cleavage in one direction; translucent; 1.-23; G.=2'26. Plattner obtained, (J. f. pr. Ch. xv, 325), 55'7 silica, 11'5 water, with much alumina, a little magnesia and protoxyd of iron. A doubtful if not bad species. From Bilin, in Bohemia. CLINTONITE, p. 297. —Two recent analyses of this mineral by G. A. Brush, (communicated to the author, by letter dated Miinchen, Aug. 7, 1854), afforded, Si Al Pe Zr Ma kg Na K t 1. 20'24 39'13 3-27 0-75 13'69 20-84 1'14 0'29 1-04=100-39. Oxygen, 1074 18'29 0'98 0'20 3-89 8'34 0'29 0'03 0'92. 2. 20'13 38-68 3-48 0'68 13-35 21 65 1'14 0-29 1 05=100 45. Oxygen, 10-69 18'07 1'04 0'18 3-80 8'66 0'29 0'03 0'93. These results of Mr. Brush give for the oxygen ratio of ft, A, Si, 12 55: 19-47: 10'74 and 12-78: 19'29: 10'69. Adding the oxygen of the protoxyds and peroxyds, the ratio for R+-, Si becomes 32-02: 10-74 and 3273: 10'69, or very closely 3: 1, while the ratio for the oxygen of the protoxyds and peroxyds is 2: 3; the former of which ratios, however expressed in a formula, appears to be the characteristic of the species. Kobell's Disterrite afforded the oxygen ratio for R, X, Si, 11-24: 21'26: 10-60, and for R+-i, Si, 32-50: 10-60, which gives the same oxygen ratio 3: 1 nearly for the bases and silica. Both correspond to (R3, -)Si-+Aq, with R3: as 2: 3 in the Clintonite, and 1: 2 in the Disterrite. The water is nearly wanting in the Clintonite, according to Brush. If we regard one third of the peroxyds in Brush's analysis as replacing silica, the oxygen ratio for P., 1s, (Si), becomes 12'78: 12'86: 17'12;'or between the bases and the rest 25'64: 17'12=3: 2, giving the formula (~-3-k+i) (Si, 1)y, which is the formula deduced on pp. 289, 297.. COPPER GLANCE, p. 46.-A crystal weighing half a pound has been found in the mines near Angina, Tuscany. The Mount Catini Mine affords Copper Glance, and also Native Copper, Red Copper, and Copper Pyrites. COVELLINE, p.65.-The Covelline of Leogang, in Salzburg, occurs mostly massive, but affords minute crystals, according to Kenngott, which present faces of two hexagonal pyramids; the acuter pyramid has for its basal edges the angle 1550 24'; and the inclination of a face of this pyramid on one of the other is 1500 24'. Color: indigo-blue, with submetallic somewhat greasy lustre, a little pearly on the cleavage face; streak black; H.=1-5-2. G.= —4636 —4590. Analysis afforded Sulphur 34'30, copper 64'56, iron 1'14.-Keinngott's Min. Notizen, No. ix. DEwErLITE, p. 285.-A variety from Fleims (called Gymnite by the author, but correctly Deweylite, as this is the earlier name) afforded von Widtermann, (Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Reichs., iv, 525), Si 40-82, Mg 36'06, water 21-72, Fe 0-42, C 0'59=99-61, agreeing closely with (Ellacher's analyses of this mineral from the same locality, (Anal. 4, p. 286). An earthy variety from the same place affords Si 49.06, Mg 2850, ft 1625, Pe 0'69, C 4'76-99'28, affording the oxygen ratio for 11, R, Si, nearly 3: 2: 5. ELIASITE, p. i08.-This species differs widely from Pitchblende in its lower specific gravity and the large proportion of water. 64 506 APPENDIX. ENARGITE, P. 87.-Crystals of Enargite, which are trimetric, have been measured by H. Dauber. He obtained for I: I, 97~ 53'. Other observed planes, i/, ii, ~i, 1l, 2i, 11, with the pyramids 1 and ~. 0: 1h=1400 29'; whence by calculation, O: 11= 1360 37', 0: i-154~ 43', 0: 2i=117~ 53', 0: 1=147~ 55'.-Pogg. xcii, 237. FELDSPAR.-M. Scheerer obtains for an albite fiom Snarum the oxygen ratio for it, X, Si, 1: 3: 11; and as the ratio is intermediate between that of albite and oligoclase, he proposes to call it oligoclase-albite. A feldspar from the zircon-syenite of Norway, analyzed by C. Gmelin, he regards as consisting of 1 of oligoclase, I of albite, and 1 of orthoclase; another from the Syenite of Ballons, as composed of 1 of oligoclase and 2 of orthoclase; and the same for another from Plombieres, analyzed by Delesse. Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, [2], xi, 146.-T. S. Hunt offered some theoretical views on the composition of the Feldspars to the American Association, at the meeting in 1854, at Washington. See Am. J. Sci., [2], xviii, 269. GABRONITE, Beudant (TraitS, ii, 94).-L. Seemann observes that he has seen in the School of Mines, Paris, truncated square prism of the gabronite, which show that the mineral is Scapolite. (Communicated to the author). GALENA, p. 39.-A variety in cubes, containing manganese, probably from Hartenrod, near Gladenbach, afforded Sandmann, S 13'80, Pb 83'52, Fe 0'83, Mn 1'20, Ag 0-14=99'49. H.=2-5. G.=-711. B.B. a strong manganese reaction. -Ann. Ch. u. Pharn2. lxxxix, 364. GIBBSITE, p. 134.-The Villa Rica (Brasil) Gibbsite afforded von Hauer, Alumina 64'35,water 35'65, phosphoric acid, a trace=loO. —Jahrb. f. k. k. Reichs., iv, 397. HEMATITE, P. 113.-Kokscharov has elegantly figured and describes several forms of hematite crystals in his Materialen zur Min. Russlands. Besides the planes enumerated on p. 113, he mentions 53 as presented by Russian crystals. He obtained for R: R 860; for 15, terminal edges 1470 23' 13", 1110 40' 23", and for the middle (or basal) edge 1140 46' 20". HIESSITE, p. 44.-This species, according to Kenngott, (Sitzb. Wien. xi, 20, 1853), is trimetric; the crystals show the faces iR, ii, I, besides another vertical prism undetermined. HYDROHALITE, Mitscherlich.-A hydrous Chlorid of Sodium. Composition Na Cl+4 H=Chlorid of Sodium 62'0, water 38'0=100. HYDROPHILITE, Glocker.-A name applied to Clhlorid of Calcium. IDocRAsE, p. 197.-Kohscharov has published an elaborate memoir with many fine figures on the Russian idocrase, in his Min. Russlands, p. 92. From crystals from the Poljakowsk mine he found 0: 1=142~ 46'..Jefreinoj.ite is a variety of idocrase from Finland, containing according to Ivanoff, Si 37'41, Ca 34'20,;1l 20-00,:e 4-60, K: 1-16, Na 1'70=99'07. It is usually yellowish-brown, but sometimes colorless. Kohscharov's Min. Russlands, 116. ILMENITE, p. 115.-Kokscharov mentions the rhombohedron JR as occurring in Russian ilmenite..Min. Russl. 20. IODYRITE, p. 95. —Two analyses of this silver ore have afforded J. Lawrence Smith the following results, (communicated to the author by letter, dated Louisville, Ky., Aug. 23, 1854): Iodine, 52'934 53-109 Silver, 46'521=99'455 46'380-99'489, with traces of copper and chlorine. KAoLIN. —The author is indebted for the mode of presenting the analyses of Kaolin, on p. 249, to M. Louis Semann of Paris. M. Seemann observes that the hydrous silicates of alumina proceeding from the decomposition of the feldspars never APPENDIX. 507 contain more alumina than silica, and they mostly come under the formula Al Si+ 21. The species Collyrite, Allophane, Scarbroite, and Miloschine, which contain much less silica, have not proceeded friom the decomposition of feldspars, but through sulphates of alumina produced by the alteration of pyrites. The earthy silicates containing two or more equivalents of silica have probably proceeded from the decomposition of aluminous pyroxenes. LAVENDULAN, p. 417. —According to trials by J. Lindacker, (Jahrb. k. k. Geol. Reichs., iv, 555), Lavendulan contains oxyd of copper, arsenous acid, and water, with also oxyd of cobalt, lime, and sulphuric acid. It is a result of alteration of different ores, and occurs with arsenates of cobalt and nickel, nickel ochre, copper black, and cobalt pyrites. LEADHILLITE, P. 371. —Fig. 1 of Leadhillite,"is taken from Mohs, (pl. 13), but altered by the addition (though of reduced size) of the planes wanting through hemihedrism, (the right hand I,, 2, 22 ), in order to exhibit the relations of the planes. LEEDSITE, Thomson. —Regarded as a mechanical mixture of sulphates of lime and baryta. Thomson's analysis afforded 71'9 of the former to 28'1 of the latter. From near Leeds, Yorkshire, England. LEUCOPYRITE, p. 61. —The Satersbergite of Kenngott includes analyses 4 and 5, p. 61. LIMESTONE FOR HYDRAULIC PURPOSES; SUBCARBONATE OF LIME. — According to Villeneuve, (Bull. Soc. Geol. de France, [2], x, 342), the hydraulic mortar owes its character to the formation of subsalts of lime, magnesia, alumina, or iron, with carbonic acid and silica, that is, salts containing an excess of base. Lime may form a subcarbonate (containing two equivalents of lime and one of acid) which is insoluble, and has hydraulic characters. This subcarbonate contains half an equivalent of water; with the silica a subsilicate forms containing 5 of water; and he observes also that there is a subaluminate with 7~ equivalents of water. These subsalts are stable only below a temperature of 2120 F. The virtue therefore of the hydraulic rock depends on the excess of bases or earthy ingredients. M. Delesse has detected a hydrated subcarbonate of lime in bone caverns of the Jura beds. MAGNESITE. —A specimen from Madras afforded Pfeiffer, (Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. lxxxix, 219), a 50'64, Mig 46-12, Ca 0-35, N~a 0-42, K 0-67, A1 0'26, -i 0'23, i 0-16, _ and C1 trace=98 85. MIcA.-An elaborate paper by Joseph Grailich, on the optical characters of the micas, has recently appeared in the Sitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften at Vienna, (vol. xi, p. 46). It contains the following measurements of the optical angles of micas: 1. Angle of Divergence of the Axes small. 1. Plane of the axes in the line of the shorter diagonal.-Green inlimestone, Vesuvius 00-10; dull-green to colorless, ib., 10; brownish-green. ib., 20; bluish, ib., 30; white, from Easton, Pa., 10-20; green, ib., 30-40~; brown, from Upper Hungary, in calcite, 40 30'; brown in feldspar, from Warwick, 40-5~; gold yellow, from Baritti, Brazil, 50 30'; meroxene, from Fassa Valley, 10-30~. 2. Angle between the optical axes 0~.-Dark green mica of Zillerthal; ib. from Norway; dark olive-green, from Kariat; blood-red in thin plates, from Besztercze, in quartz; from Retzbanya, in calcite with chalcopyrite; dark-green from Goshen, (New York probably), submetallic in lustre; liver-brown, from Anaksirksarklik; black, in thin leaves blood-red, from Leonfelden; dark-greenish, from Kingiktorsoak, Greenland; dull-red, from Magura, in granite; bluish, from Altenberg; black, from Horn, Upper Austria. 3. Optical axes in the plane of the longer diagonal.-Brown mica, from Frascati, in six-sided tables, 0~-10; brown, six-sided pyramids, from Cayuga-lake, N. Y., 1020; hexag. tables, from Pellegrino, Tyrol, in calcite, 0o-10; blackish-green, from Greenwood Furnace, 00-10; sea-green, from Karosulik, 1~-20; chesnut-brown, from L. Baikal, 10-20; liver-brown, in large tables, 50~. 4. Doubtful as to which diagonal coincides with the plane of the optical axes.Brown, from Moravia, 6~; liver-brown, from Gargenberg, Suabia, 5~; dark-brown, 508 APPENDIX. from Eden, Orange Co., N. Y., 20; pistachio-green, from Gombr, 20 30'; pinchbeckbrown, from Siberia, 2~ 40', G.=2'682; sea-green, from Norway, 20, G.=2-552; chesnut-brown, in granite, 00-10~. 2. Angle of Divergence above 500. 1. Plane of the axes in the line of the shorter diagonal. -Gray mica, from Kollin, in granite, 50~ 12'; from Zinuwald and Schlackenwald, in granite, 510 50'; gray, from the Tyrol, in granite, 520 12'; colorless, from Siberia, 600 30'. 2. Plane of the axes in the line of the longer diagonal.-Greenish-brown, from Arendal, 580; yellowish-brown, from Warwick, 590; from Airolo, Switzerland, 60~; from Miask, in yellow feldspar, 62~ 50'; pale greenish, from Schwarzenbach, 610 12'; from Nertschinsk, in granite, 650; green, from Rothenkopf,'Tyrol, 66~; colorless, from Gloria, Brazil, 660 36'; from Skogbollt, near Kimito, Finland, with red albite, 610 25'; from Weathersfield,* Connecticut, in coarse-grained granite, G.=2'836, 67~ 40'; colorless, from Josefs-Alpe, G.=2'713, 690 10'; pinchbeck-brown, from Trachiros, Cape Goyaz, Brazil, 690 25'; brownish to colorless, from Middletown, Connecticut, G.=-2852, 70~, (No. 6 of Silliman, p. 218); from Nulluk, Greenland, 70~ 36'; blonde, from Pressburg, Hungary, 700 40'; green, from Kassigiengoyt, Greenland, 710; pinchbeck-brown, from Kakunda, Brazil, 71~ 25'; blonde, from Cam, Bohemia, 71~ 40'; light-green, from Greenland, 710 50'; pale-brown, from Minas Geraes, Brazil,'720 20'; pinchbeck-brown, from Horlberg, Bavaria, in granite, 720 25'; greenish-yellow, from Chester, Mass., G.=2-827, 72~ 300-730 30'; white, from Zwiesel, Bavaria, 740; greenish-white, from Conceiqao, Brazil, 740; colorless, from the Ural,'74; gray, from Galmeikirchen, Upper Austria,'74 36'; pinchbeck-brown, from Miask, Urals, 750 25'; gray to colorless, from Siberia, G. =2'802, 75~-76Q; colorless, from Pressburg, Hungary, 76~ 12'; pinchbeck-brown, from Engenhos Corallinhos, Brazil, 640-65~0 and 680-69~. 