THE
PHILADELPHIA BOARD OF TRADE,
BELIEVING that this volume on "PHILADELPHIA AND
ITS MANUFACTURES," contains matter entirely reliable, of
much value to every Business Community, as demonstrating the important fact that Philadelphia is the chief seat
of the Manufacturing and Industrial Resources of the
Country, and therefore the best and cheapest Market for
buyers, have taken the liberty of mailing it to you, with
the request that you will publish the accompanying Abstract of its contents, or such extracts as you may see
proper; and call to the whole subject the attention of your
readers. The Board would also be obliged by your addressing a copy of your paper, with such notice, to their Rooms.
BOARD OF TRADE Rooms,
Philade1phia, Penn'a. 
2
From the Puiblic Ledger.
PHILADELPHIA MANUFACTURES.
The Ledger, ever since its existence, has repeatedly advocated the importance
of ascertaining and making known the development which manufacturing industry has attained in Philadelphia. Our mechanics were entitled, we believe, to
have their important achievements placed upon permanent record; our position
as a producing market, we were convinced, was sufficiently well defined to entitle
us to rank among the great manufacturing cities of the world. It was evident
that our neighbors in the East, by superior activity in inviting public attention to
their manufactures, not only attracted the trade which belonged to them, but a
portion of that which in reason and right belonged to Philadelphia. It is a notorious fact, that not only have buyers from distant sections passed through this
city to purchase in other places Philadelphia made goods, but our own merchants
have repeatedly gone to other cities to buy the identical goods which were made
within a few squares of their own stores. More accurate information as to the extent, variety, and characteristics of our manufacturing resources and development
would prevent such mistakes as these, benefit our manufacturers, save money to
our merchants, attract new customers from abroad, and strengthen the confidence
of those who are already our customers. The public may be said to have coin cided in our view of its importance, but the execution of the task was deferred,
mainly, it would seem, because no one possessing the requisite qualifications was
willing to undertake the vast amount of labor necessary to its accomplishment.
Committees of the Board of Trade, of the Statistical Society, and of other Associa tions, attempted an investigation of this sort, but with no appreciable result.
About one year ago, the Ledger announced that a work was in course of prepara tion on the Manufactures of Philadelphia, by EDWIN T. FREEDLEY, who was well
and favorably known as the author of two or three very successful books. Various
circumstances have postponed its publication, but the work is now before us, en titled, Philadelphia aend its Mfanufacttres: A Haned-book exhibiting the -Developsent,
Variety, and Statistics of the Manufacturinig Iidust)'y of Philadclphia in 1857, toyge  ther with Sketches of Renmarkable lManufactories; and a List of Articles nlow made ill
Philadelphia. By Edwin T. Freedley, Author of "A Practical Treatise on Business,',
" The Legal Adviser," etc. Philadelphia, Edward Young, 333 Walnut Street, 1858.
It is a large 12mo., 490 pages, handsomely bound, good paper, beautiful typogra  phy, and illustrated with engravings of some of the most noted of our manufac  turing establishments.
The contents are divided into four parts:-Part I. being a well-written Essay
on the causes of eminence in Manufactures. Part II. shows that Philadelphia
possesses all the essential, and some extraordinary advantages for manufacturing.
Part III. illustrates the present development of manufactures in Philadelphia;
and Part IV., which, though nominally an Index to contents, is a minute and
valuable List of Articles now made in Philadelphia, with the address of one or more 
3.
manufacturers of each. We shall subjoin a comprehensive summary of its statistical results; but it is proper to state, that the value and interest of the volume
do not consist chiefly in the statistical details.  Descriptions of the classes of
goods made, and of leading establishments, together with peculiar characteristic
incidents connected with the various branches, preponderate largely ever the
statistics.  The author has aimed to make a readable exhibit; and in this respect,
the volume before us is far superior to the dry reports of Boards of Trade, or
any thing of the kind ever before attempted.  The book is in fact sui generis-no
other city either in Europe or America having as yet, by its productive industry,
become the subject of a volume so well entitled to popularity, for its style and
general interest, besides fulfilling the special object for which it was written.
Agrictttratl Implements, Fertilizers, &c.-The manufacture  of Agricultural
Implements is comparatively a new business in Philadelphia.  There are, however, several extensive establishments, each of which turns out admirable machines,
both as respects workmanship and materials.   Of Garden and Field Seeds, Philadelphia is a principal distributing point. Mr. Landreth's seed-grounds embrace
nearly 400 acres, requiring a large force of hands, and a steam-engine for threshing and cleaning seeds. The value of Fertilizers made in Philadelphia is stated
at $503,000-the principal being Stper-Phosphate of Lime, of which 7000 tons, or
55,000 bbls. are made annually, worth $45 per ton.
Alcohol, Btrning Fluidc, and Canmphene.-Nine establishments in this branch produced in 1857, 395,000 gallons alcohol; 147,250 gallons pine oil; 1,112,000 gallons
burning fluid-the estimated value of the whole being $1,022,149. The quality
of the burning fluid made in Philadelphia is very superior.
Books, MIagazintes, and Newslpapers.-The chapter on books, in the volume before us, is particularly deserving of attention. It relates the principal events in the
history of the publishing interest from the establishing of the first printing-press
in Philadelphia-being the second set up in North America-to the present time.
VNile-tenthe of the medical books issued in the United States are published in
Philadelphia; while in law books, religious books, school books, and other standard literature, the publishers of this city take a leading rank. The capital invested in the business is stated at $2,500,000, and the value of the books published
annually at $3,690,000. There are 12 newspapers published daily, over 40 weekly,
and about 50 periodicals, including four literary magazines. There are 4 type
foundries) having a capital invested of $500,000, and producing annually $420,000;
seven stereotype foundries, employing 180 hands, and having a capital invested
of $150,000. There are about 50 printing offices, employing from 3 to 100 persons
each; 60 book-binderies and blank-book manufactories, producing annually a
value of $1,210,000, and furnishing employment to 1700 persons, male and female;
engravers of all kinds, and lithographers whose work has attracted marked attention in England; manufacturers of marble paper, maps, printing inks, stationery,
&e.  There are 9 paper-mills in the city, producing annually $1,250,000, and 35
lhouses for the sale of paper.  The annual product of the book manufacture and
its kindred branches is,tated at S5,593000, 
4
Boots and Shoes.-The two principal centres of the boot and shoe manufacture
in the United States, are Philadelphia, and Lynn, Mass., the latter being the centre for the common, cheap pegged work, the former of the fine, sewed work. The
product of this manufacture in Philadelphia is $4,141,000, while the entire trade
of the city in boots and shoes approximates $15,000,000.
Brass and Copper.-The manufactures in these metals are extremely varied,
embracing almost every description of article.  The product of the brass foundries is stated at $830,000; of copper at $400,000.
Brewing and Distilling.-Tho breweries of Philadelphia have long been celebrated. Of Ale and Porter there are 9 extensive breweries, having a capital invested of $1,500,000, and producing annually $1,020,000. Of Lager Beer, there
are about thirty brewers, employing a capital of $1,200,000, and producing 180,000
barrels of Lager, worth $1,080,000. There are 5 distilleries in the city, which
produced in 1857, 2,100,000 gallons of Whiskey, worth $630,000. There are 8
firms extensively engaged in rectifying Whiskey, having a capital invested of
$1,250,000, and whose business in 1857 amounted to $2,524,500.
Bricks, Fire Bricks, Earthenscare, &c.-There are fifty brick yards which produce annually about 100,000,000 of common bricks, worth $7 per thousand, and
8,000,000 pressed bricks, worth $14. Total value, $812,000. The manufacture
of Fire Bricks, Chemnical Ware, Terra Cotta, and miscellaneous manufactures in
clay, furnish an aggregate product of $647,000.
Carriages and WT(gons.-Philadelphia is unrivalled in the manufacture of both
light carriage and government wagons. The growth of hickory, oak and ash in
the vicinity of Philadelphia is especially suited for carriage-making purposes.
There are thirty manufacturers of light carriages, having a capital invested of
about $500,000, who turn out an average annual product of $900,000. There
are also about 45 manufactories of wagons, carts, drays, &c., three of which are
very extensive establishments-one covering six acres. Total product, $815,000.
Chemicals, Paints, Glue, &e.-The chemical establishments of Philadelphia are
among the largest and most important in the Union. The statistical summary
of the products of pharmaceutical processes is as follows: Chemicals, dye stuffs,
&c., $3,335,000; medicines, $1,300,000; white lead, $960,000; paints, zinc, &c.,
$770,000; glue, &c., $775,000; varnishes, $230,000.  Total, $7,370,000.
Clothing, Ready-nade.-The capital invested in the manufacture of ready-made
clothing, shirts, collars, bosoms, mantillas and corsets, is stated at $3,300,000,
~ nd the product at $11,157,500. There are 67 firms that each make annually
over $40,000 of clothing.
Co,ifectionery.-The value of sugar confectionery, pieces montees, &c., made annually, is $1,020,000. The chapter on this subject is particularly amusing and
interesting.
Dey aootld. —To one who knows Philadelphia only as a clean, quiet and beau 
5
tiful city, the statement seems incredible that it is the centre of upward of 260
cotton and woolen factories, besides hand-looms equal in force and production to
70 additional factories of ordinary size. In the volume before us, the names of
over two hundred manufacturers of textile fabrics are given, all within the limits
of the city; while in the adjacent counties, there are over fifty factories, some of
them very large and fine establishments.  Ticking, of unusual excellence, are
made largely.  Of Apron and Fuirniture Checks, Philadelphia may be said to have
the monopoly in the manufacture. Of Ginghams, Cottonades, Kentucky Jeans,
Dttcks, Os, abarys, &c., the production is enormous.  The manufacture of Ingcrain
and Rag Carpetiw2igs, employs 2060 looms, and amounts to 8,160,000 yards, worth
$3,096,000. Of Woolce Hosiery or Fancy Knit Work, the goods known as Germantown goods, are almost as celebrated as Nottingham or Leicester hosiery. In
the manufacture of Trimmings or Narrow Textile Fabrics, there are twenty establishments, which produce annually to the value of about $1,600,000. The Messrs.
Hortsmann have a capital invested of $400,000, employing 400 hands, who receive annually $100,000 in wages, and produce an average annual product of
$400,000.  Of Hand-Loom WTeaving and llIannfacttring, Philadelphia is now the
great seat in America. There are now 4760 looms in the city, and 7180 handloom weavers, who produce annually in checks, ginghams, carpetings and hosiery,
a value of $5,754,150. The following is the summary of production in Dry Goods:
Woolen and cotton goods, by power.................................................... $13,163,968
1" " " " hand looms (exclusive of hosiery),............ 4,746,000
Hosiery and fancy woolen goods, hand power,....................... $1,008,150
1" " " " " factories............................ 800,000 1,808,150
Narrow textile fabrics, sewing silks, &c.,............................................ 1,600,000
Total annual product in Philadelphia of Dry Goods............................... $21,318,110
Flour, Provisions, &c.-There are 22 flour mills in Philadelphia, having 90 run
of stones, which produced in 1857 over 400,000 barrels of flour, worth $3,000,000.
The C,ribtg of Jfeats and Packiig of Beef, constitutes a very extensive business,
employing a capital of over $2,000,000. The value of the provisions cured, &c., annually, exceeds $4,000,000. Among the Philadelphia brands of flour and provisions there are several that are noted in all the markets of Europe. The value
of Ftrnit?ure manufactured annually, is estimated at $2,500,000, and including
the Ulpholstery, $3,000,000.  There are 13 manufacturers of Glass, whose headquarters are in this city. Value of product, $1,600,000.
The Hat, Cap, and Fur Mantfacttre, yields a product of $1,900,000.
Iro?n Jianufactures.-It is demonstrated that Philadelphia is the commercial
centre of the district in the United States, which produces the best and cheapest
iron and coal. The development which has been attained in the production of
the various articles manufactured from iron, is therefore less astonishing, and we
are prepared to learn that the stoves, saws, shovels and spades, forks, cutlery,
bolts, nuts and washers, locomotives and steam-engines, and machinery generally,
made in this city, are unsurpassed in quality and cheapness.  The chapters on 
this subject in the volume before us, occupy over 60 pages; and the extraordinary machines that have been constructed in Philadelphia, and the machinemaking establishments as described, possessing, as some of them do, tools and
appliances not elsewhere in use in this country or in Europe, are deserving ob.jects of pride to all who are interested in American manufactures. The summary
of production in iron and its manufactures, states the hands at 10,410, and the
product at $12,852,150, while the commercial value of finished work in the
vicinity of the city is at least three millions more.
Je?velry, Silver Tare, &c.-All branches of the working in precious metals, and
their imitations, are carried on very largely and successfully here.  The Mint,
since its establishment in 1793 to the close of 1856, coined $391,730,571 86;
while in the manufacture of fine jewelry, pure silver-ware, surpassing coin, and
gold and silver plate, watch-cases, silver-plated wares, &c., this is a leading market. Hands employed, 1700; product, viz.:
Gold jewelry, pens, spectacles, &c.......................................................$1,275,000
" watch-cases.............................................................. 942,000
" leaf and foil,............................................................................... 325,000
Silver-ware,......................................................................................... 450,000
Plated and Britannia-ware.................................................................. 380,000
Total........................................................................................$3,372,000
Laejps, Chandeliers, Gae  Fixtures.-The Philadelphia houses in this branch, it
is well known, are unequaled by any others in this country. They employ 1250
hands, and produce $1,300,000.
Leather.3fattfactures.-There are 10 tanneries in the city, 35 curriers, 25 morocco manufacturers, several buckskin and kid glove makers, the annual product
being $3,091,250. The morocco leather and buckskin goods made here are especially excellent.
-Jarble, &c.-There are a number of quarries, producing excellent building marble, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and one soap-stone quarry. There are about
60 marble yards in the city, employing 840 hands, and executing work to the
amount of $860,000 annually, or, including brown stone, granite, &c., $1,160,000.
The chapter on this subject is very comprehensive and interesting.
Oils.-There are 24 establishments engaged in producing various oils, having
a capital invested of $1,040,000, employing 245 hands, and yielding an annual
product of $2,131,230.
Paper Haigi? gs.-This is another manufacture in which Philadelphia has deservedly a high reputation.  There are 6 principal manuflictories, employing 456
hands, and producing a value of $800,000. One of the firms occupies a brick
factory 396 feet long, 80 wide, and 4 stories high, believed to be the largest in the
world.
Ropie and Cordage are made to the amount of $810,000 annually, consuming
6 
7
about 1500 tons of Manilla hemp, and 1250 tons Western hemp.  Jute Ropc Is
also made largely.
The Saddle anod Harness manufacture employs 960 hands, and yields a product
of $1,500,000; while Wh4/ips, Trou~ks and Portmaitteats add a half million more.
In all these branches the Philadelphia establishments take first rank.
Ship and Boat Building constitutes a very interesting chapter, to which we
mniust refer.
The Soap and Candle Factories produce $2,057,600 annually.  The Suzgar Refit eric.s, of which there are five, besides two extensive establishments that extract
sugar from molasses, are very remarkable, and have a capacity for producing
$10,000,000  annually.   The  value of the sugar  refined in 1857 was  about
$6,000,000. The manufactures of Tobacco are extremely important-the quantity of cigars made annually being 312,000,000, worth $3,000,000. The cigar,
snuff, and leaf tobacco trade employs a capital of $3,000,000, turned twice a year,
which produces an annual business of $6,000,000.  The Umbrella and Parasol
l.actories of Philadelphia are the largest in the United States, and the quality of
their products the best. About 2500 persons are employed in this business, producing an average annual value of $1,275,000, though in 1853 it amounted to
$2,000,000. For the details of these and other manufactures-artificial teeth,
brushes, buttons, combs, musical instruments, oil cloths, perfumery and fancy
soups, surgical instruments, straw and millinery goods, tinware, &c., —we must
refer to the volume.
The following is the Author's summary of
Aggregate Value of Articles produced in Philadelphia, for the year
ending June 30th, 1857.
Agricultural Implements, Seeds, &c.,
(estimated).................................. $500,000
Alcohol, Buruing Fluid, and Cam  phene........................................ 1,022,140
Ale, Porter,        and Brown Stout.........1,020,000
Artificial Fl)wers c...........................n 85,000
AwningsPrcs, Bags, &c............................ 91,750
Assaying and Refining Precious Met  als, including actual expenses of
U3. S. Mint, $130,000....................... 850,000
Barrels, Casks, Shooks, and Vats......715,000
Beer, Liager and Small.................. 1,280,000
Blpckier, Ink, and Lampblack, (es  tinated).......................................500,000
Bolts, Nuts, Screws, &c..................... 411,00 o a
Book and Periodical Publishing, ex  elusive of Paper, Printing, Bind  ing, &c                                  Cohn........................... 818,000
Book Binding, Blank Books, and
MNarble Paper.............................. 1,230,000
Boots and Shoes........................... 4,141.000
Boxes, Packing, (estimated)............... 500,000
Brass Articles..................................830,000
Bread, Bakers, (including Crackers,)
Ship Bread, &c.........................$5,600,000
Bricks, Common and Pressed............. 12,000
Britannia and Plated Wares.............380,000
Brooms, Corn and other...................   104,000
Brushes.............................5..................22,000
Candles, Adamantinge  & Oleinea  Ois d........570,000
Caps............................................... 400,000
Cards, Playing................................  118,000
Carpeting, Ingrain......................... 2,592,000
Carpeting, Rag................................ 504,000
Carriages and Coaches...................... 900,000
Cars and Car Wheels........................ 550,000
Chemicals, Dye-Stuffs, Chrome Col  ors, and tPxtracts....................... 3,335,000
Clothing....................................... 9,64f),OOQ
Coffins, Ready-made........................ 219,000
Combs............................................. 150,000
Confectionery, &c.......................... 1,020,000
Copper WVork................................... 400-000
Cordials, Bay Water, &c................... 200,000
Cotton andl Woolen Goods, exclusive
of IHosiery, Carpetings, &c......... 14,813,960 
S
Cordage, Twines, &c.......................$810,000
Cutlery, Skates, &c........................... 150,000
Daguerreotypes, Cases, and Mate  rials, (estimated)........................... 600,000
Edge Tools, Hammers, &c..................127,000
Earthenware, Fire-Bricks, &c.......................... 647,000
Engines, Locomotive, Stationary                    and
Fire........................................... 3,42S,000
Eruraving          and Lithography............. 570,000
Envelopes and Fancy Stationery....... 150,000
Flooring S and Pned Lumber............8 370,000
Flour Btng cugH........................... 3,200,000
Fertilizers.......................503,000
Fringes, Tassels, and Narrow Textile
Fabrics...................................... 1,288,000
Furniture,  (estimated) Fre................... 2,6500,000
Furs............................................... 350,000
Gloves, Buckskin      and Kid................. 150,000
Glue, Curled Hair, &c...................... 775,000
Gold Leaf and Foi............................... 325,000
Glassware oy........................... 1,600,000
Har     d wa     re, and Iron Manufactures
not otherwise enumerated...........nu 1,169,000
fats, Silk and Soft.......................... 800,000
Hose, Belting, &c........................... 175,000
Hosiery........................................ 1,808,150
Hlloci-wa       re, exclus'e of Stoves, &c..1,250,000
I     r o          n, Ba                                  r, Sheet, and Forged.......... 1,517,650
Jewelry, and Manufactures of Gold..1,275,000
Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fix  tures................................,....1,300,000
Lastsa  BtTes and Boot Trees......................... 36,000
Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead, Shot, &c..........235,000
Leather, exclusive      of Morocco.........,610,000
Machinery.................................... 1,912,000
Machine Tools.................................350,000
Iahoganyiand Saned Lumber............ 5SO,000
Maps     and Charts.............................. 400,000
Marble Work................................... 860,000
Mantillas       and Corsets........................ 330,000
Patches, Friction.............................                            125,000
Medicines, Patent and Prepared Re  medies....................................... 1,300,000
Millinery Goods, including Bonnet
Frames, Wire, &c., but excluding
Straw Goods & Artificial Flowers...360,000
Mouldings, &c.................................. 300,000
Morocco and Fancy Leather............ 1,156,250
Musical Instruments......................... 485,000
Mineral Waters............................... 350,000
Newspapers, Daily and Weekly, (es  timated)..................................... 1,370,000
Oil Cloths....................................... 289,000
Oils, Linseed, Lard and Tallow, Ro  sin, and R. R. Greases................ 2,131,230
Paints, Zinc, and Products of Paint
Mills............................................ 770,000
Paper........................................... 1,250,000
Paper Hangings............................... 800,000
Paper Boxes.................................... 175,000
Patterns, Stove and Machinery.........115,000
Perfumery and Fancy Soaps............. 850,000
Picture and Looking-Glass Frames,
(estimated)................................... 750,000
Preserved Fruits, &c., (estimated).....,350,000
Printing, Book and Job.................. 1,183,000
Printing Inks..................................160,000
IProvisions —Cured Meats, Packed
CBe ef, &c................................... $4,000,006
Rifles  and Pistols............................. 120,00O
Saddles, Harness, &c...................... 1,500,000
Safes...............................................150,000
Sails............................................... 13;,0C
Sash, Blinds, Doors, &c....................250,000
Saws...............................................510,000
Scales and Balances.........................145,000
Shirts, Collars, Bosoms, and Gentle   men's Furnishing Goods............. 1,S187,500
Shovels, Spades, Hoes, &c.................397,000
Show Cases....................................... 55,000
Sewing Silks.................................... 312,00(
Silver-ware............................. 450,000
Soap and Candles, exclusive of Ada   mantine Candles.........................1,487,600
Spring,s, Rai l-road and Coach...........238,000
Spices, Condiments, Essence of Cof   fee, &c., &c................................... 350,000
Starch.............................................155,000
Steel, Spring and Cast......................283,500
Stoves and Grates.......................... 1,250,000
Sand-stone, Granite, Slate, &c...........S 300,000
Straw Goods, including Hats............600,000
Surgical and Dental Instruments,
Trusses, and Artificial Limbs...........350,000
Sugar, Refined, and Molasses.........6,500,000
Teeth, Porcelain.............................. 500,00C
Tin, Zinc, and Sheet-Iron Ware......1,200,000
Tobacco Manufactures, Cigars, Snuff,
&c............................................. 3,256,50f
Trunks and Portmanteaus................ss 313,000
Turnings in Wood...........................    550,00O
Type and Stereotype......................... 650,000
Umbrellas  and Parasols, including
Umbrella Furniture, Ivory & Bone
Turning, Whalebone Cutting....... 1,750,000
Upholstery, (estimated)....................500,000
Varnishes.........................2:.......230,000
Vessels, Masts and Spars, Blocks and
Pumps, &c................................. 1,760,000
Vinegar and Cider............................ 300,000
Wagons, Carts, and Drays................ 815,000
Watch Cases.................................... 942,000
Whips............................................. 175,000
Whisky, Distilled............................ 630,000
" Rectified.......................... 2,524,.500
White Lead..................................... 960,000
Willow-ware, Baskets, &c., (estm'd)..120,000
Wire-work, (estimated,)................... 250,000
Wooden and Cedar-ware.................. 150,000
Works in Wood not otherwise enu    merated....................................... 100,000
Miscellaneous Articles, not other    wise enumerated. For particulars
see INWDEX, (estimated)................. 3,000,0OW'
Total Annual Product of Manu    facturing Industry in Phila   delphia............................ 145,348,738
Add for Leading Branches in the
vicinity of Philadelphia, as
before given....................... 2(,500,000
Total for Philadelphia and vicin   ity................................. $171,848,738
The Capital employed in Manufactures in Philadelphia, is........................$72,500,000
Hands Employed..................................................................................  132,000 
I 
I 
~Iatiltolpbi  ant its 5   anuf(tures-:
A HAND-B0OOK
EXHIBITING THE
DEVELOPMENT, VARIETY, AND STATISTICS
OF THE
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF PHILADELPHIA
IN 1 8 5 7.
TOGETHER WITH
ikttt~tt  ff Ntmarhablt Laufat~ trits;
AND A
LIST OF ARTICLES NOW MADE IN PHILADELPHIA.
BY
EDWIN T. FREEDLEY,
AUTHOR OF A "PRACTICAL TREATISE ON BUSINESS," "THE LEGAL ADVISER," ETC.
PHILADELPHIA:
EDWARD YOUNG, 333 WALNUT STREET.
1858.
,;7', 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1858, by
EDWIN T. FREEDLEY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
PHILADELPHIA:
STEREOTYPED BY GEORGE CHARLES.
PRINTED BY KING & BAIRD. 
P R E F A C E.
TH{E Title of this Volume defines its subject; and the subject,
it is presumed, explains its object. The Author, however, desires
to advert briefly to the circumstances that impelled him to undergo
the vast amount of hard, thankless, profitless labor which the
preparation of a volume like this, however imperfectly executed,
necessarily involves, and to assume the responsibility of an undertaking, which, as an individual enterprise, unaided by municipal or corporate favor, is, it is believed, wholly unprecedented.
For many years it has been a source of mortification to the active friends of Philadelphia, that mainly through the misrepresentations of rivals, and the misapprehension of her resources, she
has gradually receded from her former glorious position in the
commercial firmament, until now she is regarded by many in Europe, and in some portions of our own country, as a mere speck
on the horizon. Her enemies have industriously circulated, far and
wide, reports which, if unexplained, must prove detrimental to her
interests; and the declension of her foreign commerce has been to
them a harp of a thousand strings. The friends of Philadelphia,
on the other hand, either at home or abroad, have not been furnished with facts to counteract these prejudicial statements; and
are themselves scarcely aware what a beautiful fabric she has
erected,-more important in every truly national point of view than
Foreign  Trade,-dedicated  to Home  Industry  and American
Manufactures.   The leading organs of the enlightened sentiment
(17)
4-V 
PREFACE.
of the city have earnestly and repeatedly called upon the corporate
authorities to collect and publish statistics of its Productive Industry; and various attempts have been made by individuals, and
by Committees of Commercial Associations, to effect this object,
but the difficulties in the way of its accomplishment seemed insurmountable. More than a year ago, Mr. EDWARD YOUNG, t1he
publisher of this volume, solicited the writer to undertake the
preparation of a work on the Manufactures of Philadelphia,
promising his assistance  in the collection of materials.  The
Author will be pardoned a digression from the narrative to bear
testimony how nobly his associate has redeemed his promisehow faithfully he has persevered. Without his co-operation, it is
probable this volume would be far less complete than it now is.
Foreseeing, perhaps, only a portion of the difficulties to be encountered and surmounted, and presuming that with certainty
he could readily supply his own deficiencies by obtaining able assistance-a hope in which he has been grievously disappointedthe Author acceded to the request, and originated a plan of treating the subject, an outline of which was submitted to the Board
of Trade, who honored it with an approbatory resolution, and
to the Press who generally commended it, and invited the cooperation of Manufacturers. Other encouraging inducements
were offered.  BARTON H. JENKS, Esq., one of the "alive" men
of this city, volunteered a liberal subscription; JOHN GRIGo,
Esq., tendered his name and assurances of future influence in
behalf of the enterprise; JOHN BIDDLE, of the firm of E. C. & J.
Biddle, and WILLIAM L. RERHN, of the firm of Brooke, Tyson &
Rehn-men of well-known public spirit-contributed suggestions
and valuable information from their stores of accumulated knowledge; and under these circumstances, and with this encouragement, the labor was commenced. Here, however, the historical
record must close. Beyond this point there lies a dreary, panic
18 
PREFACE.
winter; and a recital of facts attending the collection of ma terials and statistics would involve a revelation of too many dif ficulties,-interposed in part by the widely extended field over
which we were compelled to travel in search of desired inlforma tion, and in part by the indifference manifested by many of the
very persons whose interests would be promoted by the publica tion,-to be pleasant in retrospection, though perhaps profitable
for instruction to other adventurous persons.
Passing over the circumstances which rendered the task more
arduous than it ought to have been, the Author desires to state,
that in the prosecution of the undertaking he claims to have acted
with strict impartiality, both as respects persons and facts.  If
injustice has been done in any instance to individuals-a fact
of which he is at present not conscious-he would deeply regret
it; but the omission to notice or mention a manufacturing establishment he cannot consent to consider an act of injustice.
It was not deemed essential to the completeness of the narrative to notice individual establishments at all; and where
such are introduced it has been done parenthetically, or for
the purpose of illustration, or because they creditably represent
the other establishments in the same branch.   The insertion of
names has been avoided as much as possible, for they are perpetually changing though the establishment or business which
they represent survive unchanged. A Philadelphia Business
Directory, for a full list of names, and Ure's Dictionary of
Mlanufactures, for a description of processes, are a natural complement of this volume.  In the selection of matter for insertion as facts, the Author has regarded first, accuracy; secondly, novelty or interest.  It would have been easy by less
exactness as to the accuracy of matters of fact to multiply details, and to increase the interest or "spiciness" of the volume;
but even in a dearth of real facts "doubtful facts" have not been
19 
PREFACE.
resorted to. But the circumstance which more than any other
caused the rejection of much interesting matter was-the want of
space. It was the opinion of those who are conversant with the
secret springs of publishing success, that a volume on this subject,
to be useful, must not exceed in size or price certain prescribed
limits. This principle-which, like the laws of the Medes.and
Persians, was unalterable-was ever present to the Author's eye,
rendering him apprehensive lest by treating one subject at too
much length, he would be prevented from giving due consideration to another equally important. The theme is so comprehensive, that what may be deemed essential preoccupied the
entire space to the exclusion of novelties, patented improvements,
undeveloped manufactures, and thus matters of great interest
have unavoidably and of necessity been omitted.
The Author desires to render acknowledgments of indebtedness
to all who in any way aided him, and special acknowledgments
to WILLIAM C. KENT of James, Kent, Santee &  Co., to Dr. J.
L. BISHOP, O. W. KIBBIE, THOMAS  SHRIVER, WM. Y. CARVER,
JOHN D. STOCKTON, and Dr. JAMES MOORE.  For the mechanical execution of the volume he is indebted to the following persons: GEORGE CHARLES, Stereotyper;  Jos. W. RAYNER,
Proof Reader; CHARLES MAGARGE & Co., Paper-makers; KING
& BAIRD, Printers; MILLER & BURLOCK, Binders.
Philadelphia, July, 1858.                          E. T. F.
20 
PHILAD)ELPHIA AND) ITS MANUFACTURES.
MANU.TFACTURES-CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN.
"It requires a great deal of philosophy to observe what is seen every
day."-nROUsSSEAU.
THE term Manufacture, in its derivative sense, signifies
-making by hand.  Its modern acceptation, however, is
directly the reverse of its original meaning; and it is 1no0W
applied particularly to those products which are made
extensively by machinery, without much aid from manual
labor.  The word thlerefore is an extremely flexible one;
and as Political Economists  do not agree in opinion,
whether millers and bakers are properly manufacturers
or not, we shall, if need be, take advantage of the uncertainty, and consider as Manufactures what strictly may
belong to other classifications of productive industry.
The end of every Manufacture is to increase the utility
of objects by modif,ing their external form or changing
their internal constitution. In some instances, substances
that would otherwise be utterly worthless, are converted
into the most valuable products-as the hoofs of certain
animals into Prussiate of Potash; the offal into Goldbeater's Skin; and especially rags into Paper. Thus beneficenlt in their general object, it is scarcely remarkable
that modern Manufactures are principally distinguished
for their ameliorating influence upon man's social condition.  By cheapeningii   manufactured products they put
~~~~~~~~1  ~~(21) 
22       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
within the reach of the poorest classes what in former
times was accessible only to the wealthy and noble.
The servant, the artisan, and the husbandman of England,
at the present time have more palatable food, better
clothing and better fiurniture, than were possessed by
"the gentilitie" in the "golden days" of Queen Bess. In
no other equally extensive districts of the world are the
people generally so well off as to physical comforts, or so
intellectually progressive, as in England and Massachusetts, and in none have Manufactures as yet attained equal
prominence as branches of industry. In 1850 there were
employed in Textile Manufactures alone, the following:
MILLS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
England and Wales. Scotland.  Ireland.
Mills,.......................3,699          550       91
Spindles,................22,859,010  2,256,408  532,303
Power Looms,............. 272,586        28,811    2,517
Moving Power, Steam, (horses) 91,610    13,857    2,646
".. "         Vater,  "    18,214      6,004    1,886
The persons employed in these mills numbered 596,082,
of whom 40,775 were children under thirteen years of
age, and 329,577 were females above thirteen. In the
United States, the most important of the Textile Manlufactures are those of Cotton and Wool.   In 1850 there
was employed in the Cotton Manufacture a capital of
$74,500,931; consuming 641,240 bales of cotton annually,
and producing about 763,000,000 yards of sheetings,
shirtings, calicoes, &c., and 27,000,000  lbs. of yarn,
valued for the entire product at $61,869,184. The number of persons employed was 92,286, of whom 33,150
were males, and 59,136 were females.   Massachusetts
contained about one-third of the whole number of spindles in the United States, and about one-half the capital
invested in the Cotton Manufacture was owned in Massachusetts.  The Woolen Manufacture of the United States
Total.
4,340
25,647,721
303,914
108,113
26,104 
ENGLAND AND MASSACIIUSETTS.
employed a eapital of about $28,000,000; consuming
71,000,000 lbs. of Wool, worth $25,000,000; and the produet was valued at $43,207,545. It is more generally distributed throughout the United States than the Cotton
Manufacture, yet Massachusetts employs in it one third
of the whole capital and consumes one third of the Wool.
But the future of manufacturing enterprise in the
IUnited States, except in its effects upon society, must not
be judged from its present development in Massachusetts.
In 1810, according to the census, Virginia, the two Carolinas and Georgia manufactured greatly more in quantity
and value of Cotton and Woolen fabrics than the whole
of New England; and North Carolina produced double as
many yards as Massachusetts. We doubt not the superior intellectual energy of the people of Massachusetts
has attracted much that, with equality in this particular,
combined with superior physical advantages, will again
be attracted elsewhere. Manufacturing enterprise in the
United States is yet in its experimental stage.  The people have but recently recovered from the delusion that
Mianufactures are injurious to national prosperity.  They
have not had time to study the conditions upon which
success in Manufactures depends, or to comprehend the
lines that naturally and properly separate human pursuits.
In future times, a manufacturer will no more think of
consulting merely his personal inclinations, or one favorable circumstance, in the location of his manufactory, than
the agriculturist, for a similar reason, would choose for the
field of his operations the Pilot Knob of Missouri, or the
gold-seeker the sands of New Jersey.   As yet manufacturers are working independently not only of each other,
but of the general laws that underlie economical production.  Being in doubt as to the proper locality, they have
not concentrated or combined their efiforts; and the buyers
of manufactured goods being in doubt as to the Home
23 
24  PHILADELPHIkA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Market, give their confidence to European manufacturers.
It is the object of the present volume to submit, with due
deference, to the consideration of both these classes, some
suggestions based 6n the experience of the past and of
other countries; and to endeavor to aid them-First: by
considering what are the requisites to prosperity or the causes
tof economicalproduction in Manufactures; Secondly: by indicating a locality possessing the advantages for manufacturing in the highest degree of perfection; Thirdly: by showing
the progress already made in Manufactures in that locality.
I. Political Economists divide the essential requisites
of production into two-Labor, and appropriate natural
objects. To these, in Manufactures, we must certainly add
Capital. But the productive efficacy of all productive
agents, as every one has observed, varies greatly at various
times and places, and depends upon a variety and due combination of circumstances, partly moral and partlyphysical.
Foremost among the moral circumstances conducive and
essential to prosperity, especially in Manufactures, are
freedom of industry and security of property. We need
but glance at the history of any European nation, France
in particular, to discover that governmental interference
with industry is baneful in its effects, and that monopolies and corporation privileges retard progress. "I have
frequently seen," says Roland de la Platicre, a minister
of state during the French Revolution, "manufacturers
visited by a band of satellites, who put all in confulsion in
their establishments, spread terror in their families, cut
the stuff from the frames, tore off the warp from the
looms, and carried them away as proofs of infringement;
the manufacturers were summoned, tried and condemned;
their goods confiscated; copies of their judgment of cornfiscation posted up inr every public place; future reputation, credit, all was lost and destroyed.  And for what 
MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.  2a
offense? Because they had made of worsted a kind of
cloth called shay, such as the English used to manufacture,
and even sell in France, while the French regulations
stated that that kind of cloth should be made with
mohair.  I have seen other manufacturers treated in the
same way, because they had made camnlets of a particular
width, used in England and Germany, for which there
was a great demand from Spain, Portugal, and other
countries, and from several parts of France, while the
French regulations prescribed other widths for camlets.
There wvas no free town where mechanical invention
could find a refuge from the tyranny of the monopolists
-no trade but what was clearly and explicitly described
by the statutes could be exercised-none but what was
included in the privileges of some corporation."
In Ellgland freedom of industry dates from the abolition of monopolies in 1624; and there can be no question,
as McCulloch observes, that "Freedom and security-freedom to engage in every employment, and to pursue our
own interest in our own way, coupled with an intimate
conviction that acquisitions, when made, might be securely
enjoyed or disposed of-have  been  the most copious
sources of our wealth and power. There have been only
two countries, Holland and the United States, which
have, in these respects, been placed under nearly similar
circumstances as England; and notwithstanding the disadvantages of their situation, the Dutch have long been,
and still continue to be, the most industrious and opulent
people of the Continent-whlile the Americans, whose
situation is more favorable, are rapidly advancing in the
career of improvement with a rapidity hitherto unknown."
In the United States, industry, it is true, is generally
free, and property in most places adequately protected by
public opinion against both legislative and mob violence
1* 
26       PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
but our advantages in these respects for the development
of enterprise in Manufactures have been modified and
limited by fluctuating legislation on the subject of
foreign competition.   Very early in our constitutional
history the question was agitated-Shall Government, in
adjusting its taxes for revenue, so discriminate as to protect and encourage Hilome Manufacturers, or in other
words, to diminish, if not exclude, foreign competition
in our markets?   This question was submitted to the
people, but proved too vast for popular solution. Their
opinions changed with the current of argument, like the
judgment of the Dutch Justice; and the decision which
they had made promptly in accordance with the wish of
the attorneys on the one side, was as promptly reversed
upon the suggestion of the attorneys on the other side.
Finally, not knowing what to do, the majority seem to
have concluded that, as posterity had done nothing for
them they were under no obligations to do any thing for
posterity. In the mean time legislation upon the question fluctuated with the vacillation in public sentiment;
and capitalists being unable to calculate with certainty
the risks involved, were timid in embarking in manufacturing enterprises. It would seem therefore that, in
addition to security of property and fieedom of industry,
success in Manufactures implies a certain and stable, if
not wise policy in governmental action upon questions
affecting manufacturing interests.
2. Another moral cause contributing, and in fact essential to eminence in manufacturing industry, is the general
diffusion of intelligence among the people.  By intelligence,
in this connection, we do not mean merely the understanding necessary to enable an individual to become
the creator or the lord of a machine.   The capacity to
contrive and invent seems so much a part of the original 
MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.   27
constitution of man, that we believe there is in every
civilized  community  sufficient  ingenuity and menetal
power to have originated all in physical science that has
yet been devised by any.  The mind is God's machine,
with powers seemingly unlimited, and capable of producing any thing from a bad pun to the lever of Archimedes,
the flying pigeon of Archytas or the calculating machine
of Babbage. But the exercise of this faculty, the application of the best intellect in a community in the directionI of practical improvements, depends largely upon the
approbation and rewards bestowed upon successful enterprise in invention or mechanical labor. It is in vain to
hope that ambition will spur intellect to achieve mechanical triumphs, where an inventor is respected less than a
tinseled soldier or a ragged lawyer. It is in vain to expect that mechanics will strive to acquire any extraordinary skill where mechanical labor is degraded to serfdom,
or even is not appreciated. In the histories of nations,
whose rise and fall are classical studies, we learn that
the application of mind to invention as well as handicraft
operations, was  regarded as unworthy of freemen.  "InI
my time," says Seneca, "there have been inventions of
this sort- transparent windows, tubes for diffusing
warmth equally through all parts of a building; shorthand, which has been carried to such perfection that a
writer can keep pace with the most rapid speaker. But
the inventing of such thiinygs is drudgery for the lowest slaves.
Philosophy lies deeper. It is not her office to teach men
how to use their hands."  Another ancient and eminent
teacher, who can boast of a disciple here and there in
our country, considered the true object of all education
and philosophy to be-to fit men for war.  Need  we
wonder there have been dark ages in the world's history.
Need we say that in an atmosphere tainted with such a
sterile philosoplhy, the arts which improve malt's material 
28        PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUIFACTURES.
condition cannot flourish. The proud position of New
England-a position so enviable that her light reflects
lustre on States with which she is allied-is due rather to
her sound, intelligent, practical philosophy, than to any
physical advantages or original intellectual superiority.
A Yankee lad inhales from the surrounding atmosphere,
if he do not hear from his father's lips, that it is aii
important part of his duty to aid in extending man's empire over the material world, and every available addition
to human force for accomplishing that end, that he may
originate, will be a sure passport to the respect of his
eighbors, if not to fortune.  The women and children
are educated to regard ignorance and idleness as vices;
and all, deemiing it honorable to add something to the
aggregate product of their counltry's wealth, co-operate and
lighten the original curse, for
"All are needed by each one,
Nothing is fair or good alone."
3. A third cause of eminence in Manufacturing, and essential to economical production, is an abundant supply of
the most effective laborers, and of those qualified to direct labor.
In view of the improvements already made, it would be
rash to assert that a time will never come when automatic
machines will dispense entirely with manual labor in
manufiacturing.   So far, the introduction of machinery
has stimulated the pressing demand for educated labor;
and if we can at all judge of the future, success will
depend more and more upon the quality of the labor
employed.  Labor is effective according as it is dexterous
or as it is skillful.  In purely routine processes, dexterity
may be the quality of chief value, but laborers differ in
dexterity almost as much as in mechanical skill. Englishmen say that a laborer in Essex is cheaper at 2s. 6d. per 
MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.   29
day than a laborer in Tipperary at 5d.; and as operatives
in cotton factories, our manufacturers assert that one Arnerican girl can accomplish as much in a given time as two
English girls. "In England," said Mr. Kempton, before the
Committee upon Manufactures of the House of Commons,
"the girls tend two power-looms.  In America our girls
tend generally four power-looms; some for years tended
five power-looms, and some tended six for some time,
and each of those power-looms turned off more cloth
than I have found any power-looms turn off in this
country."   Mr. Cowell, in illustrating the comparative
efficiency of operatives, remarks-" At Mulhausen, which
is styled the Manchester of France, one adult and two
children are requisite for the management of 200 coarse
threads, and they gain amony them about 2s. (48 cents) at
coarse work. At Manchester or Bolton one adult and
two children can manage 758 threads, and gain among
them 5s. 6d. per day.  Thus, although wages are so much
lower in France, the difference of product is so great that
the cost, in money, of the commodity produced, is greater
than in England. In the former, four men and two
children are required to manage 800 threads, for which
they receive 8s., while in the latter one man and two
children are capable, with the best machinery, of doing
the same, and their wages are 5s. 6d."
If then there be such difference in the productive efficacy of laborers, in operations calling for mere manual
dexterity, it is obvious that the higher we ascend in those
departments of mechanics and manufactures, in which
the mind has a considerable part, the greater must be
the advantage in favor of intelligence and skill. And
such is the fact. The only standard by which to estimate
the cost of labor, is the amount of work done for the money
paid-the per diem earnings of the workmen  being in
itself no criterion by which to judge of the cost of labor. 
PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
That workman is the cheapest who can produce the most
of a given quality for a given sum of mnioney; whether he
earn one dollar or five dollars per day, and that manufacturer can produce with the most efficiency, and the
least expense, other things being equal, who can at all
times command the requisite supply of such workmen.
As ingenious mechanics and rapid workmen, the AngloAmericans have no superiors.  As skillful workmen in
departments for which they have been specially educated,
the English are celebrated. Regular and habitual energy
in labor, however, is a characteristic of both.  They have
no life but in their work-no enjoyment but in the shop.
What other races consider amusement, is no amusement
to them.  But in England and America there is a marked
difference between the quality of the labor that can be obtained in the country and in the towns. In fact, in or near
large cities only can labor of the first quality be obtained.
"As iron sharpeneth iron, so a man sharpeneth the countenance of his friend;" and away from the centres of population and competition, the face loseth its sharpness, and the
hand its cunning.  Cities are in nothing more remarkable
than in their attractive, magnetic influence upon talent of
every description.  "The man who desires to employ his
pen," observes Carey, "and who possesses only the ability
to conduct a country newspaper, removes to the interior,
while the man of talent leaves his country paper to take
charge of one in the city. The dauber of portraits leaves
the city to travel the country in search of employment,
iwhlile the painter removes to Philadelphia, New York or
London. The inferior lawyer, physician, surgeon, dentist or merchant removes to the West, while the superior
one leaves the West and settles in those places in which
population is dense; where the means of production are
g'eat; where talent is appreciated and best paid; and
wlhere reputation, wiheln acquired, is worth possessing." 
MORAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.   3]
Superior mechanics and dexterous workmen manifest a
similar preference for cities and an abhorrence of isolation; hence, if for no other reason, extensive mechanical
or manufacturing operations must be conducted at a
great disadvantage in isolated localities.  In a limited experience, I have known of several establishments that have
failed apparently from no other cause than the impossibility of filling orders promptly, in consequence of difficulty in procuring and retaining an adequate supply of
good mechanics in an unattractive locality; and to the
disposition to select such situations because of water
power or some other circumstance, we ascribe much of
the past embarrassments of our manufacturers.  In some
of the secluded manufacturing villages of New England,
it is the customn of the proprietors to fasten such superior
workmen as they may have seduced thither, by aiding
them to invest their earnings in a house and lot, which
they cannot afterward dispose of except at a great sacrifice;
but the practice, it would seem, is rather to be commended
for its shrewdness than its wisdom.   A dependent or
dissatisfied workman can hardly be an efficient one.
As respects those who are well qualified to direct labor, the
supply is, in all places, especially in isolated localities, far
short of the demand. Foremost in this class it can be no
disparagement to place scientific men.  As agents of economical production, none are more effective. The progress of Manlufactures, in many  of its departments, is
intimately connected with and dependent upon the
progress made in the exact sciences; and to the experiments and investigations of scientific men-the men who
peer into the secrets of Nature, whether concealed in
plants, in animals or minerals, and who
" Find tongues in trees, books in running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good ill every tbing," — 
32        PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
that our Manufactures are largely indebted for their present development, and upon such men, we must rely principally, as we may do with confidence, for the discovery
of new sources of wealth, that at a future day will give
employment and wealth to millions of human beings.
But scientific men are not abundant even in the centres
whereLibraries, Galleries and Academies are numerous;
those best qualified to direct labor prefer the theatres
offering the widest scope for the exhibition of their abilities; and even inventors have discovered, that in isolated
localities, they may exhaust their efforts in attempting
what has been better executed before.
II. Passing to the physical causes of eminence in manufacturing industry, we remark they are more obvious
than the moral causes, but not more important. To produce manufactured goods of a given quality with the least
expense being the great desideratum, it follows that whatever contributes to economy in production, whatever
saves labor, or transportation, or raw materials, cannot
safely be overlooked or despised.   But to investigate
carefully all the circunmstances that have an influence
upon economical production, would require a considerable volume, and be foreign to our main inquiry.  D)esiring merely to discover a locality within our extended
country, that, by the use of the proper means, will certainly
become the centre and chief seat of American manufactures, it is necessary to know what circumstances have more
ifilteiince than  any others in facilitating  manufacturing
enterprise, and thus sooner or later lead to superiority;
but it is not necessary to exhaust the subject.
England, it is acknowledged, is pre-eminent in Maniufactures over all other countries-but why? Iler colonial
systemi, her shrewd legislation, the simplicity of other
nations and other accidental circumstances, have no doubt 
PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.  33
widened the market for her manufactured goods to an
extraordinary extent, but her superiority nevertheless is
the result of solid, substantial, not accidental circumstances. The physical advantages which have contributed
more than any others to her eminence, as we think all
must agree, are epitomized by the Edinburgh Review, in
the following summary: 1st. Possession of supplies of
the raw materials used in Manufactures; 2d. The command
of the natural means and agents best fitted to produce
power; 3d. The position of the country as respects others;
and 4th. The nature of the soil and climate.
"1. As respects the first of these circumstances," the writer says,
"every one who reflects on the nature, value, and importance of our
manufactures of Wool, of the useful Metals,-such as Iron, Lead, Tin,
Copper,-and of Leather, Flax, and so forth, must at once admit, that
our success in them has been materially promoted by our having abundant
supplies of the raw material. It is of less consequence whence the
material of a manufacture possessing great value in small bulk is derived, whether it be furnished from native sources, or imported from
abroad, though even in that case the advantage of possessing an internal
supply, of which it is impossible to be deprived by the jealousy or hostility of foreigners, must not be overlooked. But no nation can make
any considerable progress in the manufacture of bulky and heavy
articles, the conveyance of which to a distance unavoidably occasions
a large expense, unless she have supplies of the raw material within
herself. Our superiority in manufactures depends more at this moment
on our superior machines than on any thing else; and had we been
obliged to import the iron, brass, and steel, of which they are principaIly
made, it is exceedingly doubtful whether we should have succeeded in
bringing them to any thing like their present pitch of improvement.
"2. But of all the physical circumstances that have contributed to
our wonderful progress in manufacturing industry, none has had nearly
so much influence as our possession of the most valuable coal mines.
These have conferred advantages on us not enjoyed in an equal degree
by any other people. Even though we had possessed the most abundant
supply of the ores of iron and other useful metals, they would have oeen
of little or no use, but for our almost inexhaustible coal mines.  Our
country is of too limited extent to produce wood sufficient to smelt and
prepare any considerable quantity of iron, or other metal; and though
2 
34       PHILADELPtIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
no duty were laid on timber when imported, its cost abroad, and  the
heavy expense attending the conveyance of so bulky an article, would
have been insuperable obstacles to our making any considerable progress
in the working of metals, had we been forced to depend on home or
foreign timber. We, therefore, are disposed to regard Lord Dudley's
discovery of the mode of smelting and manufacturing iron by means of
coal only, without the aid of wood, as one of the most important ever
made in the arts. We do not know that it is surpassed even by the
steam engine or spinning-frame. At all events, we are quite sure that we
owe as much to it as to either of these great inventions.  But for it, we
should have always been importers of iron; in other words, of the
materials of machinery. The elements, if we may so speak, out of
which steam-engines and spinning-mills are made, would have been
dearer here than in most other other countries. The fair presumptioa
consequently is, that the machines themselves would have been dearer;
and such a circumstance would have counteracted, to a certain extent, even if it did not neutralize or overbalance, the other circumstances favorable to our ascendancy. But now we have the ores and
the means of working them in greater abundance than any other
people; so that our superiority in the most important of all departments
-that of machine-making-seems to rest on a pretty sure foundation.
"It is further clear, that without a cheap and abundant supply of
fuel, the steam-engine, as now constructed, would be of comparatively
little use. It is, as it were, the hands; but coal is the muscles by which
they are set in motion, and without which their dexterity cannot be
called into action, and they would be idle and powerless. Our coal
mines may be regarded as vast magazines of hoarded or warehoused
power; and unless some such radical change be made on the steamengine as should very decidedly lessen the quantity of fuel required to
keep it in motion, or some equally powerful machine, but moved by
different means, be introduced, it is not at all lilkely that any nation
should come into successful competition with us, in those departments
in which steam-engines, or machinery moved by steam, may be most
advantageously employed.
"Since the introduction of steam-engines, Water-falls, unless under
very peculiar circumstances, have lost almost all their value. Steam
may be supplied with greater regularity, and being more under command
than water, is therefore a more desirable agent. This, however, is hbut
a small part of its superiority. Any number of steam-engines may be
constructed in the immediate vicinity of each other, so that all the
departments of manufacturing industry may be brought together and
.arried on ill the same town, and almnost in the same factory.  A corn 
PHlYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.   35
bination and adaptation of employments to each other, and a conse quent saving of labor, is thus effected, that would have been quite im practicable, had it been necessary to construct factories in different
parts of the country, and often in inconvenient situations, merely for
the sake of waterfalls.
"It may be supposed, perhaps, that a difficulty of this sort might
have been obviated by the employment of horse-power instead of steam;
but the following statement, which we extract from Dr. Ure's work,
shows conclusively that this would not have been the case:   "' The value of steam-impelled labor may be inferred from the following facts, communicated to me by an eminent engineer, educated in the
school of Boulton and Watt:-A manufacturer in Manchester works a
sixty-horse Boulton and Watt's steam-engine, at a power of one hundred and twenty horses during the day, and sixty horses during the
night; thus extorting from it an impelling force three times greater
than he contracted or paid for. One steamn horse-power is equivalent
to 33,000 pounds avoirdupois, raised one foot high per minute; but an
animal horse-power is equivalent to only 22,000 pounds raised one
foot high per minute, or, in other terms, to drag a canal boat two
hundred and twenty feet per minute, with a force of one hundred
pounds acting on a spring; therefore, a steam-horse power is equivalent in working efficiency to one living horse, and one-half the labor
of another. But a horse can work at its full efficiency only eight
hours out of the twenty-four, whereas a steam-engine needs no period
of repose; and, therefore, to make the animal power equal to the
physical power, a relay of one and a half fresh horses must be found
three times in the twenty-four hours, which amounts to four and a half
horses daily.  Hence, a common sixty-horse steam-engine does the
work of four and a half times sixty horses, or of two hundred and
seventy horses. But the above sixty-horse steam-engine does one-half
more work in twenty-four hours, or that of four hundred and five living
horses! The keep of a horse cannot be estimated at less than ls. 2d.
per day; and, therefore, that of four hundred and five horses would be
241. daily, or 7,5001. sterling,.in a year of three hundred and thirteen
days. As eighty pounds of coals, or one bushel, will produce steam
equivalent to the power of one horse in a steam-engine during eight
hours' work, sixty bushels, worth about 30s. at Manchester, will maintain a sixty-horse engine in fuel during eight effective hours,-and two
hundred bushels, worth 100s., the above hard-worked engine during
twenty-four hours. Hence, the expense per annum is 1,5651. sterling,
being little more than one-fifth of that of living horses. As to prime
cost and superintendence, the animal power would be greatly more ex 
86       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
pensive than the steam power. There are many engines made by
Boulton and Watt, forty years ago, which have continued in constant
work all that time with very slight repairs. What a multitude of
valuable horses would have been worn out in doing the service of these
machines! and what a vast quantity of grain would they have consumed! Had British industry not been aided by Watt's invention, it
must have gone on with a retarding pace, in consequence of the increasing cost of locomotive power, and would, long ere now, have experienced, in the price of horses and scarcity of water-falls, an insurmountable barrier to further advancement: could horses, even at the
low prices to which their rival, steam, has kept them, be employed to
drive a cotton-mill at the present day, they would devour all the profits
of the manufacturer.'"
Water power has heretofore been considered cheaper,
especially for small manufacturing establishments, than
steam power; but eminent engineers have carefully
investigated the subject, and are of opinion that in any
position where coal can be had "at ten cents per bushel,"
steainm isas cheap as waterpower atits minimum cost. Even
for cotton factories, the manufacturers of New England,
according to Montgomery, consider the advantages of a
good location as fully equal to the extra expense of steam
power, even when coal must be transported from Pennsylvania
to Massachusetts, and the largest mills now being erected
are to have steam as a motive power. Steam, therefore,
until superceded by some more effective agent, will be
the power principally relied upon to propel Machinery;
and as wood for the generation of steam upon an extensive scale is out of the question, we may safely conclude
that at no very distant day, the centre of our Manufactures
will certainly be in or near a district possessing inexhaustible supplies of cheap coal.
The importance of coal as a useful agent in the Arts,
is not, however, limited to its capacity to produce power.
It lies at the base of all manufacturing and mining operations, and surpasses all other natural products in the 
PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.  37
power of attracting to the vicinity where it can be obtained abundantly and cheaply-industry and population.
In England, the Woolen Manufacturers were once scattered over Sussex, Kent, and other southern counties, but
they have been attracted, principally by the wonderful
magnetism of coal, to the North.  In the coal districts of
England we find all her great manufacturing cities and
towns; Birmingham, with its population of perhaps
300,000; Leeds, with a population of 200,000; Sheffield,
whose hardware manufactures are known all over the
world, are located in districts abounding with coal, and
its usual accompaniment-Iron. Manchester, the great
seat of the Cotton Manufactures of Great Britain, whose
population now exceeds 600,000, is situated on the
edge of an immense and seemingly inexhaustible coalbed. A like proximity may be noticed in the location
of Bolton, Bradford, Carlisle, Huddersfield, Oldham and
WVolverhampton in England; Merthyr Tydvil in Wales;
Glasgow in Scotland; and Charleroy in Belgium.
The principal manufacturing cities of Europe, in this
respect, present a striking contrast to those of the United
States. In New England, the sites of the chief manufacturing towns seem to have been chosen solely with refer ence to abundant water power; and herein we have one
reason for believing that their present pre-eminence is
destined soon to be overshadowed, and finally obscured
by that of other cities possessing all their other advantages,
and having, in addition, a convenient proximity to our
inmense coal-beds. In spite of our warm regard for New
England, and sincere wishes for her continued prosperity
in Manufactures, we think the sceptre will eventually,
and ere long, depart from Judah. But New England will
be New England still. The virtues which make a great
people are indigenous to her soil, and will continue to
animate and ennoble the population when her capitalists
2* 
38      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
and ingenious men have sought other localities, possessing greater physical advantages for the fulfillment of their
"manifest destiny."
3. With regard to the third point, viz. favorable situation as respects commerce with other countries, its importance
is second only to that which we have just considered. It
is in the nature of Manufactures to be regardful of distant
and foreign markets. The accelerated production which
results from the application of machinery, enables one
manufacturer to supply the wants of many hundreds of
consumers, and a country or part of a country possessing
superior facilities for Manufactures, can supply other
countries with manufactured goods cheaper than they
can produce them. Great Britain, it is well known,
exports the bulk of her manufactured commodities. The
writer whom we previously quoted, remarks:
"Owing to the facilities afforded by our insular situation for maintaining an intercourse with all parts of the world, our manufacturers
have been able to obtain supplies of the raw materials on the easiest
terms, and to forward their own products wherever there was a demand
for them. Had we occupied a central situation, in any quarter of the
world, our facilities for dealing with foreigners being so much the less,
our progress, though our condition had been otherwise in all respects
the same, would have been comparatively slow. But being surrounded
on all sides by the sea, that is, by the great highway of nations, we have
been able to deal with the most distant as well as with the nearest
people, and to profit by all the peculiar capacities of production enjoyed
by each."
In the United States, the consumption of manufactured
goods is so vast, that we are apt to regard any foreign
demand as unimportant. But for the year ending June
30, 1855, we exported manufactured commnodities to the
amount of $30,609,518.   The list of articles exported
embraced nearly all our prominent Maniufactures-Cotton
piece Goods being the most valuable item, amounting to 
PHYSICAL CAUSES OF EMINENCE IN MANUFACTURES.
$5,857,181; Manufactures of Iron the next, $3,753,472;
and Artificial Flowers and Billiard Tables the smallest,
of which, however, the exports amounted to about $8000.
The  Canadas, the West Indies, the South American
Republics, Spain and her dependencies, Russia, China,
are all ready and willing to exchange their natural products for our manufactured goods, if we can compete with
other manufacturing countries in their markets. Even
English consumers have no objection to take our Manufactures, not excepting Cotton goods, if the price can be
arranged satisfactorily. As early as 1826 we exported
$664 cotton goods to England; in 1837, $11,889; and
ever since, we believe, there have been small shipments
annually. Hence, though it be true that, in the United
States, the IHome market is the one at present of chief
importance, and though the consumption of manufactured
goods is so immense that there is undoubtedly room for
the establishment of many important local manufactories,
if such can exist, at a variety of points; yet to supply a
foreign demand, as well as to obtain the raw materials on
the easiest terms, a situation on or near the sea-coast is
desirable; and as large establishments can produce more
cheaply than small ones, as we shall subsequently show,
it is highly important for such to choose a locality
possessing, in addition to the other moral and physical
advantages, a complete communication, by railroads and
canals, with all parts of our own country, and an established commerce or facilities for commerce with foreign
countries.
4. A suitable Climate is also a consideration of very
great importance. The influence of climate upon the
productiveness of industry, especially in Manufactures, is
very marked. A warm climate not only enervates the
body, but enfeebles the mind. It diminishes the utility
of moniey; and by rendering houses and clothing less
39 
40       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
necessary to existence, relieves the inhabitants of one
great spur to industry and invention. In very cold climates, on the other hand, the powers of Nature are benumbed, and the difficulty of preserving life overrides all
considerations for mnaking existence comfortable.  The
climate which seems most favorable to the development
of manufacturing industry, is that which is also most
conducive to health and longevity, imparting vigor to the
frame and force to the intellect, and if we may judge from
the past, it is found especially, if not exclusively, in that
part of the Eastern Hiemisphere which lies between the
parallels of 45~ and 55~, and in the Western between 39~
and 45~ North Latitude. Climate has also a direct influence upon the durability of buildings, the working of
machinery, and the dyeing of fabrics-points that we may
subsequently consider-and thus becomes an element of
important consideration in many kind of Manufactures.
The Soil of a country or district well adapted for Manufactures, need not be naturally very fertile. In fact a
soil naturally so rich that Agriculture is an easy art, will
not afford sustenance to many kinds of Manufactures. In
Southern Europe, for instance, where, according to one
authority, the only art which the farmers know is to leave
their ground fallow for a year, so soon as it is exhausted,
and the warmth of the sun alone and temperature of the
climate enrich it and restore its fertility, we look in vain
for those enterprises which are the product of qualities
and virtues that are nourished by difficulties, not facilities.
In England, the soil is naturally coarse and stubborn, but
capable of being made highly productive by labor, expense, and good husbandry; and such a soil, with the
habits of careful cultivation induced thereby, is the safest
reliance for supplying the markets of a manufacturing
district with the necessaries of life, at moderate prices. 
COMBINATION OF LABOR.
III. But the one thing essential for the cheap produc tion of manufactured commodities, and without which all
the other moral and physical advantages are ineffectual,
remains to be noticed.   It is ASSOCIATION or COMBINATION
OF LABOR. It is unnecessary to show that man, unaided
by his fellow men, is a helpless being. If it were, we
might refer to the savages of New Holland, who, they say,
never help each other even in the most simple operations;
and their condition, as may be supposed, is hardly superior, in some respects it is inferior, to that of the wild
animals which they now and then catch.   The first step
in social improvement, is association for mutual security
and mutual assistance; and every advance in civilization is
directly the result of some new combination of efforts.
All the marvels of past times, produced by human agency
-the Temples, Pyramids and Catacombs-and all the
wonders of the present-its Railroads, Telegraphs, Mines
and Manufactures-have a common origin in association
of numbers for a common purpose. All industrial pursuits depend more or less upon this principle for development, but in none are its advantages more strikingly
manifest than in manufacturing operations.
To combine Labor effectually, it is necessary first to
separate employments into parts-that is, to assign to each coworker a special occupation. The Division of Labor, as
Wakefield, it is said, was the first to point out, is only a
single department of a more comprehensive Law, which
he denominated Co-operation, or combined action of numbers.  Its efficiency, however, as an aid to production, is
none the less important, and has been abundantly illustrated by all who have written on Political Economy.
Adam Smith illustrated it from pin-making;  and mentioned that ten men, in a small manufactory, but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, could
make, by confining themselves as much as possible to
41 
42       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
distinct operations, upward of 48,000 pins in a day, or
4,800 for each individual, whereas if they all wrought
separately and independently, they certainly could not,
each of them, mnake twenty, perhaps not one pin in a day.
M. Say illustrates the principle by reference to the manufacture of playing-cards, and says that each card, before
being ready for sale, undergoes no fewer
"Than seventy operations, and if there are not seventy clasess of workpeople in each card manufactory, itis because the division of labor is not
carried so far as it might be; because the same workman is charged with
two, three, or four distinct operations. The influence of this distribution
is immense. I have seen a card manufactory where thirty workmen produced daily 15,500 cards, being above 500 cards for each laborer; and
it may be presumed that if each of these workmen were obliged to perform all the operations himself, even supposing him a practiced hand,
he would not perhaps complete two cards in a day, and the thirty workmen, instead of 15,500 cards, would make only sixty."
Henry C. Carey refers to weaving in India, and says:
"In India each weaver works by himself. He purchases at a high
price, on credit, the materials with which he is to work, and the provisions required for his support, and he sells the product at a price not
exceeding one-third of its market value. Here is no combination of
action-no division of labor. The whole work is to be performed by
the single individual; and the time that might be employed in finishing
the finest muslins, is wasted upon various processes requiring inferior
ability, from the purchase of the cotton to its final sale."
Further illustrations are therefore superfluous. The
principle is settled: quantity and economy of production
are immeasurably aided by the division of employments
into parts for the sake of combination of Labor.
Secondly, to combine Labor to the best advantage, it is
essential to conduct operations on a sufficiently large scale
to have a separate workman, or a separate machine, for each
process into which it is convenient to subdivide the manufacture, and to afford each workman or machine full employ. 
COMBINATION OF LABOR.
ment in that special occupation. This we regard to be the
natural limit of a manufacturing establishment. Any
extension beyond this may be said to comprise two establishments in one; and any establishment of less size cannot
realize the full benefits of a Division of Labor, and conseqtuently cannot produce with the utmost efficiency and
economy.   The application of the principle, however,
would, in most kinds of Manufactures, lead to moderately
larg,e establishments; and that such establishments can
produce more economically, or in other words afford to
work for a less percentage of profit, is simply a wellestablished fact.   A Philadelphia miller is content with
the bran alone as his toll for grinding his customer's corn;
but a country miller, in a sparsedly populated district, must
take a considerable portion of the grain for converting
the balance into flour.   The expenses of a business do
not by any means increase proportionally to the quantity
of business.  A merchant, for instance, who, by advertising, has attracted trade to the amount of $1,000,000 per
annum, is not required to pay ten times as much rent, nor
does he need ten times more clerks, fuel, lights, &c., than
the man who "never advertises," and perchance, does a
business of $100,000 a year. In a large manufacturing
establishment, the expenses of superintendence, repairs,
etc., form but a trifling percentage on the aggregate
product, while the time consumed in making a large purchase is very little more than in making a small one.
Producers on a large scale can also afford to procure the
oest and most expensive machinery; and in some kinds
of Manufactures, those who produce largely are content
with "savings" as their profit, and are enabled to save
what would be "waste" in a small establishment.   Mr.
Whitney, at his car-wheel establishment in Philadelphia,
c(an save firom the cihders, we are informed, enough iron
to content a gentleman of his moderate views as to profit,
43 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
but a manufacturer of car-wheels on a small scale, would
not find it profitable to provide the machinery requisite
for that purpose. From these and other considerations,
which want of space forbids us to allude to, we infer that
in future the manufacture of leading articles of consumnption will be more and more conducted by large establishments, in a locality possessing in the highest degree of
perfection, the moral and physical advantages that are
essential to manufacturing prosperity. But it does not
follow that large establishments will swallow up all
smaller ones, unless it be those of a precisely similar
kind, situated outside of the centres of combination. The
economy which results from producing on a large scale,
induces an increased demand for the manufactured goods;
and an increased demand leads to a more minute subdivision of a manufacture into parts. When thousands
of machines composed of Iron and Wood are required,
we find establishments springing up, devoted exclusively
to making parts-one, the nuts and washers; another the
screws; another the bolts; another the nails; and others
tools and machines to facilitate making parts, and so on,
each extensive in its way, and thus large establishments
in the leading branches of Manufactures are the parents of
other extensive concerns in minor branches.  A man who
has not the requisite capital to conduct a leading Manufacture where large establishments abound, permit us to
suggest, will not benefit himself by moving away from
them.  His policy is, we submit-to remain at all events,
in their immediate vicinity, and then to accommodate his
business to their operations and to his capital-that is, he
will find it more profitable to be an extensive manufacturer of eyes for children's dolls in the centre of
Manufactures, than a small manufacturer of machinery
anywhere.
Lastly, to produce with the utmost efficiency and eco
44 
AGGREGATION OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS. 45
nomy, manufacturing establishments must be together. The
area of England and Wales is only about one-fourth more
than that of Pennsylvania.   In England all the large
manufacturing establishments are situated, as we have
stated, in close proximity to the coal beds. Manufacturers-one after another-have abandoned their factories in
the Agricultural counties and moved their machinery to
the district of which Manchester may be called the central
point. Babbage has referred to one of the advantages
resulting from this aggregation:
"The accumulation of many large manufacturing establishments in
one district," he says, "has a tendency to bring together purchasers or
their agents from great distances, and thus to cause the institution of a
public mart or exchange. This contributes to increase the information
relative to the supply of raw material and the state of demand for their
produce, with which it is necessary manufacturers should be well acquainted. The very circumstance of collecting periodically, at one
place, as large a number as possible, both of those who supply the
market and those who require its produce, tends strongly to check
those accidental fluctuations to which a small market is ever subject,
as well as to render the average of the prices paid much more uniform
in its course."
The accumulation of many large and excellent manufacturing establishments in one district, also gives a
character and stamp to the Manufactures, which others
who centre there receive the benefit of. There is also
a mutuality of interest between manufacturers of
even essentially different products, that renders aggregation highly desirable. The finished products of one
class of manufacturers are often the raw materials of
another.   The power-looms of Mr. Jenks are but the
instruments of production for the Manufacturer of Cotton
and Woolen goods; and the finished commodities of the
latter, are the raw materials of those who manufacture
ready-made Clothing. Pig iron-the finished commodity
3 
46       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
of the smelter, is the raw material of him who rolls the
bar; and the bar is again the raw material of sheet iron;
which, in its turn, is the raw material of the nail and the
spike.   A sugar-refiner consumes the hogsheads, boxes
and barrels of the cooper, paper of the paper-maker, and
the finished products of coppersmiths, nail-manufacturers,
twine-spinners, printers and various others. In fact, the
largest and in many instances the sole consumers of certain manufactured articles, are the Manufacturers of other
products; and finished commodities being, as a general
rule, cheapest at the place of their production, without
commissions or charges for transportation, it is certainly
for the interest of those who buy to produce, and those
who produce to sell, to be together. Aggregation, in
fact, is the only effectual means of accumulating and combining all economies.
In Combination there is mystery like that of Trinity in
Unity.  Like the philosopher's stone, it turns all to gold
-like the lever or the screw, it adds to man's power
many  hundred fold.  Protective tariffs are useful as
swaddling clothes to the infant; banks facilitate exchanges;
but the perfection of combination cannot be attained
except by aggregation in a suitable locality.  If the
Manufacturers of the United States ever hope to attain
an independent position-independent of Foreign competition and of Home legislation, independent of commission
merchants and of each other-they must centralize, so
far as centralization is at all practicable.  They  must
come out from sylvan retreats, deny themselves the advantages of mill-races and the harmonies of frog-ponds.
They must tear down the miserable shingles " No admittance on any pretext whatever"-abandon their petty
jealousies, enlarge their views, and co-operate like men
and brethren. Blacksmiths, Cobblers and Wheelwrights
may eke out an existence "in the neighborhood of the 
MANUFACTURING CENTRES.
plow and the harrow," but in a Democratic country,
whose people believe in buying where they can buy the
cheapest, whether wisely or not we do not say, Malunnfacturers, in the true sense of the term, who attempt
isolation, will inevitably find themselves, sooner or later,
undersold, first, by those who operate in the cenltres of
Combination, and finally, undersold by the Sheriff.
From all these considerations, which in substance we
believe to be thoroughly sound, and to which we invite
the closest scrutiny, we are led irresistibly to the conviction-that but few countries in the world, and but few
places in any country, are well adapted for general Manufactures. Secondly: That the best possible locality in the
United States for general manufacturing is an attractive and
suitable centre of Wealth, Population and Intelligence, situated in a populous district, abounding in well developed
mines of Coal and Iron, and possessing established and superior facilities of intercommunication with all parts of our
own country, andfor commerce with foreign countries.  And
Thirdly: If there be two or more such localities, the one possessing desirable, in addition to the essential advantages in
the highest degree of perfection, and the one already having
the greatest number of large and well-managed manufacturing
establishments, must be the best market in which to buy the
commodities manufactured there, and eventually will be the
chief seat of Manufactures in the United States.
Now, have we such a locality? The centres of Wealth,
Population and Intelligence in the United States are not
numerous. Suitable centres for manufacturing, situated
in close proximity to well-developed mines of Coal and
Iron, and possessing established facilities for procuring
raw materials on the easiest terms, and sending away
manufactured produce, are very few; and of centres of
WVealth, Population and Intelligence, we know of but one
that possesses all the essential and most of the desirable
47 
48       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
advantages for manufacturing every variety of products,
and which already contains many large and well-managed
manufacturing establishments.   To that one we invite
the attention of all who produce, and deal in or consume
manufactured commodities. The subject is one in which
all these have a deep interest. If it be true that the
highest degree of economy in production depends upon a
combination of certain circumstances, rarely found, but
which exist in the highest degree of perfection in a certain place, all who desire to produce cheaply, and all
who desire to buy cheaply, have a direct pecuniary
interest in knowing the facts, and in aiding to develop
its capabilities. The place to which we invite earnest
and sagacious attention, as the best manufacturing centre
at present in the United States, is PHILADELPHIA, in the
State of Pennsylvania. 
PHILADELPHIA AS A MANUFACTURING CENTRE.
"I know thy works."-REv. iii. 8.
PHILADELPHIA is a scriptural name, composed of twc
Greek words, which signify, as usually interpreted,
brotherly love. St. John, as we are informned in the Revelations, was instructed to indite a consolatory epistle to
"the church in Philadelphia," acityof Asia Minor, about
severity-two miles from Smyrna.  The  Philadelphia of
which we write is a namesake of the biblical city; and
though not very ancient, is yet a cotemporary with most of
the important events in American history. It was founded
in 1682-3, by William Penn, who with a colony of English Friends or Quakers, had come to America to settle
a province or tract of land granted to him by Charles II.,
in payment of a debt due by the government to his
father. Before attempting any overt acts of sovereignty,
however, Penn was wisely "moved" to acknowledge and
purchase the rights of the aborigines, and thus, as Raynal has remarked, signalized his arrival by an act of
equity, which made his person and his principles equally
beloved. Hie also promulgated a series of laws, in which
Liberty of Conscience was the first in order and importance.
"A plantation reared on such a seed-plot," says Chalmers,
"could not fail to grow with rapidity, to advance to
maturity, to attract notice of the world."
The site chosen for the proposed city was a nearly level
3*                                     (49) 
50       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
plain between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, about
six miles above their junction, and sixty miles from the
ocean, by a direct line, though nearly a hundred miles by
the course of the river. The influences that determined
Penn in his choice of the spot are said to have been "the
approach of the two rivers; the short distance above the
mouth of the Schuylkill; the depth of the Delaware; the
land heavily timbered; the existence of a stratum of
brick clay on the spot, and immense quarries of building
stone in the vicinity." In drafting the plan of his American city, Penn is supposed to have had in view the
celebrated city of Babylon, which he certainly imitated
in the regularity of the streets, and which he seemed
desirous to emulate in size, for he gave orders to his
commissioners to lay out a town that would have covered
an area of 8000 acres. It was found, however, that
" hundred-acre lots," which some of the squatter-sover
eigns secured, would never answer the end of a city in a
new country, and the plan was subsequently reduced. In
1701 it was again contracted, when the city was declared
to be bounded by the "two rivers Delaware and Schuylkill, and Vine and Cedar streets as north and south
boundaries." These continued to be the corporate limits of
the city until 1854-the suburbs, as population extended,
being divided into districts, as Spring Garden, Northern
Liberties, Kensington,  Southwark, Moyamensing  and
West Philadelphia, which in 1850 contained nearly twice
as many inhabitants as the city proper.
The events in the early history of the town, prior to
the Revolution, are not very striking. We subjoin a
summary of the most important, as far as possible, in
their chronological order.   In 1687 a printing-press, the
second in America, was set up; in 1689 Penn established
a public High School with a charter. In 1742 Franklin
projected an Academy and Free School, which became 
IMPORTANT EVENTS.
presently a College, and finally the "University of Pennsylvania."   In  1765, the merchants  of Philadelphia,
in consequence of various restrictive and ill-advised
Acts, particularly the Stamp Act, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, pledged their word of honor not
to order nor sell on commission any goods from Great
Britain, except certain articles, more particularly those
necessary for carrying on Manufactures, "unless the
Stamp Act be repealed." In 1774 the first Congress in
America assembled in Carpenters' Hall, (a building still
standing in a court back of Chestnut street, between Third
and Fourth streets,) to take into consideration the state
of our relations with the mother country. In this city was
adopted the Declaration of Independence, which was read
from a stand in the State House yard, by Captain John
Hopkins, July 4, 1776. From September, 1777 to June,
1778, in consequence of the disastrous battles of Brandywine and Germantown, the British army had possession
of the city. The Convention that framed the present
Constitution of the United States, met in Philadelphia,
May, 1787. Here George Washington, when President
of the United States, resided, in a building on the south
side of Market street, one door east of Sixth, the lot being
now occupied by a palatial business edifice, widely known
as "Bennett's Tower Hall Clothing Store."
The first bank established in the United States was
the Bank of Pennsylvania, opened at Philadelphia on the
17th of July, 1780, with a capital of ~300,000, its special
object being to supply the American army with provisions. In 1782 the Bank of North America went into
operation; and in 1791 the United States Bank. In 1792
Congress passed an act establishing "a Mint for the purpose of a National coinage," to be situate and carried on
at the Seat of Government of the United States for the
time being, which was then at Philadelphia. In 1793,
51 
52      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
coinage was commenced in a building $n Sevenylthl street,
opposite Zane, still known as the "Old Mint," and continued there until 1833, when the present noble edifice at
the north-west corner of Chestnut and Juniper streets
was completed.*
In the autumn of 1793 the yellow fever visited Philadelphia, and carried off more than 4000 persons, out of a
population of a little over 40,000, of whom half, it was
thought, had fled the city. The pestilence visited the
city again in 1798, but was not so fatal as in 1793. The
wars commenced by France in 1792 with other European
powers, and which were continued until the abdication of
Napoleon in 1814, had an immense influence in developing American Commerce, and Pennsylvania shared largely
in this prosperity.  Large importationis were made from
China and India into Philadelphia, for re-exportation to
European markets.  Our ships then enjoyed the carrying
trade of the world, and numbers of our citizens accumulated large fortunes.
In January, 1801, Philadelphia was supplied for the
first time with water from Water Works erected
according to a plan proposed by Mr. Latrobe, viz. "to
make a reservoir upon the banks of the Schuylkill, to
throw up a sufficient quantity of water into a tunnel, and
to carry it thence to a reservoir in Centre Square; and
after being raised there, to distribute it throughout the
city by pipes." These works were superceded by the
* Since its establishment in 1793, to the close of the year 1856, the Mint at
Philadelphia coined 525,536,141 pieces, of the value of $391,730,57186;
the gold coinage being $306,445,970 78, the silver coinage $83,685,297 99,
and  copper  coinage $1,599,303 09.  The entire coinage of the United
States to the same period was $563,433,70812.
The present officers of the Mint at Philadelphia, are:-Director, James
Ross Snowden; Treasurer, Daniel Sturgeon; Chief Coiner, George K.
Childs; lMelter and Refiner, James C. Booth; Engraver, James B. Longacre; Assayer, Jacob R. Eckfeldt; Assistant Assayer, William E. DuBois. 
MANUFACTURES IN 1811.
present works erected at Fairmount, which we will subsequently notice.
In 1811, Dr. James Mease published a book which he
entitled "A Picture of Philadelphia." At that time
Philadelphia was the most populous city in the Union.
From an enumeration made the previous year, it appears
that the number of dwelling-houses in the city and districts, was 15,814, and the population of the city and
county amounted to 111,210.   The population of the
whole of Manhattan Island, at the same period, embracing
the city of New York, was 96,372.  Philadelphia then, as
now, was the most healthy city in the Union.   The
average of deaths per day, in Philadelphia, was 53-,
whereas in New York, with a smaller population, it was
61. We subjoin Dr. Mease's remarks on the Manufactures, from which it will be perceived that Philadelphia
was already celebrated in various departments of Manufacturing industry.
"The various coarser metallic articles, which enter so largely into
the wants and business of mankind, are manufactured to a great extent,
in a variety of forms, and in a substantial manner.    All the various
edged tools for mechanics are extensively made: and it may be mentioned as a fact calculated to excite surprise, that our common screw
auger, an old and extensively used instrument, has been recently announced in the British publications, as a capital improvement in
mechanics, as it certainly is, and that all attempts by foreign artists to
make this instrument durable, have failed.
" The finer kinds of metals are wrought with neatness and taste. The
numerous varieties of tin ware in particular, may be mentioned as worthy of attention. But above all, the working of the precious metals
has reached a degree of perfection highly creditable to the artists.
Silver plate fully equal to sterling, as to quality and execution, is now
made, and the plated wares are superior to those commonly imported in
the way of trade. Floor-cloths of great variety of patterns, without
seams, and the colors bright, hard and durable; various printed cotton
stuffs, warranted fast colors; earthenware, yellow and red, and stone
ware are extensively made; experiments show that ware equal to that
53 
54       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
of Staffordshire might be manufactured, if workmen could be pro.
cured.
"The supply of excellent patent shot is greater than the demand. All
the chemical drugs, and mineral acids of superior quality, are made by
several persons: also cards, carding and spinning-machines for Cotton,
Flax, and Wool. Woolen, worsted, and thread hosiery have long
given employment to our German citizens: and recently, cotton
stockings have been extensively made.
"Paints of twenty-two different colors, brilliant and durable, are in
common use, from native materials; the supply of which is inexhaustible. The chromate of lead, that superb yellow color, is scarcely equaled
by any foreign paint. There are fifteen rope-walks in our vicinity.
We no longer depend upon Europe for excellent and handsome paper
hangings, or pasteboard, or paper of any kind. The innumerable articles into which leather enters are neatly and substantially made: the
article saddlery forms an immense item in the list. The leather has
greatly improved in quality; the exportation of boots and shoes to the
Southern States is great; and to the West Indies, before the interruptionll to trade, was immense. Morocco leather is extensively manufactured. The superiority of the carriages, either as respects excellence
of workmanship, fashion, or finish, has long been acknowledged. The
type-foundry of Binney & Ronaldson supplies nearly all the numerous
printing-offices in the United States. There are one hundred and two
hatters in the City and Liberties. Tobacco, in every form, gives employ
to an immense capital. The refined sugar of Philadelphia has long
been celebrated: ten refineries are constantly at work. Excellent
japanned and pewter ware: muskets, rifles, fowling-pieces and pistols
are made with great neatness. The cabinet-ware is elegant, and with
the manufacture of wood generally, is very extensive. The houses are
ornamented with marbles of various hues and qualities, from the quarries near Philadelphia.
" Mars Works, at the corner of Ninth and Vine streets, and on the
Ridge road, the property of Oliver Evans, consists of an iron foundry,
mould-maker's shop, steam-engine manufactory, blacksmith's shop,
and mill-stone manufactory, and a steam-engine used for grinding sundry materials for the use of the works, and for turning and boring
heavy cast and wrought iron work. The buildings occupy one hundred
and eighty-eight feet front, and about thirty-five workmen are daily employed. They manufacture all cast or wrought-iron work for machinery
for mills, for grinding grain or sawing timber; for forges, rolling and
slitting-mills, sugar-mills, apple-mills,  bark-mills,  &c.   Pans of all
dimensions used by sugar-boilers, soap-boilers, &c. Screws of all sizes 
FAIRMOUNT WATER WORKS.
or cotton-presses, tobacco-presses, paper-presses, cast iron gudgeons,
and boxes for mills and wagons, carriage-boxes, &c., and all kinds of
small wheels and machinery for Cotton and Wool spinning, &c. Mr.
Evans also makes steam-engines on improved principles, i. rented and
patented by the proprietor, which are more powerfill and less complicated, and cheaper than others; requiring less fuel, and not more than
one-fiftieth part of the coals commonly used. The small one in use at
the works is on this improved principle, and is of great use in facilitating the manufacture of others. The proprietor has erected one of his
improved steam-engines in the town of Pittsburg, and employed to
drive three pair of large millstones with all the machinery for cleaning
the grain, elevating, spreading, and stirring and cooling the meal,
gathering and bolting, &c., &c. The power is equal to twenty-four
horses, and will do as much work as seventy-two horses in twenty-four
hours: it would drive five pair of six-feet millstones, and grind five
hundred bushels of wheat in twenty-four hours.
"All kinds of castings are also made at the Eagle Works, on Schuylkill, belonging to S. & W. Richards."
In 1812, Steam works for supplying the city with water
were commenced at Fairmount, and in 1815 the use of
the Centre Square Works was discontinued.   In 1819,
Councils resolved to erect the present Water-power Works,
which for a long time were the only works of the kind
in the United States, and which are yet unsurpassed by
any iil the whole country. The water from the Schuylkill
is turned into a forebay 419 feet long and 90 feet wide;
whence it falls upon and turns eight wheels, from sixteen
to eighteen feet in diameter, and one turbine wheel, each
having its separate pump, and which elevate the water ninety-two feet to the top of a partly natural elevation, immediately at the works, and which give them their name.
The reservoirs of these works, including the new one on
Corinthian Avenue, furnish storage to the amount of
57,642,787 gallons. This is about equal to five days' supply
in July and August.  The total cost, including laying
pipes, &c., to the present time, is about $3,500,000.*
* In addition to the Works at Fairmount, Philadelphia has, at the present
55 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
In 1829 the Pennsylvania Canal was completed, which,
with the Schuylkill and Union Canals, previously constructed, formed a connection with the Ohio River, via
Reading and Middletown.
In December, 1831, Stephen Girard, "Mariner and
Alerchant," died worth about $10,000,000, and bequeathed by his Will large sums to public uses, among others
the sum of $2,000,000 for the erection of a College, now
known as the Girard College.  In 1835 Philadelphia was
first supplied with gas from Works erected on Market
street, near the Schuylkill.* In the same year a part of
the Reading Railroad, to connect Philadelphia with the
Schuylkill coal region, was put under contract, and in
1842 the first train passed over the whole line between
Pottsville and Philadelphia. In 1837 the Philadelphia,
WVilmington and Baltimore Railroad was completed.  In
1838 the city was disgraced for the first time by a mob
time, three other Water Works, viz. Schuylkill Works, Delaware Works, and
Twenty-fourth Ward Works.   The total amount of water supplied by all
these Works, in 1856, was 5,735,938,966 wine gallons. The Duplicates of
the Water rents for the same year amounted to $359,906 08.
* Since that period the Northern Districts and Germantown erected Gas
Works; and in 1854 the city completed new and additional works near Gray's
Ferry Bridge, having the largest gasholder, it is believed, in the United
States, being 160 feet in diameter and 90 feet high, and capable of holding 1,800,000 cubic feet of gas. The cost of the whole now belonging to
the City Gas Trust, is about $2,500,000.   We are furnished by John C.
Cresson, Esq., who has been Engineer of the City Gas Works since 1836,
with the following statistics:
Street mains laid to January 1, 1858,        -    -    -    214  miles.
Service pipes,     "     "       -    -    -    -    -.      74    "
No. of Services and Meters in use,   -    -    -    -              25,180
"    Lights in use, (private,)      -    -    -    -           332,487
",' " (public,) -   -               -  -          -           3,810
Gas made in 1857, -   -.  -         -     -      469,067,000 cubic feet.
Total, made in 21 years,  -    -    -    -  3,198,088,000  " 
Present manufacturing capacity, 1857, 21 million feet per diem.
56 
CENSUS OF 1850.
that burned the Pennsylvania Hall, fired the Shelter for
Colored Orphans, and attacked the negro quarters. In
1844 the city was again disquieted by riots incited by the
presumed interference of Catholics with the elective
franchise, and several Catholic churches were burned.
In 1847, the Pennsylvania Railroad, to connect Philadel
phia with the Ohio River, was commenced, and finally
completed in 1854. In 1850 a census was taken, which
showed that Philadelphia contained 23,601 more dwellings than the city of New  York, and a population of
408,762, being an increase of 5821 per cent. in the ten
years preceding the census of 1850, and 95321 per cent. in
the sixty years since the first National census.  Of the
population of 1850, 17,500 were  born  in England;
72,312 in Ireland; 22,750 in Germany; 3,291 in Scotland; and 1,981 in France. Total foreign, 121,699.
In 1854 the corporate limits of the city were made coextensive with those of the county of Philadelphia, covering an area of 120 square miles, and placing the villages
and towns of Bridesburg, Frankford, Holmesburg, Byberry, Nicetown, Flourtown, Andalusia, Bustleton, Rising
Sun, Milestown, Jenkintown,  Germantown,  Chestnut
Hill, Falls, Manayunk, Roxborough, West Philadelphia,
Mantua, Haddington, Hamilton, and Darby under the
wise guardianship of a Metropolitan Mayor and City
Councils, sans peur et sans reproche.
These, we believe, may be called the most important
events in the Annals of Philadelphia. In the history of a
place whose "birth and spring-time" carry us back nearly
a century anterior to the American Revolution, there are
necessarily many events of greater or less importance
that deserve to be commemorated. No city of equal age
can present a fairer or more interesting record of the
past than Philadelphia; none has been more prolific in
4
57 
58       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
men who have been eminent in their day and generation;
and not one has been so fortunate in inspiring that species
of affection which manifests itself in culling and preserv
ing, as a labor of love, the features and memorials of a
time gone by. John F. Watson, in his "Annals," has done
all that can be desired to preserve the lineaments and
characteristics of what may be called the "olden time"
of Philadelphia; and our ilistorical and Philosophical
Societies have accumulated papers and disquisitions upon
every conceivable subject pertaining thereto. Truly, if
the prosperity of a city be promoted in proportion to the
affectionate attachment of its inhabitants-a feeling, as
Everett has observed, entitled to respect, and productive
of good, even if it may sometimes seem to strangers
over-partial in its manifestations-the citizens of Phila dphia may repeat, with confidence, the poetical predic tion of Taylor, the astrological ilague of the eighteenth
"A city built'neath such propitious rays
Will stand to see old walls and happy days."
The Past of this city, therefore, has been well cared for;
its historical incidents are preserved in its own and in the
records of our country; the fame of its great men wilt
survive "fresh in eternal youth"; and neophytes in
Archaeology may well despair unless they devote attention to its Present, which, with its material progress, its
advance, especially in Manufactures, its Railroads and
its Fire and Police Telegraphs, would at any time form
a theme sufficiently comprehensive in itself to exclude
any minute reference to the events of the past.
I. Philadelphia as it is.
PHILADELPHIA is usually described as the second city
in the United States; and, if we except Paris, nearly
equals the largest capitals on the continent of Europe 
PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS.
in population. No census has been taken since 1850;
but assuming that the increase has been in the same
rati.o as that which distinguished the ten years preceding
the last national census, its present population cannot be
far short of 600,000. Its entire length, as per Ellet's
Survey, is twenty-three miles, and average breadth five and
a half miles; area, one hundred and twenty-nine and one
eighth square miles, or 82,700 acres. The densely inhabited portion of Philadelphia extends about four miles
on the Delaware, from Southwark north to Richmond,
formerly Port Richmond, and two and a half miles on the
Schuylkill, having a breadth between the two rivers,
assuming South street formerly the Southern boundary
of the city to be the standard, of 12,098 feet 3 inches.
The plan of regularity in the streets,-originally adopted
by Penn, and which, though condemned by some travelers accustomed to the crooked and narrow streets of
European capitals, has been unqualifiedly approved by
mathematical and scientific minds, -is adhered to; and in
the northern as well as the central parts of the city, there
are avenues and streets which, for spaciousness and elegance, are unsurpassed by any.   The elegance of the
public buildings has long been a subject of remark, even
in primary geographies; but, within the last few years, the
architectural beauties of the city have been vastly enhanced by the erection of numerous costly private buildings: banks, stores, churches, dwellings-of granite, iron,
sandstone, and marble; and its upward growth, by the
addition of stories upon stories, is not less remarkable.
Beyond the compact or densely built-up portions, in
the northerly direction, there is a wide expanding district
between the two rivers, occupied in part by beautiful
suburban residences, and by numerous Manufactories,
surrounded by the habitations of industrious and contented artisans. The vicinity of Germantown is espe
59 
60  PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
cially noted for the number of elegant cottages and
villas, surrounded by handsomely laid out grounds, delightfiuly shaded; while the beauties of the Wissahiclkon,
have they not inspired poets? But the citizens of Philadelphia, though appreciating her elegance in architecture, and
scenes of natural beauty, cherish them less fondly, and
point to them with less pride, than to the number and superiority of her charitable institutions, the excellence of her
schools, the refinements of her society, her eminence in
the Fine and the Mechanical Arts, the multiplied conveniences of life, promoting domestic comfort, and the celebrity of her Forum and Medical Schools, which, like
the works of the Athenian orators, are regarded with
veneration and respect by every polished nation.
Upon the minds of strangers and tourists, however,
the external aspect of a city seems to leave the most permanent impressions; and if we may judge from their
written opinions, that of Philadelphia has charmed those
who charm the world. The learned and philosophical author of Mademoiselle Raehel's tour in America, was sagaeious enough to remark-and in one so courteous, a trifling
geographical inaccuracy can readily be pardoned-that
"the capital of Pennsylvania, the Quaker city as it is called,
is one of the richest, handsomest, and most flourishing
cities in the United States of America."  This is much
from a gentleman who thanked God that he had visited
North America, "because it is a duty disposed of," and
he would never have to return there; but he proceeds
to add: "Fortunately, it is superb weather here, and we
can see this elegant capital at our ease. All the houses
have a flaunting, coquettish air, which is pleasant to see.
The streets are broad and clean. The shops are generally very large and very rich. There are superb goods
in them. In fact, this city has a happy physiognonmy,
which is very agreeable." The ladies, especially the 
PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS.
Fannies, it is consoling to reflect, have also found much
to delight them. Fanny Kemble was enraptured, we believe enchanted by the appearance of Fairmount, by
moonlight; and Fanny Fern went off like an alarum
clock at the beauties, and particularly the butter of Philadelphia. None, however, have expressed their admiration more gravely, deliberately, and ornately, than the
writer of the following:
"Few great cities present such attractions for the stranger, as the
city of'Brotherly Love.'   The American  is proud that here the
Declaration of Independence was signed; and his patriotic heart swells
with a nobler emotion, while he looks upon the bell that pealed forth
the joy of a nation's deliverance; and his heroic spirit will be stirred
within him as he sits on the chair on which once sat the Father of his
Country, yet, with many a relic of the past, preserved in Independence
Hall. The philanthropist feels his heart throb with pleasure as he
views the many noble institutions that a munificent charity has
erected to ameliorate the condition of suffering humanity, supply
the wants of the poor, minister to minds diseased, and alleviate
the sufferings of the  sick and  wounded.   The  lover of science
rejoices to see the city of Franklin abounding in Institutes whose
object is the cultivation of all the arts that adorn, and all the
sciences that tend to the progress of mankind. The philosopher will
find kindred spirits in the great centre from which the rays of intellect
emanate, whose brightness appears as a star of glory to the nation and
the world. Medical students resort to Philadelphia for their professional training; the young aspirant to forensic honors seeks her classic
shades; and while the admirer of the beautiful in architecture, and the
architect, may exult in the stately proportions of her solemn temples,
her gorgeous palaces, and the genius that adorned her with edifices
whose beauty might vie with the Grecian models, the true Christian
will find that the piety that erected the ancient church of Gloria Dei in
the city's infancy, has diffused itself, and kept pace with its rapid increase. The merchant from other cities may look with wonder upon
the commercial facilities of Philadelphia, her double port, the rich
mineral treasures poured into her lap from the exhaustless resources
of the Commonwealth, and the resources that put the numerous
wheels of manufacturing industry in motion, and send the products of
her skill, the results of her commerce, and the proceeds of her inland
trade, to the furthest regions of the West, and almost all points of the
4*
61 
62       PIIILADELPItIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
compass. Her great Railway system, the most complete in the country, makes her pre-eminent for all the facilities of business, giving her a
great advantage over all other cities in the Union. The exceeding
beauty of her location, and the lovely scenery of the surrounding
country, make her the resort of many who delight in beholding the fair
face of Nature, seldom so full of beauty as in some portions of her
enchanting rural scenery."
Such is Philadelphia as it appears to the optics of
intelligent strangers.   Such may it ever appear.  If, however, a statistical description were wanted to convey a
clearer idea of the magnitude of the city, we might
say that Philadelphia is a collection of nearly 100,000
dwellings, Shops, and Manufactories, 7,404 Stores,  299
Churches,* 304 School-houses, 18 Banks, 11 Market-houses,
8 Medical Schools, 1 High School, 1 Girard College, 1
* The Directory assigns these churches to the different denominations, Is
follows: to Protestant Episcopal, 53; Methodist Episcopal, 42; Methodist
Protestant, 4; Baptist, 30; Presbyterian, 44; Associate Presbyterian, 6; Associate Reformed Presbyterian, 3; Reformed Presbyterian, 9; Catholic, 28;
Lutheran, 15; Friends, 13; Dutch Reformed, 4; German Reformed, 5; Jews'
Synagogues, 6; Mariners', 2; Evangelical Association, 2; Universalist, 3;
Independent, 2; New Jerusalem, 3; Unitarian, Second Advent, Moravian, Disciples of Christ, Christian, and Bible Christian, each 1. The colored churches
are as follows: Methodist, 11; Presbyterian, 3; Baptist, 4; and Protestant
Episcopal, 1. Several of the church buildings are beautiful specimens of architecture.  The ST. MIARK'S, (Episcopal), on Locust, above Sixteenth, cost,
we  believe, $120,000.   The  CALVARY  CHURcH,  (Presbyterian), Locust,
above Fifteenth, and another at Seventeenth and Spruce streets, are also
elegant structures. The Baptist Church, at Broad and Arch streets, has a
steeple that cost about $1l6,000. The Catholics are now erecting, on
Eighteenth street, opposite Logan Square, the CATHEDRAL of St. Peter and
St. Paul, which, when completed, will cost more than half a million of dollars, and will be one of the most magnificent church-edifices in the couintry.  The St. John's Church, (Catholic), Thirteenth near Market, is a fine
Gothic structure, with a square tower on each of its front corners. The
interior has some handsome paintings, and the windows are ornamented.
St. Stephen's Church, (Episcopal), Tenth, between Market and Chestnut sts.,
is a "fine Gothic edifice, 102 feet long, 50 wide, having two towers at the
front corners, octagonal, and 86 feet in height." This church contains the
celebrated Monument to the BURD family, an object of considerable interest.
Christ Chuirch, in Second street, below Arch, is one of the oldest in the city,
having been built in 1691, and enlarged in 1710. The spire was begun in 
PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS.
Polytechnic College, 1 State House, 1 Custom House, 1
Exchange, 1 Mint, 1 Navy Yard,  1 Naval Asylum, 3
Arsenals, 1 Blockley Almshouse,* 2 Insane Asylums, 1
Pennsylvania Institute for Deaf and Dumb,t 1 Blind
Asylum, 1 Pennsylvania IIospital,l 1 Academy of Music,
1 Academy of Fine Arts, 1 Academy of Natural Sciences,
1 Athenmeum, 1 Club house, numerous Libraries, 3
Theatres, 1 Masonic Hall, 15 Public Halls, 7 Gas Works,
5 Water Works, 1 County Prison, to which 15,809 persons were committed during 1857; 2 Houses of Refuge,
containing 451 hopefuls; 1 Penitentiary, where 376 persons now chew the cud of reflection in silence; about 350
miles of cobble Pavements, 500 miles of Foot Pavements,
5631 Gas and Fluid Lamps, 9 Public Squares, 14 Cemeteries, 9 Railroad Depots, 90 Fire Engine-houses, 17 Stationhouses, 3 Race Courses, besides Hotels, Restaurants, Savings Institutions, Insurance Companies, Charitable Institutions, Bridges, Vessels at wharves, Truck and other Farms,
inclusive, "too numerous to mention." A statist, prosecu
1753; its height is 196 feet. The money toward its completion was raised
by lottery. This church has a chime of bells brought from England. The
oldest church in the city, however, is the Gloria Dei, commonly called
"Swedes Church," on Swanson street, near the Navy Yard.
* The Almshouse is an immense structure, situated on the west side of
the Schuylkill, opposite South street. It consists of four main buildings,
fronting on the Schuylkill, covering and enclosing ten acres of ground. The
accommodations are excellent; and besides an almshouse capable of containing 3,000 persons, there is an Insane Asylum, in which there are
over 300 patients of both sexes. Visitors admitted. Well worth seeing.
t The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb occupies a building
having a front of 200 feet on Broad street, and running back on Pine street
235 feet. Number in the institution, of both sexes, about 100. The Blind
Asylum, situated at Race and Twentieth streets, is also a very useful and interesting institution.
: The Pennsylvania Hospital, in Pine street, from Eighth to Ninth streets,
admits patients of all ages and sexes, who have received injury within
twenty-four hours, provided they belong to the county. It possesses an
Anatomical Museum, a valuable Medical Library of 10,000 volumes, and a
Painting, by West, of Christ Ilealing the Sick, presented by the author.
63 
64       PHILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ting his researches with due diligence, might ascertain that
this wilderness of brick and mrnortar is inhabited by about
600,000 persons, white, black, mixed, and millionaires,
including, as per the Directory for 1858, 1160 Smiths, 540
Browns, 480 Johnsons, 440 Joneses, 330 Thompsons, their
heirs and assigns, and 1 George Munday. Further, if he be
curious in such matters, he may probably discover that
this people, collectively, "are well to do," owning real and
personal property of a value of about $450,000,000,
though assessed for much less; that, in 1857, they paid
into the City Treasury $4,072,267, besides supporting
about 600 lawyers, 1,000 physicians, over 900 teachers,
and half as many preachers; that their city officials comprise, 1 Mayor, 1 City Solicitor, 1 City Controler, 1 Receiver of Taxes, 3 City Commissioners, 1 City Treasurer,
1 Chief Engineer of Water Department, 1 Chief Engineer of Fire Department, 1 Chief Engineer of Gas Works,
1 Chief Commnissioner of Highways, 1 Commissioner of
City Property, 1 Commissioner of Market-houses, 1 Chief
Surveyor, and 12 Regulators; 24 Select Councilmen, with
3 Officers, and 89 Common Councilmen, with 5 Officers;
24 Members of a Board of Health, with 7 Officers, and
10 Executive Officers; 24 Guardians of the Poor, with
7 Officers, and 13 Out-door Visitors; numerous Assistants and Clerks in each Department; that their Police
force, consists of
1 Mayor,          whose salary is    -    $3,500 per annum.
1 Mayor's Clerk, -..                       1,000 
1 Chief of Police,   -    -    -    -       1,500 "    "
8 High Constables,      each      -    -    700  "    "
4 Special Officers,       "    -    -        600  "    "
1 Supt. of Fire and Police Alarm Telegraph, 1,200  "    "
1 Assistant,           "       "  "   -    600  "    "
16 Lieutenants,  each-    -    -    -         650  "    "
32 Sergeants,      "    -    -    -    -      600  "    "
650 Policemen,      "                          500 -      "
Who made, in 1857, 21,537 arrests, and restored 3,430 lost children. 
PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS.
And notwithstanding the vast expenditure required for
public purposes, the people had money enough left to
contribute vast sums in charity, build 75 four-story dwellings, 991 three-story dwellings, 9 churches, 12 factories,
and 4 school-houses; support 493 omnibuses, pay $500
per day to one Passenger Railway, spend about $5,000 per
night in public amusements, lager-beer concerts, &c.;
smoke about a million dollars worth of cigars, and purchase
$2,000,000 worth of oysters; and they consumed, among
other things, 60,425 beeves, 11,930 cows, 100,479 swine,
303,900 sheep, exclusive of meat brought in market wagons;
and drank and wasted 6,318,880,116 gallons of water.
It is thus evident that Philadelphia, regarded from
every point of view, is a centre of Wealth and Population; and, if the social characteristics of its inhabitants
correspond with its external allurements, it must be an
attractive centre.  TVhat, then, are their characteristics, particularly with reference to the social position of the Mechanic
and the Artisan? What facilities are provided for their
physical comfort and intellectual advancement? In the
first place, the citizens of Philadelphia, who now give
tone and direction to its popular sentiment, it may be
relied upon, are far too clear-headed and practical in
their views to do any thing tending to degrade labor and
check useful enterprise. Even among the numerous sets
of exclusives into which the descendants of great people
sometimes divide themselves, there are none that I have
heard of in this city who make idleness the "open sesame"
to the enjoyments of their society. Nearly every citizen has some regular occupation; and prides himself
upon diligence in the transaction of business and punctuality in fulfilling his engagements. The circle of those,
at least among the male population, who aspire to distinction because of their uselessness, is like a wart on a
65 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
man's nose, more looked at than important. The mass
of the inhabitants believe in the Baconian philosophy,
and illustrate its wisdom and beneficence by multiplying
human enjoyments and mitigating human sufferings.
The Press is emphatically a People's Press. The Quakers, whose influence, though diluted of late, continues
to be felt in modifying the characteristics of our society,
are true Benthamites in their views on individual and
general happiness. They hold that the greatest happiness of the individual is, in the long run, to be obtained
by pursuing the greatest happiness of the aggregate.
They excel especially in the substantials of character, are
fruitful in good works, zealous in education, and liberal
in encouraging and rewarding decided mechanical and
artistic triumphs. Constitutionally deliberate and prudent,
the want of cordiality in their manners, which some
strangers complain of, may be, and probably is, an unfortunate manifestation of these excellent qualities: or,
in other words, of thinking twice before speaking once.
Their city has been so prolific in great men, that the arrival of another does not create a sensation; and being
quite inexperienced in the art of giving entertainments
at the subsequent expense of their guests,they prefer to conciliate mercantile visitors by giving them mercantile advantages. With respect to the want of enterprise-a standing accusation, which our fellow-citizens are accustomed
to make against each other in tempestuous weather-we
acknowledge the charge is seemingly reasonable and well
founded, especially if it mean a total inability to comprehend the morality, or realize the pecuniary value of c]aptrappery, slap-dashery, or eclat. Adverse to puffing, they
even refrain from scattering broadcast, as they ought to
do, information relative to the mercantile and manufacturing advantages of their city; practical ill their views,
they sometimes forget that man does not live by bread
66 
PHILADELPIIIA AS IT IS.
alone; and straightforward in their own dealings, and
governed exclusively in their own transactions by economical or commercial reasons, they do not suppose it
possible that such trifles as "ancient and fish-like smells"
in market-houses, can keep one customer away from
where he ought to go; or that such vanities. as popular
preachers, big  hotels, capacious  theatres, palaces  of
mirrors, can possibly attract one customer where it is
not his interest to go. The late panic, however, has dispelled many illusions; and if, moreover,-disabusing every
mind of the feeling of entire security, and of the conviction that perfection is already attained,-it awaken a more
active spirit, the anniversary of its advent may hereafter be celebrated as a civic holiday; and this beautiful
city, having taken a new lease of Prosperity, will perpetuate the glory, as well as the memory of its Founders.
Secondly, the social and practical characteristics of the
citizens of Philadelphia are in nothing more clearly and
favorably manifested than in their zealous support of free
education.  According to the Controlers' Report of 1856,
there were 304 Public Schools in the city, viz.: 1 IIigh
School, 1 Normal School, 55 Grammar Schools, 48 Secondaries, 156 Primaries, and 43 unclassified schools.
The whole number of teachers was 940, of whom 78
were males, and 862 females; the expense $456,089 14,
and the number of scholars who enjoyed the benefits of
gratuitous tuition was 55,099. But Public Schools are
only a moiety of the educational establishments of Philadelphia.   The city abounds in private schools and institutions of a semni-public character.  Yet the quantity
of the instruction given in the schools is perhaps less
noteworthy than its quality. Public teachers must compete with private teachers; while the latter are incited to
emulation by the example of numerous eminent professors. From a mechanical point of view, however, the
6T 
68       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
crowning distinction in this respect is the abundance of
facilities provided for those who desire to increase their
stock of prazeizal   and sezentee knozwled?e.  Books  are
at the command of such, rare in character and unlimited
ill quantity. The Pltiladel7lzia Library, one of the largest
and best in the country, containing some seventy thousand volumes, is open to all, and access is thus given to
works that probably are inaccessible to mechanics elsewhere. The work on British Patents, recently donated
to the library, is valued at $3,000; the binding of the
volumes alone having cost, we are informed, seven hundred dollars. For three dollars a year, any respectable
person may enjoy the advantages of the Mercantile Library, whose members now number, we believe, 1,500.
In various parts of the city there are Institutes with
Reading-rooms and Libraries attached, where gratuitous
lectures are given, especially adapted to the wants of
mechanics.   At the Wagner Free Institute of Science,
twelve lectures are delivered weekly, during the Winter
season, on  Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, Astronomy,
Botany,  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Natural  Philosophy,
Chemistry, Chemical Agriculture, Ethnology, Comnparative Anatomy, Zoology, Meteorology, and Civil Engineerinog. The apparatus is superior, and the lectures are
well attended. The Spring Garden Institute gives instruction in the Mechanic Arts and Architecture, and
has lectures on Literary and Scientific subjects. The Mechanics' Institute of Southwark, the Moyamensing Literary Institute, the Philadelphia City Institute, have
reading-rooms and lectures, and the last has a School
of Design.  The Kensington Literary Institute, and the
West Philadelphia Institute, are of the same character
as the others; the latter having a School of Design. The
Board of Trustees, in their report to contributors for
1856, state that the results of these Institutes show "that 
PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS.
there is an aggregate of more than 11,000 volumes in
the libraries; that during the past year more than 32,000
volumes have been loaned for home-reading; thlat more
than 48,000 visits were paid to the reading-rooms by par.
ties who partook of the intellectual food there dispensed;
that one hundred pupils availed themselves of the valu able privileges afforded, for the culture of the eye and
the hand in designing and drawing, by the schools of the
Institutes; that sixty-seven lectures onl literary, scien tific, and artistic subjects, many of them replete with
usefifl information, were listened to by thousands;  and
that, stimulated by your own generous contribution of
more than $30,000, more tlhan $50,000 additional have
been contributed by our fellow-citizens to help onward the
noble work commenced by you."
The Franklin Institute provides lectures at cheap rates
every Winter, on Mechanical, Literary, and Scientific sub jects, publishes a Scientific Journal, the oldest of its
kind in the country, possesses a valuable Cabinet of Models and Minerals, and gives an Annual Exhibition that
does much to promnote progress in the Useful Arts. The
Academy of Natural Sciences has a fine collection of
objects in Natural History, embracing 25,000 specimens
in     Ornithology, and 30,000 in Botany; a library of over
26,000 volumes; and Mineralogical and Geological Cabinets, noted for their completeness.   Professor Agassiz
pronounced this institution the best out of Europe for
its collections in the department of Natural History. At
the Polytechnic College, opposite Penn Square, an engineer mnay obtain instruction in Physics that, before
its establishment, he could not have obtained on this
side of the Atlantic.  In addition to the regular course,
which embraces instruction in Civil Engineering, Mechaniical Drawing, Mining, &c., the Managers have recently established a department designed to give instruc       5
69 
70       PHILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
tion in "certain branches of knowledge that are demanded in common by every business pursuit, and are
alike indispensable to the merchant, the farmer, the manufacturer, mrnechanic, and the manager of mining and other
property." At the Girard College, drawing is taught
from models of geometrical solids, and also in the IJigh
School, by competent teachers. The science of Accounts
Book-keeping, Penmanship, and Commercial Law, are
taught at a Commercial College, recently incorporated
by the Legislature, and presided over by competent professors; and for the instruction of females in many departments of design, as applicable to manufactures, there
is a school known as the "Philadelphia School of Design
for Women," established a few years ago, by Mrs. Peter,
the lady of the late British Consul at Philadelphia.
Among the educators of the people, too, the newspapers
of this city are fairly entitled to rank. There are now
twelve newspapers published daily-eight in the morning, and four in the afternoon; forty weeklies, and
more than fifty publications properly designated as periodicals. The aggregate of those distinguished as newspapers, does not embrace any of a strictly scientific de scription; but the deficiency is in great part compensated
for by many of the dailies, which never fail to advise
their readers of whatever is important in the progress of
the Mechanic Arts. The complement, also, lacks one or
more of a metropolitan character, or those which can be
said to possess universal interest; but as a faithful local
Press, the newspapers of this city are models for those
of the Union.  The working-man here, for one cent, may
enjoy a better morning newspaper than he can, for the
same trifling sum, in any other place on the globe; while,
for a larger expenditure, he may suit his taste fromnt
"grave to gay-from lively to severe."  The sources then,
it will be perceived, for acquiring that sort of knowledge 
PHILADELPHIA AS IT IS.
which makes superior, efficient, intelligent mechanics,
are very abundant in Phliladelphia.  It would be well,
indeed, for affluent munificence to endow more completely one or two colleges, and establish an institution
resembling, for instance, the  British Museum;  but in
view of her present advantages, this city deserves now
to be the resort of students in Art-education from all sections of the Union, as she long has been of students in
Medical science. Here, there is an amount of scientific
intelligence and professional skill concentrated, in part
by the demands of the various institutions, seemingly
sufficient to solve any thing in Mechanics but impossibilities; and which, conjoined with favorable physical
circumstances, must enable manufacturers located near
this city, to triumph over difficulties under which, in less
favored localities, they would be compelled to succumb.
Here, an educated hand-craftsman, or an inventor, may be
said to stand at one of the great centres of intellectual life,
with the world of mechanism in its practical forms on
exhibition and in operation before him; Mentors on
every side to enlighten him as to the recorded failures
and triumphs of the ingenious men of all countries; and
with the resources of the most scientific men of the
present age, possessing the most perfect apparatus, at
his command, to aid him in his experiments, or sustain
him in his discoveries.
As a place of residence, Philadelphia enjoys the rare
distinction of being desirable alike to the capitalist and
to the artisan. In this respect, it is generally acknowledged, no other American city can compare with it.
To the former, it offers all the attractions that can delight
a cultivated mind, and all the luxuries that can please a
fastidious palate; while an artisan, if industrious and
intelligent, may command probably every thing essential
to his present comfort, prospective independence, with
I
71 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
constant participation in many of the chl-ief pleasures of
the capitalist.   In the important particulars of general
cleanliness, healthfulness, wholesomeness of water, and the
excellence of its markets, Philadelphia is unapproached by
any of the other great cities; and, as respects domestic
accommodations, its superiority, at least over New York,
is strikingly revealed by the census of 1850, which showed
that, with a smaller population, this city contained about
23,601 more dwelling-houses: there being an average of
1321 persons to a house in the former city, and only 61
in Philadelphia. The custom, too, that prevails of selling lots on ground-rent, gives to the man of small means
facilities that he cannot ordinarily obtain in other cities.
For instance, if he have but money enough to erect a
house, he can procure a lot on an indefinite credit; and
so long as he pays the interest of the purchase-money, he
will not be disturbed, nor can the principal be called for.
By this means, it is quite common for mechanics, small
tradesmen, and even laborers, to become owners of
homesteads in the suburbs, which, by Passenger Railways
that are being introduced, will be brought nearer to the
centre than ever before.
A city, then, so attractive as Philadelphia, and possessing such superior educational advantages, can hardly fail,
it would seem probable, to command, at all times, one
of the first and most important requisites for success in
Manufactures, viz.: an abundant supply of skilled labor, and
of those qualified to direct it. Experience demonstrates,
that not only is the supply of labor generally abundant,
but the surplus sometimes troublesome. Hlere is congregated, at all times, an army of artisans from every
civilized nationality-the majority employed, others seeking employment; and should the supply at any time fall
short, an advertisement would bring a regiment from
every place where it had been seen. Men who would not go
72 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.
to "Raw Cheney," in Georgia, for $1,000 a year, nor to
Pittsburg for $900, nor to Lowell for $850, eagerly come
to Philadelphia for $800. Philadelphia has thus the pick
and choice, at less wages, of the mechanics of the Union.
Hence, too, the name, PHILADELPHIA MECHANIC, has become synonymous with skill and superiority in workmanship. We simply state a well tested fact, when we
assert that a mechanic, traveling with favorable credentials from reputable workshops in this city, will be preferred to fill the first vacancy in any similar establishment, not merely in most places throughout the United
States, but in portions of Europe.
So much for Philadelphia as it is. Its status establishes
the fact, that it possesses the moral circumstances that
are essential to success in manufacturing operations, and
we might proceed immediately to consider those that are
properly denominated physical. Before doing so, however, it may be proper to glance at the present,
II. Commercial Relations of Philadelphia.
A  Review of  Commercial Transactions, for a year
financially so disastrous as 1857, can hardly be expected
to be very imposing, or even favorable. WVe notice,
however, that the statistics of the commerce of the Port
of Philadelphia, for 1857, show in several particulars an
increase over the previous few years; indicating that
the city is just beginning to realize fully the benefits long
expected from an immense expenditure incurred to develop the trade, and especially the minieral wealth of the
interior.
The number of vessels that arrived during the year
was 505 foreign, and 32,241 coastwise:  being an increase of 5,702 over 1856, and 2,523 over the arrivals in
5*
73 
74       PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
1855. The value of merchandise entered for consumption was $11,845,205; and the value entered for warehousing was $6,706,017. Total Imports for the last three
years, being:
Imports.           Withdrawals.
1857,     -       $18,551,222     -     $5,421,092
1856,     -       18,303,288      -      3,050,400
1855,     -       15,104,478      -.......
The cash duties received at the Port, for the last three
years, were,
1857.              1856.              1S55.
$3,096,324 24    -  $4,301,123 80   -  $3,358,517 41
The Exports for 1857, included, of breadstuffs, 198,867
barrels Flour, 48,572 barrels Corn Meal, 8,254 barrels
of Rye Flour, 191,400 bushels Wheat, 625,556 bushels
Corn; and a great variety of manufactured articles.
The construction of vessels at all places was quite
limited during the year, but at Philadelphia 147 new vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 17,917 tons, were
admeasured by the United States officers.
Of COAL, the following statement shows the comparative shipment by the four principal lines to Philadelphia, for 1857 and 1856:
1856.
Tons.    Cwt.
2,088,903 03
1,169,453 08
1,186,294  00
165,740 00
4,610,390  11
306,159 95
Philadelphia and Reading R. R.......
Schuylkill Navigation..............
Lehigh Navigation.................
Lehigh Valley Rail-road.............
Total..........................
Decrease from Schuylkill and Lehigh regions, in 1857,
1857.
Tons.    Cwt.
1,709,692 19
1,275,988  00
900,314 06
418,235 11
4,304,230 16 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.       75
The following Table Exhibits the Tonnage of the Pennsylvania Rail                                         road for 1857.
I From Phil'a  From Way
From Phil'a From Pitts'gl to Way Sta-  Stations to
to Pittsburg.  to Philad'a.  tions.      Philad'a.
1,391,797     620,846       115,962.........
4,481,376 7.........      709,267.........
2,360,675     183,700      173,441.........
...........4,428,779.........   2,665,382
,322,735.........         3,3176        136.6
.........    658165.024 980,988
212,i        2     2      2.........
2,138,853.........        335,566.........
5,729,353.........1,591,561.........
161,100     733,651        34,245.........
o...........11,011 7,655 2 55,38 2,087 
2,373,751      96,974    348,961.........
la.........  *.........................
48,442,442     723,735   3,311,476       136,663
7,064,227     626,100      988,423.........
152,692...................   9   1709
8,8 6 65,163,024.........          2,842,806
LvStc...2675......... 276,785......... 455,097
...........    51,970..................
2,50'4,485    311,990      444,033       36,667
868,914   1,555,943      296,103       27,140
........ 2,630,054......... 298,415
........L  81,971......... 873,123
Lme................... 7            8,377,902
18,755,092     149,426   6,586,644    104,724
........... 101,322..........   1.........
12,250 nn............ 46,913.
10,008,923 1,113,370 1,966,422 492,370
Sl  Ma...........  2,724,865   1,0,211.........
1,334,638   1,153,344      149,992.........
217,720.........     39,796  1,710,957
389,097 16882.........  1,638,862.........
171,450.........  26 3,900.........
ia ao..............................,3 0  5682,57 4,35 6
122,075    40,056,014      46,505   9,955,769
2,428,264     844,025      134,70     8 2,285,018
T...................60.1,03
Total  ourth  lass...........30,33,62  12,295,945   8........  300633,219
27,304     714,730 5.5,541  25,728,000
6,796,518     775,171   2,518,666.........
2,577,776.........   991,885.........
43,945     405,446        5,245.........
......... 92,424   1,680,1S2
2,4'5','89'3..........722,329.........
240,825......... 1,065.........
1,702,745 614,837 4330,062
.....................................
...................................
8,332,527     174           33.........
4,928,353.........    672,934.........
73,665.........  355,398.........
3,552;423  24,704,o77   2,061,291        25,829
796,674..................
1,830,837   1,086,581      405/166.........
430,656.........    79,380.........
.....~i.............................
2,97',;6'      5,580      939,007.........
...............................................
....... 12,571,537............ 1,219,631
.37,669   4,978,191......... 171,486
1,739,600     568,113      500,730      123,726
62,058,365   6,840,642   7,034,142   3,373,186
53,563,860  17,611,766  11,940,214  4,582,.r337
8'160,805 42,060,772   3,036,988  10,053,200
30,553,626 123,295,945   8,452,995 300,63:5,S69
.15-4, 336,65"i) 8 9, Si09,125  X0,464,3391!318,~n644;,592
Agricultural Implements and Productions....
Boots, Shoes, Hats,  &c.................................
Books and  Stationery.................................
Butter and  Eggs.........................................
Brown Sheetings and Bagging.....................
Bark  and Sumac........................................
Cedarware.................................................
Confectionery and Foreign Fruits................
Coffee........................................................
Cotton......................................................
Coal........................................................
Copper,  Tin            and Lead.................................
Camphene.................................................
Dry   Goo ds.................................................
Drugs, Medicines and Dye  Stuffs..................
Earthenware.............................................
Flour.......................................................
Fresh Meats, Poultry and Fish....................
Feathers, Furs and Skins............................
Furniture and Oi        l Cloth.............................
Glass and Glassware..................................
Green               and Dr ied Fruits...............................
Grass and  other Seeds.................................
Grain, o f al    l kinds.....................................
Groceries, (e xcept Coffee).............................
Ginseng....................................................
Guano.......................................................
Iardware................................................
Hides and  Hair..........................................
Hemp and Cordage.....................................
Iron,  rolled, hammered,  &c........................
Iron, rail-road............................................
Iron Ore...................................................
Iron,  Blooms and Pigs...............................
Live Stock.................................................
Leather.....................................................
Lead and  Shot...........................................
Lard, Lard Oil and  Tallow.........................
Lumber  and Timber...................................
Machinery and Castings..............................
Marble and  Cement...................................
Malt and  Malt Liquors................................
Nails and  Spikes.......................................
Oils...........................................................
Ovsters......................................................
Paper and Rags..........................................
Plaster......................................................
Potatoes, Turnips,   &c.................................
Pcot, Pearl and  Soda Ash.............................
Queensware...............................................
Salt..........................................................
Salt AMeats and Fish....................................
Soap and Candles.......................................
Tobacco.....................................................
Tar, Pitch and  Resin..................................
Wines  and Liquors,  Domestic.....................
Do.              do.       Foreign.......................
Wall Paper...............................................
W,hisky and Alcohol...................................
Wool  and  Woolen  Yarn..............................
Miscellaneous.............................................
ARTICLES.
Total First Class......................
Total Second Class....................
Total Third  Class.....................
Total Fourth Class....................
Total  for the  Year.................... 
76      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
During the past year, a movement was made, in va rious departments of trade, toward a union of energies
and aims, and effected, as we are informed by the official
report of the Corn Exchange Association, amongst the
Dry-goods merchants, the Workers in metals, the Dealers
in Queensware, and others. This favorable result was
coincident with an effort to represent all these branches
in a Commercial Congress, by means of a reconstruction
of the Philadelphia Board of Trade.  This board, heretofore exclusive in its character, was, during the year,
completely reorganized. Its floor, and its offices, are
now open to all who have a right, by force of character, to
the attention and respect of their fellow-members. Since
its reorganization, many of its meetings have been attended by unusual numbers; and its future action is
looked to with interest, as likely to exert a favorable and
important influence upon our trade and commerce.
In Foreign Commerce, the Port of Philadelphia, it is
undeniably obvious, has not maintained its original supremacy. In 1796, the exports amounted to $17,513,866;
and from 1795 to 1826, the aggregate exports more than
trebled those of the last thirty years. For a long period
of time, nearly a century, Philadelphia was regarded
throughout Europe as, commercially and numerically, the
great city of the Western Continent.  Vessels of the
largest tonnage then known, and laden with the richest
merchandise of Europe and the Indies, sailed up the Delaware, and found accommodations at her wharves.  Large
fortunes, besides that of Girard, were accumulated by her
citizens from well-planned adventures to foreign countries.
The names of her principal merchants were known and
respected at every Exchange in Europe.  A decline, then,
fiom a position so commanding in the world's markets,
would naturally cause a pang of regret in the breasts of
every one not indifferent to the city's future, were the 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIIIA.
causes that induced it, less creditable, patriotic, and
honorable than they are.   It is especially consoling
to know that they do not impinge in the slightest
the commercial capabilities of the Port.  No one,  if
called upon to correct the assertions of the willfully
ignorant, need trouble himself to controvert the assertion, that the inland  situation of Philadelphia  is
an effectual barrier to her commercial supremacy.
The position of the chief commercial cities of the
Old World,-London on the Thames, Liverpool on the
Mersey, and Paris on the Seine,-proves that immediate
proximity to the ocean is not essential to constitute a
great shipping port. Besides, the channel of the Delaware is known to be abundantly wide and deep to float,
as it has floated, the largest vessels in the Naval service.
According to the official chart of the Coast Survey, it is
seldom less than a quarter of a mile in width, and ranges
in depth, at low water, from 4 to 921 fathoms, excepting at
the bar below Fort Mifflin, where, for a few rods, it
varies from 18 feet to 25 feet 8 inches, according to
the state of the tide. Moreover, the fact that the " Cathedral," a vessel of too large tonnage to obtain entrance into
the port of her destination, New York, was therefore sent
hither, where she was amply accommodated; the length
of wharves on the Eastern front, extending as they do,
for about three miles; and especially her former eminent
success in Foreign Commerce, all establish and fortify
the assertion, that Philadelphia possesses all essential,
in fact ample facilities for shipping. To ascertain the
true and principal causes of the decline in this particular, then, we must direct our attention to other channels
that have absorbed capital; and we may possibly discover that the chief sources of the present prosperity
of Philadelphia have their origin in a comparative neglect of Foreign Commerce.
