I! X t. I 5} G. 4 4 4 %. I I *w. C 4~ Z I I 4 II i ]. Am 8 t r j a i 4 A; I A, d f I 6 lw I I A COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY BY } EL JUSTIN RODDY, NLS., PW.D DPRMNIOF GEOGRPISY FIS PEN.: SYVNA ANNO FNH *~c....... ' ', * * * ' *;. 1NEW YORK C N CFITCACO AMERIAN BOK CMPAN PREFACE THE series of geographies of which this book forms the advanced volume is designed to meet the demands of teachers who find it impossible to expand the study of this subject so far into the causes of present geographical conditions as to call for scientific attainments on the part of children. It is intended primarily as an "information" series. The causal relations, while by no means ignored, are kept within elementary bounds, thus recognizing the limitation of the child mind. Such a selection of the chief facts of this vast subject has been made for this series as will adjust it to meet a distinct demand for new geographies, thoroughly up to date, and adapted to use in ordinary schools rather than adapted to a particular use in a highly specialized and organized ideal system. Great care has been taken to acquaint the pupil with the world-wide interests that are now before us, and to prepare him to take his part in the advance that we must make in all the practical arts of life. With the outreach of our country, through its now vast outlying possessions on both sides of the world, opening the way to unlimited commercial expansion, the new geography has been forced to a point of view which necessitates a thorough recognition of its commercial or business aspect. The union of the thoroughly practical and useful side, now brought into greater prominence, with sufficient of the new and scientific side to enlighten the whole subject, presents a treatment adapted to existing demands, which it is believed this series fully meets. The descriptions of the political, industrial, and social features of the various countries have been made quite full, since these matters are thought to be more important than physiographic details in giving to the young pupil such vivid and useful mental pictures as will aid him to assimilate his reading both during his school days and in after life. Every one recognizes the value of map study in connection with geography, but few realize as fully as the actual teacher the amount of practice necessary to enable a pupil to "read a map " intelligently, or the proneness of pupils generally to read the text without intelligently referring to the map. To secure proper practice in map reading, formal map studies or questions have been inserted with each map, directing attention to the most important and essential features. The physical maps of grand divisions are drawn to the same scale, thus enabling the pupils to form correct concepts of the relative size of countries. The political and more detailed maps are not mere skeletons, giving only the names that are required by the text, but are full enough to serve all the ordinary purposes for reference. The illustrations are new and fresh, reproduced mostly from photographs collected from all parts of the world, with a view to helping out and illustrating the text and not for mere embellishment. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY NORTH AMERICA. The United States Countries North of the United States Countries South of the United States PAGE 8.... 10 21... 25. 31 *.. 73.. * 77 SOUTH AMERICA EURASIA Europe Asia AFRICA AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS TABLES PAGE... 81.. * 91 *.. 95...113... 125 ~ *133 OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN...... 142 Copyright, 1902, 1913, 1915, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Entered at Stationers' Hall, London. E P 44 i&L; ~a(..~,,.;.:; ^,, INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY KEY. -VowELS: in late, K in fat, & in care, a in far, i in Mst, a in fall, a in was, a in final, au in author; A in me, g in met, berry, e In veil, 8 in trm,.in novel; I in fine, I in tin, i in police, i in basin; o ill note, 6 in not, o in son, 8 in for, o inl do; inl tiune, 6 in nut, u inll rude (= o), u in full, uii = French u, ua = wa, ue = we; Y in my, t in hmnn. CONSONANTS; C in cent, machine, e in can; g in gem, g in get; G and K = German ch; n = ng, n like ny in barnyard, N = ng but is silent; s=z; fh in fhine; F =gz. Italic letters are silent. Ab ys sin'i a, 130 A con ca'gua, 82 A crop'olis, 108 ad ap ta'tion, 20 Ad'dis Able ba, 130 Ad'e laide, 136 Alden, 116 Ad i ronfdacks, 44 Ad ri an o6ple, 108 Ad ri atlic Sea, 95 A getan (e-) Sea, 95 afflu ents, 16 Afghan istan', 116 Af'rl ca, 125-132 agiriculture, 22, 33, 43,48,53,58,62,66, 69,74,78, 79,84,97, 115-123, 129-132, 135, 137 Aigua, 78 Ag-has (-yaiis), C., 126 Ak'ron, 49 Al a ba/ma, 69 A la me'da, 71 A laska, 71 Al bA'ni ans, 108 Allbany (al-), 44 Allbe marle, 58 Ail bi quer'que (-kfir'ka), 67 Alep'pO, 116 A le4ti an (-shi-), 71 Al e hn'dri a, 130 Al ge'rl aii, 130, 102 Al igt6', 130 Al1 gRhe ny plateaus, 31, 43 Alfle ghe ny, 45 Al'pTne plateau, 92 Alps, 92, 95, 96 Altall, 114, 115 Al t ma ha' (al-), 67 Am a de'us, L., 135 Am'a zon, 82 A meerf, 117 Am'Irante Is., 91 Am'ster dam, 103 A mi, 92, 115 A mur, 92 An a con'da, 66 A nim', 119 An da man? Is., 91 Anfder son, 60 Antde~, 81, 82, 83, 84 An drrtra, 102 An dros cogfgin, 40 Anpgle sey, 99 An gOla, 131 an'imals, 20, 21, 28, 78, 88, 92, 93, 127, 133, 135, 137 Ann Arlbor, 61 An nApfo lis, 45 An'nis ton, 69 An tarc'tic, 10, 11, 14 An tlVle an, 77 An tilfle~, 79 Antfwerp, 103 AXpa R., 87 A patches, 67 AP a l6ch'ee B., 67 A pa lach I c5'la, 57 Ap'en nlnea, 96 Ap pa la'chi an, 26, 31, 36, 43 A r1Vbl a, 116 Aribg,b 21, 116, 127, 129, 130, 131 A rXf 'ra, 133 Arfal, 92 Ar'arAt/ Mt., 113 ar ehl pel'a go, 11 Arc'tic, 10, 11 Ard'mbre, 63 A re quilpfi (-k6'-), 88 Ar k6n ti'na, 86, 87,84 Ar I zo'na, 67 I Arfkan sas, 62 1 Ar me'nI an~, 116 I Arryann, 21 I A shanfti, 131 I Ashe'ville, 68 I Asia (a'shi a), 113 I Asia Minor, 92 I As to'rI a, 70 I A sun c'i On', 87. I A ta cafma, 87 I Atba'ra, 126 I Atch af a lay'a, 62 I Ath a bas'ca L., 27 I Athens, 59; 108 I Atlan'ta, 59 I Atlan'tic, 11 I Atlantic City, 45 I Atlantic plain, 31 I At'las Mts., 125, 130 I atfmos phere, 17-19 b a toll', 137 I Au'burn, 40 Auck'land, 137 Au gis'ta, 40; 69 Aullagas (oul y agas), t 82 1 Au Salble R., 47 E Aus'tin, 63 1 Aus tra'li a, 133-136 I Aus'trl a-Hunlg ry, 1 104, 105, 97 Au vergfie (6-), 102 avla lanche, 20 1 axlis, 8, 9 1 A zoft, Sea, 96 A zores', 107 Azrtecs, 29 Bab 6l Manldeb, 126 1 Bad Lands, 63 Bafifin B., 25 1 Bagdadr, 116 I Ba hamas, 79 ] Ba hVd, 85 ] Bai'kal, 92 ] Baku', 110, 116 BAl e Aric, 107 ] Bal kan?, 92, 96 Bal kashf, 92 1 B1 la rat, 136 1 Balftic Sea, 95 Balldt more, 45, 44: Ba 1u chis tan', 119: Banrda Sea, 91 ] Bang kok, 119: BantgOr, 40 ] Bang we 6o'lo, L., 126 BAnk'a, 123 bar, 17 Baii ra'n5f, 71 Bar a ta'ri a Bay, 61 Bar'ba dos, 79 bar'ba rikm, 22 Bar'bary States, 130 Bar'ca, 130 Bar e 1oI'nl, 107 Barfrush', 116 Bar qui si me'tO (-ke-\ 89 Barranquilla (-kelVya), 89 Barren Grounds, 28 barrier beach, 14 Bar'row, Point, 12 Bar'el, 106 ba'lsin, 16 B% t&'vi a, 123 Bath, 40 Bat'on Rouge (rq7h), 62 Batum', 116 bay, 11 Bay City, 6 bay'iu, 57, 62 beach, 14 \ Beeh u aIna land, 132 L Bedfoyiing, 116 We'i ra, 132 3ei'rpt, 116 Bel fasti, 101 Bel'gium, 102, 103 lel grade', 109 B1l ize', 78 Ben Lo'mond, 99 Ben NMv'is, 99 Ben a'r6, 119 Ben gal', B., 91 Ben ge'ela, 14 Ben in', Bight, 125 Ber'ber~, 21, 127,130 B&r'gen, 111 B6ering, 25, 91 Berke'ley, 71 Berk/shire Hills, 41 13gr'lin, 104 13r me'jo (-ho) R., 87 ern, 105 bey, 130 Bhutan', 119 Bi afIra, Bight, 126 Bid'deford, 40 Big Sioux, 65 bight, 11 Billiton', 123 Bir'ming ham, 59; 101 Bis'cay, B., 95 Bis'kra, 130 Bis'marck, 55 Black Hills, 53 Blan'co, C., 69 Blormfibn'tein, 132 Blue Ridge, 31 Boer~, 132 B3 go ta', 89 B he'ml a, 105 Bohmerwald (be'mervalt), 101 Bois' Blanc I., 47 Boi'ge, 66 BMkh a'ra, 115 Bo livIl a, 88, 81 B6 lognta (-ya), 106 Bom bay', 119 Bo ni fa'cio (-cho), Str., 101 Bordeaux ' (-d5), 102 bore, 82 Bbrgfie, L., 61 BOr'ne o, 123 B6i'nl a, 105 Bos'pO ris, 96 BWs'ton, 41 Both'nl a, G., 95 bottom land, 17 Brah'man ism, 23 Brah ma pgtra R., 91 branch, 16 Bra zil'l, 85, 84, 82 Bra'zos, 62 breaker, 13 Bres'lau (-lou), 104 Bridgelport, 41 Bridge'town, 79 BrIs'bane, 136 Bris'tol, 101 Brittish, see Greal Britain British Co lmbl a, 75 Brock'ton, 41 Brook'lyn, 44 Bruns'wick, 59 Brusrsels, 103 Ba eha rest', 109 Bg'dapest, 106 Bud'dhiqm, 23 Bue'nfs Ailres, 87 Buf'fa lo, 44 Bul ga'rl a, 109 Bun'dEsrAth, 104 Burfling ton, 41; 64 Bur'mn, 119 bush, 133 Bi shire', 116 Batte, 66 Ca'bes, 125 ca ca'o, 28, 78, 82, 88, 89, 131 -ai'rO, 129 Cal'ca sieu (-sht), 61 Calcut'ta, 119 Ca ledo'nian Canal, 99 CAllfor'nia, 70, 71 CAl li'o, 88 calms, 18 Ca loo sa hatchlee, 57 Cambay', G., 119 Cam bo'di a, 119 Cam'bri an Mts., 99 Cam'bridge, 41 Cam'den, 45 cam'els, 115,116,119, 121, 129, 130 Campechef, G., 77 carm'pos, 85 Cn'a da, 73-75, 29 Ca na'di an R., 61 Ca na'ry Is., 107 Ca nav'er Al, C., 57 Can'ler, 10 Can ta'bri an, 96 Canfton, 49 Can ton', 121 can'yon, 16 cape, 11 Cape Bret'on, 76 Cape Colto ny, 132 Cape May, 46 Cape Town, 132 Cape Verde Is., 107 Cap'ri corn, 10 CI ra'cAs, 89 Car'de nas, 79 Car'diff, 101 CAr ib bean Sea, 12 CArlo line Is., 137 Carpa'thilan, 96 Car pen ta'ri a, 133 Car'son City, 67 Carta ge'na, 89 cascade', 17 Cascade Mts., 25, 26, 28, 31, 69, 73 Cas'co Bay, 39 Cas'per, 66 Cas'pl an, 92 cat'aract, 17 Ca taw'ba R., 57 Catotche, C., 77 Cats'kills, 44 Cat't6 gat, 95 cattle, 33, 43, 48, 64, 62, 66, 75, 78, 83 -89,99,102-111,115, 129-132, 135, 137 Cau'ca (kou'ka), 89 Cau ca'slans (-shanz), 21 Cau'ca sus, 96, 114 cav'ern, 15 Ca yBnne', 87 C yu'ga L., 43 t Cedar Rapids, 64 C(l'e bes, 137 5 Celt'ic,99 Central A mr'iT ca, 7E Ceph a lbni A (chef-) 101 Cetinje (ch tenlyS) 109 Ce vennes', 96, 102 Cyl 1n', 119 chain, 16 Cham plain', 41 chan'lnel, 11; 16 Channel Islands, 99 Chapel Hill, 68 Ch~rI ton R., 68 Charleq'ton, 47; 68 harflotte, 68 fhar'lotte town, 76 3 Chat ta hoo'chee, 57 C Chat ta noo'ga, 61 C Chau tau'qua L., 43 C Chelyu'skin, C., 113 C Cher o kees', 63 c Ches'a peake, 46 Che sun'cook, 39 Chev i ot (chiv'e ut) Hills, 99 C Chey enne', 66 c Qhica'gW (she-), 50 C Chicka saw~,'63 C Chfle, 87, 88, 84 C ChilMel I., 81 C Chim bo ra'zo, 81, 82 c Chltna, 120, 121, 114 C Chi nese', 120, 121, 32, 69, 89, 123, 135, 139 C Chip'pe wa R., 47 c Choc taw hatch'ee, 57 Choc'taw~, 63 Chofnos Arch., 81 Cho wan' R., 57 C Chris t'i ani a, 111 C Chris tian'i ty, 23 c Ch bUt' R., 81 c Qi en fue'gos, 79 C Qi' mar ron' R., 61 C Cin in na'tl, 49 c Cir cas'sians, 108 C civ I li za'tion, 22 ( Clarks'ville, 61 ( Cleve'lnd, 49 cli'mate, 17, 18 ( Clin'ton, 54 ( clouds, 19 Clyde, 99 ( coal, 36, 43, 49, 54, 58, c 62,66,70,71,74,75, 1 84,87,89,97,99,102, 1 104, 105, 110, 116- 1 123, 132, 135, 137 1 coast, 11 1 Coast Ranges, 31, 69 1 Co cha bam'baii, 88 ] Co'chin Chi'na, 119 1 Cod, C.,..39 ] Ceur d'Alene?, L.,65 ] coffee, 78, 79, 84, 85, < 88, 89, 103, 116, ] 117, 123, 127, 130, 131, 132, 139 C6 logne', 104 Co 1om'bi ii, 89 Cl5m'bo, 119 Color adO, 67; R., 32, 77; plateaus, 66 Colorado Springs, 67 Colim'bia, 69; R., 32; plateaus, 65; Dist., 47 Co lum'bus, 49; 69 com'merce, 22, 38, 40, 44, 49, 68, 70, 74, 78, 79, 84, 97, 117, 120,122 CW'mb, L., 101 Com'orin, C., 113 Con cep'cion (-shun), 88 Cone'ord, 40 B con den sa'tion, 19 Con'gress, 32 Con nect'I cut, 41, Confstance, 105 Con stan l nalple, 108 con'ti nent, 10 con ti nen'tal climate, 18; island, 11; plateau, 11 Coo'sa R., 67 CO pen ha'gen, 111 copper, 36, 49, 66, 71, 74, 78, 84, 107, 115, 119-123, 132, 136 Copts, 21, 129 cor'*I, 11, 133 I orfdo va, 87 lo ren tyn' R., 87.orfful, 101 Wor'inth, G., 101 orn,28,33,43S,48, 53, 58, 62, 63,78, 79, 85, 87, 89, 106, 107, 109, 115, 120, 132, 136 3or'pus -ehris't'i, 61 or ra'sion, 16,or ri en'tes, C., 77 "Or'si ca, 102 "os'sacks, 110 Ios'ta Ri'ca, 78 o teau' (-tot), 63,oteau des Prai ries' 53 'C to px'i', 81, 82 ot'ton, 33, 68, 62, 78, 84, 85, 88, 108, 116, 116, 117, 120, 121, 129-132, 135, 137 Coun'cil Bluffs, 64 Cov'ing ton, 61;ra'ter, 16 creek, 16 Creeks, 63 Crete, 108 -re vasse', 62 Cripple Creek, 67 Ci'ba, 79 Cum'berland, 45; R., 57 Cu ra cao', 87 Cuzco (cs'co), 88 y'clone, 19 (y'prus, 91 czar, 110 l)ahol'mey, 131 Diallas, 63 Da mascus, 116 Dan'ish, 111, 75 Dln'ube, 96, 104 Dar da nele', 95 Dar'ling, 133 DAv'en port, 64 Da'vis Str., 26 Daw'son, 76 day, 8, 9 Daylton, 49 Dead Sea, 116, 126 Dek'kan, 117 Del a go'a B., 126 DOela wire, 45 Del hi (dl'le), 119 del'ta, 17 de moc'ra cy, 28 Den'mark, 111, 76 Den'ver, 67 I)es chutes' R., 69 Desh'neff, C., 113 Des Moines', 64 De troit', 6 dew, 19 DI nar'ic Alps, 96 directions, 8 Dismal Swamp, 67 dI vide', 15 Dnie'per, 96, 109 Dnies'ter R., 96 Don, 96, 109 Don e gul' B., 99 Dol'ro R., 95 DO'ver, 40; 46 Drve, 104 Dres'den, 104 Drin R., 101 Dub'lin, 101 DU buque' (-bak'), 5 Du luth', 54 Dti'na, 109 Dtined'in, 137 Durban'f 132 Dur'ham (-uim), 58 Dutch, 103 44, 89 123, 132, 137 Dwi'na, 109 earth, 7-9 earthquake, 16 east, 8 East Inldies, 123 East St. Louis, 60 Eastern Aou me'll a. 101 E'bro, 96, 101 Ec na dor', 88 Ed'in burgh (-biur r6), 101 Ed'is to R., 67 Elgypt, 129 Elba, 106 Elbe, 96, 104 El brzl, 92, 114, 118 El'gm, 60 E liz'a beth, 46 El PWso, 63 England (Ing'glknd),. 99, 101 English, 99, 29, 32. 40, 44, 68, 73, 79. 84, 117, 132, 136 e qua'tor, 8 equat6'brial current, 14; calm belt, 18,19 E'rTe, 46; L., 26 Erie Canal, 44 E rit're a, 107 e rolsion (-zhun), 16 e rup'tion, 16 Erzige birg (rts'-), 104 Escaul'bl a R., 57 Es'klmos, 29, 71, 78, 76 es'tu a ry, 11 Et'na, 106 Et'o wah R., 67 Eu bae'a (-be'-), 101 Er phra't8s, 92, 116 Eu ra'sia (shI a), 91 E^'r6pe, 93-111 Ev'ans ville, 60 e vap 6 raltion, 19 Ev'erglades, 67, 69 Eyre (fr), 133 Falk'land Is., 81 Fall Line, 31, 48 Fall River, 41 Far'go, 66 FaL're, 111 fault, 16 Felila-heen, 129 Fez, 130 Fez zanf, 180 Fi'jf, 137 Finland, 109 Finns, 96, 110, 111 ford (fybrd), 11 fishing, 22, 33, 39, 70, 71, 74, 76, 97, 122 Flem'ish, 102 flood plain, 17 F15r'enqe, 107 Flori da, 59 fog, 19 for'ests, 28, 89, 43, 49, 64, 57, 68, 62, 66, 70, 71, 74, 77, 82, 83, 97, 109, 111, 116, 116, 122, 128, 127, 130, 132-137 F6rm6'sa, 119 Fort Smith, 62 Fort Wayne, 60 Fort Worth, 63 4 France, 102, 97, 79, 84, 119, 130, 131 Frank'fort, 61 FrEllk'furt-am-Main', 104 Franz-Josef (frants'. yo'zef) Land, 91 Fraser, 73 Fred'er ic ton, 78 Wi n - a m. n - m - — " 71!lrrr~~ n w -. -4, I -, -- I. '4, INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY Free'tuwn, 131 French, 102, 29, 58, 62, 73, 105 Fris'nO, 71 frost, 19 fruit, 33, 43, 48, 58, 62, 63, 66, 69, 74, 78, 79, 85, 87, 89, 97, 99, 102, 105-109, 115, 116, 120, 122, 123, 129-132, 135-139 Fue'go, 78 F. jI yiima, 122 Fun'dy, 75 Gaird'ner, 133 GA, lp't gOs, 89 Gal linas (-ye'-), Pt., 81 Gil'ves ton, 63 Ga'lway B., 99 Gam'b a, 131 Gan'g6e, 92, 117 gap, 15 Gar'da, L., 101 Ga ronne', 102 Gas co nade R., 53 6nn e see', 44 (e ne'va, 105 G6n'o a, 106 Gerge'ttown, 87 Ger'gl a, 59 Ge rail'(zha-) Mts., 87 Ger mantic, 96 Germtns, 104, 105, 44, 51, 55, 84 Germa ny, 103, 104, 97, 131, 137 geyfser, 15 Ghits, 117 Ghent, 103 GIbra'ltar, 108 Gila (hell) R., 65 Gi rOdet (zhe-), 101 glatcial drift, 20 gl5tciers, 19, 20, 105 Glastgow, 101 goats, 105-109, 116, 119, 121, 130, 132 Go'bl, 121 Godai'vari R., 119 Go getbic, 51 gold, 36, 58, 66, 70 71, 74, 75, 78, 84, 87, 89, 97, 110, 115, 116, 119-123, 132, 135, 137 gorge, 15 Goth'en burg, 111 gov'ernment, 23 Grii'ci as a DYos, C., 77 Gram'pl an Mts., 99 Grand Canal, 120 Grand division, 10 Grand Forks, 55 Grand Rap'ids, 61 Great Basin, 32, 65 Great Brit'gin, BrIttish, 99, 101, 97, 74, 75, 78, 79, 84, 108, 119, 121, 123, 129, 131, 132, 136, 137 Great Falls, 66 Great Lakes, 26, 31 Great Mi in'i R., 47 Great Plains, 31, 53 great powers, 97 Great Salt Lake, 32 Greece, 108 Greeks, 108, 116 Green Mts., 41 Green'land, 75, 20 Greens'bo ro, 68 Green'vilte, 59; 61 Greenwich (gr6n'ij), 9 GrY'qua land, 132 ground water, 15 Gua dal I ja'rai (-ht'-), 78 Guii dal qut vir (-ke-) R., 101 Gu das lpe' Mts., 61 Gua di fa na R., 95 Guam, 137. Guar da fui, Cape, 125 Gua t maiila, 78 Guay t quil' (-kel'), 89 Guay'tmis, 78 Gui i'na, 89, 82, 83 Guin'ea, 125 gulf, 11 Gulf Stream, 14 Ghth'rie, 63 Gyp'sies, 108 Hatgere town, 45 Hague, 103 Hal da ratbad', 119 hail, 19 Hal nan', 119 Haittl, 79 Hal'i fax, 75, 74 Ham'burg, 104 Ham'il ton, 74 Ham'ites, 21 Ham'merfest, 111 Hing'chau (-chou), 121 Han kaut (-kou'), 121 Ha noti, 120 Hatrair, 130 Hlrtrls burg, 45 Hart'ford, 41 Hat'ter as, C., 25 H% van'a, 79 Havre, 102 Ha waI'i, 139 HA wai'ian(-yan), 139 hay, 33, 40, 43, 48, 53, 74, 75, 99, 104, 106, 111, 136, 137 -head'land, 11 heat belts, 17, 18 Heb'rI de9, 99 Hectla, Mt., 75 HO 'e na, 66 h6m'I sphere, 8 Hen lo'pen, C., 43 herding, 22, 33, 48, 53, 54, 58, 62, 66, 69, 74, 75, 84, 97, 115, 116, 119, 121, 130, 132, 135, 137. Herze go vi'ln (hertse-), 105 highl'and, 14 hill, 15. Him aila yas, 114, 117 Hin'dB Kgsti, 92, 114 Hin'dqs, 117, 21, 89, 135 Ho ang', 92, 120 Ho'bart, 137 HO'bo ken, 45 Ilock'ing t., 47 hogs, 33, 48, 54, 58, 102, 104, 109, 122 Ho'land, 103 HOl yOke, 41; Mt., 39 Hont'd, 122 Hon dg'ras, 78 H6ng kng', 121 Ho no lt'lg, 139 hook, 11, 14 horses, 33, 48, 54, 68, 62, 75, 83, 84, 102, 104, 109, 115, 116, 119, 121, 132 Hot Springs, 62 Hou sa ton'ic R., 39 Hoas'ton, 63 Ho'vas, 131 Hud'son R., 43, 44 Hull, 101 Hum'ber R., 99 Hum'boldt, 65 Hun ga'rI ans, 105, 44, 96 Huntga ry, 104, 105 Hunt'ing ton, 47 Hunts'ville, 69 Huiron, 26 hur'ri cane, 19 iqe'berg, 20 Icetlnd, 75 Itda ho, 66 1 ri mt'nY (-ye-), K8i Il 11 nois', 50; R., 48 11 1'lo, 123 Im'bros, 101 In'cas, 84, 88 In'dfa, 117, 118, 114 In'dian 0., 11 Indian Ter., 63 In di iAn'a, 49, 50 In di An 'pto lis, 50 In'dl ans, 21, 29, 32, 63, 66,71, 74, 78, 84 In dtg'ir'ka R., 91 Itn5l-Chl'na, 119 In'dus, 92, 117 in'dus tries, 22 Ito wa, 54 Iquique (6 kO'ka), 88 I rain, 92, 114 Ira wat'd, 119 Ire'lnd, 99 101 Ir ktsk', 1t5 iron, 36, 43, 49, 54, 58, 67, 74, 75, 84, 97, 99, 102, 104-107, 110, 111, 115-123, 130 isIland, 11 Isle au Haut (el1 ho), 39 Isle Roy'ale, 47 i so ther'ral lines, 18 Is pa hatn, 116 Is'syk-Kgl (-sOk-), 91 isthtmus, 11 I tAl'ians (-yans), 106, 44,84,105,130 it'a y, 106, 97 I tAs'ca, 54 Ith'a ca, 44 lz tac ci'huatl, 77 Jack'son, 51; 61 Jack'son ville, 59 Ja mai'ca, 79 Ja pan', 122, 114 Jap a ne', 122, 139 Jatva, 123 Jef'fer son City, 55 Jer'sey City, 45 Je ru'sa lem, 116 Jews, 21, 93, 108, 110, 116, 117, 130 Jo hanu'ns burg (yo-), 132 Jo'li et, 50 Jop'lin, 55 Ju in'(hq-) de FU'ca, Str., 69 Ju'da ism, 23 Jii ni at'a R., 43 Ju'ra, 102 JD rg at (zhu-) R., 87 K'bugl, 117 kai'ser, 104 Kala ma zoo', 51 Kim chat'ka, 92 Ka me rgn', 131 Ka n4twha R., 30 KaSn dihar', 117 Ka nik'su L., 65 Kn'sas, 65 Kansas City, 55 Kiara Sea, 95 Ka rii kO'ram Mts., 119 Karroo', 132 Kas kas'ki a R., 47 Ka taihdin, 39 Ke'ni a, 125 Ken ne bOc', 40 Ken tuck'y, 50, 51 Ketwee naw B., 47 key, 59 Key West, 69 khan, 23 Kh ni'a, 108 Khar kof', 110 khe dive', 129 Khin ghin', 114 Khi'va, 115 Kiauchau (ke ou' chou), 121 KiiOf', 110 Ki lau eWa (-lou-), 139 Kil i min ja r't, 125 Kil lirtney, 99 Kim'berley, 132 Kin'e 6, 39 Kings'ton, 79 Kio'len (kyO'-) 92 Kirg hiz' Steppe, 116, 114 Kis si meet R., 57 Kist'na R., 119 Kit ta tininy Mt., 43 Kiushu 'kyu shyU'), 119 Kliamath R., 69 Klon'dike, 75 Knox'ville, 61 Ko'be, 122 K0 k6-NOr', 91 Ko ly ma' R., 91 KOn'go, 126 Kongo State, 131 Kootte ni R., 65 TK re'a, 121, 92 Kot'ze bie Sound, 71 KuOn lunt, 92, 114 K.grds, 116 Ku ro sil'w, 14 Kyo'tO, 122 Lab ra dOr, 76 Lac'ca dive Is., 91 La CrOsse', 51 LAd'o ga, 92 La drones', 137 lagoon', 14 La Guai'ra, 89 lake, 16 lake plains, 48 land, 10 Lan'sing, 51 La Paz' (path'), 88 Lap'land ers, 96, 110, 111 La PlYita, 87 Larta mie, 66 La re'do, 63 Las'st, 121 LAs'sen Peak, 70 Latin, 96 lat'i tude, 9 Lau rOn'tian (-shi an) plateau, 26, 73 lai'v, 15 Law'rence, 41 lead, 54, 66, 97, 106, 107, 116, 120, 123 Lead, 55 Lad'ville, 67 Leav'en worth, 65 Leedg, 101 Leg'is la ture, 32 L'high R., 43 Leip'zig (tsiK), 104 Lem'nos, -101 Letna, 92 Le'on, 78 Le vant', 108 lev'ee, 57, 62 Lew'is ton, 40 Lex'ing ton, 61 Leyte (lW'e ta), 91 Li ao tung' (-ou-), 119 Li be'r a, 131 Lib'y an Desert, 129 Lib'y ans, 21 Liechtten stein(lKe'-), 105 Li ege' (-azh'), 103 life regions, 21 Lille, 102 L'ma, 88 Line'oln, 55 LIpta ri, 106 Lig'bon, 107 Little Rock, 62 Liv'erpool, 101 Lla'no Es ta ca'dO, 63 llhtnOs, 83 Loch (16K) LO'mond, 99 LOdz, 110 Lo f'den, 111 Loire (Iwar), 96, 102 L6n'don, 74; 101 Long Branch, 45 lontgi tude, 9 LO pit'kia, Cape, 113 LOrne, Firth, 99 LOs An'gel Bs (-hl-), 71 LOugh Neigh, 99 Lou'i si atna, 62 Lon'is ville, 61 LOu rn'co Marquez' (-kOs'), 132 LOw'ell, 41 15wiland, 14 Leorne', 105 Luck'now, 119 lumbering, 22, 36, 40, 45, 49, 54, 68, 62, 70, 74, 87, 97, 105, 109, 111, 119 Lix'Sn burg, 104 Lu zont, 123 Lynchlburg, 47 Lynn, 41 Lylons, 102 Ma ca'o, 121 Me Don'nell Range, 135 Ma chi'as B., 39 Mac ken'ziz, 26, 73 Mack'i nac, Str., 47 McKintley, Mt., 71 Ma'con, 59 MAd a gas'car, 131 Ma dei'ra Is., 107 Mad'i son, 51 Madras', 119 Ma drid', 107 Magda le'na, 82 Ma agf'lan, 81 Maggiore (mid jo'ra), L., 101 Maine, 40 Ma kas'sar, Str., 91 Malac'ca, Str., 91 3ilr:a ga, 107 SNl agAs'y, 131 Ma lays', 21, 119, 123, 135, 137 Mil'dive Is., 91 Mal heur' R., 69 Mamtmoth Cave, 50 Ma naar', G., 119 Mia na'gua, 78 Ma na'os, 85 Mlan'ches ter, 40; 101 Man chlu'r a, 121 Man/dalay, 119 manda rin', 121 Man hat'tan, 44 Ma ni'l, 123 Man is teet R., 47 Man toba', 75 Man'itou I., 47 man u facttur ing, 22, 36, 40-71, 74, 97,99, 102, 104, 105, 110, 115-122, 135 Mao ris, 137 Ma ri eai'b, 89 Mar ga ri'ta, 87 Ma rit'za (-sa), 108 Mar'mo ra, Sea, 95 Ma ro ni' R., 87 Mar seilles', 102 Ma'ry land(moer-),45 Mi skitt, 116 Mas sa chft'setts, 41 Mat a gOr'da B., 61 Ma tin'zas, 79 Mau meet R., 47 Maut'n (mou'-) Lo'a, 139 Mauritius (mau rish'ius), 131 May'as, 29 Mec'ca, 116 Me del lint (-fhOlyen'), 89 Me dY'na, 116 Med i ter ratne an, 91 Me kong', 119 Mel'bourne, 136 Merm'phis, 61 Mg namt, 119 Men dO i'no, C., 25 Mr' i den, 41 me rid'i an, 9 Me rid'i an, 61 Mrl'ri mac, 39 Mrr'tey, 99 me'sa, 14 Me si'ba, 54 Mesh'Od, 116 Mes opo ta'ml a, 115 Mes s'na, 106 Mith'ow R., 69 Meupe R., 101 Mexi co, 77, 78 MIYh'I gan, 51; L., 26 Middle States, 42-47 Mil'an, 106 Mille Lacst, 53 Mil wau'kee, 51 Min da na', 123 MYn do'ro, 91 mining, 22, 36, 43, 58, - 62, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 84, 97, 121, 122, 123, 132, 135, 137 Min ne p'o lis, 56 Min ne hi'hi, 53 Min ne so'ta, 56 mir, 110 Mis sis slp'pY, 59, 61 R., 26, 31, 57, 62 MI~ sou'la, 66 Mis son', ri5, 65 Mis'tt, 88 Mitch'ell, Mt., 57 Mo bile', 59 Mo'eha, 116 Mo ham'med an ism, 23 Mo'hawk, 44 MO ja've (-ha'-) Desert, 69 Moliictca, 119 MOn'ta c, 102 Mo nad'nock, 39 mon'areh y, 23 Mon goli a, 121, 114 Mon go'li ans, 21 Mo non ga hOe'a R., 43 Mon ro'vi a, 131 monsoons' 18, 19 MONt BlaNc, 96 MONt Q(e nist, 106 MONt St. (saN) Gotthird', 105 Mon ta'na, 66 Mon te Car'lo, 102 Mon te Ro'sA, 105 Mon te ne'gro, 109 Mon te rey' B., 69 Mon te vi de'6, 87 Mont g6omer y, 59 Mont pe'l er, 41 Mont re il.t, 74 Moors, 127, 130 Moose'head, 39 mo raine', 20 Mo ra'va Ri., 101 Mor'ay Firth, 99 Mo roctco, 130 Mos'cow, 110 Mt. De sertt I., 89 moun'tain, 15 mouth, 16 Mo zam bique' (-bek') Channel, 125 Muk den', 121 Mun'(ie, 50 Mi'nieh, 104 Murtehi son, Mt., 73 Miirtray, 133 Mur zgk', 130 Mus'grove Range, 135 Mus keSgon, 51 Mus kin'gum R., 47 Na goy'a, 122 Nantling, 119 Nan tuck'et, 41 Natples, 106 Nar btdai' R., 119 Nar ra gAn'sett B., 39 Nish'tu, 40 NAsh'ville, 61 Nastsau, 79 Naalti', 132 Nitchtez, 61 Natural Bridge, 47 natural resources, 22 naval stores, 58 Nax'5s, 101 Nf brAs'ka, 65 NMch'/e, 62 ne'groe~, 21, 29, 32,44, 48, 58, 62, 78, 79,84, 89, 127, 135 Ne'gros, 91 Nel'son, 26 Ne pl', 119 Nfthter lgnds, 103, 84, 123 Nefise R., 57 Ne'va, 110 Ne vaida, 67 New Bed'ford, 41 New Brit'ain, 41 New Brina'wick, 74 New Cal e dOtni a, 135 New England, 38-41 New Gug te mt'la, 78 New Guin'ea, 137,133, 135 New Hamp'shire, 40 New Ha'ven, 41 New JeSrsey, 44, 46 New Mex'l co, 67 New Or'le ans, 62 New South Wales, 136 New York, 44 New Za'tland, 137 New'grk, 45 New'bern, 68 New'cas tIe, 45; 101 New'found land, 76 New'port, 41; 51 Newport News, 47 Ni /gla ra, 43, 44 Ni ca ra'gua, 78 Nlc o bar' Is., 91 Ni'ger, 126 Ni get'r a, 131 Nile, 126, 129 Ni o bra'ra R., 53 Nizh'ni Nov g6'rod. 110 N6me, 71 Noquet (no ka'), B., 47 Nor'folk, 47 north, 8 North A mOrti ca, 26 North CAr o li'na, 68 North Central States, 47-56 North Dako'ta, 55 Northeastern Section, 39 Northern Section, 43 Nortway, 110, 111 No'va Seo'tia (-shi a), 75 No'va Zimlbla, 96 Nutbi a, 129 Nue'cs R., 61 Ny as'sa (ne-), 126 Oak'lgnd, 71 oats, 33, 40, 43, 48, 63, 74, 75, 99, 104, 109, 111, 121, 132, _ 136, 137 Ob, 92 o'cean, 11 ocean currents, 14 o ce an'ic climate, 18 oceanic island, 11 Oc mul'gee R., 57 0 cOtnee R., 67 O'der R., 95 O d6s'sa, 110 Og'den, 67 0 hi'o, 49; R., 48 0 kin'o gn R., 69 0 ke chO'bee, L., 67 0 ke fi nO'kee, 67 O khOtskt, Sea, 113 Ok la hlOma, 63 O lymf'p a, 70 O lym'pic Mts., 69 0 lym'pus, 108 Otla ha, 66 ' O man', 116 Omsk, 115 0 nttga, 92 0 nei'da L., 48 On tai'r o, 74; L., 26 INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY O pOr't, 107 O ritn', 130 Orange R., 126 Or'e gOn, 70 O rfI n'tal, 93 O ri n'cO, 82, 83 O ri za'bi (-tha'-), 77 Ork'ney Is., 99 Or'mus, Str., 113 O rq'ro, 88 O sfae' R., 53 O'si ki, 122 Osh'lksh, 51 O trin'lo, Str., 101 Ot'ta wa, 74 Ot'to man, 108 Ouachita (w6sh'I ta) R., 61 Ou'ro Pre'tO, 85 O wY'hee R., 69 O zarkt, 53, 62 Pc Oific, 11 Pacific Section, 69 Pi'dre I., 61 PaduTcah, 51 Pai li wan', 91 Pa ler'mo, 106 Pai mir, 114 Pamrli cO, 58 pamtpas, 83 Panarmit, 78; Isth., 12, 25 Pa nay', 123 Pap'u an, 21 Pa rat, 85 Pa ra guay', 87; R., 82 pAr'al lel, 8 Par a mnir'i bo, 87 Pia ra na', 82 Pa ri na', C., 81 Par'Is, 102 park, 65 Par'kers burg, 47 Partlia ment, 99 Pascagou'la It., 57 Pas sa ma quod'dy, 3' Pat a go'ni a, 85 Patter son, 45 Pa tras', 108 Paw tuck'et, 41 peak, 15 Pe chilit, G., 119 Pe'cos It., 61 Pe dee' R., 57 Pei, 121 Peking', 121 Pind O reille', 65 pe'ne plain, 17 pen in'sf la, 11 Pen'nine Chain, 99 Penn syl va'ni a, 45 Pe n6b'scot, 40 Pe no'kee, 51 Pen sa co'la 59 Pe 5'ri a, 50 Per niin bu'cO, 85 Per'sia (-shi a), 116 Peru', 88 Pet cho'rA R., 95 Pettro grid 110 Pe'ters burg, 47 pe tro'le um, 36, 43, 4C 62, 66, 70, 88, 89, 97 110, 115, 116, 119 Phil a del'phi a, 45, 4 Phi'ippines, 123 Phil ippp'o lis, 109 Phce'nix (ft'-), 67 Pied'mrnnt, 31, 43 Pierre, 55 Pie ter mr'iitz burG, 132 Pil co may'6 R., 87 Pin'dus, 108. Pine Bluff, 62. Pi rteis (-re'-), 108 Pis cAtta qua, 40 Pitts'burgh, 45 plain, 14 plants, 20, 21, 28, 77 82, 83, 92, 93, 127 133, 137 Pla'ti, 82 plateau' (-to'), 14 Plateau Section, 65 PlAtte R., 53 Play'i, 79 Pllylnouth Bay, 39 Po, 96 Po ca tel'lo, 66 point, 11 Po'land, 110 po'lar circle, 10 polar winds, 18, 19 Po laris, 8 pol'dern, 103 pole, 8 Poles, 110, 44 Poml pt'ii (-yi), 106 POn'ce (-tha), 79 il'once de Le'on B. 57 pond, 16 P6nt char train', L. 61 Po po cat e'petl, 77 pop ula'tion, 21, 28, 29, 84, 93, 96, 114, 127, 135, 142-144 Port Ar'thur, 121 Port au Prince ( prANS'), 79 Port E liz'a beth, 132 Port Sai id', 130 Port'land, 40, 74; 70 Por'to A letgre, 85, Por'to Ri'co, 79 Ports'mouth, 40; 101 PIortui gal, 107 POr'tt guese, 107, 84, 139 l potatoes, 40, 44, 48, 58, 66, 70, 75, 84, 97, 99, 102, 104,105, 111, 136 Po tOt'mac R., 43 Po to'si, 88 Po ying' L., 91 Prague, 105 prai'rie plains, 48 praitries, 28 Pre t6r'i a, 132 prevailing westerlies, 18, 19 PrY bi 16of, 71 Prince Edward I., 75 pro6m'on to ry, 11 Prov'i dence, 41 Prussia (priish'a), 104 Pruth R., 101 Pub'lai, 78 Pueb'lo, 67 Puer'to Cit bllo (-yo), 89 Purr'tO Pla'ta, 76 Pf'get Sound, 69 Pu'rus.Rl., 87 Pyr'e nees, 92, 96 Que bec', 74 Queensland, 136 Quin'cy (-zi), 50 Qui'to (ke'-), 88 races, 21 Ra qine', 5 rain, 19 rain'fall, 19 Rai'nier, Mt., 69 ), Raoleigh (-la), 58 range, 15 Range'ley, 39 4 Ran goon', 120 rapids, 17 RAppa han'nock, 43 lits 5l Hitad 91 reach, 17 litad'ing, 45 Red R., 54, 62 Reiehstaig, 104 Rei'ki a vik, 75 re lief', 14 re li'gion, 23 RS'no, 67 re pub'lic, 23 Re pub'lic an R., 63 res er va'tion, 63, Re untion, 131 J, rev o lu'tion, 9, 10 Rhine, 96, 103, 104 Rhode Is'land, 41 RhOde'tl a, 132 I I I I RhOne, 96, 102 rice, 33, 58, 62, 79, 84, O16, 116-123, 129, 131, 139 Rich'mond, 47 rifts, 126 lRitga, 110 RiWo de Jit neti ro (zha-), 85 Ri'o Grain'de, 77 Rio Grande de San tii'go, 77 Ri'o Ne'gro 81 rip'ples, 17 riv'er, 16 Ro a noke', 47 lRch'es ter, 44 Rock Springs, 66 Rock'ford, 50 Rocky Mountain highland, 25, 31, 73 Rocky Mts., 25, 26, 31, 36, 65, 73 RO main', C., 57 omait ni'it, C., 113 Ro maitno, C., 57 Ito man'zof (-tsof) Mts., 71 Rome, 106 Ro sattri, 87 ro ta'tion, 8, 9 Rot'ter dam, 103 Rtou ma'ni a, 108, 109 rubber, 78, 82, 84, 85, 88, 123, 131 Russia (rish'a), 109, 110, 115, 97, 121 Rut'land, 41 Sabine', 62 Sac ra mnen'to, 71 Sag'i naw, 51 Saha'ira, 130 Sati gon, 120 St. An'tho ny, 54 St. Au'gus tine, 59 St. Clair, L., 47 St. Croix R., 47 St. E lias, Mt., 73 St. F ti enne' (saN t-), 102 St. John, 74 St. Jo'seph, 55 St. Law'rence, 26, 73 St. Lou'is, 55 St. Paul, 54 St. Pierre (saN-pyar'), 72 St. Roque (r6k), C., 81 Sai la'do (-thO) R., 87 Sa'lem, 70 Sa li'nas R., 69 Sa lo ni'kY, 108 salt, 43, 49, 55, 89, 105, 110 Salt Lake City, 67 Sil vi dOr', 78 Sal win', 119 Sa mar', 91 Sa m'ia, 137 Sa'mos, 108 San An tOtni 6, 63 San Be ni'to R., 69 Sin Ber nar di'nl, 6: San Bias, C., 57 San DI' ego, 71 San Fran vist'c, 70 Stn Joaquin (ho iken'), 69 San Jo se' (ho-), 71; 78 Sain Ju in' (hu-), 79 San Lu'cas, C., 77 San iu List Park, 67 San Lu is' Po to si', 78 San Mat rit'n, 107 San Sal va dor', 78 sand bar, 14 Sand'hurst, 136 San'gre de Cris'to, 65 SAn'ta Bar'ba ra 69 San/ta F6', 67 San tee' R., 57 San ti a'go, 88 Santiago de Cu'bi, 79! San'to I)D mYingo, 79 San't6s, 85 Sao (souN) Frn 9is'co, 82 Sio (soUN) Paulo (pou'l6), 85 Sar di.i a, 106 Sais kitchte wan, 73 savtage ry, 21, 22 Sa vAn'nah, 59 Save, 104 Sca'fell, 99 Scin di na'vi an, 96, 110, 111 Sehiyl'kill R., 43 Sci 'to R., 47 Scotch-Irish, 99,44,58 Seot'land, 99, 101 SerAn'ton, 45 sea, 10, 11, 13, 14, 21 sea'sons, 9 Se Atttle, 70 Se ba'g, 39 sections of U. S., 37 sed' i ment, 116 See'land, 11 Seine, 102 SBlmna, 59 SWm'i noles, 63 S6m'ites, 21 S6n'e ca L., 43 S6negal', 131 Se oul', 121 Ser'r ido Es pin ha'o(-yia'-), 87 SSr'bi a, 109 Sev'ern 99 Se vier' L., 65 Sv'illle, 107 Sey chllles', 91 shaih, 116 ShAng hti', 121 Shan'non, 99 Shit'ri R., 125 ShAs'ta, Mt., 69 She boy'gan, 51 sheep, 33, 48, 54, 62, 66, 69, 75, 83-89, 99, 102, 104-10), 115, 119, 121, 129, 130, 132, 135, 137 Sheftfield, 101 sheik, 23 She'li Kof Str., 71 Sh6n an do'ah, 47 Shlt'land Is., 99 Shi ko'ku, 119 Sho shotne Mts., 65 shott, 127 Shreve'port, 62 Si, 120 SiAmnl, 119 Si be'ni a, 115 Si'illy, 106 Sid'ra, 125 si ertir, 15 Si ertra Le o'ne, 131 Si Or'ra Mt'dre, 26, 77 Si r'ira Mo retna, 95 Si er'ra N va'da, 25, 26, 28, 31, 69 silk, 45, 102, 105, 106, 108, 115-117, 120 sil'vas, 82, 85 silver, 36, 66, 74, 78, 84, 87, 88, 89, 105, 115, 116, 119, 120, 122, 135', 137 Si'nai, 129 Sin ga pore', 120 Sioux City, 54 Sioux Falls, 55 Sit'ka, 71 Skag'er rack, 95 Skag'way, 71, 75 Sla von'ic, 96 sleet, 19. Smnyr'na (smnr'-), 116 Snake R., 65 snow, 19, 20 Snow'don, 99 SO fi'f, 109 So ko'tri, 91 Sol'o mon Is., 135 Sol'way Firth, 99 So malY land, 107 Soo Canal, 51 So rit'tat, 82 sound, 11 Sound Valley, 70 source, 16 South A mrr'i ca, 81 South Bend, 50 South Car o li'na, 58 South I)a kotta, 55 South O('ma ha, 55 Southern Section, 57 Spain, 107 Span'iards, 107,29, 58, 62, 66, 78, 79t, 84 Spanish plateau, 92 Spar'tan burg, 59 Spar ti vntto, C., 101 Spen'cer; 133 spit, 11, 14 Spitz bergten, 91 Spo kane', 70 spring, 15 Spring'f/eld, 41; 49; 50; 55 standard time, 37 St1; nO voi', 114 state, 32 StAt'en, 44 steppe, 109 Stew'art I., 135 StOck'holm, 111 Stock'ton, 71 strait, 11 Straits Settlements, 119 streams, 16, 17 Strom'bo li, 106 Su'cre, 88 Suditn', 127, 131 Sq Cz', 130; Isth., 125 Suez Canal, 129 sugar, 44, 51, 62, 70, 78, 79, 84, 85, 88, 89, 102-105, 109, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 129-132, 136-139 Su I amain', 114 sul'tan, 108 Sl lu' Sea, 91 Su mnattra, 123 Sum ba'wa, 137 Sun'da Str., 91 Si pe'ri or (-er), 51; L., 26, 36 Sus que han'na, 45 Su va', 137 Su wa'nee R., 57 Swe'den, 110, 111 Swit'zer land, 105 Syd'ney, 136 Syr, 92, 115 Syrta cuse, 44 system, 15; 16 ta'ble-land, 14 Tit briz', 116 'a co'min, 70 Tia c6n'ic Mts., 41 T'l'gus R., 95 Ta hoe', 69 Tit li en want, 121 Til la hEtstse(, 59 T'a mia tit've, 131 Tamn'pa, 59 Tl' nl'ni r vo', 131 Tan gin yi'ka, 126 Tin gzer', 130 'I'tos, 65 TI'a pajos (-zhos), 81 Ta'rian to, G., 101 T rinim', 92, 114, 121 l'ltr'tari, 96, 121 Tar'ta ry, G., 113 Tashkend', 115 TAs m'n!i a, 136, 13:3 Ta'trus Mts., 113 Ta yuling, 119 Tchid, 126 tea, 117,119, 120,122, 123 Te g qi gil'pa, 78 Teherain', 116 Te huan te pec'(-win-) G., 77 Tell. 130 Te'n nes see', 01 ter'mi nal nmo rane', 20 Ter're Ilaute' (hot), 50 tir'ri to ry, 32 Tex'as, 63 Thanmles l., 39 'Thames (timz), 101 T'heiss, 104 'rhi an' Shin, 92, 114 Ti'ber R., 101 Tl hoet, 121, 92, 114 tides, 13, 14 Tide'water region, 31, 43 TiY n'tsin, 121 Ti er'ria del Fueg6O, 81 Tif list, 115 Ti'gris, 115 Tim ba lier' B., 61 Tim bufk'tu, 131 Ti mor't, 137 Tit i ca'ca, 82 tobacco, 28, 33, 40, 43, 48, 58, 79, 85, 87, 89, 108, 109, 115-119, 121, 123, 130, 131 To can tins' Rt., 81 To'go land, 131 T'o'kyo, 122 T6 le'do, 49 Tom big'bee, 69 TOmsk, 115 Ton kin', 119 TO pe'ka, 55 tor na'do, 19 TO ron'to, 74 TOr'rens, 133 'Tr'res Str., 135 Tou liouse', 102 trade winds, 18, 19 TrAns cau catsia (-shia), 115 trans por ta'tion, 22 of rock waste, 16 Trrns vial', 132 Trail syl va'ni an, 96 Tribti zOnd, 116 trembling prairie, 62 Tren'ton, 45 trib'u ta ry, 16 Trie stet, 105 Trin i (tAdl', 79 Trip'o 1i, 130 tr6p'ic, 10 tropical calms, 18, 19 Troy,*44 'ruic sin', 67 T!ll u naiin, 87 T!!ng ting' L., 91 Tif'nis, 1'30 TO'rnin, 106 Trur'kes tinl', 115, 121 Tur'key, 108, 1 15, 12 130 Tll t!t i'la, 137 Tyne, 101 ty phloon', 19, 92 T''yr rhCe'ni an, 101 U in'ta Mts., 65 Uinmpt(lU R., (;! Ut'na ka Mts., 57 Uni ited King(loin, 99) United States, 29, 30 -71, 79), 137, 13!9 J'ritl, 92,96), 110, 115 Trl'Ni a, L., 91 ru Tuay', 87 U'ttih, 67 U'tt ca, 44 U'treeht, 103 Virtl li, 109 Va len'tcia (-shi a) 89; 107 valtley, 15, l1 Viil pit rcaiso, 88 Van cou'ver, 7 7 4 veldt,1 32 Ven e zuetla., 89, 70 Ven'ie, 107 Velra Cruz (crits), 8 5 Verde, C., 125 Ver'di gris R., 61 Ver mont', 41 V r st''YIles, 102 V sfl'vi is, 106 Vicks'burg, 61 Vic to'ri a (city), 75 121; (state), 136; L., 126; Falls, 126 Vi SIhWnan, 105 Vir gmin' a, 47 Vrirgiia City, 67 Vis'ti la, 92 Vlai di vos tok', 115 vol ca'no, 15 Vol'git, 96, 109 Vosges (vozl), 101 Vul ca'nO, 106 Wa'bash R., 30 Watco, 63 wad'y, 126 Wales, 99 Walt'isch Bay, 129 Wal la Wal'la, 70 W'r'saw, 110 Wa'sAtch, 65 Washling ton, 47; (state) 70;. Mt., 26 W.ash'ita R., 61 water gap, 15 Watter bur y, 41 waves, 13, 14 weath'er, 17 weatller ing, 16 Wel'ting ton, 137 Wen'tner (vn'-), 95 We'ser (va'-), 103 West In'dies, 79 West Point, 44 West Vir gInt' a, 47 Wet'ter (vet'-), L., 95 wheat, 33, 43, 48, 53, 68,62, 66,69,74, 75, 78, 84, 87, 89, 99, 102, 104, 106, 107, 109, 11, 115, 116,; 117, 120, 121, 122, 130, 132, 135, 137 Wheel ing, 47 White Mts., 39, 40 WIchll ta, 65 Wilkes'-Bir re(-I),46 Wil iiamette, 70 Wil'ming ton, 46; 68 winds, 18, 19 Win ne bAt'g, L., 47 Win ne pe sautkee, 39 Winlln peg, 75; L., 27, 73 Wi no'na, 54 Win'ston-S-ilem, 58 Wiscon'sin, 51 Woon socket, 41 Worces ter, 41 1riangIRll, Mt., 71 WVy 'liing, 66 Xin g'll (shein-) R., 81 YAtd'kin R., 67 Yatkutskt, 113 1Yik'i mu R., 69 Yi'lii R., 91 YAng'tze, 120 YA pu!'r/a R., 81 YA zoo', 57 year, 9 Yel7lOw stone, 65; - Iark, 66, 6i7 Yen 1 seti, 92 Yez'6, 119 Y5 koliA' ]rnmi, 122 Yoriings town, 49 Y!t ca tlanI 77 Yl'kon, 71 Za'grOs, 114, 116 Z:im be'zi, 126,Zan'te, 101 Zitlnzi bar, 131 zinc, 43, 56, 97, 104, 106 zoneS, 10 Zuider Zee (zoi'der zA), 103 Zu'l ladlt, 132 Zurich (tst'ril), 105 RECENT EVENTS Volcanism.-Many regions of the world which are sub-. b ^ ject to volcanic disturbances have suffered greatly from, (.'r i o).A0 ""'^ R. volcanic eruptions or earthquakes of great violence. The m AGoI' o t[LA ',:.. catastrophes in the West Indies and in Italy have been, '",?.B"ir0MEW-* in resulting mortality, the most appalling known to his- tO 0{*. tory. c 1 B jr Tt. The Eruption of Mont Pel6e. - Mont Pelee (4430 Pe MIO rI feet), the highest point of the French island of Martinique, ^ is situated near its northern extremity, and overlooks the ~ ^ \ ' city of St. Pierre and many small villages along the Ile A.. coast. Pelee showed signs of activity in April, 1902, when cPuteapoB o smoke or vapor spread over the volcano, followed, on Fort de Fra May 5, by explosions which caused the earth to tremble, co. aJ and the eruption of an immense volume of hot mud and row -e water. Vapor clouds continued to 'hang over the moun- aant.l keq. tain, and subterranean explosions took place with increas- NAWIrNIqvlE ing and terrifying violence until May 8, when a great erup- b 'o F~5 tion burst from the volcano, and the city of St. Pierre and neighboring villages, with their 40,000 inhabitants, besides most of the shipping lying in the harbor, were com- pt.o.bfTav. pletely annihilated. Ch, e og,,e This great loss of life seems to have been due rather to io's *3m0' the gale of burning and suffocating gas which swept down Gr.r iit Aybo u from the crater than to the rain of red-hot rock. Minor gstow eruptions were of daily occurrence until May 20, when an ST.INCET CaillousT eruption of even greater violence than that of May 8 took s ao c.. 5,, place. Steam and rock powder were thrown into the air by these eruptions to a height of seven miles, and were distributed over hundreds of miles in every direction. The Eruption of La Soufridre. -This volcano is situated on the British island of St. Vincent, and forms the culminating crest of its northern extremity. On May 7, 1902, preceding the great eruption of Pelee, La Soufriere awoke into activity, causing great loss of life, but in this respect not approaching the catastrophe of St. Pierre; however, the general destruction of property seems to have been greater. The explosion had less force, but the amount of ejected matter was of greater extent, and the whole island was covered with volcanic dust from an inch or more to several feet in thickness. The Eruption of Vesuvius. -This well-known volcano was in violent eruption during the early part of April, 19o6, and while Vesuvius has been subject to many outbreaks, this one is considered to have been one of the most terrible and devastating since the great eruption which resulted in the destruction of the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Several towns, many small villages, and much property were destroyed; besides, there was a loss of more than 2000 lives. In this eruption, immense streams of lava flowed down the sides of the mountain, huge incandescent rocks were hurled in the air to great heights, and enormous quantities of volcanic ash fell and covered the surrounding country. The San Francisco Earthquake and Fire.-San Francisco experienced, on April i8, 1906, an earthquake which caused much destruction of life and property, and the same seismic disturbance was felt with damaging effect throughout the adjacent coast region. The damage to San Francisco caused by the shock itself was small compared with that produced by the fire which was one of the immediate results of the earthquake. This conflagration raged for several days, and a very large part of the city was destroyed. Many lives were lost and The destruction of property was enormous. The Messina Earthquake.-In the early morning of December 28, 1908, an. _ - earthquake occurred in the island of o Sicily and in Calabria, the most southerly 0 C A R I B B E A N 1 province of the mainland of Italy, which, 10 in the destruction of life and property,,^-' id was one of the greatest calamities that Mosquito ^ has befallen the human race. Ch The city of Messina, in the northeast G ulf corner of Sicily, and Reggio, on the mainland, nearly opposite and separated from *.s Messina by the Strait of Messina, were,:. ev with the greater part of their 20,000 0, ag inhabitants, almost entirely destroyed. peu m The shock was so severe that within a A. E, few moments these two cities, besides COI many smaller places were little more than' e P O A heaps of ruins, and the fires that then PANAIMA. broke out among the wrecked buildings SCALE O MILES soon completed the work of destruction...'-. I ' ~ " 1-o A great tidal wave about 35 feet high, ii.... gitide Wea which was probably caused by rapid alteration in the bed of the sea, rushed in upon the land almost simultaneously with the earthquake, engulfing the lower sections along the water front. Both Messina and Reggio have previously suffered much damage from earthquakes. Isthmian Canal.-The maritime commerce between our Atlantic ports and those of our Pacific coast, the west coast of South America, Asia, Australia, and our insular possessions in the Pacific, demands a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific than the present one, which makes it necessary to sail around South America, or to trans-ship merchandise by rail across the Isthmus of Panama. Canal Zone. -By a treaty made in 1904, the Republic of Panama granted to the United States the perpetual use and control of a strip of territory known as the Canal Zone. This grant extends five miles on each side of the center line of the canal route, and entirely across the Isthmus of Panama, but does not include the cities of Panama and Colon. The Panama Route. -The route of the canal across the Isthmus of Panama follows closely the line of the Panama Rail Road. While this route does not cross the isthmus at its narrowest point, other considerations made its selection desirable; particularly the low altitude of the watershed and the location of its terminals, one at Colon on the Atlantic side, the other at Panama on the Pacific. The first attempt to cut a canal across the isthmus was made in 1878, by a French company. It was to be a sealevel canal, but after excavating about seven miles from Colon, and elsewhere, the company failed, and work ceased. Later a new French company decided to construct a canal with locks, which would have a summit level of 98 feet. Work on this project was in operation for several years, but comparatively little advance was made in construction. The construction of the canal was carried to completion by the United States government. The length of the canal is about 49 miles; width at bottom, 200 feet or over; depth, about 45 feet; number of locks, 6; height of summit level, 85 feet; estimated time of transit, 12 hours; estimated cost of construction, $375,000,000. The Republic of Panama is situated between Costa Rica and Colombia, and occupies the Isthmus of Panama. It lies between the Caribbean Sea on the north and the Pacific on the south, and has an area of about 34,000 square miles, almost the same as the state of Maine. The surface is mountainous,-the Veragua Range attaining its greatest elevation in Mount Chiriqui (1126 feet) in the extreme west. The largest streams are the Tuira, Chepo, and Chagres rivers. In November, 1903, the department of Panama seceded from Colombia and declared itself an independent republic. Panama has a population of about 419,000, which consists mostly of a mixed people of Spanish, Indian, and Negro origin. Panamra, the chief city, with a population of 30,000, and Colon, are the largest cities, and are important as the termini of both the railway and interoceanic canal. The Climate is tropical, with an excessive rainfall. On the northern coast, where the tropical vegetation is most luxuriant, the damp and hot climate is very unhealthful. On the higher mountains and on the south coast west of the city of Panama it is more healthful, as the rainfall is less and the temperature lower. Resources and Industries. -Dense forests cover most of the country, particularly on the-Atlantic side. Here valuable timber and dyewoods are obtained. Gold, salt, copper, iron, and other minerals are found. Agriculture is in rather a backward state, but the cultivation of cocoa, coffee, and rubber is increasing, and attention is given to grazing in the western parts. Bananas are grown extensively and form the most important export. Discovery of the North Pole. -A message from Commander R. E. Peary at Battle Harbor, Labrador, on his return from the Arctic regions, told that, on April 6, 19og, he had reached the North Pole. Peary found that there is no land at the North Pole, but that it is located in the frozen surface of the Arctic Ocean..._ _ Discovery of the South Pole. -In.sPROFILE or PANAMA CAN AL recent years there have been several at-,A0ti. o a out ilgt300 tempts to reach the South Pole, These 9 E A i'0J IsatGunO s s,a0o expeditions have revealed the existence of a large continent within the Antarctic ieftf circle. While many explorers had sailed 1,( qa p.o.. _ 1^. I rl faround the wide sheet of ice which tagre,l% 9*0 I o fringes the Antarctic continent, yet Cape, ^.;ai.. Gulf of tain R. F. Scott, at the head of an "'or; ADarien English expedition, first explored the,i.A cX ' A mainland itself in Igo-190o4. P Ee R* PEA,, d 6 In I909 Lieutenant Shackleton 'led. s AN a. \G ELIs another exploring party toward the South I'ran..a.. p m r RP Pole, reaching latitude of 88~ 23' south, G'ulf of Panama which was iII miles from the pole., ^^: ~I- Here he stood upon a level, ice-covered p t.a Maa B, plateau, I I,6oo feet high, which extended southward toward the South Pole. This C AE lsame expedition discovered the South O A N ~ Magnetic Pole in latitude 72~ 25' south t 8 from Greenwich 7 and longitude 155~ I6' east. On December 14, 191 I Roald Amundsen, in command of a Norwegian expedition, reached the South Pole, which is at an elevation of o0,5oo feet. A few days later, on January 17, a British expedition under Captain Scott also reached the South Pole. The death of Scott and his companions on the return trip presents a record of unsurpassed heroism. The Antarctic continent is an uninhabited waste, extremely cold, and with very little plant and animal life. The ice sheet which covers the land moves slowly down to the sea, and extends beyond the coast as a floating ice plain, hundreds of feet deep, and in places hundreds of miles wide. At the outer edge, great mountains of ice break away from the main body, forming enormous icebergs. 6 COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY DONNEI LAKE, CAiALIFiA,. NTRODUCTION At some time in the past, man aplpared on the earth. He cultiv atd plants and domesticated animals and made TnH world on which we live is one of the heavenly them useful to himself. He uilt towns, stablished bodies called PleoS. These are ball aped bdis;great nations, an v dveloped civiliration. whirling raidly aboutt the sun. The planet on which We are to learn in this book about the earth as it is we ive s ca11ed the E a nd another kw as nus noe, its presenit inhabitants, its plants, animals, and varied is sftenense as a briht morning or evening star. henomena. The subect of the book is Ges l. The earth's s ce is made up of land and waters a n of the ath and the earth is surrunded by a laye of r oa ca led the atem cal Georaph treats 4 tle form and size of atm n whie float cloud and invisbl he earth, of its motions and their esults, of the method On the earth and in the ater and air live may t of ocatng placeon the ert and of the ways of and animals, some too small to be seen with the aked sting the earth ufac eye, and othrs very larg like the oak tree, the delephant P sia Gysia e 'aph deals with the causes of the natural the X fwhalr he and the dr fat ph mena of the land, watr, and air, and The solid part of the earth to an unnown depr it the causes of the dlhvtiiltnii of plaXts and ifmals. below the surface is made of rock. Stuy of this rky Poltica Geography is a descriotion of the countries of matea inicts that the earth has not alws been o tat love in them, and of their as it is now, but that it has underone many chage of h aits, csto s, forms of g verent and oc ati s 're:~ u e sions. n wh a t planets" dw;lIe? Hav.e you ever seenl The fossils in the rocks show, too that in past ages e a O wther planets? Of what is the earth's surface co e a many strange animals and plants lived on the earth. wat is it surreunded? What foems of life are there on the earth, and in (he air and water? What is dhe stbjaot of this book, And what are One for g radally changed oinlto arinti What ni finally e le ni hatis geography? Nae aiid detine each depart the ani s that now live appeared on the earth. i ment of geography. 7 8 INTDUTR MLRotation brings new parts constantlyi into the light, while other parts pass to darkness Thus sunrise and sunset are occurrg somewhere FORM AND SIZE OF THE EARTH each suoruett The line hoondtiog the dark and light halea of the earth is called the Form. - The earth is a sp0herical or ballsaped body. Cirl gqbambiuioi. Theexat sapeisnealy hatof n da sperod, Dfirections. -- Thel directfion in wvhich the earfth rotates hut it is so nearly rouned that it requukire the most exctis atdh poiedrcini et h u ie measurements to show that it is not a perfect sphere. in in the east et nearly in the T. if you nearly in ithe est, That it is a spherical body is shwn: — stand with outstretched arms, facing east, your left arm. By Ike d~iapeoroe of shsec Ie orisoa ast MOy sal t** awy points toward the end of the earth's axis called the north from ay sore The hull disappears first, then the masts, and finallypa the topmasts. _ _ _ _____the ax is, called the south pole. The dirction on the earth's surface toward the north pole is North; that to d the south pole is Sout. In March and September the sun rises exactly in the east and sets xactly in the wes. In our summer it riss a little north of eat and set north of west, but in our winter it rises south of caset and ais seouth of west, The intermediate directions are called WNorlheas Solene Ioulhk a.B ienmnin~altIo When men travel steadily in onke general eal,4 and NAvesl. Thus the direction between north and er i direction on the earth, they finally reach the starting point again, northeast, and that between north and west is northwest. 3.B eupe fIe moon.e When the earth's salcdow falls on the The Campasi is often used to determineti drecions.fg This instrument moon, it is always circuar; and only spherical is a magnetized needle, balanced on a pivot and suitaby mounted. bodies alascast circular shadows. 4. By a gsa yd line. If a straight horizontal M 0N line be lald out over the leveWlksrae of a lake, sea, or oreA an he water Will be found to curve away mafro the horizontal line, The curvature is everywhere very neariy the seme And is eight inches in a mile. liViiaion of thei Earth's Surface. -- For convenience we imagine the earth's surfacei to be di-vided into Hmiizsphere or half spheres anrd we speak of theis northern MAENisEGis COMPASs Es e coWSis. and southern hemispheres, or of the eastern and western When allowed to settle to rest, the needle always points to the mgneai hemispheres. coA fidpe. The magnetic noth pible is near the geographicl north Silek - The diameter of the earth Is nearly 8 pole, and so in most places the compass indicates nearly a north and south direction, miles, and its circun rene nearly 25,oo miles The The Nrtli S$tar. - Diretions can be more accurately determined by huritest diamtee is about~ 61, mileg c thaon the 1inge tan observation on Polaris, or the North Star, The earth's axis points aalmost directly towand this star, which is therefore always very nearly over squires ~ifie8 the north pole. Hence directions on Tet Quaestonmi. What is the form of the earth? Name foe rca- the earth's surface toward this star are sons for believing the earth to be globular in shape; eaplain each, very nearly north. This star can be; What is a hemispherel? What are the earth's ditensions? found by the aid of two stars called the / "Pointers," in the constellation of the eu* ROTATION OF THE EARTH Circles of Location. In order i to fx the location of places we shortest diameter which is called its A s The ends of smag inc two classes of circles the axis are called the Poles of the c a h The time' on he earths suace one exrequired by the earth to turn once arounid os6 its axi ts mdi ng d eaa west and the mr tendig teas t and West and tM dividedi into twenifty-four equal parts,; oteNnrhTnHsuh oither noath anid south.t called s Te Euaor a Parallels. -. lDayt and N h T r tooThe Eluato is a circle rawnin earth on its axis caues d and ge earth The earth is lighted by the sun and since the Ah is ol body only th lf of itsy between the poles. It s e ar t u surface toward the sun is lighted, The other ference of the earth, Parallels are cir n e half is in diarkness. k and west around the earth parallel to the equatotr MATHEMATICAL QEOGRAPHY 9 W. N.P Meridians are half circles drawn north and south from pole to pole. They cross the equator and parallels at right angles. Latitude is the distance north or south of the equator. It is reckoned in degrees, minutes, and seconds. The latitude of the equator is zero. Parallels or places north of the equator are in north latitude, and those south of the equator, in south latitude. The latitude of the north pole is 9go north, and that of the south pole, 9go south. A degree of latitude is everywhere about 69 miles in length. Longitude is the distance in degrees, minutes, and seconds of any meridian east or west of a given meridian, called the Prime or Standard meridian. The prime meridian generally used is the meridian of the observatory of Greenwich, in London, England. The longitude of all places on the prime meridian is zero. All meridians west of the prime meridian for halfway round the earth (180~) are in west longitude. All meridians east of the prime meridian for halfway round the earth (I80~) are in east longitude. The meridian of I80~ east longitude is the same as the meridian of I80o west longitude, and is exactly halfway round the earth from the prime meridian. The meridians are farthest apart at the equator, and gradually approach one another toward the poles, where they all meet. Hence a degree of longitude varies in length. It is about 69 miles long at the equator, but decreases in length toward the poles, where it has no length at all. If a place is said to be in longitude 9go west and latitude 45~ north, its location on the earth is exactly described. We know that it is on a meridian one fourth the way round the earth westward from the prime meridian; and on a parallel one half the way between the equator andthe north pole. Text Questions. - What is rotation of the earth? the axis? the poles? How does rotation cause succession of day and night? What is the circle of illumination? How does our measurement of time depend on rotation? Name the four principal directions. Explain how they depend on the rotation of the earth. Describe three ways to find these directions. Name and describe two kinds of circles of location. How do they depend on rotation of the earth? What is latitude? How is it reckoned? What is longitude? How is it reckoned? Of what use are latitude and longitude? REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH Revolution. - Besides its daily spinning motion, or rotation, the earth revolves bodily around the sun in a path called the Orbit. The time required for the earth to complete one revolution constitutes a Year. Inclination of the Axis. - The earth's axis leans or inclines 232-~ from a perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. It always leans the same way (as shown in the next diagram); that is, the axis always points with its north pole toward the north star. March es ~~////~ N. -'P.^ N. P. -_.- -SUN June - M - - December J un ' '. --- -'J.P Sept. The Seasons. -The revolution of the earth, together with the inclination of the axis, causes the succession of the seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The diagram above represents the earth in the positions in its orbit which it occupies in March, June, September, and December. Now the earth receives its heat as well as its light from the sun. It is seen that in June the north pole and more than half of the northern hemisphere are on the heated side of the earth; while in December less than halof f the northern hemisphere is on the heated side, the north pole then being in darkness. As more than half the northern hemisphere receives heat in June, and less than half in December, the northern hemisphere as a whole is warmer in June than in December. These are the seasons of summer and winter in the northern hemisphere. But in June, when the northern hemisphere is receiving most heat, the southern hemisphere is receiving the least. Hence, when it is summer in the northern hemisphere, it is winter in the southern hemisphere. In March and in September just half of each hemisphere is receiving heat from the sun, and neither hemisphere is so warm as in summer nor so cold as in winter. These are the seasons of spring and autumn. But in March, when it is spring in the northern hemisphere, it is autumn in the southern hemisphere. Length of Days and Nights. - The inclination of the axis causes the length of nights to change at different seasons and at different latitudes on the earth. At the equator the days and nights are of equal length because at all seasons just half the equator is in sunlight and the other half in darkness (see the diagrams). In March and in September, when both the poles fall on the circle of illumination, the days and nights are equal all over the earth. At all other times the days and nights are unequal in length everywhere except on the equator. The difference is greatest in June and December, and is greater near the poles than near the equator. N I-. — I S December June Since the axis inclines 232~ from the perpendicular, in June and in December the poles are 23-~ from the line of illumination. With the earth in this position, it is seen that just half of the equator is in light and half in darkness; hence, as the earth rotates on the axis NS, any place on the equator will be as long in passing through the light as in passing through the darkness; that is, the days and nights there are equal in length. None of the parallels, however, are divided into halves by the line of illumination; the part of each parallel in the light is either greater 10 INTRO C TORY or less than the part inares Hee in Ju nd Decem the Te Tem et ei Z - The space betwe the Torrid days and nots on the parllls are of unequl length and the inag are fit ineaes toward the ples. Notie that when the mighti ar siort in the nothern h emi shere they ar lo in the southern n lU p heve mh er penIn the regionsii qusiei near the poles there is either no day at all or no night diclar Wi have a period of daight and a t all in Jhe and Deemir. At the poles temsdves it is either con r of r i e iauous day or continuos night for six mo-ths- fm Mah to S3 ep- The oi a neis wr truh te y, and has rltiy o tember, or from Septensher to March. winter. The Temperate rzones havte wm e d winters and sumers Zone- The ilinai of tshe af th' axis and the and are cler than the hrid Zone. The Frigid zones are cold revolution of the earth around the sun eabls us to Their summer, though s omewht warm, a not long enugh to melt divide the earth ua into five zones or blt - a all the sw and ice which forms during the rest of the year. When the sun shines perpndicularly upon a gn sur ce, msore rofsf Z on both sides of the u a its rays fall on that sure, hence make it warmer than when the around each ple, and a Tepae Z e between the rays fall obliqely. Thus en the sun torrid zone and each id zone. hnes that six rays fall on the gsrlAce AB bt Owing to the ilobular shi of the earh, the sun's ras fall on the wen it he oblq. eart diculay only at the en of the hted heis. The three ay fall on A He the Sother rays fall mr nd re the fl on the surface BC. Te Torlely d the ed of the jd Zone, in someaof h:h te _oaI E lightbed hemisphere, andt its is aways shining perpendiu larly, mstr T edge, on the line of i lluina- trfr be soeat & w th a the 6tion, the rays are hoid pere oes here the rays ar never perpedla ad h In Mc h t he etno p of thepiee rays on the equator and year and only very blique rays during the rest of the year. a the ho rizontal ras just reh Q W Wt thepoe.s.. As the ethat motion has thee X earth besides rotation? What ein itse edgarth oA period of time is marked by ne revolution? What is the position of sin its orbit, t th e e arth's axis? How are the seasons caused? How are the difthe lighted hemi mes e the length of days and it e? Why are the is uo hile its edge is 3~ beyond the north pole, and the sth the earth's surae? Explain why the zones differ in temperat. pl is in darkness (see digram below, June). After June the hghte hemisere griadualy moves back in; by Ste hbr it-reaches the same osiion it had in Mah and in Decem- PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY * THE LAND AND THE SEA u Lnd and iWater. The earh's surfe1 is not immov_able. Some parts are slowly rising while other parts are ___ sloly sinking. Thus re prdued the gat regions of - A elev1tion constituting the Ltan while the great region __ - of depression is filled with water and forms the e. i-c L a 2_~~. Nearly one fourth of the earth's surface is land, and. three fouhs is wate her its center is a3 ~ south of the equator. ts edg is e tthen a3 bey ond nd th are fIL1 the south pole, and the north pole is in darkness (see diagram Decem- On the maps, pp. sa, 53, the directions north and south are indicated her). After December the lighted hemisphere gradually moves back by the meridians which converge at the agai to its r tlL61t m 3 gpi8~ ~lir ~t'p i||f 1 rt 2 i~ '-. ple fi %;fit a nd a Ea of tthesemut Iea. the East and west are indcat by the equr and the alels ich are agn toh i ts M hposition, and t on ths n across the meridians Ea of mas repress half of the Trospics l dTorrid Zone. - The paallel 3~ north of sphil ea silerth, or a hemh ere. the equtoris called the Trpic C oe and the p Th Cnti s. - The land of the earth lies mosly e 3 in thee great masses called Con s; the Eastern, the CpiOrn. The- i e fe sern anda betw the tropcs Aust ntinent. d e It includes all places on e eah on whih i h i h f u l re the sun ever shines fm directly overhead. rod the sth pole there is a rth cotint, ayes cve red with Plar C ircles andFrig Z s. The parales 23~~ frm and ice, somewat laer than Atraa. Thi is eti c led the poles are called P r Cirs - that near the north the Aav pole the Ai Cir, and that thnear the south pol the The Eastern Contin ompi s t Eurpe Asi;a and Aite i The tss Withn the lar cl Afra ech of hich is lled a ra d D o T are the Fk Zn They inclu all pae on the Wete Cotinet cmis two grnd divisions North earth whe tuu nigYht lts for more than twenty- Amenca asd South Amerca. The Austrian Conti four r in ite and contin dalight lasts foi fet incde Autrali. Find the thre cotinent o more than twenty-four hours in summer. the hemisphee maps, pp. 2s, 13 The sea botitom rismuh smoother thanthe surface of heland. Nearly all the skiplope6 8 les on t sea ii are goiftde, hait the slope from the edge of the laud down to the tfru e rgiuun of depression is 6fteni iabrut. ~This part of the seaii bu ~fidtl-covered with water 1less thau one mile d6eeptogether with the corineuts, is some1times ai616d the Cenfi /I Divisdios of the Sea — Foe convetmi6nce the contfinuous sea is divided by thme continenits and polar Circles into five oceans, called the Pif'atjZc the AtlnicZ time Indian time Arictic and thme Anacic.& P runs pp. 1 2,; 5 3, tell thed dir~etironi of Cach (Sc0 from tim' adjachsst cotmtin 'nis. Arms of teh Isie s- The 'ufdot Im Con ofthcid Pt d eand form. pa. 0~sage b twec: fis timeontitmmi ot d theib co t'n o~ftal iMand.Ihege arms and passage 66fikititut asea bayac gulf stiraits~ and 9ud 19LNMA MSca Gulf, or Bay is an urns of time oceas exteniding Isad. An Is/and is asml body of laisd suo~ into the land and partly inclosed by it. Bays are often arms rounded by witert A groupf of ilands is called is tsf gulfs' and seas. N6any al Ias are large; gulf and A/ cbs are rften quite somali. De bep narrow bays With h&igh sfte simores arc called fI'iords They isave been foirmed A feudrntkii iand is one lying neOar a contfinent sort separatedy fromf it by shall ow watr Such islanidsi have rocks, jIano; said Anfiuslis similari to those of thes adjacenatrmailad Anr Oceanic island is usally small and is situated far ouft in the ocean.~ it is earated from the cuntineu itis biy very ate The rocks and native plants antid aninmals of boeanic islands always differ greatly ftrom those of tin euiocots. 