3. In the following, crystals not well defined, and position of the longer diagonal inferred from the cleavage forms. From Irkutsk, 68~; from Fogaras, in Transylvania, in granite, 690; colorless, from Lobming, Austria, 690 20'; wine-yellow, from Balmarussa, 690 45'; sea-green, from Elfdal, Sweden, 69~ 58'; silver-gray, from Schlackenwald, Bohemia, 700; from Pressburg, 690 42' to 72~ 24'; from Pojanska, 700-710; from Grobo, Bannat, 700-70~ 36'; from Gomor, Hungary, 700 24'; from Neuberg, Bavaria, 70~ 40'; from Jamaica, 70~ 54'; from Wottawa, Bohemia, 71~ 15'; from Brazil, 71~ 36'; from Mursinka, Poland, 71~ 50'; greenishyellow, from Uto, Sweden,'720 50'; pale yellowish-green, from Paris, Me, 720 54' (No. 41 and 42 of Silliman); from Ronsberg, Bohemia,'3~; from Skuttrand, Norway, 730 30'; greenish, from Norway, 740 10'; pale-green, from Chillon, Switzerland, 740 24'; yellowish-white, from Zwiesel, Bavaria, 750 10'; yellowish-green, from Serra de Conceieao, Brazil, 76~. 4. Rose-red Lithiac Micas.-From Maine, 740, (No. 45 of Silliman); from Chesterfield, Mass, 75~; from Siberia, 75~ 40'; from Rozena, 76~0; from Pennig, Saxony, 76~0 30'; from Massachusetts, in granite, (Goshen? No. 50 of Silliman), 76~ 10'-76~ 40'. From a review of all the observations and the analyses, as far as they have been made, it appears that there are at least two great groups-one including the biotites and phlogopites, the other the muscovites and lepidolites. The line between the last two is not at present distinct either in composition or optical characters. Between the two former there is a difference of composition, according to the analyses made, and, as far as known, the optical angle of the phlogopites is hardly below 50~. Judging from the descriptions of the specimens examined by Grailich, there were but few phlogopites among them. The color and general habit of the phlogopites, as well as their occurrence in granular limestone, will usually distinguish them from either the biotites or muscovites. But more analyses are required to clear up the whole subject of the micas, and especially to ascertain what importance, if any, attaches to the distinction whether the plane of the optical axes lies in the longer or shorter diagonal. M. Grailich shows that, with slight exceptions, the angle increases with the specific gravity in the mica of a given locality. Thus seven micas from Pressburg, Hungary, have respectively the following specific gravities and optical angles: Specific gravity, 2'714 2-735 2'755 2'782 21790 2'793 2'796. Angles, 69'7 70'0'705 71-2 72-3 72'4 72'0. We refer to M. Grailich's paper for his mathematical details. This must be an error, as we know of no mica in granite at Weathersfield. APPENDIX. 509 MISPICKEL, p. 62.-A variety from near MIiihlbach, in Transylvania, afforded von Hauer, Arsenic 45'00, sulphur 21-36, iron 33-52=99'88. Jahrb. f. k. k. Reichs., iv, 400. NACRITE, TALCITE. —Nacrite has the feel of a soft earthy talc, and consists of minute grains or scales, white and pearly, with a greasy feel, much like Pholerite, although anhydrous. Talcite from Wicklow, Ireland, is similar. Analyses: Thomson, (Rec. Gen. Sci. May, 1836), 2, 3, Short and Tennant, (Thom. Min. i, 244): Si Fe da Mig lA1n I 1. Nacrite, Brunswick, Me., 64'44 28-84 4-43 — 0, Thomson. 2. Talcite, Wicklow, 46'00 35'20 2-88 9'61 3-94 2'0, Short. 3. " " 44'55 33'80 7 70 1 30 3'30 2'25 6-25, Tennant. Vauquelin's analysis of Nacrite is referred to mica by Rammelsberg. It is anhydrous. OTTRELITE.-Reported as occurring in Tuscany. PARALUMINITE, Steinberg.-Includes anal. 12, 13, of Websterite, p. 390. A very doubtful species. PENCATITE, Roth.-Analysis 1, of Predazzite; but not a good species. RocIs, (p. 247).-The following are recent analyses of different rocks: 1. Granite, from the Valorsin Valley, consisting of quartz, oligoclase, and white or brownish mica: Delesse, Bull. Geol. France, [2], vii, 424. 2. Red Syenite of Egypt, consisting of quartz, red orthoclase, white oligoclase, and black mica: Delesse, ib., vii, 484. 3.- Protogine of Mt. Blanc, consisting of quartz, orthoclase, oligoclase, talc, and mica: Delesse, ib., vi, 230. 4. Po7phyry of Lessines, having a green base, and the disseminated crystals being oligoclase: Delesse, ib., vii, 310. 5, 6. -Diorites of the Vosges; 5, from Frondrom6, fine crystalline, nearly compact in texture, consisting of feldspar and hornblende; G.=-2945; —6, from Clefcy, consisting of oligoclase, hornblende, and mica; color black; G.=2-902: Delesse. 7. Granulite (Weissstein), fine-grained, grayish-white color, from Krems; only 0O70 p. c. soluble in muriatic acid: E. Hornig, Wien. Akad., vii, 583. 8. Hornblende Slate, consisting of feldspar and hornblende, with some chlorite; G.=3 008; from Miltitz in Saxony; contains small acicular crystals of hornblende: Bischof, Lehrb. de Geol. 9, 10. Mica Slate; 9, grayish, from Libethen in Hungary; —10, ib., from Orawitza, Hungary: Bischof and Kjerulf, Bisch. Lehrb. 11, 12, Clay Slate;-11, from Siegen;-12, from Rothwaltersdorf, color bluishblack: Bischof, Lehrb. 13. lb. of violet color and having a silky lustre, from Nerothal, near Wiesbaden; G.=2-822; B.B. fuses on the edges to a gray enamel; muriatic acid decomposes 17'89 p. c., removing a fourth of the silica and alumina, all the peroxyd of iron, nearly all the magnesia, all the lime, and less than one-third of the potash: List, Ann. Ch. u. Pharm., lxxxi, 257. List obtained from this slate the sericite, (see p. 223), which is the source of the silky lustre. 14. Clay Slate of greenish color from Naurod; G.=2'792; List, ib. 15, 16, 17, 18. Roofing Slate;-15, purplish-blue, feebly glimmering lustre; G.=2-884; Lower Silurian, of Kingsey, Canada East;-16, greenish-blue, silky surface; G.-2'711; Upper Silurian from Westburg, C. E.;-17, Welsh roofing-slate, resembling No. 15; G.=2-824;-18, from Angers, France, and resembling No. 16, but more pearly in lustre and somewhat talcose; G.=2'882: T. S. Hunt, Phil. Mag. [4], vii, 237. Part of the iron in 15 and 17 he suggests may be peroxyd. 19. Tlariolite of Durance, in Savoy;-a, the base of the rock; G=-2-896 —2934; general appearance somewhat like Euphotide, of a greenish to dark-green color. Contains disseminated spherules, (analysis 19 b), which are feldspathic, white or 510 APPENDIX. greenish-white, and often changed to Kaolin; G.=-2923: Delesse, Ann. des M. [4], xvii, 11 6. 20. I)olerite from Meissner, consisting, according to the analysis, of 47'60 Labradorite, and 49'60 Augite: Heusser, Pogg. lxxxv, 298. 21. TIrap, or Dolerite, from Eskifjord-Bucht, Iceland; A, composition of the part soluble in muriatic acid (25'39 p. c.); B, of the part insoluble (74'13 p. c.): Damour, Bull. Geol. de France, [2], vii. 22, 23. Trap; 22, of Giants Causeway; 23, of Fingal's Cave: A. Streng, in Bunsen's Laboratory, Lieb. u. Kopp., 1852, 953. 24. Lcava, from Hecla, Iceland, eruption of 1845; A, part soluble in muriatic acid (33'25 p. c.); B, part insoluble (64'92 p. c.); the feldspar was easily decomposed in acids, and is supposed by the analyst to be Anorthite: Damour, loc. cit. 25. Lava of Etna, from the eruption of 1852; consisting, according to the analyst, of about 95 parts of Labradorite and Augite, 2 of Olivine, and 3 of Magnetic Iron: von Hauer, Sitz. Akad. Wien., xi, 87, 1853. (Abich obtained from the lava of 1669, 48-83 Silica and a closely related composition, making the lava to consist of 54'80 of Labradorite, 34'16 augite, 7,98 olivine, 3'08 magnetic iron). 26. Trachyte, from Ktilsbrunnen; G.=2'701: Bischof. 27, 28. Pozzuolana from Vesuvius; A, part soluble in muriatic acid; B, part insoluble: L. Elsner, J. f. pr. Ch., xxxiv, 438. 29. Trass, or Rhine Cement; A, part soluble in muriatic acid; B, part insoluble: L. Elsner, ib., xxxiii, 21. 30. Clay, of a reddish fawn-color, from the river A la Graisse, Rigaud, Canada; yields to heated muriatic acid 12-95 p. c. of alumina and peroxyd of iron. 3'97 of lime, and 1'92 of magnesia: T. S. Hunt, Phil. Mag. [4], vii, 238. For other analyses see Bischof's Lehrb. der Geol., passim; Delesse's papers in the Bull. Geol. de France, [2]; and Ann. des Mines, [4]; Bunsen, on Volcanic Rocks, (a paper of great interest), Pogg., lxxxiii, 197; E. Wolff on porphyrytic rocks, J. f. pr. Chem., xxxiv, 193; Damour, on volcanic rocks of Iceland, Bull. Geol. de France, [2], vii, 83; A. Streng, (paper referred to above); von Waltershausen's" Vulicanischen Gesteine," Gottingen, 1853. Si 1 t e'e (Ja Sig Na R Af or ign. 1. Gcranite, 75'00 12'90 1-10 -- 1'26 [by loss 9'34] 0'40, Delesse. 2. Red Syenite, 70'25 16'00 2'50 1-60 " 9'00 0'65, Delesse. 3. Protogine, 74-25 11'58 2'41 Mn tr. 108 " 10'011 0'67, Delesse. 4. Porphyry, 57'60 25'00 - 23 [ " 9'92] 4 25 C incl, Del. 5. Diorite, 48'50 17'10 --'e1626 7'99 [6I10] 220 105 0 80, Delesse. 6. " 48'90 18-50 - 1192 5'47 [970] 2-35 1-261-40,:M1n 0"50,D. 7. Granulite, 73'04 8-23 1-35 6'27 1'18 - - 11 — " 2-33,H11. 8. Horn. Slate, 48'65 16-42 18-62 4-69 7'16 2-32 0'89 0'56 0-21 Mn 0'48, B. 9. Mica Slate, 52'01 13'64 19.72 -- 067 542 0'55 5-55 2 49=100 05, B. 10. " 50-88 26'69 8-48 - - 1-19 2'72 4'52 4 19 —98'67, B. 11. Clay Slate, 50'01 34 74 3'73 - 0-87 0'04 7-21 3 27=99 87, B. 12. " 61'72 19'55 - 854 0'55 108 - 4'81 3-74-100, B. 13. " B5584 15-62 4'86 8'25 1-40 0-50 1'70 6-13 5-19= i i 051, B. 14. ". 59-93 15'01 1-85 5'62 4'56 1'43 6'08 2'44 2'43=- iO43,B. 15. Rooif'g Slate, 54'80 23'15 -- 958 1'06 2-16 2'22 3'37 3'90=100'24, H. 16. " 65'85 16'65 - 5'31 0 59 2-95 1'31 374 3710=99'50, H. 17. " 60-05 19'70 - 783 1'12 2-20 2-20 3'183'30-100'03, H. 18. " 57'00 20'10 10'98 1-23 3'39 1-30 1-73 4.40=100-13, H. 19.Vario.lite a. 52-79 11-76 - 11-07 5'90 9'01 3.-07 116 438 (Cincl), D. b. 56'12 17'40 7'79 Jir 0'51 8'74 3-41 3'72 0'24 1'93=99'86, D. 20. Dblerite, 48'00 16-28 — Fle5l55 9'50 3-85 201 2-01 2-80(lossincl)II. 21. Trap, 64.28 1225 - 11'43 3'19 0'45 4'76 1'27 1'09b=99' 2, D. " A, 13-18 8'49'063 0-45 - 075 — b =2539. " B, 51'10 12-25 - 294 2'56 - 476 052 -- =-7413. 22. Trap, 52'13 1487 - 11'40 10'56 6'46 2'60 0-69 1'19 M1n0.32, St. 23. " 4q780 14'80 13-08 12'89 6-84 2-48 0-86 1'41 " 009, Str. APPENDIX. 51 ~i A1 SPe Pe Oa SMg Na kt 1 or ign. 24. Lava, Hecla, 54-76 13 61 15'60 6'44 1-35 3-41 1-21 0'07C=98'17, D. A A, 1661 016 10-08 - 244 121 099 045 d =3325. B, 38'15 13'45 5-53 4-00 0'14 2-42 076 __e =64'92. 25. Lava, Etna, 49'63 22-47 - 10-80 9'05 2-68 3'07 0-98 Mn063,TH. 26. Trachyte, 64'21 16-98 6-69 - 049 0'18 4'41 5'13 1'00=99'09,Bi. 27. Pozzuolana, 59-15 21-28 476 1- 90 -- 6-23 4-37 -Na C1256,S. " 5 A, 10-25 9-01 4-76 190 -- -- 1'50 — =27'42. B, 48-90 12-27 -- 6-23 2-87 --— 7027. 28. Pozzuolana, 59'81 16'36 4-56 1- 58 -- 14'16 -— NaC13 25,R. " A, 10-25 2-57 4-56 - 1'58 -- 1-50 -=20-46. ".B, 49-56 13-79 --- 12-66 — =76-01. 29. Trass, 48-94 18'95 12-34 - -41 2-42 3'56 0-37 7-66(Amincl)E. " tA, 11-50 17'70 1177 - 3-15 2-15 2-44 0.29 — = —4901. B 37'44 1-25 0'57 - 225 0-27 1-20 0-08 — =42-98. 30. Clay, 50-81 2170 560 5O -32 2-62 2-61 2-85 7'75f o0'74, H. a. Add 0'05 oxyd of copper. b. Add titanic acid 0'80. c. Add titanic acid 1'72. d. Add titanic acid 1-24. e. Add titanic acid 0-48. f. Includes 8325 of carbonic acid. M. G. von Helmersen has a paper on the conductibility of heat of different rocks, in Pogg. Ann., lxxxviii, 461. Despretz published results on the same subject in the Ann. de Ch. et de Phys., vols. xix and xxxvi; and in the Compt. Rend., xxxv, 1844. SCORoDITrE, p. 419.-Crystals from Nertschinsk afforded Kokscharov the planes in figure 661, with also 2i and 22. The faces ii are vertically striated, and 1 are mostly rough. SELADONITE (Terre Jerte), p. 165. —A green earth accompanying the specular iron of Framont afforded Delesse9i -il Ve FPe A n Sig da E Na 43'50 16'61 8-88 11'83 0'80 6-66 trace 3'14 0'69 7 15-99'26 It occurs in pyroxene rocks with garnet, and results as Delesse observes from their decomposition. Boiled in concentrated muriatic acid it is discolored and the silica separates as a powder. Delesse states that in attacking the mineral with acids, the bases which resist the action longest are the alkalies; the magnesia, oxyds of iron, and alumina yielding first. Bisehof observes the same fact with mica slate; and it explains why minerals containing alkalies are often attacked by acids with difficulty. —L' Institut, June 14, 1854. SCHREIBERsITE, p. 53. —Dr. J. Lawrence Smith finds that the Schreibersite (Patera) is quite common in meteorites, being often mistaken for magnetic pyrites. The following are the results of three analyses, two of them incomplete: P Fe Ni Co Cu Si X1l Oa C1 1. 