77 
78      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
About thirty years ago, the citizens of Philadelphia
may be said to have become thoroughly aware of the
immensity of the riches concealed in the mountains and
ravines of their native State.  They then, for the first
time, comprehended the value and the vastness of the
deposits of Coal and Iron near their metropolis, and
realized, as vividly perhaps as subsequent experience has
justified, how great a boon would be conferred upon the
whole country by their development. It is true, that for
many years previously, it had been known that a peculiar species of coal abounded in the counties of Lehigh
and Schuylkill, but it was regarded as worthless. Even
as late as 1817, when Col. George Shoemaker forwarded
ten wagon loads of a coal which he had discovered about
one mile from Pottsville, to Philadelphia for sale, he could
with difficulty find purchasers; and some of those who did
purchase it, were wholly unsuccessful in their attempts to
use it. "Nearly every one considered it a sort of stone, and,
saving that it was a'peculiar stone'-a stone-coal-they
would as soon have thought of making a fire with any
other kind of stone! Among all those who examined the
coals, but few persons could be prevailed upon to purchase, and they only a small quantity,-' to try it.' But,
alas! the trials were unsuccessful. The purchasers denounced Colonel Shoemaker as a vile impostor and an
arrant cheat! Their denunciations went forth throughout the city; and Colonel Shoemaker, to escape an arrest
for swindling and imposture, with which he was threatened, drove thirty miles out of his way, in a circuitous
route, to avoid the officers of the law! He returned home,
heart-sick with his adventure. But, fortunately, among
the few purchasers of his coal, were a firm of iron factors in Delaware County, who, having used it successfully, proclaimed the astounding fact in the newspapers
of the day. The current of prejudice thereafter began to 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.
waver somewhat; and new experiments were made at
ironworks on the Schuylkill, with like success, the result
of which was also announced by the Press. From this
time, Anthracite began gradually to put down its enemnies; and among the more intelligent people, its future
value was predicted." But it was not until 1825 that the
first successful experiment to generate steam, with Anthracite coal, was made at iron-works at Phenixville.
From that year, too, the existence of the Schuylkill trade
may be said to date, though some coal had been shipped
previously. The speculative mania in the coal regions,
however, did not commence until a few years later.
About 1829, the news of fortunes accumulated by piercing the bowels of the earth, and bringing forth from the
caverns of mountains "metals which shall give strength to
our hands," became generally current, and aroused an enthusiasm less wide-spread than that which fevered Europe
upon the discovery of silver in Mexico, or recently America
upon the discovery of gold in California, but certainly not
less intense. "Capitalists awoke as if from a dream, and
wondered that they had never before realized the importance of the anthracite trade. What appeared yesterday but
as a fly, now assumed the gigantic proportions of an elephant! The capitalist who, but a few years previously,
laughed at the infatuation of the daring pioneers of the coal
trade, now coolly ransacked his papers, and ciphered out
his available means; and whenever met on the street, his
hands and pockets would be filled with plans of towns,
of surveys of coal lands, and calculations and specifications of railways, canals, and divers other improvements
until now unheard of. The land which yesterday would
not have commanded the taxes levied upon it, was now
looked upon as'dearer than Plutus's mine, richer than
gold.'  Sales were made to a large amount; and in an
ilncredibly short space of time, it is estinmated that up
79 
80       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ward of five millions of dollars had been invested in lands
in the Schuylkill coal-field alone!  Laborers and mechanics of all kinds, and from all quarters and nations,
flocked to the coal region, and found ready and constant
employment at the most exorbitant wages. Capitalists,
arm-in-arm with confidential advisers, civil engineers,
and grave scientific gentlemen, explored every recess,
and solemnly contemplated the present and future value
and importance of each particular spot. Houses could
not be built fast enough; for where nought but bushes
and rubbish were seen one day, a smiling village would
be discovered on the morrow.  Enterprising carpenters
in Philadelphia, and elsewhere along the line of canal,
prepared the timber and frame-work of houses, and then
placing the materiel on board a canal boat, would hasten
on to the enchanted spot to dedicate it to its future purposes. Thus whole towns were arriving in the returning
canal boats; and as'they were forced to play the owl,' a
moonlight night was a godsend to the impatient proprietors, for with the dawning of the morning would be
reflected the future glory of the new town, and the restless visages of scores of anxious lessees."*
~ The late Joseph C. Neal, who was one of the motley mass, some years
afterward wrote the following humorous description of the speculating
scenes:
In the memorable year to which we allude, rumors of fortunes made at
a blow, and competency secured by a turn of the fingers, came whispering
down the Schuylkill and penetrating the city. The ball gathered strength
by rolling-young and old were smitten with the desire to march upon the
new Peru, rout the aborigines, and sate themselves with wealth. They had
merely to go, and play the game boldly, to secure their utmost desire.
Rumor declared that Pipkins was worth millions, made in a few months,
although he had not a sixpence to begin with, or to keep grim want from
dancing in his pocket. Fortune kept her court in the mountains of Schuylkill County, and all who paid their respects to her in person found her as
kind as their wildest hopes could imagine.
The Ridge road was well traveled. Reading stared to see the lengthened 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHIILADELPHIA.
A reaction attended this, as all other speculative manias. But disastrous as it was, and involving hundreds
in ruin, it did not prevent the continued investment
columns of emigration; and her astonished inhabitants looked with wonder
upon the groaning stage-coaches, the hundreds of horsemen, and the thousands of footmen, who streamed through that ancient and respectable
borough; and as for Ultima Thule, Orwigsburg, it has not recovered from its
fright to this day!
Eight miles further brought the army to the land of milk and honey, and
then the sport began-the town was far from large enough to accommodate
the new accessions; but they did not come for comfort-they did not come
to stay. They were to be among tile mountains, like Sinbad in the valley
of diamonds, just long enough to transform themselves from the likeness
of Peter the Moneyless into that of a MIillionaire; and then they intended
to wing their flight to the perfumed saloons of metropolitan wealth and
fashion.  What though they slept in layers on the sanded floors of Troutman's and Shoemaker's bar-rooms, and learned to regard it as a favor that
they were allowed the accommodation of a roof by paying roundly for it,
a few months would pass, and then Aladdin, with the Genii of the Lamp,
could not raise a palace or a banquet with more speed than they!
One branch of the adventurers betook themselves to land speculations,
and another to the slower process of mining. With the first, mountains,
rocks, and valleys changed hands with astonishing rapidity. That which
was worth only hundreds in the morning, sold for thousands in the evening,
and would command tens of thousands by sunrise, in paper money of that
description known among the facetious as slow notes. Days and nights
were consumed in surveys and chaffering. There was not a man who did
not speak like a Croesus-even your ragged rascal could talk of his hundreds
of thousands.
The tracts of land, in passing through so many hands, became subdivided, and that brought on another act in the drama of speculation: the
manufacture of towns, and the selling of town lots. Every speculator had
his town laid out, and many of them had scores of towns. They were, to be
sure, located in the pathless forests; but the future Broadways and Pall
Malls were marked upon the trees; and it was anticipated that the time was
not far distant when the deers, bears, and wild-cats would be obliged to give
place, and take the gutter side of the belles and beaux of the new cities.
How beautifully the towns yet unborn looked upon paper! the embryo
squares, flaunting in pink and yellow, like a tulip show at Amsterdam; and
the broad streets intersecting each other at right angles, in imitation of the
common parent, Philadelphia. The skill of the artist was exerted to render
them attractive; and the more German text, and the more pink and yellow,
6
81 
2   PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
of capital in the coal regions. Every year more mines
were opened, more iron-works erected, more improvements
of a stupendous character planned, more tons of coal
the more valuable became the town! The value of a lot, bedaubed with
vermilion, was incalculable; and even a sky-parlor location, one edge of
which rested upon the side of a perpendicular mountain, the lot running
back into the air a hundred feet or so from the level of the earth, by the
aid of the paint-box was no despicable bargain: and the corners of Chestnut and Chatham streets, in the town of Caledonia, situated in the centre
of an almost impervious laurel swamp, brought a high price in market, for
it was illustrated by a patch of yellow ochre!
The bar-rooms were hung round with these brilliant fancy sketches;
every man had a roll of inchoate towns in the side pocket of his fustian
jacket. The most populous country in the world is not so thickly studded
with settlements as the coal region was to be;. but they remain, unluckily,
in statu quo ante bellum.
At some points a few buildings were erected to give an appearance of
realizing promises. There was one town with a fine name, which had a
great barn of a frame hotel. The building was let for nothing; but after
a trial of a few weeks, customers were so scarce at the "Red Cow," that the
tenant swore roundly he must have it on better terms, or he would give up
the lease.
The other branch of our adventurers lent their attention to mining; and
they could show you, by the aid of a pencil and piece of paper, the manner
in which they must make fortunes, one and all, in a given space of timeexpenses, so much; transportation, so much; will sell for so much; leaving
a clear profit of 000,000! There was no mistake about the matter. To it
they went, boring the mountains, swamping their money and themselves.
The hills swarmed with them; they clustered like bees about a hive; but
not a hope was realized. Calculations, like towns, are one thing on paper,
and quite another when brought to the test.
At last the members of the expedition began to look haggard and careworn.  The justices did a fine business; and Natty M., Blue Breeches,
Pewter-Legs, and other worthies of the catchpole profession, toiled at their
vocation with ceaseless activity. When the game could not be run down
at view, it was taken by ambuscade. Several bold navigators discovered
that the county had accommodations at Orwigsburg (at that time the seat
of justice, now located at Pottsville) for gentlemen in trouble. Capiases,
securities, and bail-pieces, became as familiar as your garter. The play
was over, and the farce of " The Devil to Pay" was the after-piece. There
was but one step from the sublime to the ridiculous, and Pottsville saw it
taken! 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.
sent to market. Canals which had been projected but
suffered to languish were speedily completed; rail-roads
were built, not only above ground but under ground; and
in a comparatively brief period of time, it has been
estimated by competent authority, a hundred millions of
dollars were withdrawnr from commercial activity, and
invested in productive and unproductive improvements
and partially abortive schemes. Many of the works,
however, constructed in Lehigh and Schuylkill counties,
are imperishable monuments of solidity and beauty, and
will be objects of admiration in after ages.
At the present time there are, within the borders of
Pennsylvania, upward of 800 miles of Canal, and 1,600
miles of Rail-road, of which the revenues are mainly derived from freight on Anthracite and semi-Anthracite
coal. Many of those, projected with other views, have
become large transporters of coal; and certainly the
amount of capital expended in Pennsylvania for one object, viz., for constructing avenues to convey Anthracite coal
to market, is now at least SEVEN TIMES GREATER than the
whole amount invested in all the manufactories at Lowell.
(See annexed TABLE.)
Gay gallants, who had but a few months before rolled up the turnpike,
swelling with hope, and flushed with expectation, now betook themselves,
in the gray of the morn, and then the haze of the evening, with bundle on
back-the wardrobe of the Honorable Dick Dowles tied up in a little blueand-white pocket-handkerchief-to the tow-path, making, in court phrase,
"mortal escapes"; and, in the end, a general rush was effected-the army
was disbanded-8sauve guip ut!
83 
84       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
The following Table, which we have prepared princi
pally from official information, exhibits the
Names, Length, and Cost of the Canals and Rail-roads in and leading
to the Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania.
Caas   Railad               Cast. 
Cost.
Jan.  1, 1858.
19,262,720
4,200,000
3,850,000
4,000,000
10,950,000
4,455,000
1,380,000
1,400,000
2,200,000
1,737,236
897,160
1,598,379
4,500,000
5,000,000
5,773,925
3,276,523
1,348,812
3,693,492
4,000,000
1,650,000
8,701,888
300,000
1,402,651
2,750,000
568,000
311,000
282,000
200,000
1,000,000
400,000
200,000
430,000
35,000
700,000
1,093,263
438,000
150,000
150,000
60,000
443,000
150,000
100,000
381,836
25,000
6,000,000
111,444,885
5,6] 2,000
1,994,819
3,250,000
5,048,340
127,350,044
Philadelphia and Reading R. R. (including City Br.).....
Catawissa, Williamsport and Erie R. R., including the
Quakake Branch, with equipments...........................
Williamsport and Elmira, with real estate and basins at
Williamsport and Elmira, and equipments complete...
Lebanon Valley R. R., (consolidated with Reading)......
Schuylkill Navigation Co...........................................
Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., viz.:
Canal and Imnprovements.................................
Lehigh and Susquehanna R. R..........................
Summit and Branch Rail-roads.........................
Delaware Division of Pennsylvania (State) Canal.........
Eastern Division of Pennsylvania (State) Canal............
Susquehanna Canal....................................................
Lower North Branch Canal.........................................
Upper North Branch Canal..........................................
Union Canal...............................................................
North Pennsylvania R. R...........................................
Lehigh Valley R. R...................................................
Philadelphia and Sunbury R. R., (unfinished)..............
Sunbury and Erie R. R., whole amount expended on fin  ished and unfinished...............................................
Dauphin and Susquehanna R. R..................................
Lackawana and Bloomsburg R. R...............................
Delaware, Lackawana and Western R. R......................
Lackawana R. R., (unfinished)....................................
Little Schuylkill Railroad, exclusive of land................
Mine Hill Railroad, Extension and Branches.................
Schuylkill Valley Rail-road and Branches...................
Mill Creek Rail-road and Branches..............................
Mount Carbon and Port Carbon R. R., including land....
Mount Carbon R. R....................................................
Beaver Meadow Rail-road and Branches........................
Hazleton Coal Co.'s R. R.............................................
Lehigh and Luzerne R. R., (unfinished).......................
Buck Mountain Coal Co.'s R. R., (exclusive of land)......
Big Mountain Coal Co.'s R. R.....................................
Trevorton R. R..........................................................
Tioga R. R.................................................................
Barclay R. R. and Coal Co.'s R. R................................
New York and Middle Coal Field Co.'s R. R., (unfin'd)..
Columbia Coal and Iron Co.'s R. R...............................
Carbon Run Coal Co.'s R. R........................................
Lykens Valley R. R....................................................
Union Canal Co.'s R. R...............................................
Swatara R. R.............................................................
Wisconisco Canal.......................................................
Lorberry Creek R. R...................................................
Sundry Coal roads, private and underground, to the
Mines, say..............................................................
Morris Canal, (present total cost)..................................
Pennsylvania Coal Co.'s R. R.......................................
Delaware and Hudson Canal and R. R., (estimated)......
Central Rail-road of New Jersey..................................
Total,          815  1,564* 
The total Capital invested in Manufactories, at Lowell, was, in
1846.......................................................................
1846.........;$10,550,000
On January 1st, 1855, the latest date at hand, Hunt's Merchants'
Magazine, (October No., 1855,) states that the capital invested
in all the Manufactories, at Lowell, was.............................. $14,000,000
C...I..
Le.gth.
R.il,..d
L,,.gth.
98
79
78
53Y
108
72
20
25
60
46
41
73
94
99
68
46
33
40
54
57
113
9
33
120
28
13/-/
2 y.
7
20
14y.
8
7
2 y
14
29y,
16,4
5
7
3 Y,
16
4
6
12
2Y.
300
1,433Y,
44
24
63
1,564*
605
102
108
815 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.
But the development of the mineral regions of Eastern
Pennsylvania was not the only scheme that abstracted
the attention and capital of the citizens of Philadelphia
from the prosecution of Foreign Commerce.  The West
was becoming known as "The Great West."  Regiment
after regiment of hardy pioneers, armed with axes and
plowshares, had entered the wilderness to subdue it;
each successive year the frontiers of civilization were
carried further westward; production outran consumption; and the people of Pennsylvania were called upon
to furnish superior avenues and outlets for the produce of the West to the best markets on the Atlantic
coast. A grand system of internal improvements was
therefore resolved upon, and undertaken, to connect the
metropolis of Pennsylvania with the Ohio River and the
Lakes. The Erie Canal in New York was then near its
completion, and herculean and partially successful efforts
were being made to divert the trade of the West away
from its natural and geographical channels by a circuitous route to New York. But the means adopted
by Pennsylvania to establish superior connections with
the West were less successful in execution than praiseworthy in conception. The Alleghanies defied the skill
of the engineers, broke up the chain of communication
into disjointed links; and the attempts made to unite
them-constructing part rail-road, and part canal-instead of affording to shippers and producers the promised
benefits, only fully succeeded in arousing the fears of foreign creditors, and provoking the sarcasm of the witty Dean
of St. Paufil's at the "the drab-coated gentry." No one
acquainted with the physical characteristics of this State
-its magnificent scenery, its rugged acclivities and impenetrable fastnesses-need be told that to construct railroads and canals within its limits, is and must be a serious and costly undertaking.  The cost of the Comnmercial
6*
85 
86       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Marine of many recognized commercial nations is a mere
bagatelle in comparison with the vast sums expended in
Pennsylvania for internal improvements alone.
On the first of January, 1858, Pennsylvania had 2773miles of rail-road, costing $135,166,609; or, estimating
the population of the State at three millions, the amount
expended was at the rate of $45 for each man, woman,
and child in the Commonwealth. The cost of constructing the canals within its borders, exceeding as they do
1200 miles in length, has been stated at thirty millions
of dollars. To these immense sums, if we add the
amounts expended in seeking for minerals, sinking
shafts, opening mines, disinterring iron ore, and erecting works to manufacture it, the vastness of expenditure
incurred for the development of internal wealth may
well astonish and appal even those to whom  the theme
has become familiar by daily contemplation.  InI all these
enterprises, the capital and credit of Philadelphia are
conspicuous. Owning property equal to one third the
assessed value of the property in the entire State, the
city has contributed more than one half of the cost of
public and private improvements.   To  aid these, her
merchants sold their ships: to sustain them, her capitalists declined the profits of Bottomry and Respondentia.
But the prodigies achieved within the limits of Pennsylvania, great as they are, did not exhaust the zeal of
the citizens of Philadelphia in behalf of internal improvements. Their brethren in neighboring States, in
the South and the West, have drawn largely for contributions to such projects; and, to the extent of our ability, their drafts have not been dishonored. The portfolios of our merchants are now plethoric with such
obligations and bonds; and when presently available,
will build an Armada of merchant ships. If it were
practicable to ascertain how many thousands of mer 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.
chants are now thriving, how many tens of thousands
of farmers in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wis consin, and the South, are now comparatively wealthy,
because of their present facilities for reaching good
markets-facilities encouraged  and perfected through
aid from Philadelphia-the revelation would so interweave
the ties of friendship with those of mutual mercantile
interests, as to form a bond indissoluble by any assaults.
The citizens of Philadelphia, it is then safe to aver, are
eminently patriotic, even in their business predilections.
They have withdrawn their capital largely from prosperous commerce, to invest it in Mines, Rail-roads, Ironworks, and Manufactories, preferring to aid the development of the resources of the interior even at the expense of commercial importance and reputation abroad.
Without giving assent to the doctrines of Chinese economists, who hold that Foreign Commerce is generally prejudicial to a State, because, by diminishing thle quantity
of desirable products, it must raise their price to the
home consumer, they nevertheless believe that a prosperous, active interchange of products between citizens
of the respective States is more conducive to the permanence and well-being of the Republic than even a more
profitable commerce with foreigners. Cherishing, then,
as they have done, and as they do, what they presume
to be the best interests of our whole country, and having
proved, by abandoning their share in the rich commerce
of the Indies, the sincerity of their desire to accelerate
its industrial development, the Merchants and Capitalists
of Philadelphia would seem to be entitled to praises rather
than taunts for the decline of their city in direct Foreignl
Commerce; and certainly they have established a claim to
the high place which they hold in the friendly regard of
their intelligent fellow-merchants throughout the Union.
But while acknowledging a decline in the Foreign
8T 
88       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Commerce of Philadelphia, it is but justice to state that
the decline is more apparent than real. The number of
foreign arrivals, and the amount of duties paid at the
Custom House here, are no index to the imports of the
merchants of this city. Many of the most extensive importing-houses-and there are some, we were about to
say, quite too extensive for the country's welfare-import
nearly all their goods via New York. The largesses given
by Government to steamers connecting with that port, and
the peculiar facilities atd inducements said to be held out
to shippers, not to mention the rumor recently current
that duties are sometimes lower there than elsewhere,
influence our merchants in directing their foreign correspondents to ship goods to Philadelphia via New York.
The advantage that the Xew York importer has over his
Philadelphia competitor is simply a saving in freight
between the two cities-an item perhaps not exceeding
$2 per ton, or at least so unimportant on imported light
and costly fabrics as to add no appreciable percentage to
the cost. That this advantage is overbalanced by other circumstances-lower rents, less extravagant expenditures
for personal gratification, etc.-is evidenced by the fact
that scores of New York jobbers visit Philadelphia every
season, to replenish their stocks from the shelves of the
importers, knowing that they can do so, besides paying
fare, freight both ways, and all other expenses, at a
cheaper rate than they can purchase the same goods
from any of their neighbors. One Fancy Goods importing-house in particular, whose operations came within
the range of my personal observation, attracts New York
and Boston jobbers as regularly and more extensively
than Cincinnati and St. Louis buyers. This is explained
in part by the fact that the house has more favorable connections in Europe than their competitors in other cities,
and partly by their ability to sell at a lower per-centage
of profit in consequence of diminished expenses. These 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 89
two circumstances, and especially favorable connections
with the foreign manufacturers, would seem to be of more
importance, in a regular importing business, than any
other; and these, Philadelphia merchants,-whose honorable character and mercantile probity have ever been understood and appreciated in Europe,- enjoy peculiar facilities for obtaining.  But in all probability I would not
misrepresent popular feeling if I were to say that Philadelphia does not covet the distinction of being a great importing mart.  She would be content if other cities monopolized the doubtful honor of importing hither French
gimcracks and German cloths in exchange for gold and
silver-our  commercial  life-blood-provided her merchants were encouraged to devote their energies successfully and uninterruptedly, to building up Hiome Industry
and American Manufactures.
III. Commercial Relations with the South and West.
Pennsylvania, it has been frequently observed, is the
only State in the Union that has a navigable outlet to
the ocean, a footing upon the Lakes, and a command
of the Ohio and the Mississippi. This position necessarily gives the metropolis of the Commonwealth points
of superiority over all the other great cities on the Atlantic coast, for the purpose of receiving and distributing
merchandise to and from a great portion of the South
and West. With the ocean, and the principal cities of
the Southern seaboard, Philadelphia has regular and
direct communication by way of the Delaware River;
and in consequence of improvements in locomotion, the
distance is now less than at any previous time. With
the gate of the West, Philadelphia is connected by canal
and a magnificent railway; and at Pittsburg, with all the
cities and towns on the navigable waters east of the
Rocky Mountains, by thousands of miles of river navi 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
gation, and also by rail-roads joining Cleveland and Chicago on the one side, Wheeling and Cincinnati on the
other, continuing through Kentucky to Nashville, and
prolonged with a continuous, unbroken gauge westwardly, beyond St. Louis, on the Mississippi. Philadelphia
has also an advantage over New York and Boston, in
being considerably nearer to all the prominent foci of the
products of the Great West. The principal rail-road lines
from New York-the. Erie and Central-it has been aptly
remarked, lie on the circumference line to the West; while
the great rail-road of Pennsylvania-the Pennsylvania
Central-is on a diameter line.  Their direction is to the
Lakes —ours to the West.  But to exhibit more clearly the
relative position of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston,
with reference to proximity to the chief centres of trade
in the West, we have prepared the following Table, from
data furnished in "Dinsmore's Railway Guide," published
in New York:
Clevel'd, Cincinna- Chicago, Indianap- St. Louis
Ohio.   ti, Ohio.   Ills.  olis, Ind.   Mo.
Miles.   Miles.   Miles,   Miles.   Miles.
From Philadelphia, via Pennsylvania Rail road, to Pittsburg; thence by shortest
Rail-road route to.................................... 501  703  851     746     1000
New York, via Hudson River to Piermont, and
the Erie Rail-road to Dunkirk, 468 miles -
thence by shortest Rail-road route............. 612   867       954      893     1154
New York, via Hudson River llail-road to
Albany; thence by Rail-road to Buffalo, 442
miles; thence as above............................. 625  880    967      906    1167
Boston, via Western Rail-road to Albany and
Buffalo, 498 miles; thence as above........... 681    936     1023 962           1223
Hience, it is manifest that Philadelphia has considerable advantage over New York and Boston, in nearness
to the principal centres of trade in the West. The saving in distance will be regarded as an important one by
the weary traveler, while its effects in reducing the cost of
transportation will be shown hereafter. It is true, New
York has a shorter route to the places named than by the
above-mentioned rail-roads; but that is, via Philadelphia
and Pittsburg.   Pennsylvania  is truly the Key-stone
State; and those who would pass and repass from the
90 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST.  91
West to the East, may congratulate themselves that their
most direct route carries them over a rail-road so well
managed as the Pennsylvania Central, and through a city
so beautiful as Philadelphia.
To understand, more especially, the relatTive cost of
transportation by railway, from Philadelphia, New York,
and Boston, to the commercial centres of the West, we
procured the published Tariffs of Freight for 1857, of the
principal rail-road lines receipting through: and the fol
lowing Tables will exhibit the results.  Any one choos
ing to do so, may verify the statements made by pro
curing the freight tariffs for 1857, of the Boston and
Worcester, New York and Erie, and Pennsylvania Cen
tral Rail-roads.
SUMMER RATES —1857.
1st Class. 2d Class. ad Class. 4th Clasa.
Philadelphia to Columbus, Ohio................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to Dayton............................................
New York,    "        "........................................
Boston,        "      "........................................
Philadelphia to Cincinnati......................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to Indianapolis.....................................
New York,    "          "........................................
Boston,        "        "........................................
Philadelphia to Louisville....................(all Rail)......
New York, " ".......................................                  
Boston,        "       "....(River from Cincinnati)...
Philadelphia to Terre Haute....................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to Forte Wayne.........................3                     1.10......
New York,    "          "........................................
Boston,        "        "........................................
Philadelphia to Lafayette.........................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,  "........................................
Philadelphia to St. Louis..........................................
New York,    "        "........................................
Boston,        "      "........................................
Philadelphia to Cairo..................................0
New York,    "    "........................................
Boston,        "    "........................................
Philadelphia to Cleveland.......................................
New York,    "        ".......................................
Boston,        "      "........................................
Philadelphia to Chicago................................0.
New York,........................................
Boston,        "      "........................................
lt cl..
1.05
1.38
1.43
1.10
1.43
1.48
1.10
1.43
1.48
1.20
1.48
1.53
1.45
1.63
1.68
1.45
1.73
1.78
1.30
1.48
1.48
1.46
1.62
1.67
1.70
1.80
1.98
1.88
1.90
2.08
1.00
1.08
1.13
1.50
1.58
1.58
2d Cl..
90
1.05
1.08
95
1.05
1. 08
95
1.05
1.08
1.00
1.10
1.13
1.20
1.25
1.28
1.20
1.30
1.33
1.10
1.13
1.11
1.20
1.25
1.28
1.40
1.35
1.48
1.56
1.45
1.58
so
so
83
1.10
1.18
1.18
ad Cl....
so
88
91
85
93
96
85
93
96
85
93
96
1.02
1.08
1.11
1.00
1.08
1.11
90
96
96
1.00
1.08
1.07
1.20
1.20
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.42
68
68
71
1.00
1.06
1.06
4th Cl...
60
71
84
60
73
86
60
73
86
65
75
88
so
88
1.01
80
90
1.013
75
77
67
80
86
95
98
98
1.20
1.1-0
1.08
1.32
55
53
66
so
87
97 
92      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
WINTER RATES —1857 and 1858.
W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s Clss IdCas   dCas  t  ls
Philadelphia to Columbus,.......................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,        "       "...................................
Philadelphia to Dayton....................................2             1.10...
New York,    "       "........................................
Boston,        "     ".......................................
Philadelphia to Cincinnati........................................
New York,   "          "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to Indianapolis....................................
New York,   "          "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to Louisville.......................................
New York,   "         "........................................
Boston,        "      "........................................
Philadelphia to Terre Haute.........................
New York,   "          "........................................
Boston,        "        "........................................
Philadelphia to Fort Wayne.....................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,        "        "........................................
Philadelphia to Lafayette.........................................
New York,   "          "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to St Louis...........................................
New York,   "         "........................................
Boston,        "........................................
Philadelphia to Cairo...............................................
Bew York,    "   "........................................
Boston,        "   ".......................................
Philadelphia to Cleveland........................................
New York,    "         "........................................
Boston,        "       "........................................
Philadelphia to Chicago............................................
New York,    "        "........................................
Boston,        "      "........................................
3d Class. 14th Class..
85        70
95         82
1.03         90
95          80
1.08        85
1.16      1.00
1.00        80
1.10        85
1.18       1.00
1.08         85
1.20        90
1.28       1.05
1.23       1.00
1.35       1.00
1.43      1.20
1.15      ].00
1.35       1.05
].43      ].20
1.05         85
1.18      ].00
1.26       1.05
].14        96
1.30      1.09
1.38      1.14
1.40       1.15
1.60      1.30
1.68      1.35
1.48      1.20
1.65       1.35
1.73 1.40
85 70
85 75
93 s8
1.25       1.00
1.40 1.10
1.40 1.10
A Table showing the Saving on a Ton (2240 lbs.) of First Class Freight
by Shipping, from Philadelphia instead of New York or Boston.
NEW YORK.
Summer.  Winter.
$7.39     $6.72
7.39 6.72
7.39      6.72
6.27      6.72
4.03'6.72
5.15      6.72
4.03      6.50
3.58      6.05
2.24     6.72
45      6.72
1.79   1  3.36
1.79      4.48
To Columbus, Ohio....................................................
Dayton,  Ohio.......................................................
Cincinnati, Ohio...................................................
Indianapolis, Indiana...........................................
Louisville, Kentucky............................................
Terre Haute, Indiana............................................
Fort Wayne,        "............................................
Lafayette,         "............................................
St. Louis, Missouri................................................
Cairo...................................................................
Cleveland, Ohio...................................................
Chicago, Illinois...................................................
These Tables "speak for themselves"-comment cannot
add to their force. They demonstrate, conclusively, that
every shipper who, during the past year, sent Western
merchandise by rail-road from the points designated, to
New York or Boston, that could have been sold as well in
Philadelphia-every Western merchant who purchased
,,t Cl.,,. 2d Cl.,.
1.20
1.50
1.60
1.28
1.58
1.68
1.30
1.60
1.70
1.45
1.75
1.85
1.60
1.90
2.00
1.70
2.00
2.10
1.55
1.84
1.94
1.71
1.98
2.08
2.00
2.30
2.40
2.05
2.35
2.45
1.20
1.35
1.45
1.90
2.10
2.10
1.05
1.23
1.33
1.10
1.28
1.38
1.15
1.30
1.40
1.20
1.40
1.50
1.35
1.55
1.65
1.40
1.60
1.70
1.25
1.46
1.56
1.35
1.58
1.68
1.65
1.90
2.00
1.72
1.95
2.05
95
1.05
1.15
1.45
1.60
1.60
B
$8.51
8.51
8.51
7.39
5.15
7.39
4.03
4.70
6.27
4.48
2.91
1.79
ON.
wi.t",.
$S.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.96
8.74
8.29
8.96
8.96
5.60
4.48 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST. 93
goods in those cities on no better terms than he could have
purchased them in Philadelphia, and sent them home by
rail-road, expended unnecessarily, or in other words, lost
from one dollar and seventy-nine cents to eight dollars and
ninety-six cents on every ton usually classified as first-class
frei ght. These are the facts, and the deductions from facts,
with respect to shipments "all the way by rail-road."
Now, it may be said that New York and Boston have
the advantage of Lake navigation to many prominent
points in the West. We assert-and appeal to the managers of the New York and Erie and Boston and Worcester rail-roads, who receipt through both " all the way
by rail-road or by steamer on the Lakes," as shippers prefer-that this is no advantage. The Lake freights are the
regulators of the rail-road charges, which barely exceed
them by the cost of insurance necessary to cover the
great risks attending navigation on the Lakes.   But
Philadelphia, on the conrtrary, has a very important advantage, in addition to that stated in the Tables, by cominunicating at Pittsburg with thousands of miles of safe
river navigation, extending southwardly to New Orleans
and the ocean, and westwardly to St. Paul, on the Mississippi; and, in fact, to all the cities and towns on navigal-)le waters east of the Rocky Mountains. The advantage
in shipping from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and thence
by the Ohio River to Cincinnati and Louisville, over shipping to those points by the Northern rail-road lines,
amounts, in addition to the saving stated above, to about
85 per ton ont first-class goods, 84 on second, $3 on thirdclass, and 8$9 on very heavy goods; while to Nashville,
Memphis, Cairo, St. Louis, and all points south of New
Albany, Ind., the additional saving is nearly double this
amount-that is, about $10 per ton on first-class goods, $8
on second, $6 on third, and about $3 per ton on fourthclass.  It is thus evident, as experienced shippers know,
7 
94       PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
that freight from the West,  bound for European markets, can be brought to Philadelphia, and shipped hence,
landing it at its destined port abroad, at cheaper paying
rates than by way of New York.  Indeed, the leading
products of the West-for instance, flour, the products of
the hog, whisky, etc.-can be shipped to Philadelphia, and
hlence at least half the distance to Liverpool, for the cost
of transporting them to New York. Further, in view
of the facts stated, it is also obvious that a Western merchant, purchasing goods in Philadelphia, may have his
preference rewarded by a saving in the cost of transportiig them home. The only practical question, then, for hini
to consider is, whether it is probable he can make his purchases in the Philadelphia market as cheaply as in any other;
for, supposing the terms to be the same, he will nevertheless, by doing so, obtain an advantage.  We beg permission to offer a suggestion or two upon this probability,
for the consideration of those who study and appreciate
economy.
We may remark, at the outset, that any one who has
taken time to examine, compare, and reflect upon the
characteristics of the respective markets, the development of Manufactures, and the comparative facilities for
manufacturing, will not need any arguments to convince
him that the probability of anl advantage in price must be
altogether in favor of the Philadelphia market. Let those,
however, who have  not already done so, examine the
subject in its details, and they will be astonished to discover hlow few classes of goods constituting a country
trader's usual assortment are not, to greater or less extent,
made in or near Philadelphia. For instance, with regard
to -)omestic.Dry Goods:-According to the census, Pennsylvania, in 1850, contained within her borders a larger
number of factories for the making of cotton and woolen
goods than any State in the Union; even more than the 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITH THE SOUTH AND WEST.  95
great manufacturing State of Massachusetts, and consid erably more than New York.  The former had 213 cotton
and 119 woolen factories, and the latter 86 cotton and 949
for wool; while, in Pennsylvania, there were 588 of these
establishments in all, of which 208 were employed in the
cotton and 380 in the woolen manufacture. The extent to
which Philadelphia is entgaged in the production of these
goods, will be illustrated in another place (see DRY GOODS
MANUFACTURE);  but we may state here, that one firm,
Messrs. ALFRED JENKS & SON, manufacturers of cotton
and woolen machinery, supplied the mills of this city
alone, during the past year, with 800 loomns for weaving
checks, and on which could be woven twenty thousand
yards per diem. The Xew York Tribune of May 1, 1857,
in an editorial, urging greater attention to manufactures
in that locality, remarked, we suppose with truth, "Philadelphia has at least twenty manufactories of textile fabrics
where New York has one; and her superiority in the fabrication of metals, though less decided, is still undeniable."
Cottonades, checks, carpetings, Germantown hosiery and
woolen goods, ribbons, sewing-silks, military goods, &c.,
are manufactured here to an immense extent; and of
these, New York and other jobbers are constant and acceptable customers to the amount of millions annually.
But, besides the vast quantities of dry goods manufactured in and near this city, all the principal mills of New
England, and elsewhere, consign their fabrics to agencies
established here, with authority to sell them, frequently
at an abatement from invoice prices.   The first agency
for the sale of domestic fabrics in the United States,
was that of ELIJAH WARING, established in this city about
the year 1805; and from that day to this, the domestic
Dry  Goods  Commission-houtses of  Philadelphia  have
maintained a position alike honorable to themselves;
advantageous to American manufactures; and with one 
96       PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
exception, viz., too great liberality in giving credit to
strangers,* beneficial to the city.
With respect to Foreign -Dry Goods, the importing-houses
of Philadelphia certainly possess the same facilities for procuring desirable selections on advantageous terms as any
others do; and in some instances enjoy unusually favorable
connections in Europe, established long since, and by
means of them secure perhaps more than their share of
bargains.  The stocks are generally selected by resident
partners, who  know the wants and consult the interests
of purchasers; and therefore they consist, less than some
others, of the unsaleable refuse of London warehouses.
Proposing, as we do, to make a minute and detailed
examination of the manufacturing industry of Philadelphia, it would not be proper here to anticipate its results;
but, for the benefit of anxious mercantile inquirers, we
may state further, that more than four millions of dollars worth of fine Boots and Shoes are annually made in
this city; while of the common, cheap, pegged-work of
ANew England, Philadelphia is also a large purchlaser,
consumer, and distributer.  The quality of our manufactures in this department is so generally and highly appreciated, that several of the manufacturers in Lynn, Mass.,
with a view of attracting additional custom, announce
on their signs, "Philadelphia Shoes for sale."  Of Educational and Mfedical Books, the publishers of Philadelphia
are generally recognized as leaders; and for the distribution of books of all kinds, Henry C. Carey, the distinguished political economist, has asserted that Philadelphia has the largest book distributing house in the world.
As respects Iron, the last census showed that nearly onehalf of the pig, cast, and wrought iron, made in the
I The late panic disclosed the fact, that a prominent dry goods jobbinghouse that failed, in New York city, was indebted to a commission-house
in Philadelphia, in a sum but little short of $100,000-a line of cred(it
entirely beyond the limits of prudence. 
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS WITIH THiE SOUTII AND WEST. 97
IUnited States, was the product of the furnaces and forges
of Pennsylvania; and the latest statistics show, that of
the 782,958 tons of iron produced in the United States,
in 1856, Pennsylvania produced 448,515 tons.  Of tle
Manufactures of Iron, as stoves, hollow-ware, and those
articles, usually denominated Hardware,-nails, screws,
saws, forks, shovels, enameled-ware, hinges, bolts, nuts
and washers, Philadelphia is an immense producer; and,
for the sale of their products, the hardware manufacturers of Old and New England have agencies established
in this city, authorized to sell at factory prices. In short,
the market of Philadelphia differs in many important
respects from most others, resembling from one point of
view a Leipsic Fair, and from another the Eastern Bazaars. Manufacturers' depots are often situated between
a commission-house  and a house impor-ting thie same
class of goods; fabrics, fresh from the loom,  may be
found close to the gold-tipped embroideries of France,
or the crasse dresses of Turkey; factories adjoin stores,
and stores are surrounded by manufactories; while, diverging from the city, are numerous roadways, constantly
traversed by iron horses, bringing fuel fronm Nature's vast
nmag,azines not far distant; and from the East, caravans of
boats, propellers, cars, come laden with the products of distant workshops, seeking here a central point for redistribution throughout the South and the West. IHence it is obvious, that a purchaser of a miscellaneous stock, adapted to
the wants of a rural, town or city population, must be, when
in Philadelphia, as near the fountain head, where goods
are as yet in first hands, as it is possible for him to get;
while the merchant, who visits the city to replenish his
mind as well as his stock, can hardly fail, in a world of
mnachinery, literature and art, as this is, to note muclh
that is to him  novel, and carry back suggestions thatwill
be useful to himself and his neighbors.
iTM1 
98       PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Is it not probable, then, that the merchants of Philadelphia, in view of their advantages, with manufactories
all around them, consignments from abroad seeking their
markets and supplying their auction-houses, with abundance of capital and good credit, can buy and sell onil terms
as favorable as any of their competitors? We have no
doubt they do this; but we go further, and insist that those
now doing business have mistaken their vocation, urless,
to responsible buyers, they actually do undersell all others.
One reason that we have for entertaining this opinion is,
that expenses for conducting business are less here than
in most other large cities. In the city of New York, tile
leading Dry Goods jobbing-house pay, or did recentl,
pay, as we are informed, an annual rent of $22,000 for
their store; and a prominent wholesale clothing-firm
pay, or did pay, $28,000; while the greatest amount of
rent paid by a leading firm, in a similar business in
Philadelphia, that I have heard of, and for which equal,
or at least all necessary accommodationls are procured, is
$8,000.  It is true, the "Stewart" of Philadelphia deenms
$14,000  a moderate  compensation for his magnificent
store, but his customers are principally the wealthy of
the city. A proportionate difference in favor of Philadelphia prevails in rents, generally, for dwelling-houses
as well as stores. The room for expansion afforded by
the plan and locality of the city multiplies the number
of eligible sites, and  consequently diminishes speculation and prevents monopoly. The demands of fashion and extravagance, also, though sufficiently exorbitant, are less onerous in Philadelphia; and, from
these and other circumstances, it would seem evident,
without ocular demonstration, that a merchant in Philadelphia can afford to sell at a per-centage of profit,
which, on the same amount of business, would not pay
the expenses of his less favorably situated competitor. 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING. 
These are the deductions of reason and common sense.
Their importance  entitles them at least to consideration,
reflection, and experiment; hence we beg those who are
engaged in buying and selling, inasmuch as their mercantile success, and the prosperity of the mercantile
class throughout the country, depend upon the wisdom
of their action, to test the respective markets fairly,-disregarding " baits," which are quite too common in all, and
extending their view beyond exceptional circumstances,and if there be an atom of truth in that principle of
political economy, which demonstrates that the nearer
the place of production the cheaper the price, they will
discover, as thousands of thriving merchants have already
done, that Philadelphia is the CHIEAPEST SELLER, and NATURAL  DISTRIBUTER  OF  MERCHANDISE ADAPTED  TO  THE
WANTS OF THE SOUTH AND THE WEST.
Returning from this digression to subjects more immediately connected with our inquiries, and having already
adverted to the moral circumstances that have an efiect
upon economy of production in Manufactures, we now
proceed to consider the position of Philadelphia with
respect to
IV. Physical Advantages for Manufacturing.
In considering Philadelphia as a Manufacturing centre,
it must be obvious, from previous remarks, and still more
obvious from minute information respecting the topographical and geological features of Pennsylvania, and the
intinmacy of connection between the metropolis and the
principal mineral sections of the State, that Philadelphia
and its vicinity command, in the first place, the most important raw materials used in Manufactures; and secondly,
t/te ac/ents best fitted to produce power.  But the celebrity
of Peiinsylvalia for its vast deposits of IRON and COAL
-those  primary sources of Englaind's',luiufacturilo 
100      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
greatness-is so widely extended, that to dilate upon their
abundance would hardly convey any additional information to any person of ordinary intelligence.  The census
of 1850, as we previously stated, showed that nearly one
half of the pig, cast, and wrought Iron made in the
United States was from her forges and furnaces; while
her mines of "black diamonds," it is a proverb, are only
equalled in national importance by the gold mines of
California. The district in Pennsylvania that produces
the most Iron and the cheapest Coal, viz., the Valleys
of the Lehigh, the Schuylkill, and a part of the Delaware-is directly tributary to Philadelphia, procuring its
supplies from this city, and selling its products here almost
exclusively. We therefore record the latest statistics of
these important products.
1. IRON.  The  statistics of the  Iron production of
Pennsylvania, for 1856, as furnished us by the Secretary
of the American Iron Association in Philadelphlia, are as
follows:
Anthracite Iron.
Tons.
-    108,367
-    60,882
-    76,971
-    56,411
4,340
Valley of the Delaware and Lehigh,        -    -    -
Valley of the Schuylkill, -. -0
"    ". Susquehanna and Juniata,  -    -    -
"  i North Branchof Susquehanna, -
"    "   West Branch of          "     -      -
Chlarcoal Iron, including Five Coke F.trnaces.
Eastern and Northern Pennsylvania,         -    -      
Charcoal, Bituminous Coal and Coke Iron.
Western Pennsylvania, -...88,384
Total, -  - -.-         -   - - -        448,515
The statistics of the Iron production, for 1857, are not
as yet prepared, but will probably exhibit an increase
over that of the previous year. A comparison of results
shows, that the production of Anthracite Iron in Eastern
Pennsylvania is an increasing one,-that of 1854 having
53,160 
PHIYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.   101
been 67.8 per cent., that of 1855 having been 74.4 per
cent.; while that of 1856, was 78.3 per cent. of the total
product of the entire United States. The value in dollars of the product for 1856, assuming the average price
of Anthracite Iron to be $27 per ton, and Charcoal Iron
to be $33 per ton, is as follows:
Anthracite Iron, made near Philadelphia, 169,249 tons at
$27,......$4,569,723
Charcoal Iron, made in Eastern Pennsylvania, 53,160
tons, at 833,  -   -............  -----        1,754,280
Product of Anthracite Iron, in Pennsylvania, 306,971
tons, at $27,    -...- ---           8,288,217
Value of Anthracite Iron in United States,  393,509
tons, viz., at $27,  -.. —         ----          10,624,743
It is thus manifest, that Philadelphia is situated in the
district that is entitled to be called the centre of the Iron
production of the United States. It is further manifest,
that the centre of the Iron interest is likely to remain
in the district tributary to Philadelphia, inasmuch as the
production has been an increasing one; and, the establishments situated within its limits have been able to
survive disasters that have borne down those in other
places, and consequently there must exist circumstances
peculiarly favorable to economy of production.
2. COAL.  The quantity of Coal sent to market from
the district tributary to this city, was as follows:
Product of the Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, for 1857.
Area in Acres. Production in Tons
1. Southern Coal District, comprising the
Schuylkill, Pine Grove, and Lyken
Yalley regions,    -    -    -    -        75,950     3,256,891
2. Middle Coal District, comprising the Le   high, Mahanoy, and Shamokin regions,  85,525          1,582,786
3. Northern Coal District, comprising the
Wyoming and Lackawanna regions,            76,805     1,958,362
Total of the three fields,   -   -   -   238,280    6,798,039
The value of this product, at $2 per ton, the minimum 
102     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
price at the mines, would be $13,596,078, while the
market value certainly exceeds thirty millions of dollars. In
addition to Anthracite, the mines of Eastern Pennsylvaria produced, last year, 494,100 tons of semi-Anthracite
and Bituminous coal, and those west of the Alleghanies,
about thirty-four millions of bushels of Bituminous coal,
of an estimated value exceeding three millions of dollars.
The qualities of different coals have necessarily been
made the subject of careful analysis; and their relative
value has been tested by frequent experiments. We believe it is conceded by both scientific authority and practical experience, that Pennsylvania Anthracite is practically the cheapest and best fuel that the United States afford.* It contains about 90 per cent. of carbon, and,
* For the purposes of steam navigation, an impression formerly prevailed
that the Pennsylvania Anthracite was inferior to the Cumberland coal,
which, it is acknowledged, surpasses in strength the foreign bituminous
coals of Newcastle, Liverpool, Scotland, Picton, and Sydney. In January,
1852, a series of experiments were undertaken at the New York Navy Yard
with the boilers of the United States Steamer "Fulton," to settle the question
of relative value and superiority for this purpose.  The result is given in
the following extract from the Report of the Engineer-in-Chief, CHAR.LES B.
STUART, to Commodore JOSsPH SMITH, Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks.
COMPARISON.
The coals used in these experiments were the kinds furnished by the
agents of the Government for the use of the United States Navy Yard and
Steamers, and was taken indiscriminately from the piles in the yard, without assorting.
The bituminous was from the "Cumberland" mines.  The anthracite was
the kind known as "White Ash Schuylkill."
From the preceding data, it appears that, in regard to the rapidity of
"getting-up" steam, the anthracite exceeds the bituminous thirty-six per
cent.
That, in economical evaporation per unit of fuel, the anthracite exceeds
the bituminous in the proportion of 7.478 to 4.483, or 66.8 per cent.
It will also be perceived, that the result of the third experiment on the
boilers of the pumping-engine at the New York Dry Dock, which experiment was entirely differently made and calculated from the first and second 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.    103
next to charcoal, gives out more heat than the same weight
of any other file]. So far as at present known, Pennsylvania is the only State where this valuable mineral can
experiments, gave an economical superiority to the anthracite over the bitu  minous of 62.3 per cent.-a remarkably close approximation to the result
obtained by the experiments on the "Fulton's" boilers (66.8 per cent.),
particularly when it is stated that the boilers and grates of the pumping  engine were made with a view to burning bituminous coal, which has been
used since their completion, while those of the "Fulton" were constructed
for the use of anthracite. The general characters of the boilers were simi  lar, both having return drop-flues.
Thus it will be seen, from the experiments, that, without allowing for
the difference of weight of coal that can be stowed in the same  bulk, the
engine using anthracite could steam about two-thirds longer than with
bituminous.
These are important considerations in favor of anthracite coal for the uses
of the Navy, without taking into account the additional amount of anthra cite more than bituminous that can be placed on board a vessel in the same
bunkers; or the advantages of being free from smoke, which in a war- steamer
may at times be of the utmost importance in concealing the movements of
the vessel; and also the almost, if not altogether, entire freedom from spon taneous combustion.
The results of the experiments made last spring on the United States
steamer "Vixen" were so favorable, that I recommended to the Bureau
of Construction, &c., the use of anthracite for all naval steamers at that
time having, or to be thereafter fitted with, iron boilers; particularly the
steamers "Fulton," "Princeton," and "Alleghany," the boilers for all of
which were designed with a special view to the use of anthracite, and with
the approval of that Bureau.
The "Fulton's" bunkers are now filled with anthracite; and the consumptions referred to in the engineer's report on that steamer show, during the
short time she has been at sea, that the anticipated economy has been fully
realized.
In view of the results contained in this report, I would respectfully recommend to the Bureau of Yards and Docks, the use of anthracite in the
several Navy Yards, and especially for the engine of the Dry Dock at the
New York Navy Yartd.
In conclusion, I desire the approval of the Bureau to make such investigations as my duties will permit, with regard to the experience of the durability of copper boilers, when used with bituminous or anthracite coal;
whichl can be done without any specific expenditure.
The inquiry may prove highly important to the Navy Department, as the 
104     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
be obtained cheaply and in unlimited quantities; but
within her borders the supply is seemingly sufficient to
satisfy the probable wants of this country for centuries
to come.
The rapidity with which Anthracite coal has appreciated in popular estimation, is shown by the increase in
the demand for it. In 1820, only 365 tons were sent to
tide-water; in 1840, the product amounted to 867,000
tons; in 1852, it had reached five millions of tons: being
an increase in 12 years, from 1840 to 1852, of 600 per
cent.  Supposing this rate of augmentation to continue
up to 1870, Gov. Bigler once amused himself by calculating that the production would be forty-five millions
of tons, worth, at the present prices of the Philadelphia
market, the sum of $180,000,000. No wonder the worthy
Governor was moved to pronounce this a gratifying picture, confirming his belief "that, before the close of the
present century, Pennsylvania, in point of wealth and
real greatness, would stand in advance of all her sister
States."
In the cost of fuel, Philadelphia has an admitted advantag,e over New York of about twenty-five per cent.;
over Providence, R. I., from $1.75 to $2.25 per ton; and
over Boston, from $2 to $2.50 per ton. The advantage,
moreover, which Philadelphia enjoys from controlling
the production of the best fuel, in addition to proximity,
is too evident to need illustration; and being also the
central and chief market of the district producing the
use of anthracite under copper boilers has been heretofore generally considered as more injurious than bituminous coal, and is consequently not
used by Government in vessels having copper boilers.
Respectfully submitted, by your obedient servant,
CHARLES B. STUART,
Engineer-in- Chief, U. S. Naavy.
Commodore JOSEPH SMITH,
Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks. 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.   105
best and cheapest iron, it would seem almost superfluous
to inquire further as to her capabilities for Manufactures.
But Iron and Coal, though the most important, are
not the only useful mineral products that abound in
Eastern Pennsylvania. Copper exists extensively in seve ral counties; Plumbago is obtained in Bucks County, and
Zinc in the vicinity of Bethlehem.  Marble, well adapted
and extensively used for building purposes, has long been
obtained from quarries in Montgomery County, a few
miles above Philadelphia.  Steatite, or Soapstone, is quarried extensively on the Schuylkill, above  Manayunk.
Roofing and Ciphering Slates of the best quality are found
in the counties of Lehigh, Monroe, and Northampton;
there being in the county of Lehigh alone some thirty
quarries open, with a capital of $60,000 invested, employing about 300 men, and producing at least 25,000 squares
of roofing-slates per annum, valued at $3 per square on
thie quarry bank, and at $5 and $6 in the Philadelphia
market.:Nearly all the best school-slates in this country
are from the Pennsylvania quarries; and many of them
are manufactured at an establishment in this city.  Of
Salt, the censuLs of 1850 states the produce of Pennsylvania at 184,370 barrels.  Kaolin, or Porcelain earth, is
abundant at several points within a radius of thirty miles
from Philadelphia. About 21 miles north of Camden,
N. J., there is an extensive bed of Fire Clay, of which
specimens have been sent to  England, and pronounced
by competent judges superior to the German clay, which
commands $25 per ton.  Besides these, Barium, Chromium, Cobalt, Nickel, Magnesium, Titanium, Lead, Silver,
Zirconium, and Fire and Potter's Clay, are scattered over
the State, and in some instances of superior quality.
With all the points in Pennsylvania producing mineral
and mining products, Philadelphia is directly connected
by  railroads and canals, and thus may be said to be situ
8 
106     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ated in close proximity to the original sources of many
of the most important articles that can be enumerated in
a list of raw materials of Manufactures. And if we were
to pass from the products of the mine to those of the
forest and of Agriculture, we would find them equally
abundant, cheap, and accessible. Lumber, in immense
quantities, is obtained on the Susquehanna and the D)elaware, and floated down those rivers every Spring and
Fall. In 1852, it was estimated that 250,000,000 feet
were sent down the former river; while the Lehigh region
supplied the Philadelphia market, via canal, in the same
year with 52,123,751 feet. At the present time, we are
informed by persons intimately acquainted with the subject, Philadelphia has a larger stock of seasoned lumber
than any other mart in the Union.*  Wool, of the very
* Many of the forest trees most useful in the Arts, Manufactures, and
Medicine, are natives of Pennsylvania. We condense from Trego's Geography of Pennsylvania the following list, which may be of value to some of
our readers:
OAKS.  At least twelve varieties.   The WThite Oak, the most esteemed
of this noble family of trees, is found throughout the State; and in the
Southeastern districts the wood is exceedingly compact and tough. The
Black Oak, which is very abundant, and one of our largest trees, furnishes
Quercitron Bark, which is exported in large quantities, and used in dyeing
wool, silk, &c., a yellow color. When used by tanners, it imparts a yellow
tinge to the leather.  The Spanish Oak, of which the bark commands  a
high price, is less common in Pennsylvania than further South. The other
species, valuable for their bark, which is highly esteemed by tanners, is the
Rock Chestnut Oak, the Scarlet Oak, and the Red Oak.  In addition to these,
there are the Iron Oak, confined to the Eastern part of the State, and resembling the White Oak; the Swamp White Oak, the Swamp Chestnut Oak,
Laurel or Shingle Oak, Scrub Oak, and Pin Oak.
WALNUTS.   Two  principal kinds, the Black and White  Walnut.  The
former is much used for cabinet-work, and for the stocks of military
muskets;  also for the posts of fences, which, it is said, will  last from
twenty to twenty-five years. The bark of the White Walnut, or Butternut,
yields an excellent cathartic medicine, said to be efficacious in cases of
dysentery.  It is also used in the country for giving a brown color to
wool. 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.   107
best American grades, is grown in the Western counties
of the State; and all, or nearly all, of which, as the woolen
manufacturers of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, who
HICKORY.  The most common species are the White Heart Hickory,  Pig
Nut, Bitter Nut, Shell Bark, and Thick Shell Bark-highly valued for axle   trees, handles, flails, &c., and also as a fuel, affording in the same bulk
more combustible matter than any other wood.
MIAPLE. The Red Maple is the most common, and probably the most
valuable species. Its wood is much used by chairmakers, and for bedsteads,
saddle-trees, &c. In many of the old trees, the fibres of the wood, instead
of following a perpendicular direction, are undulated and waving. This is
known as the Curled Maple, and when skillfully polished, produces the most
beautiful effect of light and shade. The bark of the Red Maple yields a
purplish color by boiling, which, by the addition of copperas, becomes
dark-blue, approaching to black. It is used in the country for dyeing, and
for making ink. The true Sugar Maple is abundant, particularly along the
elevated range of the Alleghanies, and the Black Sugar tree along the West  ern rivers. Large quantities of maple sugar are made in the Northern and
Western counties. The Striped Maple grows in the mountainous parts of
the State, and the Ash-leaved Maple, or Box Elder, west of the mountains.
DOGWOOD. The most valuable species grows to the height of twenty or
thirty feet. The wood is used for tool handles, and other purposes, and the
inner bark has medicinal properties resembling those of the cinchona or Pe ruvian bark, from which quinine is made, and has been successfully used
in intermitting fevers.
The POPLAR or TULIP tree is common in Pennsylvania, and surpasses most
of our forest trees in height and the beauty of its flowers and foliage. Its
wood is applied to many purposes where lightness and strength are desirable, as trunks, chairs, &c., and the bark is said to possess tonic and antiseptic qualities; and a decoction of it, combined with a few drops of laudanum, has been found efficacious in giving tone and vigor to the stomach
after fevers and inflammatory diseases. It has been also used in dyspepsia
and cholera infantum.
WHITE and RED BIRCH grow abundantly along the Delaware above Philadclelphia, and Black, or Sweet Birch, in deep, loose, and cool soils. It is said
that articles of furniture made from this acquire with time the appearance
of mahogany.
Of woods remarkable for their durability, we have the Locust, which is
abundant in limestone valleys; and the Red Mulberry, frequently met with
in fertile soils, when seasoned, is nearly equal to the Locust; also, the
Red Cedar, exceedingly durable, and highly esteemed for making fence
posts, is common in most parts of Pennsylvania. 
108      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
come hither to purchase it, can testify, is secured to the
Philadelphia market. About ten millions of pounds are
sold annually. But a still wider range of raw materials
is open to the manufacturers of Philadelphia. Those
which are the product of other States or foreign countries are, by means of direct commerce, brought to her
wharves, and concentre in her warehouses. The hides
of Buenos Ayres, the woods of Guiana, the marble of
Italy, the dye-stuffs of Calcutta, and the cotton of our
Southern States, are delivered to the doors of our factories, in many instances as directly from the producers as
the Minerals, Lumber, and Wool of Pennsylvania.
The CHESTNUT may also be ranked among very durable woods. It grows
most abundantly in the hilly regions, and frequently attains an extraordinary size; one on Mount Etna being 53 feet in diameter, or 160 feet in
circumference, but hollow to the bark. The wood is much used for posts
and rails; and it is largely consumed in the manufacture of charcoal for
the supply of the iron-works in the interior of the State. Its fruit is particu]arly appreciated by the boys.
Of PINES, there is every variety, though the true Yellow Pine is not very
common in the State. The Pitch Pine is abundant, and in some places tar
is manufactured from the more resinous parts of it. White Pine, so useful,
and applied to such a variety of objects, is becoming comparatively scarce,
in consequence of the enormous consumption for shingles, lumber, &c.; but
nevertheless, it is still found in considerable quantities on the upper streams
of the Lehigh, the head waters of the Susquehanna, and some of the tributaries of the Alleghany.
The Hemlock Spruce, however, which is more common, growing on the
steep banks of streams, and in dark and shaded situations, is being substituted for White Pine, wherever it can well be done.
The other forest trees which are natives of Pennsylvania are the White
and Red Ash, highly esteemed for strength and elasticity, several species
of the Aspen, White and Red Beech, Buttonwood or Sycamore, Catalpa or
Bean tree, Crab-apple, Cucumber tree, so called because the cones or fruit
somewhat resemble a small cucumber, Chincapin, White and Red or Slippery Elmn, Sweet and Sour Gums, Hornbeam, June Berry or?l]ay Cherry,
Linden, Lime tree or Basswood, Magnolia or Beaver tree, Papaw, Persimmon. Sassafras, Black or Double Spruce, Tamarack or American  Larch,
Willow, and Wild Cherry, of which the wood is used as a substitute for
mahogany, and the bark as a valuable tonic medicine. 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.    109
But the term raw material, though ordinarily limited
to natural or unmanufactured products, is more compre hensive in its scope, embracing Chemieals, substances used
as food, and such substances of vegetable and animal origin
as are used in Manufactures.
3. CHEMICALS. We before remarked that the finished
product of one class of manufacturers is often the raw
material of another class. If the proposition needed fur ther illustration, we might advert to Chemicals, which are
such important reagents in manufacturing operations,
that without them it would be difficult, (in fact, by any
known processes,) impossible, to produce several articles
of daily and essential utility. Without Sulphuric Acid
or Oil of Vitriol, for instance, we could not probably
produce Alum, Ammonia,  Sal-ammoniac; Iodine  and
Bromine, upon the existence of which the daguerreotype
art is dependent; Bleaching powder or Chlorid of Limie;
Corrosive Sublimate and Calomel; Bichromate of Potash,
and consequently the pigments of chrome-red, chromegreen, and chrome-yellow; Phosphorus, and consequently
friction matches; or lastly, Stearic acid candles. By means
of this acid, more than 100,000 tons of Soda-ash are extracted from common salt in Great Britain yearly. Without Muriatic and Nitric acids, the art of refining gold and
silver, the jeweler's art, the art of electrotyping, and
numerous other branches of industry, could not flourish,
and some of them could not exist. The useful Arts and
Manufactures, it is thus evident, are largely dependent
upon Chemicals; and, consequently, a locality possessing
those of the best quality in abundance, has necessarily secured an important and undoubted advantage. The chemical factories of Philadelphia, every one acknowledges,
rank among the first inll extent and celebrity throughout the Union.  About seventeen millions of 1,ounds
of Sulphuric Acid are made yearly, and other acids and
8* 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
alkaline salts in proportion.  The products of the establishments of POWERS & WEIGHTMAN, ROSENGARTEN & SONS,
LENNIG & CO., HARRISON BROTHERS, BUCK, SIMONIN & CO.,
and others, are recognized as of standard excellence in
the markets of the world; and where such establishments
exist, we can hardly err in presuming, that at least, those
Manufactures which are dependent upon the Chemical
Arts must certainly flourish.
4. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PROVISIONS, &c. Again,
no one need be told that with substances used as food, the
markets of Philadelphia are always abundantly supplied,
at moderate prices.   As  a wheat-growing State, the
census of 1850 shows that Pennsylvania excels all her
sister States; the product for that year having been
15,367,691 bushels, which exceeded that of Ohio, and was
two millions of bushels more than that of New York.
Of Bye, the product was 4,805,160 bushels; of Indian
corn, 19,835,214 bushels; of Oats, 21,538,156 bushels;
and hay, grass seeds, wool, butter, maple sugar, &c., in
proportionate quantities. The counties immediately surrounding Philadelphia vie with each other, and rival the
best counties in any other State, both in the quality and
quantity of their productions. In 1850, Montgomery
produced greater quantities of hay and butter than any
other one county in the State; Lancaster produced more
oats than any other county in the United States, more
wheat than any, excepting Monroe County, New York,
and more corn than any other county in Pennsylvania.
In Chester, the quantity of corn produced exceeded that
of any other county of the State except Lancaster, and
of hay, except Montgomery; while Delaware excels in
dairy products, supplying the markets of Philadelphia
with butter, cheese, milk, and ice-cream, and the Union
with whetstones.
Fifty years ago it was remarked, and the remarks are as
110 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.   11i
true now as then, "Much of the land within five or six
miles North and South of the city is devoted to the purpose of market-gardens, and is kept in the highest state
of cultivation. Two crops are very commonly produced
on the same ground in one season. The neighboring
State of New Jersey contributes to the abundant supply
of those species of fruit and vegetables to which its
light soils are particularly adapted: such as the grateful
musk-melon, the water-melon, sweet-potato, cucumbers,
and peaches, immense quantities of which are brought in
boats across the Delaware. The superiority of the butter
of Philadelphia, and the great neatness with which it is
prepared for market, are generally acknowledged. One
fourth of a dollar may be said to be the average price of
a pound of butter, throughout the year."*
* The abundance and superior quality of the Agricultural products, for
which the markets of Philadelphia are distinguished, are probably the
fruition, and certainly the just reward, of the interest that has always
been manifested by her citizens in Agricultural improvement. As early as
1785, a number of gentlemen, among others Robert Morris, Dr. Rush, and
Richard Peters, met together and established the first Agricultural Society
on this continent, under the title of the "Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture," which still survives, surrounded now, however, by almost
innumerable sister associations, diffusing information on rural affairs
throughout the entire Union. At a later period, in September, 1826, a
company of Philadelphians, principally through the instrumentality of the
late Dr. James Mease, founded the "Pennsylvania Horticultural Society,"
which, like its predecessor, has the proud distinction of having led the way
in its own particular sphere, and induced the creation of  many kindred
associations, promoting refinement and kindling a taste for Horticulture, even
at the verge of Western settlements. One of the means early adopted by
both associations to stimulate improvement was holding Annual Exhibitions, at which live stock, implements, fruits, vegetables, and flowers, were
brought into competition. The exhibitions of the Agricultural Society
attracted, years before they were held elsewhere, throngs of intelligent
observers and practical cultivators from neighboring States, as well as
from Pennsylvania, and diffused a most salutary and beneficial influence.
The development which it is possible for such societies to attain, was
witnessed in October, 1856, when the exhibition of the "United  States 
112     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Of Fish, the markets of Philadelphia are constantly
supplied, from the river, the bay, and the sea, with almost
every desirable variety. We can imagine the delight with
which epicures, a half century ago, read, that "early in the
spring large sun-fish are caught in the Bay, and are succeeded by herrings, shad, roach, four kinds of cat-fish,
four kinds of perch, rock, lamprey eel, common  eel,
pike, sucker, sturgeon, gar-fish.   These  are river fish,
and appear in the order mentioned. From the sea, come
Agricultural Society," held in Philadelphia, by invitation of the Philadelphia Society and the officers of the City Government, attracted the most
imposing display probably ever witnessed in the United States, on any
similar occasion. Upward of forty thousand dollars were received, and the
entire sum expended in premiums and for the necessary preparations.
Competitors from distant States carried off many well-earned and important
premiums; but it would be only justice rewarding merit, to record the
fact, that to a Philadelphia firm, that of DAVID LANDRETH & SON, was
awarded the first and most important premium, viz., that for the best display
of Agricultural Implements manufactured by the exhibiter.
In the importation of Live Stock, Philadelphians were among the first to
embark, and they have had the satisfaction of introducing to agriculturalists some of the most valuable foreign breeds that are known. The first
"short-horned" cow that probably ever crossed the Atlantic, was landed
at the wharf in Philadelphia, in 1807. This importation was in advance
of the appreciation of such stock, and the cow was returned to England;
but a bull-calf, dropped by her whilst here, was fortunately retained, and
impressed his stamp on the cattle of the country.
About the year 1828, Mr. JOHN HARE  POWELL, imported South Down
Sheep; and the same enterprising gentleman, some years subsequently,
commenced his importations of Short Horns, (Durhams). Not long afterward, Mr. Whittaker, the noted English breeder, consigned similar animals
to his care for sale. Other gentlemen in this vicinity followed the example
of Mr. Powell; and shortly afterward further importations were made for
Kentucky, and other Western States. Mr. Sarchet, of Philadelphia, has
the credit of the first importation of "Alderneys"; afterward, in 1840,
the late Mr. Nicholas Biddle, imported specimens of the "Jersey" or
"'Alderney" cattle. Their descendants are now spread into the adjoining
counties, and have produced a sensible improvement in the quality of the
cream and butter wherever the strain has been infused. It seems to us
proper, that early enterprise in this direction should be recorded. 
PIHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.   113
cod, sea-bass, black-fish, sheep's-head, Spanish mackerel,
haddock, pollock, mullet, halibut, flounder, sole, plaice,
skait, porgey, tom-cod, and others. Of Shell-fish, there are
oysters, (several kinds,) clams, lobster, crab, snapping-turtle, and terrapin-all excellent. Oysters abound throughout the year, and are sold at a low price.  The  shad
caught in the vicinity of Philadelphia are generally esteemed superior in flavor, and more delicate than those
caught elsewhere. It is supposed that the situation of the
fishing-places influences the size and the flavor of shad."
But the abundance, cheapness, and excellence of provisions in Philadelphia are conceded.  The New York
Tribune of May 1, 1857, stated that "Philadelphia 1has
about twenty-five per cent. the advantage of us in fuel, and
perhaps ten per cent. in the average cost of provisions."
Im. SITUATION, RAIL-ROAD CONNECTIONS, &c. The third
point that we have considered essential to success in
Manufactures, is a favorable situation. Viewing Plhiladelphia with respect to situation, we remark, in the first
place, that it is far enough from the ocean to be exempt
from a salt atmosphere, which has been found decidedly
injurious in several Manufacturing and Chemical processes;* yet it is near enough to the great highway of nations to partake of the advantages of a port on the seacoast, in receiving raw materials and sending away manufactured products.   Secondly, Philadelphia  now possesses unrivaled means of communication with the interior of our country, and directly or indirectly with all
foreign countries.    Shippers of freight, destined for
other seaports, have a choice of routes to the ocean, viz.,
the Delaware River-the ordinary and natural channeland the Camden and Amboy Rail-road, the Philadelphia
and Trenton Rail-road, and the Delaware and Raritan
* In paints, a pure Carbonate of Lead cannot well be made near to the sea. 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Canal. By way of the river and the ocean, merchandise
may be forwarded and received cheaply and expeditiously from all parts of the world, regular lines being
established to all principal cities of the United StatesBoston, New York, Baltimore, Richmond, Savannah,
New Orleans, California, and to Liverpool, &c. During
the last year, (1857,) as we have stated elsewhere, there
were 505 foreign, and 32,142 coastwise arrivals, principally at the Delaware wharves. Since 1845, the vessels
annually employed in the coal trade alone, from Port
Richmond, largely exceed in number and capacity the
whole foreign tonnage of the city of New York.  But,
though the Delaware River be the natural channel for
freight destined to distant sections, it is by no means the
only one. Immense quantities of goods are daily sent
and received by the Propeller lines, via the Delaware and
Raritan Canal; and the Camden and Amboy, and Philadelphia and Trenton Rail-roads, which are far-famed
thoroughfares. A shorter and more direct route to the
ocean than any of these, may now be finished for a trifling expenditure, viz., by the extension of the Carnden
and Atlantic Railway; and when the contemplated project of building a magnificent roadway from Florence
to Union, N. J., is carried into execution, another avenue for the conveyance of light freight, cheaply and expeditiously, between Philadelphia and the ocean, will be
opened.
But the highways in which Philadelphia has invested
the greatest amount of capital, and which probably will
in future be of the most advantage to her industrial in terests, are those which communicate with the interior.
To the North, and connecting her with the coal regions,
there are several canals and two principal rail-roads the Reading, and the North Pennsylvania. The latter is
a new and promising road, communicating with the
114 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.
populous towns of Lehigh and Northampton counties,
and in connection with the Lehigh Valley Rail-road,
affording another outlet for the Coal and Iron products
of the Lehigh regions. The former was constructed
primarily as an avenue for the transportation of coal
from Schuylkill County; but by means of connections
established with other roads, it now forms part of a great
through route to the Falls of Niagara, the Lakes, the
Canadas, and the West.
The READING RAIL-ROAD, being unquestionably one of
the most magnificent freight roads in the world, is entitled to further notice. It was the first rail-road that
revolutionized popular opinion with respect to the adaptation of railways for carrying heavy burdens. Having
a slightly descending grade in the direction of the loaded
trains, the entire distance from Schuylkill Haven to the
Falls of Schuylkill, 84 miles, it is able to transport
heavy freight at a cost which is insignificant, even in
comparison with the usual tolls on canals. The cost of
transporting a ton of coal, per round trip of 190 milesthat is, from the coal region to tidewater and back with
empty cars, was, during the last year, only 36.3 cents;
whereas, the tolls on a ton of merchandise on the Erie
Canal were nearly double that amount. The average
load of an engine, during the busy season, is nearly 500
tons of coal; and a single engine has conveyed a train
of 166 cars, weighing 797 tons of 2240 lbs. each.
The original charter, passed in 1833, contemplated
Reading as the northern terminus of the road-hence its
name; but subsequently the charter was extended, and
the road constructed to Pottsville. The first locomotive
and train passed over the entire line on the first day of
January, 1842. The event was celebrated with military
display, and  "an immense procession of seventy-five
passenger cars  2,225 feet in length, containing  2,150
115 
PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
persons, three bands of music, banners, &e., all drawn by
a single engine. In the rear was a train of fifty-two burden cars, loaded with 180 tons of coal, part of which was
mined the same morning, 412 feet below water level."
The road now consists of a double track; rail of the H
pattern; whole length 258 miles, of which 1274 miles
have been relaid during the last seven years, at a cost
of $796,735 43. The rolling stock includes 142 locomotives, 58 passenger cars, 924 merchandise cars, and 4,831
iron and wooden coal cars, besides over 600 used by
the company, but owned by other parties; and the whole,
if placed in a line, would extend for a distance of fifteen
miles.  The equipments are ample for the transportation
of 2,500,000 tons per annum;  the tonnage, in 1855,
being 2,213,292. The road has nearly ninety stone and
iron bridges, and over forty wooden bridges; four tun nels, the largest of which at Pheenixville is 1,934 feet cut
through solid rock; numerous depots, wharves, and
workshops, (those at Reading furnishing employment to
about 400 hands, including boys,) and a vast deal of val uable real estate.* The entire cost of the whole, on
* "At Richmond, the lower terminus of the road, at tide-water on the
river Delaware, are constructed the most extensive and commodious wharves,
in all probability, in the world, for the reception and shipping, not only
of the present, but of the future vast coal tonnage of the railway; fortynine acres are occupied with the company's wharves and works, extending
along twenty-two hundred and seventy-two feet of river front, and accessible to vessels of six or seven hundred tons. The shipping arrangements
consist of some twenty wharves or piers, extending from three hundred and
forty-two to eleven hundred and thirty-two feet into the river, all built in
the most substantial manner, and furnished with chutes at convenient distances, by which the coal flows into the vessel lying alongside, DIREaCTLY
FROM THE OPENED BOTTOM OF THE COAL CAR IN WHItlCH IT LEFT THE
MINE.  As some coal is piled or stacked in winter, or at times when its
shipment is not required,  the elevation  of the tracks, by  trestlings,
above the solid surface or flooring of the piers, affords sufficient room
for stowing upward of two hundred and fifty thousand tons of coal.
Capacious docks extend in-shore, between each pair of wharves, thus
116 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.    117
November 30, 1857, was $19,262,720 27. The officers are:
President, R. D. CULLEN; Treasurer, SAMUEL BRADFORD;
Sec'y, W. H. MCILHEENNEY, and Gen'l Supt., G. A. NICOLLS.
With Pittsburg, and the "Gate of the West," Philadelphlia is connected by a magnificent Railway, to
which we have more than once referred, and to which it
seems proper to refer again, if for no other purpose than
to aid in perpetuating the names of those who have been
most active in contributing to the success of so great an
undertaking.  W5hile the Reading cheapens fuel to the
citizens of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Central cheapens food, and both are entitled to rank among the most
important enterprises of modern times.
The act incorporating the Pennsylvania Central Railroad Company was passed April 13th, 1846. As soon
as the news of its passage had reached Philadelphia, a
large mneeting was held, and a committee appointed to
prepare an address inviting the co-operation of the citizens.  This committee consisted of THOMAs P. COPE,
(since dec'd,) Chairman; 1)AVID S. BROWN, JOHN GRIGG,
THOM:AS SPARKS, GEORGE N. BAKER, RICHARD D. WOOD,
JAMES MAGEE, and J. R. TYSON. The address issued by
these gentlemen met with a warm response, and public
and private subscriptions were freely tendered. The city,
making the whole river front available for shipping purposes. Over one
hundred vessels can be loading at the same momnent; and few places present busier or more interesting scenes, than the wharves of the Reading
Rail-road, at Richmond.  A brig of one hundred and fifty-five tons has been
loaded with that number of tons of coal in less than three hours time, at
these wharves. The whole length of the lateral railways extending over the
wharves at Richmond will probably exceed ten miles, affording a shipping capacity for upward of three millions of tons! and it will probably not
be many years before this amount, extraordinary as it may seem, (as, indeed, it really is,) will be annually transported over this great thoroughfare. The company has laid the foundation for a trade as broad as the
future destiny of the coal trade itself."
9 
118      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
in its corporate capacity, subscribed two and a half millions of dollars, and this gave an impulse to the enterprise that left no longer any doubt of its success. The
first Board of Directors consisted of the following gentlemen, most of whom had been active in promoting, this
great work, viz.: S. V. Merrick, Thomas P. Cope, Itobert
Toland, David S. Brown, James Magee, Richard D. Wood,
Stephen Colwell, George W. Carpenter, Christian E.
Spangler, Thomas T. Lea, William C. Patterson, John
A. WVright, and IHenry C. Corbit. First officers-S. V.
\Ierrick, President; Oliver Fuller, Secretary; George V.
Bacon, Treasurer; J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer;
William B. Foster, Jr., Associate Engineer, of the Eastern Division; Edward Miller, of the Western.
During the past year this Company made a most important and extensive negotiation, being no less than
the purchase from the Commonwealth of 285 mniles
of Canal, between Philadelphia and Pittsburg; and
37 miles of RPailway, between Johnstown and Hollidaysburg; and 80 miles of double track between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River, with all the appurtenances, giving their bonds, bearing five per cent.
interest, for the sum of $7,500,000, payable $100,000
on July 31st, 1858, and $100,000 annually thereafter,
until July 31, 1890, when the payments will be at the
rate of $1,000,000 per annum until the whole is paid.
Present total cost of roads and canals belonging to Company,  $27,266,981 58.   The rolling stock consists of
216 locomotives, 99 passenger ears, 27 baggage ears, and
1,945 freight ears.   The aggregate tonnage of the road,
for 1857, was  530,420.   The  surplus  earnings  were
$1,854,926 86. The present officers of the road arePresident, J. EDGAR THOMSON; Vice-President, W. B.
FOSTER, JR.; Treasurer, THOMAS  T. FIRTH; Secretary,
EDMUND SMITH; Geln'l Superintendent, TIos. A. SCOTT;
Controler and Auditor, II. J. LOMBAERT; Superintendent 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.    119
Philadelphia Division, G. C. FRANCISCUS; Superintendent
Eastern Division, A. L. ROUMFORT; Superintendent Mid dle Division, THOMAS P. SARGENT; SuperintendentWestern
Division, JOSEPH D. POTTS; General Freight Agent, H. H.
HIOUSTON.
The last link in the chain is now perfected, connecting
Philadelphia and Chicago, via Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and
Chicago Rail-road; other connections are constantly being
made;  and the Pennsylvania Central Railway, fortunate
in its mode of construction, and fortunate in its officers,
will hereafter still further reduce the cost of transportation between Philadelphia and the West, and perpetually
prove an increasing source of benefit to both.
The other great trunk line diverging from Philadelphia, and increasing its rail-road connections with the
South, is the PHILADELPHIA, WILMINGTON, AND BALTIMORE
RAIL-ROAD. This road forms part of the great Southern
mail route-and being one of the oldest, is consequently
one of the best known rail-roads in the country. The
low charges for water carriage between Philadelphia and
the prominent points of the South, have heretofore deprived this road of any considerable revenue from
freight; but, nevertheless, the Company is now free from
floating debt, has paid all the demands that were made
upon it, and its regular dividend, without borrowing a
dollar. This Company is peculiarly fortunate in its President, S. M. FELTON, Esq., who is regarded as one of the
ablest rail-road officers in the country.
A new road to Baltimore, entitled the Baltimore Central, connecting with the Westchester Rail-road, at
Grubb's Bridge, is in course of construction, and thirty
miles will probably soon be finished. This road, it is said,
can bridge the Susquehanna.  The minor rail-roads diverging from Philadelphia, are the Philadelphia, Gernmantown, and Yorristown, which, in 1857, carried 1,378,228
passengers; and having as tributaries the Chester Valley 
120      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
and Chestnut Hill Rail-roads; and  the Westchester Railroad, of which seventeen miles are completed, and the
balance (ten miles) graded and ballasted.
The following Table exhibits the
Names, Length, and Cost of the Rail-roads centering in Philadelphia,
with their Receipts, Expenses, and Surplus Earnings, for 1857.
Names.         o      Cost     Gross Receipts.  Expe.   rn. s
.
Pennsylvania...................* 393  79'76060081058  $48,669 76 3 000 742.90 $1,854,926.86
7,500,000.00I
Reading............................ 98  19,262,720.27   3,065,521.56 1,481,745.22 1,5)83,776.34
Philad, Wil'g'n and Bait.... 98  8,568.369.32  1,1.43,S52.69 764,917.10  378,935.59
Camden and Amboy.........  91  5,563,580.11  1,598,124.91  850,131.17  717,993.74
Philadelphia and Trenton..  28  1,000,000.00  operated in part by C. & A. Co.
North Pennsylvania........... 68  6,106,280.57    248,783.S0   112,1S6.65  136,597.15
Philad. Germt'n & Norris'n. 21  1.810,812.28    312,952.63   132,852.25  170,268,75
Westchester and Philad.....17  1,300,000.00    50,96.00   39,00.00 unfinished.
Camden and Atlantic........6.21
Camden and Atlanltic..........61............................................................
* This includes the Indiana Branch, 19 miles; Hollidaysburg Branch, 9 miles; and Johnstown Branch, 37 miles-but excludes the Harrisburg, Lancaster and MIountjoy Rail-road,
(33 miles) which is leased, not owned by the Pennsylvania Rail-road.
t This includes Trenton and other Branches.
The rail-road system of Philadelphia, we  may  remark,
in conclusion, adopting the language of one who has
made it the subject of careful consideration, extends to
all points of the compass, pushes out toward the ocean,
pierces the coal regions of the North, reaches Eastward
to the great seaports of the nation, drains the rich and
fertile agricultural counties of our own State, and extends Westward toward the Rocky Mountains and the
gold region  beyond.   It is a grand plan, and needs  but
one important line to make it perfect. The Sunbury and
Erie road must be completed to Lake Erie, to develope
the resources of that portion of the State through
which it passes, while our legitimate portion of the trade
of the Northwest runs along it into the lap of Philadelphia, which  will be  nearer to  the great inland seas
than either of her rivals-Baltimore or New York.
IV. The fourth and last subdivision of essential physical advantages is a suitable climate-a climate favorable
to vigor of mind and health of body, and chemically 
PHYSICAL ADVANTAGES FOR MANUFACTURING.   121
adapted for manufacturing processes. The climate of
Philadelphia, in  common with  other  portions of the
State, we may say the country, has undergone important
changes within a half century. The winters are less
uniformly cold than formerly, and the summers less uniformly warm.  Except during the winters of  1855-6,
and 1856-7, which were entirely exceptional, ice in the
Delaware has not presented any formidable obstruction
to navigation for many years, and sleighing has been a
sport of short duration. In the present winter (1857-8),
no snow, worth mentioning, has fallen up to the middle
of February; and the weather during January was as
genial as spring. In the summer, the thermometer sometimes rises for a few consecutive days above 93~; but
the temperature invariably diminishes sensibly after
sunset, and the nights are generally comfortable and refreshiig.  The most disagreeable feature of the climate
in summer is liability to sudden variations, amounting in
some rare instances to 30~ in twenty-four hours. These
variations, however, it would seem, are more unpleasant
than permanently injurious in their effects.
The air of Philadelphia, compared with that of New
York, has less keenness; and being free from saline impregnation, it is less irritating to weak lungs. It was ob.
served long since, and remarked by physicians, that persons did spit blood in New York who were entirely free
from any pulmonlie affection in Philadelphia. Compared
with New England, generally, the winters in Philadelphia
are less severe, and consequently less fuel is consumed;
while the days are of greater average length, thereby dinminishing the consumption of gas.  Both of these items have
a bearing upon economy of production in Manufactures.
But the climate of Philadelphia has firther soime pecuJiar and remarkable properties, as is evidenced by its
effects upon certain chemical processes. It is conceded,
9* 
PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
even by Englishmen, that the woven fabrics of southern
Europe are superior to those of England in the richness
and clearness of their colors; and this superiority is accounted for by ascribing it to atmospheric qualities and
peculiarities, for which neither the science of chemists
nor the skill of dyers in England, has been able to provide a complete  equivalent.   So,  experience  demonstrates, that it is possible in Philadelphia to attain a
degree of excellence in dyeing fabrics, unattainable by
the same processes anywhere else except in Southern
Europe. A celebrated French dyer, whose local partialities are distant from this city, experimented in various
localities in France and the United States, and found the
climate and water nowhere in either country so well
adapted for his purposes as those of Philadelphia. tienee,
every year the practice is becoming more common with
the mnerchants of Philadelphia,  New York,  and elsewhere, to import silks, and woolen goods in an unfinished state, have them dyed in Philadelphia, and then
they readily command prices equal to the best French
or European finished fabrics.
In addition to these circumstances, which are considered essential to success in Manufactures, there are
many others so desirable and important, that they can
scarcely be ranked  as secondary.   Foremost  in this
class is  1. PURITY OF WATER.  Water, like climate, has a sanitary, and also a chemical bearing. The water principally used in Philadelphia proper is from the Schuylkill;
while in Frankford, Bridesburg, and other important
manufacturing adjuncts, there are springs possessing
some remarkable properties. The Schuylkill water, as
we learn from the report of Messrs. Booth and Garrett,
who, in 1854, made it the subject of careful analysis, is
122 
WATER-IHEALTH.
distinguished above almost all other waters for its purity
and freedom from organic matter. Their very able report concludes with the following opinion:
"W1e may further observe, that a comparison of our
waters, with waters used elsewhere in the United States
and in Europe, highly esteemed for their excellency, may
be characterized by its greater purity, its slightly alkaline
impregnation,  and by being nearly free from organic
matter. In conclusion, we infer that the Schuylkill water
has deteriorated, in no important respects, from its former
excellent quality; is superior to most waters for domestic
and manufacturing purposes; and lastly, a comparison
of the past and present, leads to the inference, that no
plan of improving the water will be required for many
years to come."
By analysis, it has been ascertained that the water of
the Cochituate, (used in Boston,) contains 1.16 grs. of
solid organic substances in one gallon; and the Croton,
(used in New York,) contains 4.28 grs., and that, too,
after it had passed through forty-one miles of aqueduct;
while the Schuylkill water, taken directly from the river,
before it had entered into the reservoir, and had time to
deposit its solid particles, contained but a trace of organic
matter. The chairman of the Philadelphia County Medical
Society concludes, that we possess the advantage of a
purer quality of water for drinking purposes than any
other city in the United States, or perhaps the world over,
a prerequisite as essential to the enjoyment of health, as
it is necessary for the preservation of life itself.
The sanitary results of the climate and the water are
manifested in  2. THE  STATISTICS  OF  HEALTH.   The  comparative
healthfulness of various cities has been made a subject
of careful observation by physicians and others, for more
123 
124      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
than a half century, and the tables of mortality have
uniformly shown that Philadelphia is the most healthy of
the great cities of the United States. In 1806, when the
city contained a larger population than New York, the
deaths per day in the former were 52, and in the latter
6~1. In 1810, the proportion of deaths to population, in
Philadelphia, was one to fifty.  In 1855, WILSON JEWELL,
M.D., as chairman of the Committee on Epidemics of
the State Medical Society, presented a report full of valuable suggestions, and containing the following Table and
remarks relative to the sanitary condition of our principal
cities:
Deatho to   Per et. of   Dootho
Pu Tt Ratio of   De     deaths un-  under 5    Ratio of
105    Popola-    Total       deatho to  eveyoYa1i000 doerlyearo  yeoro to  stilt-born tO
1855            tion.   mortality.  deaths                               tott  r    still-brto
population.       t       to total   every        deaths.
mortality.    1000.
New York 6.............. 650,000   22,728   1 in 28.59    35. 53.40                    18.67    1 in 13.70
Philadelphia............ 500,000    10,458   1 in 47.81    20.91           44.8 6       9.38    1 in 17.85
Baltimore.............. 215,000  5,465   1 in 39.52   25.41        44.SS      11.40      1 in 14.01
Boston.................... 162,74      4,30    1 in 3  9.36    26.59       46.63       12.40    1 in 19.33
"The averages, deductions, and comparisons drawn in this Table,
prove conclusively that the mortality in our own city is much less, compared with the total of deaths, with the deaths to population, or with
every thousand, than in the other Atlantic cities.
" WVhile in New York 1 in every 28 of the population dies annually,
and in Baltimore and Boston 1 in every 39, in Philadelphia there is
only 1 in every 47; more favorable by one half than the death rate of
New York; and, by nearly one fourth, more favorable than that of Boston and Baltimore.
"Again, the health of Philadelphia, contrasted with that of the other
cities named in the Table, is shown by estimating the deaths to every
thousand of the population. While New York contributes 35, Boston
26, and Baltimore 25, Philadelphia gives only 20.
"Nor can it be overlooked, that the infantile population in New York
suffers by death to a far greater extent than in either of the other
cities. Those under five years of age (exclusive of still-born) make up
53 per cent. of the total mortality; Boston 46 per cent.; while Baltimore and Philadelphia are each 44 per cent.: less by 8 per cent. than
the former, and 5 per cent. than those under five years in the latter
city.
"The deaths under five years in every thousand of the population 
HEALTH-PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE.
presents an equally favorable contrast; New York furnishing 18, Bos
ton 12, Baltimore 11, and Philadelphia only 9 in every thousand.
"It will be seen, too, while the population in New York was but 13
per cent. greater than that of Philadelphia, the deaths for the year 1855
were 35.90 per cent. more than in our own city. The ratio of still-born
children to the mortality is less in Philadelphia than in either of the
other places.
"The preceding estimates are sufficiently clear to maintain the position, that we are the healthiest of the large Atlantic cities, and that for
salubrity, we should have the preference before the others named in the
Table.
The aggregate mortality in the four cities, in 1856 and
1857,  wa     s a s follows:                    1856.         1857.
Philadelphia,    12,090   -   10,950    -   Decrease, 1,140
New York,       21,496   -   23,370    -   Increase, 1,874
Baltimore,       5,677   -    5,524   -   Decrease,  153
Boston,          4,170    -    4,005    -   Decrease,  165
Total,      43,433        43,849        Increase,  416
The proportion of deaths to population, it will be perceived, is about the same as in  1855, and the result
equally favorable to Philadelphia.
3. PROTECTION AGAINST FIRES, &c. Disastrous fires, it
is well known, occur more frequently in American than
European cities; and there was a period when Philadelphia enjoyed an unenviable distinction in this respect,
even among her sister cities. Fortunately that period
has gone by, and we now may proclaim confidently that in
no American city is life more secure, or property better
protected, than in Philadelphia. One of the causes, it
was ascertained, of the former prevalence of fires, and
the destruction of property, was the feuds which in
course of time had sprung up between the various organizationls originally established for the extinguishment of
fires. The system of voluntary association for this purpose,-inaugurated,  it is said, by Franklin, in  1732,thougth manifestly calling forth a great deal of self-sacri
125 
126      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
fice and heroism, was regarded by many as a failure, or
in other words, as better adapted for small towns than
for large cities. But many of the evils developed from
this source have been obviated by the reorygaclnization of the
Fire Department, recently effected: that is, by disbanding
the most disorderly companies, dividing the city into districts, permitting only a prescribed number of companies
to go into service except in case of a large fire, when
the general alarm rung on the State-House bell calls
the whole Department into requisition.*
In 1856, another very important improvement was
made by the establishment of a Police and Fire Alarm
Telegraph, by which information can be communicated,
at a moment's notice, to and from any of the sixteen
Police-stations that comprise the jurisdiction. During
1857, by this means, 34,207 messages were transmitted,
3,430 lost children restored to their parents, 884 strayed
and stolen animals were restored to owners, 392 fire
alarms given, the Coroner notified 387 times, and 1,361
Police-officers subpoenaed to testify before the courts. Still
more recently, another safeguard was originated by the establishment of the Fire -)etective Police-a department of
the General Police-specially charged with the duty of
investigating fires and detecting incendiaries. The inception of this wise measure is due, we believe, to our Mayor,
the Hlon. RICHARD VAUX, and its success and efficiency,
largely to the signal ability of the chief officer, A. W.
BLACKBURN.  But the improvement that will probably be
found the most effective of all, as a protection against serious loss by fire, is the introduction of Steam Fire Engines.
* The Fire Department now consists of 42 Engine Companies, 43 Hose
Companies, 5 Hook and Ladder Companies, and 1 Steam Fire Engine.
Members about 8,500.  Officers-Chief Engineer, SAMUEL P. FEARON;
Assistant Engineers: WM. E. STANCLIFF, DAVID M. LYLE, WM. M. LOUGHEAD, MICHAEL YOUNG, JOHN GIVEN; Secretary and Treasurer, EDWIN F.
MIILLER. 
PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE-CAPITAL.
Within a few months past a Philadelphia firm, Messrs.
REANEY, NEAFIE & Co., have produced a machine in all
respects a striking contrast to its cumbersome and inefficient AVestern predecessor, and which has revo]lutionized
popular opinion with regard to the practicability of steam
for this purpose.  One Steam Fire Engine is now in use
in this city, and three others in course of construction.
The law regulating the erection of buildings will, to
some extent, diminish fires; but the most efficient protection against serious loss which manufacturers and
owners of property in Philadelphia have, exists in the
reliable character of numerous Insurance Companies,
who are always prepared to take risks at low rates, and
to meet losses with creditable promptness.* In view of
all these circumstances, we are not surprised to learn,
that the losses by fire within seven months, from May,
1857, to January, 1858, were a quarter of a million of
dollars less than for the corresponding period of 1856;
and that the losses to the owners of property, that is,
over and above insurance, within said period, amounted
to only $54,780.
3. ABUNDANCE OF CAPITAL.  Another matter that has
a bearing upon the adaptation of localities for manufactures, is the quantity of floating or loanable capital-or, in
other words, the normal state of the money market. The
success of the English manufacturer, compared with that
of the American, is probably due less to the low rate of
wages in England, or to any other one circumstance,
than to the low charges for the use of capital. In this
country the rates of interest, advanced by the competition engendered by the tempting opportunities for profit,
' wIe may probably insert in the Appendix a list of Insurance Companies
of undoubted solvency, as in some degree a protection for our distant
friends, and even our own citizens, against bogus Insurance Agencios, datilg from this city.
127 
128      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
are in most places too high for Manufactures yet in
their infancy, and weighed down by an inhospitable political sentiment, to sustain. There is a marked difference, however, in this respect between different localities,
and we think we do not err in saying, that in no city in
the United States have the rates of interest on secondclass paper-for an average of years-been so uniformly low as in Philadelphia; none in which there are so
many small surplus capitals, say from ten to one hundred
thousand  dollars  and upward, constantly seeking investment in temporary and permanent loans.  Large fortunles are, it is probable, less numerous now, or at least
less prominently conspicuous, than formerly;* the banking capital of the city, being about $12,000,000, is hardly
one third of the amount twenty years ago; nevertheless,
that unfailing barometer of money centres-the average
rate of interest-has generally indicated an abundance
of loanable capital.  If our Manufacturers have not as
yet derived their proper share of benefit from this circumstance; or, if bank officers, in distributing their
loans, have not exercised a wise discrimination in their
favor, we sincerely hope that the mistake originated solely
* A Book of Millionaires in Philadelphia, if published at this time, would
be more imposing from its subject than its size, unless the author adopted
the New York plan, and inserted the biographies of all who are worth a
hundred thousand dollars, or so. There are, however, within our knowledge
twenty-five individuals in this city accredited, by their intimate acquaintances, with the ownership of a million and more, viz.; JoHN GRIGG, (retired
Publisher); Jos. HARRISON, Jr., (of Russiancelebrity); GEO. W. CARPENTER,
(druggist); RICHARD ASHURST, (private banker); JOHN B. MYERS, (auctioneer); ALEX. BENSON, (broker); F. A. DREXEL, (banker); JACOB STEINMzETZ, (farmer); J. S. LOVERING, (sugarrefiner); WM. H. STEWART, (planter);
J. P. CROZER, (manufacturer); RICHARD WISTAR, JOHN WISTAR, JAMES
DUNDAS, J. J. RIDGWAY, DR. J. RHEA BARTON, DR. JAMES RUSH, CHARLES
HENRY FISHER, J. FRANCIS FISHER, MRS. LOGAN, EVANS ROGERS, H. MESSCHERT, JOHN A. BROWN, DAVID JAYNE, J. L. FLORANCE, and several Millionaire estates.  But the author of the "Wealthy Men in New York," who in.cluded NICHOLAS LONGWORTHII, of Cincinnati, among the number,  would
find no difficulty in extending this list in Philadelphia. 
CAPITAL-SUPERIOR MACIIINES.
in misconception as to the predominant interest of the
city; and that, with thie aid of the late panic, in destroy ing the blinding fascination of "gilt-edged paper,"-and
perhaps in some humble degree, withl the aid of this
volume-Mainufacturers and Mechanics will hereafter ap proximate more closely to that position in the scale of
mercantile credit, to which the advantages of the locality,
and their own  solvency and usefulness, unquestionably
entitle them.
5. SUPERIOR  MACHINES.   The immense  productive
power of machinery, compared with mere manual operations, can require at this day no illustration. For instance,
by the improvements effected in Spinning Machinery, one
man can attend to a mule containing 1,088 spindles; each
spinning three hanks, or 3,263 hanks a day; so that, as
compared with the operations of the most expert spinner
in Ilindostan, an American operative can perform the
work of three thousand men.   The  efficiency of machiniery, however, like that of labor, depends upon its
quality; and this, it would seem, depends upon the
cheapness and abundance of the materials  that enter
into the composition of machines.  In England, it has
been supposed, that if Iron, Steel, and Brass, were less
abundant, the machines would be in a less degree superior; and in the United States, though the mechanical
appliances in use are almost everywhere deserving of admiration-none are probably more remarkable for power
and efficiency than those in Philadelphia.  A gentleman,
who has quite recently made the Manufactures of Iron in
this city the subject of investigation, publishes the followiingr observations respecting the machines in use in
the Iron establishnments
"In the course of our inquiries into the Manufactures of Iron in this
city, the bearing of machinery upon production has been constantly
brought to notice, and striking instances of its value have becn observed.
10
129 
130      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
In a leading establishment, where foundry work is the principal business,
six thousand tons of iron being melted per year, the economical power
of machinery in moving all the masses of iron is such that the production of each man exceeds three thousand dollars annually for the average of all the employed. This is three times the production of equally
skilled workmen, without machinery. The lowest average for foundry
work, as well as for artisans in wrought iron, is below a thousand dol.
lars per annum, and this whether they handle a large weight of iron or
not, if the processes are conducted by physical strength alone, and
wholly without the use of machinery.  In short, the economy of machinery applies alike to all forms of iron working, and to the processes
which change its value least, equally with those which increase its value
many times.
"The introduction of machinery has revolutionized the simple production of Iron from the ores also. It has been stated to us that the
anthracite furnaces now make six thousand tons of iron more easily
than six hundred tons were made fifteen or twenty years ago. In every
thing that relates to the making or working of iron there is the greatest
possible inducement to the employment and perfecting of machinery,
intended to economize the force required, and the labor employed. Il
this direction investment is safe, and capital is certain of satisfactory
returns. The leading departments of iron manufacture furnish articles
of universal use and universal necessity, in which accumulation of
stocks is not to be dreaded so much as the narrow margin between cost
and sale prices. Reduce the cost of manufacture fifteen or twenty per
cent., and the proprietor may proceed in the face of even a dull market,
and indeed, under a total cessation of orders.  The direction in which
improvement lies is in perfecting and introducing powerful machinery,
and every inducement concurs to urge attention to this point.
It is noticeable that the machinery employed in American manufac tures of iron is new and original in almost all cases. The most signal
economies of power in the establishments of this city are not by the use
of purchased machinery, but they are the creations of the proprietors
who use them, suggested in the course of their work, and devised and
applied by themselves. In all forms of machinist manufacture those
inventive and constructive processes are making rapid progress. The
great capital they represent when finished, is capital created by the
establishment, and not an investment from the outside. This fact
guarantees the permanent efficiency of these manufactures, since such
capital is not easily withdrawn, and the establishment is not broken up
by temporary depression of a business, or even by the dispersion of
workmen for a considerable time.
"It has been recently stated that the machinery invented and applied 
SUPERIOR MACHINES-MACHINE TOOLS.
in American armories, private, as well as those belonging to the gov ernment, is muc,h sought in Europe, and will soon be in almost universal
use abroad. This fact bears directly on the point we are stating.
Mlachinist machinery is equally advanced here; and at two or three of
our great establishments it is confessedly superior to that of the cele brated Lowell MIachine Works, while constant improvements are being
made. In the appliances for handling iron in heavy foundry work, the
world may be challenged for comparison with the machinery of at least
one great establishment here, and the most important items in that
case are the absolute creation of the proprietors. It is obvious that
such machinery differs widely, in its economical importance, from that
which is purchased by direct expenditure, and particularly from any
form of machinery imported from other quarters.
"The direction in which this city always will excel is in the handling
of heavy masses of metals. Power is cheapest here, and necessity first
impels to the economy of forge-work, iron rolling, foundry-work, ship
building, and costly machine building. In the minor manufactures the
application of improvements is more rapidly made at the North; but
this is from want of attention here, instead of from want of the requisite field and facilities. No location in the Union can compare with
this in natural advantages for the manufacture of arms of every sort,
cutlery and tools, implements of every kind, and the multitude of minor
manufactures in which inventive talent and machinery decide the whole
question of profitable attention to the business. The market is the
whole world. At this moment many superior instruments of steel and
iron are actually made here for European sale; and the skill which does
this now on a small scale, only requires the aid of more perfect machinery, and the capital necessary to work it, to make the business all
that the most sanguine might wish."
In the production of MACHINE TOOLS, and fine as well
as heavy machinery, very marked success has attended
the efforts of our mechanical engineers. The Lathes,
Planers, Drills, Borers, and the machinery for working
metals generally, made in Philadelphia, are wonderful
specimens of workmanship, and celebrated not only
throughout the United States, but in portions of Europe.
A few years ago, Commissioners were sent to this country to procure tools and machines for the government
workshops in Russia. Discharging their duty faithfully,
they visited, we believe, all the mnanufactories of these
131 
132      PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
important articles in New  England  and the principal
cities; and, though they found the prices in some instances nominally cheaper, their order was reserved
until they again reached this city.  The  machines of
New England, in consequence of the great cost of iron,
are remarkable for their lightness; but in substantial excellence and quality of workmanship, none can compare
with those of Philadelphia.
In reflecting upon the causes conducive to superiority
in this particular, it has occurred to me as probable, that
the establishment and continuance of the United States
Mint, in this city, have tended in some degree, by creating
a demand for a finer and higher class of workmanship, to
centre here the best skill in this department of Mechanics. No expense being spared by the able managers
of that Institution to procure the most perfect machines;
and every reasonable facility being afforded for experiment, we need scarcely wonder at the degree of perfection that has been attained. Our Mint has probably
originated a greater number of valuable improvements
than any similar establishment in the world; and all persons familiar with its past history and present management, unite with the Committee of the Board of Assay
Commissioners, in stating "that the Institution, in their
opinion, is conducted and maintained in such a manner
as to merit the highest confidence of the Government and
the public."*
* The Director of the Mint has favored me with the following letter, in
answer to a request for some information respecting the machines, and the
curiosities to be seen in that establishment; and, as it will be read with
interest, I trust he will pardon its publication.
" MINT OF THE UNITED STATES,
Philadelphia, Jan. 21, 1858.
",DEAR SIR:
"Without being able at present to go minutely into the subjects
mentioned in your note of the 5th, I may state, that the establishment and 
ESTABLISHED REPUTATION.
6. ESTABLISHED REPUTATION.  Established reputation,
though in its nature etherial, is an object of substantial
value-a power in the money market. It is of two
kinds-personal and local.   The  marketable value of
continuance of the Mint, in this city, have undoubtedly had their share in
calling forth the various kinds of scientific and mechanical talent, which
are requisite for the successful conduct of such an Institution.
",Within a period, now embracing more than sixty years, there has been
a large amount of machinery manufactured for, and within the Mint establishment, from the more ordinary workmanship up to the most delicate and
elaborate. A number of important mechanisms and processes have had
their origin and invention here; and others, borrowed from other places,
have been modified and improved. Some instruments, it is true, are still
imported; but they are now of comparatively trivial account, being such as
are of so limited demand, as not to be an object for the attention of our
artists.
"The most important improvements introduced into the Department of
the Chief Coiner, have been, the press for cutting out blanks or planchets;
the draw-bench for equalizing the strips-afterward adopted in the London
Mint; the old self-feeding lever-coining press, and after it the steam
press; the milling machine; the counting machine; and the arrangements
for cleaning; also, many fine balance beams, large and small; and an assorting machine, not as yet brought into use. The system of hardening dies
was originated at the Mint, and is greatly superior to the methods heretofore practiced.
"In the Melter and Refiner's Department, we may specify the parting
arrangement, for separating gold and silver; the hydraulic press, for condensing the powdered gold or silver; the sweep machine; and the various
arrangements by which the melting has been made a neat and economical
operation.
"In the Assayer's Department: the delicate balances;  the gas-bath;
and generally, the systematic arrangements for the assay of gold, silver,
and copper.
"The Cabinet of coins, medals, and ores, which occupies a suite of
apartments at the Mint, is an attractive feature in the Institution. The
collection is not very large, if compared with similar Cabinets in Europe;
but it is sufficiently so to furnish valuable information on the subject of
Coinage, and useful monuments of history. Besides, an examination of the
collection gratifies popular curiosity, as well as educated taste.
", I may add in conclusion, that the Mint has, within a year or two past,
been rendered thoroughly fire-proof in all its departments, and the arrange         10*
133 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
the products of mechanical industry, every one will
concede, is affected not merely by the reputation of the
maker, but also to a greater or less extent by the general reputation of the place of their manufacture. No
illustration of the principle can be necessary; but if it
were, we  might refer to France, the stamp of vwhose
city, "Paris," on articles of vertu, of itself commands a
premium; or again, we might refer to New England,
whose stamp unfortunately, in many instances, does not
tend to elevate the price of articles to which it is attached. The value of a good name is appreciated, perhaps, by none so forcibly as by those who have lost it.
The  manufacturers  and  mechanics  of  New England
would no doubt give millions to obliterate from humnan
recollection the impressions produced, in part, by operations in wooden  nutmegs, mahogany  hams,  oak-leaf
cigars, and paper-soled shoes. Deceptions of this kind,
and trickeries frequently practiced by Yankee operators,
though we believe and insist only by a few, and the production of a vast quantity of cheap, fragile fabrics, have
so impaired confidence in Yankee contrivances in general, that all, no matter how excellent in themselves,
are prejudged unfavorably from the place of their origin.
To avoid this prejudice, or to partake of the advantages
of an established reputation,  New England  manufacturers are often tempted to put foreign or fictitious stamps
on their best fabrics; and thus our country loses its share
of credit for the excellence it has achieved, while it must
ment of the rooms appropriated to the differen-t branches of business greatly
improved. It is thus in a condition of great efficiency and security, and is
believed to be unsurpassed by any similar institution.
"I am, very respectfully,
"Your ob't servant,
"JAMES ROSS  SNOWDEN,
"Director of the Mint.
"To E. T. FREEDLEY, Esq."
1 -34 
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ART-CULTURE.
bear the reproach of its defaults. But mechanics in
Philadelphia, fortunately, have none of these difficulties
to overcome. The same manufacturers, if located here,and we  welcome them,-would find the way clear before
them, the prepossessions of people at a distance in the
South and the West in their favor, and their products
commanding a readier  sale in  consequence.   Every
auctioneer will testify that a Philadelphia made carriage will command more spirited bidding, and most
probably a higher price, than a Connecticut carriage of
equal quality.   The  stamp,  "Philadelphia,"  is everywhere regarded as prima facie evidence of good materials and superior workmanship. A Philadelphia mechanic is everywhere a title of reputable distinction,
and a very acceptable passport to employment in every
intelligent master-workman's shop. Hence our Manufacturers reverse the practice of their competitors in New
England, and put their names and stamp on their best
products, leaving the inferior in some instances to those
who choose to adopt them.*
7.  Lastly.   OPPORTUNITIES  FOR ART-CULTURE.   Art,
in its relations to Manufactures, has not, until quite recently, been appreciated by any considerable portion of
the American, or even the English people, to a degree
ill anywise approximate to its importance. Both have
long known, it is true, that certain goods sell better than
others-that English and American prints, for instance,
would be less saleable at the same price than those of
France; yet, even while claiming superiority in the quality of the cloth, neither has been willing to attach any
special importance to beauty and originality of design.
' The principal exception to this rule is, that New York dealers sometimes pay such irresistibly tempting prices to have their names affixed, as
makers, to articles actually made in Philadelphia, that our Manufacturers
forego the honor for the sake of the money.
135 
136     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
This is the more remarkable, inasmuch  as it must be
evident to the least imaginative, how many articles are
valued mainly for their style of ornamentation.   We
might mention carpetings and floor-cloths, carved wood
and furniture, curtains, and other hangings; inlaid
floors, ornamental glass, stained glass, metal work, grates
and stoves, gas fittings, paper and other hangings, porcelain, pottery, works in the precious metals, works in
stone, and a great variety of  garment fabrics.  The
French, in the meanwhile, have unceasingly aimed at
perfection in the Ornamental Arts.  To improve the national taste, they long ago established Schools of Design
and National Collections of Art; and to train up a band
of skilled workmen, they more recently erected National
Manufactories, employing the best painters, sculptors,
and designers, as well as meni of the most scientific acquirements in Botany, Mineralogy, and Chemistry. In
these establishments the cost of repeated failures is
totally disregarded, and every effort made to bring to
perfection the fabrics wrought in them, both as to the
highest excellence in workmanship and materials, and to
their embellishment in ornamental design. The result is,
that both English and American Manufacturers must
admit, as Cobden did before a Manchester audience,
"we do not know what we shall have to print, nor what
the ladies will wear, till we find out what the French are
preparing  for the next spring."   But with all their
schools, Art collections, and national manufactories, we
do not believe that the French would have attained any
notable success in decoration, if they had adopted the
Yankee system of segregation; and instead of carrying
on their manufactures in cities like Paris and Lyons, they
had sought cheap lots, gentle water-falls, and the mossy
banks of meandering streams. Taste is a thing of culture-it is only in isolated instances, if ever, a gift of 
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ART-CULTURE.
Nature. The ability to judge, and especially to execute
what is tasteful inll works of Art, is the result of long
familiarity with good models and constant observation
of the master-pieces in Art. The sight of excellence in
the products of skilled workmanship stimulates to exertion, and produces excellence in other fabrics perhaps
essentially dissimilar. Hence, the great advantage of carrying on the higher class of Manufactures in or near the
cities abounding in the best models, and where the eye,
if not the hand, may be educated almost imperceptibly
to a high degree of artistic perception.
Now, if we were seeking some one of the various
cities in which to apply these principles, where, we would
ask, is the principal home of the Arts in America?
Which contains the finest models in Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting? There could be but one answerPhiladelphia. No other city in the Union contains so
many buildings that are models of classic beauty-so
many evidences of a cultivated taste-so many eminent
artists-and, we may say, so many devotees of Music, for
no other city has been able to sustain the Italian Opera
with equal success. A procession of those in this city,
who make Art their study, would be imposing from its
numbers, as well as the talents of its members. At their
head, by common consent, we would find the veterans
Sully, Neagle, and Peale; and not far behind them, Lambdin, WVaugh, Scheussle, Hamilton, Rothermel, Weber,
Van Starkenborg, Moran, Schindler, Conarroe, Boutelle,
and Bowvers;  and among the younger men, George C.
Lambdin,  George F. Bensell, Edwin Lewis, Haseltine,
Richards, Furness, and many others, who are entitled to
a niche in the temple of artistic fame; while in the ranks
there would be many who, when the leaders fall, can
fill their places-many Engravers on wood  and  steel,
and Lithographers, who give to our Government's costly
137 
138     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
publications their principal value and attractions-many
Designers and Artists in bronze, whose chandeliers and
lamps, at the World's Fair, extorted admiration from
the English and French for "lightness and purity of
design,"-some beautiful women, too, whose cultivated
fancies, stamped on paper or woven fabrics, gladden
the eye in thousands of homes; and sculptors, whose
works in stone and marble grace Galleries and Capitols,
and whose sarcophagi and mausoleums adorn almost
all the Cemeteries in the land. Ornamental Art is without a home in America, if it be not in Philadelphia.
Here then is the proper place for the establishment of a
Normal School of Design, to supply manufacturing towns
throughout the country with competent teachers, who
may aid in elevating the Art-products of America to a
level with those of the most advanced European countries. We trust some one of our men of fortune will inherit the blessings of future ages by endowing such an
Institution, and in connection therewith establish a Museum of Art, which shall contain all the best modelsancient and moderin-in every department of Decorative
Art, from a coffee-pot to an original Apollo Belvidere.
There are many other advantages that might be noted
-the law of limited liability in Partnership for instance
-tending to show that Philadelphia ought to attain
eminence in Manufactures.  We, however, pass them by,
for they may all be included in one point, viz., Philadelpihia is already a great Manufacturing city.  I hold it to
be eminently safe to infer, that a locality in which manufacturing industry has already taken a deep, permanent
root, particularly if it manifest an indigenous growth,
possesses a soil adapted therefor, whether by analysis
we can perceive the ingredients or not.  Moreover, it
seems probable, almost certain, that the spot in this 
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF PHIIILADELPHIA.   139
country now exhibiting the most varied and extensive
development of mechanical industry, in conjunction with
enduringly favorable circumstances, will remain for a
century to come the central and chief seat of the higher
and more  artistic Manufactures in America, notwithstanding the growth and promise of other places possessing theoretically marked advantages.
To illustrate the present development of manufacturing industry in Philadelphia, I herewith submit the
results, not generally of my own observation or knowledge, but that of others, and principally of reports
made to me by gentlemen specially employed to report
on certain branches-men far nmore competent and more
experienced in mechanical matters than myself-and not
one of whom is a native of this city. Months have been
occupied in this investigation; but as comparatively
few facts,-especially statistical facts,-after due inquiry,
could be precisely and accurately ascertained, and none
others were desired, the reports give no indication of the
labor involved.*
* Numerous attempts have been made at different times to investigate
the manufacturing industry of Philadelphia. Several years ago a Statistical Society was organized, we believe, for the express purpose of ascertaining the capital in trade and manufactures, the number of hands employed
and wages paid, and the aggregate of production; but its officers, we understand, have not as yet submitted their report. More recently, a committee of highly respectable  and  trustworthy gentlemen,  appointed by
the Board of Trade, undertook the commission; but the most important
information that they ascertained  and reported was, that "inquiries of
this kind are exceedingly impertinent and offensive, and they will not be
answered; nor can any authority compel a response to them. They will be
either treated with silence; or, if replied to, they will elicit no full and reliable intelligence. We do not make this assertion without ample reason."
The Board of Trade consequently recommend, and their advice has been
heeded by us, not to extend inquiries beyond what can be precisely and
accurately ascertained. If, by this course, a less number of important
facts are elicited, many rash or doubtful assertions are avoided.   Our conviction with respect to statistics is, that the mean of estimates of intelligent 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
They may also, to a certain extent, be considered the
opinions of one or more of the leading men in each
branch of industry; for large indebtedness is due to this
source, both for original suggestions and confirmation of
points otherwise doubtful. The reports submitted are
not intended to exhibit the entire manufacturing industry of Philadelphia-to ascertain that would require the
purse of Fortunatus, and inquisitorial powers far greater
than any possessed by the Pope of Rome, the King of Naples, or the Emperor of  all the  Russias, or  all of them
combined —but simply to state the facts that have come
within the range of our observation, and submit them
in illustration of the position and assertion, that Philadelphia is already a great Manufacturing  city, most probably the greatest in the Union.
men, familiar with the branch with which they are connected, or with the
business of their neighbors, is likely to lead to more reliable aggregate
results than any direct personal inquiries of each individual. In the latter
case, the small operators who reply at all, are habitually disposed to exaggerate, and the larger ones, who have a mortal aversion to the tax-gatherer
and competitors, frequently report a small product and a gloomy state of
affairs. It is probable, however, that each succeeding attempt will be
attended with more success than the previous ones; and the time will come
when it will be possible to exhibit statistically the particulars, as well as
the aggregate of the mechanical and manufacturing industry of Philadelphia. At present, the best than can be done is to make a readable exhibit.
140 
R E PORTS
UPON THE
PROGRESS AND PRESENT DEVELOPMENT
OF THE
LEADING BRANCHES OF PRODUCTIVE INDUSTRY
IN
P HILAD)ELPrHII A.
ASSUMING that an Alphabetical arrangement of subjects would
be most convenient for reference; but, deeming it advisable to
group together those which have practically some points of affinity, whether through identity of raw material or similarity in uses,
we come to
I.
Agricultural Implements, Seeds, Fertilizers, &c.
The manufacture of Agricultural Implements, we are somewhat
astonished to learn, is comparatively a new branch of industry in
P~9,~de~pfia. It seems almost incredible that her citizens, ever fore most, as we have shown them to have been, in enterprises designed
to promote Agricultural Improvement, were, until within a few
years, content that the farmers of Pennsylvania and New Jersey
should be dependent upon other States for the improved implemnents with which to till the soil. The deficiency, however, is
now supplied.   Philadelphia  now contains some very superior
establishments in this branch of industry, as will be seen by the
following report, which a gentleman, thoroughly familiar with the
subject, las placed at otur disposal.
Pennsylvania, so widely celebrated for her Agriculture, did not make
within her borders, until within a few years, many of the Implements
used in tillage and harvesting. It is true, almost every cross-road had its
blacklsmith and wheelwright, whose united efforts produced a plow, or
. harrow; and many of the former stand, to the present day, unrivaled
11                                              (141)
4... 
PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTUItlPS.
in the immediate locality of their production; but regular Agricultural
Machine-shops are of quite recent establishment, the larger portion of
the Implements, formerly sold at the city warehouses, having been
imported from New England, whose sterile soil had compelled its energetic sons to seek more profitable occupation than its tillage
In 1854, we find, was founded the first establishment in Eastern
Pennsylvania, for the manufacture of Agricultural Implements generally; prior to that, there were shops located for specific objects, as for
instance Grain Drills, of which those made by Steacy, and by Pennock,
had acquired marked celebrity; but for the manufacture of Farm Implements generally, we believe none of any moment existed. In the
year abovementioned, David Landreth & Son, who, with their predecessors in the house, had for many years kept large supplies in Philadelphia, obtained from various sources, established their Steam-works
at Bristol, not only for the supply of their principal warehouse in Philadelphia, and their branch-houses in Charleston, S. C., and St. Louis,
but for the trade in general. Shortly subsequent thereto, was likewise
established that of Bradfield, the' Mount Joy Car Manufacturing Company,' Savery's Eagle Plow Factory, that of C. B. Rogers, and Boas,
Span,gler & Co., of Reading, and more recently Boyer & Brother, each of
whom turn out admirable machines, both as regards workmanship and
materials; and Philadelphia, once dependent upon other cities for
tillage implements, is now not only independent, but capable of ministering to the wants of her sister States; and we trust all from distant
points, whom business or pleasure may bring among us, will examine
the rural machinery manufactured in and near our city.
GARDEN SEED TRADE. The Seed trade of Philadelphia, though, in
comparison with many other branches, one of very limited extent, is
nevertheless entitled to consideration, when discussing the industrial
pursuits of our citizens. From its nature, it cannot be expected that
we should count the amount of sales, in this department, by millions
a few hundreds of thousands, at the most, complete the aggregate; but
the reputation which our city sustains in this especial branch, is more
worthy of note than the amount of sales, however large they might be.
In no city of the Union, is the sale of Garden Seeds conducted as'at
Philadelphia. In New York, Boston, and Baltimore, the only other
points at which the wholesale trade in Seeds approaches a profession, the
supplies are mainly obtained from Europe, where the effect of cheap labor
upon prices, coupled with freedom from imposts at home, enables the
mporter to purchase many varieties for sale here at a cost far below the
actual expense of production in this country. It is true the humid
climate of Great Britain, from which country the major portion are
142 
AGRICUTLTURAL IMPLEMENTS, SEEDS, ETC.
obtained, is not favorable to ripening Seeds, and that many kinds suffer
by a sea voyage-so greatly do they swell, that the twine on papered
parcels is not unfrequently imbedded, or burst, by the expansion;
and in other cases, there is reason to believe Seeds already im paired by age, are shipped to this'western wilderness.'  Still so low priced are many, in comparison with the American, that the mere
dealer, whose study is to buy cheap, imports his stock-not reck lessly we hope, but trusting for the best, and anxious to quote low
prices to the country-merchant-a fatal policy-to none affording in
the end pleasure or profit.   The druggist, or merchant, who retails
them, enticed by low quotations, is beset by indignant planters; and the
market-gardener, who has unfortunately staked his crop upon the
issue, finds his land and labor for the season have been cast away-far
better for him had he paid the full price for American Seeds, of reliable
character. We trust he may have learned a useful lesson, for that
must be his compensation.
In the'I Horticulturist,' a periodical of high repute, as associated
with Downing, its founder and editor, we find, in the No. for August,
1854, an interesting article on' Tile Seed Trade of Pliladelphia,' attrib uted to J. J. Smith, Esq., the present efficient editor of that magazine. I presume your limits will not admit of quoting much there said,
but refer the reader to the article itself. The fact is there made known,
that in the production of American Seeds, Philadelphia stands pre-eminent-if not alone, almost without a rival; and the productions of one
establishment, which dates its origin within a few years of the Revolution, are sought for and exported to nearly every country to which
American commerce reaches. Tons are annually shipped to the British possessions, to India and South America, the West Indies, and the
shores of the Pacific, each of which call for annual supplies. One firm,
which is specially alluded to, by reason of its greater prominence, viz.,
that of David Landreth & Son, has Seed Grounds, (Bloomsdi}le, near
Bristol), embracing nearly four hundred acres, cultivated in drill crops,
requiring a large force of hands, twenty head of working stock, and a
steam-engine for threshing and cleaning seeds. The estate, in its
entirety, exceeds any similar establishment in the world. Robert Buist
and It. A. Dreer are also extensive growers; and we proudly claim for
Philadelphia a class of seed merchants, worthy the confidence of
all who may have occasion to purchase, whether for personal use or
purposes of trade.
FRUITS.  The market of Philadelphia has long been famous for
the quality and abundance of its Fruits the products of orchards in
the vicinity of the city. There might be seen in high perfection the
143 
144      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
choicest of each class, affording all interested the opportunity of useful
comparison, and test of relative value; whilst annually a show of
Fruits, held by the Horticultural Society, the accumulated contributions of every quarter, facilitates practical comparison with similar articles, drawn from distant sources. Hence, it may readily be seen that
Philadelphia nurserymen have ample and valuable opportunities to determine the kinds and varieties most worthy of propagation.
For some years past the culture of the PEAR has attracted more than
ordinary interest; and it is a fact, which should not be passed unnoticed, that Philadelphia and its neighborhood have spontaneously produced some of the most valuable varieties of this fruit: seedling trees
not surpassed by any, either of native or foreign origin. Here was the
nativity of the Seckel, of world-wide notoriety-of the Kingsessing, the
Lodge, the Tyson, the Ott, the Philadelphia, the Moyamensing, the
Petre, and some others of high value; and here is the residence of Dr.
W. D. Brinkl6, whose indefatigable labors in pomnological research have
gratified his fellow-citizens and benefited the world at large.
We might extend this sketch of the Agricultural resources of
Philadelphia, but perhaps enough has already been said to enable you
to illustrate the idea which we desire to express, that the City of Brotherly Love stands unrivaled in this department of industry."
In addition to Garden Seeds, referred to above, Philadelphia is
one of the principal distributing points for Clover and other field
Seeds, not only supplying the Southern and Western States, but
sending largely to New England, Great Britain, and the British
Provinces. Within the last two months, 46,180 bushels of Cloverseed were purchased, and recleaned here for shipment, of which
35,000 bushels were shipped to Liverpool and to New York, 3,000
bushels to the South, and the balance to points in the interior,
and to the West. A large proportion of the very best Seeds,
and noted particularly for cleanness and quality, is grown in the
counties adjacent to Philadelphia. The annual sales, we are
assured, frequently amount to one million of dollars.  One firm,
Messrs. P. B. MINGLE & Co., through whose hands an immense
quantity of Seeds pass annually, are known probably to all dealers.
FERTILIZERS.
The manufacture of Artificial Manures has become quite
an extensive business within a few years. Those made in Philadelphia, are known as Super-phosphate of Lime, Bone-dust, 
AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, SEEDS, ETC.
Plaster of Paris, Poudrette, Philadelphia Urate, or the con centrated and fixed nitrogen of urine, and Bone-black waste.
In addition to these, there are agencies for the sale of the Peruvian
Guano, for a fertilizer known as Blood Manure, and others.  The
popularity of Peruvian Guano was such, that in one year the sales
of the agent in Philadelphia amounted to 22,000 tons, at $40 per
ton, or $880,000; but the advance in price checked the demand, and
led to the manufacture of a great variety of Artificial Manures.
The substitute for Guano, that would seem to be in the greatest
demand with the farmers of Pennsylvania, and adjacent States,
judging from the extent of the manufacture, is the SUPER-PIIos PHATE OF LIME.   It is said to possess fertilizing properties more
permanent than those of Guano.   Though only introduced fully
to public notice in 1851, its manufacture now forms an item of
some importance in the general aggregate of industry.  It is
a somewhat singular fact, that when first introduced it commanded
a higher price per ton than Peruvian Guano.
There are seven manufacturers of Super-phospate of Lime in
Philadelphia, who are well represented by the two most extensive
-POTTS & KLETT, and MITCIIELL & CROASDALE.
The manufactory of POTTS & KLETT is situated near Camden,
but their product is sold exclusively by a house in this city.