0canice islandsli are ofteni of vulciaisic origin, buft fiany areals for Mmed by littleaniimals called CeadAM ifa whIai h I in the sea Coast Forms of Ladfi T-Ihe sdaand landimmet inan irregu-~ I r line c ilel time Go / Line And thm 1 nd h rdering the s 9 Cailed the Co4as Time irregucuar arit of the coa t line cau such coast forms as peninsulas istlmumuses, and caipes. eaiSsasm A Peninsula is a body of land almosgt surroundertd by by the siniking tof valleys partiy beiow sea 6levl An Es/a-~ water 'he mord pcuisulm meansg " aim st an i'sland. ary is a narrow bay extndiimg sotne ciistan i An 1tAMnus~ is a neck of land confimetingk tv larger Estuaries are usually At time nmouths of rivers. Like fords, bodies of land. Fiimd p Pimi'n ula And im i thumiigo. a fti yhIave been form d b3 thi imbsidisee of time land the maps on pp. i2 13. A B It is broAd open bay. A WC p is a point of land proj itin Mint the wat r. A Stra 's Anarrow passage of wvater etanisect n twos C pes are onmeimc ali m lar r bodies of water. WMokeais p i sas Poi /s. ~ hi h ockwat r nr csftem called (lineaiowo clie Pro iory If o dri mse shallowv p tssatp6 or hllo6w or Head&"d Low nafdy hodi6 of water, ot~lyOi ieI ls icapes are c iled S'ts or if VA' Quessntios X list ummeromni~t has the erts curvd Ioolsor 'Il. uff i? Whi t were prouilced lit tIbre Moiftmee rut e Sea i a oimtinuou bodyWhat domes time regmon of elevato rii I p Ths 9i is d~fihmomiboytie r'gmon ofdeprrsioni? Wmit p iet if fh arithiis eri Men ig 14frid? Whatlt~f Is ii 6t~hI 10 How in"Y 6"i oif akklt waitert wh'b lh covefrsm itia is aulie im 1)m m it col th u f lion are there? Xt h ii I55dils t tows ~firlig f theWU 9- ci sem of igslaudi wX lit is an acinelapgo? Ddib sib face of thme earth. The ~averagc ev A a' a' co A v th atln X iti f isis iii ii mmi bas? m W depth of the sea is about Iwo ~is a cape? What sin youm sayiitnSiumiioii? ad a halof mh iiles, abutil swom Itow is time sea dmiied? Nautte the iisi t6am mns wiat afi a alfinnr; eiiisik a sea N4ani one Whalit is a iilt sir Isis What is I id the Isea is about siM irhwsi f strait? M1 is aim stumm-iHo mils dep i'ovicmswstimKc~v es. ha wisi a Wsound? mile sanest? J~r~~"6llli~ ........0 C) C)OR C) 0i AM0 C) - C C(<C M M M E M E M............... M M M M ails g- 0 C CD 0 Q 0a 0 p C g t 1 7, (C (C - A ph> C (C - S> '4~j. z. INTRODUCTO.Y....... T e. O The coat Te uiet aer betwe n te as ando the barrier beach is known as a Lqo 'Mm.Hks a nd Sits-b Tida currets at the mouths of l bays or rivers often cause eddies in which silt is deposited to f owrm sa many of which take the curved shlpe o ef he anddy andt fi t f sandy; k and Spi. is the Sa n bars aRe often formed outsidep the mouths of iriver rentflows along the eua to er betaeens Afica a nd Sth America? Wht fienct does the eastern ange of South Amnerica have uponf this current What Cnae is giean to the sth branch? What current is f rmed by OI rwwC the_ north brech? Tre the Gof St at on the map. What bis the is Bc* ouirN Aishe jdirecrtion of the currents tshea 3eea The linary height of t tdes depends very reach pin the depth current firmed? Tirae the Kurnsiw on th m a p What tame hia of t1e war and t shape of the est In m e an this crt on its rur towsd e ea or past North Aeri the straight open coalst What fe are in the in the Ini Ocean fil of hentides atr be foutan to six fet ht At th e head.of open-mouethd fsa waves ce How ae breakers caused? Whatare tides? Howt see they caused? How do they differ from waves7 What are ocean aurtnts tfraetro k the o nen in wellefi ied pn athl." currents? H are they c au? What isa the oe pgeneral diaetior of The movment is genierlly in the dir dti of the re- ocean cet? D i t Glf Sta the K si the labndvalingwids and consequentlyurents are theoght to coast? What are beaches and how they red? Describe a the zone the ocean water drifts atiard In thee westesrn h n w ThO;ai Ln atfe as abfi ofi s oandr 200h 1e r, lel a pat of the oceans the euatorial current divides ne Ie s part wi no and the other part s uth as warm It is disifi with ates and lains ni hills currents. These unite with the eastward drift in the a lly.Te o u the Rle o t ~etmprate zones. In the eastern part of the ocerans the ft of thei T mrate Zoet bends toward the u *at or f.. a as a coo1 currmet, and unites with the einaitoial current, n the d n r of the north of an d e and levrm no hward I acrossi th ocean tar the coast of Euop where a og ilt trns out of the western side of the Ar tic Ocf an, In the Pacifi Ocean the Kusho or Japan current co6es uds to the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic, oceans and drift against Aftica uthA ria and Audtrad la.Mi Wo of Wave and Tides- The force of way a may be -very great. When th y trike against a roe k coa t they hrelk off fragmentb of rc roll them abount; and finally reduce t.hem to grve an a ne sit The water 1 carrie the finer mateialsg out towrd the sea nd A PAia tMoTaAtA. 1posits them whesr the warte is quiet. Beachs. -- Tidal currets And winds carry the san7d id Hihads and Lwlanids- The average hegt of the and silt frm certain parts of the seacoast and deposit land is a little more than 2000 feet therefore all lands them at other parts, as a gentle slope of sand or gmvel higher tha 2000 feet above sea level may be called exstending downward from the level of the highest tides. Hzgklands and the lower eL This gentl slop of sand or gravel Is cald i Beaela Plakins ga Pteaus. - A PlinW is a nearly level tract Great storm waves break at some distance out from a of land. High plains are usually called Plateaus or coast and deposit ther load of sand and silt, These Ta.l-lads Sml flat-topped tabe-4lands are somedeposits grow upward, forngfirst sunken Sand I Ba s times caled MesasV. The sraceo u s usually and then when above sea 1leve Baririer eache, fringi more broken and irregula than that of lowlani plains. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 15 ins- A iS i a rieat elevation of land move up or down more than on the other side. Such a crack is called a Fa;dL much higher thani the surrounding contrY~ Mountains smlly r i g narrow rges or Ra n s. A moun- Vlcanes.- In some places melted ock stea and *ain am is a number of mountain ranges nearly in hot gases sometimes escape or are thrown violently from line. A mountain stm is made up of all the moun- cracks and falts. Such a ction iscalled a x;Vani - ains or mountain chains in one /iov, and the place from which section of thela e ranges The hot materials tescap is called in a system are ofiten roughly a Vokano paralll The molten ock or Lai. which escapes kling and folding of the earth's crust. i, frs a t mun w These wrinkles and folds, however, ares usaly e tho me oriasl oesna the is caled the crate vusually moeh rcn and omodified by the action of water anda ice Thiii tse e r arig away of the folds leaves the crest or summit of m lst mountai. nn Uris ally there are be tween enIptions of ride v ry l itrregular intervals of several years, during whtch the vlctano appears dead. lit an eruption at last proves the volcano to be still Ac/. After a long time, however, ierhaps several hunrred years, t eruptions cease, and the volcano is said to be Es /acti not in vbtan~tls} inl Wh^ iS a plaln? a a oIfthe Valleys. - A Va lle is a cont inuours deo prealsin b elo the level orla f the adj acen t country. A narrow, steep-sided valey is called a Gee or Canyon, and a narrow gorge th rough wh ch a ive or fl ows across a mountainr rd, tappearn ii to tr it in two, is ofte called ra Wah/er Ga. it t Text Questions. What ar t he relief f rs of land? A Mo uTaNa (CaiI oavoA). What is the average height of the land? What are Any part of the crest rising much above the genercal highianrd lowlan i? What i a plaui? a pha sau? What tis a moun tain? a i ounta it chain? a ountainr elevation of the range is called a Peak, while low places system? Describe the foruation of a mountain. What int the reest atire called Gtas. is a bill? a divide? What is an earthquake? Hrow are Mountain chains with a very much notched or irreg- earthquakes caused? Define and d esribe a volcano. lar crest are sometimes c alkld Serraa.;Sierra means What is the crater? What is a valley? What is a canyon? SA Gegert (1ee WYOMIN t Hills are elevations lower than mountains and usually CONTINENTAL WATERS result from the gradual wearing anrd washing away of on the land is lid by the surfaeO afround them hy ra'n and running water, rain, snow, and dew. Enou gh is supplited to the land Divides. i-The gsummit of every ridge of mountains each year to cover it with a layer of water fifty inches is a Divi because it divides the rain wr whir h dater wn dird of this aer, lover dis flows dfown one slope, from that which flows down theor P pears into the atmosphere again in the form of vapor. other slope. The line wjhere the tops of two imper- Spings. -E Ahtrut one tlird of the wlate which falls on ceptibhle lopes meet in the lowlands is also a divideo i n pe ot the land soaks into the ground, and pe r ate s thopggh Eshqa l ' akes - The folding of the earth's crust into s r at of th the crevices of the rocks to grea deart f his mountain ridges never occurs all at once. Each fold Gt r u ay rea h the stirwas the result of counitless slight movemenits extendingfaei 1%nt d d is forth as Wae r coin over thousanfds of years. Such movementsi of the earth's l c ooGround water in soaking downwardi may come imnto comtact with layncrul still parts not only in d oThtean remeons, barften em of hot rock, ansd iisse ftth as a hot T c;~maspring. If the nearly All parts of the word. Thei movemenis are often trock be hot enou(gih to turn some of the water into steamu, Gaycrs may accompaniedhy the breaking of the deeply huried erock be formed b es gey: er are h rin i- I layers, the jar of which causes mrar/li ake or trem- Ithrownu high into the air at somewhat rregula inktervals hi o tGround water cciay when hot, dissolaes the mineras with which iling of the earth's sface~ for many miles aroundc it comes in contact. When the watemr of slaings are strongly charged The trembling is usually very slight, but sometimes it is so violent with minera in solution they ace called ifta/springs of the orok layers which causes an earthquake crc ks the rock clear up cavrns - omticel dissolving of rock layers to the earth's suirace, and the trcks on one side of the erak or fissure beneath the s ^___ __,- _ERO-_ _, B SION manyll le in extent. The laest and ostly beautifung Worn dwn y A< n weather by windd and by running w tr. This caverns are und in listone regionsf te and and mud towa the sea. This is called surams.- Aboutcks and wh is let then slowly crumbles to land collec Water nds i see t fls i thme s file gor saound water ron e bed oin the in st crevicesam, and wearocks ithey rti broken into liner and liner pieces, until at last they land. reduced to gCrel, ssandr and riversdeer. This slowis called brsio. ing ep of oks is caltled currents aoThr o The ckmay gowaste pe dced byor cut h erineg is slow l y ted dwn the slee of the sead by its A i 00K weight, by winds, aisd by the wash of the raadn. Finally many miles in extent The largest and mo t beautiful it raches some creek or river and y it is carried away ony i I its sand and mud towad thea wi i r cs is lled into caverns are funad in limestone regional for limestone is mud d and s ea isily daissolved by water of But if the Sthreams. -About one third of the rain that ma the y stream carries ith it some sand o land collectssins i n e land flows to he mu Wh ow is id this material act as fle A Rier is a lare stream of watr flowing through the or sando aper on the beid of the stram and wears t (i) a the w s f iothe eartns RMs (2) t hean res deper This is called C o rsi Parts of Streams - Streams have their origin in A stream with a tapid current can carry more rock paftel s a ud springs, swampsj and mif lng snow and ic The place, Much larger ons than a sfteam with a more gentie cureint.L Hene (3) of snow and ice gen a eally deeein their land.ds ored iby do Streaming with Wed in the h a rea f untl i t al ns Chover nea the ns of the sand Striam Sytems ad Basinsi - Neary 0ery stream is Sediment. - When the flow of ae muddyI stream bio joined b smaller sreams, Which flvow into it from either comes slower, some of its load of sand and mud sinks to si, and are called its B ches, Ti u s, or A the botto fearming a layer of gS i on the bed of it A stream Sse is a river with all its tributares, the steam, Each tmAs the stream is muddy and becomes A stream iall land dra by ea river and its al lesa But if thee ticurren t ilater bc es more rapidnt it ick up te sed ake. -e A Lakes is body of ater seituted entirely ment again from its bed, and c, t1,,, fa rthr on. in within the n are small lake this ay the sediment may at last be laida ryn onw the sesare ake hasins are depressionus iuln the landp ThIer hae heen frmed btto t moth of the sita m (1) hy the wrinking of the earth's ceprt, (a) hy the damming of vleys F tin f al - Nearly l the valleys on the (3) h modving nasses of isnow and ice wearing away h b r~nl3 as i en i the la land have been formed by erosion. Sta flin in the swater cleets in the ladepressions unti it inns ovr tRe sr oundin rim, or until evaposration aances te l o ssions of the land iorrade their beds, and thus make 0tw css - those svl/ vs/M and thoe e/ sa s L. Lkes the depressions deeper, while weathering on the slopes swi t *cttht no e etys llarea usudly in tfor mly e of depressions broadens -he water is lost b evaporation, and the impuri- Thus valleys grow deeper by cr-n tics hrought in by the Inlets a le in rasion and wid by nera the saltngs can not edcu ldthee In highland regions, where the slopes are recaver n f o mdaiusuallye step, streams flow swly, and atye How are st reams formed? What is th a rive r lan not deepen the valleys than wtheying plied with water? In what three ways does can wideno them. For this vreason highland in whathi o rivers w o:atae? t the e i deneda vea the ing Henche it fll; lescrie whaet baecels of that t which valle e us, a How are streams iformed? What is a river? can not doeepe the valleys so fast as ihey parts f a river? What is a trihay? What a lake? How are lake hasins formrmed!? Name and d efine two la of ke K w MO The widening of valle slowlywears awy PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 17 t hills betn them. Thus after man age the hils may be worn Tt Questionsr What is erosion? What is weatherin of rock jentrely aw by erosion and a hilly region may become an almot Ievel and how is it caused In what ways is the nmovemert of rock part ces d, aln. ccm An Alm - ~ erostni c all e d I 1 C Wiland pladin Such a plin made by erosion is Wall A Pla. hcaused? Define corrasion, ansd expaisn how it is caused. Define and explain sediment. How are valleys formed? how deepened? how widened? Describe highland valleys and explain how tley are formed. Rapid d Ri. - A with A gnt ur esrlea expa oa vaeys What s a penepla ow IS often uaib to carrt away qiickly all the sand andl peneplains firellld? HIow are rapids ard ripp es fomed? 64atmaoi 6. - deltas? flood plains? gravel brought into it by its wit trtis A epost eta oo r or Br, of sand, gravl and bowders, therefore, often THE ATMOSPHERE irms in the main steam just below the muth of aAr sw- The earth surroundd by an a mospher tributary. Such deposits act as dams, over which the of air, which t least fifty imils thiak and pra I) stream rushes swiftly, forminhg ~R d or Ripeis, while much thicker. Air is a mixture of several gases. One iove each dam the stream, at low water is a long Reai, of these gases in the lower part of the atmo lshre is the or pool, having a very gentle current. Das and raids vapor of water. It is the source of clouds, rain, and snow. y also be ormed where a srm f s o i The air presses on the earth at sea level with a weight of ney fi layers of har rock which it can not wear away so teen pounds on each square imh. This pressure is determined by an instrument cled the armee. As we ascend into the air there is qickly as it does the softer As y itn i less of the atmosphere above us, nd its pressure therefore deeases rock above and below. Cataracts are formed when Weather and Climate. - The condition of the atmosthe rock layers are nearly pher at any time, with respect to the heat, oisture, lev ns and the sfter sks be-to and movement of the air, const tuthe ear r.o a The neath areroded in stuch a way as to cause a perpenditcular plunge of the water Small cataracts are called De tas. When a str eam flows into a body of quiet water, nedfy all its load of mud and sand sinks to the bottom. This deposit may 1 accdmulate thuntil it thes thear s urface a of t hei water It then bpolm s Fia tract oa s I E low, mMarshy land, wich divides the stram weather nd the weather into severit channemls, and c auses it to chnbesn that re uoal at have several mouth snstead of one. Such ny pl cc1 t roughout theS a tract of land at the mouth of a stream year tak noe y'a is called a Dci, because some deposit anthr ostit t of this kind have roughly the hape of mat of that plocc. the Greek letter delta, A. Heating f the Atmoophe e. Deltas are very apt to be formed where streams flow into lakes or seas having no tidal curents. Te delta deposit constantly extends outward, and may eventually entirely strumcut called the Tiermometer. When th rays of fill up a lake, and convert it first into a swamp and then into dry land. e atmosphee they heat it hut Flood Plains. During a freshe t a stream swells to slightly. They heat the surface of the earth to a much greater width and deposits sediment along its margins, greater extent. This heat is then radiated back into the where the current isiess than near the center. When the lower layers of the atmosphere, giving it most of its freshet subsides, tisi deposit is left as a coating of mud on heat Thus the atmos~phere gets most of its heat from the land that was flooded. Each freshef leaves a fresh the surface upon which it rests. coating of mud on top of those left before. Thus a strip Heat Bets. - Therefore tls Isa of the atmosere, of ~smooth, fertile " bottom land" is at last built up nearlylike that of the earth's surface, decreases from the equato high water level on one or both sides of a stream. tor toward the poles. The following map shosA the This stripi of bottom land is called a ood Plai. The fclimatic or heat bhets into whieh the earth is somfetimfes riverflows in a winding channl, which grdiualy shifts dhivid. There Are A hot belt, two tesae belts ad about in the flood pflai, two cold belts, corresponding rsoughly with thi zones. i8 INTRODUCTORY I.11 67L0 - E r HEAT BELTS. The boundaries of the heat belts are isothermal lines - that is, lines drawn through places having the same temperature. On this map all parts of the earth whose mean temperature for the year is warmer than 70~ are included in the hot belt, and all parts whose mean annual temperature is colder than 30o are included in the cold belts. The map shows the heat belts as they are in the spring and autumn, when the sun is vertical over the equator. But these belts lie much farther north in July, when the sun is nearly vertical over the Tropic of Cancer, and farther south in January, when the sun is nearly vertical over the Tropic of Capricorn. Heating of Land and Water. - The boundaries of the heat belts are quite irregular. Both the hot belt and the northern cold belt are wider over the continents than over the oceans. This is caused partly by ocean currents, but chiefly by the fact that the sea heats and cools more slowly than the land. (I) The sun's rays penetrate and warm the water to a considerable depth. Thus the heat is distributed through a large depth of water, while it is concentrated at the surface of the land. (2) Part of the heat falling on water is used up in causing evaporation, and does not affect the temperature of the water. (3) The ocean currents cause an interchange of the warm equatorial and cold polar waters. Water cools slowly, because when it cools at the surface it becomes heavier and sinks, forcing the warmer, lighter water below to rise. Thus the sea can not become very much warmer or cooler at one time than at another, while the land may be very cold in winter and very warm in summer. Classes of Climate. - Because the atmosphere gets most of its heat from the surface on which it rests, and because land and water surfaces are affected so differently by the sun's rays, climates are sometimes classified as continental and oceanic. A Continental climate is very changeable, with great extremes of heat and cold. It prevails over the interior of the continents. An Oceanic climate is much milder and more equable. It prevails over the ocean, and often near its borders. Temperature of Highlands.-The higher we ascend on highlands, the thinner and drier the air becomes. The heat received by the ground, passing out through the thin atmosphere, imparts but little heat to it. Hence the higher the altitude the colder the air becomes. Map Exercise. -In what heat belts does North America lie? South America? Eurasia? Africa? Australia? Compare northern North America with southern South America. Compare the north Pacific Ocean with America north of the equator. Text Questions. - What is the atmosphere? What is said about its composition? its pressure? What is the difference between weather and climate? Explain how the atmosphere is heated. Explain why the heat belts are irregular in shape. Compare the heating of land and of water; of highlands and of lowlands. Name and define the chief classes of climate. What is an isotherm? Name the heat belts. What isotherms border each heat belt? WINDS - Movements of the Atmosphere. - Air, like other substances, expands when heated, and contracts when TE BiEiT cooled. Thus heat makes air. lighter, and cold makes it heavier. This variation in the weight of air causes currents in the atmosphere from regions where air is heavy toward regions where it is light. We call these currents of air WVinds. Since it is always hotter near the equator than at places nearer the poles, the cool, heavy air pushes in toward the equator, forcing the lighter warm air there to rise. This warm air ascends for some distance, and then flows off toward the poles as upper currents. Thus are formed two great systems of surface winds, one on each side of the equator, moving toward the equator, near which they must rise and move away from the equator as upper currents. Winds, however, do not blow in straight lines. The earth's rotation causes them to turn to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern, so that the winds which blow toward the equator come from the northeast and the southeast. The Equatorial Calm Belt. — Near the equator, where the winds meet, light breezes or calms prevail, for the. air is rising and is not felt as winds. This narrow region is called the Equatorial Calm Belt. The Trade Winds.- The cool winds which push in along the surface from the northeast on one side of the equatorial calm belt, and from the southeast on the other, are known as Trade Winds. On the sea they are more noticeable and regular than on land. The Tropical Calm Belts. - Near each tropic some of the air that rises near the equator descends again, thus producing belts of calms called the Tropical Calms. Prevailing Westerlies. - Some of the air that descends at the tropical calms moves along the surface toward the poles, and forms the Prevailing Westerlies. These winds blow from the southwest in the North Temperate Zone, and from the northwest in the South Temperate. Polar Winds. -In the temperate regions, cold Polar Winds sometimes occur blowing from the poles. They blow from the northeast in the northern hemisphere, and from the southeast in the southern. All the wind belts shift north and south during the year with the movements of the heat belts. Monsoons. - Because land heats and cools more rapidly than water, the continents in the Temperate zones are warmer in summer, but colder in winter, than the PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY i9 adjacent oceans. Hence the land air becomes warmer and lighter in summer, but colder and heavier in winter, than the sea air. This results in modifying during a part of the year the normal direction of the winds, even reversing this direction along the southern and southeastern coasts of Asia. Such modified winds are called Monsoon winds, from a word meaning "season." Cyclones. - A cyclone is a whirling storm. Some cyclones originate near the tropics, and sweep in a great curve into temperate latitudes. These tropi cal cyclones are called Hurricanes or Typhoons, and are very severe. Other larger but less severe cyclones sweep across the North Temperate Zone from west to east. They pass over the United States every few days, L e f 4.u e n *. C a [m s A | r \..W e..s. r I;.ny \..... i. d.. n.~ -. ': A__ ' ---~; ---Lr. I/ z Little o sLight r =Mod*era H Heavy and cause most of our weather changes. Small and very States are called To severe local cyclones in the United wrnadoes. colder than 320, the moisture is deposited in little ice crystals, and Frost is produced. Clouds, Mist, and Fog are countless little drops of water or ice crystals in the air. Rain and Snow. - Continued condensation may cause the formation in the atmosphere of larger drops of water or ice crystals which may fall to the earth as Rain or Snow. When the atmospheric moisture falls to the earth as little pellets of ice, it is called Sleet or Hail. Rainfall. — All atmospheric moisture which reaches RAINFALL. a the earth's surface \ \ s t _ F'i ^y Zones of Rainfall. l o in liquid or solid form, that mis, air, * t/ e n.. c a.,...7.., to the equatorial calm \ *yVRevs ter t y..,' -.W i n 'd s.... belt. Here, as we have ronora*t\,>,.*+-:.^';,.,'I....s..... / seen, this a ir rises, tanX< * ^^^,-^/ and its vapor is chilled ret,~ ^;2 _^^ and condensed as it ascends. Hence rain.,.~~i n hail, etc., is usuis likely spoken our every day, and the equatorial calm belt is a zone of daily rains. This narrow rain zone follows the vertical rays of the sun northainfa ward or southward over the Torrid Zone every six months, giving abun dant rain while it passes to places that receive no rain at all at other times. Thus, in many countries in the Torrid Zone which are always hot, the year is divided into wet seasons and dry seasons, instead of nto winter and summer athe ocean Fr ebring warm, moist air The trade winds on either side of the equatorial calm belt grow warmer as they advance, and are full of moistu re, bt they yeld little orno rain to the ocean and level lanseen, because there is nothing to chillses, ands condense the vapor.. When, however, these winds encounter a mountain chain, and are forced up its sides their vapor is chilled in the 'rain and condensed as it ascen. This causes abundant rains on the windward slopes of the Tor rid Zone. But there is lie or no rain only the opposit occur leeward slopes, day,for the air has lost most of its vapor i ascending te mounty rains. This narropical calms azone egionllows of no rainfall, since the air descends, northand or southerefore ward ver the Torrid Zone every six months, giving abunThe region while itof prevailing westerlies mayreceive no rainy, since all atthese winds move from warmer tomany colder atitudes, and are thereforrid Zone chilled. These windhot, the years iample rain to parts owet seasons and dry seasons, tinstead ofnts. The polawinter nds move toward warmer regions. Ttherefore produce little inds on either side of the equatorial calm belt gro The monsoons are likely to cause a rainy season on the land littlwhen or no rainds blow from t he ocean, and a dry season when they blow from the landndense the vapor. When, however, these winds encounter a mounThe winds on the front or easternd up its sides, their vapor is chalmost alwaysled in the ascent. This causes abundant rains on the windward slopes of the Torrid Zone. But there is little or no rain on the opposite or leeward slopes, for the air has lost most of its vapor in ascending the mountains. The tiopical calms are regions of no rainfall, since the air descends, and is therefore warmed. The region of prevailing westerlies may be rainy, since these winds move from warmer to colder latitudes, and are therefore chilled. These winds bring ample rain to parts of the western coasts of the continents. The polar winds move toward warmer regions. They therefore produce little or no rain. The monsoons are likely to cause a rainy season on the land when the winds blow from the ocean, and a dry season when they blow from the land. The winds on the front or eastern side of a cyclone almost always bring cloudy, rainy, or snowy weather, for the winds always whirl around the cyclone center in such a direction that on the eastern side they blow from warmer to colder latitudes, and hence their vapor is chilled. Glaciers. —The air at high altitudes and near the poles is very cold. Hence on high mountains and in the polar regions most of the rainfall is in the form of snow. If the amount of snow falling during the winter be Map Exercise on Winds. - What parts of North and South America are affected by the trades? What winds affect the main body of North America on the western coast? What winds affect the southern part of South America? What winds prevail on the western coast of Europe and eastern coast of Asia? What winds affect southern Asia? southern Africa? northern Australia? southern Australia? What parts of the world are affected by the equatorial calms? tropical calms? monsoons? Text Questions. - Explain how the air currents on the earth's surface are caused. Why do not winds blow directly toward the equator and the poles? How is the equatorial calm belt caused? What is said about the trade winds? the tropical calms? the prevailing westerlies? the polar winds? What are monsoons? cyclones? tornadoes? RAIN, ICE, AND SNOW Evaporation and Condensation. -The atmosphere always contains water in the form of invisible vapor, but most of it is within a mile of the earth's surface. Vapor is nearly always rising into the atmosphere from every exposed surface of water. When the water is warm vapor usually forms rapidly, but when it is cold vapor forms slowly. The process of forming vapor is called Evaporation. When vapor is chilled it changes back to water or ice. This process, called Condensation, produces dew and frost, clouds, fogs, mists, rain, hail, sleet, and snow. Dew is formed when the vapor in the air is chilled by contact with the earth, and deposited in little drops of water, usually on cold vegetation. If the ground is 20 INTRODUCTORY A GLcIEra (FOsTEr GOlCicR ALAA). g thcl can be d the um r te snw cl c? in the helts of prevailin g westedies? in the polar wds? Excumuplain eac Why do the monsoons usua lly divid e the year into a r ainy an d a dry season? What effect do cyclones have upon weather? How ice and auses it to mov slowly down the valles of the are glaciers foed? What is an avalanche? What is a terminal mo ainne T Te1 1 Ml you can about the work of giekrsm. What ate kiebe? mountain sides as as river of ice called a G ce aieot t heyork What are Some glaciers extend downwad to the sea, where t m of ice k off and float way as DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS In polar regions, glaciers cover not o y mountains, bt most of thefound in lowlands as well. Thus the island of Greenland is almost entirely cov-.erd with a mass of snow and ice thousands of eet thick, which is con- all parts of the world, but in the Torrid Zone the great stftly moving slowly downard and olutward to the sea. het and moisture cause plants to flourish in luxuriance, Smeimes large masses of snow, carrying rock and owlders with and, since plants furnish animals with much of their food, thom; tall ddisa aidinitain side infiJ the -valley MN s.. A. - i.hc them, roll down mounoi sides into e vall forms of animal life are ahundant. W of Gil iers-. As glaciers move downn their I the Tempeate Zone the greater variety of climate sopes they p1ck up owder. an rock wa t and ca give reater variety to the ainl and lant life though them along This rocky nate ric is deposited at the end there may b fewer animals and plants. of the glacier frming what is known as a T i |al In the Frigid Zone where it is cold throughout most a Me, or as' cicl Pr Moraines frequently dam of the year, there are comparatively few life forms up valleys and cause the formation of lakes. Bartiers - Most animals and plants can not spread The bowde that glaciers carry with them are often Iover the whole world because they can not pass over rozen into the ice at the bottom of the glacier A th the sea. The sea is thus a barrier Mountains and glaciers move along, these bowlders scratch and pla ne deserts are also barriers to the spread of life forms, the surface of the land below. Soft rock layes are Adaptti n - Plants and animal living in any region worn more than the har ones, and thus depressions are hecome fitted to the temperature, rainfall, food, and elefor ed. W hent i of that ticlar egi, ad in te they do not depressons ad form Lkes. iv well anywher e ls Thus caml Ive eiat in the Glaciers in moving from mountains down into the sea, cut iandd furrow the coasts,; and make them ti irregular. Many of the deep steep- damp forst the r Aresided valeys which occur along the ti mp o tunras, and th coasts of lands in high latitudes ay have been scoured out by glaciers Mrd Aialals tadjus themfsIele Txt Questns. -Whatis meant Thus, the grouse of the Arctic re by evaporation? by condensation? gin is snow-whit in whste and Eaplain how each is cause Name mottled like pNartidges in summer. the dierent fonus that water takes when vapor is coddensed, and et h plain each. Is it nrai or dr i n dr ag olor in the sal m wiay. the zone o equatorial calms? in This change f th the trd wind belts? in the triopi AN lct r POLIT CAL EOGRAPHY CAUCASIAN. MoNUOU MXLAV. AMCAN IMANo sIR Life Regions. The land of the world may be divided The Caucasi Race is characterized by a pinkih skin, to six great life regions, in each of hih there are light hair and eyes, regular features, oval face, and high, plants and animal which differ considerably from the prominent forehead. Some of the peoples of this race life frms of the others. however, have dark brown skins and dark hair and eyes. i. The Australian, comprising Australia and the adjacent islands. ants in all parts of the world, as well as the Hindiss Persians and a. The South American, including South and Central America. Arabians of Asia, and the people of northern Africa. 3. The African, including Africa sooth of the Sahara. 4. The Oriental, comprising southeastern Asia soth of the desert Th Yellow or Mongolian Race is characterized by yb plateaus; lowish sbkif tn, strigt black hlr and high cheek bfones 5. The North Arnican 6. The Eurasian, comprising Asia north of the desert plateaus and all This race includes the Jap anese an Chiese. The Eskimosare of Europe. classed with this race by some, but by others with the Red e. Tran na RegionS - The highlands of Mexico and the great liner l e s c tez by a w of desert plateaus through Asia and Africa have plants and anims somewhat like both of the adjoining regions. Hence these portions of the ish skin, dark eyes, and straight, black hair. land are called n Pca!.,. i It includes most of the people of the Philippine Islands and otir ife in the Sea. -The sea is more uniform in tempera- islands of the East Indies and of the acific, as well as of the Malay ture and food than the land, and consequently the life of Phinsula of Asia. the sea is not so varied as that of the land. Among the The Red or indian Ra Is characterized by reddish sea animals are the whale, seals, and walruses, hch have or coppercolored skins high cheek bones and straight to come to the surace to breathe. There are countless black hair kinds of fishes, shellfish strange-looking crabs, and many an al whi ook ik planThis race consists of the Ame can Ains. They occupied near f thd s the ea lihe whole of the Wesern Continent before it was settled by the Whites. Most of the a nimals and plats in] the sea live near the surface and in the coast waters, becaue these The Black or Negro Race is characterized by very dark parts are warmer and contain mo r e food than the great pbrown skin woolly or kinky hair, flat nose, thick lips, depths and ntarrow, retreating f orelhead. Text Questin. - Why are animals and plants most abundant in the xThe e ivefsr in central and southern Mica, the a iq dh in Torrid Zone? Why are there fewer anmamls and plants in the Temper- I ate zones? Why fewer still in the Frigid? Name htte chief bariers to New Guinea, and the in the mountains of uton and adjacent the spread of plants and anim s. Which is the greatest barrier? Give islands. some ex of the ation of to the lace they a fond E n some ways in w hey are fitted to espe from their Density of Population. -The number of people in the enemies or to secure their prey. Name and locate the six great life regiomzt of the world. world is about t,700,ooo,ooo. These are scattered over egns have few people to the sqtuare mle, or a sas Manind i divided into groups; or Rae the White polation or Caucasian race, th Yellow o Mongolian r Brown or Malay raei, te Red or ndini race, a d a- a ou d riae? Naise she resd an ail dti e al each frully. What mpeople Blic or Netgro W 1 each race ineltud? WhatB is tfhe plat i onu w fi~~~~~~B~ wr~~~~ ) lksd l t0~rct ~s~, I$Eyr~rr l~ar ~ ~ 22 INTRODUCTORY POLITICAL (3) that which distributes products. Name an in dustry of each class. STAGES OF MAN'S Agriclture is the cultiPROGRESS vation of the soil and the S -aager. - When men production of crops. gt their food by huntin Herding or Stock Raiig and fishi ng wen thy is the raisig and breedwear ittle clothin, use ing of animals fr their chipped stn tools and flesh, wool, hair, or other the bow and arrow, and product *live oin cavhes, or bark sk Fihi is the procurand reed huts, they are ing of fish, oysters, clams, called as lobsters, pearls, sponges, tabarism. - Pe ple in and other aquatic prodSAVACeS' nUits ( NTPX.A A s rA,t the stage of arahrim are uts. not so te dnt upon nature as the avag T hbe itg i the securing of timber from the forest dmbesticated eanimal and cultivated plaint 1 They keep Iand the preparation of it for market. locks and herds and live in tents orf rude hoses, and have Mining is the procurng of minerals, as coal, iron, god, learned how to make pottery and work some of the metals. silver, and marible, from the earth. Ci People a when they can red ufacturing is the process of preparing articles by and write and when education is to some e xtent gen- h and or machine for the use of man. erally diffused. Commerce is the buying selling, and conveyance of Modern i li in America and e s noted raw rmaterial and manufactured goods There are two for the garea development of inds tries and the use ki ds of' commerce, - foreign and domestic. The former means of wons cars, ships, orohrt means, 1 1sj lled of labor-savng macines. At this stage man is least is that betwen diffrentlt;t cobuntries, and the latter thatWI dependent upon ttre, betweenr diffrlent parts of te same country. ost of th i c es The conveyance of the goods from place to pOlace by Most of the yw hrn and red racei have reached a lower stage of means of wagons, cars, ships, or other means, is called civilization Most of the iack race are in the barbarous or savage stage. Text Qi - ow may we group men as to their gs? The Natural Resources of a country consist of those Describe each stage of progress. In which stage is man lmost dependent conditions in it that are favorable to the development of upon nature? least dependent? What is modern civilization in Eu industries and of civilization. Some of them are a fertile rope and America noted for? In which stage is each e? soil, a healthful climate, great forests of valuable woods, NDUSTRIES |coal and other minerals, water power, navigable rivers, INDUSTRIES a and good harbors. The Chief Industries of man may be divided into nthree classes: () those which secur mt Text Quetlins. - Define each of the chief industries. What is forraw (2) that eign commerce? domestic commerce? Wat is transportation? How which adapts the raw materials to man's uSes and isit done? What s a natural resource? Name some natural re sor e. -- - - - ----------------- -t itasANss Houses (Mkxic) MOIDsRNs CssZas ios' Hd.(Now )vo) The tof gern is te r r th he chief lif ed or lif e,ibty and of the pi are r t, pp aret dai Moha mmedanism, chie kinds of government, —tr*bal, monarchical, and Brahmanism, and Buddhism. demnocratic. Christianit teeahes belief in one God, and in Christ as Triba or Patriarchal government is that in which the the Savior of the world. It ccept the Old and New strongest or most influential man is the ruler, and most Testaments as the Word of God. of the people are related to one This religion waS reveald by another It i found among peo- Jesus Christ about 9oo years ago. ple in a savage or barbarous state Ang the beli veo in Chis tianity The ruler is c alled a C i Sh eik, are Romaun Catholics, Pr e tants or Kal.= and mem ers of tie Greek Orthodox eminent in which some or all of Jdaism is the nicct religion of exercised by a king, emperor, or in one God ad accpt the Old other monarch, who inherits the Testament, but maintain that the office and holds it for life. Savior has not yet come An Aso/~te mnnarchy is one in which A CkUisTlAs CHuRcc all the functions of government are exerc- g cised by one man. His will is absolute. A iwiedt mmon archy is one in which the powers of the head of governm ment are limited by a constitltin or hy customs an md laws. In this form of government the law -enforcng power is usally ves ted in the monarch, and the lawmaking power in the people or their representatives. A Pure Democracy is a form of government in which all the powers are vested _ _ *. _ directly in th people. A Sblum Tost r i BI tars) A epresentative Democ- Mohammedanism teaches belief in one racy is called a Repu/b. God, and in Mohammed as God's last In this formc of govern and greatest prophet. This faith was ment the pople elect repre- established by Mohammed about i300 sentatives to make, eforce, years ao. Its Bible is the Koran, a and apply their laws. The book given by Mohammed. Its followers head of a repulblfic is ca11ed are the half-civilized peoples of niothern PresidZe Africa and southern Asia. A.n. _._;T_ _ nws)i.Bratmanism, the religion of the Hin. _ BRAII"kii TEMPLE (INWA) dus, is a very old faith. Its chief god is The enforement of Brahma, but it has many other gods. It teaches the the laws is called the transmnigration of the soul through animals, and divides Executfive fune d the people into four classes or (ks/es. The mnembers of lawmaking is called the ' eIgi fi unction; one caste can not associate or intermarry with those of and the application of another caste. cases helon th | Many Hindus represent their gods by id1os, hene.d..i aibranch of gov- they are often called t aa/ers.a A MoaM iqI (T Y). eminent. The lawmak- Buddhism does not recognize God, but teaches charity iug body iS gebnerally% and kindnes s as the chief of life. It as first aled a Cre a ri or a Dit Judical hodie are JJun- preached about 2400 years ago by Gautamra, a prince of ay called Gear/s. T.eoGive India, who desired to break up the castes and to relieve the classesi of government anrd define each. What is said abot tribal suffering Buddhism is the chief religion of the yellow gove rment? an absolurte marchyt? a limited monarchery? a demnoe- peopi of A ia. racy? a rublic? 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In what Bering Strait. branid ifse I m s zone is the geater part of it? What is the etetwid in ilze an d contas abut east to west? What is the length from Beri Strait to the Isthmus of sixth of the land of the Its panama? What ocean is north of North America? Wht ocean is e? s hsi ptio stion averages only eleven people to every square mile oi east? wes t What strait separates it from Asia? cnast Fetrs. - Wht l bay is in the northern part of North area mereica? What great island is northeast? What bay andi strait sepa- Coat -- orth Ameria has an irregular coat line. tate G reenland from the continent? What island is east of Greenland? What strait connects Hudson Bay with the Atlantic Ocean? What two glfs atre in the eastern part of North Aneira l? What lare isand is Bay and ototains two wellntmarkd peninsulasr which at the entrcpt ofo the o- Gl_ textensod l ive iN larencr? What island chain is at |Arctic A trhipelago. the entrancef to the Gulf of Mew w n rei netis the Golf of Mexico and golfs. Among th iese ith thie Carihe Sea? What o are the estuay of the St talL cnnf cts the Glf of Mexicot hes wait the Atliche OceanW gulf is on the west coast of North Bay, and the Gulf of MMex Aterica? What sea is hetwen ico. There are n thee promti North America and iAa? neant What peninula is jst south ofT p senns la t s. a the What otGher e rver nt o te Glf of St tLawee? What;one is btieen th Atlantic Ocrith those is ans more n tne and the Gulf of Mexico? What the eastern or the northtwo are on the Pacific Coastthough t matd 'the What of ae is at t he souhough toward thee of *wa~r Of f~ei andanorth the oast g isl frined temity ofi e ach at thetan a mile t ma y of te tt l ads e e emiy o erf on dilandt s oWhat fourcfes are on the Asaeow a divatsified wth manyu coast of Noandrth A r What AA N Fi fiords. In the son Ba sle froth there two caes are on the Pacific coast? Surface. - What is the great highland region of North America? is but one conspicuous indentation. There are two long What is its principal chain? What four chains are west of the Rcky' peninsulas on the western coast. Mountains? What mountain system is in the eastern part of the conl ~~~~ ~~ ~~ Rei e f. ~ The chief hfigl mand of Na 2 les d/i ntn tinent? What plateau is north of the Appalachian Mountains? What Rel i he chief ighln ofNitor Aeinc e in is the character of the surface of the central part of North America? the wstern half, dividing the continent into two great What pai lis east ofh the tApp achlan Mt o ountains? - the A t i ad te Pa he Drinage. -What grreat river of the entral lowl6a nd empties into the AlaniciArctc slope comprises svlief regions, Arctic Ocean? What three great lakes are drained hy.this river? What river of th e entrl lowland empties into Hudson Bay? What lake doesh heA 5 I an hichlad are the Artlant pai, The the Nelson River draini? What river flows into Lake Winnipeg? What Appaachian highland, and the central lowland. The iver of the central lowland flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence? Nam e Pacific slope lies mostly on the plateaus between the the five great lakes which it drains. What great river of the central 64Mntis i h ir al n d d lowland flows into the Gulf of Mexico? Name for tributaries of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mississippi. What other lrge ihver empties into the Gulf of Mexico? Mountains. The western descent from these highad ns How do the rivers of the Athlantic plain compare in length with those is abrupt and leaves comparatively little lowland on the of the central plaini? What river flows into the Gulf of Califokrnia? Pacific slope. into the Pacific Ocean? into Bering Sea? b toa. Name and Icate the five great sudBidiisions on the T Rok Muti h bln a ev mainland. od each of thase disions. ore thn a mile but matny of the mooautains ranges rise one or two miles higher. A profile from orib to south through the central D Plow.land would show a low i sparti e Hd son Bay the slope toward the Gulf of Meico. em part of th Westen Cnin, and lies between Mounains. - The Rocky Mountain highland stritches th arllls of 8 and north litude I i d t from the Arctic Ocean to southern Mexico East the S th Ami n the outh by the t sof Pnima, center of the highland are the Rocky Mountain ranges, ~13~?kQ-rLrl~~lt~ rlg~ ~~Ifrlb~~ ~ ~~t~~"t~'~.~X~[~~B~ ~~fTf~;jB ~ ~ 11 ~ ~" "'- -— ~ —il"~" "5" 26 NO TH AMERICA and near the western edge are he Sierra Nevada Cars The Nelson-SaskAtcwan c systemi together With many cade and S d ge smaller rivers, drains the land sloping to Hudson Bay. The highlands of Central America and the West Indie The St. Lawrence is the largest ive of the Atlantic form no jpart of the Rocky Mountain system, but belong slope. This river forming the outlet of Lake ntario to ~ a separatesytem whose ranges t rend from ast to flows in a northdasward directin into the Gulf of St. West La Its upper course as of most of the the Most of the m ti in the western highland re irs of the Atlantic is rateid by, aids lofty and ruged, with many snow-capped peaks. Some and its lower cours by an estuary. of the peaks are and ny ars of the The Gulf slope is di d by many riv the chief of hiland re shaken by athquak whiare the Mississippi-Missouri and its tributaries, and The Appalachian highland occupies a narrow belt in th Rio Grande. The form is the longest river in the eas North Am stretching from the Glf of St. wid and its basin occupies nearly ne of all Lawrence alo to the Glf Mexco. It is co- North America. It is a great highway of trade. posed of a low, br teu on the east by a Ther are many short streams flowing down the teep sere of lg, lo eventppd m tinranges, which slopes bordering the Pacific Ocean but three large rivers are ly parallel and ft inclose broad f val- - Ykon, the Colmbia, and the Colorado have leys. The avera i is aut hf a mile; but their sources in the Rocky Mountains, and cut their way Mount Mitchell in the south and Mount Washington in through the highlands to the Pacific. Parts of the plateau the north ar about a mile d qut h. region east of the Sierra Nevada and Sierr Madre have The Laurentian plateau, the oldest portion of North to the ocean but f regions of interior drainAmerica, lies in the extreme northeast. Its surfac e is age. The streams in these regions flow into salt lakes less than half a mile high. or lose them selves in the soil. The entral lowland, stretching from the Arctic L es. - The northern half of North America, espeOcean to the f of Mexico is in gecially the central loand, is studded with f -water and level Its the half fors one of the richest lakes, and is the like region of North Americ. The twa some pa ts and are s. closely systems of North Ame ica of river branches that the 1important slope viii, the canoes Arcic Hudson Bay At- he imost impoant lakes Most of the rivers flow Erie, and Ontario whlch ing into the Arctic are 6copinse the C largest donsmall, but the chief rover nected area of fresh water th; Me M ackenie is mo e on the goe an d whidh aie than 2000 m iles n lth., 1, knoiwn as the Great Likes. R LI F ]DRAINAGE, CLIMATE 27 APPALACHiAN MOUNTAINS. Farihe to the northwest are Lakes W, Ata ae lwas hot and often unhealthful. The climate f hbasa, Great Slave, and Gr eat Bear, which rival the the slands in this belt is tempred by the trade winds, Great LA in size and that of the conti ental imases by the high altitude. IRanfallIn he extreme south the equatoral rain Thie Glaial E poh.- Thousands of years ago the climate of North America was colder than at present Iu the northern half of the grand belt brings almost daily rains ffrom May to November. dlvsion more snow fell each yer thian was melted, and it acmicu iteid Most of the rainfall of the central blt is caused by the until it for ed a " ontinental glacierwhich buied all that part of the the rand division under a great depth of ice. This great glacier m hoved I slowly outward i all directions fr e rom west o easwrce R ivoff the soil ngthe ' and out Rier, scraping offthe sol from the groundhenath, and t On the Pacific coast the rainfall is in some places periodicrti most many baeins in the rock. When this giaLer finally rmelted away Iand i of the rain g occurring in the wint e r while the s ummers are drie Many disappeared, the rocky material gravel, anI sand which it was carry- t of the lying etween the Rocky M s on the t and ing were left as a thick irregular coating of glacial drift covering the a e arid av region, and as a line of moraines or irregular gravel hil9ls,wich extends great changes of tetierature. from Cape Cod westward and northwestward to the sources of the Saskatchewa River. This fine of moraines marks the soutltern extent of The northern part of North America has less than ten the- grat gl i acer. After the disapp eara e of the ce, the depressions in, of l a the surfae of the glacia drift and the rock basins mare by the glacier filled with water making this the great lake region of North America. The eastern and western coasts are in contrast with respect to the amount of rainlll. On the Atlantc coast the raiall devas es as we e proced twhile on the Pacific oast it increases. Thus Floida cliate. has o inches, the region about Cheapeake Bay 40, Nova Scoia, and Gree nland A wle on the Pa1ci coast, Lower Caifirni has 4~ Cape Th e northern any d o whilerthea pis are esas Mndcfi 3 5, and rehl A lasddnka idoo inches cold in the long w.inter. The drift of the Arctic waters Me sweeping luthwartd along the northeastern coast causes Soil. - Much of the continent of North A nerica is it to be e-locked for three fourths of the year and the lowland well watered by freqt nt ra in, and consequently cold winds blowing upimpeded over the vast level areas availabl e for tillage or herding The best agricultural of the north k t land almost uibitablans a re situated in the sotlh n half of the great ce-d iTe central belt has a temperate climatte, varying from tral lowlan d, where the si is s warm temperate in the south to cold tenperate in the rich, and easily worked. Most of the valleys of the higth nrth Throughout t "mhis __al lso furnish rich agri belt North Amerca is afcultura la nds fected by yl g In th centlral part of theh often bring great and ute surace denchagesfte eatueonsists of glacial drift On Chthne Pacific cath-o foiring low1A hills iftter beca he painae, these la make ilig inexel t tfar1ms adapted to the groawth of corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, and hay. Nor A r a i In the highland regions umost of the soils originate ~~e~ggdg~t~E1: E~~~~ii~r~ bjl~ek,'~ ~ji~sra ~Z;U~ 28 NORTH AMERICA from the day of h underlying k. aly half of a the ma h Consequently whether uch soils are forms are gnawing anima such ans rich or l tpoor depe nds somewhat upo squr 1 t mi n iemmns gou th nature of thed rock frm wi pllrs marmots rabbits o rcltpine they are derived, Sols that are and paetro doge Tos H lfe r gion b formed from imenfstone are usually com atiy fw kids of hfd fertile. while those r esuting from the ~ammals, and few i andy native anioweathfeinti of sadl4ones r mucls adaptable to d omestiatin. t ihe 1les9 vamluahl f Indians succeeded only in domesiclaForests. Owi to the amount fin the dou h of raiinfli or to thees tmikuse of tthe or t he ch i f anialst of the Frigid Zone i Nor Ameria are the polar bear, Arctic foxU mst ox, eastern third of North America to- seal and wa Iru. Bt of thes e oniy w the msa gether with a large belt strething ox is peculiar to North America. It is fti nid in across the continent between the par e Iarrn n ad is apted to feeding ~ A~thelatrtllat~itd 1 ~ _n 0 s~~no manodsse c s and lichens even xhen mlll xed w-ith allels of t~e and 55 north latitude snow and cew and the mountain sides in genera l wA e The great pine elt contains many firbeafing particularly the western sle of ra inges near the Pifi. animals, as the g.ermin, sable, tin, aid iotte, and the badger and gltsort n There, too, are found bhd wapiti or " Amerl caribo Along the slopes of the tCascaie, Sierra Nevada, and other range oeAisg litre th ou nmoose, and many deer. near the Pacific coast, where the rainfall is abundant, the forests are fret rego noted for ts deerlac hears lynxes comparatively dense. The chief trees are the firs, redwowdls, and cedars, foe s,veasels, raccoons and fo rmer timesf some of which attain a height of 4oo feet anid a diamneter of to to 30 feet. t Ie 6 n rot reS ia re | i the western mountains are found the terrible grizzly bear, the foarest s of white pine, north of whih the fo rest s consist lag ely of t tprce, ar th aspea p rati fir f r The grassy prairies at one time fed numerous herss of bisons ort ftheo G reat kes an e as f the M isso Risslpt1 the ~>r ests ar^^t ~ ^e -? bfi tesre a rand many prongehorned antelopes. This region was also fatorchiefly of decidaons trees- oak, maple, walnut, hickory*, ash, and chest n l0 |ut al t i g, th ofcable in thea burrowig animas s uch an/s t he marmots: gophers, a end prairie -butinthe southastern art of the Caotnevd Stat, whee the clime ais dogs, and over its surface prairie wolves and coyotes once nhunted in very moist, are forests of the longdeafld lime and the cypress great The forests of soothern North America are tropical, andi are made up North America has many she ne, er of which are vens.rm The chiefly of palms, tree ferns, mahogany, rosewood, logwood, Brazil wood,l most bored poisomjs shakes are the rt tlesnke, the compperhead, and and many vines anld parasitic plants. nithe moccasin. The alligator is still f ound in the rivers and swamps Prairies. Between the Missouri River and the Rocky a out the Gulf of Mexico. Mountains, ther i hardly sufficent rainfall for the There are many spe ie o birds in North America. ild trys growth of tree and in consequence mot of this region or ng bird nd bl gse N peculiar to this life regmon. But in its thrashes, warblers sparrows is charactetized by grassy prairies; with growths of trees hawkst and owls North Aimerican life losely resembles that of Eurasia. only in the moist lands along the streams. People. - Most of the people now living in North Barren Lands - The arid parts of the interior plateau,Al between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, andspa telEnglish language. hiave plants peculiar to deerit conditions, Most of themn haye small leav1 s thorny gtem. And a thick, tough hark which retains the sap even when the atmosphere is most arid. The Barren Grounds of the Actic shores are covered and ic, with here and there a dwar hireh or willow peeping above the snw. Plants Peculiar t WNorth America. - North America has many, plants noa founad in aAny other life region. Sonmc of the.welltnown ones are the asters, the golden rods, the cactuses, the agave: and of the many uhomgh nw cultivated in Other Iparts of the world, are native ta the Animals. - Owing to the varied reliefad climateo North Anmerica, the an.ima life is extremely varied: Bnt s Dr a, iT wAvr D ane wv 'Twrrs. PLANTS, ANIMALS, PEOPLE 29 The peo1e of North Ameria MUS re lve, and the settled region grually spread are not equally d=itrihuted over westward to the aNfid ts surface. Most of them live in The only people nor sihuti5ed biv OiUisdh settlemnsit of Anrerthe Uild temperate elt and in the ea are t Eki f e i a Te el ire so6 sote from the entbers of civiteatios the slnani 01 their region is so severe hihl1 and tdls of t he a titife that they denity of population dend ed for perhap tisonids of irr mainlyn pon the natural resources; e Political Diisins. - Noith Aae i- otprises the fol 0 upon the kind of mindustry, anrd lowinVg main l)olitfical ihvtisotts. otlsahad and Alaska in upon the nearness to makts the north the Un1ted St is n th e ter, and Mx Amen ia they fodn it spar ely inhabited orican IsA jn by tribes of the red ras e, tcal e anaGren by the discoverer Colu m us Theysee p e liverd t ini all parts of the grand divi the lt sion, hut few of them had any of i e West settled home os o permanew nt is an i savages or beararians, ani g to Europe emigratel f otn on e good n hunting or fishing ground to another.i A few tribes, as the XAz of Yncatan; had hardy reached cvilization. These fpeopeie had many perm anent lpushed the Indians weastwarsd or northwarri into the wilder and less In th e s outhefrn part of the grand division One Spaniards conquered an einslaved the fnaties But lmare in Indian could not ondur lde savIO. I s ise gra r sivis? ron er a nd so inegro slares were were sl i1 as Are rie btliiirtineastern anI cy rn ls a arc it 's is greai slospes of N'r t introduced. The Spaniardis. Auseri6? 5hat higslaiv iss ls grcai sisle Wsen intermarried with the Indiata g turns 1s ls i s. the gililsRsIii titah and negroes and formed mixed laai l&ons misses ilieWhei h is hhts Isiglr. races. Thus it happens that I I i great dlrainagse snisss of Nssrih Arrienlse ars tIn re Gies the sotthern part sof North s g al itio of tili rivecs Of s6 i tos i as counte America and the West wi is lie srigin si.il.. ssunssrssss lakes ri the $tfth~in B~Gt tt the vtnjiaiyX atrrr nsI ruit illn Ilit is tire ca'se plc are often called SpanishAmericans. rg s At h est gri Sri Lawrence They also rkplisi tegioin ahout fi 'a rthis ssril sir sIre siilitherst hart -Lasrene~i ey 6 expjiorcoiIncthesif~ iccii p Isslatriis;r she~ cuiri Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, and establishtl clrti sle/ e nressss rs gtihere many 11eser tamong sirils ilfsss ii eac Is Wgiho. ntermarred to sonme etet After e cal v r anada sscrile thir slrjants of the s arrent was eded bs ra ne to Great Britain nod rl whiomae con t ls tiss Arisi slartf North trol6-k i't has rema iglnef:Ad to the pre Wht timea.ls&n iIs Wiru sl A icuiliard to tesc e rrta miririsi 5555? G iive an The central part of North America now called the......insit rf the natives wlhisi the Unitd States, vas settld mainly h b E ih pol early eplores fisn sir Amric w htiGoive an account of the early Spislih IFrench sir glis eli sss i acoas North Ataeries. Where is popuilaios iois sr sensest in Nsril AuerLaterimmigrants from every country of Eurien came ici Name the cisntiries of North Aiersrica /iB0000 I 0 0~.lp:aa 0~~i~a ~a u~ 0d 0 0 i ~d~- e ~~~ ~~~ 0 ~~iin~ Ri 00 g0" t~ 0 6 11/100/1 I 0000 0 ~'I ~ 0 0! 0 0~ I~~~i~ (0i~:l (00 1110 0~ ~ li~l 00 0 I~~~ 00~~~.""U~""8~~,i~iil:~ I~l~llill;0 0;~11~1' ~ i ~F ~:~~: ~~~0i 0 ~~g~i0,00 0ti,r": ~000000g ~ [l~p Ii ~ 00 0( 0J 00. lill ~ 00~ 0,,,,,, 0 0 oO:" s~~wi0 0~~ir ~~ Il~n~00t oo0a 00 0 0: 0 0 i~~0 00~~~i" 0 0(0 0:i::: 00 1 i~ 00 0,,0 00 '."" 00 THE UNITED STATES GkRkAT PLAINS. Extent. - The main body of the U nited States is situ- The dge onst o gea d rocidk folds, with ngthwis ated in the cental part of North America between ther t Th many croswise valleys or w ater gaps through the ountam ridges Te paralle49 It i e most massive mountain range in this region is ilue Ridge. The Allen one third of the area of North America, or more than gheny pateaus, extending r om the Hudson River to the Tenssee, mile. coesist of nearly leel ok layers. These have been so dissected by 3,a0 0 is r the corraion of trea s and weathe ring that in many parts they pre& oast.- The eastern coast is much indented by bayg sent the Appearance of fldppkd nt and -estuaries manny of which af dd elt fharbo s. In The A n an x tends fromw a the base of he the north there are many fiords and rocky islands, while pal Aanc r te id est to th e boase ftih ea in the southA ridges to t h e Atl antic cd are moas e. atre and thare 1oaerd bany lGw sandy b arr be mo eas. Nert the n the plain consists of a somewhat hilly region lar, and are by low, e ad are b orderedbnd tmcalled te d en wthe d wag hic h has a fertile 61soil nderlait with hard rocms. The Pacific coast is very reglar, with few indenta tions. East ofis the Piedmont is th much of which is low, Surface. - The surface may be divided into four phyith salt th he line 6cal r egions the Rocky Mountain highland, the cP t d region e tieal lcowlan the Appalachian highland, and the Atlantic Line, because the strealms itn descending from the hard rocks of the former to the soft rocks of sue latter have formed rapiris and falls Drainage.i -- The United States has four great drainThe ROi j ok), n h~ land forms the great waterao slopes, — the Atlantic, Grea t Lake, GlWC, and Pacific shed of the United States and occupies nearly half the surface. It 1is a ab ut a mle hg, and many of its sl pes The streams of the Ai&/AW s ot geerally flow in a mountains attain a height of nearly three miles. ic southtan a nearly or esthe southeasterly course. Some of them have It is traversed from north to sou~t by sever distinct mouatain their sources west of the Appalachian ridges, through chains, of which the Rocky Mountain average the highest, the Sierra sidi;Adand Casc;adles Arb ost pige and f2 Cmt Nwhbih they break in water gaps, and some of them rempt ages re the lowest and least continuous. Between the Rockies and their waters into large estuaries. Above the Fall Line the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges lies a geat plateau, which con- their currents are swift furnishing valuable water power, tains the only extensive desert portion of the United States, and is their lower are ish tial channel Rocky Mountains is great tabtlefand known as the Get ins The Ga Lka form a great trade route, but their tributs a gtream s are small aand unim tante. The cvn/I lowland merges into the Great Plains ontr tay I The Guy asre is drained manly by the MISSISSpp iPth west, and into the Appalachian highland on t he east of this siver westotatof the Great L akes it is crossed by a low divide, west ofrom the continental dvide onf the west, to the called the of Lad The urfaceis level or roll- oe ing and generaiy less th a thousand feet above Sea Apalahiafn on the at ansd comn i e ont third of the area of the United States. Many other rivers, not tfribuwhil the nrthin part is ed with ial dtary to the fMississippi, drain the Gulf slpde. larg delta a its mou th Its flow is sluggish in the lower cours its id on the eastern ide and the Alleght y plateaus c is cosl hifig, but it trnishes a vauabe highway of on the western They are both about alf a mile high tde for may hundreds of miles in and. 31 32.THE UNITED STATES The e is ainly by the C bia describe the ur gat dranage and the )escribe the climate of the gr eater part of the countryft of the Pacific and the olorado. tcoast; of the plateau between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains. through t dry laa egi d neither is igable es exept in its lower coure In the arid region d pof the bod of the the. ireat Basin, the few streams are lost in the osads, or United State is abut qo o They are mdily of eva*ooa so that thedy do not r hes the sta.... I.t *! ( i. th 0 i 1 I4v6m;A; " ' I Igniflibm;upe1 * te they thewhiteracesta t and speak tdhei Elish lanatgriet that is ith drift (see tre, chiely the ritih ls ern, Sadditian and t islye ma p. 3) Saltand lkin le arie fond in some tiughing the nil st tre many l p of St of therid pti f highland Among sttheas re abt of t or ra hose the most notedf suh las is rat Slt L atcestrs were srought here fronm Afria as es in early days T'he reTd re is irted mr th a quater ofs mlln Ijfifimo IS _~e min bod ~f f*m United SW* lies of the d liesIndan living chiefly in the west, and the yelow race Aby aut G00 whly ithin the temperate t blt and the el of Jila e and Chin tW Wd of wht live ear the Pacific Ocast. in i G rnttment-The United e Inatin body of the cu im ihtry comprIrises fo ity eir tatf - at, s heal~~~tu andfg~-t-bleto Thllndustrl ~ a-.S rle Fe~eral gO;ernl0Llent ha s eika1of all atterS hl 13::1 havP to do * * ' Near the Pacific coast the ailng wilids fromn the west, havCing tle 0 zith foreigi coliltries or with two or nnere stalte.;; oteo ceiisteerates and one disptirc r eng weather is and ruits of almost every kind can be ~f a Senate and a House of Re t e e s grown. The moist ocean w inds in winter are chilled in passing over the feb. colder landn andintio then slopeand thus fogs are f onmon and the wilter radins are anan th congressiona d stwrits iso i ea is is tde d t n the plaeaetween e Serra Nevada and Rock Mntai the The or rt rrcwAeTw ct orse0 55 svws Psnwswa ah anidd St.e Crorix it s te he Wrest iden pnureainl i s s mtall o fu tly itn many arts it dies the Cal Zn and T hilis is e Itsldos t. Gum,he ts warm and moist ennrg for asreand th cl Tutui and other insular in the Pacpifi Ocan. the s all h f.apo le t in thir } ate r oer the igh west- he orpower is tested in a Cni#099 66fourifti en tin Pacisc ioa tr courts. The thejudges o f th ese toorts are t ic ted e l wteperatu lre of the ocyan, case mild wrinter s maoI lestt stuners. ir itht ogro t hhe moistcn ie n tea are c sient of tom fie b m aah Sat ld ted by the peope.6 The onue on ther ari d ain aelrandg the too tai sl a nd ths fo a re of R tati is composed of mebe elected by the of e nta te gre al dis s into which each tate is divide in the plateat boetee the Siera Nevatt and Rocky Motntains the en ing;owe is vested iy tysenesi, 'air is In whi rledn i h Th6"e in u areying f This doe to electen or o sand u fe s io iat e rs tn the s wall aostnt of vstl or lt airn the ais hirl ed pin a tsi prense ourt atg his air mov es in voat ario inord trthe e ete, git oe h courts war e apt inth wes earri sos of th Rocky Mi ies rainfall abndat th for lie by the Prid t aun fi ar ted by the Se il and the a raier eow no raind or eakls andh state has ha of its own air and has a g on that of On the Rocky sid e r most te air is caus in ro the ea i bgovernn Tye che souThe air t whe in fomo All tiecions toward t ise cerair tof tplese making body in most sato elect their o leeislatio he revoling us, whic h sre h ofe masfrom westtstd tol in iter On the mar ny athe w ern side, r ctl air rns the orthto his whild r and Asr, a a as this air moves stnher les tward the cnhe ct ase it o he s warere sed by te e and therefore dfier, heisce ni rait or snow falls, and it is cold and clear A territory is controlled by tie Federal government Since th e eastern sid e of storm is warm and the we s tern a The governor is appointed by th e Peidt but h South; 1Sd i9 th ai9 fmn hoer chief executive er is thedr and oraSnow, Tat w t e an t w arpeople ismay be allowed to f tha Cei ownf lgi Coss and sam the our fm w to et the ai or sows A ity may send a dI to Cg who m. y PEOPLE GOVERNMENT1.NDUSTRIES 33 p Stuidieson the Stts of theUion otiefsi univ a Wheatt cortn and oats are grown chiefly in the iorftW sat be taeatod imd t he ha etoseh (Mat) PP IK 351 era pOirt of the Mississippi basin. Fhaind Log Islnd noith Atlanitid cOakt. What six sttes lie fibrtW AaC, t be mtwee nnecit and Uthe entrance to Chesapeake Bay? often rodcing more t lh on Oe fotnrth of the worlds s tiael beltwa o xt _; -ply tit raises more thtan it uses, and e t xot htrg qtliantitls t Euopeevery year. Gas-n is natie t Ante rien anti wasd ettitiatd hy the Indians at the tinhe the entifnent was tiscovere. it is now more extensively gsrovi and used ifn Amierica than elsewhere in the world, fore the corts belt lies alonig the southern edge of tite schats WClt Th fas ten cattle and hogs. Wiha evn states lying wet of Pe nsylva nia and Vir; ginia,; hodedr onl Lakm tfchigan or the Ohio River? What seven states West of Wi consin and Hf nois, lie wholly or partfly" to the g-red a6itod c otrvaload? What seven states east of t e Mi- ispp Ri ve lie south of Virginia and Kienftu ky? What fonr stales; West sf the Misisigappi River lie sooth of Missouri and anas? What tirie tates bordar m io ler oni t.lrr;heI oi ||i'iE.