13-92 57-22 25-82 0-32 tr. 1-62 1 63 trace 0-13-100-66. 2. 14-86 56-04 26-43 0'41 tr. Not estimated. 3. 14'53 56'53 28-02 0-28 tr. Not estimated. No. 1 was detached in small pieces from the meteorite: No. 2 by dissolving away the iron and separating with great care; the silica, alumina, and lime were almost entirely absent. The mineral, according to Smith, consists of 1 P, 2 Ni, 4 Fe= Phosphorus 15-47, nickel 29-17, iron 55'36=100. (Communicated to the author). SELBITE, Haidinger.-Regarded as a carbonate of silver, but probably only a mechanical mixture. Color ash-gray to black. Reported from Wolfach, in Baden, and the Mexican mines where it is called Plata Aztul. SERPENTINE, p. 282.-On supposed pseudomorphs of serpentine after hornblende, pyroxene, and olivine, Th. Scheerer, in Pogg. xcii, 287. SMALTINE, p. 56.-The Smaltine containing 11 to 19 per cent. of iron, firom Schneeberg in Saxony, (analyses 3, 4, p. 57), is the Saflorite of Haidinger, (Handb. bestim. Min. 1845) or Eisenkobaltkies. It is essentially the same mineral in composition with the Chathamite of Shepard, (Shepard's Min. 1844). 512 APPENDIX. The Chathamite of a new opening at Chatham, Ct., has been recently analyzed by Dr. F. A. Genth, with the following results, (Rep. Cryst. Palace of N. Y.), As 70'11 S 4'78 Fe 11-85 Co 3'82 Ni 9'44 6'746 (loss) 5-62 12'92 3885 10'17 The Eisenkobaltkies of Modum, according to Kenngott, is trimetric instead of monometric. It afforded him a vertical prism of 155~, parallel to whose planes cleavage took place; there were also two macrodomes and a brachydome; lH.=60; color tin-white; streak black. Chathamite has not been observed in crystals. The name Smaltine is sometimes written Sinaltite. STANNITE, Br'eith.-Amorphous, of a pale yellowish white color, with little lustre; I-.=6'5; G.=3-545; fracture conchoidal. Contains according to Plattner, (Pogg. lxix, 435), Silica, alumina, and 36'5 per cent. of oxyd of tin. B.B. infusible. Probably a mechanical mixture. From Cornwall. TANNENITrE, p. 73.-Forms trimetric, according to I-I. Dauber, the flattened prisms presenting the planes Iii, l1,~1-. iz: li=129~ 14', is: i-=105~ 13', I: I-=102~ 501t, 0: 11=1400 46'. [Or doubling the vertical axis, the planes are I, ii, ji, -6, giving for O::l, 1310 28', and making the dimensions very near those of Anglesite; that is, I: 1=1020 50A', 1; 1:1-=620 56'.] —Pogg. xcii, 241. TERATOLITE, (Eisensteinmark, Terra miraculosa Saxonime).-Pale violet, bluish grayish; compact earthy; H.=2-5-3; G.=2-5. Composition, ~i 41-66, 1l 22-85, Pe 12-98, Mn 1-68, (a 3804, Mg 2-55, K 0'93, 11 14-20, Schifler. From the coal beds, near Zwickau, Saxony. TETRADYMIrT, p. 21.-The Tetradymite of the " Tellurium Mine," Fluvanna Co., Virginia, affords Dr. F. A. Genth, (communicated to the author by letter dated Philadelphia, August 23, 1854), Bismuth 53'85, Tellurium 46-67=100-52, after deducting about a half per cent. of gold and quartz. Only a trace of Selenium was found. This is the same mineral analyzed by Fisher. The mineral of this locality is broad foliated, and occurs in mica slate. Tetradymite occurs also, according to Dr. F. A. Genth, near Pioneer Mills, Cabarras Co., N. C., at Monroe Mine, in Stafford Co., and at Rogers' Gold Mine. TETRAHTEDRITE, P. 82.-I, from Mornshausen, near Biedenkopf: —Occurs in a gangue of quartz and barytes in greenstone; 11.=4; color light steel-gray; streak dull cherry-red. II, from Stahlberg near Mfisen,`iwith spathic iron; 11.-=4; G.=4-58; streak black, somewhat brownish. Analyses by Sandmann, (each means of two analyses, Ann. Ch. u. Pharm. lxxxix, 364), S Sb As Cu Fe Zn Ag Ni I. 24'61 25'65 1'65 38'17 1'59 6-28 0-62 trace=98'57. II. 25'52 19-71 4'98 38'41 2'29 6'50 0'69 trace, quartz 0'36=98'46. Schwatzite, Kenngott, includes anal. 20, p. 84; and Freibergite, the argentiferous Tetrahedrite or Polytelite of Glocker. THORITE, p. 312.-The following method is proposed by Smemann for distinguishing the species Thorite. The powder is decomposed easily by muriatic acid, especially if heated; after adding some drops of sulphuric acid to the solution, it should be evaporated to dryness; then turn some cold water on the white residue and it dissolves out the sulphate of thoria —a salt which has the property of forming a precipitate in flocks which collect at the bottom of the platinum crucible, and render the liquid gelatinous if the solution is a strong one.-A pseudomorph of thorite (orangite) after orthoclase is described by HI. Dauber, Pogg. xcii, 250, June, 1854. TOPAZ, p. 259.-According to a recent memoir by H. St. Claire Deville and M. Fouqu6, topaz and some other silicates containing fluorine, when highly heated, lose the fluorine as fluorid of silicium. Topaz thus loses 23 per cent. of this fluorid. They arrive at Ai1 Sil as the formula of topaz, part of the oxygen of the silica being replaced by fluorine. Compt. Rend. xxxviii, 317. APPENDIX. 513 It is remarkable that analyses apparently equally trustworthy, recent as well as old, give for Andalusite the two formulas 1il Sit and A1'Sii; for Staurotide the two;i1 Si~,:1'Sil; for Sillimanite, 1'Si and Xl'Si, and perhaps others; and now topaz in the present state of chemistry of the species, is divided between Al'Si2 and X1'i. Moreover Sphene, (R) gi is homceomorphous with Euclase (R)'Si; and all the above are pleomorphous with Tourmaline, (ihA, R, )'Sil. Kyanite alone appears to give to all recent analysts the same uniform result, X1l Si; and the uniformity on this species makes it more incredible that the variations in the case of the other species should be all attributable to errors of-analysis. TOURMALINE, p. 270.-Kenngott has deduced essentially the same formulas for Tourmaline as that given on page 271, except that he writes B2 03 for boracic acid, and regards it as replacing alumina. Min. Notizen, No. ix. TRIPHYLINE, P. 406.-Altered forms of triphyline are mentioned on page 407. L. Seemann states that Melanchlor (p. 428) is also a result of the alteration of'Triphyline, and occurs as an incrustation on unaltered Triphyline; that Heterosite, Pseudotriplite and the Norwich mineral are the results of a further change; that Hureaulite and Alluaudite are connected with Triplite in origin. (Communicated to the Author.) TuaQuoIs, p. 405.-The bone TzTurquois, or Odontolite, according to L. Suemann owes its color to a phosphate of iron, as stated by Dufrenoy, (Min. ii, 361). True turquois, when decomposed by muriatic acid gives a fine blue color with ammonia, which is not the case with the odontolite. This mineral has a fine turquois blue color, and a very compact but earthy texture. It is formed along with fossil bones or teeth, being like vivianite connected with organic phosphates in its origin. VOLGERITE, P. 142. —-Cumenge's mineral, p. 142, is named Cumengite by Kenngott. WEISSIGITE, p. 254. —The following are additional particulars respecting this mineral, from a note by M. Jenzsch, communicated to the author by L. Saemann. — Cleavage parallel to a hemidome pertaining to the brachydiagonal; also in two vertical directions meeting at 118~; also parallel to the macrodiagonal. Crystals small and not very distinct. Composition, Si 64-5, 1 17-0, Mg 0'9, KI 146, (Na, Li), 2-2, ign.:08. Insoluble in muriatic acid. From Weissig in Saxony. The proportion of silica, alumina, and alkalies, differs little from the same in Orthoclase; and is it not that species? W6HLEaRITE, p. 343. —H. Dauber has figured and described a crystal of Wdhlerite, (Pogg. xcii, 242). He gives the crystal the same position as that by the author. Adopting the lettering of f: 494, it contains the planes — 2 2 2 2 3 Dauber's lettering, a n y h b kI d o p i All but two of which planes are in Desloizeaux's figure, from which f. 494 was taken, and one of these two, 3-, is probably the correct symbol for that letteredl-., from Descloizeaux. The angles according to Dauber vary considerably as the faces are not very brilliant; and in fact he makes the brachydiagonal what Descloizeaux makes the macrodiagonal. The latter gives for I on the broad face lettered iT, 135~ 27', whence I: 1=900~ 54', while Dauber obtained 1340~ 51', giving 89~ 42' for the same I: l. TUsing the lettering of f. 494, the angles obtained are as follows: Dauber, iR: -i=109~ 28'. D)escloizeaux, 1090 57'. i: 12 —106~ 54'. 106~ 271. iR: 331300 45'. 1310 32'. i': Ti=116~ 17'. 1160 56'. Dauber's measurements of I: iR however varied froma 134~ 21' to 1350 24'. WOLKONSKOITE, P. 339. —This species has H.=2 —25; G.=2'213-2'303, Breithaupt. Analysis by Ivanoff, (Kokscharov's Min. Russl. 145): Si 36-84,'fr 18-85, Fe 17'85, 1l 3560,'n trace, Ca 1'39, 1I 22'46=100'89. ZINC BLOOM, p. 460.-Occurs with ores of zinc and lead at Bleiberg and Raibel in Carinthia, and has probably resulted from the decomposition of Calamine.'35 ANNOTATED INDEX TO THE USEFUL METALS AND METALLIC ORES. GOLD.-Native Gold, (p. 7). Distinguished from all minerals it resembles by its flattening under a hammer; its cutting like lead, although considerably harder; its resisting the action of nitric acid, hot or cold; its high specific gravity. Gold also occurs in GoldAmalgam, (p. 15), Sylvanite, (p. 64) and Nagyagite, (p. 65). Also sometimes in traces in Pyrites, Galena, Chalcopyrite, Native Tellurium. PLATINUM.-IRIDIUM.-PALLADIUM. —Native Platinum, (p. 12), the source of the platinum of commerce, is distinguished by the same tests as gold; and it is mainly on account of its malleability that it occurs in flattened grains or scales. Platiniridiun (p. 13) is another ore somewhat harder. Iridosmine (p. 19) resembles platinum; but it scratches glass, and gives the reaction of osmium, besides being rather brittle.; Native Palladium, (p. 14). SILVER.-The important Silver minerals are: 1, Native Silver, (p. 15), sectile and malleable like gold, the only one that has a white color; 2,. Silver Glance or Sulphuret of Silver, (p. 37), blackish lead gray, cutting (unlike the following) nearly like pure lead, cubic in crystallization; 3, Pyrargyrite and Proustite or Ruby Silver Ore, (pp. 77-78), ruby red to black, always giving a bright red powder; 4, Freislebenite or Gray Silver ore, (p. 79), steel gray, rather brittle and powder steel-gray; 5, Stephanite or Brittle or Black Silver ore, (p. 86), iron black, and giving an iron black powder; 6, Kerargyrite or Horn Silver, (p. 92), resembling a dark colored gray or greenish wax, and cutting like wax; 7, Embolite or Chloro-bromid of Silver, (p. 93), like the last, but more greenish. These ores yield silver easily, when heated on charcoal. Besides these, Tetrahedrite or Gray Copper, (p. 82), is often a valuable silver ore; Galena, (p. 39), which, although seldom yielding over seventyfive ounces to the ton, affords a considerable part of the silver of commerce. For other rarer silver ores, see pp. 16, 35, 43, 44, 48, 64, 71, 74, 76, 85, 87, 95.'COPPER. —The more valuable species are: 1, Native CUopper, (p. 17); 2, Chalcopyrite or Copper pyrites, (p. 68), of a brass yellow color, scratched easily with the point of a knife blade and giving a greenish black powder; 3, Barnhardtite,( p. 500), and C'uban, (p. 68), which are similar to the last but paler; 4,.Erubescite or Purple -Copper, (p. 38), pale yellowish, with a slight coppery tinge, but tarnishing externally to purple, blue, and reddish tints; easily scratched with a knife blade, and powder grayish; 5, Copper Glance or Vitreous Copper, (p. 46), of a dark lead-gray color, and powder similar, resembling some silver ores, but yielding copper and not silver, when heated on charcoal; 6, Tetrahedrite or Gray 6Copper, (p. 82), of a somewhat paler steel-gray color and powder; 7, Bed Copper, (p. 101); 8, Black Copper, (p. 109, 136); 9, Malachite or Green Carbonate of Copper, (p. 458), of a bright green color, sometimes earthy in the fracture and sometimes silky; 10,.Azurite or Blue dMalachite, (p. 459), of a rich deep blue color, either earthy or vitreous in lustre. All the above are acted on by nitric acid, and the solution deposits a red coating of copper on a strip of polished iron; 11, Chrysocolla, (p. 309), a silicate of copper, resembling the Green Carbonate, but paler green, and usually having a close texture, (never fibrous), a smoother surface and somewhat waxy lustre, although occurring usually only as an incrustation; 12, Atacamite or Chlorid of Copper, (p. 138), of deeper green than Malachite; 13, Sulphate of Copper, in solution, (p. 380). For rarer ores, see pages 36, (arsenical); 43, (selenid); 48, 65, 73, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, (different sulphur, arsenical and antimonial ores); 309, (silicate); 360, 362, 3683, (chromates, vanadate); 375, 380, (sulphates); 412, 420, 421, 425, (phosphates and arsenates). QUICKSILVER.