This firm are also well-known manufacturers of Chemicals.   The
works of Messrs. MITCHELL & CROASDALE are situated in the
Nineteenth Ward, and cover nearly an acre of ground. They
produce what they call "Highly Improved Super-phosphate of
Lime," being a compound of ground bones, Peruvian guano, and
other substances.  The bones are first boiled-the fat extracted,
and pure bone, free from vegetable ivory, which is merely inert
matter, is alone manufactured into fertilizers.  Additional works
are now being erected for boiling bone. Their products are
sold by CROASDALE, PIERCE & Co., Delaware Avenue, above
Arch street.
Another preparation of bones, known as Bone-dust, is made
to a considerable extent by the manufacturers of Glue, &c., and
by FRENCH, RICHARDS  & Co.   The latter firm, and the Phcenix
Mill and others, make Plaster of Paris for fertilizing purposes.
With regard to the relative merits of the respective fertilizers,
11*
14,5 
PHILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
we know nothing, and can only refer those interested to Agricultural Chemists, or to the pamphlet circulars of the manufacturers, in which the properties of each are duly set forth. We can
however assure purchasers, that they can probably procure, in
Philadelphia, any fertilizer of value that they may desire, on
advantageous terms.
The Statistics of the Manufacture, for 1857, as nearly as can
be ascertained, are as follows:
Super-phosphate of Lime, 7,000 tons, or 55,000 bbls., at $45 per ton,   $315,000
Bone-dust, 2,000 tons, at $35 per ton, -..70,000
Plaster of Paris, 3,000 tons, at $6 per ton,  -.. 18,000
Other Fertilizers (see above) approximate,...-  -         100,000
$503,000
The annual sales of Fertilizers in the city, including Guano, the
refuse of tanneries, morocco  manufactories, sugar refineries, &c.,
will probably amount to a million and a half of dollars. It is,
however, much to be regretted, that the sweepings of the streets,
and human ordure, are not more carefully economized to aid in restoring to the earth the fertility of which it is robbed by the necessary consumption of a vast city. In Paris, a contractor pays a
large sum into the City treasury, for the privilege of removing these
fertilizers, and yet derives a handsome profit from the contract.
II.
Alcohol, Burning Fluid, and Camphene.
There are in the city nine establishments engaged in distilling
Alcohol and Camphene, or Pine Oil, several of whom make it an
exclusive business. Alcohol, it is generally known, is distilled
from Whisky-nine gallons of the latter making about five of the
former. Alcohol, for burning-fluid, is 95 per cent., while I)ruggists' Alcohol is but 84 per cent., being reduced to that standard
after distillation. Pine Oil, or Camphene, is distilled from Spirits of Turpentine, the well-known produce of the pine forests of
North Carolina.   This loses in distillation about one gallon in a
barrel, or two and a half per cent. Burning Fluid is made by the
admixture of one gallon of Pine Oil to four gallons of Alcohol.
The Statistics of the business, for the year ending July 1, 1857,
are as follows:
146 
ALCOHOL, BURNING FLUID, AND CAMPHENE.
Raw Material.
Whisky, 2,077,000 gallons, average cost 31 c.,  -    -    -
Spirits of Turpentine, 380,000 gallons, average cost, 47 c.,
$643,870
178,600
$822,470
Product.
Alcohol, sold by distillers,- -          -  -    -       395,000 gallons.
Pine Oil,    "   It  -    -          ---    -            147,250    "
Burning Fluid, - -         -    -    -    -       -    1,112,000    "
1,654,250    "
Of the value of $1,022,140, averaging nearly 62 cents per gallon.
There are a number engaged in the sale of Burning Fluid, who
purchase the Alcohol and Pine Oil from the distillers, and these
are included in the above statement. The product may be stated,
in another form, as follows:
-     -     -      1,284,600 gallons.
-     -      -       3P,9,650 
-  -  -            1,654,250        "
This does not embrace the Alcohol produced by Powers and
Weightman, and other Manufacturing Chemists, the value of
which is included in the Statistics of Chemicals; nor that made
by Rectifiers, which is known as "High Wines."
Burning Fluid was first known as Spirit Gas, and the discovery patented by Isaiah Jennings, in 1830, who soon after commenced its manufacture in Philadelphia, but subsequently abandoned it. Mr. Locke made it under the Jennings patent, and
was the only manufacturer in Philadelphia to any extent, previous
to the expiration of the patent in 1844.  The merits of Burning
Fluid, as a material for light, consist in its brilliancy, cheapness,
and far greater cleanliness than Oil; its principal demerit isliability to explosion.  Upon this important point, we have been
favored by Messrs. Yarnall & Ogden, one of the principal firms
engaged in the manufacture, with the following observations,
which deserve attention, both from their intrinsic importance and
the experience of those who make them.
"It has been ascertained, that nearly all the accidents attending the
use of Burning Fluid originated, either by attempting to fire shavings,
or other combustible materials, with a fluid lamp, mostly glass; or,
147
Total, - 
143      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
by attempting to fill the lamp while burning. This is by far the most
fruitful source of accidents-but thanks to the inventive genius of the
American people, several kinds of lamps have been patented, and are
now in use, which entirely prevent the possibility of an accident occurring
from this cause, for the act of unscrewing the top of the lamp, puts
out the flame by the action of a spiral spring which forces up the slides
on the tubes, and thereby extinguishes the flame, and entirely prevents
the possibility of an accident; and to make it still more complete, the
fluid is confined in a gutta-percha sack, so that in case of a glass lamp
falling and breaking, the flame cannot possibly ignite the fluid. There
are still other improvements in these lamps-one is, that the gas and
not the fluid is consumed, thereby making a light equal to gas. Persons using the fluid would do well to introduce these lamps."
The firms engaged extensively in this manufacture, are the following:  Z. LOCKE & Co., 1010 Market street. This firm are said to be
the oldest and the largest distillers of Alcohol in the city.   Mr.
Locke, the senior partner, commenced the distillation in 1829;
and, as we previously stated, was for many years the only one
who made it an exclusive business. Besides druggists', and 95
per cent. Alcohol, they make Atwood's Patent Alcohol, which,
on account of its purity and freedom from any disagreeable
smell, is preferred and much used by perfumers. The manufacfactory of Messrs. Locke & Co. is an important one.
P. BUSHONG & SONS, Broad street, above Race. This firm are
very extensively engaged in the production of Alcohol, and the
manufacture  of Burning  Fluid.   They  combine therewith  the
distillation of Whisky from grain, having a large establishment
therefor at Reading, consuming  about 166,000 bushels of Corn
annually, and 84,000 bushels of Rye; and thus all the processes
are economized, by conducting in one establishment the entire
manufacture, from the original raw material to the finished product.   The firm employ forty persons, ship goods eastward, and
their fluid has attained a high reputation for quality.
YARNALL & OGDEN, 472 North Third street.  To  this house
we previously referred.   They are the successors, at their present
location, of those who were among the first to introduce Burning
Fluid to public notice; and their sales now extend to all parts of
the South, as well as to Pennsylvania and States adjacent. 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
JOHN  W. RYAN, Prime street, below Front, has been identified with the business for many years, and enjoys an extensive
city trade.
MAessrs. PORTEUS & PHILLIPS; ROWLEY, ASHBURNER & Co.;
WETHERELL &  BROTHER, manufacture these articles largely, in
connection with other products; and WM. KINGC, and J. McINTOSF, also make to some extent.
The quality of Burning Fluid made in Philadelphia is very superior, and in the South readily commands a higher price than
that made elsewhere.   It is shipped eastward to Providence,
Newport, Hartford, New Haven, Boston, Bangor; and southward
to all the Southern States, to California and South America.
III.
Books, Magazines, and Newspapers.
The honor of having established the first printing-press in
America, must be awarded to Cambridge, Mass. Philadelphia,
however, may claim, with laudable pride, that in less than six
weeks after the city was founded, a printing press was established,
being the second set up in the North American Colonies;* and,
moreover, that many of the most important works in American
literature bear the imprint of her publishing houses. We shall
attempt to trace the progress of Book and Periodical Publishing,
chronologically, though the records within our knowledge are so
few, and the pressure of engagements so distracting, as to render
the task a difficult one.
Prior to the Revolution, and for some years afterward, the most
notable issues of the Philadelphia press,-in fact, the American
press,-came within Webster's definition of a pamphlet, that is, a
small book, consisting of a sheet of paper. The first book published
in this country, of which we have any knowledge, was "The Bay
Psalm Book," issued from the Cambridge press, in 1640, and this
was probably the most successful of any. Seventy editions were republished in England and Scotland. The first publication in book
or pamphlet form issued from the Philadelphia press was a sheet
Almanac, for the year 1687, in twelve compartments: the year beginning with March, and ending with February, as was usual before
Thomas's History of Printing.
149 
150      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
the eighteenth century. A copy of this early specimen of American typography, bearing the imprint of "Wim. Bradford, Printer,"
is preserved in the Philadelphia Library. HIis second work was a
quarto pamphlet, on the subject of "The New England Churches,
by G. Keith," dated in 1689. The name of Bradford continued to
be identified with the history of printing in Philadelphia until a very
recent period.
In 1699, the press established by Bradford passed into the
hands of Reynier Jansen, evidently a Dutchman by name, who
managed it until the year 1712. There are now in the Philadelphia Library two very curious pamphlets, bearing his imprint,
and so rare that they are probably the only copies extant. The
first was published in 1700, and is entitled, "Satan's HIarbinger
Encountered: his False News of a Trumpet Detected: his Crooked
Ways in the Wilderness laid open to the view of the impartial
and judicious. Being something by way of Answer to Daniel
Leeds, his book, entitled,' News of a Trumpet Sounding in the
Wilderness,' &c., C. P., (Caleb Pusey). Printed at Philadelphia,
by Reynier Jansen, 1700." The second bears date 1705, and is entitled, "The Bomb Searched and Found Stuffed with False Ingredients. Being a just confutation of an abusive printed half sheet
called'BOMB,' originally published against the Quakers by
Francis Bugg; but espoused and exposed, and offered to be
proved by John Talbot. Printed at Philadelphia, by Reynier
Jansen, 1705."
The second printing-office in Philadelphia was established by
S. Keimer, in 1723. The first publication, bearing his imprint,
of which we have any knowledge, is a very curious and rare one,
entitled "The Craftsman: a Sermon composed by the late Daniel
Burgess, and intended to be preached by him in the Hiigh Times,
(sic.,) but prevented by the burning of his Meeting-house. Philadelphia: Printed by S. Keimer, (Circa), 1725."
The advertising columns of the journals, for the succeeding
quarter of a century, from 1725 to 1750, contain announcements
of a number of curious books and pamphlets, of which we append
a list below.*
* THOMPSON WESTCOTT, Esq., the author of the "Life of John Fitch," recently made an examination of the Journals, from 1728 to 1750, and noted 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
In 1735, Christopher Sower published a Quarterly Journal, in
German, which was the first work of the kind in a foreign lan guage published in the Colony. The same year he published a
Newspaper, the first German Almanac, "Extracts from the Laws
of  the Province,  by William Penn," and several other works.
the announcements, in the advertising columns, of the principal publications.
The list was presented to the Philadelphia Library, and the courteous Li brarian of that Institution placed the same at my disposal. The following
are the most important.
American Books and Pamphlets advertised in the Pennsylvania Gazette.
1728.  Dec. 24.-God's Mercy surmounting Man's Cruelty, exemplified
in the Captivity and Redemption of Elizabeth Hanson, wife of John Hanson,
of Knoxmarsh, at Keacheachy, in Dover Township, who was taken captive
with her children and maid-servants by the Indians in New England, in
1725, etc.  To be sold by Samuel Keimer, in Philadelphia, and by Heurtin,
Goldsmith, in N. Y.
1729..Nov. 30.-A Short Discourse, proving that the Jewish, or Seventhday Sabbath, is abrogated or repealed. By John Meredith. Printed and
sold by the printers hereof, B. Franklin and H. Meredith. Price sixpence.
1730. Feb. 19.-The Spirit's Teaching Man's Sure Guide: Briefly asserted
and recommended to the sober perusal of all Christian believers. By Charles
Woolverton, Senr. The second edition. Franklin and Meredith, Printers.
1730. Feb. 3.-An Elegy on the Death of that Ancient, Renowned and
Useful Matron and Midwife, Mrs. Mary Broadwell, who rested from her labors, Jan. 2, 1730, aged a hundred years  and one day.  Sold by David
Harry, printer, in Philadelphia.
1 730.  Dec. 29.-Ralph Sandiford, being bound for England, hath printed a
second impression of his Negroe Treatise, to be distributed gratis; or sold to
those who would rather pay, at 12d. each.
1731.  JIarch 4.-Some Considerations Relating to the Present State of
the Christian Religion, etc. By Alex. Arscot. Franklin & Meredith, Printers.
1732. Oct. 5.-The Minister of Christ and his Flock: a Sermon by David
Evans, preached at Abingdon, Pa., Dec. 30, 1731. B. Franklin, Printer.
1734.  ][6y 23.-The Constitution of the Free-Masons:  containing the
history, changes, etc.  Reprinted by B. Franklin, in the year of Masonry,
5734.  (Franklin Gazette.)  2s. 6d. stitched; 4s. bound.
1737.  Sept. 22.-A Treaty of Friendship held with the Six  Nations,
Philadelphia, Sept. and Oct., 1736. Franklin, Printer. Price 8d.
1738.  Ago. 17.-Benjamin Lay's Book against Slave Keeping.  Printed
bv himself. 2s. 6d. each.
173,9.  Jfay10.-The Art of Preaching, an imitation of Horace's Art of
Poetry.  Franklin, Printer.  Gd.
151 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
At that time all the type used in the Colonies was brought from
Europe, and finding this very inconvenient, he commenced a Type
Foundry and Manufactory of Printing Ink. This was the first Type
Foundry in the country, and the celebrated house of L. Johnson
& Co., Philadelphia, claim, through Binney & Ronaldson, to be
July 26.-The History of Joseph, a Poem by a female hand. Franklin,
Printer. is.
1740.  Aly 22.-Whitfield's Sermons, 2 vols.: one, Sermons; one, Journals. Franklin, Printer.
A Letter from Rev. Mr. Whitfield to the Religious Societies lately formed
in England and Wales, etc.
A Letter from the Rev. Mr. Whitfield to a Friend in London, showing the
fundamental errors of the book entitled "The Whole Duty of Man."
The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry, considered by Gilbert Tennant,
etc.  Franklin, Printer.  6d.
July 3.-The Character, Preaching, etc., of the Rev. George Whitfield,
impartially represented and supported in a Sermon preached at Charleston,
S. C.  By J. Smith, V. D. M.  Franklin, Printer.  4d.
A New and Complete Guide to the English Tongue, etc., collected by an
ingenious hand, for the use of Schools. Franklin, Printer. 2s.
1741. Jan. 15.-Free Grace, a Sermon by Rev. John Wesley. Franklin,
Printer. 6d.
22.-Free Grace Indeed! a Letter to Rev. John Wesley. Franklin. 6d.
Feb. 19.-Free Grace in Truth, by Rev. John Dylander, minister Swedish
church, Wecaco. Franklin. 3d.
1742.  Dec. 21.-A Short Narrative of the Extraordinary Work of God
at Camberslang, in Scotland. Wm. Bradford, Printer.
1743. Mlarch 3.-The Interest of New Jersey with regard to Trade and
Navigation, by laying duties. Bradford, Printer.
12.-Every Man's Right to Live: a Sermon by Rev. Lewis of Thurenstein,
Monravia.  Franklin.
1744. Jan.-Oglethorpe's Expedition. Report to Assembly of South Carolina into the causes of its failure. 2s. 6d.
April. -A Journal of Proceedings in the Conspiracy to Burn New York,
by white men and some negroes, etc., in 1742. By the Recorder of the
City of New York.
Sept.-A Grand Treaty held at Lancaster, etc. Franklin. 18d.
Oct.-Remarks upon Mr. Geo. Whitfield, proving him a man under Delu sion.  By George Gillespie.  Philad., Printed for the Author, and sold at
the Harp & Crown, in 3d street, opposite the Workhouse.
NVov.-An Account of the newly invented Pennsylvania Fire-places, etc,
with:t co()ppelplate, etc.  Price Is.
152 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
the legitimate successors of Christopher Sower, in the business.
In 1743, he printed a quarto edition of the German Bible, Luther's
translation, having 1272 pp. This was the largest work which had
then been issued from any press in the Colony, and was not
equaled  for many years after.   Copies  of this Bible were sold,
bound, at fourteen shlillings, and are now highly prized by book
collectors.   About  1744 he resigned  his press to his son, and
died about 1760.   He was a manl of large  influence  among his
countrymen, and frequently acted as their representative in their
intercourse with Government.
His son, also named Christopher Sower, continued the business
of his father on an enlarged scale, printing many valuable Books,
and a Weeklv Newspaper.   In 1762, he printed a second edition
of the German quarto Bible of two thousand' copies;  and in 17'7 6,
completed a third edition of three thousand copies.   He  had by
1745. An Essay on the West Indian Dry Gripes. By Dr. Cadwalader.
Franklin.
The Art of Preserving Health. By Dr. Armstrong. Reprint. Franklin. 2s.
Sept.-IMr. Prince's Sermon on the General Thanksgiving occasioned by
the taking of Cape Breton; with a Particular Account of the Expedition,
etc. Price ls.
1746.  July.-The New Manual Exercise, by Gen'l Blakenly, and the Evolutions of the Foot, by Gen'l Bland.  Franklin, Printer.  6d.
Reflections on Courtship and Marriage. Franklin. ls. 6d.
1748.  Oct.-The Congress between the Beasts, under the mediation of
the Goat, for negotiating a Peace between the Fox, the Ass, wearing a
lion's skin, the Horse, the Tigress, and other animals at war. A farce in
two acts.  Now in rehearsal at a new and grand Theatre  in Germany.
AWritten originally in High Dutch, by the Baron Hluffumbourghausen, and
translated by J. J. H. D. G. R., Esq., veluti in speculo. Second edition. To
be sold by Gotthard Amnlbruster, at the German Printing-office, in Arch st.
2s. 6d.
1749. Proposals for publishing a Map of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
New York, and the lower counties, by Lewis Evans.  Price, two Pieces-of-S
each.
Aug.-A  Particular Relation of the dreadful Earthquake, etc., at Lima
and Callao, in Peru. Translated from the original Spanish. Price 9d.
1750).  June 7.-A Short Treatise on the Visible Kingdom of Christ.  By
Thomas James.   Franklin & Hall.  Price 6d.
Letters from the Dead to the Living, by Plularetes. Franklin & Hall. 9d.
12
153 
15D4    PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
far the most extensive Book manufactory, then, and for many
years afterward, in the country.   It employed several binderies,
a paper-mill, an ink manufactory, and a foundry for German and
English types. He was well educated by his father-was ordained
a minister of the German Baptist Society; and as a manl of integrity was deservedly esteemed. Hle died at an advanced age, in
1784. He left several children, among whom Christopher, (third),
David, and Samuel, were practical printers and publishers. The
name continues to be very popularly represented in the trade, by
his descendant, Mr. Charles G. Sower, senior partner of the firm
of Sower, Barnes & Co.
In 1782, Robert Aitken published, it is believed, the first
American Bible in the English language. Hiis edition was recommended to public patronage by Congress. It was projected
during the war; but with peace, importation of books began,
and Aitken "lost more than three thousand pounds in specie."
But his lasting memorial is, that he printed the first American
edition of the English Bible.   "The very paper," said the Philadelphia Freeman's Journal of that time, " that has received the
impression of these sacred books, was manufactured in Pennsylvania; the whole work is therefore purely American, and has risen,
like the fabled Phoenix, from the ashes of that pile in which our
enemies supposed they had consumed the liberties of America."'
But Book Publishing in the Uniited States, even as late as 1786,
was yet in its embryo state.  It is recorded, that in that year
four Booksellers held a consultation as to the policy of publishing
an edition of the New Testamenit, deeming the matter a work of
great risk, requiring much consultation previously to the determination of the measure; but the change in the state of public affairs
soon infused life and vigor into the business. Less than four years
afterward one of the prudent gentlemen, above referred to, ventured upon the publication of an Encyclopedia, in eighteen
quarto volumes. When the first half volume was published, in
1790, he had but two hundred and forty-six subscribers, and
could only procure two or three engravers.  One thousand copies
of the first volume were printed; two thousand of the second
and when he had completed the eighth, the subscription extended 
BOOKS) MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
so far as to render it necessary to reprint the first.  IIe then
found difficulty in procuring printers for the work.*
In 1792, Ebenezer Hazard published a quarto volume of
"Historical Collections," intended as materials for a History or
the United States, and in 1794 another volume. These collec tions were made under the patronage of Congress.
In the succeeding year, William Cobbett, then a refugee in
Philadelphia, commenced his political career by writing, at the
solicitation of some friends of Washington's administration, a
pamphlet, for the  purpose of vindicating  Jay's  Treaty; and
which is said to have had considerable influence in quieting the
public mind.   In the same year he issued his "Tuteur Anglais,"
Thomas Bradford, Publisher.
In 1804, Mathew Carey set up the Bible in quarto form, and
this is believed to have been the firstBible, kept standing in type,
of that size in the world-over 200,000 impressions were published. But the state and condition of the Book Publishing business in Philadelphia, in the early portion of the present century,
were so well sketched by Henry C. Carey, Esq., the distinguished
political economist, and surviving representative of the house of
Mathew Carey & Son, at a Festival given May 24th, 1854, in
honor of Mr. Abraham Hart, on his retirement from the Bookselling business, that we cannot do better than submit a lengthy
extract from his speech on that occasion.
"For myself, Mr. President, I am a sort of' remainder' of an edition, a representative of a by-gone race of booksellers, as our friend
Hart is of the present race. There are several among our friends here
assembled disposed to insist that they carry on their shoulders more
years than I do, and they are a property, the possession of which I am
not disposed to dispute with thenm; but there is none of them whose
connection with the trade dates back to as early a period as mine. I
was-, MIr. President, at the first trade dinner ever given in this country,
and of all who sat at that table, there is, I believe, no one now living
but myself. It was somewhat more than half a century since. Mr. John
Conrad, father of our friend Judge Conrad, filled on that occasion a
distinguished place; but he has recently passed away, and has left me,
as I think, alone. The occasion of that dinner was the holding of the
' Literary Fair,' that was attempted in imitation of the great Leipsic
I, Hopkinson's Oration before the Academy of Fine Arts," 1810.
155 
PIIlLADELTPIIIA AND ITS MANUIFACTURES.
Fair, and intended to be held alternately in this city and New York.
One was held in each city.  My father took me with him to the New
York one; and although only eight years of age, I was even then a
bookseller, perfectly familiar with the contents of our establishment.
They called me' the bookseller in miniature,' and being such, I was the
proper representative of the trade of the day, for it was a miniature
one, and the gentlemen engaged in it made miniature fortunes, compared with those that, I am happy to learn, are accumulated by the
men of our day. We then depended oni Great Britain for Latin and
Greek, English, French, and Spanish dictionaries, and to a considerable
extent, even for grammars. The classics, CTsar, Horace, Virgil, and
Homer, were all imported, as was the case with Rollin, Plutarch, Sully,
and a host of other common books. Prices were high, and sales were
small. School dictionaries of the size of Walker's abridgment, which
now sell, as I am told, for three dollars a dozen, then sold for more
than half that price per copy. Schools were few in number, and there
was small demand for books.
"Two years later, my father carried into effect his project of getting
up the Bible in quarto, with movable type, and it was the first in the
world, as I have always understood. It was a gigantic operation; first
cost, fifteen thousand dollars-a very large sum in that day-and it was
one that he never could have effected without the aid of Mr. James
Ronaldson, one of the worthiest men that this city has ever possessed.
He was then the sole type-founder for the Union, and supplied the
letter required for all the newspapers, magazines, and books, that were
printed from Maine to Georgia.   All of it came from that small foundry in South street above Ninth, a fact from which, alone, you might
judge of the diminutive size of the publishing trade of that period.
"Small as was the trade in foreign books republished, that in domestic ones was still far less. There was then, in fact, no domestic literature. It was half a dozen years later that Irving, Paulding, and
Verplanck, made their first appearance on the stage as joint authors
of the little periodical newspaper, well known as'Salmagundi.'  Some
years still later, Bradford and Inskeep were thought to have displayed
remarkable liberality in giving to a young lady of this city a hundred
dollars for the copyright of a very clever novel. Fanny Fern would
now look upon such a sum with no slight disdain, were it offered in exchange even for a contribution of a dozen pages; and yet the liberality
manifested in the case of the Philadelphia novelist was probably greater
than that now exhibited by the extensive house in Auburn. American books could not then be sold.  It was almost sufficient to insure
the condeimnation of a book to have it known  that it was of domestic
156 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
origin. My friend, Major Barker, a man of excellent literary ability,
dramatized Mlarmion about the time to which I have referred; but the
manager, Mr. Stephen Price, did not venture to produce it as an American work. It was carefully packed up as coming from England, with
imitations of the English post-marks, and was produced as the work
of an English author. As such it succeeded; but the real authorship
having soon leaked out, the public thenceforward ceased to find in it
the merit that before had been so clearly visible. Under such circumstances, it was scarcely extraordinary that an English writer should
find reason for asking the question-' Who reads an American Book?'
"W e are surrounded by evidences of progress, but among the chapters which record its history, there is none more remarkable than the
literary one. That chapter records great changes in the amount of
trade, but there are other changes that are perhaps equally remarkable.
Even so recently as forty years since, the trade looked chiefly to the
South for a market for their books. Messrs. Conrad & Co. had
branches in Baltimore, Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Richmond, Petersburg, and Norfolk, but none in the West.  Bradford and Inskeep had
one in Charleston.  Benjamin Warner, one of the most high-minded
and excellent men ever connected with the trade in this city, had one
in Richmond, and another in Charleston; and it was in this latter place
that our friend, Mr. John Grigg, first exhibited the ability by which he
has been since distinguished. My father had a branch in Baltimore,
and one in Richmond.  The tendency was then to look almost altogether South, while it is now almost altogether West. Chicago, a
city that scarcely existed ten years since, now absorbs, I imagine, more
books than Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah united. The consequences of this have been unfavorable to the printers and publishers of
Philadelphia, separated, as she has been from the great West by a
range of mountains that New York could turn, while she was bound
to scale them. The Erie Canal gave to New York and New England
a communication with a great and growing market, while that on which
this city has chiefly relied became a declining one; and the consequence
has been that the trade has scarcely kept pace with that of other cities,
in its growth.  It has, nevertheless, increased greatly.  You do not
publish as many novels as New York, but you present more medical
books than all the rest of the Union. You have here, perhaps, the
largest distributing house in the world. In conversation a short time
since with one of its members, I learned that they employed nearly
eighty clerks; a fact that astonished me, as I knew how large a business
we had done with half a dozen. My surprise, however, disappeared
when hle told me that for many weeks they had sent out an average of
12*
157 
158S     PIIILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
more than ten tons per day, or the equivalent of a thousand reamrns of
printing paper of the size commonly used when I was in business.
WVere the books they fill all printed ones, there would be no hesitation
in asserting that they distributed more literature than any house in the
world. It has recently been made a matter of boast that Chambers &
Co., of Edinburgh, had sent out ten tons in a fortnight; but we have
here as many tons per day in each day of many weeks."
Within the period referred to by Mr. Carey, a large number
of very important works were issued.  In fact, the first quarter
of the present century may be entitled the palmy era of bookselling in Philadelphia.   The works published embraced: Dobson's
Encyclopsedia, 21 vols., quarto; Riees' Cyclopedia, 46 volumes,
quarto; Edinburgh Encyclopsedia, 18 vols., quarto; Nicholson's
Encyclopaedia, 12 vols., octavo; Wilson's Ornithology, 9 vols.,
imperial quarto; Barlow's Columbiad; Pinkerton's Atlas, 1 vol.,
folio, price $100 per copy; Johnson's Dictionary, 2 vols., quarto,
published by Moses Thomas;  Gibbon's  Rome, 8 vols., octavo;
HIume and Srnollett's and Bissot's England, 15 vols., octavo; Mavor's Voyages  and Travels,  24 vols., 12mo.; British Classics
(" Spectator," " Rambler," &c.) 39 vols., l2mo. For the copyright
of one book, Marshall's Life of Washington, the sum of $60,000
was paid in Philadelphia.  Truly, there were giants in those days.
In 1824, the era of Trade Sales was inaugurated in Philadelphia, Moses Thomas, above referred to, being the auctioneer.
The catalogute of the first sale, we believe, is still in the possession of  that gentleman, who, though  past  threescore and
ten, performs more mental and bodily labor than many men twenty
years his junior.  The suggestion and arrangement of the plan
are credited to Mr. Henry C. Carey, and its adoption was certainly
attended by the most happy results to the Book trade.  Prior
to the establishment of Auction Sales for books, publishers were
not permitted honorably to vary from the announced prices of
the publication; and their profits were consequently lessened materially by the accumulation of unsaleable stock, for the disposal of
which there was no practicable means.   By the establishment of
Trade Sales, however, this difficulty was overcome; and a publisher who was so unfortunate as not to be able to obtain the nominal price for his book, could sell it to the highest bidder in open
nlarklet.  So  popular have Trade Sales become, that now over 
BOOKS, MIAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
$600,000 worth of books are annually disposed of every spring and
autumn in Philadel phia and New York, the sales being conducted
under the supervision of a committee of leading publishers.
Within the last few years, the demand for minute and exactinformation in every department of learning has become so pressing,
that the subdivisions which may be remarked in mechanical pursuits are also noticeable with respect to the publication of books.
Publishers are no longer divided merely into book, newspaper,
and magazine publishers, as formerly; but each of the various
classes, Medical, Law, Theological, School, Illustrated, German,
and miscellaneous books, has its representatives among the publishing houses.   We  shall instance the more prominent in each
department.
1. MEDICAL BOOKS.   We are informed that nine-tenths of the
Medical Books issued in the United States are printed and published in Philadelphia.  There  are three firms extensively  engaged in this branch,  viz., BLANCITARD &  LEA,  J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., and LINDSAY & BLAKISTON; while others publish
Medical Books to some extent.  The first-named of these houses
make this department of the general trade their specialty, and
their catalogue contains a more important list of valuable Medical books than probably any in the world.   The list of their own
publications extends to about one hundred and seventy-five different works, or over two hundred different volumes, besides several
Medical journals; one of which, "The American Journal of Medical Science," edited by Dr. Hayes, is among the oldest periodicals of the country.  Their cash capital invested in this business
is not far short of a quarter of a million of dollars. Messrs. LipPINCOTT & CO. publish a number of important Medical books, as
Wood  &  Bache's Dispensatory, Wood's Practice of Medicine,
Woocld's MAlateria Medica, Smith's Operative Surgery, and many
others; and a very valuable periodical, entitled " The North
American  Medico-Chirurgical Review."   Their general operations we shall notice subsequently.   Messrs. LINDSAY & BLAKISTON publish a number of text books in Medical  Science, and
Rankin's Abstract, which has a large circulation.  The Hiomeopathic branch has its representative among the publishers in Mr.
RADDE. The contributions which Philadelphia has made to
159 
PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
American Medical Literature, are scarcely less important than
her Medical Schools.
2. LAW BOOKS. There are also three houses that make the
publication of Law Books their specialty: T. & J. W. JOHNSON,
KAY & BROTHER, and H. P. & R. H. SMALL. The first-named publish the Law Library, a reprint of English Elementary works of
standard value, now numbering 96 volumes; and the English
Common Law and Exchequer Reports, a reprint of the decisions
ofthe Law Courts of England since 1813, now numbering 125 vols.,
8vo., and believed to be the largest uniform series issued by any
law publishers in the world. Their list, which embraces works on
almost every department of law, contains nearly 500 volumes.
KAY & BROTHER publish the following valuable works: "Brightly's Analytical Digest of the Laws of the United States," 1 vol.,
8vo.; "Wharton's American  Criminal  Law,"  1 vol., 8vo.;
"Wharton's Precedents of Indictments": these wolrks comprising the science and the practice of the Criminal Law of the State
and Federal Courts of the United States; "Wharton & Stille's
Medical Jurisprudence," " Wharton on the American Law of Homicide," "Morris on Replevin," "Troubat on Limited Partnership,"
1 vol. 8vo., "Pennsylvania State Reports," 66 vols., and others.
HI. P. & R. H. SMALL publish Harrison's Digest, Addison on
Contracts, Selwyti's Nisi Prius, Williams on Executors, Saunders
on Pleading and Evidence, and many other standard works with
the legal profession. The business of Law Book publishing,
however, is not monopolized by these houses. Messrs. CHILDS &
PETERSON, for instance, publish Bouvier's Law Dictionary, and
the Institutes of American Law; Messrs. LIPPINCOTT & Co. issue
Dunlop's Laws of the United States, and Messrs. KING & BAIRD
the Philadelphia Reports, condensed  from their Legal Intelligencer, which is the only weekly Law Journal published in this
country.
3. RELIGIOUs BOOKs.  In this department of the book trade,
individual enterprise has been, to a large extent, superceded by
incorporated or organized societies, who publish for other objects
than the realization of profit. In Philadelphia, we believe,
there are seven of these societies, having a publishing department:
the Sunday School Union, American Baptist Publication So
160 
B0OOKS, MIAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPEPS.
ciety, Presbyterian  Boards, (Old  and  New  School), Bishop
White Prayer Book Society, Female Prayer Book Society, and
the Lutheran  Publication  Society.   As  an indication of the
magnitude of their operations, we remark the fact, that in 1856,
the American  Baptist Publication Society printed  16,276,293
pages, equal to 18,478,293 pages in 18mo.
Among the individual houses, in whose catalogues Religious
Books predominate, we would instance W. S. & ALFRED  MARTIEN, H. HOOKER & CO., HIGGINS & PERKENPINE, SMITII, ENGLISII & Co., JAMES CIdALLEN & SONS, and several publishers of
Catholic works. Mr. W. S. MARTIEN has been connected with
the publication business for nearly a quarter of a century.  HIis
list of publications embraces: Scott's Commentary on the Bible,
Baker's Revival Sermons, the works of Drs. Alexander, Hodge,
Junkin, Burrowes, and numerous other Theological works. Messrs.
HOOKER & Co. publish Episcopal Books largely; several editions of the Book of Commnon Prayer, and many other Religious
works.  Messrs. HIGGINS & PERKENPINE, we are informed, publish
principally Mlethodist Books.
The Bible is a standard volume, we are happy to say, with
nearly all the publishers; but some confine their operations entirely to its issue.  One establishment, that of JESPER HARDING
& SON, is believed to be the largest Bible publishing house in
this country, conducted by individual enterprise.
"On a late visit," says our informant, Dr. James Moore,  "we
saw over 20,000 copies in different states of forwardness, embracing fifty varieties at different prices, from the copies illustrated with engravings on wood  to those bound in Turkey morocco and embellished with fine steel engravings and chliromo-lithographic illustrations. Five hundred tons of white paper, at from
$250 to $300 per ton, worth at least $140,000; 500,000 leaves
of gold, 40 tons of tar paper; 20,000 sheep-skins, which the flock
of Job, containing only 14,000 sheep, could not have supplied, are
annually consumed at this establishment.  It employs 200 persons,
a book-folding machine, invented by Mr. Chambers, and the only
one ever brought into effectual operation, is at work here daily.,"
The Rev. TROMAS H. STOCKTON has lately commenced a novel
and important improvement in Bible publication.  His edition is
161 
162     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
distinctive, each book being in separate binding. Its beauty and
advantages have been acknowledged by a bold imitation on the
part of the well-known Bible house of BAGSTER & SONS; a proof
that London sometimes imitates Philadelphia.
Bibles are published in this city at all prices, from 40 cents to
$150, and in every style of binding, from the plainest to brown
morocco, illuminated, and with painted edges. The styles are generally distinguished by the name of the publisher, as Harding's
Bibles, Butler's Bibles, Miller & Burlock's Bibles, Perry's Bibles,
Whilt & Yost's Bibles, and Lippincott's Bibles.
3. ScHOOL BOOKS. In this important department of the business, Philadelphia publishers hold a respectable rank, both as to
the intrinsic merit of their publications and the amount of their
sales. HI. COWPERTHWAIT & CO., J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., E.
C. & J. BIDDLE, E. H. BUTLER & CO., CHARLES DESILVER, U.
HUNT & SON, HAYES & ZELL, CRISSY & MARKLEY, and SOWER,
BARNES & Co., are all extensively engaged in this branch of the
business. The first named house are the publishers of Mitcbell's
Series of School Geographies, the most popular of all the works
on this study published in the United States, and which are said
to have met with an annual sale of about 300,000 volumes. They
also publish many other popular School books. J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co. publish-along with numerous works in other departments of literature-a large number of books adapted to various
stages of advancement in school studies, and many of which have
a large sale, especially throughout the Southern and Western
portions of our country. The Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer
of the World, edited by Dr. Joseph Thomas and Thomas Baldwin,
and published by this house, is a work of such unquestioned
merit, that it has found, or will find, a place as a book of reference in almost every school of a respectable grade in the United
States, and reflects credit on the publishers. The Messrs. BIDDLE
devote their attention almost exclusively to the educational department of the Publishing and Bookselling business, and limit
the range of their publications to works adapted to advanced pupils. Crittenden's Series of Treatises on Book-keeping, Cleveland's Series of Compendiums of English and American Literature, and their Series of Class Books of English Etymology 
1300KS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
may be mentioned as fairly representing the class of their
publications, which have a widely extended and well merited
reputation for thoroughness.  This firm are known, and deserv edly distinguished as Educational publishers. SOWER, BARNES &
Co., also confine their publications almost exclusively to Educa tional works.   One of  their leading publications is "Pelton's
Series of Outline Maps," the demand for which supports two
manufactories.   They also publish Sanders' Readers, and works
upon Arithmetic, Grammar, History, Philosophy, and Chemistry.
E. H. BUTLER & CO. have given special attention to the improve ment of School books, in point of mechanical execution. A
diamond, they have supposed, deserves a handsome setting. Their
exertions in this respect have been very successful, and not lim ited to the department of  School  literature.  Messrs. Charles
Desilver, U. Hunt & Son, Hayes & Zell, Crissy & Markley, and
others, publish Educational Books of established reputation, and
which are extensively sold. As regards mechanical execution, it
may be safely asserted that-owing to the moderate cost of manufacturing in Philadelphia-the  publications of  her principal
School Book publishers combine, in an eminent degree, characteristics of essential importance in the implements with which we
are to "teach the young idea how to shoot," viz., durability, neatness, and cheapness.
4. GERMAN BOOKS. The extent of the German population in
our city and State, renders the publication of German books a
distinct and important branch-there being at least four houses
whose attention is principally engrossed by it-WM. G. MENTZ,
F. W. THOMAS,  IGNATIUS KOHLER, and JOHN WEIK.   The last
named is very extensively engaged in the publication of German
works; and is the first publisher, within our knowledge, who  regularly and successfully exports books from this country to Germany.  In the present season, we are informed, he has sent thither
three thousand copies of a German Dictionary, to aid in instructing his countrymen in the signification of their language.   He is
the sole publisher of a complete edition of Heine's works, either
inii this country or in Germany.
Numerous as these subdivisions are, they might with propriety
be further extended.   One  class of  publishers  prepare  their
163 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
works with a view to sale mainly by subscription, or through
agents. We would instance J. W. BRADLEY, who publishes nearly
thirty volumes of Arthur's works; JOHN E. POTTER, GEORGE
W. GORTON, and the long established house of LEARY & GETZ.
Another class make the publication of Juveniles, or books
adapted for  the youting, a principal feature in their business
among these, PECK & BLISS, J. P. KELLER, WILLIS P. HAZARD,
H. HII. HENDERSON, and HENRY F. ANNERS, are prominent.
Mfusic Books are  leading publications with others; and  many
of the volumes of this description that are standards in the South
and West, are published in this city.   MILLER  &  BURLOCK have
sold nearly a half million of the " Southern Harmony," and T. K.
COLLINS publishes " Aikin's Christian Minstrel;" and we believe
nearly a dozen others. The attention of other publishers is largely
engrossed by illutstrated works.  Some of the most magnificent
Fine-Art Books in the world are the issues of Philadelphia houses.
We  would instance RIcE &  HART'S National Portrait Gallery
of Distinguished  Americans,  containing  144 steel engravings,
whichi alone cost $40,000; and their MIcKenney  &  Hall's History of the Indian Tribes, with 120  colored illustrations,  and
the North American  Sylva, with 277 colored illustrations.  E.
H. BUTLER & Co.'s publications also embrace a number that are
remarkable for the elegance of their illustrations, and for typographical beauty.   Murray or Longman  might be proud of such
books as their editions of Burns, or Goldsmith, or Thomson, or
Keble's Christian Year; or Heber's Poetical works, or Stevens'
Parables, or Read's Female Poets, or Macaulay's Lays of Ancient
Rome, adorned as they are with all the embellishments of taste and
art.  Messrs.  HAYES  &  ZELL,  and  J.  W.  MOORE,  have also
issued several most superb works.  Lastly, we come to the class
who may be designated as publishers of miscellaneous works, or
5. GENERAL PUBLISHERS.  Nearly all those whose names we have
already mentioned belong to this class. With very few exceptions,
we presume none will refuse to aid in the parturition of a book of
respectable character and average merit, if they can be assured of
its saleability, or guaranteed against loss.  Whether it be a novel
or a professional treatise, an annual or a comnmentary, they are
indiflerent, provided the popular denmand is sufficiently significant,
164 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
in their opinion, to justify reasonable expectations of profit from
its publication.  It would, therefore, be tedious to repeat the
names of all in Philadelphia who publish miscellaneous books.
We shall only mention, in this connection, those who are prom
inently distinguished as extensive and wholesale publishers of miscellaneous works.
Foremost in the ranks of general publishers, are J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., the house referred to by Mr. Carey, as probably the
largest book distributing house in the world.   It was established
nearly thirty-five years ago by John Grigg, Esq., long and widely
known as the most successful of booksellers, who, with his partners, conducted the business under the style and firm of Grigg &
Eliot, and Grigg, Eliot & Co., until the year 1849, when Mr. J. B.
Lippincott purchased the respective interests of Messrs. Grigg &
Eliot, and in connection with the junior partners of the old firm,
established the present.  This purchase was probably the heaviest
ever made by one individual in the book trade.
The firm of J. B. LIPPINCOTT & Co. is now composed of six
partners, Messrs. Lippincott, Remsen, Claxton, Willis, and two
recently  admitted, C.  C.  Haffelfinger  and  John A. Remsen.
Their general business combines that of Publishers, Printers, Bookbinders,  and Wh'iolesale Booksellers  and  Stationers.
As publishers, they have frequently set up in a year twenty
thousand solid octavo pages of new standard works, besides
printilng large editions from the stereotype plates of over two
hundred different volumes, now in their vaults.  Within  the last
few years they have issued a number of most costly and valuable books, as for instance, their Gazetteer of the World, at a
cost of $50,000; Indigenous Races of Mankind, by Nott & Gliddon; and more recently Blodgett's Climatology, which has been
highlly eulogized by Humboldt, and other eminent scientific authorities.  The character of their leading publications, as well as
the enterprise of the publishers, will be inferred from these; or
perhaps more distinctly, when we state'that the original cost of
.four of their works, including their illustrated edition of the
WVaverly Novels, and the Comprehensive Comnientary, was
$186,300.  They have recently incurred an important outlay to
13
165 
166      PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
secure to Philadelphia the publication of Webster's Dictionary,
of which they now publish five different editions.
In connection with the Publishing house, Mr. Lippincott has
recently erected a six-story building, equipped with new and
superior machinery for printing and binding books, and in which
about one. hundred and fifty persons are constantly employed.
The capital invested by this firm in the general business exceeds
a half million of dollars; and the copyright money paid by them
to authors annually cannot be far short of one hundred thousand
dollars.
CHILDS & PETERSON, to whom we previously referred in connection with Law Books, are widely known as the publishers of
the Arctic Explorations, 2 vols., 8vo., for which they paid the
estate of Dr. Kane the sum of $65,000, as author's proceeds of
the first year's sale, being, it is believed, a larger amount of
copyright money than was ever before paid for one work in the
world.  They have now in press, Aliboone's Dictionary of Authors
and Literature, which will contain  a mention of every author
who has written in the English language, making in all upward
of 30,000 names.   It has been in course of stereotyping for the
last five years, will be issued in 1859, in one volume, super-royal
octavo of 1,800 pages, and will contain twenty per cent. more
matter than Webster's quarto Dictionary. The firm of Childs &
Peterson was established in 1848, and consists of Robert E. Peterson and George W. Childs.
T. B. PETERSON & BROTHERS have in their possession the stereotype plates of about six hundred different books, small and great,
principally'novels. They have invested about $50,000 in Dickens' works alone, of which they print twenty-nine different editions: the only complete series in the United States.   The sales
annually average 50,000 volumes. This firm manifest an abiding
confidence in the virtues of printer's ink.
PARRY & MCMILLAN are the successors of A. Hart, late Carey
& Hart, and their list of publications, as may be supposed, comprises a number of very valuable books. Many of their more
recent issues are of a religious character.
WILLIS P. IIAZARD'S catalogue is an interesting one, embracing a new edition of the most popular Poets, standard library 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
editions of good authors, fine editions of Shakspeare, and a variety of Juveniles, &c.
The catalogues of H. COWPERTHWAITE & Co., CHARLES DESILVER, E. H. BUTLER &  Co., LINDSAY &  BLAKISTON, JAMES B.
SMITH & Co., J. L. GIHON, and others, contain the titles of numerous choice miscellaneous works.
The Publishers of Philadelphia occupying, as they do, a more
central position than their brethren in New York and Boston,
and having peculiar advantages for circulating works throughout
the entire Union, are much sought after by the latter as agents
for the distribution of their publications. hence wholesale bookselling is usually combined with publishing. Hence, too, while
preferring, as they manifestly do, for their own issues, works
possessing some substantial merit aside from mere entertainment,
their stocks are generally very miscellaneous, embracing every
variety of books, from the most ephemeral to the most substantial.
The fact, however, that wholesale bookselling is combined with
publishing, renders it difficult even for those who are so disposed
to furnish accurately the statistics of their own publications.   The
best approximation that we can make, with the aid of experienced
printers, in estimating the annual business of those who decline
to furnish any statement for themselves, toward ascertaining the
value of books published annually in Philadelphia, gives a result
of $3,690,000; and of capital employed, $2,500,000. This is exclusive of books issued by printers, bookbinders, and authors who
occasionally assume the risk of becoming their own publishers.
NEWSPAPERS-MAGAZ INES.
The first newspaper published in Pennsylvania was printed
in 1719, by Andrew Bradford, in association with John Copson,
and entitled "The American Weekly Mercury."* The second
newspaper was  started by Samuel  Keimer, in 1728, (immortalized by Franklin, in his autobiography, as a "great knave at
heart"), and bore the title of "The Universal Instructor in all
Arts and Sciences, and Pennsylvania Gazette." It was a folio
sheet. After the return of Franklin from England, he, in 1729,
* MAease's " Picture of Philadelphia, in 1811," and "Newspaper Record."
167 
PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
united for a short time with ilugh Meredith, and continued Keimer's paper, on a whole or half sheet, as occasion required.  In
1739, as we previously stated, Christopher Sower established
at Germantown a German quarterly, but changed it to a weekly
in 1744, under the title of " The Germantown Gazette."  What
however may be called the third paper in Pennsylvania was
"The  Pennsylvania Journal," issued December 2d, 1742.  It
was continued till 1800.  "The  Chronicle and Universal Advertiser" was the fourth in Philadelphia, and the first with four
columns on a page. It was an influential sheet, and lived till
1773.  Seven Journals in the English language, and six in the
German, were started in Philadelphia before the Revolution.
The first daily paper published in the United States was "The
Pennsylvania Packet, or General Advertiser," established in
Philadelphia as a weekly, by John Dunlap, in 1771, but coinverted to a daily in 1784. At this period, Mr. David C. Claypoole became associated in its management. To him Washington
presented the original manuscript of his farewell address, which was
recently sold by his executors, through Messrs. Thomas & Sons,
and purchased by Mr. Lennox of New York, for a sum exceeding
$2,000. The first daily evening newspaper established in Philadelphia was "The Philadelphia Gazette," by Samuel Relf, in
1788.  In 1790 Mr. Bache published "The Aurora," afterward
purchased by William Duane.  1791, Mr. E. Bronson originated "The United States Gazette," which is now continued under
the title of "The North American and United States Gazette."
The other daily newspapers that flourished in Philadelphia, in the
early part of the present century, were "The True American,"
established in 1797, by Mr. Bradford; "The Freeman's Journal;"
"The Register," commenced in 1804, by Mr. Jackson; "The
Democratic Press," established in 1807, by John Binns, and
"Poulson's American Daily Advertiser," which was the successor
of "The Pennsylvania Packet."
The first paper that habitually treated Letters and Arts in connection with commercial and political matters was "The Daily
National Gazette," originated at Philadelphia in 1820. According to Dr. Griswold, in his history of American Literature, the
establishment of this paper was an era in our national mind.
168 
BOOKS, MAGAZINES, AND NEWSPAPERS.
Philadelphia was the second city in the Ulnion to encourage
penny papers; and the "Ledger" has now a larger uniform circulation, it is generally believed, than any daily newspaper printed
in the world, the London Standard perhaps excepted. It is
printed on two of Hoe's Last Fast eight-cylinder Printing Machines, capable of printing 20,000 impressions per hour.
At the present time twelve Newspapers are published daily in
Philadell-)hia, as follows:
When
Name.                  Published by      Established.         marks.
MORNING.
N. American & U.S. Gazette. Morton MeMichael.......... 1791    Independent.
Pennsylvania Inquirer....... Jesper Harding & Son.... 1829
Public Ledger.................... Swain & Abell............... 1836
Pennsvlvanian...........W....... illiam Rice.............1....832    Democratic.
Press.............................. John W. Forney............ 18.57 "
Daily News....................... J. R. Flanigen............... 1848    American.
Philadelphia Democrat....... Hoffniman & Morwitz........ 1838   German.
Free Press......................... F. W. Thomas............... 1848    German Independent.
AFTERNOON.                                             Independent, successor of
Evening Blletin.........A. Cummings & G. Pea-     1847    the American Sentinel,1
cock........................... established in 112.
Evening Journal..........G..... gry.so..y Irwin&   n... 18.56    Independent.
Evening Argus.................. Joseph Severns & Co......   1851   Democratic.
Evening Reporter............... 1837   Successor of Mor'g Times.
The following Newspapers  are published weekly:     Saturday Evening Post,                    Episcopal Recorder
The Dollar Newspaper,                     The Presbvterian
The Weekly No rth American,               The American Presbyterian,
Philadelphia Saturday Bulletin,           Clristian Chronicle,
Weekly Pennsylvanian,                     Christian Observer
Pennsylvania Inquirer, tri-weekly         The Catholic Herald
Forney's Weekly Press,                    The Friend,
Fitzterald's City Item,                   Friends' Weekly Intellisencer,
Dollar Weekly News,                       Friends' Review
National Argus,                           The Moravian
Commercial List,                          The Woman's Advocate,
United States Busin ess Journal,          Germantown Telegraph,
U. States Rail-road and Mining Register,    Frankford Herald
Southern Monitor,                         The Legal Intelligencer
Sunday Dispatch,                          Real Estate News Letter
Sunday Transcript,                        Masonic Mirror,
Sunday Mercury,                           The Ne World,
The Public Mirror,                        Vereingte Staaten Zeitung,
The Tattler,                              Republican Flag,
Banner of the Cross,                      Philadelphia Wochenblatt.
Every merchant and every farmer throughout the Union should
subscribe for at least one newspaper from a city so important as
Philadelphia; and no one who readcts aright can fail to obtain an
amount of practical, useful information, that will amply repay the
trifling expenditure.
In addition to the Journals above enumerated or referred to,
there are about fifty Periodicals published in Philadelphia, in           13*
169 
170      PIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
eluding Medical, Legal, Scientific, and denominational organs.
Of the strictly Literary Magazines there are four-Peterson's Magazine, Arthur's Home Magazine, Graham's Magazine, and Godey's
Lacldy's Book, established in 1830. The last is specially designed
for the ladies; and from its devotion to their tastes, and the valunable supply of fashion plates, it has attained an enormous circulation. It is a creditable fact, worthy of being noticed, that an
oath has never been registered in its pages.  The  Philadelphia
Magazines have long been celebrated for their high moral tone
and their devotion to the Fine Arts-making exquisite illustrations a leading feature.
We regret that we are unable to furnish any reliable Statistics
of Newspapers and Periodicals.  We  therefore proceed to consider the most important of the industrial branches to which the
creation of Books and Periodicals has given rise.
IV.
The Book Manufacture and its Kindred Branches.
Livingstone, the celebrated traveler, in the Preface to his
Journal of Explorations, states that those who have never carried
a book through the press, can form no idea of the amount of toil
it involves; and adds, that the process has increased his respect for
authors a thousandfold.   Again, in the Introduction, he says, "I
think I had rather cross the African continent than write another
book." But books are the embodiment, not merely of the labor
of the author, but of a vast number of persons occupied in seemingly diverse branches of industry. A volume, however insignificant in itself, represents a portion of the labor of rag-gatherers,
carters, bleachers, paper-mlakers, paper-machine makers, miners,
furnace-meii, type-metal makers, type-founders, compositors, pressmen; bookbinders, publishers; manufacturers of printing presses,
of printing ink, of gold leaf, of bookbinders' tools, and bookbinders' muslin and leather; sometimes engravers on wood or
steel, lithographers, stereotypers or electrotypers; marble-paper
makers, and others. All those who are directly concerned in
the production of books are largely congregated in Philadelphia,
with many in each of the kindred branches, as blank books, maps, 
THE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
envelops, &c. To notice the present development of the more
important and prominent of these is our present purpose.
1. TYPE METAL.
Type-metal is composed of block-tin, lead, and antimolly.
There is one large establishment in this city for manufacturing
Type and Stereotype metal, in connection with Babbitt metal
and packing, and anti-friction metals of every description.  In
this foundry eight furnaces are used; one of which is constructed on a new principle, and is used for smelting lead and
antimony from the ore, as it comes from the mine. This furnace
is of the largest size.  The proprietor, Mr. H. W. Hook, has for
some years directed his attention to the production of a durable
metal for Type-founders, and now manufactures an article, of
which the ingredients are not disclosed, but which is claimed
to be the best in the United States.  It is known  as Hiook's
Adamantine Metal; and when cast into the smallest type may be
driven, it is said, without injuring its face in the least, into the
hardest type heretofore known.   It produces type in sharpness,
clearness, and delicacy, comparing favorably with electrotype.
Mr. Hlook also produces a metal for hardening, which may be
used as a substitute for tin.
2. TYPE-FOUNDING.
Type-Founding, in or near Philadelphia, dates from 1735,
when Christopher Sower established a printing-office at Germantown, and cast his own  types.   Soon  after the close of
the war, Mr. John Bainte, of Edinburgh, established a Typefoundry here; and was, it is believed, the first who  regularly
carried on the business of Type-founding in the United States.
In 1790 Baine died, and Messrs. Archibald Binny and James Ronaldson established another foundry, unconnected with any other
business, and were eminently successful. It is to them the world
is indebted for the first real improvement in Type-founding since
the days of Peter Schceffer; this was in the type mould: enabling a caster to cast 6,000 types in a day, as easily as he could
have done 4,000 by the old process.  It is known in Europe as
the American Mould.
171 
PHIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
In 1808, Mr. Wm. L. Johnson patented a machine for casting
type, by which he was enabled to give a sharper outline and better
face to the letter, by using a pump to force the liquid metal into
the mould. This idea subsequently passed through many modifications and improvements, and the casting capacity of Binny
and Ronaldson's Mould is now multiplied threefold.
The quality of Philadelphia type bears a favorable comparison
with that of Europe, and is cheaper.  The metal used is a mixture
composed chiefly of lead, antimony, and tin, in proportion to the
kind of type required. There are now four establishments in the
business-L. Johnson & Co., Collins & McLeester, Pelouze and
Son, and A. Robb; and another firm, Starr & Co., produce type for
marking linens. The amount of capital invested is stated approximately at $500,000, and the aggregate product at $420,000. Messrs.
Johnson & Co. employ in this department of their general business, which includes also Stereotyping and Electrotyping, about
two hundred and twenty-five persons, and produce annually about
600,000 lbs. of type, averaging fifty cents per pound, or $300,000.
This firm publish very elegant specimen books; which may be
referred to as a sample not merely of their own product, but of
all the Philadelphia Type-founders.
3. STEREOTYPING.
Stereotyping is the mode of casting perfect fac-similes, in
metal, of the face of movable types. The plan is simple. After
arranging the type in pages, and getting it perfectly smooth
and clean, it is placed in a frame, the surface being thoroughly
oiled to prevent the mould from adhering, when liquid gypsum,
or Plaster of Paris, is poured  over  the page.   The  mould
thus taken, if perfect, is dressed with an instrument, and a
hole made to admit the metal. It is then dried, after which it is
put into an iron casting-box, and the whole immersed in liquid
type-metal.   Twenty to thirty minutes usually suffice for casting.
The box is then swung out of the molten mass into a coolingtrough, in which the underside is exposed to the water. When
hard, the caster breaks off the superfluous metal, and separates
the plaster mould from the plate. It is then picked, the edges
trimmed, the back shaved to a proper thickness, and made ready
for the press.
172 
THE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
Stereotyping is of comparatively recent introduction into the
United States. MAr. L. Johnson, to whom we have already referred, was among the first to practice the art in Philadelphia,
about thirty-five years ago. For many months he was able to
execute all orders with his own hands. There are now seven
Stereotype foundries in this city, employing about one hundred
and eighty hands, and having a capital invested of $150,000.
4. PRINTING.
The processes of Printing are familiar to the majority of per  sons, and are generally the same in all the offices: nevertheless,
the results produced, singular to say, differ very widely. The
characteristics of the typography of different printers are almost
as marked as their nasal protuberances, and as readily distin guishable by close observers. Some of the literati of Washing ton, recently admiring the typography of a work, credited it
to their own printers; when a publisher present, though he had
never seen nor heard of the work, confidently attributed it to
Philadelphia; and subsequent information confirmed his sagac ity. In fact, a large portion of fine work, bearing the im print of Southern printers, and particularly of the Washington
establishments, is executed in this city.  Some of the most beau tiful specimens of which the Art in America can boast, have
issued from the Philadelphia press. The typographical beauty of
such works as the Indian Biography, the National Portrait Gal lery, Schooleraft's Indian Tribes, and Gliddon's Types of Mankind,
is acknowledged everywhere, and is the result, not of accidental
circumstances, but of long experience, unsurpassed facilities, and
unremitted vigilance and care.
There are now about fifty Printing-offices in Philadelphia, exclusive of the newspaper press, employing from three to one
hundred persons each; and executing work of every description, from a card to a quarto. The compositors in the city, who
are members of the Printers' Association, are about four hundred;
while the force engaged in ordinary times is nearly one thousand
persons. Many of the employees who tend presses are females,
whose earnings average $4 per week. Power-presses are in use
in all the leading establishments, five having seventy-four in constant operation, the cost of which was not far short of $150,000
173 
174      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
As an evidence of the capacity of our Book offices for executing
work with expedition, we may state, that the average of each
week's work done in one single establishment is about fifteen hundred tokens for fifty-nine working hours, which is equivalent to nine
million duodecimo pages; or, in other words, the presses of one
firm turn out about twenty-five thousand duodecimo volumes of
ordinary size each week. By working at night, the quantity could
be doubled. As an illustration of the facilities possessed for
printing in different languages, we subjoin the following extract
from a note received from one of the leading firms:
"We set up for the Stereotypers, during the last year, Dr. Jayne's
Medical Almanac, in the following eight languages: —Enylish, German,
Hollandische, Swedish, Norwegian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese.
"We have set up and printed from type six volumes Latin Theology,
octavo, with Greek and Hebrew Notes; a Hymn Book in Cherokee,
from movable type; several German Dictionaries, from one of which
we have sent three separate editions to Germany-in all six thousand
copies. Also, a German Grammar, two editions of which went to Germany. Last month we completed a small work in French on Prosody
-one half the edition was ordered, and shipped by us direct to Paris,
on account of the author, Yictor Value, Esq.                K. & B."
Ornamental Printing, or Printing in Colors, is carried on by
the principal firms as a branch of their general business, and it
is also made an exclusive business by several. This department
of the Printer's Art has been developed wonderfully within a
few years. In England its importance dates from the commencement of the present century, when the rivalry existing between
the proprietors of various State lotteries, induced them to invoke
its virtues for making their advertising schemes attractive. It was
subsequently applied principally to Playing-cards. On the day
of the Coronation of Queen Victoria, an edition of the Sun newspaper was printed entirely in gold. This was considered a great
feat. At the present time, printers in Philadelphia frequently
execute orders for bank checks in gold; and fancy show bills, and
especially Druggists' and Perfumers' fancy labels, demand all the
tints of the rainbow. A great deal of work is done in this
branch upon orders from New York.
Printing for the Blind has been executed in Philadelphia with a 
THE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
fair share of success, and its importance is evident, inasmuch as
the statistics show, that in America one out of every two thousand
is blind. The process adopted was what is known as printing in
relief-the alphabet being Roman capitals, in small, compact, sharp
type, and the relief produced by heavy pressure on thick paper
between two sheets of copper, having the letters deeply cut.  The
embossing is thus on both sides.  Several works, including nearly
all the Gospels and Epistles, have been printed at the Institution
for the Blind, and the typography was complimented by the London juries as exceedingly well executed, and comparing "most
favorably with the best of the Glasgow books."
PRINTING INKS. In printing, especially plate printing, the
tone and color of the Ink used are all important. Without good
Inkls it would be impossible to attain any marked success in letterpress. There are now five establishments in this city engaged in
making Printing Inks —Chas. E. Johnson, Lay & Brother, Caleb
Pierce, Woodruff & Co., and L. Martin & Co.* The first named
is probably the oldest established concern in the United States.
Some of these establishments confine their manufacture to Black
Inks solely-others make all the usual varieties of Colored Inks,
which have been compared with the English and pronounced superior. Within the last few years a great impetus has been given to
* The youngest of these enterprising firms, Messrs. L. MARTIN & Co.,
have very politely proposed to furnish a fair sample of Philadelphia Ink for
use in these pages.  This firm claim to have freed their Inks entirely from
those empyreumatic oils, the presence of which so often endangers the best
efforts of the printer, by causing the work to change to a dingy brown.
Mr. Adams, the author of the well-known "Adams' Typographia," is associated in this firm, and has succeeded in producing a very superior article, of
which the one-dollar quality has been used side by side with English fourdollar Ink, and the difference is imperceptible to an unpracticed eye. They
state, "true economy in business is one of'the chief elements of success;
but in relation to Printing Ink particularly, the lowest priced is not always
the cheapest; but that which, containing the most color, will require the
least ink, and as a consequence, produce the finest work."
In connection with Printing Inks, Messrs. L. Martin & Co. manufacture
T,an?p Blaock extensively-many tons being exported to Europe every month.
T'heir manufactory is said to be the largest in the Union.  A few years since,
America depended for Lamp Black entirely upon foreign supplies.
175 
PHIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
this business, and a great improvement effected in the manufacture; and, at the present time, the quality of Ink made inii Philadelphia is said to be superior to any in the country. Product about
$160,000.
5. PAPER.
The extent of the publishing interest in Philadelphia necessarily makes this city one of the great Paper marts of the Union.
There are now at least thirty-five houses in Philadelphia engaged
more or less extensively in dealing in Paper and Paper-maker's
materials; and on Sixth, Commerce, and other streets, there are
immense warehouses filled, ream upon ream, with paper of all
kinds, sizes, and colors, the product of European, New England,
and Pennsylvania mills, consigned for sale, and sold in some instances at lower prices than the same paper could be purchased
for cash from the manufacturer.  In the vicinity of the city, along
the Brandywine, in Delaware and Chester counties, the Papermills are very numerous, some of them the oldest in the country,
as for instance, the Ivy Mill, which produced, it is said, the first
Printing Paper made in America; and also, the first Bank Note
Paper, viz., that for the old Continental money. But within the
limits of the consolidated city, there are only nine Paper millsfour in Manayunk, three on the Wissahicon, one in West Philadelphia, and one on the Schuylkill, near the Soapstone quarry.
These mills, however, are generally of the first class, some of
them new Steam-mills, (see APPENDIX); and produce, including
those of two other parties, whose head-quarters are in this city,
and whose products are sold exclusively here, an average annual
value of $1,250,000. The City Mills are occupied principally in
executing orders for paper of a particular quality, or unusual sizes.
The products of the Philadelphia mills include, besides the usual
varieties of News and Book Paper, some of the rarer descriptioris. The Writing and Letter Paper at least of one manufacturer
is very celebrated; the Bank-note paper of another received the
premium of superiority from the Boston Bank Association, in 1855;
Plate and Lithographic Paper is made by Messrs. Magarge; and
paper from Straw by a firm in Manayunk-the Ledger and
Dollar  Newspaper alone consuming  about  50,000 reams, or
176 
TIIE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
24,000,000  sheets per annum.*  Pasteboards and  card-boards
for printers, paper-box manufacturers, and others, are manufactured extensively-one firm, Messrs. A. M. Collins & Co., making
annually 5,000 gross, or upward of 700,000 sheets, and believed
to be superior in style of finish to any other in the Union.
The advantages that the manufacturers of Paper in Philadelphia
have, including cheap coal, superior water, a first-rate Papermaking Machine establishment, and cheap supplies of raw materials, are so manifest, that no better locality could be selected for
the manufacture, particularly of the fine kinds of Paper.
6. BOOKBINDING.
Bookbinding may be considered both as an Art and as a
manufacture.  As an Art, it was practiced two thousand years
ago, and we are told that no expense was deemed by some too
great for the decoration and preservation of rare manuscripts.
Only within the last ten years, however, has ornamental binding
received much attention in the United States; and except for
the superior quality of Philadelphia workmanship, the national
reputation, in this particular, would be far from enviable.  The
credit of American Book-binding was saved, both at the London
WVorlcld's Fair, and at the Crystal Palace in New York, mainly by
the favorable specimens sent from this city. There are now establishmenits in Philadelphia occupied almost exclusively upon Fine
Art binding for private individuals, and largely upon orders from
New York, Albany, and Boston. In this city, if nowhere else
in the country, men of wealth and taste can procure their rare
volumes bound in accordance with the true principles of the artthat is, to adapt the style of the covering to the contents of the
volume.
* A resident of this city, Mr. G. A. Shryock, claims to have been the first
in this, or any other country, to manufacture by machinery Paper and
Boards from various kinds of straw and grass. The discovery of straw as
a material for Paper was patented by Col. William B. Magraw, of Meadville,
Crawford County, in 1828. In the succeeding year, Mr. Shryock purchased
a cylinder machine, and adapted it to the manufacture of Paper from this
material, and his success was noticed in the American and European jour
hals of that period.
14
177 
178      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
As a manufacture, modern Book-binding is distinguished for
the extent to which machinery has been employed, and the consequent rapidity of production.  In our large establishments, occupied principally with orders from Publishers and Publication
Societies, nearly all the leading processes are executed by machines. Mechanism is applied to block-gilding, blind-tooling,
and embossing; hydraulic presses are used instead of the old
wooden screw-presses; Riehl's cutting-machine supersedes the
plow; cutting-tables, with shears, are now used for squaring and
cutting mill-boards for book-covers; and machines have recently
been invented for backing and finishing.  As  a result,  1,000
volumes can now be put illto boards in ten hours, and 2,500
volumes are with some an average day's work, in busy seasons.
The Binders of this city have peculiar advantages in being able to
procure the requisite materials direct from manufactories in their
midst. The very best Morocco that can be obtained is made ill
this city; Marble paper, of unsurpassed quality, is made here;
and Tar boards are supplied from the immediate vicinity. Messrs.
GASKILL, COPPER & FRY, supply the best Bookbinders' tools and
ornamental brass work used in New York and Boston, as well as
in this city; and the whole trade looks to Philadelphia for the
most efficient Bookbinders' machinery.*
Of MJarble Paper, Philadelphia has the principal manufactory
in this country, that of Mr. CHARLES WILLIAMS.  Hle claims to
have been the first in the Union who made the Antique Dutch
and Drawn patterns, and also the only one that has succeeded in
matching the celebrated "Papier de Annonay," of France; and
still is the only manufacturer in the Unlited States of all of the
English, Dutch and French patterns.  HIe supplies Boston, New
* Book-binders' Muslin is not made in this city, and we believe not in this
country, excepting by one house, Messrs. N.M. ABBOTT & Co., of New York city.
This house is entitled to very great credit for their successful and perseverimg efforts to produce an article of American manufacture, fully equal in all
respects to the imported, and cheaper. Their sales now exceed one half the
entire present importation. We are assured by practical binders, who have
thoroughly tested Messrs. Abbott & Co.'s muslins, that the trade would find
an advantage in using the American in preference to the foreign article;
and we trust patriotism and good sense will induce them to heed the suggestion. This volume we shall order to be bound in American muslin. 
THE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
York, and the chief cities of the whole Union with nine-tenths of
the fine papers that are used on extra work, and go by the name
of English and French paper.  "There is no manufacturer in this
country," he says, "that has equaled my styles of work, and none
that has even matched my common papers for durability and finish."
The binding of  BLANK BOOKS is a distinct but important
branch of the general trade. In the manufacture of Account
Books, foreigners acknowledge that Americans excel all others;
and those who are conversant with the best workmanship executed
in this city, will acknowledge that our makers are not surpassed
by any. Every variety and description of Blank Books for
merchants, banks, and public offices, are made here, from the
cheapest to those distinguished as indestructible, which are bound
in Russia, paneled, and edged with brass, varying, in full sets,
from $75 to $300.  The leading establishments employ the most
improved machinery, and no expense is spared to expedite and
cheapen the processes of manufacture.  One enterprising individ ual recently paid $17,000 for a limited monopoly of one machine
for Ruling. By means of this invention, known as the MeAdams' Ruling Machine, horizontal and vertical lines, in red and blue
inks, are ruled on both sides of the paper by a single passage
through. Seventy-five to one hundred reams may thus be ruled
per day; while eight or ten reams are considered rapid work by
the ordinary hand-ruling machine. The pens used in the MecAdams' invention are of gold, tipped with rhodium, which prevents
wearing of the points, and insures uniform and unbroken lines.
It is estimated that these pens will endure six years. Any variety
of width of heading is made possible by an improvement in lifting the pens. Another invention, in general use, is a machine
for paging Blank Books, introduced by the enterprise of Mr.
Willard.   The method consists in the simultaneous application
of numbered types to each side of the sheet; and so great is the
working capacity of the machine, that it is capable of producing
thirty or forty thousand impressions per day, requiring only one
operator to move the treadle. Purchasers now generally stipulate that their Blank Books shall be delivered paged.
The business of Account Bookbinding and Ruling, in this city,
amounts to about $260,000; while the entire Bookbinding, in
179 
PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTUIPES.
eluding Blank Books, exceeds a million of dollars-as nearly as
we can ascertain it, $1,210,000; and employs, in favorable times,
about seven hundred males and one thousand females.
6. ENGRAVING.
The arts of Engraving may be divided into two principal
classes-Engraving in Relief, of which Wood Engraving is the
principal representative, and Engraving in Basso, as Line engraving, Mezzotinto engraving, engraving in Stipple and Aquatinta.
Engraving on }Vood has become exceedingly popular within
the last twenty years, as a means of illustrating natural or
familiar  scenes.   So  great has been the demand for Wood
Engraving, that the art in many places has degenerated into a
mere mechanical trade.  But in Philadelphia, fortunately, there is
not an overbearing demand for indifferent styles to illustrate cheap
publications; and consequently, the artists have been employed
in branches which called for their best powers, and developed the
highest capabilities of the Art.  Government reports, Scientific
works, and orders from individuals other than Periodical Pub.
lishers, have been the principal sources of employment to the
Wood Engravers in Philadelphia.*
*Philadelphia contains so many names of celebrity, as Wood Engravers,
that it would be difficult to instance any as special representatives of the
general excellence. We shall therefore merely refer to those whose Engravings are in this volume, and of whose merits the reader can judge.
The principal firm selected is that of BAXTER & HARLEY, whose engravings may be known by the mark. The establishment occupied by them
was founded by Mr. R. S. Gilbert, for some time the only Engraver in Philadelphia, and probably the best in the country. The firm subsequently
included Mr. William Gihon, since deceased, of whom Mr. Baxter was the
pupil, and is the successor. Mr. Harley was also a pupil of Mr. Gihon.
Mr. Baxter is said to be one of the best designers in the city, and has had
a large experience, and been peculiarly successful in engraving Anatomical
subjects.-Wilson's Anatomy, Carpenter's Physiology, Gliddon's Types of
Mankind, &c., were illustrated by this firm, and are fair samples of the accuracy with which they execute engravings for Medical and Scientific works.
Engraving on Pine has been brought to great perfection by Messrs. Baxter & Harley: some of their large show-bills, &c., are really works of Art.
Other of the Wood Engravings in this work were executed by Mr. EDWARD ROGERS, an enterprising young artist, rapidly rising in his profession.
iso 
THE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
Line Engraving is the general term for the process of engrav ing on the two metals commonly employed-Copper and Steel.
The manufacture of Bank Notes affords occupation to a large
number of the very best Engravers on Steel; but aside from this,
the demand for Steel Plates in this city has called into existence
several important establishments. Philadelphia now contains what
is believed to be the largest Plate Engraving establishment in the
United States.   It employs about seventy persons, including
eighteen Engravers, runs thirty-five presses, and turns out an
average annual product of $50,000.*
3Jezzotinto Engraving, so far as the history of the art in America is concerned, is inseparably associated with the name of JOHN
SARTAIN, of this city, who first introduced it here about a quarter
of a century ago, during more than half of which period he was
alone in the practice.  In his hands it underwent a change in its
application, and consequently in its methods, by adapting it to
the production of small book embellishments, for which it had not
been used before. From the broad effects of large framing prints,
it was forced down to the expression of the most minute details,
on the diminutive scale of Pictorial Books; and we count by hundreds the Steel Plates engraved in this style during the period
referred to, all the product of one prolific hand.   The facility of
its execution, its inexpensiveness, the richness and softness of its
effects, all tended to extend its popularity; and its use, doubtless,
hastened the diffusion of that rapidly growing taste for prints in
this country, everywhere observable.
The other processes of Engraving enumerated, are —Engraving
The establishment alluded to is that of J. M. BUTLER, in Jayne's Granite Building. We extract from our Reporter's Notes:-" Mr. Butler has
now in course of publication Washington at Valley Forge, and Franklin before the Privy Council, in Whitehall Chapel, London, 1774. The Painting is
by C. Schuessele, Artist, at a cost of $1,800. The Engraving is being executed by Whitechurch, one of the best English Artists, at a cost of $5,000.
It will take four years to complete it. Hamilton, the Marine Painter, (for
some years associated with Butler in designing), is now making illustrations
for Col. Fremont's Explorations.   Butler's establishment shows to what a
high pitch of perfection the noble art of the Engraver is carried by Philadelphia Artists."
14*
181 
182      PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
in Stipple, and Aquatinta Engraving. Engraving in Stipple is a
costly method of Engraving, seldom used except in portraiture.
The largest, and one of the finest Stipple Portraits ever executed in this country, is a copy of Gilbert Stuart's Washington,
executed by Mr. T. B. Welch, of this city. Aquatintta Engraving
is a secondary method, unsatisfactory where minute and accurate
details are required.
T. LITHOGRAPHY.
This ornamental art, of so much service to the useful arts, is
so nearly allied to Engraving, that it might be treated as a branch
thereof-being, in fact, Engraving on Stone, or Surface Engraving.
The stone used possesses, in a high degree, calcareous qualities
similar to limestone, and absorbs to a certain extent the oily substances that are used to give the drawings sufficient adhesiveness
to resist the friction of printing. These are Lithographic chalk
and Lithographic ink. They are composed of tallow, virgin wax,
soap, shellac, and colored with lamp-black. The principal styles
in Lithography, are Linear and Crayon Drawings, transfers on
stone from steel or copper-plate engravings, wood-cuts, or
from Lithographic drawings themselves.
The second Lithographic establishment in the United States,
was opened in Philadelphia in 1828; and here many of the most
important processes and improvements in the art have had their
oiigin.  Works have been executed here that would do credit to
the artists of any city or place in the World.*
In illustration of the correctness of this assertion, we may refer to plate
XXI. of the seventh edition of Lieut. Maury's "Sailing Directions," published by Messrs. E. C. & J. BIDDLE, of this city, for the U. S. Hydrographlical Department.   The plate referred to, by a series of differently colored
lines-some continuous and others broken-extending across two quarto
pages, exhibits the percentages resulting from the average of observations for
46,000 days, of fair gales, head gales, total gales, calms, fogs, and thunder
and lightning, met with in each month of the year, in every five degrees
from 10~ to 75~ West latitude, along Lieutenant M.'s proposed track for
steamers bound from America to England; and also, along his proposed
homeward track. The precision required both in the engraving and in
the printing of this plate was such as almost defied the powers of lithography; but it was executed to the satisfaction of Lieutenant Maury, 
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THE BOOK MANUFACTURE.
There are now two hundred and thirty-five Lithographic presses
in operation in this city.
8. MAPS.   Map manufacturing, it is believed, is conducted on
a more extensive scale in Philadelphia than in any other city in
the Union. One establishment alone turns out twelve hundred
Maps weekly. Connected with it are two Lithographic Printingoffices, having twenty presses; coloring rooms, in which thirty-five
females are employed; twenty engravers are occupied in the engraving office, and sixteen men in the mounting rooms. Maps of
and of all good judges. Again, some years ago, Messrs. Lippincott & Co.,
published an Annual, called "The Iris," having chromo-lithographic illustrations, representing various subjects of Indian Life and Wild Scenery,
printed in eleven colors.  This volume was so much admired in England,
that the Queen ordered a dozen copies for her own household, expressing
by letter to the agent in London, her admiration of the manner in which
the book was illustrated, and saying, "that it was the prettiest book she had
seen from America, and reflected great credit on the city of Philadelphia."
The firm who executed the above works now conduct business under the
style of P.S. DUVAL & SON. The senior is now, we believe, the oldest established Lithographic Printer in the city. Mr. S. C. Duval, the son, is
also an accomplished Lithographer, having just completed a three years'
practice in some of the principal establishments of Paris. Among the
numerous works recently executed by this firm, we might mention a large
and beautiful view of Baltimore, in 1752, printed in colors; a book of specimens for Messrs. Cornelius & Baker, containing Drawings printed in colors
of the principal styles of Chandeliers; and one hundred and fifty plates for
a Government report of the Pacific Rail-road and Mexican Boundary.
The art of Photographic Drawing on Lithographic Stone has been attempted by this firm with probabilities of success. The process is simple,
and much more economical than drawing on stone.
The art of transferring Plate Engravings to stone, of so much importance
in the publication of Maps, Outline Drawings, &c., was introduced, it is
said, into this city by Mr. F. BOURQuiN, who,  for a long period, occupied
the position of foreman in Mr. Duval's establishment. To this day he has
few if any equals in the art. An Isothermal Map, lithographed by him for
Blodgett's Climatology, is equal in delicacy and accuracy to copperplate.
The firm with which he is connected, Messrs. F. BouRQuIN, & Co., have
executed for this work the view of the Bridesburg Machine Works.
Another Lithographic establishment, in this city, includes and represents
a combination of master-artists. We refer to that of T. LEONIARDT & Co.,
and F. MiARAS, 609 Chestnut street. The duties are subdivided thus:
Mr. THEODORE LEONIIARDT, whose skill as a Lithographer is well known
183 
PHIIILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
all the counties in Maine, and others of the New England States,
have been executed in this city; and one firm in Philadelphia has
the contract for making a Map of the State of New York, in
which $50,000 has already been expended. The product amounts
to about $400,000 annually.
9. ENVELOPES. The British Post-office Statistics state, that
in 1850, three hundred and forty-seven millions of letters were
posted, and of this large number three hundred millions were inclosed in Envelopes.  In this city, many millions of letters are
mailed annually; hence it will be seen, that the manufacture of
Envelopes must necessarily have some importance. There are
now four establishments engaged in the manufacture, the largest
having five machines for folding and gumming, each of which can
turn out eighteen thousand Envelopes a day: though, of course,
the full power is seldom exerted. Not only plain, but embossed
and enameled Envelopes are made;  and one firm makes twenty
sizes and styles.
in this and other cities, has special charge of the Engraving Department.
He gives particular attention to the execution of Bonds, Diplomas, Certificates
of Deposit, Checks, Notes, Drafts, and all other mercantile work, having no
superior in this line. His productions with the Ruling-machine are elegant
in design, and have been in many cases pronounced equal to copper.
F. MARAS, who has had twenty-two years experience in the leading establishments of Europe, and who is well known in London and Paris as a
first-class artist, personally superintends all the artistical branches and the
color printing.
Mr. J. H. CAMP, celebrated as a practical printer, and transferrer from
Stone, Steel, and Copper Plates, leads the Printing Department. His productions are esteemed perfect by the principal artists; and in combination
with the above-named gentlemen, contributes largely to the reputation and
excellence of these establishments.' In union there is strength."
Mr. THOMAs SINCLAIR has executed some very fine Lithographic  Engravings for the Harpers and other publishers; and Messrs. WAGNER and
McGuIGAN,  and Mr. ROSENTHAL, have had a good share of Government
und other work, which they have executed in a masterly style.
Mrs. BOWEN continues the establishment of her late husband, a celebrated Lithographic Engraver in the department of Natural History;
And M. H. TRAUBEL, and others, execute Lithographic Engravings of great
excellence.
184 
BOOTS AND SHOES.
The product of the Book Manufacture, and its kindred branches,
is stated approximately as follows:
Type-Metal, Type Founding, and Stereotyping, -
Printing-Book and Job, (including Fancy Printing,)
Printing Inks,.-... — —Paper,.... — —— 1
Book Binding, including Blank Books and Marble Pape
Engraving-Wood and Steel, and Lithography, -
Maps, -  -  -  -  -  -  - - -
Fancy Stationery and Envelopes,         — —.
-     -      -     $650,000
-     -      -     1,183,000
-     -      -       160,000
-     -      -      1,250,000
er,     -     -      1,230,000
-     -      -        570,000
-     -      -       400,000
-     -      -        150,000
-     -      -   $5,593,000
V.
Boots and Shoes.
The manufacture of Boots and Shoes would be treated by Play fair as a subdivision of the general subject of Wearing Apparel.
-Those who have never heard of the machine, invented by a Penn sylvanian, which will peg a Boot or Shoe, two rows on each side,
in three minutes, and cut its own pegs, might be disposed to clas sify the trade with Stationery.  But within the last few years, so
great an advance has been made in the science of pedology, and so
many improvements have been made in the mechanism expediting
the manufacture, that it is entitled to distinct and separate consideration; and, as respects first-class Boot-makers, particularly those
of Philadelphia, there is now neither wit nor justice in comparing them to their predecessors in the time of Simon of Joppa,
nor in ranking them, as some one has done, among the great
scourges of humanity.
The chief seats, in the United States, of the Wholesale Manufacture of Boots and Shoes, are Lynn, Mass., and Philadelphia.
The former makes cheap, common work its specialty-the latter,
fine Boots and Shoes, particularly Ladies' Shoes. The former
has had the advantage of Boston enterprise in scattering broadcast the particulars of its industry; the latter has produced annually an equal product of really, though not nominally, cheaper
work; but has taken such precautions to guard the secret that but
few persons have even accidentally heard of it. Mr. Edward
Young has made the manufacture, in Philadelphia, one of the
subjects of thorough investigation for this volume, and the following extract from his report exhibits its present condition
L- 7
185
Total, 
186       PIIILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
With respect to the reputation of Philadelphia Shoes, I first
heard of it while traveling in the South. I noticed that a Petersburg retailer  offered  his customers' Great  inducements 
Miles' celebrated Boots only eight dollars a pair.' As I had
heard of Boots in New England for something less than that per
pair, I was led to inquire who Mr. Miles was, and received an account, which was amply confirmed when I recently visited his establishment on Fourth street. An inspection of his work profoundly
impressed me with the sagacity of the Petersburg merchant.
The results of an extended personal examination and inquiry
into the manufacture of Boots and Shoes, in Philadelphia, are
these.  In the first place, the quality is niost superior.  This superiority may be ascribed in part to the advantage which the
manufacturers have in this market for purchasing leather and
skins-sole-leather, calf, goat, and sheep-skins and especially
for obtaining morocco, of which they have the first choice from
the large stock made in this city;-and can also obtain them in
such  quantities as they desire.  Secondly, to the skill of the
workmen. A large number of the journeymen are foreigners,
chiefly Germans, many of whom are first-class workmenl.
Some of the work in both branches excels any I have seen,
of either European or American make. The character of the
work may be judged by the following scale of prices, paid by
the best houses for making
Men's Dress Boots-Fitting,        -    -    -            75
Crimping,        -    -    -        10 
Bottoming,    -    -    -    -$2 25
Heeling,  -                   -    12
Total, -... - _               $3 22
Ladies fine heel Gaiters-Cutting,                  -  3
Binding, &c.,        - -      33
Making,                 - $1 00
Total, -... -----                               $1 36
There are about 7,000 men employed, equal to the constant labor of
5,000-average wages $6 per week for 50 weeks, or $300 each,
2,000 females, not fully employed, averaging $100 per annum,
Total Wages,    -       -    -    -    -    -
In addition, there are 165 Sewing Machines in constant use.
cents.
cents.
1:
$1,500,000
200,000
$1,700,000 
BOOTS AND SHOES.
Making Men's wear, and making Women's wear, are distinct
branches; although several are engaged in both, having, however, separate establishments. The mten's men, and women's
men, as the workmen are distinguished, have separate organizations, and neither know nor mingle with each other.   Which is
the higher caste we do not know-gallantry would say the women's
men. Besides, they are the most numerous, there being forty-two
hundred of the latter to twenty-eight hundred of the former.
The average wages is about the same in each branch-some earning but $5 per week, while superior and fast workmen obtain $8
to $10, and occasionally $12 per week. It is generally known
that the work is cut in the establishment, and given out to the
men who work at their homes.
The Statistics of the Capital and Product are as follows:
Capital invested by the regular manufacturers,  -    -
Product, viz.:
18 Manufacturers, being all those whose annual prodt
exceeds $50,000 per annum, make    -    -    -
per annum,
ti
11           30,000                       330,000~~~~~~~~~1
it
4           25,000                       100,000~~~g
9           20,000                       180,000~~~g
$335,000
330,000
100,000
180,000
1 05,000
28,000
48,000
200,000
96,000
1,4122,000
80 who produce annually from $3,000 to 7,000,
average $5,000 each,    -    -    -    -
100      "       "      "       "      $2,500
180 who sell to dealers over and above
customer work, on an average,   1,000
830,000
$3,941,000
Made in Prison and other Public Institutions, about   -
"   " Burlington, N. J., for Phil'a dealers, at least,
The amount then of Boots and Shoes, made in Philadelphia,
exceeds, it will be seen, four millions of dollars annually, being
18T
$1,650,000
$1,689,000
8
11
4
9
7
2
4
20
12
make over
11
11
11
it
11
$40,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
400,000
250,000
180,00 0
100,000
100,000
$4,141,000
Total, 
188      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
more in value, though not in number of pairs, than the whole
production of Lynn, where shoes are supposed to grow spontaneously. In addition to these, there are a large number whose
operations, though in the aggregate important, cannot easily be
ascertained. They are known by a term, more expressive than
euphonious, "garret bosses," who employ from one to twelve men
each; and having but little capital, make Boots  and Shoes in
their own rooms, and sell them to jobbers and retailers in small
quantities at low rates, for cash.  One retailer, who sells $20,000
worth per annum, buys three fourths of his stock from these makers.
The manufacture of this article, in Philadelphia, owing to superior facilities, could be greatly extended if the jobbers had more
of the amor patrice, and would purchase Philadelphia-made work
instead of the Eastern made, the sales of which in this city annually
amount to nearly ten millions of dollars; but, unfortunately, the
latter affords more profit.  As consumers, too, we are not blameless; for were we willing to pay a remunerative price for Philadelphia work, instead of a dollar or two for Yankee-made, which
appear to be leather-soled, but which two weeks wear may discover to be paper, this branch of industry would be doubled.
Recently, some efforts have been made to compete with the Eastern in price, at the same time excelling them in quality. One
maker in particular, E. P. Molineaux, has turned his attention to this branch, and has been eminently successful in selling a
better article at the same price as the best Eastern Boots and
Shoes. As a specimen, his leather Boots for women, at $1, is
superior to the Eastern made at the same price-with the lower
qualities, say at 90 cents, he does not compete.
At Martin Bellows' establishment, I noticed a very superior article of grained hunting Boots, made of Pennsylvania leather,
blacked on the grain side. Being tanned with oak-bark, the leather
is more pliable, and the Boots are almost impervious to water.
They are well suited to the West and South, where the hunter
has to wade through water.
Since the introduction of Sewing Machines, the manufacture
of Gaiter uppers has become a distinct branch, and gives employment to hundreds of females.
The entire trade of Philadelphia in Boots and Shoes, including 
BRASS AND COPPER MANUFACTURES.
City manufactutre and Eastern work, is stated approximately at
fifleen millions of dollars.
VI.
Brass and Copper Manufactures.
Of Brass there are two principal varieties, distinguished as Yellow and Red Brass. Yellow Brass is composed of seventy parts
of copper, and thirty of zinc; and Red Brass is produced by using
not more than twenty per cent. of zinc. Though these are the proportions generally observed, manufacturers in many instances adopt
special precautions to render the alloy homogeneous.  In Philadelphia, it is usual for the workers in brass to procure the materials
and compound their own metal-the manufacture of Pig Brass, as
a general rule, being limited to inferior qualities, made fromn scraps
and filings from the shops.  There are at least four concerns in
Philadelphia engaged in this branch of the business, and known
as brass smelters and refiners.
The uses and  applications of  Brass  are so numerous, that
while its manufactures are extremely important, it is very difficutlt to trace them in their details.  In the production of ornamental brass-work, and especially in that department distinguished
as Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fixtures, the manufacturers
of Philadelphia are declared, by the best foreign judges, to have
no superiors in the world. (See LAMPS, &c.) The same may be
said of those who convert it into various Military, Odd-Fellows,
Firemen's, and Theatrical Ornaments, and other light and artistic forms.  At one establishment, that of  Samuel Croft, ShIeet
Brass is made quite extensively, though less so than we should
think the demand would justify.  Bells of every description, from
the smallest to a full chime, are made by one firm extensively, and
by three others to some extent.  Several foundries are chiefly
devoted to making castings in brass, of every kind of article that
may be ordered, from the largest to the smnallest, either for brassworkers and finishers who finish up the foundry products, or for use
in connection with other manufactures. Brass is used largely I)by the
manufacturers of Marine Engines and Locomotives, and in Slipwork.  Castings of this description are supplied by the founders
to a large amount; while many of the engine and propeller
15
189 
190     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
builders have Brass foundries as a part of their works.   Another form in which Brass is largely used, in connection with
steam  apparatus, is the manufacture  of  Gauges,  &c.   One
brass-founder, Mr. M. A. Dodge, gives special attention to moullding Steam and Water Gauges for boilers, and oil-cups of peculiar
construction, for Locomotive and Steam-Engines.  Messrs. Hook
& Pritchard are engaged extensively in the manufacture of
Brass Boxes, or Composition Bearings, for cars, &c. One firm
in Kensington make, yearly, many tons of Composition Nails and
Spikes, for copper sheathing and other copper work; besides
Rudder Braces, Pintles, Dove Tails, Side Lights, Ventilators,
Port Hinges, and other ship-joiners' castings, and Castings for
machinery generally-the two branches constituting their principal business.  They make besides Bells of all sizes, and Carriage
and.Harness Mountings, &c.  Brass Gun Mountings constitute a
principal item in the business of one shop; and another is occupied principally in producing Brass Tubing, or tubes for Philosophical, Optical, Mathematical, and other instruments, as Telescopes, Spy-glasses, Cameras, Air-pumps, &c., &c., requiring the
same  nice polish  interiorly as  externally.   Hose  Screws  and
Branch Pipes, (for house and garden hose), employ, either wholly
or in part, another manufacturer. Brass Book mountings and ornaments, as Locks, Clasps, Bands,  &c., of superior quality, are
made by several different persons, and form the exclusive business of at least one manufacturer.   Castors, for furniture, are
made to a limited amount by at least three persons, and of excellent quality; but they complain that our dealers do not sustaia
our own manufacturers.
Besides four Lamp and Chandelier establishments, there are
several smaller ones, that make Lamps of every variety for domestic use, chiefly of brass; and for the consumption of the various
patent oils, and other illuminating substances, besides common
oils, &c.  Moulds of great variety, as for dentists, bottle-mnakers,
and for pressing Sperm or Adamantine candles, for pattern-makers, confectioners, &c., are made by several.  Locks, Keys, Door
Plates and Knobs, Hinges, Fenders, Andirons, Fire Irons, Candlesticks; and the nameless varieties of house-keeping articles in
brass, as Pans, Kettles, Coal-hods, &c., are nearly or quite all 
BRASS AND COPPER MANUFACTURES.
made here to some extent at least.  But the distinctive feature of
this department of industry, as respects this city, is the manufacture of Brass Cocks.  This branch is said to have originated
in Philadelphia; and those who are now engaged in it-and there
are several quite extensively-occupy a prominent  and leading
position.
The "Philadelphia Brass Works," WILER & Moss, proprietors,
are occupied largely in the manufacture of Stair Rods. This
firm, it is believed, are more extensively engaged in this branch
than any other in the United States.  In addition to Stair Rods,
and their appendages, they manufacture Brass Mouldings, Brass
Nails, Trunk Bands of all widths, Step Plates, Curtain Tubing,
Curtain Wires, &c., of every description. They are also the
patentees of a cheap and useful article for lighting gas, known as
the " Patent Taper Holder," of which they have already sold to
an amount exceeding $10,000. The Patent Holder is made of
brass, rolled like a tube, with a turned handle; and so constructed,
that the wax-taper is slipped in, or thrown out, at pleasure.  In
these works 56,000 lbs. of sheet brass, and 70,000 lbs. of hoop
iron, were consumed during last year.
The miscellaneous articles in brass, made in Philadelphia, it
will thus be perceived, are quite numerous; nevertheless, there certainly is room for very considerable extension of the manufacture.
Brass Wire is not made, to our knowledge; besides many other
articles that form prominent items in the industry of Waterbury,
Conn. The locality we think especially worthy the attention of the
enterprising. Intermingled as Brass work is with Iron Founding,
Gas Fitting, Plumbing, &c., scarcely a satisfactory approximationI can be made to the annual product; but the mean of estimates, by experienced men, gives a result of $830,000 per annum.
COPPER, like Brass, is applied to a great variety of purposesits principal use being the manufacture of Brewing Coppers,
Sugar Cans, Teaches, Clarifiers, Evaporators, and every article
used for making or refining Sugar; Stills for turpentine, alcohol,
&c.; Pumps, Dye Kettles, Mineral Water Apparatus, Bath Heaters, Drying Machines for manufacturers.  It is also used largely
by Locomotive and Stationary Enginie builders, and by Plumbers
and Gas Fitters; and for lining Bath Tubs, and as a base for
191 
192        P-IILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Tinning, &c.  The department of Coppersmithing, in which the
manufacturers of Philadelphia excel, is the production of heavy
Copper work for Sugar Refiners and Sugar Planters. It is believed, that at least one of the establishments in this branch is
unequaled in extent and quality of workmanship by any similar
one in the Union.  The annual product in Copper, in Philadelphia, is about $400,000 per annum.
VII.
Brewing-Ale, Porter, and Lager Beer.
ALE AND PORTER.
"Beer," says the author of the "Picture of Philadelphia, in
1811," whom we have before quoted, "was brewed in Philadelphia
for several years before the Revolutionary war; and soon after
peace, the more substantial Porter was made by the late Mr.
Robert Hare.  Until within three or four years the consumption
of that article has greatly increased, and is now the table- drink of
every family in easy circumstances.   The quality of it is truly excellent: to say that it is equal to any of London, the usual standard of excellence, would undervalue it, because, as it regards
wholesome qualities and palatableness, it is much superior; no
other ingredients entering into the composition than malt, hops,
and pure water. A fair experiment has shown, that even so far
back as 1790, Philadelphia Porter bore the warm climate of Calcutta, and came back uninjured.  In 1807, orders were given by
the merchants of Calcutta, after tasting some of it taken out as
stores, for sixty hogsheads. Within a few years Pale Ale of the
first  quality was  brewed,  and  justly esteemed-being  light,
sprightly, and free from that bitterness which distinguishes
Porter."
The reputation of Philadelphia Ale has but strengthened with
the lapse of years; and at the present time the Malt liquors made
in Philadelphia take precedence in every market in the Union.
The qualities for which they are distinguished are purity, brilliancy of color, richness of flavor, and non-liability to deterioration in warm countries-qualities, the result in part of the peculiar characteristics of the Schuylkill water-in part of the intelligence, care and experience of our brewers, conjoined to the use 
BREWING.
of apparatus possessing all the best modern improvements made in
England and in this country.
The following is an outline of the processes adopted in the man ufacture:   Preparatory to the process of Brewing, the barley is converted
into malt.  This method consists of four processes, viz.: steep ing, couching, flooring, and kiln-drying. Great care is taken,
and no expense is spared, to secure the best grain from this and
the adjoining States.   The  grain is first steeped in water con tained in wooden or stone cisterns; the water being frequently
drawn off and a fresh quantity supplied, to cleanse the grain.
When sufficiently saturated to admit of its being crushed between the thumb and finger, it is then drained of the water, and
spread over a cement floor to the depth of six or eight inches,
and left, with occasional turning, until it sprouts.
In the process of germination, a peculiar azotized substance is
evolved, called diastase, which acts as a powerful agent in converting starch into dextrine, and ultimately into saccharine.  The
maltster continues to turn the barley, at intervals, so as to produce a uniform growth, upon the floors. When the barley has
sufficiently sprouted, a stage determined by the sweet taste and
the chalky appearance of the inside of the grain, it is dried rapidly,
in order to retain the starchy matter, which, in a long growth of the
sprouts and rootlets, would be wasted. This drying is done in kilns;
here the heat destroys the germ of the grain, expels the moisture,
and converts it into a sweet and firiable grain called malt. It is
then passed through a cylindrical sieve, separating it from all
stones, beans, straws, &e.; and subsequently crushed by rollers.
Whenii the brewing is commenced, the ground malt is conducted
into a large vat, infused in heated water, and thoroughly mixed
by a machine adapted for the purpose: there it remains at rest
until the starch is converted into sugar, and then drained into
boiling coppers, additional water being sprinkled upon the grain
until the saccharine is extracted, which is ascertained by an instrument called the Saceharometer. In these boiling coppers the clear
extract, or wort, is boiled with hops, for the purpose of imparting
to it an aromatic, bitter flavor, and the property of keeping without injury.  This accomplished, it is drained into shallow vessels,
15*
193 
I'l[ 4   PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MIANUFACTUPES.
and cooled (by an apparatus called a Refrigerator), to the temperature at which the brewer desires the fermentation to commience.
Thence it is conducted into a vat, and mixed with yeast of a
previous brewing, where the fermentation is carried on.  This
process continues from three to five days, during which the temperature of the fermenting body rises, and a rapid disengagement
of carbonic acid takes place.   To prevent the creation of too
high a temperature, which would cause acidity of the worts, it is
racked off from the fermenting vats into puncheons of one hundcred and twenty to one hundred and fifty gallons capacity, where
it purges itself of its yeast.  The fermentation being now completed, and the Ale or Porter perfectly clear, the sediment or
yeast remaining settles at the bottom; it is racked off firom the
puncheon into casks of convenient size for use, or stored in large
cedar vats for future consumption.
There are now nine extensive Brewers of Ale and Porter in
Philadelphia, viz.: MASSEY, COLLINS & CO., FREDERICK GAUL,
ROBERT  SMITHI, W.  C. RUDMAN, ROBERT  NEWLIN,  GRAY  &
STALEY, DITHMAR & BUTZ, W. B. TAYLOR, and JAMES MOORE.
The oldest Brewery in this city is probably that upon the
corner of Sixth and Carpenter streets, which was built about
one hundred years ago, by William Gray, a native of Philadelphia. The most noteworthy Brewery is probably that belonging
to MASSEY, COLLINS & Co., situated at the northwest corner of
Tenth and Filbert sts.; it was originally erected by the farmers of
Chester and Delaware counties, Pa., and purchased from them by
the Brewers' Association of Philadelphia; they subsequently sold
the establishment to M. L. Dawson, a member of the Association,
and whose ancestors had been prominent Brewers for a period of
eighty years.  Poultney & Massey, the predecessors of the present firm, in the year 1855, greatly enlarged the buildings, which
have recently been increased by the present owners.  The buildings, as now erected, form a hollow square of one hundred and
fifty feet each way, making an extent of buildings of six hundred
feet, seven stories in height, with extensive cellars and vaults
underneath the whole, eighteen feet in depth, which are furnished
with large vats containing from two hundred to four hundred barrels each, and sufficient for the storage of ten thousand barrels of 
PREWAVING.
Ale and Porter. Their Brewing Apparatus has been put up within
the past three years, of the latest and most approved description;
comprising large Mash Tubs, capable of brewing nine hundred
bushels of malt daily; boiling Coppers heated by means of steampipes; large Coolers, and Refrigerators, and Fermenting Tuns,
the capacity of the latter being forty-five thousand gallons. Attached to the Brewery are malt-houses, which are designed for
the mralting of one hundred thousand bushels of barley.   From
seventy-five to one hundred men are employed about the establishmnent. The firm is extensively engaged in the manufacture of
Pale and Amber Ales, and Porter, for draught and bottling;
Brown Stout, and XX  Ale, for all the markets upon the coast,
from Maine to Louisiana, also for the numerous markets of the
WTest Indies and South America.
The greatest cleanliness is required in this establishment
every cask returned to the Brewery being unheaded, scalded, and
scrubbed with hickory brooms by hand; and lime is used frequently to purify the utensils.
The capital invested in the Brewing of Ale and Porter is
$1,500,000, and the annual product exceeds one million of dollars.
2. LAGER BEER.
The manufacture of Lager Beer was introduced into this
country about eighteen years ago, from Bavaria, where the process
of brewing it was kept secret for a long period.  Its reception
was not a very cordial or welcome one; and about twelve years
elapsed before its use became at all general.  Within the last few
years, however, the consumption has increased so enormously,
not merely among the German population, but among the natives,
that its manufacture forms an important item of productive industry. The superior quality of that made in Philadelphia has,
no doubt, increased the demand, and by diminishing to some extent the use of fiery liquor, has effected partial good.* Lager
* The following report by "Our Reporter," contains some important facts.
"SiR: You entrusted the investigation of the Lager Beer manufacture to
one who wants every essential qualification for the task. I can neither
speak German, eat Sauerkraut, nor drink Lager.  Before undertaking the
commission, I wished to ascertain for my own satisfaction, without practical
195 
1()G     PHILADELPIhIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
signifies "kept," or "on hand;" and Lager Beer is equivalent
to "beer in store."  It can be made from the same cereals from
which other malt liquors are made; but barley is the grain generally used in this country.  The processes resemble those of
brewing Ale and Porter, with some points of difference, and the
brewing generally forms a separate and distinct business.
experiment, whether Lager Beer will intoxicate. I procured the evidence
before the King's County Circuit Court (Brooklyn), and the following synopsis of the testimony on the part of the defense satisfied me, at least, if
not the Jury.  One German  testified,'that he had on one occasion drank
fifteen pint glasses before breakfast in order to give him an appetite.' Another, Mr. Philip Kock, testified that' once, upon a bet, he drank a keg of
Lager Beer, containing seven and a half gallons, or thirty quarts, within
two hours, and felt no intoxicating effects afterward. He frequently drank
sixty, seventy, eighty, and ninety pint glasses in a day-did it as a usual
thing when he was "flush."' Others testified to drinking from twenty to fifty
glasses in a day. One witness testified to seeing a man drink one hundred
and sixty pint glasses ill a sitting of three or four hours, and walked straight.
Dr. James R. Chilton, chemist, testified to analyzing Lager Beer, and found
it to contain three and three quarters to four per cent. of alcohol, and did
not think it would intoxicate unless drank in extraordinary quantities.' He
had analyzed cider and found it to contain nine per cent. alcohol; claret,
thirteen per cent.; brandy, fifty per cent.; Madeira wine, twenty per cent.;
and Sherry wine, eighteen per cent.'
"Lager Beer was first introduced into Philadelphia  in 1840, by a Mr.
Wagner, who afterward left the city. It was a lighter article than that now
used.  The first who made the real Lager was Geo. Manger, better known as
'Big George,' who, in October, 1844, had a small kettle in one corner of the
premises still occupied by him in New street, above Second. The beer used
in the winter is lighter, and may be drawn five or six weeks after brewing;
but the real Lager is made in cold weather, has a greater body-that is,
more malt and hops are used-and is first drawn about the first of May. It
is much improved by age and by keeping in a cool place. When first drawn
it is five months old; and as it is usually made in December, it is ten months
old when the last is drawn. The vaults are probably the most interesting
' sights' connected with  the business.   The  firm  that  constructed  the
first vault is that of ENGEL & WOLF-a filrm that ranks among the most
extensive, accommodating, and enterprising of our brewers. The vaults
are built in the vicinity of Lemon Hill, near the Schuylkill. and consist of
solid  stone exterior walls.  These are  subdivided  by  brick  partitions
into cellars or vaults of about twenty by forty feet, and communicate
wvith each other by a door large enough to admit a puncheon;  in this 
BREWING.
There are now about thirty brewers of Lager Beer in Pliiladelphia, having a capital employed of $1,200,000.
The Statistics of the entire Brewing business in Philadelphia,
for 1857, are as follows:
Product.
Ale, Porter, and Brown Stout, 170,000 barrels, averaging, $6,
Lager Beer, 180,000,                        "           "      $ 6,
Other Beer, say -       -    -    - -       -    -       --
Total,         _... — —                                      $
cRaw Mlfaterial consumned, viz.:
Barley or lMalt, 750,000 bushels, at $1.40,,00
Ilops, 800,000 lbs, at 15 cents,            -     -     -    -     -
Barley or Malt, 750,000 bushels, at $1.40,        -    -.                 1,050,000
Ilops, 800,000 lbs, at 15 cents,       -    -    -    -    -    -          120,000
Total,   -    -    -    -    -    -    - --                $l,170,000
The capital invested in Ale, Porter, and Lager  Beer  brewing,
including Halting, is $3,050,000;  being, it will be  perceived,  a
is a smaller door or aperture, about two feet square, barely sufficient to
allow the passage of a keg.
" After the brewing has commenced, say in December, unless cold weather
occur earlier, the most remote cellar or vault is filled-the ground tier,
consisting of large casks, us-ally three rows, is placed on skids or sleepers
perhaps a foot from the ground, the rows far enough apart to permit a man
to walk between. On these two rows of casks are placed; and above these,
if the vault is high enough, one row of smaller casks or kegs are stowed.
The other vaults are filled in like manner. After each is filled, the door is
closed, and straw, tan, and other non-conductors are placed to keep out the
external heated air of summer. The vaults are ventilated, and the temperature kept as low as possible. Should it exceed 8~ Reamur, or 50 Fahrenheit, the beer spoils. One only is opened at a time.
Mlessrs. Engel & Wolf, before referred to, have seven vaults, in five of
which 50,350 cubic feet were cut out of solid rock. The bottom of the vault is
about forty-five feet below ground. This firm have an agency in New Orleans, and sell to nearly all the South, including Texas.
" One of the peculiarities of Lager Beer is the flavor imparted to it by
the casks. The casks, previous to use, have their interior completely coated
with resin; this is done by pouring a quantity of melted resin into the cask
while the head is out, and igniting it. After it has been in a blaze for a few
minutes, the head is put in again, which extinguishes the blaze, but tile
resin still remains hot and liquid; the cask is then rolled about, so as to
coat every part of the interior with it; any resin remaining fluid is poured
out through the bung-hole.  This resin imparts some of its pitchy flavor
to the beer."
197
-    $1,020,000
1,080,000
200,0(-)O
$2,300,000 
PIIILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
larger amount in proportion to the product than probably in any
other business. This arises from the necessity of occupying large
plots of very valuable ground, from the extent of the buildings,
and from the great number of vats and casks required.   The
casks alone, exclusive of vats, in use by Philadelphia brewers,
cost $320,000.
VIII.
Bricks, Fire-Bricks, Pottery, &c.
The objects of which Clay is the principal raw material are
exceedingly varied in their uses, as well as in appearance; and
range from the least ornamental to nearly the highest in the
department of Art-fiomi Bricks to Porcelain, from a Clay Furnace to a Terra-Cotta Vase.   Commencing with the least artistic,
though the most important, judging from the extent of the manufacture, we are led first to the consideration of Bricks.
1. BRICKS.  The manufacture of Bricks, in Philadelphia, is
carried on, like many other important branches of industry, mainly
by individual enterprise, the business expanding or contracting
according to the current demand, without much concert of action
between the producers, and without any very large establishments,
at least compared with those in Vienna, or even in Massachlusetts.* The statistics of the trade are given, and its present
* Vienna has the honor of containing, undoubtedly, the largest and most
remarkable establishment for Brick-making in the world.   The  description states that the main fiactory, occupying a space of ground of two hlundred and sixty-four and three-fourths English acres, has twenty-four thousand nine hundred and thirty feet in length of drying sheds, for the manufacture of ordinary Bricks, and eight thousand three hundred and four feet
of moulding sheds, for the manufacture of Tiles and facing and ornamental
Bricks; besides forty..three kilns, calculated to burn forty-five thousand to
one hundred and ten thousand Bricks per kiln, or to burn at one time three
millions five hundred thousand. There are in connection with this establishment, infant schools for one hundred and twenty children, a hospital
with fifty-two beds, a tool workshop, a wheelwright and carpenter shop,
and great watering and kneading pits for red and white ornamental Bricks.
Besides this, the proprietor, Mr. MIESBACK, has six other factories in the
immediate vicinity,  and provided in the same proportion.  In 1851, he
sup-lied twenty millions of Bi'icks for the great tunnel through the Soni
198 
BRICKS, FIRE-BRICKS, POTTERY.
condition is sketched in the following report from a practical
Brickmaker; and his conclusions, having been submitted to others
familiar with the subject, are approved.
"As nearly as I can ascertain, there are about fifty Brick Yards
within the limits of the consolidated city-say twenty-five in the south
end, and the balance in the north end, including Germantown, and
across the Schuylkill. Those in the southern part of the city will
average two and a half millions of Bricks a year each; but the fair
average for the whole would be, I think, two millions per year. About
thirty hands are employed in each yard-the men's wages ranging from
$26 to $60 per month; and the boys' wages, of whom there are six to
eight in each yard, are from $15 to $20 per month.  The prices of
common Bricks range from $6 to $10 per thousand, and pressed Brick
from $13 to $18. It takes one third of a cord of wood to burn one
thousand Bricks, and wood is worth from $5 to $6 per cord. The capital invested in each yard is from $8,000 to $10,000.
"There are few, if any, now made here by machinery.   Our Clay is
not adapted for machinery. In Washington, where great quantities of
Bricks are made by Brick machines, they do better; but Bricks thus
made are never equal in quality to hand-made Brick, which bring in
the market $1 per thousand more, and this is about equal to the
difference in cost. As to quality, Philadelphia Bricks rank as the
best made in the country, and those of Baltimore next. Philadelphia
has better Sand and Clay, which gives to the Bricks a better color than
those produced elsewhere. Yet Baltimore Bricks bring in New York
a little higher price than ours, because the Baltimore Clay being purer,
and therefore stronger, stands more burning, which renders the Brick
harder, and able to bear transportation with less breakage and damage.
But they do not look near so well as those of Philadelphia."
There are at least four yards in Philadelphia that produce five
millions of Bricks per annum each, and I am therefore disposed to
mering, on the Austrian railway; and filled another contract for forty millions for public works in Vienna; and these were merely additions to the ordinary make. Number of persons employed in the establishment, two thouscznd eight hundred and ninety.
The largest Brick-making establishment in the United States is supposed
to be that located in North Cambridge, Mass. When in full operation it
produces, on an average, one hundred and eighty-seven thousand Bricks per
day or about twenty-four millions during the season.  The clay is taken from a
pit which is about forty feet deep, and elevated in a car on an inclined
plane by steam power. The shafting reaches a, quarter of a mile.
199 
PIIILADELPItIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
regard the average stated above as a low one; but assuming it
to be correct, the result is that about one hundred millions of
common Bricks, worth about $700,000, are produced annually.
In addition, there are about eight millions of fine-pressed Bricks
made, worth say $14 per thousand, or $112,000; and the total
product is $812,000.
The pressed Bricks of Philadelphia have a deservedly high
and extended reputation.   One firm, during the last year, exported to Cuba 200,000, and has now 150,000 on hand ready
for shipment; and another maker sent, in 1856, one million three
hundred thousand to New York city.
2. FIRE-BRICKS, &C. The use of Fire-Clay is comparatively
of recent date, but has greatly increased within the last few years.
It is now employed, not merely for Fire-Brick, but for chemical
Ware, Drain Pipes, Gas-house Tiles, &c.
Philadelphia has probably the first established Fire-Brick manufactory in the United States.  The father of Mr. Abraham  Miller, whose establishment is on Callowhill street, commenced the
business, we are informed, nearly one hundred years ago.
The present Mr. Miller was the first manufacturer, we understand, of the Clay Furnace now so largely used in Summer. There
are at least four establishments that use steam for grinding the
Clay-GEORGE SWEENEY  &  Co., J. & T. HAIG, THE HAYWOOD
FIRE BRICK and TILE COMPANY, and Messrs. NEWKUMET, and
MELICK.   Messrs. Sweeney &  Co., 1310 Ridge Road, are extensively engaged in making Fire-Brick, Stove Linings, Cylinders,
and Bakers' Tile. Messrs. Haig make, besides commonii ware,
Stone-ware, Chemical-ware, Crucibles, &c. The HIlaywood Com pany have a very extensive establishment about 221 miles north
of Richmond, owning an extensive bed of superior Clay, and have
machines that will produce five hundred pieces of drain pipe, two
feet long and four inches in diameter, in an hour.  The concern
has produced some tubular or hollow Brick, which is now exten sively manufactured, we are informed, in England, and by which
it is said a saving in brick-work may be effected of twenty-five
to thirty per cent. on the cost, with a reduction of twenty-five
per cent. in the quantity of mortar, and a similar saving in labor;
besides promoting ventilation and freedom from dampness.
200 
BRICKS, FIRE-BRICKS, POTTERY.
Messrs. NEWKUMET & MELICK, the other firm referred to, are
extensive manufacturers of Fire-Brick, Gas-house Tiles, &c.
This firm has peculiar advantages-one of the partners, Mr. Mel ick, being part owner of the celebrated Fire-Brick Clay deposit,
at Woodbridge, New Jersey, whence the best material is obtained.
They have two kilns, employ thirty men, and their works have a
capacity for turning out a product of $50,000 per annum.  Gas house Tiles are made by them to suit all the different plans in
use. and of a quality superior, as they claim, to any in the United
States. Extra nine-inch Fire-Brick are also produced, equal to
the best English Bricks. Though but recently established, they
have supplied large orders from Cuba and different parts of the
United States, and have every requisite facility for filling expedi tiously any special demand.
The Pottery art is carried on by several in the city-some times in conjunction with the manufacture of Fire-Brick, and
by others as a distinct business.   Earthenware of all the ordi nary description, including Chemical-ware, is made by MORO
PHILLIPS, at his factory, in West Philadelphia; and Stoneware
Jars, Jugs, Beer Bottles, Ink Bottles, and Stone Pipe for heated
air, &c., are made extensively by N. SPENCER THOMAS, at a factory adjoining his Chemical works.
The General Mlatnzfactures in Clay include, besides those abovementioned, China-ware, Artificial Stone, Architectural Decorations, Cements, Plasters, Terra-Cotta, Scagliola, Mosaics, Paving
Tiles, Roofing Tiles, Draining Tiles, and Drain Pipes, Smoking
Pipes, &c. All of these, with the exception perhaps of Mosaics,
are made at least to some extent in Philadelphia; Tiles, Pipes,
&c., are generally made in connection with the manufacture of
Fire-Bricks, and have  been already referred  to.   Terra- Co(tta
ware, as Chimney Tops, Garden and Hanging Vases, Caps and
Brackets for churches and private dwellings, glazed HIeating Pipe,
is made at several establishments, and to an amount exceeding
in the aggregate $100,000 per annum.   The manufacturers claim
to make Terra-Cotta equal to the imported, and at much less
cost.*
* The manufacture of Teria-Cotta ware requires a Clay of great purity,
16
201 
202      PHIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
The "Gloucester China Company," having an authorized capital of $200,000, has made ware possessing the qualities of being
not only semi-transparent,  but very strong.  The articles are
such as are required in every household, and the product cornpares favorably with the European. Decorating Porcelain and
China-ware, which had been imported plain, is done in one establishmnent, to an amount exceeding $75,000 per annum.  Of
Calcined Plaster about sixteen thousand barrels are made yearly,
and consumed principally in Stucco work, Architectural Decorations, and in the manufacture of figures, in which a large business
is done by Italians.   Wlite Clay Smoking Pipes, of all lengths,
are made here at least by one person, and of very good quality.
He has recently sent to England to procure additional assistance,
and this branch of fictile manufactures, now very small, will probably soon be extended.
The miscellaneous manufactures in Clay, of which we have any
account, and including Fire Bricks, which amount to nearly one
half the sum, furnish an aggregate product of $647,000.
IX.
Carriages.
"Comparing the state of the art of Carriage building," say
the London Jurors, in their report on Carriages exhibited at the
Worlld's Fair, " of former and not very distant times, with that
of the present, we consider the principles of building in many
respects greatly improved, and particularly with reference to
lightness, and a due regard to strength, which is evident in Carriages of British make; and especially displayed in those contributed by the United States, where there is commonly employed
in the construction of wheels, and other parts requiring strength
and lightness combined, a native wood (upland hickory), which
is admirably adapted to the purpose. The Carriages from the
resembling that used for Pipe-making and Potter's-ware, containing but
little iron, and made up with a quantity of crushed pottery and calcined
flint; the whole being well mixed, and burnt to a very high heat. It thus
approaches in its nature to what is called Stone-ware; but the fusion of the
material is not effected. 
CARRIAGES.
Continental states do not exhibit this useful feature in an equal
degree."
Comparing the state of Carriage Building in various cities,
states, and countries, it will be found by those who  make the
comparison, that in the art of constructing light Carriages, par ticu]arly with reference to combining lightness with strength, and
attaining durability in conjunction with beauty of appearance and
high finish, no builders, either in this country or in Europe, have
been so uniformly successful as some in Philadelphia. The qual ity of Philadelphia Carriages is indisputably superior.   It  is
true that here, as elsewhere, there are carriages made, like Peter
Pindar's razors, to sell; but we fearlessly claim that the general
quality is above the ordinary average, and that those who desire
a perfect vehicle, will be likely to attain a nearer approximation
to perfection in this city than they can anywhere else.  The first class builders have studied, and know to exactness, the proper
proportions of every part of a vehicle, and never use more nor
less material than is required.   They risk nothing  to make it
light; nor add any unnecessary weight to give it strength.   All
materials that are in the slightest defective, or that interfere
in the least with the purposes of a good Carriage, are promptly
rejected.  The leading and important parts of a Carriage, as the
wheels, axles, &c., are generally made on the same premises, and
rigid supervision exercised over every part in the construction.
The prominent builders have attained a high and wide-spread
reputation, entirely too valuable to themselves to be risked lightly
through  carelessness, neglect, or indifference.  In addition to
unremitting vigilance, combined with long experience, their efforts
are greatly aided and facilitated by having at hand the very best
materials, and in being able at all times to command the very best
workmen. The growth of hickory, and oak, and ash, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, is so superior for Carriage purposes, that
we might say without exaggeration, that no first-class vehicle can
be built without coming to this vicinity for the materials.
There are now thirty establishments, great and small, within
the limits of Philadelphia, that make pleasure Carriages.   They
have a capital invested of about $500,000-employ on an average
eight hundred hands, all males, and turn out an average annual
203 
204      PIIILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
product of $900,000. About two thirds of the Carriages made
are for use in the city, and its vicinity-the remainder being exported to the South and West, the West India Islands, some to
New England, and a few light vehicles are sent every year to
Europe. In many portions of Europe, Philadelphia Carriages
have excited great attention, as wonderful specimens of combined
strength  and lightness;  and orders from London,  Paris, and
other European capitals, are now far more frequent and important than formerly, manifesting a growing appreciation of American superiority in this branch of manufactures.   It will be remembered, that to a Philadelphia Carriage a prize-medal was
awarded at the World's Fair.
In the construction of Carriages, the builders of Philadelphia
either adhere to what has received the sanction of experience, or
originate improvements for themselves; very few, if any, of the
many hundreds of patent rights for improvements in Carriages,
that are now on file in the Patent-office, being adopted by any,
and none in general use.  The designs of light Carriag,es have
been made by Philadelphians, perhaps to a greater extent than
by any others. The "Germantown Wagon," which satisfies the
demand for a light, strong, convenient, yet cheap vehicle, had its
origin here, and its advantages are every year becoming more
generally appreciated.  These vehicles are constructed  to hold
four, six, or eight persons, and lose nothing in elegance and style
by increase in size. Trotting Wagons, weighing not more than
eighty-five pounds, are probably an invention of our builders, for
no one, we should think, would venture upon the experiment except those who could command the white hickory of Montgomery.
The prices of Carriages made in this city vary of course with
the style, quality, and degree of ornamentation. Those for Presidents, Postmaster-Generals, and "such like folk," are costly in
proportion to their elegance; while those that are made for auction sales are so cheap, that New England dealers frequently
purchase large lots to resell, being able to obtain a better article
at a less price than at Bridgeport or New Haven. One maker,
whose product in 1856 was eighteen Coaches and one thousand
one hundred and eighty-two light Carriages, sold about $10,000
worth to New England. Economy in manufacturing is largely 
CARRIAGES.
promoted in Philadelphia, by the fact, that the principal constituent parts of a Carriage, from the raw materials of which they are
composed to the finished product-thlle bolts, screws, springs, hubs,
axles, as well as iron, steel, and wood-are all made in this city,
with every facility for making them economically, ald on a large
scale.*
The extent of some of the establishments, and the method of
construction, will be best illustrated by a detailed description of
a first-class establishment. (See APPENDIX.) The varieties of
Carriages made, include every description that purchasers may imagine or can desire, though light Carriages form the bulk of the manufacture. One firm makes the construction of Private and Hackney
Coaches a principal feature in their business, and have been very
successful in satisfying the requirements of good taste.   Omnibusses are made by one or two of the Omnibus proprietors for
their own use; and by one maker for sale, who, however, in consequence of the introduction of Passenger Railways, apprehends that
his "occupatioli's gone." It is manifest, however, that the manufacture of public Carriages has not attained its proper development; and upon inquiry as to the causes, we are informed, that
our citizens have not given this branch that encouragement, preference, and patronage to which its intrinsic importance entitles
it.  It should be remembered that the Carriage manufacture is
an important interest, wide-reaching in its ramifications, affectin,g the prosperity of an immense number of trades: the various manufactures of iroin-rolled, wrought,  and cast; of steel
springs, nails, screws, bolts; oil and other cloths, patent leathers, paints, varnishes, and glue; of wheel-makers, painters,
blacksmiths, trimmers,  carvers, silver-platers, wood-turners, the
makers of tools for all these, and others.  Every purchase then
of a Carriage abroad is a discouragement of industry at home.
For other vehicles, see WAGONS, CARTS, &C.
* WVe are informed that Patent or Japanned Leather is not made to any
extent in Philadelphia; and that a manufactory of the kind would be well
supported, and could not fail to do  a successful business, if properly
rnmaag,ed.
16*
205 
206     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MIANUFACTURES.
X.
Chemicals, Paints, Glue, &c.
The manufacture of Chemicals, in the United States, may be
said to date from the war of 1812.  The commercial restrictions
which preceded that war caused such a scarcity and dearness of
Chemicals, that the preparation of the more prominent articles
offered an attractive field for enterprise. Previous to that period,
however, a Philadelphian had established successfully a manufactory of Sulphuric acid. This was Mr. John Harrison, the first
successful manufacturer of oil of vitriol in the United States, and
the founder of the well-known house of Harrison Brothers. He
had spent two years in Europe in acquainting himself, as far as
he could gain access to them, with the processes used by the
chemists; and after his return to America devoted himself to the
manufacturing of Chemicals. How much earlier he succeeded,
we have no means of ascertaining, but in 1806, he was fully established as a manufacturer of oil of vitriol and other Chemicals,
in Green street, above Third. His leaden chamber was a small
one, and capable of making about forty-five thousand pounds, or
three hundred carboys of oil of vitriol per annum. So successful
were these operations, that in 1807 he had built a leaden
chamber eighteen feet high and wide, and fifty feet long, capable of making three thousand five hundred carboys per annum.
The price which the acid then brought was fifteen cents per
pound.
The application of Platinum to the concentration of sulphuric
acid, was also first attempted in Philadelphia by Dr. Erick Bollman, who had distinguished himself by a gallant and all but successful attempt, in company with Francis K. Huger, of South
Carolina, to rescue General Lafayette from his guards, during his
imprisonment at Olmutz.  Dr. Bollman was a Dane, a man of
powerful and versatile mind, a physician, a chemist, a political
economist, and a general scholar. Among other pursuits, he had
turned his attention to the working of crude platinum, of which
there was a considerable quantity in this country, and for which
there was no demand. He had brought from France the method
then lately discovered by Dr. Wollaston, for converting the crude  
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  1.1
~\                               ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 
CIIEMICALS.
?rains into hars and sheets; and, in 1813, he had wroug'ht it into
miasses, wihin   upward of two  pounds, and into sheets  more
than  thirteen  inches  square.   One of  the first uses to which
1-he applied thlese sheets was the malking of a platinum  still for
Jol-n Hiarrison, for the concentration of lis oil of vitriol.  This
still w-eig'lied seven hundred ounces, contained twenty-five gallons,
tid continued in use fifteen years.