~ itll-4''" Psa ens t? W sat eight highlad t a state lie between Orgiot and Caifor-; o h t ipt t * ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6j~ ri a ftcto tecr 5l lc er s oned Of ften bet irnmiffffi ni tCa ew est w ai d tie D kotasada Kae u - sas; and exsontse east? crop of tbie United S5thk It reWhat state-east of the SL ha wrenice q i-rge aiimount of hust and Riv r order on the Dombinion of Can-ie tM9 ada? What states tot ch the Great mioisture, and is grown isnh ouh Lakes? What state- we"st of the Great iem Ati hi6 plain atsd the Gulf I a e border no the IDodnon of Cdtan 8~ii The:rop thin ada? What state- border on Mei& n? - f~linh The cent Iwtit' sisjhes Cthre What states are. touclseai by the Missis-f ort sippi River? by the Olsin River? by hosi aluahle cishiefl fo itsfiher hu the Missouri River? What states aire its see alo fishe ad useflil, toatched by thse Arkansas River? Y"hlueeo is~ aniotise Itmtportant crsp gx ~ ~ 'of the Visited States. The amshetnh PICKINGt prolute eotssh lulte full saf the t f Cu n world' upplty and large qiat't1 ntcs are - e l Hei ding- -- Th herdtng of tale lsr6i isW isor; c and muiles forms nl mjpottant indt try. ~~~Fully one fifth of the cattle Aant onor NMir of thri horses of te wrldareraised in the Uniter1 Sftats and there is ai I-rge r4pl of h ef and cattir for xpo rhr p are raised extenssivelyfrmt n-m o wool The Uniher States prrtlucg only al to e of the woit isptarts large quatstitifis Iudusgtries~ -Agriculturei is the principalf firndusty. The Tise raising of hogs forms~ a very Imprattdsr chief products are cornwheat oats, isay fruits, cotto, Iin the orn helt, since ea Ia tln F And tohaco NeArY every part of Ithe easter half And half of the hbsgs of the woirld come fromr the UUntd tet s a d to agri- Stat and large c isahitifi-: of p rk are exported. culture hut the bstI e its the Miss b n F g The Unthed taters cat hes about on6 fifth lin the Gulff plin, anifd in th Atlantic plin of all1 the fisis cagti6 tr4rrd-o1e1 t -lo T IN 5~ii~ 55 _ ~ E 5 5A li~, g Ah afllg — ii 1;l_ 'sim liliilmiiai~x111g11ilui~~iSiiilililil ilil iil *ei.: i l 1 11 g111g:ggll2lggl.-lW.W:~::I:~::~j111-.i:iiili:-i _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 111,, S! I I~"::g: lliB: 11112X11|u1115E11liiinl ~~~~~~~r:r:~~ir~r ~iiiii~~* 0* ~iil~~~al~~l~~44 A*:p; ~ ~i: '"""'~"" iB<I 4 4~~~~~~B~ ~8118888L ~ill.iii,,,,,,:~i~:9;it~lll ~ i~* ~Plii:~i* ~siiiissliiii/C UNITE STA /IIII~~~IP;BPII~~~~P~ OWBlllllli I~Illll i~PORTANI (A) MRRCLAI OLT - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~....,._ I_.1111111111111111111111.........(...|11 g- -- He- XE-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.............................................................................. g.;,:,;i.,;,~i~;;:,:s~~~;;;;;;;:s;:;::;;:..................:;;:aa~.: ~,0:0.........0.::;; E... S'' ' "'''GsA............................... 1.1. ~~ ~~ jj a~;~~~~~:~; j ~~~ j jj j. jjj ii. _.j~ll i~~ j i i~;8i;~iii........... __ jjljjjjjjjj! iiiiiiliiii j j.jjjgjjjj j jju~; jjj; ~ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.._ e. N i iiaiiiiiiaisiaailiili i i i i i i iiii iiiiii iiiii................................... *.......................111111111111111111111111\111.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ~il~';'~'' 'I | iiiiiiiiiiiiiii8i................ j. W j. iijjjjjjjjjj jjj j | j ji............i......... i~i~~i~~ssiii~iIB~;;i s... _................ ~ ~~i~~dlB.........."..':"';"~" i~sis~;ii~ srii l~a ~ r~~o~oo,,,,,,oo,,,,,,~,oo, THE UNITED STATES coast water the Great Lakes SAMOt e the minsao and many of the rivers abonId perior; and the rest mustly hi the'I wvith fish and su6me of the Appailachian Mount ndfi bays furnish the best oysters The Like Supend oroe can be shipped cheaply ti the.wold od mackerel, by water the great bitfnbions coal fields ht sh1 slmon shahlear- where sto diron-nano actring centers thire ore is r and mnaden a the n tted and som e of athe iron afterard overted ngr xid int a t. idi _ teelh chief fish taken The oyster 4iheries are the most valo- Mor&e than half of the worild' sProdable of ourf shebris uct of p/role m comc f rom the Unie L mbefag. -- Owinu It the States The most important Iclds are methods employed, finclear in the Ohio valley~ and *in Txas Oklahoma and California. Gland silr fom the Rocky Mouain highland contitte nefifth of the -world s supply; and are Abou hal as vaubeas thei coal mine~d in tfie Uniteid States& The United States prouce one half of the world's supply of copper and expos large quantitles Most of it s mined in the Rocky Mountifns and near Lake._lSup erorl._nuftu Themanfactures of thei Unt Red States | M~kfl B~~4ctga~1~Ps! ~~ — 18 XL~ Xc~ $IJ~~j ldlul W*v ts_ Fv are both more varied and mnore extensiv th n those of y othe c In value the United States furnishe anl y offier countW e ~ snlfX - --- - - --- ~one third of the mniatonufc coa MI0s tuires of th world, and ing lands for cu,'ltvation to wasteful meth- owng to the use of laborods of lum 1;ob ig, and to fors0 firies saving machines,' it makes much of the timber ha been detiy d.dmr Yet fully one thid of the woidd s supply cheaply than other counof lumber - still furnished by the United tre States Most of the deciduous trees fur-| The United States exnish hard woods, while the coniferouS trees 6cel in the making of om a Ufurish light; easily worked lumboer chinery, tooils, locomoives, Mnfng - The mneral Wealth of the and electrca appaatuis. Ufift~g S Xtilgtes is very Tbe most importAnt gr at furnsihing 0M FIELI mainidufatu esi ar fou and about ouc thir of corn meial; cotton and woolen cloth imo and the minieiiral pofduct st I goods(, ackd t mcinery, lb, i n l I e y i, of the worl d. It in, clothing, l-iquors, and boots and shos.' cludes all the u-s ful CMmnerce& The people of the United States mctals except tin and 'use a greater vaieyand qantity of article plainmthan the people of any other ountriy; heuic The cool mines' fur the domestic commerce is vy e ive. t e Tire nish one third of the foregn commerce is fimportanft yet it compris s world's outpu* t ofi o al. ol; labout one tenth of orI! total triade Our The anthmracite coa or are much lrger than our imports, and idfcld situated in tConsist chiefly of cotton, food tufs, macinry, 3d 2 ~ eE~t~jminerals, and lumber.2 Our chief imprt ar Appalachian ridges rb d sot 46ifW ktae only important anthracite coal felds worked in coffee from Smoth America, sugar from Euirfo and the the World and the itum ous elds West of these moon- WestIndiesraw wool from Austraia, and raw and t are the m ot extcnsive. mhanufctured silks from Europe and Asia. Other imAboti one fourth of the iroAi or oflthe wold is iined potit| dfd i chemicals, hides and skins, in the United Staes; fully five eighths of this g ib- fi tib an rubber. lEL~~1,,, l t}......:... s~~~~i.:...... INDUSTRIES, SECTIONS 37 Transportation. - In order that the goods may be bought and sold, they must be carried to markets. Three fourths of the goods that enter into our commerce are carried by railroads. Boats and ships on canals, rivers, lakes, and coast waters carry goods more cheaply, but not so quickly as the railroads. The number of miles of railroad in the United States equals that of all the rest of the world. Standard Time Belts. -There are 360~ in longitude around the earth, and since the earth makes a rotation in twenty-four hours, a difference of i~ longitude corresponds to a difference of four minutes of -vancz 1t Winn time. Hence when it is noon on. any meridian it is four minutes be- e e len fore noon on a meridian ~o to the west, and four minutes after noon I Pie e i on a meridian i~ to the east. To deyenn avoid the inconvenience and con- Den fusion which might arise from such o de, differences of local time, the rail- g. ----- SelignEs road companies have adopted the Sat^^ -rker. i! time of four meridians which cross / ruma! the United States 15~ apart, as / \ -.r. ----.,p i standard for railroad purposes. / Throughout a belt extending about ote;-Places on. the lines separating 0 the Standard Tinme Zones use thel time 7 - each side of each standard me- /f the zone in. which their names are ridian the time of that meridian is 1 _loetterd50 used for railroad purposes. These STANDARD four belts comprise Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time. Thus in each time belt the standard or railroad time is just one hour faster than in the next belt to the west. Industrial Sections and Groups. - On account of local differences in its industries and resources, the United States may conveniently be divided into the following industrial sections and groups of states: I SECTIONS. I. The Northeastern or manufacturing section, 2. The Northern or food-, coal-, and iron-producing and manufacturing section, 3. The Southern or cotton-producing section, 4. The Plateau or grazing and mining section, 5. The Pacific food-producing section, GROUPS. New England States. a. Middle States. b. North Central States east of the Mississippi. c. North Central States west of the Mississippi. a. Southern States east of the Mississippi. b. Southern States west of the L Mississippi. The Plateau States. The Pacific States. i QUESTIONS ON THE COMMERCIAL MAP OF THE UNITED STATES (pp. 34, 35) Commercial Centers. - What great city and seaport is in eastern Massachusetts? at the mouth of Hudson River? What cities are at the head of navigation of the Hudson? What lake port is in western New York? What great city is in southeastern Pennsylvania? in southwestern Pennsylvania? What great port is near the head of Chesapeake Bay? What city is southwest of Baltimore? What railroad center is in Virginia on the James River? What port is near the mouth of this river? What inland railroad center and what seaport are in southern North Carolina? in South Carolina? Name the two important railroad centers of Georgia; three important ports of Florida. What port has Alabama? what two important railway cen9'~ ters? What great city is near the mouth of the Mississippi?,u t.s_. e o t\i, fq Locate four important commercial centers of Tennessee. Locate yI,~,%D Louisville. in Kentucky. Name | it^ two railway centers and ports in northern and one in southwestern... Ohio. What one is in southeastern )e j - Michigan? What city is in central \ i-1 Indiana? What great commercial "Co ntn. city is in northeastern Illinois? \,il What one is in southeast WisconA n sin? What two are near the west end of Lake Superior? What two cities of Minnesota are "09 __'7~ ~ near the head of navigation in the TIME BELTS. Mississippi River? What three cities of Iowa are on the Mississippi River? What city is in the central part of Iowa? What is the railroad center of eastern Nebraska? of eastern Missouri? What two are in northwestern Missouri? What railroad center is in central Arkansas? in northwestern Louisiana? What is the principal port of Texas? Name the two chief railroad centers in the eastern part of the state; one in the extreme west. Name two railroad centers of Colorado; one in southeastern Wyoming; one in northern Utah; one in western Montana. What railroad center is in eastern Washington? What two commercial cities are on Puget Sound? What railroad terminus is near the mouth of Fraser River in Canada? What commercial city and port is on the Willamette River in Oregon? What great seaport is on the coast of California? Routes. - Through what states and cities would you pass in traveling by rail from New York or Boston to Chicago through central New York and north of Lake Erie? south of Lake Erie? through southern Pennsylvania and northern Ohio? in traveling from New York to St. Louis through southern Pennsylvania and central Ohio and Indiana? from New York to Cincinnati and Louisville through Virginia, West Virginia, and northern Kentucky.? from New York to Tampa, Florida? to New Orleans? in going from Norfolk, Virginia, to Memphis, Tennessee? from Norfolk to Chicago? from Chicago to Jacksonville, Florida? from Chicago to New Orleans? from Chicago to Puget Sound? to San Francisco? from St. Louis to Denver? to San Francisco? from St. Louis to southern California? to east central Texas? from New Orleans to San Francisco? How could you go by water from Duluth to Chicago, Buffalo, Albany, and New York city? Standard Time. - Name the principal places across the country from north to south at which the railroads change from Eastern to Central time; at which they change from Central to Mountain time; at which they change from Mountain to Pacific time. How much does standard time differ in adjacent divisions? If a train reaches Columbus from the east at II.50, Eastern time, and proceeds westward after stopping ten minutes, at what time does it leave in Central time? If a train from the west reaches Pierre, South Dakota, at 11.50, Mountain time, and, after stopping ten minutes, proceeds eastward, at what o'clock in Central time does it leave? Text Questions.-What is the population of the United States at present? From what countries have most of the immigrants come? What is the government of the United States? Into how many departments is it divided and what is the work of each? Explain the government of a state; a territory; a city. What are the chief agricultural productions? Where are the best agricultural lands? Give an account of herding in the United States; of fishing; lumbering; mining. How do the manufactures of the United States rank in value with those of other countries? In what manufactures does the United States particularly excel? What are the most important manufactures? What are the chief exports of this country? the chief imports? What are the chief methods of transportation? Compare the railroad mileage of the United States with that of the rest of the world. Explain the standard time belts as used by the railroads in this country. via 0N................ J & 1.....................0. NNORTHASTRN SECTION 39I t TILE NORTHEASTERN SEC-TION thin and hard to work, and the rivers abound in mpids go Questins -- Wha six statesare includ in this io? o a w T t e E ithe secion Whics the largest state? Which is the alst? Cn The Miin regi lic nortivest of the Piedmont ae Maeansand is the iost pictre s que of the whole Name e tmst prominent capes on the oast. e Appalachian region. It consists of la eon N ame three hiies ishm& Which state hos the most idented coast? Which one has no seacoat? Ht 0 h ae of mountains with numerous What moi n ystem is in the wst of the ection out lying peaks (ee map p. 5o I)? Name dthr of its rang es In iwhat direction do most of the rivers flow? What is The a ioedntt ina compraise atack - the te t iver? Late thee of the rg lke tadin, Kieo of the White Mountains, Monliok:(13 p# aide# / Wd MM Anat u ihemi 3/ OMount Ton, and Mount Holyok Mountls n o pirid int i s a lta atli) and Holoke ae nmale up of a hilte amny of the Bountid sine~ Nane seven hay on its coast ohen are tar he esistamt remnanat of a great highland two islands three mounains north of the cen te What arge rvers drain the sothern half of the tante? Nam thelarges t laei the hasi of1 ach i o tocied the rgo T he more continuous chains coamprse tae Green ts? Name the l argt lak e in the in f eand Tacrni mi ountains, 1and iihe Berkshie HS ill In hat rtver basin st its nhe part f the rtae? Locae the capital; Portland; Lei*t a nd Au 0a_ oaI a urn; Bangor; Bid eford;ildi d Bath w iasnumam Bolundt N ew Hamshire What mountain group is north of the cen drains the sothrrn part of the state? r What like is in the Mima Bound Veroeint What mountaina range traverses the seitat? Into what lake doia the ter tiop drai ftn? lti wht rire tihej d 1*n wt eatern slope drain? Locate the api 1- Bulingon Rutland. a Bound Masisachusetts. Name w a uA, uSMassNtaMM W - four bas on the comt two capes two lands What two iVers ad aks - he irs nv r belong mtanly1 ranges ar e in the west? What to the A ntic of these li oge the iver crosses the state? Wht at river isn the northeast? Locate the capital Worcester- Fall into th S I w e se through LIMa Chanmlai Rier; Lwel1- Lair ee; Cam- Mo-t of tls rivers rni h sbmsdant Water arido a nn- New BedidrdiSpringeld Holyoke; Brock- Lr Tb Merrindac m sad to trs more wt h thn any other rtver in th e orld, Bound C onnecticut. at ___h tThe mouths of many of the rs-V three neiers cross the s rtate? oMosWEA t L:. e rsb affod fine, hareb olrs. and the Locate the rapitai; New H n- Mim0i Bridgeport; Waterry; New Britain; Meridten Bound Rhode aisnd. What bay is on its coast? transporting logs. What island is south? rate the capitalt Pau cket The surfaEe is dotted With Woonsocket; Nepr beautiful glacier-torne d a.kes siption. The Northeastern Section mostly in two chains: one comrincludes six states and is called New Eg- prises Gratd, Big, Sebago and land. It lies between the parallels of 4i Winnepesaukee laes the rother and 4710 north latitude. All the states are the larger and asore picturesque much smaller than the average size of the Eagle, Chesuncook, Mooseshead, states in the Union; hut southlierni New Fog-S and Ratsgeley lakes, land ~is the most densely populated part of the country. climate. New England has cold winters and warm at.-Th ai ireglar owing summers. Vermont has the greatest extremes, as it is Sufae and Soi-Swamps aud along the coast, marbIe, slate, and fine sandstone. hut the broken Pidmont e region occupies a large forests; chiefly spruce and part o New England, andMi Maine l hemlock, oak and,maple. ~xr~~is~~A~Xt:~ i~l~t~t ~~tpX~;:-rrl~~F '~~" i ~~~ 40 THE U N IT ED STATFS. MAP PL SUGAR MAKING. VPRMT ned and good crops of hay, potatoes, or on the Banks of Newfoundland in,ua M O H f d f bie~ andtbg cod, herring, macere and enhaden and aples are raed fisheries, The timber and wood np from The uplands have a thin soil and the poine, pruce, and birh ftos e i are strewn with glacial bowld r but th northern half of the sAt are inaord good pasturage The valleys portant sources of wealth. ar fertile p articlaly the wide Con- The Penobscot Kennebe, and Annecticut valley In thm good ar ued for floating lumof hay, oats, tobacen, potatoes. vege her and watcr power on thene and tables, and pples are other streams ac utilized in manuraised. facturing. Paper and wood pulp, lumM res. Man- her cotton And woole goods and boots and ufacturing is the most hoe are the chef manufac une important p jursui. lPiL _Li oi Cisco hy i' tU a et sf l fty And eG6ter New England pr oduces of irde It has. i irable h arrl And In rfi wi-nte about one eighth in ta value of the entire man-h e xtn.ilve "en tnI od OO x en ml s. htor 'ha trni; ufati ctua rs of the United nd w shipmuch nber B tate, tet an f c anolfal-res cotton 1oth. Aubarns has hoot and shoe varied but the waving wcotot sgod W HAMiR t gdS and printed of cotton and woolen cloth And the making of boots matter. W erA/i has and sho sre by far the most important shottp. Bat hoi rd aship hopmesc. BaM. bl bds hals. Commere.- No other pa of the United States ' has so many deep and safe h rbors. The aiload ew Ha mp ire has yten pially in the south is very comsplete much fine mountain The exports are n mranufactured goods, lu mber, stone and lake scenery. and ice; and the im pors chiefly raw materials and The Whie Mounfood tuff. ains contain the People. New England was settled by study, in- sa Aco, MA. highest and most imtelligentf indepenident people, from agricultural Eng- posing mountain land On account of these qualities s w11l as their peak of 1 New England and are much visited. Mt. thrift and indiustry, th settiers soon adapted thems'elves Washinglon, the highest, is ascendefid by means of a rail t A and nat ource of the tlon and way fitted for cog wheels tengaged rin fihin lumbe nd - wstern part of New Hampshire lies in the merce and made New England for a long time the most Connecticut bas'in the southern part in the Merrimac importfnft part of our country The pOnple hav always hbasin, and the southeastern part in the Piscataqua basin. been notd for their iventiv genius ad love of an The Merrmac River is specially noted for its wiater ing. Many 'mm'grt from power. Europe and CaIada have in The state produces much r ye rs settled in the l manufac Iring citiies and in nvalua blie lumber. The great the lunmbering regions. Most industry is manufacturing of the towns have public libra- boots and shoes, cotton, woolrtes and good s chools; and! en, and knit goods, lumber, there Anre nsany ol s and and paper and wood pulp a _hatr and asua on tihe Maine. - he coast is rug Merrimac are the centen of boot and ged and picturesque and has shoe and cotton manufacure. Comany fine hrhors It i a co the catal, has leather belting and hose ftories, car shops, and argreat uimmer resort hebr fisherie are inportlant ton mills and frairosd shfops. Port GEranite aisd slate nsare qua- peset. LIBRARY, oso mot is the only seaport. NO RTHEASTERN SE TION 41 Verme t th Wa i in fahtseos n oahneryta wand a uss usts ithe scity iGeenMoun in anwirinew rk, ~ t a/ /aie/ il 1i i ri4 gre rat cotto hlsas n e afaturing oenir amare o n fAs r ss wBt soler e an d otu Smos f aas sachusests are sof its machinery. cohst though Lak / e i sot for their hosep fa t mke s sp sinae ai rrbsbr boss a sr enfi lest f is the old i is thie send t it of Netw Imden a slat e oon f eft and driest Caone tobacco ond gartles Vgtl arc id chiefly _of Newin Ei ni in the ofes enat iehtrtrin tle o tlsse Niw Dfry t cliae oingl a. i part f his of ' i s nei; t ne se J, i sPiaN MAsis. _ s, SMC t or.st is esti p e cia h f t il_ t d ft n u te of__. t o They are note a i t gs ci rn i ~n, on Massachusetts ald the largest obaned iEg ths a6tkm? Wat cheter ms impof so rugged as the White mnd 1t Suerdtiti fir in n s tnd utna Swtints; or shitsryt and haril hosas (ire N are a" anand for tbe anu re of asto obilee tch ey and rub e eveegeeC Corests. o n g. rls c k ma furnilshs mucih n pile sul ar. It is the first state an S rbiiran srware an quartes supply much sltate tand rante The m Rhde Isltadi the eallof floor, pper aind wood pulp and wighigs. the shitef latieg st p atson pse B'/sgia has a extensive lule tade R,ind is square il t l a l rear large marltlA tarries. rr is noted for itS graiitite and oaust las d k{ 11hnt har usarbde, alAnc/icr is the rapita. Mssachusetts, the rilclset arnd most popul;ous Wctt catcohek, COtNNEmcTIetMT state in New England includes the islands of antucket ho rst The chie anrd Mlactas VitneSyard iindustry is eanIn the west the surface is rmoun;taiinous, heing crossed factoing. in prohy the ranges of the Taconic oountains, and the cele1 portion to its size, eaedraa erkshire Hills fart ser east are isolated knohs Riode I s"ulajnd is onsiderahle atteintion is paid to miarket gadening. factoring state in Many ireanheeris are raised in the southeast, aisd dairying the Union. is impo rtat in the Bscrksliee Hills Tse fislseies are T/i/ee the r C.apt.. greater tlsan those of any other state, and Massachusetts tal is else secois city ftAitt) WARE, CONNErcriEs - also lanks high in tlse quarryinsg of granite t But the i in New En ganrld. It has exensv n of wvoeslet gooslsi jewelry, silverwarei; and factorles The 9state is like a vat svrkhop. It makes s isnisg anti weaving NsAri is a f tabl sunte resot. produced in the UMited States, aind muels of the woolenI Nete Estglaisd Wihat cli. drtsttelesttteo sftheo New Englans risers goods, leatherand paper. has helpeiltoi nike this s no manattttttid ingregion? lescribe the leather, d-israte of New isgi atfid XX~ Ins Ish jitt isf this seists is heav jiy forested? Boa/ore, on isassaehusetts Bay, the capital of Massa- What sisseralsareo obtainedi sSitu eit tcat Whtt is thimetoast ftnpe chiusets and the largest City of New Enigland is ad center tttitt uenlsaetion of the jisosie? Xs hai ace the chief masutfscluers? ofat1an ni tr Ia ems ha fish are cafight off Ste tsl X lis ache mrsst ist atint crop Xvats ccd ltt h i u W ircii adants hss New En land? Whit cc aod these with it deep harho make it the consenercial thO chief S?osvat ae sitar tses f tapots? Cite a iesef as tepoeum of is semisnd hec itis aries thecfd W its hilesI tho f Oel tiof nt icto nh ive tha tlfri fgifd e t~it building; nmseuma~ iid lib~ribg ho dhid c taog hi as st& ...........: Cm.......................................................................... NORTHERN SECTION 43 t was once a hihiani d but has bn wrb n down by e arokot into n T1H5E iNORTHERN SEi N undilaiting or hilly onutry. The soil varies in rtchness depending upon the nature of the undlelying rocks. The 11 ie separates the Tide aMIDteer region tfom the Piedmont, and is the natural site of many cities and towns M (?apQuetions. - What three great bays indent the Atlantic coast -i Whateh; g t bays idnt the u coasof p ^ ariel e ven-topped ridges sepa-i south of Long Island Sound? What seven states send drainage to one r other of these ays? Wha at the to thesile. ridges e low be e they are very What lakes are the n boundary of this gro of stats? What old nd have been worn down. In many idaces there are Whater gaps Whit likes arcJ l d i ithero tma 6he m thie rinvmers, the Whnrty cbthe rs the le of whiclh lis very pticriaesque mountain system crosses it? Trace the main divide te t r e mounain ya~in cedit (Afailviiiiv)The Apoin i; p2eaz west of the belt of Ireides consist of a modi between the southeasenadnrlwstern and northestem slopes. What river flows Te /gm pt wet o e o rge consist o a tothee the oNeYo a o ewe rate highland into which the streams have rodded deep, narrow valleys. to the head of New York Bay? of D Baaw are y? o Bay? C headlicilk ay What is the largest river iing ato the west sil of hseae a The sroil is thin, and thme valleys often too narrow for cultivation. What is the largest river flinMg to the West side of Chesapeae B What river flows from l.aku Erie to Lake Ontario? What large river is ve - e t ha s gtp 0 t R ive r s i More than half of this group is on the on the western boundary of West Virginia?Mt Bonnd New York. Name two of its slands. What two otain Atlantic slope e largest streams ise west of he groups are in the eastern part? hat western branch has the Hiudson? ridges through which they flow in water gaps inb gat What two large lakes are in the northeast to wat o they flmowestuartessir Lys i ng ut. The Htmd What three large a re in h th ent r? Into ishat do t heyI flow What lake is mn the southwest? Ito what does it f e e Bound New Jersey. What part is m muineloU Nae A range. lcate the capital Newark J ersey City and Hoboken (corner m tap) Paterson Elizabe the ad ln antic Cty Bound Pennsylan ia. Name two mountai ranges of the state. Two branches of the Delaware two of the Susquehanna; two of the Ohim. Locate the capital; Philadelphia Pittsburgh; Scranton and Wilkess Barre; Reading; Erie. Bound telaware. Iocate the capital; Wilmington; Newcaste. Boned Marylanid. What bay is in the east? What mountains are in the west? What river is on the south? Itcate tie capital t alti more; Cumberland: HagerstownF What district on the Potomac is surrounded by Maryland? Locate Washigon city. tummnd s Rtv iBotnd Viginia. What bayis in the east?' What mountain ranges are in the son is navigle t Troy, te thers state? What branch of the Potomac is xwest ~ o Blue~ RidgeNameI thr e e %tr i-in general tor the Fall L ine West marest h t t 16 keapa Bay south of the of the mom tiaitns tihe draina ise to Potomac. I ocate the capital Nirfolk t Pommrtm t oanokthe Lyniebbuiri. the Ohio, wsich is also a great Portsmlnouth; Roanoke Lynchburg e I T3 P trade route. In the north the small tersbnurg Newport Newf s.t t Laki basin Botnd We t Virginla. What muoitnta'n tr at o the r at ake as rangels are in the state? What large streamta fluni good wter owe flows tn the Ohio? meate thle caital; Nortih of a uine of glacial mom Wheeling; Huntington;f Parkersbrg. rt a g Zf Iraines imn northh}e rn Pennsylania The seven: eastern states of tthere are many ling, narrow lakes. the Northern Section are some- NA S. uth of th t l ine lakte are rare times grouped togther ansd call ed th e Middle tate. iate. xcept n te nort the limate is th The group contains more than one fourth of the popula' warmer and m6iiter tn that of New End1nf. tion of the Uniited States. Agri ulture. - Market gardinrg, fruit glcrowing, dairy oast.- The coast is flat and msarshy and h ordered ing, and farming are very imapartamt iadustries in this by ae b h h large hays - New York, group f sftates. In the south toblacinc and corn form Delaware, and Chesapeake -which are really Ituai the staple rs while in the mnirth all the cereals, hay, furnisah excllt ent hainrs. garden vegetalies, anad frmm it.s are Ihie chi co. the artape r>fir frs.c S e.- is groutp presents four relief regions - Fo In the mouttainti forests the Tidewater, the Piedaot, the Ap f pines and spruces om tlse hglhlands andt of hIard woods andthe Alleghenyplrateaus. i t,, | he valles. The Swamps mi tse souhiheast furniLskh The YmF/Wki eegmin consists of a low, level coast plain.t I was c yres and cedar. once slightly beneath tie sea, and is made up of sandy deph sits sed Mi lrals. -- The western- and central pIart mf tis group with shells and vegetalmle remains. This mixture in many aces forms supplies most of the coal product of the United States. mmis hat are usded ads fertiliers. The seil i light and sandy Imt irlyum natural gas ferile. t isase o has adlsoed lo bden veetablesa and turalgs The t forms the foothill of the Apalachi dges ells, n ad m t an 44 THE UNITED STATES Mandufatuig- The great fuel resources, and the New York surpasses all other states It has la deposits slight cost at Which hin ore from the head of the Grat of s1agand quoaie o building se in f on Lakes can be brought by water, make this setion lead in the norheast, and petroleum wel1 t the all oters in tbhe manufa ture of ron and steel. Thes Ammog the chief manftures of New York ar clothstate also eecially exe n akig machin ry printed ug printid mater, tt hi ry, cked mat rematter, clothfin packid mneat, fied s suar, beer and tobaceo. Ieather, refined sugar and petro- l Arong th more ij nprl;tant leum steel ships locomotives, car s, farm products ar hay, oats and salke knit goods anid carpt s other gran, utatoe frgits, v C irc. 1he ni harbo7 tal mkbuergs, uk on the thc great bays, the navi- wheat and ops. gble H dson, the reat in esng of New Yk li s on Manhattan, rali rods leading west through Liong, and Statenc islands and tre 1 water gaps, and the Great the mainland neaar the month of Lakes Whi h A e co ted With the Huison. It is the second the Hodson by t he Erie Canal city of the world in population, hav to d great d a great center of ealth, trade; and manufactures It hasi a water front on New Yor Bay, Ho S Gxl< IBRAAadson River and East River d conta many hadom public And private build_ngso librari&s and ino eums. It is also the seat of Cothe hisaif l of all great Mnions No city in the United State e ual it in mhaking clothing and books Great suspension bridges across East ds t OV E AsT Me e: NW WeYo River, and tunnels beneath;it, con0 ct commerce. Mr than half of all the bortoughs of Manhattan and BrookRl:~:the foreign tr di of the& couintr is~ lyn the two chief pt of h city carried on thiough Ne Yo k Tunne ls under the Hudson also conPhiladelphia, and Baltimore, neet the city with New Jersey. Peopleb - While the p06ople re BB; a is a great lake port distrlbmainly decended fronm English uting wheat, meat, flour lumber coal Dutch, German, and Scotch-Irish and salt It manufactures machinery colonists, there is in the north aflour, and packed eat, Iarge foreign population, mostly in ILK MILL PATS. using electric power genthe cities nd mng dit s and con g chiefly ratd t Ni a F of Italians,. Hungarians; and Poles In the south Roc ser at the falls of the there are many ne roek. Gen; cc maikei clothinig; pihoito-b ne~S v,,n~l~~f~ si |~~sr ii ffi.,; i? ~ ],;l,, 1 0tirs; gg;;;d fin one tenth of th utire population of the Un ted t te f i, vchinitye a.ercse me anuf -f The Adirond ekad the Catskills a dx e tre autdomohbili maelnery ingly picturesque, and are vi itd by thos ndso typewiter bt c lig and much re yto the touth ig than an e ra, nhet Wt is onnhcted bte i C with Lak Ere h Niag Rivr ew Jeo seyn-The cost ego s low and sand which forms the outlet to Lake Erie, contains one of fringed by barriter beaches inclosing shallow lagoons the greatest cataracts in the world, In thie north 1th state is crossed by the Appalachian In wealth, mantifacture, pulation and co'mmerce idges and valleyis.d 1%.~~ ddnu.3u S}~~;m~411?@4 NORTHERN SECTION 45 Many garden vegetables and small fruits are laised, ] P s ri lies in the soft coal, ptroleum, and natural The northern part is a great manufacturing region pro gas field, and forms one of the greatest centers of iron, ducing refined copper, silks, woolens, machiney, refined steel, mach inery, and plate-glass manufctutring in the sugar and petrolem, packd meat, wire, and leather. world evarik is a noteI cenlter fr the manaifcture of refied copper, There are many imprtant cities in theanthracite regfionf which lreathert, macdhnery, jewelry, and beer. facy G anid /iek, 6po- Scranon and eWi/Srr are the moslt important. Reaig is bothe an site New Yok are terinl of ay reat airads and steashl agricultural and a manuacturi e, on Le Erie, has a fine iaS irortand IT is i n a ISd Jersey City has large tobacco and soap factories, meat packing hooses, iso, abrald s important fir iron and floor milling industries. or~?i and sugar and petroleum riiefineres. PaBeron is the greatest center bgl, the capital, is the ceniter of a very rich agricultural 6country. fa disttinet the stelaware is the the kitiieit D Ii t th a ticl make te aiwir, mallest hate ip po ttery an tle.- lpe lr Uniot xcept* O * L. ti.,;i., ',,;. -: 0,,,. l, e t dal of hila eld- Rhoc P1 - the n thae oIts Mh ips. a hen, a n en i. sh. a. s, t s ', flatn e ridg e s anh e o r t heast co ||le btumnot o n he man f_ ar t>!s mia i Glg is f noted n maen ufai e turie of the the Srt. Whie the south er Pe nnsy rlvansia is hes rien lmegoe nthe secnd oc state in tahlesm anad ptral a sh. thie Uons in Wrealth The rna IctuI u center y the Ao a- abnd i w d e l, ahtela ridg s. i Th ca ned god is mafate the cntrAllegheny plar ohe stanei pt codu ntain a, teau e ela- lar,e share, af,, th ot aid ware and So~ quItn na drainr th etern slop throuh lon of the state. Its leading inanaafacitae are later e erI, Oks septl maltny water gaps the wester slope drains teo the Ohio and alhifiru y. e the capital, a aol Ate ioeao Thave wmprst a suga r and ' stre and gion. 1laThe coal fields of Penn csylvanlA- n eltha alfthe l among e the feridge tl theast And the itunioutht and in tihe o tha western plateau-yield fully half the entire output of New Jersey anI Dcldawr. The soil is mainly a sandy the United States Much of the soft coal is n te. prd marl, often marshy between the aide estuaries of the into cke This l tae ranks high in t he yield o limest str. e western part a i no unltualus couantry and slate and roduces much etrole and crossed ges of the Appalachians Pennsylvania exceedts all other states in making iron Ir antd steel. Ia l t also noted is of our cotnt1d ah in fh an c.hir * i cs t i 1 l ceitral and east rn part. of th state prod, grain 6orgi, 'lor, or and fi sh.s Ia also1 contains Aa 1y gsd aHbraries and e d ucaiona insti-tutions of wich Johns I m cling,, ahney w o olen a nd o ton scarpets, leataer, rein e v i and ri, and soae toaco, Te wt is sugar sand petroleum. cal-maininag and manufactsring retgionrmar Ph6 fertil lanid- in the southeast ad i nn the mountai i n l ils erly half the pulatin of the valleys give th st6 t a high agrkcutua_&l rank, and the satte, It produces a girct vaitety f m aufactire chiefly mounitain frarests supply lumhenrand tan hark, clothing, meital proiduicts, tohaeeo, antI acanned soysters, Fkicrdelpkiaa is the third~ city in, the Uion in popula-~ fruits, and vegetahies. It is an important shipping point fifm~ Arid A sht manufactuc i m inery, woolencand cotton lihraies'9 aind eucational inistittttions, of which Johns goods, carpets,~t leathe~rf, refinedpetroleumandsugarHiopkins University is tine moist famaus. st eel ships, and 6locomotives, Philadelphii eitinfs man.y iMacMbcrtsnet ian the coal regioan, is a ceaatcr of iron, steel, anid institutions of learning, and is especially noted for its,in, the sea of theatesy is the medical schools, g reat university, atd museum s. l Ant the sat of the Unite State a l d s t m<)ua"ltal-8i'- I rowst su"Wid~a tum~i" anu — ~anI1Y~ hl~-f{, |i1~ (ttsdl~ji~~L~Li 8* 1 --- ga L~d ~I/t|d t1~ g-l- La-ajr~~ #_4~~ls * L frultS n eetbe t1Sa motatSlCliSPt~ I N=............................................................................. M........................... NORTHERN SECTIO' 47 1 t of. Co mi a. Viextt IQ ueeti it. What part of the poptufi a of t e -This dtistic Ceded tbhe four c hielief relitons. lDscribe the imateat of this sUn dtates i tlea? W ha is the reason? What condiftssn combhine of Washigton, te h a- to make this a great comnerrial region? Hos mnch of the na i faforein tr f te Unite States is carr ied on through the otte sctio ne transise three, se i _sors Gie / is the most beautiful a brief acont of the ieople of this sectionl locate and h give t characte ristic features of each of the Mitddi atesn c r d of the chief cities in each. D tscribe he District of con tains masy hand- Cobitusa and the city of Wi ashsome pu li buildi gse T monum ts, and cprivate Wa ntr _ NORTH CENTRAL STATES IRe prese tativ of all foreign n ations, a s - ael s thl general offiters of our onty eid of he Noher on Sin ibetween. The eid n idee S ed te t Md S o the MI, t E ansat i ~Whte House. sippi River? What fo YA great ke eb i order the group on the unog Vig iniar -t h eWhat bodies of w ter con the and swampy Tidewater region; west of his is LIakes Hurotnand Er? Michigan the Piedmont; and the westernihalf of the state and Huron? Imerior and Huron? roedNa bt sAppNe two principal bays in Lake nataMn:sn* Hurso; twrs in Lake Michigan and valleys. The rivers belong al two in Lake Siperior. Trace most Nwholly to the Atlanti c slope, through the group the sotithernit divide of the andie tseoshtaelar reat o Lk ake e asin. W X~hat ariver fows southwest w-~ ~i* -i" f --- df~dj;ldlll' lthrough thf ra:e southern part of the groupI-? Xv hatg estuaries. The famou Na Bridge mntains e in lihe southieast? What range is is much visi& edin thie northwest? Biound Ohio. What tributary to Lake Erie The 9641c is very tou Ijx 6906diayis in the northwest? What river is on the in the Isoutheasat and in the Shenanr ts-x tn- a d the noswt vsat iver i on t in i~gmiand isouthern boundary? Name four Ohio tributaries doah valey. In the former region to the Ohio River.f Locate the aital of the tobacco, peanuts, and early vegetables,tt Clevelad; Cincinnati T d a andin the latter wheat andcoton and Springfield; Youngstown; Akron a;nd raks CAo ANn CtIV HALL, CUatoN. the i f crops Vi in a aks Bound Indiana. In what part of the state third state in the Union in the production of tobacco. are there small lakes? What river is on the southern boundar y oft I uc rwIndiwana? What triutary o he Ohio drain most of the state? ers a rn Locate the capital; Evansv ille Fort Wayne' TetOe Haute Siutlh chmond;eg the c~Boapia and commercia ce of the sate, mnufa Hund Illinois. In what part are there small lakes? In what t t c otspi y oif orte- ~ direction does nearly the h Ae? What ris n the mouh, wish a united State navy yard, form an important shipping Isountdaries? Name three Illinos tritarito the Missisipi. Locate center, especially for cotton and c oal. Roank has iron and machine the capital; io ra n; ieRockfors Elgin and Joliet; eworks.. Lync/lurg and Petersurg have a great trade in to lbaco. Neo- East St. Louis. Aor News has great shipyards, anidis an important shipping Port. Round Kentucky. lnwhat direction does it mountaeinous? What river is on the nourthern isoniday? on the ea West Virgiui lies chiefly in the Ohio basin. It is very ten boundary? on tls wnstert bosusary? Natne six Ketiky triborugged in the east but mord level in the northwest. caries to the Olin. Locate the capital; Louisville; Covinglon and The forests and pastures Of the highlands are valuable, Newport; Lexington; Paducabh Bounld Michigan.l What dividles the state into two pans? nhNamse the Mishigtan i slands in each of the thee en lakes the Michigan bays. What range ' in th e northwest? Na Tb iye Michigain tribut iie to Ik Michigan two o Oake coal oil, natral gas and salt, E ie three t to Lake Huron Laoate the capital Detri t Grand Rabids; Sagina eand ati City; Kalamazoo; Flint; he ig, 'n the coal petroleuamr rd d ' a y ' n i manufacture of ieosn and steel prod-e. l shae nets. lseg tE hast iron and steel N e Wisss hayi sf Iake Michigan. h lk tn works~ andshipslumber and coal.to Green hlay? By what river? What river ia on the wesBt ser boundary? Name three Wisconsin tributaries to tse manfactsre for, m i ad Msissipp w two nogna ranges are in she north? lmrbeir. frers has oail rehlnich 1o ate the eapia; Mwkt otoe ilwRa at Ia tri~es and machinke shps AL M waeCrousse; Oshkosh; SheCeeloygans. 48 THE UNITED STATES Eit' t, Th i stats of No the' Sect'n lying etween the Middi State and the M sis ippi ts ea t M si he group lies in the Missi sippi, Ohio and St awrn ha it i nc udes anout one elevenct of the Area of the United Sttes, ande over one fourth of te population. It extends hbetween the parll o An 47 nor.th latiue, or in the same latitude s southern Europe.t Mi the flk th9 ie; t 1 Plb ' d' Surace. - he surface is generaly level, except in regios; viz., the lake pns the piri plain and the Alieghany plateaus.k_ The lk p s are 9situated sc YARS, ccAo. around the Great Lakes, extendtogether with the larger Branches oin thearer ior alne hls oh thei of gravelly morai hills of the of the Ohio which drain the greater great glacial epoch. These plains part of the group are all commer are generally covred with glacial cal highways. drift, and contain many small Climtate - The clhmate is health swamps and beautiful lake ful and well suited to agriculture The Jrairie/ zs, situated just with cold winters, warm summers, south of the take plains contain W and sufficient rainfall ll w disvery few lakes but vast quantities So CANA Lo, KtSEWN LAKE SBET RO AmN HERON. tributed through the year. Sudof finse glacial drift haw been spread oer much of the den changes of temperature are not cemmon. This surface forming a deep rich soil The su ace is ess region; especially in the west, is sometimes vilited by level than that of the lake jplainsn but nowhere rises into destructive tornadoes. high hills, The streams in some places have cut down People.k- The people of this group of states are into the country, forminf bluffs along their banks mainly descendants of people from the eastern stat es Ihe Al a pia teus occupy the extreme south But there are also many fore ignrs in the cities and in as, and there the surface is quite rugged and moun- agricultural sections in the norirthwest South of the tainous. Ohio River there are many negroes. Danage. - The dinag belongs to two systems Th e people as a whole are among the most enterprithe St. Lawrence in the north and the Mississippi in the sing, energetic and intelligent in the Union, They rest of the sectiorn. The divide between these systems IVe established good schools and many colleges. is low and in many place quite imnpereptihle. This Inductte. - This group liis in the center of the divide s not far from the Great Lakes, so most of the great food-produci g ection of the United State and group 1l s in the Mississippi bas n. agriculture anrid stock raising are important industries in The stramsin of the St. Lawrence system in these every state Corn and wheat are the great staple food states are short and insignificant, hbut the Great Lakes crops, but oats, hay, tobacco, potatoes, and fruits are also form a very important commercial highway. The upper widely grown. Hogs, cattle, sheep, and horses are ssir ppi and its tiritari the Illinois and the Ohio raied in great nimber HARE"STING, iLLtINOI IRNTUCKY HORES. ~~j~ss~~,i~_11; B ' i~..i.... NORTHERN SECTION 49 lh dposit of Oi nd petroleur and the Ia acessblity to iris firom the Lake S1perior regioni ortmake minins and ianufi nn ver importanti Ohio franks hit I in the prolaItio n of 6c 1 ptrol urn and ntrm ga wond In the saure of nf turs Imprtant ma Ures ur are iron and te i fmoldr and maa etombilnsf Ilber prtidut lotbhig b ot and1 shoes, and natobac. A c'anal crosses the stante connctaing the Great Lakes with the Ohio River. G l evfe i t;lsad largest Ci/:is, l te i ceis m tl b iron and 0_steel. It has also large machine and automobile works, mea-paicking establishmets, clathiuga fcorest, hrin ewl __ g;reat ftrade on the lakes, especlally as a reFsNtrek FA SORY, CINONNATL ceiving coruter af Lake Sup r nor iron ore. In th lake region in tCle lad bllatifll laid oiu and is a north are o xtensivte pine well-pponted os ut siHoky ca ty forsts, acnd ing he i ast and uch sic thi 6i o of the great hsl hnd south valuablecits of tr Uon td States It has fhina har d woo. In thles re- r ver and 1rilroad facilitie fur trade and gions of l umberi e actively ctins a Packd meats, al aclnpursue. 1n the north iron ry cltlaiing, aCsint prited matt r orel, cpperi aind ali ad liquors carrigs, ad leather are chief througout tite central partnam ts cmanufetes Ehe resitencer o thhe sectipLo en pe-pri tofthit is on:I the blurleffsl over -. nlum fetl and natural r gas ar oong th less ect obtainsled in large lquo r fjan s. woRk. c: AND C nbs te 60,'ia, ian imron sel; fatudfo iconanifid AMet m chineqi resources afford materials ifor extensive and sho it ha canal rinu manufacturing indutstr'es-such as the nicatlonrs with ioth ithe Ohi making of iron and fteel and machi, ivera an the k e e and the sawing and workin of lmbr th ear the thtt a kAne from gt gee, wih is f ail ite o t fa cinr i grinding of ourt the makitg of cLaolt g (iresail ha greaig mhachlei slaughtering arnl mcant packuing and the ghops and flour ilrs ti e a manuacturhe oi auto oiles and oter butanicures e casoh tregrs man> - t d6finachin y, and aiuomodies; All of these various iTndustries promote r fat iconr godvs;ise ad a great vcommece6 which is faclitated ntot Iron. and s and nily by the Great Lakes and the navigable EN11NREJOiNG LABORATORYli ufh loweYriN A. machinaery. rivers and canals, but also by great network of rilrads Ig 1h diana is moca re leltirn Oh il11 wi I Jlowe luff alog which reaches every considerable city and town of the the Ohio River and its tributaries. In the nort the group| surface is qutle flat, With many swamps and small glacial Oi rankEs as the fourth state in the Union in popula - laes The tdlerlying limnstane formation gives rise to o and wealth Ta Ohio Ri nd its tributaries are many sink holes and cveis i t s h The sil is fertile, nch of it cvrd with glacial driftI duces a fertile and asily tilled soil wlailll enables tate hae o ttle ate ld B ds t stale Indiana to take high rank among tlhe agricultural states food cparge croas of tob, appl, and grapes are of the U niom raise and Wines are mi Dairying and stock raising There are extensive coal fields, besides petroleum and receiii much attention; lae quantities of wo oI l are n gas wels anI naaulfaturliig is~ e fattenedS. I prairie, and there are fine forests in the north and south. 0~g~" r~~~f- 89l bi~~ld~t~~g" "fJ~"~i~ ~ 0 THE UNITED STATES T caraIctperistic manufacture Cllcg thelI seiiA on'd city MAiWthe of Indiana are packed meat s, lour, Uno n popul ti s remark abl e i machineryiro andsteereinefor its rapid Erowth. It has twenty. boea 'rdsn and ifinedd~s role iuo, automobl xseven mil - of lak oiint liad theIl a gss through the cist hai been conncted *h the 111tiio WV, f,,, Y iY Zd en the caria and achief citya i till snoiardie b alt a ralroad cente r ge stckardn li -with thef mandy railroads give and grain elevators. It nuaes include r advantages as a cent r nu lA.i rutur kef andi a rair c enter taeist fi st bit in th woid It tockayad covera squer mile it rin kie g ts load and unload e of rain in a picked meats 1 a henery flour and autum n biles. Pso a thes river port of the Ini-ana coal ield and mnufactures fien and frinifts e ort Waync isa center of trade and has extensiv machinc shops. P | satk in the coal fieldaon the Wahash manuftnoue distilled liquors. St Baend maks carriageai wagons anring implements, and sewing meines. ln rmanufsetures glass and easit slopes imperept bly towad largely of ipacked meats, macinwith swa'ps. Th e tr m st ir steel 'lumbe, cars, leeem part of |. | gE the state r jB ftrical su ppliea, fuiiri niture soap, andi one of the greatesta producers ofii foodf - ot grin H and an th llk. litils i a n d iui st Mos t of the state is underlain with coal, and there are a o s dslrs ad s d Eas St. ny oil wel To this fuel suppy much iron ore, lam o mandiron and ste products. for manu ac ure. ence Illinois te hig k a nitr ad oe faco ia Qo, ba14 d centr o nd on te Misipi manuf eturint stat As a centerformeat packing it is ha foundries and parking housx jotiet make iron andsteeladcoe pecialra lr n tel bt te ai I t ck lope g ually from3 the high Cumbedand lubr fur nt ure, and r3cars, also e important. flo d plain in the northwest.t It is mote re hilly and uneve Tis tat ohre miles aiod than any equal than any other siate of hils grou. A r large part of h1 e aa the Unted Sttes and this wth ts great er state s undean with imStone onsequen the factes afforded by thISe Great sLaelys the Iinois, and rise miny sink holes and caves, of which Ma oth the bord e g ris giveit ae large commerce raiatiLng Cv, extendin thirtee miles undergrou nd, l sth roohst1 in* all diarectiqttron, f mon-., NORTHERN SECTION 51 Above the limestone is the won- Lo; IN A MICDIGAN IVA. works and carriage factories. Jaca so makes.arthe c riae s. n.d m ac. "ie y I dtherfll deep and rich soi of theil arriage d h Ann Aicbr is the seat of thoe great Michigan Univere Blue Grass regio, whose nutriti L ou s aing is apa. graIses have made the stat e famous Ws s U is siae tol for its fine hors es and ca ttf e Corn is rais ed but the staple crop is tao- xtt s ld tha ba co of -Wihicrh Kt cky r6 is Ianf M ichigan h srnce tii rles on the wuidnard fthrte pt1 <r-Wnaro - pducat of the United Stathees.i Lake oE; Hemp culti vation was formerly an It and la o o he Great ahinesf important infdustry There are coal fields in both eaete and western Kentuc ky and cal, iron, and ha w the t f the forests of the plateau section form important products. LouNisvi, the largest city south of the Ohio Ri v er xept New Orleans, Is the greatest tobaso nrake t in the United S tates. It i oalso extebnsively engaged in man frat ring tobacco, dist lled liquors machi snery flosur packed meat, and clothing. The city is built at the aI or r apids are conneldew4 Ifita he lasttr city lay everal fine bridges OCR% SUMIQRl and have tobacco factories Iad iron works. xg Lix /n is the trade center in the Bl3ue (rass region. P' zic a is an t important river Iport and tobacco msaarkit. ink l ie ss b It dt fthe cap aL viti isat d sf aalal glacial Michigan is made up of two peninsulas. bor- lakes. M sa ls k in dered by Lakes Superio Michigan, Huron, tia '0uta it b a whanly and Erie The southern peninsula is more or pat1 dclined their bed level than the northerin, and is dotted with n akisa t a finest fassisa glacial lakes. In thie nrifthern par t of thie state ac lumbering and mining as Ihi rich ine cl dcft nil the chief industries Mih- coraac n, Mak I: sth rath aci setiosa gan furnih tie htdMlUK. a dsf far nishing regin. lnte States with a very l ce part eb f productsare iai l6astn and tobacren of its pine lumber, iron ore; Ti urartin i half is 66erncd with for~e Iud and copper. cosatns rii iron ore nis in tin Pcsokee In the smouthern pat of thAd fekei agsedsN state the soil is fertile, and Many of the paeple c St s wheat, dairy products, celery, gsaa and (ecas iapples, sugar beets, and wool Mi/u ran Lk M iga a a large are extensively produced. ioketrade ' is noed fodic its tuanneries, brewMuch salt is obtained, and sxssessR FA 0 RAN0 As IDA. eries, steel wrks and ma'hne shops, flour the manufacture of automobiles, lumber, machiuery, flnur, mills, and shoe and cingtiia fictorie. It contain s fin furniture, and other articles isimportant. The smanuefa- libraries and museums. tre of beet sugar is a growing industry. ro at the head of Lake Superior, s ihips wheat, iron ore and The "So6" canal around the rapids in the river conj-.aberet andI has large lumber and taaar sills, shipyards. assa founries. necting ILake Superior and Iake Huroa furnishes a a "nB i has a lac e lak iraRe and akes isasy agtnlnitnal isaslletensh and vehicles. Os/skash and La ('nse are important cen'trs of lusnmber valuable facility for the shaipment of iron ore, lumber, blainess and flosr moanfahrtusre. Siasqe ian:?is has itasiratant firsitsse and grais. fetories. Ma&aue is the capital Aisad an educational censter. D'c/roil has waater communication with the entire St. Tteta Lawrence basin, and has many railroads. It snanufac- lives in this grolup of states? Name andasl dless cha trihe ea f tne tiree relief regions intto lwhich its srace is lvided. D ri its to raiage hires.ghj: tett antI nasa c ac tcked ' ci /pacis'esystems and n ame thle principal oi er s Of ea rsiabe the dia liaste of ptroductg drugs; cars; clotlaingeb snical' and iron and the region. Give an acacotst of thise people. Name the principal reGrd Ipidshasne wate r ana sisakes f s asof the New England and Miaaddle States. Nase andl describe the cief inslttsfriespratdthe Iseogo;edNase the hlief casnserasa facailities and machinerySarga'aaananal Pay CT' isasieifactuce larr, iahinecy, and dscriae eac Loate atd give she clAra'teristic efatares of each slate beet onars XAslubaaoa is a paper-making center. Fat has autonsobile I of this group, and of the chief cities in carh state. .A.............................................................................................................................................. U.(1............................. NORTHERN SECTION 53 NORTH CENTRAL STATES WEST OF THE MISSISSIPPI portion of the group, except in the south, is covered ith glacial drift, and ther r mossy c r i Map Qa n Wha seven states of the Northen SO he northea wholly or partly west of the Mississippi River? to what ile general de tion oes the a of tis group (ee p p. 30.) In what broken only by te lak Hil w relly unreief reg ion does the wester thir of the grup lie? the ester two tins) in the extfere west tse z airk Montiss (which third? W at mountains are on the southern lounilary? the estern boundar i What great river traverses the group from its northwestern to its southeasteris art? 'into what does it flow? Where does the ial ainic hills, alled Go/ east of the Missouri Mississippi rise? Name the two largest western trilutaries of the Rve MIns thsome places the rivers have cut deep v alleys, but sippi flows through the southestern part of the group? What river y e e re and pi f ftn this g o us 1all eg? say the large va11leyS are broad and shallow, Since flows north from this group to ae Winnipeg? oud Minoresota. Trace through the state the divides between ter f lowting to Hudson Bay Lake Superior and Mississplit River tn is;3ar the ' ate of}} et a 1 the are thea?,lARV Ti "^. rS *y DA ", *:i, What is the largest Minnesota branch of the Mississippi? What are the three largest lakes in the state? Locate the capital Mi neapolis; Dlamuth Wiona. o Id nIowa. W at river is on th e east unda cut a? the wet bounda aOn wht tlar ito the divide belween t ohem? Locf a thhe by itare Sioux City; Davenport; Dutbque; Cedar Rapids; Council Bluffs; Bound Missoui. What river is on the east bondary? What gre at tribltary taverses the state? Nam two norhern aud two southern tw outhe. a.7ive st)2t i }7 tritaries of the Missoura What two rivers are eina th e southeast? HAkrV ass WnurlT, Xo.tu DaOlr. What mountains are inJ the sou th? Lcate dthe c apital; St. Se Louis;t Kansas City; St joseh; Jaoplihn Sp etho Ctereingfield. wit sand and fund that oudl K ansas. In what dir cilo oes th state sope? Name a they their ly deeper very ly and the ly Kansas tributary to the Missouri; sone branhes of ththe Kasae ae deep ' f aste than they are dee? lage rsiver flowsthroulig the sougthwest? Loate the ital Kana en dh coraihton. t City; Wichita; L~eavetuworthb Bound Noertaska What river foi r the easten bodary? Wh at. In so.me sal pao tlain river traverses the nor6tern part ofthe staten? the central? the southern? more rapid tha thig i cosequently h Soft itoate the alsital; Omaha. Bound South Dakota. What two river flow southeast across the state? What river forms part of the east boundary? What mountains are These parts are known as the "Bad ands' on the west boundary? What plan is east of the Missouri? Loate Draiage. - This group of states lies mostly in the the c apital Sioux Flls Aberdeen; Lead.the Boun6d North Dakota.i What river is on the east bound ary? Whatae river flowss southeast in the western part of th e tate? What upland Misiippi but in th nortlse i a nmll part draissi east of the Misouri? Ikrate th Capitl' Fargo. rand Fks. the St Iaro and r ce through 1ke Superior; and n the north a somewihat larger region drains to Hudson Bay through Red River. The Missouri and upper Mississippi are navigable but most of thi streams in the northern part of the group have falls tsr rapids. T1 most noted falls are t hu e of S. Anthony and Minnhaha in Minnesota. 'chinate. I The summers are somewhat hiotter and the winters oetlder than in the North Central States east of the Mississippi; and the rainfal is Iess. On the Great eClutuis cons. OevfASXAa Plains in the west tlse raisfall is nsot sufhcietnst lhr aigrit-The se e of the North culture w thout irrigationt but grasses flourish and the lyfing between thed - Mississippi River and& the Great lands can be used for Iserdting. Plains form a group often called the North Cen l Pp N r ii t Mi ad Misso ri rivers the and 4 north latitudeanom prises about one -States east of the Mississippi, but the est antd iorthsixth of the area and one eighth of the populafion of west the population is sparse. the United Stat, Inustries, s- Thie lowvlanrd rtion of tibis group (east Snfe. -- T isesurface rises impeceptiblly toward the of the meridian of iou~) is part of the great food-produwest, and pear the midian of i66" reaches an eleva cing region of the United Slates, and sroduces enormous of 2000~ feet and merges into the par of the west crop of corn and wheat, as Well as oatsad say; while 5yeH.. 54 THE UNITED STATES oare at the head of Lake sperior h as a fine oar The iron |oe mines; a ith forests and the whet fields in thisi reglo hen coifntibuted t i is rapA growth; and mi d it an irpoanht shipping centOrK Anheg its nfese, are hvery i nd telprfut a nd r e avl e ios o lies wholly in the m ai t lains sanf in the basins of both sth Mississippi and the Mas isso Lyi in the track of the meanufE the state i often fe actked by hlgh pte dary products, mahwinr and luJew ttpetutresr. tn winterf he climate how the West ho, bh c aptt hteel is and evmer f h raltfuel and fanvrer e rro g rich in coal and fine la fin th ou6then pxart of the grotp cial dr'ft soil seem m ecially erich mines of cal ai e a tandsa ad td to cor ieoatk and s, has ipd in thre no luerthf lthe richst iron Lae mirss rof ogs ett ore beds In the pacUnited Stats As well Rments FRO;. FALLi and horses are raised, and a xnive pine and har-w d forests The Ozak matierh b cheese and honey are pnrode nd1a A r of the sectiorn is nearly ftreele except halffng t he more is minae than in ay other state wst of the streams Mississipp.l and the b ed ofr and the Mississippi and Missouri The mntifacttires consist ch1fly of packed meatsOn a tcommercial faciities. L Moines, l the capital, is an important center fi trade and ma Min th divides btw Mssisspp f The ng is in and fi raing lands. N666~ ad S LiirO46 bgro w ing estblihmn-ts. D areniporn opposuite Rock Island, I nos, beautiful glacial lakes, of wich Lke ts is noted alm inie on fthe the sord of the Mississippi. ississippi afat i t r test lnber and lothing. CiRor has large h of the surface is c rd with vaable pine pckingk esablishments ois!!/ /is is an importan*ftt center of trade and fnanufacturfe. id Wher has hbundant water depoiwe And manfac lumbein% is an nimportant pur9sut. In the n ortheast arle has nitabe minlls and gluco and estar fes. the rich Mesabi iron ore beds. Missorn. -- The rich prairie iands of the northern The rich sil of most of the southern part e of the sti half of the tt form a great agricultural region where, and the bed of an a ient glacal lake nov forinif the bes des the staple grains, mucnh tobacco is raised On flat. Red River valley form ex- the Ozark upland in the south cellent wheat-rowing lnds, and lumbering 'stock raisingi and fruit this state is one of the le g growin!iare i r p urst.i wheat-producing states of the e...T are rc m so cl; Union Ithe als pro lag Ant~,ft oy t -I1''the northwes '3 ' ' tern third of the state, cIro o B la hyoscrn and and the Ozark hbaver deposits ofm _ efriog of & hay; bdta~ total ld baWrly. - zinc and lead& Thes two d6 gos Minneapolis States of the Union in manuatu r e of the gretest c nt s of popuf Q la- isI ~tion in th ws.it rhoWestli s6 4 Shoex errCITY;iwA milling city in the world, and aflso manufcture much -h lberinb and linseed oil S/. Aii!, the capital, has intetrests Mowoiu Mxcnrsr5, iowA. NORTHERN SECTTION 5 as well as 'wealth; and it produces quantities of packed miSat hoots and shoes flour Itobacco liquoirsy lomabdr machinery~ clothing and e rs. 1. Louiis on thfie Mi Y ssippij ithe larget MY west of that river andd the lou rh 6ity in the Unioe ~ It as r at r ilroad and manuirfacturingk ceniter and controls the commecrc of tI e Soiutbw t It. gretat s manufactures con ist of hoots and shoesi tohacco packed m gts Iiqiors~ and na hfi ry. The el )thing and lumber buho ines is also Iarge. Fine bidge span th river at this poftrif and coon~ ct th city with East St ILouis in Illin(~ St 1ou00 has welfhplan fied parks anfd hotdi ical gairdiien Many of thI e 6p pl of the ci aire of e~rma i descent.Kania ( iai ho xltrremewestern sarIth MEAfAKINfKN stale; i. a c irod 1 s euleroforho sat A and we 4. ing estahlifha ir,6i aid 4 1 kes dbits ig auld flruE r, the norithice rut pawrt pekg i //annaIcAiArts C is th6 964thwsw Ih5Ie ut ig arnge flour m01111 ISp a he le t[L and tinemining etClifr j i tho 64apLa aVbvrab141 to flarm ag; while th west is d r Kansas. -- lhe surface of Kansas Stf lI u a rises imperccptibly from the n6t fallbtffi~6 odgal lowland inthe ea t to the Gr at Plainsifon inS hrad ot in the west, -where it At.tm lnsoftLPat tains an elevation of KMe155l l Nlaus, ad other streanis, three fourths of a mile. Th an rttcsacsmilar tts those of Kam~!ia the- eastern balf great sas, As in that state, also, the chief mhaiinufaturing crops of cereal and thou- inustry is meat packing sanids of hogs and cattle Omaha, tse nsietcopohs, fsscmns an imlsortats cohteir lot trade are raised, but in the dry mirnsportatioss, aind mIldstry. The[i msAntifilslcse ace vaieid, 6san listing of Isackes Ineals, rtneihj lead and colsier; cacs; foad wesgtern Isart the rais-~ preparaltitons Illait and sliatilled lnjauics, anti creaierty Iscsshldtcis ing of cattle and sheep AL/svs/st thei capital has consiideesthle business in grain, hlfiaber, forms the chief induftstry, creMamry products, and live stock. ____Soutth Dakota. - li6 'the east the surface is unidur TURAskIIINO SouT11 DAKOITA5 hating. owing to tlac hills of glacial drift, The laigla plain in the west is brokeni by tlac Black UHills aisd the lBad!hLarnds Thae state coniftains gniod frmtring laiads in the east, grazilag lands In the wnesi, and a mining region of gold aiad silver InI the Black Hills. Wheat, corn, odats and flaxseed ar tlac chief farm p6roduts. Excellent wavter power ina the sotitheast is furnislhei lay ihe Big Sioux nd oter teams nti ittu iliagi of some imporanfce. xa a/im is an tmportant naruant fa ~ing and fI Ar 1crutf A a a ig in a rich ag Itrale ftgliOO Liad'isaminito center il tsa Blak Itill, Jr cc 1i clalsdilt Nrdth Dakota. - The M' ouri, laurde66 d y h bluffs of glarlal drift SOWIO WIIA, KAs~s flws therot I Noit h) D hot Stit thei nst imnptrtant 1ah a al e oion lies lin the Reel Rivervalley. This contains great avlaat farms, sonic The xtesivedepsit of oalpetrleu, o which are thesesands nsf acres inetnt Stae ttrisaaiflead, ine, anid salt aire of much rimporrtance; tured. There are6 good grazinfg laiads, especially ftr slacela in thac West, K~haiaa cte, next to Qhkicago, has~ great lueatpackij Fapaoi at ithe heau of navigalton 015 thhe kes River, is tmpotsrani as a raiwa Aisd wioteat ingk estalishments,~ It igs.paraied from Kilnsas City, hpig etr Graas/ Feed is in the c~enrofihegra wh al egcn Zf~iavtt is Migissori only by thei satea fin Whic runs through oine tecpal of the public streets. Many raifroatis center in Ihesie bdiit citis. Wchit haspacksg ouse, an fltur ad Txt Questions. -- 6 How din theara antI pironttaioo of Ibis group) of slairs coompare wils lumbr mits. Topea, ie cpita, ma~llactlres the ara nti slid tIttnliftiri of Ihe coreilOsadbiin group5 just easii of the Missisateiosi litesris cremery prouct and flour Lciai;rcawathis thes the surfaces of Ihis grtup. What are Ihe Bad lanmis? lkescri Ilse drainage sysierls, antI ganamem heipincoipa river,un Descris the climnate, anti cospre ihIa s h rti most important csloafl-mining center, jutea sti of thei Mississippi. In what Isarl of lids group is peaitittton dgettes? Wjit? Nebrska - Te srfae ofNebask is hatare he hie natral1srducls? the cisie croiss raisesl? ruseche indinstrie of tise people? Locateit and M gives the cactrsifeuesoech stair in Ibi grbools and ssf skimilar to tAt of Kansas, eciepit thant the Keah of I~e principadities ............sB~I~Bj~ll ~ ~:i1111l 111188 ~ 1....................I illi ~8ii i.............ll"BliiQ~ i li~~~..................................................... I;;;i~~l;;;l;;;;;;;;I;;;;;;~; ~ aiiiii~ii~~11118~Ul~P~~IPI~I~;81...........;;;;;;...........i...........ii,.gs~eslllll~:Bl1811~I:~~IPPIIP18:1"g~""":i~l;;i; iii~iiii~iiiiii ii~ili..............................lllli:.......... i~l~liliil~...........