-The only valuable ore is Cinnabar, (p. 48), of a bright red to brownish black color, with always a red powder, and affording fumes of quicksilver ANNOTATED INDEX. S15 when heated on charcoal. There are also Native Quicksilver, (p. 14); Amalgam, (p. 15); Selenid, (p. 52); Chlorid and Iodid, (p. 89, 96). Tetrahedrite (p. 82) sometimes contains this metal. LEAD.-Galena (p. 39) is the only abundant lead ore; it is a lead-gray brittle ore, yielding lead, when heated with charcoal. For other ores see pp. 42, 44, 65, (Selenid and Tellurids); 109, 117, 126, 127, 128, (Oxyds); 359, 361, 362, (Chromate and Vanadate); 348, (Tungstate); 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 390, (Sulphates), of which Anglesite (p. 370) is the common one; 400, 401, (phosphate and arsenate); 452, (carbonate). ZINC.-The most important ores are: 1, Smithsonite or Carbonate of Zinc, (p. 447), and 2, Calamine or Silicate of Zinc, (p. 313); they are alike in a white, grayish-white, or greenish-white color, commonly a slight waxy lustre and smooth look, (often stalactitic or mammillary), yet sometimes earthy; and a hardness such that the surface is scratched with a knife blade with some little difficulty. They differ in their action with muriatic acid; when the surface is drusy, the silicate shows projections of minute rectangular prisms. Zincite or Red Zinc ore, (p. 110), is also important; it is bright red and very distinctly foliated. Blende or Sulphuret of Zinc, (p. 45), is a common ore, having a yellow to black color and resinous lustre, and distinctly cleavable; the black varieties are sometimes a little metallic in lustre, but the powder is nearly or quite white. For other Zinc Ores, see pp. 127, (oxysulphuret); 156, 189, (silicate); 384, (sulphate); 409, (phosphate); 418, (arsenate); 460, carbonate). COBALT, NICKEL. —The ores of cobalt of first importance are, Smaltine, (p. 66), and Cobaltine, (p. 57), both of nearly a tin-white color, with the powder grayishblack, color sometimes verging slightly to gray. The Black Oxyd of Cobalt, (p. 136), a kind of bog ore and very impure, is sometimes sufficiently. abundant to be valuable. The useful ores of nickel are Chloanthite or the nickeliferous smaltine, (p. 56), G(ersdorffte or Nickel Glance, (p. 58), and Copper Nickel, (p. 52), the latter distinguished by a pale copper red color. For other ores of Cobalt, see pp. 41, 44, 63, 67, (sulphuret or arseniuret); 385, (sulphate); 416, (arsenate); 461, (carbonate); of Nickel, 42, 49, (sulphuret); 53, 59, (arsenical or antimonial); 339, (silicate); 386, (sulphate); 418, (arsenate); 461, (carbonate). MANGANESE. —Common, as Pyrolusite, (p. 125), and Psilomelane. (p. 135), both black or grayish-black ores, and having little lustre, and a blackish streak or powder, in which last particular they are distinct from the iron ore called Limonite, with which they are often associated, and also from Hematite or Specular Iron. Wad (p. 136) is an earthy bog manganese, sometimes abundant and valuable. Manganite (p. 130) is abundant in certain mines, but is of little value in the arts, because of its containing so little oxygen, (one third less than Pyrolusite), to which fact Beudant alludes in his name for the species, Acerdese; it differs from pyrolusite in its reddish-brown powder. For other manganese ores, see pp. 41, 56, (sulphuret); 53, (arsenical); 117, 118, (oxyds); 167, 186, (silicates); 399, 406, 408, (phosphates); 446, 452, (carbonate). CHROMIUM.-Chromic Iron, (p. 106), a grayish-black little lustrous ore, occurring mostly in Serpentine, is the source of chrome in the arts. For different chromates, see p. 359. IRON. —The important iron ores are: 1, Hematite or Specular Iron, (the at/artri7g or bloodstone of Theophrastus), (p. 113), characterized by its blood-red powder, and occurring either earthy and red, or metallic and dark steel gray; in the latter condition very hard, a knife point making no impression;-2. Magnetite, or magnetic iron ore, (p. 1051, as hard as the preceding, but having a black powder. and being attractable by a magnet;-3, Limonite, called also brown hematite, (p. 131), a softer hydrous ore, affording a brownish yellow powder, earthy or semimetallic in appearance, and often in mammillary or stalactitic forms; —4, Chalybite, or Spathic Iron, (p. 444), a sparry ore, of grayish, grayish-brown, and brown colors, very distinctly cleavable, turning brown to, black on exposure. The common clayey iron ores are 516 ANNOTATED INDEX. impure ores, eithei of Spathic Iron, Limonite, or Hematite; when the last they are red; when brown, reddish-brown, or yellowish-brown to black, they may be either of-the two former. One of the most common ores of iron is Pyrites or sulphuret of iron, (p. 54), a pale yellow brass-like ore, hard enough to strike fire with steel, and thus unlike any copper ore, and all similar ores of other metals. Marcasite (p. 60) is similar, but is prismatic and often crested in its forms. Pyrrhotine, or Magynetic Pyrites, (p. 50), is less hard and paler, or more grayish in color. Leucopyrite and Mispickel, (pp. 61, 62), are white metallic arsenical ores, somewhat resembling ores of Cobalt. llmenite, or Titanzic Iron, (p. 115), resembles specular iron closely, but has not a red powder; it is abundant in some regions, but not valued. For other iron ores see pp. 380, 385, 387, 389, (Sulphates); 399, 406-408, 415, 424, 427, 431, (phosphates); 422, (arsenate); 464, (oxalate). TIN.-The only valuable ore is the Oxyd of Tin or Cassiterite, (p. 118), a very hard mineral of a dark brown to black color, sometimes gray or grayish-brown, without any metallic appearance; the crystals usually have a very brilliant lustre. Tin also occurs as a sulphuret, (p. 70), and is sparingly found in ores of tantalum, and some other mineral species. TITANIUM. —The only ore of this metal of any value is Rutile, (p. 120). ARSENIC. —Native Arsenic (p. 22) is one source of arsenic, but it is too rare to be of much avail; also Orpiment, (p.32), a sulphur-yellow foliaceous and somewhat pearly mineral, and Reallgar, (p. 31), bright red and vitreous. Arsenic is mostly derived for the arts from the arsenical ores of iron, cobalt, and nickel. ANTIMONY.-Stibnite, or Gray Antimony, (p. 33), is the source of the antimony of commerce. It is a lead gray ore, usually fibrous or in prismatic crystals, and distinguished from a similar ore ofmanganese by its perfect diagonal cleavage and its easy fusibility. Antimony occurs also in numerous ores of lead and silver, (p. 72), and of nickel, (pp. 53, 59); also as oxyds, 140, 141. BISMUTH. —ative Bismuth, (p. 20), the source of the metal in the arts, is whitish, with a faint reddish tinge, has a perfect cleavage, and is very fusible. For other bismuth ores, see pp. 16, 21, 33, 44, 73,77, 81, 88; 141, (oxyd); 181, (silicate); 462, (carbonate). GENER AL INDEX.*' Abichite, 428. Allagite, 167. Ammiolite, 142. Abrazite, 322. Allanite, 208. Ammonia alum, 383. Acadiolite, 319. Allemontite, Arsenical An- Ammonia,Bicarbonate,454. Acerdese, 130. timony, 22. Muriate, 92. Achates, 151. Allochroite, 191. Phosphate, 413. Achirite, 309. Allogonite, 410. Sulphate, 379. Achmatit, 206. Allomorphite, 366. Amoibite, 58. Achmite, 176. Allophane, 336. Amphibole, 170. Achroite, 271. Allophane, Opal, 337. Amphibolite, 172. Acicular Bismuth, 81. Alluaudite, 407,513. Amphig6ne, 231. Aciculite, 81. Almagrerite, 371. Amphodelite, 234. Acid, Antimonous, 141,142. Almandine, 191. Anagenite,v. Chrome ochre. Arsenous, 139. Alstonite, 451. Analcime, 318. Boracic, 144. Altaite, 44. Analcime carnea, 200. Carbonic, 144. Alum, Native, 382. Anamesite, 247. Muriatic, 97. Ammonia, 383. Anatase, 121, 503. Sulphuric, 143. Feather, 381. Anauxite, 505. Sulphurous, 143. Iron, Magnesia, Man- Andalusite, 257. Tungstic, 143. ganese, Soda, 382. Andesine, 236. Acite, 165, 176. Alumina, 111. Andreasbergolite, 323. Actinolite, Actinote, 170. Fluate, 98. Andreolite, 323. Adamant, 24. Fluosilicate, 259. Anglarite 416. Adamantine spar, 111. Hydrate, 128. Anglesite, 370. Adinole, 248. Hydrous Silicates (ear- Anglesite, Cupreous, 390. Adularia, 242. thy), 165, 249 to 253, Anhvdrite, 369. iEdelforsite, 155, 308. 337 to 340, 504. Ankerite, 441. Aerhenstein, 366. Mellate, 475. Annabergite, 418. ~zgirin, 160, 172. Phosphates, 423, 432. Anorthite, 234. ~Erosite, 77. Sulphate, 381, 388. Anthophyllite, 172. /Eschynite, 357. Alumine fluatee alcaline, 97. Hydrous, 175. Aftonite, 82. sulfat6e, 381. Anthosiderite, 304. Agalmatolite, 252, 276. phosphat6e, 424. Anthracite, 26. Agaphite, 405. Aluminite, 389. Anthraconite, 439. Agaric mineral, 438. Alumocalcite, 151. Antiedrit, 323. Agate, 145. Alumstone, 388. Antigorite, 281. Agnesite, 462. Alun, 382. Antimoine natif, 21. Aikinite, 81. - Alunite, 388. oxid6 140, 141, 142. Agustite, 396. Alunogen, 381. oxid6 sulfur6, 141. Akanticon, 206. Amalgam, Native, 15. sulfure, 33. Akmit, 176. Gold, 15. sulfur6 nickelifgre, 59. Alabandine, 41. Amausite, 242. sulfur6 plombo-cupriAlabaster, 377, 439. Amazon Stone, 242. f6re, 80. Alalite; 159. Amber, 466, 503. Antimon, Gediegen, 21. Alaun, 382. Amblygonite, 409. Antimon-arsen, 22. Alaunstein, 388. Amethyst, 145. Antimonate of lead, 142. Albin, 304.: Oriental, 111. Antimonblende, 141. Albite, 240. Amiant, 172. Antimonblfthe, 140. Alexandrite, 122. Amianthoide, 174. Antimonglanz, 33. Algerite, 203. Amianthoide magnesite,133. Antimonite of lime, 410. Alizite, 339. Amianthus, 172. of quicksilver, 142. *The numbers in this Index refer to the Second Volume. For an Index to the First Volume, see Table of Contents, following the Preface. 518 GEN-ERAL INDEX. Antimonial copper, 73. Argentine, 439. Aurichalcite, 460. copper glance, 82. Argentite, 37. Auripigmentum, 32. lead ores, 72-87. Argyrose, 37. Aurotellurite, 64. nickel, 53. Aricite, 322. Automolite, 103. ochre, 141, 142. Arkansite, 123. Autunite, 430. silver, 35. Arpidelite, 268. Aventurine quartz, 14'7. sulphuret of silver, 77, Arquerite, 15. feldspar, 245. 79. Arragonite, 448. Axinite, 213. Antimonite, 33. Arsenate of lime, 414. Azorite, 350. Antimonkupferglanz, 82. ARSENATES, 396. Azure spar, or stone, 404. Antimonnickel, 53. ANHYDROUS, 396. Azurite, 459, 404. Antimonnickelglanz, 59. HYDvnous, 411. Antimonocher, 141. Arseneisen, 61. Babingtonite, 1'78. Antimonophyllite, 140. Arseneisensinter, 432. Bagrationite, 208. Antimonoxyd, 140, 141. Arsenglanz, 22. Baierine, 353. Antimonsaures bleioxyd,142 Arsenic, Native, 22. Baikalit, 159. Antimonsilber, 35. oxydd, 139. Balas ruby, 103. Antimonsilberblende, 77. sulfure, 31. Ballesterosite, 55. Antimony, Native, 21. Sulphuret, 31, 32. Baltimorite, 282. Arsenical, 22. White, 139. Bamlite, 264. Gray, 33. Arsenical antimony, 22. Baralite, 340. Oxyd of, 140, 141. Arsenicite, v. Pharmacolite, Barnhardtite, 500. Plumose ore of, 76. 414. Barolite, 449. Red, 141. Arsenikalkies, 61, Baroselenit, 366. Sulphuret of, 33. Arsenikantimon, 22. Barsowite, 236. White, 140. Arsenikbleispath, v. Mime- Barystrontianite, 451. Antimony blende, 141. tene. Baryta, Carbonate, 449. bloom, 140. Arsenikbismuth, v. Eulytine. Carb. of lime and, 451. glance, 33. Arsenikblithe, 139, 414. Sulphate, 366. Antrimolite, 329. Arsenikeisen, 61. Sulphato-carb., 450. Apatelite, 388. Arsenikglanz, v. Arsenglanz. Barytes, 366. Apatite, 396. Arsenikkies, 62. Barytine, 366. Apatoid, 503. Arsenikkobaltkies, 67. Barytocalcite, 453. Aphanesite, 428. Arsenikmangan, 53. Baryto-celestine, 369,. Aphrite, Aphrizite, 270, 439. Arsenikkupfer, 36. Barytophyllit, 298. Aphrodite, 281. Arseniknickel, 52, 56. Basalt, 162, 247. Aphrosiderite, 297. Arseniksilber, 36. Basanite, 148. Aphtbalose,Apthitalite, 365. Arseniksilberblende, 7 8. Basanomelan, 115. Aphthonite, 82. Arsenik-sinter, 419. Basicerine, 96. Apjohnite, 382. Arseniosiderite, 61, 422. Bastite, 165. Aplome, 192. ARSENIURETS, 30-88. Batrachite, 184. Apophyllite, 304. Arsenite, 139. Baudisserite, 441. Aquamarine, 178. Arsenocrocite, 422. Baulite, 248. Areeoxene, 364. Arsenolite, 139. Beaumontite, 330. Aragonite, 448. Arsenopyrite, 62. Beilstein, 175. Aragonspath, 448. Arsenous acid, 139.. Beinbrech, v. Tufa. Arcanite, 365. Arsenphyllite, 140<." Bell-metal ore, 70.. Arendalite, 206. Asbestus, 159, 172. Belonit, 81. Arfvedsonite, 172. Asbolan, 136. Beraunite, 427. Argent antimonial, 35. Asparagus-stone, 396. Berengelite, 468. antimoni6 sulfur6,77,79. Aspasiolite, 215. Beresite, 246. iodur6, 95. Asphaltum, 469. Berg-crystal, 145. gris antimonial,'79. Asteria, 111. Bergholz, 285. muriat6, 92. Astrakanite, 379. Bergmannite, 32'7. natif, 15. Atacamite, 138. Bergpech, 469. noir, 86. Atelesite, 182. Bergseife, 252, sulfure, 37. Atlaserz, 458. Bergtheer, 469. sulfure flexible, 71. Atheriastite, 203. Bernerde, v. Retinite. sulfur6 fragile, 86. Atramenstein, v. Misy. Bernstein, 466. sulfure antimonif6re et Augite, 158. Beryl, 178. cuprifere,'79. Augustite, 396. Berthierite, 73, 503. fragile, 542. Auina, 230. Berzelianite, 43. GENERAL INDEX. 