This early  application of Platinum  to the  concentration of
sulphuric acid is highly credlitalle to the American manufacturer,
for its use for this pJurpose was then a novelty in Europe.
Charles Leniig was the first Philadcelpliain vlwho largely manufactuiredc oil of vitriol by putting up extensive  leadlen chambers,
ald conicentratii,, the acid in platinum vessels so arranged as to
~e lkept constantly at work, while dischlarging a steacdy stream of
concentrated acid.
At the present time Philadelphlia contains the most extensive
Chemical imanutfactories in the United States. Messrs. POWERS  &
rE!rtItTMAN, for instance, are among the largest manufacturing
Chemists in the world.  Tliev have two estal)lishmen-ets-one at the
Falls of Sehluyllill, where they make oil of vitriol, aquafortis, nitric
and muriatic acids, Epsom salts, copperas, blue vitriol, and alum,
all on a large scale.  At their establishment at the corner of Ninth
and Palrrish streets, Philadelphia, they mianufacture  sulphate of
Qlinine, which is their staple article; mnercurials, morphias, and
Medicinal Chemicals generally.  (See APPENDIX.)
Their Chemicals have an enviable reputation for purity, exactaess, aitr  heauty;and the firml is well-known  for its liberality,
fi'nriiess, aIo(I refin(f)ftv.  Ti'e  [cuse was founccf( about Foi-ty years
aoo l)y tw-o  intellioent foreigners, Abraham  Kiunzi and  Jolhn
r ar; andc the reputation acquired by them has been maintained,
and, if t-ossible, increased by the present p)roprietors.
_NIeSCOLAS LENNIG & Co. are helieved to be the most extensive
malnufacturers of oil of vitriol in Philadelphia.   Their works are
at l Iridesl)urgo, and occupy over twelve acres of gronud.  Tl'heir
list of manufactures  includes  soda-ashl, alum,  copperas,  aquafertis, nitric and mluriatic acids; all the various preparations of
tin for tlhe use of dy-ers, such  as tin  crystals, oxymuriate of tin,
piuk salt, &C.
207 
208      PITlLADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUIFACTURES.
HIARRSON BROTHERS & Co. make white and red lead, litharge,
and orange mineral, oxide of zinc, white and brown sugar of
lead, alum, copperas, oil of vitriol, aquafortis, miuriatic acid, iron
liquor, red liquor, &c., &c.  To the founder of this house we
have already referred, the works being commenced and erected in
1807.  The productions of this house enjoy a high character for
purity and genuineness.
IPOSENGARTEN  &  SONS, formerly Rosengarten  &  Denis, are
largely engaged in the manufacture of sulphate of quinine, and other
pharmaceutical preparations.  This house was established in 1823
and was among the first to manufacture the valuable vegetable)
alkaloids in this country. Their laboratory is well-known, and is
one of the most important in the United States.
BUCK, SI.IONIN & CO. are the successors of Wm. Coffin & Co.,
in the manufacture of copperas, metallic nickel, and the oxide
of cobalt, so highly prized in painting porcelain and queensware.
These are of very great importance in the arts, and the last has
not heretofore been manufactured to any extent in this country.
We are informed, that all Messrs. Buck, Simonin & Co. make of
this article is exported to England, for use in the porcelain manufactories.  This firm are also extensive manufacturers of bichromate of potash by a superior process, patented both in this
country and in England.
SAMIUEL GRANT, JR., & Co. have extensive Chemical works at
Ainanayunk, where they make muriatic, nitric, and numerous other
acids; aquafortis, bleaching salts in large quantities, sugar of
lead, soda-ashl, and various articles used by dyers and printers, to
which we will subsequently refer.
POTTS & KLETT manufacture oil of vitriol, muriatic and nitric
acid, Paris, Prussian and soluble blues, pulp lakes and sienna,
paper-miakers' and paper-stainers' colors generally.
BURGIN & SONs are extensive manufacturers of bicarbonate of
soda, sal soda, soda saleratus, Rochelle salts, and  Seidlitz mixture, &c.
MORO PHILLIPS, at the "Aramingo Chemical Works," makes oil
of vitriol, aquafortis, nitric and muriatic acids, copperas, &e. Mr.
Phillips has the contract for supplying the UJnited States Mint, and
its branches, excepting those at New York and San Francisco, 
CHIEMICALS.
with nitric and sulphuric acids. Hlis office in Philadelphia is at
27 North Front street.
SAVAGE & MARTIN, at their "Frankford Chemical Works,"
manufacture oil of vitriol, aquafortis, nitric and muriatic acids,
aqua ammonia, nitrate of iron, muriate of tin, tin crystals, blue
vitriol, &c. Their office is at 18 North Front street.
There are several establishments in the city, engaged principally in making various preparations for coloring purposes,
and have been successful in attaining excellence in a manufacture
where excellence is rare. The oldest Color establishment is that
of CHARLES J. CREASE, who makes Prussian blues, chrome greens,
chrome yellows and reds; and besides these, he makes nitric acid,
aquafortis, muriatic acid, &c.
JOHN LUCAS & Co. also make Prussian and ultramarine blues,
chrome yellows and reds, zinc greens, &c., both dry and in oil.
BREINIG, GATTMAN & BREINIG, at their works at Fairmount,
make several of the chromes.
GEORGE W. OSBORNE & CO., 104 North Sixth street, manufacture Osborne's American Water Colors.
Daguerreotype and Photographic Chemicals are made extensively, and of a very superior quality, by GARRIGUES & MAGEE,
108 North Fifth street.  This firm give especial attention to the
manufacture of these Chemicals-pure nitrate of silver, Becker's
chloride of gold, collodion, gun cotton, also Becker's rottenstone for polishing, &c., being leading productions.
BENJAMIN J. CREW & Co. make cyanide of potash, collodions,
chemically pure acids, hypophosphites of soda, lime, potash, and
ammonia.   The house was established by the senior partner as a
manufactory of Photographic and  Ambrotype Chemicals;  but
recently they have largely increased their laboratory and facilities
for the manufacture of Artistical and Medicinal Chemicals generally. No firm has been more successful in the production of the
finer kinds.
HENNELL STEVENS &  CO., a house recently established, give
their attention particularly to the manufacture of fine and rare
Chemicals, of undoubted purity.  Their list comprises over two
hundred different Chemicals, many of them, they state, can be
had of no other parties, and some of them they believe to be of
209 
-
PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
great prospective importance. Within the last few years this
firm has diligently experimented on crude  Glycerin from soapwaste, with a view of rendering this available, as well as of
bringing Glycerin, by lowering the price, into more general
use in the arts; making it, for instance, a substitute for molasses in the formation of printing rollers, and facilitating its
incorporation in printing paper, thereby rendering the latter
always soft and pliable, and requiring no wetting before use.
They have succeeded, as we learn from the Journal of Pharmnacy, January, 1858, in producing from the concentrated fetid
liquids of the soap-makers, by apparatus involving its distillation, Glycerin, almost tasteless and odorless, and equal to
that of " Price's Candle Company," which, it is well-known, is
made from pure Palm oil. A young firm, aiming, as Messrs. Stevens & Co. do, to check the importation of rare Chemical products, by manufacturing them of superior quality, is deserving of
every possible encouragement.
Yellow Prussiate of Potash, so largely used for dyeing purposes and making Prussian blue, is made by CARTER & SCATTERGOOD, who are now the sole manufacturers. The annual production in Philadelphia was 400,000 lbs. per annum, worth, say 30
cents per pound.
HENRY BOWER, on Gray's Ferry Road, makes sulphate of anm7nonia, and a variety of Chemical products.
In these establishments, which represent a capital of two and
half millions of dollars, much the larger proportion of the best
Chemicals used in the United States are made.   The factories,
which are in many instances immense structures, are generally
located out of the city proper-at Tacony, Bridesburg, Frankford, the Falls of Schuylkill, and some in or near Camden; but
the capital belongs to the city, and their products centre here as
a point for redistribution.   Some idea of their extent and importance maybe derived from the fact, that they consume 2,400
tons of sulphur, 800,000 lbs. of saltpetre, 1,500 tons of salt; and
produce daily of sulphuric acid 45,000 lbs., or over 16,000,000 lbs.
yearly; of alum, 20,000 lbs. daily; of muriatic acid, 15,000 lbs.;
of nitric acid, 8,000 lbs.; of copperas, 15,000 lbs. daily; of  Hi
210 
CHEMICALS.
trate of silver, 150,000 ounces annually; besides the numerous
preparations before enumerated, and used in the manufacturing
arts and in medicine.  The consumption of Qui tine fluctuates of
course with the state of health in the West; but it is said, that
in one year 250,000 ounces were made in Philadelphia.
In addition to these, and probably other manufacturers of
Chemicals, there are several manufacturing Chemists engaged in
the preparation of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical preparations.
N. SPEN.CER THOMAS, for instance, is extensively engaged in the
manufacture of Medicinal extracts, conducting the evaporation
in vaczto, by a very superior and perfect apparatus. His extracts,
medical and fluid, are certainly remarkable for beauty, strength,
and reliability; and, as he claims, not equaled by any in this
country or in Europe.   His vacuum apparatus is capable of
making 100,000 lbs. of extracts per annum. In addition to these,
hle prepares also, in vacuo, the concentrated Eclectic medicines
and manufactures blue mass, mercurial ointment, glycerin, &c.;
and prepares powdered drugs of very fine quality, by what is
denominated the dusting process. His supply is always full and
ample.  E. H. HANCE is also engaged in the same business, and
manufactures Extracts and Syrups to a considerable extent.
Many of the Apothecaries carry on, in addition to their regular business, the manufacture of a few select Chemicals.
TIIOIAS J. HTUSBAND has for some years prepared what is
known as " Husband's Calcined Magnesia,'" which has obtained a
very considerable reputation,  and is extensively used.   In the
Twentieth Report of the Franklin Institute, the judges of Chemicals assert, that this magnesia "is believed to be the best in the
United States;" and some of the most distinguished professors
and practitioners of medicine have pronounced it quite equal to
the genuinie Henry's magnesia.
CHARLES ELLIS & Co. are large manufacturers of Extract of
Magnesia, which is extensively used in the United States. They
are also large manufacturers of spread adhesive plaster, and roll
plasters; and have a Laboratory in the southern part of the city, in
which they make many of the officinal Chemicals, extracts, &c.
Soume of the Wholesale Druggists prepare, with or without the
sanction of the Medical Faculty, one or more domestic remedies,
211 
PHILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
the popularity of which, in some instances, establishes a considerable manufacturing business. B. A. FAHNESTOCK & CO. might
be referred to as illustrating this assertion; or GEORGE W.  CARPENTER & CO., who compound a list of domestic remedies which
are widely known, and have an extensive sale. This firm, however, are particularly distinguished for having provided a great
depot of supplies for druggists and physicians; probably the greatest and most wonderful, for variety and comprehensiveness of
stock, that this country affords.  Every article pertaining to the
business of a druggist or a physician, from the rarest Surgical instrument, or the most complete collection of Anatomical preparations, Chemical and Philosophical Implements and Apparatus for
colleges, through the entire range of simple or prepared  Drugs,
Medicines, and Chemicals, to the minutest article required by
either at the outset of their profession, not excepting shop-fuirniture, medicine chests, saddle-bags, medical text books, &c., may
be found in this Chemical warehouse, which is a Drug emporium
in itself.
The "Essence of Jamaica Ginger," prepared  by FREDERICK
BROWN, has almost entirely superseded the use of ginger-tea, and
powder, so long regarded as popular remedies in domestic practice
for various complaints of the stomach and digestive organs. This
preparation is recognized and prescribed by the Medical Faculty,
and has become a standard family medicine of the United States.
The Chemists of late years have, in a great measure, overcome their
professional aversion to prepared remedies, adapted to the various
ills that flesh is heir to; and as those of this city have every advantage for procuring the recipes of the most celebrated physicians and
medical professors, it is safe to infer that every preparation of the
kind announced by a reputable established pharmaceutist of Phil adelphia, possesses some considerable merit. About one third of
the Apothecaries of the city of Philadelphia are members or
graduates of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; and we do
not fear to say that, as a body of men, intelligent and skillful in
their profession, they are unsurpassed in any community; while we
could name individuals among them who have few if any supe riors in their profession, as regards scientific knowledge and prac tical skill, in any metropolis in Europe.
212 
PATENT MEDICINES.
The business that, in connection with prepared prescriptions,
approaches more closely to a manufacturing pursuit, and there fore, though denounced by the schools as irregular, is for our
purposes the most regular-is the manufacture of what has been
denominated PATENT MEDICINES. The individuals and firms engaged in this business are both enterprising themselves, and the
promoters of enterprise ill others.  I-Iow many paper-mills, glass
factories, printing and engraving offices, lithographic establishInents, paper-box manufactories, &c., would be tenantless-how
many journals that are now brilliant lights in the firmament of
journalistic literature would have gone out, leaving the world in
partial darkness, except for the material aid afforded through the
popularity of Patent Medicines I When to these benefits we add
another, viz., that the preparations in many instances are beneficial, and as respects almost all, entirely harmless, the manufacture would seem to be entitled to a larger share of respectful colnsideration than it has hitherto received.
Philadelphia, though it has not entirely escaped, has been preserved in a great measure from the visitation of those whose sole
aim is to speculate on human distress. The remedies of the
established firms have much weighty testimony in favor of their
excellence; and the popularity, and consequent saleability of a few,
are truly remarkable. The enterprise of at least one Philadelphia firm has made their preparations known, not only throughout
this country, but in the islands of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans;
in Burmalh, Siam, India; and almost every nationality in Europe.
They expend annually over one hundred thousand dollars in advertising alone. They keep eight double-medium, and two singlemedium, and eight steel-plate presses in operation throughout the
year.  Their consumption of printing paper, during the last year,
was 14,000 reams, costing $39,782 96; and during the present
year, they will print 2,600,000 Almanacs for gratuitous distribution.
The rooms in the upper stories of an immense structure are occupied-one as a laboratory, another as a printing-office, a third as
a binding and packinig-room, and a fourth as a pill manufactory.*
* In the last-mentioned room we saw pills arranged in pyramidical form,
to dry, sufficient, one would think, to physic "all creation," with some to
213
17 
214      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURIES.
About eighty persons are furnished constant employment in that
establishment. For eight months of the year the expenditure of
the firm referred to, for postage, is $25 per day. Wherever a few
backwoodsmen have reared their lonely cabins, an agency for these
preparations is established; and so remote and isolated are some
of the frontier posts, that a box shipped hence cannot reach its
destination in a year.
The total annual sales of all the Patent Medicines-bitters,
syrups, cattle powders, &c., made in Philadelphia, cannot be ascertaiiied; but it is the opinion of half a dozen of the principal
manufacturers, that they might safely be stated at one million of
dollars, net prices.  At "long prices," the basis on which statistical statements are made in neighboring cities-the sum would be
doubled.
The preparation of Dye Stuffs is made a specialty, or at least a
prominent branch of their general business, by several manufacturers, viz.: BROWNING & BROTIIERS, SAMUEL GRANT, JR. & Co.,
and J. M. SHARPLESS.
BROWNING & BROTHERS are the proprietors of the well-known
"Aroma Mills"-a stamp which, on Extracts of Dye-Woods, is
everywhere recognized as an assurance of excellence.   This firm
are also manufacturers of Paints, in the preparation of which they
state they use only the pure linseed oil, and are careful to have
them faithfully and finely ground.
SAMUEL  GRANT,  JR.,  &  Co.  have very extensive  Chemical
Works at Manayunk, occupying seven acres, where they manufacture the Chemicals beforementioiied; and in addition, prepare
Dye-Woods largely, ground, chlipped, and extracts, and every article used by dyers. They manufacture several products that are
not made elsewhere, it is believed, in the country, and are con
spare, for the inhabitants of the planetary systems.  Pill Machines, we are
told, have not as yet been found to perform satisfactorily; and Pills aro
made by passing the prepared material, which is in long strips, through
grooved rollers, with much the same llhand-motion as women roll dough into
cakes.  The  motion, we presume, is precisely the same when Bread Pills
are made. 
DYE-STUFFS-WHITE LEAD-PAINTS.
tinually adding new ones to their list; as for instance, Gelp salts
made from Indigo.
They recently engaged inll the manufacture of liquid chloride
of lime, used by paper-makers and bleachers; surrogate of alkali, used in the place of soda-ash for cleansing wool; silicate of
soda, used by calico-printers; and muriate of manganese, a mordant, which is used in dyeing cotton and wool together, instead
of separately, as previously done. For these preparations, as well
as for the machinery for making them, a patent is applied for by
Mr. Prentiss, one of the firm, who is known already as the patentee of a lubricating oil. The store of Messrs. Grant & Co. is
at 139 South Water street.
J. M. SHARPLESS makes the usual Extracts of logwood, fustic,
and quercitron; and also grinds and chips the same, and other
Dye-Woods.
J. ANDREYKOVICZ, a Polish Chemist, located at 28 Franklin
Place, makes Extracts of Indigo, distinguished as Indigo Paste
and Carmine; and is prepared to make a new dye-stuff known as
Arc7hill.
There are other mills that, in addition to grinding Dye-Woods,
or disconnected therefrom, are engaged in grinding, powdering,
and refining Drugs.   The oldest is that of Charles V. Hagner.
The mills of CHARLES VANHORN & Co., one of the principal firms in
this branch, were twice destroyed by fire-in 1852, and again in
1856; but since their last destruction they have been greatly extended and improved.  They have now a capacity for producing,
and frequently do produce weekly, 6,000 lbs. of Drugs, 36,000 lbs.
of Spices, 14,000 lbs. of Founder's Facings, and 35 tons of DyeWoods.
WHITE-LEAD-PAINTS.
The production of Paints, particularly of the Salts of Lead,
which enter so largely into their manufacture, has added greatly to
thle Chemical and Manufacturing reputation of Philadelphia.
Of White Lead there are four manufactories, viz., those of WETIERILL & BROTHER, JOHN T. LEWIS & BROTHERS, HIARRISON BROTHERS & Co., and E. DAVIS & RIGGS. The works of Messrs. Wretherill & Brother were established during or before the Revolution,
by the grand-father of the present proprietors, who, it is said, intro
215 
,1'      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
duced the manufacture into the United States.   They are situated
on the west side of the Schuylkill, employ a steam-engine of eightyhorse power, and consume daily 18,000 lbs. of Pig Lead. The
article manufactured by this firm has always maintained a high
reputation; and is sent to every part of the United States, and
exported to the West Indies. JOHN T. LEWIS & BROTHERS are
the successors of Mordecai Lewis & Co., who founded the works
in 1819. At the period of their establishment Pig Lead cost 72cents per pound, and White Lead sold for 15 cents. During the
last year the raw material cost within one cent of the price abovenamed, and the manufactured article sold for 821 celnts. The present
firm have nearly a half million of dollars invested in the manufacture, and produce annually about 4,500,000 lbs. of White
Lead, besides Oils, &c. Messrs. HARRISON, BROTHERS & Co.'s
establishment dates from 1812; to them we previously referred.
Messrs. E. DAVIS & RIGGS are also a well-known firm.
The capital invested in this business is nearly $1,000,000, and
the annual product $960,000.   It is to be regretted, that nearly
all the raw material used is imported-English and Spanish Lead
being principally employed-but it is gratifying to know that the
American manufacturers, particularly those of Philadelphia, have
effectually succeeded in stopping the importation of the finished
product.   No painter will use the foreign if he can obtain the
Philadelphia White Lead.*
*The process of manufacturing White Lead is described as follows:
"The Pig Lead is melted and converted into sheets by a very simple process. Each workman is supplied with a flat piece of board, of about three
feet in length and five inches in width, which has raised edges, to prevent
the metal, in a melted state, from passing off at the sides. Standing by the
side of the furnace with this board, held by the handle in one hand, and with
a ladle in the other, the metal is poured over it. Being held at a considerable inclination it passes rapidly off into the kettle, except what adheres to
the bottom, which forms the sheet. This is not thicker than the fiftieth
part of an inch. Being instantly cooled, it is turned over the edge of a
board raised to a level with the hand, when the mould is returned at once
to the edge of the kettle; and the ladle, which the workman still holds, is
again filled. Thus the operation goes on from morning till night. This is
the first process in the manufacture of White Lead. The sheets are next
rolled loosely together, in a sufficient number to fill a pot six inches in diam 
WHITE LEAD.
Another branch of the Paint manufacture consists in grinding
White Lead and Colored Paints, and the Chromes and other colors in oil, in connection with the manufacture of Putty. The
principal firms engaged in this business are, GEORGE D. WETHERILL & CO., JOHN LUCAS & Co., ROBERT SHOEMAKER & CO.,
BROWNING & BROTHERS, FRENCH, RICHARDS & CO., C. SCHRACK
& Co., and JOHN D. SPEAR & SON. Some of these Paint Mills are
most complete establishments, and have every appliance for carrying on the processes successfully and advantageously.   The annual product is at least $770,000.
One of the firms mentioned, Messrs. JOHN LUCAS & Co., in addition to grinding Paints, &c., at the Eagle Mills, in the city, are
also the proprietors of the New Jersey Zinc and Color Works,
Gibsboro', N. J., established for the manufacture of an Oxide of
eter. Before being placed in the pot a pint of strong vinegar is put into
it, which the metal is not permitted to touch. The pots are then stacked in
the following manner: first a layer of manure is laid, then a row of pots.
On the top of the pots, boards are laid, on which there is a covering of manure; then the pots again; and so on to the roof, about twenty feet in
height. A stack usually comprises from twenty to thirty tons of the sheet
lead, besides the weight of the pots, vinegar, boards, &c.
"After being closed up, a stack is left undisturbed for about two weeks,
during which period a somewhat complicated chemical process goes on.
The manure throws off heat, which raises the general temperature to 180~
Fahrenheit, and the vinegar slowly evaporates. The acid vapor, acting
upon the lead, it first becomes an oxide; then an acetate, by combining with
the acetic acid vapor; and this is transformed to a carbonate by carbonic
acid arising from the manure. Very little of the lead remains when the
stacks are taken down. The contents of the pots are now found to be a
dry bluish mass, which crumbles at the touch.   This is White Lead in its
rough state.  Before it leaves the hands of the  manufacturer it goes
through a variety of processes.  First, it is passed through one or more
sieves, to separate from it what little of the lead remains.  It next undergoes a number of washings in troughs, to firee it from impurities; after
which it is put into a kiln and dried. From this it is conveyed to a mill
and ground, into which, at the same time, linseed oil is led by means of
pipes. Out of the mill the White Lead comes forth in its pure state, not
white at first, however, though it soon becomes so after exposure to the atmosphere.  It is then put into kegs and barrels, and is ready for home consumption or transportation. The smallest kegs hold twelve and a half pounds;
the largest barrels fifteen hundred pounds."
174?
217 
218      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Zinc, the introduction of which, as a White Paint, was pronounced
by the London World's Fair Jurors, one of the most remarkable
*vents in the recent history of the Chemical Arts.  The works
were considerably extended during the last year, and have now
facilities for turning out annually upward of 2,000 tons of White
Zinc and  Colored Paints,  Chrome  Greens,  Chrome  Yellows,
Chinese and Prussian Blues.  The senior member of  the  firm
now resides at the Works, and gives his whole attention to the
Manufacturing and Grinding department.   They  have recently
brought out a Zinc Green, fully equal to the article manufactured
in France, and at a much less cost; it has a body equal to the
best Chrome Green, is less poisonous, more brilliant and durable.
The members of this firm came to Philadelphia from England, in
1849; since which time they have been unremitting in their endeavors to establish, successfully, the manufacture of all the Europeall Painters' Colors.
GLUE, CURLED HAIR, ETC.
These manufactures are essentially, though not nominally Chemical. They subserve a peculiarly useful purpose, by converting
substances that would otherwise be almost worthless, into products
of commercial value.  The refuse and offal from tanneries, morocco factories, and slaughter-houses, used by Glue and Curledhair manufacturers, are not generally available for other purposes;
and without consumption ill this way, would be troublesome to
remove or prove nuisances to the community.
In Philadell)hia there are three firms extensively engaged in
the business, viz.: BAEDER, D)ELANEY & ADAMSON;  II. GERKFER,
SON & Co.; and KESLER & SMITH.   The works formerly owned
by Charles Curming & Co. have recently been purchased by the
first-named firm, who are now, without doubt, the most extensive
manufacturers in this branch in the United States. (See APPENDIX.)  The product, as made up by us, is as follows:
12,500 barrels Glue, at $22,                      -50
Curled( Hair,  -.... —Raw-hide Whips,              — —...
Miscellaneous, viz., Gelatine, Sand Paper, Isinglass, Plas  tering Hair, Bristles, &c. -         -  -         -    -    -
$275,000
300,0 00
50,000
150,000
$775,00(}
Tot,,t], 
GLUE-VARNISHES.
The capital invested approximates $600,000, as extensive
buildings and expensive fixtures are required; and nearly four
hundred persons are furnished constant employment, receiving
about $85,000 annually, in wages. The consumption of coal by
the three establishments is about two thousand tons yearly, and
of lime thirty thousand bushels.
Philadelphia has peculiar advantages for these manufactures.
The climate is favorable, and the Tanneries of Pennsylvania, of
which there are an immense number, furnish an abundant supply
of raw material; while from South America, the importation is
direct-several hundred bales being imported annually.   The
articles produced are distributed throughout the country, from
the East to the West; and are exported to the West Indies,
South America, and the Canadas.
VARNISHES.
Gum Copal, which is the chief article in the preparation of
Copal Varnishes, is a singular kind of resin, that exudes naturally
from different large trees in the East Indies and other places, and
is imported in a crude state, principally to Salem, Mass., where
it is cleaned and prepared for use. Of Varnishes there are four
principal kinds, designated as Coach, Cabinet, Japan, and Spirit
Varnish,  though of each there are many qualities.   There are
also four principal manufacturers of Varnishes in PhiladelphiaC. SCItIRACK &  CO., B. C. HORNOR & CO., G. S. MAYER & CO.,
and H. R. WOOD  &  Co.   The first-named firm are the oldest established in the manufacture in the  United  States,  and  now
produce a Coach-body Varnish, which is pronounced by competent judges to be in all respects equal to the best English Varnish, for the same purpose.   Since the decease of Mr. Sbchraclk,
the business is conducted  by Mr. JOSEPH STIULB, who  has had
twenty-two years experience in the profession.
The prices of Varnish range from 90 cents for Japan or Iron
Varnish, to $4, for Coachl-body; averaging $2 per gallon. The
production in 1857 was 115,000 gallons, worth $230,000.
Our statistical summary of Chemicals, and the products of
Pharmaceutical processes, is as follows:
219 
220     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Chemicals, including Dye Stuffs, Chrome Colors, and Extracts,  -    $3,335,000
Medicines-prepared remedies of Druggists and Chemists, (estimated,)   300,000
"      Patent or Proprietary,                             "         1,000,000
White Lead,  -.... -     -     -    -    -     -    -     -    -          960,000
Zinc Paints, and products of Paint Mills, -      -    -    -    -         770,000
Glue, Curled Hair, &c. -  -.-... —-             775,000
Varnishes,       -    -  -    -            _. — -      - _  230,000
Total,  -  -.    -.  -       - -       - -        -    -       $7,370,000
XI.
Clothing-Ready-made.
Within the last quarter of a century a most important and com plete revolution has been effected in the Tailoring business, by
the introduction  of  Ready-made Clothing.  Some twenty-five
years ago the only Clothing kept for sale was that which is known
as " Slop Clothing," for seamen. But the inconvenience attend ing delays and misfits on the part of tailors-the advantages of
procuring a wardrobe at a moment's notice-the ability of merchants to manufacture and supply Clothing equally as good, but
much cheaper, at wholesale than to order, led to the establishment
of this as a distinct branch of business.  In 1835, the wholesale
manufacture of Clothing in the United States was first entered
into, to any considerable extent, principally in the city of New
York; but many of those who then engaged in it were prostrated
by the commercial disasters of'37.  In 1840 the trade was re-established and increased; and since then has continued to enlarge
and increase, until its present extent exceeds ordinary belief.
We need, however, only point to the number of stores devoted to
the business, to illustrate the popularity of the system.
One great benefit to the community, resulting from the success
of the Clothing manufacture, is the immense field of employment it
opens for the poor, especially for females.   The poor of our large
cities are thus supplied with a never-failing source of occupation.
Some of the other cities have a large portion of their stock manuftacetured in the rural districts; but Philadelphia Clothiers deem
it better policy to employ the population of their own city, and so
far as possi)le to have the work done in their own establishments,
being certain of having it better and more neatly done than in the
country.  The prices paid to employees, it is true, are not a very 
CLOTHING-READY-MADE.
munificent remuneration for labor; but by respectable Clothiers
no advantage is taken of the necessities of the helpless.  Excep  tional cases there undoubtedly are, in which the poor are op  pressed; but we are convinced the business principles of our
respectable Clothiers, accord with the principles of hurnmaaity,
and that the females they employ are paid reasonably fair prices.
To this conclusion we are not led by mere assertion of the maln  ufacturers: we are convinced by an examination of their books.
At the leading establishments we found that women earn from $3
to $6 per week.  Those who make but three dollars make the
coarser articles, or are unexperienced in needle-work. Women
of neatness, industry, and taste, can make $5 to $6, onl fine vests.
The average earnings  are about $4.  For making a silk vest,
62- cents to $1 is paid.  For the commonest pants, which are
thrown together, 25 to 37 cents are paid; and two pairs a day
is the average product.
Coats, and finer kinds of work, except vests, are made during
the dull seasons of the year by tailors, who at other times are em ployed in fashionable shlops at higher rates. This ensures good
work at cheap rates. The wages earned by these vary from $6
to $10 a week; but as most of them have families, the earnings
of their wives and children always amount to something in addition. The cutting is a trade in itself, and requires talents of a peculiar kind. In the good Clothing warehouses, the men employed
in this department are all of long experience and undoubted
ability.
One feature of the Ready-made Clothing manufacture, peculiarly deserving of commendation, is the thorough system with
which the operations are conducted.   In the large establishments
every thing is carried on with the regularity of clock-work.  As
soon as a piece of cloth has been received into the store, it is
carefully examined, and the blemished portions, if any, withdrawn.
After this examination, each piece is taken to the superintendent,
with a memorandum of the quantity it contains, its cost, of whom
purchased, &c., all of which is entered in a book; also, the number and description of garments to be made; how trimmed; name
of cutter, price of making, &e.  It is then passed to the cutter,
who receives directions as to the kind, style, and size of the article
221 
222      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
to be made; and after being cut, the pieces are handed over to
the trimmer, who supplies buttons, thread, lining, &c. The goods
are then received by one of the foremen, who gives them out to
be sewed and finished; and on their return they are examined by
him, and forwarded to the sales department.
The extent of the Dry-Goods manufacture, in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, particularly of that class of goods which forms the
raw material of the cheaper kinds of Clothing, gives the Clothiers
great advantages in procuring materials on the most favorable
terms, direct from the manufactory, without charges for transportation. In several descriptions of Ready-made Clothing, therefore,
the prices in this city are considerably below those in any other
market. Between the respective dealers, however, no difference
is said to exist.*
The advertisements of the trade constitute a novelty in themselves, and a new department of literature.  History, Metaphysics, Poetry, and Science, are made to contribute to the sale of
coats and trowsers. Milton becomes a salesman, Shakspeare canvasses for Stokes, and Thomas Carlyle has buttoned up his profoundest philosophy in Clothing. The "Bard of Tower Hlall"
* If we were a tourist and disposed to jump at conclusions, we would
say there was less rivalry and jealousy existing among the manufacturers of
Clothing than in any other branch of industry with which we are acquainted.
In reply to our inquiry, at two of the leading establishments, Messrs. ARNOLD, NUSSBAUM & NIRDLIN,GER, and A. T. LANE & CO., as to the distinctive
features of their business, neither, to our great surprise, were willing to
admit that they differed in any very important particulars from their neighbors. Messrs. LANE & Co. stated that they did not deal in piece goods, and
that their facilities for procuring materials on favorable terms, perhaps
through a connection with a leading Dry-Goods house, were undoubtedly
unsurpassed; but their business, in its general features, was like that of
their neighbors. Messrs. ARNOLV, NUSBAUM & NIRDLINGER, stated that probably a larger proportion of their stock was made on their own premises,
under more immediate personal, careful, rigid supervision, than is customary';
and their connections with various portions of the country were quite as
extensive as any other; but they would not desire to be mentioned at all,
except as representatives of the general trade.
This language being so different from that which we are accustomed to
hear, was as refreshing as a cup of cold water to a weary traveler, or a
gleam of sunshine to the storm-tossed mariner. 
CLOTHING-READY-MADE.
is one of the most popular of modern poets, and weekly exhibits
the Muse in plaid pants, and a swallow-tailed coat. One method
of advertising, which originated in this city, is the publication of
a Bulletin of Fashion, which our principal establishments furnish
gratuitously to their distant patrons.  This is a large and beautiful lithograph, containing the latest styles of about twentyfour garments; and also the styles of the previous season for
those who do not wish the very latest; each garment being numbered to facilitate orders.   We have been assured that country
merchants have found this sheet of so much service, both in making their purchases and sales, that it may justly be considered an
advertisement of as much benefit to the buyer as to the seller.
Still another means adopted by Clothiers to attract public attention, is the production of novelties in Clothing. One has made
up a coat of double pilot-cloth, adapted for wearing either side
outward, of a different color.  Another has manufactured a suit
of clothes from black-dyed and prepared sheep-skins; a third has
produced an Alpaca coat, sufficiently light and portable to be
carried in the pocket; a fourth has attached a shirt-collar to a
waistcoat; and a fifth has imitated the richly-embroidered  and
fur-lined leather coats, in use in the northern parts of Europe.
Notwithstanding all this exercise, the genius of invention, we
have reason to believe, is not exhausted.
The goods which form the bulk of the manufacture in Philadelphia, are those styles, sizes, and qualities, peculiarly adapted to
the wants of distant sections-the West, and Southwest.   To conduct such a business successfilly necessarily requires a large capital, for the manufacturing must be commenced some four months
before the selling season; and as the term  of credit usually
given is six or eight months, thie Clothier cannot realize from  his
investments in a less average time than a year.  It is remarkable,
therefore, and evidence of the general solvency of the trade, that
so few succumbed to the late severe monetary pressure.
The minor subdivisions of the Ready-made Clothing manufacture, deserve some consideration.   The principal are-Boys'
Clothing, Shirts, Collars and Bosoms; and certain kinds of Ladies Clothing, as Mantillas, Corsets, &c.
In several of the establishments, Youths' and Boys' Clothing
223 
'O24     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MAN!UFACTUIES.
is a department of the general business; but it is also a manufacture in itself, with its own fashions, styles, stores, and customers.
The fashions and styles are generally original with the makers;
and so highly are many of them appreciated abroad, that it is no
uncommon thing for French Modistes to transfer them to their
own fashion-plates, claiming them as of their own invention, and
purely Parisian.   This class of Clothing is well worthy the attention of Country merchants, who will not only find a ready
sale for it, but have the satisfaction of introducing improved patterns to a whole neighborhood.
The manufacture of Shirts and Shirt Collars, is now a distinct
organized and extensive branch of industry.   In Philadelphia it
furnishes at least three thousand persons with constant employment-counting solely the wholesale establishments,  and those
retailers who do partly a wholesale business.   The Shirts made
include every variety, from the cheapest-and it is claimed by
disinterested persons, that the low-priced article is cheaper than
that made in New England-to the "Shoulder Seam"  Shirts of
WINCHIIESTER & Co., Chestnut street, of which the price ranges
from $60 down to $12 per dozen.   This firm also makes Collars
of the better quialities.
The manufacture of Shirt Collars and Bosoms is often a business disconnected from that of Shirts, and has attained a rapid
development since the introduction of Sewing and Stitching Machines.  Hand needle-work would be totally incapable of meeting the demand. Besides, the machines perform with more uniformity and durability than is possible by hand, and relieve
females of the most laborious, unhealthy, and least lucrative portion of the work. In enameling Collars and Bosoms, at least one
house in this city adopts the method peculiar to Troy, N. Y.,
imparting a rare and distinctive gloss.*
*The house alluded to is that of EDWIN A. KELLEY, ] 6 Bank street.  In
his establishment, which is one of the most complete in the country, about
six hundred hands are employed throughout the year, and forty Sewing
machines kept constantly running, manufacturing Shirts from $5 to $40
per dozen. His attention, it will be perceived, is given mainly to the finer
grades of goods, but prepared exclusively for the Wholesale Jobbing trade.
He has also a large establishment in Troy, N. Y., where he mannufatctnres
Collars, enameling them according to the Troy method, which is described 
CLOTHING-READY-MADE.
Of Ladies Clothing, the two articles which can properly be said to
form a department of the Ready-made Clothing trade, are Mlan..
tillas and Corsets. The manufacture of the latter has, within a few
years, become a considerable branch of industry. Large quantities
are woven by machinery, and in some instances without seams.
They are also combined with Anatomical Bandages or Supports;
and generally it may be said, that the shape and make have been
very much improved, while the price has been much reduced.
The manufacture of Cloaks and MaiIatillas, as a wholesale business,
dates its introduction into this country within the last ten years.
So popular, however, has the system become that many Country
merchants, instead of purchasing velvets as formerly, now purchase Cloaks, Talmias, and Mantillas, made ill the latest styles in
the centres of fashion.
The statistics of the Ready-made Clothing manufacture, in
Philadelphia, are stated approximately as follows:
Capital invested,...-                — — $
Wages paid annually, — -    -    -   -    -
Product, as follows:
Sixty-seven firms, or all whose annual manufacture of
Clothing exceeds $40,000 per annum, make to the
amount of       -    -    -    -    -    -   -    -
All others, (estimated by a leading manufacturer,)  -     -
6,040,000
3,600,000
$9,640,000
Shirts, Collars, and Bosomrs,
Gentlemen's Furnishing Goods, -
Mantillas and Corsets,      -  -
937,500
250,000
330,000
$11,157,500
as follows.  The apparatus used for ironing consists first of a grooved roller,
suited to the shape of the collar, and covered with flannel.   The iron its
beveled to fit the groove, and is warmed by a, red-hot heater placed in a cavity; this iron is secured to the short arm of a lever, which is attached to
another lever or treddle, one end of which is fastened to the floor.  The
attendant, by pressing with her foot upon one end of the lower lever, is enabled
to use great power, while she turns the wooden roller on which the collar
is placed. This great pressure aids in giving the gloss; though great care
and skill, and materials of the best quality, are requisite to ensure the highest polish.
is
22,5
$3,300,000
2,800,000
Total, 
226     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
XII.
Confectionery.
The word Confectioner, and the term Confectioneries, occur in
the Scriptures in a form denoting, that the making of sweet preparations was an established art in the time of Samuel.  (1 Samuel, viii. 13.) The business of preparing them, however, it seems,
was then, and until within two centuries ago, confined to physicians and apothecaries, who used honey or sugar, principally for
disguising disagreeable medicines, and pharmaceutically in making
syrups, electuaries, &c. We presume that the separation which
has taken place between the arts of preparing conserves and the
compounding of drugs, was originally instigated by the ladies or
the juveniles, both of whom, like saucy boarders, prefer their flies
on a separate plate.
The manufacture of Confectionery, in its modern development,
as practiced in England and the United States, bears the distinctive artistic characteristics of French ingenuity and invention.
In no other country does the preparation of sugar, as a luxury,
absorb so much mental attention, and afford a livelihood to so
many persons. It is a long established custom for French gentlemen to present the ladies of their acquaintance, on New Year's
Day, with a box of sweetmeats; and so faithfully and generally
does the custom continue to be observed, that in Paris two thousand persons find regular employment in making Confectioner's
fancy boxes, the most of which are distributed on that single day.
The ingenuity and invention of the French manufacturer, says
some one, are inexhaustible; "Every season he produces some novelty, and for years this competition has continued between himself and his rivals, and yet there is no abatement of his ardor or
his success; now his production consists of a new box; now of
some intricate interlacing of fruits; now of some wonderful crystallizations, and now of some new mode of concealing the motto;
but in most cases, his art is exerted tastefully to introduce a looking-glass." But the competition that has existed between himself
and his rivals, though it may not have abated his ardor, has induced him to resort to some very reprehensible practices.  rTo
give a more exquisite flavor to his essences, or to secure vivid 
CONFECTIONERY.
ness and durability of color to his confections, he has not hesitated to use the most noxious and poisonous substances-as verdigris and other poisons.  An  eminent English physician testifies
that he detected, by post-mortem examination, the essential oil
of bitter almonds in the stomach of one who had suddenly died
after partaking of some French sweetmeats.  To such an extent
had the use of deleterious mineral substances been carried in
the manufacture of Confectionery, particularly for exportation,
that the French Government interfered, prescribing what colors
the Confectioners  might  use.   This list of permissible  substances, however, contains so many of suspicious origin, that
henceforth we much prefer, and declare for, the more pure and
safe, if less brilliant Confectionery made in Philadelphia.
REPORT.
"Permit first a word of explanation. When you did me the honor
to compliment my detective powers, by stating they were in demand
to unravel the mysteries of the Confectionery business, I must confess
that I had supposed there would be no difficulty in ascertaining who
are  manufacturing Confectioners.   I was even verdant enough to
suppose, that the advertisements in the newspapers would, at least,
furnish some indication, whether there were many or few; and I took
up my evening paper, the Bulletin, with confident expectation of acquiring considerable information on the subject. I was delighted to
observe at the first glance, well displayed, the announcement-" NEW
CONFECTIONS;  ORIENTAL NONGAT, (one dollar per pound);  SHERBET
DROPS; BANANA DROPs, (fifty cents per pound).  STEPHEN F. WHITMN,AN, -Vanufact2,(inq Confectioner, 1210 Market st., West of Twelfth."
I looked further, column after column, and would you believe it, found
not another  Confectioner's advertisement.  Imagine my perplexity.
Could it be possible that there was only one manufacturing Confectioner
in Philadelphia. If so, what a nabob he must be. Thirty millions of
people who consume each at least fifty cents worth of candy in a yearthat is. fifteen millions of dollars a year: and a fair proportion of the quantity purchased is known to be obtained in Philadelphia. Can it be possible this MIr. Whitman supplies them all? I called on Mir. Whitman,
and he frankly told me that though he did a fair share of business, as he
deserves to do, and believed he was one of the largest manufacturers of
fine Confectionery in Philadelphia, there were many others, mentioning ]RENNELS, RICHARDSON, MIILLER, ]HENRION, and others. I called on
them, and they informed me of others; and these again of still more; unti
227 
228     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
sick and surfeited, that night I saw in my dreams a delegation of Confectioners, with Whitman at their head, coming to souse me in a caldron of boiling candy. The results of my observations, continued, however, for a long period subsequently, are as follows:
"There  are about two  hundred  Confectioners  in  Philadelphia,
the most of whom manufacture to some extent-the business being
done not by a few very large concerns, but diffused among a number
of small ones. The makers, in most instances, know who will probably be the purchasers and consumers of their candy, and therefore take
pains to have it pure and first-rate in quality. Sixteen of the wholesale manufacturers used, in 1857, 1,400,000 lbs. of sugar, costing, say
$147,000, and which made 1,400,000 lbs. of Candy, worth on an average 18 cents per pound, or $252,000. A fair average product for the
others-some making much more, and some less, is $2,000 per year; or
for all $368,000. About one half of the Confectioners in Philadelphia
operate in the finer branches of Ices, Jellies, Pieces Montees, &c., to
the extent, on an average, of 84,000 each, or $400,000 for all; and the
number of persons employed in said one hundred establishments will
average five each, or five hundred in all. In addition to the regular
trade, there is an immense business done, during seven or eight months
in the year, by the country people, who bring in Ice Creams by thousands of gallons, which they vend in the markets, or serve to the hundreds of cake-shops, and other occasional depots; and thus diverting
large quantities of material from the customary objects of milk, cream,
butter, &c., causing a great increase in the prices of those articles.
This however cannot be enumerated, and the product is stated as follows:
Sugar Confectionery, including Molasses Candy,          $620,000
Pieces M[onte6es, &c., -..400,000
Total,  -. —  — — $1,020,000
"In point of Wholesale Candy Manufacture, New York, of course,
is far in advance of Philadelphia; but in the ornamental branches,
Pieces,onotges in particular, the quality of the Ices, Jellies, &c., and
Patisserie in general, Philadelphia is unquestionably superior to the
former city, or any other in the Union. The French Confectionery,
made in this city, is also of surpassing excellence and beauty.
"Now, as a partial compensation for the trouble I have given the
Confecticners, I desire to offer them a hint, borrowed from my Turkish
experience.  In Turkey, there is a preparation known as Raihatlocoum,
in great favor with the Turkish ladies, from  its alleged property of
developing those proportions of figure which, in that enlightened 
CONFECTIONERY.
country, are deemed a most essential attribute of female beauty.   The
preparation is of the most agreeable flavor, and composed of the following innocent materials: one part of wheat starch, six parts of sugar,
and twelve parts of water. These are boiled together for some time;
and when the mixture has lost so much of the water by evaporation
that it will congeal to an elastic jujube-like mass, it is run into a flat
tray and allowed to cool; sometimes blanched almonds are mixed with
it.  About six hundred tons of Rahaalocoum are made annually in Turkey. There is a fortune in the suggestion for some of our Confectioners.
" Flavoring Extracts, for flavoring Pies, Puddings, Cakes, &c., are
made to a considerable extent, and are said to possess all the freshness
and delicacy of the fruits from which they are prepared.  Artifcial Essences for flavoring Syrups, &c., are also made, but from less agreeable
and desirable materials, as the makers can testify."
The branch of the conserve art, for which the United States
received the most credit at the World's Fair, in London, was
the preservation of soft fluits in brandy.   The Peach is the favorite conserve; and in this city, which has unsurpassed facilities
for procuring the best fruits, the business is carried on largely
and successfully, considerable quantities being exported every
year to England and other countries.
The London Fancy Cakle Bakers occasionally make some very
successful attempts to produce gigantic Bride cakes; and exhibited
at the World's Fair at least three, varying in value from $150 to
no less a sum than $750.  One it is said possessed the advantage
of movable ornaments; so that after the cake has disappeared,
the sugar may be transmitted, like the silk dresses of our ancestors, as an heir-loom from the grandmother to her grand-daulghter.
But the greatest achievement, in the way of large cakes, we think,
was that made some years ago by Mr. Parkinson, of Philadelphia,
for a Franklin Institute Exhibition.   It was about the size of an
ordinary cart-wheel, and weighed about 1,200 lbs. The ingredients were as follows, viz.: 1'20 dozen eggs, 150 lbs. butter, 150
lbs. flour, 150 lbs. sugar, and 500 lbs. of fruits; besides the icilig
and ornamentation.
Within the last few years, the demand for costly banquets has
tested the inventive genius of our Confectioners, and called forth
18*
229 
230()   PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
some wonderful displays. Among the remarkable and expensive
festivals, we recall to recollection the following:
The dinner to Capt. Matthews, of the pioneer Steamship City of
Glasgow, at the Chinese Museum, cost    -   -         $4,900
Kossuth banquet, at United States Hotel,   -   -        2,000
Henry Clay ball supper,   -- - -      -                 1,500
Consolidation ball supper for 4,500 persons-cost, exclusive of
wines, &c.,  -.... _ 3,500
But the model festival of all, perhaps, ever got up in modern
times, was one furnished by Mr. Parkiison, at his present establishment, on Eighth st., in the spring of 1852, it being a return
complimentary entertainment, given by fifteen gentlemen, " merchant princes" of Philadelphia, to a like number of "eminences"
of ANew York, making thirty persons in all.  No price was named,
but a carte bla)cehe given to the accomplished caterer, who set
his wits to work-procuring green peas and strawberries from
the South, salmon and other rarities from the East, and every
luxury and epicurean delicacy from the earth, air, and flood;
while a fourth element was scientifically employed to adapt the
whole to the gratification of the human palate. The saloon was
decorated in the most elegant manner; while gold, silver, chlina,
and glass of the most costly and beautiful styles, flashed and glittered on the board.   The feast was composed of twenty separate
courses, each with its appropriate liquors, wines, and liqueurs,
designated in a bill of fare, or rather programme, which of itself
was a perfect curiosity of beauty and taste, comprising a hilghly
ornamented and illuminated page for each course.   The cost of
this memorable entertainment was exactly $1,000!
XIII.
Distilling and Rectifying.
The consumption of Spirituous Liquors, both as a luxury and
in the arts, is so vast that their manufacture necessarily involves
considerations of great commercial importance. According to
the census of 1850, the manufacture of Malt and Spirituous
Liquors employs a capital of $8,334,254; consumes 3,787,195
bushels of barley, 11,067,761 bushels of corn, 2,143,927 bushels
rye, 56,517 bushels oats, 526,840 bushels of apples, 61,675 lhhds 
DISTILLING AND RECTIFYING.
of molasses, 1,294 tons of hops; furnishes employment to 5,487
persons, and produces 1,177,924 barrels of Ale, &c., 42,133,955
gallons of Whisky and  Hiigh Wines, and 6,500,500 gallons of
Rumn.   The centre of the Whisky manufacture is probably Cin  cinnati, Ohio, for we notice that, in 1856, there were distilled in
that city and vicinity, 19,260,245 gallons of proof Whisky; con suming, if we allow one bushel of corn to every three gallons of
Spirits, 6,420,082 bushels of corn.  In Philadelphia there are
but five concerns engaged in distilling Whisky from rye, corn, &c.
They have a capital employed of nearly $500,000, and in 1857
produced 2,100,000 gallons, worth on an average 30 cents per
gallon, or $630,000.   The largest distillery produces  750,000
gallons per annum; a product which, though large, is less than
that of some in the interior of the State.  The distilling of Spir its from molasses, which forms a large item in the manufacturing
industry of Boston, is not carried on to any extent in this city.
The leading business connected with the manufacture of Spirit uous Liquors in Philadelphia, is Rect?fyinrl Whisky.  There are
at least eight firms very extensively engaged in this pursuit; and
many others, who rectify from five to forty barrels  per week.
The capital invested is $1,250,000; and the product, in 1857,
was 7,650,000 gallons, which, at 33 cents per gallon, amounted
to $2,524,500. The principal firms are, JOHN GIBSON, SONS & Co.,
KIRKPATRICK, DE HAVEN & CO., A. C. CRAIG & CO., B. F. & H.
IJUDDY, WHITE & VANSYCKEL, WM, WALLACE, COLLINS, ROCKAFELLOW & Co., H. & IH. W. CATHERWOOD, and A. J. CATHERWOOD.
The first-named, Messrs. Gibson, Sons & Co., are the most extensive Rectifiers, having a capital exceeding $350,000 employed in
this business, and in the manufacture of their well-known superior Monongahela  Whisky,  at their extensive works  recently
erected on the Monongahela RIiver.   Their trade lies chiefly in
the principal cities of the Southern States; and perhaps no firm
has been more active and liberal to extend trade in that section
of the country than they. But all the firms named control a large
capital, and can keep their liquors in store until time imparts
that flavor which it is said age alone can give. Besides Whislky
and Spirits, Cordials and Baywater are made to the amount of
at least $200,000.   The conversion of Whisky into Alcohol and
Burning Fluid "re previously considered.
281 
232     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
XIV.
The Dry Goods Manufacture.
The trade in Dry Goods, considered as a branch of commerce,
is the most important of any now existing in this country. It
controls a greater amount of capital, employs a larger number of
persons, and distributes a greater value of commodities, than any
other branch of mercantile pursuit.   The list of Dry Goods merchants in our large towns is far longer than will be found engaged
in the sale of merchandise under any other heading; while
throughout the interior the very name of "merchant" is associated with one who, whatever else he may sell, is a Dry Goods
dealer.  There are certainly "merchant princes" among  those
engaged in mercantile pursuits;  but in capacity, energy, and
aggregate wealth, the dealers in Dry Goods, as a class, are emphatically THE MERCHIIANTS of our day and country.
The variety of articles embraced in the term Dry Goods, is
seemingly exhaustless; but the materials of which they are composed, are principally Cotton, Wool, Flax, and Silk. All of
these, with the exception of the last, are natural, or at least leading products of this country; all of them, with perhaps the same
exception, are bulky in their raw and unmanufactured state. Hence
one would naturally suppose, that the mills for manufacturing
them would be situated in the same country as the place of their
production, if not in the same district.  No one would certainly
suppose, even hypothetically, that a free, civilized, and ingeinious people, would rely upon foreign countries for the supply of
their necessities, or be persistently guilty of the gigantic folly of
going four thousand miles to mnill.  It is indeed difficult to reconcile such a course of conduct with the traditionary notions of
American independence and American sagacity; but happily, the
day is gradually passing away when any exposition of the anomaly
will be necessary.
The first regular Cotton Factory established in the United
States, was located in Beverly, Mass., and went into operation
inl 187.  In 1789, it received a visit from President Washington,
then on a tour through the Eastern States.   At that time the
British government, defeated in a war just closed, took its re 
DRY GOODS.
venge in the only manner possible, viz., by prohibiting, with se  vere penalties, any exportation of machinery, or even drawings of
machinery, from that country.  A handsome set of brass models
of Arkwright's machine was secretly prepared for shipment, but
was seized at the Custom House.  Mr. Samuel Slater, who had
served a regular apprenticeship to the business in England, came
out in 1789; and although he was without models or drawings
of the machinery needed, he succeeded in starting at Pawtucket,
]R. I., three cards and seventy-two spindles, on the 20th of De cember, 1790. These were the first Arkwrighlt machines oper ated in this country.  The first Cotton Factory started in Massa chusetts, with the improved machinery, was located near Paw tucket, on the other side of the river, and commenced operations
about 1795.
The first Cotton Mill established, as we are informed, in the
county, now the city of Philadelphia, was situated at La Grange
Place, near Holmesburg. The machinery was supplied by Alfred Jenks, who had been a pupil and colaborer for many years
with Samuel Slater, and who established his manufactory of cotton machinery in Ilolmesburg, in 1810. The oldest established
Cotton Mill, now in operation, is the Keating Mill in Manaytnk,
owned by J. C. Kempton.
The first Woolen Mill started in the State was at Conshohocken, by Bethel Moore, a name that continues to be identified
with the manufacture. It would be desirable to trace, chronologically, the successive steps  marking the progressive development of the manufacture of textile fabrics, in this city; but, unfortunately, there are no records within our knowledge containing
sufficient and reliable data for the purpose.   In 1824, we find a
list showing there were thirty-three Cotton and Woolen factories
in the city and vicinity, worked by water or steam-power; and
twenty of them had no less than 28,750 spindles in operation, and
the number increasing. A few years subsequently, an English
writer announced that Philadelphia was the great seat of handioonm vianfacturing and weaving.  But beyond such isolated
statements as these, the growth of this important interest seems
to have attracted but little historical recognition; and we can
only conjectlure that it was overwhelmed by the flourish of trum
233 
234     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
pets which attends the erection of a factory in New England,
though it may produce less in a month than the hand-loonms of
Philadelphia produce in a week.
Looking then at present circumstances only, without attempting to account for their existence, we are astonished by the
undeniable revelation, that Philadelphia is the ceztre of a greater
?umber of factories for textile fabrics than any other city
in the world. We do not desire to be understood as saying,
greater number of looms, or greater value of production; but
simply what we state, a greater number of distinct, separate establishments fairly entitled to be called factories. No other city
in the world, within our knowledge, is the centre of two hundred
and sixty Cotton and Woolen factories, and containing, besides,
hand-looms in force and production equal to seventy additional
factories of average size. Moreover, we claim that Philadelphia
is the centre of a larger production of indispensable domestic
goods, than any other city or place in the United States. In
making this claim, we do not desire to be understood as saying
all descriptions of goods, but of domestic goods, indispensable
particularly in the South and West. If this be true, the inference
is unavoidable, that Philadelphia is the cheapest market in which
the merchants of the South and West can purchase such goods.
These statements lead us to the consideration of two points; first,
the description of fabrics made here, and secondly, the extent of
the production.
The textile fabrics made in Philadelphia might be considered
as of two classes-one, designated "Philadelphia goods," and the
other "imported"-the former comprising a variety of heavy articles essential in domestic use, and the other, delicate, ornamental
fabrics, sold in New York, and frequently in this city, as Parisian
or German goods. We however shall adopt for convenience the
usual subdivisions, viz.: Cotton goods, woolen and mixed, Hosiery, Carpetings, Silks, &c.
1. COTTON GOODS.
The application of the wonderful natural product, which has
been called by some vegetable wool, to the manufacture of articles of utility and of ornament, is one of the most interesting 
DRY GOODS.
records of industrial achievement. In Philadelphia, this appli  cation has principally been directed to the production of articles
calculated to promote the comfort of the masses-the artisan, the
farmer, and the mechanic-and very great credit is due to the
fabricants for having brought many unpretending articles of this
description to a high degree of perfection.   Tickings are made
in large quantities, and of a far better quality than those made
in New England.   They are distinguished for having more stock,
and less starch in them. MAr. Wallis, one of the English Commis sioners to the American World's Fair, thus speaks of certain goods
of this class that came under his notice.  "They are 36 inches
wide, 1100 reed, No. 30 warp, and No. 35 filling or weft, with
140  picks to the inch.  It is scarcely possible to conceive  a
firmer or better made article; and the traditionary notion that
really good Tickings can only be manufactured from flax receives
a severe shock, when such Cotton goods as these are presented
for examination." The varieties of Tickings made in Philadel phia, and its vicinity, are far more numerous than elsewhere; and
the prices range from 7 to 24 cents-those  at the latter price
being a most superior article.
Of Apron and Furniture  Checks, Philadelphia may be said
to have the monopoly in the manufacture; none being made elsewhere, as we are informed, to any extent. They are of various
grades, ranging in price from  7-2 to 17 cents.  These goods are
well-known, and it is therefore needless to add that they are of
the first class.  A superior Check for miners' shirting is made,
worth from 12 to 20 cents.
Giizghanrs are made of all qualities, ranging from  8- to 16
cents. These goods, for strength and durability of fabric and colors, and neatness and beauty of styles, are, at the low prices at
whichl they are produced and sold, the cheapest article, probably,
for women's and children's wear in the whole range of the Dry
Goods manufacture.   They are much preferable to the Scotch at
the same prices, and are free from the dressing which adds so much
to the apparent weight of the latter.
Of Cotton goods classed as Pantaloonery, Cottonades, &c. a great
variety of kinds, qualities, and styles are made.  The manufacture
of these is conducted on a large scale, the production of one iuan
235 
23-6     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
uftacturer alone having reached three and a half million of yards in
a year.  They are now made almost entirely of fast colors, as the
demand for the very low priced (of fugitive colors) is yearly diminishing. They are from 25 to 29 inches wide, and range in price
from 8- to 25 cents.  Philadelphia Cottonades are favorites with
Jobbers and Clothiers throughout the country.
Heavy wide Brown Sheetings are made in the vicinity of the
city, probably heavier than any other in this country; some two
yards wide, made of  yarn, No. 14, count 50 by 56, has been
specially recommended as adapted for the purpose for which they
are designed. They are goods which, in consequence of the
cheapness of cotton, can be produced cheaper in this country
than English goods of the same quality.  Heavy blue Mariners'
Shirtings, formerly designated in the West as " Hickory Shirtings," are made largely; the prices ranging from 8 to 102 cents.
Denimis are made to a large extent, specially adapted for plantation use, being heavier than any made elsewhere. Other goods,
particularly adapted to the Southern trade, and known as Negro
Plaids, Chambrays, or Crankies, are a prominent article of production with many.  Nankeens, 28 inches wide, are made from the
Nankeen cotton grown in Georgia and South Carolina; price about
10 cents for plain, and 13 for heavy twilled. Several mills also produce Ducks, Osnaburys, and Bagging, some of which is of excellent quality.  Prints are made of all grades, from the highest
to the lowest, in Madder and Steam colors; and some descrip tions, as black and white, and lhalf-mourning prints, are made
here exclusively.   The prices range from 4-1 to 10 cents-those
at the latter price bear favorable comparison with the well-known
Merrimacks. It is no exaggeration to say that our Calico Printers
are unexcelled by any. Printing Cloths are made at two or three
factories, and the production, although limited, is quite successful
— it is believed that this branch of manufacture will increase.
Cotton Hosiery will be referred to subsequently; and of the
minor narrow textiles, as for instance, Stay Binding or  Twilled
Tape-white, black, and in colors, the production could be ex pressed only by millions of yards.
For the production of Cotton Yarns there are several mills;
but a large quantity used by the manufacturers of Cotton goods 
DRY  GOODS.
is brought from Paterson, N. J., and also from Augusta, Georgia,
and from other parts of the South.  The production of this article, in Philadelphia, should be at least equal to the wants of the
manufacturers.
2. WOOLEN AND MIXED GOODS.
Wool is described by an eminent scientific authority, in the
following lucid manner.  It is a peculiar modification of hair,
presenting, when viewed under the microscope, fine transverse or
oblique lines, from 2,000 to 4,000 in the extent of an inch, indicative of an imbricated or scaly surface, ol which, and upon its
curved or twisted form, depends its remnarkable felting quality and
its consequent value in manufactures.   The Woolen manufacture,
in its narrow or restricted meaning, applies only to Cloths made of
short wool, and such as possess the quality of felting together,
and elasticity; the other branch is called the Worsted  iai?,ufacture, in which long wool, and such as possess no particular tenacity of fabric, is used.  The former term, however, is rarely
used in the strict sense; and in considering the leading manufactures of Philadelphia in this department, we shall apply it according to its popular signification.
The principal varieties of Woolen goods made in Philadelphia,
are Cassi)?eres, Saticets, Keitucky Jeans, Shawls, Flannels, and
Li,.seys, or TVoolen Plaids.
Cassiiieres are made to a considerable extent, both all Wool and
Cotton and Wool, of various grades.  The finest, in imitation of
the Frenchl, are nearly equal in quality of wool and excellence of
finish to any foreign goods, while they are much  lower in price.
Th-e Satie?ets range from 30 to 75 cents, and are largely produced.
Ke?Y?tlctk-y Jeans, of unsurpassed quality, and of great variety of
colors, are a leading article of production.   They are 27-inch
goods, of various grades, from 13 to 40 cents.  The better qualities have all wool filling.   Twills and Tweeds, of various patterns and colors, and having a diversity of names, are also made
in large quantities: prices from 20 to 33 cents.  Most of these
have all wool filling. Philadelphlia-made Jeans, Twills and Tweeds,
are staple goods; and like the Checks, Ginghams, and Cottona(les,
have a high anid deserved reputation, especially at thle West, where
they are in great demand.
!9
2 OD 7 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Shawls, chiefly all wool-both long and square, plain and fancy
colors, greatly diversified in patterns, are made to considerable
extent.   The  Medium-long  Shawls bring from $2 utip to  $8;
while the Square, are from 75 cents to $321.
Flannels, of various colors and qualities, both all wool and
domet,  are also largely produced.   An article, all wool, termed
Tl'elsh Flaninel, and used largely by miners, glass-blowers, and foundry men, for shirts, is made by several, and highly esteemed.
Lioseys, or WVoolen Plaids, are  made of various  qualities;
some one half, others one third wool: prices, from 1I0 up to 33
cents. Very large quantities are sold in the West, as far as the
new  Territories and the Rocky Mountains; the heaviest being
used there for the clothing of laborers and balckwoodsmen.  They
are also very extensively sold in the South for clothling for doinestics; while some are used for linings.  The higher grades are
very superior, and all are desirable goods and in constant demand.   Many are woven in hand-looms.  They are largely shipped
to New  York, Boston,  and Baltimore.   A  superior article of
6-4, all wool plaids, price about $1, is also made.
Of Mixed Goods there is considerable variety, principally however the product of hand-looms.   Coverlets of cotton and wool,
red and white, and other patterns, belong to this class, and are a
favorite and serviceable article.
Damasck, Birdseye, and Hfuckaback Diapers, from 5-4 to 11-4,
both brown and bleached, are largely made. They are heavy and
very serviceable goods: prices from 10- to 26 cents.  Some linen
Table Cloths and Toweling, of superior quality, are made on
Jacquard machines.  It is claimed that the Damask Table Cloths
are equal to the very best patterns of the imported; while they
are superior in durability.   One firm is making Marseilles of excellent quality. Bed Spreads, both bleached and brown, Stair
Crash, and a variety of similar goods, are also made in handlooms.
Union Checks, half linen and half cotton, are made of very superior quality: price from 14 to 20 cents.
Worsted Braid,  or "Ferreti?g," occupies many  looms; and
Carpet Bindings, of cotton and wool, are with many leading al ti
238 
CARPETINGS.
cles of production. Of men's, womnen's, and children's mixed
blue-and-white Hose, and Half Hose, ten thousands of dozens
are annually made.
3. CARPETINGS.
The production of Ingrain and Venitian Carpetings, in Philadelphia, is so important a branch of the general manufacture,
that it deserves at our hands special and separate notice.  It is
also distinctive in its characteristics, both as respects the description of goods made, and the mode of manufacture.  The manufacturers of Carpetings in Hartford and Lowell confine their operations, we are told, to all wool and worsted goods, made in
super and extra-fines; while the manufacturers in Philadelphia
not only make the better qualities, but go down to goods which
are all cotton, and sell for about 20 cents per square yard.  The
fabrication of Cotton, and Cotton-and-Wool Carpetings, is said
to be exclusively cofiThed to Philadelphia.
As respects the mode of manufacture the business is distinctive,
inasmuch as it is distributed among a large number of weavers;
there being but one mill that employs power-loomis, and only to a
verv limited extent.  The individual manufacturers number about
one hundred, who furnish employment to at least fifteen hundred
ha-nd-looms, the largest manufacturer having one hundred and
fifty looms at work onl his fabrics.  Each  loomn will turn out,
monthly, three pieces of 120 yards each, or 4,320 yards Carpetingis yearly; consequently, the annual production for 1,500 looms
would be 6,480,000 yards.  The prices of Ingrain Carpetings
rangec from 20 to 85 cents-a low average being 40 cents, which
would give an annual value of $2,592,000.*  The persons eimployed are, weavers 1,500; and all others, winders, spoolers, warpers, assistants and dyers, say 1,000 more-in all 2,500 persons.
The averoige  price for weaving  Carpets is 9 cents; and the
* An excellent article of supers, worth 80 to 85, and extra-fines, 65 to 70
cents per yard, is made for New York, and for Chestnut street retailers.
J. BROMILEY & SON are particularly noted for the weight and excllence of
their extra-fines.   CaEAGIILE & BiROTHE   make Damask Venitians, from
$1.0,5 to $1.15, which are fully equal to the imported, and unequaled in
this country.   Other makers will be subsequently mentioned.
239 
il
PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
average earllings of weavers $6 a week, or $300  a year.   Th(
whole amount paid to weavers and others, for labor, will react
$695,000 per aiinnum.
The "Glen-Echo"l Mills, at Germantown, A. McCallum & Co.
proprietors, have one hundred loomis in operation, a few being
p)ower-looims, employ two hundred hands, and produce an average
annual product of over $200,000.   This firm, and James Lord,
spin and dye their own yarns, and are thus exceptional in conducting all the processes of manufacture from the raw material.
-Rtg and List Ca?I-ets are also produced to the extent of
1,680,000 yards annually, yielding, at 30 cents per yard, $504,000.
The weavers employed in this branch have frequently but one
loom each, and rarely over eight.   The principal  manufacturer
has only about twenty loomns.   Weavers, when they supply the
chain, receive about 20 cents a yard; or for weaving alone, from
6 to 10 cents, according to quality.  The cotton chain for the
better qualities is obtained of yarn dealers, costing about 20 cents
per lb., dyed.   Carpet balls, for filling, cost fromn  6 to 7 cents
per lb.  This description of Carpet sells from 25 to 50 cents per
yard.
The entire production of Carpetings, in Philadelphia, we state
as follows:
Earnings of
Weavers, &c.
$695,000
126,000
$821,000
The persons employed in the Carpet manufacture are English,
Irishl, Scotch, and German; but very few Americans, as we are informed, are known to be engaged either in weaving or spinning.
The economy in manufacturing would be greatly promoted, it is
supposed, if there were larger mills in the city for spinning and
dyeing yarns.
4. WVOOLEN HOSIERY-FANCY KNIT WORK.
The importance of this branch of industry, and the success of
,he  Philadelphia  imanufacturers, entitle it to separate  notice.
240
No. of
Looms.
1,500
560
2060
Production.
Yards.
6,4SO,000
1,680,000
8,160,000
Value.
$2,592,000
5C4,000
$3,096,000
In,,raiii,
R' I,,,
Tot,-tl, 
IIOSIERY.
For more than two hundred and fifty years Nottingham and Leicester were the chief seats of the Hosiery manufacture in Europe and America.   The Knitting trade had its origin in Nottingham, through the invention of tl-he Stockinig-frame, by the
Rev. Mr. Lee of that place, in 1589.  At the present time, it is
estimated that there are at least 50,000 Stocking-frames in operation in Great Britain, employing 100,000 persons, and producing
an annual value of $18,000,000.  So diversified are the articles
produced in color, shape, and adaptation to markets, that one
Leicester manufacturer thought he could not fairly represent his
production at the Great Exhibition, in 1851, except by sending
12,500 specimens and prices.  Until within the last fifteen or
twenty years, America looked exclusively to foreign sources for
her supply of the various articles designated as Fancy Woolen
goods or Woolen Knitwork. Within that period, however, the
manufacture has taken such deep root in Philadelphia-particularly in Germantown and Kensington-that the Nottingham articles no longer find any considerable sale in the American markets,
or even in the Canadas.   The  term  " Germantown Woolen
Goods," is now as familiar to most dealers as Nottingham Hosiery;
while the quality of the American product is really far superior
to that of the foreign.  The Philadelphia manufacturers have such
special and important advantages over the English in the price of
wool-being able, therefore, to use much finer grades in the productionl of articles costing the same price-that they may reasonablly anticipate a period not remote when their goods of this class
will find a sale, as they certainly will receive a preference, in the
Engl,ish market.  A few large establishments, well managed, and
coimbining all economies, it is the opinion of competent judges,
could even now export these commodities to England with profit.
The manufacture, as at present conducted, is essentially a domestic one.  Inl Germantown, in which the production is so large
Ias to give its name to the goods produced, there are a few extensive mills employing steam-power; but the distinctive feature of
the business is its band-looms and domesticity.  Fully one half of
the persons engaged in the production have no practical concern
with the ten-hour system, or the factory system, or even the solar
system. They work at such hours as they choose in their own
19*
241 
242      PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
homes, and their industry is mainly regulated by the state of the
larder.  But the inherent, natural industry of this class of operatives, who are largely Leicester and Nottingham men, will be
inferred from a visit to Germantown, and practical observation
of the neatness of the dwellings, and the air of comfort that pervades all its street and avenues.
In the city proper, there is one large factory engaged in produlcing Hosiery, Opera-hoods, Comforters, Scarfs, &c., employing
five hundred hands, and consuming annually upward of 250,000
lbs. of American wool.*   The hand-framies and machines it is
* The factory alluded to is that of MIARTIN LANDENBEaRGER, and we extract from the "Ledger" the following description:  4' The factory has a fine front of thirty-eight feet, is over two hundred
feet deep, and with the basement is five stories high.  It is an attractive
brick structure, its external neatness vieing with its internal arrangements
in every respect.
"In the basement we find woolsacks upon which the Lord Chancellor of
England never took his seat; for they contain Anmerican wool, woolen yarn
of every  describable shade  and color, and goods  generally, which  are
packed  and ready for dispatch.  Ilere is also a stea'm-enginre of fifteen
horse power.  Near the engine is a large Wool-Scouring Machine.  The
wool is then passed into a drying-room, heated by steam; after drying,
it is submitted to the services of the (devil) picker; it then passes throughl
twio sets of cards, which may be termed breakers and finishers.   This process of carding prepares the collected and straightened fibres for twisting.
In the twisting department there are ten machines constantly at work, consisting of four hundred spindles.  In the spinning department eight sets
of mules are engaged, consisting of twenty-five hundred and sixty spindles.
The yarn is then warped and reeled; subsequently it is bleached, dyed, and
printedaccording to certain designs.  From the warps the yarn is then arranged upon beamns for the loom, and from the reeled yarn large spools are
filled by a hand-winding process performed by small boys.  The yarn is
then ready for weaving, in -'hich process upward of fifteen different kinds
of looms are at work.  We noticed particularly a new loom, the invention
of the proprietor, for weaving neck-comforts.  This loom, after much labor
and thought expended in its construction, was started some months  ago
This loom weaves four neck-comforts of a double fabric, and each of a different pattern.  The Jacquard principle is about to be applied to this loom,
so that by control of the Jacquard index, almost any design will be produced byit. There is another loom of a different construction now in preparation, and will soon be put to work.   The other looms used are of vani 
IIOSIERIY.
almost impossible to ascertain with accuracy; but they exceed
seven hundred, of which about five hundred are employed on
WooletnI HIosiery. The average product for each framne exceeds
$1,650 annually; and the whole Hlosiery and fancy Woolen goods
production in Philadelphlia, in 1857, was about as follows:
500 Knitting Frames, averaging $1,657.50 each,    -    -    $828,750
7 Factories in Germantown and Kensington,         -    -     800,000
Total value of Woolen Hosiery,        -    -    -  $1,628,750
200 Knitting Frames on Cotton hosiery, $897 each,       -      179,400
Total)     -    -    _       -      --—. $1,808,150
The foundations of the American Woolen HIosiery and Fancy
ous kinds and calibre.  All the new machinery used in the establishment is
made on the premises, upon such a principle that it is impossible for outsiders to copy the construction or mode of operation.  Every new style demands some action upon the machinery, which calls out some new demonstration of inventive genius on the part of the proprietor.  Here are manufactured hoods, talmas, opera-cloaks, neck-comforts, scarfs, and hosiery
of every conceivable description and variety.  Every room is set apart for
some particular branch in the process of manufacture, and the regulations
prevent any laxity of morals on the part of the employees;  the males and
females are not brought in contact with each other at all. Gladness and
health seemed to beam from every countenance upon the occasion of our
visit.  The stairs and floors are kept thoroughly clean.  In the winter season the entire factory is heated by steam to a comfortable degree. This
telnds to promote the comfort of the workers, whilst it serves a good mission
to the machinery.
"Fifteen years ago Mr. Landenberger commenced operations with about
twelve hands, and had then to compete with the foreign manufacturers, so
that he had to work to get along; but being determined to overcome the
importation of woolen hosiery, he laid himself out for the task, and has
succeeded admirably." lie gives employment to nearly five hundred hands,
and manufactures every year upward of 25)0,000 lbs. of American wool
which, through his agent, IMr. L. purchases fiom the grower. He consumes
about 2,500 gallons of lard oil, being one gallon to every hundred pounds of
wool. Hle manufactures eight hundred different styles of goods, of all sizes,
every season.  The value of the business done is about $300,000 annually.
"The majority of the men employed in the establishment are from Leicester, the principal seat of the hosiery manufacture in England.  A considerable number of Germans are also employed.   For cleanliness and good arrangement, M'r. Landenberger's Kensington Woolen Hosiery malufactory
cannot be exceeded, and a visit to it is a bon( fide entertainment."
24,'D" 
244      PHIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTUTRES.
Goods manufacture, it is quite evident, are laid in Philadelphia.
Within ten years, by persevering and well-directed industry, Philadelphia manufacturers have succeeded ill almost excluding the
foreign articles from the American market; and they certainly have
succeeded in enabling merchants, from all parts of the country, to
obtain in Philadelphia superior goods at less than Nottingham
or Leicester prices.
5. NARROW TEXTILE FABRICS-SILKS, ETC.
In England, the various manufactures included in the term
Narrow Textile Fabrics, are known by the name of Small Wares;
and on the continent of Europe the manufacturers of them are
designated  Pcassazenteieurs.   In this country the term usually
employed is Trimmings, which represents military goods, ladies'
dress trimmings, carriage laces, curtain trimmings, cords, tassels,
braids, fringes, ribbons, and numerous other manufactures assimilating in character.  In Switzerland, Germany, and other chies
seats of these manufactures, the establishments confine themselves
each to a single class of goods-one making fringes, another ribbons, and so on, but here, two or more branches are often carried
on by the same parties; and in the case of one firm in this city, all
the above branches are united in one establishment-the largest,
beyond all doubt, in the world.
Philadelphia has long been known as the principal. seat of the
manufacture of Military Goods  and Carriage Laces; and now,
probably, one half of the whole production of the United States
originates here.  The branch known  as "Ladies  Dress  Trimmings," is comparatively of modern date in this country.  Up
to 1839 very little was made, being principally plain fringes, a few
buttons, and cords and tassels.  The business, however, has become a very important item of our domestic manufactures; and,
since the reduction of duties on raw silk, is rapidly expanding.
Patterns the most complicated are executed with facility, from
dlesigns that are original with the manufacturers; the foreign
being  rarely  copied,  except  when  something  very  striking
is imported. Importers are now timid in forwarding orders
l)abroad until they can ascertain what styles will be introduced 
I  
TRIMMINGS,.
at home, for in more  than one instance they have suffered  steverely from  temerity in this  respect.  The  fabrics produced
here are acknowledged to be generally of  better quality than
the English and German; and for several years, have competed successfully with nearly all articles of French manufacture.
Fringes and fancy bindings, particularly, have been sold side by
side with French goods, and in some instances have had the preference.   Jobbers  certainly  are interested in encouraging  the
growing preference among consumers for Philadelphia goods of
this class, inasmuch as the supply of desirable goods will then
always be convenient and available, and the risks attending large
purchases, in advance, avoided.
Philadelphia is now the chief seat of the general manufacture of
Trimmings in the United States.  Its growth in other places, as a
wholesale manufacture, has always been sickly, and the late financial disasters came near extinguishing it.  There are now about
twenty establishments in this city engaged in the various branches,
including Carriage Laces, Regalia, and Upholstery.  We  shall
endeavor to mention the names of all in a list, which we append
to this article; and therefore we shall here only allude to the most
complete concern of the kind in the Union, and  to one other
house, as a representative of the general trade.
The establishment of WILLIAM IH. ItORSTMANN & SONS is the
one alluded to, as undouibtedly the most extensive of its class in
the world. The busin,ess was established by Wm. II. Hlorstmann,
the father of the present proprietors, in 1815, and is consequently
the oldest established of the kind in the city, if not in this country. In the iniifancy of its career, the manufacture was limited to
a few patterns of coach laces and fringes; at the present time, it
embraces a wide circle of fabrics, of silk, silk and wool, silk and
cotton; and includes some that are not made elsewhere in this
country.
The manufactory of the Messrs. Horstmann is situated at the
northeast corner of Fifth and Cherry streets, formerly the burying
ground of the German Lutherans, and bought of the congregation
owning the old church,  (built 1743,) on the opposite side of
Cherry street.  The building forms an L, having a front of 140
feet on Fifth street, 100 feet -on Cherry street, and 50 feet wide
24,5 
246      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
containing six floors.  The engine-house and machine shops are in
a detached building in the yard. The machinery in operation in
the factory is new, much of it original, and includes
130 Coach Lace Power Looms,
54 Power Looms, making 600 stripes, or rows of goods,
334 Silk Spindles,
60 Plaiting or Braiding machines,
using about 150 Jacquard machines, ranging from 40 to 800 need
les; besides all the auxiliary machinery necessary in the business.
Adjoining the manufactory on Cherry street the firm own an
additional lot bought of the Friends, containing 75 feet on the
street. The engraving on the opposite page exhibits the Factory, the Old Meeting House, and the German Lutheran Church.
The large meeting-house has been converted into a spacious salesroom.
Many of the most important machines, and applications of machinery that are now in use in the manufacture, are indebted to
the enterprise of this firm for introduction into this country, or to
their genius for their invention. The Plaiting or Braiding machines were first introduced into the United States from Germany,
by Mr. W. H. Horstmann, in 1824; and to this introduction the
'Whip manufacture owes much of its success, the principle governing the operations of the Plaiting machines being applied to
the covering of W7hips; thus opening up a new business requiring an increased amount of capital, and furnishing employment
to many bands. In the year 1825, the same gentleman introduced
the Jacquard machines. Gold Laces were made by power, in
Philadelphia, several years before attempting it in the old world;
and the use of power for making Fringes may be said to have
been first generally adopted here.  In fact, it may be said, that
this firm were the first in any country to apply power to the general manufacture.
Among the machines and improvements which are indebted to
the present Messrs. Hlorstmann for their origin, the most recent,
and probably the most valuable, is that for cutting fringes apart,
patented in 1857.  Fringes, it is well understood by the trade,
are woven two together, and then cut apart with scissors; but this
machine does the work most accurately, and about twenty times 
TRIMMINGS-SEWING SILKS.
as fast as by hand.  The machine is referred to in the following
paragraph, from the report of the English Commissioners upon
the industry of the United States, who, after stating that Messrs.
Horstmann have recently erected a very large and well-arranged
factory within the city of Philadelphia, remark:
"The whole establishment presents an example of system and neatness rarely to be found in manufactories in which handicrafts so varied
are carried on. Female labor is, of course, largely employed in the weaving and making-up departments, and formerly in the cutting of fringes.
This, however, is now performed by a machine with a circular knife, so
arranged as to cut the thread on the diagonal.  The double fringe, as
it leaves the loom, being either run off the beam or placed upon a roller
for that purpose, is divided much more exactly than it could be by
hand, and at so rapid a speed as scarcely to admit of a comparison
with hand labor.  Any width of fringe can be thus cut, the machine
being so constructed as to be easily adapted thereto."
In another part of their report these Commissioners allude to
the Clinton Company, located at Clinton, Massachusetts, long
known as the largest manufacturers of Coach Lace in America;
and state that "the designs of some of the best qualities in which
silk is freely used are very good.  The looms are of the same
construction as the B3russels Power Loomn."   During the  last
year, (1857,) the entire stock of manufactured goods, materials,
looms, and patent-righlts of this Company, were purchased by the
MIessrs. Ilorstmann, and thus another important link was added to
the chain, securing pre-eminence to Philadelphia as the greatest
manufacturing citv in the Union.
The Messrs. Horstmann employ four hundred hands, who receive
$100,000 annually in wages; have a capital of $400,000 invested
in the l)usiness; and produce an average annual product of the
same amount.
The establishment that we would select as a fair and excellent
representative of numerous other manufactories of Ladies Dress
Triimmings in Philadelphia, is that of HENRY W.  HENSEL.  It
employs about one hundredcl persons-say thirty men and boys,
whose average walges is $7 per week; and seventy females, receiviig( $2.75 per week; or in other words, $20,000 are paid an
247 
048      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
nually in wages.  The looms in operation comprise twenty Jacquard looms, and twelve other looms, being thirty-two in all, and
ronsuming annually 5,000 lbs. of silk; worsted yarn, 500 lbs.
linen do., 200 lbs.; cotton do., 3,000 lbs.; fine wire, 200 lbs.;
and the total amount of sales, of goods manufactured, is about
8100,000.   The proprietor has been very diligent and successful
in originating saleable patterns, and has thus contributed miaterially to elevate this class of American Textile Fabrics in the
scale of popularity.  It is his purpose shortly to visit Lyons, and
other manufacturing districts of Europe, to examine and introduce such improved machinery as may be adapted to facilitate
his general manufactures, which embrace all the usual varieties of
Ladies' and Gentlemen's Silk Fringes, Bindings, Braids, Galloons,
Cords, Tassels, &c.   His general  sales are limited, as we  are
informed, exclusively to jobbers.
Fly zNets are extensivelv made in Philadelphia; and Regalias,
&c., form nearly the exclusive business of one or two manufacturers.
The manufacture of Sewing Silks is carried on by five establislhments in Philadelphia, but not as an exclusive business.  It
is usually conjoined with the production of what is known in
commerce by the terms Singles, Tram, and Organziiie.* A large
proportion of the raw silk imported into the United States comes
from China-the Chinese silk being preferred for the pure whitehess of its color, and the strength and glossiness of its fibre.  Its
successful conversion into the various articles  named depends
largely upon the excellence of the machinery employed.  In the
production of Sewing Silks, our home manufacturers have been
so successful, that it is supposed that the quantity now imported
does not amount to five per cent. of the home production.
* Sinles is formed of one of the reeled threads slightly twisted in order
to give it strength and firmness.
Trian consists of two or more threads thrown just sufficiently together to
hold, by a twist of from one to one and a half turns to the inch.
O'jogazize, or thrown silk, is formed of two or more singles, according
to the thickness required, twisted together in a, contrary direction to that
of the Singles of which it is composed. 
PRINTING, DYEING, ETC.
All varieties of Sewing Silk are made, spool silk, embroidery silk,
saddlers' or three-corded silks; and put up in quarter and half pound
packages, or in hundred skeins, of different colors.  Hundred-skein
silk is so termed, because it is made up of from one to one and a
half ounces of silk to the hundred, measuring about ten yards in
length to the skein.  This article is generally sold to peddlers and
jobbers.  There is another description of skein made up for re tailers, which measures from twelve to twenty yards in length.
It is principally used by clothing houses, who  find it economical
to employ the larger skeins.   The capital employed in the production of Sewing and other Silks, in Philadelphia, is stated
at $300,000, and the annual production at $312,000.   The machineary employed for Spinning and Twisting Silk is equal to any in
the world.
The oldest established and leading concern  in this business,
in Philadelphia, is that of B. HIOOLEY & SON. The house was establishled nearly 20 years ago by AIessrs. B. & A. Hooley of Macclesfield.  The present perfection attained in the manufacture of Sewing and Fringe Silkls, in this city, is largely due to the enterprise
of this firm.  They are now making extensive improvements in,
and enlarging their mills, with the view of improving the quality
of their Silk and increasing their business; and as their standing
stock of goods of every color is always large, they are enabled
by their facilities, the result of experience and a large cash capital,
to furnish a superior article at the lowest market rates.
6. PRINTING,  DYEING,  EMBOSSING,  FINISHING,  &c.
In the operation of Printing and Dyeing Textile Fabrics, the mnanufacturers of the lUnited States lhave, without doubt, been greatly
aided blv the emigration of artisans from Europe.   The attractions
of Philadelphia, as a place of residence, have drawn hithler the
most skillful of these artisans —many of whom  bring with them
experience gained bv almost unlremitting attention to these departmenits of industry dcluring the past half century, in Englanid,
France, and Germany.  lMorieover, the water and climate of Plhiladcell)hia are  peculiarly favorable for success in dyeing.   The
influence of these natural agents has already been remarked upon
but we mav refer to the fact imentioned by the English Coimmis
.)
249 
250     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
sioners, that in Lowell it is well-known the water of the Merrimack
River, though reasonably well adapted for dyeing cottons, is not
at all suited for woolens.   They state, "this question of the selection of a water site for Dyeing and Printing, is a mnost important
one in the United States, since it is quite certain that in no country is there so great a variation in this respect."
The principal Dye Works for Cotton and Woolen goods, in
Philadelphia, are located at Frankford. The water in that locality is excellent for the purpose, and equally as well adapted for
woolens as for cottons.   The  Messrs. Horrocks have the most
extensive Dyeing Works, it is supposed, south of Providence, R. I.
In the city proper there are many Silk Dyers and Refinishers,
who have been very successful, and are deservedly celebrated.   In
the introductory we alluded to one of these-a celebrated French
dyer, who had experimented in various places, and found none so
well adapted for producing desirable and brilliant results in dyeing
as Philadelphia.   De Laines, Merinos, and other French  goods,
are consequently now largely imported in an unfinished state, and
we believe at a less rate of duty, and dyed in this city in fast and
exquisite colors.
The refinishing of Silks is made an almost exclusive business
by a few, and so successfully performed, that old goods are made
to wear the appearance of new.
FACTORIES AND HAND-LOOMS.
The factory system of Philadelphia, as will probably be inferred from what has been already stated, is the result and offspring mainly of individual, unaided efforts.  It owes but little,
if any thing, to the advantages of associated capital; and has
grown to a vigorous maturity in spite of foreign competition and
unfriendly home legislation.  The manufacturers having, from the
beginningr, directed their energies mainly to the production of useful
fabrics, necessary to the comfort of the masses, have steadily
worked on, aiming at substantial excellence in an unpretendiing
sphere without attempting, until recently, to compete with others
in the finer or more ornamental fabrics, or invoking the attention
of the world by the erection of mammoth establishments.  In
the location of their factories, they have not generally been gov 
FACTORIES.
erned by any other than reasons of convenience  and economy,
peculiar to each proprietor; hence the factories are scattered
throughout the city and its vicinity, the operatives forming no
distinct class, the buildings attracting but little notice. In Frankford, and particularly in Manayulnk, some show of aggregation is
manifest; but in the latter place the exhibition is so unfavorable
for a correct observation of the beauties of the system, that dispersion would be preferable.
The mills, though generally small, compare very favorably ill
machinery and amount of product with the medium establishments in New England.   In Philadelphia, as in Lowell, several
mills are often the property of one proprietor; and if we were
permitted to publish statistics of individual establishments, we
could enumerate one having 900 looms, 27,000 spindles, 850 operatives, and producing an annual product of 3,500,000 yards,
worth $600,000; another having 432 looms, 9,774 spindles, 38
cards, 513 operatives, and producing annually $430,000; another,
having 216 looms, 8,000 spindles, 50 cards, 320 operatives, produacing lastyear 3,272,510 yards duck, Osnaburgs, &c., wATorth $362,162;
another, having  240 looms, 300  operatives,  producing yearly
2,100,000 yards ginghams, pantaloonery, &c., worth $250,000;
another, having 10,716 spindles, employing 200 operatives, and
producing 750,000 lbs. cotton yarn. The Washington Manufacturing Comlpany's Mills, at Gloucester, N. J., nearly opposite our
city, and of which our esteemed townsman, DAVID S. BROWN, is
President, contain 36,000 spindles and 800 looms, employ 209
males and 445 females; consume 130,000 lbs. cotton per month,
225 tons of coal, 280 gallons sperm oil, &c., and produce about
C,220,000 yardls per year, mostly fine printing cloths. The value,
wen l)rinted, of the product of these mills, is over six hundred
thousand dollars per  annum.   The goods  are printed by the
Gloucester Manuufacturing Company, another corporation, whose
works are situated near the above.  This corporation employs
about 100 hands, mostly males. It will thus be seen, there
are some factories in and near Philadelphia that will compare
favorably with those of any other place; but it would be highly
desirable and good policy, to erect one or more calculated, from
size and arrangemient, to give eclat to the manufacture.
251 
2.,52    PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
The majority of the operatives in the factories are English or
Anglo-Americans.   The  hours  for working  are usually  1021
per day; but as operations cease early on the afternoon of Saturday, the average for the week is ten hours.   In New England,
and many other places, labor is extended to eleven hours or more,
daily.  The female operatives, though perhaps less literary than
their Lowell sisters, are seemingly as attractive in appearance,
skillful in manipulation, and correct in deportment.  Their earnings, as weavers, are from $4 to $5; and  as spinners and spoolers, who are mostly young girls, from $2 to $3 per week.  The
identity of interests which exists between the employer and the
employed is seemingly comprehended more clearly by both, and
the relations between them exhibit, on the part of the former, more
paternal characteristics than is evidenced where the employers
are large corporations.   Some of the manufacturers are men who
are distinguished for benevolent effort; and in some instances,
where the factories are remote, schools and churches have been
specially established by factory proprietors.  The distinctive feature, however, of the Dry Goods Manufacture in Philadelphia isHIAND-LOOM WEAVING.
It is a remarkable fact, that notwithstanding the rapid substitution of power for the production of textile fabrics, and the
growth of large establishments from the results of accumulated
capital, there is no actual decline in the number of hand-looms
in operation.  There are fewer looms devoted to certain classes
of goods, and in certain localities, than formerly; but the aggregate of such looms now in operation is probably fully equal to
that in any former period.   Philadelphia is truly the great seat
of Hand-loom Manufacturing and Weaving in America.   There
are now, within our knowledge, 4,760 hand-looms in operation
in the production of Checks and other Cotton goods; Carpetings,
Hosiery, &c.; and it is probable that the true number approximates six thousand.
The material is furnished by manufacturers, and the weavers
are paid by the yard.  The weaving is done in the  houses of
operatives; or in some cases a manufacturer, as he may be
termed, has ten or twelve looms in a wooden building attached
to his dwelling, and  employs  journeymen  weavers-the  em 
HAND-LOOM WEAVING.
ployed in some instances boarding and lodging in the same house
as their employer.   Throughout parts of  the  city, especially
that formerly known as Kensington, the sound of these looms may
be heard at all hours-in garrets, cellars, and out-houses, as well
as in the weavers' apartments.   Among the weavers there are
many very intelligent men, and some that have been employed in
wveaving those magnificent damasks, and other cloths, that Europe occasionally produces to gratify the pride of her rulers.
But the subject and statistics of Hand-loom Weaving are
fully and well-considered by Mr. Edward Young, in the subjoined
report, to which we invite the reader's attention.
REP O R T.
"SI R:-In my previous report on Hand-loom  Weaving, I stated
that in the city there are at least 2,000 hand-looms engaged on Checks,
Ginghams, Linseys, and to a small extent on Diapers. As this estimate was larger than any previously stated, you desired such evidence
as should prove conclusively the correctness of my assertion, if disputed.
I have therefore given much attention to the subject, but regret that
longer time could not be allowed in order to investigate the subject
thoroughly. As I previously stated, the manufacturers do not own
the looms. Each has ill operation from 20 to 100, and one has 300
looms.  The greater part are situated in the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Wards, (Kensington).  The following twenty-five manufacturers
altogether employ 12.50 looms. Four of the largest employ, on an
average, 100 each.
William Beattie,                   Edw. Murray,
James Beattie,                    James Nolan,
John Dallas,                       John Quin,
Rob))ert Dallas,                  Patrick Quin,
E. Devlin,                        Arthur Rodgers,
John Elliott,                      WV. Rowbotham,
J. Dickey,                         E. Ryan,
J. Donohoe,                        D. MAurphy,
James Irwin,                      William Steele,
Alexander Jackson,                 W. Stevenson,
James Long,                       Thomas Stinson,
A. & J.  [albin,                  John Whiteside.
John Scanlin, 1435 Howard street, (also diapers).
All of these, with one exception, are engaged in making Checks in
connection withl Linseys, Cottonades, Ginghams, &c.  The exception is
20*
253 
254      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Patrick Quin, Master and Cadwalader streets, who makes an excellent
article of Damasks, Marseilles, figured Pantaloon Stuffs, &c.
"Besides the above, there are at least 250 looms in the Northern part
of the city
"In the Southern  and Western  parts of the  city are the following:-Andrew Catherwood, James Dearie, Greer & McCreighlt,
Thomas Dickson, James Lamb, Robert Little, Thomas Maxwell, Andrew Mitchell, Samuel Orr, Robert Paul, John Perry, and R. Selfridge.
These twelve manufacturers employ altogether about 500 looms; but there
are many others whom I have not seen.  A very intelligent mranufacturer,
who has been long engaged in the business, assures me that there awe
one thotsaiid looms in the Sot/h end alone. Anxious not to overstate the
production, I place the number at 750; which is a low estimate, for Mr.
Selfridge alone affords employment to 300 looms.  The number of
nand-looms employed on Checks, Ginghams, Linseys, Cottonades, Diapers, &-c., I repeat, therefore, is as follows: In the Northern part of the
city, 1,250 looms; in the Southern and Western part, 750 looms-Total
2,000 looms.
"The daily production of hand-looms is as follows: On Linseys, 40
yards; Checks and Ginghams, 30 yards-making allowance for dull
seasons, the average is stated by manufacturers at 25 yards per diem.
To show that this is a moderate estimate, I state the prices paid in
185-, for weaving, viz.: Linsey, 2 to 21 cents per yard; Checks, 2- to
3 cents.  Durinug the late depression less than those prices was paid.
At these rates, a weaver who makes 25 yards the year round, will earn
from $3 to $441 a week; a sum seemingly inadequate to support a family.
The production of 2,000 looms, at 25 yards, is 50,000 yards daily;
and counting 300 working days in a year, is 15,000,000 yards yearly-whlichl, at an average of 11 cents per yard, amounts to $1,650,000.
The aunmbler of hands employed are-weavers, 2,000; winders, spoolc'S, &ic., 1,000-Total, 3,000.  The amount pliid yearly to operatives,
is $650,000.
"Now as to HIosiery.  W,ithl the reputation of Germantown Hosiery
and Wroolen goods, you no doubt are familiar.  If you speak favorably
of it,' Uncle Saml' will confirm your remarks; for not only has he the
Shoes and Clothing, but the Stockings for his Army and Navy made in
Philadelphia, where experience has shown the best articles are produced.  One manufacturer, T. Branson, made last year  ire thotsaLtd
(7,,zeC p)airs for the Government; and is now completing a contract for
5.000 dozen more, while others are-making 2,500 dozen in addition.
The Hosiery business is of great economical interest, inasmuch as it
aiffords employment to a large number of females, who sew and finish 
HIAND-LOOM WEAVING.
the various articles after they leave the frame; and thus at leisure
hours add to the income and comforts of their families.
"There are three kinds of Knitting-frames in use, viz.: the old handframe, such as has been so long in use in England, and which requires a
great outlay of muscular power; the lever frame, which is much easier on
the operative, and will turn out nearly double the work of the old frame;
and the Rotary Knitting machine, or round frame, which will do ar.
ordinary day's work before breakfast, and at slight cost of manual labor.
T'he last has been in use some ten or twelve years in this country.
The average weekly production, either of Cotton or Woolen Hosiery on
all these frames, good, bad, and indifferent, in dull and busy seasons,
is 15 dozen per week, or 780 dozen per annum, which, at $1.15, the
average price for Cotton Hosiery, amount to $897, the yearly production
of each frame on cotton. On Woolen Hosiery the quantity is the
same on the medium and larger sizes. The prices range from $1 for
children's to $3 for ladies'; while a few very superior are as high as $5.
Assuming the average at $2.12~, the annual production per frame on
Woolen Hosiery is $1,657 50.  Some manufacturers produce more of
children's hose, and half-hose; but while the number of dozens will be
greater the price will be less, and the aggregate value remains the same.
The total number of Kuitting-frames and machines in the city proper,
and Germantown, exceeds 700, besides the machines in use by Landenberger and others, who have larige factories.  Few frames are devoted
exclusively to makling Cotton Hosiery; all being used for cotton or
woolen, according to the demand and remuneration.   As Woolen Hosiery pays better, the production, as estimated by intelligent manufacturers, is nearly three fourths of the whole.
"My summary of Hand-Loom production in Cotton  and Woolen
Goods, is as follows:
Production.
Aires.....    I
Earn.ings.   Yards.          Vle
$650,000   15,000,000  $1,650,000
695,000   6,480,000   2,592,000
126,000    1,6S0,000        50t,000
........................... 828,750
...........................  179,400
.................. i...    $5,754,150
Looms.   Opera  I       tive..
Checks, Ginghamns, Linseys, Diapers, &c.... 2,000   3,000
Carpets-Ingzrain and Venitian.............1,500   2,500
*  Pag, List, &C............................. 560  630
Hosi ery-W)oolen.....................o                       0............... 500 750
" Cotton............................                  300.......... 200 300
Total.................................................. 4,760   7,180
"The Hand-loom and Knitting-frame business in Kensington and
Germantown, affording, as it does, full or partial employment to nearly
tell t/loi'saod o)eralives, and s3lppopr to upward of t7irty:flve thousand per.
soIs., is of vast importance to our city, and demands greater attention
than it has ever received.   A year could be profitably devoted  to in
255 
PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
vestigating it in all its operations, and in its relations to other branches
of industry, and a folio volume filled with the record of such investigations. The cursory examination which I have been able to make has
awakened in my mind a deep interest in that part of our city which I
" EDWARD YOUNG.
"P. S. A manufacturer stated to me that he counted the names of 2,200 Ingrain Carpet Weavers appended to a' strike' for higher wages, about two
years ago, and that several hundred did not sign the document. He estimates them at 2,700, instead of 1,500, the number necessary to operate
1,500 looms. It will be seen that the business is really more extensive than
I have stated.  A celebrated English manufacturer admitted the fact, that
qnore yards of Ingrain Carpeting are annually made in Philadelphia than in
all Great Britain."
The following is a condensed summary of certain agg
production, based principally upon information derived
prietors themselves; but partly also from calculations of
and from information  derived from  commission-merch
others possessing knowledge on the subject, viz.:
Woolen and Cotton Goods, by power,...
1"   "    "    "   "1 hand-looms, (exclusive of Hosiery,)
Hosiery and Fancy Woolen Goods: hand power,  -   - 1,008,150
factories,    -   -  800,000
1,808,150
1,600,000
$21,318,118
Narrow Textile Fabrics, Sewing Silks, &c.,
Total annual product in Philadelphia of Dry Goods,
The hands employed, including hand-loom weavers, number
over 15,000; and the total spindles in operation exceed two hundred thousand.  The factories are less numerous than the proprietors, for often two or more conduct their operations in the
same building, and use the same power-but in other instances,
one proprietor owns two o' more factories. We shall not, therefore, enumerate the factories merely, but herewith subjoinA List of the Principal Manufacturers of Textile Fabrics in the City
of Philadelphia.
Allen, William, Germantown,  tosiery.
Arbl)uckle, Daniel, Eagle Mill, Mixed goods.
Armstrong & Shaw, Satinets and other woolen goods.
Armstrong, John, Germantown, Hosiery.
Austin David, Globe Mill, Pantaloon stiuffs.
256 
MANUFACTURERS OF TEXTILE FABRICS.
Baird, William, Frankford, Apron checks.
Barlow, James, Haddington, Shawls.
Beattie, William, Ginghams, diapers, miners' flannels, &c.
Bechlmann, G. F., Upholstery trimmings, cords and tassels.
Beaux, J. P., & Co., Silk sewing thread.
Birchell, Elias, Germantown, Hosiery.
Black, William R., & Co., Fairmount Mill, Cotton spinners.
Blundin, Richard, Cassimeres and other woolens.
Branson, T., Woolen and cotton hosiery.
Brigg,s' Print and Dye Works, Frankford.
Bromuley, J., & Son, Fifth and Germantown Road, Carpets.
Bronson & Co., Germantown, Hosiery, &c.
Brown, David S., President Gloucester Manufacturing Company,
Printing, Dyeing, Bleaching, and Finishing.
Bruner, J. P., Shawls and other woolen goods.
Burke, James, Print and Dye Works.
Button, John, & Son, Germantown, Hosiery, &c.
Callaghan, Robert, Cassimeres and jeans.
Callaghan, George, Paschalville, Heavy cassimeres.
Campbell, A. & Co., Schuylkill, Linden, and Crompton Steam
Mills, Ginghams, checks, and cottonades.
Carr, Joseph, Mount Airy, Cotton yarn, wicking, and laps.
Carr, Edward, Webbing, braids, tapes.
Champrony, J. B., Ladies' dress trimmings.
Cle,g, Joseph, opposite MAanayunk, Woolen jeans, &c.
Clendenning, John, Aramingo Mills, Table-cloths, stair crash, &c.
Colladay & Bowers, Aramingo Mill, Checks.
Conkle, Henry, Jr., Cotton cord.
Craige, Thomas H. & Co., Star Mill, Cotton yarns.
Craige, William, Print and Dye-house.
Creagmile & Brother, Carpets.
Crowson Brothers, Germantown, Fancy knit goods and hosiery.
Dearie, J. & J., Yankee Mill, Shawls, colored checks, &c.
Derbyshire, John, Kensington Mill, Osnaburgs.
Dicklson & Gans, Aramingo, Dyers and Finishers.
Diviine, Wm., & Son, Kennebeck Factory, Kentucky jeans, &c.
Divine, Win., & Son, Penn Factory, Kennebeck checks and print
elllths.
o__
257 
258      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Divine & Tomlinson, Hosiery and fancy woolen goods.
Dobson & Co., Falls Mill, Woolen carpet yarn, &c.
Drake, Thomas, Western Mill, Print cloths and cotton yarns.
Drake, Thomas, Coaquanock Mill, Kentucky jeans.
Dudley, John, 207 Quarry st., Webbings, bindings, and bed-lace.
Erben, Peter C., Ringgold Factory, Jeans and other mixed goods.
Ervin, Alexander, Kensington, Dye-house.
Evans, George P., Fancy cassimeres.
Everett & Bohem, Sewing silk.
Ferz, Jacob, Print and Dye Works.
Finley, Thomas, Carpets.
Finley, William, Carpets.
Fleming, Joseph, Cottonades, Canton flannels, and apron checks.
Fling, Geo., & Brother, Germantown, Carpet and hosiery yarns.
Foss, G. W. & Co., Sewing silks, tram and organzine.
Foster, Israel, Pilling's Mill, Satinets, &c.
France, John & E., Germantown, Carpets.
Frazer, John, Apron checks.
Fryer, IH. L., Fringes, tassels, &c.
Fullforth & Lovelage, Germantown, Hosiery.
Gadsby, John, & Sons, Hosiery.
Garsed, R. & Brother, Wingohocking Mills, Denims, ducks, Os   naburgs, bagging, &c.
Garside, Joseph, Franklin Mill, Cassimeres and wool tweeds.
Gorgas, Matthias, Wissahicon, Cotton wadding.
Graham, John, James, and Walter, Carpets.
Graham, John C., Ladies dress trimmings.
Granilees & Norris, Columbia Factory, Ginghams, plaids, linseys,
and linen checks.
Greer & MNcCreight, Ginghams and tweeds.
Greer, Johnson, Columbia Factory, Apron checks.
Greenwood, John, Wissahicon, Carpets and carpet yarns.
Greenwood & Co., McFadden's Mill, Manayunk, Carpet yarn.
Greul, Godfrey, Coach laces.
Guy, Robert & Co., Apron checks and tweeds.
HIlaberstick, John J., Webbing, &c.
Ilaly, Robert, Wissahicon, Jeans and dyed yarns.
liarrop, Thomas, Sewing silks, &c. 
MANUFACTURERS OF TEXTILE FABRICS.
Hawlkyard & Whitaker, Falls Mill, Woolen yarn.
Eeft, Jacob D., Wissahicon, Dye-house.
Hensel, H. W., Fringes and Ladies dress trimmings.
HIenson, William, Germantown, Hosiery.
Hill, Joseph & George W., Germantown, Cotton carpet yarns.
Hill, John, Kensingrton, Dye Works.
tIilton, James, Flat Rock Mill, Woolen carpet yarii.
Iogg, William, Kensington, Carpets.
Hogg, James, Kensington, Carpets.
Ilolt, Richard, Globe Maills, Cotton yarns.
Hooley, B., & Son, Sewing silks.
Horn, Wmn., & B13rother, Woolen yarns.
Horrocks, J. & W., Frankford, Dyers and Finishers of Cotton
goods.
Horstmann, Wm. H., & Sons, Military goods, and narrow textile
fabrics of every kind.
Howorth, Israel, Dark Run, above Frankford, Woolen cloths.
Hunter, James & John, Hestonville, Print and Dye Works.
Irwin & Stinson, Montgomery Mill, Kensington, Canton flainnel
carders.
Jennings & Sons, Kensington, Woolen carpet yarns.
Jones, George, Hestonville, Fine cassimeres.
Jones, Thomas, Germantown, Hosiery.
Jones, Aaron, Germantown, Hosiery.
Jones & Duer, Upholstery and silk trimmings.
Kemper, J. & A., Ladies dress trimmings.
Kempton, Jas. C., Roxlorough Fact'ry, Cotton checks and stripes.
Kershaw's Mill, Satinets and wool tweeds.
Kitchen, Wm. & Son, Wissahicon, Jeans and cassimeres.
Lambert & Mast, Tassels and cord.
Lanidenberger, Martin, Kensington, Hosiery and fancy woolen
goods.
Kolmer, P., Bed coverlets.
ILafferty, M., Dyeing, &c.
Large, John, Frankford, Dyeing and Finishing.
Laycock &  Holt, Pennsylvania Knitting Works, Woolen knit
goods and hosiery.
Leckey, John, Kensington, Carpets.
255 
060      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Ledward, James, Manayunk, Woolen and carpet yarn.
Levine, A. T., Fringes, gimps, tassels, &c.
Levine, S., Girth-web fabrics.
Lodge, Fleetwood, Cotton laps and carpet yarn.
Lodge, Jonathan & Bro., HIolmesburg, Cotton yarns and laps.
Long, James, Star Mill, Ginghams, checks, woolen plaids, Canton
flannels, table diapers, &c.
Lord, James, Wissahicon, Woolen yarns and carpets.
Lord, Rushton, & Co., McFadden's Buildings, Fine woolen yarns.
Lucas, James, Checks, pantaloon stuffs, &c.
Mlarks, A. & Co., Cords, fringes, tassels, &c.
Mary-aine, A. S. & Co., Steam Dye-house.
Maxson, John, & Son, Lower Manayunk, Satinets, cassimeres, &c.
Maxwell, Thomas, Dye Works.
Maxwell, J. G. & Son, Dress trimmings.
Maynard, Henry J., Gimps, &c.
McBride, T., & Son, Franklin Mill, Checks, cottonades, linseys, &c.
McClain, Edward, Apron checks.
McCallum, A., & Co., Glen Echo Factory, Carpetings.
McCune, Clement, & Co., Ringgold Fact'y, Plaids & cottonades
McMullin, David, Kensington, Carpets.
McNutt, Bernard, Cotton and mixed cloths.
Meadoweraft & Winterbottom, Frankford, Checks, cottonades
M[eves, Charles, Fringes and tassels.
Miller, James, & Son, Smitlh's Mill, Apron checks.
Mills, John, Refinishing, pressing, &c.
Milne, David, Ginghamts, liaseys, pantaloonery.
Mintzer, William G., Fringes, braids, fly nets, &c.
Mitchell, Andrew, Ginghams, &e.
Aloody, Paul R., Fairhill Mill, Osnaburg stripes and checks.
Nugent, George, Falls Factory, Falls of Schuylkill, Jeans and
twills, Dye-hlouse.
Orange, W. B., Ashland Mill, Broad, bel. Coates, Sewing silks, &c
Philadelphia Webbing Company, (J. & J. P. Steiner & Co.
Agents, 9 Bank street,) Bindings, webbings, &c.
Perry, John, Mixed goods and stripes.
Preston, E. W. & J., Flat Rock Mill, Kentucky jeans.
Ralby, Samuel, Gingwhams and checks. 
MANUFACTURERS OF TEXTILE FABRICS.
Randall, Gould & Barr, Germantown, Cotton tie yarn and twine
Reed, Thomas, Tottenham Mill, Manayunk, Kentucky-jeans.
Riggs, C., Kensington, Dye Works.
Ring & Bros., Flat Rock Mill, Manayunk, Woolell carpet yarn.
Ripka, Joseph, & Co., Manayunk Mills, Cottoniades, &c.
Ripka, Joseph, & Co., City Mills, Satinets, Cassimeres, &c.
RIockord, Philip, Winpenny's Mill, Jeans, &c.
Rodgers, James B., Finishing silks and clothls.
Saeriste, Lewis, & Son, West Philadelphia, Satinets and jeans.
Scholes, Wm., Kensington, Fancy woolen hosiery, &c.
Schofield, Thos., Hill's Mill, Wissahlicon, Woolen carpet yarn.
Schofield, Benjamin, opposite Manayunk, Woolen carpet yarn.
Schofield, John, & Co., Manayunk, Cotton carpet yarn.
Schofield, B. & M., Woolen yarns.
Schofield, M., MIcFadden's Mill, Manayullk, Cotton carpet yarlis
Selfridge, Robert, Checks, ginghams, linseys, and miniiers' flallnnels.
Shaw, John, & Son, Schuylkill, above Manayi'uk, WoolenL goods.
Siefert, L., Germantown Road, Bed coverlets.
Simons, William C., Manayunk, Cotton yiarns.
Simpson, William, Thornton Works, opposite Falls of Schuylkill,
Print and Dye-house.
Simpson, Hood, Madison Mill, Plaids, stripes, ginghams, checks,
prints, and cotton yarns.
Solms, Sidney, Pekin Mills, Manayunk, Jeans.
Spencer, Charles, Leicester Knitting Mills, Germantown, Fancy
knit woolens and hosiery.
Spitz, Joseph, Webbings, bindings, and diamond be(l-lace.
Smith, Jesse E., Chatham Mill, Kensington, Cassimeres, &c.
Smith, John D., M-arion Print Works, Satinet printing, &c.
Smith, Thomas, Belfield( Print Works, above Frankford.
Smith, Thomas, Philadelphia, Silk dyer.
Smyth, James P., WAVashlington Mill, Apron checks, &c.
Sonneboyn, Lewis, Carpets.
Stafford & Co., Manayvunk, Woolen carpet yarn.
Steele, Wm., Hope Mill, Checks, ginghlams, and mariners' stripes.
Stephens & Whitaker, Arkwright Mills, Manayunk, Shirtings,
tickiings, and denims.
Stone, Amasa, Quarry st., Webbing, lamp-wick, &c.
2)1
2 C) 1 
262     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Steenson, Robert, Carpets and Dye-hlouse.
Sutton, Geo., & Son, Perseverance Mills, Lower Manayunk, Cas  simeres and twills.
Taylor, Yates & Co., Checks and plain goods.
Taylor, Robert & James, Haddington, Mixed goods.
Thompson, Andrew, Craige's Mill, Apron checks.
Thornton & Smith, Globe Mill, Kensington, Apron checks.
Walker, R. J., Kensington, Girard Finishing Works.
Watt, W. & J., Ginghams, checks, and pantaloon stuffs.
Watt, John M., Nineteenth and Pine, Mixed goods.
Watt, William, Jr., Globe Mill, Kensington, Checks.
Waters, John, Haddington, Woolen jeans, &c.
Wallace, David, Manayunk, Kentucky jeans.
AVade, Edward, Germantown, Hosiery.
Washington Manufacturing Company, (David S. Brown, Pres't.)
Printing clothls, &c.
Wakefield Mills, Fishler's Lane, Germantown, Hosiery, &c.
Watson & Thorp, Chestnut Hill, Print and Dye Works.
Whitaker & Waldron, Keystone Mill, braids, cords, &c.
Whitaker, Wm., Cedar Grove, above Frankford, Cotton goods.
Winpenny, James B., Manaynnk, Cotton yarns.
Wilde, Solomon, Frankford, Jeans, plaids, &c.
Willian & Hartel, Holmesburg, Pennepack Print Works.
Wilson, Charles, & Co., Summerdcale Dye and Print Works.
Winterbottom & Co., Aramingo Mill, Frankford, Cotton yarns.
Wood, Henry, Marshall street, Cotton laps.
Wright, John, Craige's Mill, Checks, ginghams, and pant. stuffs.
In addition to the factories located within the limits of the
city, or so close to the borders as to be called in the city, there
are a great number in the adjacent counties-some of them very
fine and large establishments.  In the counties of Chester and
Delaware there are over fifty factories for the production of Cotton and Woolen goods; in Montgomery County there are twentyone factories not included in our statement-one of which, located
in Norristown, was the largest mill, it is believed, in the United
States, previous to the erection of the Pacific Mill, at Lawrence;
the lIarrisburg Mills; the Reading Steam  Manlufacturing Com 
DRY  GOODS.
pany; the celebrated Conestoga Mills, at Lancaster; five or six
miills in and near Wilmington, Delaware; three or four near Newark, Delaware; the Exton Mill, at Extonville, New Jersey;
thie New Jersey Mill, at MilIville;  and others at Bordentowtin,
Trenton, and other places, whose head-quarters are in Pliladelphia.  The production of these mills, as published recently in the
.N'orth American, from returns received from a portion only of
those known to exist, was as follows:
Production of Delaware and Chester counties,      -
"     of exterior localities and mills in Delaware,
$3,125,000
3,571,000
$6,696,000
21,318,118
$28,014,118
Add for Philadelphia and Gloucester, as previously given,    -
Total,. —
This simple statement has a significance, an interest, a value
to every dealer in, we may say consumner of Dry Goods throughout the Union, even to the remotest frontiers of civilization.
Nearly thirty millions-probably over thirty millions of the most
useful Textile Fabrics are made annually in Philadelphia and its
vicinity; and found in first hands in the warehouses of Philadelllphia merchants.   No comments can possibly add any thing
to the force of a statement, the correctness of which all subsequent
investigation will confirm, or if extended  more minutely, will
prove to be below the truth.  We need deduce no inferences from
it, for the eye of self-interest, quick in its perceptions, is generally
q(lite as correct in its conclusions as political economy.  When
to the fact that thirty millions of Dry Goods are produced and
controled, if not monopolized by the manufacturers and merchants
of Philadelphia, we add another, viz., that the manufacturers of
Old England and New England, consign every season their prodlucts to be sold in this market for what they will bring, the
conclusion is inevitable, that Philadelpohia is the cheapest and best
market in the Uniot for Dry Goods; and fairly without a rival
in those Staple Goods, the bulk of every stock, which, by their
intrinsic value and low price, are SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO TIIHE
WANTS OF THE PEOPLE OF TIHE MIDDLE, SOUTHERN, AND WESTERN
STATES.
263 
264      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTUJRES.
XV.
Flour, and Substances used as Food.
1. FLOUR.
Twenty years ago it was very generally believed, that good Flour
could not be made except by water power.   The use of steam in
Flour Mills was then a novelty-there being, at the time the
first Steam MAill was erected in Philadelphia, say in 1838, but
few, if any others, in this countly.  It was objected that the millstones, when propelled by steam, ran too fast, and that the steam
heated the flour too much, and numerous other reasons were assigned why the products of City Mills must necessarily be inferior. Since that period, however, and mainly within the last
eight years, so great a revolution has been effected in popular opinion, that now City Steam Mill Flour is invariably preferred; and
the products of at least one maker in this city, whose brands are
designated as the "Premium'" and " Red Stone," command in the
Liverpool market two shillings per barrel more than any other
Flour of the same grade. Not only has Genessee Flour been
excluded from the Philadelphia market, and thus three quarters of
a million of dollars kept at home annually, for the encouragement of Pennsylvania farmers; but the Philadelplia brands are
now popular in all parts of the world to which United States
Flour is shipped; while certain brands have the preference wherever
they are known. The care and attention which are given by
some of our manufacturers to the cleansing of the wheat, and the
success attained in the production of Extra Family Flour, are unequaled in any other place.
There are now twenty-two Flour Mills in Philadelphia, with an
aggregate of 90 run of stones, and having a capacity for producing 15,960 barrels of Flour per week.  During the year ending July 1, 1857, the production of Flour in this city was over
400,000 barrels; averaging $71 each, or $3,000,000 for all, to
which must be added at least $200,000 for Corn Meal, Mill Feed,
Hulled Barley, &c.  The Wheat consumed was 1,800,000 bushels.  The following are the  Flour Mills in Philadelphia, with
their power and weekly production, the list having been origin 
BREAD, CRACKERS, ETC.
ally prepared at the instance of the Corn  Exchai2ge  Association,
and now published with some additions and corrections:
Run of Bbls. Flour
Stone.   weekly.
12      2       000
8     2400
6      1800
4      700
5       500
4      900
5      900
6       750
4       600
4       500
3      400
4       800
4       500
3       450
3       50O
3       500
4       500
3       500
2       400
3      360
90    15,960
William B. Thomas, (2) -
Rowland & Ervein, -  - -
Detwiler & Hartralft, - -
Girard Mill, - -  -  -1
S. Roberts' Mills, (2) - -
J. C. Kern,   - - -    -
D. C. Gunckel, - - - -
C. Heebner,. - - - -
lMeyers & Ervein,  - - -
Twaddell & Smith, -   -
J. K. Knorr, -  - -    -
A. Comstock, - - - -
James Watt, - - - - -
E. W. Wilson,  - - - -
Esson &Spencer,   - - -
Keystone State, -    - -
A. O. Boehm  - - - -
A. Thorpe, - -  -   -2
H. Wr. Marshall & Co., -
M. B. & N. Rittenhouse, -
2. BREAD, CRACKERS, AND SHIP BISCUIT.
The Baking of Domestic Bread, as at present conducted, can
scarcely be called a manufacture.  There are two or three of the
bakers who work up daily about thirty barrels of flour each; and
may therefore be said to conduct the business in a wholesale way,
but the average does not probably exceed five barrels per day for
each baker.  The aggregate production, however, must amounit
to a large sum; for 600,000 persons, supposing each to consume
only five cents worth of bread in a day, would expend in a year
for the purpose the sum of $10,950,000.
Within the last year, however, a company was organized and
incorporated as the "Pennsylvania Farina Company," having an
authorized capital of $500,000, for the purpose of manufactur       21*
265
Horse
Ilower.
125
100
90
50
45
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
30
.10
30
30
25
20
20
20
895
B u,,- 1 i.
Wliat.
9000
10800
8100
3150
2250
4050
4050
3375
2700
2250
isoo
3600
2250
2025
2250
2250
2250
2250
isoo
1620
-i 1,820 
PHIIILADELPHIA AN'D ITS MANUFACTUIRES.
ing Bread by Steam Power, on a large-in fact, a magnificent
scale. A Bakery has been erected at the corner of Broad and
Vine streets, provided with two of " Berdan's Automatic Ovens,'
and allfthe necessary equipments for the conversion into Bread,
it is said, of eight hundred barrels of flour per diemi.  The theory
of the construction is that all the processes, from the mixing of
the dough to the final delivery of the bread, may be effected
solely by mechanical agellcy.   The kneadiiig-machinre will knead
a batch of ten barrels of flour in less than twenty minutes.  Another machine cuts the dough into loaves, and a self-acting register records the number.   Cars, of which there are twenty-sixthirteen ascending and thirteen descending at the same time, coinvey the loaves into the oven, passing through the oven say in
thirty minutes-the time allowed  when  baking  commlon-sized
loaves-but the speed varies according to the size of the loaf.
The capacity of each bakinig-car is sixty loaves, weighing about a
pound and a half each.   The temperature of the ovens is regulated by self-adjusting dampers, and revealed by thermometrical
indications.
The flavor of the Bread, it is claimed, is superior, and its nutritive properties increased in consequence of the retention of an
alcoholic vapor, arising from the fermented dough, which in common ovens is lost.  The peculiar odor observable also in homemade Bread, baked in a close oven, originates in the condensation of this vapor into a fixed oil. Theoretically, the Mechanical
Bakery is a very wonderful institution; practically, it has not as
yet effected any very marked revolution in the Baking business.
Its present consumption of flour is about forty-six barrels per day.
The Baking of Pies has gradually developed into a considerable business-a number of persons making it an exclusive occupation. The pies are sold wholesale, at prices ranging from three
to ten cents each; and the largest retailed again in the markethouses, or from wagons, at twelve cents; and at Restaurants for
twenlty-five cents each.  But the only branch of the general art,
which can be said to have commercial importance, and which is
properly a manufacture, is that of Baking Biscuits, Crackers, and
Ship Bread.
The Crackers produced in Philadell)l-ia have long enjoyed a
-,-)66 
CUITRED MEATS.
celebrity abroad, especially in the West Indies, South America,
and somie of the British Provinces, to which places they are ex ported in considerable quantities.   " Wattson's Crackers" are
regularly quoted in Jamaica prices current.
There are nine establishments in the city engaged in this business, hlaving a capital invested of $250,000; consumning annually
50,000 barrels flour, 1,000,000 lbs. lard and butter, 480,000 lbs.
sugar, emtployingi 125 men, and producing about 120,000 barrels
Crackers, of 80 lbs. each, of the value of $600,000.
Ship) Bread is made by a few; but the principal product is
Crackers, known as W.Tater, Soda, Butter, and Sugar Crackersthree fourths of the whole being sold in the city and vicinity.
To carry on the business successfully a large capital is niecessary-not only for the erection of the Ovens, MNlachinery, &c., but
in the purchase of Flour and other materials, which are bought for
cash; while the Crackers are sold in this city on time, or shipped
to distant ports to await returns.
3. CURED MIEATS
The capital constantly invested by citizens of Philadelphia in
Beef, Pork, Lard, Hams, &c., or what is denominated Western
Provisions, probably  exceeds two  millions of  dollars.   Some
brands, having the highest reputation, though sold also in
other markets, are coatroled by capitalists of Philadelphia.
This market derives an additional advantage from the circunmstance, that the facilities of transportation now established between Philadelphia and the West are so great that the product
of the hog, for instance, as we showed in the Introductory, can
be transported from Cincinnati to  Philadelphia, and  shipped
hence half way to Liverpool, for less than the cost of transporting them to New York or Boston.
The bulk of the provisions sold in this, as in other markets,
is prepared in the West, the merchants aiding with their capital;
but the determination to be satisfied with nothing less than the
best-characteristic of our citizens in this as in other pursuits,
has impelled several firms to provide facilities for smoking Mleats
brought from the West and fitting them for market under their
personal  supl-)erv-ision.   Establishments  have been  elected ex
267 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
pressly for the purpose-some of them acknowledged to be the
best arranged and most complete of their kind ill the Union.
Amrong the new constructions of this kind there are several entirely fire-proof, and capable of containing at a time 100,000 lbs.
of meats-the capacity of one being 120,000 lbs. or sixty tons.
A large proportion of the Meats prepared in Philadelphia being
of the first quality, is consumed in the city and its vicinity; but
of late years the demand from the South is regular and increasing.  One firm does an extensive business in shipping to California " Clear Bacon"-that is, Bacon from which the bones have
been removed, and their brand has secured almost a monopoly of
that market.   A  considerable export trade is done directly by
butchers, in addition to the regular houses, in shipping "Sheer
Bacon" to Cuba.
The Curing and Packing of MEss BEEF are also largely and
successfully carried on in Philadelphia. One firm has slauglhtered for this purpose as many as 400 beeves per week, for several
successive weeks; and the abundant supply of ice always at conmmand, enables the packers to continue operations, without interruption, throughout the year. The cattle are generally fattened in
the counties adjacent to the city; the pasturage being, it is well
known, of the best description.
There are upward of thirty firms in Philadelphia engaged in the
Wholesale Provision business-the annual sales of some houses
amounting to $700,000 each.  The value of the provisions-Beef,
Hams, Shoulders, Sides, Tongues, Lard, &c., cured and prepared
in Philadelphia, is estimated at $4,000,000.  The Philadelphia
brands have, deservedly,  a high reputation in Europe, South
America, West Indies, California, and wherever known. Large
quantities are shipped to the South.