~ ~- - - - ---------- SOUTHERN SECTION 57 THE SOUTH ERN SECTION northeast, and extend southwestward halfway across the grop In the oth mtin are rugge E AST O THE and attain in Mount Mithell their greatest altitude Map Qustions. Which seen states of the Southern Section lie east (67 t feet, but toward the southwest they gradually of the Mississippi River? What cape is at the east er t trt of the rdcline in e xlatin, and iscrge With the ll group? Name five other capes on its Atlani coast; fosr caps on its de hins gnp e lev atio adur a.s amere w ith the pow lands. Gulf coast; six well marked bas on he Glf as Wht mounta this grp e pal an M ta are system trerses the rou (Appalachian) What ridge is on the east raed into ar easte and A western iiion hy the h d of the systm? What platea is on the west? Name five rivers fiow- lowland alley of he upper Tennesse Rive. Et of ing to the Atlantic from the Ape alachians Name several rivers dr ain ing south to the Gulf two rivers which drain northwest to the Ohio; ta ar ad the west s the one flowing south to the Mississippi. low Cmherland piateau. ound North Carolina. What tsuds are in the ast? What two In the Atantic plan the Paiednmnt atnd the Coast rivers drain to'eacsh ound? What one flows to the Atlatic in the n hy the Fall Line. region are separated by the Fall L=ne. state? Name two rfowing to Soth C arolna l Name some mountain ranges in the state. Loate the capital Chalt Wilmington W Daiage. - he ivf ow i all dietig from the storeal em; Asheville; Greenslboro; Durham; Newberin Appalachian region east and socitheast, to the AtlauBound Siouth Caroin. Name three pirincipal rivers of the state. West ad t te tic, sot to the Gulf wst band west. t the hW In what direction do they fo w? Locate the c apita; Charlesto t * in ao, i u. z ffi aslW t heli 'Uhinletse e aadC nbctft rIV: A nandA Greernvlle; Sparta urg. 1 Bo1nud Georgia. What part of the state is mountainous? What row strip in the west drains diretly to the Mississippi. river is on the eastern bounday? the western? Name the chief The larer Atlantic and Gulf streams are navigae in branches of the Altarnahau What river drains the northwestern hpart to Alabama? L oc te thu apital avannah Augu M.acon lumbtus Athens; Waycross. Bound Fida. What two rivers ort near the east? Watt mhe state? What ou ri vers cross trhe western part? What stall ofm; a rtie the"ma are from the an is thn * ig islands or nkeys ar soth? What ha y in the etree e st? What b nraye is on the Gf coastr near he north ltitude? Lcte th capitatl Jacksonville; Key West PeInsacolao Toapa; S. Amugustine, Ioond Athbama. What bay ri4 on the cost s? What part is motrntainous? What two ri ers drion most of the state to Mole Bay? Whot river flows across the northern p art? Lcate he capitol Ii mingha~m;n Mobile; Selmat Anniston B m. Bou nd Mist s i l What Sonid is omsu Au am1aulss 5A m as: ommt san usa) lthe oth? What etr s ont at h e e wt ar What two rs d the thir ssr co d th nt he s even Southeastern pr? Wht rivers dr ain mo i ths forn (s s ihoes awaron thate oeaste oh art e the srisii teorn, the ie tAd Is l e t thir pper coih r e, Natch h t rees oilreh foint hlex v marti watlr as o. The le between the daie of e2 a nd 6 noth Iat eis mon- h Ms ipp S grat c zit* ri e 1r bcha lagoons.. uia. Ihe mot n are ismal; ly Swm p 1)t fioe e Sw ~ a t sain e f o hatd an esayO form the e Arot mercial yle isa nd he uf nhr-b Cpet lanksv th ill t he e rps E t T Sw - Aide Strip of the Mississippi States east of the Mississippi 1 aare fro the riverr aml 1is Iwer than uigl vrteri, tude, ofnwmnicha the ae larest i cmp ena le ul Yoeoo River Mc o is I fertle seventh of the population the Unitt iState. flood prainfall s abun within lan fplast of cyressa l in c el Ltoulbisiana Thee most noted art Da south Swas Okefinaee Swampi Frostnd to the Appalachi Mountaitns which enter frm the sfoutheast and south, and the wintes are il r tb~;FL3 8~22~1 ~~t~ llt~~i~~~~f ~. 8TH K V UNITED STATES are not I comon except o th I ig tob, ad he Icle ca lands fid no se and i ow rireesee ing and pois'hing of r'ce. l on the ground. 'The comme ac of the People. - bout two thirds of the in- group is activle particulary hahtnts Are white t r are negro in cotton, lumber, naval The whites are chifly d di o stores ron nd steeOl h y gh. and S ih h St IThe railroad system i tlers but there are a few pe0ple of SpanH quite complete, and is supsh ahnd rench orign Tht ngroe I s plemaented by the naviil f omre tat s outnumffber eia whit s hi sramin and by a large ar l Ih e p op in most part - cotahtw rvice of the South a iane t iligeAt a,In, - o, NO, North Carolina has about and enterprising and the one third of its a ea in each have good schools s and in which the leges raising of afy vegtnahl frufits, and panudts, Resources d u th prd c tt of I av stores his roup is adira chi ir th Pi in which fi bly adapteid to agricultur cotto;n c0urf wh at1 and t obacco are- raised; and which foorms the chief i the imtm rgion in which mbering, dastry Cottons raised <nang and quarrying are important. Mount in every stat and is by Mitchll is the hight peak of the Aplahifi t he teni Southern' States two large lagoons known as Pamlico and Alb supplying fur fifth rld u of the herring and shad fisheries of which corn, sweet potatoes and fruit pkarticulrl ache employ many men. are also gnerally grown. 1n the northern part wheat The manufiacturi of cotton is ye important, and is and tobacco are mportant crop and int outhern rpidly increasing. Tobaco lmber cottonseed oil, prt aly vegetables for the thn m rk rC and flour and me al and furnitur t are also manufactured. hoand hors Are rais and cottonseed il mills, W a has the beat hairor in the state, of o and is m portant cotton mark and hpping pnt of pine and crOhess re remntn boare umber and nava stores. n-a/m m anufactures much tobacco. and poplar and the sandy pine barren of e the capital, has cotton and cottnseed il mills. coast region are an open fres t of southern pine; cx- iamong the moun tains, is a h eath resort. ar/am has extensive tobacco tendin from North arolina to beyod the Mississippi fahcories and cotton mills. GreensA/sr has machine shops and lumbe mmills. M/ ships early vegetales to northern markets. These torests supply much lIumber, as well as fost of 6 the world's supply of fturj)etine.i rosin an-d pine tar. o t Cronot i a, the smallest state in this group, has Coal and iron ore are abhtndant in the western divi- phys ic features similar to those of North Carolina, but on of the mountain r gion d Ar xt n iv'ly mned I with little or no mountainous section especially near its southern e In the eabtern mon-t The islands bordering the coast produce the fine tan division gold mia, marl, and ohermines are g sp o island" cttn whi because of its1 ofbtfinfd. Near the Atlantic corst ________h.. - ong, silkyS fiber, is n great demand are dpoit of hfor the making of the inest fabrics. The manufactires te roids in- he siatdes dt th state raises lare creasing in impctace e p c'ally of icrops of roice and early vegetables. cottaon cloth, ironi And t& TIhis South Carolina is one of the group already consumes in its. t leading states in:the manufacture ton mills about one eighth of the o cotton goods. Lumber, eotton cotton crop or more than one third seed oil, and fertilizers are other of the cotton manufactured in the mpoant manufures. Phopha United S Ot mifatuings the chief mineral product. t frpenf ine the sawing of lumb. h e uth nd is ntd r is shipet of e - fmaking ~mof ncotton sed oil ndiA. to rie~ lonr~ anmod phosphate rock Which * g j SOUTHERN SECTION.5 s g in the neifor fertili CO/ab& thi t din e of h altn hr atre sonrg fi h' the capital has good water owcr which is uilized for otn anU te oh ' ' ' o t hrps are rch soutrn p6aa iture reeftg and Gai in the highlas aef imsa e on paes aexcten ivel idoterst, aufo v is a ted winter resort and sd n pphinges a riur asooin e m anutedn facturs ciguar nd etShas a fine harbor. l'eusie ia is a coutin and lme riffi Gor is the largest and. richest state of the group. |poreA yt fIP on the od Kes, nsti hcgs a iad is esigagid Thd. T t, i, a nountan regin hocc ine thaespo fs n s Fiael ne, as ions and strae, otres the tgies occutatis. manfaue tt a the p irod1ier rsctr saedtnal t a oisr eii s dire coa pr n ita in this state as inain aro but tolina, re.sA ia the mounta ins re lower d ss rtuggd Alba - he Al Bsidaexs large crops of cttonr corn, sweet lTosshyigbee rivers draitg most of potatosa ind t atsg Georgia is noted for its h tate mtog ay an ir manuf at rind friA sir hundred ailees. Tennes seeh ~ t 4F'' u *4;;'i;0 ' ' _ E; '; i |:' -—.;,' --- —COTTO G,,isn t he, in on e Ara a aRiver is tave cotiron het p fine Wr sare th e gr te hfincu al sctn, orntais prttn tiat td o heg t faori and Itsetr hAae as biS~ CO i ieton e sotmate wih 96isi 'sgrtiltur biron form ic lat eoa 'r m aachies a d melong and ror naval nt oirs otrea s,. e oala iran min and mrbe he ro are i edtnear theys"alonl the rnetr c o sthe seed oil, fertlize our, and aval stores are the ief anufactures. cro ae uced the southern part inetos re cotton cloth u e a r c ai siuplies an d ritr e se mi e is the h f n importainft shipping pint for fotton, nice, hamber, aiid naval stores. Its nanufactures1 T are and fe a r exp e t.ie and sh I fat COinrise matng fTeri alizrs, ceanig ay nt polishing nice, and manelnifaning hin thimr iow of al uctst. Agsti, Aaon, anDd Onbna hMave fie wter pawe n the Fa i ron and stee are the chief occdup aianst has a largte it e i lu and aa stores. n l i rom te Ih the St h santeet thlaan ol there the hef i ndusr Flrida xteds farther south and has a losger ca t line than any I tn n tam i t e ce f the other state in the Ut hiro. But th sr Are few nood hahes' -- those mtnin0g anllt iron inianifnfiffling region. ra / on of Tampa and PNs Aoha on the Gulf na64t being th best TeI Mol le BI i:iportant fr is si u o e ndti the agiutnd ot i h t ott o mco it tuhe eti Te strea s are sltiggs w arc naia the StNot Missspi M w Misl Rve r. Twere are many bea tif lake and sprinis The clmate 3 lies 6i the low and swampy buLtvr fk er l e, and vegetation are more tropical thean in any otmher state, thet talme I the plain of Misstisiha Rive. m Eoas tib of rho chief industries are the groingt of early vegetables andml sei- fls odin the foam Ar uplands. In tse flood toic ifruits, such as otranges and pineapples, the manuftur f pti an on theI ua in th tle mi'sing 'of os1phate rc paien and the cotoncrop isvey lage I On account of the mild winters, Many invalids from the North -visli the soutlfeast lumbeinig is t,,, chief industrvy I~XJI- ~i~ a~rC1t~~ B~o~~, ~ki~ a;~~ligi~i~~ftl~13~~ 31_l~l~~, ~~ ~i~~rr~L"B~~j~: ONE SOULTHERN SECTION Of tring cene l, e ae ': the capital a e;hl i, ocha t hei a i, zhe olarg tra h co *t, cotto nsei olt sand i e l t scrihe the lhitate e of this mi ins a ef and groupand st comp are it wi th e aNew tland clini th. iive an accor I the ra tes inwhich inhabit this grop. What th e hief Tenntessee is one of the richst ocuption of tih people? What i he h iai6ost icalartin e? a? Ni o t ei 1cr statsc of the South in ll ot i a g c of and ay^ t e In te S vest * prant cp ha oar ther renver t in the i! ources. Lying cif n the tattiias trs? ninfa r? ate tand give the characleristic fi eator ah each It oi3to th iIia is a oe n th re? e *.e Ohi bs it div d ino t e tatle a of earl of the pritipali ies relief regions. East Tennessee includ es the SOUTHERN STATES W;ST OF mountains and Cumbherland pea- THE MISSISSI1PPI of the Tennessee River. Coal and ofs e e C } thens STkec aetions hie whft oif heM oIs ofd aii tth rt e tite a *i w totthe M en largest aves in the souith or sothwest?what menmtans are in o manufacturing of iern and steel are characteristic indu so? am e r; and are in ntortheast? in the souathfiwest? What high plain is in the inorthwest tries ia n isi ghi sc 5tion ti in 3 this section. 3In whlat genueral direction does the 'arfa'e of the groap soh16e? Middle Tennessee, between Cumbrland plateau and itonat Louisiana. Nae o Lakes in the delta east of the Mfiaisregio, w e lg..e c.rs o. w tcorn and What river is on the w este a b.undary f What othe r hver is n th tobacco are produced, and much phosphate rock is ined& southwe st? Lte th e cepital N a i erleans Shreveport West Tenne sse is lower in,, levation nd contain thus I 'r na. I rt i ta r om i ni, i eAk WestTennsse is 6xve in_ 6luvf imi dBound Atkanas Whate mard tbainset on bothn side of the Arkansastio t River? What tountains are nnrth of the Arkansas vier? What three many cotton prarat ons. mrivers jom te Miiis i in the states? What t wo rivers are in the smotha si, on the riverh bluff, is an important river port and railway west? Locate the capital; Fort Smith; Pite Bluff; Holt Springs. center, amid one of the greatest interitor cotton markets in the country. Bhound Tewas. Namse its principal bays anid idantds In what direeIt minufactures flour, food preparations, lumber, cottonseed oil, tobacco, lion does the sur9fe sho1e? What river is no the northern boandary and machinery. Naie the capital, is an important center of trade the eastern? the soathwestern? Name a northern bratch of the RiS and manu fatures flour, lmbser, amid frtiliersg This city is a cemter of Grande. Name five other rivers of the state which flow southeast. education. Kaxiiie, in the iron, coal, and lumber region of easterm What river is in the xitireme north? Where are the (oeadaltupe eonnu T ennessee, manufactures flonr, clothing, lumber, and iron and steet It tains? Where is thIe Lani Estacaldo? Locate Ihe capital San Antonio is:also a n important trade center. a/manri, frther south, is engaged Dallas; Honston; Fort Worth; EL Paso; Galveston; Waco; BeamtunnaL B__otndiOklahona ha t paristof the statte are mn~taiuton? Name I&A cat hi - 1-Xl o ee; Tulsa. Xlctlester. L Locattion and Extent. Thisi: toup comlpris four Sftate and tbout 00o Id motlo of thei lisdilsulaits.% I I - - andI ivwarnpy. Gti6d harbors are and fuiture. it is sitimated near a goirge sissip oi River amid ils Iroiver valley out Mountain. Ji~Anks has machinie: shopsso V l a f and I mher and kuottnnskee bI nilk a w- slf vi.V.t teI 6iptIt ii of the mn edl State ives in plains odfi thei stouher ranfel s of more or less thickly tte than theo rllr rl tf 62TE UNIT D STATES D aiage.-The drane i| Cane sur nd m ss lumber Mississippi and its two branches factred Much ric is 6claned. the Red and the Arkansa. The O s atd on cres-.iSp a s, 1 situated on a resRio Grande is on the southwest- cthapd bnd of the M issi cer b oundary, and the olodo spp is the gat cotton ma Biraos, Trinity and Sabine rivers and shipptig pint of the Uniomr l drai uch of thelintervening arear Its great advantages for commere The lower Mississippi' is noted have been enhanced by the Bauild for its eander, a r i g t in of jetties to maintain a depth delta. Some of the streams in their across the bar at the mouth of the ClAte. - h 1ma is warm; ml-t and *quab 1 monuactri:n clo6thing ande: lumbr aned n ginning; comexpt i the hihland of wtern Tea. T hat part prteing and shipping cttons Is dry with extr mes f t emperatore. S /e 6 roc on the Red River. is a otton market. i ot Roeu t he People. Soe of the eopIle of Louisiana are of -' o ianportant center of the tton trade, ' *, -,,,.. 1 T T * Jt.. Freich d s cent and speak French and somre 0f the peo- Arkansas.-I Eastien Arkansas lies in the broad, swampy pl of rexas r of p h d c and sA Spih flood plains of the Mis sissippi and rArkana ivers he Most of the pople however are Americas There are orthwestern part is broken by the Wzark plateau and alo many negroe and in Oklahoma many indians. 'i out of Arknsas River the Wark Mountains take tlhe Industries - Cotton, sugar cane, and rice growing form of ridges of moderate elevation. forms the chief occupatxion in the lowlands The Oprai The lowlands are d with dfense growths of es at greater evation produe arge crops of whea cypress and cottonwooi and the uplands have ex enwhile the dri Great Plains irther we st furn ish excel'ent grazing for many catt le, sheep, and horses in the eastern part of the section ar ext ensive forests of cyfpess pine; and hard woods which furnish mmuch western part i9 nearly trbe1 e ' AMO wQjtirq~; At MUt OF HOT SPRIN, kARKANSARA less. Coal is min'ed in the Mi'sO1iF1 Rt in Ozark ridge where also suiperior w hetsttones aresgve hard 6-wod forqoarried, and in Texas, Loi siana and Okilahoma ar ests. The lowlands are wo efully rcit stores- of petroleum, ~adapted to cottoncorn Louisiana enebraces the dhlta proper of te Missis- and *re 'whileth high. sippi River and the lower part of its broad flood plain. 'Ind form good gr ~ Mu it of it is a maritwith eainebe kes and magnofia ing and wheat lands. floating i lands of grass called trembling praies e peache s are groi.dvn In the west are valuable The nsuface in the dltai and flood plai r'ses gradually tozort c oA 0xR, AARAcam sni the river, and is peote ted froi overflow in tine of high water only by the long lines of eibnankminets, or levees, which have been built on the southern Ozarks are fine whetstone quarries. river banks A becak, or crevasse, sonetineis ocens in the levees, throgh The rmanufactures i of the state consist chiefly of loiwhich the water rushes and floods wide sections of the lood plain. ben, grist-mill products, and cottonseed products. and more than half the rice produced in the United uorer of the flood plain, yhips cotton and lumher. o S is Strates g oCnotton ised for it thermal ringi, whihare resort for invalids. It ha fane The imineral resources finclude sulphur and petroleum. hotels and drivesi SOUT[HERN SFCTION 63 CAIOO HLOOO IN, OKLAHOOMA. GAL000 ON 115AR01 R X Texas isnearly six times as large eoNnsyl niia, butf untformity )f surf~ is brok n by tbc Wi jehta Mouinmost of the people6 live in tbe easteroa balf, Its surfface tains annd westero exteosions of tbe tOxarks, rises gradually from its sandy eoast, throuigh a eentral Tbe soil is very fertile, and corn, wheat, aod eottoo are regioo of undulating uplanid priries,' to tbe dry anid ele- staple6 produtst. Cattle raising is ao important industry, vaitei Llano Estaeado in tbe northwest, eoal mining is carried onl extensively in tbe casteoro Port Several fine rivers cros s tbc statc, anid are navigable of tlv st te, od ther ic re naany prto lu Aiv oil wells. in tbeir lrower courses. Granite aod gypsumn are also amsong tbe important rmqTbe climate of the coast belt is mild, tmoist, and eral products. Flour anid cottonseed oil are tbe chief equable, while the highlandrs are dry anid subjec to:anuiifactures. of teperaure.Many years ago a region known as Indiani extremes Territory was sot apant by Congres for ttie Man o teNeoleofhome of varisoas Iosdtan tottbes whto left their the sotithwest are of Span- lands too otter Isarts of the Untied States. Wen the distrtofOlhm wafis ish escet. frmned frono a conmparattvely smnall part of Th lwlnd i teni an Tertry atdoenedo eteet soitithast have valuabl thonsands of whtte famities roostoro as anot secured landl, Hlomes were sososi boitlt atad forests, anid wherever theth tsrcpopeloafwdys land is cultivated it pro- The goveronment auutooed adjacenit lands duces great cropis of cotton, fromi the Indiains, thoese seere Joinedl to the ugar an c n andrsceorigisal losrelsase, and tOklahoaia seas esat-J This state leads in the listed as A territoory. The i oo~t extensive addition seas noade, however when tisfe quiantmty rot cotton rdi 'rI. rnamong t of 11 oi erittoy Ehe mniddlb paren section Wts addleo siol Oklahrni Wasw -11 adniitted to thse Union ts stot potduc ~s -whA tcorn, a d fruit, r 1 Mn Idin iigv large qutstiitis of peaches. Tb drieri OklAlsorno, chie Ig in 5h 00 a temn rcgion of th c northwest anid wc 4 is finmou parc Considerable progres in for its pato acre, it pirodtc~ grealst nm- civilization toss to ono ffs by onanyof tloses n 1dais: an I hers of cattle many horses- and I argesoehebcmepseru quantity tof v~rool. torwers. Texas is ott of the great mataufacturtog Oktootooa (70 tte6co oitaIand cloief cooeoerial c isters has 1 rge states of the South, proidnifing paced mieat finoor mills,. Mvizre lwti flour, lomb t asad cottonrseed oil Muc Aond Mc~teste are imopoortanto petrolcum 19 obtained from the oil field oftrade centters in thoe croal aood oil regioii. Eid lt ooatufactureso outhtbastern Iexas, PtoIN Gi iEi TEXAS. flone. San A o oniq it lag~g 51cty anid ltoe comm retal etouter of soittteni ext Questfins. \- WU prooportlon of sloe area of the Untited States Texas, osoionfactures coisoniseed oil, hoer, aimd Mtoor aidals, tle rail- is ooccopied by this grouep? Wtat joropoettoon of thoe faopoolAtiOn of road emd traolo 6ohfte of norithorn Toxas, inarnooffctorsi packod ineat, tloo Unfited States lives here? Describeo tlhe coast. Whoy are thecre so flour, cofteonseol oil, loatder, anod machinery. H~oozsto is A great cotouoo few good harboors;? Ococrilbe the regiono aboosot the loweri Mississippi mairker It has coftronseed oil Aiid rice cleandi aing; no iad mfacat joaking the tireat Plains. lot1 oclat sloote,bo the rivers lie? Doscribe thse chief hoiuses Fort WoeSft E aso!;and Aisten, tte capital, Are impoaortanrt rivers. I )escrd the blclayooos. Oescrihe thse delta oo the Mtsissiloipp. trae ener. aleson th cie ssoor, lolosoliatiie o cttn. What are tlse jettes? Of sleloa valooe Are thsey to Noe Orleans? In what loant oof tte groorop is the idritoohll the, greatest? tsrleteci Oklahfma. -- The general surface of Oklahoman is that ma'te genrlyo ba r leto lic oclaisso h oooe What are tte cloief cropsi raiseol LOoct anol etsoiaractrt each of the of a rollng plan, execept in the southern part, wheorehs diii this ths.eol) atIth tricicl cities ioo Eacho, P evasionsof this gntils; And ho princi 141 7g,.;- II 1~ 14\4 11 14 (14 L1 PLATEAU SECTION 65 The ranes are roughly arranged in an eastern and a western series; Big LA Big Hotr, Laramie, Front, Sangre de Cristo, and Taos ranges elonging to the eastern, and Bitter Rt Wind River, Park, and Sa Jan N Wtisharmountins-h to e eight sttes. At many places these series are connected (See on 3) What morses te i by thravere ranges, thus partly inclosig broad valleys called PkeAA. north to sooath? What range and lake are near the center of thea se- In one of these lie Yellowstone Lake and the famnons group of hot springs n? W la are eatern part? What lateau are in and geysers te only remnant of a large region of voanic activty tiaa ht- t? ha p fn a r i the eastern part? What paeu are in r the southern part? in the northwestern part? What basin is in the West of the Rocky Mountains the surface maintains a western part? Trace the continental divide across the sectiona Name p Trenerdea elevation ofne ah miley r to the wester limits six large streams of the Mississippi system which head in this section two strea east of the divide which do not belong to the Missssippi of the setion. This ighland region is quite uneven systenm; one stream west of the divide flowing t the Columbia; three being broken by mountain ranges, long lines of cliffs, stretams belonginog to the Coloado syste m. f tid y Bound Montana. t What part of the state is mountainous? Name the a p chief streams of the state belonging to the Mississippi asin; the Colom- It may e separated into three divisions by peculiarities of drainage bisasi Locate the capital Butte Great Fails; Anaconda Missoulda the Cdombia plateas in the north, the Coloraio lateaus in the sour Bound Idaho. What part is most east, and the Great Basin in the south mountains? What is the stream w L Thprcipal nioutlin range in the southern part? the centr part the Wasath onftain, which ht the northern part? What lakes arin e ine the the noth? Locate the capital; locat there are mllany ild a ebtell. n tse Grea ati I n the Oe Bouond Wyoming. N am e in ith Iree l ainaA plat a ste the uev mountain ran ge s in the state Ment rat tion the chief streams of th z a? N e s Mississ sippi ted fr he fisures spead e ystem in the state. What stream tis he C ountry and t h he in the southwest? To what syt rr t ed y the tilting doe it bel ong? What lake and park are f the srfc e d lts in the f hw at? c the Cap ital te mn the wt daitfl the e opt r Iaramnit Sheridan Rock Springs. cointry c inaining the greatest en Bound Co lea o. What 1pat of the y as a nd thel ott etnarlkat scenery stat e is mo taino? Mention the fy in he rl. Mit of t principal r anges. Locate feee fod the rra Name hi chief rivers of the tes f a an y slo aein of the west slope. Locate the capital of Puerlo; Colorado Spin Ttrin idadocky Boolderoains the elevated and treeless Bound New Mexico. Where is it most mountainous Name the "Great Plains" descentad gradually, and merge With the intcial tralg m of central lowltaand far beyond tohe limits of thie sectio Ahut t iqueique. it n a il ' as ar cn ai e p n the loe inland BonDAraiznag. - Whit part is lowland? (see map p 30) Whatthe continental is the principal stream of Arizona? Name its chief branches. Locate divide. East of the divide the streams fOow throug the capital; Tucson. the Great Plains in broad, shtallow valleys to the MissisBound Nevada. In what physical region does it lie? Name some 1 ismesippi or its tributaries. or the Rio Gr1a6 n de. On thn Basin ranges. What is the longest stream in the state? Into what does it flowr? Locate the capital; Reno Goldfield. Pacific slope Snake River flows northwest through the Bound Utah. What two motintain ranges are in the state? Into beds in a great canyon to jon the Columbia, while wat physical regions is it divided y the Wasatch range? Nam e fi ourtl Calo a 3Fth e Colorado flows southwet to the G Dlf of Cal4 iforia lakes in the state Wht iver drain the eastern part? ocate the through series f the st and most ar capital; Ogden. canyons in the world. West of the Colorado basin is Location and Exten t. - The Plateau Section extends the ar id nclosed re gion kno as the Great Basin, frm the r and S he States to the stats whose waters have no prescot outlet to the ocean, and bwhich orde the Pacifi It ncludes m than wh gst stream, Hlumboldt River, gradually tsinks one fourth the main body of the United States, but has into the ground or disappears by evaporation. a population less than that of Indiana. Climate. - The section, as a whole, is very dry, the Surface. - The group lies mainly on the Rocky Moun- winds losing their moisture in crossing the mountains to fain highland, at an elevation of about a mile above sea the west. Farming is thus impossilble without the aid of irrigation. It is only on thel mountain slopes and on face sinks into lowland, enough rain falls to support The Rocky Mountainisi cross the section fromi north to kgrowth of forests, while on the lower pateaus their is souith, the ranges occpigasr abouit o miies wide. but a scanty growth of sage brush or no vegetation at all. These ranges are very rugge and reach heights of Oing to the elevation and to the interior location, the about two miles, With many peaks neady a mile higher. summers and days are hot and, except in the iower lands 66 THE UNITED STATES in the southwest, the wiinters and nighit are col Thus Bane is oie of the wrld'is largest copper0 niffng enters.f Gr 6 thi sco s as wl as t FM has etenstre smelting aAnd floor milling industries Mid ss/ i farming, miningand ecat:al centr he capl, is ad ~regions of t.he United Stateiis. In spite of this the li and mlining center. Asaconda has great ore reductlon works. is generally very healthful, Peole - LcPt. t souts lIamo t ra - In the extreme north the rainfall is grieater settled part of our country Ti tle are tly than in much of this section, and there are several beauti terpising and intelligent natives of the smtae to the eat, ful fresghwater lakes. In that section of the state lumt and although wh.ren thfey were childiren the region was bic;rrsosringk is an important industry and some wheat is rased. The inabited only by Indians and wld btAts, it sr now es of t he ate r, is di-e dotted with modern cities and towns, while the Indianovers drier are subdiued andl cinfined to certain areas or r servatsons f l There are mnNCs of ilver, lead on which the whites are not allowed to settel In the and gl Stk raising and south ae many desendants of S)aniards and Spanish- m t i p suit Indian half-breds who ha i inhabited that region for Boise, he capitl and chief ci ty ia in v rd h r d y r an eacellent farming grazing and mining several hundred yearsi. I district. sc /Wte the second cty in It d et and Resources - Mining and stock raising size a trade center. e te cr tst i t o ming.- In Wyoming the greatpei gold, ilver- tandt l00 aesrs cooas l- yield of coal and petroleum is far,coppea Ic U-pr1o - } mor valuable than the pronduc of ducing section of the Union. The Rocky H_ oae, oMW mines, but many of the detached mountains elsewher e contaim these or other valuable minerals, so that in every state and, territory the mmuoil iadusti is importdant In some oc alities there are valuable ena1 mines and ptroleum fields. On the Great P1indi s a well as in mpany of pt i rk andI the wes tern plteausi thousands of c ttle are raised and sent to the east, and millions of heep are raised for their wool. Near the foot of the C' l Mi-~ wv O si SnE 5ra 1,p mountains in many ncl lities farmitng is carried preious metals. Stock on by the aid of irrigation, and wheat, potatoes, raising is a very imporfruit, and vegetables are raised for local use. tant industry, the state Railroads are fewer than in the East, and most ranking high in wool of them are parts of great tran scontinental production. routes between the East and the Pacific coast. chnne, the capital, is a Montana, the largest state of this section, is railroad town and a center of crossed by the Rocky Mountain strip in the stock hsins. 9r amie has west, and the Great Plains i th e east are brokteni i ansi* BRok y f g are in the by many spurs and outling ranges. MIAL 5trrroM MoNTAMA. coal-mining region. It is one of the leading states of the Union in tbhe pro' e/nhs/onew AWoio 1Wc i fmotly in no tertntsi Wyming, No duction of copper, anid ranks high in silver, gold, and zfeinc. of the world containa so many wonder as this. There are It pofduces abunt one lth of the world's yi ld of oo spig an grat r s ot s, n in cloepi coldal sprit Ad bteeautifril lakes. Some of the geysers at regular interv per. ver wa and stam to a height of a hndred feet or:more. Other PLATEAU SECTION 67 points of interest in the Prk are the Fire grown. Stock raising, the minng of co3 -natural glass, petrified,treses, and, grandet n a iportandt p rs in s of all, the Canyon and Falls of Yellow- ig are important awrst h e ts. Atone River. Many of the wild animals Arzona was the home of the fie native to the Rocky Mountain region are pace Initans, and cont the rns of protected in th e Park by law. ay Indianls pouetblios Colorado, tyhe most populous 7w ]sze, the chief mrhining center, contains srelting state of the section, is the lCigh- rks of go ld, silver, and copper. Je f;x, the capie t a nd most mountainos state tl, is in ans agricstral region. tin the United States Ther re | 1evada Ih s mu h hu ndred of hi p, utifulLL, N land TA a oo tha t is arid, belake parks, and deep canyons aimon the rotutains. cause of the gre at The air i pure and th climate o halthful that t mo r itain wa is to the the state has b eome A rsort faor in valids. west, and no greIulColorado is one of the adeing state s n th e pro due- tore i possible extion of gold and maines mch s ilbvr, le ad, and zinc, Cept in sal 1 areas of It also produces copper, ron, coal and p troleum. iI arr aited land. The many sections, cliifIy where the land can be irrigated leadin ggreat hindustry agriculture is important. Hay, wheat, sugar beets is the mining of cop. and fruits are grown. l The grazing per, go ld silvnr zin lands of the parks are unsurpassed. coat Miss. MiN-, and Alead ne., e, the largest town, is on the Union P a cific Railroad Rocky aountain region, is an important rail e capita, not d hot spring road anti comiercial center, and contains e the weste part isri li about one twelfth of the popntlatlon of the en- tah,- The western part is iid li ke Ne - tire grup of states. Its leading manufactures n iada, b rit the high plateais of eantrl Utah are meat paking and the smelting of lead and are mo ister. Coisiderable areas along the copper, and it distributes miing and herding western base cf the Wasatch Mountains are products and supplies. Puee/b is an importantt city near the mining regions. It has smelting, N M ted, and are esoted for their works, rolling mills, and machine shops. C/ eormnlte Spmn is a noted agricultral resourcts. WooY l growing and the aauatfac health resort. Trfifia/ has cal-mining and agricultural interests. ture of beet sugar and tlour are importart iut te stries. *e/er iis a gold-aminig d aselting center. Easten Uta h is quite rurgged atr contains manay eanyons ew Mexico is mtuch less mountainous than Colorado, Mining is an important P rsuit. Its copper and leadMost of th peop alrire of Spainish deIscentB antd the silgr ieis ake Utslet i the i sIorn tat copp er adt Spanish language is still spoken by oaaiy of th. lead-produciig states, Coal, goldt, and zinc are alsor mined, Amorg the Indians are several comnunities of Pueblo Utah was settled by the Mormons, a religious sect, Inadians, whose great communal Iouses, or puelos, of W ho still form a large part of the poptlation. sun-bake d bricks are very remarkable.,e- S ca f/, the pital, i it metropols of the entire Basin tegoin. The chief iSl ustries are stock raising, wool growing, It is celebratei for beantifil Istilings, especially the Mormot Temple, and coper and lead smelting. Coal is mrisd, bsies clean streets, and railroad ilities. is an imortant ra ad cpperl zinc, silveEr, atd g:ld. Because of tlae dry cli- center at tihe titumrin of the Union Pacific aind Sthern Pacific railroades Ms/fa F/, tire capital, is t er oh1 town, It was fairnited in i~8a, ranges on is. leserie tie Colirado Plateaus the Neliownt.iri Par but wsas a Indiran imeblro long before that dsare Trace carefully tim great triirnienae. iiie aters his si ectron, And diesribe Arona, g- Most afrion lesonthe tcours mie of the inist important rivers A izona - Most of Arizona lies e flowing trims it. What is the thief arplaoteaus, throughl which in the north the Co i adefistic ormf the climrate oi this se:tiia plateis, bthrogl whielt a irpaer thdenortia tlaExplaian tire I m cSeffre lt of little rtairn irIs rest rado has cut its Grand Canyon, the longest, -grosti XX y is tire regismin sparselyio-!f demsAt, and Iost frearkablte chasm in the iSlated?:fmive an immcoinRt of the pe6ple deepestl& ande mostnd mmhliaewhii livre in he setim. Whit are the world. The lowvland s it the sotuIthwest are h iiief iriiustrie s of tbis yeg on5 hat the hottest and driest parts of the Union. mnmerals are mirmed here5 Where is Where these l anstocpk raising carried ron? Locate antd heamre hese owlandsareit fitigated slend i ch ternfie each of the divisions of this fruits, both teinispeate and emitroaip~a aredi 6 lAboirris Pi-arries ArZsA.c sermfio and the slipitie ri esa ii n ech. PACIFI SrAILNME ism In A CI p~~~I. INC NCIANC C ANCI C CCI p........N..................A.. PACIFIC SECTION 69 T E PA IFC SECTION MV RAI WASHINTON Nevada and Coast Rnges uite t foim the San B ernarlfno Moun Mio eonsi -- What three states oetipoes the Pat fie tnras. East of this ran e adry pl tion? What lt lXe charaeri of the mrot th rsplct 0s r Iiddntathn? amne t a thrr most westy po jet tio au itrev thne What island group th ht larg isn h oth? Wat e islnd is surfe is lowewr than f rt her north, northa? sWhat iai I s eouth of Vi couver Island i l is To s h low sea level. what dep ound does i lead What two mountn chans. trare the etra part of the section? Wiat mountains are short trea flowing from the near the coast Watt cade range Iu the north? In what _asmountains to the Pacftic hut there apysice region d oe th earst er part ar three grat riveg dr ainit the ese several peak. Whit mountains are San raneiso Bay and t e Cl radoi along tiht in the northwest? What sn r moun s contn ma tween the Olympir and the Cas adey mountan? What rlier dirins most beautiful 1ake of glacial oigin. Lake Talso is f the sate? Name thee est etrna the m ot beautiful fresh-vat r lake branrhes of the Colubhia; three weast- tClimate. The Pa~ i<~ beautif ul la kes of taeial oriBn. Lake T1oe is em. locate the capital; S eattle Tl - ism, m it comai Spokane; Everett; BeiIinhm; MasAtl l n h S. i te hL Boa d Oregon. Namr e and lohate four mountain ranges ore equable cl ate in the state; s everal peaks. What river is on the northern than any other part boundary? What tributary to the (oiumla is west o f the of te United States C asades? What trilbuary is on the eastern hnliary? Name four trinutaries to the Snake What to rivers drain in th e sae iud the southwestern pat? LIocate he capital; Ported; This is due to the Astoria. p revailin westy Boaud Cliforani What mountain ra ngs traverse the osrm wtinds from the ajastate? Loatae several pea ks. What to ivers flow to Safn w a FaD., wAsIeNn.t o Franclisc BayO What river is in the extreme north r on the ce t ocean tat h dary? What rr flos to M y Ba? What lak The rainfall is greater in the north than in the is on the east hondlary? Whti deserts are il t t where I 50Ut the moist sea winds are lighter or entiely the capital; Los Angeles; Oakland; Alameda; San Diego; Pasadena; tii f mh f the year the southern coas tnec ) I A wa an; s ean b San Jose; Freno anin for much of the yar t he soter c Ilies i the belt of topical calms. Nearly all of tlhe rain xent. - This section comprises the three state s, fills in winter which border the Pacific oast. Although the grup People. - The settlement of California by white men includes about one tenth of the ara, it has but one may be aid to da fo ts discovery of gold in the twenty-second of th population of the United States. Sirca Nevada in 1848. Settlers from the Afiantic ofast. - Tbh oast line vs very rleguli. Pet So states and from ll parts of the wold then poured in the i nohwest and San Frncisco Bay in the st. n rtsdly aehemos~t noted indentatons The people are noted for their terise and inteiTu r gnce, and there are excellent schools, colleges, and Clos to the Pacific exted a ri of w mountains uiNcersities. There are moret Chinese in this section knwow as the Coast Ranfges About too miles farthei than elsewhere in the United States, because most of iland andl nharly parallel with the coast extenId the mucIh them have entered our country through the pow ts o higher 1 Sierai Nevagdi and Ca icad Mounitadfins which these states. ac eev ons of ay thre ml and contain many Res e - Ag lture is now the chief industry, and xtinct o nearly etin voaoe no part of ithe United tates ha grate r a gricultural Both of these high chasia were formeI by the pih aeval and tilting of esources than th e valcye of Califrnia Oregon, and — HUM 146 oi the sarith's criva — iennh vri yt e oup ealmA no 1 Mhe 6abii I~euree t an r "S 1* 7 — - W huge slok of the earth's crust, producing a steel ope on the eastern Washington. The soil is exceedingly fertile, the climate side, and a longer, grada sliope to the west In the casaies vast outflows of lava have par oerent is f ble, and even in th dr y parts abhundal t water Whitney, Shasta, Hood, ad Enier are noted glacierscoread peks in can usutally Be secured from the mountains r irrigation. Betwe the Coast Ranges and the Siterra Neaida and and large parts of the section are specially adapted n the of the Sierra Nevada and Cascde Miuntains lies the Iand pilms grow it the greatest prousion in many plce high interioriplateu In sout C hSir in the Sthl Shp raisi I *,THE UNITED STATES ar n c ecinri ty Its maniufactres include lumber, flour, and packed meat. S *the south In the north areof firs, the capital, nanfactures ora and woolen goods. ASt/Qt, near the ad r The salmon fihi are very v bl oth f the Clumbia is date tad forh sal fihn. There are several good hatiors from which an active trade is carriee d ontate inwit the Union in size is tane is e arly four tine as large as Ohio Austradlia. tOMAVsis~ iOThe surac is greatly vaied, A smallarea in the ahitso east is below ea e vel, while Mounts Whitney and -the Usodf Valley, f Peak rise to nearly and the Colifi Valley teaus. West of the Cas- its a low and fertile cades the rainfal is cabInda t _plain, while the Sierra Nevadas are unsurThe sloes of the pa sed in massive mountains and much of gra deur the Sod Vailley ae gThe clim athe i os dewel oode d with fri ne t of D gl lighful and many Lumbering i very important, and the greatest sawmill of the world are elong Pug t Sound. Parts of the Sound Valley and of the Colnbia plateaus con rain the best of farming lands for wheat, hops, fruit, and potatoes. The coal fields of the Sonled Valley iAVXiTsNG IN WOOLEN MILLs 0iN ON, are the largest and most productive of this section. Many peopl are en- 5invlid vi sit southern Calgaged in salmon fishing in the Columibia River. fornia in search of heiath Sill the lagest t city, has lumber; meat packing, and The agricultral resou rces flour milling interests, and an extensive trade with Asia are very great. California and Alaska, Spaea the e comercia and manufactuding aAl kht fn6 dhi iholds a leadingk place among center of eastern Washington has great water power. ls a l pl aog be has a shipping md l r and four. the states in the production ret and a/ mane nua ture lumber. W /We IA _ 1_ of fruit -- grapes, fplums, shps wheat, wool,1 and fruit *mpi is the capital. M waio peacs and apricts i the Orgon - The surfacei of Oregon is irke that of Wash- enter, and rioranges, lemons, figs, and |oives in the dsouth ington. The highland eastern part contains extensive Barley, wheat, and sugar beets are grown extensively. fields of lava. Stok rsing is iptat and te is large The fr il of the Willamette valley prd In the northwest are valuable redwood forests. large crops of wheat, o ats, hops, and fruit. North- Th mineral resources are very great, the mines pro eastern O can be rrigated furnshing exclt ducing uch gold, much of the wor5lds supply of merwheat farms, No state raises finr apples and plums 1 cury, much etr-leum, and some copper. Much of eastern Oregon is moist enough for gezrag, The manufactres of Caifornia are of much importance. and sheep and cattle are raised. The state ranks high Tbey include refined cane And beet sugar, lumber, reifnd in wool probduction The western half of the state is petroleum, presWrved meatsi frtits, and vegetables, machinheavily 4woodd withI u Ia fir of great value, and cry? steel hipsr u tr, cars da Oi pdrduct5s and wine, lumfber is xported Co toiderable gold is mi1ned both in Si Era crc i s the metropolis of the Pacific coast of the southwest and in th Hdnortheast. The s hmn t meritcan continnt, Much of its iprtan is due ciesi of the Columbia arcid very Valuae its nneha r to which covrg seve tracont ~BS~im~lla ~""~~. $4~-~-l~j~rBD~~ tC-j jtCll~~ r —j W,~-~Eti~~- ~ i~~e4~g -~~ ALASKA 7 nenftal railwvays. It has an It is a Platcahu borderedI on the 96rith Otensive fId citvith China, ci ino tains, \vhieh conita n the loifti apa Au. tral M Mkico and Ir ii of NorthAinerica, abot o rfo ouifth Am ria nd rtt t ul r noics high, Mount WcI fkley is ithe linie of kstmni r to Hats il highest. Along the Yukon he eunu0try Ttd laska. Its ffis f nuf is a vast miarsh or tundra. tores are ektb ni ve, conils ci ig The Yukon is One of the great rivers of refined sugar, pcked nir t, of North Amherica. It is fiavighe hrips, machinrby fcnd lug thle Thorwt Arctic summlert fur 1000 goods, hluruher, adf cloth ig,jk miles, anil is fe miles in tii~lr a it~s ffirotlu Los dAngeisAle isanmportant rityr and seat1as)t in the smith iith at iuth and4 a renter Of trint growingiig. ala. on the eastlern side6 of Nor-th of the southern San tran rtsdo Bay, is an importaint rnte of trade. AlaMea niuntainsg the climate of anet i Jdeitlcr, the site of the State Unirersiy, are important Alaska is t at te soharhs..Sarramef/o, the rtitat, is in a fine firming region, and At the head of navigation on the Saerramenito River. San Arctic rcgions. South t4 Dkieo has one oif the best harhibra in the smith. as na, thid mountains the climate San Joe, andt Frsnoi are great frilt mnarkeits. t is chuteitti and eqoahe Text Questions -- What tiart of the area of the tlnitedt States due to the warm souith~ is uscrteietU Isy this sction6? Wthat fiirt of the eiitire psrtpiital a tion of the thiited States tires tirte? Whtich is inure regutfar, sesterlv winds fruit the ttie Pacifi sr the Attantic coast? Descritte th Sierra Nevada - ocean. The raniifall tin atlti Cascaite ranges. Namhe and locate three ttiaoTis pe~aks. Gont MTNIsis, AtAskA. cisc southscri s slrpe is very Itescritie the Co4ast Range. Descritbe ttie valleys btietweet the nisto taii raange' W ye an cconis of tie cdmi eig if ttee state. ii d gi at imsmtie ~ i are formsmd oms I tlh ehse~tr op9 itecritse t e ththree tla rget rivers, Ai eont fur t e nhildnejs of the ch and maisy of themn descend to the sea. mnate anti etitain the pcatiarity of ttie rafaftifl. Oitowd ito t sast staes rank agrinittihratty? What are rite ethief erotis? What Are tt'e Thecpltitttsisvery sparse. hemut halfof theIseople chief mu efirat resoar en? Locate a it give te charcit ristie featares are xvhite traders, cish insetn, and mates r atsd thec rest Are of ea h state imathis th etion and of eachi f ti e triiitsIcil citiet ss cbleflV I hdian~ anr i ~1d Eskimos.iet~ ALASKA Thle elinsate is too cisld or rainy for agrictihitire thitotg Questions oni the Map. -- Descrite the tosition of Atiska and give its somse vegetables may he grown. Thsere are great feirests sea anti ]andti toumaries. Namhe three sonids; An hiletk ti straits, of pines, firs, and ceaof rs, 1ut ltmlscrhitg is of Hlittle 'itmlpior What guoap of istlants is At the western eid of the _taisce at the presetat time. peninsttla? WItat smaall istanit grtip is nort of the T1se mos i r t s Ate(tiati sltantis? Natise two islaisdts off the sootitth I, -1? east enast. Dt0 rlibo tie grfarfe. Natne tiree taounn- ae 1 e i filas tIn ta'n ch in: three singltie ik6. Nltr t trg r'ver I i]fI Istscld, cni tlassin cici crosse Alaska? t"oate jineai Noine'. Skagway. mr sritfiIisat ot Alaska, ine the neirthsavest ccrter of eing the cotitinenst is niore thant twice asTh sa sanigvesn large as Texas. It was bougtikiby tfise many harts cii Alaska arei r6is United Sit6te from, h ia its t867. It in golch 'sa d masty elatms extends fresm ~4 to 72 scirtha latatude are novc witrk d. Ctilpler; amsid wev ~w rel in the Aliuti in Islad si'lver, asdel col als u xi t in aissi t to Ka mehsfatklak - _ __ ___ __ _ _ — fi *lsanks the lrgest town uf iaaerir;Posron Ntorttsn Sotind; Attnt D~ioga in th sboa heast, are mining centers. Jttteao, Ini so~timestern Ataska, is the cattitat b Clanat Zane, see pi. 7S. POtO RiCO, tee P.' 79. Phaltappiae Islands, se iP. 12-3. Guiamn Tatirtaic. t6sem 1) i37. ~ Territoy of HAawai, see Oi. i39 Text Quesition. -- Give aii accoant of tue position and Ashoe of Atasta Descritie its siqrfhct' as tamf as knossi. I lecrite the sitite of the Yiikoi.c Exlin the tiffrisi'eo tttwe'eti mtt' chititate tif iiftbtmttrn isi southert Aak.Wisat tire thei most itttrtfaiiia inhdbtistre? ttdat Iiiifierats have viNEaRvs is LiFoRnma been dja coyend? What oither ontlying tPossessionts tins the timited 1St v lsa I I ii' iii" ~1" ~I;: '' '"": "'' iBI BPI tdg I,~ ss ii~ it.i I '''' "i 'i I I z I t ti~I E 1 T I m r 'P ry; Iil:il i: iii$k IIlii6,i I I ~~1 II iJTr., I I 1'1 ~; sr~ li~r iii iPi ~il lililii1l ~;i~:; IB.a: 'i ~, CP; It n I~ r iiW m 1& iP;1 Hlrl r;.~ r " rli Ei u I;i: % a I~ i + 'il p $I ~, ,,.. Ij;r e 1 e i ~lar? I~ 19 ia iii iiii ii: 18~88~1:;~ ?~ I[ " 11;1 " ~~~,;~ ;),,~~?"a 4i'i I w88,,1 iillll ~a C Bi ~~; i I ~t, ":.."." 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II lllli11111 inli ~~ii ~ -iii- I. a; E~ Rn il:i EIl ~;~I :2i::i:r8 ~Ai~B~ll~iilii;;BrrBBWp~l sB iil8ill8e8;1lil IiixAl j'pBa i li " :i~nQlaU8i I i;a i irrrB;~BB: r:::~~~~~~::i. ;,.,lc;:l:i C1I!: 13:111 lli li;i8ii 1188 iwi.i. 11;88118I IBW;BW,r e 1 *",,I cxl ;BiBI i'l rs :~81~:lilil si~:,1 gg, ~I~ I I ss; er ~i Ib IP 2" 1.,iP~ '~~~R,,, B 11'8 r".lil a I L rpiah~v IrMIXIIIIILII COUNTRIES NORTH OF THE UNITED STATES with manys f ords- d good nai - In what partof North America is Canada? In what sones does it ie? What oceans border e * s. ', t l, _, r g i g i~ i i r.! 1 it? What eountry is soth? be Mountain khighland occufscrib the coast. What large glf i t w but is na is in the eastern part? What two pieso thewe in bth is Te larg e islands lie at the entrance to the Gulfof t. LCanae? What Stat e. It i traversed, penin trsu la is tso hwesn o Cas~ Not Sotia and th e United Stat e * What great bay is in the northern part of Canada? What strait cont which are high and rugged, and abound in gaciers. The net it iwith the Atlantic? Name some of the largest islands off t he highland descends gradually into the central lowland, northern coast of PCanada What large island and giroup of islands lie ff the est codrais? What cap is at the oithern extr mity of Nova tweo t are onr the St.Laavrellee) ve thxe of 'g4aiu. sIo.^ ba* 111;1.^^^ andt B n^ t 1 ' a ItC tW3 -&oti ama? What is the great highland regin aofre adcoi n housand of g l lacial la kes. hev eal Whait ra s are west of the Rocky Mounains? on at othr part of o f these rival the G reat Lakes in si. East of Hudson Caisada are there highlands? Locate Mount St. Elias and Mount Logan B the stifae rises racually to the lowg and glaciated Nme three peak in the southern part of th e Canagdian Rockies.t Bg Lan rentian plateau, whih drops abruptly off to rn a sthea What great rive drains the nortwesten prt of Canada to the A *rc th do ap o tteic What three great lakes form part of the Mackenzie drainag e system? Atlantic on the east. The extreme southeast is bro.ken What great river of Alaska rises in the Canaiand Rockies? Name th ree a b te norether n ranges of tehe Appalachians rivers which flow northeast to Hudsoni Bay. Which of them firms an Di Cn outlet for Lake Winnipeg? Describe the course of the Saskatchewan. What great river drains the sourheastern part of Canada? What five St. Lawrence and its tributaries drain the southeast, great akes are drained by the St. Iawrence f4ormig a wmost valuable trade route. The N elson-as Name the suibdivisions of Canada which border on the United States. katehewan 's the grs.ct't sys( i of th Itd.on Ba Give the boundaries of Quehebe What river drains mst of it? What two large cities re on the St. Lawrence? Give the bas L Wnig and its inl th n Ontario. Locate Ottawa; Toronto; Hamilton; London. What is the and the Red, are navigable n su n ler. The Mackenzie Cohumbia? What city is at the western terminus of the Canadian Pa lakies The soutrher lakes and s*t reams are navgiated cifc Railroad? What is the capital of Prince Edward Wsland? What city is in northwestern Canada on the Yukon? during the short summer. The Rocky Mounatain highfndrtliwandli. -- What is the coast north of Newfoundland called? land is drained largely by the Yukon and Fraser systems. Wha strait is north of Nvewoundland1? What is the capital f New- t celimate. The w',nters Are iong and, ekxcepi on the *di costre er co d I he not sn ne What waters are west? What cape is at the southern etremity? In entirely disappears from the ground. The rainfall is what direction is Iceland from Green- heavy on the Pacific ciast, and land? What strait separates them? In moderate in the sottb and southeast but over much of DESCRIPTION the west and north there is a Doinion of6 Canada - Cand sar of raCnfiall Peo e. -1 Most of the peoStates, and includes the Arn e live mostly in the southnnf tic Archipelto, but not New- lnu uh the soutr foundland. It is slightly larer tad so ule ta0 p 66 thou has only one twelfth as many ienel d rent especiali Coaist. The coast is irrego- te I n nae i ok fafnd hr lar and bordered by mny rk the Roman atholic for islan s; in the north it is 1ow religion pi vil and scwampy i t ast admos near he 73 74 NORTH AMERICA GOvernmnt- The Dominion isa confederation of proinces fo ing a selfgovering colony of re rita Thel t ia o govn is a Gverfr (Gene' Irt appointeid by th BrMitis CrwnE Thd liathive power is vested in a Se natintd by the Govenor en-eral and a House of Commons, elected by the people. Th e ower s a Pr ister chosen by the aCom ons Each province has a Lieutenant GoW ernor and a pariameit fIr the diretin of a afirs PLOWI;K, CaNaADAI l,/S, G J i north coast Iand catltrd tribe si iif iindi. faiithr oiiith consti -tute, wi wht miners and a fe fur traders and French half-heed trapper, th only nhabita ts of t he northern part of Canada. Resourtes. - The southern half has great foe,ts of pine, spruce h lk and cedar th ghout the east The cod fisheries of the Atlantic coast and the salmon IV RTNG WHEAT. CAN I A fisheries of the west coast contribute greatly to the wealth Oata6, on ottawa River, is th e capial of the Domianion. It conrah ins ihe Parliament btildings, next to those at Washington tie most remagnificent on the contient. t is a scintilic and lierary center. The m ineral re sources, especially in the West are imrDivisions. Canada comriss the pIo vinces of Ontarioj Island, Manoba, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, lbertand the va, tinly settled territy in the north In the south are good ftrning leands and wheat and the r g ra*in f;ru it and potatesn are growbn _ontoi the aldit l6 n d i f cTi thee lare get plne port tin Cat ami!tn, at the head of Lake Ontario, and Lhongn, in a fine rmling Stn utEr a isAtNG CANADA. r are arelimportant trade centera. portantiff furih ld slve al cpr iron, Q quh lies partly ia the valley of the St Lawernce The inhabitants nrickel, pet1rol~eum,1 1and asbestos are chiefly of Feni descent Th eir language, mansners, and customs m l 06f~ b and d gb es tg are very old-fashlonefd. In the siuth, rye, oats, barley, fruits, ant potaThe soil is fertil and in the south great crops of whea toes are grown; in the norti, the great pine fIorests make umbering the pe are te o the metropoilis of CanAdx, is reat center of trade. Its chief exports too cold for farming. ar cattl and Igraiim In winter, when Ohe The manufacturing c prises sL.. Iwienee is frozen, P ort land M inc flour and llnber nilling an d th Ise oi it:. L ac it i ptl Ir makin c butituated on a high I uff and t he pper cit y The S I vrne eI I _G Si strongly walle. I s lumber business is The S Lawn stuary the Atensive. The s &enery aboy Quebe i Great Lakes, and the Ot~tawa forn buf great trade routes. Montreal is w nsw has many gd har l onthe Atlantic and wth Vancou good tinber and soe o the r good tafniaimber am[ f ameod gaging ver on th Pacific coast. TheI good farm ng land. Luemberlng and is hig chief expots areware the htifd in lustrad s. Tifine bhay and Chie 6 06fta 4fdj1 a or are e rtd t8w h S Jeh xi the m le. tu rescheese, si er, flour, and whea t' Max ia, Quac tr polis and chsief po rt. ~3~ral1~las~ En RENE l lig f COUNTRIES NORTH OF THL UNHIT0 STATES 75 Nova Scotia includes the island of Cape Breton. The surface is chilly. The chie f wealth consists in the fisheries of cod broken by low ountains, and the coast is indented by many fine and ff its bors The tides in the Bay of Fundy reach heights of 40 to 60 feet. The climate is humid and often fbggy Much coal and iron, gold, and. JhIT is the capital and chief fisling station. rText Queations. —Compare Canada and the United States in area building of fishing vessels emp s any men. The rchars and the an populatio. esc the srfae of Canada. the frests a al importn t i ZI&fsx, the capital, has a in fish scribe here re tnsie r t Whe is this i and other 1prodcts with the United States and he West Indies. It is? What ae te f ibthe the most ta ritis naval st on this sie of the ti govermet ocate d characterize f dis and th Prince Edward sland the snallest province, produtces hay, oats, bar p t ley, potatoes, al apple Mny of the peoe are engaged in fishing ses Green and shipbuilding. ftar/,e /mssh is the capital lad Lcclatsd, anl. their o l i i is lans. lanitoba has a fertile soil, and the summers are warm and long Greenland is one finrth ai s large s the Unitesd States. Except a enough to raise heavy crops of fine wheat Cattle, horses, and sheep narrow strip f cast in the south, it is one vast sheet of ice,66 fsnming graze n th e lains. in st of the pine forests of t he north hunting ad trap- t e greatest glacier in t he orter eiere. I an laes the ping are the chief pursuits. glacier extetds no the sea and in summer great masses break from it ittte in a lake fegion, is the center of an active trade in wheat and f=loa away to the south as icebergs. Only in the sottth does the and trs. 'Two transcontinental railways pass through it snow and iceisappear fros the grond diritig the ery short Arctic British Cohunbia lies on the Pacific coast and on the great highh an. e l The scenery is wild, and the glacie-crowned mountains very ipressive. N l all f the e inhitants are Es os. ey live in snow Near the coast the climate is mild, with heavy winter rainfall Gold, n s ts i si s areskillful hiunters and tishSeen, and use thei r skin o vlt tor kayak coal, copper, lead, and silver are extensively mitned Th The forest skill heir nists ifly andita nmk a irtxle st ad thei r sledg e s eit hl a lgre a t sk Their t; >d consists chicef y a soures are very large, and the ten fis he ries ip ort an tl c ar v lof the flesh of seals, walsiuses, and whiales, and of irds and birds' Pie/ora, on Vancouver ilanid, is the caiettl, and an imlo tant seaport. Vanreosei is the western terumins of the Canadian Pacific Railway, eggs. rlintGreecnland is governed by Danish oif t ers, wh, with some D anes Saikatchewian and Albre ie partly in the vlley of the Sa katc I wan engaged in trade, live in settlements on the weter coast. Wheat growing, stock raisg and lumber - Iceland is situateld yo miles ea t of in s are imlportatnt ind Itries Both coal and end The Ca reenhid i 'I'ievert wt r t s i r i he petrolesmn are founid in Alberta, southern sisie hab ita le, a is are t it to grazing and o fisoimgl The surface is Terrtoriea. Thie chief we ath of thega it nefrui lss f region north of the provi&ne s s is der ived rggts ant icle; eide Ilofst Hi6I6 ts a ss active volcano, An heosr it are nteim geysers. frtn the f Sr te hde. The Ykon t erritory l'iis inhainittints are eseis saltxtsf ise sv;aT sia eare dS esendlexiL 1) l antsh oi 7r f t he however ronta'ns the noIted Xlondike Nste 'are isteiigent ats thsrilly however; contain the CE br a"li~ N d V orhdikothmen. They res i ntse-liget and thrifty, golnI MS Id.,diaon ts the chief inia utg t,ansi ar eengaged in raising srome vegetaq co einte r ene Iises ansd sock, -lectig e'ideirdsn' and Ne6 b otindlfand — ~ Th rociky is- fishisg. They govertn tinessssesves, bint a sfid f Min fi \S dlRevi~ sdv1 wis eai k ng "tse sto town "); on Wild coat of lrado foms ahe sosuthwest coast, is the caplital It con rains a eotliege and piubolichraibsy. colon y of (reat Brttain separte j$Z-wB~ "a;~i~n~~~rl nl- ar~~l~~i~ * N h C~ | I -se, 8int 1R r1 from Canada. Tie tsland i la Text Q i - What is cosprised in than Ohio t has vy fw po At erc) anisis Asuei i erise Genlandf t hea @o. biat igs v dm feI 6e kelatil. iDesrcibe the resources and itihabW pie i he climane is vamp di 1v w F suot NWrFUNDLAN aos of eacs.t .................................................................................................................................................................................... COUNTRIES SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES MAP STUDIES rgst islands of the West indies. How are Coa and Haiti separated? B d exi n hat i it? What nin is in ti de a; e s Cag Mne to cities in Pto the thwst? in to the southeastond Ri What is the capital of Jami cia? What tiewo atdiv os two on the east coast What ae is at the outhern end of Lowa Haiti? What is the capital of ear? California? at the northern end of Yucatan? Describe the auo ae (s mp p 4) What mntains are in iewest pat? What ECRIPTION volcanic Peak is just wonth of the city of Mexico? What Crver separates Meiofrom the United States? What lagelies e river flow into the h adof the Gnlf of Caifobrniai What river flows U t Me. - M Mexico; Vera Cruz; saymas; Puehia; San Louis Peotosi; Gnadalajiara. oe fifth the size of the United Stales. and almost as Cetral Amer ca.- What seven divisions constitute Central America? densel p t l 1 In wht zone do they ie? What great dies of water are sea parated a mi i by Central Ameica? What gulf is on the north coast? What isthmus separates Central America from South America? What cape is at the high, but lower in the sorth than in the south. It is northeastern extremity? Describe the surface hded by ranges of the Sir Mae MounWhich slope is th e Wmost itains, wlich in the west are high and rugged. lake lies in Nicaragua? Wchat rhive is its outlet Te ~fc s iiii bf vTa to the Caribbean Sea? Locate each of the suyb Thoaif ca pi sqtnr Th divisionsi Locate the cities of New Guatemala; of the Gulf of Meic is broader, often swam*py. San Svado Tegcigalpa; Mnag; Leo The east coast is fringed with harrier beaches, San Jose; lieize; Panania; Crossii W i. -The Wsni cand affords no good harbors. are contained in which group? Te GreaterA and Ar about a8~ north latitude the plateau and the Rocky Lesser Antilles I ptartly incose what sea? What &Mountain system end near a line of great volcanoes which stretches east aud west across the plaateau. Of these volcanoes separates a and Florida? Name the four rOizaba, Popocatepetl, and litaccitati arse the most inoted Soth of thi in Mesico aind in Central America and the est C s lo Mexi,adies, the surface is mousntain oo but h as less of the phteao character. The tontitin ranges generally trend east and west, ~ and belonmg to the6 Ai ~yt enat $yse. Clate and ia aais~ ih angi set Ily unPh altlfuL The Pio MtEs ar e Iway temperat and th e hio I r mountaeint pk are ocean, te efed reawh vtlth P r tacif thuii gs anw The ainfall occurs hiedy in tusraoei beut ina oarrend 5trtb th obin 11taurt in de Iu sI I to nde i R5w' in a can nyonts o h the plat au regiot jigtsaowerl cours t aiene Else riier of the Olateau generally di nut 'h A be oc an thoughafwcabthePci fc through g' at Yegetation and Animials. c lasbt coast belt has Saie ieas, eic,- ag gatg l~a~r"sections; and wlseat, corn, and pep~pers:are N. 1&~'VE~~a — VILL&G~ F~~~: 8f~fT3l~l ~-~~ 78 NORTH AMERICA grown whe therSure is sucient ace and rainage. The suli ai the lowlands, monkeys, tapirsf from the Pacific, hut sloping off jaguars, peccaries, and other South or gdually toward the CaribAmerican animals ahound On hea Sea Na the Pacific aire the plateaus the areani e S m- many act y volcanoes The only ala to those of ithe f st phe ern *mportant rve is the San Jle United States and also to ths of th of L e Niarag South A eia Climate ad Life te Popi and vernme - Most is somewhat hotter and more rainy of the people are Mestizos of Span- than that of Mexico. In its life ish and Indian descent thoughI forms Central America resemlies t e a manyI Indians and some Spaniards. Many of the lowlands of Mexico. Several of the states are densely the states have compl y primary educaio and some forested cities have good high schools and colleges. Most of the People. - Fully half the people are Indians. The small people are Roarni Cathoilics white p0pulation is mainly of Spanish desent. The rest The government is a federal after are Spanish halfreeds. None of the states has made so that of the United tatne Therae tw y-enm uch progresy s M texo. Collecting ruhbber and mahogstates, three territories and a federal d s- any gold and silver mining herding cattle trict n which the cpital is situated and cutivatinfg cofef sugar indigo cacao Each state makes ts own local laws. and bananas are the chief industries. industries.