519 Berzeliit, 404. Bleimolybdat, 349. Breunnerite, 443. Berzeline, 43, 232. Bleini6re, 142. Brevicite, 327. Berzelite, 128. Bleinierite, 142. Brewsterite, 332. Beudantite, 232, 423. Bleioxyd, 109. Brewstoline, 471. Bieberite, 385. Bleischeelat, 348. Brittle silver ore, 86. Bildstein, 252. Bleischimmer, 75, Brochantite, 391. Bimsstein, 246. Bleisulphotricarbonat, 371. Bromic silver, 93. Biotine, 235. Bleischweif, 40. BROMIDS, 89. Biotite, 225. Bleivitriol, 370. Bromite, 93. Birousa, 405. Blende, 45. Bromlite, 451. Bismuth, 20. Blodite, 379. Bromsilber, 93. Acicular, 81. Bloodstone, 148. Brogniardite, 76. Carbonate, 462. Blue asbestus, 279. Brogniartin, 374. Cupreous, 73, 88. copper, 459. Bronzite, 160. Oxyd, 141. feldspar, 404. Brookite, 123. Silicate, 181. iron earth, 415. Brossite, 442. sulfur6 plombo-argenti- iron stone, 279. Brown coal, 26. f6re, 16. john, 94. iron ore, 131. sulfur6 plumbo-cupri- malachite, 459. hematite, 131. fere, 81. spar, 404. ochre, 131. Sulphuret, 33, 73, 77. vitriol, 380. spar, 443, 441. Telluric, 21. Blutstein, 113. Brucite, 183, 186. Bismuth-glance, 33. Bodenite, 210. Bucholzite, 265. blende, 181. Bohnerz, 131. Bucklandite, 206. nickel, 44. Bog-butter, 473. Buhrstone, 148. ochre, 141. Bog iron ore, 131. Buntbleierz, 400. silver, 16. manganese, 136. Buntkupfererz, 38. Bismuthine, 33, 503. Bole, 252, 503. Buratite, 460. Bismutite, 462. Bolognian spar, 366. Bustamite, 167. Bitterkalk, 441. Boltonite, 167. Buttermilcherz, 92. Bittersalz, 384. Bolus, 252, 503. Butyrite, 473. Bitter spar, 441, 443. Bonsdorffite, 215. Byssolith, 170. Bitterspath, 441. Boracic acid, 144. Bytownite, 237. Bitumen, 469. Boracite, 393. Elastic, 471. BORATES, 392. Cacholong, 151. Bituminoses holz, 26. Borax, 394. Cacoxene, 424. Bituminous coal, 26. Borazit, 393. Cadmium, Sulphuret of, 51. Black copper, 109, 117, 136. Bornite, 21, 38. Cairngorm stone, 147. hematite, 135. Bornstein, v. Bernstein. Calaite, 405. manganese, 135. Borocalcite, 394. Calamine, 313, 447, 503. silver, 86. Borosilicate of lime,, 334. Cupriferous, 426. lead, 29. Borsaurerkalk, 394.' Electric, 313. jack, 45. Botryogen, 387. Green, 460. Blakeite, 380. Botryolite, 334. Calamite, 172. Blattererz, 65. Boulangerite, 81. Calcareous spar, 435. Blatterkies, v. Marcasite. Bournonite, 80. tufa, 439. Blittertellur, 65. Bournonit-nickelglanz, 59. Calcedony, 145. Bliitterzeolith, 330. Bowenite, 283. Calcite, 435, 503. Blaubleierz, 39. Branchite, 472. Caledonite, 372. Blaueisenerz, 415. Branderz, v. Idrialine. Callais, 405. Blaueisenstein, 279. Brandisite, 297. Calomel, 89. Blauspath, 404. Braunbleierz, 400. Calstronbaryte, 366. Blei, 17. Brauneisenstein, 131. Calyptolite, 195. Bleierde, 452. Braunite, 117. Canaanite, 203. Bleifahlerz, 80. Braunspath, 441, 443. Cancrinite, 233. Bleigelb, 349. Braunstein, 118. Candite, 103. Bleiglanz, 39. Piemontischer, 206. Canehlstein, 191. Bleiglas, v. Anglesite. Grauer, 130. Cantalite, 145.. Bleiglitte, 109, Schwarzer, 135. Caoutchouc, Mineral, 471. Bleigummi, 431. Braunsteinkiesel, 190. Capillary pyrites, 49. Bleilasur, 390. Breislakite, 160. Capnite, 447. Bleihorneri, 463. Breithauptite, 53. Caporcianite, 334. 520 GENERAL INDEX. Carbocerine, 456. Chesterlite, 246. Coal, Mineral, 26. CARBONATES, 434. Chessy copper, 459. Cobalt, Arsenate of, 416. ANslYDROUS, 434. Chessylite, 459. Arsenical, 56, 57, 63, 67. HYDROUS, 454. Chiastolite, 257. Carbonate, 461. Carbonic acid, 144. Childrenite, 424. Earthy, 136. Carbunculus, 190. Chileit, 129, 504. Glance, 57. Carinthine, 172. Chiltonite, 314. Gray, 56. Carminite, 410. Chimborazite, v. Aragonite. gris, 56, 57. Carminspath, 410. Chiolite, 98. oxid6 noir, 136. Carnat, 250. Chiviatite, 77, Red, 416. Carnelian, 147. Chladnite, 503. Sulphate, 385. Carolathine, 500. Chloanthite, 56. Sulphoarseniuret, 63. Carpholite, 316. Chlorastrolite, 315. Sulphuret, 41, 67. Carphosiderite, 431. Chlorhydric acid, 97. White, 56, 57. Carphostilbite, 326. CHLORIDS, 89. Cobalt bloom, 416. Carrollite, 67. Chlorite, 294, 296. Cobaltine, 57. Cassiterite, 118. ferrugineuse, 296. Cobalt-mica, 416. Cassiterotantalite, 351. spar, 298. Cobalt-pyrites, 67. Castelnaudite, 432. Chloritoid, 298. Cobalt vitriol, 385. Castor, 253. Chloritspath, 298. Coccinite, 96. Catapleiite, 308, 504. Chlormerkur, 89. Coccolite, 159, 160. Catlinite, 252. Chloromelan, 299. Colestein, 368. Cat's eye, 148. Chloropal, 337, 504. Collyrite, 338. Cavolinite, 232. Chlorophafite, 278. Colophonite, 190. Cawk, 366. Chlorophane, 94. COLUMBATES, 344. Celestine, 368. Chlorophyllite, 215. Columbite, 353. Cerasine, Cerasite, 463. Chlorospinel, 103. Comptonite, 325. Cerer, v. Cerium. Chlorquecksilber, 89. Condrodite, 186. Cerine, 208. Chodneffite, 97. Condurrite, 36. Cerinstein, 312. Chondrodite, 186. Conichalcite, 421. Cerite, 312. Chonikrite, 291. Conistonite, 465. Cerium, Carbonate, 456. Chrismatine, 474. Conite, 441. Fluorid, 96. Christianite, 234, 324. Connellite, 375. Silicate; 312. CHROMATES, 359. Copal, Fossil, Copaline, 467. Cerolith, v. Kerolith. Chromeisenstein,. 106. Copiapite, 387. Ceroxydulkohlensaures,456 Chrome ochre, 339. Copper, Native, 17. Cerusite, Ceruse, 452. Chromic iron, 106. Antimonial, 73, 82. Cervantite, 141. Chryolith, v. Cryolite. Arsenates, 419,421,425, Ceylanite, 103. Chrysoberyl, 122. 429. Chabazite, Chabasie, 319. Chrysocolla, 309, 504. Arsenical, 36. Chalcanthit, 380. Chrysolite, 184. Black, 109, 117, 136. Chalcedony, 147. Chrysophane, 297. Blue, 65, 459. Chalcodite, 500. Chrysoprase, 147. Capillary red, 122. Chalcolite, 430. Chrysoprase earth, 340. Carbonates, 458. Chalcophacite, 429. Chrysotile, 282. Chromate, 360. Chaleophyllite, 428. Chusite, 184. Emerald, 309. Chalcopyrite, 68. Cimolite, 165. Glance, 46. Chalcostibite, 73. Cinnabar, 48. Gray, 82.. Chalcotrichite, 122. Cinnamon stone, 191. Indigo, 65. Chalilite, 325. Cipolino, 439. Muriate, 138. Chalk, 438. Clausthalite, 42. Oxychlorid, 138. Chalkosin, 46. Clay, 249 to 252, 337 to 340, Oxyd, 101, 109,117,122. Chalybite, 444. 504, 510. Phosphate, 412, 420, Chamoisite, 299. Clay slate, 509. 425. Chantonnite, 503. Cleavelandite, 240. Purple, 38. Chathamite, 56, 512. Cleiophane, 45. Pyritous, 68. Chaux arsenia!6e, 404, 414 Clingmanite, 300. Red, 101, 122. borat6e siliceuse, 334. Clinkstone, 246. Selenid, 43. carbonat6e, 435. Clinoclase, 428. Silicate, 309. fluat6e, 94. Clinochlore, 293. Sulphate, 380, 391. Chenocoprolite, 432. Clintonite, 297, 505. Sulphato-chlorid, 375. Chert, 148, Cluthalite, 318. Sulphuret, 38, 46,65,68. GENERAL INDEX. 521 Copper, Tungstate, 502. Cuivre gris, 82. Dichroite, 214. Vanadate, 362, 363. hydrosiliceux, 309. Digenite, 48. Variegated, 38. muriat6, 138. Dihydrite, 425. Vitreous, 46, 505. natif, 17. Dillnite, 338. Copper and Lead, Selenid oxid6 rouge, 101. Dimagnetite, 106. of, 42. phosphat6, 420, 425. Dimorphine, 32. Copper froth, 426. pyriteux, 68. Dinite, 475. Copper glance, 46, 505. pyriteux hepatique, 38. Diopside, 159. Copper green, 309. selenie, 43. Dioptase, 309. Copper mica, 428. sulfate, 380. Diorite, 247, 509. Copper nickel, 52. sulfure, 46. Dioxylite, 374. Copper ore, Black, 109, 117. sulfur6 argentifere, 48. Diphanite, 301. Blue, 459. vanadat6, 362. Diploite, 234. Emerald, 309. veloute, 392. Dipyre, 205. Gray, 82, 512. Cumengite, Discrasite, 35. Green, 458. Cummingtonite, 174. l)isomose, 58. Indigo, 65. Cupreous anglesite, 390. Disterrite, 297. Octahedral, 101. manganese, 136. Disthene, 263. Variegated, 38. Cuprite, 101. Dog Tooth Spar, v. Calcite. Velvet, 392. Cuproplumbite, 41. 435. Yellow, 68. Cyanite, 263. Dolerine, 246. Copper pyrites, 68. Cyanosite, Cyanose, 380. Dolerite, 162, 247, 510. Copperas, 380, 385, 387. Cyanotrichite,v.Lettsomite. Dolomite, 441. Soda, 389. Cyclopite, 254. Dolomite sinter, 457. Potash, 389. Cymophane, 122. Domeykite, 36. Coquimbite, 380. Cyprine, 197. Domite, 246. Coracite, 108. Dopplespath, v. Calcite. Coral, 440. Dalarnite, v. Mispickel. Dopplerite, 474. Corallinerz, 48. Damourite, 223. Dreelite, 373. Cordierite, 214. Danaite, 62. Dufrenite, 427. Corindon, 111. Danburite, 212. Dufrenoysite, 77. Cork, Mountain, 172. Datholite, Datolith, 334. Dyoxylite, 374. Corneine, 172. Daourit, v. Rubellite. Dysclasite, 306. Corneous lead, 463. Davidsonite, 178. Dyskolite, v. Saussurite. Cornite, 246. Davyne, 232. Dysluite, 103. Cornubianite, 246. Davyt, 381. Dyslytite, 53. Cornwallite, 425. Dechenite, 361. Dyssnite, 167. Corundellite, 300. Delanovite, 500. Dysyntribite, 252. Corundophilite, 298. Delessite, 296. Corundum, 111. Delphinite, 206. Earthy cobalt, 136. Cotunnite, 97. Delvauxene, 427. manganese, 136. Couzeranite, 206. Demant, 24. Edelforsite, 155, 308. Covelline, 65, 505. Demantspath, 111. Edelith, 314. Crednerite, 126. Dendrachates, 151. Edingtonite, 323. Crichtonite, 115. Dermatin, 280. Edwardsite, 402. Crispite, 120. Deseloizite, 361. Egeran, 197. Crocidolite, 279. Desmin, 332. Ehlite, 426. Crocoisite, 359. Devonite, 423. Ehrenbergite, 330. Cronstedtite, 299. Deweylite, 285, 505. Eisen, Gediegen, 17. Cross stone, 257. Diabase, 162. Eisenapatit, 399. -Crucite, 257. Diaclasite, 160. Eisenalaun, 383. Cryolite, 97. Diadochite, 433. Eisenblau, 415. Cryptolite, 399. Diagonite, 332. Eisenbltithe, 448. Cryptoline, 471. Diallage, Talkartiger, 160. Eisenchlorit, 296. Cuban, 68. Green, 160, 170. Eisenchrom, 106. Cube ore, 422. Metalloidal, 160. Eisenerde, Blauenc, 415. Cube spar, 369. Diallogite, 446. GrOne, 182. Cubizit, 318. Diamant, 24. Eisenerz, Trappisches, 116. Cuboite, 318. Diagqnd, 24. Eisenerz, Hystatisches, 115. Cuivre arseniat6, 420-429. Diaphorite, v. Allagite. Eisenglanz, 113. arsenical, 36. Diaspore, 128. Eisenglimmer, 113. carbonate, 458. Diastatite, 172. Eisengymnite, 286. 66 2 GENERAL INDEX. Eisenkies, 54. Essonite, 191. Far sulfur6, 54, 60. Rhombischer, 60. Etain oxyde, 118. sulfur6 magnetique, 50. Eisenkiesel, 145. sulfur6, 70. Fergusonite,?50. Eisenkobalterz, v. Safflorite, Eucairite, 43. Ferrocobaltine, 58. 511. Euclhroite, 421. Ferrotantalite, 351. Eisenmlflm, 105. Euchysiderite, v. Pyroxene. Fettbol, 252. Eisennatrolith, 327. Euclase, 267. Fettstein, 232. Eisennickelkies, 42. Eudialyte, 181. Feuerblende, 88. Eisenopal, 151. Eudnophite, 318. Fibroferrite, 388. Eisenoxyd, 113. Eugenesite, v. Selenpalla- Fibrolite, 265. Eisenoxydhydrat, 131. dite. Fichtelite, 472. Eisenoxyd, Schwefelsaures, Eugenglanz, 85. Figure stone, 252. 380, 385, 387. Eukairite, 43. Fiorite, 151. Eisenpecherz, 408, 432. Euklas, 267.- Fireblende, 88. Eisenperidot, 185. Eukolite, 343. Fischaugenstein, 304. Eisenphyllit, 415. Eulytine, 181. Fischerite, 408. Eisenresin, 464. Eumanite, 123. Flexible silver ore, 71. Eisensinter, 419. Euphyllite, 291. Fliegenstein, v. Arsenic. Eisenspath, 444. Eupyrchroite, 396. Flint, 145. Eisenrahm, v. Red ochre. Eurite, 246. Float stone, 148. Eisenrose, 116. Euxenite, 358. Flockenerz, v. Mimetene. Eisenrutil, 129. Euzeolith, 330. Flos ferri, 448. Eisensteinmark, 512. Exanthalose, 386. Flucerine, 96. Eisentitan, 120. Exit6le, 140. Fluellite, 98. Eisenvitriol, 385. Fluocerine, 96. Eisspath, 242. Fahlerz, 82. Fluocerite, 96. Eisstein, 97. Fahlunite, 215. Fluochlore, 345. -Ekebergite, 201. Hard, 214. Fluor, Fluor Spar, 94. Elaeolite, 232. Fiiserzeolith, 327. FLUORIDS, 89. Elasmose, 65. Fassaite, 159. Flussspath, 94. Elaterite, 471. Faujasite, 323. Foliated tellurium, 65. Electrum, 8. Fayalite, 185. Fontainbleau limestone, Eliasite, 108, 505. Feather alum, 381 439. Embolite, 93. Feather ore, 76. Forsterite, 184. Embrithite, 81. Federalaun, 381, 383. Fowlerite, 167. Emerald, 178. Federerz, 76. Francolite,v. Apatite,(AnalEmerald nickel, 461. Feldspar, 228, 506. ysis, 4), 396. Emeraude, 178. Common, 242. Franklinite, 106. Emery, 111. Labrador, 237. Frauenglas,;. Mica. Emerylite, 300. Potash, 242. Freibergite, 512. Emmonite, 450. Soda, 240. Freislebenite, 79. Enargite, 87, 506. Feldstein, 242. Frugardit, 197. Enceladite, 395. Felsite, 242. Fuchsite, 222. Endellionite, 80. Felsobanyite, 134. Fuller's Earth, 504. Ephesite, 301. Felspath, 242. Fullonite, v. Onegite. Epichlorite, 288. apyre, 257. Funkite, 160. Epidote, 206.. blue, 404. Fuscite, v. Scapolite. Epistilbite, 330. tenace, 254. Epsom salt, Epsomite, 384. Fer azur6, 415. Gabronite, 506. Erdkobalt, 136. arseniat6, 422. Gadolinite, 211. Erdharz, 469, 471. arsenical, 61, 62. Gagates, 27. Erdmannite, 195, 340. carbonat6, 444. Gahnite, 103. Erdbl, 469. chromat6, 106. Galapektite, v. Halloysite. Erdwachs, 474. hydro-oxide, 131. Galena, 39, 506. Eremite, 402. natif, 17. Gallicinite, 120. Erinite, 425. oligiste, 113. Gallitzenstein, 120. Erlanite, 191. oxide, 113. Galmey, 313, 447. Erubescite, 38. oxidul6, 105. Ganomatit, 432. Erythrine, 416. magnetique, 105. Giinsekithig-erz, 432. Erythrite, 245. muriat6, 310. Garbenstilbit, 332. Eschenite, 357. phosphat6, 415. Garnet, 190. Esmarkite, 205, 215, 384. sllfatW, 380, 385, 387. Bohemian, 194. GENERAL INDEX. 