4. PRESERVED FOOD, SPICES, AND CONDIMENTS.
The art of Preserving Animal and Vegetable Food, in a fresh
and sweet state, for an indefinite period, is a result of modern
skill and ingenuity.   Its practical application dates  back but
twenty-five years, and is intimately connected with the attempt
made to explore the Arctic regions. As soon as the value of these
preparations became known in cold climates, their use was ex
268 
PRESERVED FOOD, SPICES, ETC.
tended to hot ones; and so great is their present popularity, that
thousands of tons are manufactured in England and America,
and used in all hot countries, and on all long voyages.
In Philadelphia, attention has been principally directed to the
preservation of Fruits and Vegetables-the abundance and ex celle,ice of these articles in our markets affording superior oppor tunities for selection.   Some idea of the extent of this trade may
be found from the fact, that in one establishment, that of MNILLS
B. ESPY, there were put up in a single year upward of 20,000
pounds of cherries, 10,000 quarts of strawberries, 4,000 baskets
of peaches, 6,000 baskets of tomatos, 3,000 bushel of plums, 100
bushels of gages, 100 barrels of quinces, 30,000 pine-apples, 1,000
bushels of gooseberries, 2,000 bushels each of corn, peas, and
beans, besides 300 hogsheads of pickles, &c. Although a comparatively small quantity of oysters are put up here, nearly 12,000
cans were prepared in this house, as well as thousands of cans of
fresh beef, mutton, veal, milk, and other articles. The sealing
process adopted is so perfect that fruits will keep for years in any
climate, without losing their natural flavor, or in any manner impairing their beauty of appearance. It is quite common for New
England families to send to Philadelphia for these articles.
The grinding of Spices and the preparation of Chocolate and
Mustardis, occupy the attention of several firms.  The Messrs.
Fell, who have the oldest and probably the best arranged Spice
Mills in the country, have attained great celebrity in this manufacture.*
* THE FAULKLAND SPICE MILLS, C. J. Fell & Brothers, proprietors, were
established more than three quarters of a century ago, by Jonathan Fell,
and have since that time increased from a single-horse mill, to an establishment possessing all the new improvements in mill machinery, and using
a steam-engine and water power,  equal  to one hundred  horses.   The
principal mill is located near Wilmington, and runs (speaking technically,)
nine pairs of stones.  These are devoted to the manufacture of Mustard,
all the different preparations of Cocoa, the grinding of Spices, and the
making of Hominy. The last is so prepared by a new process, that it resists
the effects of any climate, and keeps sweet and good for years.   The
requirements in tin and wooden boxes, kegs, &c., for packing Spices, furnish
employment to a large number of persons. For this purpose, the Messrs.
Fell have also a machine, propelled by steam, which weighs accurately, and
269 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Y' ithin the last few years, the extending  popularity of the
FE,scice of Coffee, in connection with the preparation of Vermricelli, M-accaroni, Baking Powders, Turkish Coffee, Spices, &c.,
provides business for a half dozen firms.  The oldest preparationI in the market is known  as Hlumnels, made by BOHLEtR,
TOMISON & WEIKEL; but the original has been much improved
upon since its introduction, and the demand is increasing. The
Essence of Coffee is extensively used in private families, and firstclass hotels and boarding-houses; for besides being more economical, it is said to make, in connection with a portion of real
coffee, a decidedly finer flavored and more pleasant drink than the
best Java. One firm in Philadelphia manufacture about forty
thousand dollars worth yearly. Philadelphia doubtless exceeds
any other place in the extent of the manufacture, as well as in
the quality.  New York makes very little; New England, little
or none at all.
5. VINEGAR.
The manufacture of Vinegar is carried on in this, and all our
principal cities, as well as in the country, to a much greater extent
than is generally supposed, or its apparently limited culinary use
would seem to warrant. But in addition to consumption in
this way, and in the preparation of preserved food, this article is
indispensable in several branches of manufacture, as in the dressing of Morocco Leather-an extensive business in Philadelphiaand in Dye and Print Works. One manufacturer, Mr. J. G
Peale, informs us that he has supplied one establishment in the
latter business with about ten thousand gallons annually. One
packs the Spices neatly in bundles.  Its ingenuity and speed are remarkable.
The Faulkland Mills are, we believe, the oldest Mustard, Chocolate, and
Spice Mills in the country; and the advantages of long experience, the best
machinery, together with the business integrity of the proprietors, are realized in the celebrity of these mills for the purity and extent of their production   The motto of this house, for three generations, has been, "never to
sell an article otherwise than as represented;" and by adhering to this
rule, and avoiding all adulterations, they have given a high reputation to the
Spices prepared in the Philadelphia market, while they have attained a
fortune for themselves.
270 
FURNITURE-UPHOLSTERY.
Vinegar maker alone, we are also informed, produces daily about
ninety barrels, much of which he exports to other parts of this
country, as well as to the West Indies and the British Provinces,
There are some twelve or fifteen Vinegar manufacturers-some
of whom, as well as these referred to, make large quantities; the
whole business amounting to at least $300,000.
The process of manufacture, as at present conducted in these
establishments, is much more expeditious than that still in use in
the country for making vinegar on a small scale.
The latter method consists in placing the cider or other vinous
liquid ill caskls, with open bung-holes, in the sun, and the slow
action of the atmosphere upon their contents requires nearly two
years to perfect the acidifying process.  By the improved mode,
the liquor employed, is, by the addition of saccharine or other
matter, and a suitable temperature, so managed as to induce its
fermentation; after which, it is slowly filtered by a kind of percolation, through tall cisterns or tubs packed with shavings, &c.,
which minutely divide the liquor, and thus expose nearly every
drop separately to be acted upon by the air, which has free access
from beneath.  The liquor thus absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, and being drawn off by a pipe near the bottom of the butt,
fnd the same process repeated as often as may be necessary, the
acetification is complete ill a very short time.   The Vinegar in
this state is set away to clarify, a process which may also be artificially hastened, and in one or two months is ready for use.
This is a brief outline of the process, though other minor precautions are taken to regulate it; and we believe that proper
manipulation and care may even still more abridge the time, as
well as modify the color and strength of the product.  Cider,
whlisky, wine, infusions of malt and ale, liquids capable of the
acetous fermentation, will make vinegar: ibut the first three are
chiefly used here.
XVI.
Furniture, Chairs, and Upholstery.
SIR: In compliance with your request, I furnish, as far as I am
able, a brief abstract of the Furniture business in this city.
2'1 1 
272     PHILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
In reply to your first question I can answer, that the Cabinetmaking business has very much progressed, both in point of taste
and extent of production, the last few years.  In  1840 there
were but few Furniture stores in Philadelphia, and they mostly
small ones; keeping samples of the styles of goods, but relying
mainly on orders from their customers to supply work for their
employees.  A  Spring-seat Sofa was then a luxury-almost  a
novelty.  The art of Veneering was just beginning to be understood.  Previous to this period a crotch of Mahogany wood,
(which was then mostly used for furniture,) was cut into Veneers
by a narrow blade saw, drawn laterally by two men. They could
not get more than four Veneers out of an inch thickness.  This
was a great waste of the finest class of material, and the Veneers
could only be applied to fiat work or very slight curves. About this
time Circular Saws, some of which were seven to eight feet diameter,
were introduced, and gradually improvements were made, so that
at the present time it is not uncommon to produce sixteen Veneers to the inch.  Mahlogany, Rosewood, Walnut, and all the finer
woods, are now used in Veneering with such skill, that elliptic ogees,
or oval surfaces of common wood, are covered with a thin coating
of finle wood, thus reducing the consumption, comparatively, of
the finer woods.  In the course of time, Mahogany became scarce;
and growing in mountain fastnesses, it was procured only at a
great expense.  Rosewood has always been equally difficult to
obtain.  To supply the deficiency, the merits of American Walnut
were examined, and on trial it was found equally suitable for fine
Furniture.  The grain of the wood, and the feathery character of
the curl, (where two main branches separate from the trunk,) are
similar to Mahogany, except in color; the Walnut being of dark
purple shade, though varying in color according to the latitude
and nature of the soil.  Walnut is now used more than all other
woods  combined.   The supply on the  rich bottom  lands  of
Indiana, and the Western States generally, is enormous, and the
quality so superior that some is shipped to Europe.
All varieties of these woods-Mahogany,  Rosewood, Walnut,
and  others, are used  by the Cal-)inet-makers of Philadelphia.
There are nearly one hundred employers in the business, and at
least ten large warehouses, where the most fastidious tastes may 
FURNITURE-UPIIOLSTERY.
be satisfied from goods already made. Philadelphia has a well merited reputation for the production of fine Furniture; the
carved work is really superb; and the less elaborate, known as
Cottage Furniture, is distinguished for excellent workmanship,
high polish, tasteful painting,  and moderate price.   An  oak
Sideboard, carved by a Philadelphia sculptor, I notice, was recently regarded by the visitors to the American Institute, in the
N-ew York Crystal Palace, as one of the most remarkable specimnens of skill in the exhibition.  The Southern demand, which is
proverbially fastidious and luxurious in the choice of Furniture,
is almost entirely supplied from this city.  With the increasing
demand for fine Furniture, there has been a corresponding improvement of taste in design; and it may be well doubted whether
France can, at this time, exhibit more magnificent displays than
can be seen in the Cabinet Warehouses of Philadelphia.
In respect to novelties, about which you inquire, I had not
the good fortune to discover any very remarkable.  The trade
are generally satisfied with substantial excellence, without aspiring to any very striking effects. In Mr. I. LUTZ'S establishment, on
Eleventh street, my attention was attracted to an ingenious method
adopted by him, to prevent the liability of carved Mahogany to
break. In carved Chair work, for instance, he divides the Mahog,any into several lateral parts, and joins them by glue in such
a manner that the grain of the wood runs in different directions.
The strength of the wood is, by this method, increased in proportion to the number of times it is divided; and in the manufacture of Sofas, large Arm-chairs, &c., its advantages are especially apparent. Mr. Lutz employs fifty hands, and has supplied
Furniture for some of the finest mansions in this city.  Two
Sofas, furnished to order, at a cost of $175 each, then on exhibition at his warerooms, were remarkable specimens of elegant
workmanship.
In GEORGE J. IIENKEL'S establishment, I was particularly
struck with the immense quantity of finished  Furniture on hand
as well as the richness and fine effect produced by its arrangemenit. The rIooms then occupied by him were 175 feet long by 27 feet
wide, four floors in number.   The leading purpose of this establisliment is to supply a complete assortment of first-class Furni      )2
273 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ture for an entire house; by which all the articles from the attic
to the kitchen correspond in style, modified, of course, by their
situation.  In the construction of Extension Tables, Mr. Henkels
is deservedly pre-eminent-the extension being formed by crossarms working at right angles on metal hinges, which preserve it
from swelling or shrinking in a variable climate.
In MOORE &  CAIMPION'S, WHITE's, KLAUDER,  DEGINTHER &
Co.'s, W. & J. ALLEN'S, and other warerooms, the display of
elegant carved Furniture is truly magnificent.
Church and Library Furniture constitute a special depart
ment of both the carving and furniture business. In Philadelphia
there is at least one-perhaps many others-who has attained de
served distinction in this branch.   For nearly a quarter of a centutry, Mr. JOHN HIARE OTTON has devoted a large share of his atten
tion to Carving and making Pulpits, Lecturns, Book Cases, &c.,
and his collection of designs now embraces the best examples in
every known style.  In so long an experience, he has executed a
large number of the most elaborate carvings; and in all his recent
work, especially, has manifested excellent taste, and an appreciation of appropriateness in ornament that is rarely seen in American decorative art. Mr. Otton has also executed some masterly
patterns in Iron and in Stucco, which constitute a branch of his
business.
Besides those who are engaged in the wholesale manufacture
of Furniture, there is a large number occupied in making
special articles. At least twenty-five establishments in the citysome of them of considerable extent-make Cane-seat and Windsor
Chairs. One manufacturer has substituted Whalebone for Cane,
which  is an evident improvement.   Chair findings are largely
supplied by Mr. McCullough, and a new establishment is about
being opened solely for the supply of chair bottoms.
There are several manufactories and warerooms of Office and
Counting-house Furniture exclusively. Articles of this description are both supplied to order, and kept on hand in large quantities. Several articles belonging to this category were remarkable as novelties; but among those which seemed to me to combine novelty and usefulness in an eminent degree, I.was particularly attracted by the Patent Elevating and Graduating Top
274 
FURNITURE-UPHOLSTERY.
Tables, which are truly a business luxury. The top can easily be
raised or lowered to suit any attitude; placed upon a horizontal
plane or inclined as the lid of a desk.  The construction is firme
and all the appendages of drawers and boxes are complete. The
Office Furniture manufacturers are entitled to very great credit
for the specimens of workmanship that they exhibit.
Billiard Tables have been made in Philadelphia since 1809the date when Mr. THIIOMAS DAVIS, still a leading manufacturercommenced business.  These tables are now made at four or five
establishments; but the business in this line has been a good deal
crippled by the preference given to the Patented Tables and Cushions, made in other cities.  The deficiency in this respect, however, is compensated for by superiority in another and more important branch, viz., the manufacture of ~ENITIAN BLINDS. It is
believed, by persons professing knowledge on the subject, that
this business is larger in this city than in all the rest of the
United States.  They are sent to almost every part of the Union,
and to the British Provinces. The lightness and beauty of the
work could not be too highly praised, and the cornices and trimmings are adapted to the furniture of the room in which they are
hung, with remarkable taste.
Upholstering is carried on in connection with the manufacture
of Furniture, and also as a separate business.   It embraces the
manufacture of Curtains, Pew and other Cushions, and the making, up of Carpets, Hair Mattresses, Buff Window Shades, &c.
There are about twenty principal concerns engaged exclusively in
this business, besides a vast number of small ones. The fitting up
of churches furnishes considerable employment for the Upholsterers; an average bill for a modern fashionable church of medium
size being $1,500, the pews alone costing $10 each. The West
Arch Presbyterian Church paid $3,000 for Upholstery; and the
Academy of Ifusic a muchl larger sum.   The entire business of
the city, in this branch, is about a half million of dollars annually.
It is extremely difficult to arrive at the statistics of the Furniture manufactured in Philadelphia; but my opinion, after laborious investigation is, that including all the above-named branches,
the annual business will reach two and a half million of dollars.
Some manufacturers state it at three and a half millions.    S.
275 
276      PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
XVII.
Glass Manufactures.
Intelligent foreigners have repeatedly complimented the manufacturers of Glass in the United States-not only for excellence
in the production of useful articles, to which they have hitherto
given their attention principally, but also for various successful
attempts that have been made in producing those rich and decorative works which belong to luxury rather than to utility.
The imitations of Bohemian Glass and Opal Glass, made in several establishments throughout the Union, are considered better
than a great portion of those produced in Europe. In Philadelphia, the Glass manufacture, though surpassed by many others in
amount of production, is nevertheless sufficiently extensive to be
called a leading pursuit. The locality, by reason of the facilities
for procuring the raw materials, is one of the best in the Union.
The finest qualities of sand are obtained from the adjacent State
of New Jersey, and the alkali are supplied by the Chemical factories in the city.
There are at least thirteen manufacturers of Glass, whose headquarters are in this city, though the factories of some are located
in New Jersey, and outside of the city limits, viz.: WHITALL,
TATEMI & CO., WHITNEY & BROTHERS, BODINE & BROTHERS,
BURGIN  &  SONS,  PHILADELPHIA  GLASS  COMPANY,  JOHN  I-I.
MOORE, BENNERS & BROTHERS, SHEETS & DUFFY, JOSEPH PORTER &  SONS, HAY & Co., RICHARDS  & BROTHERS, JOHN  CAPEWELL, President of the United States Glass Company, and
THOMAS MILLS.
The leading business is the manufacture of Green and Crown
Glass Bottles, including all kinds of Druggists' Vials, Jars, Demi johns, Carboys, &c. This kind of Glass is made of ordinary
materials-generally sand with lime, and sometimes clay, and
alkaline ashes of any kind;  but great  care and  considerable
experience are required, particularly in making bottles that
are to  contain  effervescing  fluids.   The  materials  must  be
carefully and thoroughly fused, and the thickness uniform
throughout, to resist the pressure of the contained carbonic acid.
The loss of bottles by bursting, in the Champagne trade, is 
GLASS MANUFACTURES.
from twenty to thirty per cent. A machine has been contrived
to test their strength, which should bear the pressure of from
twenty-five to thirty-five "atmospheres."   Inr bottles which are
to contain acids, the alkali and the lime must be chemically
united to prevent action of the acid.   The green color is said to
be owing to impurities in the ashes, generally to oxide of iron.
Window Glass is made in several establishments; and in addition to the various sizes and qualities, most, if not all in this business, make double-thick and cylinder Plate Glass, suitable for
coaches, pictures, and extra-large windows; some of which is quite
equal in quality to the English and French Cylinder Plate Glass.
At  some  establishments, white and colored, plain and figured
Enameled Glass is made.
One firm, Messrs. BURGIN & SONS, have, in addition to their
furnaces for the manufacture of Black and Green Glassware, one
devoted exclusively to the manufacture of a kind of Glass, new
in this country, which they designate "German Flint Glass;" and
although not as beautiful in appearance as Flint Glass containing
lead, it is preferable to it for many purposes, particularly for holding acids and alkalies, as they have no effect upon it. It is a
very strong variety of Glass, and is much used by Chemists,
Apothecaries, and Perfumers; it can be colored, moulded,  and
pressed into all the various patterns and forms of Flint Glass,
and is sold at intermediate prices between Green and Flint Glass.
The Philadelphia Glass Company was established for the manufacture of Rough Plate Glass, particularly rolled or hammered
Glass for green-houses, &c., and flooring Glass-articles which
previously had not been made in this country.   The excellence
of their product so effectually alarmed foreign manufacturers,
that they reduced the price at once, from $2.25 per square foot
to 75 cents, and are now actually losing money on their sales, in
order to crush an American competitor. The advantages of this
locality for this manufacture, however, are so great, that with
proper encouragement, this Company believe they can continue
business even at the reduced price. They are now manufacturing
a Glass Furnace, which they consider equal to any in the world.
Besides the manufacturers of Glass above enumerated, there are
several whose attention is devoted to supplying orders for special
-2*
277 
278     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
kinds of Glass, particularly Tubes for Philosophical Apparatus,
Syringes, &c., for druggists.   Of Glass-cutters there are several
in the city; while the Glass mould and press makers are entitled
to a compliment for their success in originating novel designs and
skill in their profession, particularly for being able to make a
glass bottle precisely similar to another in size and appearance,
but which will contain considerably less in quantity I
STAINED GLASS.
The origin of this beautiful art is lost in the dimness of antiquity. The process employed in modern times is described as
follows. After the figure to be put upon the plate is drawn upon
paper, and painted as desired, it is transferred to the glass, which
has been prepared to receive it. This has to be done with artistic
skill, equal to that employed upon an oil painting, and requires
much more care in its execution.   In transferring fruits and flower
pieces, all the delicate tints of the objects must be copied with
the greatest nicety.  The glass is then put into a kiln, and submitted to a heat almost sufficient to fuse it, which not only has the
effect to add greatly to the beauty of the painting, but makes it
a part of the glass itself, no power being able to remove it.
There are two principal manufacturers of Stained Glass in
Philadelphia, Messrs. J. & G. II. GIBSON, and FRANKLIN SMITH.
The former firm has just completed the magnificent glass ceilings
for the House of Representatives at Washington, composed of
plates having the appearance of enameled work; the Coats of
Arms of the United States are done in rich colors, giving the
effect of Mosaics set in silver.  They have also been engaged to
furnish the Senate ceiling in a similar manner. The Stained Glass
made in this city is considered quite equal to that of European
manufacture.
XVIII.
Hats, Caps, and Furs.
The Hat, which is regarded by some as more indicative of the
social position of its wearer than any other garment, affords a
wide field for research, a theme for many speculations, and could
be aptly used in illustrating the mutability and instability of 
HATS-FURS.
earthly things. We, however, have no leisure for any further
reflections than to express gratification that the heavy Fur and
Wool Hats, whose heat and weight muddled the brains of our
ancestors, are superseded by light and more handsome styles.
MIuch of the progress that has been made, particularly in diminishling the weight, it is proper to state, is due to American enterprise, the most important improvement being that of "waterproofing" the bodies previous to their being napped. The elastic
properties of the gums used in this process, when dissolved in
pure alcohol or naphtha, impart a body to the materials which
enables the maker to reduce a considerable proportion of
their weight. As an illustration of the value of this improvement, we may mention that, about twenty years since, ninety-six
ounces of stuff were worked up into one dozen ordinary-sized
hats for gentlemen, while at present from thirty-three to thirtyfour ounces only are required to complete the same quantity.
It is therefore scarcely surprising, as we learn from a late traveler, that American Hats are superseding the use of the Turban
in Turkey I
In Philadelphia there are extensive concerns engaged in the Hat
manufacture, though the number of those that make an entire Hat
is quite limited. The furs and other materials used are for the most
part prepared abroad, on the continent of Europe, where children
are largely employed in the various operations; but three fourths
of the Hatters' materials used are imported direct by houses in
this city. The mode of manufacturing is partly a domestic one,
the materials being given out to workmen who shape them in
their own houses, though the principal portion of the work is
done in large manufactories, where several hundred hands are
employed.  In one establishment, which commenced operations
within the last two years, machines are largely employed in all
the various processes of making soft Fur Hats, and Hat bodies.
By means of a machine, known as Wells' Patent, the shell or skeleton body is made so expeditiously, that two men and a boy, with
its aid, can form three hundred Hats in less time than ten Hats
could be produced by the old method.   In this manufactory there
are seven machines in constant operation, capable of producing
over two thousand Hat bodies per day.  There are nine other
279 
280      PIIILADELPIIIA AIND ITS MANUFACTURES.
machines for the separation of the hair from the fur.  Pickers,
propelled by steam, are employed for mixing the Furs; and even
the Hats are washed by machinery-all these operations being performed better, and more cheaply, than they can be done by hand.
The proprietor, Mr. Wm. O. BEARD, has an engine of sixtyhorse
power, and employs one hundred and eighty hands.
The branch of the general business, in which Philadelphia Hatters claim to excel all others, is in the production of Silk and
White Fur Hats. For producing the Pearl White and Light
Colored Hats, it is claimed that, in the water of this city, the
makers have peculiar advantages; while for the manufacture of
Silk Hats, they have an advantage in being able to command at
all times the most skilled workmen.*   The importance of this
will be understood when we state, that the Silk Hat passes
through six distinct departments before its completion; each department requiring hands who generally serve an apprenticeship
but to one branch of the business.   The fashions, as a general
rule, are not imported, but originate with the leading houses,
with only a slight reference to those prevailing in Paris.
Journeymen Hat-makers may be said generally to command
good wages; though their earnings, inasmuch as they work by
* The senior partner of one of the most extensive of the Hat manufacturing concerns of Philadelphia-that of P. HERST & Co.-was one of the pioneers in the manufacture of Silk Hats. He commenced business here some
fourteen years ago in a very small way, but has gone on increasing and extending his operations, until now the firm employ one hundred and fifty persons in making Silk Hats, and supply to some extent nearly all the
markets of the United States.  Mr. Herst also claims to have been the inventor and introducer of the Satin Under Brim, now so much admired for
its beauty and durability. It was first presented to the public about five
years ago, and has superseded nearly every other material previously in use.
The firm of P. HERST & CO. are probably more extensively engaged in the
manufacture of Silk Hats than any others, and are now annually producing
many thousands, mostly of the first qualities, and specially adapted to the
fine retail trade. They also make Beaver and Cassimere Hats, of all
shadles, for summer and winter wear.  For softening the brim previous to
shaping, this firm use Billing's Brim Heater, said to be an admirable invention.  By taste in the modeling of styles, and fidelity in workmanship,
they have secured a pre-eminence among the fashionable trade, creditable
alike to themselves and to Philadelphia workmen. 
CAPS.
the piece, depend very much upon the state and prosperity of the
country.  Body-mrnakers often earn only six dollars a week; but
at other times they make thirty.  Finishers make from ten to
twenty; and shapers and curlers, from fifteen to thirty dollars per
week. It is a peculiarity of this trade, that a workman wishing
employment in an establishment never applies to its proprietor,
but to the foreman, who possesses the chief power to employ or
to discharge men.
STRAW HATS are made to a large extent to supply the Southera demand, which continues throughout the year; and the Northcrn market during the spring and summer seasons.  The work is
done in work-rooms provided by the employers, or at the houses
of the operatives; whose average weekly wages are, for men,
$7.50; for women, $4.50. The Straw Braid is chiefly imported
from England, Switzerland, and Tuscany. Panama Hats are obtained from Panama, Maracaibo, and other parts of South America, while coarse Straw Hats are brought in large quantities from
Canada. As these goods are generally imported ready-shaped,
the principal preparation for the market is trimming, and adapting the Hats to the prevailing fashion. The value of the labor performed on those imported, and the production of Straw Hats, will
amount to $350,000.
2. CAPS.
The manufacture of Caps is a business distinct from that of
Hats.  There are a large number of concerns occupied exclusively
in making Caps; those of Cloth constituting the chief part of the
business, though Plush, Silk, Glazed, and other Caps, are also
made. The Caps made in Philadelphia are distinguished for durability and excellence of quality, rather than for fanciful decoration, and command the market wherever these qualities are appreciated.   Some have been exported to Russia; and exports
are made regularly to the West Indies, South America, and to
California.
The Cap manufacture furnishes employment to a large number
of females, whose wages in the  business will average about $4
per week.  Sewing-machines are largely employed; being, in fact,
illdispensable in consequence of the expansion of the trade.  The
annual production is about $400,000.
281 
282     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
3. FURS.
FURS are prepared by at least twenty establishments, either as a
distinct business, or in connection with Hats. It is the object of
the Furrier, by dyeing the inferior skins, to imitate the more perfect
kinds; and so successful are many, that the permanence of the color
of the dyed Sable, for instance, is equally durable with the natural
color. Philadelphia Furs are more tastefully made than those of
New York; and are considered equal to the Boston Furs, which
have a very high reputation.   A difference of opinion, wide as the
Atlantic, exists as to the comparative value of Furs-the Americaus preferring those of Europe, while Europe seems to prefer
the American Furs.
The following List will exhibit the demand for American Furs
in Europe, and the kinds which this country principally contributes.
Import into London of Furs and Skins from the United States, and
Hudson's Bay Company in British America, for one year, from
Sept. 1856, to Sept. 1857.
Hudson's Bay
Totals.!              Names of Skins.                 Company.     United States.
1,164,461    Muskrat..................................................  302,131  862,330
99,198    B e a v e r..................................................... 90,604  8,594
15,941    O t t e r.......................................11,573          4,368
9,586    F     isher.......................................  5,561        4,025
1,548   Silver F     ox...................................7,071           477
4,751   Cross F      o     x................................................. 3,143  1,608
55,0S6    Red Fox..................................................  10,498  44,588
6,597   White Fox...............................................  4,940  1,657
11,142   Kitt F      o     x.................................................. 5,776  5,366
1S6,355   M a r t e n..................................................... 170,956  15,399
123,601    M ink....................................................... 45,091  78,510
355   Sea O t t e r......................................SS............  167
21,165    L    y     n     x........................................................ 23,341  824
10,796    Black B    e a       r............................................... 7,483  3,313
1,058    Brown Bear............................................. 942       116
769    Gray and White Bear...........................769
477,916 Raccoon................................................... 1,s94  476,022
9,872   WVolf........................................................ 9,831  41
941    Wolverine................................................ 916      25
7,949    Skunk....................................... 7,740                209
7,157    Wild Cat.................................................. 1S4  6,973
52,672    Opossum............................................................. 52,672
2,271,916
Besides these Furs of American origin, the principal ones are
the Russian Sable, everywhere esteemed as the most beautiful,
costly, and useful Fur the Arctic zone produces; the Baum or
Pine Miarten; the Stone Mfarten, more valuable for the excellent
qualities of its skin than the beauty of its fur; Ermnine, a Siberian and Norwegian Fur, the whitest known, though in summer 
IRON MANUFACTURES.
the animal is a dingy brown; the European Fitch, or Polecat, a
Fur remarkable for durability, and smell, which it is difficult to
counteract; the Tartar Sable, of which the tail is used exclusively
for artists' best pencils; Nutria, a Fur used extensively in making
hats, and having considerable resemblance to Beaver; Hamster,
a German Fur; European Gray Hare, and the Chinchilla, a
South American Rabbit.
The Skin that is probably the most extensively used is that of the
Siberian Squirrel.   Of these little animals, not much larger than
our commnon red squirrel, 15,000,000 are every year captured in
Russia; the color varies from a pear] gray to a dark blue gray.
The business done in the preparation of Furs, in this city, is
estimated by a principal manufacturer at $350,000; and when we
remember that Capes alone are sometimes sold at $800 to $1,000,
the amount is not probably overstated.
Recapitulation:
Silk and Soft Hats, -... -$800,000
Straw Hats,                      _....                      350,000
Caps,.....400,000
Furs,.....350,000
Total,.... —     -           $1,900,000
An  increased amount of capital could be  profitably invested
in Philadelphia, in all branches of the Hat and Cap manufacture.
XIX.
Iron and its Manufactures.
It is probable that in no branch of the general manufactures
of Philadelphia, is her superiority so widely known and generally
conceded as in the fabrication of Metals.  The  abundance of
Iron produced in the vicinity of the city, and its consequent
cheapness, have naturally concentrated attention upon its manufactures, as well as extended its uses; while the fame of our
Engineers and Machinists attracts from abroad a large and  constantly increasing patronage.  It is not necessary, therefore, for us
to prove what is already admitted, nor to exhibit in much detail
and minuteness what is neither doubtful nor disputed, but the subject is too important to be very summarily dismissed. In our introductory remarks we gave some statistics of the Iron production of
Pennsylvania, and stated, that of 782,958 tons of Iron produced
283 
284      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
in the United States in 1856, Pennsylvania furnished 448,515
tons. We also showed that Philadelphia is situated in the district wihich is entitled to be called the centre of the Iron production in the United States.   We shall therefore limit our present
remarks to a brief outline of the processes employed in the manufacture of Iron, for the benefit of the general reader, besides exhibiting, so far as we can in a limited space, the present development of its manufactures in Philadelphia, particularly with reference to the manufacture of Hardware and Tools, and the construction of Machinery.
Iron, we may remark, exists naturally as an ore-in the form
of a rusty, metallic stone.   The ores are found both on the surface of the earth and in deep underground veins.  Within the limits
of Philadelphia we believe there are neither ore beds nor opened
mines; though just beyond the city limits, in Montgomery County,
ore is dug in considerable quantities; and near Pheonixville, Chester County, there is an extensive Iron mine, which is supposed
to be the oldest in the United States.  It was opened a few years
before the Revolution, and is yet worked with much success.  It
is 150 feet deep, and has been mined over sixteen acres of surface.
The great Rail Mills of the Phoenix Iron Company, successors to
Reeves, Buck  &  Co., obtain a considerable portion of the ore
used by them from this mine, known as the Warick Mine.
The ore, after being dug from or raised to the surface, is generally broken and washed in water. It is then most commonly
roasted, to drive out the sulphur which exists in many ores. The
roasting is done in large kilns or stacks, heated with coal. Many
Iron-works, however, do not practice roasting their ores.   The
great primary process —the first step in the long, course of the
Iron manufacture-is "smelting." This is the expulsion of the
water and oxygen of the ore,-the driving off, by heat, of the
natural impurities which enclose and are mixed with the pure iron.
This is effected by means of a "Blast Furnace," using as fuel
either Anthracite coal, coke or charcoal.   The furnace is kept
"in blast" night and day, until some vital part is destroyed by
the heat.  The hearth is tapped at regular intervals, and the iron
drawn off and run into "pigs," moulded in the sand-floor in front
of the furnace.   Fresh materials are as regularly added at the 
IRON MANUFACTURES.
top.  The largest class of furnaces produce from 120 to 160 tons
weekly, and even as much as 200 tons have been produced, in a
few cases, in a single week. The product of the Blast Furnace,
or rather the Iron, after being drawn from the furnace and moulded,
is called by the familiar term-Pig Iron.
Having passed the first stage of its manufacture-or in other
wordcls, been separated from the clay, sand, and other impurities
withl which it was mixed in the ore, it is now fusible and ready
for conversion into Wrought or into Cast Iron.  The conversion
into Wrought Iron is effected simply by an additional heating,
which heat is prolonged for some time at just above the melting
point, and during which the iron is stirred up until every particl(
has been blroughllt under the cementing action of the heat.
There are two kinds of furnaces in use, either of which produce Wrought Iron from Pig. In either case the iron is only
melted, and stirred stoutly for a considerable time in that condition.
The forge fire is employed for converting pig into the better
lkinds of Wrought Iron. A large open forge fire, with the tweer
in one corner, is used; a trough or pit is hlollowed out beneath
the tweer, and the b)roklen pig or coal brought together to a melting hleat.  The action of the blast from  the tweer drives the
coarse and lighter impurities to the opposite side of the trough,
leaving the melted metal to settle in the trough, to be stirred and
turned until it becomes Wrought Iron. WNhen the metal acquires
a sufficient  consistency to admit of being removed,  it is taken
out, and the impure end cut off.  In this state it is called a
"Bloom" or "Loop," and it is ready to be reheated in the heatintg furnace, and to be brought under the hammer.
The forge fire is used only for the best and choicest kinds of
iron, as it is too expensive in coal and labor for making the
cheaper kinds.
Tje Puddling Furnace is the most common of all means of reducillng Pig Ironi to AWrought Iron.  This is a covered furnace like
an oven, a grate being placed at one end, and a pit or trough
l)eiig made in the centre.  Tlhe chimney or stack is at the oppo
site side from the grate.   The puddling furnace may be worked
either with or withlout blast   Coal and wood are used alike for
fuel. sIills in whlichl rail-road iron is nanufactured generally work
285
23 
286      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
either Anthracite or raw Bituminous coal, with blast, for puddling
furnaces. The pig iron is placed in the puddling furnace, and
melted in about three quarters of an hour.  It is then stirred
with a suitable hook or poker, worked by a "puddler," having
charge of the furnace.  The stirring goes on until every particle
of the puddle has been thoroughly exposed to the fire, and until
the iron adheres in a spongy mass.  It is then divided, while in
the furnace, into four or five balls or lumps.  These are taken
successively to a stout hammer, called a shingling hammer, or else
to a machine called a squeezer, either of which acts by compression, to get rid of the coarse cinder contained in the iron.  This
runs off in a melted condition, leaving the bulk malleable, and
possessing the distinctive qualities of Wrought Iron.
It is then, while still retaining a great portion of its original
heat, shaped, by rolling or hammering, into such forms as are
found to be most saleable in the market.
In the vicinity of Philadelphia, Forges and Rolling Mills are
generally separate establishments-the former considerably outnaumbering the latter.  In 1856 there were 116 Forges in Easter,
Pennsylvania, and 63 Rolling Mills, including those in the city;
working about 175 hammers, and having about 500 forge fires,
wiithl the heating and puddling furnaces, and turning out an aggregate product, for the district tributary to the city, of about
five millions of dollars annually.
In Philadelphia,  Forges are usually combined with Rolling
Mills, there being but one exception, viz., the Fairhill Forge, of
which Patterson, Morgan, and Caskey, are proprietors.   The
Rolling Mills are as follows:  Kensington Iron Works and Rolling Mill, James Rowland &
Co., proprietors.
Penn Rolling Mill, Kensington, Verree & Mitchell, proprietors.
Treaty Rolling Mill, Kensington, Marshall, Plunkett & Co.
Robins' Rolling Mill, Kensington, Stevens Robins, proprietor.
Oxford Rolling Mill, Twenty-third Ward, W. & H. Rowland.
Fairmount Rolling Mill, Fairmount, Charles E. Smith & Co.
Fountain Green Rolling Mill, two miles above Fairmount, Strickland Kneass, proprietor. 
ROLLING MILLS-FOUNDRIES.
Pencoyd Rolling Mill, below Manayunk, west side of Schuylkill, A. & P. Roberts, proprietor.
Flatrock Rolling Mill, Maniayunk, A. P. Buckley & Son, proprietors.
Cheltenham Rolling Mill, one mile below  Shoemakertown,
Rowland & Hunit, proprietors.
In these establishments, over 700 men are employed, and receive annually in wages about $250,000. The aggregates of
production were recently made up and published in the Unoited
States Gazette,* as follows:
Tons.
Spring and Cast Steel,    -.. -        -    -     -     -      2,100
Bar, Rod, and Band Iron,              - -    -    -    -    -    13,310
Boiler and other Plate,       -    -    -    -    -    -    1,660
Aggregate, inclusive of other items, for the nine Rolling Mills of the
city,   -    -     -     -     -    -     -    -     -        - -.5.0
D)istinctive production of Rolling Mills, simrnply,  -    -    -    -
Total for Forges and Rolling Mills within the city,    -    -    -
The products, besides those above enumerated, include for the
Pencoyd Rolling Mill, Rolled and Hiammnered Car and Locomotive
Axles, and for the Fairmount Iron Works, Charles E. Smith &
Co., proprietors, Rail-road Chair Iron, Marble and Stone Saws,
iand Bands and Bars of extra sizes.
Passing from the manufacture of Wrought Iron and Steel to
that of CASTINGS, we are led to the consideration of Foundries
and Cupola Furnaces, in which the smelting is usually accomplished by a process somewhat similar to that employed in the
reduction of the ore in the blast furnace.   The metal is mingled
with coal in a capacious receptacle lined with fire-brick, and subjected to a furious blast of air from tweers beneath. The height
0 A very careful statistical investigation of the Manufactures of Iron was
recently made by the present indefatigable Secretary of the Board of Trade,
and published in the United States Gazette-a leading commercial journal
of this city. At the request of several Iron workers, who leeline to furnish
additional individual particulars, we shall, in many instances, adopt the results as published in that journal. It will also be observed by those who are
familiar with the volume edited by myself, and published two years ago,
that several paragraphs in this article, descriptive of processes, are extracts
firom that work.
287
Value.
$283,500
SSO,50,')
1 50,000
1,455,000
1,20 6,500
1,801,150 
PHILADELPItA AND ITS MANUFACTUPRES.
of the cupola furnace, however, rarely exceeds ten or twelve feet,
vwhile that of the blast furnace approaches forty or even fifty, and
the pressure required to force the air upward through the sinking
mass of materials is of course proportionably less.  No  lime or
other flux is employed in the cupola furnace; and the temperature required is presumed to be considerably less than in the
blast furnace, the heat necessary to melt iron being generally assumed at 2300 to 2800 degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, or some
fifteen times hotter than boiling water; while the temperature, in
the hottest portion of the blast furnace, is supposed to reach 5000
degrees.
AVheii drawn from the cupola furnace, the iron is poured into
moulds of tightly compacted earth, the varieties employed being
clay or loam and fine sand carefully mixed; the "moulding sand,"
as it is termed, being in most cases enclosed in boxes called flasks.
If the desired casting is a column, an exact model or pattern is
embedded, one half in each of two flasks of sand. The sand
having sufficient cohesion to retain any impression given it,
the pattern is then withdrawn, and the flasks fitted accurately
together, as before, leaving a cavity to give just the required
shape to the metal, which is afterward poured in.  If the casting
is to be made hollow in any part, a "core," or solid mass of sand,
is previously baked in a suitable box, of the shape of the desired
cavity. This core of sand, being placed in the flask, and adjusted suitably to the mould, leaves a cavity of its own shape in
the casting. For, while the core assists in confining the melted
iron to the desired limits of size and form, it can be punctured
and removed, after the casting has cooled, with the same ease that
the mould itself may be broken up, and the sand be again used
for another mould.
The interior surface of the moulds is generally dusted or rubbed
with finely-powdered coal or other material, technically termed
"blac';ening,'" the object of which is to induce a smooth, perfece
surface on the casting.  The astonishing smoothness and delicacy
of the small statuettes, known as "Berlin Castings," it is be
lieved, are the result of some secret with regard to blackening
the moulds.
The exterior of a large casting is invariably harder than the
'-) 8 8 
CASTINGS.
interior. This effect is probably due to the rapid cooling of the
parts in contact with the sand, as the hardness is found to depend
very much upon the rapidity of cooling.  This fact has induced
many experiments, and the quite general adoptionii of several different processes, according to the quality of the work required.
Iron required to withstand wear, as hammer faces, car-whleels,
gudgeons, &c., is cast in close contact with a large mass of cold
iron; and iron in which a great uniformity of strength and a
general softness is required, as small portions of machinery whiclh
are to be drilled, planed, &c., is cast in moulds previously lheatedl
to a tolerably high temperature.  The former are called "chilled,"
a,d the second   dry-sandcl castings," as distin guisled from the
first described, or " green-saud castings."  Very large moulds are
built up with brickwork and lined with clay; and the products are
termed "loam castings."  There are other processes for rapid cooling besides that above mentioned, one of which consists in a rapid
circulation of water through pipes in the vicinity of the part to
be chilled, but all act in a substantially similar manner, and with
the same result.
There is a process of "annealing" metals, by bheating, and
then gradually cooling under favorable circumstances, which we
X ill refer to when we come to speak of Car wheels.  A species
o(t cast iron, produced by a modification of this process, is called
" Malleable Iron," and combines inl a high degree the tenacity of
wrought with the cheapness of cast-iron shapes.   An immense
number of Locks, and other articles in the Hardware trade, is
produced by this process, which may again be alluded to in a
separate division of our subject.
During the last few years the demand for Castings of great size
has severely tested the skill of founders, but they have invariably
responded to the calls by producing specimens more remarkable
than any heretofore attempted.   Cylinders, in which the tallest
man could stand upright, have repeatedly been cast at Foundries
in Philadelphia; and those of the "Erricson," cast at I. P. Morris
& Co.'s Foundry, were eleven feet five inches in diameter.   The
boring w-as executed by their great Vertical Boring Mill, which
w-as in use in this city before introduced into New York.   The
cylinders for the blowing,  machinery of  the Lackawanna  Iron
2:~
289 
2 -3     PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Works, at Scranton, Penna., cast at the same establishment, are
one hundred and ten inches in diameter, and ten feet stroke.
But the heaviest casting ever made ill this country, and probably
in the world, was the bed-plate for the Baltic, which weighed
130,148 pounds.   The bed-plate for the Arctic weighed forty-five
tons, and that for the Atlantic thirty-seven tons.
The products of Foundries, disconnected from  Machine-shops,
consist principally of Stoves, Hiollow-ware, Iron Building work,
and Raiings, Safes, &c., to each of which we shall briefly refer.
1. STOVES AND HOLLOW-WAVARE.
Five large Foundries in this city are devoted exclusively to the
manufacture of Stoves; while two others make  Stoves, togetl-her
withl miscellaneous castings.  The capital invested in tile manufacture is about $600,000, and the annual product about 12,500
tons, worth $1,250,000.  The designs, in many instances, are remarkable for their elegance, and the establishments are not surpassed in facilities or in extent by any others.   The mouldingroom of one firm is three hundred and sixty feet long and sixty
feet wide, being the largest moulding-room, with the exception
of one also in Philadelphia, in the United States. The Foundry
of another firm has facilities and capacity for turning out 30,000
Stoves per annum.   The cheapness of the raw material, and mildness of the winters, enabling the manufacturers to continue  operations witl-hout cessation throughout the year, are marked  advantages, and the fineness of the castings induces professed manufacturers in other places to obtain their supplies from this city. The
varieties made here embrace almost every description, from the
old Franklin Stove, and the Ten-plate Wood Stove, down to the
most modern styles and patterns, including Gas Cooking Stoves.
In originating patterns and beautiful styles, the Philadelphia manufacturers and Stove pattern-makers have been remarkably successful; and Stoves from this city have been shipped to Oregon,
California, Australia, and Europe; while in our own markets no
others can compete with them.
In addition to the establishments devoted, either entirely or in
part, to the production of Stoves, there are about fifty Stove 
STOVES AND HOLLOW-WARE.
makers who get their castings from founders, and finish them in
their own shops. As some Cooking Stoves have sheet-iron ovens,
and many Parlor and Office Stoves are chiefly composed of Russia
Sheet Iron, the value of the castings, in some instances, is increased from two to three times.  About nineteen establishments,
besides the above, are engaged in the manufacture of Hot-air
Futrnaces, (or Heaters,) and Cooking Ranges. They usually originate or purchase the patterns, and get the castings executed at
the regular foundries.  The varieties mnade, embrace  the most
complete, convenient, and economical, as well as a fac-simile of
the article so long used in New York; and the Summer Range,
or Gas Oven, which originated here, and is said to be unknown
elsewhere.   The above establishments furnish employment  to at
least six hundred metal workers, and consume a large amount of
Russia,  English, and American  Sheet Iron, besides Tin-plate,
Fire-brick, &c., &e.  Orinaiiental Iron Parlor Grates, for which
we have long been dependent upon New York, are now made
here of great elegance, and in various styles, by at least one firm,
who has recently erected ovens for baking on the enamel.
Three of the Foundries in Philadelphia are occupied almost
exclusively in casting Hollow-ware and Hardware Goods, which
are subsequently enameled or tinued.   The establishment of one
of these, that of Messrs. STUIART & PETERSON, is probably more
extensive tlhan any other of the kind in the Union.   In this manufacture great care is necessary in the selection and commixing of
the different brands of Iron, in order to obtain castings of proper
tenacity; anid after such are obtained, the inside surface of the
ware must be made smooth and bright to protect the enamel.
In En(lanid this is effected by turning the article in an ordinary
foot-lathe, the tool being guided by hand; but the inhalation of
particles of Iron proved most destructive to the lives of the operatives.  The firm above alluded to, employ for this purpose self acting tools or lathes, the invention of their mnaster-machinist;
and so admirably do they conform to the irregularities of the sur face to be turned, that they seem to be endowed with almost human
inltelligence.
The products of this establishment embrace a great variety of
291 
-90      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Culinary and Household articles-Pots, Kettles, Stew-Pans, and
other articles, from the smallest to the largest, as Caldrons, &c.*
The other Hollow-ware Foundries in the branch, are those of
Messrs. SAVERY & Co., and LEIBRANDT, McDOWELL & Co., late
Finlev & Co.  The former has been established about twenty years,
and has produced an immense number of Pots, Pans, Kettles, &c.,
besides Plows, and other agricultural implements of great variety and acknowledged excellence. This firm employ about one
hundred hands, and have been very successful in producing castings remarkable for their size, as Caldrons, Sugar Boilers, &c.,
capable of holding hundreds of gallons.  The establishment of
FINLEY & Co. is new, and has recently changed owners.  In its
I)resent hands it will no doubt soon take rank with the others.
2. BUIL DING AND ORNAMENTAL IRON-WORK.
The use of Iron, as a material for building purposes, must be
ranked among the modern applications of this wonderful metal.
Thile gentleman who erected the first Iron Building in the United
States is, we  believe,  still prepared to receive orders.   The
oldest Foundry in Philadelphia, devoted to the production of
Building castings, was erected in 1804; and its proprietor, Mr.
* We extract the following remarks from a circular of Messrs. STUART &
P:TEr,sox-, who are certainly entitled to very great credit for their successfi[l efforts in competing with foreign manufacturers.
"We now anneal and tarn out bright the inside surface of all the ware we
enamel or tin, the annealing making it less liable to break by sudden exposure
to heat, and turning off the casting surface makes it retain the enamel more
perfectly; and even after long use, if the enamel should come off, the surface left will be smooth and easily kept clean, altogether making it more
serviceable than the ware of those manufacturers who do not prepare their
ware thus.  WTe wish it to be known particularly that we do not put into the
mixture, or use in any way in the preparation of our enamel, any lead or other
metallic oxides.
"We desire to call particular attention to our Tinned (usually called
PATE.NT MIETAL) Ware.   We prepare it for tinning in the same way, use the
same quality and quantity of tin on each piece, use the same quality of
iron, and finish it in the same way, making it in all respects the same quality as ~Eylish Paten?t 3Jetal Ware. It will stand as much heat and use, and
many of our customers have been pleased to say, is more bright and perfect
tlhan any they have ever seen imported." 
B13UILDING AND ORNAMENTAL IRON-WORK.
James Yocom, was one of the first in this country to make  Iron
fronts for buildings.   The business now employs six Foundries,
almost exclusively; and as the advantages of Iron for this purpose, combining as it does strength and durability, with cheapness
and facility of elaborate ornamentation, become more manifest,
the architectural popularity of the metal will extend.
At the present time, the firms engaged in producing Building
Castings, may be said to execute work for the whole country.
During the last year, Messrs. H. C. ORAM & Co., made and put
up a five-story Iron front in New Orleans; an Iron front in Savainlah; another in Nashville; supplied Ornamental Castings for
the Town Hall in Wilmington, N. C.; a Cast Iron frame for the
New Orleans Gas Company; besides putting up a large number
of fronts in Philadelphia and its vicinity; casting thirty-six bowstring girders from sixteen to forty-three feet long, six hundred
and fourteen columns from eight to twenty-two feet, and the magnificent Cast Iron dome and ceiling of the Bank of Pennsylvania.
Another firm, Messrs. HAGAR, SANSON & FARRAND, has executed
extensive orders for Galveston, Texas; and supplied numerous
places in the South and West. This firm make a Revolving Iron
Shutter, which  is  extensively used  and  highly appreciated.
Its ability alike to resist the assaults of fire and of burglars,
as well as its durability and convenience, has increased its
popularity and induced an extensive demand. These Shutters
are known as Mettam's Patent, and are corrugated, which gives
the slats increased strength. Mr. Sanson has invented a machine
which  cuts and  corrugates the slats at the same time.  This
cheapens the production, and enables this firm to supply Shutters
at a reduced price.
It may be safely said that the firms now engaged in producing
Building work have a most complete and extensive stock of patterns, and every facility for the execution of orders, however difficult may be the design or configuration desired.
The manufacture of Roofing is made a distinct branch of the
Iron Building work, in this city.  One firm, Messrs. R. S. IHARais & Co., is very extensively engaged in the manufacture of
Co,rrugated Iron Roofing, an article introduced here some years
ago by Asa Whitney, and found peculiarly well adapted for cov
293 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ering7 buildings of great size or span, as Rail-road Depots, Foun.
ldries, Banks, &c., while also well adapted for smaller buildings
It is well-known that a wooden roof, if the span be  great, say
sixty or eighty feet, requires a very heavy frame; but by the pro
cess adopted by this firm, a roof superior in durability is obtained
with less weight. The material used is generally American Galvanized Iron, (unless coimmon iron painted, of which the first
cost is less, be preferred;) and is supported on a peculiar Patent
Independent Truss, supplied by this firm. The corrugating so
strengthens the material, that Iron No. 22, possesses all requisite
strength for the largest building.   The works of this firm, situated at Prime and Eleventh streets, are well provided with machinery for making every part of a roof on their premises;  but
probably the most remarkable of their machines is one for punching, by which the sheets of a roof are so accurately and uniformly punched, that the proper place of each can be known, and
the entire roof put up by others than the manufacturers.*
Messrs. Harris & Co. also make Patent Galvanized Cornices,
which are cheaper and lighter, and more ornamental than stone,
and more durable than wood. Specimens can be seen at the
Academy of Music, in Philadelphia, and at Nassau Hall, Princeton, N. J. It is hoped that Roofing and Cornices, of the description which this firm manufacture, will come into more extensive
use than heretofore; for, being entirely fire-proof, they are a protection to a city.
Oriramental Iron  WVork, and  especially the manufacture of
lroni Pailiigs, constitute to some  extent  a distinct business,
though generally associated with Architectural Iron-work in some
of its forms.  The Iron Railings made in this city are of a very
superior character, both as regards the construction and decorative arrangement of the parts; no expense being spared by the
Amnong the numerous buildings covered with Corrugated Iron Roofing, wo
might mention the United States Mint, the Masonic hall, John Grigg's Fireproof building, the Depot of the West Philadelphia Passenger Railway, the
Phoenixville Iron Works, the Gas Works in Cincinnati, the Custom House in
Iobile, the Charlotte Branch Mint, the very extensive buildings of the Georgia Central Rail-road Company at Savannah, the Gas Works at Richmond,
and at Winchester, Va., and many others in the chief cities of the South
and West; besides several in Havana, Cuba.
294 
RAILINGS AND ORNAMENTAL IRON-WORK.
leading manufacturers to obtain beautiful and tasteflil designs.
Most of the Cemeteries and Public Squares throughout the whole
country are adorned by work executed in Philadelphia; and every
city, probably every town in the Union, contains some specimen
of our manufacturers' skill and taste.  The English Commissioners, in their report on the Industry of the United States, refer, in
terms of high commendation, to the Ornamental Cast Iroii-work
of Philadelphia, and mention with appreciation the cast-iron
statue of the late Henry Clay, fifteen feet high, recently furnished
from Mr. Wood's establishment, and erected in Pottsville.*
In the manufacture of Railings, though Cast Iron is principally employed, Wrought Iron is used in considerable quantities.
The latter is. considered superior to Cast Iron in the power of
resisting strains or concussions; and since the discovery of the
process of weaving bars of any size, recently introduced into
Philadelphia, it is possible to attain equal strength in the construction of Window Guards, Gratings, Railings, &c., with much
less weight of material than formerly.
Within the last few years the applications of Cast Iron-work
have been greatly extended.   Iron Bedsteads, of all sizes, are
rmade largely by at least two firms, Messrs. WALKER & SONS, and
SAMIUEL MAICFERRAN.   The  Ornamental  Iron Bedstead of Mr.
* We extract from our Reporter's notes the following remarks with respect to another of the Philadelphia manufactories.
"At the establishment of W. P. HOOD,  I saw samples of finished work
that certainly cannot be excelled for taste and beauty.  This gentleman is
successor to Messrs. Moore & Gallagher, a well-known firm, who founded the
establishment in 1848. The enclosure of Lafayette Square in Washington,
and the Iron-work of the Patent Office, were both executed at this establishment.  The assortment of designs is, I think, larger than that of any other
establishment in the Union, and I have seen the most of them.  A specimen
of the late production of this establishment may be seen in the heavy and
rich railing around Lodge No. 2, A. Y. M., at Maount Moriah Cemetery.
The work executed embraces, in addition to Railings for public and private
purposes, Settees, Chairs, Tables, Fountains, Garden Urns, Brackets for Porticos, Mantels, Winding Stairs, Fire proof Doors, Window Shutters, and Iron
Vaults for burial purposes in place of marble.  The superinitendent of this
establishment has had fifteen years' experience in the business; and Mir.
Hood, the proprietor, is justified in claiming that he can please the most
fastidious taste in regard to beauty of design and well-finished work."
295 
296      PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
'Maeferran is highly recommended by the Franklin Institute, as
an article combining neatness, and light weight, with sufficient
strengh.  His manufactures include a great variety of Ornamental
Iron Castings, HIat Racks, Umbrella  Stands, Water  Coolers,
W~ashstands,  Sinks,  Fountains,  Settees,  Dogs,  Lions,  Tables,
Chairs, Towel Racks, with a great variety of Brackets, Hitching
Posts, Spout Castings, &c., &c.
This gentleman is noted for his taste in designs, and ingenuity
in originating desirable patterns. Hie also manufactures the celebrated Champion Hot-air Furnace, and Ranges, Gas Ovens, &c.
3. SAFES.
The manufacturers of these articles, almost indispensable among
a mercantile people, have so effectually "cried aloud and spared
not," that the public are probably more familiar with their relative merits than we are.  The metal portion of the Safes consists
of stout and tough Wrought Bar and Plate Iron; and the space
between the outer and inner surfaces is filled with a chemical
preparation, which is a good non-conductor of heat.  The interior is rendered wholly impervious to damp; and books, papers,
and jewelry, imay be preserved in them any length of time without blemish from mould or mildew.   Rival makers have manifested a very determined disposition to burn up each other's Safes;
and if none have succeeded in doing this, we must infer that all
are equally proof against fire.  The annual production in this
city is about $150,000.
The principal restriction hitherto to the more extended use of
Iron has been its tendency to oxdyation or rust, but happily mechaniical ingenuity has overcome  this difficulty.  Iron is now
coated with another metal, forming a combination impervious to
atmospherical influences, and known as GALVANIZED IRON.
The process of effecting this great change in this useful material,
and forming Galvanized Sheet Iron, is described to us by a leading
firm in the business, as follows: The Iron is first rolled into sheets
as ordinary Sheet Iron; but for the purpose of galvanizing, a selection is necessary, for experience has proved that Iron, though of
good quality, will not in all cases combine with the zinc which is
used in coating.   The sheets selected are rolled very smooth and
rell trimmed to the size reqliirecl, and cleansed from  all im?i,ri 
GALVANIZED IRON.
ties by a weak acid.  The effects of the acid are in turn removed
by immersion in a tank of clear water, and then the sheets are
dried in an oven.   The iron thus prepared is placed in contact
with the zinc, and the two metals being brought  to the same
temperature combine and fuse, and form a material impervious
to rust, and requiring neither paint nor any preservative agent.
Thle proper regulation of the temperature of the zinc and the
iron is a point of great nicety, requiring in the manufacturer
much previous experience.
The firm to whom this material is indebted for much of its present
popnlaritv and even intrinsic value, and who, we understand, were
the first to introduce the manufacture of Galvanized Sheet Iron
into the United States, are Messrs. MCCULLOUGH & Co., of Philadclell)hlia. Their workls, it is believed, are the most extensive of the
kind in the Union.  Their mills for rolling Sheet Iron, of which
thley own three, are located in Cecil County, Marylaind-two at
Northl East, and one at Rowlandsville. They are driven by waterpower-the former by the feeders of the North East Creek, and
the latter by the waters of the Octorara; and are capable of prodlicing- firom 1,500 to 2,000 tons of Sheet and Flue Iron annually.
The firm employ at their various works from  200 to 250 men
use 2,000 to 2,500 tons of Pig Iron and Blooms, and consume
alout 1,500 tons of Anthracite, and some 2,000 tons Bitumlinous
coals. The works for Galvanizing are located in the city, at the
corner of Eleventh and Prime streets, and all the Iron made is
brought from the mills, by way of the Philadelphia, Wilmington
and Baltimore Rail-road and the River, and delivered at the
warehlouse in connection with these works.
The Galvanized Iron of this firm has been tested by the eminent chemist of the MAint, Professor Booth, who  pronounced it
equal to that of English manufacture; and in certain tests by
sulphuric and other acids, it proved superior.  Its applications
are necessarily almost as numerous as Iron itself, being available
wherever exposed to corrosive influences, and specially adapted
for Roofing, Iron-work for ships, Water and Gas Tubing, Win
dow Shutters, Telegraph Wire, &c.
In the northern part of the city there is another establishment
for Galvanizing Sheet Iron, Wire, &C., MARSIHALL, GRIFFIN & Co.
2i4
297 
— taTnletic Ore, or 131.ck Ox  ide of Iron, isec(l in U. S.,
Russia,   Swed(len,  India,
&c.   The   richest  ore
known.
Fo-indi -y  Iron,
| No. 1, flowvs
very  readily,
w ort.l $32 pe           r
ton.
Foundry   Iron,
0   No.  2, worth
$28 per ton.
Foundry   Iron,
No.  3, worth
827 per ton.
Forge Iron, No.
1, worth  $26
per ton.
o
I Forge Iron, No.
2, worth  $25
per ton.
2
Forge Iron, No.
3, worth $23
per ton.
Specular Ore, or Red  Oxilde
of Iron, used in U. S.
'4'e-  
'4
. — -'4 
Ilematite Ore, or Brown Ox  ide of Iron, used in U. S.
r' ollonv WP a re,
Stooves,
Furn aces,
Gratings,
Fences,
Statues,
Ornamtnents,
Girders,
Buildings,
Bridges,
Cradles,
Coffins,
, Pavements.
I          ( F gFlat  Bar Iron, 
Round Bar      "
'~    i Boiler          "
Sheet         "
* t  g3. Band             "
*~c;   ~.;    Scroll
~ ~   oo   Angle
| p P4   Tee          "
Ill,=    ail-roacl 
S Sha.ftin1g,
Wncoire,
I   ~      [Q Anchlors,
Clay Iron Stone, used in
England, Scotland, &c.
Black Band Ore, a compact
0Carhonate of Iron, used in
England, Scotland, &c.
Sparry Carbonatte of  Iron,
used in Germatny.
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0 
COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY.
XX.
Iron and its Manufactures Continued.  Machinery.
The manufacturers of Machinery, considered with reference to
the nature of their occupation, are divided into two classes, who
may be styled special and general Machinists-the former being
those who confine their operations to a special and particular
class of Machines and Tools, and the latter being those who have
,he disposition and facilities to execute orders for almost all kinds
of Machinery, heavy and light.  The Machine-makers of Philadelphia are, in this view, principally general Machinists; but each
of the following classes- Cotton and Woolen Mfachinery; Railway
Jlachin?ery; ~Iachinists' Tools; Paper-makers', Printers', and
Bookbinders'.Machines; Fire Engines; Gas and Water 4Apparatus,
and probably some others,-has extensive establishments devoted
expressly to its production. We shall briefly advert to the most
important of these special classes, commencing with
1. COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHIIINERY.
It is stated, in apparently authentic records, that the manufacture of some parts of the machinery necessary in the production
of Textile fabrics, was carried on in Philadelphia in the time of
the Revolution.  As early as 1778, we learn from Scott's Gazetteer of the United States, published in 1805, that the eminent
Philadelphia machinist, OLIVER EVANS, manufactured
"Wire from American Bar-iron, which he made of excellent quality,
on the most improved plan carried on in this country; also wrought it
into wire for cards, in the way described by those who had seen them
made in Europe.  But thinking the process too tedious, he invented a
machine bv which he could work the wire into card teeth, at the rate
of nearly three thousand per minute, by the simple motion of turning a
winch, or wrench, by hand; also, a machine for punching the holes in
the leather for the teeth, by which he could prick by the motion of his
hand one hundred and fifty pair of cards per day. He also planned a
wire mill, with machinery to make the wire into card teeth as fast as
tlrawn. This he has often declared was one of the greatest productions of his mind. He applied to the Legislature of Pennsylvania for
aid to carry it into effect; but this was not granted, and this was lost.
W\'hen peace was established he declined this business, and in the year
299 
300       PHIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
1783 commenced the building of a merchant flour mill, which led him
to thie study of the improvement of the art of maniufacturing, flour;
and invented the machines which he has denominated the Elevator, the
Hopper-boy, the Conveyor, and Drill, by means of which, when properly
applied, the greatest part of the manufacture and labor which were
Defore necessary is now saved."
But the first regular manufactory of Cotton  Machinery was
established at Holmesburg, in 1810, by ALFRED JENKS, who had
oeen a pupil and colaborer with the celebrated Samuel Slater,
and who brought with him from New England drawings of every
variety of Cotton Machinery, as far as it had then advanced in
the line of improvement.   He supplied the first mill started in
this portion of the State of Pennsylvania, with the requisite machinery; and subsequently the Keating Mill, at Manayunk, now
owned by J. G. Kempton. In 1816 he built for Joseph Itipka,
a number of Looms for weaving Cottonades. A record now
before us states:
"Under the universal impetus given to home manufactures
during the last war, Mr. Jenks greatly extended his business
operations, and in 1819 or 1820 removed to his present desirable
location in Bridesburg, the increased growth of which is owing inll
no small degree to the personal efforts and enterprise of himself and
the importance of his establishment.  Here, where he possessed
the necessary facilities for shipping to his more distant patrons,
he conveyed his old frame building from Holmlesburg on rollers,
which yet stands amid the more substantial and excellent structures beside it.  This, however, was found too small for his increased business, and was extended by the erection of a stone
building thirty feet long, now forming the north end of the present main building, which is four hundred feet in length. When
the demand first arose for Woolen Machinery in Pennsylvania,
Mr. Jenks answered it, and at once commenced its manufacture,
and furnished the first Woolen Mill erected in the State, by Bethel
Mloore, at Conshohocken, with all the machinery necessary for this
manufacture.
"In 1830, Mr. Jenks, impressed with the idea that the labor of
manipulation was insufficient to supply the wants of the population, or to meet the commercial demands, invented a Power-loom 
COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY.
for Weaving Checks, and introduced it into the Kempton Mill at
:Manayunk, where its success produced such excitement among
hand-weavers, and others opposed to labor-saving machinery, as
to cause a large number of them to go to the mill, with the
avowved purpose of destroying it, from doing which they were
only prevented by the presence of an armed force.  This, and
other improved machinery made by Mr. Jenks, soon acquired an
extended reputation, and induced the erection of larger buildings
and the introduction of increased facilities.  The numerous valuable improvements made by Mr. Jenks, from 1819, when he obtained his first patent, to the present time, and those of his equally
ingenious and skillful son, are embraced in such a vast number of
patents, and are so various in their nature and construction, as to
prevent us from even enumerating their titles and objects in this
limited notice.   They  are, however,  well-known to manufacturers. "
The present works of Messrs. ALFRED JENKS & SON are unquestionably among the most extensive and important for the
manufacture of Cotton and Woolen Machinery in the Union.
The present sole manager, BARTON H. JENKS, Esq., has been
untiring in his efforts to improve and perfect the general system
of manufacturing; and so successful in this, and in originating
improvements with reference to special articles, that, at the present time, we do not believe there are any other works in the
entire Union that can be compared with these for the purposes for
which they are designed. The development which we have shown
has been attained in the manufacture of Textile fabrics in Philadelphia, and its vicinity, is no doubt in part due to the excellence
of the machinery supplied from this establishment; but its benefits are by no means local, for its products are as regularly
shipped to New England as to Manayunk, and to the South as to
Gloucester. We, however, shall reserve a description of these
Works for the APPE.NDIX.
Cotton and Woolen Machinery is made at several other
establishments in Philadelphia; but in these the scope of operations is either restricted to certain particular Machines, or is so
extended  as to embrace general Machinery.   J. & T. WooD,
proprietors of the Fairmount Machine Works, for instance, do
2.4*
301 
'302      PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
an extensive business in the construction of Looms, for which
they are provided with all the requisite facilities; and in 1856,
they turned out four hundred and eighty Power Looms, or forty
per month.  Their Loomns, we believe, are so constructed as to be
adapted for use either in Cotton or Woolen Factories.  But the
business of this firm takes a much more comprehensive range,
embracing the construction of Enmbossed Calenders, Lard Oil
Presses, of which they can make twenty per month, and all kinds
of Shaftiny, Pulleys,  Ha?gers,  Couplingcs, &c., and  machine
work in general. They employ regularly about seventy hands.
The Mlessrs. Wood have an excellent reputation for doing thorou1ghly and well whatever they undertake.
Messrs. HI.NDLE &  SoNs, in West Philadelphia, employ about
fifty hands, principally in the manufacture of Woolen Machinery
and Messrs. ECCLES & SON make Looms, and a variety of Machinery for Cotton Factories.
Hepworthli's picking stop-motion for Drop-box Power Looms
is made by J. J. Hepworth; and Lead Wire for Looms is made
at the Lead Pipe Works of Tathem & Brothers, which are believedcl to be the most extensive of tlhe kind in the world.
Card Clo!Mniilg is made very extensively at one establishment,
where fifty-three of those wonderful and ingenious machines, which
WAVebster is reported to have said seemed to be endowed with human
intelligence, are in constant operation.   The original  Machine
was patented in 1810, by Thomas Whittemore, though the real inventor was Elizur Smith, of Walpole, Mass.  Various improvemIents have been made from time to time; and now so perfect
and automatic are its operations, that only three men are required to tend fifty-three machines.  It seizes the wire in its iron
fingers, bends it, punches holes for it in the leather, then inserts
it; and if the slightest derangement take place, or the least imperfection is manifested in the manufactured product, it stops and
waits until the difficulty is remedied.
The proprietors of this establishment, Messrs. JAMES SMITH
& Co., are experimenting with reference to the substitution of
Cloth for Leather in their manufacture.   The average price of
the Card Clothing made in Philadelphia, is $1 per square foot,
and the quality superior to that made elsevlwhere in the country. 
COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY.
One firm, Messrs. W. P. UHIILINGER & CO., are extensively engaged in the manufacture of Ribbon Looms, Jacquard Machines,
and Rotary Knitting  MAachines.  This excellent establishment
employs  fromn  forty to seventy mechanics, and does an annual
business of over $50,000.   The  most ingenious and complicated Machlinery is made here-]Ribbon Looms, for instance,
being, self-acting, and combined with the Jacquard Machine, to be
p)ropelled by power or hand.  These  are supplied  largely to
New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts-the extensive Manufactory of Ribbons and Trimmings, at West  Newton, in the
last-namied State, being wholly supplied with Machines by this
firm.
Rotary Knitting Machines for Stockings, Jackets, Shirts, &c.,
are made at this establishment.   For this Machine, Mr.  Uhlinger received a first-class premium from the Franlclin Instititte; and its practical value is shown in the patronage bestowed
upon it, both by power and by hand-loom weavers.
Mr. Ulilinger'is establishment was founded in 1850; and though
its transition from insignificance to importance has been rapid, its
present equipments, perfection in machinery, and quality of its
manufactures, entitle it to rank among the important ones of Philadelphia. The demand for Sewing Machines has induced the proprietor to provide himself with superior facilities for their mlanufacture; and hereafter these important Machines, so largely sold
in this market, will also be extensively made here.
The common Knitting Frames are made by two persons in
Germantown; and Looms, &c., by several manufacturers in a
small way throughout the city.
Shuttles are an exclusive article of manufacture in at least two
concerns-those of Mr. H. SERGESON, and E. JACKSON, each of
whom make annually 20,000 Shuttles of all sizes, from the small
ones for Silk or Lace, and Hand-looms, to the largest sized ones,
with wheels, used in weaving Broad-cloth.  The prices range
from $4.50 to $22 per dozen.  Philadelphia has peculiar advantag(res for the production of an excellent Shuttle, at a moderate
cost, from the fact that a better quality of wood, used for
this purpose, is here attainable than elsewhere.  This is a fine
quality of Dog-wood, which grows upon the Isthmus, between
303 
PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, and for this manufacture it
is nearly equal to the best Turkey Box-wood. The varieties grown
further South, or more inland, are softer, and of inferior quality,
the sea air apparently conducing to the perfection of the wood.
Small Bone and Ivory Shuttles, for ladies' use, are also made,
and both common and fancy Shuttles are sent from Philadelphia
to all parts of the Union.
Reeds and Heddles constitute a distinct business for several
parties. One firm has employed as many as sixty hands; and the
annual product has attained a value of $150,000.
2. RAILWAY   MACIIINERY.
The activity of the American people in constructing Railways,
already extending, as they do, to more than 24,000 miles, or a distance as great as the circumference of the globe, has necessarily
called into existence immense establishments, exclusively devoted to
supplying a demand for Railway equipments.  Four years ago,
it was estimated that the capital then invested in Locomotive
building was $3,000,000, employing over 6,000 hands, who received $2,700,000 yearly for labor, and turned out $8,000,000 in
value of manufactured products.
Twenty years ago, it is believed, there were not six Locomotive
establishments in the Union.  A  story is told of a gentleman
who, about that time, received an offer from a capitalist of New
York to furnish him the necessary capital to engage in the manufacture of Locomotives, if he thought it would pay, and, as such
offers were rare, was quite desirous to accept of it; but, after
visiting the principal shops, reported to the capitalist that the
business would not pay, "for with three hundred men and Baldwin's shop, in Philadelphia, he could build all the Locomotives
the country would need for twenty years."  This gentleman is
probably now a wiser, as well as an older man; for, by examining
the late report of the Pennsylvania Central -Rail-road, he could
learn that this Company alone has in use 216 Locomotives.
The concentration of Rail-roads, and the advantages for economical construction, and especially the experience and eminence
of her Engineers, have made Philadelphia a great centre for the
construction of Railway Machinery.  The establishments which
304 
LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.
are principally occupied in this pursuit, are among the most extenIsive, important, and interesting in the city; and this remark
applies not merely to those which are employed in producing
complete M1achinery, but also those occupied in making parts, as
Wheels, Axles, Tubes, Turn-Tables, &c.  We shall advert to the
more prominent of these, commencing with LOCOMOTIVES.
It is a somewhat singular fact, that the same eminent Philadelphia Engineer, to whom we referred as a pioneer in the construction of Cotton Machinery, is also credited with having built the
first Locomotive Steam Engine, taking the word locomotive in
its derivative signification as "self-acting."*
It may also be claimed, that the first entirely successful American Locomotive was built by a Philadelphia mechanic; while it
is conceded that here many of the most important improvements
in its construction and capabilities had their origin.  The workshops of this city have sent forth nearly 1,800 Locomotives to
perform their part in extending civilization, some of which are
now thundering up mountain grades, on the long lines of the
Pennsylvania Central and Baltimore and Ohio roads, while
others are extending the fame of American genius in Continental
Europe.   The establishments, of which there are two in this city,
date from the organization of the manufacture into a distinct
business, and a brief outline of their history will not be deemed
inappropriate.
Scott's Gazetteer, published in 1805, speaking of Oliver Evans, says:  "He is now just finishing a machine called the Orukter Amphibolis, or Amphibious Digger, for the purpose of digging either by land or water, and
deepening the docks of the city of Philadelphia.   It consists of a steamengine on board of a flat-bottomed boat, to work a chain of hooks to break
up the ground, with buckets to raise it above water, and deposit it in another boat to be carried off. This principle he can no doubt apply to dig
canals to make great dispatch.   Orukter A-mphibolis is built a mile from
the wvater; and although very heavy, he means to move it to the water by
the power of the engine.  Its first state will then be, a Land Carriage moved
by tan.
305 
PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
M. W. BALDWIN & CO.'S LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.
The founder of these works, Mr. M. W. Baldwin, is a native
of New Jersey, but has been a resident of Philadelphia for over
forty years.  He commenced his mechanical career as an apprentice to the Jewelry manufacture; but, on attaining his majority,
saw proper to apply the knowledge so obtained to the production
and improvement of Bookbinders' Tools, which  at that timethirty or thirty-five years ago-were generally imported. In partnership with David HI. Mason, he prosecuted this manufacture
with success; and, by the introduction of new designs, largely
extended and improved Ornamental Bookbinding. To this business was added in 1822, that of engraving rolls for printing
cotton goods, which became the source of large profits.  They
were the originators of this business in this country, and pursued
it without competition until they had brought it to a degree of
perfection that defied foreign competition.  Subsequently, Banknote engraving was attempted with fair success. These pursuits required the invention and manufacture of a variety of tools
anrid machinery adapted to particular uses, the getting up of which
gradually introduced the Machine business, and the manufacture
of Hydraulic Presses, Rolls for Calendering Paper, Stationary Engines, and finally the Locomotive. In 1830, at the request of Mr.
Peale, the proprietor of the Philadelphia Museum, Mr. Baldwin
constructed a model Locomotive Engine for exhibition, which was
put in use in 1831, hauling five or six passengers in a train of cars,
and attracting crowds to the then novel sight. This led to an
order for an engine from the Philadelphia and Germantown Railroad Company; it was completed in 1832, and placed on the road
in January, 1833.  This was, undoubtedly, the first successful
American Locomotive Engine; and, from the records in the
inewspapers of that day, its performance was not exceeded for
years after, having made a mile in less than a minute.  The business was now commenced, and extended as rapidly as. the necessary tools, patterns, and fixtures, could be obtained.  During the
years 1833-34, five engines were built, and the large shops on
Broad, above Callowhill street, now occupied as their works, were
commenced and completed. In 1835, fourteen Locomotives were
306 
LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.
manufactured; in 1836, forty; and in 1837, between forty-five
and fifty.  The financial revulsions of the period reduced the
number, in 1838, to twenty-four.  The leading features of the
engines built by MAr. Baldwin, and which established his reputa tion upon a permanent basis, were their simplicity, strength, and
durability.  The greater portion are yet in use; and, within the
limit of their power, are still doing duty profitably to their owners,
and creditably to the skill of the builder.  The plan of attaching
the cvlinders to the outside of the smoke-box, now almost uni versally adopted, originated with Mr. Baldwin; and also the me tallic ground joints, and various minor improvements, upon which
the present perfection of the Locomotive Engine depends.
In 1842, Mir. Baldwin introduced the six and eight-wheel con nected engine, with an arrangement of truck for adaptation to
the curves and undulations of the road.  The superintendent of
the largest coal freighting road in the United States says of these
"They are saving us thirty per cent. in every trip on the former
cost of MAotive or Engine Power."
In 1854,  Mlr. L\IATTHEW BAIRD became associated with Mr.
Baldwin, under the present firm style of M.  TW. Baldwin & Co.
Mr. Baird is a practical mechanic, who is familiar both with the
details of the Locomotive business since its commencement, and
withl other mechanical pursuits, and is a gentleman of much and
deserved popularity.   Contributing to the concern capital, energy, and practical knowledge, it has, with his accession, taken a
new lease of prosperous activity.
The proprietors of these works have for years been engaged in
perfecting a system of engines, by means of which they could be
adapted to economical working on almost any grade or curve.
Several distinct kinds, and numerous sizes of each kind, fromn
three to thirty-five tons weight, are manufactured with from two
to eigoht dclriving-wheels.  The system of adaptation, and its advantages, are seen in its results.   On the Pennsylvania Rail-road,
Eastern Division, where the grades are moderate, a, passenger
engine, has been running over eighteen months 133 miles per day
without the loss of a trip for repairs.
The success with which difficulties are overcome by engines of
this firm's constructioln, is specially illustrated in a pamphlet pub
307 
PH1ILADELPIIIA AiND ITS MANUFACTURES.
lished by Charles Ellet, Civil Engineer, describing their working
on a mountain top, over the Blue Ridge. Hie says:
"We should not regard mountainous regions as necessarily excludcl
from participation in all the comforts and conveniences due to the railroad, because they can only be reached by lines of very steep grade or
very abrupt curvature. The American Locomotive can penetrate into
the most retired valleys of Switzerland, and bring forth the products
of their industry.  Wherever men can go to cultivate the earth with
profit, there the locomotive can follow to take away the produce of
their soil. In fact, the engines daily running onl this road, and drawing after them regular trains of forty or fifty tons of freight and passengers up grades rising at the rate of 296 feet per mile, and swinging
their trains of eight-wheel cars around curves of less than 300 feet
radii, are capable of carrying the artillery and supplies of an army up
the steepest slopes of the present road over the Simplon, and offering
facilities to an invader that would have been deemed impossible a very
short time ago.
"This road was opened to the public in the spring of 1854, and it
has now, in the autumn of 1857, been in constant use for a period of
more than three and a half years. In all that time the admirable elngines relied on to perform the extraordinary duties imposed upon them
in the passage of this summit, have failed butt ounce to make their regu lar passage.
"The locomotives for this severe duty were designed and constructed
by the firm of MI. W. Baldwin and Company, of Philadelphia.  The
slight modifications introduced at the instance of the writer, to adapt
them better to the particular service to be performed in crossing the
Blue Ridge, did not touch the workiing proportions or principles of the
engines, the merits of which are due to the patentee, M. W. Baldwin,
Esq.  During the severe winter of 1855-56, when the travel upon all
the Railways of Virginia, and the Northern and Western States, was
interrupted, and on many lines for days in succession, the engines upon
this mountain track, with the exception of the single day already spe cified, moved regularly forward and did their appointed work.  In fact,
during the space of three and a half years that the road has been in
use, they have only failed to take the mail through in a single instance,
when the train was caught in a snow-drift near the sumnmit of the moun tain.
"These results are due, in a great degree, certainly, to the admir  able adaptation of the eng,ines employed to the service to be  per  formed;     -'  *  the difficulties overcome in the location and work
308 
LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.
ing of the line, very much exceed those which have made the Austrian
road over the Soemmering famous throughout Europe, while they have
confirmed the claim of the American Locomotive, in climbing steep
grades, to unrivaled pre-eminence."
The present extent of the works of M. W. Baldwin & Co.,
will be best illustrated by  the following items of materials  consumed during the year 1857, viz.:
Bar Iron.....................1,294,257 pounds.  Sheet Copper.................103,692 pounds.
Bo)iler andl Flue Iron......646,177 " Ingot Copper..................55,492
Sheet Iron......................5,831  "  Banca Tin......................14,536 
Tire Iron......................292,235  "  Springs and Steel...........114,868 "
Pig Iron................ 1,901,536  Anthracite Coal................2,000 tons.
Axles and Forgings.......315,9S1 " Bituminous Coal............25,300 bushels.
Value $223,766 69.
Iron Flues...................... value $17,027 Lumber.................................value $9,017
Files and Hardware........................ 11,745 Oil, Paints, Glass, &c......................... 7,322
In addition to the above, Sheet Brass, Spelter, Charcoal,Belts,
HIose, Locomotive Lamps, Steam Gauges, Moulding Sand, FireBrick, Clay, Boiler Rivets, &c., &c., were purchased to the amount
of $30,000. Over 600 hands were employed, producing machinery
equal to seventy-two Locomotive Engines, during the year.
THIE NORRIS LOCOMOTIVE WORKS.
The -or's Locomotive Words originated in 1834, in a small
shop, employing but six men, whose united wages was but thirtysix dollars per week. The power was furnished from an adjoining
wheelwright shop, by a connecting shaft through a hole in the
wall.  Previous to this, in 1831, Mr. Wm. Norris, in connection
with Colonel Stephen H. Long, General Parker, George D. Wetherell, and Dr. Richard Harlan, had formed a company for building " Locomotors," (as they were then called.) intended for the
use of Anthracite coal as fuel. The first Engine was built under
the immediate supervision of Colonel Long, at the Phcenix Foundry, Kensington. On the 4th of July, 1832, steam was raised,
ind it was tested on the New Castle and Frenchtown Rail-road.
ilie trial proved their first attempt a failure, in consequence of
the limited grate and fire surface.  The Locomotive would run a
mile at fair speed; but would then stop short, until a fresh supply
of steam was generated.
At these works it is said an Engine was first constructed, capal)le of ascending heavy grades with loaded cars.  This feat was
25
309 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
performed by the "George Washington," in 1836. This success
excited attention everywhere to the superiority of Philadelphia Locomotives, and orders from Europe were received. In
1837, the Gloucester and Birmingham Railway, England, was
supplied with seventeen Locomotives from these works, some of
which are still in use.
The present works are very extensive, embracing numerous
buildings situated on Hamilton, Fairview, Morris, and Seventeenth streets, on the locality formerly known as Bush Hill.  In
the year 1853 over one thousand hands were employed in them;
and with the improvements in buildings, tools, &c., made since
1853, they can now accommodate over fifteen hundred hands.
There are several leading principles observed in the administration of these works, which appear calculated to insure their
highest efficiency, and the best quality in their productions. One
is the manufacture, upon the spot, not only of the Engines, but as
far as possible, of the materials also of which they are composed.
All the forged work-Tires, Tubes, Springs, Brass and Iron Castings, Chilled Wheels, and other parts, are here made in the best
manner, and with the aid of every fixture to be found in establishments supplying separately each of these items. Another
is the greatest possible substitution of machinery for manual labor.
The tools are adapted, in a special manner, to the execution of
each portion of the work; and each class of tools is specially appropriated to distinct portions of the work. Another is the entire independence of the different departments of the works from
each other.  HIardly any two distinct branches of labor are carried on together in the same apartment; but, at the same time,
there is the utmost facility for all necessary communication between the separate departments. In the materials used for the
Engines, wrought iron is used wherever practicable, and to the
exclusion of cast iron.  Hammered charcoal iron is used for the
boilers; thick brazier's copper is used exclusively for the tubes;
and tough scrap is used for all important forgings.
Up to the present period nine hundred and thirty-seven Locomotives have been constructed at the Norris Works; the average
for the last ten years being about forty Locomotives per year.
Of this number, one hundred and fifty-six were on foreign ac
310 
CARS AND CAR WHEELS.
count, having been shipped to England, France, Austria, Prussia,
Italy, South America, Cuba, &c.
The cost of a Locomotive, complete, varies between $6,000 and
$12,000, although the price is somewhat confused, from the practice of taking stock or bonds of a road in total or part payment,
and often at some nominal price, without reference to their real
value. The weight of a large first-class Locomotive, whether for
freight or passengers, reaches as high as from twenty to thirty tons,
exclusive of the tender.   It is expedient in practice to use large
Locomotives and haul heavy trains, in preference to the reverse,
as the expense of attendance, and, to a certain extent, of repairs,
is no greater for a large than for a small engine.
The workmen employed in the Locomotive establishments of
Philadelphia are a very superior order of mechanics, of whom the
citizens of Philadelphia may justly be proud.   The greatness of
their mechanical creation is, in some respects, a prototype of
their physical and mental characteristics.
CARS are made in Philadelphia at two establishments, which in
excellence of production, if not in extent, rank among the first in
the country.  The Philadelphia builders have constructed Cars
for more than fifty of the Rail-roads in the United States; and
for beauty of finish, thorough workmanship, strength, and durability, their Cars have no superiors. Nearly all the Passenger
and Freight Cars of the Pennsylvania Central, and all for the
North Pennsylvania Rail-road were built by them, as well as large
numbers for Rail-roads in the Southern and Western States, and
in Cuba and the British Provinces.
The locality is one of the best for this manufacture in the
country; for, connected as Philadelphia is by Rail-roads with
every part of the United States, and being on tide-water, builders have every facility for convenient and cheap transportation
to any part of the world; and, with iron and coal-the two heaviest items in their business-cheaper here than in any other shipping port in the Union, they necessarily possess unrivaled advantages for manufacturing Cars with the greatest economy.
For the manufacture of CAR WHEELs, A. WHITNEY  & SONS
have an immense establishment, the buildings of which cover 8,000
811 
312     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
square feet of ground.  The moulding room is four hundred feet
by sixty feet-probably the largest in this country; having two
Railways extending its entire length, on which carriage Cranes
are propelled, and used for removing the molten iron fiom the
furnaces to the moulds, and the wheels from the moulds to the
cooling pits.  There are five large furnaces in all-three of which
communicate by tubes with an immense caldron for containing
melted iron.  There are thirty-six cooling pits, having a capacity
for holding at a time two hundred and fifty wheels.
The wheels are taken from the moulds as soon after they are
cast as they can bear moving, without changing their form, and
before they have become strained while cooling.  In this state
they are put into a circular furnace or chamber, which has been
previously heated to a temperature about as high as that of the
wheels when taken from the mould; as soon as they are deposited
in this furnace or chamber, the opening through which they are
passed is covered, and the temperature of the furnace and its
contents is gradually raised to a point a little below that at which
fusion commences. All the avenues to and from the interior of
the furnace are then closed, and the whole mass is left to cool
gradually, as the heat permeates through the exterior wall, which
is composed of fire-brick four and a half inches thick, inclosed in
a circular case of sheet iron, one eighth inch thick.
By this process the wheel is raised to one temperature throughout before it begins to cool in the furnace; and, as the heat can
only pass off through the medium of the wall, all parts of each
wheel cool and contract simultaneously.  The time required to
cool a furnace full of wheels is about four days; and thus, in this
manner, wheels of any form, and of almost any proportions, can be
made with a solid nave.
The wheels while hot are then removed from the pits, and the
centre part is placed in a hole communicating by means of a flue
with a chimney one hundred and twenty feet high, and the edge is
packed round with sand.  A draught is thus created, which cools
the mass of iron near the centre of the wheel, and in some measure
prevents it from contracting unequally during the operation.
These works were established in 1847, and since that period
they have turned out 164,000 wheels. 
AXLES, SPRINGS, AND TURN-TABLES.
The manufacture of the minor parts of Railway Machinery
constitutes in the aggregate an important business, but it is car ried on usually in combination with other machinery.
CAR AXLES are made at several establishments, but principally
at the Pencoyd Rolling Mill, of which A. & P. ROBERTS are proprietors.  These works are almost exclusively engaged in the
manufacture of both Rolled and Hammered Car and Locomotive
Axles.  Their products are in use on most of the leading Railroads of the United States, Canada, Cuba, and South America,
and deservedly enjoy a high reputation for quality and finish.
Since they have been in operation, until January 1, 1858, they
produced 12,982 IHammered  Car  and Locomotive Axles,  and
16,410 Rolled Car Axles, of various diameters and lengths.
Their Axles are all stamped in the "centre" with the name of
the works, year and day of month on which made, and are all
centered ready for the lathe before leaving the works.
They have three Heating Furnaces, and one Trip and one
Steam Hammer, and one train of Rollers; and employ, when in
full operation, about seventy-five hands.
CAR SPRINGS, of every description, are made in the city; and
large quantities, of sizes and patterns most in demand, are usually
stored in anticipation of orders.  The best of material and work
are availed of, and much pains are taken to secure the best form
and construction of every detail appertaining to the business.
About four hundred tons of Springs are manufactured annually
in a single establishment.
Railway Turning and Sliding Tables and Pivot Bridges are
made upon a new and economical plan, and of any required
length.   Messrs. WILLIAM SELLERS & Co., who, by the engineering ability they have displayed, are entitled to a rank among the
most eminent of European and American Engineers, make a
Turn-Table of peculiar construction-the largest size being fiftyfour feet in diameter.  It consists of a quadrangular centre-piece
or box, upon which the arms for carrying the rails are keyed in a
verv substantial manner. At the outer end of the arms are placed
two cross-girths, carrying four truck wheels, which are intended
to take the weight when the load is going on or off.  The centre
rests upon Parry's Patent Anti-Frictioin Box; and the power of
25*
313 
PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
one man is sufficient to turn the table and its load, easily, without
the intervention of aly gearintg.  They are so constructed, that
water in the pit, within eighteen inches of the top of the rail on
the road, will not impair their efficiency or durability.
Lalp-welded Boiler Flues, for Locomotives and other Engines,
are made by MAIessrs. MORRIS, TASKER & Co., and of various sizes,
from one and a quarter to eight inches, outside diameter, cut to a
specific length. The reputation of this firm will be esteemed, by
those who know them, as a guarantee for the excellence of every
article they produce.
Car and Locomotive Lamps are made in several establishments; and Mr. H. W. HOOK, to whom we referred in connection
with type-metal, makes a very superior Anti-Friction letal for
bearings, which is apparently indestructible.
3. MACIIINE  TOOLS.
The excellence of the Machine Tools, made in Philadelphia,
was referred to at some length in our Introductory, as contributing to the manufacturing advantages of this city.  Since those
remarks were written, a gentleman, who has a practical and technical acquaintance with the subject, has testified that Philadelphia
Tools unquestionably surpass those made elsewhere in this cotuntry, in strength, proportion, and workmanship, and assignls practical, satisfactory, and technical reasons for this superiority. Their
strength, he says, is insured both by the amount and quality of
their material.   Machine Tools require great solidity of partsmuch inertia, to prevent injurious vibration under work-any jar
being incompatible with accurate work, besides injuring the tool
itself. The Beds and other important parts of the Tools, made
by Bement & Dougherty, and by Wtn. Sellers & Co., average
nearly or quite double the weight allowed by other American
builders.   The distribution of cast iron is extremely stiff.  The
iron itself is selected from the best qualities known in the maiifacture; very little used in Philadelphia Tools having a tensile
strength of less than 22,000 pounds, while much of it stands
28,000 pounds per square inch.  The Castings, especially, are of
a quality peculiar to this city, being of singular perfection.   Tlhe
lathe-spindles are made of cast steel, hammered to shape in Slicf
,114 
MACTHINE  TOOLS.
field, and costing no less than sixteen cents per pound.  The
Boxes are of gun-brass, nine parts copper to one of tin, a most
expensive  combination, worth forty-four cents a pound.   The
AW-rought-ironl work is made  from best Pennsylvania Charcoal
Iron, or other equally good bar; and all parts which can be properly so treated are carefully case-hardened.
The strength and quality of material are applied to the best
advantage through good proportion.   In this point, the Tools
under notice have everywhere met the highest approval.  The
excellent distribution of metal relieves the castings from any appearance of clumsiness.   The bearings are of ample sizes, the
conie-pulleys of such width as will bear a belt equal in power to
the strength of the machine; and the gearing, screws, and all
other parts, are in corresponding proportion.
While the finish of Philadelphia Tools, though chaste, is severely plain, the entire workmanship is of the best character. All
parts are made to standard gauges, whereby each will fit its
corresponding parts in a hundred tools. The wearing surfaces are
scraped together,-a slow and patient process, which insures the
highest accuracy of fit,-absolute contact at every poinlt.  The
bolt-holes are all reamed and the bolts turned and( driven home.
The gearing is cut to a perfect form of tooth in each case.   The
screw-cutting cannot be surpassed.
A Lathe or Planing Machine, made with such care and accuracy, will accomplish double the work of a tool of ordinary coinstruction, of the same nominal capacity.  This has been fully
proved in the various manufactories and rail-road shops where
both have been tested in comparison with each other.  The Philadelphia Car Wheel Works has lathes which can turn regularly
ten ordinary axles in a day of teii hours.   The same Works has
Boring Mlills, in which seventy car wheels can be bored and
squared up in the same time.   The Pencoyd Works has Lathes
which, by doinug double the work of ordinary Lathes formerly used,
lhave saved in attendance, in one year, the extra amount of their
first cost. The Camden and Amboy Company has a Lathe at
Blordentown, which has turned off four flanged locomotive-tires
in six and a half hours!  Commercially, a tool that will "stand
up) to the work," in this manner, is worth more than double the
315 
316      PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
price of an ordinary machine of the same nominal capacity, for it
does double the work with the same attendance,-saving hands
and shop room,-while the work is also much better done. This
saving and advantage are so great that the leading rail-roads,
when securing new equipments, cannot hesitate in their selection
of Tools. The Pennsylvania, the Camden and Amboy, Virginia
Central, North Carolina, Georgia Central, Memphis and Charleston, and many others, have stocked their shops chiefly with Philadelphia Tools. The United States Government has purchased,
and is still purchasing them for the Navy Yards; and large quantities have been furnished the Russian government.
The two principal Machine Tool-making firms in Philadelphia
are WILLIAm[ SELLERS & CO., and BEMENT & DOUGHERTY.   They
employ about three hundred hands, and turn out an average annual product of $350,000.  Both of these firms have produced
machines that may fairly be regarded as mechanical triumphs;
and have given a permanent reputation to the manufacture which
will make Philadelphia, if not already fairly entitled to be so
called, the great seat of this business in the United States.
4. STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES.
Steam Engines are a leading article of manufacture in nearly
all the machine shops of Philadelphia.  There are more than a
dozen establishments in the city, provided with facilities for constructiing any size or description of Stationary and Portable
Engines; but there are none in which the Steam  Engine is an
exclusive article of manufacture, or none which keep a large stock
of finished Engines constantly on hand.   The necessity for anticipating orders has not hitherto been felt by the makers, their
facilities being such as enable them to meet the demand, as it
arises, with sufficient expedition.
Within the last few years the attention of ingenious men in
this, as well as in other places, has been directed largely to simpl)ifyiing the Steam  Engine, removing  all  essentially unnecessary parts, cheapening its price, and diminishing its size. At
least one firm in Philadelphia has been remarkably successful in
all these points, and now construct a Portable Engine, with a
vertical cylinder, peculiarly adapted for confined situations 
STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES.
Messrs. LIST & DAVIS, of West Philadelphia, the firm referred
to, are now constructing a Ten-horse power Engine for a Pill
Manufacturer, that will not occupy more space than six feet square.
The water, before entering the boiler, passes through heated
tubes, and consequently no cold water is at any time admitted into
the boiler.  The cost of an Engine and boiler of this description,
of ten-horse power, will not exceed $1,050.
One Engine builder and machinist, Mr. A. L. ARCHAMBAULT,
devotes a large part of his attention to the manufacture of a peculiar Portable Stean  Ihoisting and  Pumping Engine.   This
MIachine requires but one man to keep up steam and attend to
the brakes; and by its aid pig iron can be discharged from a vessel
at the rate of twenty-five tons per hour, and still more expeditiously
if it can be got ready.  This Engine is also arranged for driving
Portable Saw Mills; and wherever it has been tested, it has excited attention, given entire satisfaction, and elicited much commendation. First premiums have been awarded the manufacturer,
on several occasions, by the Franklin Institute, and by Agricultural Societies in various States; and there is no doubt whatever
that both labor and time can be greatly economized in Hoisting,
Pumping, &C., by the use of Archambault's Portable Engine.
Mr. JOHN L. KITE also makes Portable Engines for Plantations, Hoisting, Pile-driving, &c
Propeller Engines are a leading article of manufacture in the
great establishment of REANEY, NEAFIE & Co., who have built
and put in successful operation a greater number than any other
firm in the United States.  For the last fourteen years they have
made this subject almost their entire study; and, with an experience derived from having built over two hundred Engines of this
class, may be not inaptly called "the Propeller builders." It
would be tedious to name a fractional part of the vessels constructed by them; but the "Pampero," whose stanchness deserved a better service than her Cuban expedition, the "Granite
State," "Martin White," "Mount Vernon," the "Baltimore,"
"J. IK. Hlammitt," "Lancaster," and others, are worthy and
lasting monuments to the fame of their eminent builders.*
The firm of Reaney, Neafie & Co., is composed of Thomas Reaney,
Jacolb;. Neafie, and John P. Levy.  Both Mr. Reaney and MAi. Neafie have
317 
318      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Messrs.  Rseaney, Neafie &  Co. are also proprietors of  the
patent right for the " Curved Propeller," which has attained
deserved popularity; and the demand for their peculiar wheel
has been so great from the Canadas and on the Lakes, that
they have found it necessary to connect themselves with several
extensive establishments on the Lakes. They are now building
the engines for the Government sloop "Lancaster."
Quite recently, as we have elsewhere stated, this firm constructed several Steam Fire Engines,  which have operated so
successfully as to revolutionize popular opinion with respect to
the availibility of steam for extinguishing fires.
The building of Hand Fire Engines is inseparably associated
with the name of one Philadelphia maker-JOHiiN AGNEW. lie
has been engaged in the business for thirty-five years, and has
constructed, up to the present time, 606 Fire Engines.   Several
of his Engines are in service in New York, three in California, a
half dozen in Cuba and the other West India Islands. He employs generally about thirty-four hands. The average cost of a
Fire Engine, finished in ordinary style, is $1500.
5. MILL GEARING AND SHAFTING.
The manufacture of Gearing, Shafting, Couplings, &c., ordinarily constitutes a branch of the general Machine Business, but
about eleven years ago it was taken up as a specialty by Messrs.
Bancroft & Sellers, then located in the District of Kensington,
and has been continued by them and their successors, Messrs.
had a long and practical experience in machine shops-the former having served his apprenticeship with Mr. Holloway, the first Marine Engine builder in Philadelphia; while Captain Levy, the financial partner, is
a practical seaman and shipwright, possessing a familiar knowledge of the
hulls, rigging, and engines of steamers. The result of this union is, that
the firm are prepared to build any description of steam vessel outright, and
owners have but one contract to make, and that with very responsible parties.
In the construction of iron boats of all classes, both side-wheels and propellers, this firm do a large business, having at least two on their stocks at all
times. The also make all kinds of engines and boilers, high and low-pressure, heavy and light forgings, and iron and brass castings of all sizes and
patterns. Having made it a rule to preserve all patterns, their stock at
present is very large. 
PAPERMAKERS' MACHINERY, ETC.
W-NI. SELLERS & CO., to whom we have already referred more
than once, and who have now probably a larger assortment of
modern patterns than any other house in the country.   The jour nals or bearings on which the shafting runs, was one of the first
points to which they directed their attention; and  the article
manufactured by them, and known as the Ball-and-Socket Hanger,
has attained an enviable reputation.  Since the introduction of
the Hanger, and their method of connecting gear-wheels, the attention of this firm has been chiefly directed to improving the
methlod of Coupling the Shafts together, so as to render them perfectly firm and rigid whilst at work, and at the same time to allow
of detaching, at any particular point, without driving out keys or
using  sledges or screw-presses, as heretofore necessary.  This
object they have at last accomplished by means of their Doublecone Adjustable Couplings, which can be released from the shaft
by slaclkening two small nuts; the whole coupling being smaller and
less expensive than any other in common use.
The thorough system introduced into this branch of business,
enables these manufacturers to employ the same patterns in a
great variety of ways, and to provide special tools particularly
adapted to the work, thereby decreasing the cost to consumers,
who, to a great extent, are the machinists themselves in various
parts of the country.
6. PAPER-MAKERS', PRINTERS', AND BOOKBINDERS'
MACHINERY.
Philadelphia now contains one of the most complete establishments in the Union for making Paper Machinery, being provided
with facilities for equipping at least twenty-five Paper Mills annually.  The proprietor, Mr. NELSON GAVIT, is well known as an
ingenious mnechanic, and has been very successful in turning out
good machines, both of the ordinary cylinder and the celebrated
Fourdrinier machine, which cost the Messrs. Fonrdrinrier $300,000
to invent, and caused their bankruptcy.   The cost of one of these
machines is now from $3,400 to $6,000, and of a cylinder machine
from $1,800 to $3,400.  One peculiarity noticeable in the machiniery of this establishment is, that the shafting, of which there
is 500 feet, turns upon glass journals inserted in the ordinary
319 
300      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
cast iron box, thereby avoiding a great deal of friction, and runs
with much less noise, and requires oil only once, say, in two
months. About sixty-five hands are constantly employed.
Bookbinders' Machines are made in part at a number of establisliments, but particularly and largely at the shop of Mr. H. Howard, and Nlr MA. Riehl, who have been in operation about four years
and have turned out a large quantity of very superior Machines,
which have been shipped to all parts of this country and to Cuba.
While making  all kinds of Machines desired and ordered by
Bookbinders, this firm is exceptional, inasmuch  as they control
and are sole manufacturers of a great number of superior patented
machines.   MIr. 1MICHAELRIEIIL is well known to the trade as an
inventor, extremely successful in originating practical and valuable
improvements. His patented Book-cutting Machine is in use in
the principal binderies in Philadelphia, New York, and Boston,
and in the Government Book Binderies in Washington. The
motion of the knife is a diagonal forward one, which "draws"
less and does more execution with less power, than any other
similar machine, while the knife will preserve its temper and edge
for a longer time.   Riehl's Patent Cutter is adapted for either
hand or steam power, and the price ranges from $150 to $600,
according to size. Mr. Howard also makes Riehl's improved
~mbossing and Mfashing Mlachines, weight 3,800 lbs., price $600,
his Imnproved Stamnping Press, $150, a Paper-cutting Machine
for Printers, price $150, and a variety of other similar machinery.
Bookbinders and Printers throughout the country, we think,
would consult their interests by communicating with an establislhment that is fully equipped and prepared to supply them with
improved machinery on the most favorable terms.
The manufacture of Printing Presses is limited, we believe, to
the well-known Ramage Press, made  by Mr. Bronstrup, and to
Dow & Co.'s Card and Job Press, which is said to possess great
mierit. The large Power Presses, most popular, are generally
patented, and  made  in other cities.   But minor  articles for
Printers' use are  made here  largely;  as Printers' Furniture,
Chases, Rollers, made by Mr. Cosfeldt and others, and Brass
Galleys, Rules, Stereotype Blocks, and Rules cut to Pica emos, 
GAS AND WATER APPARATUS.
ovith various faces, made by L. JOHNSON & CO., who furnish
Printers' supplies generally.
Lithographic Ruling Machines, equal to the imported, are
manufactured by Mr. Saxe; and Lithographic and Copper Plate
Presses, Geometric Lathes, Hydraulic and Transfer Presses, and
Engravers' Machines and Tools generally,by GEORGE C.IIOWARD,*
and several others.
7. GAS AND WATER APPARATUS.
Philadelphia, it is generally known, is the chief seat of Gasmakinig  Machinery in the United States.  Nearly all the princip)al Gas Works, particularly in the South and West, besides
Brooklyn, Buffalo, Newport, and New Bedford, were constructed
or enlarged by Philadelphia machinists; and larger Gas Castings
have been executed in foundries in this city than in any other
place-the  Gasholder fiame of the Philadelphia Works,  made
by Merrick & Sons, being, it is said, the largest in the world.
The eminence that has been attained in this branch is, no doubt,
due largely to two circumstances: first, the advantages of Philadelphia for executing heavy castings economically, because of the
abundance and cheapness of Coal and Iron; and secondly, because there are establishments in this city better provided with
patterns, tools, and facilities specially adapted for the manufacture of Gas Apparatus than any others in the United States.
Some branches of the manufacture, which are now of great importance, had their origin here; as, for instance, the manufacture
of Ttr'ought Iron Tubes and Fitti?igs, first undertaken in 1836 by
Morris, Tasker & Morris, the predecessors of the present firm
of MoRRIS, TASKER & Co., who are undoubtedly the leading
* Mr. GEORGE C. HOWARD) ranks among the most ingenious, reliable, and
honorable of Philadelphia machinists.   For some years he has made all the
Boonet and Ilat Pressing Machines used in Philadelphia.  His establishment
is well-provided with tools and facilities for constructing any machinery of
moderate size, including Machinists' Tools, Stationary Engines, Millwright
Work, &c.; and his reputation is a guarantee that whatever he undertakes
to do will be well done.
Mr. Howard is known as the inventor's friend; he having been of peculiar
and essential service to inventors in making their drawings, patterns, &C.,
and adapting their ideas to practical results.
26
821 
PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
manufacturers in this country of these articles and Gas Fitters'
Tools, while they make  also Cast-iron Gas  Pipes,  Gas-works
Castings, Retorts, etc. Since this house commenced the manufacture of Tubes, to the expiration of the first quarter of the present
year, they made 30,788,000 feet of Tubes-the smallest amount
made in any one year being 60,000 feet, in 1836; and the largest,
3,647,273 feet, in 1855.*
Gas Pi)es are also made at another establishment in Philadel
* The house of MORRIS, TASKER & Co. was founded in 1821, by Stephen
P. Morris, who commenced the manufacture of Coal Grates, Stoves, and
Smith-work in general, at the corner of Market and Schuylkill Seventh sts.,
Philadelphia. In 1828 he removed to the corner of Walnut and Third sts.,
where a foundry was put in operation, and the business greatly extended.
Not long afterward he was joined by Henry Morris anid Thomas T. Tasker,
under the firm style of Morris, Tasker & Morris.  In 1836 they commenced
the erection of their present works, known as the "Pascal Iron Works," on
South Fifth and Franklin sts., and also commenced the manufacture of
Wrought-iron Tubes and Fittings for gas, steam, and water, being, as we
stated above, the first of the kind in this country.  Subsequently, they
added to these the manufacture of Cast-iron Gas and Water Mains, Lapwelded Flues for Boilers, Gas and Steam-fitters' Tools, &c. On the 1st of
January, 18S56, the firm style of Morris, Tasker & Morris, was changed to
Morris, Tasker & Co., and is now composed of Stephen Morris, Thomas T.
Tasker, Jr., Charles Wheeler, Jr., and Stephen P. M. Tasker. In their works,
which have been extended by additions until they cover an area of nearly
four acres, about 400 men are usually employed, and over 6,000 tons of
Anthracite coal alone annually consumed. The tools used, as well as those
made, are subjects of wonder and admiration; and the machinery, as may
be supposed, is of the most perfect description.  Water is furnished for the
boilers of the five steam engines from two Artesian wells; and by means
of hose and pipes, communicating with tanks, it is conveyed to every roomn
for immediate use in case of fire.  A portion of the iron for the tubes and
flues made by this firm is prepared in a mill of their own near Fairmount,
and all the pipes are tested by an hydraulic pressure of at least 300 lbs. to
the square inch.
Messrs. MAlorris, Tasker & Co. are also extensively engaged in the manlu facture of Apparatus for warmning public and private buildings, both by hot
water and by steam.  One of the partners, MAr. Tasker, is the inventor of a
Self-regulating Hot-water Furnace, by which the temperature in a house
can be maintained at any required point for an indefinite period of time,
without further attention than an occasional supply of coal.  The Commit tee on Science and the Arts, constituted by the Franklin Institute, have
,OD 2 2 
GAS AND WATER APPARATUS.
phia, viz.: at the Girard Tube Works, of which MURPHY & ALLISON are the proprietors.
Gas ileters are made by five firms or persons in Philadelphia;
the principal manufacturers, however, being CODE, HOPPER & Co.,
who claim the credit of having been the first to introduce into
this country the manufacture of this very ingenious instrument.
This house is the oldest and most extensive in the United States,
having made, up to the present time, over one hundred thousand
Gas  MIeters, wet and dry.  They employ constantly more than
one hundred persons directly in their manufactory, besides a large
number indirectly outside  their walls.   In addition  to every
variety of Gas Meters, they make all kinds of Gas Apparatus,
such as Photometers, Minute Clocks, Pressure Registers, Indicators
and Gauges, Exhausters, Governors, Meter Provers, Centre Seals,
&c., &c.  Every part of the meter is made on the premises; to
which is attached a foundry, with steam power and the most approved and perfect machinery,
Portable Gas Works for generating Gas from resin or oil are a
comparatively recent invention; but the manufacture is increasing
in importance. The apparatus of Messrs. Stratton & Brother
is said to be capable of making 100 cubic feet of Gas per hour
from resin: one pound of resin making nine cubic feet of Gas, and
one burner consuming two cubic feet per hour. One and a half
bushels of Anthracite coal will supply the requisite heat, it is
said, to make 500 cubic feet of Gas.
In the manufacture of Water Works Apparatus, Philadelphia
firms have been as successful as in Gas-making Machinery. A
number of Cornish Pumping Engines, of the largest size, have
been constructed by I. P. Morris & Co., but we shall defer a
mention of these until we speak of Heavy Machinery.
reported at length upon its peculiarities, and state that it is free from any of
the disadvantages to which Hot-air Furnaces ordinarily are subject.
Within the last few years they have also introduced Galvanized Iron Pipe
for water, as a substitute for Lead Pipe, over which it possesses many advantages-such as strength, durability, and economy, and is rapidly coming
into use.
This firm has contributed materially to advancing the good name as well
as fame of Philadelphia Iron Workers throughout the Union.
323 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
The minor articles for Gas Works, as Stop-cocks, Valves, Drip
Pumps, &c., are made at several establishments; and also Cocks,
Fire Plugs, &c., for Water Works, Yalves and Pipes for Tanks
at Rail-road Stations, and a great variety of articles included in
the term Water Apparatus.
So much for Special Machinery. If we were to elaborate the
subject, and, besides referring to the special classes of machinery
which are represented by special establishments, we were to enumerate also the articles which are made prominent and leading
by certain general machinists, our task would be far from coml)lete. Fan Blowers are a leading article of manufacture in two
establishments, that of KISTERBOCK & SON, who announce Dempfel's Fan, and of MANOAR  ALDEN, who, for more than thirty
years, has been engaged in business as general Machinist. The
Blower of which Mr. Alden is inventor (it has been established
by repeated tests, as we are informed) will produce a stronger
blast, with less power, and less noise, and less liability to derangement than those of any other construction. His Blowers are
now in use in nearly all the large foundries, machine shops, and
iron.working establishments in Philadelphia. Mr. Alden, during
the last year, has also made for the inventor, Mr. Ager, several
Rice-cleaning Machines, which, it is supposed,  are superior to
any others ever constructed for the purposes of cleaning rice perfectly without damage to the kernel.   3liait Machinery is a leading article of manufacture with the firm of MORGAN, ORR  & Co.,
who supplied with machinery the Branch Mint in California, and
also a Mint for the Peruvian Government. They have all the
requisite patterns, tools, etc., for doing this kind of work successfully, and are noted for their fidelity in executing orders.
They employ on an average seventy-five hands.  Jining MIachinery
is made at several establishments, but at one, of which THOMAS
J. CHIUBB is proprietor, it is a leading article.   Chubb's Patent
Pneumatic Ore Separators, Crushers, Drying Cylinders, Sifting
Machines, Elevators, etc., it is expected, will supersede all machinery now in use for the same purposes; and, if so, its manufacture would engross the capacity of all the machine-shops at present in Philadelphia.   Bakehouse Machinery is made principally
324 
CURIOUS MACHIIINES.
byV R. J. HOLLINGSWORTH, who has patterns for crackler-making
by hand, which, it is supposed, are not possessed by any one else
in the United States.  Brick Machines constitute the exclusive
business of two shops; and Braid, Cord, and Whip-plaiting Ma chines are made at the establishments of P. GOSFELDT and
CHARLES DIEDRICHS. The first-named has had thirty-three years'
experience in the manufacture of these curious machines. JAMES
FLINN & CO., in connection with Agricultural Implements, make
Wood-boring, Chamfering, and Wooden Pin Machines, of which
they are said to be sole manufacturers. At the present time,
MIessrs. IIUNSWORTH, EAKINS &  CO. are making what it is believed will prove to be a very successful machine for driving
Steamn Plows. But these establishments, and the others that we
have noticed, with but few exceptions, are provided with facilities
for constructing a great variety of machinery other than that we
have designated; and therefore they are properly classified among
the shops for the manufacture of General Machinery.
We had hoped to conclude this chapter with a list of all the
Machines which have  been constructed  in Philadelphia since
1850, and had expended considerable time and money in preparing it, with the quantities of each, when we discovered that circumstances which we could not control-principally apathy on the
part of the manufacturers-would inevitably defeat its completeness. Enough, however, was done to inform us that such a list
would prove incontestibly that the machine-shops of Philadelphia
can construct almost any machine which the genius of man has
invented or can invent.  It would contain a number of machines,
mysterious and almost awe-inspiring in the seeming intelligence,
concealed in arms of wood and fingers of steel, which directs
their automatic movements.* It would demonstrate, moreover,
a A chapter, describing the curious machines that are in operation in the
various manufacturing establishments of Philadelphia, would be one of the
most interesting we could insert, if our space were not preoccupied.  We
can only say, see the Card Clothing Machines of James Smith & Co.; the
Paper Bag Machines of the North American Paper Bag and Envelope Manufacturing Company; the Independent Straight Line, made by P. R. Receveur, and in operation in the Watch Case establishment of T. Esmonde
Ilarper; the Planing and Mloulding Machines in the Wood-working estab      26*
325 
3'26     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
that there have been constructed in Philadelphia some of the
largest Engines and Machines, as well as largest Castings, ever
made in this country.   But this point-the capability of Phila  delphia to construct Machine-work of extraordinary dimensions  can be successfully established without any very extended enu meration of particulars, and by referring to a few of the products
of only two establishments-those of I. P. MORRIs &  Co. and
MERRICK & SONS.
At the "Port Richmond Iron-Works," of which the former firm
are proprietors, were constructed the large engines of the U. S.
Mlint; the large Steam Engine of the Lake  Erie Steamer  Mlis sissippi, being a beam-engine, with a cylinder 81 inches diameter
by 12 feet stroke of piston; two Cornish Bull Pumping Engines
for Buffalo Water-Works, each having steam cylinders 50 inches
diameter by 10 feet stroke; the lever-beam Cornish Pumping En gine, steam cylinder 60 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke, at the
Schuylkill Water-Works; the Bull Cornish Pumping Engine,
cylinder 40 inches diameter, 8 feet stroke, at Camden, N. J.,
Water-Works; and the Iron Light-ilouse for Ship Shoal in the
Gulf of Mexico, to be put up on screw piles in water 15 feet deep,
and at a distance of 12 miles from land. The whole height of
this structure, from the water to the top of the spire, was 122
feet, and from water to focal plain, 1071  feet.  The structure
above the foundation to the deck, a height of 93 feet, was erected
in their yard, complete in all its parts, before shipping.   The
Blowing Machinery for the Lackawanna Coal Co. at Scranton,
probably the largest ever constructed, the dimensions of which
were given on a previous page, was built at these Works.
This firm also constructed the large Blowing Machine for the
Lehigh Crane Iron Co., a lever-beam condensing engine, having
a steam cylinder 58 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke of piston, and
a blowing cylinder 93 inches diameter, 10 feet stroke. The beam
of this engine works on a column of cast iron 30 feet high, and
the whole is set upon a heavy cast iron bed-plate. They also
lishments; the machines of Alfred Jenks & Son; the Uhlinger Machines;
the Lathes, Planers, and Borers in the establishment of I. P. Morris & Co.,
Bierrick & Sons, J. T. Sutton & Co., William Sellers & Co., and Bement and
Dougherty. 
EXTRAORDINARY MACHINES.
made the Direct-acting High-pressure Blowing Machine for Sey
fert, IeMcanus &  Co.'s furnace at Ieading, steam cylinder 40
inches diameter, blowing cylinder 102 inches diameter, both 7
feet stroke of piston.  This firm, it will be seen, have built the
largest Engines ever constructed for making Iron with A?thracite
coal; besides a large quantity of less capacity, but which rate
among first-class machines.
At the "Southwark Foundry," of which MERRICK & SONS are
proprietors, were constructed the great Iron Pile Light-Houses
illuminating the Florida coast, stationed at Sand Key, Cary's
Fort Reef, Coffin's Patches, Rebecca Shoal, N. W. Channel, Dry
Tortugas, as also those on Brandywine Shoal (Delaware Bay)
and the harbor of Chicago, besides iron lanterns for Cape Hatteras, Cape Florida, &c., and beacons for other points. The
first three are among the largest in the world, being respectively 1 20 feet, 112 feet, and 137 feet high (water to focal plane),
and 50 feet square, 50 feet diameter, 56 feet diameter at the
base respectively, and weighing from 250 to 300 tons each.
This firm made the great Gasholder frame for the Philadelphia
Works (the largest in the world), being used for a gasometer 160
feet in diameter; it weighs about one thousand tons, consisting
of twelve Gothic pentagonal iron towers, 90 feet high, braced
apart by girders 36 feet long and 8 feet deep, ornamented Gothic,
and weighing eighteen tons each in one piece.  At this shop were
made the 140 feet Gasometer and framing for the same Works.
This firm constructed almost all the machinery for the steamers
of the U. S. Navy; among which may be specified the Mississippi,
paddle, two side-lever engines of 500 horse power; Princeton,
screw, two oscillating-piston engines of 300 horse power; San
Jacinto, screw, two geared-engines of 450 horse power; Wabash,
screw, two direct-acting engines of 800 horse power.  Of these,
the former is too generally known to need any comment, and the
latter is confessedly the finest of her class in the world.  Here
also were made the boilers of the UJ. S. Steamers Susquehanna
and Saranac, 800 horse power each; the machinery for the surveying steamer Corwin; machinery and hull (iron) for the surveying steamer Search; and, for private parties, the machinery of
the Keystone State, paddle, 400 horse power, State of Georgia,
327 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
paddle, 350 horse power, Quakcer City, paddle, 450 horse power,
Phineas Sprague, screw, 250 horse power, Alfonso and Cardenas,
screws, 275 horse power each, and others.
For pumping purposes, the same firm constructed the great
iron Elevating Wheel at Chesapeake City, Md., for feeding the
canal. This wheel is 38 feet diameter, 12 feet wide, driven by
two condensing beam-engines of 200 horse power, and raising
two millions of gallons sixteen feet high every twenty-four hours.
More recently, for the Midlothian Coal Mining Company in Virginia, they made a sixty-inch beam Cornish Engine, with one
"drawing lift" and three forcing lifts, which pumps one million
of gallons in twenty-four hours from the pit, which is 770 feet
deep. Both these firms, and others, have made Sugar Machinery
for the West Indies of the largest size; but the examples enumerated demonstrate conclusively that Philadelphia has the ability
to do the HEAVIEST ENGINEERING WORK.
The machine work executed in the leading establishments of
Philadelphia, we may remark in conclusion, is distinguished by
certain characteristics, which enable a competent judge to pronounce with confidence upon the source of its production, or, in
other words, to detect a Philadelphia-made machine by the "earmarks." Excellence of material, solidity, an admirable fitting of
the joints, a just proportion and arrangement of the parts, and a
certain appearance of thoroughness and genuineness, are qualities
that pervade the machine work executed in Philadelphia, and
distinguish it from all other American-made Machinery.
We pass to the third and last division of the Manufactures of
Iron, viz., Hardware and Tools.
XXI.
Iron Manufactures Concluded-Hardware and Tools.
The term Hardware is one of those indefinite comprehensive
nouns of multitude, of which it may be said that it almost includes,
as its name imports, every ware that is hard.  Popularly, it is
understood to embrace all the unclassified manufactures of Iron
and Steel, including all the appendages of the mechanic arts,
from a file to a mill saw; many of the details of common life, from
a rat-trap to a coach-spring, articles as various in appearance.
328 
HARDWARE AND TOOLS-SAWS.
size, and uses as can well be conceived-in fact, whatever is sold
by a HIardware dealer.  In view of the almost infinite variety of
articles included in the term, almost all of which are made in
Philadelphia, the utmost that we can hope to accomplish is to
exhibit the state of the business in its leading branches, as in the
manufacture of Saws, Forks, Shovels, Files, Locks, Bolts, Rivets,
Scales and Balances, Edge Tools and Gutlery.
If we were to consider the classes of articles designated as
Hardware, in the order of their relative reputation abroad, we
would come first to SAws.  Every country merchant, as well as
every wood-worker, is familiar with the excellence of Rowland's
Saws, Cresson's Saws, Disston's Saws, and Conaway's Saws-all
Philadelphia makers. The works now known as Rowland's Saw
Works were founded by William Rowland in 1802, and are believed to be the oldest established of the kind in this country.
They have supplied, and continue to supply, a large proportion of
the large-sized Saws in use, Mill and Cross-cut, varying in length
from six to eighteen feet. About fifty hands are engaged in this
establishment, and two hundred Saws are produced daily.
The works of WALTER CRESSON are located beyond the city
limits, at Conshohocken, in Montgomery County, but the business
is transacted exclusively at the warehouse on Commerce street.*
The material employed is mostly cast-steel, manufactured in England expressly for Mr. Cresson, and rolled under his orders to
proper thickness, and cut into sheets of convenient size.  For
making Circular Saws, Mill Saws, and Cross-cut Saws, it is imported trimmed to the size and shape required. Among the productions of this establishment are a great variety of Hand Saws,
Circular Saws, Back Saws, Wood Saws, Mill and Cross-cut Saws,
Hay Knives, Loom Springs, and' other Tools. His Saws have
a The factory of Mr. Cresson was destroyed by fire on August 17th, 1854,
but was immediately rebuilt on an enlarged scale. The energy of the proprietor was peculiarly illustrated on that occasion, for even while the fire was
still burning, he rented an old foundry, fitted it up, and on the next day set
his men to work in it.  In three months the new factory was completed,
and in full operation.  The whole of the machinery of this establishment is
driven by water obtained from the Schuylkill Canal, and applied by one of
Journal's Turbine Wheels.
329 
330      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
repeatedly received the highest commendation from competent
judges for their finish and make.
The "Keystone Works," of which Mr. HENRY DISSTON is proprietor, are probably the largest of the kind in the country.
They consist of four buildings-three of them three stories high,
and cover an area of over 20,000 square feet. The Machinery is
of the most complete description, and driven by an engine of
seventy-horse power. The Saws made at this establishment comprise nearly every variety, though principally Cast-steel Circular,
Hand, and Panel Saws, all of which are tempered by Sylvester's
Patent Tenmpering Machine, and the Circular Saws are ground
by Southwell's Patent Grinding Machine. Among the novelties
produced in this establishment might be mentioned, the Patent
Combination Saw, comprising a perfect twenty-four inch square,
straight edge, twenty-four inch rule and scratch-awl, and a handsaw, with a patent attachment for gauging any required depth.
Mr. Disston employs one hundred and fifty hands.
The "Union Saw and Tool Manufactory," 402 Cherry street,
of which Mr. WM. CONAWAY is proprietor, is also a well-known
establishment, and produces, besides, all kinds of Saws, Trowels,
Curriers' Knives, Carpenters' Gauges, etc. BRINGHURST & VERREE also manufacture Saws extensively.
Besides these celebrated makers, there are five others who make
Saws to some extent, viz.: THOMAS GAMBLE,, J. HUGEL, CHAtRLES
LAME, JOSEPH NICHOLLS, and JAMES TURNER.
2. FORKS. There are four principal establishments in Philadelphia for the manufacture of Forks, viz.: SHEBLE, LAWSON &
FISHER, MYERS & ERVEIN, RIDGWAY & BUFE, and HARPER &
HOLT.  The oldest of these establishments is the one represented
by the last-named firm.  Messrs. RIDGWAY &  BRUFE have a factory at Germantown, where they also make Coffee-mills, Shutter
Bolts, &c.  Messrs. MYERS & ERVEIN commenced the manufacture of Forks in 1847. Their establishment is well equipped
with machinery, and their manufactures, which comprise all the
usual varieties of Hay and Manure Forks, including Sluice Forks,
a peculiar article for miners' use, have a good reputation. The
youngest of these establishments is that of SHEBLE, LAWSON & 
FORKS, SHOVELS, FILES.
FISIIER; but its annual production is now supposed to exceed
that of any other Fork Factory in the Union. Previous to its
establishment in 1851, the Eastern manufacturers almost monopolized the Philadelphia market; but, at the present time, city Forks
are so generally preferred, that special inducements alone can
effect a sale of Eastern, or even New York made goods. In less
than five years, the demand for Forks of this firm's manufacture so
far exceeded the ability of their works at Fairmount to supply it,
that, in 1856, they erected new and more extensive works on the
Frankford Creek. They have now five Trip Hammers, run eleven
Polishing Machines, and employ forty-five hands. Their manufactures embrace a greater variety of Forks than any similar establishment known to us iii the Union, and include every kind or
style-Hay, Manure, Spading Forks and Spading Hoes-Forks
for manufacturing purposes, as Glue, White Lead, Bone, Coke,
&c.-in a word, Forks from two to twelve tines from the solid
piece, and varying in price from $2 to $50 per dozen.   Spading
Forks and Hoes are new articles in this country; but the improvements made in them by the above firm, have brought them into
use in place of the old style Spade and Hoe for agricultural purposes.
Forks are now exported from Philadelphia to England.
3. Of Shovels and Spades there are six principal manufacturers,
having a capital invested exceeding a quarter of million of dollars,
and producing annually about  85,000 dozen of Shovels, worth,
at $6 per dozen, $510,000. The machinery employed in these
establishments is of the most perfect description, and the manufactured product is equal in quality to the best made in the country, and far better than the Shovels imported.   The raw material
is mainly American iron and steel, though a share of the English
metal is used.