- he silver mines are amonair tela i k the largest a n oat opulni tate. the ites in the wl r in the ts chief crops are cofe bananas and thbacco. he nothwest Gold; c~opper lead mercury capital is we Guaaemal. Glfpt, and ae c P d Salawado ablt the size of New jey, w is theX platinum, and onyx are als o produced. most densely plioplated state. It contains many volIn the coast rzion mahogandy rose — canoes. Sa S S leadr is the capital t wood, ehony, logwood caco and vaniill on o11fdras s toaotutainon Forets of rosewood aid 66f6e ea d 6r ~ 4 f l uand mahogany are abundant and nmany dirugs ae lnd. ilver and gold are in ed and exporated. fruits, and cotton are cutivated, The l g al is the a pital. plateaus furnis h cattle products, wool, Nitarageu is about the size of New York. The wheat, and corn, and in Yucaan sisal chie f industry is herdings Mach guld and silver are igwmined. i aa, on the side of an active v-olcano, hemp, or he,' niquen, is the capital. Ln is the larges city. The chief exports are silver sisal hemrp, nsAsAN Piants, GUATEMAtta Cosa:n Rita mmeans "rich coast," The surface is ff gld, toacco and coper. The imports consist i untaiious and generally forestclad with valuable trees, but much chiefly of manufactured goods. Several railroads now coffee and many bananas are grown. San Jose is the capital. Mexicowhhe Unac eanm ouies nus f the Isthuts of Panama. Bnease bbe Citwies- Mkixkco the capial and chief city, is attated otn the high The Canti lZone is a strip of territory extending five miles on each aide platen gurronfdeisby besatiful snow-capped mcuntain peaks. Poerbia of the Panata Canal and ntirly across the isthmnus of l Panama. The ing cities on the plateau. VeOr Cra is the chief fpoints are also connectied by a railroad. The cities G If port, and Ghaymil the chief Pacific port of Panema and Colon, however, belong to the ReText Questiionsa -- Criompre Mexitco and thepublic of Panama. The Cana Zone, including the Panama Canal, is controlled by the United States. Unteds States in area and palation. Des 'ibeo ltfln rth as cn et an the sarface of Mexico. Where are the noted vol-la gret fion, maily iited by negos ti geat co test Bria''on i n canoes? What is the peculiarity of the platea i 1u abtteg? Describe the climate f the lowl df gaandgar are expo the plateaus. Descri'be the vegetation the afnal rtiae is the capital life, Describe th people and govemrnment What are the chief indnstries? What are the chief xportAs? Tet Qets- Copae ental Anfic i mports? o ecr cwith Prennsyilvania in area and lati D cait e aan d bid e ci the chie f Bcitish mitie duras, and the Canal Zone. The area as four times that of Pennsylvania, with a The West Indies exend& in a great popuaition a ouM two thirds as grea t cr fo Yuctantf towaat Venezuelaa * 2~ i COUNTRIE SUHOF THE UNITED STATES 7 Thbdiiaf66fh~hlOl alanfdsi Id htf th" T:wetasn occurs in soon alf I: rfa e is ceri with fork zFcon aining Patoi n h nahogay hg ioinfn't oibh n1 ei~ o 6 dorous cedar, and redwood In the wed' adon the IWe of lines are pine forests. Copper, iron ore msanganese; ia:d sahal i~n are mhe 6hief oincrals.k The great Iindo oh s are Sngarca aim I tobAgicr ig irsfa Abtiut one fourth the world 'ci of suigar caici raised in nbafi. M any bananas aisd pjineajplesi a~ Exaported, Rizair ied th largest city iu the 6i4e Indies;, eaports singer aI tosle cc Atd iioa fo igaris and cigarettes. Its pips tion i about ita large s thsat if JaiL ti depe. &M'aitiygii as tis the Secnt city so sire, is niear the irnn aiii coppeiir mines. trltse importaint Ilaces ar Muitsrcsns, f~t~'ieniegs fuui;ji"~.kr~oeey, f~ieru'eu Porte RMco is not so large as Conec6ticut, lair containse more people. G~OaGrmrs SUGAR east,~ Cuss The surface is very uneven, the croiral range rising in the east to a height Tof over half a nide, fut irs covered wlih lxureiant cegetation. The climate atreais txicel is inne healthful than that of Culba. the L69~k AufllllaX~e, ~s-~ and Bthe Mhdrgt";tagt Theiir 'area is 6666lak tAbout tine thirit of the inhauibitanlts aire nfegroes. The chief laboring that of Pennsylvania with nearly the samei popislation. Sclass is of inidril Spanish anil lodiani or negro blod.l The pr66ite of Suirface L- The larger islands of the Antfilles have pirr Spianish itesceit are liluters, trailers, antI Stock fraisers. The inmountatorn esfga tre'od ng cst aod WO~Ct nd somti of mlustrirs arr n~iaily agriculture aiid stock raising. Coffesgrtbco lad cnanvole aes~ T1he lowv and tid b n ein a f ar uldt'vtd i d aior eftd, Upland tic' is a1so grown; th mulle giI itd6i hand breves are rxtpor ub sand) Bahfinns are o cotI formfatin and miny of thf ano jeh t 6atd and chief 1ty, is on a sosat itnd Ioff rhe Antilles are fritaged woith cora insofr reefsh nor, emcosat anI ha tsr 'et harbor in the V sIiaitt hec whe' With Climate, aind Lifbe -- The chin'W6 is r, te i warm ht th norh I'! yz it' a mr fohrn th c: ondl comter of pop gia ion. eastrn lop ar temere thestedy tad 'nd HA 'tico priks about One third the area of the eAntr chain. It eatr 10sa t o d YttkaYia6xi& iind es the two fror rtepoblic Ps /al me"CI i the capital of the The rinif lli most ho uadtat in truamnarM sad ota the Re tpouic of Haiti; and as DEm eag W if the Dlominiran Republic norytheaster slopes. Violetat hurricanes ofteta occor in amainnca is a litlesaller ttsaii bontireticut in area and pooaion. eairly anttoia.f The vegetation resemBles that of Central Sugar, coffer bananas, cacaoi, trbo~lsa fruits, antI ruin are the chiefi Ameria, Thre ar no arge ativeanimas. poduts. Mkinsoa is the caluitat. Aarnia Teaidearsn, aesm; a 1l island of the Whatldrard grotip of tie Lessr Anadilhes, People anfd Industrieus -- Tlae Bahamas are spasrsey isdneyhupltt n eyiniortait. Suigar is the samples prlottct peopled w'tla Etagli Ia and ncgines~ htt mosti of tlae and I muh rum is manhaunufcor. 'Ibis i 'land forms an 'important anitish Anifilleg are ratlaer den ely pe601ta dita Span';ar co a Triffid d aastather ft on Wini is gpoit' the Alin of Rhode!g.id taegroets, and mfixe6d races. In Haiti rmos of the peope TrhinIdad, n adinothrr Hfrit isl fiand, is aioutt s of Rhisato nd nd or Iksland are negroes. Agricoltore is the leaditag pttrsoit in the tisisailia isLna AnIlls Tesiiswneflyrcadsgrto co, The B&ahams, east of Flritla6, prisduce coarse sponges, Salt, garden coffee, roin, and tropical froits and woods are exporited vegetables, antI fruits. N iasau is tlse capital. Rice and corn are groIwn. Raw~ sugar, NO'MvE HtUSE;sr Psusu Sitar Text Quesitions. -PI6tt'scibe the three rum, and cigars are mianuifaictured. In a ~' ' kin rolk~ tof therea':Iul ad m~nlgio the Bahamas are iturtle and spongre fisheries Wh iu l grousut are uoiin nt'minou? Describe Goyernmenfts. -- The reuhicr oyf Cuha heo t m at46 tive ans account of th r eo-5 is largely influenced, and Porto Rtco l the earC bel 1 uo't St. Thomasg St. John, and St. Cyroix arive an a ccount of the. erifa md dlimtat forests; dgt~ll~bifinel Oo~~ihirlst; ami infireteig t~60 he Uni~tedStates Haiti is mad of ire. agri 'uf tral pr Lo a' end mniual 1 5. thu esarac rri~ti f auuir ' o' I e ar op of two independent negrorpi f uiehWest 1terest The Bahamas and Jamaica __ _ belong to Great Britain. The, ' er I powers claidly to Cr at Britffifn Frac eh rans anid Venezuela Cuba contains abo u one half the arra aifd onte fuurith the poputatuontim of the We 't lu ifis,~ thscaonetetl highta ds distinctly mou tauno us in the rast; traers the 'tan Iandl stbeopr by erracensti to tls p1 in -_-_ --- — bordering the shores on nearly at a'otUcc PLiASPTIcca'nouu css SOJO'iuo CuurrEE; Pnucro RMUC. .......... ipt~NOUN SOUTH AMERICA MAP STUDIES Coast Lie. In general the coast is very regular, and Location and Extent. In what 6drection is South Anerica from there are comparatively few good harbors. The south Norh America? n what zoe is it? esr by the scale of miles is many mount wiltliri Illil howeve1 is bbr == di amits greatest length; its greatet idth. hat isthmus connects North lands. Co"a Ftus, - Is the coast of South America more or less regular America, the upheaval has not been great enough to IC Mt? 5 than the coat of th A a? What is the t the form the li of tai n the islads into a contiou What cape is at the eastern angle? at the southern extremity? at the h,- rts of the hi are yet sbmrg and western? What island is off the northern coast? What group is off the soatheastern coast? What group is some distance off the west coast arms of the Pacic exed behind the islands and into just south of the equator? What islands lie ff the southwest coast? the fiord valley of the mountain chatn wtthtn. Near What island lies off the south coast? What strit is between the maimn the southern end, the Strait of M agellan extends from the land and Tierra dcl Fiego? Sufac. -The great highland region of South America is formed by what iountains? Trace the continental dide thirough North and from the mainland. Suth America (map p.. i2). Name the m ountains which fIrm iL ace. South America presents some resemblance What plateau is in the northern part of Soth America? in the eastern in the of its part? in the western? Dfrainae. - What grteait river draTInMMsuac mea t of the nothern part of the surface features The western part contains the chief grand disin? whi dire d its basin whi t east has m h lower and less branches of the Amazon on the north; out on the south. Into what continuous hihland region. Between the western and does the Amazont flo? What is the latitue of the mouth of the eastern hi landsl t e aS A r 9, f fio one e r S A mrici Amazoni? What river basin is north of the Amazon? Trce th e divide between the Amazon and the Orioo. What t t river d rains a the to the other, tends the great eal l whch is southeaster part of South America? What two rivers unite to form separated by low divide into three slopes: a northern the PMla ta I h t irin does this great rivr in slop? Wh ere does the Uruguay rise? the Parana? Name a branch of the Paran a. the Caribbean n b SeTa to Crape Irn. DESCRIPTION In the north they are divided into three chains, formhing the valleys Locin d Ext - S th Ar if the Magdena a nd of the streams flowing into ke Macai north and southoflthe equatorissituatedFafrther south, near the equator, these chains converge to form the high orsthe cdat 56~ group is s omo e equtaorE i os lxe vska te moays1 66rlth ndL0 66hofth a i mainly SEcuador plateau, on which are situated many noted volcanoes. Here in the southern hemisphe. It lies sout he at of Norh Chio nd C axi attain e ights of nearly for miles. Dierging Anmeica, in the Torrid and South Tem ate z s Its again south of the equator, Two main chains border and inclose the ngth i aut mil andcompamtiv narrow plate oif Bli, whh maintains a elevation of about ttw and a half miles. This platea is nigged in the nort pb1int, nl e airly 3ooo AtJ l h rthg f. Al th6 Asthe sze of e thre n f h the Grtihe having Nrat Anlerica, it has only one third as many Lnct e teraces and sat and ankaine lakes. 81 ~-r~t -een~ -~li~e -Bto and- -B~~t —e Wr luoCG<~ -~ ~ r at ret fvr dralD trEt I~~IL~ ELIlvf~ wtttaff ~~~~fowi * o 82 SOUTH ME.RIC Smth of the an aieau th The P slope is d short s atai their greatest height n streams many of which i an half miles high and extend mainly in on e great chain hordered a the ocean. sm ler ones until thy t1erminat in South Ateric ip ntthe great promontory of Cape Hurn. akes the chief ones being Maracaibo The contin ta divid e ies east of are the saout heom And for a consi dra t. le distace. Thise to the lvian plat e au more th anh to miles hea r fa llll on the wcfic stlope above the sea Lake Titiaca has an hi ch i auses the rivera by si o utlet which fo s t to exte~n d their sourcen and valleys A OM eatrd AMZO sthe smaller Lake AuThe Andes contain many peaks and volcano of which lgas whbich has no outChiimas, a G otopaxi hora ta, and llimani are amoggd th e ilet, and whose waterb most ne Erthuahs are ncommna ands me is orth over t e wth th sun, nl t AreM almost co tlyare coshuaen.lmate-tly t The western sloe s of the Andes are ahrupt and in Climate -- The mte many places terraced with shell deosits and old raI perature of any place ref s f tThe Eastern slop are more gentle in South America vaThe Brazilitn Pbl ate. -- - The highland i ystem in the es. pa tiveyk liteast is known as the plateau of Bazil. It is taout half a 1A t The ottands in nile high, and is trsed from northeast to southwest by a tnumher of mountain ranges which reach heights of over a mile. the north are always hot; in the south central part the Th Plet ef in i h tredma ntear^ly is eando wst and is l at f Gi a ia the no tds ea t ta a isummers are hot and the winters mild; in the south ern su thea same height as the Brazilian plateau. Alollng its southern edge areigeahelikeounaiswthleelr.part the weahri is always temrn a tei kee excettin the ex-r s are hear; b- liks mrahstere 1: 1 tremne south, where it is stormy and chilly, though never central lowland, which surounids the plateau of Giuiana always temperate, or in the highest parts always cold. and extends southward to Tierra dd Fuego; and narrow The southern highlands are always cold and glaciers coast plains west of the Andes and east of the Braziian extend do into th higad. The central lowland is i iremarkaibly level and In the Torrid Zone the winds are the northeast and conrtirnuous, All its divides are lowt th ie. Drainage. - The long eastern slope from the Andes to and the eastern highlands they ascend and consequent the Atanti is drained hiefl by three great river sys cooing caues abundant rainfall on t he aster n slopes. tems: the Orinoco, the Amazon, and the Plata. hey desend on the western slopes of the Andes as dry The Ordico drains the northern part of the great plain, and flows into winds, and make much of the west coast arid, the Atlantic through many mouths, It fons a delta larger than the state The equatorial zone of daily rains sweeps back and of New Jersey. This river is navigable for more than ooin mhles. The A4mazn, though not so long as the MississippiMissouri, is the forth over the equator with the sun, causing abundant greatest yrcie of the woril in volrume of water. Its basin includes more rainfall in the Amazon and Orinoco valleys. than one third of the area of South America, The outhern part of South America and its volume of water is so great that its cur- is affected by the prvaiugweterie rent of fiesh water is felt far out in the ocean. The mouth is more than a hundred miles Wide, hence th west sOp of the southern and Eoo miaes from its mnth it is still a mile in Ades are rainy and th ast i wdth. The Indian name of the river means boat "destroyer," because of the great hores which sometimes weep up the channel like larg rolling the hot lowland basen of the Ama on, breakers to feet in height. The Amazon the rainfall is heavy and continuous is aviigfahle for large ocean Mteamers for aoon milesn and for large river steamers for 2000 miles. TIhe M A and its tir hbtariet the arana andi. Uruguay; drafi a basin as lange as that of th H - tIn mos pces the sivas ar adl mot imparssitsuips. These streims with their tributaries ftur- t e he tree grow ng clo together are nish many miles of water wys, lint carry so much ore en sediment that temporarv isl ad or par i th H ny strange and' woerf ult removed in the lower PIarana during Eve Rood Rowerng plats are fond here, hut very many Part of the Brazilian plateau is of the panta Rorfess, and palms and drained by the Sao Francisco; and fern st d rindaur$ an du tes norithern Andes by the Magddalna.Sevs cacao are some ofthplnsatv to this region. CLIMATE; LIFE 83 The so y rgin f i ihist is ery ost a in its pelarnt if Ih. s - ithw st r P -dtlacs in the temprtc i X. _ l i c * *. *o aregion is s al ways hii sod hea ore ar he great fhots of ce& ro k pi s laurels and cmtheethe,,, eculiar s bi ar oitif a k In thd broad lowlae of the Oriocoar hasin the rainfl i not se cO non aThe summer ad fall r west, hobt thdMR s of they ye fi very sen, the pat a lowlans dallesd the a Oue Lrseaos can not ThoM support a forest the pccary and humins growth; es-w buret aob- Ming sbin dard ied wi th grasses Mni i of the eanma and ay hesrbae i h e s ithe we. t searso to fiv.g in tr esirsib are reduced almost he fi~cer jrn th pi to deser t inbrthlie to, theh ge beatnd dr season. The Guiana p teuhoegersse an t he hos adrei themi has oectinuous rasfall and s co6- on:ly large anhmnies of thepals acd pt se re cal eaat and the ga all s t The southern lowlands ast of the Andes anom ny d of ta led nonkeys dry and neary deser near the pountans nl animals r thae leii tl st-esic manys i -ekinds of lant sik ausea te xymanlioi deer, ad e ogstrs irdise but fthe ast have uffic niett ra iin to, k f itreat uber of a e ts fud of the mate briisot plums e abond hemo t b auf These grassy lowlands Mbir I and any i s and toucan. The Andes Mouni- many h tri wing anmalg a th armadilloso;o tami have many vane- aod th pampas have ~sift-runing animals, aties of patints bc ad~6 the gtianaco deer an d the osiitielikes of climates both in tem- on theu llao. But Ithe most perature and rainfall. au t nmalg are the aln s adapted to the clder cipmal tha n any other life region and no other I ke animalis sieod to - imbis the pre pitons mounaii sides. 7They are the lama, isso rich in animnal life. Somaef the anml s pe naco, and vi onen. The llama nd characteritic Itis reion ar many kinds al pas have been domesticated, and cce vatnaof opossums, the sloth, curious ant-eaters cii b eAU for thir Tch fu 84 SOUTH AMERICA animal, and the great care naivns of t coler cas a n the Pa n Paraga bain grt irs. Deer, bears, and the pumaor f; ear o d ties oi tha e leaves of the mat or "Paraguay teal are Peoe. - The native peoe of South America are gathered an sed in making a bverge. In the oder Indian, and at the tie of the discovery of America of t hei r importanc, te chief indlties of Soth nthere were more Inifan in a South Ameria than in America are agaricultuet t g and ni North Aerica Th of e lwa and especially omeree The trade between dmiffert ti of of the fri gis were while the Idia of South A ica is so small that few great railroads shve the citfra Andes had progressed nerly to cvilization been built A transcontinental railroad has been co - The Ineas, living near like Titcaca, had made the Rmost oess. ped but most of the commere between ports of the he irrigated ad fertilized the land built great ts for veg t and estt is carried hon ships which a the water, construted excellent roads that are still ued, built great stone nd C ape Horn buildings, made bronze, and used other metals, such as gold and slver, a o thog h tat o M The foreign commerce is extive, the exports confor bautifl oIrnaents, made fine pottery, and organized a good tgovernment. They ctlvaed corn, potatoes, and cotton do ilcated the sisting of c, g h itra b cllara and aelpaa nd used mutton gold a nd sii -t theras beasts of burd en h imports Ae wove their wool into cloth. 6ver the i 'ports ar IThe Saniaid early tured goods, and som rnd of the ealth of machinery Most of the tIncas an, under 1the trade is carried on Piaro onqued these with the United States, Ade. us all the G1overnments. — All of Andes. cTuntris contain the South American people of pufre Spanfish 3states were once posnand oths of I odia dee sessions of European scent, as wel 6as ~mixed countries. All are now Splainish anrd fIndian independenut repiublics, The Portuguese x- xcept the Guianas, tplord oand 6onquered which form colonies of the east coast hh Gat Britain, France, came to be called Bra- imPLMETs MAE iY tre XCAS. and the Netherlands. zil Hdre the Portuguese established agreiul ad Religio. Most of the peopl e of South America are intrdued slaves to tll the s Hene in Brall the Roman at. t religios are tolerated in ll people are Portuguese, negroes, Indians, and mixe countries except Peru and Ecuadon races. Italions, Germans, and Enlish hiave recently Tet Que|t lns. - Copgre South Aimerlca with North a meri a ay Argenin and Chile. tit resembe? Show how the surface features of North and outh Amer ca The population of South America is about 38,6,. are somewhat alke Describe the Andes. Name and locate the great Theo average population is quite sparse, there being only volcanelcribe the Brazli plateau; the plateau of Guiana; the five pe r 1 to the square mil lowlands. Name the three geat drainage basns of South Amic, and describe the principal rivers of each. Describe the drainage of the Resources- The mineral resources of South America Pacific slope. T e p rWhat is the characteristic &eat re of the South Americlan climatee are very great. Gold, si vr, copper, and tin are found What is the cause of the abundant rainall of the eastern slopes of the in the Andes highla nd, and in Brazil Coal and iron t oil Andes? Whi are the ste slopes ve t? E l t are del ditriuted Ntrate of oda from the dry undant rainfall of the Orinoco and Amazon valley Describe the vegetation of the silvas; the Paiefic coast; the Andes, Describe the aniest coast, is one of the most important minerals, Fine mal tie& of the sllva sthe grasy plains; the AnddesB diamonds are found in razilWho awerei the original inhabitnts of South America? Give a brief The pasture lands of the llanos and the pampas f ed mineral oiras found? millions of horses, cattle, and sheep anrd nearly all parts aitar the cie cop to w uors ar the piaa anlancomj iron? the missing Give a reg ion f'! 'iflic Whit is id twe * * ssful agrictit re. TIer are great merce. Do the exports consist of raw materiala or manufactured prodwheat fields in the pampas, and offe, sugar, rice, and s? the imports? Gve a rean fr ts What I government of coton plantations near the southest ern and northern What is the prev ailing religion? i:5 '' i; COUNTRIES ITurn Zol. $7pr Qeloni CaOE PArL TION, B"ZIL A rrBoR, RIO D JANEIRO. COUNTRIES OF SOUTH AMERICA poducts. on the plateau s in te gld iron, and 7WUnTIS A S ti1 " w IC | Sdiamond mining region. Prto Ae gfr is the slloping pnint of the snuth, (tornu bp Trr Map fst sending ont dried beef and hides. Jlnaao is the collecting center of The ited States of Brazil. - Brazi, including nearly forest products. ass is a great coffee port, shipping mosy to Europe. half the area and population of South America, lie Argentinai the second country in South America in chiefly in three drainage basns -the Amazin in the area, includes the main part of the pampas and the arid northern and central parts the Sao Francisco in th east plains of Patagonia, The clinate il the north is tropik, and the Plata in the south. Except in the extreme south, with summer rains caused by the trades. Most of the Brazil lies in the Torrid Zone. The north and the ex- ssothern half is arid. tremne south recive abundant rainfall at all seasons, and The soil is fertile, and in the Parana valley wheat and are forest-*dad The centrl plateau region, ho, corn growing has become an imporant pursuit. The has dry winters (April to Septemlber and 1are areas of great plains are grazing lands, and this country exceeds treeless but gr"ssy "canpos." all others in South America in cattle and sheep raising, The coast l1owand and the east slope of the plateau in beef, mutton, and wool production. Sug, flax, and form the main regions of gra ps and other fruit are cultivation. Here on the grown extesively. uplands, is grown more Manufactu res are attainthan half the coffee of the ingconsiderableimportance. world Sugar, cotton and Sa The chief marnufactures are tobacco are grown along sulgar, flour, liquors, wines, the coast, especially in the and vermicelli. north. Corn and cassava Though Argentina is are largely cultivated, and rich in minerals, mining is form the chief food crops not very important. The of the countiry. chief mines worked are The great silvas of the those of silver gold, cop.;Amazon valley have few per, and lWC industries except the procuring of valuable cabinet and dye woods, and the collection of rubber and other forest products. In the south, mate is gatheed and on the gkrassy plains herding is The mining of gold quicksilv rcopper, and iron, and of diamonds, rubies,, and emeralds, receives some attention. R 0 d a h j oW the capital and bi ef city of Brazil, is half again as arg as Bal ti1moe and but little m allr than Buenos Aire". If ships arge quanttis of coffe especially to the United States, and has one of the finest harbors in South Aerica. Bi and Prnat mbuc are centers of trade in sugar and tobacco. o P id in he coffe region and is a center of education. Pra is the shippinfg port of rubber and other ViTosa PKazaU UsEN0S Allis, AJWNa ........................ Ml' 6 "Pe TOM slid.................................. COUNTRIES 37 moap Q tions. -Which corutries of Mzeccz'idcb, abou one third as large a Soth America border on the Caribbe Aires the harbor on the Sea? which on the Atlantic? on the Pa Plat. As t capital of the it efic? Which two divisions have sea. natu ly the chief entea of eduation, coast? Which is the largest country of science; and arc South America? Which are the two soall. est? Which of the divisions are crossed by Paguay, eay a half larger the Andes? Which are drained by the than Urg tiay conta ins tmuch (T i ap d eac aidac /ad Capricorn crosses the noeth cdnen. ~m s P C a I the ex sh imwedhize prwee e "ex ias, tral part Communicat wi tila Birazil. - Bound Brazil. In what cones tsffe d by the Pa rais it? How is it separated from Venezuela and Guiana? What part of it is mountainr - _ __M ___ A _____ gua a9n typann rts av ers con to its source. Name its chief branches. What two rivers drain ful climate, extensive forests, fine pastures, and rich much of the eastern part of Brazil? Locate the capital; Bahia; Piernam- farming lnd, Cattle raisig, gathering MAt and the uco; para; SVaG Paulo; Porto Alegre; Guro Preto; Manaos; Santos. i I I cri~xacultivatio of corn.6 cassava; tobbiac sugar cane, and bolundaries. What rivers drain the northern part toe Pa? In the Prana? In fruits are the chief industries. what general direction do its rivers flow? Name three rivers south of the Plata. icate the capital; Rosario; Cordova; La Plata; Tucutman the hief city nd trade cen Uaguay. B ound1 Uruguay. Namne and locate its capital. Chile is nearly 3000 miles long, but scarcely more than Praguay. -What countries bo ud Paraguay? what rivers? What Ioo miles wide: It is one of the most progressive iand river crosses it? Name and locate its capital. Chile. e e exDsbtprosperous countries of SCioth America. the sctfac is allels of latitude? Give its boundaries. What kind of surice has it? mountainous; the country is bordered all along tts l a L Locate its capita al Vilparaiso; Concepcion; ltitque. ern side by the loft Andes, Aconcagla, the highest Bolivia.- Boiund Bolivia. What lake is on its border? What part peak of Sotlih A erica, is just east of the boundary. of the country is tmountainoust? Namre twro peaks. The northern part Th i is drained by what river system? the sotithern part? Name and locate l t thisr the capital Locate Sucre; Oruro; Cochabamba; Potosi. fors the 1Desert of Atacama. In the center there are Peru. -Bound Peru. What mounttains cross it? What river system winter rains. tn the south it is rainy at all seasons. drains it? Locate the capital; its seaport; Arequipa; Cuco.Tu Beuador. - Bound Ecuador. Describe the drainage. Name the capital, and locate it by latitude. What port is soWthwest of Quito? copper, and gold in the moulntains, antd nitrate of soda tibia - Bound Colobia. What isthmus borders it on the wsest? in the desert lowlands. In the central part the people What part of it is crossed by the Andes? XVhat three rivers drain it? raise whet and oter cereals and fuits and herd Levine ~~o ri aiefse t wheat and other ceedals and fruiits, and herd sheep Venezola. - What sea and ocean are north of Vetnezuela? What and cattle in large nmuabers. Coal i s abundant, and is islands are near its coast? What lake indents the northwestern part? mined to some extent in the south central part; and What part is mountainous? What river drains it? Dtescribe the armout hit in he evy ess of the Orinoco. Locate the capital; Valencia; Maracaibo;i Barqi- fther is th, t 1~ farther 9 irsouhl* simeto; l.a Gunira; Puerto Cabello.e Guiana. Give the thre divisions of Guiana. Name the rivers An extensive trade is carried on with Europe, and which separate the divisions. Name the capital of each division. lag quaitie of nitrate copper silvr wheat and iodine are exported. Mdanufactured goods and catte Many of the people are lndians. but lthe ruing popu- and coal are imported. rope have entered the coutrfy recently in large number, America, having a population of over a million, Its forein population, consisting of Italian', Fren, and Spaniards, is ery lare. The naturally poor harbor has been greatly improved, and the city is the commercial Besame and La Pt are also inmortant shtpping orts, gt COr/c and 4iza rinn s enters of grazing and fiarming region ruguy though tw cc a*lar *as Maie is the maillest of the South Ameicanre lc but rnk fourth in its foreign commerce. t is better tinherd than Air ntff but is largly engage o cattle nd i heep ras ig.a n ok VARAslo iiL 88 SOUTH AMERICA Vsoy healthful en the eiat side there irs abun diat.ain liviaptu ip p ing 1 e.id fre it isgrownte Iie i he majoarity of the poplea d ar nd.iah mansy of them s.. e c lim a t et and iretat b,dii ngs are nau nat sie he olin p0eopir Spanish or mixed idi an and Span Bia..nto |t t emper~azigat and ofttn art eceutiov t dn the Wm r Pn hs ea nd tby a t i ndt i ii ubbOr are tp mrlesao the eading Tougfhs vicunas, and islee for thei r fleae isth f cis y monsiderable importanle on the higndsat Silve reand peo trhie arsc tfaoied in the nthwi est and co1al cote, and j asalt are miedl GiL no is founed on islands off the coat The1 is chiefly with Germany and Great Britin t a he eapital and largest ci, is sintuad about kevn mifle iand. tts sealort is Ga/lao. Areoipa finear ihe famoe us XtssviN, Purza snow-crowned volcano Misti, is the southerft nceter of trade, and manufactrews gold adid sileri hOghla id about fifty ril froma the acic s pe fa g ont n Iand 1 oftenk sv6rdly 'hfanken by earth- she t and o tqs port ut lyron the la' E tciflc6 co tnst ofr - hnr i a i 1th t the highland setio is narrowr tcemn he of nitmate and copper arte net pogres iyde h here i re p 'altiBotiviae though nearly ticed as Ia r -nly no road in the coontr) uird hfIti as Chile has ams& sm ller d pultion, usm K 'a iineuind tr mde and ndu 'try. IThe chief In the southrest it lie ona the bhigh nd um Antginous airclti prod uct is cocoa hut e >etable iory and I3olivian platman While the no hr atet nd cat r n parts rubb r-iare obtain | d f|rom the forestg and cuff e is grownt; aie i level lowh f thei Amian and Prat ay h try i rich in gld ard othrmiie th into hot, temperate, and cld, a6ccording to the elevrtion, native manufatures are Panama hats and mat In the est th rinfall is abundant, kexept in midwinter; Quit is on the plateau nearly twoe nailes above the sea. Though but in the west the rainfall is deficient. near the ettator, it has a delightful climate. Nearly a dozeni grfeat vo1l Agricultu e i in a backward tat h bt food p 14 of the ImperaI Io are raied oen the plate- ia forw lscal gn rais d for thei hi e and wo6 and much il e _d _ are surtroundeI y smatsion Aaiwi as once v famn 2 fo it' s'ver iml ne Peru'i n'early 't Ia ge as ol'vii and it ias twice as| j many 'Iniharbfiift ts. It x ofromi the& Padit e clt into the Amazon vilb and i trair Aifeed by the Ad ean highland'. The mountains e are ma uly in tx1 thems Phe clmat on it he ws t side 1is ht and dry but Mau,__, nAniL t.. 0! j~~I~a a"" ~ls~~~ COUNTRIES 8 hClrim rbiazoil and Cooax Gt Ghia a comprise thr e colonies; - the we tPi thedi che neteaporft near a bMY rn onen Meon in to th I ifti I th cenitral of the sarne namsY. es/ nsunto the Dut h anti the terni to the French. Th e GlithlOWS Mina; into Miles~ 1~~"t~a ~U~c~~ 6~~~ ~~Pla~~ to the Wiest belong to thlYq$t ounty Along the coa t thm surf se is low antifid swampy; hot th interir is mountai~nous ~ansi Coomia 'nt nrh h scenery very b it6ifuL, TI Ia hoinii is vesy emn part of South America; rainy b c u9 it is ifatluence~d hy both ti e 19 ibouit i, twice lat~ d ge 700t of daily rain sad the north Ast tr des Tlexaj but has ahout then we ) in u the mountains to the outh same opulatiom In the West It Ph 61 r it 'a trav~ r eti b ave Iand Chinese laborer o a the coast, od lo-` rsg of tie Antbic whichdiaint iteor herei trend to the& north 'ast Th NI gd~aiena with fts _ tnbot the Caijhuea drains NItAM4S ECUAD OR bb atitiful valleys beitwe ni the ranige The e ten two thirds of olombia lie I'n the hotf moist iowlandR Most of the people live on the hi hlands, b cut irich in minerals~ and gold and filvet are miiitd xsteniely. Coal irbon platinufm quicksilveri nd erids6f~td art al o nmedvu and tb re are mnen a shie supply most of the s i used in tia rsepubl Large crops of b nan s aiad cassava are raised in the onith ni lowzlands~ whilei wheat, corn, tobacco, caian coff ee and beans are culftivated at favrabtlet elevaftrion in the high1lnds. Cattle raising is of consgideraible importance ina the norutheuast and catitfle and hides are among the imandlagestctyisa mleanda alfabve Tlae couiatry is wo~aderfoil~y ricla in forest resources eg Asen the capfit andlkk ivi arlsfd hlffi and hingi& TeEgihadDuc 66i r n sea 1 e aend bI a a tgH&f springike clatces throughosit ihe yeas.. Tb I raies ar Mob/Ta is a gold-naming ceniter;i Bstrrstupu///s and Cfstr/zgees are the a eed c1hi fly ni uga.r-raisiig and old moing. Tlhe lhef iseaports. French diisonis used as a penal etft1iement It hi Unied tat8 f Vnezela -Venzuea i aoutthre bt Itl trade. Sugar, gold, cocoa, and rice are exportebd fou ths the sliz of Coionsbia and contains about two fromu all thte colonies. thirds as many people The surface belongs totre et mtn.-Hwde B tcnpr ihh eto nibh rein:teAdenhgln n ienrhad Amenic in asea. Aiid P0P lation? ni whai driualfa basies doe'1a ii physicanl lie?.th td h ihadhitenrt n O where are the agbicuiusal disticts? What is the niust noted west, the Blanos throughout the central part, and tl ae rolsict? Whsat Are the fiindustrie in the silvas? What Is the fosnst of Guianai highlands in the southeast. The climnate is htot goeoet laaIeietecifctes Rssw does Argentina sunspare will tther Sossib Ansiesn couinftres and unbheaflthful on the lowlands buit the highlands arfe in area? Describe its surface, soil, and cfblimate Wisat are dthe cisief 01pleaant The Inraifall is anaple throughout the year in psriits~b? tecifmnfcueDsrb lecse iis H6tt sines umgssayv sank 1ninaea itud crsisner of forrigis cosussserc? the sotuthe~ast but there is a dry seassi innfo D6eember Wha is the chief neuakiia? Describe the cisief city. to April in the notrthweist. Somed sect6ion have two rainy Comlatrse aauay# wvith Untaigna in l6ssskiiu and size; Whist are the 16 ivi di fy h th hih~ resources of Pasagay avlsst is the calsitall? and two6 dry seasons. Thei 06peol ieete i n hehih 1-6dlowshe Chile rank asmong Sosih Amrnsican cossniress? TDescrilse ]lands ini the north the surface ansI clisnaie What are use chief pursufits? use chief exThe lans afordpastrag forman catleand atte psris Descrilse the chief cities. Thd labr 0 M ptitifaii or nify WW~ nd Passuopare lBoliria and Cihile its size and pespulaion. Dsesilse the ~products are exported. On the highlands sheep~ gnts its sofac oft it6vii the fitinse What aes its seado ccc? 13 vfl behe and caittle ar 9risd, and coiffee, sugar cane6 bananas chief cii s. q are rat 11ow doe IPeru ompaefwtha hlaain sxd 3H i ftkband psipelatimu? What cacao, and cereals are culfftivaed. T he highladsid of the are the chef s6biccupaion And producftions? Characterize hihe chief cities. souteas areric in old andthoe ofthewestin op- Wiscre is Ecuador? Descrilse us sirface;b the conditisin of the people. laccilbe the capital city and clhief seaiport. per. Coal al Jperluman itl ra oie obtafidad. nm bftaeis Combard,with Teti in:ize anie fimopu fa iou du)lcri its elfalet drainiage and pro hutiction Cl racbier' e irts r el lfiMLe Miltiatcts the caital an s/nslen h ihadin th rih in what physd icrghio skss doesVeunezeslie I esrile ih climate. ctfe-asnaeio.Te r oncted by rai with their repctv What aret the chief isap industries? Describe the chief ceities. seaports, Lu Gust/ru~ and Puir/n Cstibe//ss M'sitrsct is an important n wha naion does Culana belong? Describe the suraiet climate finss ceniter and seaport. Bstrsuia/me/st is in the copr-iig eioad industries. 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If era eat and West diretioand include ranges s two thirds larg as ake Michigan. Th re and peaks betwien hi three nd fme bes if hg dh e be d thou nd of smalle gai ciak in the notha princ'ipal rangesi are she timlesyas; the Kuenilun westeri nip r of the great lowland of whi h lldthe Thian Shan, the 11fio Kush, the Ellbura and ~ and ega areS sf the large 1. 1There are also the many smallbut h authfu WesVhdt of the Black Sea the' great high glacial lakes in she Alps. laud though narrower, lower and less connected, continues as she~ Balkan, Al- tlmate.-In the Pt, asd Spanih plateaus. These are nrthen p art eof theer n t half a mile high; theeaAAir p rsinipll a the winmoutain ranges, rthe Als an she Pyreaes, are very rugged, and reach heights sof hetwee two and thee miles, co the summirers aree Sonthern excions of she grat hh shrt and te rainfahll, lands, or ditached regions of htighland, exc t in the, emxtreme form the great peninsulas of K$amehka YaKetwesti smll Hered and Korea on she esut coast; the, Malay YW w t gfnlyHr peninsu ldia and Arahia on she south the ground is frowen hundredse coast; and the Grecian and Italian Penint- of feet deep, and thaws only at las he Mediterranean Sea. h s e h There are very few hactie volcanoes onCAE einsm the mainland, though many evidences of extinct vulcahism occur in out Cenitral Asia the climat is the highlands But she grieat islainds east of Eur 'asi which arc high initensely conttinental, with cold and mutindiiilous, continn rmor active volcanoes than sany other rego winters, hot summers, and very in the world, and arthakes and volcanic, erupetions are very common there, 'There are a number of active vol oes so ne the slight rainfall Much of the pla north Shore of the Mediterranean Sea. tea reso its desert South 1ALowlIds -' —The principali lowlanid lies north of the great high- wiLo links eastern Eurasia is always hot, land, East of the Caspian Sea this greaft lowland has a width of nearly~ w'ith great humfidity and abunidainat ranall during thei ffo iles,~ In the east the surfatce is somewhat elevated anfd~ broken, but in the west it is uniformtfly~ low and flat (Sinking helow sea levelsu mr on o. around she Caspiran Sa); and is biroken only by the low UtW Moon-~ Thei climate of no~rthwesterni Euraiani is tempere~d and rtalu fneartrhe center and the lowr Kihole Mountaiuns in the exktreme madei equablei and mosist by the prevailinig w festedy winds northwest. from thei Ataic.b The northern shr of the MediEast and soh of the great highland, and Parity inclosed by it and t it pus or moulying highlands, are A number of detached regons of lowland, such as the Plains of Manchuria, of China, of Indo-China, of India, dry su mmers and of Mesdopotioamia. The islands soiutheast of Asia have a hnt, moist clia iae -The eastern part of the great northern mate And arei subect to terrific cyclonic storms, cnalled lowlanfd is drained by streamsi flowing norithwes to] the Typohtids, which someimesrki cause great destrucntioni of Artfic. These are frozen during much of the year, life and property. thouigh somei of them,; the Lena, Yeisei,~ anid Oh, are egetaftionf and Anfimals.- All of Eurasia north of very long rivers, The weste~rn part of the great lowlandii the Himalaya Mounitainsf belongs to the Eurasian Ife has but a comparatively hort slope toward the north- region. This region contains many animals and O plants west, aid Hit rivers such As the Vistua, Elbe, Rhiine, similar to those of North America, and Loire, though we frequenftly heari of theim, Are much Eurgasian Plants and Anlimals. -'Thiough the Plants of Euirasia and sMA than thei Dan ube, Dieper And Don, which flow N th America ar very similar, yet Eurasia has many more Plants to the Black Sea, or thei Volga and Ural, whichi flow e"availabefo citv'onlodthstrihdth lvamnpah to theCaspia s~. aricot, apple pear, all of the e~real grais exceptr corn, and several vrietie of gropes and melons, Many of them river floing eastward and sothariTe us ipotat niai o tis regaion are she horses raitte out of the great highlandsi are larg and imfportfant. sheepn and goala, which in~ saevera Vaineties aefudwl ih eta Among the most noted arei the Amur, thei Hoang, then prof both the highlnadthloadrei.Tisegnislo R9 ~the homef of the camel and of the commnsdr pig. Yautxe th Gages th InusandtheEuprats. In the north are polar beass reinderi many fr-bearing animla The basins of the Ceasping Sea, lake And and Lake Balkash, as welteemnsable, andf fmarten as well as wovsin and brow bear. C as mus of the highladfd plateaus; sout adeSt of thm nor a vatsecnrllwad r on h uohaneoedeadwl rgon of Inland dArainage whose watrer are evaoratedi before they ec hss Wild ykocuythre highlands of Tie, n an reii moua i I p he tiger 1111 the griett fiothern 6lowlaids east Amnong the birds pecalatil to lotaia are thie true vatiatre true land region the population is pheasants and part ridages trrue wabiers magpies, ist gar night- parse while in the fertile riouthingales, the cora crake o Ntart, snd wryneck. easter plai sand in the region glon, lying south and the populati is exedi southeost f thea o th e HirM layaas and inalnuding most of rhe East Ifndies, has life forms very diffeent to n those of the r esit of Eurasi Lr O t. Oriental Plahti and Annebimals The chief plants of the lowlands are many species of fpalms and bamboos. These often fo rm al most impenetrable jungles. The banyan, one of which sometimes Mfors a Whole fwforest, the fragrant and 6cost9ly d ns. If the people wete evenly sandalwood, the bheautiful satinwood, the hardse t ebonby and the durable teak, occupy somewhatid diWtrwoud eb ahout ty peol ero higher lands. Delicious f ruits such as the durian he nain r and spices, as cinnamon; 3nueg hatnd allspice.llt The mrost peculiar mammals Are the orang-outg ni ad live in the jug yr and ackal Are ai soe one pecieds of which All our do-i race, to which most people in to ninted mesti olryfam l originated Vul- Stat belong. For t sat resin uo tea crowsi eadeits and water should be more fiftera nug to us t an Rephi; es such as the python, are dtai tl yrelated to he people of the Venomous enbra; the croco- EN Europe we have more f bit and cusdifie and it ange liards; abound. oins in con mom with sen than wih L u. ~portions of the coase t esri se the highland. \here at volcanoes Manl. - Euiaidi cotinst nealy to each. Divide Euraskia into -several rgo htaving differing clWfoui br ~g of all the people in the maetes, and describ tls cli satdie of WEach What two life reginion are found in luinsia.? Descbribe the planft life of each; the animal lfei Mwodd hut they ate very unequally of each. Ho deinsely is Eurasia peopledli What two raes live ther? Where is ch fond? 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IP*gll RB,1 II IIA ~n3 i: i i,~Be w.i 111111111 1111111'11111111111iiill r~[~,11.111111111111I~Iiiiiriiiiii~iiiiiiiiir; 'i E ~i:~~:11111111111111111IO i"l io. iiiiiiiluiiiliii~i~i I L ~"o"o'i"""";""""""""""i"""' 1~I'I;I:II~I r iiril;'i"""""l" """~""~I"I"""I"'""~~i~~i: ""~~"'l""""i'""ii"'"~ ~::r~li;~~;lilil i';~:.Qi;:QB ~:,i~ i ir" i,,"B"B:",":~,,i~ ~~il::.:iiui:.,;i;:;i.i;~.I:i:8~Qlp;B:lliiiii:iiPi,:ji '"~:""""::;ii:'"'"'"""::i::;":';i'''"";:": i": i::i.,,.,,,,-,,-,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-,,, ~~~s~~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, EUROPE 'Fi ALM MAP STUDIES Sweden and rway.-What peninsula do these countries occupy? Bound each country. Compare the coasts of Norway and Sden Coast Features. What two seas border the northern coast? What Wh at land g 1o 8 ar th coast of Norway? Describe the surne tw seas are on the western coast? What two gulf are part of te of the otrie ( o What range of tmontains partly separates Baltic Sea? What great bay is in the west of Europe? Name five seas them? Name two lakes in Sweden. cate the capital of each euntr. continuous with the Mediterranean What waters are connected by Locate Gothenb urgi Berge Kar at? by the Ska cand Catteg a? by the Engl shg Ch lfDnark. - Bound D denmark Of what two physical features does it neay thetr of Gibral b the Str ofconsist? Is it highland r.lowland 0see p. 9o)? Lo at the capital of Otran? by the Dardanelles? by the Bosphorus? What slands t re north of Russia? near Norway? between Iceland and the British Isles? int DESCRIPTION in the Mediterranean Sea? Sure - Refer to the physic:a map, p. 9, and locate the chief pl d plateaus of Euoe What patau and mn.tai chin are Location and Shape. - Europe includes the western west of the plains of Hungary? What chains are northeast and east? part of Eurasia, lying north of t Mediterranean and What chains are southwest and southe? What chain e nters the Grecian Black seas. The physical boundary on the east and peninsula? What one traverses the Itaian peninsula? the Scandinan s~dihiii f 1s f arinial by the Mil Mchio ifig and Ri5ey; pennisula? Name three chains in the Spanish penisud tmta 6Drainae. What riers draining parts of two or more countries C i 2pi3a Sea, and e C s Casian Seaaea the ins empty nto the Baltic the North Sea? the Atlanti c th e Blk Sea rthlly i Cmountries. - Count the countries in Europe. Name te arge tht of Gihealt l i What seven countrie are in peonsulas? What countries brder the Black Sea? the Adriatic? the Bay of Biscy te North Sea? the Baltic? ithe s i r d a nthm Ten n ss ie. What countries have no seacoast? What country occupies the British Etrope is roughly triangular in shape, but no ditvsion Isles? (Anaswer.-TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIceland.) of the i land of equal size is so irregular in outline. (e fr the f a ma ac un/ti eac ony is reachedin thie /.) Althuh Euo is l a rg than the Uniited States, no Sp each cu s i g pat of its i p tct in the me east, s mre land or o land se p. 90)? Wiat part of iPoigal is motly low- than 5o miles fom the coast. land? Name some mountain ranges of S pain What rivers flow to the Atlantic? to the Mediterranean Wh at island group belng to ai? St of k Sea i Locate the capital of each c af entry. Loce Op orto; Valen rdered rou and rgerod by the wter etesiln of cia; Seville; Malaga. Which of these are seaports? t great Erasian highland t has an atibpt slope Russia. Bound Russia in Europe. What country of North AMertIn th Meditranean, and a gad l s lp to the nirth. ica is in the same latitude as most of Russia? is Russia mostly highland I The dominating mountain s ystem of this part of or lowland (see p. 9o)? What mountain ranges border Russia? Trace * cate Riga ida; Ri~ef;..c 1 arekf Naii gos l lsvury ler thet;su si ften disputed. * Europs Russia the d~lbbteih t h iads the Alps. This system extends eastward Nane the fou great -lye s of its f owth sope and tell into what bai h from the river RIone and is oni n ued as the Balkan flows. Do the same with six great flyers of the'sethe. sl op e lthe jL h city is hear the center of the country? What bap& yin W is i p is rh th of D Te bo eat the oit'ci l kndigimi 6(f Ru ssia (iiot ibite con Ist 95 96 EUROPE The Apennines and the Pindes Mountains diver the northwest is longer than the southeast. from the Alps on the misouth to form the italin and m and ain th la iers as ire Ghreian peninsulas; and the Curving Carpafthian Rhine and the Elbe, thoudgh the Ebroi -,Histh Rhone, Mountains and their continuation, the Tansylvanian and the Po on tbe southeast slope are also import Alps, dierge on the northeat and inclose the low rivers plains of Hungay. Nearly all the rivs of Europe have been tenThe Alps are highest in the west, where they bear derd naigable, and in general arermuch more used perpetual snow and great glaciers, and where Mont as commercial highways than are rivers of the te Bl anc reaches n.altitude of three miles. States. Very many of them have been connected West of the Rhone, the low Cevennes plhateau with stajaent sysms by ain of canl fth h covers m h of th cnt and ear s the the interening divides. Thus nearly all of the chief old coese of several extnct volcanoes rivers of the southeastern slope have been conneceted The Spanish peninsula is mostly a plateau deeply with rvers of tenorthwestermn slope. cut by river valleys; and tversed by mountains of moderate eolevatieon It is rdered on the r by P - E tins one fourth the Pyrenees Mountains (two miles high) and their of th wo id s poplatio and is the most witern ontifaion the Cantabrian Monnmina ly p d of the grd divisions. East of the Black Sea is the grand ITh ough about the same size as the snow-capped Caucas us range, whieh is United Stiates its ti i fiv e considerably higher than the Alps d a g rea It has an average dtnsity of has a very bruptnorth nslop, about a hundred people to the square mile. The Ural Mountains have a few peaks Emi grtion. - Many sections of Europe are so about a mile high, but most of the ERGiL-ANic Tr crowded that land is dear and labor cheap, while range is much 1ower and its slopes are quite gentle. lands in the United States and in many other parts of the world are In the northwe st the narow Scamdinavian pateau cep and labor high-priced. Therefore, thousands of people leave their homes in Europe every year to found new homes in other parts of the rises abruptly along the coast of Norway to a hight of Irld, where they can earn more money and better their condition. about a mile, but slopes gently eastwaid to the Gulf of Such European em igrants come mostly to the United States, bunt many Boithnia ~ This highland is capped with snow fields, and thousands also go to Canada, South America, South Africa, and Austmlia, t the north sends many gaciers down into the deep I By far the greater part of the people belong to the fords WWhI border the Atl c cast. white race. It is only in the extreme north, east and The nrthweter pact of Great Britain is also ty southeast that any ronsiderable part of the peop0le belong ersel by low mountain ranges, to the yellow race. The whole f of northern Europe Te b!beto twenty bodies of navian and ipeople speaking diffrent _langug e and having adifferent habits and cu tomsI Most of thsen eu hreisr mdy be placed in three g t groies pa, afnds on the nhorf thwet i each of which the languages and customs are qui te similar These and the Alpinf and Cian three grpare the Ge maaic peoples in central and noithwe ttie Eucs sytee the Loga, peoples in outhdern and sothwestern Euoe l im an ot is a vast low and the Simeo peoplesr of eastern Europe. These p plesu specially the Geormaic and Lati groups ae a highly civ hired as day in the world, nealyevel plin exlten and pofe the Chritman reigion, In general the Germnich peoples are ing from the Bay of Biscay Protestants, the Latin peoples are Roman Catholics, and the Slavonic pento the Ural Mountains, pies belong to the Greek chulcho This lowland covenstwo thirds also made up of many bodies of and Caspia Sea it sonslt below Firinn in the extreme north, the sea le. The who nortihwesdt- Tartan in the xtrm east, and Y ema half of this plai is covered the Hungarians and Turks in the wn-f ithglacial drift and ditedI with southeast, With the exception bodedsi it unader tice. In general the plaini is very fertil, pies of western Europe, and southwestward from the Ural Mountains to the Straittriesan Resources. -All the industries of In the east rie southeasrem slopm much th logr and more grdua o mand is dralined by the argest rvears in'the grand divisionivlzd reh carded PEOPLE, INDUSTRIES 97: 'F~SmN~ _ R mX l uznd a ssnnh iaaw materialns ans cowtton wl and silk fibr wsra divi ion and conaists tarlgy of matufa etord goorai mabnd winmpt bhel tor tw e gr hoiu g ep a t. j i h a;e laEu: is vcry gr at, rh' Is ffitiftatd Iy avetyy nmplete rdilwy) Systeo abeut as extenrie ars that of the nga tig;e aild ms Aii itli h ter o ltri, est erhu otf wae war y yown fVroh taicn her lsU ThsMtouiitnaid, ni hinrl e t i he with otie foh trn eof Euro reqire rea qantfirti tums of peakh 1in-r i m1g as theg t nimted Siates, aAid iniiay of the great 1aoltsi itn ia atii have great navise to protect tlheir iat resa s in i rei ogna watelrs c Coutries and Governments. - herei are twlen ty or More indepequdent states or mominerys ia Etrn o peo t aewich Greati 1tf Ff |Britai ranc G6rmany, AustriaLH ngary, Itaty, and reiso iis I o LARn. ussia are ithe most poposa arldo n poerefl ani d are, half the people are engaged rin farming. They produce therefore, often attied the "Six Great owersui" tawea o e r it U ll et tkle y evnryd couStt in Efraie xontrats groups of lit eapl States, yet there are so many peopte in Europe that mftuch Ispeaking dfifferentt laguages, mtost of the people in nearly every country grain and meat ninsi be ifiiofted. b ehong to the skati group ant speak the saime hlguage, wbhf i differs ifr the hlatiguages spsoken i iIMost of other o tfitiesom Thuso, Engthle great fomtt'polrloduinfgd region extenids throgh the cetral par of 1ish li the language of Great tritairtn, French of lyrtitt, ferman of Gmer the great Iowvlancd ftrti the Atlantic to the Ural Mhnttans whie in the mIaty, Russian of Russia, etc.; but each if these tiE es conin tllhe southerln Eiart f Eope, great quiantities of gals olives, and saucus Masof People spakiig sebb other language. troplcel fuits aire raised, as wvell as solle grain aid tniany vegetailes. Irn some harts trhe grassy elnJows, and inl orthers thle hill asd aouontain White in Amnernica most of the peotle have a reputai aides, filiish firne a reota lants, and dairyineg is arrflel on wvith great skaillf t tr quean form 0 government the snoVaulie ffrn of governWestern Euope is the greatest mantuftacturing region meat its Europe a is the tmsonarhy. These monarcethie in the world, and is especially noted for the mant- are alt limited in greater sr tess degree. There are but facrture of cloth; b t {vast 1 T ' PLANTI PT'So S iCOT A \ nt* fours i teixcp ins Frainei Rtsia, Swt quantities of a ic siery erland, iand P urpgal are e utiblic d intools, and iocl ietd are ' Tuopet ' s pltmun.l-Crioasi Whtnr two wac e o py made nd in fth e all kir o a r ti t es H to in e- dimtri I Fu ehi t hetle of Irnnuf trare sCthllna f two u0V st from thest a eSit h igh losae 1nh regio. u Deaerise thli nourptA i yti m soed Mining its alsohetirel tahiag eastw c rd ftoun nar th Mhne ver'?t sh ursic iel d espe- systerm est irf the Rhone; the panepseis Witheora c e Comara thlte wChite Mfd itally inr1 th Eure st, coal izin P and rth ern iolnut ai s Great hfirt Dlerie the ha nd its are obtais t at s a f neallthe stpp eman tsh quarnies s. In thlse sou thern (oittarem the eastetr at western It ortions of hEuro pe aL s to their sitr slopes., Ho 1 a the highliiiid~ qtniksitvcr irtEuropinean rivetisbeet ittihiunti zinc and ad are producd Ma three statents showing the dy of ihe Uer iro od surope's noitati. What tw races oiy i rdice inril How is eae distrite? Into what tsree gold. ita the sutheast Are groups titmay the white epiebrlas of Europe he rhivitieri? r-icha fietds ofg p~etroleuma. ~ ' iWhere is cach grmutls fouind? What rinh ta ce, wheam are the chief polesow of the yellow The eten r iv~ foes of the race? Conmiare the g wht'h elpidlnorthern to vl ad andt of telsand r id ion. In wE ftis l. o many 0pelsje not only aloag it ng'ille ofv u1 h "g'w ofi eing&6. n-s ocean anid se coast but in tlse wknift, the Means of tr tcl rtarivers; speciaIly in the outhathot. in teah crsffee Wheat, and meuststeowi ttcsmmcas, CEUmh ih exstionsrife? ...............Q........N........ GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 99 NITED NG F GREAT The pepie are of mioxed de BRITAIN AND IRELAND seent, the English and.owland aScotch being of Germanic origin, the British ns esWhat salt and cn the Irish Welsh and high ianef d iisep ae thie from Frioie? What three S otch of lt They alel r predivisions are Included in Great Britain? e seht east h i g h e s oiy of civiia hat large sland is west o Great Bitain? the What waer separate Gre Britn and Ire tio The government is as liberal land? What channe indents snnthwestern as that of the United Sates. Engnd? Name five larg firths of otlandt What large group f islands lies The supreme power is vested in a i roff the west coast of Scotnd? off the iaent, composed, like our Congre ss of north coast??What gtrop IS north of the - -- -two lhodies,a the e of rd made Orkney Ilands? What two islands re in mal Of niemen, and theHoueii of the Irish Sea? Name to large hs on theWt co t of Ihread Caommon of m hrs eeted by the pee The lattet ptraiclly What mountains are in Scotland? Name two peaks west of the controla the goverment. rampian Mountains.i What hills lie between Sotland and England? The executive power is really in the hands of a ministry which co What chain s outh? What mountain are in Wales? Name ntwo rers sists of a prime minister and a number of asoiates who hold office of Enlaud which form broad open mu ths on the west coast; two on during the pleasure of the niu s e of Commons. the east coast. Name a river of western Scotland Name a ever of Great interest is taken in education. The Universities of Oxfrd central Iread. What canal crosses the northern part of Scotland? and Camridge are among the most honored seats of learing in the Where is loch Lomond? Lotgh Neagh? the okes of Killarney? world. Name and locate the capiat of England. What large city is on the The people 0enjo the igreatest freedom of religion wor staip yet the Mersey? Loeate M anchester; Sheffield; Leds; Birmingham. Where Potestant Episcopal Church, or Church of England, is established by is Bristol? What Welsh city is just west of Bristol? Where is Newcastle- law in England and Waes, and the Presyterian Church ia Sotland. on-yhne? What city is on the Humber estuary? Where is Portsmouth? The Irish are mainly Roman Catholics. Name and ocate the capital of Sotla. Wht ciy is west of Edi The British hae been great explorers and col nizefi and have es tah burgh? Name and locate the capital of Ireland. Where is Belfast? ished successaul colonies in all the grand ivisions. The United Kingdom, with its possessions, constitutes the Briis Empir which includes The Unted Kingdom of Grat Britain and I one fifth of the d and one fourth of the population of the workid. comprises Great Britain, Irland, and the adjacent islands, i the Channel Ilands. The ar is about the Great Britain ranks after the United States as the same as that of New England, New York, and New greatest of manufacturing countries, btt in cloth making Jers bu he latin is about three times as gret it surpasses all other countries. Great Britain is one of The coast is bold and WaAvmN LiNEN Iuac"Jno the greatest coa-mning and iron- and stkeelmak irreguiar with many deep ing rontri Coaper, tin, 1lAa and ifnct ae and commodious harbors, mined to limited extnt Cutlery, machinery T he surface of Great tin late iron and stl h tty nd many Britain is rugged in ithe chemicals ar extensively maufela r north and wl e& st0 asWh Beln n Lo- the e9ast mond Bandtia Nevis Scal f, II a in eIrelan and Potatoes ayt, trnineps, andl and Snodon are famou apples are largely cutivated ay cattle muh aks. The southeaster ool and dairy products are procA e Small part of the island iscorn frluits and garlen veBetables ar a9lo grovn.vi But paratively levl, Ireland i meats d i y producs dour suga, tea, and coffee inlosed by a rim of hills are impord in large aiti and mountains within Great Britain owns More shppain than any hich the land is 1 f t and other nat on nd has a ofteni boggy. va t foreign commerce. The rivers are sho bet usually end in Man*ufatu*Wred produ great nav'gable fhs The most noted are are sent t al a.t Xs of ar the Thames the Merey the Severn; the the World and food stuffs, lyde and the o Shanno There are many cotton wool; iron ore and mall*d but be utiful giacial lAks, o ich i n- other rawfmar-trials aire loch LomLond n Sc tland andi the Lakes i n i nf impfo rted f of Kllarneiy n ireland, are niote d. The fisheis o 4 cdf X, give these 'slands a m'i equable, And mors the Heb..ride Islands iand; ciae a n d LA6Ireland e duciv.crs claim' iha in, jdo PM OR" re~ft MOTL&M iiin 1 ~. ,,,,,,,,,..,,,,.,,II'11R""' ' ~ I,;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;,;;;,,,,:1;1;1.,;,:i~;: ";";';"""i;; 111111111111111rlB r '""~"""'"""~"~"""'" I -~"" -;.a. B -- xi eB;nia ~'i~'1~ r:. r ~~RI.ij; ag I I I.;;:;;: ~ 1B1118%1 rr I E 881g3 ~- '"""""'"""""""""":i I ,:::~:~:: I. i I 4 r liL r + " ii * i"" K 8; il ';~""; ~i"' i r:: I 1 a ci 1 ~;;i:'" I pll,i: ~al; \E Is ii:i: j:~ a bs ~a. r Ilgiii: ~I~~li:;~ X.;,;;; cs el ". ~ h: Yt" 1 fl I a rira P q IEi a B iii"" I I lii i~c: " ini ilr r ~:::~i~... '~8ii~il I ";r ''"~;"'~":":": I ''"""'."''."" r ii;i:'"';"lls: gl r SIL b Q1 B I"ill 2, II IIr: f. 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II I" '""iB1BBlsl ii,~ r:8iii~ ilE ai:~, ~; l1n111~;1; C;ii i-,l,~,~ s, silipBIBPIE881; in sil bi ~~na i~~,,, C c~ I;ii....,.....l 31~:I~I:~li:: ~8:.,lii.," ~ si:~s. PI ~;~~ r'Eii r 21; ~i:~l d cr i ~ir, 4: ilj(I Bllllis li.~ i~ ~iii aa ixiii.,u ~1~~ i~ ra i~~ "d: ~a I E B B~~ s~i 4 I bb" i, ai a B ~r Ililij ii. a C Bxi ii. IIF-RIEP~133lllgll jga(nillglgii,lruIlgr r ,, ENTRALIAND SOUTHER{N EUROPE i01 CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN EUROPE A/p 64Jn a IN m a ahme IC ate sfaIcss/id neimm M~jrs Ai me FRanie. -- 116i faf1 r de Wthat inotmlitain border it? WhI a mounr. tone Are W inibi he oonctry? What three important rivers v pen raf w ste yCaourses w ith awhat fourth ricer system arc th threei 6onne:tdil by~ c cidg MoWIcre Is arif? Macsilles6? Lyons I 4daiax? U1 e bu6m? S Lt.icii? acrcd? in Which of thcs c ities do inn t of th I F ict railroads 06atcr? Which arc scaponsi? Whic I ar oI rivces Which is on A canael? Name manI locatc tbc 60pi Belgim-. L bounfd olelginia In what pleain does it ic6? What rivet flows througla it? What i its captita? in what dire lion frone the 1.capital is Aatwerp? Liege? Bhn? ietween what r aht it es loes the railroad ran which Passes throutgh Liege? Whirl xity is a r tilroad oa x s t,therlainds — ound the Netherlands.l What great rivro flshe R6VAthroughE thisO Counttry? What arta of the se eteal O ~into it? What is ~Lohkoi is the Iegest city and the finaniaill center of liar capital? What chity Is on the Zaifider Lee? What city is on the the word. TFhe floe6 harbor foenseid by the~ Thatmes northerna channel of the Rhitie? iai the southern chuniaisl Itttary is eonslaotly thetingeel with shipts frtonm Asia G m o e Wfime counr y is oaotmotafiiins? Nafni the, amim'imitains of Geraancy. What four great Its ffimports far exceedl its exptsrls. TFhe city has naretow, rivers! tfravers Germany ftroni southecast to nuarthwestP What great riveti irregular streets bnti many famou~ts buildings, the mrstf ulraitis sorthern Glermany to thme eas6yiwai? Where is Iterlin? flamootc~d of Whicih are Westminshter Abbey, St. Patdl's Cathe-~ brg? Muniich? ~Leijiiig? lhreslaii? Dresden? Colognev? Franfkfurt-o-~ an h tidn.the-Mainh? Which ut these cities is th' caiitl W Ich is near the drab toe sower, pn h~ dfaritmntl ul g sa&? Which is the chief railroad Center? Glnairow ont the Clyde estuary in Scotland, is an ins- Ainitria hungarfy~ — toiins Attatria-Hiitutgary. In which part orf the portanti port and center of madisufacnturs lirtai and steel emireoi is FHunfgari? Wthat great river traverucs the Icountry? Name& aone edastee ana two eetrbiahtes What other river systemh rises in ship ar bultand achner, ctton, wsoltss ltaens the ttorihwestern part? the northeastern part? Name the chief momncarpets, and Pottery are made in largei qbttantities tains; the Ci Nf lahx Where is tue mouantain pass ralied the Iron Ls'rcro,iI on the Mersey estuary, is the grea shippin Gate? i orteft Vienna Imragaie; Trieste; IlAlapest Which of these ceniter for the mdnttacturing region of Eniglanrl. Its cities is a sealmora? W5 iacl is in Hlimfgcry? in Anstria? io Mohemiia? Switzerandlit&-Bounda Siwiiterlaod Name its chief moauntains; laes imports Are raw materials and fisods, and its exports, all LoCate Farina Ilasei Geneva; Blerta. Which is the capital? kinds of m acnin dtured gfoo 6ds. Italy. Iona ItBr styt Whoa two large ishatnds hikang to it? Loante a/c ris thme greatest corttn- atd woolen-manni- thime gitefa tat I ran aiaa (c6enoa; the straits of Messfoina Otrautoi and Ihoifacio;, t3upe Slbartiventaa. What tusronutins traverse0 the contr? factoring city in thei xorld. A gralt shila catsal ettunects lIorame Mount Itti Strasibi Vesvins; seerl. heP s of the Italian it with the M tersy. Alps; sver~al lakes of noasrthern Italy; a river flowing to the Adriatic and Birmiug-lim tamistiffacittees MOWta waresi of brass, iron, one to6TyrhenilamiSea Lcat aae;Rm;Mln i;Plro an see, ndtracinry -Genoa; Flasrene; Itoiogoa; Venice Whirls of these Are on the Went rowas?on the easteroast? Which aretinlantt? Which isthe capital? celebrated for its cuttery. Brisol muonsi sod matatm6fartues sugar anal Balkan Sttates tGreec - Ilomuud Greece iLocate the Pinidus Mottotoluarro. Ealinuuyl,4 time old catimal rut Scotlanfd, las Am great universiiity. hams;g the Gait mat 1alomiki What guilt ioakes the southern part a lienBe/falv in Irelands 1otiere l faur its linens a Cdgnti fl ipiaig. DlAabIn, thc iMsuha? Nameik the chief Grecian islammuls. Naew and locatesh ttmerahmica rahuital of Ireland, is an eulucationat center li' has Ai flue claiarasr aiid Locate Saloniki; Mioeus h'atraa. carries on ano extensive trade with the maifiuianu of Luirahac Afaoas;lc-i liarkey. -MhIonaml ~I]rey Where is the hloslpuor? liar hLIardanlles? on-Tyne fAunAukffacture irots atar steel, thailids shus,; Andu exhairtsoal in ther Sea of Maruadora? Nauune the caltital J.;Lccte Adrianohe.h large thumamaities.C Bamcnoua sA the rha hiet sa6therni sadiaart auf Eohatal d/oulc~Ne&w - hund Mumntenegro Anmial what anonitaifins does it acP ha Wales, aspexins uai anal mmainamfactures iromi. 116 - - - - lie? NaMe its raimataL Text Quesgtions.-Whatf is incluaaedl in the buitetid What svea and strait border it? Kingdomfi of Great ritain ana rlatul? in the tritishr l Empimire? trnauhare time Biriia esh avitrima 1eatul river flows through it? What rivers area in time Umiteid States. Houaw do the popaulations boraler it? What is its capitl? of these two areas Compare? What is the area and population of theB Itai-h I mane? W mhim didatfo l- - /peeiat. P-ound ailgaifa; ]is nd-m harbmors hve tha ckifash I - c? Mlkexaa rhe Whito mountains aeras it? What neitaeia the rivears tie ake. and I the a6ate, Fr m river borlers at? I orate its clapWhat rat saeo cat pheoh661d Ikceouthled!)Iros cl th i a i cre~i tl overyt macnEi~ WhatU ti au 6fditiifon ra hditle oo hcimoias —Bcud rafna What aren the.t 6fiffl1ii d ichirgh of thr kungalom? lhi /amnu udRua na What ramountaho aid ruvems Whatt emits are piroalou -eIin the islanidi? owN mdo rne aDacbet cus Great Britain rank Ai A amnuffritactuini ountrys minin countiry? a. a comumercial nation? Nan doiheiauh n tumna locate, and cariacter die temost am ort at citi. ettiduss EAma~k EAMv moutia. Iauortate iacpitik Tae Republic of Frac. France j gress. lects te Pr e side N England without Maine andr 1rin th cpita is th s e NCw Hiam p s hut c montainos many enwd c it in Europle in Npop leon The sufae in the north and ls. t. fE west is a lolnd pr itie withi an in the ma i ifcture of jeweilry extremey fertilte obil aernd fA moist g2o, pe r; ry, and Ir lain equable climate The fr of th Vrilte nerth pais is aou fod country is heigchlatdh ris ing into d its park and faicnt palacea the Al and Ju n tho s into a _ the Cevenns| ud A uvergue~~ pla~-Lyns on theI ighone i!,s Znted fSr its the' C-666669 ~and brokeni paIeau. tean of ex it vo lcanoes near the N AfeAM 1 rtontheMeler cente ind into the Pyreanes in the Bsuthwet The ships more wins thai n aa n orl. scity ian Eroeat. s Lr thed for its firtle vally of the hone cuts throug he e highland thiead y w gov t i t n the mauat The clmate s semtol alo the Medterean beet sgar uuse is san important eil ty in the h aTi iiref dA SI aginne in thee os coal and iro region, manuifctures iron and stee. Tvers ll of whih le arnd With the emany Cosica tontais n isflan renowne a the rbithplse of Nntpesi hreparte, is A Pat of France, as is also AlgEroi in nortethern Afriactr canas fri great failitie for tra sportation T hief foreign possessions include Morocco, Tunis, and parts of In the north lrge crops of wheat grapes sugar heets west Aftica, Madagascar, parts of nidChitna, some of the West Indies, for maing sugar and alchl, pottites and yvgetifs and Part of Guiana ar raidL e iAd thous ands of hors cattle, heaen and de amll republic in the Pyrenees is dei the conrol of his Daiin and he s maki A lso iotnIt Forance and a Span.ish Bi hop. o ao a smanll independent Prin is t occupies a Whih rock at the etrbei c southeast of Frsne The i thseep o autoAnd o n the Anoh FlAtAf 1n the ~ S 1 D e s valley of the Garonne corn and grapes are raisei In the south olives, fruits, chestnuts, and the mulberry The Kingdom of Belgtium Belgim is not qute so large "for rearing Iklkwrrms, are ext sively cltN m ivateas Maryland but has obiver fiv times its populaion and France is the gfkrtest wine-making countryfin the Mica wonMAa, nvcunMs is the most densely peo. wo rkmetn i all ki of i t re rquring ts te the no i rth it is loW and iandigeniity. Mhir clotha ve let, nd sil s a of the fa bute in the ailth at fineti fi h. Other manufactures are ifne carpets and I the lan rises into a low pore lains7 steel go s sue eal and sccntific instru-aiI and bklk npa ane m0ntfs plate gla 6s c niaica oive o l And chocoate The lowlands ae fertIle Mnx ng is not so imp )rtant as in reat Britain and and great crps of the G rusany though coal an iron mtnes are worked in the cerals] flax ugar beets Great Britain and Germany. Though Inc produces _The plateau in the great quantities of gramn, meat, and potatoes y t it mu soufth is forekist-d and are larWgly exo d 6 6tt posits of coal and iron th e ir tstp vaieodty; ctr __Europe in the manufacture of and amt ngcapacity. 