523 Garnet, Tetrahedral, 194. Graukupfererz, 84. Hauerite, 56. Garnsdorffite, 390. Graulite, v. Tectizite, 388. Hausmannite, 118. Gay-Lussite, 455. Grausilber, v. Selbite. Hiauyne, 230. Gedrite, 175. Grauspiessglanzerz, 33. IT,Jydenite, 319. Gehlenite, 256, 205. Grauspiessglaserz, 33. Hayesine, 394. Gekrosetein, 369. Gray antimony, 33. Haytorite, 148. Gelbbleierz, 349. copper, 82, 512. Heavy spar, 366. Gelbeisenerz, 389. Green diallage, 160. Hebetine, 189. Gelberde, 131. earth, 165, 511. Hedenbergite, 160. Gelberz, 64. iron ore, 427. Hedyphane, 401. Gelferz, v. Chalcopyrite. lead ore, 401. Helleflinta, 245. Geocronite, 85. malachite, 458. Heli-trope, 148. Gersdorffite, 58. sand, 288.- Helminth, 294. Geyserite, 151. vitriol, 385. Helvin, 194. Gibbsite, 134, 506. Greenlandite, 190. Hematite, 113, 506. Gieseckite, 233. Greenockite, 51. Brown, 131. Giftkies, v. Mispickel. Greenovite, 268. HIepatinerz, 310. Gigantolite, 215. Greenstone, 162, 247. Hepatite, 366. Gilbertite, 223. Grenat, 190. Hercinite, 103. Gillingite, 290. Grenatite, 261. Herderite, 410. Giobertite, 441. Grengesite, 296. Hermannite, v. Mangan-amGirasol, 151. Groppite, 287. phibole. Gismondine, 322. Groroilite, 136. Herschelite, 321. Glance copper, 46. Grossular, 191. Hessite, 44, 506. Glanzarsenikkies, 61. Gruinauite, 44. Hetepozite, 407. Glanzkobalt, 57. Griinbleierz, 400, 401. Heteroclin, 127. Glanzkohle, 26. Gruineisenerde, 182. Heteromerite, 199. Glaserite, 365. Griineisenstein, 427. Heteromorphite, 76. Glaserz, Glanzerz, 113, 131. Grilnerde, 165. Heterosite, 407, 513. Glaskopf, 113, 131. Grfinerite, 160. Heulandite, 330. Gliitte, 109. Guanite, 413.. Highgate resin, 4.67. Glauber salt, 386. Gummierz, 107. Himbeerspath, v. Diallogite. Glauberite, 374. Gummispath, 431. Hisingerite, 290. Glaucodot, 63.. Gurhofian, Gurhofite, 442. Hollspath, 25'7. Glaucolite, 201. Gurolite, 305. Holmesite, 297. Glauconite, 288. Guyaquillite, 468. Holz, Bituminoses, 26. Glaucophane, 177. Gymuite, 285, 505. Holzkupfererz, 421. Glaukosiderit, 415. Gypsum, 377. Holzopal, v. Wood opal. Glimmer, 217-227. Gyrolite, 305. Honey stone, 475. Glinkite, 184. Honigstein, 475. Glottalite, 319. Haarkies, 49. Hopeite, 409. Gmelinite, 321. Haarsalz, 381, 383. Hornblei, 463. Gneiss, 246. Haemachates, 151. Hornblende, 170. Gijkumite, 197. H.Ematite, 113. Hornblende slate, 509. Gold, 7. Hafnefjordit, 239. -Iornerz, 92. Gold amalgam, 15. Haidingerite, 413, 73. Hornfels, 148, 246. Goshenite, 178. Hair-salt, 381. Hornmangan, v. Rhodonite. Goslarite, 384. Halbazurblei, 372. Horn quicksilver, 89. Gothite, 129. Hallite, 389. Horn silver, 92. Gotthardite, 77. IHalloylite, 251. Hornstone, 148. Grammatite, 172. Halloysite, 251. Horse-flesh ore, 38. Grammite, 156. Halotrichine, 383. Houghite, 135. Granat, 190. Halotrichite, 381, 383. Howardite, 503. Granite, 246, 509. Hampshirite, 277. Houille, 26. Granulite, 246, 509. Harmotome, 323, 324. Hudsonite, 1G0. Graphic gold, 64. HIarringtonite, 328. Humboldtine, 464. tellurium, 64. Hartbraunstein, 117. Humboldtilite, 205. Graphite, 29. Hartine, 473. Humboldtite, 334. Graubrdunsteinerz, 125. Hartite, 473. |Humite, 186. Grauerz, v. Galena. - Hartkobaltkies, 67. Hureaulite, 407, 513. Graukobalterz, 41. Hartmanganerz, 135. Huronite, 217. Graugiltigerz, 82. Hatchettine, 473. Hversalt, 383. 524 GENERAL INDE:X. Hyacinth, 195. Irite, 103. Jade tenace, 254. Hyalite, 151. Iron, 17. Jamesonite, 75. Hyalomelan, 177. Arsenate, 422. Jargionite, 40. Hyalosiderite, 184. Antimonial sulphuret, Jargon, 195. Hyblite, 166. 73. Jarosite, 389. Hydrargillite, 134. Arsenical, 61, 62, 63. Jasper, 148, 151. Hydraulic limestone, 440, Borate, 395. Jaspery iron ore, 113. 507. Carbonate, 444. Jayet, 26. Hydroborocalcit, 394. Chromic, 106. Jeffersonite, 160. Hydrobucholzite, 265. Columbate, 353. Jelletite, 194. Hydroboracite, 393. Cupreous arsenate,419. Jefreinoffite, 506. Hydrocalcite, 457. Hydrous oxyds,129,131 Jenkinsite, 286. Hydrochlore, 345. Magnetic, 105. Jet, 26. Hydochloric acid, 97. Meteoric, 17. Jewreinowite, 506. Hydrodolomite, 457. Oxalate, 464. Johannite, 386. Elydrohalite, 506. Oxydulated, 105. Johnite, 405. Hydrolite, 321. Peroxyd, 102, 113. Junkerite, 446. Hydromagnesite, 456. Phosphate, 399, 406- Jurinite, 123. Hydromagnocalcit, 457. 408,415,424, 427, 431. Hydronickelmagnesite, 457. Silicates, 160, 185, etc. N.B. Many names spelt Hydrophane, 151. Sulphate, 380, 385, 387, with an initial K in GerHydrophite, 286. 389. man, begin with C in EngHydrosilicite, 165. Sulphuret, 50, 54, 60. lish. Hydrophilite, 506. Tantalate, 351. Hydrous anthophyllite,175. Titaniferous, 115. Kakochlor, 136. Hydrosteatite, 276. Tungstate, 351. Kakoxene, 424. Hydrotalcite, 135. Iron alum, 383. KIalait, 405. Hydrozincite,v. Zinc Bloom. Iron earth, Blue, 415. Kalamit, 172. Hypargyrite, 75. Iron natrolite, 327. Kalialaun, 382. Hypersthene, 160. Iron ore, Argillaceous, 113, Kalisulphat, 365. Hypochlorite, 182. 131, 444. Kalisalpeter, 433. Hyposclerite, 241. Axotomous, 115. Kalisalzsaures, 90. Hypostilbite, 333. Bog, 131. Kaliphite, 133. Hystatite, 115. Brown, 131. Kalk-Malachit, 458. Green, 427. Kalksalpeter, 434. Iaspachates, 151. Jaspery, 113. Kalkspath, 435. Iberite, 217. Lenticular, 113. Kallochrom, v. Crocoisite. Ice spar, 245. Magnetic, 105. Kalzedon, 147. Iceland spar, 438. Micaceous, 113. KaImmererit, 291. Ichthyophthalmite, 304. Ochreous, 113, 131. Kammkies, 60. Idocrase, 197, 506. Octaliedral, 105. Kampylite, 401. Idrialine, Idrialite, 470. Pitchy, 132, 408. Kaneelstein, 191. Iglesiasite, 452. Red, 113. Kaneite, 53. Igloite, Iglite, 448. Sparry, 444. Kaolin, 249, 506. Ildefonsite, 355. Specular, 113. Kapnite, 447. Illuderite, v. Zoisite. Titaniferous, 115. Karneol, v. Carnelian. Ilmenite, 115, 356, 506. Iron pyrites, 54. Karpholite, 316. Ilvait, 262. Magnetic, 50. Karphosiderit, 431. Indianite, 235. White, 60. Karstenite, 369. Indicolite, 270. Iron rutile, 129. Kastor, 253. Indigo copper, 65. Iron sinter, 419, 432. Katapleiit, 308, 504. Inolite, 435. Ironstone, Clay, 113, 131. Kausimkies, 61. Iodic silver, 95. Blue, 415. Keilhauite, 341. quicksilver, 96. Iserine, 102. Keramohalite, 382. IOD1DS, 89. Isophane, v. Franklinite. Kerasite, 463. Iodite, 95. Isopyre, 255. Keraphyllite, v. Carinthine. Iodolite, 503. Itaberite, 113. Kerargyrite, 92. Iodyrite, 95, 506. Itacolumite, 24. Kerate, 92. Iolite, 214. Ittnerite, 319. Kermes, Kermesite, 141. Hydrous, 215. Ixolyte, 473. Kermesome, 141. Iridium, Native, 13, 19. Kerolite, 280. Iridosmine, 19. Jade, Common, 175. Kibdelophan, 115. GENERAL INDEX. 525 Kieselgalmey, 313. Kupferkies, 68. Lead, Sulphato-carbonate, Kieselkupfer, 309. Kupferlasur, 459. 374. Kieselmalachit, 309. Kupfermanganerz, 136. Sulphato-chlorid, 375. Kieselmangan, 167. Kupfernickel, 52. Sulphato-tricarbonate, Kieselschieffer, 148. Kupferpecherz, 310. 371. Kieselspath, 240. Kupferphyllit, 428. Supersulphuretted, 40. Kieselwismuth, 181. Kupfersammterz, 392. Sulphuret, 39, 506. Kieselzinkerz, 313. Kupferschaum, 426. Tellurid, 44, 65. Kilbrickenite, 85. Kupferschwiirze, 109, 137. Tungstate, 349. Killinite, 170. Kupfer-smaragd, 309. Vanadate, 362. Kirwanite, 288. Kupfer-vitriol, 380. White, 452. Klaprothine, 404. Kupferwismutherz, 73, 88. Lead glance, 39. Klinoclas, 428. Kupferwismuthglanz, 73. Lead ochre, 109. Knebelite, 186. Kyanite, 263. Lead ore, Green, 401. Knistersalz,v. Common Salt. Kymatine, 170. Red, 359. Kobaldine, 67. Kypholite, 282. White, 452. Kobaltbeschlag, 417. Kyrosite, 60. Yellow, 349. Kobaltbliithe, 416. Lead vitriol, 370. Kobalt-glanz, 57. Labradorite, 237. Leadhillite, 371, 507. Kobaltkies, 67. Labrador feldspar, 237. Leberblende, 46. Kobaltsulfuret, 41. Labrador hornblende, 160. Leberkies, 60. Kobaltvitriol, 385. Lagonite, 395. Ledererite, 321. Kobellite, 82. Lampadite, 136. Lederite, 268. Kochsalz, 90. Lanarkite, 374. Leedsite, 507. Kohle, 26. Lancasterite, 456. Leelite, 245, 248. Kohlensaurer Kalk, 435. Lanthanite, 456. Lehmanite, 359. Kokkolit, 158. Lapis-lazuli, 229. Lehrbachite, 43. Kollyrite, 338. Lapis-ollaris, 276. Lehuntite, 327. Kolophonit, 190. Larderellite, 395. Lemnian Earth, 504. Konichalcit, 421. Lardite, 252, 276. Lenzinite, 251. Konigine, 391. Lasionite, 423. Leonhardite, 308. Konleinite, 472. ILasurite, 459. Lepidokrokite, 129. Kinlite, 472. |Lasurstein, 229. Lepidolite, 226, 508. Korite, 166. ILatrobite, 234. Lepidomelane, 227. Kottigite, 418. |Laumonite, Laumontite,307. Lepolite, 235. Korund, 111. Lava, 510. Leptynite, 246. Koupholite, 314. Lavendulan, 417, 507. Lettsomite, 392. Krablite, 248. Lazulite, 404. Leuchtenbergite, 294. Kraurite, 427. Lead, 17. Leucite, 231. Kreittonite, 103. 1 Antimonial sulphurets, Leucolite, v. Pycnite. Kremersite, 90. 72. Leucocyclite, v. ApophylKreuzstein, 323. Antimonate, 142. lite. Krisoberil, 122. Argentiferous, 39. Leucophane, 182. Krisolith, 184. Arsenate, 401. Leucopyrite, 61, 507. Krisuvigite, 391. Black, 29. Leuzit, 231. Krokidolite, 279. Carbonate, 452. Levyne. 321. Krokoit, 359. Chlorid, 97. Lherzolite, 160. Kryolite, 97. Chloro-carbonate, 463. Libethenite, 420. Kfihnite, 404. Chromate, 359, 361. Liebenerite, 215. Kupaphrite, 426. Corneous, 463. Liebigite, 461. Kupfer, Gediegen. 17. Cupreous sulphate,390. Lievrite, 262. Kupferantimonglanz, 73. Cupreous sulphato-car- Lignite, 26. Kupferbleiglanz, 41. bonate, 372. Ligurite, 270. Kupferbleispath, 390. Hydro-aluminous, 431. Limbelite, 184. Kupferblende, 84. Molybdate, 349 Lime, Anhydrous sulphate, Kupferbl~ithe, 101, 122. Murio-carbonate, 463. 369. Kuppferdiaspore, 425. Oxychlorid, 127, 128. Arsenate, 414. Kupferfahlerz, 82. Oxyds, 109, 117, 126. Borate, 394. Kupferglanz,Kupferglas, 46. Phosphate, 400. Borosilicate, 334. Kupferglimmer, 428. Selenate, 375. Carbonate, 435. Kupfergrun, 309. Seleniets, 42. Fluate, 94. Kupferindig, 65. Sulphate, 370. Hydrous carbonate,457 526 GENERAL INDEX. Lime, Subcarbonate, 507. Malachite, Lime, 459. Melanglanz, 86. Nitrate, 434. Malacolite, 158. Melanite, 192. Oxalate, 464, 465. Malacone, Malakon, 196. Melanochroite, 361. Phosphate, 396. Maltha, 469. Melanolite, 288. Silicate, 155, 156. Malthacite, 340. Melanterite, 3S'5. Sulphate, 369, 377. Mancinite, 156. Melaphyre, 162. Titanate, 345. Mangan, Kohlensaures, 446. Melinophane, 183. Tungstate, 347. Mangan-amphibole, 168. Mellate of alumine, 475. Limestone, 439. Manganblende, 41. Mellilite, 205. Hydraulic, 439, 507. Manganese, Oxyd of, 117, Mellite, 475. Magnesian, 441. 118, 125. Melopsite, 250. Limonite, 131. Hydrous oxyds, 130, Menaccanite, 115. Linarite, 390. 135, 136. Menakerz, 268. Lincolnite, 330. Arseniuret, 53. Mendipite, 128. Lindackerite, 500. Black, 135. Meneghinite, 501. Lindsayite, 235. Bog, 136. Mengite, 356. Linneite, 67. Carbonate, 446, 452. Menilite, 151. Linseite, 235. Cupreous, 136. Mennige, 126. Linsenerz, 429. Earthy, 136. Mercurblende, 48. Linsenkupfer, 429. Gray, 125, 130. Mercure argentif, 15. Liparite, 94. Phosphate, 399, 406, sulfure, 48. Liroconite, 429. 408. iodur6, 96. Litheospore, 366. Red, 446. Mercury, Antimonite, 142. Lithionglimmer, 226, 508. Silicates, 167, 186. Amalgam, 15. Lithomarge, 250. Sulphate, 501. Chlorid, 89. Loboit, 197. Sulphuret, 41. Iodic, 96. Loganite, 293. Manganese spar, 167. Native, 14. Lolingite, 61. Manganglanz, 41. Selenid, 52. Lomonit, 307. Manganite, 130. Sulphuret, 48. Lonchidite, 61. Mangankiesel, 167. Merkurglanz, 52. Lophoite, 296. Mangankupfererz, 126. Meroxene, 225. Lotalite, 170. Mangankupferoxyd, 126. Mesitine spar, 443. Loweite, (L6veite), 501. Manganocalcite, 452. Mesitinspath, 443. Loxoclase, 244. Manganopal, 151. Mesole, 328. Lumachelle, 439. Manganschaium, 136. Mesolin, 322. Lunnite, 425. Manganspath, 446. Mesolite, 328. Lupus metallorum, 33. Manganvitriol, 501. Mesotype, 327, 328. Lydian stone, 148. Marasmolite, 45. epoint6e, 304. Lyncurion, 466. Marble, 439. Metachlorite, 297. Verd antique, 284. Metaxite, 283, 285. Macle, 257. Marcasite, 60. Meteoric minerals, 503. Maclurite, 186. Marceline, 118, 167. Miascite, 246. Magnesia, Pure, 101. Marekanite, v. Pearlstone, Miargyrite, 74. Borate, 393. 