4. FILES.  These articles, which are of the first importance to
all workers in metal, are made at nine establishments in this city;
and it is said another, upon a large scale, will soon go into operation.  Rasps are made here more cheaply than in Europe, except the large sizes, where the price of steel may affect the cost of
the manufactured article.  The Files made include every variety,
331 
332     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
from those used by jewelers, dentists, and watchmakers, to those
required by metal-workers in heavy operations.*
5. LocKs. It is claimed and, we believe, conceded, that the
ingenuity and enterprise of American mechanics have placed this
department in advance of the efforts of all other nations.  In the
finer and more expensive class of Locks, it has been abundantly
proved that the American production is superior to any other;
while in Locks, Latches, &c., adapted to the wants of the builder
or to commerce, the American mechanic supplies the home demnand; and, to some extent, orders from abroad.
In Philadelphia there are a large number of very ingenious Locksmiths, who provide every variety of fastening essential for the
security of dwellings, &c. The business is usually carried on in
connection with Bell-hanging, Silver Plating, &c.; but the demand for special and patented Locks furnishes occupation to
several special Lock-making establishments. One manufacturer,
Mr.  CONRAD  LEIBRICH, employs forty-five hands,  and  makes
twenty-one different Spring Locks of his own invention, besides a
great variety of Pad and Door Locks, Night Latches, &c. The
Scandinavian Padlock for stores, &c., it is claimed, is perfect
protection against burglars.   But probably the most remarkable
Lock of modern times is the Permutation Bank and Safe Lock
made by L. YALE, JR., & Co., at 248 Front Street. The manufacturer, Mr. Yale, it will be remembered, picked the "Parautoptic," or great Hobbs' Lock, which the English Locksmiths
had unsuccessfully attempted; he having previously picked most
of the celebrated Locks of the day. His Permutation Lock,
' The largest File-making establishment in the city, and we believe in
the State, is that of J. B. SMITH, on New street. The goods manufactured
by him embrace every description of Files and Rasps, from the smallest to
the largest, and from the finest to the coarsest, a large portion consisting
of kinds not generally imported. The popularity of his Shoe Rasp has induced unscrupulous persons to import from Europe a worthless imitation,
which is strong evidence of the superiority of his manufacture. These
Rasps of his manufacture are extensively used in New England, as well as
throughout the Union.  Hle is likewise manufacturing an improved description of Saw File, which is said to be of unrivaled excellence.   Mr. S. is a
practical File-maker of thirty-five years experience, and is therefore thoroughly acquainted with every department. Some of the best workmen in
the United States have graduated at this establishment. 
HIIARDWARE AND TOOLS-LOCKS.
which may now justly be regarded as more secure than any other
in the world, is distinguished by several important improvements
It is entirely without spritgs, those most fruitful sources of failure in fine locks. The tumblers, or security parts, are so placed in
the Lock that they never can be seen, or felt by any picking
tool, nor can powder ever affect them. The key is small, and caii
be conveniently carried in the wallet; yet its permutations are so
numerous, that a lifetime is not long enough to ring all its changes.
Their latest improvement is their Double Treasury Lock, in
whichl two Locks are so combined as to control the same main
bolt.  On  locking both sides, the bolt is securely locked out;
but on unlocking either side, the door can be opened.  Hence,
ill daily use, one side only is used; but, in case of losing the key,
or other accident, instead of being compelled to cut down the
door, as in ordinary cases, the reserved key, on being applied to
the other side, will open the door at once.   They offer $3,000 to
any one who can pick or force this Lock, which, for strength of
material and beauty of workmanship, is unsurpassed.   This firm
also manufacture Bank Vaults and Safes, which are worthy of
the Lock that secures them.  Constructed of hard, chilled iron,
cast around a basket-work of wrought iron rods, they are proof
a,,ainst drills, cutters, or sledge hammers, and are seemingly burglarproof.  The Treasuiry Department has adopted  their work, and
their customers are found in every State in the Union.
Excellence of workmanship, lowness of price, and adequate
security characterize the Lock Manufactures of Philadelphia.*
t The Locksmiths and Bell Hangers of Philadelphia include some of her
most ingenious mechanics.  MAir. HOClSTaASSER is called upon in all desperate cases.  Alr. P. RODGERS  has made  a beautiful, rabbeted mortice
Firont-(door Lock, which was ordered from Paris.  AMr. J. B. SIIANNON, on
Sixth street, has attained considerable distinction in this branch of business, making largely for first-class dwellings and public institutions.  He
has constructed Locks for a large number of Insane Asylums, where  they
are wanted in sets, to differ from each other, and yet to be passed by a
master key by the superintendents, watchmen, and others.  Similar Locks
are also applied to dwellings; and one member of a family may have a key
which will open atll the chambers and closets, and yet the respective keys
of the doors will not open any except the one to which it belongs.
Bells are so arranged in dwellings, by Mr. Shannon, that a person taken
sick iiav commnunicate the need of help to any other part of the house.
Invalids enr thus dispense with constanit ttcntte]ancc.
:27
333 
PHILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
6. BOLTS, NUTS, &C. The manufacture of these articles has
always constituted an item in the business of blacksmiths, machinists, and others, and large quantities continue to be made by
hand. But within a few years machinery has been brought into
requisition for the purpose, by which an article is produced in
all respects superior to the hand-made in workmanship, quality,
uniformity, and price.  There are now two very extensive establishmenits in Philadelphia for making Bolts and Nuts by machinery, viz.: HOOPES & TOWNSEND and E. & P. COLEMAN; and so
perfect are their equipments, so varied and extensive their dies,
etc., that we believe this city is now the chief seat of the manufacture in the United States. The former firm make Machinery
Bolts principally, the latter Carriage Bolts. They employ about
one hundred and seventy hands, and produce annually a value of
$175,000. In addition, large quantities of all kinds of Bolts, particularly Carriage Bolts, are made by other parties. A firm of
Bridge builders consume three hundred tons of square and rolled
Iron, and produce annually Bridge Bolts of the value of $45,000.
7. RIVETS. These articles may be said to occupy the same
relative position to iron that nails do to wood. To a person not
familiar with their uses, the quantities consumed in various constructions must seem incredible.   In the Iron Light-House made
for the Ship Shoal Reef, Florida, some six tons of Rivets were
used, all of which were furnished by the "Philadelphia Rivet
Works."  In a first-class freight engine, the boilers and fire-boxes
will use about 2,000 Rivets, weighing about 500 lbs.; and the
tender will require about 150 lbs. of Rivets of smaller diameter.
The Point Breeze Gaslolder, the largest in the world, used about
one million of Rivets-the gasometer alone having consumed
about six tons of Button-head Rivets. The principal firm in this
manufacture in Philadelphia is PHILLIPS & ALLEN, proprietors
of the "Philadelphia Rivet Works," and they can produce about
five tons of Boiler Rivets per day, and about 3,000 lbs. of smaller
sizes. *
MIessrs. PHILLIPS  & ALLEN,  we  may  remark, are fully sensible of
the very great importance of using only the best materials in the construction of Rivets, particularly Boiler Rivets. They employ the severest
tests to prove the quality of all iron used by them. The Rivet being made
334 
SCALES AND BALANCES.
8. SCALES and BALANCES.   EminenIce in the manufacture of
Scales and Balances, we are quite sensible, presupposes, in the
manufacturer, very considerable mechanical skill, fidelity in execution, and taste and accuracy in workmanship.  It is a branch,
moreover, in which Philadelphia makers hold, and have always held,
the leading position.   Some of the finest specimens of Balanees
in use, every one will admit, are the product of the establishments of F. Meyer &  Co., and their former partner and present
successor, HENRY TROEMNER. Mr. Troemner constructed all the
Balances, Wei,ghts, etc., required for the U.  S. Mint,  Custom
Houses, and Repositories, and several Scales for the Mexican
Mint.   Some of the Balances made for the Assay Office in New
York, and for the Branch Mint of San Francisco, cost as muchli
as $1,000, and one made several years ago cost $1,250. Besides
Balances like these, which must turn with the thousandth part of
a grain, Mr. Troemner constructs Patent Balances that will weigh
twelve tons.  His manufactures comprise Mint Balances, Bankers'
Scales, Jewelers', Druggists', Grocers', Confectioners' Scales, &c.
-in fact, any kind required for weighing purposes.   Nearly all
the Banks in this city, New York, and other places, have his
Scales in use.
red hot, is hammered equally when it is hot and cold; and should the quality of the iron change from fibrous to a crystalline character, the iron is
regarded as worthless, as the force of contraction upon cooling would pull
off the head of the rivet.
For Boiler Rivets this firm employ four machines, which convert the bar
iron, purposely rolled for them (heated in coke, in order not to impair its
quality) into Rivets. These machines are of their own make-and cut off
the lengths, and shape and head them at one operation. For smaller Rivets
the best charcoal iron-wire is used, as the lengths and diameters must be
exceedingly accurate. The machines are most carefully built and managed.
After the Wire Rivets are made they are annealed, which allows them to be
driven cold, or headed with ease. Their customers are the principal machine
shops in the United States, among them Messrs. I. P. Morris & Co Messrs.
S. V. Merrick & Sons, Reaney, Neafie & Co., Baldwin & Co., aind Norris, Philadelphia; Messrs. Harlan & Hollingsworth, of Wilmington, &c., &c.; and
the well-known reputation of these establishments would seem to be a sufficient guarantee for the excellence of their work.  They furnish every kind
of rivet, from eight inches long by any diameter, to the smallest wire
sizes.
335 
o-I,;).(  PtlLADELPITIA AND ITS MIANUFACTUIRES.
There are two firms engaged almost exclusively in making Platfo()r1z-Scales, viz.:-ABBOTT & Co. and A. B. DATJS & Co.   Mr'.
Thomas Ellicott, a partner in the firm of Ellicott & Abbott, of
which Abbott & Co. are successors, is accredited with the distiniction of having made the first Platform-Scale in the world.  It was
made in 1825, for the New York Coal Company, and continued in
use until 1850, when it was removed to the factory of Abbott & Co.,
where it now is.   This firm recently made a Track-Scale that will
weigh one hundred tons, entirely of iron, for the Little Schuylkill
Railroad. But the largest Scale probably ever made in the coilntry was made, not long since, by A. B. DAVIS & Co. of this city,
for the Pennsylvania PRail-road, at Columbia.   It is one hundred
and thirty-five feet in length, and will weigh two hundred tons.
Three others, constructed for the same firm by the same road, were
eighty feet each in length.  For the Mine HIill Rail-road, Messrs.
Davis & Co. constructed a Scale of one hundred and twelve feet
long,; and for the Baltimore and Wilmington, and Reading and
other Rail-roads, they have made some Scales remarkable both for
size and  accuracy.   Their  achievements  entitle them  to rank
among the leading Platform-Scale makers in this country.*
9. EDGE Toots AND CUTLERY.   For the manufacture of Edge
and Haiid Tools there are two principal establishments in this city,
and four others in the vicinity of the city whose products are sold
here exclusively.   The number of men employed is stated at one
hundred and twenty-five, and the annual product at $127,000.  The
Edge Tools made in this city are of good material, well finished,
and believed to be fully equal to any made.
The branch in which Philadelphia has attained peculiar distinctionII is the manufacture of Braces and Bitts and Carpenters' Tools.
In nearly every report of articles exhibited at fairs within the last
few years, one may find terms like the following, which is taken from
the Fralnkliii Institute Report for 1856:-"Braces and Bitts, Satw
Pads, S)ok-e Shaves, and other light tools, by BooTi  &  MILLS,
Philadelphia.   Excellent quality, good workhmans/ip, and reasonable in price.-A First Class Premniuim."
* Mr. Davis is also an inventor, having just patented a Corn Sheller, having an endless picker chain workling over an angular bar-grate. This mnachine
has been highly recommended as well adapted for the West and South, and
other corn-growing districts. 
CARPENTERS' TOOLS-RIFLES AND PISTOLS.
This firm, BOOTI & MILLS, are the successors of T. E. Wells
& Co., who received the prize medal at the London World's Fair;
and the workmanship which was awarded that high distinction over
Sheffield and Birmingham, was executed, in part at least, by the
members of the present firm.  In 1857, the American  Institute
in New York awarded them a prize medal; and it would seem
that, by the consent of experts and good judges, both in England
and in the United States, they are unsurpassed, if equaled, in the
production of these important tools.   They claim that the best or
first quality of their manufactures is both cheaper and better than
any imported.  The mode of tempering adopted by them is said to
be specially remarkable for its durability  and the stocks of their
tools are certainly noteworthy for their elegance.  Their manufactures comprise Braces and Cast-steel Bitts, Squares, Bevils, Spokeshaves, Turnscrews, Saw-pads, Pricker-pads, Cast-steel Gimlets,
&c.  They are sole manufacturers of T. E. Wells & Co.'s Braces,
Bitts, &c.; also, Patent Anti-friction Braces. They employ about
twenty hands.
Cutlery is made by several firms, and of a very excellent quality.
Gilchrist's Razors, Clarenbach & Herder's Shears and Scissors, and
Richardson's Table Cutlery, are all celebrated makes.   Cutleryis
also made by the manufacturers of Surgical Instruments, to whom
we will subsequently refer. At Beverly, N. J., there was a company
lately engaged in the manufacture of knives and forks, and their
products were sold principally in this city.
10. RIFLES and PISTOLS are made quite extensively, and in quality equal to the best in the world. The barrels are either imported or
made at Reading, and in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania-a con siderable trade being done in barrels alone.  One manufacturer
claims that he can make a Pistol for sixty dollars, that will hit a
horse at nine hundred yards.  Generals Henningsen and Walker
provided themselves with a pair each, previous to embarking on
their memorable expedition to Nicaragua. Orders are now being
executed for Rifles with solid gold and silver mountings, chased
stocks, &c., the cost to the purchasers being two hundred dollars
each. During the last year Messrs. Sharp & Co. erected a very
extensive and complete rifle factory at Fairmount, for the manufac ture of their celebrated Rifle and Pistol. ( For a description see
27*
337 
)38      PIIILADELPTIIA AND ITS MANIUFACTURES.
APPE'NDIX.) At the Arsenal at Bridesburg, under the superintendence of a very ingenious and courteous gentleman, Major Hagner, a
great variety of verv remarkable and ingenious machinery is employed in convertintg Muskets into Rifles, making Percussion-caps, &c.
I 1. WIRE WORK of all kinds, plain and fancy, particularly
JTire Sieves, }VIire Cloth, Screens, &c., is made very extensively
at about a dozen establishments.  The iron wire is principally obtained from Easton, Pa., and from Trenton, N. J., and woven, in
this city, into every article into which wire can be twisted. The
Philadelphia goods are of a most substantial character, the average quality being acknowledged by all to be superior to tihe
New England make, and command readily a higher price.*
I The first WIire-vorking establishment in this country was founded by
John Sellers, in the year 1750.  His two sons continued the business at the
corner of St. James and Sixth streets, and were so employed at the close of
the Revolution.  The house thus established is continued by SELLERS  &
BROTHERS, the great-grandsons of the original founder, and ranks among
the largest in the business in this country.  Their list of manufattures includes Wire-work for buildings; Fourdriiiier Cloths, Brass and Copper Wire
Cloth, &c., for Papey-makers; heavy Twilled Wire-work for Spark Catchers,
,ieves of all kinds, Circular and Standing Screens; in a word,  lTii-e-wor/c,
X}Jire Cloth, and Sieves, of every description.
WATSON, Cox & Co., are another prominent firm of Wire-workers.   Of
Brass Wire Cloth they make all numbers from two meshes to one hnndred
meshes to the inch; Iron woven Wire, from one mesh to sixty meshes to the
lineal inch; or in other words, Wire for Coal Screens to Wire for superfine
Flour.  They also make a very strong Wire for cleaning rice; Sieves and
Riddles of the best kind for Iron Founders; and besides, a great variety of
Plain and Fancy Work, Covered Cylinders  and Dandy  Rolls for Papermakers.  This firm is probably more extensively engaged in making Brass
Wire-work than any other.   Their manufactory occupies five rooms, in
which five Looms and ten operatives are constantly employed.
BAYLIS & DAARBY are a young firm, but composed of men who have  had
.- long experience in Wire-working in the old-established houses of this
city. Their standing among Paper-makers, for Brass and Copper Wire
Cloth, is highly spoken of; also, their unusually heavy Coal Sieves for Coal
Dealers.  Their stock of  Sieves, of Silk, Hair, Brass and Copper Wire
Cloth is of every mesh; and their heavy Founders' Sieves and Fancy Wirewolrk have been repeatedly commended.   They received the Diploma at the
Pennsylvania State Fair in 1854, and since then they have applied Woven
Wire to Plastering purposes;  the ceiling an(ld dome of the Academy of 
NAILS, R INGES, AWLS, ETC.
Besides the articles and branches of the Hardware manufacture
I have thus specially alluded to, there is an immense number of
articles made in this city, and which come within the category of
Ilardware stock.   Jroutght Nails are made largely; and Cut Nails
are produced at the Quaker City Nail Works, near Fairmnount, and
at the Cumberland Nail Works, Bridgeton, N.  J.   The latter
Company has about one hundred and twenty nail-machines in operation, capable of producing over 125,000 kegs of Nails per annum.
The supplies of this establishment are furnished from this city, and
the products disposed of in it.  Horse Ntails, chiefly for local consumption, but of superior quality, are made by four or five persons.
I'Plasterers' and Brick Trowels are made in several establishments
in this city, and these goods are sent to all parts of the United
States.   Clock and Sash WVeights employ one or two foundries.
The metal used in this manufacture is of the coarsest kind, 400 tons
hei)ig about the annual consumption.   The first Screw Auger
made in this country was made in West Philadelphia, and the manufacture is now carried on by the successors of the originator,
producing an article which is acknowledged to have no superior.
1Hammiieris of all kinds, from those used in watch-making to sledges
and trip-hammers, are made, comparing favorably in prices with
either foreign or domestic manufactures, and superior in quality and
finish. Cast Iron Butt Hiiuges are made; and the Franklin Institute has pronounced the pivot-butts of one firm equal in finish to
any American, and the principle better.  A manufactory of Strap
and Bereal Hiinges, of every size and variety, has been in operation
here for several years. Piano Forte Hardware, including gimletpointed screws, is made very extensively by one firm, established
in 1822, and said to be the oldest in the business in the United
States. They have ten machines in operation, and make eighty
gross of Screws per day.   Shoemakers' Tools are made by five or
more establishlments, who make their tools of steel, thus securing
a large sale in the Eastern markets, where  cast iron is principally employed.   Awl Blades are made in every variety by Mr.
Music being a sample of this production.  Their list of manufactures includes Wirle Railing for Cemetery lots, Piazzas, Trellis-work for vines, of
beautiful patterns; also, Wire Furniture and Iron Bedsteads.
339 
340     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Partridge, who is the son of the largest manufacturer of theso
articles in England.   He was himself formerly a manufacturer
in Birmingham, and has recently sent to  England for workmen.
To this branch belongs a great variety of similar articles, besides
binders', saddlers', printers' and shoemnakers' sewing and trenching
awls, mattress, sail and collar needles, lasting and other tacks,
&c., which are made by him.   Coffee Mills of high reputation
are made by Selsor, Cook & Co., and Ridgway & Rufe, in Ger mantown; and also Shutter Bolts, &c.  A Rotary Knife Cleaner
or Polisheris made at one establishment, and by means of it, the
labor that formerly required hours may be performed in a few
minutes.   Of small tools the variety is infinite.   Jewellers' Tools,
Rollers, &c., of the most delicate description; Oyster and Butch ers' Knives, and Garden Tools in great variety, are made by several persons; and Patent Curry-Comnbs, of iron and brass, open
back and covered; Patent Bake Pans and Meat Mauls, all of improved styles, are largely made by one manufacturer. Of Beach's
Curry-Combs it is worthy of remark that, while they are greatly
superior in durability and neatness of finish to most of the imported, they can be furnished  at considerably less cost.  Steel
Stanps, Brands, and  Punches,  Stone-cutters' Tools and Mill
Picks, Curriers' and Tanners' Knives and Tools of all kinds, Saddlers' Tools, Binders' Tools, Coopers' Tools of excellent quality,
Ice Tools, and IUmbrella-makers' Tools and Furniture, each employ one or more, and some of them several establishments.  Scates
are made of improved construction, being fastened to the foot by
springs, without straps; and it is said a Company has been organized for their more extended manufacture.   Sad Irons are a
leading article at a factory in West Philadelphia; and Hoes are
made at several establishments, and particularly at Prince's extensive Hoe factory, on the Pennepack.
In the manufacture of the miscellaneous articles which are included in the term Hardware, it will be perceived, from what we
have stated, that there are numerous establishments, and the aggregate production is very considerable; but, at the same time, there
are no very large factories.   The most extensive manufactory of
General Hardware is that of E. HALL OGDEN, on Ninth and Jefferson streets. He employs about seventy-five hands; manufactures, as 
OGDEN'S MANUFACTORY-LIGTITNING RODS.
per catalogue, nearly one hundred and fifty distinct articles, including Malleable and fine Gray Iron Castings.  His works consist
of a main building, fifty by one hundred feet, with two wings, one
forty by one hundred, and the other fifty-six by one hundred, filled
with all requisite machinery, driven by an engine of twenty-horse
power.   His manufactures are carefully made, and his Saddlery
Hardware, in particular, is noted for its excellence.
The manufacture of Hardware is a branch deserving the attention
of capitalists; for, with an abundance of skilled workmen, cheap
raw materials, and a good market, a few large establishments could
hardly fail to prove remunerative.
Iron is converted in Philadelphia into a variety of forms besides those enumerated; and if we were to venture into the departmnents of the Miscellaneous Manufactures of Iron and Steel,
our article would be indefinitely extended.   In the city of Franklin, Lightning Rods are, of course, a prominent article of mnanufacture; and one maker, Mr. THOMAS ARMaITAGE, states, with a
laudable pride, "I have put up sixty thousand Rods, and have
shipped a great number to various parts of the world, especially
to the Southern States, and have never heard of the loss of a
single life, or the destruction of a dollar's worth of property, by
lightning, in any building to which one of my Rods has been
attached.  I have received information of three to five thousand
instances in which Rods that I have put up have been struck by
lightning, in all of which it has been carried safely to the earth,
wvithlout the slightest injury to person or property." With such
a record of facts in their favor, he may well have confidence in
the superiority of his Rods.
But we must take leave of the subject of "Iron and its Manufitctures;" and do so by giving the following statistical aggregates, as recently compiled by the present Secretary of the Board
of Trade, as aforestated.  Our own investigation, as far as it
extended, gives a greater product  for certain items,  particue
larly Saws, Shovels, Guns, &c.; but the general aggregate, we
believe, is approximately accurate.
,OD 4 1 
342     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Men             Total
employed.      production.
Forges and Iolling Mills,    -   -   -
Foundries of Stoves, Hollow Ware, &c.     -
Locomotives and Steam Engines, with Foundr
Machinist and Foundry establishments,
Platform Scales and Foundry work not before
Wrought Iron Bolts and Nuts,         -               -
Malleable Iron, &c.,....0
Safes, &c.,                                -20...
Rail-road Cars, &c.,....0
MIanufactures of Steel, mainly
Saws,                                                                 345,00
Coach and Car Springs,              -      -
Steel Hay Forks,          -  -  -
Shovels, &c..          — —.
Edge Tools and Hammers,            -       -
Cutlery, Skates, and Instruments,
Rifles and Guns,..
Other classes,...
Total,       --                                                 0.            8
If to these totals we add the share of Iron making and Rolling, within forty miles of the city, which truly belong to its business-being established by its capital, and obtaining supplies as
well as finding its market here-we are sure that two thousand
workmen, and a production of $2,500,000, would be within
bounds for that share. Ten thousand workmen, finding homes
constantly within the city, are engaged in the commercial manufacture and working of Iron, and two thousand of the same class
alternate between the city and the country in its vicinity.  The
finished work made in the city, and its immediate suburbs, has a
commercial value of twelve millions of dollars; and the share be longing to the city, though located a few miles from it, of three
millions more.
XXII.
Jewelry, Silver-ware, &e.
Precious M1etals are first mentioned in history as a means of
facilitating the transfer of property: And Abraham  weighed
to Ephron the silver, " four hundred shekels of silver, current
money with the merchant." The adoption of gold and silver for
personal adclornment was subsequent to its use as money, and even
710 $1,801,150
2,440
3,008
1,417
98
421
356
90
220
2,500,000
3,428,000
1,912,000
95,000
411,000
330,000
120,000
300,000
345,000
238,000
78,000
307,000
127,000
150,000
120,000
500,000
$ 12,852,150
ries, -
included
-     - 310
-     - 170
so
195
-     -         125
-     -         150
-     - 120
-     -         500
- 10,410 
GOLD AND SILVER PLATE.
to this day the idea of value, in the popular  mind, is associated
with these metals principally in the fornm of coin.  It will, therefore,
seem surprising to many, that the value of the gold and silver plate
in the world has been carefully estimated to be two thousand mil lions of dollars, which is at least one-fourth more than all the coin
in the world.   In the United States, precious metals, of the value
of at least thirty millions of dollars, are annually converted into
plate or worked up into ornamental forms.
Philadelphia has long been the chief seat in America for the
conversion of the precious metals into coin.   The United States
ilint was established in this city, in 1793, and up to the close of
the year 1856, the entire coinage amounted to $391,730,571.86.
At the present time, Philadelphia is also one of the principal
points for the manufacture of Gold and Silver Plate, and works
have been produced in both these metals that would do no discredit
to the master goldsmiths of Europe.  Mr. WALLIS, in the Report
on the Industry of the United States, thus testifies:   "The manufacture of Gold and Silver Plate is more or less carried
on in nearly all the larger cities, especially New York, Boston, and
Philadelphia. In the last-named it partakes of the character of a
settled trade, there being some twelve or fourteen establishments in
which a, considerable number of persons are employed, and the productions of which are of a varied, but for the most part of a useful, as
well as an ornamental character.  Table services, and all the articles
of utility comprised in suites of plate for domestic use, form the staple
articles; and these are manufactured in large quantities.
"The workmanship is usually sound; but it often happens that, on
close examination, a deficiency in that nicety of finish, especially in
the chasing, which characterizes the best English work, is observable.
Still it is rarelv found that the equally, or perhaps more objectionable
practice of over-chasing, to the destruction of the artistic effect of the
details, is committed.  The fault is evidently that of timidity in handlin,; but there is a wisdom in leaving off at the right time, which the
elaborate chasings of English works rarely display.
In most of the manufactories a few European workmen are to be
found; but the Americans engaged in this department of industry are
usually of a superior class, and it is remarkable how soon they get into
the system of those amongst whom they are thrown as mere learners.
In this, as in other branches of industry, their minds being thoroughly
prepared )by education, they seem to seize ul)on and master even very
004 3 
3''44   PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
difficult points in manipulation and construction, as it were by mere
~l~   ilC.."
instinct.
Many of the magnificent Services of Gold Plate, Silver Trumpets,
JHorns, &c., which, at different times and in different parts of the
United States, have been presented by citizens to those whl-om they
delighted to honer, were executed at workshops in Philadelphia.
But, besides Gold and Silver Plate, the manufacture of J(;welry is
largely and successfully carried on, particularly the finer and more
costly kinds, as Diamonld and Pearl Jewelry.  The taste displayed
ill setting diamonds and pearls, and in Cameo, Enameled, and
Filagree work, and the weight and purity of the solid gold work,
would astonish those who are familiar only with the work of this
description executed in New England.
The London Commissioners refer, in particular, to the jewelry
made by Mnlessrs. Bailey & Co., of this city, and highly commend
their original designs and worinkmanship.
There are fifteen lapidaries in the city, constantly occupied in
cutting and  preparing the various stones-Rubies,  Sapl)hires,
Agates, Emeralds-besides the large quantities that are imported
from abroad.    The value of the gold jewelry annually made in
Philadelphia, including gold chains, amounts to $1,275,000.
The articles embraced within the term Jewelry are exceedingly
numerous; and we can only allude to those which may be considered
special branches, particularly Gold Chains and Pencil and Peii
Cases.
CGo(l CIhaiiss are made by at least four houses-DREER & SEARs,
STACY B. OBT)YKE, E. C. BTONSALL, antd NEWIN, BISHOP & Co. The
first-inamed firm has been engaged for many years in the manufacture of gold chains of the finest quality and workmanship.   During
the past few years they have extended the range of their manufacturIes, and now produce chains of every merchantable degree of
fineness.  The present firm is a continuation of the old house of
Dieer & IHayes, fiavorably known to the trade since 1833.   Their
ma,nufactory, in Goldsmiths' Hall, is one of the most complete
and best arranged in the country, lofty, well-lighlted and ventilatedl, and supplied with the most scientific tools and machinery,
driven by steam power  they have a capital invested in the business
of $150,000, employ one hundred and twenty-five hands, to whom 
PEN AND PENCIL CASES —WATC1I CASES, ETC.    34 )
they pay annually $70,000, and produce chains of the value of
$200,000 annually.
Messrs. Dreer & Sears carry on, in addition, an extensive businiess in assaying and refinling the precious metals, and sell bullion
annually to the amount of $300,000.
Gold( and Silver Pencil and Pen Cases are made largely in
Plhiladel)phia, but, as we are informed, only by one firem-Messrs.
GEORGE W. SI.IONS & BROTHER, Sansom Street Hall.   This firm
claim  to have been first to use steam advantageously  in this
branch; and their present machinery, which is new, costing  upwn-ard of $'25,000, is of the first class, and embodies all the latest
improvements.   Messrs. Simons & Brothler had the misfortune to
lose their entire stock of tools in the great fire which consumed
the Artisan Buildings ill Ranstead Place, on April 1st, 1856, not
a single appliance of manufacture remaining available; but in six
weeks from that time, as we are informed-with a steam engine,
much heavy shafting, and other machinery, and all the peculiar
tools of the art to be constructed anew-their factory was again
in good running order in its present location; and ever since they
have been occupied in perfecting and simplifying its details, till
now it is confessedly a model in its appointments.  In addition
to Gold and Silver Pencils and Pet Cases, Messrs. Simons &
Brothler manufacture Gold, Silver, and Steel-top Thimbles, Fiiigter Shlields, Tooth and Ear Picks, Watch Keys, Gold Pens, Canle
Iheads, Bracelets, Breastpins, Ear Rings, Finger  Rings, Sleeve
Buttons, Studs, Guard Slides, Charms, Seals, Badges, etc.  In
the manufacture of Thimbles they have effected many improvements, particularly in the application of steam; and it is said that
as many Gold Thimbiles are now sold annually as there were Silver
ones a few years since, while the consumption of the latter has increased in the same ratio.  They employ sixty hands.
Next to Gold Plate and Jewelry, the largest consumption of
this precious metal is in  JTltci Cases and Dials.  This branch of  manufactures has
rapidly augmented in the United States within a few years, and
now consumles a large amount of Gold.  English and Swiss Silver
Watches are almost invariably imported complete and ready for
sale, but Gold Watches are usually cased here.   William AWariier,
23
14, -*w 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
of this city, was the first American manufacturer of Watch Cases,
having established the business previous to 1812; and Philadelphia
continues to be now one of the chief seats of this manufacture.   In
)purity of Gold, in excellence of workmanship, and in elaborateness and  beauty of ornamentation,  it may safely be said, the
cases made in Pliladelphia are not surpassed by any.
The price of Cases chiefly depends on the weight and fineness
of the Gold; but in some instances much labor is expended upon
them.  The engraving alone costs from  $5 to $60.  A  Case of
common Gold can be sold at $20, or less; while others, like the
magic cases, are worth from $75 to $125-the labor expended
upon them costing more than half that sumn.  The business requires a large capital, as the material and labor must be paid for
in cash, while the cases are usually sold on a credit of four months.
There are at present sixteen Watchl-Case manufacturers in the
city, who have a capital invested of $375,000, employ two hundred
and ninety-four men, and make  Cases annually of the value of
$942,000.*
I A reference to two or three of the principal establishments in this
branch may not be inappropriate:  E. TRACY & Co., Goldsmiths' Hall, Library street, are one of  the most
prominent firms making both Gold and Silver Cases, and possess facilities
for completing every part of all styles in their own factory.  They are also
Refiners and Assayers, and prepare all the Gold and Silver they use by dissolving them, which  is said to be the only sure process to obtain  them
entirely pure. They usually employ about fifty workmen; and for quality
of gold, as well as beauty and excellence of workmanship, their Cases are
second to none.  They make a very large number of Cases for the Amnerican
Tlatch Company, of which Mr. Tracy is one of the three proprietors —,a
Company that has succeeded in competing with foreigners in a department
of manufactures that was before untried in this country.
T. ES.ON-DE  HARPER,  formerly Harper  and McLean,  S. E. corner of
Walnut and Dock streets, is another house that may be referred to with satisfnction, as illustrating the prominent and excellent Philadelphia houses in
this brantch. Mi. Hilarper acquired his knowledge of the art from Mr. Wm. Warner, who, as previously stated, was the first manufacturer of Watch Cases in
this country. He usually employs about fifty hands, and manufactures largely
for Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Baltimore, both of the finer and most
costly Cases, as Malgic, Miniature, Hunting; and of the lower-priced, as
Detached Lever and Cylinder Cases.  In Engraving the Cases, he employs
several of the rarest and most ingenious machines that have ever been con
'0'4 6 
GOLD LEAF AND GOLD FOIL.
In the manufacture of Gold Leaf, there are now nine firms, who
employ one hundred and twenty-five hands, and produce an annual
value of $175,000. The malleability of Gold is such that it may be
beaten into leaves one two-hundred-and-eighty-thousandth of an
inch in thickness; in other words, a pile of 280,000 leaves will
measure but one inch in thickness. Gold Leaf is made into books
containing 500 Leaves, the leaves being 33 inches square; so that
each book contains five thousand six hundred and ninetfy-five
square inches of Gold Leaf, sufficient to carpet a small bed-room,
and yet the weight of Gold is less than four penLzyweights. In the
process of hammering or beating, membrances of parchment, vellum,
and gold beaters' skin (a peculiar substance prepared from the
outer membrane of the large intestine of the ox) are interposed
between the hammer and the Gold.
The largest Gold-beating establishment in the city, and, we
believe, the largest in the United States, is that of IIASTINGS &
Co., on Fifth street. They employ forty-five hands, and have
facilities for beating out 200 packages, or 4,000 books per week.
The quality of leaf produced is very superior.
Of Gold Foil the annual production in Philadelphia is $150,000.
The principal firm in this branch-which has become to some
extent a distinct business-is CIIARLES ABBEY & SONS, the oldest
established and most extensive manufacturers of Gold Foil for
dentists' use in the United States.   Mr. Charles Abbey, the
founder of the firm, is a veteran in the business, having been uninterruptedly engaged in manufacturing Gold  Leaf  and Gold
Foil-for the last twenlty-three years, Gold Foil only-since 1816.
His three sons, who with him now compose  the firm, are also
skillful and practical manufacturers, rendering the partners a host
structed. They are the invention of a monk in Switzerland, but introduced
into this country some years ago, and now made exclusively in this city.
Another very extensive house is that of JACOT & BROTIHER, 109 S. Second
street, who supply with Cases some of the largest Watch Importers and
Jobbers in all the principal cities of the Union.  They commenced business
about twenty years ago, and turn out about six thousand Cases per annul-n.
To obtain a sufficient number of skilled workmen  Mr. J. frequently visits
Switzerland, and brings back a number of workmen and their families,
advancing the money for the expenses of their journey, to be refunded out
of their subsequent earnings.
847 
PHtILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANLI4ACTURES.
within themselves. Mr. Abbey's connection with the manufacture of Gold Foil may be said to cover the entire period of its
use for purposes of dentistry.  When  he commenced, dentistry
was scarcely known as a distinct profession.  This firm prepare
all the Gold they use, not purchasing from refiners, as is customary; and that they make a most superior article is proved by
the fact that " Charles Abbey  &  Sons' Foil" is quoted in the
trade's circulars at a higher price than that of any other manufacturer.  They supply all the prominent dentists in the United
States, and receive orders from England, France, Germany, Sweden, and from other parts of Europe.
Gold Spectacle Frames are a leading article of manufacture
with a number of firms-N. E. MORGAN, BUTLER &  MCCARTY,
IMcALLISTER &  BROTHER,  W.  BARBER, and I. SCHINAITMANN.
The quality of those made here can be very highly commended.
Gold Pens are an exclusive branch of manufacture by two or
three firms, and are also made by several others.   Hair Jewelry
is made by a half dozen, and some of the specimens are exquisite.
2. SILVER AND PLATED WARES.
The Silver Ware made in Philadelphia, it is claimed and generally acknowledged, is at least equal, in workmanship and design,
to the very best made in this country; while many connoisseurs,
who have visited the most celebrated silversmith shops in the old
world, ascribe to none of them precedence over those of Philadelphia.  The articles are generally made of a fixed standard, several
degrees purer than coin, and, consequently, possess great intrinsic
value, aside from mere workmanship.* The manufacture of Spoons
* MIessrs. Bailey & Co., the leading Jewelers and Silversmiths of Philadelphia, claim the distinction of having first introduced the use of Silver
of the full British standard, say from 925-1000 to 930; the American standard being but 900. They now work no other, a test being made monthly by
J. C. Booth, Esq., Chief Assayer of the Mint.  One advantage of thus raising
the standard is, that it successfully secures the trade from importations of
Silver from England, for purchasers are assured, by a full gurantee, of receiving Silver as pure as that stamped by the English government. This
improvement in the quality of Silver also renders the manufactured articles
more beautifully white, susceptible of higher polish, and less liable to oxidation and consequent discoloration.
The house of BAILEY & CO. has been in existence over twenty years, and
'i-') 4 8 
ELECTRO-PLATING.
and Forks, by machinery, is largely carried on, the shops being
provided with "rolls," and all other improved machinery that has
as yet been introduced.   A  great deal of Silver-ware made in
Philadelphia is retailed in New York as Parisian.
Within the last few years, since the discovery of the process of
Electro-plating, the wares produced in an inferior metal, but
covered over with a film of silver, have become quite popular.
Iin England the principal improvements effected in this class of
goods are identified with the names of Elkinton, Mason & Co.;
in the United States, the most successful experimenter was John
0. Mead, who, with his two sons, constitute the firm of JOHN
0. MIEAD &  SONS, leading Silver-platers of Philadelphia.  The
following recital of facts, extracted from a memorandum niow before
us, tends to establish the point.
"Previous to 1836 Mr. John O. Mead was executing all the silverplating and gilding by the old process of quicksilver and acids, for the
N. P. Ames Manufacturing Company, which then, as now, was employed principally in making swords, cannon, and military equipments for
Government.  In 1836, Mr. N. P. Ames was tendered an appointment
as one of a committee to visit England and Germany for the purpose
of acquiring such knowledge as would be necessary for establishing a
Government Manufactory of these articles, but, though declining the
honor, he followed the committee in the next vessel. While in England
he was invited to attend certain lectures instituted by Government, where
the subject of depositing silver by electricity was discussed, and its feasibility theoretically but not practically demonstrated.   On his return
to the United States, in 1837, he brought with him one of Smee's bat
its reputation at the present time, throughout the Union, is unsurpassed by
any other similar establishment. Though the South has been their principal customer, their wares are well-known throughout all parts of the Union,
and everywhere favorably. A Communion Service, finished by this firm to
order for one of the wealthy churches in Charlestown, Mass., adjacent to
Boston, attracted by its beauty a wide-spread attention.  All the processes
-the designing and drawing of the patterns, the melting and refining of
the metal, to the last finishing touch of the graver, are executed upon
their own premises, and under their personal inspection. The Silver Ware
made in this single establishment amounts to $100,000 annually. This firm
is now about completing a marble store on Chestnut street, which will be
one of the finest and most attractive o2 the many attractive buildings  on
that street.
349
,),S* 
850     PHILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
teries, and such investigations relating to the subject as had then been
made, which, however, had not resulted in the discovery of any process
by which silver could be deposited on any base metal, as copper, German
silver, &c. After about a year of close study by day and night, MIr. Mead,
to whom the matter had been submitted, aided by scientific suggestions
from Professor Silliman, discovered that prussiate of potash was the
alkali that would hold up silver and not oxidize base metals, and considered the point gained.   This was in 1839; but the difficulty yet to
be surmounted was a means of depositing any given weight of silver
that might be desired.   The discovery of the cyanide solution in 1840
solved this difficulty, and enabled Mr. Mead to deposit any required
amount of silver on base metals, and subsequently onl any metal direct
w-ithlout the intervention of aly other metal-a result which even yet
few houses can or do accomplish.  When AMr. Mead had perfected his
experiments, he instructed others in the process, and was the means of
putting into successful operation a number of concerns now flourishing
in New England."
It is one of the advantages of electro-plating, that all ornaments,
however elaborate, or designs however complicated, that can be
produced in silver, are equally obtainable by this process. Messrs.
Mead & Sons are now producing articles of every kind and variety,
from the most elaborate Epergne to the plainest article of Tea or
Dinner Service, in the greatest perfection.  Their manufactory is a
very extensive one, over two hundred hands having been employed
in it at a time; and, in their warerooms, near the Girard Htouse,
may be seen all the latest and most beautiful patterns, rivaling, in
style and finish, those of solid silver. They make aboutfifly different patterns of tea-sets, and their plated-ware exceeds, in durability and variety, as well as in richness of design, that of any of
the New Englacnd concerns.  Services of plate are constantly being
furnished by them to private families, hotel proprietors, steamboat
and ship builders; and wares of their manufacture have been shipped to England, Turkey, Persia, and China.
MEIYER & WARNE, another prominent firm, have manufactured,
for some years, a new article of Plated-ware, of which the judges
at the Franklin Institute Exhibition of 1856, spoke as follows:
" It appears that the manufacturers have substituted a new methlod
in mankia,. bv wh-ich the expense of clhaing is (lisl)ense(d witlh. Althloug,l 
BRITANNIA METAL.
the mode of manufacture is not fully known to the judges, yet sufficient
is known to enable them to say they consider it a decided improvement;
because any pattern can be exactly reproduced, and at a cost which
will enable the maker to sell a handsome article at a moderate price.
TIhe judges would, therefore, desire to speak in the highest terms of this
improvement in manufacturing."
Since that period the firm have perfected the process, and are
now producing a metal that is truly remarkable for its strength,
whiteness, and cheapness, while it has a ring somewhat resembling
silver.
Mr. HIARVEY FILLEY has long been identified with the manufacture of Plated Wares in Philadelphia, and has established an
enviable reputation. We notice that he announces an article
which he terms Nickel Silver.
Britataria metal and Britannia metal goods are made by four
firms. This metal is composed chiefly of tin, antimony and copper,
which are melted and mixed, and then cast into bars.  Many improvements have been effected in the manufacture of Britanniaware, the most important of which is the art of spinning the hollow
ware into form. All the fine work is now spun, but the process
is by no means peculiar to this city.
The statistics of Works in the Precious Metals and their imitations, for this city, are approximately as follows:
Persons employed,...-                        ----
P'ocldct, viz.:-Gold Jewelry, Pens, Spectacles, &e.,              "  Watch Cases,-            ----
"  Leaf and Foil, — —--
Silver Ware,-           -      ----
Plated and Britannia Ware,        -    -
Pi-oclliCtc viz.:-Gold Jewelry, Pons, Spectacles, &e., - $1,275,000
" Watch Cases,.           942,000
" Leaf and Foil,      -      —.-               325,000
Silver Ware,..      --       - -             450,000
Plated and Britannia Ware,  -.-                  38O,OOO
Total, -...-       -                     $3,372,000
This statement, it will be apparent, does not include the additional value produced by assaying and refining, includes nothing
for the Mint, which employs 125 persons, nothing for the silverplating of Door-plates, Knobs, Bell-pulls, Cutlery, &c., but simply
the product of the manufacturing establishments in Gold and Silver.
The amount thus only partially given far exceeds the annual product in Providence, R. I., which, it has been heretofore supposed,
was the chief seat of the manufactures of Gold and Silver in the
Unitedcl States.
351
- 1,700 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
XXIII.
Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fixtures.
In nearly every Exhibition of American Manufactures, which has
been held in the last quarter of a century-we presume it will be
conceded by every one-the most attractive, artistic and brilliant
feature of the display was the Chandeliers, Candelabras, Girandoles, &c., made and deposited by Philadelphia houses.
Previous to 1830 the whole trade in Chandeliers was in the hands
of foreign importers; now the American market is entirely supplied
by home manufacturers; and so great has been the progress made,
and so high the perfection arrived at by those of Philadelphia,
judging solely from the frank and unequivocal testimonials of intelligent foreigners, respecting their excellence in design, workmanship, and finish, that we anticipate a period not remote when Philadelphia Lamps and Chandeliers will compete successfully with
those of Europe in European markets. We probably cannot adopt
any more effectual method of conveying to persons who may be
ignorant, if any such there be, of the degree of perfection attained
in this important manufacture by the two principal houses, viz.:CORNELIUS & BAKER, and ARCIIER, WARNER, MISKEY & CO., than
to submit the following extract from Whitworth & Wallis' official
Report on the Industry of the United States.
"The manufacture of ornamental Brasswork, as applied to the purposes of lighting, forms a progressive and important branch of industry
in several large cities, but more especially in Philadelphia.
The chief portion of the work is cast, little or no ornamental stamping being attempted.  It is scarcely possible, hlowever, to conceive
better work than the generality of these ornamental Brass Castings.
At Philadelphia especially, the greatest attention has been paid to this
point; and a peculiar advantage is derived here fiom the fact that the
sand obtained in the vicinity of that place is of so fine a character as
to require no sifting' for use, and the finest castings are easily made, so
far at least as material goes. The pattern is simply nmod(leled in wax,
and from this a brass pattern is cast direct, no white metal being used.
The brass pattern is carefully and thoroughly chased, and from this
all future work is produced.  Thus, the shrinkage and variation of size
l)etw-een the white metal pattern and the brass casting, often found to
exist in castings made from the former, is avoided, and the register of
352 
LAMPS AND CHANDELIERS.
the two sides of a branch, or other portion of a Chandelier or Gas
bracket requiring to be fitted together, is more perfect than it otherwise would be.  The brass pattern, too, takes a sharper and more decisive chasing than white metal; and as the castings are never chased,
as, from the fineness of the sand, they are sufficiently sharp and effective without it, the accuracy of the pattern is of the first importance;
and all that is required to be done, after the castings leave the foulndry, is to file off the very small amount of superfluous metal retained in
the casting, and fit the parts together.
The bodies of Chandeliers, whether vases or dishles, are invariably
spun up from the flat metal plate, instead of being stamped, as is usually the case in England. This is the old method of producing these
portions of Lamps and similar articles, and appears to have been introduced into practice in America by German workmen. It is not confined to small bodies, but is used for the production of larger sizes than
are usually considered practicable. Very large bodies, however, are
generally hammered up.
Discs of plate metal, for the purpose of spinning up, are cut by a
machine with two wheels, having the sharp edges working against
each other, after the manner of a pair of shears. Those circular cutters
work with great ease and rapidity, giving great facilities to the workman, and presenting an elegant method of doing laborious work with
the greatest possible ease and certainty.
In annealing the spun work, after the first process of raising from
the fiat plate, it was formerly found that the metal cracked, more particularly in the bottom angle. As the first form from the plane is a
simple truncated cone, the second process of spinning, after annealing,
gives the requisite curves to the sides. To prevent this cracking during
the annealing process, it has been found that the simple bending or
squeezing in of the sides of the cone, until the circle becomes a somewhat elongated ellipse, and then placing a quantity within each other,
has the desired effect, and cracking rarely, if ever, takes place. This
is stated on the authority of Mr. Cornelius, of the firm of Messrs. Cornelius, Baker, and Company, by whom it has been successfully adopted
in practice. If any additional proof were required as to the value of
accurate scientific knowledge, as applied to a manufacture in which
mechanical invention and great skill in chemistryand metallurgy are so
essential to complete success, it will be found in the fact that this gentleman received an education specially adapted to the requirements of
the business which his father, the late Mr. Cornelius, was about to establish in Philadelphia; and that his studies in abstract science and
the various discoveries and expedients, both mechanical and chemical,
853 
3.54     PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
as resulting therefrom, have given the house, of which he is now the
head, an immense advantage over both foreign and domestic competitors.  The system, order, and accuracy which prevail throughout this
establishment, is full evidence of the influence of a mind reaching as far
beyond the ordinary traditions of the workshop and foundry, in the
scientific sense, as in the practical result it goes beyond the mere dilettantism of speculative science sans application.
In this establishment, consisting, as it does, of three distinct fac
tories, one for casting and soldering, another for machine-work, and  a
third for filing and fitting, seven hundred workmen are employed. Commenced about thirty years ago, it has gone on increasing its sphere of
action to the present time, a constant attention to the scientific principles of metallurgy and mechanism having tended to its prosperity
from the beginning; when, in the establishment of a business, at that
period so novel in its character, and so doubtful as an enterprise, it
was more than probable that every thing, except traditionary modes of
action, would be rather repudiated than encouraged. In point of economuy, however, science has been found to be the cheapest as well as the
best assistant-as indeed it ever will be when combined with a thorough
knowledge of the work to be done by its aid.
" In the dipping process, as pursued in these works, great modifica tions are made in the character and strength of the acids used. It was
found that, from the variation of temperature at Philadelphia, ranging,
as it does, from below zero in the winter to 96~ and 98~ in the shade in
the summer, nitric acid became unmanageable during the hot season,
as its fumes were given off so rapidly as to injure the health of the
workmen.   The accurate scientific knowledge, however, brought to
bear upon this point-oone, too, involving the very existence of the
trade, except at a frightful destruction to human health and life-has
obviated every difficulty, adapted the acids to the temperature, and
the dipping department is comparatively free from noxious fumes, even
under the highest of the above temperatures.
"The result is equally satisfactory as regards the color of the work
when dipped, some novel effects being produced, and a singular purity
of color obtained.
In lacquering, considerable improvements have also been made. It
was found that the lacquers made after the English formula lost color
very quickly, from the extremes of temperature already noted; and that
during the months of July and August, when the dew-point of the
barometer is reached in Philadelphia, the red-lacquered work always
streaked in the direction of the marks of the spinning tool on the broad
surface of metal. After a series of experiments, carried through seve 
LAMPS AND CHANDELIERS.
ral months, Mr. Cornelius succeeded in making a lacquer, which he
states to be quite permanent under any variation of temperature.
"The usual methods of decorating burnished surfaces by varnish
pencilings and dippings, for colored effects, are adopted here, as in
Europe.  The lacquering is all done by men, no females being em ployed.
The columns of Table Lamps are made of sheet metal formed into
tubing, and fluted upon a mandril by means of a wheel acting in the
direction of the axis.  This is said to have been adopted by Messrs.
Cornlelius, Baker, and Company before it was attempted in this coun try; and they were enabled by these means to go into the market with
a great advantage in price over the cast column lamps imported from
Europe, as the cost of that portion of each article was two-thirds less
in Philadelphia than in Birmingham.
"The manufacture of Lamps for the consumption of lard still forms
a considerable item of trade, especially for the western markets; but
these are not so much in demand as formerly, owing to the more extensive use of gas. At least one hundred and fifty patents have been
taken out, from time to time, in the United States, for contrivances for
effecting the consumption of lard for the purposes of lighting.  The
lard Lamp manufactured by this firm, however, appears to have been
one of the most successful; the principle of the candle being kept in
view, and the heat applied in the direction of the point of illumnination.
"Great attention is paid both by Messrs. Cornelius, Baker, and
Company, as also Messrs. Archer and Warner, to the perfect accuracy
of all their Gas Fittings.  The Gas-Works of the city of Philadelphia
are celebrated for the perfection to which the manufacture of gas is
carried, and the thorough scientific principles upon which every detail
of the establishment is carried out, not the least important of which is
the uniform gauge of all Fittings; so that any part becoming defective,
is at once repaired without trouble, and, of course, at a less expense
than when a constant variation in the gauge of the Fittings is permitted.
"At Alessrs. Cornelius, Baker, and  Company's manufactory, the
sawing of the slit of the Gas Burner is executed with the greatest accuriacy; and although not done with such rapidity as by the process usually adopted in England, the greatest exactitude is obtained as to the
quantity of gas the Burner is capacitated to consume; and whenlever a
new saw is substituted for an old one, the slit is carefully tested as to
its capacity for consumption by means of a Gas-meter placed by the
355 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
side of the workman.  In short, guessing is avoided in every thing connected with this establishment.
"In the fitting of the pipes, the same accuracy and care are manifested. The screw is turned in a lathe to prevent the possibility of
splitting the pipe, which is more or less invariably done by the ordinary screw-plate; but the crack, being very minute, is not discovered
until after having been some time in use, when the gas begins to escape,
and continues until a permament leakage is established.
"In order to secure the joints completely, a composition of wax, resin,
and Yenetian red is applied to the tap, which is sufficiently hot to melt
it; the pipe is then screwed in, and the joint is at once sounder and
cleaner than when cemented by the application of white lead, the usual
material employed for this purpose in England.
"Among the workmen employed by Messrs. Cornelius, Baker, and
Company,  are eight or nine Englishmen, the rest being Germans,
French, and Americans;  but the majority are  undoubtedly native
workmen.
"iMessrs. Archer and Warner employ about two hundred and twentyfive worlkmen, and are engaged in precisely the same trade as 3[essrs.
Cornelius, Baker, and Company.  The remarks as to the character of
the work produced by the last-named firm, especially Gas Fittings, and
the perfect division of labor, which is not so general a feature in Americanl as in European mianufactories, applies with equal force to both establishments; and though that of MIessrs. Archer and Warner is not
so extensive, its operations are carried on in a systematic and efficient
manner, the results being shown in the articles produced, which are
excellent of their class." (For a description of this establishment see
: 1'PPENDIX.)
Tile two principal firms above alluded to employ about one
thousand hands, and do a business annually of one million of dollars.  Besides these, M. B. Dyott and Iliedrick & Hiorning make
Gas Fixtures to some extent, in connection with the manufacture
of Brass and Composition Lamps;  and numerous parties make
Gas Burners and various minor articles appertaining to the use
and consumption of Gas.  The manufacture of Carriage, Engine,
and Locomotive Lamps is carried on at a half dozen establishments.  Lamp Shades are made by V. Quarre, and others; and
the entire business done in Chandeliers, Gaseliers, and Lamps we
estimate at $1,300,000, employing twelve hundred and fifty
hands.
3 a- 6 
TANNING AND CURRYING.
XXIV.
Leather and its Manufactures.
The manufacture of various kinds of Leather, particularly Sole
Leather and heavy Upper Leather, has long been a leading pursuit
in Pennsylvania.  The Tanneries, which reveal themselves here alnd
there in ravines along the highways and by-ways of the State, some
traveler has remarked, are almost as plentiful as the old-fashioned(
water-propelled grist mills, or the country taverns. In 1840 the capital invested in Tanneries in Pennsylvania amounted to $4,255,055,
by which, at that date, 5,226 operatives were employed.   The
abundance of Oak, particularly the White Oak and Chestnut Oak,
has facilitated and rendered profitable the business of tanning;
and the excellence and cheapness of oak bark, probably more than
anlly other circumstance, explain the immense production of Leather
which finds its principal depot in Philadelphia.   Quercitron Bark,
which is simply a product of the ordinary Black Oak, is now largely
exported to Europe, where it commands high prices.
The two principal processes for the manufacture of Leatlher, it
is perhaps needless to remark, are denominated Tanning  and
Curryi,g. The latter is mainly a mechanical process, and the former
a chemical one, though requiring more or less manipulation in order to facilitate the chemical action.   In Philadelphia the principal
branch carried on is Currying;  much of the leather tanned in the
interior of the State being brought to the city in its rough state,
and requiring the art of the currier to smooth and adapt it, in
pliability and softness, to its various uses.  The firms engaged in
currying Leather within the limits of Philadelphia number at least
thirty-five, some very extensive, while there are but ten tanneries,
four of these being employed in making Sole Leather exclusively,
two in Calf Skins, one in Belting Leather, while the others make
both Sole, and Calf, and Sheep to some extent.
It would be interesting, did our space permit, to note and trace
the effects of the various improvements that have been made  by
mechl-anical means in the manufacture of Leather.   The steai
engine has been generally introduced into the factories of leatlierdressers and tanners, and is now used for grinding bark, for softclii,,g forei,gn hides atid in giving motion to many machines for
29
357 
358      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MIANUFACTU1- ES.
washing, glazing, and finishing Leather.  Important results have
also arisen from the invention of iingenious machinery for splitting
hides and skins.  This is effected by means of a long sharp knife,
kept in rapid motion about the sixteenth of an inch from the edge
of a smooth bar of iron, over which the skin is drawn by a revolving cylinder. By another machine, the skin is pressed between the
revolving rollers, and presented, as it emerges, to the edge of a
long straight knife, nicely adjusted between the upper and under
surfaces of the skin, and kept in motion backward and forward, to
facilitate the operation of splitting.   But the most remarkable of
modern improvements in this connection are what has been termed
"time-shortening inventions."  The feat has actually been performed of butchering a kid, dressing the meat, and tanning the
hide, all in the self-same single hour; and it has been repeatedly
and unequivocally demonstrated that good Leather can be made
in a comparatively brief period of time, by the aid of machinery,
bringing the skins into rapidly repeated contact with the tanning
liquor by means of a revolving cylinder, which catches them up
and dashes them down alternately.
The distinction which Philadelphia is justly entitled to claim in
this branch of manufacture, is in the production of the finer kinds
of leather.   Calf Skins are made of a most superior quality, unequaled elsewhere, it is believed, in this country, and not excelled
by the celebrated French.   One of our manufacturers, it will be
remembered, entered into competition with the French and all
others, at the World's Exhibition at London, in 1851, and carried
off the Prize Medal. All parts of the West, as well as less remote
States, are chiefly supplied with this leather from this city.
Deer Skins are very largely manufactured into Leather, which is
used for Gloves, Suspenders, Drawers, &c.   About 60,000 deer
skins are annually converted into leather in Philadelphia alone.
The hair is considered to be the best material for stuffing saddles.
Sheep and Lamb Skins are tanned in all the various modes; in
bark, in alum or salt for white leather,* and are also largely ap
* Alum or White Leather is made to a considerable extent, and used for
Saddlers' facings, lining Shoes; for Masons' aprons, for covering necks of
bottles and spreading plasters, and for various other purposes.  The skin
is softened in lime-water, washed several times in pure water, and after 
MOROCCO LEATHER.
propriated for Parchment and Chamois Leather.   Two  of the
manufacturers have hydraulic presses for expressing the grease from
the skins, thus facilitating the operation of dyeing in brilliant
colors, which cannot well be done while any grease remains in the
pores of the skins.   The raw material is principally furnished
from the flocks of our own country, though Sheep skins are imported to some extent from the Cape of Good Hope.
But the branch of the Leather manufacture in which Phliladelphia may fairly claim a decided pre-eminence is that of Morocco.
At least one and a half millions (1,500,000) of Goat skins are
annually converted into leather in Philadelphia; and the excellence
of quality is no less remarkable than the quantity.   The Goat
skins are chiefly obtained from the East Indies, and three-fourths
of the whole amount imported into the United States are brought
to Philadelphia. The East Indian skins are small and have short
lhair, and are peculiarly suited for ladies' and  children's shoes.
The Goat skins from Tampico are highly esteemed, being large
and heavy; while those from Curanoa, though smaller, are very
superior, and used chiefly for making kid for gloves and gaiter
uppers.  Those from the East Indies comprise perhaps four-fifths
of the whole importation.
The skins are principally imported into Boston, brought to
Philadelphia to be made into Morocco, and many of them again
returned to Boston to be converted into shoes.  Boston and New
York are both largely supplied with Morocco from Philadelphia,
and also the principal cities in the West, from Pittsburg to St.
Louis.   The climate and peculiarities of water in Philadelphia
seem admirably adapted for this manufacture; and with the aid of
the highest skill, attracted hither as the chief seat of the manufacture, contribute to produce results that are apparently not attainable anywhere else in this country.
There are now twenty-five Morocco manufactories in Philadelphlia, located principally on Margaretta, Willow, and St. John
Streets, employing six hundred and thirty males and seventy-five
females, who produced last year 125,000 dozen of Morocco and
ward in fermented bran liquor.  Yolks of eggs, flour, alum, and salt, are
used.  In France and England 6,000,000 eggs are used annually in preparing Leather for Gloves.
359 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUIFACTURES.
Kid skins, averaging $9 25 per dozen, which would amount to
$1,156,250.   Several of the firms have very complete establishments for making Fancy Leather for Shoemakers, Hatters, Book
binders, Coachmakers, Saddlers, &c.
The entire product of Leather in 1857 we state as follows:
Sole Leather, Calf Skins, Upper Leather, Skirting, &c., Tanned and
Curried, - -          -    -    - -      -    -     -     -    -    $1,175,000
Morocco and other manufactures of Goat Skins, 125,000 doz. a $9.25,  1,156,250
Sheep Skins,...           -         ----   50,000 doz. a $6,            300,000
Deer Skins, White Leather, Parchment, Vellum, &c.,  -    -    -           135,000
Total,          ----              -         -    -    -    -  $2,766,250
The principal manufactures of Leather are considered under
their appropriate captions, viz.:-BooTs and SIIOES, SADDLES,
HARNESS and TRUNKS, &C. The miscellaneous manufactures consist principally of Gloves and Clothing, Belting, Hose, &c. The
Gloves and Buckskin goods made in Philadelphia have a deserved
and wide-spread reputation.  Their qualities and merits are familiar to all dealers.  The interests of this branch were for a time
depressed and injured by the large quantities of inferior articles
thrown upon the market, through auction houses, by the Gloversville
manufacturers; but, by adhering to the principle of making only
articles of the first quality, which in this class of goods are alone
of any value to the consumer, the Philadelphia manufacturers have
maintained their reputation and increased their business.  The
annual production of Buckskin Gloves, Mittens, Drawers, Suspenders, &c., in Philadelphia, including Kid Gloves, which are made of
excellent quality, will exceed $150,000. The product of Belting,
Leather Hose, &c., may be reckoned at $175,000, and consequently, the entire product of Leather, Buckskin Gloves, &c., will be
stated approximately at $3,091,250.
XXV.
Marble, Stone, Slate, Soapstone, &c.
Marble, as a building material, is used more extensively in
Philadelphia than in any other American city; and the preparation of it for this purpose alone would constitute a prominent, and
perhaps a flourishing pursuit.  One cause that has contributed
360 
MARBLE QUARRIES NEAR PIHIILADELPHIA.
more than any other to bring this material into such extensive
use in Philadelphia, aside from its beauty, is its cheapness and
the facility of obtaining it, there being several very old and excellent quarries within fifteen miles of the centre of the city.  The
Hitner Qutarry, which is nearest to the city, has produced some
very fine White Marble; but on account of the extreme depth of
the quarry, reaching in some places to two hundred and forty feet,
the working is very expensive.  Contiguous to this is the Le?tz
Qutarry, which produces a marble not very desirable on account
of the dark-blue spots. The Fritz Quarry, recently purchased by
the "Pennsylvania Land and Marble Company," is an old quarry,
and has produced a very fine white and blue variegated Marble,
known as the "Pennsylvania Clouded," formerly much used for
mantels and chimney-pieces in old Pennsylvania houses of the
better kind. The Dager Quarry, in the same vicinity, produces
a similar Marble, but not quite equal to it in beauty. On the
west side of the Schuylkill are the Henderson Quarries, extensive,
deep, and expensive to work, but which produce very good quali ties of White and Blue Marble, found in alternate layers in the
same quarry, the bed of blue being first, and the white underneath
it. Numerous important buildings in the city exhibit specimens
of Marble from these quarries; as, for instance, the Mint, Ex change, and steps and ashlar of the Girard College; and, among
the new buildings, Henry Korn's store in Third above Market.*
A Black Marble, formerly much used for hearths, wall-plates, and
shelves of mantels, when Black and Gold was the fashion, is also
found in these quarries in boulders or detached masses, but not
equal in quality to the Irish Black. One mile distant from these
is the Brooks' Quarry, from which the Blue Marble composing
the front of Levick, Raisin & Co.'s store, on Market street, was
obtained.
* When the building which formerly occupied the site of the present
University of Pennsylvania was torn down, a corner-stone of Henderson's
Blue Maarble, two feet eight and a half inches by one foot eleven inches,
was discovered, with the following inscription cut on the face:
"This Corner Stone of the house to accommodate the PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES, was laid Ma.Iy 10th, 1782, when Pennsylvanica was happily out of
-Debt:
TIO',IAS MIFFLIN then Governor of the State."
29*
.361 
362      PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
The products of the Pennsylvania quarries, however, constitute
but a small proportion of the Marble consumed by the Marbleworkers in Philadelphia.  Large importations of different varieties of Marble, but principally veined Italian, are annually made
from Leghorn, and sold on arrival at public auction, at prices
varying from $2 to $4 per cubic foot.  One establishmenet, that
of Mr. JOHN BAIRD, consumes annually over 15,000 cubic feet of
Italian Marble. The quarries of J. K. and M. FREEDLEY, at
West Stockbridge, Mass., supply a good quality of ordinary
building Marble, which is extensively used in Philadelphia; and
the Vermont quarries, particularly those at Rutland, fromt which
the finest varieties of American Marble are obtained; and those
at Manchester, owned by FREEDLEY, MACDONALD & Co., supply
this market with large quantities sawed to sizes for gravestone
and other purposes, and from hence reshipped to the South and
West.   It is not an unusual circumstance for quarry operators in
New England to consign a cargo of Marble to this city on a
venture; and as ventures do not always arrive exactly at the time
of demand, the jobbers and dealers in Philadelphia can frequently
purchase on terms so favorable, that they can in turn supply customers in the South and West with Marble in slabs cheaper than
either could purchase it in block at the quarries.  The wholesale
dealers in this city, however, are generally owners of quarriesMr. S. F. PRINCE is the only jobber who has no interest in any
quarry.
The trade in Marble, as an important pursuit, is of comparatively recent origin; but probably in no other has the adoption of
improved facilities been more rapid  and general.  LIess than
twenty-five years ago, all Marble was sawed by the friction of a
saw without teeth, aided by sharp sand, pushed backward and
forward by manual force. Now, Marble is sawed, rubbed, and
polished by steam power; and a blockl of Italian Marble has been
converted into four hundred superficial feet of slabs in twelve
hours.  Holes of any required size are now drilled by machinery,
and perfect joints are made by the aid of lap-wheels.  The
rapidity with which a rough block of Marble can be converted
into highly-finished products, is only less astonishing than the timeshortening tanning process referred to in the preceding article. 
STEAM MARBLE MILILS.
There are 1now six steam mills in Philadelphia for sawing and
preparing Marble; and sonme of them are the most extensive, conmplete, and best-arranged mills of the kind in the entire Uniion.
LEWIS THOMPsoN & Co., S. F. JACOBY & Co., J. & E. B. SCHELL,
and ELI HESS.
Greble's Works are located on Chestnut above Seventeenth
street, and consist of a four-story brick mill 88 by 40 feet, with
a two-story addition in the form of an L, 26 by 115 feet, of which
the lower part is occupied for offices and as the stonecutters' department; and the entire second story, a large and  handsome
room, is appropriated as a mantel wareroom, inI which may at all
times be seen about one hundred different patterns of mantels.
In connection with the Marble-Works on Chestnut street, he has
in another location a very extensive yard devoted to the preparation of Browin Stone building-work. Some of the most elegant
fronts Philadelphia can boast were executed in his establishment.
In the two concerns, about one hundred and twenty men are usually employed.
Mr. Edwin Greble is one of the oldest established and consequently best known Marble-workers in Philadelphia.  He commenced the business in 1829, and for more than a quarter of a
century has been uninterruptedly engaged in the Marble trade,
prosecuting a constanitly-increasing business.  He was among the
first in Philadelphia to use Italian Marble in monumental work
and, since the discovery of very excellent varieties of American
Marble, and its durability has been well established, he has been
among the most zealous in recommending that to favorable co0sideration for like purposes.
Mr. Greble's Works were formerly located on Willow street,
above Broad, where he owned the second mill for sawing Marble
fby steam-power built in Philadelphia.
BAIRD's MARBLE WORKS are so well known throughout the
Union, that a detailed description would be superfluous.  The
enterprising proprietor has provided first-rate equipments for
working Marble, and then has shown a master's hand in advisi,g
the public of the important fact.  It was the fortune and pleasure
of the Autlhor to refer to these Works some two years ago, and a
863 
364      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
brief extract from his remarks on that occasion must suffice for a
present description:
In the workshops a large force of skillful workmen may be seen engaged in executing various designs, and converting rough blocks or
pieces of marble into various beautiful forms by the mallet and chisel,
which machinery, with all its triumphs, has not as yet superseded.   In
designing and carving Mantels, Monuments, and elaborate works of
Art, Mr. Baird has been unusually successful, through the agency of
accomplished workmen; and some of the most exquisite specimens of
the Phidian art, of which this country can boast, are the products of
his workshops. It has been his practice not only to secure the best
native and foreign artists in carving and designing, and to stimulate
their ambition by rewards and liberal remuneration, but to encourage
the study and practice of both these arts by establishing schools for the
benefit of his apprentices. The fruits of his enterprise in this respect
may be seen in his Mantel warerooms, and in the Monuments and
Tombs which adorn our Cemeteries. His warerooms contain upward
of 130 different patterns of Marble Mantels, made from all varieties
of marble, common and rare, from the clouded Pennsylvania to the
Carrara statuary, and ranging in price fiom $10 each to $1,000 and
upward per pair. The designs in most instances are original, and the
carving on the most costly renders them worthy of a place among  the
chef-d'ce?tvres of the art. The flowers and fruits appear to want nothing
but color to start into life, and the heads and scrolls are worthy specimens of the sculptor's skill. In Monumental Art, the triumphs of the
proprietor of those Works are written on the Cemeteries of Philadelphia, the Mausoleums of the South, and the resting-places of the dead
throughout the Union. Whether it be a people's testimonial of gratitude
to heroes who sacrificed their lives in battling with the pestilence, or a
contribution from patriotic mechanics to the pile erecting in honor of
\Vashington, or the more numerous and diversified mementos of affectionI to departed relatives or friends, the same wealth of resources, the
same masterly execution, are visible in all. In the workshop devoted
exclusively to this branch may at all times be seen a greater variety of
finished Monumental and Tomb work of Italian and American Marble
than in any other establishment that we know of in this country."
LEWIs  TIIOMPSON  &  Co.'s Works  are employed  principally,
and we believe exclusively, for sawing Marble into furniture tops.
These works in their entirety are among  the most remarkable in
Philadelphia.   We  shall therefore reserve a description for the
APPENDIX. 
MONUMENTAL MARBLE-WORK.
The Marble-Works of S. F. JACOBY & CO., J. & E. B. SCHELL,
and ELI HEss, are all provided with good facilities, and turn out
large quantities of sawed Marble, which are sold to the South
and West in slab or converted into finished products.   The trade
with the South and West is rapidly extending, as the facilities
of Philadelphia for supplying Marble become more widely known.
The demand also for new forms of Marble-work, as Tiles, Mosaics,
etc., is likewise increasing.
But the marked characteristic of this trade in Philadelphia, entitling it to a high rank and position as a pursuit, is not in the
Mills, well-equipped as they are, but in the artistic ability and
taste which have been displayed in designing and executing ornamental and monumental Marble-work. Long before the Marbleworkers in New York and other cities were seemingly aware that
uniformity in design was not a merit, those of this city employed
special designers; and the genius of at least one, who for twelve
years was solely occupied in making monumental designs for one
firm, has afforded copyists abundant and profitable occupation.
The sums expended by Struthers, or Baird, or Greble for original designs, probably exceed the expenditure, for a similar purpose, of the whole trade in other cities.  Of the execution, too,
in Monumental work, it would be impossible to speak in exaggerated terms. The sculptors of Philadelphia might, with confidence
in a verdict favorable to themselves, submit the question to any
jury, even of intelligent competent foreigners, who would take
the time necessary to form a correct judgment, whether the workmanship ordinarily displayed by them in carved Marble-work (except in statues, in which they have had but little experience) is
not superior to that ordinarily executed in Italy, the home of
Sculpture.*  Certain it is, that the tombs imported from abroad,
though perhaps the most costly, are not the most noteworthy and
finely-chiseled Art-objects in our Cemeteries.  Nearly all the Sarcophagi in which repose the ashes of the greatest of American
heroes, jurists, and others, were executed by Philadelphia sculp
* Even in Statues no very great inferiority can be admitted. Mr. THOMAS
I-ARGRAVE has recently executed two Statues-one of Moses Delivering
the Law, and another of Christ the Mediator, that, we are told, will beat
f',vorible comparison with the best works of the kind executed in Italy.
365 
366      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
tors; for instance, the Sarcophagus of Washington, of Chlief-Justice Marshall, of Chief-Justice Tilghnman and Bushrod Washington, of the Rev. Mr. Whitefield, and others.   At this momuent
the chisels are busy in shaping Sarcophagi that will, if possible,
invest with increased interest the burying-places of IHENRY CLAY
and JOHN M. CLAYTON.* But the theme is susceptible of unlimited elaboration.
There are now about sixty marble yards in Philadelphia, employ
*Both of these works, we are happy to learn, are being executed of
American Marble, and by Mr. WILLIAM  STRUTHERS, who is well-known as
one of the most successful and eminent of the workers in Marble in Philadelphia. He is successor and representative of the house of John Struthers, and J. STIUTHERS & SON, established more than a half century ago. The
Marble work of nearly all the elegant and costly public buildings for which
Philadelphia is distinguished was executed by this firm-the U. S. Bank, now
Custom House, U. S. Naval Asylum, U. S. Mint, Chestnut-street Theatre,
Philadelphia and Western Banks, Philadelphia Exchange, Mechanics' Bank,
Philadelphia Saving Fund;  Girard Buildings, Chestnut above Eleventh;
Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, Bailey & Co.'s new Marble store, and many
others. Their skill in this branch, however, has not been monopolized by
Philadelphia, but may be seen in many of the Marble buildings of the United
States: the State Capitols of North Carolina and Ohio; the Commercial
Bank, Natchez, Miss.; the United States (Branch) Bank at Pittsburg, Penn.
Mr. Struthers is also largely engaged in executing building work in Sandstone; and we believe was the first to introduce the stone of this description, now so popular, from the Albert and Pictou Quarries, British Provinces. Many of the elegant stores and mansions which enhance the architectural beauty of the city, as for instance, Morris L. Hallowell's, J. Stone
& Sons, L. J. Levy & Co.'s stores; Pennsylvania Rail-road Company's
building on Third street and Willing's Alley; John Grigg's mansion, in
Walnut street; Wm. Welsh's mansion, in Spruce street; J. Hare Powell's
mansion, in Walnut, &c.  But the branch of his general and extensive business which entitles Mr. Struthers to special distinction, because excellence
in it is more rare, is Marble Monumental work. To enumerate all the im portant Monuments which have been executed in the yard of J. STRUTHERS
& SoN, would require far more space than our limits can afford. Art objects, of the highest character in point of taste and workmanship, have
been sent by this firm not only to all parts of the United States but to En gland, the West Indies, China, and Syria.
As an exception to the characteristic American rule of frequent change,
we may state that the spot, 360 l Market st., now occupied by Mr. Wm. Struth ers, as a MAlarble Yard, has been used as such uninterruptedly since 1798. 
SLATE, SOAP-STONE, ETC.
ing, on an average, eight hundred and forty hands, and executing
work to the amount of $860,000 annually. Nearly one-half of the
amount is done by four firms.
Two or three of the marble-workers are also extensively engaged
in executing Building work in Sand-stone; and the statistics of
the entire business, including workers in Brown-stone, Granite,
Flag-stones, &c., would amount, on an average, to 1,150 hands,
and a product of $1,160,000.*
3. SLATE, SOAP - STONE, ETC.
In our introductory remarks we adverted to the Slate Quarries,
in Lehigh County, and stated that the very best qualities of
Slate are obtained in Pennsylvania.   In other places, the preparation of Slate for Roofing purposes constitutes the princil)pal
item of its manufactures, but in Philadelphia, School Slates are
also made extensively.  A  new method of framing School Slates
* Nearly all varieties of Stone used in this country, for building mate rial, have their representatives in buildings erected in Philadelphia.  The
following are of
Stone, jf)om the Albert Quarries, British Provinces.-Cowperthwaite's Build ing, Chestnut st., above 6th; Howell & Brothers, S. W. corner Chestnut and
6th; Pennsylvania Rail-road Comipany's, 3d and Willing's Alley; J. Stone
& Sons', Chestnut, above 8th; Western Saving Fund, Walnut and  10th;
Morriis L. Hallowell's, lMarket, below 4th, Gans, Leberman & Co., 3d, above
\1arket; Geo. W. Ball's mansion, Chestnut street; R. W. D. Truitt's, Chestnut st.; W. J. Duane's, Locust st.; Thos. Beaver's, Logan Square.
Stone, from the Pictou Quarry.-Joseph Harrison, Jr.'s, mansion on 18th,
and houses on Locust st.; Simes' Building, 12th and Chestnut; William
Welsh's mansion, Spruce, below 12th: Thomas Thompson's, Spring Garden,
below 12th; Womrath's stores, Arch st., above 4th.
Connecticut Stone,![iddlesex Quarry, Portland, Conn.-Schuylkill Navigation Company's building, Walnut, above 4th; L. J. Levy & Co.'s, new store,
Chestnut, above 8th; two largeWarehouses, north side Chestnut, below 3d;
Farnham, Kirkham & Co.s', Chestnut, below 3d; John Grigg's mansion,
Walnut street, opposite Rittenhouse Squiare; J. Hare Powell's, Walnut, opsite Rittenhouse Squ'ire; Peabody's and others, on Walnut, opposite Ritten.
house Square; Farquhar Building, Walnut, below 3d; and many others.
.Jiscellaneou.s Stone.-Ingersoll's house, Walnut street, Paterson Quarries,
N. J.; Athenaeum, from Little Falls, N. Y.; Dr. Jackson's store, Arch st.,
Caen stone; Dr. Jayne's stores, &c., Quincy Granite.
367 
368      PIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
was invented a few years ago, by Mr. EDWIIN YOUNG, and is rapidly
growing, into favor.  The Slate is nearly oval, and is framed with
a single strip of hard wood, fastened tog,ethler by a secret metal
clasp, not seen from the outside, constituting the strongest fasteiimg known.   About 3,000 cases of these Slates, averaging ten
dozen each, are made annually, of the value of $27,000, at the
factory in Philadelphia; but when introduced into the Public
Schools, as they probably will be, the product will be much increased.  Slate has also been converted into Billiard Stables, for
which it is said to be the best material.
Enameled Slate la(ntels are now made by Arnold & Wilson,
manufacturers of Hot-air Furnaces, Parlor Grates, &c., who have
recently erected ovens for baking on the enamel.  The advantages
of these are a high degree of beauty, combined with strength and
cheapness.
Of Soap-stone the manufactures are quite limited, though the
material obtained at a quarry now within the corporate limits of
Phila'delphlia, about two miles above Maiayunk, is of the best quality.  This quarry is one of the oldest in the countryv; was opened
before the Rev6olution; but until it came into the possession of its
present enterprising owner-SAMUEL  F. PRINCE-its value was
scarcely appreciated.  Its products now amount to about 6,000
tons annually, and are disposed of principally to Iron manufacturers along the Schuylkill, in Trenton, &c.; and five hundred tons
were shipped last year to Pittsburg, and small quantities on order
to England.
This stone, hitherto little used for economic purposes, is adapted
for many; particularly for fire-stone, kitchen sinks, wash-tubs, bathtuls, and especially for baths, and sizing rollers used in cotton mills.
For the last purpose it possesses the advantage of not being affected by the acids ordinarily used in sizing, and of not warping, contracting, or expanding by changes of temperature and moisture.
Both Slate and Steatite, or Soap-stone, have not attained their
maximum of appreciation, and offer excellent opportunities for
the eniterprising to establish new manufactures. 
OILS.
XXvI.
Oils.
The following revised Report gives a brief but comprehensive
description of the Oil manufacture in Philadelphia:
SIR:-The manufacture of Oils in Philadelphia comprises Linseed
Lard and Tallow, Red, and Rosin Oils-Linseed constituting much
the largest business.
In the manufacture of Linseed Oil there are five mills employed,
generally possessing very improved machinery, and two of them make
each 1,200 gallons of Oil and ten tons of Oil Cake per day. The
material used for making this Oil is flaxseed, or linseed, imported from
Calcutta, that being the only point from which the best article can be
obtained. The process of the manufacture of this Oil is as follows:
TIhe hard seeds are passed first between cast-iron rollers, in order to
crack the shells. The rollers are sometimes of different sizes, so that
different velocities may be given to their surfaces; this enables them to
draw the seeds in, and to perform their work  more quickly.  Above
the rollers is a hopper containing the seed, from which the rollers are
fed.  In some places the rollers are not used, but the seed is at once
subjected to two vertical mill-stones, or runners, revolving on a horizontal bed. When the seed is sufficiently bruised by either or both
of these means, it is placed upon heated tables, and then into wool bags,
and afterward either in what is called a hydraulic press, or wedge poess,
and pressed until the seeds come out of the bags in the form of flat
cakes. The Oil thus obtained is of the best quality, and is kept distinct from that obtained by the after processes.
The residue, which is known as Oil Cake, is largely exported to Europe, where it is highly valued as food for cattle, this compensating
partially for the importation of the raw material.  Its value, however,
in this country as food for stock, has not been fully appreciated, but is
growint, more into favor of late years.
In addition to the regular establishments making Linseed Oil, the
manufacturers of Zinc Paints, Colors, White Lead, etc., frequently
make sufficient Oil to supply their own necessities.
There are eight concerns in the manufacture of Lard, Tallow, and
RIed Oils, of which the annual product amounts to nearly as much as
that of Linseed Oil. The Lard or Tallow is placed into bags, and then
uinder a press heated to a temperature from forty to sixty degrees,
remaining as long as the Oil will drip from it; thus the Oil is pressed
out, the extract being known as Lard and Tallow Oils, and the balance as S/ear)iIl.  The Stearin is then submitted to a second process,
30
369 
370  PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
being placed under a powerful steam press, which is also heated by
steam, and the extract is termed Red Oil, largely used in the manufacture of soaps.
Tallow and lard are not the only materials used in the production of
Red Oils, but Palm Oil is largely employed, which is obtained from
Guinea, Africa, in a state thick like lard somewhat, undergoing precisely the same process as the former.
An Oil is also made from rosin, or gum of the pine-tree, and known
as Rosin Oil.  This gum contains several ingredients which, when subnmitted to the process of distillation, are separated and are each useful,
but are of entirely different natures, being Oil, Acid, Naphtha, Pitch,
and Tar. The Oil is, by various manipulations known to the manufacturers, converted into Lubricating, Tanners', and Painters' Oil. The
Naphthlia, after being properly refined, will burn with a clear, brilliant
light, nearly equal to gas, but much cheaper, and well adapted to be
used where gas has not yet been introduced.  There are four establishments within the city proper, who have  facilities for manufacturing
from the rosin of commerce, about two thousand gallons per day.
Anothler establishment erected at "Chester," about eighteen  miles
south of this city, is of much larger capacity than either of the preceding, and from which some twelve hundred gallons could be produced daily.  These Oils range in price from twenty to fifty cents per
gallon.  The capital invested is over $150,000.
The bl(aching and pressing of Sperm and Whale Oils is another
considerable item connected with the Oil business of Philadelphia.
One of the firms, of which there are four, is successor to the parties
who claim to have been the first to introduce the process of the chemical bleaching of Oils in this country.
The refining of these Oils from the crude state greatly improves
their burning and lubricating qualities, giving to them a white, clear
appearance, by taking out that residue known as foots' and spermaceti.
Oils pressed and bleached in the coldest months of winter, or by
means of a fieezing temperature by ice, are the only Oils used in cold
weather that remain always entirely fluid.
The manufacture of Rail-road and Cart Greases, made of Rosin and
other Oils, is carried on to a considerable extent.  These Greases,
which are now extensively used for the oiling of machinery, vehicles,
etc., have grown much into favor of late.  They are considered much
more economical than Oils, and, as a lubricator, vastly superior.
There are but two establishments in this business, R. S. HUBBARD
& SON and TAwS & BEERS, the former of which is the largest in the 
PAPER HANGINGS.
United States. They both produce daily about 3,200 lbs., at an average price of eight cents per pound.                O. W. KIBBIE.
The following is a summary of the aggregate production:
Establishments.   I Capital.          Hands.      Annual Production.
5             $o50,000           125             $6S7, -00
1276,730
8              200,000            60               600,000
5              150,000            15               187,000
4              200,000            30               300,000
2               40,000            15                80,000
24           $1,040,000           245            $2,131,230
Linseed  Oil  and?
Oil Cake,          s
Lard and Tallow,
Rosin Oil,
Sperm and Whale, 
bleaching and re fining,
R. R. & Cart Greases,
Total,
XXVII.
Paper Hangings.
Decorative Paper-Hangings came into use about 200 years ago,
and are said to have been copied from the Chinese. The manufacture of them in this country, however, only dates about thirty
years ago; and Philadelphia claims the credit of having first establishled it. The progress made, however, in design and elaboration of
workmanship, has been so rapid, that now the importation of foreign
Papers is an unimportant item-said to be not more than five per
cent. of the whole amount consumed, and confined to French goods
of the first quality.  For more than twenty years, Philadelphia has
supplied all the principal American markets, including New York
and Boston, with the best American made Papers; and though
since the establishment of the business in this city, a large number of
factories have been started at various points in New England and
in New York, she continues to produce a large share of the superior qualities-generally quite equal to the best French manufacture.
The cheap and low grades, which constitute the bulk of the production in other places, our manufacturers do not make to any extent.
The medium qualities and the finest Velvet, Velvet and Gold, and
Satin-surfaced Papers are made, but none of the "one cent per
square yard" goods.   The printing usually is what is termed
Block Printing, though some first-class machines are in use in the
prirncipal establishments.
The processes of manufacturing Paper Hangings are briefly as
follows:-The paper comes from the mill in rolls about 1,200
yards long, and fiomn twenty to thirty-five inches wide; costing from
371 
PIIILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
nine to fourteen cents per pound, the average price being about
eleven cents. The stock generally used here is said to be heavier,
though costing less than that employed in the best French papers,
and therefore free from the absorption of moisture, which almost
invariably disfigures the surface of those made in New York and
Boston.  The pattern having been first carefully drawn, is then
pricked, and the outlines of the various tints are pounced each
on a separate wood block made of pear-tree, mounted in pine.
These blocks are pressed on the sieves of color and then applied
to the paper, each block following the other on the guide-marks
left by the previous impression. An idea may be formed of the
enterprise and labor required to produce some decorative Paper
Hangings, when we state that on a single one of them, representing a chase in a forest, including the animals, birds, and attributes
of the chase, exhibited at the World's Fair, 12,000 blocks were
employed.
In making F'lock Paper, the pattern is first printed in size, and
then with a preparation of varnish or Japan gold size. When
this is partly dry, colored flock, prepared from wools, is sifted
on the varnish pattern, to which it adheres. When gilding is introduced, the leaf-metal is laid on the varnish pattern; or, if worked
in bronze-powder, it is brushed over with a hare's foot.
The designs are principally original, and are largely supplied
by the Female School of Design established in this city, and which
has already made important contributions toward elevating the
standard of correct taste.
During the last year there were six Paper Hanging factories
in Philadelphia, besides various small establishments where a few
hands are employed.   The proprietors of the principal factories
were HOWELL & BROTHERS, BLANCHARD & ROCK, LOUIS BELROSE,
BURTON & LANING, HART, MONTGOMERY & Co., and J. E. VAN
METER. Misfortune has sorely visited one or two of the establish ments, but it is probable that no important changes will be made.
The factory of Howell & Brothers, situated at Nineteenth and Spruce
streets, is a four-story brick structure, three hundred and ninety-six
feet by eighty-undoubtedly the largest in the United States, and
probably larger than any similar European manufactory.
372 
ROPE, CORDAGE, TWINES.
The following are the statistics of the business, as made up for
us by a leading manufacturer:
Blank Paper consumed, 1,250 tons at 11 cents per lb.,    -    -
French and American White Clay and Whiting, average 364 tons,
at $10 per ton,    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   -    -
Colors,.    -_Flocks, (Shearings of Broad Cloth,) - -
Oil,                          -        —...
Gold Size,..-                           -
Gold Leaf,             -               -.
Glue and Sizing,..-                      -
Coal, 1,875 tons, at $4,..
Itands employed, 456; one third males-wages,
Cost of Printing Blocks and Designing, -
Total,...          -      ----
Annual product, $800,000.
XXVIII.
Rope, Cordage, Twines, &e.
The term Cordage usually comprehends all the various sizes of
Rope, Cords, Twines, Lines, &c. In this city, there were, as early
as 1810, no less than fifteen Rope-walks; and at the present time
there are about that number of Cordage manufacturers; but now
one single establishment turns out annually a greater product than
all then made.   The materials used are Manilla, Russian, Italian,
and American Hemp; and, for Fishing Cords and Twines, Cotton,
Flax, and the best qualities of Linen Thread. Manilla Hemp is
the fibrous inner bark of a species of Plantain, growing in the
Phillipine Islands, whence it is imported into this country.
The American Hemp used is grown chiefly in Missouri and Kentucky. A considerable amount of Russian Hemp is also used; and
Jute is now employed to a considerable extent, in the manufacture
of Cords, Bagging, &c.
The present condition of the business may perhaps be best illustrated by reference to one or two of the leading establishments.
The largest manufacturers in the city are WEAVER, FITLER & Co.,
who are also among the very largest in the United States.  They
are the successors of one of the oldest Rope manufacturers in the
city; Mr. Weaver's father having founded the establishme,t in
30*
3 7 lot
$275,000
3,640
44,040
1,860
4,600
3,150
20,100
31,500
7,500
123,240
11,000
$525,630 
374      PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
1816. The firm have now two factories in operation; one of these,
for making Manilla and tarred Cordage, is located on the Germantown Road, near the first toll-gate; and the other, for the manufacture of Fine Yarn, Jute Rope, Cords, &c., on Seventh street,
above Columbia Avenue. These two factories are capable of turning 4,500,000 pounds of different kinds of Rope per annum, or
about seven tons daily.   The product embraces every size and
description of Cordage, from a bed-cord to the largest size gang
of rigging. Marline, HIambroline, and Spun Yarn are also extensively made by them.
This firm were the first to introduce, in this city, the use of machinery for spinning yarns for Manilla Rope and Cordage, which
has nearly superseded the former slow process of spinning by hand.
The quantity turned out by their present machinery, employing
about two hundred hands, would, by the former process of handspinning, require at least eight hundred, and perhaps one thousand
men.  Their machinery is all of the latest improved construction,
and is said to be more complete than that in any similar establishment in the United States. The firm pride themselves upon the
manufacture of a superior article of Cordage; and their reputation, in this respect, in the South and West, is well established.
Messrs. SPROAT, M'INTYRE & CO. are also large manufacturers
of many descriptions of Cordage; and were the first to introduce
here the manufacture of fine yarn Jute Rope, which they make
from  I inch to 1 inch in size. This establishment commenced busi     4
ness in 1850, as J. & IH. Sproat, under which name it was conducted
until 1857, when Mr. John M'Intyre, who occupied their present
place of business, 23 North Front street. and had a Rope-walk on
Frankford Road, was admitted into the firm.  The manufacture is
carried on still at the latter place, and also at their factory at Lambertville, on the Delaware, where water-power is derived from the
feeder of the Raritan Canal.  These two factories use fifty bales
of Jute iemp in a week, weighing each three hundred pounds,
and each making that number of pounds of ~ to 1 inch Rope.
They employ about seventy hands, one-third of whom are females.
This firm claim to make more Twines and Lines of every descriptionI, such as Wool  Twine, Hemp and Mineral Water Twines,
Baling Twine, Broom Twine, &c., as well as Linen Yarns, enli 
SADDLES, HARNESS, ETC.
tian Filling, and Carpet Chain, than any other house in the city.
The Mineral Water Twines made by them cannot easily be surpassed; and in the employment of fine Jute Hemp for this purpose,
they claim to have preceded all other manufacturers.  They have
lately introduced Boon's Patent Laying Machines, and also Boon's
Forming Machines; and they now believe they possess a larger set
of machinery for this branch than any other establishment in the
State.
Besides these two principal manufacturers, there are at least a
dozen others, who make nearly every description of smaller Cordage, and who generally aim to produce articles of superior quality,
so common a feature in Philadelphia manufactures. We have seen,
in some of these smaller establishments, Cords, Twines, Lines, &c.,
for various purposes, truly remarkable for accuracy and smoothness of finish.
The whole capital invested in the business is $450,000. The
other statistics of the business for 1857, are furnished us as follows
Ratw Material.
$262,500
187,500
450,000
90,000
$54o,000
300 hands employed, averaging $300 a year each, -
Product.
1,500 tons of Manilla Cordage,
1,000  "  of Hemp,
2,500  "  average price 10 cents per lb.,       -    -        $560,000
Besides the above, Twines and Cords of various kinds were
made, amounting to at least -.. -     -    -    -250,000
Total,   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -    $810,000
The prices of Cordage, the present year, are much less than
those during last year.
XXIX.
Saddles, Harness, Whips, Trunks, &e.
The manufacture of Saddlery in this country is distinguished
from that in any other part of the world by the immense variety
of styles and qualities which are produced.   We are informed by
a, leading manufacturer, that of Saddles there are probably not
.31"5
i 
376      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
less than five hundred various styles and qualities, with a proportionate quantity of Bridles, Bridle Mountings, Martingales, Girths,
Circingles, Stirrup Leathers, Saddle  Bags, Medical  Bags, &e.
Of Harness, for Coach, Gig, Dearborn, Sulky, Stage, and Omnibus, there are perhaps three hundred styles and qualities; while, in
coarse Harness, for Carts, Drays, Wagons, and Plows, there is also
great diversity.
It is a fact well-known to persons who are familiar with the
history of Industry during the past few years, that the Saddle and
Harness-makers of Philadelphia have invariably carried off the
"palm" at local Exhibitions and Fairs; and the fact that the
Prize Medal was awarded to a Philadelphia firm at the World's
Fair, in London, cannot be unknown to any observant person, who
has traversed Seventh street, North of Chestnut. The special causes
conducive to superiority in the Harness manufacture are manifold;
all the raw material consumed, especially the Leather and the Hardware, are made here of the very best quality; the workmen have
permanent employment, and the manufacturers have al established
reputation for faithful work, which they are determined to maintain.  The solvency and character of the trade in Philadelphia,
enable them to buy at the very lowest rates; and the systemn of
manufacturing involves much less ostentation, and, consequently,
less expense than in many other cities where the sales-hlouse and
factory are distinct and separate establishiments, even if owned by
the same parties.  In this city, the goods are generally manufactured and offered for sale under the same roof.   The ingenuity of
the manufacturers too has been repeatedly and successfully called
into exercise, and the very best of the new styles of Saddles made
in the Northl were first originated and introduced by one of our
large houses; while improvements upon the old English styles rendcler those made in Philadelphia in several respects superior to the
foreign.  In the new styles, of the Spanish and Mexican order
generally, the utmost care is taken to guard against injury to the
horse, and also to produce (which they have, beyond all other
places,) the most comfortable and pleasant Saddle, for both horse
and rider.  Hog-skin continues to be the principal Leather consumted in the best Saddles, on account of its softness and capacity for exposure to the sun and rain; though Buckskin is also 
SADDLE-TREES-WIHIPS.
frequently used for the seat, and for the horns of Ladies' Saddles
particularly.
For the manufacture of SADDLE-TREES, there are two establishments-the  proprietors being  CONDIT  PRUJDDEN, and  AARON
SCIIELLENGER.   The  last-named  has been in the business for
twenty-eight years.  His Trees are all cut out of the solid ma.
terial by the axe and the "shave," no bent work being made in
this shop. He employs eight hands.
Alr. CONDIT PRUDDEN has had an experience of over thirty years
in the manufacture of Saddle-Trees, and about one-third of that
time in Philadelphia.  iHe conducts the business on a more extensive scale, it is said, than any other Saddle-Tree maker in the Union.
His manufactory is a four-story building; the machinery is propelled by steam-power; and the capacity of his works is sufficient
to turn out 1,200 finished " Trees" per week. About thirty hands
are at present employed.  A list of "Trees" made in this establishment would include all the ordinary descriptions, and some patented ones. Saddle-Trees are shipped from Philadelphia to New
York and New England, and largely to the West and South.
The Saddle and Harness manufacture employs a capital of
three-quarters of a million of dollars, nine hundred and sixty hands,
and yields a product of $1,500,000.  Two of the oldest houses,
W. S. HANSELL & SONS, established for forty-five years, and
M. MIAGEE & Co., have branch establishments in New Orleans.
Orders for fine work are occasionally executed for Europe; while
the coarser qualities are shipped to various parts of the South and
West, and also sent in considerable quantities to Mexico and Cuba.
The manufacture consumes annually over one hundred thousand
sides of Leather.
2. WHIIIPS.
The manufacture of Whips is a business entirely distinct from
that of Saddles and Hlarness; but the relations existing between
themr are so intimate, that they may properly be considered in the
same article.
The Whip maniufactories of Philadelphia are said to be the
first established, and among the most extensive in the Union.  The
principal factories are those of PEARSON & SALLADA, and CHARLES
P. CALDWELL; but, outside of these, large quantities of Raw-hide
3'i 7 
378      PIIILADELPHIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
and common Whips are made by individuals, for saddlers' use. The
factory of Messrs. Pearson & Sallada is said to be the largest in this
country; but we have no particular information with regard to it.
The factory of Mr. CHARLES P. CALDWELL is located at Mantua, in
West Philadelphia, and there all kinds of Whips are made, firom
those which sell at $1 25 per dozen, to those which sell at $600 per
dozen.   The materials used for the stock are Whalebone, Rattan,
Fancy Woods, Leather, Gut, Gum, Pitch, Glue; for the lashes,
Leather, Gut, and Thread; for the handles, Wood,  Ivory, and
Bone; and for the mountings, Gold, Silver, Ivory, Pearl, &c.
Machines are used for plaiting or weaving the gut covering. This
machine is a circular frame, around which is a series of bevel cogs,
driven by a crank-handle in the hand of the operator; the whip
stands in the centre, and receives its gut from numerous spools
which surround it; the machine at the same time plaiting the gut
over the stock.   They are of different capacities: one plaiting
sixteen threads, another twenty-four.
The great difference in the cost of Whips, some selling as high
as $50 each, is mainly in the character of the mountings.   Mr.
Caldwell uses, in all his Whips, the very best material; and the
reputation of his manufactures is unsurpassed by any in the
United States.  Hle employs about thirty-five hands.  Fully one
third of his products are sent to New York and Boston.
Canes are also made in both these factories, and the materials
and mountings are often exceedingly rare and costly.
The Whip and Cane manufacture suffers severely from the
enormous expansion of ladies' skirts, and the consequent demand
for Whalebone hoops.   The  price of Whalebone  has recently
quadrupled, and that which formerly could be purchased for thirtyfive cents per pound now costs $1 20 per pound in its rough state,
and $1 75 ready cut. It appears that neither Whips nor Canes could
prevent the advance I The annual product of the Whip and Cane
manufacture in Philadelphia, estimating for that made outside of
the factories above-mentioned, is at least $175,000.
3. TRUNKS AND PORTMANTEAUS.
In this branch of Leather manufactures, a capital of $100,000
is invested, two hundred and fifty hands are employed, and an ag 
SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.
gregate value of $313,000 annually produced.   The same care in
the selection of materials, and attention to finish, that we remarked
in the Saddlery and Ilarness manufacture, are noticeable in this;
and not merely in the finer qualities, but neatness and taste, as well
as strength, characterize the cheaper varieties.
Philadelphia Portmanteaus are deservedly famous for their combiiiation of strength and capaciousness, with lightness.   At the
WAorld's Fair, in London, it will be remembered by many, that a
Portmanteau, made in this city, costing $500, received the First
Premium, notwithstanding competition from all countries. New
York procures the ordinary qualities of Trunks and Portmanteaus
from Newark, and other places, but the very finest are obtained
exclusively, we are informed, from this city.
The London Commissioners remark: "The workmanship and
finish of the best class of goods are unexceptionable; and even in
the cheaper and lower qualities the style in appearance is a matter
of much consideration, and displays a decided advance, in point
of taste, upon the unsightly character of the cheaper kind of traveling conveyances of England."'
XXXI.
Ship and Boat Building.
It is no idle nor foundationless boast to say that the Ship-Builders of Philadelphia have contributed materially to the present
commercial prosperity and supremacy of the United States.   The
history of commerce will establish the fact incontestibly, that the
rapid rise of the Commercial Marine of the United States is due
mainly to the superior swiftness of American vessels; and it must
moreover be conceded that the Ships constructed in Philadelphia
were, for a long period of time, the " crack sailers" of the ocean.
The picot board, so essential to the speed of Sailing Vessels, was
originated and brought to perfection in this city; and cotton duck
and horizontal canvas, which are esteemed the best materials
for Sails, were invented by a citizen of Philadelphia. The speed
of Philadelphia-built Ships is demonstrated by the records of
short passages, and their staunchness is established by the low
average rates of insurance.
During  the last ten years the attention of the private Slip-)
379 
380      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES
Builders of Philadelphia has been largely directed to the construction of Steamers. Within that time, the firm of Birely & Son
has built one hundred and seven Steamers, having an aggregate
tonnage of 21,018 tons.  A list of the Vessels that have been
constructed at this port would include a number of important
ones, as the Steamship "Pennsylvania," " City of Richmond,"
the Steam Propeller "S.  S. Lewis," 1039  tons burden; the
Steamer "Star of the South," built for R. F. Loper, of Philadelphia, for Boston; the "General Knox," famous for her good
qualities and speed; the "Carolina," which her builders, C. &
N. Cramp, claim is the fastest Propeller afloat; the Clipper Ships
"Manitou," 1,500 tons, the "Bridgewater," 1525 tons, and the
Propeller "Phineas Sprague," 1,000 tons, built for the Philadelphia and Boston line by the young firmi of Birely & Linn, who
are now building a 1,200 ton Propeller for the same line.  The
various Propeller and Steamship Engines and Iron Boats that
have been constructed here, were adverted to in the article on
Iron and its Manufactures."
But the supremacy which Philadelphia claims over all other
cities in Marine Architecture, is in her Government Navy Yard
work.  The Navy Yard in this city is alike remarkable for its
success in constructing vessels that are acknowledged to be the
equals of any in the world, and for the neglect and positive opposition of the Government in providing equipments.  The area is
eighteen acres,* enclosed on three sides by a substantial brick
wall, the other fronting upon the river. The space, it will be
perceived, is ample for the construction of the largest Vessels,
though many of their essentials, as engines, chains, anchors, etc.,
are made outside of the walls.  The maoulding lofts for modeling
Ships-of-War are the most spacious in the country.  There are
twio ship-houses, one of which, 270 feet long, 103 feet high, and
84 feet wide, is the largest in the United States.  The other is
* At our request, the Commandant's courteous Secretary, HENRY S.
CRABBE, had the whole area of the Navy Yard measured, and ascertained
that it contained eighteen acres within the present walls; but he informs
us, that an assurance is given, by parties interested, that the two large lots
lying contiguous to, on the south side of the Yard, will be purchased by
the United States this season. and added to it. 
THiE NAVY YARD.
210 feet in length, 80 feet in height, and 74 feet in width.   The
Sectional Floatiig Dry Dock is unsurpassed by any other. There
are nine sections, equal in dimensions, 100 feet long, 30 feet wide,
and 11 feet deep. The water is pumped out in about two hours bv
four high-pressure engines, of 12-inch cylinders, and 24-inch stroke,
and 8-feet beams. They are of simple construction, but answer their
purpose admirably. The conveniences for docking Vessels are excellent. Two or even four Vessels can be docked at the same
time, and placed on the Rail-ways in the yard at the head of the
Dock by the Hydraulic Engine, which has already proved its
power by hauling up the "City of Pittsburg," a first-class Steamer
of the Commercial Marine, and placing her far above the reach
of the water, convenient for the operations of the mechanlics.
The Basin is constructed chiefly of Wood, and does not retain
dampness-a serious objection to those of stone.  The entire cost
of this noble Dock was $813,742.*
The number of workmen employed at the Navy Yard ranges
from five hundred to thirteen hundred, averaging eight hundred.
At the present time there are about twelve hundred men at
work, principally on the new Sloop "Lancaster."  Their occupations are divided as  follows:  Shipwrights,  Sawyers, Borers
and Carpenters' Laborers, Smiths, Joiners, Gun-carriage Makers,
Caulkers, Reamers, Spinners (oakum), Pickers (oakum), Sailmakers, Mast and Spar-makers, Riggers, Painters, Boat-builders,
Plumbers, Block-mrnakers, Engineers, Masons, House Carpenters,
and ordinary Laborers.
The list of Vessels that have been built at this Yard includes
not one that failed from bad construction or inferior material.
The history of the Yard is a succession of successes. We have
not the necessary data to enumerate them all, but herewith submit a
* At Christian-street Wharf, Messrs. J. SIMPSON & NEILL have a Sectional Floating Dry Dock, constructed on the same principle as the above,
and capable of docking the largest merchant vessel. The water, we are
informed, can be pumped out in one hour, and an eighteen hundred ton
merchantman docked in the same time.
31
381 
882     PPHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTUlRES.
List of Vessels of War of the U. S. Navy, built in Philadelphia, and
now in service, as per Official Register, for 1858.
Name...  G..un.                                T    g. ge.  When Built.
SHIPS OF THE LINE.
Pennsylvania......................................................
North Carolina....................................................
FRIGATES.
United States......................................................
Raritan.............................................................
SLOOPS OF WVAR.
Germantown......................................................
Vandalia............................................................
Dale..................................................................
SCREW  STEAMERS.
'%Vabash...... (lst class)..........................................
Lancaster...(2d class).........................................
SIDE-WHEEL STEAMERS.
AIississippi..... (lst class).....................................
Susquehanna....................................................
STORE VESSEL.
Relief.................................................................
Besides these we might mention the "Arctic," memorable for
her connection with the Kane expedition; the " Shubric," used
on the Coast Survey; and the "Princeton," celebrated in her day
as the swiftest Vessel afloat, and also for her connection with
naval operations performed at Vera Cruz.  She was rebuilt at
the Gosport Navy Yard, and is now degraded to be a ReceivingShip at this station.
It is a very significant fact, established by the history of the
Naval Marine, that, while various attempts have been made in
other American cities at constructing Naval Steamers, Philadelphia is as yet the only port where it can be said the work has
been done successfully.  This, however, is not surprising, inasmuch as all the elements conducive to success and economy in
Marine construction are concentrated here in an unusual degree.
Cheap coal and iron, the best mechanical ability, experience, and
facilities, combine to render Philadelphia practically the most
available point in the entire Union for the construction of Vessels
of every grade and description.
Besides the Ship-Builders, there are six concerns, all located in
the old district of Kensington, employed chiefly in Boat-Building,
which includes Yawl Boats, Whale Boats, Life Boats, etc. In building Yachts they have been very successful.  The Yacht "Decoy,"
designed and built here, we are informed, has challenged the world
year after year without a response. Holmes' Patent Life Boats, very
highly spoken of by competent authority, are built at this port.
I
120
84
50
50
22
20
16
40
is
10
15
3241
2635
1607
1726
939
783
666
3200
2360
1692
2450
468
1837
1820
1797
1843
1846
1828
1839
1855
1858
1841
1850
IS36 
SOAP AND CANDLES.
The minor branches connected with Ship-Building are all carried
on here.  Sails are made unsurpassed in quality and unequaled
in reputation.  The sails of the Yacht "Maria," of the New York
Squadron, and of the Yacht "America," famous for her triumphs
over the English in a contest for the supremacy of the seas, were
made by MIr. Maull of this city.  The entire business of Ship and
Boat-Buildcling, including Masts and Spars, Sails, Blockls, and
Pumps, judging from the best data we can obtain for anl average
of five years, has amounted to $1,760,000 annually.
During the last year, and even for two years past, it is well
known that the shipping interests have been seriously depressed,
and the construction of new Vessels at all ports was exceedingly
limited. At Philadelphia, during the last year, one hundred and
forty-seven new Vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 17,917
tons, were admeasured by the United States officers.
XXXI.
Soap and Candles.
"The quantity of Soap consumed by a nation," says the celebrated Liebig, in his Familiar Letters on Chemistry, "would be
no inaccurate measure whereby to estimate its wealth and civilization.  Political economists, indeed, will not give it this rank; but,
whether we regard it as joke or earnest, it is not the less true that,
of two countries equal in population, we may declare with positive
certainty that the wealthiest and most highly civilized is that which
consumes the greatest weight of Soap." It is not, however, merely
by the quantity consumed of this important article, that the distinguished chemist would establish its claims to represent the civilization of a people.  The vast train of chemical, manufacturing, and
commercial operations called into existence for its economical production, and the cheaper, more extended, and altogether new arts
and processes incidentally growing out of these, would, even with
political economists, entitle it to this rank.
The materials used in making Soap are alkalies, and fatty substances, or oils, both of animal and vegetable origin.  Of the former, Potash, Soda, and a small proportion of Lime, are employed.
The artificial production and cheap supply oQf Soda, the alkali
chiefly used, from common salt, introduced about the beginning of
the present century, has since that time completely revolutionized
883 
.384     PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTUPES.
the business in Europe and this country, and probably within the
last twenty years quadrupled its amount. Of fats and oils, Tallow,
Lard and Fish Oils, Palm, Olive, Linseed, Cocoanut, Sassafras,
and other Oils, and Rosin, are the principal. Their chief agency
is to serve as a vehicle for the alkali, upon which the detergent
properties of Soap mainly depend: while the combination of the
latter with the fatty acids, generated in the process of saponification, subdues its caustic qualities, and preserves the skin, and the
texture and colors of fabrics. Rosin enters into the composition of
common Yellow Soap, and, in due proportion, improves, while an
excess deteriorates the quality of Soap-an adulteration largely
practiced, because of the cheapness of common Rosin.   Lime, a
portion of which is necessary, with the commercial Soda Ash,
which contains only about fifty-four per cent. of pure alkali, injures,
by giving undue causticity, if too freely employed.   The "Concentrated Lye" made by the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing
Company, which is represented in Philadelphia by LEWIS, JAMES
& Co., is warranted to make Soap without Lime, and with little
or no trouble.
In this city, there are about thirty-five establishments engaged
in the manufacture of Soap; and few branches of our manufactures have grown more rapidly with the prosperity of the city.
We have been assured that there is more Soap now made here in
one month, than there was ten years ago in a whole year. At that
time, we were greatly dependent upon New York, New England,
and Western Soap makers; and Colgate's Soap of New York
crowded every store; but now our own manufacturers supply our
market, to the exclusion of nearly all competitors, and have besides
large supplies for exportation. A few of them manufacture almost
entirely for exportation to the West Indies, South America, &c.
They make all the varieties in common use, and some make Soap
of superior quality. Palm Oil is extensively employed for making
Soap and Stearin Candles; and Olive Soap of remarkable power,
soluble in strong brine, and therefore well adapted for marine use,
is an important article made here.*
* An article of this kind, known as Chemical Olive Soap, manufactured
by Mr. W~i. CONWAY, 316 South Second street, is deserving of particular
notice, inasmuch as it has become a staple article in nearly every grocery 
CANDLES.
Numerous experiments have been made toward producing Castile Soap in this city, but apparently without success.
The manufacture of CANDLES is so very generally associated
with that of Soap, that the branches may be considered inseparable.  The advances that have recently been made in chemical science have wonderfully influenced the manufacture of both articles;
and by the separation of constituents, purification, distillation,
pressure, and other arts and appliances, known to the initiated, it
is possible to attain very remarkable results from very unpromising
materials. The most impure fats, as well as Palm and other oils,
may be made to yield, by the skillful Candle-maker, a product from
their solid portions but little inferior to those made from wax,
which is too expensive for ordinary use.   Dip Candles are nearly
obsolete; but the manufacture of Moulded Tallow Candles is still
ain important part of the business of nearly all the Soap-maklers.
The cheapness and brilliancy of gas have, however, superseded
their use in most of the principal cities, while the introduction of
store in the city, on account of its superior detersive qualities, and its
adaptation alike to the use of hard and soft water.  This Soap is the result
of a series of experiments commenced about three years ago, in consequence of the popularity of an Eastern Soap of similar name, extensively
sold here at that time, which it has almost wholly superseded.
With the self-reliance which characterizes all successful enterprises, and
a thorough practical acquaintance with his business, to which he was
brought up, assisted by a competent knowledge of the chemical principles
involved, Mr. Conway resolved that what had been done elsewhere could be
done by himself.  His  first attempts were  followed by  successive improvement, until the efficient and economical Soap now made by him leaves
little to be desired in the way of amendment, and after much pecuniary
loss in establishing its name and merits, he is being rewarded with substantial success.  It is claimed for it that it is superior to any common Soap for
washing in any water, hard or soft; for the reason, among others, that it
contains more alkali, which at the same time is so completely neutralized
by the other ingredients, that the fabric is not in the least injured by it.
MIr. Conway is also a large manufacturer of Candles, and of Palm, Variegated, White, Yellow, Pale Brown, and other common Soaps, as well as
of Fancy and Perfumed Soaps. Of his improved Chemical Olive Soap, his
sales to the city alone average one hundred boxes per day, besides the
quantities sent elsewhere.
31*
3815 
PHIIILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Campline, and the various illuminating oils, has also tended to
limit the manufacture of Candles.   Wax Candles are made by
only one person in this city.
At least two establishments in this city are engaged in the
manufacture of Adamantine Candles and Olein Oils, with all the
modern appliances for doing a large business.  DAVID THAIN &
Co., and C. E. GRANT & Co., have a capital invested in this
business of $400,000, employ 116 hands, and produce annually,
of Candles and Oils, $570,000.   The entire capital employed
in the Soap and Candle manufacture is $950,000; and the
aggregate product is $2,057,600.
XXXII.
Sugar Refining.
SIR: Your request for accurate information with regard to the
Sugar Refining business in Philadelphia has received due attention,
and I take pleasure in transmitting the result of my researches respecting the subject.
There are five large Steam Refineries, besides two extensive establishments which extract Sugar from Molasses. Those engaged in Refining Sugar are-J. S. LOVERING & CO., T. A. NEWIALL & Co., BUTE
S S.IITII, EA,STWICIC BROTHIIERS, and J. R. ROUDET; in extracting Sugar from M\olasses, G. L. BROOM & Co., and FELTUS & ZIMMERIING.
The buildirngs used by these firms are very extensive, and the combined
steam power amounts to over 500-horse power. The number of men
employed in the different works is about 700, and the amount of raw
Sugar imported from the West and East Indies, St. DI)omingo, &c., and
used, will reach 1,000 hogsheads per week, from which nearly 5,000
barrels of Loaf and the different grades of Clarified Sugar are produced, the greater portion of which is for the Philadelphia market.
Each barrel of Sugar weighs about 240 pounds.
By the introduction of machinery and steam the process of purifying and refining Sugar underwent an entire revolution; and this improvement, with the substitution of aluminous finings in place of bullock's blood, which supplied a fertile source of deterioration, has wonderfully increased the quantity of production and raised the standard of
quality. The Raw Sugar, from the WVest Indies, is imported in cases and
hogsheads; from the Eng,lish Islands in hogsheads; from South America chiefly in bags, as also from Manilla and the Mauritius. These latt(r
19) 8 6 
SUGAR REFINING.
)bags are double, and made from the leaves of reeds, plaited or woven
into suitable material.
The first operation of the RIefiner, after removing the Sugar from
the hogshead, boxes, &c., is dissolving the Sugar in a pan by means
of steam passing through a perforated pipe in the bottom of the pan.
The color is then extracted from the solution by means of chemical
and mechanical means, when it is passed to what is known as the va cuum pans, heated by steam, for the purpose of being boiled. By this
means the liquor is so concentrated that the Sugar is only held in solu tion by the high temperature, so that on cooling a rapid crystallization
talkes place, which produces that uniform fine grain, such as is required
in Loaf Sugar.  The syrup, after boiling sufficiently, is poured into the
moulds, which are of the funnel or sugar-loaf form, for the purpose of
assisting the separation of the mother-liquor. The syrup or liquor
which runs from the mould is again boiled, from which the lower grades
of Sugar is produced. The syrup coming from this second process is
sold for molasses. The production of molasses is about one fifth from
each hogshead.
The value of Refined Sugar manufactured in this city in one year,
taking for the basis of calculation the data given above, with  the
prices which ruled in 1857, and a working period of ten months, would
be from $5,500,000 to $6,000,000; and the business of the year, including Molasses, amounted to $6,500,000.  It will be remembered,
however, that the high price of Sugar during the early part of last
year diminished the demand; and at present prices, which are much
lower than in 1857, the Refineries here are of sufficient capacity to
produce S10,000,000 annually, if constantly in operation.
The art of Refining, it is believed, has attained a higher standard
in this country than in any part of Europe, and the excellence of this
manufacture is not approached by any imported article.  Within a
recent period, our own city has advanced greatly in both the quantity and
quality produced.  A  few years since but a single Refiner had a name
here, and a well-deserved one;* now several others are approaching
The firm alluded to, it is perhaps needless to remark, is J. S. LOVERING
& Co.-a name well-known in the principal markets of the world, and we
may say in the scientific world.  Their Refinery is one of the very largest
in this country; but we have made this reference more particularlv to describe their Barrel-making establishment at Bridesburg. The grounds enclosed for the Works, a memorandum before us states, contain about nine
acres. The Mlaple Logs are kept in large quantities in a pen leading fiom
the Frankford Creek, and which is immediately back of the Saw mill where
the timber is cut into planks the thickness of the width of the stave.  The
387 
PITILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
the high standard with rapid strides. The PENNSYLVANIA REFINERY,
corner Race and Crown streets, with very slight additions to its apparatus, has nearly trebled its capacity of production, and has for several
years fully reached the highest standard, as regards quality, attained
either in New York or Philadelphia.                                  M.
XXXIII.
Tobacco Manufactures-Cigars, Snuff, etc.
SIR: The manufactures of Tobacco in Philadelphia are limited to
Cigars, Snuff, and Smoking Tobacco. Chewing Tobacco is made in
the neighborhood of the plantation; and the reason that so much of inferior quality is made, is that the demand exceeds the supply. All the
first quality grown is required for wrapping the frost-bitten, unripe,
and otherwise injured leaves, which are deposited in the centre of the
plug.
The manufacture of Cigars is a great business in Philadelphia. I am
practically acquainted with the trade, and since your queries were received have made it a subject of careful investigation.   My opinion is
there are about 1,000 Cigar manufacturers in Philadelphia; thirty of
whom employ from ten to sixty-five hands; the others from one to five
pieces are then taken to another room and placed in steam-tight boxes, into
which the engines exhaust their steam, and thus in a short space' of time
the timber is sufficiently steamed to be cut into staves. The blocks are
then taken into the stave-cutting room, where one man with a huge
knife, worked by steam, cuts eighty staves the proper shape every
minute. This knife has a curved blade, which gives the staves the proper
curve. This knife is over five feet in length, and acts perpendicularly;
and the feeder stands at a table and presents the piece of timber to the
knife, a gauge stopping the slack, so that the knife cuts the stave the proper
thickness. The staves are then put in iron cars and run into drying kilns,
two hundred feet long, and heated by hot air. They are, after being dried,
placed upon a revolving table, which joints them so that they fit together in
such a manner as to give the proper bilge. After passing through another
machine, which cuts the chime and prepares it for the head, the staves are
passed to the setters-up. About thirty-five men and boys are employed, and
with this force from. three hundred to five hundred Barrels are made daily.
The maple logs are brought from the head-waters of the Delaware; 1,500,000
feet, costing from $8 to $10 per thousand, are used annually. The hoops
are of ash, and brought from the shores of the St. Lawrence. The machinery is moved by three steam engines; one of sixty-horse power, and two
of thirty-horse power each.
388 
CIGARS, SNUFF, ETC.
or six. The whole number of employees, journeymen and girls, engaged
in making Cigars, is fully 4,000.   If each hand makes  1,500 Cigars
per week, a minimum amount, the weekly production is 6,000,000, or
312,000,000 Cigars per year. A fast hand will make five hundred Cigars
per day. The average labor expended upon each thousand Cigars costs
about $3 50: the weekly production of 6,000,000 would cost $21,000;
and the yearly cost for labor on 312,000,000, would be $1,092,000.
The average cost of each thousand Cigars is $8 00; that of 312,000,000
is $2,496,000. A profit of twenty per cent. makes the annual production
about $3,000,000.  The largest factory employs sixty-five hands, and
manufactures 4,000,000 Cigars, of which the average cost is $16 per
thousand. This firm has invested in the Cigar business alone $80,000.
About one-third of the leaf tobacco, for making Cigars, is obtained
from Cuba; the rest is of American growth. The Cuban is of course
used for the superior qualities. The best Cigars are known by their pure
color, and the white solidity of the ashes. The best Cigars made in
Philadelphia need only the foreign brands, and Custom-house marks, to
sell as real Havanas. They are shipped to all parts of the West
and South, and the best qualities are sold largely in New York as imported.
The Cigar branch alone employs a capital of $1,800,000.
Machines have not as yet been found to work well. A Liverpool
house is said to have a patented machine in operation, which will make
5,000 Cigars per day; and in Prussia machines are extensively used,
which is one reason why German Cigars are so cheap, and so badly made
that few will smoke.
In the manufacture of Snmiys there are four mills, that employ fifty
hands, and have a capital invested of $80,000. Garrett's Mill has been
established probably a century.  Smoking Tobacco is cut in the Snuff
mills, and also by mills devoted exclusively to the purpose. The product will average 5,000 pounds per day, worth ten cents per pound, which
amounts to $156,500.
The Cigar, Snuff, and Leaf Tobacco trade undoubtedly employs a
capital of $3,000,000, turned twice a year, which produces a business
of $6,000,000 per year.
XXXIV.
The Umbrella and Parasol Manufacture.
Arhemologists have demonstrated that those portable protections from the suIn and rain, called Umbrellas and Parasols, probn,)ly commenced with the latter of these inventions, and in a region
389 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTU1TES.
where the intensity of the light and heat rendered a shade almost
indispensable.  In the contrivance of such a shelter, the pole and
top of a tent seem to have originally suggested the well-known
form, which, in its general features of a dome or canopy, still remains unaltered.  The materials used in the early Parasols were
exceedingly heavy, and one or more attendants were required to
carry them over their possessors; hence, the ownership of a Parasol
was at one time indicative of high rank. But we are compelled to
pass by much curious information, with respect to the early history
of these articles, and their gradual introduction into common use,
and proceed to consider the present state of the manufacture, particularly in Philadelphia.
The UJmbrella and Parasol manufactories in Philadelphia, it is
supposed, are more extensive than any others of the kind in the
United States; and their products have proverbially a better reputation for quality than any others.   It is probable there are more
than a hundred places in Philadelphia where Umbrellas and Parasols are made to some extent, but the very extensive establishments
are limited to four or five.  The causes that have contributed to
the supremacy of Philadelphia in this manufacture, are principally
those which have led to a like result in other branches; but there
are also special and particular reasons for the superiority.  The
sticks and metal mountings made in Frankford, a populous
suburb of the city, are unsurpassed for excellence and efficiency.
The stretchers, made from the best Pennsylvania iron-the wire,
drawn at Easton, and formed, forked, and japanned at the House
of Refuge, under the superintendence of a firm in this city-are
tougher, and less disposed to rust or oxidize, than any in the world.
The mechanical genius of the manufacturers has also been active,
and a number of very important improvements, which facilitate the
manufacture, have originated here. Of this description we might
instance the "Sorting Machine," invented by Wright Brothers &
Co., for adjusting the strength of the ribs, or setts, worked by
balance-weights, and by determining the strength of each rib,
insures the perfect and regular shape of their goods.
The firms most extensively engaged in this manufacture  are
WRIGIHIT, BROTHERS & Co., SLEEPER & FENNER, WM. A. DROWN
&  Co., SIMON HEITER, and Wm. H. RICHARDSON.   The first two
390 
UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS.
are probably the largest, and certainly among the largest Umbrella manufacturing concerns in the Union.
The quantity of material annually consumed in the manufactory
of WRIGHT, BROTIHERS, & CO., is enormous.  The Pennsylvania
Inquirer, referring to them, stated
"This house produces an average of 2,200 Umbrellas and Parasols
a day, or about 700,000 per annum: and consumes one mnillion yards,
equal to 570 miles, of Silks, Cottons, and Ginghams; upward of 200,000
pounds of Rattan, and about seventy-five tons of Horn, Bone, Ivory,
and other materials, for ornamental miountings.   Of Whalebone, the
house alluded to above consumes over 100,000 pounds, equal to about
one-thlirtieth of the average products of the whale fisheries of the
world.
Such are the extent and variety of the mechanism used, and the perfection and nicety with which it is adapted to the purpose, that, with the
help of ample steam-power, all this vast quantity of material changes
its form, and 700,000 Umbrellas are manufactured in the establishment
of the Messrs. WAright, with the help of only 450 hands constantly employed under one roof. All parts of the Umbrella are now arranged with
mathematical accuracy by the machinery used, some of which was invented by one of the proprietors of the establishment, from whom the
above information was obtained, and can be used by no other manufactory.  The system to which all parts of this manufacture is reduced is
now so perfect as to place the cost of production very low, and far below
competition from hand labor and ordinary machinery-in addition to
forming the article with a beauty and accuracy only to be obtained from
the best mechanical means."
Mlessrs. SLEEPER & PFENNER are a prominent firm, who have
been identified with this manufacture for about twenty years, and
now rank among the most extensive makers of Umbrellas in this
country.   The products of their establishment are sold largely in
Boston, and other parts of New England, and are highly and deservedly appreciated, where appreciation is a compliment.
WSI. A. DROWN & Co. are the successors of Erasmus J. Pierce,
one of the pioneers in this manufacture.  Previous to the last war,
hle was engaged in the business, in Baltimore; but his residence
in this city dates, we believe, from  1815.   At  that time, forty
Umbrellas per day was a large product-fuilly as much as the demand would warrant.   Mr. Pierce retired from active  )articipa
391 
392      PIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
tion ill the business about 1836, and at the time of his retirement
was accounted among the very largest manufacturers.  HIlis successors, Messrs. Wm. A. Drown & Co., are noted for the fine styles
of Umbrellas and Parasols which they produce; and their goods
are well-known throughout the entire country.