1Their iron, stel stecl r lsfi mabnery and ifncluid etnortm Ishools192 Many t0exktfil are woven in Bei6 -vr sties Tfh governet embroiderie laces. The thndis republican in forni, but made laces are delicte and costly. the supreme power as in In the north the people speak wmaking h or Cn PASA co rse the Dut wle in te ut tiles and bick l unrs sti nsn and ~wlcnis., and beet Holland ranks as the fourth state in Europe, The Duth possessions in the E1st Indiiiesa the West Indils a d )utl Am ne pr)du Spices; colfc choeo Ilae tsua r, and fin wu; ds, and furnish scne of the chief 1 products handlcd in the cxLeusive Dutch trade Ameram the largest city has long been famous for its diamondb ting estadl iahnti at iits. museum of ai It is nit an e0 tuary of the Zuider Zee with canails through mai y oef the itreets il Reird on the RoU Ricer is oni of the geates t seaa!orts i Eiope as a liarge _center of foreign trade. The ag A Di ii iaN1ot5is the capital. fMc is a husy the 06 Isle emblc thc Fruch e rand Te m Empire.-~Ge speak the FrenchIn ag1many is slight y larger than rAsi the capital is connected by f b b hl canals and railroads with the chief sea- again a mnny peopl The ports and is noted for its great manu- ou t rn pac Ii t the Ab factures of laces carpets ribbons and lat d linens by ridges and purs of the Anw, is one of the great seaports of contl-ol Alp eve 1 raups of low; nenital Eultope and is noted for its great isgar refineries, its beautifuil catheidal, and its museum. WiNo SawMILIS Li, in the mining r egion, manuctures iron, s teel, firearms, and glass crysta. Geih? has great cotton sod leather itndatries. The Kingom of the Netherlands.- The Netherlands, or Hfolland, another small densely peopled state, lies north east of Belgium. In the west much of the survf-ace o- is s below sea leveL The Sea is kept from overflowing this low land by 'a seystem caffi i me 1ioei dike and e i iak sr meats and the low coutry called the isi dr med from hich the water is pumped out by great wi&nd- ro ''d volcanic mountaias ala" mills and steam power The vary the f fa he cal fo high ys of norhern plaln is cove64 d with and travel, in ummer by boot and glaial drift in Sonie ctfons and in winter by skates whilc in athb a t a ar cxen7and lcdge sive deposit f Pd n _Ant The Rhine is the chiefrter of river; but n athe west the 6cruany notred for its historice 'is a great ntwo erk of river as ocnateio ih n it upper coursel mouffthle. eb sl tis corn ERMA*N MiE m It ow through a narrow va lcy The pope called th te Dite ar cleanly, thfity, and with vines, and whos bilordin clli aree crowned wih and tshe uiverits and sart gdaleies are fam. through Wyide flood plan s Other northward flowing About tWe thirds of all the le&and is uader cultivation rivers are the Vi stula, Oder FE, and Wser The Dani and asturage and attle ising, daiy farmin mrket| ub in th oth, is connected wi th Rhine by cal gardening, and thc cil|tivati aM of grain, fruits and root Thou h ith sia e W aQb Gerosan has crops formn the chief piursuits The cattle are tW fifest a much milder and more 'equabl cimafe. breeds, and the buttcr ad e us olrgely exprtd Mo t of th land a productive, and Yil largo crops i1 in ted world ndl all cI ns beitrween the ages of sl e s ( erin ine is ia ina It a a gt g ento a nmer Lionb of& i Meal a ion,and 916 raksfirst of all countri s of gaot ten ant ii whIch Stifili d in i lagetlit Idealfr fifif The Wirget adopoei r aiPo Wo king is th mErorui or Andvr of (fmainy. The chlsaive functeion of the enipi D is csteid cdnefry n the recitstag the iiemner n f wrehih ar eli ted y the people sak the It e Bfeidud h o ede onc a si s mak ftelsi the laesv. bim in ar.lso lll I I I 11* r _Begrln, the capital, is the thr city in Eurolpe in popuSTIriT t1 JARLam tion. it is famous for iti of re wheat oatg an arley.d The fin pubilc buildnsf, its unii grass lanfds productb imnens eantitifes v rsity fmuseumag and libfra f hay and the more samiary ltds rse r esm used in the ult ivati n of potatoeo and H s r n the Elbe. -is sug bee, iwn h wa, h, maan ermany s asse theugratt _ p otie all otiher countrie The yn yards in Ma! and.r ad a ontal far Rhlne wnts. Manycl, sheep swine; a ts. L.sd i a great bok and horse areraised, but much meat is mluaishing center. rin& alnd C Aegsmami kAANT Ws0MMN l ere cotton fctoiea ipted. a~the latter is famdous for its catheidral, Germanty ranks unet to Great Britain in the producI wines, and perfimr gies. is it finanial center. tIon of coail and iron ore and ranks first of all countries Gemany now has cotial possessions in eat and west Africa, in in the production of znc. The chWe mining regions are The Grand Duh of L m org is a small independent country in the rxiigebirgt between Germany, Franc aid Brigjni a The propld:ipeak the (er The manuietures are very extensive. Immense qtlan. mn auiat aid ther industries are ailar to thu e of Germany. ttes of bOeet sugtar a well as all knds oi cloth ron and Atitr f g a narc - Au stri Hungar is sfteel goosa wooden ware; toys pap& rcheicals coal soehtl I rge than Germay,* thornugh it has not quit sio p ed.h varted. In _1 th t~ie aest are various rage of poirW vi6&I *Egrh~'l westM ' Are an&e pfn The trade facitities of the Alp and n th east are the Carp Cermany are very great. thians a rnnn ween Rhin aid ElbeW are navi- The Danube w ith its great tributaries gal4 exceplt i a tbcir upper the Theiss Drave antd Save, drain the course s and arep cokn _ted gr ater pafrt of th country, cutating gorges by n tensiv y. st m olf through thoe mount aig in the, Wt and ca inals.n additio in th souffthn The south gormee is known as wat w G ny h th W Q-i h ro * lron Ga't the citcte t railc d ys- turesque gin ia lakevs of of the coan ty. Ila railroads are con- _iIk n c rlarges xt. oIL d by tla c k~f ovrnmenit he ship f anal About half of the peofrliom tIe North Sea to the Baltk gcives a ple ace occeld in tillconvenit outlet for all Bl tl ports Tilea tuSg the om l and inf fo st The people re boted for their energy is rasd fore exporo t onr S chools and uinivers3Lj iis ae artmong the best mu acy AsirSmha x Potatoesfa an hemp, *CENT L E OPE 1 05 sugar beets grapes, and C WT LD so many p l It occupie the highest part of the les are * also cult te dW Alpine plateau t is tinry r i by the main ranges o t als are of the hi r d oAlf and is bord red on the west rased ntd meats and dair by the lewer Jura na tains. iOf th many Alpine products a we7ll as grain pekaks Mont Blnc in Fiikrauc Mont6 Rosa, and Mont and to the; arofe ped The' and. Gotthard are c uamong th f mos bed erais ing of the silkworm is aSwitednd is fanio forn its s ow-caprted muncot olld by the gvern.- _X taifens girs, wadterfalla anid c lear p1icturesquelE g ment. Much timbWer pa nd ldae pert cof the Lake: Geneva in mthe southest, c sia lyi be an d * ar Le Lunie in the ceof At ad ike, tcnst, I ce in ia, who is cut also King of theiast are muso ch. iSalt i i g of C alin iver nd i s it S lawaing d omtrbut wter to the Rhsone the Pu, are mined n the orthk and and te Danube as well as to the Rhie, which quicoukslvr in the west. Goo drains th reater part of h na in the n.city of is ath great Sitif eran dr The ira nigr - es m anduffactuin regs n H irse ting climate a rs ad into Italy.u amade f lo ireus and g glass scene attract many touist wooden wat te pianos arnd eather ind the Csportatml n and tAustria-Hungry has only a small entertaninmnit form a n imseacoast on the Adrnitic, cosequently portant source of wealth to its trngae which r ry lasrg, s anm d iy noted oo ip ts with tho nd-6ir s. the Men sht poel of the btScGixthe rny - - ila, river: and lo not ai.,,, line, is paste Many of the Austrians esamblte the Germans, anrd goats are rnaisd, anrd large quantities of btter, u cheese; speak the Gbdermia language; the Hungarians belong and coenitshedl milk are exspoted. Som;e grain, grapes, mainly to the yellow race; some of the peope1 resemble and potatoes are cultivated, but much food stuff must be in Hungary than in Austria, and many of the people6 A large part of the, population is engaged in manm cain not read aned write, The universities and sientirfic facturing, in which much water power is utilized, The Austria land HungiaIry are unfifted unider the present Emperor of Ad w y tria, who is also the hereditary King of Hungakdry. Each corify, Isow- anid chemkical are also niaade Salt is mined an various ever, hads ius ownl awmaoking hody, and to mosi internal matters ihe places counhtries are quite distinct. Good railroads and fine frods~ traverse almot every Viexrne, the fourth city of Europe is a grat center section of SwtizerIand, anid great railroad tunnels under of mnuftatues and tailrds It is famous for its Mont St Gotthiard and Simplon n Pass lead into Italy. libraries, museumns, anid schools of m dicine The trade is chiefly with Geirman, France and Italy. Bu ungary is I In the north the people are German in customsi anid the g prodcngin the west they arei French; and in the south arnd an immensfe steAmer traffic on the Danube River they are Ilfian.i The schoorls are excllent, The Turkish proinceii- s of Bou 6 $ i and ecs86 the lie iad nt nd controls the kezenjrifgvina# arie under the ilitary control lstivde deta isant of tie overnamnt. e The longed o Tulkey. The aitl principality of frequntly however5 referred to the peopl the west, on the horder of S~twitzerand sillis; niihe; nanfid leafther goods~ B awl Tf1i6 fNetoflkif S46 U asoies mnakes silksanAd fhho,7bd~ Giv isra pafive area nd po lation of se "'-ta p~l: 41 ~ ~Tii 1::l t I& moete th, 'Mimelt sibe the sud ae, drainage, and Mention some outying poessions Muh wheat orn and pulse Dribcihe the principal cities of Fraucid 'aego ri ceiscultivated in whV of the sie and pulation of lethe lower flood plain o the Po tindustrese Characteri e the people and and y cattl e seep, nd gover nment. Defribe th chief cit es. many Yh it is Desreakhe ahboutif eithe or-goats are raised in the upper Whit heisaremAh ando obt the surface of th e N therlands Desc rie i thed ve w pople their harits, indutries ad great cros of grass and other iproducts. ention s me of the Dutch lonies. Charactrie the chief cities, forage are cut. Meat, hides indite the ompa rave ize ad and cattle are expron ore fd. popo i 'Tof the Ger m n Eimp ire Drihesurfsa * si draainage The grap and ulberry nek r. i thet siin f romf skonhandesd and c imfate. What are the chief in- grow in every part of Italy, dustries and product? Characbtize Jdias us' Acimrsz'r ROMR. and this country is one of the thie Gerans p eol and other s itutions Mnion some outling p Deibe the pinial gratest in the wod in wine and silk rduie cities. What is Lciburgang S ta e i n toifmraive ae an pltione of Au str- g. G o hent, ol I otra in bl emon, an itr t tree DiTesribe its srfaace and drinag e and io Fl hemp of the finest fibel and many vegerize e poplend their inftto Whit otlyig bt rit e a bl a grown.h n Thefie Messia' irge s and nte ibe the a the of the iteand d, a1nd is inhe s un a. d the. grain antd Wiss Desc.ibe the- itt crentry of witiS er. nld Crct peole tth bletwh a c me frm Sic ily. fth li od iIdtitti' And graef4 nti, 1 ttt ac. gtoins ent De1c bfe ave fishei1es are impoftant, The surl, _th lar islands of Sicily and Sardi and so te, zinc and lead or, marble, and iron ore from Elba. neighborin-ig smaller islands. The Alps form its northerni Manufacturing emplys many people, espeally 6in the and northwe~stern borders. From the northwestern Alpis north Most of it is done by band, and consists of relMount Etna in Sicily, Stromboli, and Volcano, one of ments, plaiting sitraw goods, mraking venetian wares and the Lipari Ilands, ar A active volcanoes The broad cutting cofral and pearl for jewelry. valey of the Po in the north is one of the most fertile Though the trade of Italy is mainifily by se, yet the patst of Europe. opeing of the Alpine itunelrts of Mont Cenis and - The people a re the descendants ot f the anc 1 ent many studenta s from other cotaies go to Italy to study a art, and to visit its great museums and galleric& E!IRo the capital, was founded about 750 0q cand was tieanOsai vsie.Gen has maonufactures of fline sIlk and vehrets, and is famous As h SOU.THERN EUROPE 107 birthplace of Cdiumbus re is ss As figs d, ms peanuts, and prunes also emp1loys noted far its agnict art ga ll kienM Ven the "Bride of the,e - is t so tee foresg of cok oak and hest nut ii bilft on a numbe rof oislads, and its ain thorog ares canals insd o bo. P ors iute alll th nof streetsw e contains thefamous trie s in the lpducti n il of ork Brige of Sighs and Ca thedraf he hhnd d ou pasan io is a small oind endent turage for man he e otts and attle. Tepubl in ai the northeastern iart of he r an tuln d t y fiserie i the oast waters are valuandbe The nut ures othe r than 6 6wine, preserved frti. and olive il. are not imoorifanic ttal Lias cloniaWll poss wit pre cv ''e; l ibt and oe 6 oil 'r not tin tions tn Africa which com- S n Ion r tiv 1 cg 'oternprio ta t ca a ommerce h le vari s doiestic r qutrelanl and Efitrea meats cause n aetve coast tirade Tle foreign trad The Kngdom of Spai a d of Pocttga1 is mnie exten te Repbti of Pritgl (p h P orttugaes (a q tion on p ). Spain and Portugal Port food stilts anid epot are id pendent sttes lying in the ex- fruitsC wi nutS olive oil treme southwestern peninsula of Europef. oc iad disn With the exception of the small co st Mido1 tse e p'tal and plains and the lower va leys of the riv- lagest n.Jyo Spainti an ens, the surface is a jplateda ttraversed by impoti f vs Irnkfadc s Icr. meusntain ranges trending from cast to it is sltuated on the plawest. The highest of s a l the tuand is d its e Pyrenees, which culminate at an eleva~ li-b c iverity, a nd mo tion of about two mile. senm sf ai The chief divide s ast ofis the cnter, so that the Tagus and other rivers draining the western port and most imlportant manufactturing city. slope are longer and more important than those of the Va/kn manufactures silks sid is a center of fruit, oil, and wine Mediterranean slope. Most of the rivers are not navi- s gable abiv tidewatersteel. l exports both flesh sand driied fuits andi wines. gartble above tidewater Lsm, is t he catpital of Pirst gal Its has one of the finest han s in The climate on the ncrth and west slopes of the the 1wrhd. it was ti scene uf a insst disastrous earthquake in 1755s plateau is moist and equable: on the platiau t it i's dry, Oen/a shis i great q ni of punt ne. t MF and subjec to at e esland i in the Medieanean form a pfars of Spain. itissemitr~opical, with' intensebl~ y lint seommec. They are noted fur their fisheries and wines. anea s itroial wh itenly The fioreign possessios of Spain inlude the Canary Isinds, and The inhabitants ace brave, industrious and proud - part of the northwest coast of Africa. but lilttle attention is paid to primy education, and IThe possessionis of Portugal include nhte Azores Madeira, and Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic Ocean; Angoa in southwest Africa, and a many of the common people can not ced and write Ihe Spanish and Portuguese languages ar e 616se1y pa- east Asia. lated to French and It an Span is a lisift e monarchy. Portugal is now a pep blin. The Roman Catholic religion i cot btlshed in Spain by law. Spain has the grat copper he d nd qttck ilver hhI hliE E mits Its Eufrope hse quicksilver mines ane amotig lb richest in the world. Much iron ore mineds but mosI of it is shipped to England to le smelte Ihe c 1 _ deposits, though small are worked to some extnit. Silver, ssulphuc, and cobalt are also produced. The cliate cnfines agriculture to tie coasta plains arnd s Ad to ri valle wher the ands can he bianfigo Wrm he ti ef bcropsbhut the vine is cultivated, dued and ex ted. The cultur of oranges, olix ves,. 0. u ore o,uLi lo8 EUROPE G11ibrltr a fortified promntory commfd- listE PeAAN. Ne a y all anis weby the ig the entrance to the Mediterrantohe adre on all agrhe town of Gibraltar are ownAd by eat Btfiu. Th e Kigdof s am result the rich natural resrct of the face is crossed by rangs of the Pin co untry ae not devel d Tob co cd dr a-ffsit du Mountain which divide the cottoe fig t iv and rapes are grown; countr into Ival y dria ned by swft and grap s law ilk olv a oMl and Woe are mountain streams. The coast is exprted Much of th land is devotd to cellent harbos. Greecen 0possesses Phe fn tmbe s bing rapidly cut away. snowy on the nthn highlands in fw r or and trade of lttle win ter M nt Oly famous. in import e. Gr ecan clmythlg s nega the inothern b rear b Th urks are a G td the hige place in culture pe of the yllow and wealth among the anci nt civili ations and race, who overran this itsl art and liteature are still tir aBiii ts m s a region about f ivehu It Wi; however; overrun by barbaric rbe and dred years ago. At Inaly by the Tuirks It regained its id d present t he tpoplaene about s830. tion is very mixed, The ol isf hunusua fertiltty orn th Warm [includingi Turks, plais but is poorly ctivatd by threek Albanians i owners Though the cereals are grown; whet jews, Gypsies, and must be imported. The greast attention is OF Circassians. paid to the cii n of currant grapes; wine grapes The government is a limited monarchy, whose ruler is called the fgs, and rolives, all of which are largely exported. Many I a The lcal government is under Pahas, who are often cruel and dishonest, and exact heavy taxes for their own benefit. There are many sheep graze on the mountain sid&es Valonia (acorn religious faiths, h bt about half of the people are Mohammedans. The cups, used in dy eing and tanning) is obtained from the Koran, or Mohammedan Bible, encourages public educatlion, bu the oak forests. Minerals are abundant, but few are mined. schools and coleges give a very lmted etainng The spoange fisheries of the eastern Mediterranean, as ost a/Z inoet the capital of the Turkish Empire, was wll1 as the prepartion of the sponges for market, are once a center of Roman wealth and culture. Its situation in the hands of the Greeks. The people are fine sailors, on the Bosporus betw n Asi and Europe gives i'tf and carry on most of the trade of the Levat; as the great stritegic limpoetance. It hia betatlful mosques, easternf Medliterranean coasts are called, but its streets are narrow, irregular, and often filthy. Ahu|'ro is a strnigly fortified inand city. It is the second in As, the cpfita was fotlinded uoo ie and was oce the art and size and Onortance among the cities of European Turkey. Its mann lit rary center of the wor dI It is ftmon foir fts gnient m f tores i n sit I ide Ilk cotton hwoolen and linen goods, and attanr of aroses Chief of these is the P arthenon. an ancient The Kingdom of Roumania lies temple and treasure hous itted on a hoil on the easitern slope of the Carpa called the Acropois.cas i s the s eaport: ~: thians anid borders the Black Sea. of Athe. Sa n is the Ileading seaport. Much trade a lso passes through Pi I it is a forest clad country in the The Emireo Turkeyt frequently westt and an agricultural country in called the Ottoman Empire; com the east Most of the people are pe pussions in westengaged in farming and lherding. Wheatcrn and barley are exoalso some pretensions to Egypt. prted T re a many heep European Turkey is somebhat 1cattle and hores and animals mountainous but there are ma ny and animal p eo a als fertile Valleys, the Imos noted of| exprted. The peple, though of which is that of the Maritza RiVer, TMussi BEACKSHiSi mixed origin, ar mainly Slays, i*~l~ —~-~ —~B-~ —~"8 X 0tJ~~ ----~-~~-x~8~L SOUTHERN EUROPE l09 nd belong too the Greek Church, the form of governmett. ie sribe the pin ipa cfite What i Sao Marino Bfathsra the capit an d larest ofNorth meric i in the ame is one of the most beatiful cities of so th- uatide as te S!anih nieul? D es)rib he En rope he serfse drainas ge rminciuate i of this p o ala g, Wht are the chief itdustifes aThe ingdo of S bia is a moun- sL po at: of a oair in it? hl ra tainous country, bordered on the A eri t what are oihe 0tlyin g possesions of each north by the Danube River. On country? Dscribe tae h if iti What is Gisbrmar? the plains in the or, aad ion the bib, ar?hief valleyis; corn; cities d Decribe Eiuopeai Tiakey, its surfritst specially pu re, grownd d tres and eople. Characterize and in tahe extensiv forets many th hi fe. t Rikera MonenAD AiCHAABiulgaria hogs fatten on the acorns. Foodgr StUffS and animal products arte exported. The peple EASTERN AND NORTHERN EUROPE ainly of Sla d t and belo t the Greek The Russian possessions (mp questis on 9) co Church. pose Russia in Europe, Transcaucasia south of the lCaucasu Moot tains and the whole of the northtrn part B40&r at the juion of the Save and Danube, is the caital tand tglobe European RussTi contais five sxths of the ThUe ngdom of Motenegro, on of the _ti pplan, ad i about as den sall st co tris of E Lurope occupies the summit and salop of the Dinaric Alps d pufae of Ean has but a few miles of coast on the Adriatic vel plain h, d o the east by the 1 e rt oiplc udltred the eas t y ihe l mos Sea. Agraiculthure of the mo t primiti kihd Ural se Ol and n the s outh by the high and the raising of sheep and goats, cattle. ad vwall of the Ca-asosu. The chitf divide swine. are the only pursuits. hr ace for- passes throtigh the low Valdai Hills: from ests of oak, ch and other valuable trees. it the D the D fl to t As in Rlomania and Sr lia thple e ole are nofrth. and the Vor ga, the Dius and the inSlayvws, and their rligion is tfhe reek Ortholear as dx tare navigable, and ar-e conncted by canals. Ciee, a small place, is the capitat The lacial drift hills in the north i inclos a vast nuber of shallow lakes and morasses Th e Kingdom of Albania was establishd and in the low region near the Caspian Sea 19t3 by the Great P " at c of are ma small salt lakes. the late Balkan War. The yuntry is very ounthain- South of the bleak tundra which boders the Arctic ous, w ith extensive forests. Agriculture is carried on in coast a great belt of forest extends through Finland and fD r b BaingI aniuaN, 4and t annin are imortant pursutis the native Alb anians, many of wibom are Mohammedans, South of the forest belt most of Russia is a treeless there are numerous Slavs and some Greks. stppe or prairie which i tillable and frtil. Ti. with a.DMra, a port on the Adriatic Sea, is the capilta the summer raiins makes agriculture the reat indu try. Th Kingdom of Bulgaria lies sooth of Rou ania and is All the grains except corn are grown and immense crops elyanagriculturalregion. Thepeple producewheat, of wiseat and rye are proditce.d Rye is used as the wine, tobacco, raw silk, wool, and attar of food of the peasants, and nearly all the ment. The original srttlers were people g and tobacco ale also exteivl coltatd alliedi to tihe Tiurks h1t, likeI Roumaniaf the s and in the sothr grapes and other fruits country has been overrin by Slays, Who now are i-mportant proiducts Millions of sheep, constitutem the ruling part of the popukflion. cafttle horses,.; and hogs are raised, and mseats Sofist e the apital andargest c ity. /pop atian are exteissively exported. The csief domessan important trade center. tic aiisal t the north is the reiisd er The fisheries along the northern coast Text Queisthions - Lcate Italyi ands oil d i Ituf the Csa fe tdrainagie and rho ate. Whit ace the drahinle f,l ndaics -he Caspnt tries sad products? Chalaracter ze Ie peop and give norLcssAMA t' Pii a a and thei Volza ffurnish em ployme t to P ar once the capitf 1 Pand fifth iety i utope It |s bun it on both sid o f ti Nvaf near the Guif o ini on with wbck h it i s conna ted i y ship cana. mouAN:Tei whchI WAoep0e frt plc aifnda chur y pcaleione gairou.e and ' T t gnl i l f 1 iaAti m a air b fthe ami timesla a rata fii l anS W ranoienche ial iin ci sassI h m h U Mh Te sti in te et s a ru! ly all rh WIt f rmsoonte d gc i fi from Sea isfn fimo ptng gradisiuall eastwadz nn itron. The lentd roleus a mll of Baku uesst Withain Trn scaucas I are asmong the richest in the Waorld -tra reg io tak e o the itasli crillvao isk fo olrit The 'm Kindoumos of ows aa are sn weden (map studi on 'by "hade hot 66 tt~di MM h wfd li1nens; arnd leatherw *rs am fN p.t 9) i ccupyand the Sadnvnpeislwhirx and d mae uny eo Care whic bhis t ur ode the ostering cand of sig governmen the rbadrs of th m i Th!emn oftislthen l o tn and fi Tle s w ti d y lithe plh tinlkeu o fth rldy and o ovel controm e b ib u h ted of 8t"hea "Lt"e fai "~rse at quidl&an iat imfaiftities of goods ard ixchng edll s o k u lte itak Eu rope ta outhea 1t r alt la s h Slavs. ho constitute at least three fourths of the entire i lbRmuiaf ture Fins and LA of tse nderily ine a or md i at I ong a;: e r the Ie~ rger i,e d iron ae de nkp I taerto the pordsy ihih deeply iindent tlhe western coa car of t h l arde tf hover n so tl fai he 9affod d y te nv rs nd s a ca I teta of the krusnvne a oug la e oft s Ian hmsves tr! i de fAarge nub othe lald d ddes a t among the vihagers qu aheli em pofra seg Cive onra r R i h the re pert 6eildid t9 o fifi With many pi tstim i lig. mil 6ist t te lax to ef r on temiue V d fat n1a tli; the c f rths oftlad eso ntire lUlatin. I hen IginnlaaadcIpldnder ofthed no res thooow ofn th yellow rae Wt to te lowr13 tco:tvMuch of th plateau s c oered ene kio iefteod it oallclasses Trer e ola t wes a g m a univeiies AM eI f t R p n n t e hutfift h itu e s the eltI, east the streams Hpid tc mnaun school eductdion touthe govenmen isf the westc endevorng t exenttit o al clsses Thre ae mny uivesitis ad thn tat o th eas cost, winr tothemareail NO RTHERN EUR PE EiR ine Irch hiefpurht na ofor T6w ass6 hax aarstirn and Wiees ore init nede i Th e hief anua c rie ari e wb ten rich aG tif Btitn tand 1Ge oan and geiw genie f nra onmark ie onsi, 4 the Danish e en i and p ro I s merhn esl e r e and f viseen thE catti lat tah ne and Bualti Saea Brita*1~~rn ln a onfland oxxmny mi g serss l p onn trhe Isin I 1elandgs l pleihlad Gre nland nd several of itdh Dnr i lrsdiy Ie hso ac of the a Gnic I xh xtousive.and~ ~ ~fisr iamon. i the north apndr wt Iar th hiftie B iandh dodIues eordrin the daneros weern tc In son parts th ea is shubt olt hby mlfaiv dikrg feI solot ast m inland awl the i I fd are highi r ft n hlly with fiords iordentmO the eoait The limati is h xmd and _.a N.kWk(arAN WOMAN KPINO lxi h 6e soi1 mn ger 11 vfr tpro HamF merest within the Aretie doetirik Folly four fifths of the hut th harhor of Stoekhom is rest is coy red With bh6ci ford.k cdosed by ice for ahout thrt Ihe I md is dixided ioto simll monith very w nter. farmn s nd grain; eP pialy oats; Nearly one half of Sw den and har rye iY And xxhet pottos the chie export Fishn r for ani o6; rf nfr6 cattle Ixd dairy herring, mackrelf and salfmon and ___ farming forum o ter very *'imotant hImbhering are the cii f pose itg in ITY TkOe;c K S I) 5. purgoiffts nfl k n hlttf rand ch e Norvay; farmfing dairyi g. Imheini and mning ron afid meats are argely exported. iThe trad is cfldfly ore in SWeden The chief manufactures are wooden with Grat Britain and Geromany wares, iron and steel, and fish olL The trade of these The peop0leare Sc4andinavians, and are generlly thrifty, countries is considerahle and they iso have a large &6fle intelligent and properoug M ny of them are sailors of merchant Vessel engaged in the car ing trade for 4nd fish rmn, Iducaf o as long he a universa and other natitns. Their commerce is chefly with Gr at the piople generally are Lhmrusan. aBritain and Gemnky. peak ( tW a eaning Meb tis Harbor on} it I land of Sreland The pe0ple are Scandinavians, and closely aili in is ihe iintlfgreat center of trade in DOenik. L isM ilie laresi cty and descent and language to the Germans HTey are a is noted for its learnet socities, and for its greaL nuoseour, condiintg ardy vigorous. race,~ honest, intellitnt and energet'e r tfi: of tie 4 eny e rmanic peop Many of them, especially of the Norwegians; are sailors Is lere rocky ansuit bairre iards, ofte ki~nsbt to violent sMormu and fishermeni In tie north are Laplanders and Finns, They have a smal no laiiation, engaged cilety in colleciang the eggs aWho herelong t the yelorw race and and feathers of bIird from the high; preresein'mhle I skiuxos, s c~ i~:l~ elt c4dl'ff of ti i 'lands tucat on iswelladvance d inboT t eton - What do th Rnussan *|li,,t.,,,d.iing,,,,.,;t,, t i h a din|Wig_,th chief innitustries and tdrotuc.is? Charf normal scools. The language of Swvedenl ii acterize rlme poide and flkthi insitutins,Sweitsh rand of Noriray is Darn ish The lien - Describe tlime chief cities. were unster one ghut now ech country a sula. Decrb th xiirticr inage, and N a s" pst-te king,s clifiaate. What are the chief industriefs ansi ont a inumiber of islands, and is of1en catted JoCAW cnd disinfibi Danmark indfii8n~ scn cirnftyammunifatudires coifttons and wooL Mtirk pruilla, coraxuurs possessions. NAO _n ASIA MAP STUDIES AT ti n d Caft Wha Midl usorie Asia? Whig a~n. unns wh f ~ ith Afri ad AVhii tWrat!frat bitfindin tNnKi a a ieay mn hett hs a wSlUE id hn Is it 'aanIf 17as aresnd th assat Waislaiis nuire ah ot Ki c J aai E hnasaWatLaiutaena Bev gra 5 Jiat E iinSidm Unsi tl eienihtaeste aWhat it h ainsis fittirhierl cause atE Afia? Wha gavae is sh E 'it t Plitypniidasidffiit? at tuie sasfisulierf ii eisIatiisiiaIB Z t ndrangss=Whiat grat inuiiiaM s'hiiii at 1 tIn a? W wIare wetait theas Ili aya? nin atshf lir What dees sincnta Asia? Whatthre raiesdas narthiern AHSia NaH theb farsr garea riser at easri sinis atell fiiitawhateac Eilsliwea. What liaN Elatse mt ISh hedstseua p ft Ilrengl? What rise dHiamisisa she Aralila eW ast ls P a hea? ea~~st a Lakie Aald nartH at sh AlEaP Msdisiti 'Juatis,-hicatethe Asiatic ir tse R asii plasesa Whtgreat coassry is wosisst FSidqiea? What enanty US iiir atshe Hintahapasa? easft at tais isI west atf mils wsta (Ile irtme las iiti ads go ps/tsk cat time tate ie eion-VMS w0 iV5i 5eiarle if ms lager iar mait AsIlS'Rai a................... e pid Wha d'eiat atd Adffatic P ~ss i n eai a a Is it de to? iat atH KN isi iasue wes sit im 17 51mmin Sta? Whm iarf sa sI nms r a shes tie ahrmsiasage sit Isrgaa tlsslas mrenan laretan hfer fasa that as sharm P5litliasml liars marites 'at ar ineaJIM e 1adsg raihrsd s rera s hiiers nei Aa atr. '-Wht atrssial caSmur HIeshre sai lark I' Wt ' 5t m' lBs chrm'er a t t ime arcese miap p.PA) Wh'at ia islami m al ge is ii lIm sa rshisest? What ammammtaiai hme at 'n mli sirs a. S UE W a tWa risers drals, eestra las Whdi r S mymn? Aheihmas? htlaasasii uBerne?lsgdm A sad? Jerit aldi n]USEcca? aa Ia.i Whith e is Arahsia? What is the moelsree titsa itf' 'E mp.P ia)? Where is (hmnamif? Msmskat? Ashen?.......P.rasa. E ''d nitfiu Persia. What is time characer it A its srlMM e? sO a aseadhcm t 'hilhIheei aaair S ~t e at4 ilare lfgal Nartt Am rEii i andl ca EfPfin mJ lyi m rfaeef Drtsfi S nag Ean Clmt I gra ash i'r'-!.~a of A a ea roset A r ate tIrt sst t }.. '. i ASIA I th nar ht rg an ly Pai pe RA 'O' A D te lo li!I ying b etweein ong s ps ofi t'b loi o ('n ';tita'n rat ge in te w io i dWhich a i'"-S; or e ving- to s paralte' from the I" i borer th e h ae l sh n geat oulihighlands r East o the i nro the Thian Stn and Alti rangs Border gions as th Mekkan platean of soutert the greater part of th hItghland 01 the nor h anti the gIe * ndia and the higbland of Korea, Here Hitaleas, with peaks over five miles high border it on the the is warm and th ind fr the olifate is warm; and Mue iinds fro south i e K rae separates the high Plat of Tli from the atch ower plateaus of ke an Mothe ocean re ul msture h go ia and e Khn iihasn rtanehioedr thbs lot d 6 pgra a infall is Anp or ay Ad gs rise a on the eat. West of the Pamir the tohfty Hindu Kashe Ehlbur, and Caocass, and the lower Sidaiman and aroslo towlanrid plains to the ocean; moontains are derigrfIf rag the lw1 plateau of Iran. htei btder m moa Mc10o 1 _o of thve s slhrnk greal t w of th e ve r sr etsoon w I ds we Are m aoit an they he oro e t le an at ose I on aed dr whens they b from t land ring nothe s aut o Hea t A th r d two we an two ier ains) tg t he t aton r ve ovefrhenicr e 11s ept thv I incloed ow the retfifly cr an dig the a plate usare amonl the dee se the rVera brink greatly t hou few of thea ever dry ur1p e ven the of 3he hira.e, are ds te I but gelt an as of taereamo a a hy esOt and rostes m te - ntans enteri than the whtes of E is ds rt reg in but non e etrl rs Ined f iting the r trie t * ew of the lager streams lowi Earira R ie in oseare imr vedl fwan or -1n, o pae esert t they pe 5ms y maller a o other gans te Asi and as iarte of a dicee adl a hot da- td m i v ipeai raiZd sounth of to rei n at hme hlandd Teversin th, ummer dayr pth ti i is v sa wany e I 1 he i r art nes saller streay cldup it in a ew miies o te sr touslany S p e tars f. s At to e people rsly the est the southeast.the Asoth anti ws belong mostly to Rhtin and dy unethe rites; Mia t*heS white race s l whilke ind other sctions the Cilreia ati e - The naiv s of Asiag wind s lheswt the rocky ~tface bar evh those of t he rwhite race Are distictlyn less ciiie and prg r siv e MAN snow- rfll d ts fImd the mlstta n tonger thsnwd the irwhe peopes of ep oe isi de* nrionhic but none and entirl crss it Instead of visiting other onftnies to tA fw ofs the larer sams attn River in ore rve inprod wys of linghen or hinese IT1irtn may oime for severl i udred sending out ml lions of colonists to tnt Stos carryiigi a narnow stwip of vedure sthtougb live in and improv the Waste plan the d riet ht they get smitler aol neiler as of oe a I the A san as a rt le, heyaadvan eeaatdnat af tpe be the t te ty irefer to renatn at hom e and Io evrtoi or end in sini halt lake or sp he tn t t sm w y y anc o t edeof the deD At low places in f the deet uta ciaa there are very few ratlroads or staimth grottd water may approach rthe sarface close btoats or stearn rght es in Asia, exc etir enough to supply the roots of plands, atid hare vegetation splring u and those that are builift and managed by i Europeans. forms a green ati ferile os, wy Where fanning is possible over many acres Most of the native men in Asia drs s in tbes very difsteret from the are trate as~ servants or slaves and many men also are held as slaves, oftheStviM a In te wt i n in In the southwesit Ido1tiiinerdanisin ta the commos religion, whils in the southeast varis forms of Burldhisid and Brainanifsin North and northeastof theKieghiSteppetheslope istowa w shoos and no adetiare proviAio is made to editate the masses the hghlandis and the northern plain. Here are broadI Fr e -InIudo- Chia are controlled by France, Chinaiand. NORTHERN AND WESTERN ASIA ti forr of government. The other tn b a iu po n te aountries o the mainland 1f A sia of biral largte ylow ed rivcer Of thesel rivers; hamonst fs on e sasot side o the on-t Text -.etns. It tsrolioabe t ohute smonarch he ga in cottoi tubaco and fuinte are ultiated mofniithe gTe Phipp Iande Iegiorn f te g ust of th 5hab't belong to the United Stats d ants beong to IL6 y. how dIr c and are c166lus re.ti the hah pa Wa Icagesut? Mountains, antd s very dense Cly psilae It ate Its 0prputiunate as ie and population? contains many fertile valleys, its WlMieh wheat, Descrihe the sfacefi6, climhate, and drainage rn, and barley are cultivated The petrolekum of the great higlland region & h gr at OIi WvUSAT BAize. field in' the extrem cast s probably the richest in 10 what part of Asiais the popttlationi densest? What races inhahit the wrld Tis is the largest city of Asiatic Russia Asia? Locate each. Describe the civilization and institutions of Asiatic own most of the islands southeast of Asia? BeokIsar and X i, sottthwest of Rnssian Turkestan have native NORTHERN AND WESTERN ASIA khans, or rulers, hut are really dependecies of Rssia. They resetble ss in Asia embraces all the northern part of Asia, p and includes Sibria, the Kigi Stepp Rusin Tur Asitic Turkey.- Trk y it Asia comprise s an area etan and auasia T he total ars comprises atd population A t on fif s gr as those of th more'thais odne thsird of Asia,; but _________PUnited States. The surface in the population is sparse. te n1orth and west is a hgh 1aSiberia, with an area grater than tau bordered by the mtntafn tha of all Europe, has fewer peo- In the sou theast asre the plains of pie than Belgium The north is M tm daid by te E anrad~ tah T - iI a dreary tunrdra inhabited only by p a its s nv ri v Is small, wandering tribe s of Eskimo- g a t country is d and like people The central belt is subject to e of tempr a region of forests int which furi t Therre i w gtr riversa beaaring ani nals are abunt ad anyt. lks of awhies i - Some timber and many fur are D ad Ba s almo t 13 ek te exporitt d.I the south are e cx — EARtHENWAvt OAztC tORtAs low s6 e 1 ev r r. te e prairis or steppes, where grain is cutilvated and Agrculture is pe rticed its a ri way, 6ftn by tl vast herds of cattle, horses, and sheep are raisFe aid of irrigatiots Grapes figs, tolive wheat raw si lk The Ural and Altai mountains are ich in precious and pi re the chief dr grain, stones, gold, silver, platinum copper, and iron. beeswax, and acorn cus for tanitg are also The lower courses of the three great rivers are Many sheep, go, and aisels are raised, ad wool, closed by ice for most of the year, ut their pper skin, and mohai are the 1ief animal poduct cour and southn branhes are mu1 used as com- - __ meial rte -b boatr s' i n summer and by sdjr ges in winter. A great railway has been co mpleted tlroughk southern Siberia and across Manchuria, which connects Euol an Rus si With te d Paci-fi hc s. ' ' '. f Many mmi munts from Russia are settling Siberia lie there, TAmsk i uS, OW an fd V e costki a;re important trade c nster rThd Ktigi Stpep is an arid region with a Ifw fertile.oases. Cattle cansels, and horses graze on te pasture lands,.and a feW kinds of gran are grown. t | t, RMsAN tURaMKAS 1l6 *ASIA The country is rih in min rals, whieh include gild, or hi "Oman governed by a sult i is an indepndent s iver, lead, iron, and coal, but there is little mining, t monarch Manufacturing is done by nd, and mprises si, cot-ve he soil can be irrigate d nd soap, and hammered branss. cultivfated Myrrh and gum arabic are cllected from Half the peope are Turks and Ku and the s naiv pants oth of these are epor Arabs Armenians, GreksandJews TheTurksae A strongly fortified place in the south, bhelogg to Great Briitain. very successful in rli their gsbJ l Oman, is n important aport on the GIf of Onan. It is ner valu*abe ve peaE fi isheres, and exports dates and pealds. The Mohammedan religion prevails, but there are ma Jews and Christians ea occupies a large part of the Iran plateau, which Many everts of ancient and Biblical history ocurred in this regmo, is bordered on the north by the high Elbur Mountains, and places of esecial interest viit by and byeloersn and on the south by the Zagros ranges. a, the largest city, is the chief commerial cente and western While the mountarins have abundant rainall the tableterminus of the Asiatic caravan trade. Its exports are Smyrna rugs, figs and the products of cetral Asia A and Dmasut arc other lands are arid with hot summers and cold winters. important commercial cties, famous for sIa wv 1 s. On the 0slop toward the Caspian Sea, their aars, Oriental wares, al silkis. in ise s o Daa3th climatet. is moister and more ofeqble. is important or its trade, especially Her there are forests of oak and cedar, with Persia and te Fast a. r Mnd on and a large amount of raw and spun silk Is Besides these. Persia pro dues wheai the lack Sea, is a portan tet t of h * a is pduced and expobte caravan and export trade. J rusaems ii~es'des th Persia|r pridue twh T.e famous as shle s6ene of many fibil a seilly events. Meis oted as ith birth- Ibarley rice, fruits tobacco cotton, and f h inah il oopi um. Much wool s grownf The mSan Arabia is mostly a desert pla- r; fertile coa t pla.i Owi i to the, streams but a number of fertile oa ses A scvE!Ir JL USAL 51 - _OWby SEUVA;~ARARI thoulgh great,is unidveloped. Turquoissest and pearls are the c6hie t pr1oduct Tfrade is carried on by mean of caravans, and theree are practially no roads or railroadls 00t01 I ofi the people belong to s;h White race Most of then lINA in st e and vAillages;R bsu ther ar many Arabs Turks Ku nd1 Gyp ' wo are nomadi wanderIng with The Arabs el ong to the Semitic mreh of the tI&er herds and fin 6s from oasis to oasls in search of neW pasture i he rauler is a in tibes who driv thei horses goats, and camels tehen is the capital and largest city. Taia Is 6sh mosat important center of trde fro one grazig ground to another Otherus bye in. siniaat lthe ancie capial, ishe secon city in Iommterial imo rfitagnce. Mehd the villages and cultiat tahe soil. e ar y holy y of Peri;, manfaturs shaw. Bshir And Bar h a re the chief seaprts intelligent, but owing to their univaring surrounfi I1dings, simpe life and isolation from the rest of he world, Afghanistan is high and mountainous. The climate is dry, but their-habits, customs, and religious beliefs change very grain, pas beans and many fruits are grown in rhe valleys. The slowly. asafetida pIant grows wild and much of this drug is exported, In the interior ther is no centrai gov- Stock raisng and the manufaeture of silks, felt, sheepskin garments, erinenoteac4h tribe being. ruled by a sheik, and carpets employ many people SOUTHEASTERN ASIA 117 A file deep mount in e u ish nor nt, caravan routes Ahitainitan is inhabitd y mny tribesa chiefy ofa e ni an ', ': ' i_ * n *i |!, r;... i *,; the white ce. The people a pt rnn and c na are grown on the hill te fionarch is called the Am er. Kel4 the capital and shd&aa are the chief a l in n * r ff~i.~j~~,.,th ~ r e bWnnI dh1ant in is. nl ihte the or io ce-nters of trade Both are strongiy fortified. only importhnt mines are those TexQoikestjiion -What doe Aiaitic Rusia includ e? of coal. c ly s re a Wha rae the prportinate lZe and population of Fine lawns anslins and silks, Siberia? D escribe the country its people, d pro ductions. What are the chief trade routes? Name gold e 1 mhcoidcy shtnre shawl tdie important towns. D esribe the Kir1hii Ste ppe.ivory jwcy id Describe Russian Turkestaln i ts people and produc- wEAVING MATiNG has wk antfol rm as adm tions. Name its Iarg est ciy. Describe rauscaucasia, brass work~beautfti rugs, and emand name its productions and chief cities. What are Bokhara and Khiva? broidered leather are the chief native manufactures. The What p eoples compose the population? What are their chief ind Englih are rapidly introducing m hi and tries? Chaacerize the princa citie wol and jute mills and papr factories are being built. Mpcuia derities of Desrbe the physc atres opf Araba and the peliarne Good roads and many miles of railroad have been built the people What is the government? Characterize the principal citi es. by the Englsh and these form the chief trade olj tes. Dscrinbe the surfaei climate, and resources of Persia State some Te peculiarities of tie people. Characterize the chief cities. any other country in Asia. The ex* pots, which greatly l xcea d the import l (T se, p.,f ~ p s p ) are chiefly raw mater'ials ne, fia xseed oc rCotton, tea opium jute ansd hid s. The India is the regionm south dia is the simports are chifly coarse tcotto cloth1 of the Htmala a Mounftains metal wMare, and machnery. and includes Baluchistan on0 Three fourtlhs of the people of India the w st and part of Indo are called Hindus, and belong to the China on the eas't. India is __ ab ws nBx tl org white race, although their skin is quite half as large as the UnitedllI tdTla he rem d include many States with a population y neadl four times as great South of the Himalayas is Tb Hind are divided into ri'i,/ea no one can rise above the caste in which he was born, and a gat fertile plain dra iine d every one must follow the ocupation of his fither. by the Gangges and Indus rivers. South of this plain is ' his prevents any advance eit. With the exception of the high the Dean plateau averaging aot half a mile high ca ost of the peple are now i norant and supe itiou and ria~ jj1- A A1 J 1ship many gods.B and bordered, east and t, by the Gats Mountain ofte eole arewrethedl or. lve es Many streams break through the eastern Ghats, and Itoos and methods of fanig and praring ftods are of the most fimi l t tire character. Notwithstanding this, their handwork shows at skill. During the summer monsoon the weather is rainy, hot, They w eave mnost beautiful muslins, l awns, and silks, and carve exqui. Duitly in itvy swod, and mostone and n wdeat i ai s miany, a nifiet and malarious, but the winters are dry, warm, and pleas- Itemplesa and tombs. ant, On the southern sllope of the Himalayas the sum- aious forms of Blddhism and Brabmam ar the prevling er rin s exessive, ad floods ftenresult, religions, but there are many Mohanmmedanh s and some Jews, In the Dekkan the rainfall is very uncenain, owing to ireglarity in the monsoon, and when a prolonged drought occun a terrible famine follows,* in which thousands of people starve to death. Agriculture fors the chief occupation, but the land and reservoirs have been constructed,_ tensivy cultivated in the lower Ganges viley, while opium, tobacco, and iav silk are the chief proiducts of the uppe vallys. What and ther grains are grown in the northwest and in the Dekkan. The Dekkn is Iuars RwosNt INDo4m 11~B; 1|1 1111|111 | 11pRB1 111111 111111 WWWW.WW~~~PN W... ' '''W S i' XE g A..~~~~~~............i.m................ y.j P r ~ ~ pl0,,,,: r ~l'llll(1 th Waa t ad at di? Wht the iasa tath ot p hati tlvers ftor f gee et i t the had of i ae sthepl ddviofns h t Cnree pg.ls te Houris then eoa s? Wha lag yta of entga Through wh te tla ic ml hoe, opeer o ar of thea the pay of Ie ngp? into the west part? i' n die A rab'i S o ' W a tio go a i fo s e nrt the fest ca t of d What ufhe are anled sa id Wha1 river syCstem is hin ane Turkes t"an? What is pecuia r ~out S1 a A E hals, are nomal~ale d r he nat kha m v _ t l sstmsrlai~i~slWti ~l ~'~:hankE~~ai"u-~.': ~ i!g ]EL IndoChina.- The sft ace ls varied. wih highands ate s? c o an l e ais Locte Cantiat Bombay;h i. ido-x edling -Whast water border ndroghia? Whait Chountry isn wth? What peninsuMlay i in the soth? What also, riverp. 91. n 0}it 'E;, l X,. *, gX, and ar"I,,,,. 0ie * ** nThe ao Indor hiem e aste o re the t iEl aen t 1 1Cdiis t(e t lp H)? es irbe the sraface. What Countries ac long the east oaest thet e tlu arkt PALACE BAaO oK. ias est of A? it th exeit Loca h y T hief p are ricope and other g ranths C ocoanth princi ions.What tre are oth e ciis? Wtae stony de io lyng sisth of Afhaitn s ie n much hg? whlt d i see p. 9) lateaus? NamWhere b mountain rangles in h o ar e more Il but illy China prop What river is th no e b dary of M chri? part of that The people o re allied the this system? Describe the Hoang River the Yangtze; the S Name indolsiua. - The surface is varied, with highlands tho rcalital of hina Where is anton? T ientsin? Hakau 1 ange | xic ig g i l. n n chun? hangh e? Hongonng Ma? Mkdenthr tu Ii frm l r Kore -a Boud Ko srb i sf c th capt roiw Malay peninsu l in the Yabuth (she also mapr, P.e Empiret ofapan. Where is this empirek? Nan and locate its ive The cimate reshles that of Ind Ino ina i largest fisnda On iwhich islaud is the capital? Where is Yokohama? t i Tlhe East Indies (map p. it3). —Where ar the East Indine? leys. Of these the Meakon, Sal T in, aned rawadi are Nae thed four largest Britslns Mina two islands between Su matrai the large syt and Bordne at group east of Celebes What city is;in Java? The people are mainly of the yellow race, ignborat Philippin Isands. - Where are the Philippines? Naim the to avisk RT tu T asckfaA fens omnie form of Buddhism. h i ad teries are similar t st at i The s are rice; sugar; LSiam is an independeat mnqarchy. The Hindus, is famous for ht teuipldse in he uth/ ASIA on an d te etr of M and met with p aneas ar pei sesa, ai s th n e leitys. i Ct iteseti nt cltivted inf t henro whill ric m is thks thr tare s l eit e ar s tnar ge t ral inghi l and 1 if gia rowa il n ifha e ite h otieh. iora s fore iigoatan is cottn aipr ealsl wdiol Ge ii China, and in,ati e v Uit ate he e t xpor te at re dulTd thenla l tr s aof cartrerA in chiae fly r te nrano tenaal and sil nad af vast sp in pteaac ua r - t and a is he coutry h a the wlroe mo the ntral htbhle na d T he lwn t s na ot i l 61w ns 1piur o1 % hen u n ic re as Fri oSi r diver otm in t er so r a he se es and their ay idependencofacstra g Chinaes preryi u haral China has rch an etve drep oi tes of ae, inert, Cnfour atimes thems man eo le he Chden e not fore t ins mkfing sil y China Prope e surfcE is hroken y vaetrouse po i nlaitn cafrvedrakrsw bined tg bfimrewors lacquered mlountain elaaii ofh modeat e ieeva7o wnich exte re, and neton e y ant u afa cotn and th ipsis. Thee e soa ticffdfia lt tW t d le n le th h e atte Btai n byd theM broad; valleys of the Hong rAiver system inO the Jiapn Russia aetad theh Uatced State. The expott adre e _ |hiey rw and manfactured sil, andm tea the mll lo pt co g s oods, Opium, kerosene, an metaligoods. ah I nternal trd i carried onl ely h GrandCanl and th and angit e ad Si rnvers ver the oa t s d miles oaf raeilroad hve heero huilt hut the commdn mails are very por The wheelharrow i. the chief 1 1 1 wheeled eli le. e> reat caravans carry the goods olf hinhra to the interior al asL hb people ab utb 66fi longr toth ithe yellowjif race, butd thv6 uey y~ty dffewt fer |_r amaymucTh t appf aane lantegt ge and habits I heiyng have C as _ bi - _lys prelen Cvediry y ii; ecuive wand iai qiteg srent tiw eat;r were not allow d1 f tol vtisi higlat other towlandsi hau bir would ilhi i theyf~ ii cuTbnsa ARM yAR ao tran to. visi Cinitali taorth, the YaHgaze river system intvhe center and the Chjnesecivilization very ncente utisonl ginnTi rea hahi he never applied theta; g they uade gumnpowderlogi before its invention by ande thusa large p of Chiaa proper is a fertile l - bl s in the eleventh cetr y yet neve used The ni in actual printing China proper xt nfl from t;he I titude of Poro R'col Thi h skillk a w~om h te h itrfs r ki to the latitude of Man and t tempertures are muchs n warm tropical wete n h t b h su 'p''!; mmers and r b'(! long, cold wint rd in th, nortna Ilac rsufall s a aale hut isa cosafied almo I whoy tt o the sunamr mo t hs This heavy seatsnIrial af II ca'on grea nsiae laloins de troying the cropv nyd ctsing widspadL fain-. I h M i ie _n ta the Hoang that i V oft n cal d China s Sorrho. Agriculture i. tlad g r eatoecupatitiiof th outr'y. I The land is divided into very small plots, and cul tivated s and buffaloes and hi e carts asad farm inplements are very snassI.' R 1' s SOUTHEASTERN ASIA 121 f uddhism, or Tim, and are guided in thei life the lowlands of China. The principally by the oral tea~ehing: of Confucius am people are closely allied to the More attention is now being paid to education, hot Mio, an are very jealous thegirlshi as rain cereive lMile instruction Porrly of foreigners. Lai is the most of the edocatonconsisted in learinfing by rote capitaL the pcecelpts of great Chinese teachers, and thus the Chinese have little originality, but ace wondertifuf bitai Chinese Turktaat lies aorth trs. The Chinese languiage has no alphabet, baut se- of Tibet, but on a much lower eral thousandi characters represent syllables or words. plateau. The nrithen part is For many centuries the governiment of China was an traversed by the lofty ranges of absolute monarcuhy. Later effirts were made to develop the Thin Shan, Bhot the southern a limited monarchy, but before this could be aceom- part is n extensiv desert, traplished, a frevolution, in i9T1 0-I912, was successful in eied by a narrow srip of vege overthrowing the imperial government. The result of tation along the Tar River.a this revolution was the establishment of the country The people are nomadic iarbaas a republic, the greater part of the people being isn eos tribes, some of whom are of favor of this form of government. TtsccF 0I PeKINO. Tartar descent. Their intdustry The farmers, as well as artisans and merchants, live in vilges, of is herding yaks, sheep, ad horses. Most of thin are Mohammedanris, which there is an immense number. There are also many large cities, though some still worshipi objects in natre. of which several are said to contain a million or more peole each g lrh Monifgofia, lying on the great central highland, is traversed in the easit The cities and villages are not taid out with any system, a1d little atten-b Kg d t y i h tion is paid to draining ani cleaning the streets. The houses have bythe Theghan rane ai rI the west bye an range the Altai poor roofs, earthen floors, and no chimneys, and are often damnp and m ans. The central t the vast desert of Cobi. There are thluany small frtile valleys, but the chief industry of the sparse population is herding camels, horses, and sheep. The country is inhabited by Mon6iiiiton is one of the g laest cities of Ch ina, and th go ho are now a peaceIbe eoe hrt wh as nieetrs made notable second seaport in imp ort f Pki' is h c pita, andc cotnquests in:aia and Europe. Manchutria Uis on the east s16pe of Asia. It is tavesrsed by severial enteri from which caravans start for Siberia, Russia, andi mountain ranges separated by broal lowland valleys And drained chiefly by the great Amur River and its tribrutaries. Wheat is extensively grown. Peking. Miha and er ca/ ar both lrge cities. Other ereals boeans tobaccoiIve sto tk, and Iumber are also among the ShdjZhai coniducs mre4 than two thinsi of ithe foreign ipufmdw9 / sglur'conduct moe thn two tirdmft o tportant proIn ts C oal is nined in several loealities ant varions other minerals Aare found Russia has built railroads through Manchuria to trade. st the Pacific seaports of V/dexk and Fort Artmhr. Mukse is the ~ ~~ ga 8~mr a Al end Ir,oy tr"ade U tei; Eongkeng is an island southeast of the mainland of China, eeded to capital and a busy trale center. Great Britain in t84a. It is a strong mmilitary station, and center of British trade in China. iktria is the most important city. Kre occupies a great iul bewee the Japan b~orea o ccupies a grea~ ~ p eninsula fbetween the JapanB Macao, an island and city at the mouth of the Canton River, be- and Yellow seas. It is a mountainous plateau in the longs to Portugal. It was formerly an important seat of trade. east, sloping to broad lowlands in the west Agricuture Weihiweti has been leasedl by China to is the chief pursuitt but it is in Great Britain- Kwngehata to France; and to Japan. Ktiuehat is also ciontrolled by withr Japan. sonutl, ric,6 wheat beansm and toTiet lies on a plateaui three miles high, bacco arc growts and in the nort bu~rdered by lofty ~montuin cha Owe 0uig the chief crops arc barley, millet, to the elevation the clinate is idnclement, and great snowstorms occur in winter. Agrien-' and oats. Rice, beans, and ginture is possible only in sheltered river vahl seng are now extensively exported. leys and moat of the people are engaged in Gold crspp r tron ad coal are God opr,~ ironj~~~I and~ coa a pastoral pursuits rasisig yaks sheep, goats;brdn, d6 and homes. ome trade is carned o with mining is dsne by American, Rnsr 'a~~~stutor er in. and German comnpanies. Ihe trad is of 'ome iaportance and i naosw latrgely in the hands of the Japanese. The imatnor trade ts carried on by means of sorers, packhorses, and oxen, clhieiy with China and Russia. The people resemble ithe Chinese in appearance and customs, but their language is like thaut of the Japsanese. An alphabetic system of writing is employed to some extent, hut the Ch(inese characters are also used. The worship of ancestors is observed, but there are many BIddhint monasteies. The government wan absolute rntil 1 894. After that tinme the ruter's power was limited by a calinet, and now Korea is Pac t or safit, OsiaNo LA.AA T'r entirely under the control of Japan. Serut is the capital. 122 AI The Empire of Japa is the most progressive native gov.- horses are not very common, sheep do not thrive4 but erminenit of Asia. It consistsl of fiv larg isads, many many hogs and fowlis are raised small ones,~ and the southerni part of Sakhalin,~ and corn- The Japanese are celebrated for their skill in hanid~prises anl ariea and population somewhat greater tbha that work, and their silk, inlaid metal work, fians, carved ivory ofAth British Isles, The islands stretch in a~ line from aind bone worik, lacquered wares, bamjboo work, and PorKamchatka almost to the Philippines, with mountain ridgesg ceains are sold lin nearly every civilized nation. Mnn-fif tfreninig throu gh themn from north to south. Their sur- facturing by mnachinery is rapidly being initroduced and eaci is a rugged highland In the hiniterir, ith fertile cottons~, woolens, and machines are nowr made in many coast pilans. The moutinsiii contain many volcanoesg of the larg centers of populaition. whichob Fujiyifma in the i land of Hondo, is famous. Trade is- veye acivef and 'nerreasing. Railroads and Earthquakes are freqcuet anid often disastirous The post and trlegraph lines are being built and a merchant sAtreams are mountain torrenits but often open out into marine has been establishd Sil is the ch'ef expoti good harbors, The cl'mate is humoid, but land winds and raw cottonf thel chief import. Other exports are frmm the continent makem the wvinters of ithe wesit sloe cootton yarn, coal, copperf tea, matcheg as, r fice afttig, somewrhat colder thani those of the east. straw bra idcmphor, cigarettes, lac, and Japanese ware, RThei vegetaion~i of Japanh is luxuirianit anid beautiful. The Japanese have pleas1ing featurfes, and are noted for their quick wit, Bamboos and sago palmsg flourtish ini the south and the vivaciy, And progresswoiveesk nikit enagte eea xlsv pinec elmi chesitnult, oak, and beec6h are conmmon fartherasteCieehnhnreoiigheupirtofsemvlzton they opened their pOrts, invited Americani and Europea teachers into the north. Cedars abound, and one kind which offt enatains cotnntry, and seot mfany studenits tahod to he educted.( Tihey have in Igigantic size ilines the afncfiet roadsides and approaches. consequeieinc ad surprising progress, anid Japan is now considered onre to the temnples of thfelig~ifhtenedinations of the world Elemnenftayrydeduaio is gen-l The fiinifitmig muntais areheavil W66dd eral and ffd compulsory; anmd there arep asos maniy normal schools, technicali The recpitus muntinsare eavly oode, bt shools, and dolleges Many newspapers ares puhlished and widely triead the many valleys are highly cultivated. The J apanfese in the cities and towns. are skillful farners; and riseii large quantities of ric, Their chief religion is Shinutu or worship of the power of naturie hut banrly, mifllet rye wheat, and& other grains. Much tea teeaeas ayBdhss The goerm,&aent, unmti i55p an asblolut monarchy~ is now organized and sugar are also produced, and 'many fruits, as per- uder a constiitution in acc~ordance with which the emperor exercises simmons and oranges, are grown. The people aresill- supreme executive auithofrity The laws ares made hy An Impercial Det,% ful lorstsandther contr isconsisting of a Nouse of Peers and a Hdoue of Representaivethe latreetd hy the literally at Itland of flowers," Manypel. forest pfroducts are collected as P bambo, cmpho, lc gu, vee- Tkyo the capital of the empire, tiabl wax; and the paper miulberry. slre hnPhldlha e The countr contains many mifnernsdsntv anfcuei a als; especially alv r; copperio extensivr factories anid shipbuildcoa glfiniphurand gold' and all of in ok.Ykkec a bu them; except the Precious meutallhhcorintae are extensively Mined and used nd Osaka~ the con6fd city, large than BosSarty or exported. The fsheries ton is a etro mnga ela an ffa rqing. IMxyo the thirdfty, also has are vasalth anifd employ ne ly exten 4ivenaive m factnure.Ng n three million people. CW ttead c~k SELLSR, JAPAN KAke areS alsoag and imprant ci'iis SOUTHEASTERN ASIA 23 Thn e* th Isndso Malayg t he Nlares th e l the othe r peopae ade vails dier coprisng the groeat i Ph lippne are n in f ous orhe le ands oo ei Sumt ra th m ny olano ar e ant d th od manyneighhigngi is aland fr uentv hshaken hy ixiearnth lie southea of thp continent tuakese Along the coast, the of Asiaa and have l hd area and is low lat and oen oTe fiths y lare as the Un itsh a d lly fe-s taose e thirfa is amopn i il lh e i o lands nre w iinos With mh any aiv v g o te Uitd tt canoe s Javi hving more e are year in the Phiippones thae any sothe equa area in nay e divia d nte thr scathe wol Dese fots sb - the cols the ino and ro dhnfl Mailsoh The fwin hitfan d tsif a be Ar ine i y C rfiaie people oft a re the int ra gr anig d larsesh e swho are nean typlive in the e moth aei also raise d.~fais e othe apital an the center e forests aipla gowoonop are gumd a few o n and ntrod inecu if e iswti n afated b ay tndustheas mnr SinmtNAIV iiouwest o, h r m.ne of thoeod the MU Sc though ita ha s iht greaer ohlAn A ria Manila d some pa s the larger part ofd me that fi New Yo, and tin, but its t Wth are uct arae grwnot a' C e itron orf r dnt MSa Opnr s and ducs b el t he aa is unadon the ipa and eal summe, the suth e as is tnnhe are kougar caste Dts eastivy grownI anT coi ee ople ar vls exports are sugar to Cinav e e an oita herep to te ch iefl importaas that Java rnks next to BLrasl oiea Unitv StAe andf Gme r and catmar bh aOn the Fa and ee, p a, rai an i gland cflRie sp i C eas o, typhco o ar e iad f t O porto an t qun osa ns and lont in ar oe fror s a t heir rich tin i esu of xthn adr the chef drk stght ATahecli a ist cattle ind horsiehs t are geronr. Ctio ae ase o and apnto ofin abuat ra a al? Dc r iya en the suradc arenmded s hau arle fotun eTihe sit a c annd c ofe u con e s iae refytl bttnes and JaopU theim lndu tiios tre sraist c ih rt st h of avat ai s d rest B rain Chas toriz nce nf coffeproduact iofofeRe, piese, atoapcohaa c and c t i a E r oea arnd a lso but its Agrlffa proe uri lre qunii s a and e sun aiee tsih l inmial atei ps e s ware also risd B fi e is the c ital an t cenb ter em palr hf [he aripelagowile,throhout te i gd rof ae f and a few ain d * c l mc or hi r air h neages What are ae i rtni s and fustriesl ti nea rl n so mlpeorta as those ofJava. lit roucs te1 api3 ral i ltuat ed on the2 i A nd of I uzonaind ~sthet rlneo, an island prodolnsi? Describe gihe iolrit vae a nd the res t tl theI ha rat d t er;ize the chsief citie, What is etal? I c ioa gold, and tip s si l ion -s care he lfohnasati iDes prouricb-e comprise tions. What counTrie,s does it contain? Charceiz its chief cities. timber, sago, rice, coffee pepper, gutta-perc and What do China and its depetdeiesk include Whatare the pro tobacco. The northern part of I rtioniae size and poplation of Chinap proper? o if n h its rits eicuinnithe d the island belongs to Great Brit- drnas-. XX zre th priorisal in los amns and the rest to the Nether sai cot ai n doue 30 ile s. lnk tn. eri_ e K urea. I a ' p iY i DesW rie the Est a |i d ues the i inhabitOfthsbetLuzonn the Japanort and Wind of jefeiro and how l it dlifirignothki M lant ad owner hi p Deg rube the Phitipp ne Mindanaofid in t he s are uc a r in Oipg sdsaiA, AVA. Isladas. -gill g~-~.~ ~ aa8~- " Fi8~a-~ ~B~1-~~-~9iiktaP bxr~jl~ l~?l~4k~t~ k I~i~j 6 fd1gsi~ti ra ~ ~ia~~i~c; id to 66fifiiiii 066L j666 iffinds. hohdifiiiii6 rho 6lhief diti~? ~~ r~l~jlCrj~~l~o kl~'3B~;~:i J~ DoBibg~~eB ib If IPr'ioikt-$ ous~~~~ t~-~ ---*al-~.-"~ ---~ ~~~p~"~ ~p~t~'~~ ~or' 6 the Ea1~I$t!t, Iunxs rrhOf MM 1 Bison III file fififth iffid aids and ieussiffife!)rehabs rho Phil ~tW t he- south ii& rn bia ~ h SUEET ia l Uktahn Jam lIsla~tnder~ 4 44 -44. 