248. Mica, 2117-227, 507. Carbonate, 441. Margarite; 300. Oblique, 221. Fluophosphate, 403. Margarodite, 223. Rhombic, 224. Fluosilicate, 188. Marialite, 230. Hexagonal, 225. Hydrate, 13'.. Marl, 439. Lithia, 226. Hydro-carbonate, 456. Marmatite, 45. Mica slate, 246, 509. Sulphate, 384. Marmolite, 282. Michaelite, 151. Magnesia alum, 382. Martinsite, 90. Microlite, 345. Magnesian limestone, 441. Martite, 102. Middletonite, 467. pharmacolite, 404. Mascagnine, 379. Miemite, 441. Magn6sie hydrat6e, 133. Masonite, 298. Miesite, 400. Magnesite, 441, 277.,507. Matlockite, 127. Mikroklin, 242. Magneteisenstein, 105. Mauilite, 237. Millerite, 49. Magnetic iron ore, 105. Medjidite, 392. Miloschin, 339. Magnetic pyrites, 50. Meerschaum, 277, 284. Mimetene, 401. Magnetite, 105. Meionite, 200. Mineral caoutchouc, 471. Magnetkies, 50. Melaconite, 109. coal, 26. Malachite, Blue, 459. Melanasphalt, 27. resin, oil, pitch, 469.'Green, 458. Melanchlor, 428, 513. tallow, 473. G(ENERAL INDEX. 527 Minium, 126. Natro-calcite, 438. Notite, 166. Mirabilite, 386. Natrolite, 327. Nussierite, 400. Misenite, 377. Natron, 4:55. Nuttallite, 201. Mispickel, 62, 509. alaun, 382. Misy, 388. salpeter, 433. Obsidian, 248. Mizzonite, 200. Natron-spodumen, 239. Ochran, 252. Mocha Stone, 147. Naumannite, 43. Ochre, Iron, 113, 131. Modumite, 67. Necronite, 244. Bismuth, 141. Mohsine, 61. Needle ore, 81. Chrome, 339. Mohsite, 115. Needle spar, 448. Molybdic, 144. Molybdainglanz, 66. Needlestone, 327, 328. Plumbic, 109. Molybddlnochre, 144. Nefelina, 232. Telluric, 502. Molybdinsilber, v. Tetrady- Nemalite, 133. Tungstic, 143. mite, Anal., 3. Neoctese, 419. Uranic, 461. Molybdate of lead, 349. Neolite, 278. Ochroite, 312. Molybdate of iron, 144. Neoplase, 387. Octahedrite, 121. Molybdene sulfure, 66. Neotokite, 169. Odontolite, 513. Molybdenite, 66. Neotype, 438. (Erstedtite, 197. Molybdic ochre, 144. Nepheline, 232. Ogcoite, 296. Molybdine, 144. Nephrite, 175. Oil, Genesee or Seneca, 469. Monazite, 402. Magerer, 254. Oisanite, 121. MIonazitoid, 403. Newjanskite, 19. Okenite, 306. Mondstein, v. Moonstone, Newkirkite, 130, 136. Oligiste iron, 113. Monheimite, v.Kapnite,447. Nickel, Antimonial, 53. Oligoclase, 239, 506. Monophan, 330. Arsenate, 418. Oligon spar, 445. Monradite, 280. Arsenical, 52, 56, 58, 61. Olivenehaleit, 420. Monrolite, 263. Bismuth, 44. Olivenerz, 420. Monticellite, 184. Carbonate, 461. Olivenite, 420. Montmorillonite, 340. Copper, 52. Olivine, 184. Moonstone, 240, 244. Emerald, 461. Olivinoid, 503. Morasterz, 131. Silicate, 339. Omphazit, 159. Moroxite, 396. Sulphate, 386. Onegite, 129. Morvenite, 323. Sulphuret, i. Onkosin, 504. Mosandrite, 342. White, 56. Onofrite, 52. Mountain green, 458. Nickel glance, 57. Onyx, 148. cork, 172. green, 418. Oolite, 438. leather, 172. ochre, 418. Oosite, 216. Muller's glass, 151. stibine, 59. Opal, 151. Mullerite, 64. vitriol, 386. Opal allophane, 337. Mullicite, 415. Nickel and iron, Sulphuret Operment, 32. Mundic, 54. of, 42. Ophite, 284. Murchisonite, 245. Nickelantimonglanz, 59. Opsimose, 167. Muriacite, 369. Nickelarsenikglanz, 58. Or natif, 7. Muriatic acid, 97. Nickelarsenikkies, 58. Orangite, 312. Muromontite, 210. Nickel-bliithe, 418. Orawitzite, v. Halloysite. Muscovite, 221, 508. Nickel-bournonit, 81. Oropion, 503. Muscovy glass, 221. Nickelglanz, 58. Orpiment, 32. M(isenite, v. Siegenite. Nickel-gymnite, 286. Orthite, 208. Mussite, 159. Nickeliferous gray antimo- Orthoclase, 242, 506, 513. Mussonite, 463. ny, 59. Orthose, 242. Myelin, 250. Nickelkies, 52. Osteolite, 398. Mysorin, 458. Nickelocker, 418. Ostranite, 196. Nickelspiessglanzerz, 59. Ostreocolla, 435. Tacrite, 509. Nickelwismuthglanz, 44. Osmelite, 305. Nadeleisenerz, 129. Nigrine, 120. Osmiridium, 19. Nadelerz, 81.' Niobite, 853. Ottrelite, 287, 509. Nagyager-erz, 65. NITRATES, 433. Ouvarovite, 192. Nagyagite, 65. Nitratine, 433. Owenite, 290. Naphtha, 469. Nitre, 433. Oxacalcite, 464. Naphthadil, 470. Nitrocalcite, 434. OXALATES, 464. Napoleonite, 242. Nontronite, 337. Oxalite, 464. Nasturan, 107. Nosean, Nosin, 230. Oxhaverite, 304. 528 GENERAL INDEX. OXYDS. Perthite, 242. Pitch, Mineral, 469. MONOMETRIC, 101. Perofskite, 345. Pitchblende, 107. HEXAGONAL, 110. Perowskine, 406. Pitchstone, 248. DIMETRIC, 117. Perowskite, 345. Pitchy iron ore,132,408,432. TRIIMETRIG, 122. Petalite, 253. Piticite, Pittizit, 432, 388. WITH SULPHURETS, oa Petroleum, 469. Pittinerz, 107. CnLORIDS, 127. Petrosilex, 248. Plagionite, 75. HYDROUS, 128. Petuntze, 250. Plasma, 148. OF ARSENIC GROUP, 139. Petzite, 44. Plaster of Paris, 377. Ozarkite, 326. Pfeifenstein, 252. Plata azul, 511. Ozocerite, Ozokerit, 474. Phacolite, 319. Plata verde, 93. Pharriacolite, 414. Platinum, Native, 12. Pagodite, 252. Pharmakochalcit, 420. Platiniridiumn, 13. Paisbergite, 167. Pharmakosiderit, 422, 426. Plattnerite, 117. Palagonite, 166. Phenacite, Phenakit, 189. Platyophthalmon, 34. Palladium, Native, 14. Phengite, 221. Pleonaste, 103. Palladium gold, 9. Phillipsite, 38, 324. Pleuroclase, 403. Palladium ochre, 14. Phlogopite, 224. Plinian, 62. Panabase, 82. Phoenicite, 361. Plomb antimonie sulfure, 81. Paracolumbite, 501]. Phcenikochroite, 361. carbonat6, 452. Paraluminite, 509. Pholerite, 251. chloro-carbonate, 463. Paranthine, 201. Phonolite, 246. chromate, 359. Parastilbite, 332. Phosgenite,: 463. hydro-alumineux, 431. Pargasite, 172. PHOSPHATES, 396. natif, 17. Parisite, 463. ANHrYDRous, 396. oxyd', 109, 117, 126. Parophite, 252. HYDROUS, 411. seleniure, 42. Partschin, 501. Phosphocerite, 399. sulfur4, 39. Partschite, 503. Phosphochalcite, 425. See farther, Lead. Patrinite, v. Aikinite. Phosphorblei, v. Pyromor- Plombgomme, 431. Paulit, 160. phite. Plumbago, 29. Pearl-mica, 300. Phosphor-eisensinter, 433. Plunmbic ochre, 109. Pearl sinter, 151. Phosphorit, 396. Plumbocalcite, 438. Pearl-spar, 441. Photizit, 167. Plumbe,-esinite, 431L Pearlstone, 248. Phthanite. 148. Plumbostib, 81. Peastone, 438. Phyllite, 287. Plumose ore, 76. Pecheisenerz, 129. Phylloretin, 472. Plumosit, 76. Pecherz, 107, Physalite, 259. Polianite, 131. Pechkohle, 26. Piauzite, 469. Pollux, 255. Pechopal, 151. Pickeringite, 382. Polyadelphite, 193. Pechstein, 248. Picranalcime, 318. Polyargite, 236. Pechuran, 107. Picrolite, Pikrolit, 282. Polybasite, 85. Pectolite, 305. Picropharmacolite, 415. Polycrase, 357. Peganite, 408. Picrophyll, Pikrophyll, 165, Polychroilite, 255. Pegmatite, 246. 280. Polyhalite, 377. Pegmatolite, 242. Picrosmine, Pikrosmin, 281. Polyhydrite, v. Hisingerite. Pektolite, 305. Picrothomsonite, 326. Polykras, 357. P61?'s IHair, 248. Pictite, 268. Polylite, 160. Peliom, 214. Piedmontite, v. Mangane- Polymignyte, 356. Pelokonite, 136. sian epidote, 206. Polyspherite, 400. Pencatite, 509. Pierre grasse, 232. Polytelite, 82. Pennine, 295. - Pihlite, 295. Polyxen, 12. Pennite, 457. Pimelite, 339. Poonahlite, 329. Pentaklasit, 158. Pinguite, 338. Porcelain spar, 201. Percylite, 501. Pinite, 215. Porphyry, 246, 509. Periclase, 101. Piotine, 282. Porpezite, 9. Peridot, 184. Pipestone, 252. Porricin, v. Pyroxene. Periklas, 101. Pireniit, 192. Portite, 311. Periklin, 240. Pirop, 194. Potash alum, 382. Peristerite, 241. Pisolite, 438. Potash, Muriate, 90. Perlglimmer, 300. Pissophane, 390. Nitrate, 433. Perlit, 248. Pistacite, 206. Sulphate, 365, 377. Perlstein, 248. Pistomesite, 443, ~Potstone, 276. GENERAL INDEX. 529 Potter's clay, 504. Pyroxene, 158. Retinite, 467. Pounxa, 394. Pyroxenite, 246. Retzite, v. AEdelforsite, 308. Pozzuolana, 510. Pvrrhite, 346. Reussin, 375. Prase, 147. Pyrrhosiderite, 129. Rhzetizit, 263. Praseolite, 215. Pyrrhotine, 50. Rhodalose, 385. Prasochrome, 501. Rhodium gold, 9. Predazzite, 457, 509. Quartz, 145. Rhodizit, 393. Prehnite, 314. Granular, 148. Rhodochrome, 291. Prosopite, 502. nectique, 148. Rhodochrosite, 446. Protheite, 197. i resinite, 151. Rhodonite, 167. Protogine, 246, 509. Tabular, 148. Rhodophyllite, 291. Proustite, 78. Quecksilberfahlerz, 82. Rhombenglimmer, 225. Prunnerite, 439. Quecksilberbranderz, 470. Rhomb-spar, 441. Prussian blue, Native, 415. Quecksilberhornerz, 89. Rhyacolite, 245. Przibramite, 45, 130. Quecksilber-lebererz, 48. Riemannite, 336. Psathyrin, 473. Quellerz, 131. Riolite, 502. Pseudo-albite, 236. Quicksilver, Native, 14. Ripidolite, 296, 294. Pseudo-apatite, 398. Antimonite, 142. Risigallo, 31. Pseudomalachit, 425. Chlorid, 89. Rittingerite, 87. Pseudo-nepheline, 232. Sulphuret, 48. Rock-cork, 172. Pseudo-sommite, 232. Iodid, 96. crystal, 145. Pseudotriplite, 407. Selenid, 52. milk, 438. Psilomelane, 135. Quincite, 281. salt, 90. Pumice, 246. soap, 252. Purple copper, 38. Rabenglimmer, v. Lepido- Rochlandite, v. Serpentine. Puschkinite, 206. melane. Romanzovit, 191. Pycnite, 259. Radelerz, 80. Romeine, 410. Pyrallolite, 165. Radiated pyrites, 60. Roofing slate, 509. Pyrantimonite, 141. Radiolite, 327. Rose quartz, 145. Pyrargillite, 215. Rammelsbergite, 56, 61. Roselite, 417. Pyrargyrite, 77. Randanite, 152. Rosellan, Rosite, 236. Pyrenaite, 192. Raphanosmite, 42. Rothbleierz, 359. Pyrgom, 159. Raphilite, 172. Rotheisenerz, 113. Pyrites, Arsenical, 61, 62. Raseneisenstein, 131. Rother vitriol, 387. Auriferous, 54. Ratoffkit, 94. Rothgultigerz, 77, 78. Capillary, 49. Rauhkalk, 442. Rothkupfererz, 101, 122. Cellular, 60. Rauschgelb, 31, 32. Rothnickelkies, 52. Cockscomb, 60. Rautenspath, 441. Rothoffit, 190. Copper, 68. Razoumoffskin, 340. Rothspiessglanzerz, 141. iepatic, 60. Realgar, 31. Rothspiesglaserz, 141. Hydrous, 61. Red antimony, 141. Rothzinkerz, 110. Iron, 54. chalk, 113. Rubellan, 226. Magnetic, 50. copper ore, 101, 122. Rubellite, 270. Radiated, 60. hematite, 113. Rubicelle, 103. Spear, 60. iron ore, 113. Rubin, 111. Tin, 70. iron vitriol, 387. Rubinglimmer, 129. Variegated, 38. lead ore, 359. Ruby, Spinel, Balas,AlmanWhite iron, 60. manganese, 446. dine, 103. Pyrochlore, 345. ochre, 113. Oriental, 111. Pyrolusite, 125. silver ore, 77, 78. Ruby-blende, 77. Pyromeline, 386. vitriol, 385. Ruby silver, 77, 78. Pyromeride, 246. zinc ore, 110. Ruby sulphur, 31. Pyromorphite, 400. Reddle, 113. Rutherfordite, 358. Pyrope, 194. Redruthite, 46. Rutile, 120. Pyropissite, 470. Remingtonite, 461. Ryacolite, 245. Pyrophyllite, 303. Remolinite, 138. Pyrophysalite, 259. Rensselaerite, 165. Saccharite, 236. Pyrorthite, 209. Resigallum, 31, 32. Safflorite, 511. Pyrosclerite, 291. Resin, Mineral, 467, etc. Sagenite, 120. Pyrosiderite, 129. Highgate, 467. Sahlite, 159. Pyrosmalite, 310. Retinasphalt, 467. Sal ammoniac, 9., Pyrostibite, 141. Retinalite, 283. gemme, 90. 67 530 GENERAL INDEX. Salamstein, 111. Schwarzspiessglaserz, 80. Silberfahlerz, 83. Salmiak, 92. Schwatzite, 512. Silberglanz, 37. Salt, Common, 90. Schwefel, 22. Biegsamer, 71. Saltpeter, 433. Schwefelantimonblei, 81. Silberhornerz, 92. Salzkupererz, 138. Schwefelkies, 54. Silber-kupferglanz, 48. Samarskite, 355. Schwefelkobalt, 67. Silberphyllinglanz, 43. Sammetblende, 129. Schwefelnickel, 49. Silber-spiessglanz, 35. Samoite, 251. Schwerbleierz, 117. Silberwismuthglanz, 16. Sandaraca, 31. Schwerspath, 366. Silex, 145. Sandstone, 148. Schwerstein, 347. SILICATES,ANHYDROUS Sanidin, 245. Schwimmkiesel, 151. 154, Saponite, 165, 258, 282. Scleretinite, 468. 1. EDELFORSITE SECTION, Sappar, 263. Scolecite, 328. 155. Sapphire, 111. Anhydrous, 237. 2. AUGITE SECTION, 156. d'eau, 214. Scolexerose,.238. - 3. EULYTINE SECTION, Sapphirine, 266. Scorodite, 419, 511. 181. Sarcolite, 200. Scorza, 206. 4. GARNET SECTION, 183 Sard, 147. Scoulerite, 326. 5. MICA SECTION, 217. Sardachates, 151. Seeerz, v. Limonite. 6. FELDSPAR SECTION, Sardonyx, 148. Seifenstein, 282. 228. Sassolin, 144. Seladonite, 165, 511. 7. ANDALUSITE SECTION, Satin spar, 377, 438. Selbite, 511. 256. Siitersbergite, 507. Selenblei, 42. SILICATES, HYDROUS, Saualpit, v. Zoisite. Selenbleikupfer, 42. 275. Savite, 316. Selenbleispath, 375. 1. TALC SECTION, 275. Saussurite, 254. Selenite, 377. 2. SERPENTINE SECTION, Saynite, 44. Selenium, 23. 279. Scarbrdite, 338. Selenkobaltblei, 42. 3. CHLORITE SECTION, Scapolite, 201. Selenkupfer, 43. 289. Schaalstein, 156. Selenkupferblei, 42. 1. PYROPHYLLITE SECSchabasit, 319. Selenkupfersilber, 43. TION, 303. Schapbachite, v. Bismuth Selenmolybdena, 43. 2. PECTOLITE SECTION, Silver, 16. Selenpalladite, 14. 304. Schaumkalk, 377. Selenquecksilberblei, 43. 3. CALAMINE SECTION, Scheelbleispath, 348. Selenschwefelquecksilber, 311. Scheeletine, 348. 52. 4. ZEOLITE SECTION,317. Scheelin calcaire, 347. Selensilber, 43. 5. DATHOLITE SECTION, ferrugin6, 351. Selensulphur, 24. 