The house of SIMON HEITER, though less extensively engaged
in the manufacture than some of the others to whom we have referred, is well known to the trade, and takes a very respectable
rank.  All the styles usually made in this country are produced
in his manufactory; and by means of connection with' houses in
Europe, he is in early and constant receipt of whatever novelties are originated in the workshops of Paris or elsewhere.
WM. IH. RICIIARDSON has been connected with the trade for
many years, and during the period of this connection he has
introduced several novelties that can be highly commended.
One is the Walking-cane Umbrella, a very ingenious and neat
affair, well adapted to the use of pedestrians and travelers.  It
consists of a convenient size of Umbrella, in a very handsome
rosewood case, which, when the Umbrella is hoisted, forms the
handle, and, when closed, becomes a handsome cane.  Another
arrangement for the comfort of travelers is an Umbrella, the handle
of which may be readily converted into a rest for the head; it is
intended to be used in cars as a head-support, and thus facilitates sleeping while traveling. Another novelty to which we beg
leave to invite attention is an Umbrella that can readily be
packed in a trunk, and also the Holland Rectangular Steel Tube
Ulimbrella, which, with the frame covered with strong silk, is said
to weigh only nine ounces.
The Umbrella and Parasol manufacture in Philadelphia emp)loys directly about 1,500 persons, and indirectly, and in all its
branches, 2,500. A large proportion of the employees are females,
whose earnings average from $2 to  $5 per  week.   A  capital of about $700,000 is invested, and the average annual pro
duct is about $1,275,000, though in 1853 it was nearly two millions of dollars; the sales of one firm alone exceeding a half
million of dollars.  The value produced in Philadelphia is nearly
equal to that of Paris in 1847, when the product was stated at
~296,000. 
IVORY TURNING-WHIALEBONE AND RATTAN.
The circumstances that have contributed to the development
of the Umbrella manufacture in Philadelphia, we have in part already alluded to.  The establishments in Fraukford for the mtanufacture of Metal  Mountings, Tips, &c., are deservedly noted,
and supply not only the manufacturers of this city but of New
York.   The Ivory and Bone Turners, and Carvers, perform their
part well in ornamenting the handles.   In the establishment of
tIARVEY & FORD, undoubtedly the most extensive in the United
States, 150 operatives are employed, and their carved Ivory-work
successfully rivals the finest of England or France.   The quantities of material annually consumed in this branch may be inferred
from the following statistics, recently given in the Ledger, for two
of these shops, viz.:
"Ivory, 30,000 lbs., worth about $80,000; Walrus, a large quantity
of which is also used for like purposes with Ivory, 6,000 lbs., worth
$3,000; Boxwood,  9 tons, worth $270; Vegetable Ivory, 30 tons,
worth $3,000.  One hundred and forty men  and boys are employed,
who receive for their labor $29,700 per annum.  In the two shops, one
hundred and five Turning Lathes and eleven Saws are at work. Eight
thousand bushels of dust are sold every year for $5,200. The dust is
used by farmers as an excellent manure."
A considerable proportion of the finished work in Ivory and
Bone, it is proper to explain, is used for the handles and mountings of Whips and Canes, and various kinds of Surgical InstruImeIlts.
There is also an extensive establishment in the city for the
malnufacture of WHALEBONE and RATTAN, and is said to be the
only factory in the country where Whalebone is prepared for all
purposes to which it is adapted, viz.: Umbrellas, Parasols, Whips,
Canes, Dresses, Hoops, Bonnets, Hats, Hair Pins, &c. This manufactory, of which the proprietors are George W. Carr and Samuel
WVarrington, trading under the firmi-style of GEORGE W. CARR &
Co., was established in 1842.  The machinery and fixtures  are
principally original, and said to be unknown to other manufacturers. Steam, supplied by a twelve-horse engine, is used in all
the various processes of Boiling, Dyeing, Drying, and Heating.
Previous to the great advance in Whalebone, this manufaetory
consumed annually fronm 150,000 to 200,000 lbs.; but at present,
32
393 
.:)4    PIlILADELPIIIA AND ITS MIANUFACTURES.
the consumption is much reduced by the introduction of substitutes of much lower cost.  Rattan is now a leading article in the
manufacture of Umbrellas, Parasols, Chair Seating, Skirt HIloops,
&c., and this firm consume annually about 200,000 lbs. The
manufacture of Skirt Hloops is largely carried on by them, and
for covering the Skirts they use the Whip Braiding machines before referred to.  Messrs. G. W. Carr & Co. employ fifty to sixty
hands-n-men, boys, and girls.
XXXV.
Wagons, Carts, Drays, and Wheelbarrows.
Within comparatively a few years the demand for Wagons of a
peculiar construction has elevated the business of Wagon-making(
into the rank of manufactures.   The wheelwright and the blacksmith are no longer able to supply the combined wants of the
United States Government, Express Companies, and Emigrants
and establishments are required that can purchase lumiber and iron
in large quantities, and which are provided with all the requisite
machinery and appliances for turning out heavy vehicles with expedition and rapidity.  The excellence of the timber furnished from
the forests of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware; the reputation of the builders, established even prior to the time when
Conestoga Wagons transported all heavy goods from the Eastern
States to the West; the present facilities of the Wagon-making
establishments, and the immense stock of well-seasoned lumber always klept on hand, make  Philadelphia, at the present time, the
btest and principal seat of the Wagon manufacture.
There are now forty-five establishments in Philadelphia where
Wagons, Carts, Drays, &c., are made, but, we believe, only three
that carry on the business on a large scale, and supply the South,
the Uiited States Government, and distant markets generally;
-viz.:-WAVILsON, CIIILDS &  Co., SIMONS, COLEIAN  & CO., BEGGS
& ROWLAND.   Two other houses, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, and W.
IOSKINS, have executed orders of some importance for remote
eections.
These establishments send their products to almost every part
of the South, including Texas; and even Mexico obtains a second
edition of our old Conestogas, whiclh are there drawn  by mules.
Thle VUnited States (lovcriiinetit has for some time obtained its 
WOOD-WORKING.
Wagons from Philadelphia, inasmuch as those built here are found
to be the most serviceable on the Western frontiers, where only those
of the best material and construction can withstand the abrasion
of travel. A considerable proportion of those required for the
transportation of the Utah expedition are being made here, and the
factories at the present time swarm with industrious artisans. We
shall describe two of the principal establishments in the ArPPENDIx.
The statistics of the product are given as follows:Value of WVagons annually sent South, and for the U. S. Government,  $525,000
"   " Wagons, Carts, Drays, &c., made for the city and vicinity,  290,000
Total product,...'- — — $815,000
XXXVI.
Wood-Working —Building Materials, &e.
The working of Wood in Philadelphia, and throughout the
United States, is especially remarkable for the application of laborsaving machinery, by which the most important results are attained
from apparently very simple means. All the implements and machines designed for the purpose, and in use in this country, from
an ordinary axe to a planing machine, are far in advance of those
in use in Europe. A house in Liverpool is now importing the best
American Wood-working machines, and making great efforts to
introduce them generally into England.
The abundant supply of Lumber in Pennsylvania, and the
sources of that supply, were stated in the Introductory.  It is
probably our duty to describe the facilities that are in use in the
various and numerous Wood-working establishments; but we are
reminded that the leading branches of productive industry have
already consumed more than their allotted space; and we are satisfied that nothing like justice could be done, within narrow limits,
to a subject so comprehensive. We may probably describe one or
two of the leading establishments in the APPENDIX; but here it
must stffiee for us to say that the machinery in the various Planing
MIills, Sash Factories, Turning and Scroll-sawing Establishments,
&c., is truly remarkable for its efficiency; and that those establishments occupied in preparing the various parts of Wood-work
required in Buildings, can supply builders at a much cheaper rate
than the latter can produce them in their own workshops, without
the aid of such machinery.
395 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
The statistics of the aggregate product, prepared with a good
deal of labor, will convey some idea of the extent to which the business of Wood-working, in its several branches, is carried on:
Value of Lumber Sawed, including Mahogany and Fancy Woods,
" Flooring and Planed Lumber,..
"    Sashes, Blinds, Doors made in factories,     -    -   -
"   " Mlouldings, Turnings, in Wood, &c.,.
"     "Barrels, Casks, Shooks, Vats, &c.,.
" " Boxes, Packing, estimated, -..
"   " Picture and Looking-Glass Frames, stated by a leading
manufacturer at $1,500,000, estimated,                         5,
"    Matches-6 Match factories, estimated,              - -
" " Coffins, ready made,....
"   "Lasts and Boot-Trees, one maker using machines, 
"   " Cedar and Wooden Ware, -.. —      ---
'"   " Patterns, Stove and other, -.. —       ---
"   " Show Cases, &c.,         —...
Miscellaneous manufactures in Wood, viz.: Hydrant Stocks, Lad  ders, Kindling Wood, Shingles, Laths, &c., estimated - -
Total, -.. _...
We  now take leave of the Branches of Productive In
Philadelphia that can  be called  "Leading,"  or those
the aggregate product and relative commercial importan
them to the designation.  A recapitulation of the respecti
produced in these branches alone would show that Phila
a very great manufacturing  city; and if we were to  ste
the city limits, and  compute  the industrial values of th
of which  this city is the  commercial  centre, we  woul
at least the following additional aggregates:
Dry Goods in the vicinity of Philadelphia, as before stated, 
Iron-Anthracite made near Philadelphia,..          ----           4
"   Charcoal in Eastern Pennsylvania,.. —— 4
Products of Forges and Rolling Mills in the vicinity of Philadel  phia, in 1856,.       --    ---           -    -.. —
Miscellaneous manufactures of Iron, estimated,         -..
Leather, estimated,.... — —— 2
Paper, estimated,    -    -    - -       - --
Wood-working, including Agricultural Implements, Barrels, HIan  dles, Tools, &c., brought into Philadelphia, estimated, - -
Total, — —-----------------------------------------— — $20,520,000
396
$5so,ooo
37 0,000
250,000
850,000
715,000
500,000
750,000
125,000
219,000
36,000
150,000
115,000
55,000
5,000,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
$26,520,000
Tot:il, 
RECAPITULATION.
RECAPITULATION.
Agricultural Implements, Seeds, and Fertilizers............................................... $1,003,00(
Alcohol, Burning Fluid, Camphene, &c............................................................ 1,022,140
Book Manufacture, and its kindred branches, as already given............$5,593,000
Profits of Publishing Books and Periodicals-amount $4,090,009, esti    mated rate 20 per cent.......................................................................8 S,000
Daily and Weekly Newspapers, estimated by a leading Newspaper
Publisher......................................................................................1,370,000
7,781,000
Boots and Shoes.................................................................................................4,141,000
Brass and Copper...............................................................................................1,230,000
Ale, Porter, Lager Beer, &c...............................................................................2,300,000
Bricks, Fire-Bricks, Pottery, &c.........................................................................1,459,000
Carriages, including Wagons, Carts, &c.............................................................1,715,000
Chemicals, Paints, Glue, Curled Hair, Varnishes, Medicines, &c...........................7,370,000
Clothing, Mantillas, and Corsets....................................................................... 11,]157,500
Confectionery, Fine Cakes, &c............................................................................1,020,000
Distilling and Rectifying Liquors.....................................................................3,154,000
Dry Goods or Textile Fabrics...........................................................................21,318,118
Flour and Substances as Food, including Baker's Bread, and Cured and Smoked
Meats..........................................................................................................14,150,000
Furniture, Upholstery, &c..................................................................................3,000,000
Glass Manufactures.................................................... 1,600,000
Hats, Caps, Furs, &c.........................................................................................1,900,000
Iron, Maaufactures of.....................................................................................12,852,150
Jewelry, and other Manufactures of Gold, Silver, &c..........................................3,272,000
Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fixtures..............................................................1,300,000
Leather, including Buckskin and Kid Gloves, Belting, Hose, &c...........................3,091,250
Marble, Stone, Slate, &c.................................................................,...................160,000
Oils................................................................................................................2,131,230
Paper Hangings.................................................................................................. 800,000
Rope, Cordage, &c...............................................................................................810,000
Saddles, Harness, Whips, Trunks.......................................................................1,988,000
Sugar Refining and Molasses..............................................................................6,500,000
Shlip and Boat Building.....................................................................................1,760,000)
Soaps and Candles............................................................................................2,057,600
Tobacco, (Stmoking), Cigars, Snuff.....................................................................3,256,500
Umbrellas and Parasols, including Umbrella Furniture, Ivory and Bone Turning,
Whalebone and Rattan manufacturing.......................................................... 1,750,000
Works in Wood-Products of Saw Mills, Planing Mills, Sash and Door Factories,
WVooden Ware, Matches, Lasts, &c..................................................................4,300,000
Total value of Leading Branches of Productive Industry in Philadel'a......$132,349,488
Add for Product of Leading Branches in the vicinity of Philadelphia............26,520,000
Total for Leading Branches in Philadelphia and Vicitity.......................$158,869,488
32*
397 
MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES.
I.
Artificial Teeth.
THE manufacture of Porcelain Teeth is modern in its origin. Orig
inally natural or human Teeth were used; also calves' and sheep Teeth;
next ivory, or Teeth carved from the tusk of the Hippopotamus. Fifty
years ago there was not a Porcelain Tooth made  in this country.
Twenty years ago, not more than two hundred and fifty thousand were
manufactured annually in the United States, and but a trifling number
in Europe. Since then the demand has been continually increasing,
owing in a great measure to the rapid improvements made from year
to year, and the more perfect applicability to the purposes designed;
and within the last eight years, it is said, the consumption has increased one hundred per cent.
Philadelphia was the first and original seat of the manufacture of
Porcelain Teeth in the United States; and over one half, if not two
thirds of all the Teeth now made in this country are made in Philadelphia.  One firm, that of JON-Es, WhIITE &  MCCURDY, Arch street,
make annually about 1,250,000 Porcelain Teeth.  Their products are
exported to Europe, South America, the West Indies; and in all the
markets they take precedence over the European manufacture.
In the report of the last Franklin Institute Exhibition, we notice
that the judges remark:
"These gentlemen claim the following as improvements in their
Teeth.  A close imitation of the natural organs; a great variety of
shapes in conformity with nature; the thickening of the posterior
edges of the canines and bicuspids, in conformity with the gradual filling out of the natural organs from the incisors to the molars; a greater
capacity to withstand the extremes of temperature to which they must
be exposed; the peculiar blending of the tints in imnitation of nature;
the shape of the bases of the gum teeth for half and entire dentures,
and their more perfect adaptation to the plates with but little grinding.
Also, a great improvement in the enamel surface, which is divested of
that glassy, reflecting character so unnatural, and which has hitherto
( 9S)
.... I 
AWNINGS, BAGS, ETC.
been so objectionable in Artificial Teeth.  Most of these improvements, especially those which relate to the shape, articulating and enamel surfaces, are of a high order of merit, and entitle them to a recall
first-class premium."
It is but justice to say, that thle eminent success which has attended
this firm is due to their merits as manufacturers of superior Artificial
Teeth; but also in part to their standing as gentlemen, their enterprise, and to their public spirit.
The statistics of the manufacture of Porcelain Teeth, as furnished
to us, are as follows:
Number of establishments, -    -
Capital invested, -    -    -    -
Persons employed-one half females,
Value of production annually, -
II.
Awnings, Bags, &c.
There are about eight principal establishments in this city for making Awnings, Bags, Sacking Bottoms, &c., and in addition, they manufacture Garden and Field Tents, Verandahs for windows, Wagon
Covers, Flags and Banners, &c.  Military Tents were,  during  the
Mexican war, and until a recent period, made here to a very large
amount for the United States Army, but are now all made  at the
United States Arsenal in this city. Wlagon Covers and Sacking Bottoms form considerable items ill the business here; and of the former,
two extensive Wagon Building establishments in this city necessarily
require many for their Mexican and Southern customers.
Bags, for grain and flour, are only made to a limited extent in connection with the other branches, the recent introduction and greater
cheapness of Seamless Bags having greatly abridged the demand. The
covering of iams, previous to being whitewashed for their better
preservation during the hot season, also belongs to the business, and
occasionally employs a number of hands. Mr. JOSEPu HI. FOSTER, a
principal manufacturer in all these branches, and also a practical Sail.
maker, has furnished the following statistics, viz.:
Hands employed,   -... -       -    -    -    -     -       125
Yards of Canvas used annually, 325,000, worth,         -    -
Other materials, as Rope, Twine, Rags, HIlooks, Needles, &c.
Workmanship,. —... ——.
$58,250
3,500
30,000
$91,750
399
5
-   $175,000
125
-   $500,000
Tot-.il, 
400      PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTIUREIS.
III.
Baskets and Willow Ware.
This is a branch of business which may be regarded as yet only in
its infancy in this country, but destined to become one of considerable
magnitude at no distant day. Considering the numerous uses of the
Willow, it is gratifying to know Philadelphia is actively leading in an
enterprise which must aid in eventually rendering us independent of
Europe, both for the raw material and the manufactured product.
Enormous quantities of Willow are annually imported, chiefly from
Havre, and then manufactured into Baskets by our German population
and others; while of the finer and fancy Willow Ware, nearly the whole
has hitherto been imported. For some years past, however, increased
attention has been given to the cultivation of the Willow by our
Basket-makers in this city, on account of the superior quality of the
native growth; the foreign article being always culled of the better
portions previous to shipment. Our soil and climate are found to suit
the plant admirably; and there are now within the city limits not less
than eighty-five acres of swamp or meadow lands under cultivation. The
number of persons engaged in growing Willow, exclusively for their own
use, with one or two exceptions, is about ten, whose gardens embrace
from two to twenty acres each; and others are engaging in it every year.
Mr. John Stinger, the largest Willow-grower and Basket-maker at present, has twenty acres, or nearly; and if persons of capital, which our pioneers have not been, were to embark in this branch of husbandry, a
ready sale could be had for all that can be raised for years to come, at
a remunerative price. The Willow is planted in rows four feet apart
each way, or four feet by two, according to the kind. During the
first year the young plants require care similar to that bestowed upon
corn; but in subsequent years little attention beyond keeping rank
grass from the roots.  In two years it reaches a size sufficient for use
and may be cut the first year, but with diminished profit subsequently.
It continues to yield for fifteen years, at an average value of $30 per
acre, when it must be grubbed up and replanted.
Miessrs. ROBERT & CHARLES DUNSK, who are among the largest of the
WVillow-growers and Basket-makers, and whose family have been thirty
vears in the business, have experimented upon some sixty varieties of
the Willow, to ascertain which are best adapted to our climate, soil,
and manufacture.  Few or none of those most cultivated in Europe
succeed here. Those best suited to our wants, we are informed, are the
Salix Laiberliana, S. Cordata, (native), S. Peclttangea, and S. Riusselliatia.  The last named is most cultivated; and as it produces all the 
BROOMS, BLACKING, INK, AND LAMPBLACK.
sizes required for different kinds of work, it would supersede all others
were it not liable to grow twiggy. The S. Cordata is best for larger and
coarser Basket-work; and other varieties are respectively used for special purposes. Of Basket-makers, there are about twelve principal ones,
besides a very large number of manufacturers on a small scale. In
quantity, the product in this city is supposed to exceed that of any
place in this country, and the quality of the work is undoubtedly supe.
rior, arising chiefly from the greater whiteness, strength, and beauty
of the native Willow.
Mr. Dunk, and some others, we believe, export nearly all they make.
Miuch of the imported Willow is used in the covering of Carboys and
other Glassware, by some of our large Glass factories.
Chairs, Settees, Cradles, Coaches, Wrork-Tables, Baskets, &c., are
also made of Bamboo and Cane, by several persons.
IV.
Brooms.
Of Cornt Brooms the product in Philadelphia is large, and the quality generally superior to the average. The Wire-fastened Broom made
here, in particular, is nowhere equaled by any article of the same
price. The principal supply of Broom Corn used here comes from Ohio
and Indiana, and it is manufactured by between one and two hundred
persons, each of whom will make from twenty-five to fifty Brooms
daily. Some of our larger manufacturers employ quite a number of
hands; and we believe few, if any, establishments in this country turn
out more Brooms and Whisk Brushes than Messrs. BERGER & BUTZ,
of this city. Ten or twelve thousand Brooms, probably, find their way
into the market weekly from the hands of Philadelphia Broom-makers,
the wholesale prices of which range from $1 to $3 per dozen. To this,
as to most similar branches, belongs an assortment of tools appropriate to the business, for the supply of which we are as yet dependent
upon New England. Our ingenious mechanics ought to supply not
only the home, but the distant demand for these articles. The same
may be remarked of Bri-oom Handles, which come from other quarters
in very large quantities.
V.
Blacking, Ink, and Lampblack.
Blacking, it has been remarked, consists essentially of two principal
constituents, viz., a black coloring matter, and certain substances
which will acquire a gloss by friction. Each maker has of course pro
401 
PHILADELPhIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
portions and methods of mixing peculiar to himself, but the chief materials used are the same in most cases. The extent to which the manufacture is carried on by some firms, is illustrated by the business of the
celebrated Day & Martin, who send away on an average 150 casks,
containing a quantity equal to 900 dozen pint bottles, per day. The constituents of Day & Martin's Blacking are said to be Bone-black, Sugar,
Molasses, Sperm Oil, Sulphuric acid, and strong Vinegar. In Philadelphia there are five principal establishments engaged in the manufacture of Blacking-JAMNES L. MASON & Co., JOHN ANNEAR, J. & E.
NEWBERT, and CHARLES 0. WILSON, and many others who make to a
limited extent. The first-named employs seventy-five persons, and
turns out three and a half millions of boxes of Blacking per year.
Writing Ink is made by Messrs. MASON & Co., and by five others,
viz., BARTHOLOMEW BUSSIER, GREEN & CO., JOSEPH E. HOOVER, APOLLOS W. HARRISON, and SAMUEL SCHURCci.  The excellence of the "Columbian Writing Fluid," made by Harrison, every penman is familiar
with.
Lamnpblack, as we previously stated, is made in connection with
Printing Inks, and also at separate establishments. Matlack's Lampblack, and Martin's, are well-known, both in this country and in
Europe.
The value of the Blacking, Inks, and Lampblack, made annually
in Philadelphia, may safely be stated at a half million of dollars.
VI.
Boxes, Paper.
Paper Boxes are probably made more extensively in Philadelphia
than in any other American city. The demand for Boxes, for all purposes, renders the variety seemingly unlimited-Boxes for Fancy Hosiery, Shoes, and Parasols; Boxes for Shirts, Bosoms, and Collars;
Boxes for Artificial Flowers, Ruches, and other Millinery goods;
Boxes for Brushes and Combs; for Perfumery and Fancy Soaps; for
Envelopes, Pencils and other Stationery; Confectionery Boxes, Jewelry Boxes, Pill Boxes; and Match Boxes, though these are generally
made by the Match-makers. All these different descriptions and varieties, from the commonest and cheapest, up to the most elaborately ornamented, at.$2 each, are made in the Philadelphia manufactories. A description of the largest establishment, that of GEORGE
W. PLUMLY, must suffice for all.  It consists of six floors in all, including a basement, and each room is appropriated to its own peculiar
separate and distinct operations.  In the basement, and under the
sidewalk, there is a boiler supplying steam for heating the building. and
402 
BOXES, PAPER.
hot water for making paste, &c.; also, a small steam-engine for pumping water, &c. Here a man and boy are engaged in covering pasteboards with white and colored paper, which is done by a machine containing two large rollers-one of which revolves in a trough filled with
paste, the sheet being passed between them, covered with paste, and
the paper laid on both sides.  The sheets are subsequently dried and
pressed. The first floor is chiefly occupied as a warehouse, countinghouse, &c. In the second, the large boxes which require sewing are
made and finished.  In this, and in other rooms, are shears of every
size and pattern; and machinery for cutting, with great rapidity,
pasteboards into the lengths and widths required. The third story
is devoted to another description of work-the largest that does not
require sewing, -and has machinery for a variety of purposes; such
as catting boards into circular pieces for tops and bottoms of round
boxes, machinery for scoring and cutting out the corners preparatory
to making square boxes, &c.  The fourth story is devoted to still
smaller work, and the fifth to pill and other round boxes. Here the
most perfect machinery is found.   One machine, invented by Mr.
Plumly, for cutting round pieces for ends of boxes, operates with such
rapidity that it is said 5,000 can be cut in an hour. The upper stories
are subdivided, and one part of each occupied by the men who cut
and prepare the work; the other by the women and girls who finish
the boxes. The cheapness with which boxes can be made is remarkable; some of very neat appearance can be  made at about three
cents per dozen; and yet each is made of several separate pieces, and
each has to be many times handled, covered with colored or fancy
paper, labelled, and packed. Although most of the manipulations
must be done by hand, yet within the last few years a great variety
of ima(hinery has been invented for the purpose, which gives increased
facilities to the operations.
The Pasteboard is principally obtained from mills at Chambersburg,
lharrisburg, and Williamsport, and costs upon an average $50 per ton.
The Glazed and Fancy Papers, of which the consumption is considerable, are principally imported.
Mir. Plumly makes every description of Boxes; and not only supplies
in part this city, but executes orders from Boston and other parts of
the East, and from the chief cities of the South and West.
The whole business employs 325 hands, and the annual product is
about  175.000.
403 
404     PHILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
VII.
Brushes.
Few articles of manufacture admit so great a diversity of forms,
sizes and qualities, or so wide a range of uses, as the production of the
]~rushmaker; and of none does it hold more true that the best article
is the cheapest.   From  the delicate Pencil of  the artist, to the
"Whitewash," or the "Scrub," the variety ill style and ornamentation
is exceedingly great.
The manufacture in this city includes the usual variety of Hair, Paint,
and the commoner kinds of Brushes, and employs about a dozen principal concerns, besides a large number of individuals who make to a
limited extent. In this, as in other branches, our manufacturers have
aimed at the production of substantial and reliable work. In the important article of a Paint Brush, particularly, some of them have successfully striven to excel; and we believe Clinton's Improved  Copperbound Paint and Varnish Brush is not surpassed by any in this country, while those of other makers are generally preferred to similar
Brushes made elsewhere.
Steam has not as yet been introduced to any extent in the Brush
factories, and fewer Brushes are made in the Penitentiaries and Almshouses, in this State, than in some other places; but in this city, the
annual production in the House of Refuge, and Blind Asylum, is increasing.   The present product, therefore, including that in Public
Institutions, amounts to about $225,000 annually.  The Bristles are imported principally from Russia; a cold climate being indispensable, it
is said, to their perfection.
Toothl Brushes, chiefly of the open-backed variety, are made here of
a quality superior to the imported.
VIII.
Buttons.
Buttons of nearly every material of which these useful little articles
are usually made, including Metal, Pearl, Bone, Horn,  Paper,  and
every variety of Plain and Fancy Covered and Silk Buttons, are made
inii Philadelphia.
In the manufacture of Pearl Buttons, Philadelphia takes the lead
in America. WVe have been shown in stores Pearl Buttons of Philadlelphia manufacture, which, in neatness and beauty of finish, we were
informed were superior to any foreign article, and certainly could not
well be excelled; and Buttons made in this city, are not unfrequently
sold in some of our cities as imported French or English.  Siome irm 
BUTTONS.
provements in the process of finishing, unknown elsewhere in the business, have been introduced here, whereby the cost is lessened, and our
manufacturers enabled to compete with the foreign.
The Pearl employed comes from the East Indian and China seas,
and also from Panama and the Gulf of Mexico. The former is the
finer in quality, as well as more expensive, and is chiefly used for the
best qualities of Shirt Buttons and Studs. There are about eight persons engaged in this branch, employing usually about forty hands, and
they make probably two thousand gross weekly of the various sizes,
from small Shirt Buttons to large Coat Buttons; and with a remarkable range of prices, from forty or fifty cents to twenty dollars per
gross. A difficulty exists in the want of a uniform supply of material,
which becomes at times very scarce.  Mr. EDWARD MARKLr,EW, and Mr.
V. GIBBs, have facilities for manufacturing almost any amount, and we
believe dealers generally will be satisfied with a trial of the Buttons
made in this city.
Bone Buttons and Boye Moulds, of every size, color, and description
in use, are made extensively by several persons, to the amount
of many thousand( gross yearly. Mr. J. WITZEL employs several
improved machines, the invention of Mr. E. Wahl, of this city. Of
these, the most important is a machine for drillinir and countersinking
the Button on both sides at one operation, by which one person can accomplish the labor of three.  From 25,000 to 30,000 Buttons can be
thus finished up by its aid in one day. One of these is now, we believe,
in successful operation in Germany by a Philadelphia Button-maker.
An improved Facing and Cutting-out machine, by the same inventor,
securing greater ease, accuracy, and speed than the old ones, seems
also an important auxiliary in producing a neat and smoothly finished
article.  We are not aware that Horn Buttons are made by more than
one person in this city, his product being some eighteen gross per
week. Probably the demand is not very great.
''The manufacture of MIetallic Buttons is chiefly confined to those
used on military and other equipments.
Messrs. GEIERSHOFER, LEwi & Co., who have been for some time engaged in the manufacture of Covered Buttons of every variety, have
now facilities which enable them to challenge foreign competition.  Silk
and Fancy Buttons are manufactured by a large number of persons in
this city, and have been elsewhere referred to.
Paper, or Papier-mache, Buttons are made here also to a limited
exten t.
33
405 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
IX.
Cedar-Ware and Wooden-Ware.
The manufacture of Cedar-ware, though not very extensive in this
city, will nevertheless well sustain the reputation of our mechanics in
the minor as well as the larger branches of productive industry, by the
undoubted excellence both of the material and workmanship. The
chief supply of Cedar, for this business, is derived from Virginia and
Carolina. There are about ten principal establishments engaged ill
the manufacture, besides many smaller ones.
Of these, Mr. C. DREBY is the largest, employing ordinarily about
fifteen hands. Hie is a large producer of all the important articles belonging to this class, including Bath Tubs, Wash Tubs, Staff and Barrel Churns, Buckets, Pails, Measures, Chests, &c., &c.
The manufacturers referred to, employ together about sixty hands on
this work, and have invested a capital of about $60,000. The annual
production is not far from $100,000.
WVooden-ware, including all the various Wooden Housekeeping articles
not made of Cedar, employs quite a number of small establishments. Only
one, we believe, uses steam power in the business. Among the articles
of this class may be enumerated-Kitchen and Ironing Tables, Meat
Safes, Scouring Boards, Step Ladders, Clothes Horses, Towel Racks,
Butlers' Trays, Plain Foot Stools, Towel Rollers, Potato Mashers,
Rolling Pins, Cricket Bats, Close Tools, Toy Building Blocklis, Ironing
Boards, Tailors' Press Boards, Wash Boards, Bungs and Spigots,
Embroidery Stands, &c., all of which, with numerous other like articles of excellent quality, we have seen in the factories of two of our
principal manufacturers, W. J. WALKER, and J. LEWIS & SON, in our
tour of inquiry. Cherry Wash Boards, of a quality superior to any of
the same kind from abroad, are made here, but only to a limited extent.
Large quantities made of other material come here from other markets.
There are no factories for making cheap Painted Buckets or Wooden
Bowls, and some other articles of this class. The land of Notions
and Wooden Nutmegs is still the wholesale producer of cheap articles
in this branch, although each year is rendering us more independent.
A larger amount of capital, we judge, might be profitably invested in
this business; and we do not know why steam factories should not be
sustained by our growing trade with all parts of the country.
406 
COMBIS.
X.
Combs.
Combs are made in this city, of Gold and Silver, Horn, Buffalo
Horn, and Shell; but the recent introduction and popularity of India
Rubber Combs have materially lessened the demand and trenched upon
the profits of the business.
Horn Combs constitute the leading and staple product. They are
made of all descriptions and of very good quality, at more than a dozen
different establishments, and by many others individually. Some of these
produce Combs equal or superior to any made elsewhere, while those
of all our manufacturers have the merit of opening in conformity with
the sample. The facilities for obtaining a cheap and abundant supply
of material are exceedingly good, and Eastern manufacturers come
here for their supply. One factory in this city, we are informed, consumes not less than four thousand horns weekly, at a cost of from four
to twelve dollars per hundred.
In Tortoise Shell and Buffalo Horn, usually quite distinct branches
of business from the foregoing, we have three or four principal manufacturers, whose work, for quality and quantity, has secured to Philadelphia the pre-eminence in the Comb business of the United States.
Large quantities of Shell, particularly, are worked up with great taste
and skill; and as much of the value of a Comb is derived from the
labor put upon it, our manufacturers are only able to compete with the
foreign article, by a more successful adaptation of the styles to the
prevailing taste of the ladies, who do not generally fancy the French.
In this our Comb-makers lead the fashion, and change their styles, particularly in the finer carved varieties, every six months.
A principal part of the Shell used here comes from the West India
Islands, and the best qualities from China. The cost of the former is
.$6 to $7 per lb., the latter somewhat more. Buffalo Horn is chiefly
derived from South America; a very small part from the Rocky
Mountains. Several very ingenious machines have been adapted to
various parts of the process by Mr. Redheffer, of this city, who has
patents for these and other improvements in the different branches.
Our manufacturers export their Combs to the West Indies, Mexico,
California, and all parts of the Continent. The capital employed is
between $40,000 and $50,000. The number of hands altogether employed is little short of two hundred; their average wages $7~ per
week, and the annual product about $150,000.
407 
408     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
XI.
Musical Instruments.
The Musical Instruments that are made in Philadelphia comprise
Or,gans, Melodeons, Accordeons, Concertinos, Violins, Flutes, Guitars, Drums, and Piano-Fortes.   Organs are made by four manufacturers-the two largest probably ever constructed in this city being
that in Concert Hall, with 4 manuals and pedals, 60 registers, and
3,050 pipes, and that in Calvary Presbyterian Church, with 3 manuals
and pedals, 44 registers, and 1,865 pipes. In tone, workmanship, and
action, the Philadelphia-made Organs possess as many excellencies as
any that can be found either in this country or Europe.
Melodeons are made to some extent by two houses; and Accordeons
are made largely by ANTHONY FAAS, whose instruments are claimed to
be better in every respect than the French and German articles imported. Their range of notes doubles that of the foreign Accordeon;
their construction is stronger, and by an echo attachment similar to
the pedal of a piano, the tone may be sweet and delicate as that of a
flute, or changed to the deep and powerful volume of the organ. Six
Silver Medals have been awarded this manufacturer, a favorable indication of the growing appreciation of Philadelphia Instruments. These
Accordeons are sold only by JOSEPH SERVOSS, 16 North Second street.
Patent Concertinos, a modification of the Accordeon, are manufactured
by Mr. C. M. ZIMMERMAN, who received a first premium at the World's
Fair, in London. Over one hundred men and a capital of fifty thousand dollars are employed in this business.
Philadelphia is the principal city in the Union for the manufacture
of Violins. The principal makers are JOSEPH NEFF, JOSEPH WINNER,
MATHIAS KELLER, C. M. ZIMMERMAN, JOHN PFAFF, and A. M. ALBERT,
most of whom enjoy the highest reputation with Musicians and Music
dealers. For brilliancy of tone their Violins are famous, and are extensively used in Orchestras. Mr. Neff has received for his Violins
five Silver Medals, and the Diploma of the New York Exhibition in
1853.
Elutes and Guitars, of the very best quality, are made by KLEMM &
BROTHER, and by Mr. J. BERWIND. The latter also makes a kind of
Eolian Harp, little known in this country, called the Cithern, with thirty six strings.
German Silver Band Instruments are made by Klemm & Brother,
who largely import Brass Instruments. A manufactory of these is
about being established.
Dr. ms make little noise, though their quality, it is said, cannot be 
PIANOS-OIL CLOTHS.
beaten by any in the world. There are two manufacturers of these;
one of whom has a patent contrivance for straining the head of the
Drum to a uniform tightness. Mr. Zimmerman has large contracts
with Government for his Military Drums. Tambourines and Banjos, as
well as Musical Chairs, are made by him.
The most important branch of the Musical Instrument manufacture,
however, is that of Piano-Fortes. The business was established by Mnir.
Thomas Loud, in 1820; and there are now twenty manufacturers in
the city, none of whom however prosecute it on a very extensive scale
compared with the manufacturers in Albany, and other places. Of
novelties, perhaps, the most remarkable and valuable is a small Piano,
two thirds the ordinary size, which has been invented by Messrs. GOLDSMIITH & Co. They claim that in quality it is equal to the others, while
costing one third less. It has a double sounding-board; and in a peculiar manner the strings are brought across the main bridge and attached to another section of the bridge: a method claimed to give an
increased volume of sound, and a delicate vibration.
A. B. REICHEXBACH, 1230 Chestnut street, claims to use an action
distinct from all others; having less friction, and being less liable to
get out of order. The pedal and damper are peculiar in their construction; and not only in the tone and quality of the Piano, as a Musical
Instrument, does he aim at perfection, but he also pays special attention to making it beautiful as parlor furniture. The serpentine leg
veneered with rosewood is one of the strongest and most beautiful in
use, and is made, we believe, only by Mr. Reichenbach.  The Pianos
of the Philadelphia trade are justly celebrated for their handsome
appearance,  power,  and exquisite tone.   The  capital  invested  in
Piano-Fortes is $150,000; men employed, 250; product annually,
$315,000.
XII.
Oil Cloths.
The manufacture of Floor Oil Cloths is limited to two  housesTtiOOIAS POTTER, and JAMEs CARMICuAELT,.  The  aggregate capital is
$170,000, the employees 150; and the materials consumed annually are
stated as follows: 67,000 gallons Linseed Oil, 17,500 gallons Spirits
Turpentine, 329 tons of Whiting, 164 tons Yellow Ochre, 21,000 lbs.
Glue, 52,250 lbs. of Lamnp-black, 525,000 yards of Cotton Cloth, 50,000
yards Cotton Drill, 49,000 yards of Cottoni Duck, 202,000 yards Linen
Canvas, 2,650  tons of Coal;  and the annual product is 8289,000.
The Philadelphia establishments in this branch are peculiar, inasmuch
33*
409 
410      PIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
as they manufacture a variety of articles-sTable Oil Cloths, Stair
Crash, and Enameled Oil Cloths in imitation of Leather, used for covering Carriages, and also for covering Desks, Tables, and Cushions,
as well as Floor Oil Cloths.  The establishments in other places limit
their production to one class of goods, that is to Oil Cloths only, or to
Enameled Cloths only.   Stair Crash, it is said, was first made in this
city, and nearly the entire production in this country is still confined
to the Philadelphia establishments.
XIII.
Perfumery and Fancy Soaps.
The manufacture and consumption of Perfumery and Soaps, are not
necessarily evidences of a love for personal cleanliness. Cologne, the
dirtiest city in the world, is providentially the great manufactory of
Perfumery.   The  name of Jean Maria Farina is synonymous with
Cologne bottle; and ill the London Exhibition there were four J. M.
F.'s, each claiming to be the original. To such an extent is speculation in the name carried in that city of seventy-four distinct smells,
that children entitled to the surname of Farina are bargained for as
soon as born, and christened Jean Maria;  and at times this event is
said to be anticipated.
In Philadelphia the manufacture of Soaps  and Perfumery is an
important and extensive business. The materials employed are palm
oil, tallow and lard, cocoa-nut oil, caustic alkali, sal soda, soda ash,
and various essences, and essential oils of oranges, lemons, &c. In
quality the manufacturers claim, and we think justly, that the Fancy
Soaps made in this city are unrivaled. A New York critic remarked
upon the Soaps exhibited at the Crystal Palace, in 1853:
"BAZI- of Philadelphia, the successor of the well-known Poussell, makes as
fine Soaps as any in the world. Very little inferior to them, if at all, are the
Soaps of JULES IIAUEL, of the same city.  There is no doubt that these productions must eventually succeed in driving the French Soaps out of the market.
In the inferior and cheaper class of Soaps, the articles made by Colgate and
Hull seem to be most generally in use. The Soaps and Perfumery manufactured
by the Messrs. TAYLOR. of Philadelphia, are as fine as any that can be produced.
WVe have already alluded to a Gothic window contributed by them, the panes of
which are composed of transparent, or rather translucent Soap, in a great variety
of tints. The effect is almost as perfect as that of stained glass."
The manufacture of Perftmery is usually carried on conjointly with
that of Fancy Soaps. Messrs. GL,ExNN & Co., successors of L. W. 
ROOFING.
Glenn, are, we believe, the oldest house in this business, having been esblished upward of thirty years ago. APOLLOS W. HARRISON is a wellknown exclusively wholesale manufacturer. The following statistics of
some of his annual expenditures will illustrate how extensively the business is carried on by certain houses in this city, viz.: for paper boxes,
$9,000; for woodell boxes, $3,000; for paper and printing, including
lithography, $6,700; for glass, $19,000, &c. Mr. Harrison employs from
sixty to eighty hands, has twenty-five traveling agents in various parts
of the United States and the Canadas, and his sales of Perfumery
and Soap, during the last year, amounted to $140,000.  Messrs. R. &
G. A. WVRIGHT, another popular and well-known firm, have a factory
one hundred feet square, and which is believed to be the largest of the
kind in France, England, or America.   Messrs. A. HAWLEY  & Co.
make, it is said, a greater variety of Fruit Essences for flavoring Mineral Water Syrups, Confectionery, Jellies, &c., than any other house.
Their various Extracts for the Handkerchief, Pomades, Toilet Powders, Soaps, Shaving Creams, Tooth Pastes, &c., are very popular,
and are noted not less for their durability of the odors than for the
exquisiteness of the perfume. Their Pomades, it is claimed, will keep
five years entirely unchanged. Mr. Hawley is a Chemist, and devotes
great attention to the Chemical processes involved in the manufacture
of Perfumery and Toilet Soaps.
The value of these articles annually manufactured in this city, estimating for what is done by other than  the regular houses, is about
$850,000.
XIV.
Roofing.
The importance of a good Roof cannot well be over-estimated; and
in a great city the selection of a material that is Fire Proof, as well as
WVater Proof, seems to be a duty which a builder owes to the public.
Shingles, of course, from their combustible nature, if for no other
reason, cannot be recommended. Of Metallic Roofs there are a great
variety presenting claims to public attention and public confidence.
Slate is used to some considerable extent, and Tin still more extensively,
as a material for Roofing. Zinc has not been found well adapted to the
climate; but as a protective coating for Sheet Iron, it is, as we stated,
extensively used. One manufactory in this city is occupied in coating
Iron for Roofing with a preparation, of which the principal ingredient
is said to be Indian Rubber. The manufacture of Corrugated Iron
for RIoofing we have already alluded to.  Within  a very few years
411 
412     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Composition Roofs have become very popular, and the manufacture of
them constitutes all important business. These roofs combine many
advantages, and it is to be hoped that experience may ultimately justify
the large expectations that have been formed of them.
In 1852 a Composition Roofing, which had been in use for many
years in the West,  was introduced to this city by Messrs. H. M.
WARREN & Co., 228 Walnut street. It is known as Warren's Im proved Fire and Water Proof Roofing. This article seems, in a
remarkable degree, to have united the suffrages of builders and
consumners of every class in its favor; and if we may judge of its
merits by the degree of popularity it has rapidly attained, it must com bine many points of excellence. The buildings, whether private resi dences, stores, warehouses, factories, depots, or public buildings, in eluding a part of the United States Mint, which have been covered
with it in this and neighboring cities, within a few years, are among
the largest and best known; and the names of many of the leading
business men are appended to testimonials in its favor. It has been
received with equal favor in other States, and in Canada. The materials used in its construction are Felt, Composition, and Gravel.  The
two former are said to be made of such ingredients as possess elasticity and tenacity, and are combined with the latter so as to form a
Roof not only durable, with no liability to crack or decay, but one
which is impervious to both fire and water-a combination never before
obtained in a Composition Roof. Its fire-proof qualities have been
repeatedly subjected to severe tests, specially instituted for the purpose,
and it seems to have passed the "ordeal by fire" with perfect impunity.
The advantages upon which the manufacturers base its claims as an improvement upon all others, are, that, in addition to being Fire and Water
proof, it is also cheap and durable, and requires a less pitch, and consequently less area to be covered, and less masonry upon the walls, while
furnishing more facilities for light and ventilation; besides being more
accessible on ordinary and extraordinary occasions than any other.
'I'ley also claim that it will not expand and contract by heat like
Metal Roofs, and will bear more than double as much heat without
ldangler to the boarding beneath; that it requires only an inclination
of one inch to the foot, and may be walked upon or used for drying purposes without injury; that it is a great advantage to firemen when adjoining buildings are on fire; that it is not injuriously affected by changes
of temperature, or by the jarring of machinery; that it is adapted to every
climate, and is easily and quickly repaired; that Gutters of the same
material may be formed on the roof; and finally, the cost of it is only
about one half that of tin, and less than that of any other Fire Proof 
STRAWI AND MILLIINERY GOODS.
Roof now in use.  If it possess these qualities, of which there seems
to be no doubt, MIessrs. Warren & Co. well deserve the success which
lhas attended its introduction.
XV.
Straw and Millinery Goods.
Sirn: The manufacture of Straw Goods, in Philadelphia, was an important and
an increasing one, prior to the late commercial revulsion. The product of the
factories of WAITE, CUSTER, WILCOCKS, ROGERS & FRALEY, and other firms, had
obtained a deserved celebrity in the South and West, and large orders were filled
here from parties who had previously made their purchases further East. Tho
business embraces not only Bonnets for ladies and Flats for girls, but Hats and
Caps for men and boys; and includes also the Stiffening, Pressing, and Shaping of
Panama and other imported Hats. You inform me you have already noticed the
manufacture of STRAW HATS, which is the larger part of the business.
The Straw Goods manufacture requires much room for Bleaching, and can be
more advantageously carried on in a country village: consequently one of our
well-known manufacturers removed to the village of Bridgeport, Montgomery
County, where he erected the most commodious and complete factory; and when
the business was prosperous employed about two hundred persons, mostly females. The manufacturers in the city are also engaged in making Silk Bonnets,
Bonnet Frames, &c., and conduct a Jobbing or Retail business, or both. The
Braid for Bonnets is chiefly imported, and known as English, Florence, Italian,
Neapolitan, &c. The Bonnets and Hats made here, especially those for children,
exhibit excellent, in fact remarkable taste.   Some establishments are devoted
largely to Bleaching and Pressing Hats and Bonnets, and conforming them to the
prevailing styles. The largest of these is, perhaps, that of JAMES TELFORD, who
also makes Silk Bonnets and Bonnet Frames. The annual production of Straw
Goods was over $600,000-being $350,000 for Hats, and $250,000 for Bonnets.
MILLI.ERY GooDs.-The manufacture of Rtluches alone employs two hundred
hands, most of whom are females.  JOEL THOMAS, who has been engaged for
fifteen years in making Ruches, was the first to make it an exclusive business;
and for many years he chiefly supplied New York and Boston, as well as Philadelphia. By introducing machinery, which is unequaled elsewhere, he has been
enabled greatly to increase the production. So perfect is this machinery, that
one man can goffer from six hundred to seven hundred dozen in a day; and the
establishment can turn out one thousand dozen of finished Ruches per day, besides other Millinery goods. Favorable arrangements for the importation of the
raw material enables him to compete successfully with rival makers in other
cities. Footings and Edgings are also joined to a large extent, which are known
to the trade as Joined Blonds. Ruches are also made by hand by a number of
others: and the total annual production exceeds $150,000.
OF ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, the manufacture has declined in importance within
the last few years. The preference for French Flowers, in the importation of
which a considerable business is done in Philadelphia, has retarded the native
413 
414      PHILADELPHIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
production and compelled a number of establishments to abandon the business.
There are now not over seven houses in the city that can be called manufacturers
of Artificial Flowers. There are others where something of the kind is done,
but not to any extent. The largest establishment employs fifty girls, and another
forty-five. The number of persons employed is about two hundred, and the annual product is about $85,000.
Artificial Flowers, scarcely distinguishable from the natural flower, of variously
tinted paper, for mantels and other ornamental purposes and festive occasions,
and also Wax Flowers and Fruits, &c., are made by Mrs. A. M. HOLLINGSWORTH,
who keeps a very great variety of Materials for Flowers of every kind-paper
muslin, silver and waxed leaves, stamens and pips for Flowers, cups for roses,
tissue, carmine, blue, glazed, and mottled papers, cut Flowers, sheet wax for Wax
Flowers, and materials for Fancy Leather Work and Potchiomania, &c., &c.
Bomtaet Wire, which is said to be superior to that imported, or made elsewhere
in this country, is made by M. Bird; also by Joseph Moore, and others.
Bonnet Frames are made to an extent that causes us to wonder where the fair
heads are which will wear them when covered and trimmed. One firm alone
makes 16,000 dozen yearly; and the whole quantity made for sale out of the city
is at least 100,000 dozen, requiring of course 1,200,000 female heads to fasten
them to. Not only the West and South, but some parts of the East, are supplied
with Frames made in Philadelphia.
Silk Boinets, and Bonnet Frames, are generally made by the same parties, the
largest of whom are LINCOLN, WOOD & NICHOLS, J. HILLBORN JONES, I. S. CUSTER,
JAMES TELFORD, AARON E. CARPENTER, and T. MORGAN; one of whom made,
during the last year, Bonnets and Frames of the value of $50,000; another is
making the present year over $40,000. This manufacture is carried on in connection with the jobbing and retail trade, and by some in connection with the
manufacture of Straw Goods. Besides the larger manufacturers, our most celebrated Milliners make up Bonnets during the dull seasons, which they supply
both to the Philadelphia Jobbers and directly to Western and Southern merchants.   The well-known taste and skill of Philadelphia Milliners have obtained
for the Bonnets made here a high reputation. It is a fact, not generally known,
that many families in the South and West have the Clothing and Boots for the
gentlemen, and the Dresses, Bonnets, and Shoes for the ladies, made in this city,
which has a deserved reputation for superior articles.
The annual production is as follows:    Straw Goods, $600,000-deduct Straw Hats already enumerated,
$350,000-Bonnets alone,...$250,000
Ruches, and other Millinery Goods, -.. -            --           150,000
100,000 dozen Bonnet Frames,    -.._.110,000
Silk Bonnets, I_..                           -  -     -        l100,000
Artificial Flowers,....- -  - _85,000
Total, -.... --                       _ _         _          $695,000
This is simply the product in the manufactories in this branch.  The articles
of Millinery made up in this city by individuals is, of course, very large. 
SURGICAL AND DENTAL INSTRUITMENTS.
xVI.
Surgical and Dental Instruments-And Appliances, etc.
The manufacture of Surgical and Dental Instruments, Trusses, Splints, Bandages, and the various Appliances which constitute the arnameneta of the Surgeon, demand on the part of the manufacturer who would rise to eminence, other
elements of success than mere mechanical skill. The Surgeon has to deal with
living tissues of great sensibility; and whether he be called upon to remove diseased or injured parts, to restrain unhealthy or irregular development-to aid the
curative power of nature, or to compensate for lost members by artificial contrivances-the judgment, tact, inventive power, and manual dexterity of the Instrument maker, and even some knowledge of the anatomical relations and functions of the parts, are important aids to the Surgeon in carrying out his ideas.
The perfection, finish, strength, and reliability of the workmnanship, are of the
highest importance both to Surgeon and patient, often involving the success of
the one, and the comfort, if not the very life of the other.  Hence he is compelled to be something more than a mere artisan, to keep pace with the advance of surgical knowledge, ever aiming at the simplicity which characterizes
the Surgery of the present day. At the same time, the delicacy of construction
of many Instruments, upon which often depends the success of the operator,
as in Ophthalmic Surgery for example, requires a nice mechanical hand, and the
best of material. In view then of the qualifications required, it is no small compliiment to say, as we can say with truth, that the best Cutlers are and always
have been Philadelphia houses.
Philadelphia has become noted for its manufacture of Surgical and Dental Instruments, partly by reason of the number of its eminent Colleges of Medicine,
which have made it the chief seat of medical learning in this country, and partly
by the superior skill of the Instrument maker; most of the improvements in these
Instruments, originating in this country, having been made in this city. Nearly
the whole of the West and South is supplied by this city, on account of the cheapness and superiority of the manufactures; and greater facilities for cheap and rapid
communication with Southern ports, is alone needed to secure a still larger share
of the Southern trade. It is everywhere the custom of Druggists to keep more
or less of Surgical Instruments on hand, which they procure from the manufacturer at a discount, and sell at his card prices. Some of the Philadelphia houses
are thus engaged in supplying an extensive wholesale trade; while others confine
themselves more to a retail business, or make to order. To the latter class also,
more especially, it belongs in part to prepare for the many Professors, Hospital
and practicing Surgeons of the city and vicinity, the various Spli~;ts, Bandages,
TBlsses and appliances for surgical injuries and deformities, with their required
modifications for special cases. The manufacture of Trusses, Bandages, Spinal,
and other apparatus, is conducted as a separate business by a number in
this city.  There are two  who  devote themselves exclusively to the manufacture of Artificial Limbs.   Mr. JoHN  F. OFD has been long and favorably
Known as a maker of these; while B. FRANK PALM3R'S Artificial Limbs have
achieved a world-wide reputation. So successful is the imitation of the natural
415 
PHIIILADELPHIA AND ITS MIANUFACTURES.
motions of the joints, and so light and elegant the construction, that we have
heard eminent Surgeons declare that they would prefer this excellent substitute
to some natural legs they endeavor to save.  About five hundred  Limbs are
fitted annually at the manufactory in this city, and at the two branch offices.
This ingenious inventor informs us that he has originated a Steel-trap Leg,
which a man may go on by day and catch rats with at night; and recommends,
as a new branch of Productive Industry, the manufacture of Artificial Backbones for the benefit of weak politicians and clergymen.
The number of establishments engaged in the manufacture of Surgical and
Dental Instruments is at present eight. Mr. HORATIO G. KERN is now, we believe,
the most extensive maker of both these classes of instruments, not only in the
city but in the United States. lie has an Instrument for every tooth in the head,
and can furnish Dental Cases at prices varying from $50 to $500. His house
has been established for upward of twenty years.
Mr. J. H. GE.RICG is also a celebrated maker of Iustruments for Surgical and
Dental Professors. The greater part of the Instruments used in the Jefferson
College, the University of Pennsylvania, and the Pennsylvania HIospital, were
made by him; and the esteem in which his workmanship is held by the Professors in those institutions, and others of distinction, is evidenced by the frequent
complimentary allusions to it by many of them in their lectures to their students.
His Instruments for operations upon the eye, in particular, are preferred to any
of European make, by one whose  success in some branches of Ophthalmic
practice, is equal to that of any living Surgeon. His Pocket Surgical Cases,
are also specially characterized by neatness, compactness, and excellence of
finish. All the new Instruments, as they are introduced from Europe, are reproduced by him for the use of our Surgeons, at much less cost than the im
I)orted.
The other principal makers are GEORGE SNOWDEN, PUGH MADEIRA, M. KUE.nIELE, D. W. KOLBE,  and Louis V. HELMOLD.   Besides these, Mr. F. LEYPOLDT, 508 E. North street, makes the manufacture of Scarifieators and Sprii'g
Ltsects a specialty.  Both of these Instruments he snakes of a variety of patterns,
izes, and materials; but his Patent Scarificator he believes combines several
qualities which render it superior to all others. It is one third smaller, yet with
the same number of ordinary-sized Lancets, which are also protected by a plate
from the effects of verdigris.  It is more readily kept clean, and is so simple and
durable as to be taken apart and put together again with facility, and consequently is easily repaired.  His prices are also very moderate.
The amount of capital employed in the Surgical and Dental Instrument business is $200,000. The number of workmen engaged is two hundred, and the total
annual production is set down at $350,000.
A branch of this business, comparatively new but of growing importance, is
the manufacture of Gold and Silver Instruments, most of which were until recently imported. There are now three persons, G. P. PILLING, J. S. WARNER, and
JOSEPH A. FITZGERALD, who give their chief attention to this, and make such articles of Silver as the Instrument makers in this and the other cities of the Union
may require for their cases.  One of thesc, George P. Pilling, employs  seven
hands principally on this work.
416 
TIN, ZINC, AND SIIEET-IRON WARE.
In addition to those already mentioned, there are seven or eight persons who
more exclusively make Trusses, Surgical Bandages, Supporters, Splints, and other
Instruments for surgical maladies, resulting from natural causes, disease or accident, and requiring mechanical appliances for their relief or cure.
Tis-eses, are articles especially in demand, and have undergone endless modification testing the ingenuity of many makers.   Messrs. HORN & ELLIS are the
largest wholesale manufacturers of these.  Another branch of the business we
refer to with pleasure, inasmuch as the articles, which were formerly wholly impo(,rted, axe now made in this city of a quality even superior to the foreign. We
allude to the Elastic Stockings, Belts. Knee-Caps, Anklets, Armlets, and Suspen-*
sory articles for the treatment of varicose enlargement of the veins, dropsical
swellings, rheumatism, and the support of weak parts.  These are made of Vulcanized Indian Rubber Thread, which first receives a covering of cotton or silk,
and is then woven into a porous and elastic fabric, either with silk or cotton of the
required size and shape; and when applied to the parts for the purpose named,
or as a retaining apparatus over spirits, &e., they exert, without lacing, a gentle
and equable pressure, and form a neat and convenient application pervious to air
and to the perspiration, and are very durable.
Mr. B. C. EVERETT, of the Philadelphia Surgical Bandage Institute, 14 North
Ninth street, has the sale of these for the manufacturer, and keeps a great variety alway-s on hand, as well as of Trusses, Shoulder Braces, Deformity Instruments, and every thing in this line, in which he has had long experience.
Dr. IT. MNCCLENACHAN, 50 North Seventh, in addition to Trusses, and other articles of this class, manufactures Inl)roved Spinal Y)ppearatus, and Abdominal Supporters, &c.                                          J. LEANDER BISHOP, M.)D.
XVII.
Tin, Zinc, and Sheet-Iron Ware.
TIlhe manufacture of articles from Tin, Zinc, and Sheet Iron, is sufficieutlv extensive in the aggregate to be called a leading branch, but
the subject calls for no particular remark.  The latest Business Directoly furnishes a list of about one hundred  and fifty Tin-workers ill
Philadelphia; but it is probable there are two hundred places in the
city where Tin-ware is made.  The oldest establishment in the business
is that of IsAAc S. WILLIAMS, on Market street, founded by Samuel
W'illiams and Thomas  Passmore, in 1796.  This house is exceedingly well provided with facilities for executing heavy orders expeditiously; and has furnished with Culinary Utensils some of the firstclass hotels in New York, and the largest steamboats on the Western
waters. Mr. Williams is said to be the most extensive manufacturer
in this city of Planished-ware, of a superior quality.   This ware
is made by repeated hammering of the ordinary tin-plate upon highlypolished steel anvils by hammers,  also highly polished.''This condeilses the fibre or grain of thle tin, and renders it capable of a high
3)4
417 
418      PHILADELPIIA AND ITS MANUFACTUR,ES.
polish, and at the same time improves its quality.  Planished-ware is
also made by another process, more analogous to rolling or burnishing,
which it is said, renders it nearly equal in appearance to the former,
and, some-wht cheaper.  It is however scarcely so durable.
AVithin a few years a great revolution has been effected in the manufacture of Culinary and Miscellaneous  Tin-ware, by the introduction
of machinery. By the aid of Dies, Presses, Lathes, and other contrivances. the separate parts, or the whole, according to the degree of
complexity of an article, are at once struck up into the required shape,
plain or with devices, as may be desired; and the work of the tinman
is reduced to the simple act of soldering or uniting the several parts.
There are establishments in this city where the tin-worker may thus
purchase, or order, in any desired quantity, in sets, the component
parts of nearly every article in his line, ready shaped to his hand.
\While the use of machinery has thus taken away many of the former
characteristics of the trade, it has increased its amount, and greatly extended the uses to which Tin-ware is being adapted. Every day nearly
introduces some new article into the market, or sonicme novel form in which
the article can be appropriated, through these new processes of manufacture.  Tin Toys, of great variety and neatness, are now largely
manufactured here in this way.
fTin is also employed as a material for Roofing, and when laid in
Paint on both sides it is regarded by many as a superior article for the
purpose.
''lhe consumption of Tin for Blacking-boxes is a considerable item.
One manufaeturer of Blacking consumes 1,170,000 sheets of Tin per
year.  The manufacture of Essence of Coffee, which is already a large
and growing  business here, calls for a large amount of small Cans  for
palckiig.   Drtuggists, Grocers, Spice and Miustard Packers, also requnie'Tin Cans, Canisters, &c., to a considerable amount.  "Self-sealing Cans and Jars" are made very extensively by the well-klnown firm
of ARTIItUR, Bua,-uA  & GCLROY, who have introduced to the public a
number of patented articles of great utility. The popularity of their
Old Dominion Coffee Pot," which is said to be superior to all others
for inakin, Coffee, adds to the importance of T'in-working as a pur suit. But the various uses of'fin are too familiar to all to need enu meration.
J,:qciie4 WUaree is made extensively at two Tinware establislrelints in
the city; and there are also a few persons lwho conduct this branch
separately, some of whom are not excelled for the beauty  and excel lence of their work.
Zinc is used principally for the lining, of Refrigerators, Filters, Bath 
PLAYING CARDS-VATS.
TLbs, Cisterns, &c., and for Coating Iron by the Galvanic process  to
whichl we have referred.
Thle working of Sheet Iron into Stoves, Stove Pipe, Coal Scuttles,
&,c., occupies many  persons; like Tin, this material is being  constantly put to new uses, and many articles formerly made of Wrought
Iron are now made of Sheet Iron. Hoes, and other Garden Tools, and
lHinges of various kinds, are of this class.
WAVe have received statements firom a number of persons in the business as to the aggregate product, and they rang,e from one million to one
million five hundred thousand dollars. We state it at 81,200,000.
For the manufacture of Playitg Cards, Messrs. SAMUEL HART & Co).
have an extensive factory that consumes annually 200,000 lbs. of printing paper, which, if extended in one continuous sheet, it is said would
reach 1,060 miles; 1,550 lbs. of colors, 600 gallons of boiled linseed,
and other oils; 1,800 lbs. glue; 1,450 lbs. soap; and 200 bbls. of flour.
Machinery is used, which performs the work of 300 persons; consequently this firm is able to conduct their large business with but fifty
hands, whose aggregate yearly wages are $10,500.  They  produce
15,000 to 20,000 packs of finished Cards every week.
lMessrs. GEORGE J. BURKHARDI)T & CO. have an extensive factory at
Broad and Buttonwood streets, for building Vats for Brewers, Distillers, Tanners, Sugar Refiners, &c.; Tanks for Water Stations on Railroads; and Reservoirs for supplying Bath-houses, &c., for Hotels and
Public buildings; in fact every description of similar vessels, whether
the capacity required be 200 or 20,000 gallons. The manufactory is
equipped with all the requisite machinery for turning out such work
expeditiously, and steam is used in nearly every department. The material employed by Mr. Burkhardt is WhIite Cedar, which he says "experience has taught to be the most durable, and in comparison with any
other material is as four to one; or in other words, Cedar vessels will
last from thirty to forty years, while Pine, Hemlock, Poplar, or Spruce,
will decay in from six to ten years."
Manufacturers at a distance, who cannot otherwise conveniently
procure White Cedar, can, by sending the size and number of vessels
required, obtain from this firm the material dressed to shape, and ready
for setting up.
Besides the many factories already noticed, or alluded to in the various branches of manufactures, there are many others which want of
space compels 11us to pass by with scarcely an allusion-the manufactories of Hubs, Spokes and Felloes, Tatham & Brothers' great Lead Pipe
419 
420      PHILADELPhIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Factory, Spark's Shot Factory, the Starch Factories, Spain's Churn
Factory, and the North American Paper Bag Company's Mlanufactory;
Kochersperger's Steam Laundry, in which $5,000 were expended for
Pipes alone to convey heat to the drying room; Daguerreotype Case
Manufactories; the manufacturers of Mathematical and Optical Instruments, and numerous others, employed in making the various articles enumerated in the INDEX. A volume would hardly contain all
that might be written upon the Miscellaneous Manufactures of Philadelphia. In by-ways and rooms concealed from the public gaze, there
is at all times an army of industrious artisans busily engaged in transforming rude materials into objects of utility, or productions of taste
and skill-" Inventions for delight, and sight and sound"-and aiming
by superior dexterity in their handicraft operations to compensate for
the lack of machinery and business facilities.
We now proceed to recapitulate, with some detail, the results of
our investigations, with respect to the value of the articles annually manufactured in Philadelphia. They are given as our own conclusions, after
laborious and careful examination, based partly on information furnished by manufacturers as to their own business; partly from a mean
of estimates of those having some knowledge as to the business of individual manufacturers in the several branches; and partly upon calculations founded upon a knowledge of the number of hands employed
in an establishment, and the average production per hand. Errors
doubtless there are, but the aggregate generally will be found approximately accurate; certainly far more correct than any Census that ever
has been, or probably ever will be taken.
Aggregate Value of Articles produced in Philadelphia, for the year
ending June 30th, 1857.
Agricultural Implements, Seeds, &c.,
(estimated).................................. $500,000
Alcohol, Burning Fluid, and Cam phlene..................................... 1,022,140
Ale, Porter, and Brown Stout.............1020,000
Artificial Flowters.............................. 85,000
Awnings, Bags, &c............................ 91,750
Assaying and Refining Precious Met  als, including actual expenses of
U. S. nf         int,           $430,000......................... 850,000
Boarels, Casks, Shooks,     and Vats......715...,000
Beer, Lager and Small.................. 1,280,000
Blacking, Ink, and Lampblack, (es  timated)....................................... 500,000
I,lts, Nuts, Screws, &e.....................411,000
Book and Periodical Publishing, ex  clutsive of Paper, Printing, Bind  ing, &c......................................... 818,000
Book Binding, Blank Books, and
Marble Paper............................. 1,230,000
Boots and Shoes............................ 4,141,000
Botxes, Packing, (estimated).............. 600,000
Brass Articles.................................. 830,000
Bread, Bakers, (including Crackers,)
Ship Bread, &c.........................  $5,600,000
Bricks, Common and Pressed............ 812,000
Britannia and Plated Wares.............380,000
Brooms, Corn and other................... 104,000
Brushes...........................................225,000
Candles, Adamantine & Oleine Oils....570,000
Caps............................................. 400,000
Cards, Playing................................ 118,000
Carpeting, Ingrain......................... 2,592,000
Carpeting,, Rag md.........................504,000
Carriages and Coaches...................... 900,000
Cars and Car Wheels........................ 550,000
Chemicals, Dye-Stuffs, Chrome Col  ors, and Extracts....................... 3,335,000
Clothing P..................................... 9,640),000
Coffins, Ready-made........................ 219,000
Combs............................................. 150,000
Confectionery, &c.......................... 1,020,000
Copper Work................................... 400,000
Cordials Bay Water, &c...................200,000
Cotton and Wo olen Goods, exclusive
of Hosiery, Caipetings, &c......... 14,813,968 
RECAPITULATION.
Corda ge, Twines, &c.......................$10,000  Provisions-Cured  Meats,  Packed
Cutlery, Skates, &c...........................50,000    Beef, &c...................................$4,000,006
)aeeotypes, Cases, and  Mate- Rifles ad Pistol.............................120,00,
ials (estimated)...........................600,000 Saddles, Harness, &c......................,00,000
Edige Tools,,           &c.................. 127,000 S l a es...............................................5,O,00
Earthenvware, Fire-Bricks, &c...........647,000  Sai..............................................13.3,000(
zines, Locomotive, Stationary and              S.sl, Blinds, Doors, &c.................... 25(,00)
Fire........................................... 3,42S,00 Saws............................................... 510,000
Engraving and Lithographv............. )70,000 Scales and Balances.........................145,000
En1velopes and Fancy Stationery.......150 000  Shirts, Collars, Bosoms, and GentleFlooring and Planed Lumber............ 370,000 mren's Furnishing, Goods.............1,187,500
Flu........................................... 3,200,000  Shovels, Spades, Hoes, &c.................397,000
Fertilizers.......................................503,000 Show Cases.......................................5),
Fringes, Tassels, and Narrow Textile Sewing Silks....................................312,00(0
Fabrics...................................... 1,2SS,000  Silver-ware.....................................450,000
Furniture, estimated)................. 2,500,000  Soap and Candles, exclusive of AdaFurs...............................................350,000.nantine Candles.........................1,4S7,()00
G4loves, Buckskin,and Kid................. 150,000 Springs, Rail-oad and Coach........... 23S,000
lue, Curled Hair, &c...................... 775,000 Spices, Condinents, Essence of CofGold Leaf and Foil...........................325,000 fee, &c., &c................................... 350,000
(;las}sare..................................... 1,600,000 Starch............................................155,000
Hardware, and Iron )Ianufactures Steel, Spring and Cast......................2S3,500
ll)t otlherwise enumerated........... 1,169,000 Stoves and Grates......................... 1,2.(0,()00
itats, Silk tnd Soft........................... 800,000  Sand-stone, Graniite, Slate, &c........... 30()0(,)U)
Ilose, Belt!ing, &c............................175,000 Straw Goods, including Hats............600,000
)siery........................................ 1,808,150 Surgical and Dental Instrunents,
tIlollowN —ware, exclus'e of Stovos,&c..1,2.50,000 Trusses, and Artificial Lim-bs......... 3.50,000
Ire, n,  Bar, Sheet, and Forged.......... 1,517,650 Sugar, Refined, and Molasses.........6,5)00,000
Jewelhy, and -lhtnufactures of Gold..1,275,000 Teeth, Porcelain.............................. 500,000
Lamlips, Chandeliers, and Gas Fix- Tin, Zinc, and Sheet-Iron Ware...... 1,200,000
tures......................................... 1,300,000 Tobacco MIanufactures, Cigars, Snuff,
Lasts and Boot Trees......................... 36,000    &e............................................3,256,500
Lead Pipe, Sleet Lead, Shot, &c....... 235,000 Trunks and Portmanteus................313,000
l,eatle-, exclusive of Norocco..........,610;,000  TurLins i n Vood...........................5(),000
ciey.................................... 1,912,00)0  Type and Stereotype.........................650,000
.achlinle Tools................................ 350,000  Um,,brellas and Plarasols, including
Mh)ay and Sawed Lumber.......... 5SO,000 Umbrella Furnitu          r       e, Ivory & Bone
Maps and Clharts.............................. 400,000 Turin, halebone Cutting....... 1,760,000
ale Wrk...................................S,000  U pholstery, (estimated)....................500,000
Mallntillas and Corsets........................ 330,000 1Varnishes....................................... 230,000
atcies, Fiction............................. 125,000  Vessels, Masts and Spars, Blocks and
Iedicines, Patent and Prepared Re-                  Pumps, &c.................................1,760,000
medies....................................... 1,300,000  Vinegar and Cider............................300,000
M      illinery Goods, including Bonet            Wagons, Carts, and Drays................,000
Frares, Wire, &c., bu                 t excluding Watch Cases....................................942,000
ta-w Goo6ds & Artificial Flowers....360,000  Whips............................................175,000
Touldis &c.................................. 300,000  Whisky, Distilled............................630,000
oocco and Facv Leather............ 1.156,250 " Rectified..........................2,524,500
Mulsical Instr uments......................... 485,000 White Lead..................................... 960,000
ieral Waters............................... 350,000 Willow-ware, Baskets, &c., (estin'd)..1 2(0,000
Newspapers, Daily and Weekly, (es-                Wire-work, (estinmated,)................... 25 0,000
timated..................................... 1,370,000 Wode  and Cedar-ware.................. 10,000
Oil Clotls....................................... 289,000 Works in Wood not otlerwise enuOils, Linseed, Lard and Tallow, Ro- merated....................................... 100,000
sin, and R. R. Greases................ 2,131,230 Miscellaneous Articles, not otlherPain4~ts, Zinc, and Products of Paint w-ise elnumerated  For particulars
Mills............................................ 770,000    see INDEX, (estimated)................. 3,000,O&'
Pal)er........................................... 1,2.0,000
1Paper Hais...............................S0,000 Total Annua l Product of ManuPlape  Bxes................................... 175,000    facturing Industry in PhilaPatterns, Sto-ve and Machinery.........115,000    delphia............................145,348,738
Per'er    y anl Fancy Soaps.............850,000  Add for Leading Branches in the
Picture a     Looking-Glass Frames,                 vicinity of  Philadelphia,  as
(estimted)...................................750,000    before given...................... 26,500,000
Prserveod Fruits, &c., (estimated)......,3..O00
li'ritiinm Book and Job.................. 1,1S3,000  Total for Philadelphia and vicinPrti Iks................................. 160,000    ity................................. $171,848,738
AccordinO  to the Census of 1850, the average productive power of
each person employed in Manufactures in Philadelphia, was about
$1,100 per annumi, a rate confirmed by our own investigatiors; and
34*
421 
422      PHILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
the capital invested was about one half the aggregate of production
Assuming that these relative proportions were correct, though the
aggregate amounts were manifestly erroneous, and assuming they are
applicable now, the respective items would stand as follows: Capital
invested in 3Nanufactures in Philadelphia,  $72,500,000;  Hlands employed, 132,000; Product, $145,348,738.
In view of this result-a result as unexpected by the
Author as it probably will be surprising to the readera result perhaps understated but not overstated, and of
whichli the constituents are given with sufficient particularity to enable any one of ordinary intelligence to test its acculracy by personal investigation, with the aid of a com1)lete Business Directory: in view of this result then, we
ask, do not the facts demonstrate the original proposition
and assertion, that Philadelphia is already a great manufctturing city —most probably the #reatest in the Union.?
The value of the mnechanical and manufaeturiny iindustry of the entire State of Massachusetts, in 1855, including Gas, an important item, but which we have  not
reckoned, was about two hundred and forty millions of
dollars; we therefore may confidently say, that no other
single city-not even Boston, including Lowell, and one
half the State of Massachusetts,-sums up so large a production of indispensable goods as are annually produced
ill the city of Philadelphia.  We may say, moreover, that
we are convinced, as the result of  extended inquiry
and maniy opportunities for comparative examination, that
the goods made in Philadelphia are generally superior
to tihe average quality of American fabrics.  One reason
for this superiority is, that the operations are mostly conducted in small factories, under the direct personal supervision of the owner, or in shops often illy provided
with machinery for rapid production; and consequently,
the fabricator must give close attention to the selection of
material and character of the workmanship, and master
comnpetition by the durability and intrinsic excellence of 
CONCLUSION.
his fabrics. We hold it to be eminently safe for any conlsumer or merchl-ant to infer that Philadelphia-made goods, at
the same price, are invariably the cheapest. Many other
considerations are suggested by the facts which we have
collected, and partially submitted, and to which we would
gladly invite attention, did space and circumstances
admit. We would especially entreat the merchants of
this city to co-operate with the manufacturers, as they
have already commenced to do by the reorganization of
the Board of Trade; and by the aid of their patronage
and influence, give hope, and sustenance, and vigor to the
individual producers, who are doing so much to advance
the industrial reputation and development of Philadelphia, though with comparatively little profit to themselves-and who, if suitably encouraged, would render
Philadelphia, industrially, the Paris of America. Secondly, we would appeal to the common sense of Southern
and Western merchants, whether the cheapest market is
not necessarily that which possesses and combines extensive production of its own, widely-extended commercial relations with other manufacturing centres, and superior facilities for cheap transportation. Also, we would be glad
to assure the foreign artisan, trained to produce habitually "Olympian-like miracles of Art," of a warm welcome on the part of the intelligent citizens of this metropolis; and especially would we desire to invite the
ingenious men of New England to turn their attention
hitherward, where  the  raw materials are cheap  and
abundant, and  where  the opportunities for achieving
grand results by the introduction of improved facilities,
and superior, spirited, energetic, business tactics, are
illimitable. Moreover, we would appeal to the Legislators of Pennsylvania to regard the inhabitants of this
metropolis no longer as drones, and ulcers upon the body
politic; but as coworkers  with the a,griculturalists iil
423 
404      PHIIILADELPIIIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
subjugating  material  forces  for  useful  purposes-to
look upon the city as an ornament to the State, and to
remove all disabilities now in the way of any form of
business  organization which  experience  has  demonstrated tends to encourage capital to co-operate with
industry; and especially to consider the expediency of
sanctioning and facilitating corporate investment in industrial enterprises with limited individual liability.  We
would assure capitalists, that there are opportunities for
the safe and profitable investment of many miillions of
dollars in productive industry; and that the erection of a
few model mammoth manufactories, and a liberal expenditure in order to invite the attention of the world to
the manufacturing advantages of the city, would repay
richly by accelerating the development of enterprise, and
p)romoting  trade  and  commerce.  We  would  entreat
imanufacturers in all places throughout this country to
banish jealousies, and co-operate with each other, remnembering that the demand for manufactured commodities
of an immense and daily increasing population, in the
Western as well as the Atlantic States, and the opening
markets in the Canadas, in the South American Republics and elsewhere, cannot fail to be greater than the
industry of all can supply. We would earnestly invoke
the citizens of Pennsylvania, and of Philadelphia in particular, to send Representatives to their State and National Legislatures who will truly represent their material
interests and intellectual progress; but all these considerations, invitations, supplications, and invocations, we
must leave to the Press, the guardians of the city interests, and others far abler than ourselves. We conclude by
adopting the graphic language of the Secretary (now\ Presidenrt) of the Corn Association, whose prophetic vision saw
what we hope we have demonstrated: —" Our Steamr ELngines are plying their iron arms in every street  In every 
CONCLUSION.
by-way is heard the sound of the shuttle and the clink of
the hammer, as the artisan contributes his mite to the vast
sum of toil; whilst many a stately edifice, with its hundreds of employees and clanging machinery, sends forth
a stirring music to quicken the pulse of our city life.
Why then shall we  not spread beyond our borders the
knowledge, that in this busy hive is being made almost
every article that can contribute to the wants or luxury of
man?  This is tihe great Mart of American Manufactures,
unequaled on this Continent in the extent and variety of its
products. As such, let it be proclaimed!"
425 
I 
I 
INTERIOR OF FOUNDRY.-A. JENKS & SON'S M 
APPENDIX.
REMARKABLE MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN
PHILADELPHIA.
I.
Alfred Jenks & Soin's Machine Works, Bridesburg.
THIESE works, of which we have already given the incidents connected
with their establishment and early history, as well as a cut of their exterior, are located at Bridesburg, a flourishing town now constituting
a part of the city of Philadelphia. They are built in the form of a hollow square, cover an area of 160,000 square feet, and consist of a Foundry 130 by 50 feet (for interior view see opposite page), in which about
thirty men are constantly employed; a Blacksmith Shop, 120 by 50 feet,
having eighteen forges and four trip-hammers, for making, in addition
to other things, Bolts-of which seven hundred are made and used in the
machinery work daily; a building, 190 by 32 feet, containing an apartment used as a Brass Foundry, and also for" cleaning" the castings after
they have been subjected to the process of "pickling," and a welladapted room for storing patterns when not in use. The Machine Shop
is a building 225 by 38 feet, upon the first floor of which Cards are
built, and Mill Gearing, Shafting, &c., constructed; upon the second
floor, Spinning and Drawing Frames, and Speeders are made; and the
third floor is devoted to making Looms. A capacious Elevator is employed for raising and lowering castings and other objects between the
different stories of the machine shop; and a Railway connects this and
the foundry. The Carpenter Shop is a building 168 by 30 feet, three
stories high; and each of the various rooms and departments is supplied
with tools and machinery of the most perfect construction, peculiarly
adapted to the purposes for which they are'designed. In the Woodworking Room are two of Daniel's Planing Machines, one of Woodworth's, and Moulding and Sawing Machines capable of facilitating and
making more perfect the wood-work required for the Carding Engines,
Looms, &c. All the wood used is kept for the space of two years before
being shaped by the machinery, so as to properly season it; and after
(427)
400 
428     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
it has been thus seasoned and brought to the form desired, it is placed
in a commodious Drying-house, which has been recently erected, entirely
fire-proof, and always kept by the heat of steam at a temperature of
seventy-five degrees, for the purpose of being still more thoroughly seasoned. The Tools and Machinery for performing the work in the several shops are mostly made by their own workmen; among which may
be classed several Drills of new and improved construction, Boring Mills,
and other self-acting machines, of the most beautiful design and perfect workmanship.
Since the decease of Mr. Alfred Jenks, and, in fact, for twelve years
previous to his decease, the entire business has been conducted by Mr.
BARTON H. JENKS, who was thoroughly educated and fitted by his father
for the important and responsible trust he now fills, for which he has
peculiar qualifications by his genius for invention, his skill in mechlianism, and an administrative capacity evidenced in all departments of the
establishment. The family has been distinguished in the fabrication
of iron for nearly two centuries, Mr. Jenks being a lineal descendant
of the Hon. Joseph Jenks, Governor of Rhode Island, who, a forgeman
by profession, built, in the seventeenth century, a forge which was destroyed during King Philip's war. Since early boyhood, Mr. Barton
H. Jenks has been engaged in experimenting, with a view to improve
various portions of machinery employed in Woolen and Cotton manufacture, on which the skill and genius of his father had been impressed;
and there is now scarcely a portion of machinery in the manifold variety
of parts employed in the respective stages of Cotton and Woolen manufacture, from the machines which first operate on the cotton and wool
through the series which they have to successively pass in their progress
to completion for the market, that has not been improved by the members of this firm, both in the superior finish and more substantial and
convenient construction of the respective parts, and in the novel arrangement and combination of parts, or additions involving valuable inventions, which render the operations more perfect, and, in many cases, the
production of heretofore unaccomplished, new, and beneficial results. The
Drawing Frames and Ring Spinning Frarmes or Throstles of the Messrs.
Jenks, for performing the respective operations in cotton manufacture
which their names indicate, are peculiarly of th'e class spoken of; for,
while the workmanship and mechanical skill are of the highest degree of
excellence, they embrace important features of invention, which enable
them to produce better work than those ordinarily used. The latter,
particularly, which is known favorably among cotton manufacturers as
Alfred Jenks' Ring Spindle or Ring Frame, has, in a great number of
cases, taken the place of the live and dead spindles, on account of its 
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I 
JENKS' COTTON AND WOOLEN MACHINERY.
superiority in the quality and quantity of yarn it produces. The spindle of this improved frame has no fly, and has a small steel ring, called
a traveler, about a quarter of an inch in diameter, with a slit for the
insertion of the thread, which is wound by the ring traveling around the
bobbin, being held in its horizontal plane, during its circuit, by an iron
ring loosely embraced by its lower end and fastened upon the traversing
rail; being sufficiently large to allow the head of the bobbin, as well as
the traveler, to pass through without touching. This plan of spindle
may be driven 8,000 revolutions per minute with perfect security when
spinning coarse yarn; and when producing the finer numbers, 10,000
revolutions per minute is not an extraordinary speed for it to attain;
the yarn produced in either case being superior in strength and character to the yarn produced by the other throstles at a greatly reduced
speed. In the construction and arrangement of the several parts of the
power-loom, whether in the simplest form fi)r weaving plain goods, or
the enlarged and complex state produced by this firm, for weaving the
most beautiful and elaborate patterns of fancy cassimeres, the characteristics above mentioned are manifest in a remarkable degree; and
hence the vast number of the Messrs. Jenks' Looms in operation, and
the continued demand for them over all parts of the country, where the
benefits derived from such advantages as the improved shuttle-box movement for changing the picks of weft, shuttle-stopper, parallel pick-motion, and a vast number of improved attachments embodied in the
Looms of their make, are experienced and appreciated by manufacturers.   In the Keystone Loom, made by this firm, by using a different
shuttle from the ordinary one, silk goods may be woven with as much
facility as cotton or wool; and a Jacquard motion, if desired, may be
easily attached. It is forty inches wide, and has four shuttle-drop boxes
at one end of the lay, and an improved pattern-wheel for controling the
boxes, which will run 1,200 picks before it ends, and can be extended
to a greater capacity. Within the last few years, Mr. Jenks has brought
out a number of very important machines, to two or three of which
we invite particular attention.
1. THE SELF-STRIPPING COTTON CARD.
This is an important addition to the usual cotton-carding machines.
Itis applied just below the "licker-in," in contact with the main cylinder, and driven by a stripper-head, at the end of the cards, at a variable
speed, so as to take both the dirt and the uncarded cotton off the cylinder, and then to deliver the cotton back again to the cylinder, whilst the
dirt falls into a box which is placed back of the "licker-in" and feedrollers for the purpose; consequently, it keeps both the cylinder and the
35
429 
430      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
cotton perfectly clean, (which are certainly two very desirable results)
and but seldom requires hand-stripping. An arrangement of rollers
is p)laced at the doffer to deliver the cotton, instead of the old mode of
a comb, thereby gaining a greater speed in the card, and not injuring
the carding as the comb does. This Card will produce 150 pounds per
day.
2. THE IMPROVED COTTON GIN.
This ingeniously improved and valuable machine for ginning cotton
is what is called a "Cylinder Gin."  The cylinder is constructed in a
very peculiar manner, and operates in combination with a stationary
straight-edge and a spirally-grooved roller called "the agitator." The
straight edge is fixed in a position parallel with, and tangential to the
cylinder, with its thinner edge almost in contact with the upper side of
the same, and the agitator so as to rotate rapidly at a short distance
above and parallel with the straight-edge. The periphery of the cylinder consists of numerous steel-wire teeth imbedded in Babbitt metal, in
positions inclined in the direction of the cylinder's motion, so that after
the cylinder is "ground" or finished, each tooth presents a separate,
sharp, and smooth point, tangential to the cylinder surface. When in
operation, the cotton and seeds are together carried by the cylinder
against the straightedge, where they are rolled over and over by the agitator, until the teeth of the cylinder have stripped off the fibre, when
the seeds immediately drop down, through a grating, into a receiving 
I 
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JENKS' COTTON SPREAD)ER. 
JENKS' COTTON AND WOOLEN MACIIINERY.
box. The fibre is at the same time being continually removed from the
cylinder in the usual manner, by a rotating brush behind the straightedge. The teeth of the cylinder are made of thefinest steel needle. wire,
rolled into a double razor-edge section, and secured obliquely around
the cylinder, with their sharper edges in directions transverse to the
axis of the same; consequently, after the cylinder is "ground off'" in
finishing, it presents a serrulated surface, or a surface studded over
with innumerable sharp and smooth tangential teeth, admirably adapted
both for entering and leaving the fibres.
It will gin any cotton, however trashy it may be, and take nothing
through but the lint; it neither cuts nor naps the fibres in the least,
leaving them nearly as long as when separated by hand; whilst it will
clean as great a quantity in the same time as any other gin occupying
the same extent of space, and run as easy. It will also last as long, if
not longer, than the saw-gin, and cost no more for repairs.
3. JENKS' COTTON SPREADER.
This machine, a cut of which is given on the opposite page, is well
worthy of attentive examination by those who are interested in its merits, for it undoubtedly possesses superior excellence. It is made entirely
of metal, thus insuring greater steadiness and durability. The beater,
shafts, blades, and feed-rollers, are made of cast-steel; the shafts which
drive the feed are braced together in such a manner that the teeth
in the diagonal shaft cannot break; and, by an ingenious application
of the elastic principle of air, the machine is constructed to make the
lap of uniform thickness, and of such compactness that any portion of
it will sustain its own weight; and, moreover, the whole machine works
without producing any dust in the room. (SEE CUT.)
To describe all the novel and important machines that have been
constructed at these Works would require a volume; and even a recital
of the improvements made by this firm in Cotton and Woolen Machinery
and patented in this and other countries, would transcend our limits.
Such a recital would include machines for making spools, for rifling
musket barrels, for cleansing, laying, and preparing wool, and for an
infinite variety of purposes.   No pains or expense is spared by Mr.
Jenks to bring to perfection, and develope into practical use, whatever
is likely to be useful and beneficial to his patrons; and we have been
repeatedly assured, by manufacturers of cotton and woolen goods, that
no firm in the entire Union is more zealous in regarding the interests
of their customers, more liberal in making experiments, or more entitled
to general confidence and patronage.
431 
432     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
Messrs. Alfred Jenks & Son employ in their works, at Bridesburg,
when in full operation, about four hundred men, many of whom have
been with them over thirty years-a fact which speaks volumes for both
employer and employee. They have prepared a Catalogue of their machinery; and also separate drawings, of a size convenient for enclosing
in letters, which they forward to persons desirous of dealing with them.
Each machine is numbered, and accompanied by a full description-a
convenience of much advantage to manufacturers, and duly appreciated
by them.
II.
The Port Richmond Iron Works.-I. P. Morris & Co., Proprietors.
In the article on "Iron and its Manufactures," we demonstrated the
ability of Philadelphia to do the heaviest Engineering work, by reference to some of the extraordinary machines which, from time to time,
have been constructed at the various leading establishments in the city;
among others, at the Port Richmond Iron Works. These Works, which
rank among the largest and best equipped of the kind in the entire
Union, were founded in ]828, by Levi Morris & Co., at the corner of
Market and Schuylkill Seventh streets. The first engine constructed was
a Vertical Lever-beam Engine, 10 inch cylinder, 2+ feet stroke, built for
John Barclay, Vine-street Wharf, Delaware, for a flour mill, and is
still in existence at Wainwright's saw-mill, Kensington. At that
time, there was not in the Works a single slide-lathe or power drillpress, and planing-machines were not known; the only representative
of this tool, it is believed, was to be found at the Allaire Works in
New York, built for fluting rollers. The original of the present planing-machine was imported from England, and purchased by the West
Point Foundry Association, for their Works in West street, New York.
Patterns for a similar machine were made after this model, and several
sets of castings made.   One of these, purchased for the Richmond
Works, was fitted up here, and started about 1836. In the Foundry
department the operations were also conducted with very imperfect and
inefficient machinery compared with that now in use. Anthracite coal,
which was introduced here about 1820, was by no means exclusively
used for melting Iron. The Blowing Machinery was of a very primitive character; with unwieldy wooden bellows and open tuyeres. The
best product was not more than 2,000 to 3,000 pounds of Iron in an
hour, and in the course of the heat an average much below this. With
the present improved Blowing Machinery, and improved furnaces, eight
tons have been melted in forty-six minutes, with a consumption of coal
of one pound to eight pounds of Iron melted. 
I. P. MORRIS & CO.'S WORKS.
The present location of these works, to which they were removed in
1846, is on the Delaware River, adjoining the Reading Rail-road Coal
Wharves on the south. The buildings, which are of brick, occupy a lot
having a front on the Delaware River of 145 feet, a front on Richmond
street or Point Road, of 260 feet, and an entire depth or length, from the
Richmond side to the end of wharf, of 1,050 feet. The remarkable teature in this establishment is the extraordinary size of the tools in use,
and the perfection of the machines employed in the various shops. In
the Foundry there are three Cupola Furnaces, the largest of which will
melt twelve tons of Iron per hour; and a large-size Air Furnace of the
best description.  In the Machiie Shop there is a Planing Machine capable of planing castings 8 feet wide, 6 feet high, and 32 feet long; a
Lathe that will swing 6 feet clear, and turn a length of 34 feet; and a
Boring Mill, possessing also the qualities of a horizontal lathe, which
will bore out a cylinder 16 feet in diameter and 18 feet long.   This is
believed to be the largest in America or Europe. In their Boiler Shop
they have one large Riveting Machine, and facilities for making boilers
or plate-iron work, of every description that may be desired. But a few
years ago, Steam Boilers, made of plate-iron, were riveted exclusively
with hand-hammers; and when the City Water-works were located at
Centre Square, the steam boilers were built of wood with cast-iron furnaces. At the present time, in this, as in the best shops, circular
boilers are riveted in a machine, by pressure produced by a cam operating upon a sliding mandril. In their Smithery, they have a Nasmyth
Steam Hammer, for heavy forgings; a Tilt Hammer, for light work;
and throughout the establishment, the minor tools, consisting of
Lathes, Boring Mills, Slotting and Shaping Machines, Planing Machines,
Horizontal and Vertical Drills, &c., &c., are all of the best description,
and combine the latest improvements.
Besides the superiority of its machinery, this establishment has been
peculiarly fortunate in its mechanical engineers. This position is now
filled by one of the partners, Mr. Lewis Taws, who has been connected
with the establishment since 1834, and whose apprenticeship was passed
with Rush & Muhlenburg, the two sons-in-law and successors of Oliver
Evans, in his establishment, then located at the corner of Vine and
Ninth streets. After his apprenticeship, he obtained employment at
the West Point Foundry Association, in New York, where he added to
his stock of information from the practice at those works, which at that
time were under the able management of Adam hall, a Scotch engineer
of much eminence. By the proprietors he was sent to the West Indies,
to erect sugar-mills, and remained during the grinding season; thus
3btaining a practical knowledge of this branch of the business. Subse        35*
433 
434     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
quently, hlie was selected by the same Association to erect, in North
Carolina, the celebrated Gang Saw-mills, consisting of twelve to twentyfour saws, driven by direct connection with a steam-engine, running at
a speed of 120 to 140 strokes per minute. Since that time, the firm
with which he is now connected have built a great number of similar
machines, with such improvements as have been suggested by many
years experience.   Flooring boards of yellow pine may almost be
deemed an indigenous production of North Carolina; and these mills,
which are but little known except at the South, where such timber
grows, are peculiarly adapted for their production. A log of yellow
pine by this arrangement can be converted into flooring boards by once
passing through the mill. With the practical experience obtained by
first constructing and then working the machines, Mr. Taws was eminently fitted to enter upon the more enlarged field that opened to him
in taking the management, as chief mechanical director, of an establishment for the construction of machinery of every description, and
for every known purpose; and with what success he has filled the position, the large amount of steam-engines and machinery of every description, constructed under his supervision, and scattered broadcast throughout this country, Cuba, and Porto Rico, and rating wherever placed as
second to none, is direct, ample, and satisfactory evidence.
The firm of I. P. Morris & Co. is now composed of Isaac P. Morris,
John J. Thompson, and Lewis Taws. Their list of manufactures embraces Land and Marine Steam Engines, of all sizes and descriptions;
Blowing Machinery, Hoisting and Pumping Engines, Rolling Mill Work,
Sugar Mills and Sugar Apparatus; in fact, all kinds of heavy machinery except Locomotives. For an enumeration of some of the machines
constructed by them, see pages 289 and 326.
III.
The Southwark Foundry.-Merrick & Sons, Proprietors.
The Southwark Foundry, of which Merrick & Sons are proprietors, is
another of the remarkable Iron establishments of Philadelphia, located
in the Second Ward, and occupies the entire square bounded by Washington and Federal streets, and Fourth and Fifth streets.
It was started in 1836, as a Foundry (for castings) only, but was soon
enlarged; and now, by various accessions and improvements, in buildings and tools, has become a first-class establishment for the manufacture of all kinds of heavy machinery. 
THE SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY.
Its buildings and yards occ
Iron Foundry, 115 by 107 f
"      ".  95"  53
eet, } area of ground floor, 17,540 sq. ft
Bs4"2 " "  "     "   1,125
Smt  Shp"6  "         6,600
ories,    1     is   6,480
" 2 stories,            " is 6,480
"  I story, 
" area of ground floor, 12,800
Ectn  " 9       "       ". 5,550
Brass   "
Smith Shop,
Machine "
Pattern "
Boiler   "1
Gasom'r "
Erecting "
Carpen'r"
4 5  "
165 "
162 "
gc g~
150 "
50 "
90 "
60 "
45 "
40 "
3"     "   2,855
Sheds, for Storage, &c., &c.,     "        "       "  10,700
Total area occupied by buildings,    -    -    -    63,650
."of yard room, -..                            80,550
Entire space occupied by the establishment,    -   144,200 "
In addition, it has a tract of land on the Delaware River, about 400
feet front and 1,100 feet deep, affording ample space for extensive iron
boat yards; and on this tract there is a fine pier, 60 feet wide and 250 feet
long, with a very powerful shears at the end, capable of lifting fifty tons.
A brief description of some of the objects of interest in this establishment will show that the arrangements, tools, and appliances in use,
are on a scale proportionate to the capaciousness of the buildings.
The foundry has two Cranes, capable of lifting fifty tons each, and
three others of thirty tons lifting power, by which any object may be
transferred from one extremity to the other, or to any point on the floor.
Two 50-inch Cupolas are used for melting the Iron, and are supplied
by a pair of Blast Cylinders, 40 inches in diameter, and 3-feet stroke.
Twenty-five tons of metal can be melted in three hours. The Ovens for
drying the Cores are of immense size and capacity.
In the Smith Shop the blast is obtained by an Alden Fan. There are
two Nasmyth Steam Hammers, one of 10 cwt., and one of 5 cwt. weight
of ram. There are also in this shop, Bolt and Rivet Machines, for the
manufacture of these articles, large numbers of which are annually used.
The Brass Foundry has a Cupola and four Crucible Furnaces.
The lower Machine Shop has a Boring Mill which will bore a cylinder
11 feet in diameter, and 14 feet high; a Planing Machine, believed to
be the largest in the world, capable of planing 8 feet wide, 15 feet
deep, and 30 feet long-besides other Lathes and Planers, of various
435
25
40
40
64
64
64
25
55
35
32
49
1 i
I I
I 9
It
''     ) I I
I I
11 
436     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
dimensions and power; two Slotters, Drill Presses, &c., &c. The upper
Machine Shop is well stocked with smaller Lathes, Planers, Shaping
and Drilling Machines, Vices, &c. The Boiler Shop is provided with
a Riveting Machine capable of riveting a boiler 40 feet long, and of any
diameter; with a Treble Punching Machine of immense strength; with
heavy and light Shears and Punches; an Air Furnace, for heatinglarge
plates; Rolls, for bending; Cranes, &c.  The largest Erecting Shed,
used fo)r putting up sugar apparatus, has a traveling crane extending
its whole length. The business of making Sugar Apparatus forms a
large item in the productions of this establishment; and for a list of
some of the extraordinary machines that have been constructed here,
see page 327. Ordinarily, from 350 to 500 hands receive constant employment at these works.
IV.
Sharps' Rifle Factory.
About six years ago, the attention of sporting and military men was
invited to a new Breech-loading and Self-priming Rifle, which had been
patented by a Mr. C. SHARPS; and, after the most careful examination
of its construction, in comparison with others, it was found to stand the
tests of a first-class weapon; being safe and certain in firing, easily and
rapidly loaded, simple in its construction, and constantly kept clean by
its own operation. For sporting purposes, this Rifle soon became a
favorite weapon; in Kansas its report was heard; the Ordnance Department at Washington expressed their admiration of the improvement;
and subsequently the British Government ordered six thousand of these
Rifles, for the use of their army in India. More recently, Mr. Sharps
applied the principle which distinguishes his Rifles to the construction
of a new Pistol or Carbine, especially designed for the use of Mounted
Dragoons. The advantages claimed by the patentee for the new Pistol
are numerous; among others, that it is more compact, lighter, has a
more extensive range, and fires with greater accuracy than any Pistol
now in use.  It is single-barreled, but owing to the ease with which it
can be loaded, it is capable of being fired twice as often as any revolver
in a given period of time.  The Pistol weighs about two and a half
pounds; the barrels are six and eight inches long, and throw a half
ounce ball effectively one-fourth of a mile.   It primes itself for twenty
rounds.   There are about 1,500 Pistols now being constructed in the
factory. It was recently tested, in competition with various other
fire-arms, at West Point, by a board of officers appointed by the United
States Ordnance Bureau, and struck a target six feet square, at a distance of six hundred yards, twenty out of thirty shots. The same Pis 
ARCHER, WARNER, MISKEY & CO.
tol was fired seventy times in seven minutes, priming it three times,
every ball striking a target three feet square, at a distance of forty-five
feet, with a force sufficient to penetrate eight inches of pine board.
Certificates from officers in the army testify to the high estimation in
which it is held by the troops that have tried it.
During the last year, Mr. Sharps, in association with Nathan'tI.
Bolles and Ira B. Eddy, under the firm-style of C. SHARPS & Co., erected
(for the manufacture of his fire-arms) a very extensive establishment
at the West end of the Wire Bridge, near Fairmount.   The building
is of brick, 140 feet long by 40 feet broad, and is surmounted by a cu pola, from which an admirable view of the city and surrounding coun try can be obtained. The machinery is of the most beautiful and accurate description; the entire cost for the buildings and machinery being
about $130,000. The basement is used for the forging of the iron material of the Rifles. In the rear of the first story is placed a high-pressure stationary engine of seventy-five horse power, which forms the
motive power of the establishment.   The second story is used for the
boring of rifle barrels, which are drilled from solid cylinders of cast-steel.
The third story is the tool manufactory, where the cutting, milling, and
finishing apparatus is constructed.   The fourth story is the finishing
shop, where the rude materials are adjusted, and from which the article
issues complete. The firm are engaged at present principally in
the construction of Breech-loading and Self-priming Pistols, though
a large number of Rifles are rapidly approaching completion.
All the materials used in the manufacture of these arms are made in
the building; even down to the screws which fasten the completed article together.   The firm possess the facilities for turning out 1,000
Rifles per month. This is a most interesting and valuable addition to
the manufacturing establishments of Philadelphia.
V.
Archer, Warner, Miskey & Co.'s Manufactory of Gas Fixtures.
It will be remembered by the attentive reader that the author of the
Report on the Industry of the United States, whose remarks respecting
the manufacture of Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas Fixtures in Philadelphia we quoted at length, stated that the establishment mentioned in
the caption of this article, was in all respects, except in extent, similar
to that of Cornelius & Baker, which has been described. It is not
necessary, therefore, to repeat the illustrations given in that quotation
tending to show the superiority of Philadelphia manufactures in this
4,17 
438      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
branch. Our remarks shall be limited to a brief notice of the founding
of the establishment, and of the mode of manufacturing Gas Fixtures,
as conducted in it.
In 1842, Mr. Ellis S. Archer, the present senior partner in the firm
of Archer, Warner, Miskey & Co., invented and patented a Lard Lamp;
but could not induce any one to manufacture and introduce to the
public an article, for which it was supposed there would be no demand.
Undaunted by these repulses, he obtained a cellar, in one corner of
which he employed a few men in making his Lamp. The value of
the new invention was recognized, and the public adopted it, and
those manufacturers who could see no merit in the adaptation of Lard
as an illuminating material, turned their attention to it. The establishment was speedily enlarged: other branches of the business were
added, and in 1848 Mr. Archer became associated in partnership with
Mr. Redwood F. Warner. Determining to place their house on a
level at least with the best in the United States, they saw that this
could be effected by merit alone; hence, their first effort was to present
in their department of Art, novelty of design combined with superiority
of finish and excellence of materials. Sensibly foreseeing that the
growing taste in this country required to be fed, they obtained designers
and modelers of the highest talents, to whom they paid liberal salaries,
and encouraged them in every way to produce graceful and effective
designs, for Lamps, Chandeliers, and Gas-fittings. No amount of money
was considered by them extravagant, if it secured a valuable result.
The consequence of this judiciously liberal expenditure soon became
manifest. From an ordinary firm, with a limited capital, doing a
moderate business, they sprang to a strong position among the first
houses, in their trade, in the United States. Their work is admitted
by all to be equal to that of any competitor, and their manufactory,
situated in Race above Fourth street, takes rank among the important
ones of this city.
A systematic description, if we were to attempt one, of the mode of
producing those various artistic articles for which this house is celebrated, would lead us first to the Modeling Department. In this
room every idea of form and construction originates.  Artists of
approved merit are employed in modeling designs in wax. The form
is at first rudely shaped by the hands, and then elaborated by instruments of hard wood.  In the modeling room, perfect accuracy is required in the imitation of all natural forms; and for this purpose an
animal menagerie is frequently assembled.  A live deer, from Logan
Square; an eagle, several pigeons, snakes, children, &c., were all in 
ARCHER, WARNER) MISKEY & CO.
use as studies in modeling the Stair Railing for the private stair-cases
of the Senate Chamber and Ihouse of Representatives at Washington.'
The model having been formed, is sent to the caster, who makes a
mould of it in brass. And here may be seen the most curious method
of casting yet discovered. It is, we believe, peculiar to this establishment, and the results are as beautiful as the method is singular and
difficult. The whole operation of casting the wax model in brass is
delicate, and requires a firm hand, and an artistic comprehension.
The model in brass is now taken to the chaser, and upon his skill
much depends. The general forms are to be elaborated by his chisels; the
indications of character, of fur, or fibres, or feathers, are to be expressed
and defined by him. As the beauty of a portrait depends upon those
delicate distinctions, analyzed only by the artist, though recognized by
all, so the beauty of these ornamental castings depends upon their
delicacy and correctness of detail. In chasing metal, more tools are
used than in steel engraving; the tools are driven by sharp blows, with
a light hammer. One of the workmen in this department, showing a
hammer, informed us he had used it thirty-two years; upon a fair calculation of the daily work it performs, the number of strokes made in
a day, and the length of each stroke, we believe this hammer to have
traveled 36,000 miles in thirty-two years, or one-half more than the
circumference of the earth.  After this operation of chasing is com
* A correspondent of the New York Timnes remarked not long since: "I mean
the manufacture of Bronzes, which I find has assumed, in Philadelphia, more imposing proportions, and a higher artistic character, than it possesses anywhere
else in the country. Everybody who has been compelled, for his sins, to furnish
a house, knows, of course, that the chandeliers, argands, -and general gas-fittings
of CORNELIUS & BAKER and ARCHER & WARNER are the only American articles
of the kind which can sustain a comparison with the goods imported from Paris.
But in the latter of these establishments I have just seen the moulds, and the
models, and some of the completed portions of a magnificent bronze balustrading
designed for one of the grand stairways of the new Capitol Building at Washington, which is not merely a wonderful piece of work in itself, but is, altogether,
more elaborately elegant than any thing of the kind which is to be seen in
Europe. This balustrading, which is cast, not in basso relievo, but in full relief
of arabesques and figures, is about three feet in height, and is to be carried to the
length of 160 feet up the noble flight of steps leading from the new Hall of the
Representatives to the corridor of the Committee Rooms. The designs, furnished
by BRUMIDI, of Washington, are singularly bold and graceful. They represent
alternate groups of infants, eagles and serpents, pursuing and pursued through
wreaths of foliage and flowers, and they consequently comprise almost all those
curvilinear forms and intricate traceries which lay the heaviest tax upon the skill
of the draughtsman and the founder."
439 
440     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
pleted, the model becomes a standard, from which the caster may
multiply copies to the extent of the demand. Yet new patterns are
continually being made; and unsatisfied with past successes, the artist
is continually aiming to produce something more beautiful in the
future. So far the operations of modeling, casting, and chasing, forming the preparation of the pattern, have been conducted without machinery. But when the manufacture commences, machinery is found
indispensable, and we were struck with the number of labor-saving
machines used by this firm, enabling them to construct the difficult
parts with that degree of accuracy so essential, when numerous pieces
are to be placed together to form a finished whole. Indeed, the work
so finished far excels that made by the more expensive old-fashioned
operations by hand.
In this description merely the general outline is described of this
manufacture; even the various processes are not named; the methods
of making Gas Burners, Keys, Vases, the methods of Enameling, Stamping, Screw Cutting, Japanning, &c., are very curious, and employ a large
number of men.
In the manufactory of Messrs. Archer, Warner, Miskey & Co., every
department is entrusted to the best workmen of their class; wherever
we looked, we saw order, neatness, and industry. In every one of the
numerous rooms, six fire buckets, constantly filled with water, are kept;
and the penalty of using the water for any improper purposes of wash ing, &c., is instant dismissal from the establishment. By means of
these precautions and regulations, the establishment has more than
once been saved from destruction.  Upon principles like these the
business is conducted; and the result is, an establishment unsurpassed
in the world. Every branch of the business is carried on by this firm,
from connecting a service pipe with the main in the street to con structing, and suspending in its place, the most costly and magnificent
Chandelier.
VI.
Remarkable Paper Mills.
THE WISSAHICKON PAPER MILLS.-CHARLES MAGARGE,
PROPRIETOR.
Twenty-eight years ago a small store for the sale of paper was openmi
in Minor street by two brothers, Charles & W. H. Magarge. At that
time Fourdrinier machines had not been made in the United States,
steam had not been used as an agent for making paper, and the mills
were scattered along the water courses remote from the great centres 
CHARLES MAGARGE'S PAPER-MILL.
of distribution. The house established as above-noted, formed connections with the manufacturers on one side and the consumers of paper
on the other, and, by a course of dealing meriting the confidence of both
parties, their store became a depot to which both resorted to effect their
exchanges. At the present time the house of CHARLES MAGARGE & CO.
is one of the most extensive and best known Paper Commission houses
in the United States; and their immense warehouse on Sixth and Carpenter streets is constantly filled with paper of every variety, kind,
quality and size.
In 1845, the senior partner of this firm, Mr. Charles Magarge, in
order to supply a want in the business of the house, viz.: the abilitv to
fill orders for paper of unusual sizes at short notice, purchased a plain,
substantial stone building, 175 by 50 feet, situated on the Wissahickon
Creek, just below the Indian Rocks, and converted it into a Paper Mill.
This mill in his hands has become the famous Wissahickon Paper Mill.
A gentleman, who recently visited it, describes the modern process of
paper making, by detailing the operations which are carried on at this
mill:
The visitor goes up to the second story into a room some 60 by 80 feet, in which
ten girls are engaged assorting the rags. Here are numerous bales of white rags,
foreign and domestic. The imported are linen; the other, cotton. In the same
room these rags are cut by a machine, driven by power, which fits them for
the subsequent processes. They are next sent into a rotary boiler, of two tons
capacity, into which steam is admitted, and the rags boiled. Next they are cast
down on a floor in the first story, where they are put into cars, on which they
are conveyed to the washing engines.  Two engines are employed in washing,
called Rag Engines. These engines play in tubs of an oval form, of large capacity, each containing 200 lbs. of rags.   The impelling power, partly steam,
partly water, causes the revolution of a roller, set with knives or bars of cast steel
inserted into it longitudinally.   This roller is suspended on what is called
a lighter, by which it may be raised or lowered at pleasure upon a plate, consisting of bars of steel, set up edgewise.   Passing now between this roller and
plate, the rags are reduced to fibre. A stream of pure water is then conveyed
into the Rag Engine, and, by means of a cylinder covered with gauze wire, the
dirty water is passed off. This cylinder, called a Patent Washer, is octagonal in
shape, some thirty inches in length, revolving in the engine, and having buckets
within it corresponding with the sides of the washer. By this process, the rags
are washed perfectly clean in from three to six hours. The next is the bleaching
process, performed by the insertion into this engine of a strong solution of
tone chlorid of lime and  some  acid, to cause a reaction.   The pulp is then
emptied into large cisterns, covered with the bleach liquor it contains, where it
is allowed to remain from twelve to twenty-four hours to bleach. It is then
orained, put into the Beating Engine, and reduced to a pulp, the consistency of
milk, which it much resembles.   This pulp is emptied into a large cistern, in a
36)
441 
442      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
vault beneath, and kept in motion by means of an agitator revolving in it. It is
then raised, by a Lifting Pump, into a small cistern, from which it is drawn off by
a cock, which is opened, more or less, according to the thickness of the paper intended to be made, on to a strainer, which removes the knots, sand, or hard substances that may damage the paper, and then flows upon a leathern apron, which
conducts it to an endless wire-cloth, over which the web of paper is formed. This
wire-cloth is kept constantly vibrating, which both facilitates the escape of water
and the felting together of the fibres of the pulp. The wire-cloth, with the pulp
upon it-the edges being protected by decklo straps-passes on until it comes to
couple of wet-press cylinders, as they are called, the lower of which is of metal,
but covered with a jacket of felting or flannel; the upper one is of wood, made
hollow, and covered first with mahogany and then with flannel. These cylinders
give the gauze with the pulp upon it a slight pressure, which is repeated upon a
second pair of wet press-rolls similar to the first. The paper pulp is then led on
upon an endless felt or blanket, which travels at exactly the same rate as the wire
cloth, while the latter passes under the cylinders and proceeds to take up a new
supply of pulp. The endless felt conveys the paper, still in a very wet state,
between cast-iron cylinders, where it undergoes a severe pressure, which riids it
of much of the remaining water, and then between a second pair of press-rollers,
which remove the mark of the felt from the under surface; and, finally, it is
passed over the surface of cylinders heated by steam, and when it has passed over
about thirty lineal feet of heated surface, it is wound upon a reel ready for cutting. All this is done in the short space of two minutes.
To manufacture paper uniformly of superior quality, four things may
be said to be essential-clear pure water, superior machinery, good
stock, and the requisite skill. All these are combined in the Wissahickon Paper Mill; hence the reputation of its products. As a sample
of the quality of the medium-priced paper from this mill, we refer to
the sheets constituting this volume on "Philadelphia and its Manufactures."
At the present time Mr. Magarge is about completing another mill
contiguous to the one so well known, the construction of which is
creditable alike to the enterprise of the owner and the skill of the
architect and builder. Its productive capacity will be over three tons
of paper per day.
2. THiE RIVER SIDE PAPER MILL.-EDWIN R. COPE, PROPRIETOR.
This is a new mill, situated on the Norristown branch of the
Philadelphia, Germantown and Norristown Railroad, on the banks
of the Schuylkill, about two miles above Manayunk, and adjacent
to the well-known Soap  Stone Quarry.   The  mill is a  substantial
stone edifice, three stories in height, and consists of a main building,
50 by 80 feet; a machine house, 50 by 100 feet; an engine house, 20 by
40 feet; two boiler houses, one 24 by 42 feet; another, 27 by 32 feat. 
COPE'S PAPER-MILL.
The paper machinery was supplied from the well-known establishment
of Nelson Gavit, and is supposed to be one of his master pieces. It is
impelled by a vertical beam condensing and non-condensing steam
engine, 150 horse power, with George W. Corlis's cut-off and regulator,
attached. This engine was manufactured by the Camden Iron Manufacturing Company, and is regarded as a very superior machine. The
boilers attached to this engine are classed as dropped flue boilers of
improved construction, planned by Mr. Dialogue, Superintendant of the
Camden Company. Water is supplied to the mill from a reservoir,
containing ten days, or two weeks' supply, "coming in with a head of
upward of forty feet." The arrangements for keeping it clear, under
all circumstances, are perfect. The entire cost of the mill and machinery was $70,000. It now employs thirty hands, of whom one-half
are females. The consumption of rags is 4,000 lbs. per day; and the
leading production is a quality of book paper, which, in all the essentials of good paper, firmness of the sheet, purity of the pulp, color, and
hardness of the sizing, can fairly compete with any of the best papers
made in this country or in Europe.
The proprietor of this mill, Mr. E. R. Cope, has long been identified
with the manufacture of paper in this city; and, situated as his mill is,
with every facility for obtaining raw materials and coal, both by railroad and canal, with the best of water and very superior machinery, its
products will take rank among the choicest and most highly appreciated.
VII.
Rogers'  Carriage  Manufactory.
With the exception of two or three noted establishments, our attention in our tour of observation around the city was invited to none other
more frequently than to that which forms the caption of this article.
Even in a brass-founder's shop we were reminded "not to forget the
superiority of the light carriages constructed in Philadelphia-that
Rogers builds as good vehicles as are built in the world;" and that he
deserves special credit, for by the excellence of his manufactures he
reflects credit upon the city. Attending Herkness' Auction Sale of Carriages, we noticed that whenever a second-hand "Rogers' Wagon" was
offered, the attention of the bystanders was awakened-bidding became
lively, and the price obtained was evidently satisfactory to the seller.
We then recollected of having read that a light carriage, constructed
by Mr. Rogers to order, for a gentleman in Switzerland, was regarded,
from its extraordinary lightness and strength, as so great a curiosity
443 
444      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
that, the owner having left it for a day at a hotel a few miles from
Zurich, the hostler exhibited it during his absence, at a stipulated charge
for "a sight," and thus made more money in one day than his wages
amounted to in six months. All these circumstances combined-the complimentary allusions to his work by competent judges, and similar allusions to his standing as a gentleman by his fellow-mechanics, excited
a strong desire to know something of his manufacturing facilities, and
the following is the report of a gentleman who was specially employed
to describe them.
REPORT.
The entire establishment includes two buildings, a Factory and a
Repository, and the combination constitutes, probably, the largest one
of the kind in the country; having an actual working space of nearly
40,000 superficial feet. The factory is situated in the northern part of
the city, at the intersection of three streets, Sixth, Marshall, and
Master, occupying the entire square; the lot is 137 feet on Sixth street,
137 on Marshall, and 172 on Master street.  The factory itself is a
handsome building, of forty feet front, and the full depth of the lot. It
is four stories high, well lighted, furnished with all conveniences, and
with the jobbing-shops, silver-plating, and wheel-shops, and lumber
sheds, forms a hollow square. Within these boundaries every part of
the business is pursued; and in the factory nine distinct occupations 
ROGERS' CARRIAGE FACTORY.
necessary to the manufacture of a carriage are carried on. One hundred and twenty-five men are employed in these departments, including smiths, designers, body-makers, wheelwrights, carvers, painters,
platers, trimmers, upholsterers, and others of occupations less distinctive. These departments we shall examine upon the plan employed in the construction of a carriage.
Entering the front door, we find ourselves in a large and handsome
room, filled with Barouches, Buggies, Germantown Wagons, and light
carriages of every description, completed, and ready to be sent to the
Repository. Interested, at present, more in the method than the result,
we are shown by the politeness of Mr. Gorgas, the intelligent foreman
of the establishment, into the Body Department, in which the carriage
we intend to build is commenced.
The first step in construction is the execution of a design on paper;
and here the idea of a Buggy, or Barouche, is first realized upon a scale
of three quarters of an inch to the foot. This done, the purchaser is at
liberty to suggest any alteration in his plan; and the second step is the
execution of a geometrical plan of the body upon the black board. The
third step is cutting the patterns in thin wood. The skeleton in wood
is now completed, and the shape and proportion are determined. In
this process not merely mechanical ability of execution, but mathematical exactness of design is essential. In this room fifteen men are busily
employed in wheel work, and making body patterns. Wood, however, is insufficient; its strength barely supports its own weight, and
could not possibly support the strain of unequal movement, with the
burden of a single person. The skeleton must be strengthened; and
for this purpose it is removed from the second story to the Smith Shop,
upon the ground floor. In this department the body is bound, and
riveted in Iron. This shop is probably one of the finest of the kind in
the country. All the iron-work of a carriage is executed here; and the
bolts, iron axles, locks, hinges, tires, and springs, are made and fastened
to the wood. Twelve large forges are in constant use, and thirty-five
men are employed. The springs used are all of one kind, and found
practically superior to any that are patented. The principle in all
springs is identical, and the important difference is in the quality of
manufacture more than the mere form.
The process ensuring stability being completed, the skeleton is again
removed to the Body Department, where the paneling follows; the
floors are laid; the sides are built upon the proper curves; the seats and
doors are introduced, and the body is ready for the painting room.
In this room, in the third story, eighteen or twenty coats of paint are
given to the carriage; each being dried before the following coat is
36*
445 
446     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
applied, and the whole surface repeatedly polished with pumice stone,
These early coats are merely intended as the ground for future color,
and are technically termed the "priming." White lead and lithargo
are used at first, and succeeded by coats of white lead and yellow
ochre, upon which the selected colors of green, brown, black, &c., are
properly applied.
The body is now removed to the Trimming Room, where considerable
taste is employed in selecting the material, and adapting the color of
the trimmings. Fine cloths, silks, carpetings, lace, oilskin, embossed
leather, hair cushions, &c., are here employed in furnishing the coach.
The coach now presents a very handsome appearance, but so far,
instead of carrying others, it has been carried about itself. Leaving it
upon the trestles, we return to the lower story.
The carriage manufacture is divided into two branches, those of body
making and of carriage making; for though we have used the term
"carriage" indiscriminately, in technical phraseology it applies only
to axles and wheels, or the locomotive section of the vehicle. Wheelmaking is usually a separate business; but Mr. Rogers prefers that
all parts of his carriages should be of his own manufacture. Wheels
are made in large quantities, and a stock is kept on hand. An exact
proportion exists of the wheels to the body, and the average difference
of diameter, between the fore and hind wheels, is two inches. In the
lumber yard is an immense stock of hickory, of which the wheels and
shafts are made; a material securing unusual lightness and strength.
Ash is generally used for the body; oak, poplar, &c., are employed for
various parts; and most of this wood is kept on hand two years
before it is used.
The "carriage," like the body, passes through several successive
stages, and after it is completed with axles, perches, shafts, &c., the body
is hung upon the springs, and the coach is conveyed to the Finishing
Room. HIere it is polished, varnished, enameled, ornamented, finished:
and only requires a pair of horses, a driver, a young lady, and a plank
road, to display its comfort, durability, and speed.
In passing through this establishment, we were pleased with the arrangement of rooms, the facilities of transferring work from the ground
floor to the fourth story; and, most of all, with the systematic management, evident in every department, as well as in the entire establishment. We saw much beautiful and elaborate work in process of manufacture, chiefly of light carriages; the building of heavy coaches commencing in July, for the fall trade. In the body room we saw a magnificent Brett, intended for St. Louis, in which by the use of curved
iron work, bracing the wood, the ordinary perch is dispensed with, and  
IRogers' Carriage Repository.-Exterior.
RI-69_r_i          I6 Ip  iltb   Itibr. 
WILSON CHILDS & CO.'S WAGON MANUFACTORY.  447
the body is supported by its own firmness. Twelve shifting top wagons
for the same city, of polished hickory, are not surpassed in our remembrance for excellence and beauty; and a Box Buggy for this city,
ornamented with exquisite paintings, the order having been given to
disregard expense, will be one of the handsomest light carriages ever
built in Philadelphia or elsewhere.
Mr. Rogers is also building several light Buggies to order for gentlemen in Austria; and no doubt but many of these will be driven on the
Prator at Vienna, ere this year closes.
The Repository, an exterior and interior view of which is given on
the opposite page, is situated on Chestnut street above Tenth. This edifice is 46 feet front, and 178 feet deep, and three stories high, and is an
ornament to the neighborhood. Hiere carriages of all kinds are kept
for sale; and here all ordered work is deposited for delivery, after
having received a careful test examination at the factory. Some of the
handsomest carriages ever made in America are exhibited here; and
persons more fond of examining beautiful results than inquiring into
curious and complicated methods, are invited to pay a visit to the
Repository.
VIII.
Remarkable Wagon-making Establishments.
In order to compensate in part for the compulsory brevity with which
we were compelled to treat the important manufacture of Wagons,
Carts, &c., we insert Mr. Young's description of two of these mammoth
establishments.
WILSON, CHILDS & CO.'S WAGON MANUFACTORY.
The largest Wagon-making establishment in Philadelphia, and perhaps in the
country, is that of D. G. WILSON, J. CHILDS & Co., whose office is at the corner of
St. John and Buttonwood streets.   Messrs. Wilson & Childs formed a copartnership in 1829, and commenced business on the premises now occupied by them,
which fronts on three streets-Third, Buttonwood, and St. John-extending 230
feet on Buttonwood, and 113 on St. John.   A four-story brick building, 86 by 45
feet, has recently been erected on the St. John street front. Their increased business requiring more room, they purchased, in 1850, a manufactory erected by Mr.
Simons, also the adjoining property-comprising in all a square on Second street,
and Lehigh Avenue; the whole containing 260,500 square feet, or over 6 acres.
The square on the East side of Second street is 500 by 248 feet, and is used as a
Lumber Yard, in which are piled plank and boards of various thicknesses, from
one to five inches; also spokes and hubs. These are left to season from one to
five years; one year being required for every inch in thickness.   Spokes in the
rough are also piled and seasoned.   Timber for hubs is made chiefly from black 
448     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
locust trees of different sizes, sawed into suitable lengths, and before being stowed
away to season, have the bark removed, and a hole bored in the centre, to facilitate the seasoning process. On the western side of Second street-the lot being
500 feet by 273, and containing over three acres-the various workshops are situated. The principal buildings are one brick Wheel and Body Shop, 100 by 45
feet, and three stories high; one brick Blacksmith Shop, 200 by 35 feet; the SawMill, Engine House, and Machine Shop, 80 by 45 feet, and three stories'high;
Running-gear Shops, 100 by 45 feet; Paint Shop, Office, Stables, Sheds, tc.; the
Boiler House is a separate building.
The variety and extent of the business may be learned by an inspection of the
different successive operations required to make a wagon. Plank of three or four
inches in thickness, for felloes and shafts, spokes, hubs of proper sizes-all sufficiently seasoned-are selected from the lumber yard, and removed into the saw-mill.
Here there are two Upright and six Circular Saws; a machine for boring holes in
the centre of the hub; another for boring holes for the spokes; four Drills (selffeeding) for drilling iron. In other shops there are a Planing Machine, a Mortising
Machine, two machines for turning Spokes, machines for driving in the Spokes
and for shaping the Felloes, and finishing them complete, and a machine for boring
Hubs so as to put the boxes in properly, and to ensure accuracy and a solid
bearing. The planks, after being marked, are sawed into shafts, and into felloes.
Hubs are turned in a lathe, and both ends sawed at once by circular saws. They
are then conveyed to other shops, where the wheels and running-gears are completed. The bodies are made by a number of men, each having his particular work
assigned him; and, by such subdivision of labor, greater excellence and celerity
is attained. In the Engine and Machine Shop the Iron Axles aro turned, Screws
cut, and a number of other operations performed. The Blacksmiths' Shop, a new
brick building, is one of the best arranged I have ever seen. It is very high, and
thoroughly ventilated, the gas being carried off, rendering it healthy and pleasant for the men; it has twenty-fbur fires, a machine for Punching, for making
Bolts, Rivets, &c. Of course, all the Hoops or Bands, Tires, Straps, Bolts, Rivets,
Staples-in short, all the iron-work for the wagon is made here. The upper story
of the Body-shop, and also a separate building, are used as Paint Shops. Previous to this finishing operation, however, and when every defect can easily be
discovered, the Wagons for the Government are minutely examined by an inspector, whose keen eyes are not easily blinded: and when passed by him their
excellence and durability may be relied on.
To give an idea of the extent of business carried on in one of these great
establishments, and of the large capitalrequired, the stock on hand a few months
since may be stated, viz.:-1,500,000 feet of hard-wood plank and boards, 30,000
hubs, 472,000 spokes, and 150 tons of iron. At the period of my visit, the second
story of a building 273 by 23 feet, except twenty feet at one end, was filled with
wheels; there must have been several thousands. The lower floor of the same
building was filled with cart and wagon bodies. The number of hands employed
averages 173.
The old establishment on St. John, Buttonwood, and Third streets, is still used
by this firm, but it is eclipsed by the larger one above described. They also own
the warehouse, 70 Carondelet street, New Orleans; and have an agency in Mobile. 
v 
D. G. WILSON, J. CHILDS & CO.'S WAGON FACTORY.
l i I  
REMARKABLE WAGON-MAKING ESTABLISHMENT.   451
SIMONS, COLEMAN & CO.'S WAGON FACTORY,
1109 NORTH FRONT STREET.
This firm is also very extensively engaged in the manufacture of Wagons, Carts,
Drays, Ox-Wheels, Timber-Wheels, Wheelbarrows, &c.  Mr. Simons has been
identified with the business for many years; and the other partners are sons of
the late Mr. N. Coleman, a well-known manufacturer in this branch.  The preiises now occupied by Simons, Coleman & Co., consist of one brick building,
100 by 34 feet, four stories high; another 30 by 40 feet, four stories high; one
frame building, 96 by 24 feet, two stories high; which are used for wood-working.
Their Steam Engine is in a two-story building, 40 by 45 feet, in which also
there are Iron Lathes, Wood Lathes, Rip Saws, Jig Saws, Drills, and a Screwcutter. The last is on a new and improved plan, and will cut, it is said, more
than any other now in use.   Their Blacksmiths' Shops, which are divided into
four apartments, occupy, in all, a space of about 600 by 45 feet, in which they
have 25 forges, with Patent Bolt and Rivet machines, and Power Punch and
Shears. Three yards are required for storing Lumber, Spokes, and Hubs; and
they have now on hand about 1,200,000 feet of seasoned Oak Lumber, with Hubs
and Spokes in proportionate quantities. Their increased business during the
past year requiring additional room, they obtained a lot on North Second street,
extending from Huntingdon to Cumberland street, 500 feet, and from Second to
Washington, 273 feet. They have in course of erection a Wheelwright Shop, 105
by 66 feet, five stories high; a Blacksmiths' Shop, 106 by 51 feet, three stories
high; an Iron Mill, 51 by 30 feet; and a Wood Mill, 51 by 27, both four stories
high-all the Machinery to be driven by an Engine of sixty-horse power.  These
works, it is expected, will be in operation in September of this year (1858); and,
in conjunction with the shops present, will afford employment to at least 250
workmen. When finished these buildings will, probably be the largest used for
Wheelwright shops in the United States.
This firm have agencies at New Orleans, Mobile. Charleston, Savannah, Galveston, Indianola, and San Antonio, Texas.
In the two establishments just noticed, 550 Wagons for the Utah Expedition
were completed in about five weeks, in addition to the large number which they
make to keep good their stocks in their numerous depots throughout the South.
The importance to Philadelphia of this branch of manufacture-affording, as it
does, employment to various mechanics and artisans, and diffusing money among
the proprietors of rolling-mills, saw-mills, &c., and through all these to
hundreds of others-cannot be over-estimated; and the proprietors should, in
common with other manufacturers, receive that consideration which their enter.
prise merits.                                                EDWARD YOUNQG. 
452     PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
IX.
Lewis Thompson & Co.'s Steam Turning and Sawing Mills.
We have already stated that this establishment is one of the most
remarkable of its kind in the country. It is remarkable both for the
superior character of its Machinery, some of it not to be found in any
similar manufactory in the United States, and for the variety of its
departments, and the superior quality of its productions. With regard
to the latter, our Reporter has furnished the following remarks.
BUILDERS' GOODS.-We were taken to one portion of the works occupied entirely
by machinery for the manufacture of STAIR BALUSTERS, NEWEL POSTS, FANCY
BRACKETS, &C., &C., and these are made in almost endless variety of size and style,
and of every description of material; some of the Balusters being very richly
carved, and so on down to the plainest and cheapest descriptions of these useful
articles.  The same remarks will apply to their variety of Newel Posts and Fancy
Brackets, and Scroll Work for cornices, verandahs, &c. We suppose that architects, carpenters, builders, and contractors would find it a very difficult matter to
find a similar establishment in the country, where their wants and requirements
could be so readily and promptly supplied.   Every description of this kind of
work which cabinet-makers and carpenters have not the facilities for doing to advantage, is got out with dispatch.
FURNITURE DEPARTMENT.-Another, and very large portion of their Works are
almost entirely devoted to the manufacturing of FANCY FURNITURE (in the white)
for the trade. In this department are employed a very large number of workmen,
and we were shown some fifty different patterns of Sofa and Pier Tables, many
of them most richly and elaborately carved; fancy Wash-Sta,lds, Etageres, Hat
Racks, Extension Tables, &c., &c.-indeed, we shall not attempt even to name
the different articles manufactured  in this branch of their business.   We
will say, however, that we have been assured that these goods are all made with
great care, and in the very best manner, in Rosewood, Mahogany, and Walnut;
and, of course, are offered to the trade (to whom they are exclusively sold) at
prices much below the cost of manufacturing by cabinet-makers, who have not the
aid and appliances of the extensive and unique machinery which these gentlemen
have in use.
MARBLE DEPARTMENT.-In still another portion of this establishment we were
shown four large frames, each containing from twenty to thirty saws, and each
frame covering a huge block of Italian Marble, which the saws were slicing up
into slabs, as though they were so much wood. This department alone is well worth
a visit from the curious, and from persons who admire the operations of fine machinery.  We noticed here the pure white Stattary Jferble, as well as the delicately-veined Italian, with several varieties of Lisbon, Broccatella, Sienna, Irish
Black, Egyptian, and Tennessee. After being here sawed up into slabs of requisite
thicknesses, these are taken to another portion of the premises, where skillful workmen are engaged in cutting and fashioning them, for Table Tops and similar uses,
for which purposes alone this branch of their business is exclusively confined.
LUMBER DEPARTMENT.-IIn addition to their factories, these gentlemen deal also 
REED'S MANUFACTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS.  453
very largely in all descriptions of Hard Woods-usually denominated "Albany
lumber." Their Lumber Yards occupy three squares of ground, and are filled
with an immense quantity of choice and rare woods; consisting of Walnut, Cherry,
Ash, Maple, and Cedar, of every variety of thickness; as well as Rosewood and
Mahogany, in the logs, and cut to all sizes. We noticed here a log of Mahogany
forty-nine inches wide! the largest, we believe, ever brought to this country. The
most of this lumber is of their own direct importation and manufacture; and they
are thus enabled to supply orders with much promptness and dispatch.
The proprietors are gentlemanly and courteous to strangers; and it is a pleasure
to invite the especial attention of all likely to be interested to such an establish -
ment.
X.
Abel Reed's Manufactory of Building Materials.
It has been remarked that in no branch of manufacture does the application of labor-saving machinery produce, by simple means, more important results than in the working of Wood. It was our misfortune to be
compelled to defer any minute consideration of the wonderful machines
that are in operation in the various Wood-working Establishments of
Philadelphia; but, as a partial compensation, we would recommend
those who take an interest in the subject to visit the establishment of
ABEL REED, on Marshall Street, above Girard Avenue. Mr. Reed is
one of the oldest established Wood-workers in the city. He commenced
business some twenty-eight years ago, when those wonderful Planing
and Moulding and Turning Machines of modern times were unknown.
He was among the very first to introduce improved machinery into the
business; and was one of those who were compelled to encounter the
odium which was meted out to pioneers, and to endure the reproaches of
journeymen whom it was supposed machinery would injure. The zeal
which he manifested in behalf of improved machinery designated him
as a suitable person to act as agent of the manufacturers of such machinery; and in this capacity he has supplied a greater part of the
machines which are in use in the wood-working establishments of this
city and the South. In his manufactory may at all times be seen a
greater variety of remarkable machines for this purpose than can probably be seen anywhere else south of New England. Our reporter states:
"Here we saw in operation Gray & Wood's Planer, which is adapted for
all kinds of Shop Planing, and will plane 6,000 feet per day; Fay &
Co.'s, and Ball & Ballard's Tenoning Machines, for all kindsof Tenoning,
Coping, &c., and which will do the work of ten men; also Sash and
Moulding Machines of the same makers, which will turn out 5,000 feet
of ordinary moulding per day; and Power Mortising Machines, for doors,
making two hundred cuts per minute; and Foot Mortising Machines,
37 
454      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
for sash, &c., every one of which will do the work of three men; Scroll
Saws, for brackets and all kinds of scroll-work; and Circular Saws, for
squaring and ripping. But probably the most remarkable of all the
machines was the Circular Moulding, or Upright Shaping Machine, adapted for any kind of circular work, or for any irregular cutting on the inside or outside of any crooked work requiring to be neatly smoothed.
It may be made to work in any circle, from two inches and upward."
Mr. Reed, by means of his improved machinery, is enabled to supply
Builders throughout the United States with Doors, Frames, Sash, Blinds.
Shutters, Mouldings, &c., cheaper than they can make them in their
own workshops, unless they possess similar facilities. 
INDEX TO CONTENTS.
A COMPLETE ALPHABETICAL LIST
OF
ALL ARTICLES NOW MADE IN PHILADELPHIA,
WITH THE
ADDRESS OF ONE OR MORE MANUFACTURERS OF EACH.
THIS LIST is intended to serve a double or triple purpose, as stated in the
caption; but primarily we design to inform our readers what articles are made ti
thbis city, and incidentally to give the address of one or more manufacturers of
each. This list, as respects articles, is far more minute than any ever before pub
lished; but the multitude embraced in the terms Philosophical Instruments,
Hardware, Tinware, Housekeeping articles, Chemicals, and others, compelled us to
make a selection of the more important. As respects manufacturers, it would
afford us pleasure to give the name of every maker opposite to every article he
produces; but, inasmuch as the products of a single establishment are often exceedingly numerous and diverse,-in one instance, as we stated, one hundred and
fifteen distinct articles are made by one individual,-it is quite obvious that the
repetition of names resulting from the adoption of such a plan would defeat the
object of this book, by making it voluminous and unwieldy. We do not design
to make a Directory, and therefore consider our duty both to readers and to
manufacturers discharged, by mentioning the name of one maker of each article,
trusting to the sagacity of purchasers to pursue the investigation for themselves.
In preparing this List I have had the invaluable assistance of Dr. J. L. BISHOP,
who has a more minute knowledge of the minor manufactures and mechanic
arts of Philadelphia than probably any other man.
AHTIcLES.                               KANUPAcT'IaSas.
JOSEPH SERVOSS, (sole agent for Fass' Patent Echo Americaa
Accordion,) 16 North Second street.
C. M. ZIMMERMAN, (Patent American,) 238 North Second st.
(See Chemicals, page 207.)
Agricultural Imple ments.
GEO. C. HOWARD,  (SubmarineArmor,) 18th st., bel. Market.
See Alcohol, Camphene, and Burning Fluid, page 148.)
'SeeBreing,pag 19.)..
Al[n otr  See Brewing, page 194.)
KING & BAIRD, 9 Sansom street.
(455)
4 -. - 11
.... I
ARTICLES.
Accordions.
MAIqUFACTtTRERS.
Acids
See page 141.)
Air Pumps.
Alcohol.
Ale and Porter.
Almanacs. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTICLEL         MAXUFACTURERS.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
(See Chemicals, page 207.)
ADOLPH WIRTH, No. 704 Arch street, above Seventh.
ARTICy u
Ambrotype and Da guerreotype Tubes.
HENRY BOWER, Gray's Ferry Road.
WILLIAM H. REINHART, 522 Washington Av., below Browa
Anchors, Chains, and
Cables.
Annunciators.
Apple Parers and
Slicers.
Architectural Orna ments, in Iron.
(See  Bell Telegraphs.)
E. L. PRATT, (Pratt's Patent,) 617 Sansom street.
HAGAR, SANSON & FARRAND, Willow st., bet'n 12th & 13th.
W. P. HOOD, Broad and Ridge Avenue.
E. W. SHIPPEN & CO., Market street, West Philadelphia.
W. H. FRENCH, Eighteenth and Chestnut streets.
THOMAS HEATH, southwest corner Eleventh and Arch.
THOMAS G. BERING, northwest corner of 10th and Ridge Av.
CHARLES BUSHOR, 45 South Eighth street, and 200 Dock.
R. S. SMITH, 234 South Second street.
JOHN HARE OTTON, 306 S. Fifth street.
LORENZE STAUDACHER, Chimney Tops, Caps, and Brackets,
for churches and private dwellings, 1742 North Eleventh,
above Columbia Avenue.
M. S. GERSTLE, 163 North Second street.
HANLEY & BROTHER, 135 N. Third, below Race, up-stairs.
A. M. HOSKINS, 15 South Fourth street.
Mrs. M. J. VAN OSTEN, 29 South Fourth street.
And many others.
B. F. PALMER, 1320 Chestnut street.
JOHN F. ORD, 208 Dock, above Second street.
JONES, WHITE & McCURDY, 528 Ar,A st.
ORUM & ARMSTRONG, 520 Arch street.
CORYELL & ROBSON, (Dental Laboratory,) 7th & Sansom st.
H. KAUSZ, (also Importer,) No. 802 Sansom street, second dooi
above Eighth.
THEODORE KELLEY, "Artists' Colorman," (Manufacturer and
Importer of Materials, Fresco and Gilders' Tools,) No. 22 S.
Eighth street.
G. W. OSBORNE & CO., (Osborne's Superfine American Water
Colors,) 104 North Sixth street.
(See Chemicals, page 207.)
Artists'  Colors   and
Materials.
Ash-Pot, Pearl, and
Soda.
Ash Sifters
Astronomical Instru ments.
Augers.
Awl Blades.
O. L. BAKER, 315 North Front street.
(See Instruments, Philosophical.)
BENJAMIN PUGH, Oak street, West Philadelphia.
MICHAEL POTTER PARTRIDGE,  (late from England,) Blair
street, between Norris and Wood streets, Kensington.
JOSEPH H. FOSTER, 443 North Third street, above Willow.
GEO. W. FOX, No. 6 Hart's Buildings, 6th st., above Chestnut
C. E. FISK & SON, 13 South Sixth street, (basement),
B. SACHS, 306 Market street
I
i
456
MANUFACTURERS.
Ammonia, Sulph. o
in.Plaster.
in Wood.
in Terra-Cotta.
Artificial Flowers.
Artifloial Limbs.
Artificial Teeth.
Awnings, Tents, and
Backing Bottoms.
Awming and Canva
.Prining. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
-aia~M'sFC~~S
HENRY BEAGLE, Willow street, above Fifth.
J. E. SASS, 133 Elfreth's alley, below Second, first street above
Arch.
C. HAMMOND, 503 Commerce street.
CHIPMAN & WHITE, No. 11 South Front street.
RICHARD FRENCH, Broad and Willow streets.
A. & P. ROBERTS, Broad street, near Vine.
JOSEPH BAKER & SON, 820 Rachel st., or 821 North Second.
H. W. HOOK, Broad and Pleasant streets.
WM. T. SCHEIBLE, 49 South Third street.
JOSEPH H. FOSTER, No. 443 North Third street.
GEORGE W. FOX, No. 6 Hart's Buildings, Sixth street, above
Chestnut.
JOHN H. LEWARS & CO., (Machine made,) 9th and Wallace.
R. J. HOLLINGSWORTH, No. 23 Coates alley.
Bags, Paper.
Bakehouse Machine ry.
Baking Powders.
BOHLER, TOMSON & WEIKEL, 248 North Third street, below
Vine.
M. GUGGENHEIM & CO., 1040 North Third st., corner George.
(See Scales and Balances.)
LEWIS THOMPSON & CO., Eleventh and Ridge Road.
(See Trusses and Bandages.)
(See Paper Boxes.)
J. YOCOM & SON, (Webster's,) 13 Drinker's alley.
(See Instruments, Philosophical.)
H. APPLE & SONS, 121 South Water street, and 230 North Wa  ter street.
HENRY HAAS, 707 Brook street, between Third and St. John
and Brown and Coates.
(See Willow Ware.)
(See Cedarware and Tinware.)
JOHN GIBSON, SONS & CO., South Front, below Walnut.
PHILIP KOLMER, No. 1224 Germantown Road, above Frank  lin street.
L. SIEFERT, No. 928 North Third street, between Poplar and
Beaver.
S. T. C. BELL, northeast corner Fourth and Callowhill.
J. P. ERWIN, No. 525 Callowhill street, below Sixth.
FISHER & BROTHER, northwest corner Fourth and Vine sts.
E. FOLIOT, (Spring Mattresses,) No. 407 Walnut street.
F. B. GILBERT, 936 and 938 Ridge Avenue.
And others.
JAMES RUGGLES, 333 Harmony Court, below Fourth.
And others.
B. REEVES & SON, 441 St. John, above Willow.
RIEBEL & LINCOLN, 409 and 411 Brown street.
Balu sters.
Bandages, Surgical.
Band Boxes.
Bark Mills.
Barometers.
Barrels, Casks, and
Kegs.
457
ARTICLES.
Awning Frames.
MANUFACTURERS.
A-xes.
A.xe Handles.
A.xles.
.1 Car
Babbitt Metal.
Baggage Checks.
Bags.
Balances.
Baskets.
Bath Tubs.
Bay Water
Bed Coverlets.
Bedding, Beds, an
Mattresses.
Beds, Spring.
Bedsteads.
37* 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTICLES.         MANUFACTURERL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
S. MACFERRAN, No. 532 Arch street, corner of Sixth.
SELLERS BROTHERS, 18 North Sixth street.
M. WALKER & SONS, 535 Market street.
JACOB T. ALBURGER & CO., 414 South Front street.
N. H. GRAHAM & CO., 3 North Water street.
P. J. MAHAN, (Langstroth's Patent,) 720 Chestnut street
(See page 195.)
JOSEPH BERNHARD & CO., No. 120 North Sixth street.
GELBACH & METZGER, No. 1241 Howard st., above Franklin
Avenue, Kensington.
THOMAS H. AUROCKER, northwest corner 13th and Cherry sts.
JULIUS BILLERBECK, No. 902 Ridge Avenue, above Vine st.
H. HOCHSTRASSER, southwest corner 10th and George sts.
J. B. SHANNON, No. 58 North Sixth street.
SCHEERER & DIEHR, 264 Fourth street.
H. HOCHSTRASSER, southwest corner 10th and George sts.
GEO. W. METZ & SONS, No. 813 Market street.
And others.
-P. HEALY & CO., No. 204 Walnut street, above Second.
Bedsteads, (Iron      and
Wire.)
Beef, Packed.
Bee-Hives.
Beer, Lager.
Be-ls.
Belts, (Waist and
Money.)
Belting, Machine.
BARNETT & JENKINS, No. 112 North Sixth street.
WM. ECKFELDT, No. 212 N. Thirteenth st., and No. 418 N. 3d.
SELLERS & PENNOCK, 613 St. James street.
BUCK, SIMONIN & CO., No. 127 Walnut street.
Bichromate of Pot ash.
Billiard and Baga telle Balls.
Billiard and Baga telle Tables & Pools.
HARVEY & FORD, Goldsmith's Hall, Library street.
THOMAS  DAVIS 242 Monroe street.
SCHAFFER & ADLER, N. W. cor. Second and Callowhill.
(Cloths, Balls, Cues, Maces, and Bridges, constantly on band,
and furnished at short notice.)
M. SCHCENHITT, S. W corner Franklin Avenue and Second dt.
(See page 275.)
G. W. BRADFIELD, 525 North 12th st., near Ridge Avenue.
PAUL SCHWARZKOPF, 519 Emlen, bet. Noble & Peg, ab. Front
JOHN DUDLEY, (Carpet, Mat, and Horse-sheet,)207 Quarry st.,
above Arch, between 2d and 3d.
JOS. SPITZ, (also Diamond Bed-Lace,) 928 N. 3d, ab. Poplar.
(See Wire Work.)
BOOTH & MILLS, Little Washington st., below Ninth.
JOHN KLUFKEE, 1351 Marlborough, near West st., Kensing'n.
PAUL SCHWARZ KOPF, 519 Emien street, bet. Noble and Peg,
above Front.
E. HALL OGDEN, (Malleable Cast Iron,) 9th and Jefferson sts.
JOHN ANNEAR, No. 127 North Front street.
WILLIAM CURRY, No. 208 Chestnut street.
JAMES S. MASON & CO., No. 140 North Front street.
WM. B. EDWARDS, No. 152 S. 3d st., opposite the Exchange.
JOHN GLADDING, No. 117 South Second street, & 529 S. 2A.
HENRY HINKLE, (Improved English Flexible,) No. 1 Ran
stead Place.
,DAVID M. HOGAN, (Stationer and Printer,) 418 Walnut streeL
Bird Cages.
Bits and Braces.
Bits, Bridle.
458
ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
BeU IE[anging.
BeU Telegraphs.
BeUows.
Billiard Table Moun tings.
Bindings.
Blacking.
Blank Books.
(See page 179.) 
ALPIIABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ART~~~~~~~cL~~~~~s.                         XAEUP~~~~~~~~~~~~~cT~~~~~aELE.~~~~~~
MOSS BROTHER & CO., No. 16 South Fourth street.
C. P. PERRY, southwest corner Fourth and Race streets.
PIERSON & DIAMENT, 136 and 138 N. Fourth, corner Cherry.
THOMAS W. PRICE, 22 South Fifth street.
JAMES B. SMITH & CO., 610 Chestnut street.
JOHN B. SPRINGER, southeast corner Fifth and Walnut.
And many others.
M. J. BRADY & CO., Beach, below Shackamaxon.
COGILL & WILT, 421 North Front, below Willow.
ABEL REED, 215 N. Second and Marshall st., above Girard Av.
And many others.
A. BRITTON & CO., No. 44 North Second street.
C. W. CLARK, No. 139 South Second street, above Walnut.
L. M. HARNED, 139 North Sixth street.
R. W. KENSIL, No. 939 Race street.
B. J. WILLIAMS, No. 16 North Sixth street.
And many others.
WM. C. MURPHY, (Carved,) No. 47 South Third street.
JAMES McCUSKER, No. 715 Swanson street.
ALEXANDER RANKIN, No. 122 North Water street.
(See Chemicals, page 208.)
ALBERTSON BROTHERS, Beach st., ab. Marlboro', Kensing'n.
WOOD & BROTHERS, Penn street, above Poplar.
And others.
JOHN CUNDEY, 732 North Fourth street, below Brown.
JOHN JACKSON & CO., 1089 Germantown Road, opp. Second  (various Turnings for Silk, Cotton, and Woolen Factories.)
(See Machinery. 
E. & P. COLEMAN, Arch, above Twenty-first.
HOOPES & TOWNSEND, 1330 Buttonwood, below Broad.
A. M. COLLINS & CO., 506 Minor street.
HUCKEL & MILLER, 43 North Front street.
LINCOLN, WOOD & NICHOLS, 45 South Second street.
JAMES TELFORD, 903 North Second, above Poplar.
M. BIRD, (Silk, Cotton, and Fancy,) northwest corner Franklin
Avenue and Crown, Kensington.
JOSEPH MOORE, 737 L. Crown st., rear of 522 North Fourth.
GEO. C. HOWARD, 17 South 18th street, below Market.
Bonnet Pressing Ma chines.
Bonnets and Straw
Goods.
Bonnets, Silk.
Bookbinding.
(See page 177.)
A. E. CARPENTER, 54 North Eighth street.
J. ALTEMUS & CO., 62 North Fourth street.
CRISSY & MARKLEY, Goldsmith's Hall, Library street.
WM. B. EDWARDS, No. ]52 South Third, opposite Exchange.
EDWARD GASKILL, Post-office Building, Carter street.
JOHN GLADDING, No. 117 South Second street, & 529 S. 2d.
LANDENBERG & LEVER, Nos. 40 and 42 North Seventh st.
J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., Fifth and Cherry.
MILLER & BURLOCK, George, above Eleventh.
JOSEPH MONIER, No. ]0 North Sixth.
PAWSON & NICHOLSON, No. 519 Minor street.
THOMAS PRICE, No. 23 South Fifth.
JOSEPH A. SPEEL, Cowperthwaite Building, Carpenter st
And many others.
459
ARTICLES.
Blank Booksi-Contin ued.
MANUFACTURERS.
Blinds, Bashes, an
Door,s.
Blinds and Shades.
Block Letters.
Blocks and Fumps.
Blue, Prussian.
Boats. -
Bobbins and Spools.
Boilers.
Bolts, &C.
Bonnet Boards.
Bonnet Frames.
Bonnet Wire.
See Straw Goods.) 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
N.M. ABBOTT & CO., 522 Minor street.
GASKILL, COPPER & FRY, No. 522 Minor street.
T. T. KINSEY, No. 207 Race street.
EDWARD L. MINTZER, No. 23 North Sixth street.
F. A. WAIT, No. 237 Spruce, below Third.
(See Books, &c., page 159.)
FETTER & CO., No. 31 South Sixth street.
Book Publishers.
Boot Crimping Ma  chines.
Boot Crimping.
Boots and Shoes.
Boot Trees & Lasts.
C. B. SYLVESTER, 338 Crown street, above Wood.
(See page 185.)
PETER DEWEES, No. 113 Callowhill street, (old No. 31.)
JACOB FOSTER, No. 305 Cherry street.
J. HOWARD & CO., No. 112 Bread street.
GEORGE MUNRO, (Anatomical,) No. ]27 Callowhill.
u
(See Glass.)
EDWIN FAYLE, 205 Quarry street (Evans' Building.)
GEO. H. MYERS, (established over 25 years,) No. 2 Lodge
street, above Second.
C. SOISTMAN, southwest corner York Avenue and Noble.
STACY WILSON, 11 Drinker's alley.
GEO. H. KOECHLEIN, (Wooden,) 526 North Front street.
ANDREWS, JOHNSTON & CO., 1713 Cherry, West of 17th.
P. CONWAY, No. 1021 Hunter street, below North 11th.
EDWARD DUFFY & SON, No. 912 and 914 Filbert street.
RICE & McKINNEY, 623 South Sixth street.
And others.
JOSEPH BERNHARD & CO., No. 120 North Sixth.
(See Packing  Boxes.)
(See Paper Boxes.)
N. J. WEMMER, 205 and 207 (old No., 5) Pear street.
Bottles.
Bottle Moulds.
Bottling Machines.
Boxes, Packing.
Boxes, Paper.
Boxwood for Engra vers.
Bracelets.
Braces and Bits.
Brands and Stamps.
Brass Cocks.
Bracelets.                J. T. MIDNIGHT, 145 North Fourth street.
Braces and Bits.          BOOTH & MILLS, Little Washington, below Ninth.
Brands  and Stamps. JOHN BUNTING, southwest corner Second and New streets.
Brass Cocks.             J. & S. AUSTIN, 1224 Clinton street, above Franklin Avenue, be                          tween Front and Second.
J. & H. JONES, 243 Arch street.
H. HOMER, 231 Race street.
McCAMBRIDGE, FRY & CO., 317 Cherry street.
Brass Pounding and J. & S. AUSTIN, 1224 Clinton street, above Franklin Avenue,
Finishing.                between Front and Second.
S. J. CRESSWELL, 816 Race street.
M. A. DODGE, Fifteenth and Willow.
JACOB FRICK, 614 North Third street.
F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, 528 N. Second, above Buttonwood.
GELBACH & METZGER, 1241 Howard st., above Franklin Av.
THOMAS HARRINGTON, rear of 15 North Ninth street.
And many others.
Brass Raised Letters, HENRY SINKLER, (also Card Plates, Engraved Names and Let for Engines, Names, &c.   ters for Cemeteries, &c.) Pemberton st., south of Wallace.
i
460
ARTICLES.
Bookbinders'Muslin
Bookbinders' Tools.
Book Mountings.
Bottlers. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ART~~~~~~~~cLES.                         MA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~nF~~~~~c~~~~na~~~~~~as.~~~~
GELBACH & METZGER, 1241 Howard st., above Franklin Av.
Brass Machine  and
Ship Castings.
Brass  Nails & Bands.
Brass, Sheet.
Brass Tubing, for Phil osophical Instruments.
WILER & MOSS, 225 S. Fifth street, below Walnut.
SAMUEL CROFT, 22 Decatur street.
E. BORMAN, (Drawn) 523 Cherry street.
Bricks.
Brick Machines.
(See page 198.)
C. CARNELL, 1542 N. Sixth and Germantown Road.
S. P. MILLER, No. 309 South Fifth street.
JOSEPH RUE, (Ladders, Jacks, Hods, &c.) 845 Parrish street.
Bricklayers' & Plas.
terers' Tools.
Britannia Ware.
(Seo page 351.)
HENRY D. BOARDMAN, No. 245 Arch street.
HENRY CALVERLEY, (Moulds, Coffin Trimmings, and Fancy
Wares in Britannia Metal,) No. 205 Quarry street.
ERNEST KAUFFMAN, No. 328 Noble street.
G. ENGEL, No. 308 Chestnut street.
ARCHER, WARNER, MISKEY & CO., 718 Chestnut street.
WILLIAM EVETT, No. 28 North Fifth street.
BERGER & BUTZ, No. 132 North Water st., below Race.
CHIPMAN & WHITE, No. 11 South Front street.
H. B. PENNOCK, Jr., 47 North Water street.
ROWE & EUSTON, 157 and 159 North Third street.
ALEXANDER BECRAFT, rear of 426 Walnut street.
JOSEPH BUSCH, rear of 220 North Third.
JOHN FUNSTON, (Bored,) 116 Edward st., near School.
EDWIN CLINTON, No. 908 Chestnut, above 9th.
CHARLES T. KERN, No. 58 North Second street.
JACOB PEPPER, (Tpooth,) Germantown Road, ab. Columbia.
EDMUND W. P. TAUNTON, No. 14 Decatur street.
And many others.
(See Wooden Ware.)
McNEELY & CO., No. 64 North Fourth street.
MORGAN & WELBANK, No. 402 N. Ninth, above Callowhill.
J. R. ASHFORD, (Gloves only,) 607 Callowhill street.
P. HEALY & CO., No. 204 Walnut street.
MORGAN & WELBANK, No. 402 N. 9th st., above Callowhill.
GEO. H. KOECHLEIN, No. 526 N. Front street-(also, Mallets,
Screws, Handles, and Moulds for Glabs, &c., &c.'
JOHN LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine st., above Fifth.
(See page 148.)
Burning Fluid and
Camphene.
Burr Millstones.
SAMUEL M. MECUTCHEON, Haydock street, below Front
J. E. MITCHELL, No. 310 York Avenue.
J. C. NORTH, South Front street, below Reed.
J. WITZEL, No. 1321 North Fifth, below Master.
GEIERSHOFER, LOEWI & CO., 907 Marshall & 5 Bank st.
LEWIS BUTZ, No. 978 Marshall st., below Franklin Avenue.
I   EDWARD MARKLEW  15th street, bet. Hamilton and Willow
I
I
461
MANUFACTURERS.
Bronzes.
Bronze Powders.
Brooms and Whisk
Brushes.
Brush Blocks
Backis.
and
Brushes.
(&e page 404.)
Buckets.
Buckskins.
Buckskin Gioves,
Drawers, Shirts, &c.
Bungs and Spigots.
Buttons and Button
Moulds, Bone.
Buttons, Covered.
Buttons, Horn.
Buttons, Pearl. - 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
J. B. CHAMPROMY, 133 North Third street.
JOHN C. GRAHAM, 607 Cherry street.
H. W. HENSEL, 20 North Fourth street.
W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, 723 Chestnut street.
CHARLES MEVES, 9 North Eighth street.
(See Furniture and Upholstery, page 273.)
NOBLITT, BROWN & NOBLITT, No. 222 South Second st.
THOMAS THOMPSON, SON & CO., No. 238 South Second st.
R. CLARK & SON, 763 South Front street.
(See Cordage.)
FRANCIS CONWAY, 114 and 118 Relief street.
WILLIAM CONWAY, No. 316 South Second st., below Spruce.
G. DALLETT & CO., 122 and 1319 Market, and 10th & Callow'l.
E. DUFFY & SON, No. 914 Filbert street.
G. M. ELKINTON & SON, 116 Margaretta street.
EPHRAIM WILSON, No. 1095 Germantown Road, opp. Second.
C. H. GRANT & CO., No. 126 South Delaware Avenue.
DAVID  THAIN & CO., Callowhill and Fairmount.
F. SCHNEIDER, (also Importer and Dealer in Pictures and Re ligious articles,) 435 Franklin Avenue, below Fifth.
HENRY CALVERLEY, 205 Quarry street, above Arch.
JOHN CALVERLEY, 305 Race street.
AUGUSTUS BICKEL, No. 139 North Fourth street.
GEORGE DOLL, No. 14 North Sixth street.
FRANCIS KRAMER, No. 856 North Ninth st., below Poplar.
ARTHUR, BURNHAM  & GILROY, (Self-sealing,) 119 S. 10th.
HADDEN, CARLL & PORTER, ]30 North Second street.
REHN & EVERETT, 108 North Front street.
S. D. WALTON & CO., No. 127 North Third street.
JOHN DAVEY, (Metallic,) rear 115 South Second street.
WILLIAM TEES, (also Windlasses,) Beach and Hanover.
H. B. & J. M. BENNERS & CO., 27 South Front street.
(See page 311.)
J. JEFFRIES & SONS, 811 Grape street.
A. WHITNEY & SONS, Sixteenth and Callowhill.
A. M. COLLINS & CO., 506 Minor street.
ROBINSON RITSON, corner Twenty-fourth and Green.
SAMUEL HART & CO., 416 South Thirteenth.
CHAMBERS & RIEHL, 1033 N. Fourth, bet. Poplar and George.
W. P. UHLINGER & CO., North Second, above Oxford.
JAMES MARTIN, 1128 North Second st., ab. Franklin Avenue.
rGEO. B. BAINS, 302 Market street, and 6 North Fourth street.
THOMAS W. M        ATTSON, 402 Market street, above Fourth.
(See page 239.)
GEORGE ALBRECIIT. 321 Callowhill, below Fourth.
JAMES CRAWSHAW, No. 1.516 Nortil Second street.
(Also.j, see p)ate 239.)
Cabi     n et Wa   re.
Cabinet Makers' Fin dings.
Cables, Chain.
Cables, Hempen.
Candles.
Caps, Cloth.      (See p. 281.
Caps & Labels.
Capstans.
Carboys.
Cars.
Car Springs.
Car Wheels.
Cardboard.
462
ARTICLES.
Buttons, Bilk and
Fancy.
Candles,Adamantine
and Stearine.
Candle, Wax.
Candle Moulds.
Canes and Crutches.
Canes and Ferrules.
Cans and Canisters.
Cards, Playing.
Card Punching Ma chines.
Card Stamping.
Carpet & Traveling
Bags.
Carpetings.
Carpets, List & Rag. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
BECKHAUS ALLGAIER & PETRY, 1204 Frankford Road, ab.
Franklin Avenue.
DUNLAP'S PH(ENIX WORKS, 490 York Avenue.
LANE & CO., 1907 Market.
WM. D. ROGERS, (see page 444,) 1009 Chestnut.
GEO. W. WATSON, 1219 Chestnut.
WENZLER, PFAFF & KROLL, Wallace, above Ridge Avenue.
And many others.
KIRCHNER & STICKEL, 309 Race street, above Third.
ALFRED RUHL,northwest corner Eighth and Wood streets.
Carriage Axles.
Carriage Bows, Poles
and Shafts.
Carriage Trimmings.
Carts, Drays, &c.
Carving, Furniture
and Ornamental,&o.
(See Dry Goods, page 245.)
(See Wagons and Carts, page 394.)
THOMAS G. BERING, northwest corner Tenth and Ridge Av.
CHARLES BUSHOR, 200 Dock street.
EDWARD J. DELANY, corner Ridge Avenue and Eleventh.
JOHN HARE OTTON, No. 306 South Fifth street.
JOHN SCOTT, 452 North Twelfth, below Buttonwood.
R. S. SMITH, 230 and 232 South Second st., below Walnut.
WILLIAM B. AITKEN, No. 203 Dock street.
JACOB BEESLEY & CO., No. 424 Dillwyn st., ab. Callowhill.
THOMAS G. BERING, northwest corner Tenth and Ridge Av.
THOMAS W. MASON, No. 233 South Fifth street.
SMITH & BROWN, 212 North Second street.
JOHN HARE OTTON, 306 South Fifth st.
FRANCIS FOX, 131 Dock street.
SAMUEL FISHER, (Pearl,) 1509 Linden st., west of Fifteenth,
between Market and Chestnut.
SAMUEL HART & CO., Thirteenth, above Pine.
G. F. KOLB, 341 Harmony st., corner South Fourth
PEACOCK & FICKERT, Fifth and Chestnut streets.
JOSEPH ELLIS, 101 South Eighth Street.
G. F. KOLB, 341 Harmony st., corner South Fourth.
JACOB LUTZ, 109 South Eighth street, (fourth story).
PEACOCK & FICKERT, Fifth and Chestnut streets.
JOSEPH LAUGHLIN, 300 Walnut street, near Exchange.
NATHAN STARKEY, 116 South 8th, bet. Chestnut and Walnut.
WM. Mf. COOPER & CO., 135 S. Water, and 71 Church.
W. E. STEVENSON, 325 and 333 South Front.
FRANCIS CLAVELOUX, 109 South Second, above Walnut.
Cask and Hogshead
Shooks.
Casters, French Fur niture.
Cedar Ware.
CHIPMAN & WHITE, 11 South Front.
C. DREBY, 414 North Second street, above Callowhill.
JOHN LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine street, above Fifth.
MXNEELY & CO., 64 North Fourth street
(See page 352.)
COOK & EMERICK, 410 Queen street, Kensington.
BENJAMIN H. BRAYMAN, Wholesale and Retail, No. 27 Front
street, below Arch. (Chairs packed with care for shipping.)
THOMAS L. PRICE, Franklin Avenue, below Eighth.
W. D. REICHNER, (Cane Seat, of best materials and lowest
cash prices,) 339 North Front street.
NATHAN ROBBINS, (Boston, Rocking, Nurse, and Offilce; also,
Night, Cabinet, Pivot, Office and Barber Chairs and Stools,)
243 North Front street.
Chamois L         eath er.
Chandeliers.
Charcoal.
Chairs.
I
463
ARTICLES.
Carriages & Coaches.
(See page 202.)
Cng, Pattern.
Carving, Ship.
Cases, Card.
Cases, J7ewelers, Xo rocco and Velvet.
C s, Mahogany,
iroro,cco, &a 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
WISLER & BROTHER, 223 and 225 North Sixth st., opposite
Franklin Square.
And many others.
JOHN McCULLOUGH, Willow street, between 12th and 13th.
(See page 206.)
F. H. SMITH, 716 Arch street.
GLOUCESTER CHINA COMPANY, 17 North Sixth street.
(See Spices, and page 269.)
WILLIAM  E. HARPUR, 428 Chestnut street.
G. SPAINf, southwest corner Ninth and Coates.
FREDERICK BRECHT, 406 Vine street.
JOHN W. FARRELL, (and furnishing,) 336 Harmony Court.
M. THALHEIMER, 417 Dillwyn street.
H. A. HEUSSLER, 341 Harmony st., corner South Fourth.
(See     page       288.)
(See Clothing, page 225.)
(See page 220.)
Chemicals.
Ch ess B oards.
China Ware.
Chocolate, Cocoa, &c.
Cigar Cases.
Cigars.
Cloaks & Mantillas
Clothing, Ready made.
Cloths, Refinishing.
LOUIS SCHWARTSWAELDER, (also Sponging and Shrinking
by a new process,) 8 Fetter Lane.
(See Carriages and Coaches.)
ASKAM & SON, No. 131 Dock street.
CHARLES S. SWOPE, 753 South Third.
T. W. & J. A, YOST, (successorsto Bushnell & Tull,) 214 Dock
street, above Second.
WILLIAM QUINN, 416 Library st., back of Custom House.
BOHLER, TOMSON & WEIKEL, 243 N. Third st., below Vine.
M. GUGGENHEIM & CO., 1040 N. Third street, corner George.
CHARLES KROBERGER, No. 458 Dillwyu street.
McCULLOUGH & CO., (Concentrated Turkey,) Arch, bel. 3d.
G. G. MILLER & CO., (Premium,) 1314 Crown st., Kensington.
SELSOR, COOK & CO., Germantown.
ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (" The Old Dominion,") 117
and 119 South Tenth street.
EAGLE SPICE MILLS, 244 North Front.
WM. H. MOORE, 1415 Arch st., and by Undertakers generally
MORGAN, ORR & CO., Callowhill, below Broad.
WM. E. LOCKWOOD, (Hunt's Patent,) 236 Chestnut street.
(See page 217.)
Coff          ee, Roastin g.
Coffins.
Coining Machinery.
Collars, Enameled.
Colors.
Combs, Brushmak'rs. HENRY HUBER, Jr., North Fifth street, above Market.
I
Combs, Horn.              Mrs. W. COOK, 1009 Randolph street, below Franklin Avenue.
(See page 407.) G. G. MILLER, 1314 Crown street, Kensington.
REDHEFFER & SONS, 615 Coates street.
Combs, Shell & Buf- REDHEFFER & SONS, 615 Coates street (See page 407.)
falo Horn.             I
464
MANUFACTURERS.
ARTICLES.
Chairs.-Continu.ed.
Chair Findings.
Chronometers.
Chur3as.
Oigar 33oxes.
Coaches.
Coaches igs, &C.
tfa Children.)
Coffee, Essence of.
Coffee Xills.
Coffee Pots, Patent. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
GEORGE P. PILLING, No. 214 Gold street, above Second.
C. M. ZIMMERMAN, (Premium awarded,) 238 North Second st.
S. HENRION, No. 712 Market street, (Eagle Jujube Paste, Gum
Drops, Chocolates, Syrups, &c.)
WEISS & SCHELL, No. 831 Vine street, below Ninth.
E.G. WHITMAN & CO., No. 102 South Second street.
STEPHEN F. WHITMAN, No. 1210 Market street.
(See Confectionery, page 226.)
JOHN GARDNER, 3418 Market st., West Philadelphia.
(See page 290.)
H. APPLE & SONS, (also Gauging,) 121 South Water, and 230
North Water.
C. DREBY, (Cedar,) 414 North Second, above Callowhill.
HENRY HAAS, 707 Brook st., between Third and St. John, and
Brown and Coates.
J. L. WILLIAMS, Fourth, above Columbia street.
J. KEIM, Eutaw street, near Race, above Seventh.
Confectiongrs Mo'lds.
Cooking Ranges, &c.
Cooper Work.
Cooper's Tools.
Co per and Steel
Plates.
Copp e          r Work.
Copying Presses.
Cordage.
JOSEPH OAT & SON, 232 and 234 Quarry street.
(See Presses.)
WEAVER, FITLER & CO., 23 North Water.
And many others.
HENRY CONKLE, No. 4 South Third street.
GEO. M. FRIED & SON, No. 237 South Fifth street.
GEORGE HAMMER, (By Patent Machine,) No. 823 N. Third,
above Brown.
JOSEPH MURPHY, No. 631 North Third, below Coates.
L. ZUEGNER, No. 278 North Third street.
Mrs. C. BROWN, No. 329 Arch street.
C. & E. HENSZEY, No. 521 Chestnut street.
And many others.
COX & DESMOND, (for Balls, Theatres, &c.,) 917 Race street.
A. JENKS & SON, Bridesburg, (See page 299 and Appendix.)
IVINS & ALLEN, No. 321 North Front street.
P. MAISON, 134 North Front street.
RICKETTS & CO., 153, 155, and 157 North Front street.
C. A. BUTTS, No. 27 North Eighth street.
W. J. WALKER, 819 Spruos street, above Eighth.
J. & T. HAIG, 975 North Second street.
(See Glue, &c., page 218.)
J. M. EARNEST, No. 858 North Fourth street.
JACOB ZEBLEY, 402 Cherry street.
W. BEACH, (Patent,) Willow street, between 12th and 13th.
G. LYMAN MILLER, Fifteenth st., bet. Willow and Hamilton.
IT. B. BLANCHARD & CO., 727 Chestnut street.
WM. H. CARRYL & BRO., 719 Chestnut street.
I
465
ARTICLES.
Combs, Gold& Silver
Concertinos.
Confectionery.
Cord, Cotton
Corks.
Cork Soles.
Corsets.
(See'page 240.)
Costumes.
Cotton Machinery.
Crackers & Biscuits.
(See page 267.)
Cravats, Ties, &e.
Cricket Bats.
Crucibles, Clay.
Curled Hair.
Curriers' Knife Blades.
Curry Combs.
Curtain Fixtures.
Curtains.
38 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTIGLXS.                               MANUFAcrc'aEas.
CLARENBACH & HERDER, (Shears, &c.) 634 Arch street.
WM. GILCHRIST, (Razors,) No. 445 North Broad street.
B. RICHARDSON, (Table,l 117 South Second street.
GERMON, BROADBENT, and many others.
DABBS & BIRMINGHAM,  (and Spectacle Cases,) 1 Rahstead
Place, Fourth, above Cbestnut.
C. C. SCHLEUNiES, Harmony Court, corner Fourth.
(See page 209.)
DABBS & BIRMINGHAM, 1 Ranstead Place, 4th, ab. Chestnut.
ADOLPH WIRTH, (also Ambrotype,) 704 Arch street.
(See Surgical Instruments.
J. M. EARNEST, No. 858 North Fourth, below Poplar.
ROBERT MURPHY, 226 North Fourth, opposite Branch street.
CHARLES ABBEY & SONS, 228 Pear street, below Third.
SAMUEL FISHER, 1509 Linden st., bet. Market and Chestnut.
EDWARD J. JENKINS, 15 North Ninth street.
CORYELL & ROBSON, (and Dental Perfumery,) southeast cor  ner Seventh and Sansom.
B. P. HOLLINGSWORTH, 123 Coates Alley.
W. T. FRY & CO., 15 North Sixth, above Market.
NATHAN STARKEY, 116 South Eighth, above Sansom.
F. BOHRER, (Ruling, &c.) 20 Franklin Place.
A. & G. McCLEMENT, 321 Chestnut street.
(See "Distilling and Rectifying," page 231.)
LUDWIG GREINER, (Patent Doll Heads,) 414 North Fourth.
THEODORE ALTENEDER, (Patent Joint,) also Importer of Op  tical Instruments, 229 New street.
W. T. FRY & CO., (Wood and Leather,) 15 North Sixth.
C. VANHORN & CO., Fifteenth and Hamilton.
CHARLES  M. ZIMMERMAN, (Patented,) 248 North Second st
(Also, Banjos, Tamborines, Wired Strings, &c.)
MORGAN & WELBANK, No. 402 North 9tb, above Callowhill.
(See page 232.)
STUART & PETERSON, Willow, above Thirteenth.
(See Dry Goods, page 232.)
(See page 214.)
J. & T. HAIG, No. 975 North Second street.
HYZER & LEWELLEN, No. 952 North Ninth, above Poplar
ISAAC SPIEGEL, Jr., Brown, bet. Cherry & Vienna, Kensing'n
THEODORE KELLEY, No. 22 South Eighth street.
G. ECKENDORFF, 203 South Fifth.
Dental Instruments.
Dentists' Files.
Drum Heads.
Dry Goods.
Dumb Bells.
Dyeing.
Dye Woods.
Earthenware.
(Also, see page'.01.)
466
ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Cutlery.
(See also " Edge Tools and
Surgical Instruments.")
Daguerreotypes, &e.
DaguerreotypeCases.
Chemicals.
Stock.
Tubes.
Gold Foil.
Jewelry&Pearl
Work, Mirrors, &c.
- Gold Plate Work.
Moulds.
Desks, Portable, &c.
Diamonds, Cutting.
Die Sinking.
Distilling. Grain.
Dolls and Toys.
Drawing Instrum'ts.
Dressing Cases.
Drug & Spice Mills.
Drums, Military.
Easels, Artists'.
Edge Gilding. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
BOOTH & MILLS, Little Washington, below Nintl
WILLIAM CONAWAY, 402 Cherry street.
C. HAMMOND, 503 Commerce street.
JACOB ZEBLEY, 402 Cherry street above Fourth.
WM. BARBER, No. 110 South Eighth street.
E. & G. EAKINS, (Howell's Building,) southwest corner Sixth
and Chestnut.
FRANCIS JAHN, No. 435 Race st., below Fifth street.
T. T. KINSEY, No. 207 Race street, above Second.
E. L. MINTZER, No. 23 North Sixth street.
JOHN O. MEAD & SONS, Ninth and Chestnut.
E. & G. EAKINS, Howell's Building, Sixth and Chestnut.
(Also, see Stereotyping.)
E. GROSJEAN, Tenth, below Chestnut.
And many others.
BAEDER, DELANEY & ADAMSON, No. 14 South Fourth.
THOMAS POTTER, 229 Arch, and 18th and Spring Garden.
_
(See "Steam and Fire Engines," page316.)
C. G. CROWELL, Dock, corner of Walnut.
BAXTER & HARLEY, (see page 180,) 35 South Sixth.
BOERUM & NOBLE, (Wood,) 127 South Third.
E. H. COGGINS, (also Printing,) 36 North Eighth.
MARTIN LE4NS, 402y/ Chestnut street.
SAMUEL MAROT, 434 Chestnut and Fifth.
A. & G. McCLEMENT, (also Embossing,) 321 Chestnut street.
E. ROGERS, (see page 180,) 132 South Third street.
A. C. SUPLEE, 326 Chestnut street.
And many others.
AMERICAN BANK NOTE COMPANY, Philadelphia.
MILLER, READER & CO., 6 Lagrange Place.
E. F. BATON, 722 Chestnut street.
WM. F. CAVENAUGH, 223 Dock street, (room No. 7, 3d story.)
ROBERT LOVETT, 200 South Fifth.
GEORGE C. HOWARD, Eighteenth, below Market.
SAMUEL H. BERRY, 33 South Sixth street.
N. AMERICAN PAPER BAG AND ENVELOPE CO., northwest
corner Ninth and Wallace.
A. & G. McCLEMENT, 321 Chestnut street.
C. D. KNIGHT, 7 South Sixth street.
HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (Patent Improved Punch and Fastener
combined,) 32 South Fourth street.
*    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    *    #1
M. ALDEN, North Fifteenth and Willow.
A  T. WARD, (Tailors',) 333 and 335 Chestnut street.
Fans.
Fan Blowers.
Fashions, ]Publishers
of.
Faucets.
Felting, St'm Boiler.
Fertilizers.
(See Br ass Cocks, &c.)
H. W. MILLER, Sr., ]801 N. Sixth, and 5th & Germantown RI
(See page 145.)
I
467
ARTICLW.
Edge Tools and Cut lery. (See page 336.)
Electro-Plating an
Gilding.
Electrotyping.
Embroideries.
EmeryPaper.
Enameled Cloths.
Engines.
Engine Turning.
Engra'pg
VI Se page 180.)
Engraving, Bk. Note
Calico.
J'ewelry.
Beal.
Engravers' Tools.
Envelopes.
Extracts & Essences.
Eyelet Machines. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
JAMES GILFEATHER, 1311 Germantown Road.
J. M. EARNEST, (Dentists,)858 North Fourth street.
R. MURPHY, (Jewelers and Watchmakers,) 226 North Sixth
JAMES B. SMITH, (See page 332,) 211 New st., ab. Second.
NEWKUMET & MELICK, Vine, near Twenty-third street
ISAAC SPIEGEL, Jr., Brown, bet. Cherry & Vienna, Kensing'n.
GEO. SWEENEY & CO., 1330 Ridge Avenue.
(Also, see page 200.)
JOHN AGNEW, 922 Vine street.
SAMUEL JACKSON, Federal street, below 7th.
SHADRACH HILL, 25 Bank street.
CHARLES GODFREY, 104 North Second street.
JOHN KRIDER & CO., northeast corner Second and Walnut.
WILLIAM G. MINTZER, 215 North Third.
W. T. FRY & CO., 15 North Sixth, above Market.
(See page 264.)
KLEMM & BROTHER, 705 Market.
Mrs. R. MYERS, 1534 North Fourth, above Jefferson.
GEO. TRILL, 38 North Third st., below Arch.
ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (Burnham's Patent Double
Acting,) 117 and 119 South Tenth street, corner George.
A. C. BROWN, northeast corner Eighth and Buttonwood.
(See page 330.)
(See pages 287 & 189.)
Fir           e Engin es,
Fire-Works.
Fish Hooks.
Fishing & Sporting
Tackle.
Flags, Banners, &C.
Flasks, Pocket.
Flour.
Flutes, &o.
Fly Nets.
Forks, Steel.
Founding, Iron and
Brass.
Foundry Facings.
COOKE & EMERICK, 410 Queen street, Kensington.
C. VANHORN & CO., 39 North Front, and 15th, cor. Hamilton.
(See Picture and Looking-Glass Frames.)
S. B. CHAMPROMY, 133 North Third.
JOHN C. GRAHAM, 607 Cherry street.
H. W. HENSEL, 20 North Fourth.
CHARLES MEVES, 9 North Ninth street.
And many others.
MILLS B. ESPY, 255 South Third.
(See page 291.)
C. A. BUTTS, No. 27 North Eighth street.
OLDENBERGH & TAGGART, 146 North Fourth st.
JOHN C. REMINGTON, 217 North Fourth st., corner of Branch.
WINCHESTER & CO., 706 Chestnut.
Miss H. SOUDER, 44 North Sixth.
MADAME SEGORII, 628 Chestnut.
(See page 271.)
Fruits, Pr eserved.
Furnaces & Ranges.
Furnishing Goods.
(Gentlemen's.)
(See page 224.)
Ladies.
Furniture & Uphol stery.
Furniture, Church.
Furniture, Iron.
Furniture Polish.
(See page 274.)
SAMUEL MACFERRAN, Arch, below Sixth.
SAMUEL RUE, 137 North Tenth.
I
468
ARTICLES.
Files and Rasps.
(See page 331.)
Fire Bricks, Tiles, &
Clay Furnaces, &e.
Force Pumps.
Frames,:Picture, &e.
Fringes. Cord, Tas Bels, Cr]Lmpl &a. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTICES.            M~uP~cuazas
P. GRAFF, No. 224 Arch street.
EMANUEL C. PAGE, No. 325 Green st., near Fourth.
J. H. RICHELDERFER, Chestnut, above Ninth.
(See page 297.)
(See page 321.)
C. GEFRORER, 111 South Eighth street.
EDWARD BORMAN, 523 Cherry street.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., Third, below Walnut.
(See page 352.)
AMASA STONE, 207 Quarry street, above Second.
CODE, HOPPER & CO., (see page 323,) 1505 Jones st.
C. GEFRORER, (for Gas-Fitters,) 111 South Eighth street.
ARTICLES.
Furs, Plain &; Fancy.
(See page 282.)
Gaiters, Over.
Galvanized Iron.
Gas Apparatus.
Gas Burners.
Gas Fitters Tools,&c.
Gas Fixtures.
Gas Flexible Tubing.
Gas Meters.
Gas Proving Appa
ratus.
Gas Stoves.
Gas Works, Portable
Gauges, Steam, Va cuum and Water.
German Silver.
-    Silver Castings
Gilt Mouldings.
(See page 290.)
STRATTON & BROTHER, 719 Walnut.
DAVID LITHGOW, (Grimes' Patent,) 305 Walnut st.
SAMUEL CROFT, 22 Decatur street.
THOMAS HARRINGTON, rear 15 N. Ninth st., above Market.
EVERS & VOTTELER, 13 North Eighth st.
FISHER & CO., 141 South Second st.
F. GABRYLEWITZ, (Premium awarded by Franklin Institute,)
No. 47 North Ninth st., below Arch.
THIERRY & KRUSE, North Fourth, corner Branch.
F. BROWN, Fifth and Chestnut.
(See page 276.)
WILLIAM BALL, 205 Quarry street.
. E. W. USSHER, Eighth, below Chestnut.
A. STONE & CO., 4]2 Race st., and 207 Quarry st.
(See Stained Glass, page 278.)
THOMAS BURNS, (Homceopathic Vials and Chemical & Phil  osophical Tube Ware,) 35 Walnut st.
P. HEALY & CO., 204 Walnut st.
MORGAN & WELBANK, 402 North 9th st., above Callowhill.
J. R. ASHFORD, 607 Callowhill st.
(See Glue, &c., page 218.)
HENNEL,  STEVENS & CO., (page 209,) 4th st., ab. Market.
DREER & SEARS, (see page 344,)Goldsmiths' Hall.
STACY B. OPDYKE, 610 Sansom st.
CHARLES ABBEY & SONS, (see page 347,) 228 Pear st.
PETER WALKER & BROTHER, 13 South Sixth.
Ginger, Essence of.
Glass.
Glass Cutting.
Glass, Engraving on.
Glass Preserv'g Jars.
Glass, Stained.
Glass Syringes,Vials,
and Tubing.
Gloves, Mittens, &e.
Buckskin.
Gloves, Kid.
Glue & Curled Hair.
Glycerine.
Gold Chains.
38*
I
46c.0
MANUFACTURERS.
Gold Foil.
Gold Pens. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
AILTIOLE                             MANUFACTURERS.
WILLIAM EVETT, 28 North Fifth street
HASTINGS & CO., Fifth and Cresson's Alley.
HENRY NELMS, 216 Pear street, bet. Third and Dock.
N. E. MORGAN, 610 Sansom street.
ARNOLD & WILSON, 1010 Chestnut st.
R. S. HUBBARD & SON, Office 107 Walnut st.
JAMES E. MITCHELL, (and Plaster,) 310 York Avenue.
T. B. WOODWARD & CO., Germantown R. and New Market
J. BERWIND, 1513 George street.
GARRIGUES & MAGEE, 108 North Fifth.
JOHN KRIDER & CO., northeast corner Second and Walnut.
TRYON, SON & CO., 625 Market, 616 St. James street, and 220
North Second st.
SHARP'S RIFLE FACTORY, (see page 337,) Fairmount.
UNION RIFLE FACTORY, North Second, above Dauphin.
J. WURFFLEIN, (for Cannon,) 210 S. Third, below Walnut.
THOS. HARRINGTON, rear of 15 North Ninth.
ELIZA BARRY, 1021 Melon street, near Eleventh.
(See Glue, &c., page 218.)
GEORGE THURGALAND, 29 South Sixth street.
GEO. W. CARR & CO., (Whalebone,) 126 Willow street.
F. FROMHAGEN, 9 South Eighth street.
Mrs. A. GREEN, 439 Arch street, near Fifth.
F. SCHALCH, (also Hair Plaiting,) 336 South Fourth.
CHARLES STUBENRAUCH, 140 North Fifth street.
(See Stocks.)
HENRY BEAGLE, (Dray, Cart, Wagon, and Plow,) cor. Mag nolia and Willow street, above Fifth.
JOHN KLUFKEE, 1351 Marlboro', near West,t., Kensington.
PAUL SCHWARZKOPF, 519 Emlen st., ab. Front, bel. Noble.
C. HAMMOND, 503 Commerce street.
(See Tool Handles.)
(See Hardware and Tools, page 328.)
(See Saddles, Harness, &c., page.375.)
GELBACH & METZG(ER, (Brass,) 1241 Howard st., Kensington.
WM. LITTLE & SONS, (Ornaments,) 452 Sansom's Alley, east
of Third, between Noble and Willow.
(See page 278.)
JOHN AIKMAN, No. 141 Dock street, below Second.
CHRISTIAN NONNENBERGER, 323 Race at., bel. Fourth.
EDWARD DUFRENE, (Plaster,) South Seventh, bel. Chestnut.
BENJ. ANDREWS, (Leather,) 116 North Fourth.
(Also, see Paper Boxes.)
ADOLPH  DESSART, (Washing, Dyeing, Pressing & Trimming
of Felt, Panama, and Leghorn Hats,) 541 North Third
KLEINZ & FIELD, 36 North Second street.
Gun   Caps.
Gun Mountings.
Gun & Pistol Stocks.
Hair, Curled.
Hair Dye.
Hair Pins.
Hair Plaiting and
Jewelry.
Hair Stocks.
Hames, Root.
Hames, Iron.
Hammers, &c.
Handles.
Hardware.
Harness.
Harness Mountings.
Hats and Caps.
Hat & Bonnet Blocks.
470
ARTI[CLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Gold & Silver Leaf,
&O.
Gold Spectaeles.
Grates and Fenders.
Greases, Rlld Car, &c.
Grindstones.
Grist MUs.
Guitars.
Gun Cotton.
Guns, Fii;tols. and
Ri.fies.
Hat Cases.
Hats, Straw and Fa 3aama. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
DANIEL DOREY, 320 Chestnut, and 4 Hudson's Alley.
J. C. KELCH, 506 Market.
ISRAEL AMIES, (and Embossing,) 25 and 27 old, Minor.
F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, 528 N. Second, above Buttonwood.
G. W. BRADFIELD, (and Silver Plated,) 525 N. 12th, near Ridge
Avenue.
W. H. McCALLA & CO., Montgomery, above Front.
GEO. GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Lane, ab. Arch, bet. 3d and Bread.
PRINCE'S HOE FACTORY, Pennepack Creek.
ROBERT McCALVEY & CO., No. 602 Cherry street.
SHARON SLEEPER, (for Skirts,) 1002 Market street.
M. & J. McCOLGAN, South Thirteenth, near Market.
WM. R. SCOTT, (Patent Leather-Irish, Scotch, Draft, and all
other,) 119 North Front.
FRANK DARDAS, Mechanic and Fourth street, Southwark.
GEORGE JACKSON, Lilley Alley, above Green.
HENRY A. DREER, 327 Chestnut street.
Horticultural Imple ments.
Hose Couplings, &c.
Hose, Fire & Garden.
THOMAS S. SMITH, (Branch Pipes,) Girard Av., W. of 12th.
BARNETT & JENKINS, 112 North Sixth street.
WM. ECKFELDT, 212 N. Thirteenth, and 418 N. Third st.
A. STONE, 207 Quarry street, above Second.
(See pages 240-244.)
JOHN AMBLER, Jr., 711 Spring Garden street.
ARTHUR,  BURNHAM  & GILROY,  ("What  Cheer"  Yeast
Cakes,) 117 and 119 South Tenth street.
ISAAC S. WILLIAMS, 726 Market street.
WM. J. WALKER, (Wooden Ware,) 819 Spruce street.
J. LOUIS & SON, (Wooden Ware,) 504 Vine street.
(See Spokes and Hubs.)
JONATHAN COLLINS, rear of 220 North Second.
BENJAMIN ESLER, 26 South Fifteenth.
ARTHUR, BURNHAM  & GILROY,  (Cochrane's Patent Non  Freezing Non-Wasting,) 117 and 119 South Tenth, corner
George.
(See Presses.)
A. C. BROWN,  (Agent for Holliday's Windmill for Pumping
Water,) northeast corner Eighth and Buttonwood.
ARTHUR, BURNHAM & GILROY, (Masser's Patent Five-Min  ute Freezer,) 117 and 119 S. Tenth, corner George.
JAMES PATCHELL, 812 Race street.
LOWER & CO., 712 and 714 Washington Avenue.
M. GUGGENHEIM & CO., 1040 North Third, corner George
J. ANDREYKOVICZ, (also Archil,) 108 Arch street.
Hose, H        em pen.
Hosiery.
House Furnishing
Housekeeping
Goods.
Hubs.
Husks, (for Upholsterers.
Hydrant Cases.
Hydrants.
Hydraulic Presses.
fIydraulic Rams.
471
ARTICLES.
Hatteral Trimmings,
&C.
Hat Tip Printing.
Hinges, Brass f3hip.
Hinges, Brass Butt.
Hinges, Iron.
Hoes.
Hoisting Machines.
Hoops, Ladies.
Horse CoUars.
13[orse Nails.
Ioe-Cream Freezers.
Ice Picks.
Ice Tools.
Indigo Blue.
Indigo Paste. 
472      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURERS.
APOLLOS W. HARRISON, 26 South Seventh street.
JOSEPH E. HOOVER, 416 Race street.
J. S. MASON & CO., 138 North Front.
SAMUEL SCHURCH, (Stationer,) 240 Race street.
And many others.
W. C. BAKES, southwest corner Seventh and Buttonwood.
LAY & BROTHER, (Black and Colored,) 241 Dock street.
L. MARTIN & CO., 215 Lodge street, above Second.
ARTHUR, BURNHAM  & GILROY,  (Arthur's Patent Air-tight  also Paste Jars,) 117 and 119 South Tenth, corner George
JACOB KIRCHEM, (Nock's Patent,) 8 South Seventh.
HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (Nock's Patent Round Hinge,) 32 S. 4th.
THEODORE ATTENEDER, (Patent Joint,) 229 New street.
EDMUND DRAPER, 226 Pear street, near the Post-office.
Instruments, Draw'g
- Engineers & Sur veyors.
-  Mathematical &
Optical.
SAMUEL L. FOX, (also Surveyors,) 537 North Second.
McALLISTER & BROTHER, 728 Chestnut street.
THEODORE MUELLER, 132 Noble st., corner New Market.
ISAAC SCHNAITMAN, 225 North Fourth.
ADOLPH WIRTH, 704 Arch, above Seventh.
WILLIAM  J. YOUNG & SON, 43 North Seventh street.
(See page 408; also Pianos, Organs, &c.)
L. C. FRANCIS, (and Chemical,) 100 S. Eighth, cor. Chestnut.
THEODORE MUELLER, 132 Noble, corner New Market.
JAMES J. CLARK, 160 Dock street, corner South Second.
And its MANUFACTURES, page 283.
J. BISHOP, 207 Pear street.
BAEDER, DELANY & ADAMSON, 14 South Fourth.
E. M. SEELEY & SON, North Second, above Columbia street.
HARVEY & FORD, (also Carving,) 422 Library street.
M. W. BALDWIN & CO., Broad and Hamilton.
CHAMBERS & RIEHL, 1033 N. Fourth, bet. Poplar & George.
W. P. UHLINGER & CO., 919 and 921 North Second.
D. D. DICK, 625 St. James street.
DAVID JONES, 413 Vine street, above Fourth.
ISAAC S. WILLIAMS, 726 Market st. And mnany others
H. OLIVER, southwest corner Eighth and Arch.
H. H. SMITH, 201 Carter's Alley, corner Second street.
BAILEY & CO., 819 Chestnut.
JACOB BENNET, (also, Diamond Setting,) 326 Chestnut, below
Fourth.
CARROW, THIBAULT & CO., (successors to Dubosq, Carrow &
Co.,) 308 Chestnut street.
DREER & SEARS, Goldsmiths' Hall, 418 Library street.
S. B. OPDYKE, Sansom steet Hall, rear Jones Hotel.
PAYTON, HAWKINS & CO., 326 Chestnut street.
GEO. W. SIMONS & BROTHER, 610 Sansom street.
SCHMITT & STUBENRAUCH, (also, Hair Plaiting & Devices 
928 Chestnut street.
Japan Ware.
Jet Ornaments.
Jewelers' Tools.
Jewelry.
(See page 342); also, see
Hair Jewelry, Ma     sonic Marks, Silver
Ware, &c.)
- Musical.
- Philosophical.
- Telegraphic.
Iron.
Irridiu.
Isinglass.
Ivory or Bone Black.
Ivory Turning.
Jack Screws.
Jacquard Machines.
J'apanning,
Tewelry, Hair. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTICLES.                              MANUPACTURSRS.
. J. SMITH, 1719 Lombard street.
CHARLES RUJMP, 37 Haydock street, below Front.
JOHN GADSBY & SONS, (Knit Jackets, Shirts, Drawers, Scarfs, 
Cravats, Mittens, and Guernsey Shirts,) 10 Fetter Lane.
~i
JOHN LARARD, (every description of Needles for Knitting Ma chines,) 978 Marshall street, below Franklin.
C. SHIRTCLIFF, 1226 Germantown Road.
W. P. UHLINGER & CO., 919 and 921 North Second street.
B. RICHARDSON, 117 South Second.
C. H. LAME, (and Reaping,) 407 Cherry street.
(See Dr y Go ods,  page 245.)
Knives and Forks.
Knives, Mowing.
Lace, Coach.
Laces, Embroideries,
&c.
Ladders.
Ladies Dress Trim mings.
Lager Beer.
Lamp Black.
Lamps, Chandeliers.
Lamps, Coach, &c.
Lamp Shades.
Lamp Wick.
Lanterns.
JOSEPH RUE, 845 Parrish, below Ninth.
(See Trimmings.)
(See page 195.)
L. MARTIN & CO., 215 Lodge street, above Second.
(See page 352.)
E. W. USSHER, 109 South Eighth.
Y. QUARRE, 805 Race street, above Eighth.
A. STONE, (for Solar, Fluid, and Astral, etc.,) 207 Quarry st
J. H. ROHRMAN, 606 Cherry street.
CHARLES WILHELM, (and Lamps,) 919 Race street.
(See Dry Goods, page 260.)
F. BOHRER, (Glass and Stone Cutting,) 20 Franklin Place.
PETER DEWEES, 113, (old, 31,) Callow hill street.
JACOB FOSTER, 305 (old, 3,) Cherry street, above Third.
J. HOWARD & CO., (Steam,) 112 Bread street.
GEORGE MUNRO, (Anatomical,) 127 Callowhill, below Second.
(See Machinery, page 315.)
KOCHERSPERGER & CO., (Steam,) 645 North Broad.
JNO. B. SPRINGER, (and Parchment,) S. E. cor. Fifth & Walnut.
HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (see Pencils,) 4 Ranstead Place.
TATHAM & BROTHERS, Delaware Avenue, below South.
JOSEPH BAKER & SON, 820 Rachel, and 82] North Second.
SAMUEL GRANT, Jr., & CO., (see page 208,) 139 S. Water st.
(See pages 208 and 215.)
(Bookbinders', Glove, Morocco, &c., see page 357.)
G. R. CORRY, (Glove and Gaiter,) 455 N Third, ab. Willow
Lathes.
Laundry Work.
Law Blanks.
Leads for Pencils.
Lead Pipe, &e.
Leads, Sounding
Lead, Sugar of.
Lead, Paints.
Leather.
- English Kid.
I
473
ARTICIM.
.Tewelry and Silver
Chasing.
Kindling Wood.
Knit Goods.
MANUFACTURERS.
Knitting Machines.
(See page 303.)
Laps, Cotton.
LapidarylaWork.
Lasts. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
BARNET & JENKINS, 112 North Sixth street.
WM. ECKFELDT, 212 N. 13th, and 433 N. Third street.
ADOLPH WIRTH, (Simple and Achromatic,) 704 Arch st.
JOHN THORNLEY, 311 Chestnut street
THOMAS ARMITAGE, 1206 Vine street. (See page 341.)
A. C. BROWN, (Copper and Iron,) N. E. cor. 8th & Button wocd.
F. JAHN, (Plated and Solid Pointed Platina,) 435 Race street
T. T. KINSEY, 207 Race street, above Second.
F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, 528 North Second, ab. Buttonwood.
EDWARD L. MINTZER, 23 North Sixth street.
(Super-Phosphate of, see page 145.)
(See page 182.)
(See Machinery, page 321.)
Lithography.
Lithographic  M!a chines.
Locks.
(See page 332.
THOS. H. AUROCKER, 134 North Thirteenth.
JULIUS BILLERBECK, 902 Ridge Avenue, above Vine st.
G. W. BRADFIELD, (Brass,) 5.5 North Twelfth street.
JACOB KIRCHEM, (Nock's Patent,) 8 South Seventh.
C. LIEBRICH, (see page 333,) 110 South Eighth.
J. B. SHANNON, (see page 333,) 58 North Sixth street
LINUS YALE, Jr., & CO., (see page 333,) Front & New sts.
(See page 305.)
(See Picture and Looking-Glass Frames.)
- Bank.
Locomotives.
Looking-Glass
Frames.
Looms.
- Swivel &; Hand.
(See Cotton and Woolen Machinery, page 299.)
CHAMBERS & RIEHL, 1033 N. Fourth, bet. Poplar & George.
W. P. UHLINGER & CO., (page 303,) 919 & 921 N. Second st.
GEORGE BATES, 1248 Hanover st., Kensington.
BOHLER, TOMSON & WEIKEL, 248 N. Third, below Vine.
JAMES SMITH & CO., Marshall st., cor. Willow, (see p. 302).
A. L. ARCHAMBAULT, (see p. 3i17,) Fifteenth and Hamilton.
M. ALDEN, (see p. 324,) Fifteenth and Willow street.
BEMENT & DOUGHERTY, (see p. 316,) 2029 Callowhill.
F. CLAVELOUX, 109 South Second street.
JAMES FLINN & CO., (see p. 325,) Sixth and Germantown R.
J. J. HEPWORTH, (see p. 302,) cor. Edward and School streets
WM. H. HARRISON, 705 Lodge Alley.
R. J. HOLLINGSWORTH, 23 Coates Alley. (See page 325.)
HUNSWORTH, EAKINS & CO., Front, corner of Franklin
HENRY HOWARD, (see p. 320,) Twenty-third and Hamilton.
GEORGE C. HOWARD, (see page 321,) 15 S. Eighteenth.
JOHN JACKSON & CO., 1089 and 1091 Germantown Road.
KING & DORSEY, 233 S. Fifth, and Prune, below Fifth.
E. KALLENBERG & CO., rear 220 N. Second st., and 441 N. 9th.
JOHN L. KITE, (see page 317,) 13 Drinker's Alley, below 2d.
MATTHEWS & MOORE, Sixteenth and Fairview.
C. B. MELLOR, 448 North Twelfth, corner Pleasant st.
MERRICK & SONS, (see page 327,) 430 Washington st.
I. P. MORRIS & CO., (see page 326,) Office 125 Walnut street.
REANEY, NEAFIE & CO., (see p. 317,) 135 Beach street.
WM. SELLERS & CO., (see p. 313,) 16th and Pennsylvania AT.
RCHAS SHIRTCLIFF, 1226 Germantown Road.
CHAS. W. SMITH, 135 North Third street.
STANHOPE & SUPLEE, Frankford.
474
ARTICLES.
Leather Belting and
Hose.
Lenses and Frisms.
Life Preservers.
Lightning Rods.
Points.
Lozenges.
Macaroni, &c.
Machine Cards.
Machines and Ma chine Work.
(See pp. 299 to 329.) 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
J. T. SUTTON & CO., 131 Franklin Avenue.
J. & T. WOOD, (see page 301,) Wood street, near 21st.
And many others.
(See page 314.)
(See Chemicals, page 211.)
WM. C. & J. NEFF, 5 South Seventh street.
ALEX. BECRAFT, rear 426 Walnut street.
JOHN EISENBREY & SON, Dock, corner Pear street.
LEWIS THOMPSON & CO., Eleventh and Ridge Avenue.
FREDERICK GAUL, New Market, corner Callowhill.
R. A. STRATTON, 1339 Cherry st., near Broad
(See Marble, page 363.)
ARNOLD & WILSON, 1010 Chestnut street.
RUFUS L. BARNES, 27 South Sixth.
S. AUGUSTUS MITCHELL, 31 South Sixth.
ROBERT P. SMITH, 517 Minor.
.~
Machine Tools.
Magnesia.
Magnetic Instru'mis
Mahogany.
M     alt.
Mangles, Patent.
Mantels, Marble.
Enameled.
Maps and Charts.
(See page 183.
Marble.                   (See page 360.)
Marbled Paper.            CHARLES WILLIAMS, (see page 178,) 605 Arch street.
Masts and Spars.          D. R. HUMPHRIES & SON, Vienna st. Wharf, Kensington.
Masonic & Odd Fel- JACOB BENNET, 326 Chestnut street, below Fourth.
lows  Marks,  Jew- MARTIN LEANS, 402y Chestnut street..
els, &c.                SAMUEL MAROT, 434 Chestnut street, corner Fifth.
GEO. P. PILLING, 214 Gold st., corner Dock.
A. C. SUPLEE, 326 Chestnut street.
Matches.                  JOHN S. HODGKINSON, (Friction and German Congreve,) 2
Fetter Lane, 3d street, between Arch and Race.
JOHN SCHICK & CO., 919 St. John, above Poplar.
I
Match - Stands and C. O. WILSON, (also Wax Matches and Cigar Lights,) 727
Safes.                    Race street.
Mathematical I'mts. (See Instruments.)
Mattresses.               (See Beds and Mattresses.)
Mats, Door, &c.           JAMES CRAWSHAW, 1516 North Second street.
Meat Mauls.               WILLIAM BEACH, (Patent,) Willow st., bet. 12th and 13th
Meat Safes.               W. J. WALKER, 819 Spruce st., above Eighth.
J. LOUIS & SON, Vine street, above Fifth.
Medicines.                (See page 212.)
Medicinal Extracts.  EDWARD H. HANCE, (see page 211,) 627 Arch st.
N. SPENCER THOMAS, (see page 211,) New Market, near Ger
mantown Road.
Medicine Chests and J. M. MIGEOD, (Medical Bags,) 27 South Eighth street.
Medical  Saddle-    PEACOCK & FICKERT, northeast corner Fifth and Chestnut.
Bags.                   NATHAN STARKEY, (also Pocket Cases,) 116 South Eighth,
between Chestnut and Walnut.
Melodeons                 MACNUTT & PRIOR, 108 North Sixth.
Metallic Letters.         HENRY SINKLER, (Raised Brass, &c.; also, Card Plates and
Engraved Names, for Engines and Cemeteries,) Pemberton
street, South of Wallace.
47.5
ARTICLES.
Machine and Xa chine Work-'d. 
476      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ARTICLES.                               MANUFACTUaSES.
Mrs. MENCH, (Ladies Feathers' Dressed,  Dyed, and Altered,)
510 North Second street, above Noble.
W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, 723 Chestnut.
J. H. LAMBERT, 532 Callowhill.
W. G. MINTZER, 215 North Third street.
WM. H. GRAY, 4 Crockett's Court, Fifth, above Chestnut.
WM. PINCHIN, 120 Jacoby street, between  12th and 13th.
HENRY SINKLER, Pemberton st., S. of Wallace, bel. Ridge Av.
JOHN AMBLER, Jr., 711 Spring Garden street.
(See page 413.)
J. & S. S. LIPPINCOTT, (in Fountains,) 916 Filbert street.
And many others.
JOSEPH BERNHARD & CO., 120 North Sixth.
Military Ornament:
and Fancy Meta
Work.
Milk Cans.
Millinery Goods.
Mineral Water.
Mineral Wat     er  Ap paratus.
Mittens and Gloves.
Models, (for Patent Of fice.)
(See Knit Goods and Buckskin Gloves.)
WM. B. AITKEN,(in Wood and Metal,) 203 Dock, corner 2d.
EDWARD BORMAN, (and Small Machines,) 523 Cherry street.
THEODORE MUELLER, 132 Noble, corner New Market.
(See Leather, &c., page 359.)
BENJAMIN ESLER, 26 South Fifteenth.
MATTHEW GRIER, (best quality always on hand or made to
order,) Coates, West of Broad, south side.
(See Bottle Moulds, Candle do., Confectioners' do., Dentists' do.)
SPANGLER & GRAHAM, 627 Market.
C. H. LAME, (also Reaping,) 407 Cherry street.
Xoulds.
Mowing Machines.
Mowing Knives.
Musical Instruments
Mustard.
Nails, Cut.
Nails and Spikes.
(See page 408.)
(See page 269.)
(See page 339.)
GELBACH & METZGER, (Composition,) 1241 Howard st., above
Franklin Avenue.
M. McFADDEN, Penn street, above Maiden, Kensington.
M ICHAEL P. PARTRIDGE,  (late from England,) Blair street,
bet. Norris and Wood street, Kensington.
BUCK, SIMONIN & CO., (See page 208,) 121 Walnut street.
HARVEY FILLEY, (see page 351,) ] 222 Market street.
GARRIGUES & MAGEE, 108 North Fifth.  (See page 209.)
HOOPES & TOWNSEND, (p. 334,) Buttonwood, bet. Broad.
ALBERTSON BROTHERS, Beach st., ab. Marlboro', Kensing'L
WOOD & BROTHERS, Penn street, above Poplar.
(Linseed, Lard, Resin, Sperm, &c. see page 369.)
JAMES CARMICHAEL, 162 North Third street.
THOMAS POTTER, (see p. 409,) 229 Arch street.
J. & T. WOOD, Wood st., near N. Twenty-first.
JOHNSON & ADARE, 329 Broad street.
ARTICLES.
3VLilitary Feathers.
MANUFACTURERS.
Mlitary Goods.
Morocco.
Mouldings, Wood.
Needles, Mattress &
Collar.
Nickel and Cobalt.
Nickel Silver Ware.
Nitrate of Silver.
Nuts, Bolts, &C.
Oars and Sculls.
A
i
Oils.
Oil & Floor Cloths.
Oil Presses.
Omnibuses. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
AaTIcLES.                               KANUPACTUaXaS.
Optical Instruments.
(See Instruments.)
SAVERY i CO., South Front and Reed.
P. SCHENKEL, 922 Market street.
J. C. B. STANDBRIDGE, 2107 Chestnut. (See Mus. Inst., p.'408.)
S. P. MILLER, 309 South Fifth.
JACOB SOUDER, 406 Noble.
M. FIFE, 3 Elbow Lane, between Bank and South Third.
SUPLEE & MYERS, 514 East North street, above Market.
W. WILLARD, 439 Chestnut street.
(See Cedar and Wooden Ware.)
(See page 217.)
WILLIAM BEACH, Willow street, between 12th and 13th.
(See page 176.)
N. AMERICAN PAPER BAG AND  ENVELOPE  MANUFAC TURING CO., northwest corner Ninth and Wallace street.
JESSE BAKER, 21 Bank sty, ab. Chestnut, between 2d and 3d.
MERRICK BARNES, 102 Bread st., ab. Arch, bet. 2d and 3d.
JOHN CROMPTON, 118 North Third street.
EYRE & HARVEY, 531 East North street.
RUDOLPH K. KNAPP, 230 North Third.
GEO. W. PLUMLY, (See page 402,) 213 North Fourth.
HENRY J. SEIBEL, 525 Commerce street.
(See page 161.)
Paging, Blank Book.
Pails.
Paints & Paint Mills.
Pans,  Patent Bake.
Paper & Paper Mills.
Paper Bags, (Machine
Made.)
Paper Boxes.
(See page 402.)
Paper Folding
chines.
Paper ntangings
Paper Machiner3
Paper, Metallic.
Paper Ruling.
(See page s/l.)
NELSON GAVIT, (see page 319,) 222 and 224 Broad street.
ROBINSON RITSON, corner Twenty-fourth and Green street.
THOMAS W. PRICE, 22 South Fifth and Library.  (See notice
of Machine on page 179.)
W. H. PATTEN, 205 Arch.
D. D. DICK, 625 St. James street.
(See Umbrellas, and page 391.)
McNEELY & CO., 64 North Sixth street.
Paper Staining.
Papier M ache Goods,
Parasols,
Parchment, (and Vel lum.)
Patent Leather.
Pattern Makers.
GEORGE S. ADLER, 131 Margaretta street.
W. B. AITKEN, 203 Dock street.
J. BEESLEY & CO., (also Patterns for Needle-work,) 424 Dill.
wyn, above Callowhill.
THOMAS G. BERING, northwest corner 10th and Ridge Av.
THOMAS W. MASON, 233 South Fifth street.
C. R. MELLOR, (and Models,) northwest cor. 12th & Pleasant.
SMITH & BROWN, 215 North Second.
EDWARD  MARKLEW, (also Buttons,) 15th street, bet. Hamil.
ton and Willow, and 1904 Hamilton.
SAMUEL FISHER, 1509 Linden st., W. of 15th, ab. Chestnut.
Pearl Studs & Or naments.
Pearl & Shell Work.
39
477
ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Ordnance.
Organ Fipes, Xetal.
Organs.
Oyster ves.
]Packing Boxes.
Xs 
ALPIIABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
~~~~T~~~~~~cL~~~~~~~~~.  MANUFACTURERS.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A. GREENHALGH,  Manayunk.
SAMUEL-FISHER, 1509 Linden st., W. of 15th, ab. Chestntt.
GEO. W. SIMONS & BROTHER, (see p. 345,) 610 Sansom st.
HYMEN L. LIPMAN, (Mears' Propelling Pencil, Erasing Pen cils; also, Lead and Erasing Pencil combined,) 32 S. 4th st.
(See Gold Pens; also page 348.)
W. C. McREA, (Patent Adjustable,) 907 Chestnut.
J. WURFFLEIN, 210 South Tenth.
XAVIER BAZIN, 917 Cherry.
GLENN & CO., 720 Chestnut street.
APOLLOS W. HARRISON, 26 South Seventh.
A. HAWLEY & CO., 117 North Fourth.
H. P. & W. C. TAYLOR, 641 and 643 N. Ninth, below Coates.
R. & G. A. WRIGHT & CO., 35 South Fourth.
Philosophical I'nsts. (See Instruments.)
Photographs.
Physicians' Pocket
Cases.
(See Daguerreotypes.)
I
PJOSEPH ELLIS, (Allopathic & Homesopathic Bottle,)101 S. 8th.
W. T. FRY & CO., 15 North Sixth st., above Market.
H. A. HEUSSLER, 341 Harmony Court, corner S. Fourth.
JACOB LUTZ, (Allopathic and Homeopathic Bottle,) 109 S. 8th
NATHAN STARKEY, 116 South Eighth st., above Sansom.
H. GOLDSMITH, 33 and 35 South Tenth street.
HUNT & CO., 345 North Third street.
CONRAD MEYER, 722 Arch street.
AUGUST V. REICHENBACH, 1230 Chestnut.
GEORGE VOGT, 628 Arch street.
And many others.
H. & E. GOUJON, 913 Marshall st., above Poplar.
(See Preserved Food.)
EVERS & VOTTELER, 13 North Eighth street.
JAMES S. EARLE, 816f Chestnut street.
FISHER & CO., 141 South Second street.
F. GABRYLEWITZ, 47 North Ninth street,
JACOB GRAEFF, Master st,, above Fifth
GUNNING, ROGERS & MYERS, 814 Filbert.
JOSEPH HILLIER, 35 North Second street.
E. NEWLAND & CO., (Medal Awarded  by N.Y.  Exhib.,) 604
Arch street.
PRICE & SANSOM, 227 Crown st., between Race and Vine.
A. S. ROBINSON, 910 Chestnut street.
DAVID WILLIAMS, (Packed and Insured from breakage free
of charge,) 144 North Third, below Race.
E. MASSE, (Black Oval and Passe Partout,) 201 N. Eighth.
A. L. ARCHAMBAULT, 15th, below Hamilton.
GEORGE W. PLUMLY, 213 North Fourth.
(See page 213.)
IHENRY MEHL, (Parisian Roundhead,) 353 N. Fourth st.
(See Gas Pipes, p. 322; Drain Pipes, p. 200.)
J. RICHARDS, Oxford st., ab. Frankford Road, Kensington.
(See Guns.)
Piano Hardware.
Pickles.
Picture & Looking  Glass Frames.
Pile-Drivers.
Pill Boxes.
Pills.
Pins.
Pipes.
- Smoking.
Pistols.
478
AJLTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Pearl Card Cases.
:Pearl Xountings.
Pencil & Pen Cases.
Pencils.
Fens, Gold.'
Fenholders.
Feroussion Caps.
Perfumery
(gee page 410.
Fiaii,o Fortes.
(See page 409.
II
c 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
S. H. BIBIGHAUS, 258 North Third street.
B. SHENEMAN & BROTHER, 733 Market.
NAYLOR & CO., 639 North Broad.
GEO. B. SLOAT & CO., 1129 Beach street.
And many others.
(See page 145.)
E. DUFRENE, (also Figures,) Seventh, below Chestnut.
THOMAS HEATH, (also Figures,) S. W. corner 11th and Arch.
WM. H. FRENCH, (Architectural,) 18th and Chestnut.
(See Silver Plated Ware.)
J. BISHOP, (Chemical Apparatus,) 207 (old No., 5,) Pear street.
SAVERY & CO., South Front, below Reed.
Mrs. MENCH, 510 N. Second, bet. Noble and Buttonwood.
PEACOCK & FICKERT, Fifth and Chestnut.
JOSEPH LAUGHLIN, 300 Walnut street.
PORCELAIN FACTORY, Germantown Road.
H. A. HEUSSLER, (and Fancy Leather articles,) 341 Harmony
street, corner Fourth.
GEORGE FISCHER, Agent, 7 South Eighth.
CHARLES RUMPP & CO., 118 North Fourth.
And many others.
(See page 192.)
ARTHUR, BURNHAM  & GILROY,  (Arthur's Patent Elastic,)
117 and 119 South Tenth, corner George.
BENJ. J. CREW & CO., (see p. 209,) N. W. cor. 5th & Callowhil.
Plaster of Paris.
Plaster Ornaments.
(See page 201.)
(See page 145.)
MILLS B. ESPY, (see page 269,) 255 South Third.
J. L. WENDELL, 310 South Front.
(Brick, Hydraulic, Oil: see Machinery, p. 302.)
E. KALLENBERG, rear 220 N. Second, and 441 N. Ninth.
Pot assium, Cyan. of.
Pottery.
Poudrette.
Preserved Food.
Presses.
Presses, Copying and
Seal.
Presses, Printing.
Presses, Screw.
Printing, Book and
Fancy.
Printing for Blind.
Printing, Plate.
(See p. 180,)
Printers' Furniture.
Print Works.      w
Prussiate of Potash.
Publishing, Book,
Newspaper  and
Magazine.
(See page 320.)
CHARLES DIEDRICHS, (and all other kinds,) 31 Vine street.
(See page 173.)
(Se e page     174.)
HENRY QUIG, 115 South Seventh.
(See page 321.)
(See Dry Goods.)
CARTER & SCATTERGOOD, (see p 210,) 304 Arch stre
(See page 149 )
479
ARTICLES.
Planes.
Planing Mills.
(See page 395.
Plated Ware.
Platina Work.
Flows.
Flumes.
Fooket-Books.
:Porcelain Ware.
Fort Monaies,
bas, &c.
Ca
Porter.
Portfolios. 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURERS.
(See Machinery, Machine Work, Air Pumps, Force Pumps, &c.)
(See Chemicals, page 217.)
SAMUEL SCHURCH, (Stationer,) 240 Race street.
(See pages 207-208.)
BANCROFT, HAINES & CO., Christian, W. of Passayunk Rd.
W. P. HOOD, (seepage 295,) 684 Broad street.
J. LANE, 224 Callowhill, below Third.
JOSEPH E. SASS, (Plain and Fancy, Wrought and Cast Iron,)
133 Elfreth's Alley, below Second, first street above Arch.
E. W. SHIPPEN & CO., Market street, West Philadelphia.
And many otl7wre.
(See page 304: also, Cars, Axles, Wheels, &c.)
(See Agricultural Implements.)
JOHN ESTLIN, 231 North Fifth street.
RAND & AYRES, 124 North Sixth street.
And many others.
GEORGE W. CARR & CO., 126 Willow st., above Front.
ARTICLFS.
Pumps.
Putty.
Quills.
Quinine.
Railing, Iron.
(See page 295.
Rattan and Whale bone.
Rat & Mouse Traps.
Razors.
Razor Strops.
C. 0. WILSON, 727 Race at., bel. Eighth.
WILLIAM GILCHRIST, 445 North Broad.
C. Y. HAYNES, (Diamond Strop and Powder for Razors and
Surgical Instruments,) No. 6 Lagrange Place.
(See page 231.)
M.  MONGAN & SON, 114 S. Second, entrance 201 Carter street.
JACOB SENNEFF, 230 Quarry, Office 28 North Front.
DREER & SEARS, (see page 345,) Library street.
Rectifying Whisky.
Reeds and Heddles.
Refining, Gold and
Silver.
Reflectors, Daylight.
Refrigerators, Water
Coolers & Filters.
Regalia.
WILLIAM F. PULLINGER, 1 Carter's Alley
GEORGE W. NICKELS, 606 Cherry street.
JONES YERKES, 105 South Second street.
W. G. MINTZER, 215 North Third.
JAMES KELLY, 146 North Sixth.
(See Guns and Pistols.)
W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, 723 Chestnut.
(See Guns, &c.)
WILLIAM HUGG & SONS, 1053 Penn street.
PHILLIPS & ALLEN, (See page 334,) Penn'a Av., near 23d.
C. O. WILSON, 727 Race street, below Eighth.
(See page 286.)
H. M. WARREN & CO., Farquhar Buildings, Walnut st., bel. 3d.
THOMAS, ALLEN & CO., N. Ninth and Girard Avenue
R. S. HARRIS & CO., (Corrugated Iron,) S. E. cor. 11th & Priam
And many others.
(See page 373.)
Revolvers.
Ribbons.
Rifles.
Rigging.
Rivets.
Roach &  Fly Traps.
Rolling Mills.
RooflngComposition.
Rope, Twines, &c.
480
Railway Machinery.
Rakes, Hand, &c.
Ranges, Cooking.
(8- page 291.)
Roollug. Xetallic.
I 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
Aa- ~    a                               MAuFcTa-a
ARTICLES.
Rosin Oil.
Rotten Stone, Prep'd
Rouge, Polishing,
(for Jewelers.)
Rubber, India.
Ruches.
Rules, Gauging In struments, &c.
Saddle-Bags.
Saddlery & Harness.
(See page 375.)
(See page 370.)
GARRIGUES & MAGEE, 108 North Fifth street.
Mrs. M. S. WEST, Spruce street, above Third.
JOHN THORNLEY, 311 Chestnut street.
JOEL THOMAS, 26 S. Fifth street.
J. E. CARPENTER, 862 North Fourth, below Poplar.
(See Medical Saddle-Bags.)
WM. S. HANSELL & SONS, 114 Market street.
M. MAGEE & CO., 18 Decatur.
LACEY & PHILLIPS, 30 and 32 South Seventh.
W. R. SCOTT, (Collars,) 119 North Front street.
And many others.
HENRY HUBER, Jr., 4 North Fifth street.
C. PRUDD EN, Willow street, bet. Twelfth and Thirteenth.
E. HALL OGDEN, (see page 340,) Ninth and Jefferson.
KIRCHNER & STICKEL, (Steel Bitts, Hamnes, Rings, Eyes, Pad
Plates, Hooks, Sterrets, &c.) rear of 309 Race.
PAUL SCHWARTZKOPF, (Iron and Steel Chains, Buckles, &c.)
519 Emlen st., ab. Front, between Noble and Peg.
EVANS & WATSON, 26 South Fourth.
FARREL, HERRING & CO., 130 Walnut.
LINUS YALE, Jr. & CO., (Chilled Iron Burglar Proof,) Front &
New sta
JONES YERKES, (Salamander,) 105 South Second street.
McDONALD & LAUGHLIN, 16 N. Delaware Av. and 3 Dock.
RICHARD F. SHANNON, 248 North Delaware Avenue.
BURGIN & SONS, 133 Arch street.
CONRAD KNIPE, 328 and 330 Noble street, below Fourth
(See page 208.)
JOHN W. CLOTHIER, 72 North Fourth street.
COGILL & WILT, 423 North Front, above Callowhill.
MATTHEW GRIER, Coates st., W. of Broad, south side.
ABEL REED, Marshall and Girard Av., and 215 North Second.
And many others.
J. T. MIDNIGHT,  (also Leather Baskets, Bags, &c.) 145 North
Fourth street.
MICHAEL HEY, 637 North Third street.
MATTHEW GRIER, Coates st., W. of Broad, south side.
JOSEPH RUE, 845 Parrish street.
And many others.
GILLINGHAM & GARRISON (420, old No.), Queen street.
(S         ee page 330.)
A. C. FUNSTON, (Self-supporting,) Frankford Rd., opp. Master.
Saleratus &i S      al. Soda
Salt, Dairy.
Salts, Bleaching, &c.
Sand, Writing.
Sashes, Doors, Blinds
&c.
Satchels, Fancy
Leather.
Sausage Stuffers.
Sawing, Scroll and
Pattern.
Saws.
Scaffo lds, Portabl     e.
Scales and Balances.
39*
481
MANUFACTURERS.
Baddlers' Tools.
BiLddle-Trees.
Saddlery Hardware.
Safes and Fire Proof
Chests.
(See page 296.)
Sails.
Saw Imlills.
See page 33,-).) 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
.MANUFACTURERS.
ARTICLm
Scales, Platform.
Scagliola.
(See page 3.36.)
E. DUFRENE, Seventh, below Chestnut.
THOMAS HEATH, southwest corner Eleventh and Arch.
F. LEYPOLDT, 508 E. North st., bet. 5th & 6th, ab.  Arch,
Scarificators and
Spring Lancets.
Screws, Coffin.
Screwdrivers, &c.
Screws, Wood.
Screws, Wooden.
Screw Propellers.
Scuttles, Coal.
Seeds, Garden, &e.
(See page 142.)
HENRY CALVERLY, (also Studs, Plates, &c.) 207 Cherry st.
HORN & ELLIS, 307 Race street.
H. & E. GOUJON, 913 Marshall st., above Poplar.
HARMAN BAUGH, (Bench, Hand, &c.) 125 Elfreth's Alley.
REANEY, NEAFIE & CO., (See page 317,) 1365 Beach.
GEORGE GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Lane, Third, above Arch.
HENRY A. DREER, 327 Chestnut.
B. P. MINGLE & CO., 103 Market, and 4 North Front.
C. B. ROGERS, 111 Market street.
HENRY BEIDEMAN, Market st., bel. 2d, S. side, (basement.)
BENJ. H. BRAYMAN, 57 North Front.
PARHAM'S MANUFACTORY, George, below Tenth.
GEORGE B. SLOAT & CO., 1229 Beach street.
W. P. URLINGER & CO., North Second, above Oxford.
W. H. TAYLOR, (also, Stitching and Quilting,) Chestnut street,
above Fourth.
B. HOOLEY & SON,  (see page 249,) 16 Hudson's Alley, below
Chestnut, between Third and Fourth.
(See page 238.)
CLARENBACH & HERDER, (Patent Cast Steel,) 634 Arch, and
2.35 Race.
(See page 236.)
Shawls.
Shears & Scissors.
Sheetings and Shirt ings.
Sheet Iron.
Sheet Iron Ware.
Ship Bread.
Ship Building.
Ship Lanterns.
ALLAN WOOD & CO., (Imitation Russia, &c.) 39 N. Front st.
GEORGE GRIFFITHS, 1 Fetter Lane. Third, above Arch.
(See Crackers, &c.)
(See page 379.)
GEO. L. FLICK, (Bow, Signal, Binnacle and Fresnel,) 141 N.
Front.
F. W. & G. A. KOHLER, (Brass,) 528 N. 2d, ab. Buttonwood.
C. A. BUTTS, 27 North Eighth street.
DAVIS & HOFF, 223 Church Alley.
EDWIN A. KELLEY, (see page 224,) 16 Bank st.
OLDENBERGH & TAGGART, 146 North Fourth.
JOHN C. REMINGTON, 217 N. Fourth, corner Branch.
H. SOUDER, 44 North Sixth st., above Market.
WINCHESTER & CO., 706 Chestnut street.
(See page 185.)
JACOB O. PATTEN, 52 N. Third st., below Arch.
JACOB GILLER, northwest corner Eighth and Market.
482
Seines and Nets.
Settees.
Sewing Machines.
Sewing-Machine.
Sewing Bilks.
Ship Locks, Bolts, &c.
Shirts, Collars, Bo soms, &C. (See p. 224.)
Shoes, Gaiters, &c.
Shoe and Gaiter Up pers. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES
ARTICLES.                 MANUFACTURERS.~~~~~~~~~~
C. H. BLITTERSDORF, N. Fourth, above Callowhill.
HORN & ELLIS, 307 Race street.
THOMAS SPARKS, 121 Walnut street.
T. & B. ROWLAND & CO., Office, 501 Commerce.
GEO. GRIFFITHS, I Fetter Lane, Third, above Arch. 
And many o      -8.
STEELE & GLEASON, (Premium awarded by Penn'a Institute,)
109 North Seventh street.
BEAL & FORMAN, (also Aquariums,) 153 North Fourth.
FRED'K HAFNER, Vine, below Second.
JACOB LUTZ, 109 South Eighth.
E. JACKSON, 933 Charlotte st., above Poplar.
HENRY SERGESON, 931 Charlotte st., above Poplar.
SELSOR, COOK & CO., Germantown.
RIDGEWAY & RUFE, Germantown.
C. O. WILSON, (Coal Ash,) 727 Race street.
(Also, see WIRE WORK, page 338.)
WM. C. MURPHY, 47 South Third street.
AARON E. CARPENTER, (Sign of the Ostrich,) 54 N. 8th st.
LINCOLN, WOOD & NICHOLS, 45 South Second.
MORGAN'S CENTRAL BONNET FACTORY, 136 N. Ninth st.
JAMES TELFORD, 903 North Second, above Poplar.
(See Dry Goods, page 249.)
OLLIS & BROTHER, Beach and Shackamaxon.
(See page 209.)
BAILEY & CO., (see page 348,) 819 Chestnut.
W. FABER, (Forks and Spoons,) 214 North Fifth
TAYLOR & LAURIE, 520 Arch street.
W. WILSON & SON, corner Fifth and Cherry.
HARVEY FILLEY, (and Nickel Silver,) 1222 Market.
EDWIN GUEST, 110 South Eighth street.
G. ENGEL, 308 Chestnut st.
J. S. JARDEN & BRO., 304 Chestnut street.
ERNEST KAUFFMAN, 328 Noble street.
JOHN 0. MEAD & SONS, (see page 349,) 843 Chestnut, corner
Ninth.
ITHOS. H. AUROCKER, northwest cor. Thirteenth and Cherry.
G. W. BRADFIELD, 526 N. 12th st., corner Ridge Avenue.
J. BILLERBECK, 902 Ridge Avenue.
PHILIP CLINE, Fifth and Buttonwood.
FRANCIS JAHN, 435 Race st., near Fifth.
W. PAINE, Willow st., below Sixth.
SCHEERER & DIEHR, 264 North Fourth street.
SEDDINGER & BURWELL, 216 Arch st., above Second.
J. B. SHANNON, 58 North Sixth street.
M. BIRD, (also Spring Skirt Cord,) 227 Franklin Avenue.
ZEBULON LOCKE, (see page 368,) 637 North Broad.
JOSEPH LEWIS, Germantown Road, below Diamond.
ALFRED RUHL, (also Poles & Shafts,) N. W. corner Eighth and
Wood.
Silk Dyeing.
Silk Moulds.
Silver, Nitrate of.
Silver Ware.
(See page 342.
483
ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Shoemakers' Tools.
Shot.
Shovels, Spades, &c.
(See page 331.)
Show Cards, PrenYm
Show and Counter
Cases.
Shuttles.
(See page 303.
Shutter Bolts.
Sieves and Screens.
Signs, Letters, &c.
Bilk Bonnets and
Bonnet Frames.
Silver-plated Ware.
(See page a48.)
Silver Plating.
Skirts, Elastic.
Slates, Pat'nt School.
Slaw Cutters.
Bleighrunners. 
484      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ARrIGLEs.                                MARt'FAGTt'RER5.
RICHARD WEST, 1247 Shackamaxon st., Kensington. (Always
on hand and for sale the best quality of IN(4OT BRASS. Cash
paid for Brass Turnings and Filings, Lead & Type Dross, &c.)
COOPER & WALTER, northwest corner 11th and Melon.
FRANCIS CONWAY, 114 and 118 Relief street.
WILLIAM CONWAY, (see page 384,) 316 S. 2d, below Spruce.
JOHN COOK, 1625 Market street.
G. DALLETT & CO., 122 and 1319 Market, and northeast corner
Tenth and Callowhill.
E. DUFFY & SON, 912 and 914 Filbert street.
G. M. ELKINTON & SON, (also Chemical Olive,) 116 Marga  retta st., bet. Front and Second, above Callowhill.
EPHRAIM WILSON, 1095 Germantown Rd,, opp. Second st.
A. VAN HAAGEN & CO., (Magic Detersive,) Cadwalader st.,
above Columbia.
And many others.
GLENS & CO., 726 Chestnut.
APOLLOS W. HARRISON, (see page 411,) 26 South Seventh.
A. HAWLEY & CO., 117 North Fourth street.
H. P. & W. C. TAYLOR, 641 and 643 N. 9th, below Coates.
THOMAS WORSLEY, 518 Prune street, between 5th and 6th.
R. & G. A. WRIGHT, (see page 411,) 35 South Fourth.
EZRA PRATT, 127 North Sixth street.
(See Chemicals, pp. 207-208.)
EDWARD H. HANCE, 627 Arch street.
JOSEPH BERNHARD & CO., 120 North Sixth.
THOMAS THOMPSON, SON & CO., 238 South' Second.
JOSEPH BAKER  & SON, (Spelter and Tinmen's,) 820 Rachel,
or 821 North Second.
JOHN LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine st., above Fifth.
WM. BARBER, 110 South Eighth street, below Chestnut.
McALLISTER & BROTHER, 728 Chestnut street.
NATHAN E. MORGAN, 610 Sansom.
SAMUEL FOX, 537 North Second, above Noble.
ISAAC SCHNAITMANN, 225 North Fourth.
H. A. HEUSSLER, northeast cor. Fourth and Harmony Court.
BOHLER, TOMSON & WEIKEL, 248 N. Third, below Vine.
C. J. FELL & BROTHER, (see page 269,) 120 South Front.
J. E. CARPENTER, 862 North Fourth, below Poplar.
WM. GOLDSMITH, northwest corner Green and New Market.
ELDRIDGE & FITLER, 1028 North Front.
GEO. J. HENKELS, (Hubs,) North Sixth, above Thompson.
JOHN JACKSON & CO., (also Warp Mills, Reels, and Temples,)
1089 and 1091 Germantown Road, opp. Second stree
WILLIAM FABER, 214 North Fifth st., above Race.
JABEZ E. WOOD, North Fifteenth, corner Hamilton.
(See Car Springs and Carriage do., Sofa do.)
(See Glass, page 278.)
WILER & MlOSS, (see page 191,) 225 South Fifth street
MANUFACTURERS.
AltTICLES.
Smelting of Metals.
Snuff. (Seep. 388.)
Boa,p and Candles.
(See page 383.
Boaps,Fancy&Toilet.
(See page 410.)
Soapstone. (See p. 367.
Soda-Ash.
Soda Water Syrups.
- - Apparatus.
Sofa Springs.
Solder.
Sour-Crout Cuttera.
Spectacles. w
(See page 348.
Spectacle Cases.
Spices, &c.
Spice Xi]-Is.
Spirit & Plumb Lev els.
Spokes, Felloes and
Hubs.
8 oling and Bobbin
achines.
Spoons & Forks' Bilv.
(See also Silver Ware.)
Springs.
Stained Glass.
Stair Rods. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
SAML. T. STRATTON, Hancock & Phoenix streets.
JOHN GLADDING, 117 and 529 South Second.
DAVID M. HOGAN, 418 Walnut.
HYMEN L. LIPMAN, 26 South Fourth street, (second story).
PIERSON & DIAMENT, 136 and 138 N. Fourth. cor. Cherry.
SAMUEL SCHURCH, 240 Race street
JOHN B. SPRINGER, Fifth and Walnut.
C. P. PERRY, (Bookbinder & Publisher,) 8. W. cor. 4th & Rac4
(Iron, seepage 295; Marble, see page 365.)
(See Machinery, &c.; also page 316.)
JOHN L. KITE, (Kite's Patent Ventilating,) 13 Drinker's Alley,
147 North Second.
(See Ship Building; also, see pp. 318-327.)
(See Candles, page 384.)
(See page 287.)
(See page 181.)
JOHN STEEL & CO., (Patent Balances,) Farmer, near 7th
C.  E. FISK & SON, 13 South Sixth st., (basement.)
B. SACHS, 306 Market st., above Third.
GEORGE CHARLES, 609 Sansom street.
JOHN FAGAN, 623 St. James street.
L. JOHNSON & CO., 606 Sansom street.
MEARS & DUSENBERY, 322 Harmony street.
S. P. SMITH, (also Frames, Springs, Fasteners,) 1026 Chestnut.
C. A. BUTTS, (also Cravats, Scarfs,) 27 North Eighth street.
(See Hosiery.)
(See page417. )
MILTON FORMAN,  (also Awning Frames,) 668 Broad street,
below Ridge Avenue, West side.
(See page 201.)
ABBOTT & LAWRENCE, 410 Brown street.
NORTH, CHASE & NORTH, 209 North Second.
(See also Iron Founding, Ranges, &c.)
(See page 413.)
CHAS. WILHELM, (also, Hall, Hotel, &c.) 919 Race street.
KING & HYNEMAN, 233 South Fifth, and Prime, below Fifth
Statues.
Steam Engines.
Steam Heating
paratus.
Steamers.
Stearin Candles.
Steel
Steel Engraving.
Steelyards.
Stencil Cutting.
Stockings.
Stockings, Elastic.
Stone-Cutters' Tools.
Straw Goods
Street Lamps,
Street-Sweeping Xa  chines.
Sugar, Refined.
Sugar Apparatus.
Sulphuric Acid,
Surgical Instrum'ts.
Surveyors' Inst'mts.
Suspenders.
(See page 386.)
(See pages 192-328.)
(See Chemicals, pp, 207-210.)
(See page 415.)
(See Instruments.)
J. J. HEBERSTECK, 1109 North Third street.
.485
ARTICLES.
Starch.
Stationery.
(Also see Blank Books,
page 178.)
Ap
Stereot,Xping & Elea trotyp;n
(gS;e page 172.)
Stocks, Hair.
Stocks, Ties, &a.
Stoneware.
Stoves.
(See page 290.
A 
486      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
MANUFACTURERS.
THOMAS BURNS, 119 Walnut.
(See Britannia Ware.)
WM. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, 720 Chestnut street.
FRANCIS HOGUET, 307 Cypress.  (See also FURNITURE.)
WM. E. LOCKWOOD, (Sharp's Patent,) 236 Chestnut.
A. F. WARD,  (Inch Measures, Crayons, Scales, Protractors,
Squares, &c.) 333 and 335 Chestnut street.
J. E. CARPENTER, (Squares, &c.) 862 N. 4th, below Poplar.
MORRIS L. KEEN, West Philadelphia.
(See Leather, page 357.)
(See Bindings and Webbing; also page 236.)
JAMES TAYLOR, 1916 Callowhill.
J. HALL ROHRMAN, (Japanned,) 606 Cherry street.
Tailors' & Sad Irons.
Tanning & Currying.
Tape.
Taxidermy.
Tea Boxes and Canis ters.
Tea Services.
Teeth, Porcelain
Telegraph Inst'mts.
Telescopes.
Terra Cotta.
JOHN O. MEAD & SONS, (Plated,) Ninth and Chestnut.
(See Artificial Teeth, and page 398.)
JAMES J. CLARK,  S. E. corner Second and Dock streets.
ADOLPH WIRTH, 704 Arch, above Seventh.
LORENZE STAUDACHER, (see page 201,)1742 North Eleventh,
above Columbia.
(See Philosophical Instruments.)
Thermometers and
Barometers.
Thimbles, Gold and
Silver.
Threshing Machines.
Tickings.
Tiles.
Tin Boxes, Canis  ters, &c.
GEORGE P. PILLING, 214 Gold street.
GEO. W. SIMONS & BROTHER, (see p. 345,) Sansom st. HaL
DAVID LANDRETH & SON, 21 and 23 South Sixth.
(See Dry Goods, page 235.)
(See pages 200-365.)
JOHN AMBLER, Jr., (Preserving Cans,) 711 Spring Garden st.
JOHN  S. HODGKINSON, (also Druggists' Tinware,) 2 Fetter
Lane, Third, above Arch.
(See Chemicals, pages 207-209.)
Tin, Crystals & Salt
of.
Tin Lamlp Shades.
CHARLES WILHELM,  (Patent Transparent Fancy Counting House and Nursery Shades, and Patent Mica Shade Protect.
ors,) 919 Race street.
JOHN AMBLER, Jr., 711 Spring Garden street.
CUMMING & BRODIE, (and Composition,) 29 North Seventh.
W. GILBERT, 7 South Seventh street.
SAMUEL POWELL, 412 South Second, below Pine.
CHARLES WILHELM, 919 Race street, above Ninth.
JOHN AMBLER, Jr., (Improved Milk-Cans and Buckets, Ice cream Freezers, &c.; also, Gas-Consuming Sheet-Iron Stoves,)
711 Spring Garden street.
W. GILBERT, (Plain and Planished; also, Milk-Cans, Fancy
Gas Lamps, &c.,) 7 South Seventh street.
SAMUEL POWELL, (Milk, Cream, & Oil Cans, &c.,) 412 S. 2d.
ARTICLES.
Syringes, Glass.
Metallic.
Swords & Side Axms.
Tables, Extension.
Tags, Tickets, &c.
Tailors' Implements.
Tin and Metallic
Roofmg.
(See page 417.)
Tinware. 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTICLES.                             MANUFACTURERS.
CHARLES WILHELM,  (Models  executed after designs,) 919
Race street.
ISAAC S. WILLIAMS, (see page 417,) 726 Market.
(See page 388.)
H. B. ANTRIM, 713 North Broad, corner Wallace.
WM. G. BAMBREY, (Shoemakers' and Machinists',) 223 Crown
street, above Race.
JOSEPH RUE, (Hammer, Plane, Hand Saw, Axe, Pick, and
Auger, &c.) 845 Parrish street.
JOHN DOLL, (Checkers. Paper Babies, Snake Games, &c.) 144
North Second, above Arch.
LUDWIG GREINER, 414 North Fourth, above Callowhill.
HADDEN, CARLL & PORTER, (Tin,) 130 North Second.
J. B. SHAW, (Drums, Boats, &c.) 1023 Chestnut.
J. T. VANKIRK, Agent, Frankford, (for Kerosene & Brecken ridge Oils; also, Brass Fluid Tubes and Extinguishers.)
M. ROBINSON & CO., (for Exhibitions; also, Sign Writing,) 19
North Second.
(See Rat and Roach Traps.)
Tinware.-Continued.
(See page 417.)
Tobacco Manufact'rs
Tool Handles.
Transparencies.
Traps.
Trimmings, Carriage
, Ladies Dress.
(See Dry Goods, page 244.)
(See Dry Goods, page 245.)
J. B. CHAMPROMY, 133 North Third street.
JOHN C. GRAHAM, 607 Cherry street.
H. W. HENSEL, (see page 247,) 20 North Fourth.
W. H. HORSTMANN & SONS, (see page 246,) Fifth and Cherry.
CHARLES MEVES, 9 South Eighth street.
J. G. MAXWELL & SON, Eleventh and Chestnut.
And many others.
G. T. BECHMANN,  (Blind and Shade,  &c.) northwest corner
Third and Callowhill.
CHARLES MEVES, 9 South Eighth street.
WM. ROSE & BROS., Market st., ab. Bridgewater, W. Phila.
JONES YERKES, (and Packing Levers,) 105 South Second.
GEO. B. BAINS, 302 Market st., and 6 N. Fourth, ab. Market
DUNN & CO., Masonic Temple, 721 Chestnut street.
THOMAS W. MATTSON, 402 Market street, above Fourth.
J. M. MIGEOD, 27 S. Sth st., (2d story,) entrance on Lodge Al.
WM. R. SCOTT, 119 North Front street.
And many others.
LAWRENCE M. POTTS, (Iron,) 9 St. James street.
Trunk and Valise
Frames.
Trusses & Bandages.
(See page 417.)
HORN & ELLIS, 307 Race street.
B. C. EVERETT, (Everett's Premium Patent Graduating Pres  sure Truss, &c., see page 417,) 14 North Ninth street.
Dr. M. McCLENACHAN, (also Spinal Apparatus, Supporters,
&c., by Mrs. McClenachan,) 50 North Seventh street.
(See Cedarware and Tinware.)
EDW'D BORMAN, (Drawn Metallic, for Philosophical Instru.
ments, &c.,) 523 Cherry.
MORRIS, TASKER & CO., (Wrought Iron,) 3d, below Walnut.
HARVEY & FORD, (see p. 393,) Goldsmiths' Hall, 422 Library
THEODORE KANNEGIESER  (also Metal,) 111 South Eighth.
THOMAS SHAW, New st., cor. Front.
WM.  G. BAMBREY, 223 Crown st., above Race.
HARMAN BAUGH, 125 Elfreth's Alley, bet. Arch and Race.
487
Toys.
Tops and Tubes, for
Lamps.
, Upholstery.
Trowels.
Trucks, Store.
Trunks, Valises, &c.
(See page 378.)
Tubs.
Tubes.
Turning, Bone, Ivo ry & Fancy Wood.
Turning, Wood. 
PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ARTICnES.                             MANUFAcvuaaas.
JOHN CUNDEY, 732 North Fourth st., and 411 Brown.
JOHN JACKSON & CO., ].089 and 1091 Germantown Road.
GEO. H. KOECHLEIN, 526 North Front st., above Noble.
JOSEPH RUE, 845 Parrish street below Ninth.
JOHN LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine street.
WM. SELLERS & CO., (see page 313,) 16th and Hamilton.
(See Rope, page 373.)
(See page 172.)
J. E. CARPENTER, (Pin Type,) 862 North Fourth.
H. W. HOOK, (see page 171,) Broad and Pleasant street.
(See Chemicals, page 209.)
WM. A. DROWN & CO., (see page 391,) 246 Market street.
JOSEPH FUSSELL, 2 N. Fourth, northwest corner Market.
SIMON HEITER, (see page 392,) S. W. corner 3d and Market.
M. HINCKLEY, 905 Vine st., above Ninth.
JOSEPH I. MATTHIAS, 555 North Second, above Noble.
BENEDICT MILLER, 158 North Sixth st., near Race.
W. H. RICHARDSON, (see page 392,) 418 Market street.
SLEEPER & FENNER, (see page 391,) 336 Market street.
SHARON SLEEPER, 1002 Market st., above Tenth.
WM. S. TOLAND, 413 Coates, below Fifth.
WRIGHT, BROTHERS & CO., (see page 391,) 324 Market.
And many others.
SAMUEL FISHER, (Pearl,) 1509 Linden st., above Chestnut.
HARVEY & FORD, Goldsmiths' Hall, Library st., (see p. 393.)
THEODORE KANNEGIESER, 111 South Eighth.
THOMAS SHAW, New st., cor. Front.
J. T. VANKIRK, Agent, Frankford, (Metallic Mountings; also,
Buggy Umbrella Handles and Mountings complete.)
WM. WEHRFRITZ, 242 North Fourth street.
Turn-Tables.
Twines and Lines.
Type Founding.
Type for Blind.
Type MYetal.
Ultramarine.
Umbrellas&Parasols.
(See page 389)
Umbrella-makers'
Tools.
Umbrella & Paras ol
Sticks.
Upholstery.
(See page 275.)
BORIE & MACKIE, Frankford, (Carved in Imitation of French,
Laurel, Hickory, &c.)
H. B. BLANCHARD & CO., 727 Chestnut street.
FISHER & BROTHER, Vine, corner Fourth.
ALFRED SMITH, 408 Spruce street.
J. W. WINTER, 28 South Fifth street.
And many others.
(See page 219.)
GEO. J. BURKHARDT & CO., (see p. 419) Broad & Buttonwood.
ASKAM & SON, 131 Dock st., below Second.
WM. QUINN, 416 Library street, (Spring and Lever Operating
Four-wheel, for ladies, gentlemen, invalids, and juveniles.)
CHARLES S. SWOPE, 753 South Third street.
T. W. & J. A. YOST, 214 Dock st. and Franklin Av., cor. 3d.
ALEX'R BECRAFT, rear of 426 Walnut st.
(See MAHOGANY.)
ISRAEL AMIES, (Patentee,) 25 and 27 Minor, corner Sixth.
A. BRITTON & CO., 44 North Second street.
C. W. CLARK, 139 South Second st., above Walnut street.
R. W. KENSIL, 939 Race street.
B. J. WILLIAMS, 16 North Sixth street.
Varnishes.
Vats. Tanks, &a.
Velocipedes, Peram bulators, &a.
Veneers and Fancy
Woods.
Veneers, Embossed.
Venetian Blinds.
(See p. 275.)
488
ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Turning, Wood.-Con tinwa.
Umbrella &:Paraso
Furniture.
I
i 
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES.
ARTICLES.                             MANUFACTURERS.
JOHN CUNDEY, 732 N. Fourth, and 411 Brown.
ARTICLES.
Venetian Blind Pul leys.
Verandahs Tents, &e.
JOSEPH H. FOSTER, 443 North Third, above Willow.
GEORGE W. FOX, 6 Hart's Building, 6th, above Chestnut.
ARNOLD & WILSON, 1010 Chestnut street.
J. KAHNWEILER & BRO., (Patent,) Third, above Arch.
M. MANSURE, Willing, near Arch, between 22d and 23d.
EMIL MATTHIEU, 120 and 124 Lombard, below Second.
JAS. G. PEALE, (Cider & White Wine,) N. E. cor. 3d & Noble.
A. M. ALBERT, 303 Green street.
JOSEPH NEFF, (Premium American,) 110 North Fourth street.
JOSEPH WINNER, ]48 North Eighth street.
(See page 394.)
SAVERY & CO., Front street, below Reed.
DAVID LANDRETH & SON, 21 and 23 South Sixth street.
(See Chronometers.)
(See page 345.)
CHARLES FARCIOT, (also Medallions,) 404 Library.
J. & S.S. LIPPINCOTT, (in Bottles,) 916 Filbert street.
H. HOCHSTRASSER, 118 South Tenth, corner George.
CHARLES PRENOT, (also Clock,) 411 Merchant street.
JOSEPH FRITZ, (French Leather, Fob Chains,) 1313 N. 4th.
CHARLES FARCIOT, Evans' Building, 404 Library street.
G. W. OSBORNE & CO., (see page 209,) 104 North Sixth st.
JOHN AMBLER, Jr., (Improved Stone Jars,) 17 Spring Garden.
W. GILBERT, No. 7 South Seventh street.
GEO. W. NICKELS, (and XL-all Refrigerators,) 606 Cherry st.
C. MOUSLEY, (also Channel Wax and Heel Balls, and Colors,)
1551 Germantown Road, below Oxford.
F. SNYDER, 4.35 Franklin Avenue, below Fifth.
Mrs. A. M. HOLLINGSWORTH,  (also Fruit, and Material for
Flowers, see page 414,) 48 North Ninth street.
WILER & MOSS, (see page 191,) Fifth, below Walnut.
A. C. BROWN, (Gilt,) northeast corner Eighth and Buttonwood.
(See Dry Goods, page 232.)
JOHN DUDLEY, (Girth, Roller, Boot, Shoe, Trunk and Corded
Rein, &c.,) 207 Quarry, above Arch, between 2d and 3d.
JOS. SPITZ, (Rein, Girth, Boot and Trunk, &c.) 928 N. 3d st.,
above Poplar.
AMASA STONE, (Chair and Sofa,) 207 Quarry, above Arch, bet.
Second and Third.
PHILADELPHIA WEBBING COMPANY, 9 Bank street.
GEORGE W. CARR & CO., 124 and 126 Willow street.
(See page 393.)
Ventilators.
Ventilating Chairs.
Vices.
Vinegar and Cider.
(S     ee p. 270.)
Violins & Violon cellos. (See Musical In struments,        page  408.)
Wagons, &c.
Wagon Boxes.
Washing Machines.
Watches.
Watch Cases.
Watch Case Springs.
Waters, Saratoga.
Watch Clocks, &c.
Watch Springs.
Guards.
Watc,hmakers' Tools.
Water Colors.
Coolers.
40
489
MANUFACTURERS.
Wax, Shoemakers'.
Wax Candles.
Flowers.
Wax Taper Holders.
Weather Vanes. -
Weaving.
Webbing,
(See Dry Goods, p. 256.)
Whalebo-ae & Rattan
I 
490      PHILADELPHIA AND ITS MANUFACTURES.
ARTICLES.                          MANUFACTURERS.
Wheels, Ox & Tim- SIMONS, COLEMAN & CO.,  North Font street.
SIMONS, COLEMAN.* CO., e109 North Front street.
D. G. WILSON, J. CHILDS & CO., St. John and Buttonwood.
(See Wagons, &c., page 394.)
CHARLES P. CALDWELL, (see page 378,) 4 North Fourth.
PEARSON & SALLADA, 20 North Sixth.
(See Umbrella Furniture.)
Whip  and Cane
Mountings.
Whiting and Chalk.
White Lead.
Wigs, Toupees, &c.
CHARLES HASSE, Cadwalader, above Columbia street.
(See Paints, page 215.)
RICHARD DOLLARD, 513 Chestnut, opposite State House.
GEORGE THURGALAND, 29 South-Sixth, above Chestnut.
And many others.
H. COULTER, (also Importer of Fancy Baskets,) 17 N. Third,
corner Church Alley.
JOHN STINGER, (see page 400,) 511 Dickerson st., below Reed,
Southwark.
CHIPMAN & WHITE, 11 South Front street.
ROWE & EUSTON, (and Cedar-ware,) 157 and 159 N. Third st.
(See Capstans, &c.)
xM  ROBINSON & CO., (Buff Transparent, &c.,) ]9 N. Second st.
W. EARLE SMITH, 25 North Sixth street.
BAYLISS & DARBY, (see page 338,) 226 Arch street.
JAMES P. FENNELL, 36 North Sixth st., corner Farmer.
SELLERS BROTHERS, (see page 338,) 18 North Sixth street.
WATSON, COX & CO., (see page 338,) 46 North Front.
And many others.
MARSHALL,  GRIFFIN  & CO., (see page 298,) 1142 N. Front.
M. BIRD, (also Bonnet,) 227 Franklin Avenue.
(See page 395.)
C. DREBY, 414 North Second, above Callowhill
J. LOUIS & SON, 504 Vine street, above Fifth.
W. J. WALKER, 819 Spruce st., above Eighth.
(See Dry Goods, page 237.)
ALFRED JENKS & SON, Bridesburg, (see p. 299 & Appendix.)
(See Dressing Cases and Mahogany Cases.)
(See Wooden-ware.)
(See Dry Goods, page 232.)
E. W. P. TAUNTON, (Azumea, the Premium Baking Powder,
14 Decatur street.
RICHARD WEST, 1247 Shackamaxon street.
(See TIN, ZINC, and SHEET-IRON WARE, page 417
(See PAINTS, page 217.)
Willow-war e, Bas kets, &c.
(See page 400.,
Windlasses.
Window Shades,
Wi       re, G   alvanized.
.Philosophical.
Wood Manufactures.
Wooden-ware.
(See p. 406.)
Wool en G          oods.
Woolen Machinery.
Work Boxes.
Yardsticks.
Yarns.
Yeast Powders.
Yellow MPetal.
Zinc Manufactures.
Zinc Paints.
THE END.
ARTICLES.
MANUFACTURERS.
Wheels, Ox & Tim ber.
Wheelbarrows.
Whips and Canes.
Wire-work.
(See page 338.