334. Scheelite, 347. Semelin, v. Sphene. Silice gelatineuse, 152. Scheelsaure, 143. Semi-opal, 151. Silicified wood, 148. Scheelsaures blei, 348. Senarmontite, 140. Silicious sinter, 148, 151. Scheererite, 471. Seneca oil, 469. Silicite, 237. Schilfglaserz, 79. Sepiolite, 277. Sillimanite, 265, 513. Schillernder asbest, 282. Serbian, 339. Silvanite, 64. Schiller-spar, 160, 165. Sericite, 223, 509. Silver, Antimonial, 35. Schillerstein, 160. Serikolite, v. Satin spar. Antimonial sulphuret, Schmelzstein, 201, 205. Serpentine, 282, 511. 77, 79, 86. Schmirgel, 111. of Aker, 292. Arsenical. 78. Schneiderite, 316. Severite, 504. Bismuthic, 16. SchSrl, 270. Seybertite, 297. Black, 86. Schorlartiger beril, 259. Shepardite, 53. Brittle sulphuret, 86. Schorlite, 259. - Siberite, v. Rlubellite. Bromic, 93. Schorlomite, 342. Siderite, 147, 422, 444. Carbonate, 511. Schreibersite, 53, 511. Sideromelane, 948. Chlorid, 92. Schrifterz; Schrift-tellur, 64. Sideroschisolite, 299. Cupreous sulphuret, 48. Schr6tterite, 337. Siderose, 444. Flexible sulphuret, 71. Schulzit, 85. Siderochalcit, 428. Gray (Freislebenite)79. Schutzit, v. Celestine. Siderotantal, 351. Horn, 92. Schwarzbraunstein, 135. Siegelerde, 504. Iodic, 95, 506. Schwarzerz, 41, 82. Siegenite, 67. Iodo-bromid, 500. Schwarzgiltigerz, 82. Sienite, 246. Muriate, 92. Schwarzmanganerz, 135. Silber-und-antimon, 79. Native, 15. GENERAL INDEX. 531 Silver, Red, or Ruby, 77, 78. Sphmerostilbite, 332. Strahlstein, 170. Selenic, 43. Sphrerulite, 248. Strahlzeolith, 332. Sulphuret, 37. Sphalerite. 45. Strakonitzite, 502. Sulphuret of Copper Sphene, 268. Stratopeite, 169. and, 48. Sphenomatite, 503. Stroganowite, 203. Telluric, 44. Sphragide, 504. Stromeyerite, 48. Vitreous, 37. Spiessglanz, Gediegen, 21. Stromnite,v. BarystrontianSilver glance, 37,86. Spiessglanzocher, 142. ite, 451. Silver ore, Brittle, 86. Spiesglanzweiss, 140. Strontia, Carbonate, 450. Flexible, 71. Spiessglanzbleierz, 80. Sulphate, 368. Red, or Ruby, 77, 78. Spiesglas, 21. Strontianite, 450. Sinopite, 503. Spiesglas-silber, 35. Strontianocalcite, 439. Sinter, Siliceous, 148, 151. Spinel, 103. Struvite, 413. Sismondine, 298. Spinel ruby, 103. Stylobite, 256. Sisserskite, 19. Spinellane, 230. Stypticite, 388. Skapolith, 201. Spinelle zincifere, 103. Succinite, 191, 466.:Skolecite, 328. Spinthere, 268. SULPHATES, 364. Skolopsite, 231. Spodumene, 169..ANHYDROUS, 364. Skorodit, 419, 511. Soda, 239. HYDROus, 376. Skutterudite, 67. Spreustein, 327. Sulphur, Native, 22. Slate-spar, 439. Sprodglanzerz, 86. Selenic, 24. Sloanite, 329. Spr6dglaserz, 86. SULPHURETS, 30-88. Smaltine, 56, 511. Sprudelstein, 449. Sulphuric acid, 143. Smaragd, 178. Stahlkobalt, 58. Sulphurous acid, 143. Smaragdite, 110. Stahlstein, 444. Sumpferz, 131. Smaragdo-chalcit, 309. Stalactite, 439. Sunstone, 239, 244. Smectite, 251, 340. Stalagmite, 439. Susannite, 313. Smelite, 250. Stangenkohle, 26. Swaga, 394. Smirgel, 111. Stangenspath, 366. Swinestone, 439. Smithsonite, 447. Stangenstein, 259. Syenite, 246. Soapstone, 275, 282. Stannine; 70. Syepoorite, 41. Soda, Borate of, 394. Stannite, 512. Sylvan, Gediegen, 20. Carbonate of, 454. Stanzait, 257. Sylvanite, 64. Muriate of, 90. Staurolite, 261, 323. Sylvine, 90. Nitrate of, 433. Staurotide, 261. Symplesite, 418. Sulphate, 365, 386. Steatite, 275, 282, Soda alum, 382. Steinheilite, 214. Tabergite, 291. Soda copperas, 389. Steinmannite, 41, 40. Tabular spar, 156. Soda spodumene, 239. Steinmark, 250. Tachylite, 177. Sodalite, 229. Steinol, 469. Tachyaphaltite, 197. Soimonite, v. Corundum. Steinsalz, 90. Tafelspath, 156. Solfatarite, 382. Stellite, 306. Tagilite, 426. Somervillite, 205. Stephanite, 86, 128. Talc, 275. Sommite, 232. Stercoiite, 413. Talc-apatite, 398. Sonnenstein, v. Sunstone. Sternbergite, 71. Talc phosphorsdiurer, 403. Soude, v. Soda. Stibiconise, 142. Talc zographique, 295. Sordawalite, 177. Stibine, 33. Talcite, 509. Soufre, 22. Stibium, 33. Talkerde, v. Magnesia. Spadaite, 278. Stiblite, Stibilite, 142. Talkerdealaun, 382. Spaniolite, 83. Stibnite, 33. Talkspath, 441. Spargelstein, 396. Stilbite, 332. Talkhydrat, 133. Spirkies, 60. Stilbit anamorphique, 330. Talksteinmark, 250. Sparry or Spathic iron, 444. Blittriger, 330. Tallow, Mineral, 473. Spartalite, 110. Stillolite, v. Opal. Tamarite, 428. Spatheisenstein, 444. Stilpnomelane, 287. TANTALATES, 344. Spear Pyrites, 60. Stilpnosiderite, 129. Tankite, v. Chiastolite. Speckstein, 275. Stinkstone, 439. Tannenite, 73, 512. Specular Iron, 113. Stolpenite, 503. Tantale oxyd6 yttrif6re, 369 Speerkies, 60. Stolzit, 348. Tantalite, 351. Spessartine, 192. Strahlenkupfer, 428. Tarnowitzite, 448. Speiskobalt, weisser, 56, Strahlerz, 428. Tautolite, 185. Spherosiderite, 444. Strahlkies, 60. Tectizite, 388. 532 GENERAL INDEX. Tekoretin, 472. -Tin, 19. Ulexite, 394. Telesie, 11. Oxyd of, 118. Ullmannite, 59. Tellur, Gediegen, 20. Sulphuret of, 70. Ultramarine, 229. Tellurblei, 44. Tin ore, 118. Unghwarite, 504. Tellure auro-argentifere, 64. Tin pyrites, 70. Unionite, 239. auro-plombifSre, 65. Tincal, 394. Uraconise, 461. Tellurgoldsilber, 44. Tinder ore, 76. Uralite, 166, 172. Telluric bismuth, 21. Tirolite, 426. Uralorthite, 208. Telluric ochre, 502. Titanate of lime, 345. Uranblothe, 461. Telluric silver, 44. Titaneisen, 115. Urane oxydul6, 107. Tellurige saure, 502. Titane anatase, 121. Uranglimmer, 430. Tellurite, 502. oxyd6, 120, 121,123. Urangreen, 386. Tellurium, 20. silico-calcaire, 268. Urangrin, 386. Black, 65. Titanic acid, 120, 121, 123. Uranin, v. Pitchblende. Foliated, 65. iron, 115. Uranite, 430. Graphic, 64. Titanite, 268. Uranium, Carbonate, 461, White, yellow, 64. Tiza, 394. 462. Tellurium glance, 65.. Tombazite, 58. Oxyd, 107. Tellurous acid, 502. Topaz, 259, 512. Phosphate, 430. Tellursilber, 41. False, 147. Sulphate, 386, 392, 502. Tellursilberblei, v. Sylvan- Oriental, 111. Uranmica, 430. ite. Topazolite, 191. Uranochre, 461. Tellurwismuth, 21. Topfstein, v. Potstone. Uranotantal, 355. Tennantite, 84. Torberite, 430. Uranoxyd, 107. Tenorite, 117. Torrelite, 353. Uranpecherz, 107. Tephroite, 186. Touchstone, 148. Uranphyllit, 430. Teratolite, 512. Tourmaline, 270, 513. Uranvitriol, 386. Terenite, 201. Towanite, 68. Urao, 454. Tern/rbleierz, 371. Trachyte, 246, 510. Uwarowite, 192. Terre verte, 165. Trap, 247, 510. Tesselite, 304. Tiass, 510. Valencianite, 242. Tesseralkies, 56, 6'7. Traubenblei, 400. Valentinite, 140. Tetartine, 240. Travertine, 435. VANADATES, 362, 363. Tetradymite, 21, 512. Tremenheerite, 30. Vanadinbleierz, 362. Tetrahedrite, 82, 512. Tremolite, 172. Vanadinite, 362. Tetraklasit, 201. Triklasit, v. Fahlunite. Variegated copper, 38. Tetraphyline, 406. Trinacrite, 166. Variolite, 245, 509. Texasite, Kenmngott, v. Emner- Tripe stone, 369. Variscite, 408. ald Nickel. Triphane, 169. Varvacite, 131. Thalite, 165, 282. Triphyline, 406, 513. Vauquelinite, 360. Thallite, 206. Triplite, 408. Velvet copper ore, 392. Tharandite, 441. Triploklas, 325. Verde antique, 284. Thenardite, 2365. Tritomite, 311. Vermiculite, 292. Thermonatrite, 455. Trona, 454. Vermontite, v. Mispickel. Thierschite, 465. Troostite, 189. Vesuvian, 197. Thiorsauite, 235. Tscheffkinite, 341. Vesuvian salt, 365. Thomaite, 452. Tschermigite, 383. Villarsite, 285. Thomsonite, 325. Tuesite, 250. Violan, 177. Thoneisenstein, 131. Tufa, Calcareous, 439. Vitreous copper, 46. Thon, v. clay. Tungstate of iron, 351. silver, 37. Thonerde Schwefelsaure, of copper, 502. Vitriol, Blue, 380. 381. of lead, 348. Copper, 380. Thonerde, v. Alumina. of lime, 347. Green, 385. Thorite, 312, 512. Tungsten, 347. Lead, 370. Thraulite, 290. Tungstic acid or ochre, 143. Nickel, 386. Thrombolite, 412. Turgite, 132. Red, or Cobalt, 385. Thulite, 206. Tuirkis, 405, 513. White, or Zinc, 384. Thumite, Thummerstein, Turmalin, 270. Uranium, 386. 206. Turnerite, 502. Vitriol ochre, 388. Thuringite, 290. Turquois, 405, 518. Vitriolbleierz, 370. Tile ore, 101. Tyrolite, 426. Vivianite, 415. Tilkerodite, 42. Voglite, 462. GENERAL INDEX. 533 V6l1knerite, 134. Wismuthbleierz, 16. Zellkies, 60. Volborthite, 362. Wismuthglanz, 33. Zeolite, Feather. 327, 328. Volcanic glass, 248. Wismuthochre, 141. Foliated, 330, 332. Volcanite, v. Selensulphur. Wismuthoxyd, Kolens., 462. Efflorescing, 307. Volgerite, 142, 513. Wismuthsilber, 16. Needle, 327, 328. Voltaite, 383. Wismuthspath, 462. Pyramidal, 304. Voltzite, Voltzine, 127. Withamite, 206. Zeuxite; 270. Voraulite, 404. Witherite, 449. Zianite, v. iKyanite. Vosgite, 238. Wittichite, 88. Ziegelerz, 101. Vulpinite, 369. Wittingite, 169. Zigueline, 101. Wodankies, v. Gersdorffite. Zinc, Wacke, 247. Wmrthite, 265. Arsenate, 418. Wad, 136. Wdhlerite, 343, 513. Carbonate, 447; 460. Wagnerite, 403. Wolchite, 82. hydrat6 cuprif6re, 426. Walchowite, 469. Wolchonskoite, 339, 513. Iodid and Bromid, 97. Walmstedtite, v. Breunner- Wolfram, 351. oxid6, 110. ite. Wolframine, 143. oxid6 silicif6re, 189. Warwickite, 395. Wolframbleierz, 348. Oxysulphuret, 127. Washingtonite, 115. Wolframochre, 143. Phosphate, 409. Wasserblei, 66. Wolfsbergite, 73. Red oxyd, 110. Wasserglimmer, 223. Wollastonite, 156. Silicate, 156, 189. Wasserkies, 61. Wood, petrified, 148. Silicious oxyd, 189,313. Water, 110. Wood-opal, 152. sulfate, 384. Wavellite, 423. Wirfelerz, 422. sulfur&, 45. Websterite, 389. Wulfenite, 349. Sulphate, 384. Wehrlite, 263. Wundererde, v. Teratolite. Sulphuret, 45. Weichbraunstein, 125. Zinc blende, 45. Weicheisenkies, v. Wasser- Xanthite, 197. Zinc bloom, 460, 513. kies. Xanthocone, 87. Zincfahlerz, 85. Weichmangan, 125. Xanthophyllite, 297. Zinc vitriol, 384. Weissbleierz, 452. Xanthorthit, 209. Zinc ore, Red, 110. Weissgiltigerz, 82. Xanthosiderite, 133. Zincite, 110. Weissian, v. Scolecite. Xenolite, 265. Zinconise, 460. Weissigite, 254, 513. Xenotime, 401. Zinkarseniat, 418. Weissite, 215. Xylite, Xylotile, 285. Zinkbluithe, 460. Weisskupfererz, 36, 60. Xylochlore, 305. Zinkenite, 74. Weissnickelkies, 56,,61. Xylokryptit,v. Scheererite? Zinkglas, 313. Weisspiessglanzerz, 140. Zinkkieselerz, 313. Weissstein, 246. Yanolite, 213. Zinkoxyd, 110. Weisstellur, 64. Yellow copperas, 387. Zinlkphyllit, 409. Wernerite, 201. copper ore. 68. Zinkspath, 447. Wheel-ore, 80. lead ore, 349. Zinkvitriol, 384. Whewellite, 464. tellurium, 64. Zinn, 19. White antimony, 140. Yenite, 262. Zirtnerz, 118. arsenic. 139. Ytterbite, 211. Zinnkies, 70. copperas, 380. Yttererde, Phosph. 401. Zinnober, 48. iron pyrites, 60. Ytterspath, 401. Zinnstein, 118. lead ore, 452. Yttria, Phosphate 401. Zinnwaldite, 227. tellurium, 64. Tantalate, 399. Zippeite, 461. vitriol, 384. Silicate, 255. Zircon, 195. Wichtine, Wichtisite, 177. Yttrocerite, 95. Zirconite, 195. Wiesenerz, v. Bog iron ore, Yttrocolumbite, 359. Zoisite, 211, 206. 131. Yttroilmenite, 355. Zolestein, 368. Wilhelmite, 189. Ytrro-tantalite, 359. Zootinsalz, v. Nitratine. Willemite, 189. Yttro-titanite, 341. Zorgite, 42. Williamsite, 284. Zundererz, 76. Wilsonite, 502. Zala, 394. Zurlite, 205. Wiluite, 191, 197. Zengonite, 322. Zwieselite, 399. Wiserite, 447 Zeasite, v. Opal. Zygadite, 254. Wismuth, Gediegen, 20. Zeilanit, 103. ERRATA AND ADDENDA. VOL. I. p. 7, add after 1. 1, "Number I, being the first part, of the third edition of Prof. C. U. Shepard's Treatise on Mineralogy (1852)." p. 75, 4th 1. fr. top, for ma tan jZV/j, read ma=tan.ZV/4. p. 87, 17th 1, fr. top, for a: b=sin I: sin v, read a: b=sin v: sin y. p. 92, 8th 1, fr. top, for Monoclinic System, read.Mononmetric System. VOL. II. p. 32, in f. 270A, for the lower 1H (to right), read ia, and for ~J, below this, read 1H. p. 44, under Grunauite, add, Streak dark gray. p. 80, 4th 1. fr. top, for Antimoni6 read Antimoine. p. 100, 3d 1. fr. top, dele CHALCOTRICHITE. p. 140, in f. 334, ii should be 1H. p. 153, 6th 1. fr. bottom, for COLUMBATES, NIOBATES, read TANTALATES, COLUMBATES. p. 156, 12th 1. fr. bottom, for 2i read 2D. p. 183, 17th 1. fr. top, in part of edition, for 1:, read 1: -. p. 242, 23d 1. fr. top, for Sunadin, read Sanidin. p. 261, in f. 461, for ~i, read iR. p. 309, 3d 1. fr. bottom, for 18, read 118. p. 316, under Savite, 9: 9: 26; 2, should be 9: 9: 26: 6; and 9: 9: 25: 2, should be 9: 9: 25: 3. p. 332, 17th 1. fr. bottom, dele all of paragraph after " silica." p. 343, To description of Mosandrite, add, Occurs with Albite and violet fluor at Brevig. p. 345, To Pyrochlore, add, Streak light-brown to yellow. p. 351, at top, for Columbate, read Tantalate. p. 413, 22d 1. fr. top, for i2, read i2. p. 419, 12th 1. fr. top, for i2, read i2. p. 448, 16th 1. fr. top, for Eisenbluth, read Eisenblithe. p. 450, 12th 1. fr. bottom, for 4 read 4. p. 452, to description of Manganocalcite, add, PFrom Schemnitz.