4....... - 4 4 i 440- 0 /%M:> 4 6 -SH xmEk 4-.41 1 44..4 k 1..w l. AFRICA MAP STUDIES Guinea with its tbutary ghs ms a grt bend ation d tt — Wha t great ies of ter rder Africa? in the w estern coast, and the broad, open gulfs of Cabe What s ts oly on wt othe land? In t e is the and Sidra form a low indentation onI the greater portion? In what other zones does it extend? What are the -The grater part of southern and easter lenth and width of Africa by scale? Co. - What gulfs and strait are on the north coast? What strait, Africa isa mile high, by hneI lf and bay are on the east coast? What great island lies off dicone ted mountain anes trending genrl this coast? What wo bights are on the west cst? What are the most east and south*st The plateau reaches its greitest northern, eastern, southern, and western points of the grad divisionr Wht other cape s ea the southrn extrem? What three sl levaton n the Abyssinian highland in the northeast, groups lie off thewest coast? though the isolated extlct or dormant volcaoes, MKiliSuae- In hpa of s egreatest extent of higland? manjaro and Kenia, near the equator, rise to a height of lowland? Name two mountai peaks in pasinequatoria e Africa Trae and a half m ae hee hhnd tt ma il and are the ltielst peoints in highlI Where is the Kng plateau? the Desert platea? What Africa. mountais om a detached hi d in extree nort Afic a? The northwetn halfof i Afr a s most ly a liwand rainag. -Trac 6the conaitinena divide of A frc ifromi the gIsthmu w of Suez to Cae Aguihas What great iver sytem dran to the Medi whch is epared into an astern and a wes tern basin terraean from the African hiland? What great late is one of the or depression by three long tongue of highlan which sources of this sstem? What at system dains eqatorial Afica to Ixtnd ar to the rthwt from the sotheatern plat rise ta One of t hhla es borders ithe Re What grt syen d the Kong teau Wh i Na e ias g in dhepress Sa, a second borders the Gulf of Guinea, and the third Lake Thad Wht river system drains to Mambique Channel? What trerses the central part of the Sahar, or desert On flows t the andtic? DAEitlas plateau, which bears continuous and rugged mounDESCRIPTION ange reaching an altitude of nearly two mils. t. Africa is tua southwest of Eurasia in li Though Africa etends the both thefiorther and the souther homiphf extends tie width of the Torrd Zne yet the heat is much ing a t the same di into eh It is great tempered by the elevaion In the 1lowands however peninsula, ed with E i by the th of especially along the Guinea coast, the climate is malarious S Its le h and wdth ah abo mle and in sely hot. In thnis entir region the equatorial d t comprises m than one fifth of the d s cause moderately heavy This cal belt of the gl nd contains more thn tenth of the in its eady movement shifts farthest north and south word rpopuiatlfion. on the eastern cOas Conseqetly the h s rifall Coa. - The a is la occurs near the equatoon theast with o rms of the sea extinding far a ina d or nis aff cted by the trades whch weeping up the peninsulas prjting ffart into the, The Gulf of sopes of the highlands cause mderte infall... *~* **.. "* * t2j. axt~ 1j26 AFRICA In both north and south the winters are temperate, throughi the western highland tonugue to the Atlantic while the summers are ht he summers ae iide t The Zambiicagngiswtr Mli t MItozta in the souh where both the elevation and thk ocean bque Channel is famous for its wate at and rapids temper the climates Dot in the north the grat artd Victori Falls rival Niagar; the water pIones nto at land massi causes extorieme of temperat ure. GIRAPE. narrow gorge 450 feet in dapth. The raif about the Tropic of Cai In the extrme south the highi d is and in'a small inclosed area near the Tropic drined to the Ataic by th Orange of Capricorn, is very small, This is u Rir sysem. both to the descending air and to the dry- N aty all the rivers of Africa a e ohness of the prvaiing winds. l strut by raidsr cfaarafct These occurR Drainae - Besides many small streams; wher the streams break through the hghthree large rivers have their sources in land rim, and thus the nycers are tendered the great highland of Africa. These are the less important commerciafly. Nile the Kong and the Zambei.2 The LIks~ - The most iipo _ant group of Nile next to the Misi p i- ouri ts lakes in Africa is sitfuaed in the highlands the long est river in the wrld. Ii t o l near the equator V ictoin the largest 1ake north to the Mditbera- of tbs group. has a nean through the east greater area than Lake mai siftralmn c ld th| tude of more than tihree White Nil cauis it fouths of a mile, Like' is ulsdly cear4 flows Lakes Albert and Al from Ulak Victoria, bert Edward~ its Waters whethe Blue Nie a-nd I e discharged nto thea the Atbara o from the high N1iile aen Tang anyik and6; plate us of Abys1inia lo1ded Nyss are long nro lakles with sediment The monsoonte r winds from the Indian Oceanthog teKnoadte bringk a heavy seasonal rainfall latter through the Zsambezi to te Ayssiianhighand ofMo t of their lakes iccup4y a series tt d6 epifti or narrow dtepressions in This floods the greatt eastern iheearth a crust which may be tracedi branchesi of the Nil and causes norithward ftrom Lake Nyassa to the Strait of Biab 1l Manideb; and it is te regular summer rise in thet h aanthD lowerii Ni fif which it has Sea copy af no unswa continuation of long been famous. The Ko~ngo, Gs(uica the sam srnie o66f rifts. with its Many tributaries, occupies the sotern part of Lake Tchad, near thei bonder of the Saharad is a hAM the western lowland basin, and breaks through the west- lowI fres-water lake, studded with islands & ts outlet erm highland tonused to the Atlanitic It ranks inext to flows northest,~t but is not permandent. Lake Tehd is the& Amazoniu in the amount oif"water it daiscare into uisually larger than Lake Erfie, but durin the dry season the oceanf. Eartheni northf the Niger fianothe large river, mucih of it becmesg at muarsh and its ouitlet bkecomes a flows eastwar in the western depe inand alsobek edo dry river bed ~DRAINAGE, LIFE 127 Soth of the tas oostains there are sever small depressions be Oricntal region in the great numbcr of catlike animals, low sa level known ats; these Jar bpiedhy sag lakies daring its manlike apes, anti some of its birds and serpents. It a part of tse yeas. ranks above South America in its life forms, and next to Vegetation and Animals. -- The parts of Africa ros'sed it in the pecuiiliarity of its Plants and nitalsik by thc tropics, andti embracing about ocn fourth of the Peole. -- Africa is the homc of the black or negro grand division, consist of dcscrts, whosc surface is some race and a great nmnber of tribcs are scattered ovcr all what varied and occasionally picturesqu e. In some central and southern Africa, They are either savages or places there are hisih mountainious tracts, wblin othersi barbarians, and live in rude huts, andi often in the depths the surface is comparatively level in long stretches and of the forests, In the Suan and south Aica some often composed of hare rock, In some sections the tribes own herds of cattle, and have risen to a condition sands have been& blown in which they work imn bythe Winds into great in a rude mnanner, and ridges and shifting dunes weave mats and coarse Oses containfing lnn- cloth. The dwarfs of ant girowths A palmts es- central Africa are among pecially the date pa and west s g of the caro~bs and prickly peairs~ wodd, and, ik animals, occur w~here the ground are remarkably acute in water approachies or rises securing their food and to thii surf cc Few planits finding tlsitii wi thsttmiel are found on tbe deserts the pathless ftrests. They but on the bordersar use po isoned atrows, and found thu ny ac~acias and 7 are much fered by other pnhlt resembfinig t sgage tribe bush of the Greati Basin For many centuries negro of North America. peoples have been tarried into On account of the rainfall, the central part of Africa various countries and sold as slaves. Until lately Arabs engaged in the is a region of de fots rvalig the sis of S h slave trade, and inc egr tis to niak war o ach othem to p America in some places, but in others having a more tore prisoners, who were then sold int slavey. Highly c z tries, h6owever, do nout now perfiast slavey, and the negrok slave trade hasi open character. The Sudan and south African regions been pcfirally ended, consist gemerally of grassy landri with trees along the Along thei Mediterranean therei are many people of water courses. Witter courste& ilik White rac. These are E gyp i tians Moors, Berbers, The plants and animaIs of the countries of the Medi t Arabs, and some European toltonists. Many Europeans terranean coast resemble those of the Eurasian life region. and some Americans now live in South Africa, and All the mainland south of the Sahara forms a distinct life region known as the Africais life region. some of the native tribes formerly the have been pushed back into the interior, This region is characterized by aniny fleshealing animals, snch as Religion -- The people in the north are mainfly Mo lions, ieopards, panthers, hyceas, and jackals, and by great manlike ate no 3 t~~hammeordais but the tribes of the inteiori have not risen apes, as the gorilla and chimpanzee. Mamny hoofed animals are foind. chiefly on the plains or on their borders. Among these are antelopes, above the practice of sorcery and withcraft, and the use wild catile, buffaloegs, the giraffe, the rhinioceoros, the zceb;rathe wild ass, of kfeishes, Which they reverence as gods. the horned Moew, and bhe wart hog Tm ehipipopotamus is found in the Count l - Owing to the character of the people the rivers and the elephant in mhe furestsa ffhe bird lf it' abundant and f i6d Anmong the birds peuliar to ativ iv ions o Afr'ca hay no d finitbu tis Africa are the ostrich the secretary vi iture the gutine fowls angd the butt nearly all of the coast region and all of th interior beauftifl nhilf& airdneides these there are many remarfr ble goit- are cla6-ime by various Euronp mi poters~ who ba ye sucdkers ant s oadng birth. Venomous snakes abound in the south, great pymons and anacondas established boundies bctw enti clm are found in the central forests, and most of the rivers contaige Text Questions - Where is Afria? What are its prooioa sliz crocodie and pplaion? C pare it with South America in geiemal shape asd This life region contains manty kinds of palms and thorny acacias, coast Noe. Describe its surface anid climate. Name and locate two among which are the wine, oil, And date palms and the acia produci highlands; two peaks. Name and characterize the five great rivers of Africa. Where do fls sid rapids occur in African rivers? Where is misthe African lake region? Dscribe its lkes; describe Lake Tchad. furniss thesF coffe so widely cultivaemd in all parts of the world. W y shoud the desert regions of Afca lie near the tropics? Where Theb African life region resemahb lestat of Soulth are the great forests and thegas reionsit? Descidibe the life furesl of nor thern Afrcf f f a;ie of cotm an sout Afria. Give a brief deicrp Ameica in the great variety of its pms, and the ion of te African peoles and their manner of life. ~7-tt~-~-'~- ~ r~f ~ ~ ~~~~~"~~~~e~d"~~"E"~' ~ ~ ~:~lt~~,-B~B~B:.s -~l r~- ~i'tw — 81li~-~~~ —9rlsl1 ...........i lil jj siiji u ri iij _ jj i i j~ i: ii > jj1. iiii i j 042010ii o 4 jj _ji i;o 204000 I 212000 N~ 1,44PM 12P OOOP 2PTM 2P 40M 4P 4044,,~~ ~ " tpoii \ r AI 4pyx A I1 P 2 40 4 p (10104 4444144 2~ 2 4 110404 1400 14404I~~:~~~ ~ 44404 ~ 4~1 44~4 00 l444"pA42 I~~I~ ~~~ i 44044 1ij~~i I : COUNTRIES I 29 COUNTI AFRICA nds nea the onator. h ic h ca di ~i ea1 i en leftwtn nte Inottomi iv nd w th Axi of le P ii *iesd. loods redl l the soir very feSr fle In hat pt of A is Egy? What Agtrir iste chi f i dusc gd h Af ric~ (eAevztsll of AfriaS souat~ln o n stheS mbe1 h~rszigxr waterg border - t W hat devsertoes ir in hCde togh thst-ae e athods r pri Itlve, yet Wli ries rlol ro aut h ytofWihtcana i i the tl nr ais gathe lad iSurpe fr exsh ae in this ie noar the s? What tion i uth of gyt r s Jproper? Na sdend c lkfte 5 e captl I c port e h ct eI p wrn ar rowis in a year. aex ndral bturt toet Si Ih adhin winter tcrops n NoI- m the Medit rrani w st of Egypt? Ioond el hr op Into what regiton doe each past in dtes so umnin of cottonug A fn ricas ae Whath aSree a d r b t are od the Aoa st oM a in? he o aten of Car Fro ie Tn goit Elin Moroccoown in March and hre td i Octo; Aler O and Bis t Alg the nrapt ond the autumn cropst swe in July And tui tAriois c and icluks in tibia. TSh - WhtoI arLtea sot ofte th e Ia e i vas On m lgthered in Se mber aSre rice sghum occupy? comarei the sahara With the6 Soda rgo i numbtei of table Mo and a triealsn of sate your lcetitt regardingeth Ee tha e c1i mat of aa by meas o l Whi anin m taians e re i eara thef nna t? ec a (n e a through ut the ye ar, while Uppir gEgypt depends more region lies souh of the Sahara? Nae m the divisins of this regio e alng Uon ie flodsy and upon thex lifting of wAr from the iw er ofe in this Teon Find otenoa on te h es r s watet r igat wta leto Bd Zaart on the ast oast Where * al da e i a gaear? In what dtoes is R? Locate the aitaLk ca aa s hee ar raid. SaRth AcI (All of Afrfia south of ithe Zamubeti I oxen; a id te; ae aige& Afria? Gire the location of Capt of CG ntood Hop6-e te ata Orange Fre St e c v od. hamkmered berass nods adr tinhe chief Whia mountain re near thsoothenstroe a: s? In m actor what river hasin roe ian h of south Africa lie? The N1e forms the chief nnmiasf of What caIses and bays ace fo mfid on flhe coast? FiId, d d are ause in t Johasesu Preori curen oarpiea. tan d rairod in thee n orth and alongf the Nil valley. I urge quant1iies of cot yopt Obccupies the notheaster par ton wheat, and rce are expoted,;, c Y sla6 east of the IthmusrEg of Suezi.. Tb tim.b6cE and coal are imnportd. parallel of ai' north latitude but Egypt between Euroe and the conturies of Asia It is 87 has indefiniteclaims to Nubia and the Egyptia Sudan, miles in length, has no locks, and cost hundeds of millions of dollarsi. twelfe400 years ago built gat ym aidmgifiet tem 13 piles And o errainy season in the high- Tu iand is a wit rert fo 130 AFRICA Europans It containsf a great museum Al rs thei capitl is the chief sea Mre tip a nftiitie ar the Iha valuable marble quarriesi Bikr in a b Hkaiif fa Ngd e it oais a eedge of t e hara is the termins of ar the massive pyramids whic h wer einprtant arava roues.T f|igs' is a Murench protectorate grwned Alexarial is the chief seapor ert A i Sa fd by lech rld t Tb ry is th ae ae'as are importt on acco f a of their stus tio at afi e Arab l r and ha oniy a o minalf the toids of the Sie Canal. iiXl~:gpoweE r hlb cf; hi f ind tf-ryi agric ulture, T|e Barba States occupy all the nforth- a d wh a t barleyf oiv oil sprto gr i emr part of Afiria west of Egypt, andd datc form the chief products. T he comprise four 6countries whose inelrior sponge fisheries, conducted by Italan s boundaries ace not definitely fixed chiefly, are quite vffluable. e > u EL C eiThs ae ur is gsite of ancient Carthage, i s r the rocky. Morocco, Algeria, and T h are apital anid chief it y. traversed' by the Aas Mountains, which AAs tAuAbi, includig Tripoltlania, Cymenaica, are covered with fine forests. The coast belt is called and Fezan, belongs to Italy. Nearly all the country is the "Till," and consists of undulating arabl lands. desert though dates and espintfo grass are grown in fecLibia and the' interior of the other countries pesient tie spots. The chief industry is the caravan trade with the surface features of the Great Desert Sudain by way of Murzuik There is a considerable trade The climate, except in the west, is tgenerlly too fr in stich fethr and vor brought f the itrioor agriculture, but mountain iSTeR it; Mosocco. T7p iS the capital of Tripolitania. Begazi is than e cntriusd for iveda o. he Sahara.-South of the Barbary States e cohaw d fians received theitlr li the greatest desert regioni of the world~ name f roi the nativ6 eibe W so ma y Arabs who are h niinto ad }d of Africia, but its pnopulatiin consfists la a w i, Wdei *, liE& Moors who > principally of widely scattered Arabs. The live in the caities Jews; who are the soot rents od ifafIos 'The in it contain thousands of date palmft trees Morocco is unIcr the poftec Many caravans, traverse the desert from tion of EFrnce and Sp in. oaiisis to oasis butf the ch1ef routes6 estend He rdinga and the mai~ ii~ ~ng; 0 ==from Lake Te:htad to 3iskra of grain and tropical fruit. and Lih t bia. are the chi f occupations Abyssiia in the great highSmie'fine6 Moroccoleathe in I r id rlegio of Africa has a felt, and silks anid wool6ens varied climate. The people have attaid a low civilization tar the. capital, andf Mtate, are the hi hyav ae long beeni Christians. towns.o Most: of the exports p throud~gh the port The soil is fertile, and ctton, of hg Fr. h sugar cane, wheat fmillet, and Algeia, ea pairt of the Erench repuiiblic, siN are grown, but the hedMrepresented in the French National As is the chief pursuit. Coe seby l grow s wild and is e1xrtIed; Barley Wheat, and other ceemal6s amre valuai'ble wvoods afe abu fnfidfan t; grown; the vine, tobacco, 1i d tioe and d s nd wax ivory, and gold are are cultvatede; flax and othr oil sedsi am went to India",n Egypt and Eiproduced, and cork ak fet hae been, rope in exchange for rmaufacplante Many sheep, goats, cattle, a d tured artiiles cimels are raised, and Iron and phosphate _arer i the thief town. The pinesof lime are mined. OtSs asA ALMai: ot caital is Adsi Abtb. ' COUNTRIES 131 Th dn or thL and of Be o o liactr the a.e i a K ong o Rifirfit establish ed b trolhe reg on south o f the aharait and ropan poewers aoth Kon0o Sta;s zju~ is the chief trade center..' has been c'pleted aroun the f alls, beyondwhich there consists mainlye of g y plai adapted to agtualying in ealthe west o f the 6s,1 is consit befly thein attlof a.tact Nerf Lake sthd arne vineral states blited tby ped a tri, eis of -ngs and Mixed p o p lr hpower ||s bi bteo orme of tat tribes talie llpuios posscs'o s; of Bc1juin. Tbe abef products e a four ibb oila Ceff e grows wild ab t litfor tl s gathin therd tba NATV ltivatedir native us, and ful wearers; potters and workers io metals and plantlion of tobacco havie kenes grouM nuts, kol nuts ndi a r b cops!, and the It is "in hbi in the e s yr o e s, wile in the a their erts are io hghly pieted fthroighout the a udal. ia astern o. a gyptia t was s is t he p y e are of rixes Arab and negro blood and are aatl A rnmcfit The natural ou al foowes oi f the Mohamtmedan faith. They are onow unidder the eon let for trade is he Kongo River, but this is oftrufcttd trol of Great Britain. Mest of the western Sudan belong to the by a series of falls too mnles from its mouth, A railroad French. nsrS is the chief trada cearter, has been compleed d th fall b hich th -re many miles ft he avi able if ower Senegai lying in th extreme west of the Sdan s t C. T a coast of central Afri a is cantrolled by the Ftmch with the exeptin of a -tract Imuh mre healthful than the Guiea coast but With a l. It is a hot, b on g une th f d r 0ion attha addition of coves and cattle the productions are tilo known t H ug m e coast s dividd among f ati sSirt L a founded by the British s a refge I taly Great Bitain ermany, and Portga for slaves taken from slave ships. It is rich in the Characteristic west African products, - palm oil and Zanibar, govrnd by a aultan, and a protectorate of Great Britain, kernels, grunid nfuts, kola nuts, India rubber copal, and is the most imporant port hides, Madagascar.- This great island belonigs to France F nirI is inhtiabited in the A west by negroes While in the last here are various M;alagasy peopiles of Which the Liberia is a negro republic. It was established by Hovas are the most intelligent and progressimv The somc Amrican citizens as a home for freed slaves from iHsland is rich in m lnerals topical woods arnd tra l the United States. Its population however, consists and subtropical flris, gums, and spices. Agitculture mainly of descenants of aboriginal negroe is the chief industry; and rice, sugar cofee cotton Monrviai is the caital cacaoc anlid vanilla. are raised. Th aGuinea Cost is controlled by four European nations. anaa is the capil, and niianaia is one Of the ce ports of The divisions are Ivory Coast Gold Coast, Togoland, Madagascar. and Anigola. It is a hot moist, and un ealthful region Madagascar. Both puceitq sugr1 rice and coffee, and much of it is covered with troicl foiests and i- The former is a Colony of Great Brttain and the rubber coffee, ground nuts, and reie With many vlufible South Africa, including all the lands south of the woods from the fosts Dahomey produces the finest Zambexii River, is bordered by a very narrow coastal alm oilt of Africpa whos sgeaboad has no: proected harbors. The pa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m~ o61 rla |MvXt~9 wvlw vvv~~vv~i jXs@8~ issUl.............................. swvXws. ~ t~~~, ~~~tf~t lit~8~~t gi~ ~ ~~.~~-.~.~ 1z~~88 4~i 8~d ~~si 9~~p~~~e.-E-ai9h~~ —~ ~~d" ~ - 132 AFRICA i I 111 main w iatershed lies near the east ot The Orange at incding Zuand is hiefly an ag ul;...... ' t e t e S.. *. -.. M River drains the loon western s1ope. On the shorter region It produces sugar for export as well as muh eastern so are dsi turid tr whose mouths corn weat, and oait Te oal feld a si arcr e wit h sa Fs o t s t lmilas the chief seaporti and Per harsrg is the capita. terrn es, first the Litl e Karroo, then th Grot Karroo and finally the treeless Ml On the north the grassy The Orne Free State and the ansva~a - After the velidt meg into the forest freios of Rhodesia A English took po session of the Dutch settIements near the bin rgio on the est loe c s a small sat k Cae of Good e th Boer withdrew int the interior and some treaems Whose Waters do not reach the and fiunded tso roceam puhlics: Orange Free The sut ast trae winds bring ufii nt rain to Sta t and he s thaw the at t t f l. Both of these in te rl it sotl whre stt sl have been anl oy In are found olive anid exed to the British cypress and other evergr ens. The 4cstm plateaus pu Iessions. Herdting are covered ith t sturage hile the interior she, goats rncttie nd west are mostly des rt lan~ d with occa ional thorny horses, and sining sh os. I n the southwes diamonds, garnets the rains occur in w nter and c are the hif Negro ts oc fn i dal o s i ipursuitsin the former, and gold mining Afea lntil the Diut ah settleding d earlt i the ape of Good Hope in the the latter The Transva outi the leventeenth ceotury. Other nations have ince settled along the r tgso a i at the preseni time a nidetraib e par t of thie peope are whites. B/mfionr th cla ain p tal of Orange Free State and The white people either enaved the rei I c lf Iaa e nt natives or drove them bak into then r interior, bnt those that remained are epo uthe Transva,a id Orne Ftree State, and Natal are now ant of t re led s so a i T S ited under a federated government suomewlhait simiThI frtil1e eastern lowlands are adapt d to th cuti- lar to ht of tanada. Tbe governor genieral is appointl d by the British i of SUgar cane, coee, cotton, wheat, and grapes, s vrei a a h nc alh is n lclgve d iaondh It~ns 6wh local aebuyfinisri f eie a cpits e the Prlia t e and o hot on the grassy uplands mor attention is paid to the residence of the governor genier and'other esecutivei oifficers. herdling immense numiibers of lsihe goats, anad cattle, In the drlier portions there are valuable ostrich farms, Rodia, Bechnandaad, and Nyassaland have great The region is very rich in mnerals, North of the resource, and give promise of raspd devtelop ent. diamond mines of the wrild, and near Jo hanneshu|r to Germany, hot it is of little importance. The ortqare very valuable gold min Copper and coal ar also guese east coast, though valuahle, is undeveloped most importlant British possession T.- es en - Wh at doe Egypt in lde and what re its proportionate se *in Afic Stock raising7 diamond a pop a? 1t c be the o he mining, and fruit growing aire the People; ant itcir mef findies. barchief industries. The shcribe each of the ioutr Barba States are immnse, and firequntly they their inhabitant productiond bit Doscri thr hara the rdan Abysgoat hair otrich fea s hide D ei the varDus countries and European pos ssins along the west coast; Cape To the chief seaport of South Desdhibe the srface, dlimate, and chief ceoeor of the cough diamond tradl the rl na ii and the Pcibif AP caries on an active commereee. nenm MIo Tat in each AUSTRALIA AND ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN (Turufit top. 4 for Mop studios.) all of the inteio of Australia is defiiet in infall, aSnd the a an t a conditions ender the c Ate atx e.s hot in summer and quete cold in bwinltr Tih milder Austraia; Location and Etet. - Australia is situated coast regions are often affected in winter by cold land southeast of the East lIdies, from which it is separated winds. by the Timr and rara seas and the Indian cean Danage. -Owin to the deficint or vaie rain It lies wholly in the southern hemisphere, between the fall, there are few permanent streams in Australia A paralles of 10~ and 400 south laitud Its area is few- in the ineiori flow into salt lakes ad mfarshes, andc nearly as lare as the main body f the Unied States others ar e torrents ter the occasional heavy rains, but but its pulati s spar as of dry d g ar of the The short twhere i is idtd by tes. The most imporlarge Gulf of Carpentari tant rivers are those of the and many *small md^ nta~ Murray-Darling system, in utionst There are a fe the southeast, which is over good harbos in the soth miles in length, and the most important of which navigable during the rainy are Spener Gulf and En- I season. In the dry season counter y The nrth many of the tributaries of east coast is fringed with this syste dry up and disernal re. appear. S uaL -The Ll u ofie Th rgest l akes of Astralia Australiae is generally level are Gsiroin Torrens, and Eyre. or u ndulatig The coast F Few o the lakes have outlets, and is bordered on all sides y like the rivers6 they are all variabli in volume, becoming mamhes pior eveion a entirely dryiing op durig the east but wider in the _the long- otinued droughts of nor tiest. brom the east- coRA RE AUS some year. ern plai th surface rises abruptly to a plaleau, some of Vegtti on and Animals - Australia, together with whose points attain an atitude of one and a half miles Tasmania on the south, and New Guinea and some m the la gradually d t d the jacent islands on the north, onstitutes the most it o trming a b n e n g n y to te peculiar lit fe regionof the w orld center of a Te eei half of Australia is a In the northeast of Australia wher the land is hot mountain ridges and is generally highest near its east- grow ferns, tree ferns, and palms, as well as many trees ern and western rims. peculiar to Australia. cimiatdet - The north ern third of Australia lies in the The arid clirmate of mnh of the rest of AustraIa has sgiven many Torrid Zone, and in January receives copious rains both of the palants arange fol-iatge Some laiits have no leaves-a it1Ind ltaks tae et e Ot ith ave thiskb lthl f from the equatorial rain bet and f the monsoone their place. Others either have t hick, leathery winds. In the same season, the temperate suthern Mleaves with a glossy surface, or secrete an aromatic oil, which spreads winds on hth he surface of the foliage and gives the greeable odor pecliar coast is affected by the tropical d to theAnd o thers still have the eafstalk twisted so receives no rain In July, however, when the tropicl that the edge of the lea is turned to the sun and the otes cast little m blt lies farther nearer the uat infall is shade. Some of the most noted pants are the leafless acacias, whose bruk is valuiable far tanningf the giant lily,' whlose flower-stemr grows produced on the south coast both by the prevailing west- thirty fet high. ahd the wderfuil sweet gus, or eucalypuse, some s Isf)mderati and is causged by the sufitheast trades asigni- et. ing the slopes of the highlands. With the ex6eption of I t his life tregion nearl all of the nathive minmals the region west of the soutieastern highlands, nearly either la y eggs lie birls and snake or carry thei ~~14%- 1~~- tl-~eia~i~ --- H ~ —~~a1l~l~~~8~ p~~-a~l~~- i~~81- ~ I- -&~Y -~~ —~s~: -i-8~a -*I~ Fa~Il~~~~t ~~b8)~t~~e ~ grows~B~~ ~-~l: —k1 ~BB~-~t~ ~ lbii~f~ i —J~1~L-t~Xd~j-~ — ~&~b-_B ~~(a~k / ~4$(alj~t l~-%~ gr;~I~"BP~ f:~gF some1~ r~~~I llii I,,, I;~ :. ~j i 41 sfB- ~i * " lr I a 13 ~i,i~src~r~ir 1 ii~~~~, IFIE;";i~~ i"iiwi It I 1IIIPIIIBIIIIIIIIIIsil l:l;liibire g bb r ~;;tll,,,,,,,:2IDEi$,:XB1 lil; ~rr ~ii" rr 1"' iiiii~i~xili "Eiilii~iEiiirli;i'E~l;iiEiaE".iL _:r liiUiiiiii!i!i8iilllI&UBlllli#illii , I insiiu io I" """; lici r-. iiiii~i~li i)i;; ,,.i Ei~'i nt H [ Fb: n~sisli ipii r~~~xitEg;;;~ Es I 1 I l;lr I'~ ~,L ~~~il;,;l i~iir.e~ iiili8 -~ ii,,~,~~~d, ' k-r si,,:, , llllllllsssllsllllsllllllllll 8"""11 i. s C1 "b; l;pl:iliiQi"Bp"8iilii~i:"~iliP $i _,,I:,, a;~,l; i;i;i;i;i;ii;~;i;i:ii'i8iiilsi I:l;iiiRiiiiiiii~;Bi'~ii~; ii;;;;;'i~;iil ~r~~l~i~ iLL~,,~I~,Il r6.i,liillilililliiiii:i,; i'"l r~,:lilsliieiilllw; iw;i.,,,,.,,, [Eijlr a~I ~iiiiiiiii-~ r, a Pi I~ r sw sa, I ~ ~::~:,::~: iiiiiiiiiiiiiisisiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i 1 ~rrr, z 4 ~~~E 11111 ~j~ ~~ I ii;iiiiiiiiiii!i!iiiiiii~i~ iinE ~r? ~~:;;lliiiiiiiiiiiii:l;,;;iii;;i: ""i ~rns "' lililiiiBi:l 1 BiiiiRiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iilil uii ~i iii;illTliiiiiiiil~ii: 6.;,,i"" r~luE'~rr rrr i~ rr E a pi (I~ E: i BBPPi;PBIPIBlil """".~,,, "; ~rl; YiiixXil; Iiilii"Liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilii(i,l:lil ':, ~Uiiiiii;tlii,iiiixi;ti"I8liiiiiiiXXii T"i ~Ali'~, I.,,,,iiiiii,i Irr ~nXp:~~ " II IHI'E _ P::'slllsUliBBI sUPI. i....i g XX iiai itr, _,:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Fsiipr6i I : + l;r~ *ij 4iI 11111 1 ~ —~i:iip,S~A~:liu:::,i 8~BIIBB;I:"~i ~jslii"sils,j.8iljlll~;,ll/I1IPI1111111 ~8i;,IiiEll"""1""11111111 1% "81;I;P:ll"li11111111111""" I:118111 cii 3 ' j~ ~ Ifii I ANIMALS OE ESOURCES 135 **,***,***..... LYRE BiRD u A s BRD OF PARADIi MAP STUDIES birds of this region ar te tPiping crows the honey eaters, the lyre birds the great land kingfishers, the strange brush torkeys, which build mounds L E atiand tt -- Bound Australia. What directio is it from of vegetation in which they place their eggs to hatch, and th neary winga? In walt znes is it? What large island is to the north? to the less i tus a;nd cas ries, both of which are oriclike bird. New south? What straits separate these islands fro Ausalia? What Guinea and nortern ustralia also ave the wonderlly beautiful irds 3island grou is southeas of Australia? What three islands comprise of paradise, and the curious bower birds, which build a vered bwer this grolp? What archipelago is east of New Guinea? What islands d deorate it ith colored shells and bright stones are souh of Bismarc k Atrhipelag? What clusters of islands are north of New Guinea? Find New Hebrides; New Caledonia; the People. - When white men first entered Australia they Fiji Ilaids; the Samoa Islands. Where are the awaiian Islands f it y it t of i l l a (see rna p. i)? WMht is the general cdiater of the coast of Aus- ae a a tia? Name three indnatio and d<esibae eare generTSt ae a nd Dinage -Wht par of Astrli is hiad? Wat ally d th the neg a yet they diffr fm th mounta are in the et Wat anges ar the blaks of Arica in having thinn r lip center? Is New Zealand level or mountainous? nearly strlight hair ample hed and only Name thwo vlt nes in he Hawaiian Islands, On - what island are they situated? Name and describe flatten e d no e s They ar e the lowClImate. - In what heat bel does Australia lie place to plac in search of food, usually (see meap p.~ iS8)? Which emfibrace the rester Par without shelter and with little clothing of Australia? In what wind belts does Australia lie (isee map p. 9)? What porton has moderately They are now rapidly dying out. The heavy rainfall? light rains? little or no rain? pesent inhabitants are hiefly people fro Divisaiom of Auitralla- Name the five divieiron of Australia. Lxcate and give the boundaries of each. DuCBILL. ther Britise h ies or their deseena Lts. to France; to Portgti What three countries own New? Reso Th d f i the northeast contain Cte a What part of Australia has the greatest number of cities u i w w a and towns? Name and locate the capital of each division of Australia of Ta smania; of Nw Zalan Find Akland. What is the ctatal and kauri pin of the Hawaiian territry? In the drier interio r the surface is sparsely c overed with grass and furnishes good pasture lands. There the emiimmature young in a pouch, or fold, of the skin of the grants have established great sheep and cattle "1ranges, abdomen, like some of the opossums of America wh i furn h much of th orlds supply of wool and lare quantitie of bef and mutton. Most of the pouched animals belong to the ki In the u ai;d o ast* te rainfall garo type, of whlih there are many diiffent kinds varying from the size of a rat up to the size of a man. t regular nouh fir griclture, And All of them h small front legs, and lar long wheat and fother cerals, as well as cotton hind oes, wvith which they mrae astonishing leaps and frutsf are growi when prsed. At rest, they sit erect n ter Mners are a bundant, ad gold, silver, hind legs. Some of the kangaroos are adapted to living in trees, while others inhbit holes in rock. copper coal asd tin are mined on the The eggaying mamials a e the echidna or western slope of the eastern highland. porcupine anteater, ad the duckbill or ornithorhyn- Th gold i are veryprductive yiedh These aima are abot th sige of an_ oi nary cat. The duckhbil has a fat tail and Ded i ay one fourfth of the world supply fiet Its habits are much ike those f ma ktm ni ttr it of ctton Thofig the bird le of th Au strai 0 woolen and machine, but considea ble s v peculiaryet warbiers thrus s fl q ties of all of these as well a other shres, and crows, embing those of the O e ta ed Enrasian re~gions, are abundanC The most not A be I6. r ' *:. T T, ' r <.,. '. * 36 T L w Tht W les north of Vict i is teodet 'and t mos 31 _ 1 _11 1 t ppul state I I 1 s mp tan 1 1asa grcl ul regiorhesn ththan Victoria b the f s.moe th an half th wl6 produc i 4Austrai glia Wet icorn sugar cane tnd oranges are grown. Gol sle land are in ht less n a to yd cythe capitl is ab out as lirge asx Melbourne, ofd toal, Qgi slnd, o ln ug r tlsten eit s i ali, is one fifth as lre a is the Unit and Stat besut t tion is i is fo tcd1 and t he est is devoted to shb p and ceatle d wl su fr mea, hides and tallw. f A RAreA NATIVy thiei i n t he soi thgeste o ther The trade is chiefly with Great Brit but meat es sup- South Australia has a lirge area, but a sparse tpoua-t pidto vaious cotitlr bordering the di and is doser In the southeast thd Britishcoloiiortoi9i. Athat tim e these col6nie cattle and sheep r ing. Copper and silver ar mined, and tloy of T ina now called t uitd to and wool, coppe and flour ar exported. form the Com onealth of Austra head of which Ad d s t caa n I chief sear: t is a governor general, aited by the aritish n W t Au al is the largest but least populous state fies the so t heas A ing The a utive power i vete n a Fd Cab t con In th orth thre a a net The Senate anyd House of Repre ta ves constland anrea of fai ly w ll-watered land dated to PAlsturage but tus th lgilati brnh of the goe t d mem- so fa fnfew peole have settled in that section. Most of hiers of bth bodies ar elected by the people. Each the people live in the soufthwest, near the source of the state h t oit r l e f e is the streams as the land is better atered nearer the hih temporary i of the Commonw th The Ter lands than oe to the fast Gold wool timber san tory ofPapua is a depnd w d, pearl sn and skns* are eoten d. ency of the Commonwealt e i the C sapt as p e d Vicoria, the mallest but 'Tahsmanit an nlfd gsate separated froma most p perous state; ocen - Vico1rfaI by the hiallow Bass Strait;, is pes e southeast t Owing often called the SWriitzeland of the mSouth to t he abundanit infall on account of its picturesque mountains mor land is devoted to agri and ks Th coastborderedbma culture than in any othr small islands and i ch indeted with Australian state Wheat bays forming 6exellent harbiors The and other ettals potatoes, -limfae is etquable and M roistelrtha that and hay form the ef _ of Australia, and more than crops The coal and gold anNAI Hc US; half the urface is covered but shep faing and maefturing are soi i-n the yally9 and Plains also-yeimpoant pursuts Wolgold, is fertile ad wheat, oats mat, and wheat ar the chief export d hy ar impor hlf the population of Vitoria, It is th e land is tsed for the the center of many railroads andan i pasturae of sheep and cait important seaport and seat of edu atio. tIe, and wt o and e aitsl are AWrt and S hi arie the chief mining g c a etowns of tie stat&e.I. MA. AU. ' i ' ported to Engand andt *SLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN 137 FIji SLAND CAN01 NATIVv AND HRS New GUIa PAGO PA 0 BtA TUSJILA Australi. Th iland Ao is rich n copper gld silver of volanc frmai and fr a colony of Great tin, and eoaL Britain Mst of the people are native Fiji Islanders Iar, the capital, is pleasanty situate at the base of a mountain, who were once the most noted cannih a of the Pai and has a deep harbor and extensive manactures The Islan great sand miles southeast of Austraia, It is a part of the of cocoanlts British Emfpir and is selfgoierning The two large is- Sacs is the capitat lands have a rugged, picturesque surface with mountain The Astialan ast Indies. - This group comprises all ranges and sno-cilad peaks two miles high North Is- the islands directly north of Australia and east of Borneo. land is noted for its volcanoes wonderful geyser and The chief islands are New Guinea, Cetebes the Spice geyser tenrra cs, and hot springs; wile South Island has Islands Sumbawa and Timor. They are groued with aciers exceeding those of the Alps in size and severam Australia because the plants and animal are similar to whose lower limits penetrate the forest zone. The cli- those of Austrhali. Most of them are governed by the mate is e uable, because of the insular position of the Dutch but New Guinea is controlled by thel Dut, islands. Great storms sometimes occur. Germans, and British. The prodtcts are excedingly Thte plant life is striking and beaut-rifL Much of the west coast is an fruits and -et cvered with forests of e vergreen trees. Pines, beeches, and gigantic bles, spices, sugar, cotton, sago, and pearls are exported. kari m ts rees in the north are the chief tree; but trailing creepers, Islands of t W esten Pa fc.f Many islans vo beautiful flowering plants, and peu liar paimr lilies add to the beauty of nd icorl f cnic ^ and dor ring the firest growth. In the east, wiry grasse cover timch of tihe sra ad a and in the swamps rws thie peculiar native phlox, shaped coral ilands, are scatteved in lust ers rhroughout There are few native mammals. Birds, however, are abundant, but the western Pacific. The chief ones are the Ladrones peculiar. Kiwis, nearly wingless birds 6lothed with hirlik of i bel inhabit the island but are fiund nowhere else. A woodhen has tufts of who hae been fathers instead of wing, anid a ground Piarrot has vings, but can not fy. many. They contain Malay peoples, who have been The latives are aaysand call tese vey are som y the finely foirmed, rather 1intelligent, and have ed u vile hbits chief planits are ocoanut sag and screw ine palms a nd customs. They frequently tattoo tihe whole Idy, and thi st ofen breadfit tees. yams; and sugar ane. Gum, o Me of givegs face A grotesque appearane Since the selttlemrent of New bread ins and sugara Guam, on of Zealand by Englishme, a bout sevety yearS ao, the naties have rapidly the Ladr es, belongs to the U aited States decreased in numabers. Now the majority of the people are whites, T Samoa Island. - The Samoan group consists of Much wh at barly and y are raised bu ourteen volcanic islands fringed by coral reefs. They chief industries are she and are stuated in t south P fi cattle raising on the grass.y and are Ehabitd by a g tle plainfs, and mining gold, silver, finely formed and hingtegnt coal, and fossil kauri uff. The May po T hg chief exports a wool frozen a dlightf ima a fertil meats, gold, and butter and oil and valua ble for t Copra Welingfn is the capitalt, and AsA-k- ucts The larger part of them the largest city. the is now controliled y Germany chief seaporte and a, few madfiile The Fiji Islads. 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Dearine ise mcoast line and the surfce the ri rahundan rainfall e windwa The il is ite and drainage. State some of the peculiarities of the plants and eanimals Describe the people and resources. What is the fiorm bof guv eratki unsen? Carcteize each of the sats d its chief ciy Desib rice, sugar, coe, and cocoanuts. New Zealand; Fiji Islands; he Australian East Indies; the slands of The native people are closely allied to the M ris of the Western Pacific; the Sa a Ilands the Hawaiian Is GENERAL REVIEW ie,-Wht is the shape of the earth? its siz? i the Name and ate ive cis hh e foreign coearth's rotation and its effects Name and define the principarl di e the smallest the m t ulous. tions, Define erptator; parallels; meridiaias. What is the revolution Namne the latiest city in the United States; the next in siz of the earth? rhe invclnation of the earth's axis? How do these two Describe Alaska; Ianish America; Newfoundland, How large is fthings cause easons? the varyings of lays and s? n Cnada? Describe its surfce; drainage; climate; people; indusiries; and locate the zones and the lines separating them. government. Nanic and locate its tdvisions and chief cities, Name the coast forms of land of water; give as many examples Decibe Mico its surtce climate poe governoitet inilusof each as you can. What movements has the land? the sead? What tfries, prodcts, cities. Describe Central America; the West Indies; are the canses and effects of each? Name the pfincipal relief forms of name the most important islands. and, and give of Tell t you k of South A ic-Where is South Amrica? Describe its physical tell where they occur. features; life p eople; industries: commerce. Name its political What is raifll? Wh does the mo isture come from? What ioa i ah i its g ruit oduct i bo e of the nw that fs e What e of h ii ri What is rasia? Describe its deinaelim lt water? What effect do streamsg have on the landl? Exilainweaither- animals: peiplc ing; the fornaion of aleys. What are flood pli and h a they Whe is? scb its at f dinage pep causeil? What are glaciers and their effects? Name tei rivers that iutdstrices~ Name the six great hovers. Describe each of these counHow is the aftmospherehiatelch? What ililoerec is there- in the posssssis es nbc each of the ther cutrief of Eure. Which ofit of climate, Eixplain the difference in temolperature between highlands Where is Asia? D scribe its coast; surface; draitage; ieiple. Deand lIwlands, Name and locate the cailn belts; the wind bts, tFrom scribe China and its dependencies; physical features, divisions, people, which direction do tthe prevailing winds blow in each belt? Exmlain products cities l Describe Intdia; Japan; the other countries of Asia. monsoona, Describe cyclotes Africa Where is Africa? Describe its coast; surface; clte; of each? Where does each live? In general, which are the more form of government? Name the exteptinns. Daesribe Egypt; the denssely peopsled, highlanids or k~lowliga? rainy regions tr dry regions? Parsay States; the Sahara; the divisions of central Afidca; the divib oWhich z cfins ltemst im tant countres? sions of satatl Africa. Name ind locate the imlPortant cities of Africa, Name the seven great intlstries, Mention one country es llse Nane the chief tucts ant tell the region from which cyrb conse noted far, Wisich in l sare usually c ed on its meinsteitn Austraia, etc. Where is Australia? Describe its phsysical ieatures regions? In what parts of the world is wheat groawn? corn? rice? life; p eoule; itdtstries; products; g cities. countiesd prodare wenol? cott? silk? ruibbe? Natise tena itlorat Colona Possessions and Commercial Routes (map ps. 140 ). omanufifatitag countries, Which grdad divon is etirely ial goverrnseti? Which Give the prpmortotete size and population of each gratd livitn. conists altst enirely of cualiies? Whics citins no colonies? Make North Ai - Whe is North Ane? D its se; a list of the iimpsriant islands that are not colonies, srfae; drainge; lakes; limate; ainfall; plants; aimals; people. How long is thie steamhils roune frin New York to Manila by way of What are its pslitical divisions? Suez Caiul, asd what arre the intermediate ports? from Su Francisco to How large is the Uid St? c ib s oasts Nm a ilay Which grnt division csntai s termini of the most steamship,locate its tphical regios; its chief rivers antI lakes. Decible its cli routes? Which oceans have no steamship romies? Which two gramnd and prduct iin: each scrin. Me and loate the chief cities in eac to Matila from New York to IoMtntinole; to Rio de juneiro. allA~r;lABRIIAIBilABAr~iiABBllrr~IBAB I;'l'"~~A:"''i'i'i'i'':~olii:il;'::iA '1""""""""""". 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"".............gi l.;,;;-~;~,~;n,,,,;i;, rrr~..........~~i~ j...........................u;;~ii ~,rr~rrrrirrrr ~li Mill M MM I~ll 0 MMORMIN MIA 4i~=Q==M m IRAII~~I.............~............ II.................................... AREA AND POPULATION OF# THE EARTH SUMMARY. Europe (continued). SQ. MILES. POPULATION. Africa (continued). Length of earth's Length of equator Earth's Surface Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Antarctic Ocean Arctic Ocean The Sea (h axis (miles) 7,.900 46 24,900 (sq. mi.) x96,goo,ooo.sq. miles) 71,000,000 4 34,000,000 & & 28,000,000 2,700,000 & t 4,000,000 " " 13%,7007000 SQ. MILES. POPULATION. North America 9,432,000 129,606,000 South America 6,856,000 55,556,000 Europe.....3,841,000 460,882,000 Asia......17,056,000 859,571,000 Africa.....11,514,000 133,929,000 Australia, etc. 3,457,000 7,566,000 Antarctic Cont. 5,000,000..... The Land 5 7,156, 000 i, 647, 11 0,000 North America Greenland.. 837,832 Iceland..... 39,770 Nova Scotia. 21,428 New Brunswick. 27,985 Prince Edward 1. 2,184 Quebec.. ' 706,834 Ontario..... 376,722 Manito ba.. 251,832 British Columbia 355,855 Alberta.... 255,285 Saskatchewan 251,700 Yukon..... 207,076 Northwest Terr. 1,271,867 Part Great Lakes 30,540 Dora. of Canada 3, 759,308 Newfoundland 42,732 East Labrador 6,950 Brit. America 3,808,990 St. Pierre, etc. 93 U.S. and Alaska 3,679,' 403 Mexico..... 767,290 Guatemala.. 43,643 Honduras.. 44,276 Salvador... 8,170 Nicaragua.. - 49,554 Costa Rica.. 18,692 Panama.... 33,303 Canal Zone.... 474 British Honduras 8,598 Central America 206,710 Cuba Group... 44,015 Haiti, Rep. of. 11,072 Dominican Republic 18,753 Jamaica.... 4,842 Porto Rico.... 3,435 Bahama Is.... 4,404 Other Islands. 4,908 West Indies... 91,429 Bermuda Is... 19 14,000 85,000 492,000 352,(000 94,000 2,003,000 2,523,000 456,000 392,000 375,000 492,000, 9,000 1-7,000 7,205,000 239,000 4,000 7,448,000 5,000 92,036,000 15,160,000 2,119,000 554,000 1,254,000 600,000 420,000 337,000 50,000 41,000 5,375,000 2,469,000 2,500,000 708,000 843,000 1,118,000 56,000 1,770,000 9,464,000 19,000 Netherlands... Switzerland... Austria.... Hungary. Bosnia, etc.... Liechtenstein. Aus.-Ilungary Norway.... Sweden.... Denmark... Faroe Islands. Belgium.... France.... Monaco.... Andorra.... Spain..... Gibraltar... Portugal.... Azores.... Madeira Ia.... Italy Proper.. Sicily....I Sardinia.... Italy..... San Marino... Malta..... Greece..... Turkey In Eur. Bulgaria..... Montenegro... di Albania.. Serbia.. Roumania... Russia (includ.. lag Poland and Finland) 1, Caucasia (north of Caucasus Mountains) Sea of Azof... Nova Zembla. Russia in Eur. 2, Spitzbergen, Franz Josef L'd, Jan Mayen, etc. 12,772 15,956 115,909 125,613 19,702 61 261,28,5 124,710 172,928 15,053 540 11,373 207,217 8 175 191,999 2 34,264 922 315 91,293 9,938 9,309 110,540 24 124 43,359 10,882 43,305 5,603 11,500 33,891 53,489 6,213,000 3,831,000 28,572,000 20,886,000 1,898,000 10,000 51,366,000 2,392,000 5,522,000 2,757,000 18,000 77, 424,000 39,602,000 23,000 6,000 19,083,000 25,000 5,546,000 243,000 170,000 30,147,000 3,672,000 852,000 34,671,000 11,000 229,000 4,821,000 1,891,000 4,752,000 516,000 850,000 4,548,000 7,508,000 -C. of Good Hoi Other Br. S. Af. Madagascar... Is. of Indian 0. 'Canar y Islands Cape Vecrde Is. IS. Atlantic Is.. Australia, etc. (continued). SQ. MILES8. POPULATION. Sq. MILES. POPULATION. pe 277,000 2,565,000 313,926 1,601,000 228,619 3,153,000 3,876 689,000 2,944 470,000 1,475 144,000 126 4,000 Asia. Arctic Islands. 14,896 Siberia. 4,899,694 Kirghiz St'ep-p'e 706,253 RussianTurk., etc. 641,578 Lake Aral and Caspian Sea. 195,551 Transcaucasia 95,803 Khiva, Rus. deplcy 23,167 Bokhara," I " 79,154 Russia in Asia 6,656,096 Isi. of Cyprus... 3,584 Turkey in Asia 683,1655 Sinai Pen. (Egypt) 22,781 Arabia.'.... 879,984 Onman...... 74,842 Aden, etc... 15,870 Persia...... 635,163 Afghanistan.. 240,937 India Proper. 1,446,242 Burma..... 268,731 Baluchistan. 141,628 Ceylon, etc... 25,449 Straits Settl's etc. 35,571 Brit. India, etc. 1,917,621 Nepal, Bbutati 72,590 Port. India.. 1,413 French India. 197 Tonkin..... 46,025 Anani..... 52,126 Laos...... 98,460 Cochin China. 21,970 Cambodia. 37,415 Kwangchau... 270 Fr.Indo-China, etc. 256,463 New Hebrides New Caledonia, etc. Fiji Islands.... Samoa Islands. Hawaii.... Maui and Lanai Kahoolawe... Molokai.... Oahu..... Kauai, Niihau,etc. Hawaiian.Islands Small Pacific Is.,976,669 140,841,000O 86,660 14,52 35,451 ~113,300 33,508 51 471,000 146,312,000 9,788,000 4,401,000 6,567,000 7,042,000 640,000 1,250,000 29,694,000 274,000 19,382,000 26,000 950,000 500,000 252,000 9,500,000 6,000,000 302,207,000 12,115,000 835,000 3,643,000 2,676,000 321,476,000 5,250,000 532,000 280,000 6,120,000 4,702,000 641,000 3,051,000 1,634,000 168,000 16,596,000 8,150,000 302,110,000 12,740,000 1,800,000 2,000;,000 2,000,000 320,650,000 604,000 74,000 57,358,000 15,509,000 517,000 192,000 73,576,000 4,066,000 2,863,000 580,000 36,000 91,000 7,636,000 4,288,000 30,098,000 1,971,000 852,000 1,240,000 46,085,000 Africa. 5,107 7,654 8,046 1,076 4,015 863 69 261J 600 641 6,449 5,381 70,000 51,000 140,000 43,000 55,000 30,000 82,000 25,000 192,000, 157,000 United States. Population according to the Federal Census of 1910. South America-. Colombia... Venezuefa.. Guiana, British D 1utch "French Brazil..... Paraguay... Uruguay.... Argentina Chile... Bolivia... Peru..... Ecuador.... Falkland Is., etc. 465,733 363,837 95,178 49,848 30,465 3,300,816 97,726 68,996 1,083,551 293,062 442,636 438,996 118,628 6,5673 5,071,000 2,756,000 296,000 86,000 49,000 24,308,000 850,000 1,279,000 8,700,000 3,552,000 2,521,000 4,586,000 1,500,000 2,000 Tangier (Neut. Zone) 232 Morocco (Sp.) 21,197 Morocco (Fr.) ~ 164,640 Algeria I t343,632 Tunis 64,636 Libia I 405,807 Egypt ). 247,886 Sahara, remaining part.... 2,t461,258 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.. 785,746 Abyssinia. 311,880 Eritrea.... 42,473 Fr. Somali Coast 8,108 Brit.Somaliland 59,848 Brit. East Af. 433,214 It. Sornaliland 146,723 Rio de Oro, etc. 82,124 Fr. West Africa 680,645 Gambia: ' 3,707 Port. Guinea. 13,089 Sierra Leone. 26,912 Liberia..... 36,835 Gold Coast.. 78,536 Togoland.... 33,669 Nigeria.... 361,018 Kamerun... 291,947 Fr. Equatorial Af. 579,516 Belgian Kongo 927,195 Angola, etc. 490,808 Mozambique. 295,779 Zanzibar 960 Ger.S.W.Africa 317,966 Ger. E. Africa. 372,337 Rhodesia.... 408,501 Transvaal 114,290 Or. Free State. 48,342 Natal...... 34,712 60,000 404,000 3,000,000 5,564,000 1,781,000 529,000 11,287,000 791,000 3, 000,000 8,000,000 450,000 208,000 310,000 7, 047,000 400,000 236,000 12,061,000 146,000 820,000 1,403,000 1,500,000 1,503,000 1,000,000 17,000,000 2,540,000 9,000,000 15,00,000 4,161,000 3 120 000 197,000 95,000 7,66.5,000 1,617,000 1,686,000' 528,000 1,194,000 Siam..... China Proper..I Manchuria.... Mongolia.... Chinese Turk.. Tibet.... China, etc... Hongkong and Weihaiwei.. Macao.-.. Japan (islands) Chosen..... Kwangtung.... Kiauchau. Jlapanese Emipire Luzon Group.. Visayas.... Mindanao Gr.. Palawan Group Sulu Islands... Philippine Is.. Sumatra Group Java Group... Borneo Group. Celebes Group. Moluccas, etc.. As. East Indies 244,798 1,1496,972 362,671 1,076,337 550,602 814,319 4,300,901 687 4 175,836 84,251 1,224 194 261,505 49,262 21,638 37,849 5,238 1,039 115,026 185,039 50,777 289,948 71,784 75,344 787,918 Alabama.... Arizona.... Arkansas... California.'.. Colorado.... Connecticut... Delaware. Dist. of Columbia Florida.... Georgia.... Idaho..... Illinois..... Indiana.... Iowa...... Kansas.... Kentucky.... Louisiana.... Maine..... Maryland... Massachusetts. Michigan. Minnesota Mississippi Missouri.... Montana.... Nebraska.... Nevada.... New Hampshire New Jersey... New Mexico... New York... North Carolina North Dakota. Ohio...... Oklahoma.... Oregon.... Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina South IDakota.. Trennessee.... Texas..... Utah..... Vermont.... Virginia.... Washington... West Virginia. Wisconsin.. Wyoming... Part of the Great Lakes. Main Body.. 51,998 113,956 534335 158,297 103,948 4,965 2,370 70 58,666 59,265 84,313 56,665 36,354 56,147 82,158 40,598 4$,606 33,040 12,327 8,266 57,980 84,682 46,865 69,420 146,572 77,520 110,690 9,341 8,224 122,634 49,204 52,426 70,837 41,040 70,057 96,699 45,126 1,248 30,989 77,615 42,022 265,896.84,990 9,564 42,627 691,127 24,170 56,066 97,914 61,730 3,088,519 2,138,093 204,354 1,574,449 2,37,549 799,024 1,114,756 202,322 331,7069 752,619 2,609,121 325,594 5,638,591 2,700,876 2,224,771 1,690,049 2,289,905 1,656,388 742,371 1,295,346 3,366,416 2,810,173 2,075,708 1,797,114 3,293,335 376,053 1,192,214 81,875 430,572 2,537,167 '327,301 9,113,614 2,206,287 577,056 4,767,121 1,657,155 672,765 7,665,7111 542,610 1,15,6400 583,888 2,184,789 3,896,542 373,351 355,956 2,061,612 1,141,990 1,221,119 2,333,860 145,965 91,972,266 Australia, etc. Europe., England.... Wale's..... Scotland.... Ireland..... Man and Chan. Is. Gr. Brit. & Ir. iGerman Empire Luiemburg... 50,851 7,473 30,405 32,360 302 121,391 210,260 999 34,043,000 2,032,000 4,760,000 4,382,000 149,000 45,366,000 64,926,000 260,000 Victoria..... 87,884 New S. Wales. 310.660 Queensland.... 668,497 South Australia 380,070 Western Australia 975,920 Tasmania. 26,215 Northern Territ. 523.620 Com.of Australia 2,972,,866 New. Zealand Gr.' 104,663 New Guinea Gr. 311,032 Bismuarck Arch. 18,186 Solomon Is.... 16,950 1,316,000 1,648,000 606,000 409,000 282,000 191,000 3,000 4,455,000 1,085,000 983,000 190,000 200,000 Outlying Territory,. etc.I Alaska Territory 690,884 6 Hawaii Territory 6,449 191 Porto Rico.... 3,435 1,111 St. Thomas etc. 138 2 Philippine Is.('03) 115,026 7,631 'rutuila, etc.... 77 Guam...... 210 Canal Zone.... 474 6 Soldiers and sailors abroad 51 Total Outlying 716,693 9,151 41,3566 1,909 8,012 7,086 i,426 1,100 9,000 ),000 5,608 7,497 IGrand Total 3, 805,212 101,129,768 142 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES,-1900 AND 1910. Pnp. 1910 PtP. 10in Aberdeen S.D.. 10,753 Akron, Ohio....... 69,067 Alameda, Cal....... 23,883 Albany, N.Y..... 100,263 Albuquerque, N.M.. 11,020 Alexandria, Va...... 15,329 Allentown, Pa...... 61,913 Alpena, Mich....... 12,706 Altoona, Pa........ 52,127 Amsterdam, N.Y.... 31,267 Anaconda, Mont.... 10,134 Anderson, Ind...... 22,476 Annapolis, Md...... 8,609 Ann Arbor, Mich.. 14,817 Anniston, Ala...... 12,794 Ansonia, Conn...... 16,162 Appleton, Wis.... 16,773 Argenta, Ark....... 11,138 Asheville, N.C...... 18,762 Astoria, Ore........ 9,699 Atchison, Kan..... 16,429 Athens, Ga......... 14,913 Atlanta, Ga........ 154,839 Atlantic City, N.J... 46,150 Auburn, Me........ 15,064 Auburn, N.Y....... 34,668 Augusta, Ga........ 41,040 Augusta, Me........ 13,211 Aurora, Ill........ 29,807 Austin, Tex........ 29,860 Baltimore, Md...... 558,485 Bangor, Me......... 24,803 Barre, Vt........... 10,734 Baton Rouge, La... 14,897 Battle Creek, Mich.. 25,267 Bay City, Mich...... 45,166 Bayonne, N.J....... 55,545 Beaumont, Tex..... 20,640 Belleville, Ill....... 21,122 Bellingham, Wash.. 24,298 Beloit, Wis......... 15,125 Berkeley, Cal....... 40,434 Berlin, N. H........ 11780 Biddeford, Me...... 17,079 Billings, Mont...... 10,031 Binghamton, N.Y... 48,443 Birmingham, Ala.. 132,686 Bismarck, N.D...... 6,443 Bloomington, Ill.... 25,768 Boise, Ida.......... 17,358 Boston, Mass........ 670,585 Bridgeport, Conn... 102,054 Brockton, Mass..... 56,878 Brookline, Mass.... 27,792 Brunswick, Ga... 10,182 Buffalo, N.Y...... 423,715 Burlington, Ia...... 24,324 Burlington, Vt...... 20,468 Butte, Mont.........- 39,165 Cambridge, Mass.... 104,839 Camden, N.J.... 94,538 Canton, Ohio....... 0,217 Carson City, Nev.... 2,466 Cedar Rapids, Ia.... 32,811 Charleston, S.C.... 58,833 Charleston, W.Va... 22,996 Charlotte, N.C...... 34,014 Chattanooga, Tenn.. 44,604 Chelsea, Mass...... 32,452 Chester, Pa......... 38,537 Cheyenne, Wyo..... 11,320 Chicago, Ill........2,185,283 ] Chicopee, Mass.... 26,401 Cincinnati, Ohio.... 363,591 Cleveland, Ohio..... 660,663 Clinton, Ia......... 25,577 Cohoes, N.Y........ 24,709 Colorado Spr's, Col. 29,078 Columbia, S.C...... 26,319 Columbus, Ga...... 20,554 Columbus, Ohio.... 181,611 Concord,_N.H....... 21,497 Council Bluffs, Ia... 29,292 Covington, Ky..,... 63,270 Cumberland, Md.... 21,839 Dallas, Tex.........92,104 Danbury, Conn..... 20,234 Danville, Ill........ 27,871 Danville, Va........ 19,020 Davenport, Iowa... 43,028 Dayton, Ohio.......116,577 Decatur, Ill........ 31,140 Denver, Col........213,381 Des Moines, Iowa... 86,368 Detroit, Mich....... 466,766 Dover, Del........ 8,720 Dover, N.H...... 18,247 Av- I Uv v 4,087 42,728 16,464 94,151 6,238 14,628 35,416 11,802 38,973 20,929 9,453 20,178 8,526 14,509 9,695 12,681 15,085 6,140 14,694 8,381 15,722 10,246 89,872 27,838 12,961 30,345 39,441 11,683 24,147 22,268 508,957 21,850 8,448 11,269 18,563 27,628 32,722 9,427 17,484 11,062 10,436 13,214 8,886 16,145 3,221 39,647 38,415 3,319 23,286 5,957 560,892 70,996 40,063 19,935 9,081 362,387 23,201 18,640 30,470 91,886 75,935 80,667 2,100 25,656 55,807 11,099 18,091 30,154 34,072 33,988 14,087 1,698,575 19,167 325,902 381,768 22,698 23,910 21,086 21,108 17,614 126,560 19,632 26,802 42,938 17,128 42,638 16,537 16,354 16,620 36,264 86,333 20,754 133,869 62,139 285,704 3,829 13,207 Dubuque, Iowa..... Duluth, Minn....... Durham, N.C...... East Liverpool, Ohio Easton, Pa......... East Orange, N.J.... East St. Louis, Ill... Eau Claire, Wis..... Elgin, Ill........... Elizabeth, N.J...... Elmira, N.Y....... El Paso, Tex....... Erie, Pa............ Escanaba, Mich..... Evanston, Ill....... Evansville, Ind..... Everett, Mass....... Everett, Wash...... Fall River, Mass.... Fargo, N.D......... Fitchburg, Mass..... Flint, Mich........ Fond du Lac, Wis... Fort Scott, Kan..... Fort Smith, Ark.... Fort Wayne, Ind.... Fort Worth, Tex.... Frankfort, Ky..... Frederick, Md..... Fresno, Cal......... Galesburg, Ill....... Galveston, Tex.... Gloucester, Mass.... Gloversville, N.Y.... Grand Forks, N.I)... Grand Island, Neb... Grand Rapids, Mich.. Great Falls, Mont... Green Bay, Wis..... Greensboro, N.C... Greenville, S.C..... Hagerstown, Md... Hamilton, Ohio..... Hammond, Ind..... Hannibal, Mo....... Harrisburg, Pa..... Hartford, Con..... Hattiesburg, Miss... Haverhill, Mass..... Hazleton, Pa...... Helena, Mont...... Henderson, Ky..... Hoboken, N.J... Holyoke, Mass..... Honolulu, Hawaii... Hot Springs, Ark... Houston, Tex....... Huntington, W. Va.. Hutchinson, Kan... Indianapolis, Ind.... Ironwood, Mich..... Ishpeming, Mich.... Jackson, Mich...... Jackson, Miss....... Jackson, Tenn...... Jacksonville, Fla.... Jamestown, N.Y.... Jefferson City, Mo.. Jersey City, N.J.... Johnstown, Pa.... Joliet, Ill........... Joplin, Mo......... Kalamazoo, Mich.. Kansas City, Kan... Kansas City, Mo.... Keene, N.H........ Kenosha, Wis...... Key West, Fla...... Kingston, N.Y...... Knoxville, Tenn... Laconia, N.H....... La Crosse, Wis..... Lafayette, Ind...... Lancaster, Pa...... Lansing, Mich...... Laramie, Wyo...... Laredo, Tex..... Lawrence, Kan..... Lawrence, Mass..... Leavenworth, Kan.. Lewiston, Me....... Lexington, Ky...... Lima, Ohio......... Lincoln, Neb...... Little Rock, Ark.... Lorain, Ohio....... Los Angeles, Cal.... POP. 1910. 38,494 78,466 18,241 20,387 28,623 34,371 58,547 18,310 25,976 73,409 37,176 39,279 66,525 13,194 24,978 69,647 33,484 24,814 119,295 14,331 37,826 38,550 18,797 10,463 23,975 63,933 73,312 10,466 10,411 24,892 22,089 36,981 24,398 20,642 12,478 10,326 112,571 13,948 25,236 15,895 15,741 16,507 35,279 20,925 18,341 64,186 98,915 11,733 44,115 25,452 12,515 11,452 70,324 57,730 52,183 14,434 78,800 31,161 16,364 233,650 12,821 12,448 31,433 21,262 15,779 57,699 31,297 11,850 267,779 55,482 34,670 32,073 39,437 82,331 248,381 10,068 21,371 19,945 26,908 36,346 10,183 30,417 20,081 47,227 31,229 8,237 14,855 12,374 85,892 19,863 26,247 36,099 30,508 43,978 46,941 28,883 319,198 PoP. 1900. 36,297 62,969 6,679 16,485 25,238 21,606 29,655 17,517 22,433 52,130 35,672 15,906 52,733 9,549 19,269 69,007 24,336 7,838 104,863 9,589 31,531 13,103 15,110 10,322 11,587 45,116 26,688 9,487 9,256 12,470 18,607 37,789 26,121 18,349 7,652 7,564 87,565 14,930 18,684 10,035 11,860 13,591 23,914 12,376 12,780 50,167 79,850 4,175 37,175 14,230 10,770 10,272 59,364 45,712 39,306 9,973 44,633 11,923 9,379 169,164 9,705 13,255 25,180 7,816 14,611 28,429 22,892 9,664 206,433 35,936 29,353 26,023 24,404 51,418 163,752 9,165 11,606 17,114 24,536 32,637 8,042 28,895 18,116 41,459 16,486 8,207 13,429 10,862 62,559 20,736 23,761 26,369 21,723 40,169 38,807 16,028 102,479 PoP. 1910. PoP. 1900. Louisville, Ky...... 223,928 204,731 Lowell, Mass...... 106,294 94,969 Lynchburg, Va..... 29,494 18,891 Lynn, Mass....... 89,336 68,513 Macon, Ga......... 40,666 23,272 McKeesport, Pa... 42,694 34,227 Madison, Wis..... 25,531 19,164 Maiden, Mass...... 44,404 33,664 Manchester, N.H.... 70,063 56,987 Manistee, Mich..... 12,381 14,260 Mankato, Minn..... 10,365 10,599 Mansfield, Ohio..... 20,768 17,640 Marinette, Wis..... 14,610 16,195 Marquette, Michl.... 11,503 10,068 Medford, Mass...... 23,150 18,244 Memphis, Tenn..... 131,105 102,320 Menominee, Mich.. 10,507 12,818 Meriden, Conn...27,266 24,296 Meridian, Miss..... 23,285 14,050 Milwaukee, Wis.. 373,857 285,315 Minneapolis, Minn. 301,408 202,718 Missoula, Mont..... 12,869 4,366 Mobile, Ala....... 51,521 88,469 Moline, Ill..........24,199 17,248 Montgomery, Ala... 38,136 30,346 Montpelier, Vt.... 7,856 6,266 Mount Vernon, N.Y. 30,919 21,228 Muncie, Ind........ 24,005 20,942 Muskegon, Mich... 24,062 20,818 Muskogee, Okla.... 2,278 4,254 Nashua, NH....... 26,005 23,898 Nashville, Tenn... 110,364 80,866 Natchez, Miss......11,791 12,210 New Albany, Ind... 20,629 20,628 Newark, N.J....... 347,469 246,070 Newark, Ohio...... 2,404 18,157 New Bedford, Mass.. 96,62 62,442 New Britain, Conn.. 43,916 26,998 New Brunswick, N.J. 23,388 20,006 Newburgh, N. Y... 27,805 24,943 New Castle, Pa..... 36,280 28,339 New Haven, Conn.. 133,605 108,027 New London, Conn. 19,659 17,648 New Orleans, La.... 339,076 287,104 Newport, Ky....... 30,309 28,301 Newport, R.I....... 27,149 '22,441 Newport News, Va.. 20,205 19,635 New Rochelle, N.Y.. 28,867 14,720 Newton, Mass...... 39,806 33,587 New York, N.Y....4,766,883 3,437,202 Manhattan Boro..2,331,642 1,850,093 Brooklyn ".1,634,351 1,166,582 Bronx '. 430,980 200,507 Queens ". 284,041 152,999 Richmond.85,969 67,021 Niagara Falls, N.Y. 30,445 19,467 Norfolk, Va...... 67,462 46,624 Norristown, Pa..... 27,875 22,265 North Adams, Mass. 22,019 24,200 Northampton, Mass. 19,431 18,643 Norwich, Conn..... 20,367 17,251 Oakland, Cal....... 150,174 66,960 Ogden, Utah........ 25,580 16,313 Oklahoma City, Okla. 64,205 10,037 Olympia, Wash..... 6,996 3,863 Omaha, Neb........ 150,355 128,556 Orange, N.J........ 29,630 24,141 Oshkosh, Wis...... 33,062 28,284 Oswego, N.Y....... 23,368 22,199 Ottumwa, Iowa.... 22,012 18,197 Owensboro, Ky..... 16,011 13,189 Paducah, Ky....... 22,760 19,446 Parkersburg, W.Va. 17,842 11,703 Pasadena, Cal....30,291 9,117 Passaic, N.J........ 54,773 27,777 Paterson, N.J...... 125,600 105,171 Pawtucket, R.I..... 51,622 39,231 Pensacola, Fla...... 22,982 17,747 Peoria, Ill........ 66,950 56,100 Perth Amboy, N.J... 32,121 17,699 Petersburg, Va..... 24,127 21,810 Philadelphia, Pa... 1,549,008 1,293,697 Phoenix, Ariz...... 11,134 6,644 Pierre, S.D......... 3,656 2,306 Pine Bluff, Ark..... 15,102 11,496 Pittsburg, Kan..... 14,755 10,112 Pittsburgh, Pa..... 33,905 451,512 Pittsfield, Mass..... 32,121 21,766 Plainfield, N.J..... 20,560 15,369 Pontiac, Mich...... 14,632 9,769 Port Huron, Mich.. 18,863 19,168 Portland, Me....... 8,571 50,145 Portland, Ore...... 207,214 90,426 Portsmouth, N. H.... 11,269 10,637 Portsmouth, Ohio... 23,481 17,870 Portsmouth, Va.... 33,190 17,427 Poughkeepsie, N.Y. 27,986 24,029 PoP. 1910. Providence, R.I.... 224,326 Pueblo, Col.......... 44,395 Quincy, Ill......... 36,687 Quincy, Mass.......32,642 Racine, Wis....... 38,002 Raleigh, N.C...... 19,218 Reading, Pa....... 96,071 Reno, Nev........ 10,867 Richmond, Ind..... 22,324 Richmond, Va...... 127,628 Roanoke, Va....... 34,874 Rochester, N.Y..... 218,149 Rockford, Ill....... 45,401 Rock Island, Ill.....24,335 Rome, Ga.......... 12,099 Rome, N.Y.........20,497 Rutland, Vt........ 13,546 Sacramento, Cal... 44,696 Saginaw, Mich..... 50,610 St. Joseph, Mo..... 77403 St. Louis, Mo....... 687,029 St. Paul, Minn...... 214,744 Salem, Mass........ 43,697 Salem, Ore......... 14,094 Salt Lake City,Utah. 92,777 San Antonio, Tex... 96,614 San Diego, Cal..... 39,678 Sandusky, Ohio.... 19,989 San Francisco, Cal.. 416,912 San Jose, Cal....... 28,946 Santa Fe, N.M...... 5,072 SaultSte.Marie,Mich. 12,615 Savannah, Ga...... 65,064 Schenectady, N.Y... 72,826 Scranton, Pa....... 129,867 Seattle, Wash.... 237,194 Sedalia, Mo........ 17,822 Selma, Ala......... 13,649 Sheboygan, Wis.... 26,398 Shenandoah, Pa.... 25,774 Sheridan, Wyo..... 8,408 Shreveport, La...... 28,016 Sioux City, Iowa... 47,828 Sioux Falls, S.D... 14,094 Somerville, Mass... 77,236 South Bend, Ind.... 63,684 Spartanburg, S.C... 17,517 Spokane, Wash..... 104,402 Springfield, Ill...... 61,678 Springfield, Mass... 88,926 Springfield, Mo..... 35,201 Springfield, Ohio... 46,921 Stamford, Conn.... 25,138 Steubenville, Ohio.. 22,391 Stillwater, Minn.... 10,198 Stockton, Cal....... 23,253 Superior, Wis...... 40,384 Syracuse, N.Y...... 137,249 Tacoma, Wash..... 83,743 Tallahassee, Fla.... 65,018 Tampa, Fla........ 37,782 Taunton, Mass..... 34,259 Terre Haute, Ind... 58,167 Toledo, Ohio....... 168,497 Topeka, Kan....... 43,684 Trenton, N.J.......96,815 Trinidad, Col....... 10,204 Troy, N.Y.......... 76,813 Tucson, Ariz..... 13,193 Utica, N.Y........ 74,419 Vicksburg, Miss... 20,814 Virginia, Minn..... 10,473 Waco, Tex......... 26,426 Walla Walla, Wash.. 19,364 Waltham, Mass..... 27,834 Washington, 1.C... 331,069 Waterbury, Conn... 73,141 Waterloo, Iowa..... 26,693 Watertown, N Y.... 26,730 Waterville, Me..... 11,458 Wausau, Wis....... 16,560 Waycross, Ga...... 14,486 West Lioboken, N.J.. 35,403 Wheeling, W.Va... 41,641 Wichita, Kan....... 52,460 Wilkes-Barre, Pa.. 67,105 Williamsport, Pa... 31,860 Wilmington, Del.... 87,411 Wilmington, N.C... 25,748 Winona, Minn...... 18,583 Winston-Salem, N.C. 22,700 Woonsocket, R.I... 38,125 Worcester, Mass.... 145,986 Yonkers, N.Y....... 79,803 York, Pa........... 44,750 Youngstown, Ohio.. 79,066 Zanesville, Ohio.... 28,026 PoP. 1900. 176,697 28,157 36,262 23,899 29,102 13,643 78,961 4,500 18,226 85,050 21,495 162,608 31,051 19,493 7,291 15,343 11,499 29,282 42,345 102,979 675,238 163,066 35,956 4,258 53,631 58,321 17,700 19,664 342,782 21,500 6,603 10,638 64,244 81,682 102,026 80,671 15,231 8,713 22,962 20,321 1,559 16,013 33,111 10,266 61,643 35,999 11,395 86,848 34,159 62,069 23,267 38,253 15,997 14,349 12,318 17,606 31,091 108,374 37,714 2,981 15,839 31,036 86,673 131,822 33,608 73,307 6,345 60,651 7,631 56,383 14,834 2,962 20,686 10,049 23,481 278,718 45,859 12,680 21,696 9,477 12,354 5,919 23,094 38,878 24,671 61,721 28,767 76,508 20,976 19,714 13,650 28,204 118,421 47,931 33,708 44,885 23,638 143 Aberdeen, Scotland........... Adelaide, Australia............ Ahmedabad, India............ Alexandria, Egypt............ Algiers, Algeria.............. Amsterdam, Netherlands...... Antofagasta, Chile............ Antwerp, Belgium....... Arequipa, Peru............... Asuncion, Paraguay........... Athens, Greece............... Auckland, New Zealand....... Bagdad, Turkey.............. Bahia, Brazil................. Baku, Transcaucasia.......... Ballarat, Australia............ Bangkok, Siam............... Barcelona, Spain.............. Barfrush, Persia.............. Bari, Italy..................... Barranquilla, Colombia........ Basle, Switzerland............ Batavia, Java................ Beirut, Turkey............... Belfast, Ireland............... Belgrade, Serbia.............. Benares, India................ Bergen, Norway............. Berlin, Germany.............. Bern, Switzerland............. Bilbao, Spain................. Birmingham, England........ Bloemfontein, Orange Free State Bogota, Colombia............. Bologna, Italy................ Bolton, England............... Bombay, India................ Bordeaux, France............. Bradford, England............ Bremen, Germany............ Breslau, Germany............. Brisbane Australi............ Bristol, England............. Brussels, Belgium............. Bucharest, Roumania......... Budapest, Hungary........... Buenos Aires, Argentina...... Bushire, Persia................ Cairo, Egypt................. Calcutta, India.............. Calgary, Canada.............. Callao, Peru................. Canton, China................ Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope Caracas, Venezuela............ Cardiff, Wales................. Catania, Italy................ Cayenne French Guiana...... Cetinje, montenegro.......... Charlottenburg, Germany..... Charlottetown, Canada........ Chemnitz, Germany........... Chillan, Chile.............. Christiania, Norway........... Cochabamba, Bolivia.......... Cologne, Germany............ Colombo, Ceylon.............. Concepcion, Ohile............. Constantinople, Turkey........ Copenhagen, Denmark........ 168,000 192,000 216,000 882,000 172,000 567,000 88,000 821,000 85,000 84,000 168,000 41,000 200,000 290,000 202,000 48,000 629,000 560,000 50,000 104,000 49,000 182,000 189,000 150,000 886,000 91,000 204,000 77,000 2,071,000 86,000 94,000 526,000 27,000 121,000 178,000 181,000 979,000 262,000 289,000 247,000 512,000 145,000 857,000 666,000 888,000 882,000 1,820,000 20,000 655,000 1,222,000 44,000 84,000 900,000 67,000 78,000 182,000 212,000 14,000 4,000 805,000 11,000 287,000 84,000 244,000 22,000 516,000 218,000 55,000 1,125,000 462,000 '10 '10) '11) n) '07) ('10) 11) ('09) ('10) ('11) ('12) '110 10 '11 I'11 '10 10 '12) '10 '11) '11 '11) ('10) ('1) '94 '11 '12 '11 ('01) '10) ('0) ('11) ('07) POPULATION OF Cordova, Argentine Republic... Cuzco, Peru................... Damascus, Turkey............ Delhi, India............... Dortmund, Germany......... Dresden, Germany........... Dublin, Ireland............... Duisburg Germany........... Dundee, Scotland............. Dunedin, New Zealand........ Dusseldorf, Germany........ Edinburgh, Scotland......... Edmonton, Canada............ Essen, Germany............. Fez, Morocco................. Florence, Italy................ Frankfurt am Main, Germany.. Fredericton, Canada.......... Fauchau, China.............. Geneva, Switzerland.......... Genoa, Italy.................. Georgetown, British Guiana.... Ghent, Belgium.............. Glasgow, Scotland............ Gothenburg, Sweden.......... Gratz, Austria............... Guadalajara, Mexico........... Guayaquil, Ecuador............ Hague, Netherlands......... Haiderabad, India............ Halifax, Canada............. Halle, Germany............... Hamburg, Germany........... Hamilton, Canada......... Hangchau, China.............. Hankow, China................ Hanoi, French Indo-China..... Hanover, Germany............ Havana, Cuba................. Havre, France................. Hobart, Tasmania............. Hull, England................. Iquique, Chile................ Irkutsk, Siberia.............. Ispahan, Persia............... Jerusalem, Turkey............ Johannesburg, The Transvaal. Kabul, Afghanistan........... Kandahar, Afghanistan....... Kharkof, Russia.............. Kief, Russia.................. Kiel, Germany................ Kimberley, Cape of Good Hope. Konigsberg, Germany......... Kyoto, Japan................. La Guaira, Venezuela......... Lahore, India................ La Paz, Bolivia............... La Plata, Argentine Republic... Lassa, Tibet................. Leeds, England............... Leghorn, Italy............... Leicester, England............ Leipzig, Germany............. Lemberg, Austria............ Leon, Mexico................. Liege, Belgium............... Lille, France.................. Lima, Peru................... Lisbon, Portugal............... THE 70,000 20,000 850,000 288,000 214,000 547,000 809,000 280,000 165,000 42,000 858,000 820,000 25,000 295,000 140,000 288,000 415,000 7,000 624,000 126,000 272,000 58,000 165,000 788,000 168,000 152,000 119,000 80,000 278,000 501,000 47,000 181,000 982,000 82,000 800,000 870,000 137,000 802,000 820,000 186,000 28,000 278,000 40,000 112,000 80,000 80,000 287,000 100,000 50,000 225,000 501,000 211,000 80,000 246,000 448,000 14,000 229,000 55,000 101,000 25,000 446,000 105,000 227,000 588,000 207,000 57,000 175,000 218,000 141,000 856,000 PRINCIPAL FOREIGN CITIES. ('11) 11) '10) '10 1l 110 ('10o '11) '11 '10) '110 ('10 ('09 ('t1 (10 ('11 (10 10) ('10) ('09 ('11) ('11) ('10 ('01 '10) uo ('o11 ('04) ('11 ('1) ('11) ('10) ('10) ('11) ('o) ('10) ('10) ('11) ('10 ('10) C'oj) ('1w Liverpool, England............ Lodz, Russia.................. London, Canada.............. London, England............. Lucknow, India............ Lyons, France.............. Madras, India................ Madrid, Spain.,............. Magdeburg, Germany......... Malaga, Spain................ Managua, Nicaragua.......... Manchester, England......... Mandalay, Burma............. Manila, Philippine Islands..... Mannheim, Germany.......... Maracaibo, Venezuela......... Maranhlo, Brazil............. Marseilles, France............ Maskat, Oman................ Matanzas, Cuba............... Mecca, Turkey................ Medellin, Colombia............ Melbourne, Australia.......... Merida, Mexico................ Messina, Ital................ Mexico, Mexico............... Milan, Italy '................ Mollendo, Peru.............. Monterey, Mexico............ Montevideo, Uruguay......... Montreal, Canada............. Morocco, Morocco............ Moscow, Russia.............. 1 Mukden, Manchuria.......... Munich, Germany............ Nagoya, Japan............... Nantes, France............... Naples, Italy................ Newcastle, England........... New Guatemala, Guatemala... Nice, France.................. Ning Po, China................ Nottingham, England......... Nuremburg, Germany....... Odessa, Russia................ Oporto Portugal.............. Oran, Algeria................. Osaka, Japan................ 1 Ottawa, Canada............... Palermo, Italy................ Panama, Panama............. Para, Brazil.................. Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana.... Paris, France................ 2 Peking, China................ Pernambuco, Brazil........... Perth, Australia.............. Port Elizabeth, Cape of Good Hope Porto Alegre, Brazil........... Port Said, Egypt.............. Portsmouth, England....... Prague, Austria............... Pretoria, The Transvaal....... Puebla, Mexico............... Quebec, Canada.............. Quito, Ecuador.............. Rangoon, Burma.............. Regina, Canada................ Riga, Russia.................. Rio Janeiro, Brazil............. 747,000 11) 894,000 '09 47,000 '11,258,000 '11 260,000 '11 52419,000 '11 519,000 '1I 572,000 '10 280.000 '10 188,000 '10 85,000 '06 715,000 '11I 189,000 '11 220,000 '08 198,000 '10 84,000 '94 82,000 '00 551,000 '11) 25,000 64,000 ('10) 80,000 71,000 12 592,000 '11) 62,000 '10) 126,000 '1) 471,000 ('10) 599,000 ('11) 8,000 81,00 ('10) 292,000 ('09) 471,000 ('11 45,000,618,000 ('10) 200,000 595,000 ('10) 878,000 '09) 171,000 ('11) 728,000 ('11) 267,000 ('11) 90,000 ('10 148,000 ('11 260,000 '04 260,000 ('1 888,000 ('10 540,000 ('10 168,000 ('00 128,000 ('11),227,000 ('09) 87,000 '11) 842,000 ('11) 80,000 200,000 ('11) 85,000 ('10),888,000 ('11) 1,000,000? 150,000 ('11) 86,000 ('11) 81,000 '1) 100,000 ('11) 50,000 ('07) 281,000 '11 22,000 ('10 49.000 '11) 101,000 '10 78,000 '11) 51,000 '06 298,000 '11) 80,000 ('11 850,000 ('10) 1,128,000 ('11) Rixdorf, Germany............ Rome, Italy................. Rosario, Argentina............ Rotterdam, Netherlands....... Roubaix, France.............. Rouen, France................ Saigon, French Indo-China.... St. Etienne, France........... St. John, Canada.............. St. Johns, Newfoundland... St. Louis, Senegal............ St. Petersburg, (Petrograd), Rus. Salford, England.............. Saloniki, Greece.............. San Jos6, Costa Rica.......... San Juan, Porto Rico......... San Luis Potosi, Mexico...... San Salvador, Salvador........ Santiago, Chile................ Santiago de Cuba.............. Santos, Brazil................. S8o Paulo, Brazil............. Seoul, Korea................ Seville, Spain................. Shanghai, China............... Sheffield, England............. Singapore, Straits Settlements.. Smyrna, Turkey............... Sofia, Bulgaria.............. Stettin, Germany............. Stockholm, Sweden........... Stoke-on-Trent, England....... Strassburg, Germany.......... Stuttgart, Germany............ Suchan, China................ Sucre, Bolivia................. Sydney, Australia.......... Tabriz, Persia................. Talca, Chile................... Tananarivo, Madagascar....... Tashkend, Turkestan......... Tegucigalpa, Hondurac....... Teheran, Persia.............. Tientsin, China............... Tifis, Transcaucasia.......... Tokyo, Japan................ Toronto, Canada.............. Toulouse, France.............. Trieste, Austria............... Tripoli, Libia.................. Tucuman, Argentine Republic.. Tunis, Tunis.................. Turin, Italy................... Valencia, Spain............... Valencia, Venezuela.......... Valparaiso, Chile.............. Vancouver, Canada........... Venice, Italy.................. Vera Cruz, Mexico............ Victoria, Canada............. Vienna, Austria............... Vilna, Russia................ Vladivostok, Siberia........... Warsaw, Russia.............. Wellington, New Zealand...... West Ham, England........... Winnipeg, Canada............ Yokohama, Japan............ Zanzibar, Africa............... Zurich, Switzerland.......... 287,000 689,000 176,000 415,000 128,000 125,000 65,000 149,000 48,000 82,000 22,000 1,908,000 281,000 174,000 82,000 48,000 88,000 60,000 408,000 54,000 85,000 460,000 279,000 155,000 651,000 455,000 810,000 850,000 108,000 286,000 842,000 285,000 178,000 286,000 500,000 21,000 687,000 200,000 88,000 95,000 188,000 85,000 280,000 750,000 200,000 2,186,000 877,000 150,000 280,000 80,000 75,000 250,000 428,000 288,000 89,000 188,000 100,000 161,000 45,000 82,000 2,081,000 200,000 108,000 848,000 64,000 289,000 186,000 894,000 70,000 191,000 '10) 11) '11) (1) '11 ('11 to Coo 110 '11) '10 11) '07 '10) ('11) ('10) ('10 ('11 '10) ('10 '04) '11) '11 '10 ('00) '10) 18 '11) '10 '10 '11) '11$ '09) ('10) HEIGHTS OF MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. WEALTH AND EARNINGS. (Munall) Annual Av'ge Av'ge Wealth Earnlnrs An. Earn Inhab. FEET. Abyssinian Highland................. 6,500 Aconcagua, Argentina............... 28,082 Alps, Switzerland.................... 8,500 Altal Mountains, Mongolia........... 6,800 Andes, South America............. 18,000 Apennines, Italy..................... 4,000 Appalachian Mountains, U. 8......... 2,500 Atlas Mountains, Africa......... 9,000 Australian Mountains, E. Australia... 5,000 Balkan Mountains, Europe.......... 4,500 Blanc, Mont, France................. 15,744 Bohmerwald, Austria-Hungary...... 2,500 Bolivian Plateau............. 12,500 Brazilian Plateau............ 2,000 Carpathian Mountains, Aus.-Hun..... 5,000 Cascade Mountains, North America.. 9,000 Caucasus Mountains, Russia......... 10,000 Chimborazo, volcano, Ecuador........ 20,517 Coast Ranges, United States......... 8,000 Cotopaxi, volcano, Ecuador........... 16,291 Dekkan Plateau, India.............. 2,000 FEET. Demavend, volcano, Persia......... 18,846 Elburz, Mount, Caucasus........... 18,498 Etna, vojcano, Sicily............... 10,874 Everest, Mount, Nepal............. 29,002 Fremont Peak, Wyoming.......... 18,90 Fujiyama, volcano, Japan.......... 14,177 Guiana Plateau................... 2,000 Hecla, volcano, Iceland............ 5,110 Himalaya Mountains. Asia......... 19,000 Hindu-Kush, Afghanistan.......... 18,000 Hooker, Mount, Canada.......... 12,000 Iran Plateau, Persia............... 5,000 Jura Mountains, France........... 8,000 Karakoram Mountains, Tibet....... 18,500 Kenia, Mount, Africa.............. 18,000 Kilimanjaro, Africa................ 20,000 Kiolen Mountains, Norway......... 8,000 Kuenlun, Tibet.................... 18,000 Longs Peak, Colorado................ 14,271 Mauna Kea, Hawaii................ 18,953 McKinley, Mount, Alaska.......... 20,464 FEET. In million inmillion per money per sq. dollars. dollars. earner. mile, Mexican Plateau, Mexico.......... 7,500dollar dolla earner mile Mitchell, Mount, North Carolina.... 6,711 United States (main body).. 78,480 14,957 $473 31 Mongolian Plateau, Asia........... 8,500 Great Britain and Ireland.. 56,568 6,830 406 874 Orizaba, volcano, Mexico........... 18,814 France.................... 46,512 5,755 888 191 Pikes Peak, Colorado.............. 14,111 Germany..................88,650 6,168 258 809 Popocatepetl, volcano, Mexico...... 17,784 European Russia......... 80,840 4,819 100 52 Pyrenees Mountains, Spain....... 8,000 Austria-Hungary.......... 21,658 8,894 164 196 Rainier, Mpunt, Washington....... 14,868 Italy..........15,168 2,098 160 818 Rocky Mountain Highland, U. S.... 5,000 Spain................ 11,424 1,810 179 99 Rocky Mountains, North America.. 10,000 Belgium................... 4,742 869 296 661 Sahama, volcano, Bolivia........... 22,850 Netherlands...............4,224 595 275 466 Shasta, Mount, California.......... 14,880 Sweden and Norway.......8,792 682 212 27 Sierra Nevada, United States....... 9,000 Denmark................. 2,429 288 290 186 Sorata, Bolivia................ 21,286 Switzerland............. 2,862 886 278 284 St. Elias, Mount, Alaska-Canada... 18,010 Portugal.................. 1,978 807 175 145 Thian Shan, Asia................. 18,000 Greece.................... 1,066 184 125 100 Tibet Plateau...................... 15,000 Balkan States............ 4,925 706 187 121 Ural Mountains, Russia............ 8,500 Total Europe (eac. Turkey) 346,S4 34b,281 307 117 Vesuvius, volcano, Italy........ 4,205 Australia and New Zealand. 5,165 1,082 680 2 Washington, Mount, N. H........ 6,279 Canada.................... 4,814 878 868 2 Whitney, Mount, California........ 14,502 Argentina................. 2,957 456 254 5 RIVERS AND THEIR BASINS. LAKES. River 8ystem. Amazon (exe. Tocantins)........ Kongo.......................... Plata.................... Nile......................... Mississippi-Mssouri.............. Orinoco........................ Niger........................ Ganges-Brahmaputra............ Yangtze........................ St. Lawrence................... Yenisei....................... Zambezi........................ Ob.............................. iens........................... Amur.......................... San Franciso................... Mekong........................ An. Rainfall Area of Longest in Basin. Basin. Stream. Cubic Miles. Sq. Miles. Miles. 2,883.8 2,820,000 8,400.1,218.0 1,500,000 2,800 1,085.4 1,150,000 2,500 892.1 1,800,000 8,900 678.0 1,250,000 4,200 603.8 425,000 1,500. 570.0 1,000,000 2,900 548.7 600,000 1,800 408.8 690,000 8,100 888.9 565,000 2,100 880.0 1,500,000 8,000 800.0 580,000 1,600 280.0 1,100,000 8,00 270.0 900,000 2,800 240.0 780,000 2,700 218.4 210,000 1,800 200.0 280,000 2,600 An. Rainfall Area of Longest in Basin. Basin. Stream. River System. Cubic Miles. Sq. Miles. Miles. Danube........................... 198.7 820,000 1,800 Irawadi......................... 180.8 180,000 (?) Volga.................... 152.8 590,000 2,800 Yukon.......................... 150.0 880,000 2,000 Murray........................... 140.0 850,000 1,100 Nelson-Saskatchewan...........,. 180.0 470,000 1,900 Hoang......................... 117.7 890,000 2,800 Magdalena........................ 116.7 90,000 1,100 Mackenzie........................ 115.0 680,000 2,100 Rio Grande................... 118.6 280,000 1,800 Indus.,.................. 104.4 860,000 1,900 Columbia....................... 90.0 290,000 1,400 Euphrates......0................ 0.0 490,000 2,000 Dneper.......................... 56.0 197,000 1,800 Colorado.................... 55.0 280,000 1,000 Orange........................... 50.9 270,000 1,200 Po........................... 1 8.9 27,000 460 P 8.9 27000 480 I44 Caspian........................ Victoria....................... Superior....................... Aral........................... H uron......................... M ichigan...................... Tanganyika.................... Baikal......................... Tchad......................... E rie.......................... W innipeg..................... Balkash..................... Ontario....................... adoga....................... T ti aca....................... Niaragua..................... Great Salt Lake............... Dead Sea..................... Area. Altitude. Depth. Sq. Miles. Feet. Feet. 169,884~ -85- 8,096~ 82,167 4,000? 620 81,200 602 1,008 26,1674 158~ 220~ 28,800 581 702 22,450 581 870 14,000 2,670 1,800~ 18,197 1,400 4,500 10,400~ 1,100~ 20~: 9,960 578 210 9,400 710 72 8,5540 900s 1856 7,240 247 788 7,000 55 782 8,261 12,500 925 2,800 108 820 2,800+ _4,200 50 858 -1,290: 1,808: GEOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS BV SAMUELh MlAdCCLgiNOk, PmB HISTOICAL.LOCATION. IN i59, Frdinand Makellan set out from Spain with Betweenwhiatoi parallels ofltitude -dothe Philippines i alie? Betwen whiat omeridians of longitude? In what zone do the Islands tie? Where are they with re~ference to the equator? to the Tropic of Censer? In what ocean wps t reah th Eas by eansof awestrnruteare they? They are near whaft grc'ae land mass? In What direction are te Haiving crossed the Atlnic, he passed through the from this proud diOision? What water Washes the eastern coast? the northitrait now hearing his name, at the southern end of South eno roost? Wh Ut a lik son Ith woest on the sonth? What large Island ~~~~strait nWritean Phis ae ~Amcrcppa' and sailed on for many days upon the unrknown ii neho h iip?suhet Pacific Ocean. A stop of short duration was made At the The nears land to the north is the island ofF Ladrone6 Islands, and the voyage- was then contintifed un- mosa, now J apanese6 territory, 93 mniles (t 50 k16iBometcr til he came to the group of islands upon which we le. nortltwest of the most northern of the Blatanes group; Magellan Passed through the uon the east, the Pelew Islands, Strait of Surigar, and the turned north to Cebti. Here mass was (821 kB) from the ea en coast said and possession taken i th of M1idana; on t outh namle of the King of hin li i and ofI Moluccsas, Doth Soon after this, while waging war possessions, 37 miles (5 kin) fom on the petty king of Macf n, 1 h southern coast of Mndunao: Mage~llan was killed Only one on theotthwetnrhe ono of his ships ever got hack to I r id te -ito 2 ml s (38 km) Span. The islands he had dis- fo ibt; and on te covered were afterwards ca1ed 1r h I do- China, 5 l (89 the Philippites in hon orieit of Palawan, Phlpd who became Knk Phi HII Th arThes in which the Phi i ppines lie are, For nearly four hundred ye as the Philip for the most paite very dcept Not far from pines remained in the psiescsino of Spain. te eastern cedas the Pacic has a depth of Duriog these years therewere numerousupprs- fro 4000 to 66o6 metftrs outh o Puings against lih Spanish power. The last of danan the C61ehe Sea raches a depth of th-se insurrections hegan in ti 89 While it wa 50c00 reters, and Ible Sulo Sea west of Alnin progress war hroke not between Spain and daiaon a depth of more than 4000 mneters the United States on account of Cuha, Early Nevertheless, the Philippine Archipelago is in the contest that followed, Admfiral Dewey a part of the same peopraphical region as suddenilyappearedl in flanilaay, and, on May Sunmatra, Java, 6tlehes, and Borneo, and t, i 898, completely destroyed the Spanish helong, therefore, to Asia rather than to flevet BY a treaty signed in Paris, Prance, Tuev IAccAA?isttt MAcae.ls Australasia. In three places are the Philip pines sever,~~ Uri Drecemheri to, tipS, Spain ceded then Philip- pie Meaaed hy shallow soea only fothe pines8 to the United States and reeived $ao 000 ooo foe her oa.d othlr is1ds of I e soris tMNIlay Archpgol — at Palawan- 1oaltt f m After taking posses on of the Islands the Americans -aidoa of Mindanao rums the island of' ec-se Othrought the small gradually established peace and ore On July islan of T ant and Sangir. Lav1 government was be no oAd xtenfd d until t eimIt Wil thy b6 dgm heir ho Pifliffifi~i posessa di hr ced II1 the tslandor Thus the Philipp'inksaafter ItwlthsbsenhatePhpne osssadn gl~dijis;abou 628 thiles o arly four hundred y6ars of poanish roile paiss d t h tiidy insular location Honkniimbot68mlgoda and prOte o.) fom Man la nhanhliai 1235 milens (t9879 km.), Singapore 1386 me (2230 km., Hfonolulct TOPICS ON HISTO_ O4,900 miles (884 km.), and rancIsco 7000 miaes I. DltSCOVsER1 U rilEAT not MAGELLAN. NAMNGNC TH lEisLNksb(f 126yk.) II. A ISDAco0ta PossesstOM IN. SUetessTtoCEL III. SrMeostAstczcNWAR ERT o EAE Using the scale of miles, find s how fardfro Manfahare Nuagasaki Saigon I Ae d134). lnwhatdirectiof 1 iyrjtOSAby tntlsbozbotabay 2So a' Nnqo q AN lol mm wD p~. 1111 111 p~i'l1 70 A8l l ) 11 1 1. | i iiii iiiiiii ii iii iiiiiiiiiiiii~iiiiiiiiiii ii i iiii................. jjji.i........... ii.. iii iii iiiii. jjii ii..! j..............,...........e P~ia ILIPP ha~ ciii a ciae ec I l - _ 1 I iailatlend.~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii..... iii.... i.. iii i~ii.. _i_ abe inl rort Thfs. iiIiiiiiiii.iii........ii I i if in -.iiiiVi t1ailr 404) or Ii 0 anid.B~lli iiiiiiii iit~iiiiiii n pligiui iiii i i~i~ii ~ ~'::~"~rs~ll~llii ~ ~............ a.r... a ni. 1 1..' 1 a.a..wi u uu.u n..i...i...i ii.i..;I1a *: sita mV HInn) I I Ia r 1 a lie li Vataranaa6 4 I~l~i~i~gi~W"..lil~";~ili";l;~;";I;P;";.i.il;.i......;....l.I.2.. '..... l griaoale..ti h ida a1 ai lefe tgleete a yjgaala p at ali 1, froaa la Xis*..aid na B Inia to oil abe weait ae u 1tI t XltX @i | ().aiaan inad ( 097 111~ii~oI 11111111111t1i|C t1111|1 1111 111 111 11111 Il III~~~~PllIpplp~lllp~lall tIIIII,,,,,~~ lillllil~~,;,,.na...11.....a.a ill o( I a lia1 aaloeamI~ l raa Usla, MetaIs drno a 1 ' blla ala. 6n~er~e I if abou 1~7;iB~i non a ii Qaa iloon~;l;" i~iill 1:1:11111;llliill ~~ 1 |11 1 1: 1 1 1;1 1;.1:..1.,1:::.::[ 1..... * |11:'.'~~;:~':: ~':'~~~'I::~~~ ~i~ ~~~~:'''l..1 1"1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11111:i.~:~i.:.:aa aa i to abo ut l1i1 In olLU..oO I 0 i 9600 alwai nrlli an edn o riitra7 gildeanalElla MINES Drift ora cei/ i~ ir iiiiililtit e dirart moves aEi I 11dgiiicaliidaralag ii i c Y 00~od caoaa a trg ~~~~o iiiiii: ilac New~ IEIINoe York.Ilil a'osacs18l HR Ott LOCA't Olli. atl a I brat1d dind a if IN 4 Ill~i Ooi~ioUn Lmriaaao't r ir' r aUl 1ii iiln~1;iBli;Biliarrase ratroati~i~; laariatrs' l'rr't ar itl aor h u u a aea, ttaun a o i Ir. mi.I barbe tere ae eve targ a mpr t sands ah ha- water he eastern coast is comparatiy eg ul tar and si kmp od to tihh fllorm wee of tidal o wlyp s fed out in6 the Pac'fic lhe ocean beats upon itith great fury at m rderting navigation dangerouseiy Te iHslandsd. 7ef is fiermdlof l rtdki A 1U polypso rea live the Ive| of gradual uplift. The bciautn erial beds, particularly in tr sato hern islnds show ti work of the living org anisms in th mng of landi TOPICS ON TH OASTS..I Ls NG T H A) CHARmaCTER OF tlt e CO S. ISI t)utrkENCES BETWErEN TtlE EAST Axis Wasnt CoAS Ts and lte stern, the northern and the southern parts of the Arc ipela |. din Mirlaphaii,i. i; |b | |,. I a Of 111:.111 an3T Philipplnes present a grist van ty of,ur a c III The VIa yan island -Panay RIombldo roup f atur a High mountains, otverd with Ansi for ts Negros, Cebu Boo I ce an ar bare volcanic cones, numerous river valleyh and exteaV Th Sulu Arch ia go ive areas of open grass ands, oF er iany kmun of scenV cry and make the Islands very picturesque.ota Wat is the gene trd of the mountains? Loatie e Locate each island or group. Compare tihem as to saie. Group Iprincepal rnges Notice ftirif distances from the coats. Where are the em as northern, cntral, or southern. Locale all the initersland eai high untains tound e owland the piateau Phimippines extend? of longilftude? Locate the Owing to their sml w a e W es ds l an ot r i- othe asurrouningseas PIC 0 OR AD Zr be conidere d as being I A Au o little more than momun-.. R 'tRhPEL GO. 0j, t. Ilx* 'Asa 'O iAit AEA omek.. tam raidges lsng above in any yisland is iure |*:' ' rn B 0 1i *.~eER *F Is *. i...1 * ~a t i r 1. ' ' in rost line WI ran y s;a kfro some part o'.-,*.f nthe toits haractcr tin you see any ard d6fifii r- Mountins of eonchetween thget sa d w s osts? h iwe t the nIorth and soiuth cas N, I t h any S c r altitude p..oeetionsaldno.Onwhddonarn alon. g (JA s t 1cate r.mostof the river epity dit th aa? gonat.elm. axes of all the large coast are the principal hiarbrislid &te? your answer, ten of all the ilands and drop by a successmon of hills It the oadta IlandsIII OfII what significanc ar these factsc n iS"t l. Thi g a ise northain the a o..suhsn a kite) oue uch lae is lands there ar sveral Wel-defed systems MN N~~~~i~~~:;~~~~~~l l~r.E ht8 i~.t~ ~ ~~ ~~~;"~ inC~~~~~~~~rt~~ art~ ~~~~s~C ji t~_~~n~~~1t~g i, i W N - H~'. *";.,*".;-"*-,J"~~I.'**,. '!~ ''*W.TH.: - " ' " ' ~ ~ *.~~~'I~~E',:: 4ll FHLWk ILNDS T *::', ': **:-.. - '........ DE THE~ $~9 e~ ttxtil anoth rrang rop $ I40 1 on into the' 1i nd of Bo6rneo ]ISLANDS PN A C I F / C thqA' ' Voltno are her many vlaosin the;.*: 'if hiipp Ine lifiad *? Are the isands Are volca-:A Nnoes always mounota ino Locd tethe Picipapones c cy / V I t aer an Intimsate conoirtion tween earth-, Haye you ever ltan r* thlhqoake hock? Ho* longt do the~h klk last? Io what partt of the Phiippianes" are eart huakes totfeun? m ost E 'A br? interffimediate? ~~ssrs $ The Philpie a. otaarut of one if the jroat volcanic helts of the Ja,;pan.; h r trock on ealyal of th ilad and evidece of the imyONA Jovolan c tmil nha ~ l i 2i-6 theuirouhi~3~~(~ is~~r~h~~r pelago.~ Tlic~f- reare Al Pleast 23t w II BAN played iii the his.i~ikl t~tyof iid Affi knowndi volcanocs A L E EISAof which are ACfive.~ Aryat, Mae~~rielesTaal Band-~~ lb c~i aalonh the a tern codast sedifs to a b6 en a-eja canlado o Maelaspina Camign an Macaturin tinuousi f~rom the Moluccas, thirough the PhI*ippinsto seena to belong to one system wieMansrgAo Jap 1anti Near the ceterf~ of teisland of Leyte a we-st-, anfd Matfitumif are the principl volcanoes in anotheir erl hranchl is th rowaaof and conino i rn tiac well-dene sytm southernnaost part of Mindanao ito eleb a1 An- Thce ar manyevdec ofth fac that tePIli i: r I blithely WU Philiip,~~i~, i.,,,,,, Mtedmpi':alagso I As~B;l~;~ ote bachtrt t aha ndetedtruga pines. aesbectl to ex tensigve finternal changes o Negoswestern Mindan, od the SunArchipelao anied~ byfeun nd inoecse v arth nk IL ' '.ISLANDS. lie is one of the won shq k cctr:. banks and doW mch drama d but dunn the dry season A rgion u...As a f the Plppine with high eiridges they to size. of imrising shary lr thei deep se seems to presen the est ndidns r ri Vdeanes and eartqaakes. In suc h a re thqakeo f greater or ponteor d rai e ando in fainlitatin 1lal trd ms less nyare felt e few d At imstheroundrses and f of the rivers are t o smallto b e navigail by sa-going Iperceptibly, long and ide is are opened and consequently have f: k; h d t t l m; - downacausing great o to liflt and proper lA I AKE l No fewer tlhn fift nhee an bu er la in *. c enes e xi t in th Philippine some lb i M Philippins and most of * sof them I ne Inai some submaine hm are m in The larg fTmhe most aciv e centers are tho e of in 11 S a u d By which has u I Su iVik~yI yo0u and TaL 92 Durnn - ria 7 2pr dine ert Z openingg to fthr s tMlanhd* expitened t eg of Taal and Lak at o i* e also 53.4 anithquak days each year or LUO among the 1 eg n ak s 4.5 eb mfonth. Manila i o situatid lbI it expe-ND a unde a im 11 t all h ocm rt diai ANO from ls dff rentcenterE nT uz 1.IbP | 13 1wfi m tSi anid 1897L.221 pere p ble ealhqu ke xv were re ist r d in - anil s Ths giv s an average of ' + * ',. *II | i q E.,;: f / ' |:I X p ' i t, ' i! | 0 0 ' a * * t 0 0 ' * The maximum n nImber occurs 'n 1 y and the nlnmum in J ou ry andM.~~~e the L s VL S 8 JA loiule lb lall n. Agafla, in I1b Man ian lianekl has an av nag of i3 9ia + th h tlippind a o fl ani of?tie.. e a n t n eerae ai nr An6he lm. * Ih e s temi ite of th e t I t i r i curej. in i 11 -i three doon the thdrlithet od hrde" ah t vh ce..: sti-ng d i. ye-' i.j posh *i **"** ' - i4*da' R70 -':Is oui and N00 mnre hd he his of | V-Asic Y ANDh Pie 'TeEs QN - S JA....S;^ ":'.N. ME9g,,.~,,, ~~k~~,is-~~~~~~~ mRIPm E~h nonet vere e ten teNA ad a telfin uo oprtreo h eM n onain s a ahoyivk th peN od sk fin n rt to h t trmyofi teArh preta snwln egoupsn I e gon on0 t~ofa n.Aso Ca curreti hIng cool i nredi te odU midtem p gro w - arn th dh tes tm u ths he smalletornsith totst ato and channl tw n ei lad hav a are Me 1Win Tomekviodi #o; EFEENConce; it stei show thy f the et oftecrrnsi ad n Canne and blfi th I e anf rnrinof htait. In eneralmait may be safd tht the man annuiWthhrferenc tos tempkeratue the yearhi i mper treof he Phi'p ma bea d'idd itoe the esosmh bu otec vf if hebNmnh rmNo bt eray n ferencea fh frommoantha toApito Julbne; and th mefaintrediathesa motho bt n thI e1 d'-7r sn mrcn Ma rchJulydAugstan pesao ishgin i heatd May and Jue, thisothe'drmbff 3theC Adylittle nlec nte ciL muRhsoElws tepeaturJaur Smate.l Onlty bin theextreme an Februaryl the istem20.pse notenpr hrefa through somei ofte ate isans prnuce uf ec b-ao hr are rueg ionher the meani teM-C tweenthe wfintd r and thent ~ pagrature g eerlisa during the wretmnh Batne Isn 70 e ht otenetrmt ftewic emytr ntreit;ohrssilehr h Arhpeao ianl 35mls(3km)nrhotetmpaure dosnteced2lC n wihw a eqaowiled thfien isorher partreisrnearly I 500 miles call mildt (24oof km) yetf~v Zabonainsuten inaaoiadfa Isteroie a drainygeao wheryo ive Whnich month has 11Iiftud from Apri nnrhrnLu6,ejy cliateat ll alduingthedr seaon Wthatrspeia *infuneafc the teprain-e quite 'as 61 midly0C al i fall ofi yorhegin Whae~t efifect havedmountai moese inpoeting the Th liuda mreefcThuonte c6ilimi atte. Wie thwosaleapesWharMly housesg alasbithgpoftegroud plauste isar anl exes ohet ande huidty the) etnsv hignds rtdatrldusnter l Qen WIvi ny ontelrgksad hav Zamclear, cohaing clitmate Sch Mforc-be lmai cnitosinth asen ost f h mplis h i rnc bewee te pai ofPapana ad heiglans RargeriWland uher a Luz sasn and yulie Mindanandaen quit oflebayt e h lolndsv shotIign hayanim thdegionfi around h oa ilisfrWitshbiiuipibptii~i i LaeLnn lgii n leorhasl uel reakal t p eratre dif eren frm ths due0 is atitde,477 fet (456metrs)aboe sa lvel an tothe e- hfe h e ofsha thnes in 1teriorh and prvaeneduIFnghehottesfet sEasnofwet afnd souai hiethwes winds.fTh xapo Wh = sMa 1666mnebmII2u tepsig maximnRig annutral t aempeatuherrcddath Baguivif is 2t a C.e the ii h etr oss go Si thedark The 1iffg66 6 i 5 O 6 thektere chis lttl dif tain Iaeadirect Inluersnce upon citmakldtempby affetn arwlieCbio th4od to of ate vdapor sand-io the rad iation of alaan heat. Fle Ouncetb re onsdrat dferne ewenthe ditibtono the tb mperagt re odfiMn'l n ht eos FfW dsof ithans winds LauaTaiflorteAci due ap-or nty to te diffrence n soil whilethe o-NVe variesrealy tras bewee Ationa, Det, nd lba sees t bej Insom plcs ther du o h cniion of vegeat ioninithese placs. h aeMdstnctwetan Ther ar Iw geera ocen crrets nd everl secil crrets hichAsssit YAa~ros o cu Teuwa-rox dr seson;disotere have a, marke effectpntes cI mate ulteArsplg.0eofteA aaa So.te rifl sfil eey dIt',.ibute thr,,h;,.out, t.he 'yng it st., but. for d at the westernf1 coast ofl thelArchipelg df them61 i g into the prval in Dout w inds w istin aIs w i t atern aetn o wnds re m at in d aa the ea. lrer amonoanfal and amoe uta st Aparri -- t he winds esat Prevalent air hns 1firni e seasonle in geNEra iSfro June to OCtoe north to enn at AliSa ihoe fund north to east, exep do i fJuly, inclse InMla the of is in A td are the s tIn t W sou an sothwe winds pg ai firomn May to Pt.,i, incali, and e A* pril, cod dyinr ep mbr A sg l gTir et e the north winds doring the t est In M nl t Insh Praili. aout of rain falls in MaN I July than in p Awinds are fromi the oohit from May to fOtobe inclus fro_ t he t e o former month not hetweben Nloaveb and J anur. andM be'ng 381 mm. P TM distrihufion ANA from the e hice hry pr 'h''-e e* 1r *t A t M i * sh^fit * C M ESE thee ArchipeRlg o and during t t In when they chan e fro m s n to nort h ' 'i: a'nd a dry Seagron together The xvrage di y ocity of h win at. wet'' Manila is 2i7 kini The sonthwe wnd iti may he s ne fraothe tadnble. ity o ccarring in the month of pleher ' 1 1. hih appears on is p 0 I For this sow id h gi e at X nuto **o f - MO ImE w of toilons 'n thin month, Win.iWha reay ton is te re | | i ly rat he tweent LEWit tli heany * sn and the prealn of cefrufin lI h or ha ulo; *These tvohoon or bacit ak s you live? In What months do the changes k h y are calld are of gr at| ke p |w h t g e t sut ca you f irequen y and vio 1 e. t mat oncerii o the wiindn 1 night in the MO s rm d notr otn o uc early. middle of the dY iy i i the ear ht froA I h wn ms ft g l p v freuency incr a eas and is gene ae My to October are ally greatest dn September, while* I* those from the southwmest from th y rD of le ocurrence towardII Nv b to A t f t the end of the year-o the averhr. * * r of h Win hy L *te yE They oori *g*nat most*ften,poik of as Fmoot s but frequetly in theW great expa th prevailing wind from Novm-& tropical s ead to the:at of the brto April artrh normal nt lanr ts. 3 Oth es foirm idn ti h nas ca trde w'nds wh.idsh win Sea,* and a still smailli r' numb r from Juan to October would bLEDLES SA i in the Solo Sea, or the' it r-tand *water South of Lugfi JTbe p th I s- f these caclones is always to the north and west not s" Sthn Jane -mT-i un eastwardM1 as in the temperate zonek tistormsweep ovEr thn islands with greatf. III, _11 Mee _|:1...ef.til.. 1|mt 1Eters ______ __ I'lllill __ 1|viobik|l at times, tearini ship fro th ir ant hors e Aparr| 9052 46 I 5. unrIfin houses, and calsing immense detruction to Y1 4.'a... 0 2 809 9 247.M I 2 1: pr pety They are oftn pr c d d by way hW 'tnidro i3900 76 4ithe5 bre'k'n upoi th 'horet r a i ight il Manila:* I..' > 75 * * a * i * i i *3 o 9. ( t. 6 A1h1 i,22. si 1i 59 2,6.6 and caus tetrible intundatilns To yaba 1 6 40 39 i ieod 6' ' 62l 11 For a trpicald coutry; the Philipifnes ilave a health on*I i,95 7.I. 49 29 1 i23.9 ft1 cimiate.Ma se vailhw ver, which are *, I, Cebue. * 59 N.fi f 47 1 |II i *ffo r * 1 * rb778.8 19 550, 42i i3.3. also found i In ftemperate cme Isucha cholea, hi - Or a 99. 5E. 9. 4 15 bn pau and, s mallpox O t h e xis w h ars og ong 20 'f.....,.*..:,*; 2.0.9 f u i their,* ' for * o nly n ' th tr s uch a: M:r Wasan SFrnit s. 594i ' 1 '. '.. '.. '.... ' ' ' sit ians oRe I | *n,. 11,RA tsFA* Iv. Mi.*nFs. k,:tTnvi:s! ^y-^:~^^.'.*.'.. * *. * ":*..i~,*::...,.I.. ~..'.:..,*:*.* ^ac~f~c ~ ~ l I~~a~ -tU ^V^. '..c^ ^ ^ -.^ ~...:.l_ _,.. * * *.:*:.,...** **ME N ii' J ^ '**l~ ~^t t~j ~ri''.:. '':"';9; **'*.'':::*..'' ' *.'."'**..I' '':*''.: ''U *.;* ' ':.:.'-:'- *"*' *:* V., ~ * *: *:;*;':'*' 1111111 1il~ 111P Ll I I I I I illiI Nlilllilillllll I l 11.......,.V... E., TQ,. These,., I.. M.,.....agrv tre yiel vau a l fie o d tas an dyes.......... The. |....... nipa pal gogrows indnetiktalnthshrsadntedlasf Wl'liiNIthi il ~ i1ltel5 11 oEfllalfdPhilpp ' i lontdli ili lllptllelsi pl llr'111111.Is thesoilof thePhi ip pines in gera r nichl or steile Is th mis parives Its Minaves l ar ul tclitho ad sides iof llo us lhei tor aun or scian? is lth tperatue old or warm? lines te fo min toas hts amMel sails; andits sap r aing t iln veetationgdifferiosuh inI various parts of the AihrchipsElago Ifrd so, wh?fwine h og pn erso h ceepno adn hrrw also in this part of the vegetation, are gaihrred in large quantities for the The war, ms iate a f te s e t manueture of sugar ba and mats. Falrther back fm the shore are 9pistimaitIe gkrealyy lit foirs of vegetbIle lIfe. foindi tlie care grass so valuatbe in holding the sand in place, large frns, creeping vices, and in tdhe oastwise forests various species of the rubber Zin ifititnh fi = The seconifd Welt Ifis thegenral v tation 6if th lain 15 a. ns I and uplanfds. Thts exte iive area i d seir in lhith for of open land or of for sts. Savaunn> at c lbamboo ittugles chrceize tformer. urn of ti ivan are covered with fta coarse grass;, ofthers w th short r n kd oon is an e i grows higher than mant n's ead ani i. aliot i mpene i trable unless a adsat i fs irt made.fthrou it with a knifi o by m of fir The youg shoots ar uchif ii6hd by ctcate. BMBonn OO Where the nipa does no grow cogn is died for thatching hourse 1 The boanboo is ato a g ras. It groes in do nps f thirty or forty and N h ot cutivatd ti lad t a tIight f fi6 fet (tI 8 metes. I t one i th ""~""enilill It is end of aid everyhefel coered With eithi r Xl~ most nsefut plant foundl in the IPhitipies.~ to te i orst r hikgr. fvaighitin esstrength; darahitity and tfls ng powers run Th[ -l:\e; 'IlN lagely i ake the babo alm 4 in at ttiusdi s pet 6 0 mnakiboo vksM brkg, vrats furn-ure of compoed of the decon po fl on of kinds, and in innumerable othei ways. th preveaing rok mc ielivmTeg~trarotm Iadtf of ll r iv. 0i pus:eg great fertilhe woeti I h wonderf ii Ind iuxtrman ra stnd~ s if bera ly w ter d ofL in abunda c ti e vart d eg tabind rankn s of growti ehara t 63 rsticu. produc f th tropic| of time rainy trrpoii is the exception Inenirdal the me tatio n r trotrthatm timruitt tI Phdippines ical *itm tIMe xtlsreni southdrn part..-of tim Artlmipela o i ow h ver it 'I equatorial There is considerable difeene bewe iees n th vieTcs lwes coasts ldue to time greater aibunfdatmee Ant imore even distribution of thei rains 'on the fortmer coast Vlmere distinct wet and dry seasons pevail, time latter operate, to cimekk vegeaton inh same way as do the wintr of a temperate regiotm, thoiulim to a lser extent. Greater vaiaion take plceb reason of clmagt mgI|tt al titude than in latitude. As omm goes from the iuwlatmds to tilm higimest aititudesi the vectatotm ceases to be cha r Iatlied by tropical piams and gradually k Ii ili iil ldia. __= l.thiiWA Pt~s Ifoirms common to the tertp rate zOne Wd may distin guish at laist tI re geal blik Il Such row tlar foo di her it lo ing riion of Is I he irst is tiMe veg tatot aint tim low swamp I ids undat ra l t ay f th forts lie n uplands, of te coast. It I charat grzed byxten vmma'grtv w tr the datg rip td swAs filfled witml orchides ferns, creeping vInesai Au n d h f i varous kindofanina, fallen trs dy a ifidi I-tl l fl lit"WA I I b ll l MI.111 1lil..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M..............W.....,.2,*I.m.... js jjl by leaves, branches and oand cs fore TOPIS ON MINALS. sIking absencn thse ulandrrsts ofLa li I THE LAC or Kiiwottbd REGARDING THE f ifiers and their allies, fioms but a.lo prrreentatg IL. Tft9 WIELL*kNOM MINERALS. e i. MINERAL S RINGy Anot fo th ablere ni in sabout these farests is the a retnakle e ariloaey of t hina r secies. I is estialed thti natleasathusanddifferent kinds exiest. Onicesitrictd area how one dsit d ain" of one species, but many kinds, frequently 200 or inurebn Arc tere mainy dunses~ftic i fian i Where you lice? foun d ofn anarea not exceiedi s i ld anials? Which of -the f orme a He ssss busfl Whisl of tie latter are dangecousi? * T - the hthirda, bflt ts the geratmi W hie er part of LzAn Here extensive growtis of ine and very deficie in fhr. Co sirilg h idkis a are fond and re th higet paks en hloaks a wh theri e i ns a scart riey of bird, andi oAf ga afibundaci hand varaty of land ifole i TOPICS 0N VE,ATTO I i a The Idi tribrition of thedefferent form within I r A th Ahipelago hig of puze nd L'* ROV'di Our- onb ofTpi s II Eirircaks Es DOiE TO LATITraslE, AftitOiE MOISTUR. 5sep arated on by narrow stretlches of water oiften 1L5 CHARACTERISTIC VEGETATION 1F IrERVENT OELTs. hav vrl distinct s pecies, especialy of bird s iv. NOTICEBtE FAtUEIS OF ti FOES Ti. m.sti. c An, ia. ls.- Horses. cat.l sidered to be fairly European or Anericarn animalic rich iin nineirals, but Tbi hoFiei e.ik most of the otfl r asm thereirs inu Ini ralt c ranmal WA. brotuht thelrh ntor; exktent rich } hardy and ui ad al MO t exclsiv rly tity e aof rtho depos,x Bullocksf EAsre uel_ in sgame fslace.s' It is well khrInown b t the ba tli of I burden 1i 4the howeveir that old ca abo Tito riinbaba o copper, iron, and Coal i AG powerful but very slos and *qitnities Dfepo tstf6 W lead '.icp atroi is alno importsgibri to mire I leum, mercu halt, belat anun nzd ho, ax.l h~iev r. and the thio are reported St lplur1 ' is a tbbfiffifii par- reasoi he III extre9 mly u'getdiularly around the volcianoes Excellenfft fuil durinlg the rainy season ma1 r l comes from a few localities, There'' He reeuire9 freqoentbathslilh are asio. buiding and pavitg stones, iex.- in mud and walter, a nd iif left tensive deipositsib of gypsumi and lim esgtone, to himself would spend a s a pood; wateea nd ' 11cr are fotal Red mnany uf tht' antitdes. g t and chalybeat WldT Animal - II Ph lpp' co.. q'iiiiiill i~il~i:in~ ~l Pa of the Archipa I fleh is eaaten and iet kin A s theU sUth ia eound Theyaremupie y hy C the lhnse who high pices arions purpoggic W ild B ek"s6, "1Pilrsil"l' 8 s"P e~,ogp '"I ~1111~"~~'8~~~R~ i~il T Blue Ago ai,s~~~ ~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~-~ --- ~ exceillent flesh. Do] you know-, how% the deer and hugs stealif.Th cupalitni of jeatherfingthe is an daugronus, one are hunted? n oThe Philipines6 containi many kindsh of reiles The The'limaaoi a rery curious animal and is found onily on the island oflretsaeisteptoiI s oeie eti largest shakograms) The fyifi I igrnftv keat cick aMindoro it is Mach like the waterhmfalo, hut soaller, Unlike thee un hfihev r tii to cat ra In the forests it ftven attains an adfeedsl night. Ithasgreatrslrengmh, and when frightenedhasheen enormous size. SpeimnsA have hem captured mnre known to run as far s ten oilesd (I i km) without tpeinty f H!uning it is a dahngpearound inesting sport for, if woundede ~(driven m tors) hi Iftill it cheare the hunter anid tights fieresaly. and weighitsg more then Among trh fews furhesaing anidmas is the 3 pnds (ts6 klo-L caguang Ites oeft brown fu sireakd Witha g e atic gray, is very pretty. Large bats, sometimes enes hogs, monkyls, and measuring as much as i deer, o And Iave been rom t to tip, knw hei eto attack and gar nd otherd kinds ki11 human i h foi mextensive guano sic alsonumerou v66 -deositn i n caves. In i omlous rpcntu The M e plac s ther ar geat Ilghon alym found in Inunbc.s of the large th6 deep imud of the fru't ha.g which pasbs hiNos rc -fieds is on u ersally MI~thI dayg hangifn head drae~d6& 11 iRdownward in their fA- Tw pce f housde geckosx are etminmuson They voitte trees, and at igh feed on flie in6osuires and otherisects. Large rise tingreat sw firing columfns and fly oiff in setarch of food. iguanas sonfiefimes attain a length of five feet. Their There Is btt a asingle speci s of monkey found in the egs s re conyid red a d e cy. Philippines.U It s ~v ry abundant; of meiuiglm size and Of in etct the white anti or termite;i tIemsdts somettimes used for food. structive.~ Some of the species raise hills9 six feet hig RE The forests coniltainoesi hunidred spce f birds, (two mneters); others build mud nests in the trees or MOre Ethran half of which are peculniar to these Islands. busghes. These pests sometimes Completely destroy ~im~Many of the birds are of beautiful pslumsa but ver ry f Nwikare hoildhin. ILocu ty sum etime nu-mbering millionsc ar ogt: Ther ivey little migration due to oftki C ttak the crops -and com1n I tely corainsun them.n seasonal cihangesm Within the Archipelago. People try to sciare them away wifth noise Snipe, plover, and some ofte te or smoke, or to catch them in nets for food.& shorlke-birds from Asia, howsever, conme The waters abound in many varieties here durfing thei Winter onsths.e Herons, of fresh and salt -water fish anid otherg bitiernsc kinigfishers,' or1ios, larks, sun- kinds of marinee lIfe M~I birdsi thrusbes, aisd qutadl Are abundant iAmhA The ineondi huiider is one of the lmonet imeculiar hieds. I SeasetrV or Runs: FOsAs, Anesu10amck uF founmi in the ithilippines.i it deossitrs its large e~ggs two oHR or tiesre feet nuemily A umete) helowe the smmlrfae of the IiL Dosicffie AsisALs; Talk GoVssssigt STOcK groudhL The litles himds ared highly deveimmped whenFaM aegg is depmmsitcd time parsemt hirmis srraftrl irt mmver IV! Bfiftms Rinr'irws, issters, MMic the place,; and a rdnmmumml ~mmfnmeioms aettaimmmg a imleigimt mIdfmu or fiv feet (one anmi a half mneers)anml a. diameter of twelve or itMan feet (four or livePO isiters), is timus formed, The eggs are highlly pHrice for fmmndg Accordinig to the census of 1903 the Philippines are There are no fewer than Rfoty-five Species of birds of finhabited by 7,635,2 6 peie differing grat~ly in welh prey, varyingl from tlse tiisy falcon to the great harpy abiliti y An c I d plany il~'il lea elt. wI Ybs so powerfuil that it se iz and earn s off patcl 46W all Ad the othearated by many Donkgey' aatlsey climb frons tree to tre ereso utvtin eog ooerc -teMly PHILIPPINE ISLANDS T Negrto are sup- _ <u savage custom od hed-ting; hl.t hve never thelss lnany good tuaiies. posed to hiave beben thetes original inilabitants of V arious other wild tribes inhabr these Islands. Long the himlntainsr i and forests of soothago they were driven efrn Lnzon and the uentral and soothfrom the lowlandsri by ern islan ds, The y never oranize the strongerMalay and strong communities, but live in scatare nrw fiound in scat- terd - iranhe rins" Some of them toted bands among the bild their litde houses hiyh up6 in mountains and fbiests the itreas, where they will be outl o of many islands. They the reach of their enmciues. Othurs have not fixed homes or s are miyratory hin their ldabkts and settled occupations, but have nly sutch rde shelter as can wa r aho t ii ll searc'h 'po m'm: ',0;' h a s til throw i Many ofl of fod which r oniists t these people are wretchedly poor. chiefly of fishl, roots fruit nd ri fhir only trdo urn hovevr r i hunIp tarn,, and rice, The consists in exchanging wax and othe r forest products for women weave and dlye batttifl cloth anId bla nkets of rice toba, and trji ket, nThey hunt With the how!h'mp. Sav age custo ms and arrow and aru skillfil in catching wild afnimals, sill previ a g o e As the namer implies, the Negrito ace small black peopte. The men of these tribesI average but m little over four and a half feet (I4 centimeters), and the The M — Th pewomen are even shorter. They have flat noses, thick lips, aind wo o lly hair. p w yci l They can use their toes almosit as well as their fingers. The only clothing they wear is a strimp around the tmins v westerni and a part of The Negrito eare shy, simmmple pagans and avoid as muoeh as possihIe all cetral ctlindanao, the contact with ivliedation. Thiey numubher in all otly 23,000. Su Arelsipelgo, and the southern part of PalsThe Pagan or Wild Tribes, — These inelude all the in- wan are known as Moros habitants of the Islands exeet the Chistirs They They are in eight diffr — are found scattered rom northern Lxz6on to gsouther n et tribes, nutmbering Mindanne, and necupy fully one half the snperficial ares about 275,000. of the Islands. Including the Negrito, there are six- -Asthenameintieat teen wild tribes, ntmm)fering the Moros are followabott 6ooo souls in all.e -ers of Mohammed The Igot, after the Moro, When one of thet tires N:mxre,:~o ItNTEw. is the largest and most im- of lfe he shaves off Is. portant of these wild tribe - - y rows akes a vow bfin-. t aid run This is a general t-rii ap- 1amuck," killing as imai Chylr'i-' as he can untiil ped to those pritmitive Ma- he - binsl f isd. kd Bth sli avery lays ilnhab ting the moun- -and polygansm y have bee,, ut il retains from the extreme cently, prctis bythe ors Men northern part of Luz6n to and wonmen alike aret very hncd of the plains of Pangasinhn aitd jeselrv and gay —clord clothes. Neva Rcija. It embraces - - Tltey oftts file and blacken' their seve kralroup - king ditf teeth. fr-it dialects and tnumber- h e a gr..t slcipp inhaoeth Wine areaoooef 9det ig#6. 06 sometimes omu ovec thi was ere In pmtt times Some of thes Igicot have made t they were dreaded tpirates and madte epeditioms some advancermeit in civilluation, baint even as far north as MNaniat plunderng ammnd emmmmmost of-fthen ace stil quite wild They ave, ho rtibd see elaving as t Lhey weoh 5 hy are a Iaaughty asnd anid ace goodl agrinicutturists They dint nooseo wok in the mines and warlike penple, and are inelmoed to regard work ake teir own code implements and honsehotd effectss coinsisting of as fit man fm aes lc are fanmous boatt copper,; ironms1 and earthefnwace utensi srl, s ass kniies, and buides, Imowrer and themr krosns lantacas, mand needtes They also ake t of ott and of tree —bak fiber, coats of mail are often work of arI The}y asin~ They aire a stody, wel —detope0d people. They aie give to the too' woain, weave cloth of beautifut color and desitn The Motmshav I or ef trihl6 orgarni n under hi..cled dao wh l-...ppine L ie lr whic ompose turni arc suljei t to higheri chief. called11 twohues-thd hlippinde Commissio,: uot; n f th st t J tl t ohr upp o r hotso1 aind the Philipp ie Asmo n i o t m c emhly or low hous The egisature h Sl Arhgip Ig e ho north hor of ent l th isle s s Borneo and sot Pao \ law i while Tinl.i _am Cdomims no comrie the Governor acknow l dd p ontd tendd i spun ti ernmi is i r thi 6i pfk-e o h neriour commion etr Min Fpio Thi nt' ato oif tMaidanan. N all th" Governior eran ad iiio niaiioner are yaon Moms Are ru t dirctly to the tIor_ by the redqnt oft Unit d StE I f th en ral governm ut Which TeM Philippiac Asemhly is composed granths a p ntion to th Itan oem0 r w 1 e d h t pennd'F' h n a e of 0th prov cs, they represent. t he Th Christian Pe e-Th wor -- - - -d - executive authority is vested in the Guyiptino" as gni.r II kd- inclndri only oi.e nor Geneiral who l s asslisted hy the the ciMviiliized and ChrMtigini id p op1E They arc divided heads of four executivf dep artmet sunerx hwose jurisinto ight gret goup; umnri ta 6 987686 by r dictiot are borganizd the vrious admn trativ bhra the I r et part of tfin to7ital The Archip lagoi divided into foirty-thre vinces popu nl"atn S n hf tfhs and the City of Manila Most of the ptrvincs havie Il i I u Ca iia ivil adni a t d c r own governor and Ilocano in northfmu. in Th v ruint hoard ig thse prov~nc 1s po d of t e lagagasinan Pampan ani tlae avmerior who is el ert di and af l tretrim mr andin a cd Zanaha an in c late 1 the lrger larovinces a supervisorr who arcnantay ii the aglog n centra.l th *Coveor *raL * t *and gsooufth ea t L Ah nd the T overar of a Province is rmesponhlc for 6exectnumerous*. gop t Visayan, s3 upervisor,;forcs tu — cn ----g — a — nd repairing roads alnd.1..l *. l _-flv i L thn la e Visayan is ands. pu lic hu ldigs Intee aovinc h mniciaaitics orp Other Pepe- aavc pid;ents,; counciloms, and oither officers, most of e ad mn it whom arc elcted hy the people.d The remaining prov Te dcv ity Of popol tin in the Pi ippin as ompar d Wt some them Thelr governors arc all appoint other onnrwil s is d lows. iH thilippigo 66 q or iii Java,,. 5o4 iiiJapao alt in a p 95 io Uti Uii dte is 2s inAnar Iifi 3.! - I TOPICS ON PEOPUl I PII IiiON OF THE i.i. ~iH Cusi E a'ii. Who ixfh6 ii pkrsent Gover nff Genera? What dir eihe names of thr l iiidniiiisiiners? WU I yoiur peoYin 1i o f ei.dsis? k f u r tow uli ters TI e Ph1Iiai aI la id ame no a part oaf the 1 territ o sof the Uniited alt o minei bia stahl I eli the ferm of governtment Jnel had ina ted cirntfin fuinm ntal laws fear flat m In accorda ade With thIi s lawthe t l..se.... o mast AAa5 Man es DUE. X 'HMMl~ ~9,,I ME.~.~llii,,,,,,1;1 i:;i;~:l;I~l. r~ ~:: ~ 111111PPINE 1SLANDSS The City of Manila likewis has a special rm of of seing ot After thi is done the stalk of the sheathng leaves are ers, with bolth legislative and exec tive. powers sitd crude method * of extraction. When the fibel is dry it is tied up in small b adviso ant these ae pre sed into tle for ship ient, teigting about 275 twelve met mbrs 0reon..11pounds (2 piidas) ear sh. In tlhe tl itippines the fine r qualities are extensirely used in the weavmg tof Naity kinds of textiles. Some use of the fber is also ma de in uihohoteee Oing paeking, ad I brsh m aking. Manila papert is made of oI gs disite It A PART or T Tsnncrnnv grated ropes. tF1. e n! 1UNTD STATES. Sgar, its exportation has sne greatly IlLthkdgxte of'ats F*s.t in recent years arefrst THE to STATEe FIL CE-,RTAiN SPECIAL FOR MS th rogh conmpeofi thon i ih the bee IN DSTRIES AND Co M R sugar of Ear op and America; still A culturei'- Agrienl- forma: both frr doture 1i the leading occu- mestie consutmption potio Ai the Philtipincs, by far the largest and for exportation. n usbr o of ho I bten tned ihn rme nd e o ading of r 6rtItnea l work. TheI tropical cltiate prodltct. and rich so6il nmake these Island. peuarl No I liarltha hwty dapted to this p Lrsnit. of e valey is dp: grown in the I hil ippines IACA tlh IlP Er Fr. es The clifmfate afnd stoil are ahtl fertile, beiu fored by river ~alluvium or well adapted to its rwteNby tlse deay of rocks rish ih plant food A very large siew rultivation bit the iiethods rniltiyed are enemly primitirve miAd he part of thA total exports csms fom the soil, yet only a sut in a large ernage of loss. T here are a few large haiedas equip rped with modern steatm ills for crushhing the cane, but gmst of the comAparattively small part of tse land is tulter cnlttva- plantatitions are small, and the cane is crushed between sttne or wooden tion The Islands are capable of spporting a popula- rills turned by craras. Near Manila there is a sugar re e ryh i ot tSri ntifi6 of ti prodiuct is tsent abroad as rs m a terial. It ge s largely to the agriculture is still tlhktotvwt Aricntltural schools and exlermitAfntal stations, Isowever, are doking hA tuA 5 showv Tobacco is grown in nearly all the islands, but chiefly the value of inAmproved methods of frmig. itn northIrht iLruioa. It is grown from seeds which aret The leading cross are lhtemp, sugar cane toblaccoe first pltntel hbuds and thAi transplanted l to the fielda cocoanuts, rice, a td corn. towrid the close of the rainy season. In for or five emp, or abacA, firms morce than ole half of the valute thols it is ready for cottiAg after which it is carried of the total exports.e Philippirne lhmpIt has no rival for to sheds for drying and curig. It is then sorted, strength a ttfid duorabisty. graded, baled, iand sent to The larger part of it goes tthe large facttries, it Mato the United States and dta or saips abr oad Great Britain, where it is anila toco h the s e made op inlto twine, ropes place in te tades of Ie East aut sors dh rHana tobacis in thse West Nearly c, all of it is used in the muaiuctur'e of The hemp plant grows through- rigors an cigar ettes, whirh flusd a ut the year. An inexperienced arge domestic sale and are utremt person ca.nnt distinguioh it from the sirely shipped tE Spain, hogk nsig, edible banana. htensp gruu besk Eniglandi, unid the British East indies on mountain slopes exposed to the sea breezes amd whre lhe distrib — tion of Traiall is henavy unh nuiorfo: Rnc is thf s l orm lhuroughoasi rt the ear. Gusher ml- aod is grosvn tltgolutttt tivatlmon it attains an average heighdt th' Iladsi Morisqaita, or orice boilded in water witsplant is propagtu b y means of sucers and is reade for cutting in tt salt, takes thepl aut tree years from he time Loamn Iteme with a saoriy of fmilie, c.areh ats rown in the hMa la 1 iin iE sprt t bur wutrallydinfl i nkin Ju, dand t the grodtt s off get tttnudi Sowing th ss by d mea k at e ih byMNossing it. up -~ p~e an Wen ab i wee ool the yt little plans ae r ttrtt gplated fro nt i the outfier< fihrous husk,eldegp toit theb flooded fieldso S Thi rcesdr fot or men fed nite aRtewttl mia er |o |st 11 pg Citen hukartc lar inredite Nothain g isua prettir ta a tev eratte St riean i r t tllo p ari e tratin te uaoi, ieNdI t of ric e a sit a d u l g the Phil Iwi i ppind es t it ta sof te wo. noeas gdt yello. Theibyigstea.sofasteelspearhead tsherdy icoanust.ht red in T ie grir iqud. li rashe t e die an iireI o t cia u eooi e a s ct otri rthit tns ic o r gah let f e ta rik e Ae toh isas is e ither i to ttahe s e nt beastif The hus isc andtthe oil w icg resut lleted or fi is put i b tidesc *ncdb pouningthi e inor s Thi i then cookd tecoil e t lt cnc tra ga iin, in| woa morts, or. uion the|iyi| e; 1. 2sa ih is df. o te t. grinck or pindi ng iafis the mill Wa swg is c; am U 'l ree c r y anek mu dt ft opran hioppe; coztw e rlsbaldi. th oil s ph ds y to giru s o1 w uaim Ik oapsd an hog thc anles, an amladrsk Csa tand at owag,g BB u frin bsks ofms th d Brus u;idin thes Mrothe wind is art iea the acof n ut no rear use pu chaff I itere0 Ware tmnly afewpseam audte te Isla u as ao fohr aietiens and care, the sait l bandh would yedoopus 00korm tote a, sh,adf ntgh cT Co AThre. pro r T' on e of the lre st iit a r as t eir al t, ich is dra twn r f m trh Corn, -a fres ith.el X",l.E we xjet. ai.1 for Jis shtan h'o ir sIih adthlyfer eei makeis X --- genell ys tgroan patis cul iii a popular beera tuba, tfhe s i Is ot e rn. i isl s an s whic f lins lag sa le. f. provinSes where| the lad is There are many atinor uses of fly means of small han dmils a meet.et o u sedf ase a b msadcie an iqllain sp oo, hotls, la dle, and tly, t. NIN ON se d in Wood i a fcod for h s ae a o f e i ' o t tahle kinualumyleasing whiel a mr ago 6I Zenusedb$ceski b TM 61*r;or hd is ddd fi rimift kwdag; ro M M o ne""8~1i s fnli, 6 larges:"ia~t fin O;riI~1o:; ...r. amr rireua or centry lan, and, toj i br soil. During the greater part of its life it without a~: 11111111111111111_1~urnis a fi1 11|11|rilS1a ber whichislagly sdi XCX~wtlwth Phlipp pist - h a ild an I as a itiv t d plant I n o p.t igona largelyo it frit, ' h li oh i I t and more generally, a fib1erw1hich for finenes ad c fivne srngtd s und!outa o theII d sd I gw fr Ier he it scutshortl u a t s tance eractedb the qalty oeri in orer that the leaves may evelaop ore of t he cacao grown in the.Ph'lippines fully. The fesl ly et t 1 ayes are is excll n11,li li, scrp withnrirn orf bamb g Rh _ g fW W b |erlper A t fber f ii siparated P sideablequatiti h t whech sn d ^hery aiid leh It is Mea po ttpr. O i g o t e r v gsi m ated th atib i k at n d Qgo k ilos),i about mo oPth pIutai afiI ve easd 6 pou il nd' (25 to 27ilo )e o if dr iber to be pro c iv It9sitil g o ww ich ai g xte vely b t i i8 as a rarden plant on most of the hipI ins wxavin beau ifuVl othe aind l Whiand f xa fior sma I corda where rat strenth fgthesn Odowdwhite flower and the is required. k8cld '. bi~l k%9.e~~ — -~~I~~~1 4fl~88~~ fragrat odori ofeaves mthe sm r eu1 which cofe grow make~ a1~ coffee~ cotton isi~L th most ~ 1 extensively used plantation very attractive The trees fiber in the world. Although found ow the inilly tg s I gw n te Philippines, both wild and cna sn he hot lo wlad thee ms be tivtd not me than oo Uton (oshddbylrer tres Te fruit is COwANUTm PaX 900 kilos) a yehar have ever b~een of a cleard green color at first but pd d It it chagest a deep red W hen it ripens Aier iit is dried i dn large quantities in t uln thei hsitlk is removed ant the berries are inthPhiiippies useCon piani is aerenniail and bearsws and grad.t In cth Phi ippns trdsi eeari aii ih. yeare; r Om Si monl *on ropf c,,,,,ios s pnr tiln e, 66..,,., 1 is separatge i&b Producive It i it'll gb~lilli l l-ich 19 dxtramiith sebyi hdin other s perior qaiy oi i r Tbl fot ib r i: ad to snake elago ar ric nift 6| ' hon an for Mantfil 66dtad ort I piroiffdidg fls no fw r i _ arpiglase:ii great a ib tiant different r -at donwo' itn Phil-renih ties being nown be h e th r, ' i t most ' ek,,ritig_|g aged An~ffl~rV~y atfaci~n Th tr'eA ilb inha drin latin raboi: psioa the gon otii tly onesexprated, ifgonI Rh elogng boheoC Wid grd as, btit many of t6hed others mui t ds sot poroiduced ind thes PM;. enter vlerlar grelint do-o -t ppn biv~rb~iI oni 1takIti rfe 'cailb iltestie use ihusk althought soil and1I 1 t cli-1t1~e ii Pbi~du in a Pan thif RV WRI Ai MUANO fi lieoilin Ph 99 ar rich incontain;I& dealsfivdj Ad ItiffillpililiN Hai ~~~:~ p MOM fo MA Ofiaiiaiia. oweve8':l:ll:i'ilri are I 'field NUU&NAM:~, ~ 8,s:~'~:~:; I:~:~:: i;uAll 0 0 daze M. 6 fad ad itC rho Phfl MA " 1t:~RA;a: inl' mate ar elo m oi growtgh.i It Bist h Nn ercpb rdcs o s im i la r t o fl a x ' a n d v d m fi n e w li ch w f ld i tn di b e t e l l e a f ippines. Thy arc rar l c ltivat ~, and, xc Ient d otiff asarlar u n nrt h gonVg bi frinykNdtgh wint I InIIII Htemperat ron. Some kids hw P ne kever, areexfllnt arel jiiop a infero ia sizean uait oh The IM bananais n of aithe most valuable othefris EnpanndA rIcat pce.Te anomle It s oud i aunane al ve th Iladsin ot te tanth lnt i, bu ofthMame flavr;ahaoe maiMtpe of fud;Asmays grwi fifty-seENvaite algrwn oabundac ansmeimsttingratsie IIeipdicucunabers arenot ext n. velyiultivatld a ad fildiI nut nt r v ry lar ely into In 1ii II coln n aatn tb otrdut vaofimorfti d fd fin aa tlc I a atzn -1 ternperat r gm k Siiiii Id ft h ~ EE-iwiI xS I'~ hoav rai deneratiuIn us size andd it t t sun forpl unta aiidclan.t a usI alr tof lacce - ful rf I nM Ae kowfrdiSSA Id AN su I hen ann nyiothera ful tre "I vandngpla ntsion theg Phihpins 11 celn lctnsmiofi fbr,- uc r nsw si;l tav t as lalu o ly - s II inbuna adgow i ttl uuia re le Ifalser and iia6 labdering. Tla nasagoseca grws asl intheextease suthr~aIsat Ienesee, o eamis arte casto ui, anivydrthi paaut frit"beaseiti s igay anzd a teMoo utas sbtac kniown as tapioa 6a ccmnses rossthe cassav Iti butteszecfasml nuughs aduntrpat, knoavia her i als the csoigalySgrowan ski an sft hit plpver dlicte n lavr. ls arowrotare bothf~i obtained In If~nallY nera lauzoas is a beautiful treeitavi ahlanight greetsfleavesm allquniesAmigte renelsag rut 'ls uaa unsshs rut rnswhca -di treeiY amos yIneldnc ssnilsiso larestfruts aa lacword. t guwsfrniiac~s brnchs, ncsayt ally99 utiized ae le laa-iagg n~i~~sel ii great almacaiscse.The fruit isvalulaleonpacaTheihang-ilanggroav account of tlae p~p~it ecantains. l o yaua kuscaw of aasy thouhou leAesplg other useso it Iss?'le uarange andfd lensas aregenen-f an ishgl rzdfat al fooralt'A ac rfat rid plant''sr'i flowers, hicl 'ldan fun6 ndelsilid 'n en C anV on nuatm bfdid nd am nIni-gden dfe fume, Thedess6nee known a. a I ctn gr axcI ii iiit n n f eta cf edllsewi naas n ilang-ilang" rowun us 'f dapes persdimifagoi 1d u hg'W ad MAune rh nat 'gIII s e n hs 96 ared. ptiruportahbi Mid ahxport I fiift b~c6 S if N 9 hihly i~g b fiv ho ffia itIgriifific kiw-Wilag apica omespino th daadv IN ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fxuOc~~~~~~~s lCl~!III f ORI6156it iid Sin ofIf Smll gignifI ha a hied oow 01flit knowIm c I I I Ad ild of WhvIjgld~ br df ift Ih la6KTh arowoo ad ot otane anzn hl abimliffidfre Uhbtihf ly~ hevegall I I A4114refiflifc Afiffigth refiveifigknifeTfld ifi~i ftifilifiei Itff iii fixih Whih II rees ieldflgi1g8diiia 'I ils o quafifiidg of By aidI'M& Th nangras briefof the sietien Iffid bikin m rslo no ci Ian III ih ft hp If thae At ~ 1 II aid If di! hig i~~A~18 ~ ~ ej ddP ig inlO1Bj II An a~"I.I.,~?IPl. ~ ~ ~o~ ~;w~~~ln l~~I,,,,,,, w~li;""~l~I~,,,,,., ~wr s~~~o~s ~ alB r~ ~ ~~g lli,,,. is~~~~~~' l~~, ~, al l thiieiplaty placing portation mosti of e d o..sit a.restl uilope ct j i j one or th othe r of T j col, i in th.m o h croized li te. Itc hot producingb, rMAtic,' antI asnedt or 1 11esei ollsrit gu met s U a n Uid tisl iun n t norternif i ct tocetral MndaI blie se t ocrs.it mtot fortao veins lan ers and anriver OI Itl AiGR uLURE sands. Do o kno ho the old ie otan, THf!'E L,~ ceorto terive depofsIbits?; from the cjuartz veins? ' 'c sZm e Ane os f thetheoreA s cond stone anwr e Fi and rce enter more argeily than any othe os |washed cn ocpneut shll into the evefrycay consump- ____g______ i______ Copper is wi de ldistributd. varieties of mtarine and friesh- T inoten Luz ns and is r e go water fish areNfound, the hmarnse h fi Gor ln tita ilpr e an et s, r lr pae te I p tc is rap s a t, a b n dan e o c o ppi r v e l. soi but soeo,,mtlt andshdbe seas money and tr lines. ing abrmnclant.. Thel pRoNCIes IgenErl emOth F ithernas omao p ed eof te nsivests,arl, rL methodscof catching fi shis by er oast reti tei ing t martteri in ti pr tic ed ains t ot hafllo T h iao lfoct!gjtl s ie ' I r l idann O w tr s aIu the at Dp6 t n o a oae't. eoop nc t acing ud in up t ma artm I ofnnera book nfil sfe ll f co mearine tsFssere Plowsar d iun paloticula mployed in kIh Dffer ab are$f] A iltaade of th iron.,A ttc: Basket-fl i r p16fe are ui d i ca igE; imu fish, Oa tS ge MNeISG oner watetreaps rars, ItifunishesLu ber -Te oste Mining - Alt cal op siler lead, and of the other islands ther HLMEN EPOV15! CTHIKETEMMatn::si~i Yi;~a; ~ iN fiaste g LdytC iiiid many:I:1.:ilj: 1~1:::~:.~.~~: II~.~~:::.:..:j::: ~....:~8: ~ ~~iBj~::a:t~:: 8 l:: Ran 'Iffidl"'S re:~a~~~~~~::i:i;;;;,,,,; 18 PHLIPIEnSLI a common practice toceroetIod ym rimt burning of the. trt Nt nil p operconz val of theYr fbeor hiodf slmb' and fo he effects upoadn tI prcservattio qOf mu' or ilsc de.truicttye measur he di sconftft t cd Tbe )xrofdutt of tio Philippine fresfts in additint tl imb5 *Wlfd A 16r; arevrc n val tabl Mortan fit 1,sp cie of tr es and fIl Aant re known which yed ubher gutta-perchac other gums, resins, and balsams. They are found most abundantily in Minoroan th southerni islands and lare used fo medicinei lilluminante varnish, and for cailking boats Guitta-erha,; the mos~t valttable of forest posducts, is obtaied ftrom thed trunksl anfd brandltes of several variethie Reuse TityEs. of trees In the l'iRppinds atse destNeHee methodl p revails of 6uttini dtovn the neontif of ther ext ot aiid variety treeos in order to tR the Milk or latex if ape ~itth for9 tform Asoure After the tre is felld ringis are u titn of greant natr rn1 w Ithlit No eact tebr bu w tpr ln h ohfi ye cntls of thelstrunk. The mork aurveyg~ hA v ro been n adei of allitfoou eIctdnott thl lad btt it is estifn trd th t cupse histed over itfiive and nlk worked booto~ lf f h totlarat uiotas mn s is a very ov d ithbe n lyallOlwastefull rs thud is s fly asmrall part of Moo or Gevrxrvr rtesk Tnvv. the pttsibfle pvrofduc is obtaiined. theff pufblic domafin. Ruffbler is founfid its the sames general These fhorest contain some of thei finest kids of bIn reinfsgtta. It is obtainc6d borth from tree anid vine wlsih are tiapped her now. I th seeretess t whch ateialR o felled hfo tnhoei tilks in the satne way as the gutta-percha tree, The inti lmte by the rapid decayi due to the humid AG- vhtne attan a6 diaete of sixtof egtic~e Rt 2 etmtes n moshee' and the intensely hot sun, many of these woosol high plac.O tevr lrenubro Rattan or bej'uco, grows in great aibundancei in the peisf d ar hn y r aevalnafble hard foetI sa spinly climbhi n 1pal sometimes attinwoods; iiIuding such I- W itowni varie~ties as teakI ing a jlent of 6o6 fei t 2oo nmet~r). It is used fo mol 1vO~ jpil } ac al dci (It Ion; rtnmyabk hI foth ir many purpo Ic The framowork of house9 kibmo often 1 steenprh anti d irthlity~ od fo r& irAbility to re. t rho held toigeth r by ktroikly laceid bandg of bs o66 thi0 byl anay,; or white Ant anti the sea wormc Camagon, eboyiik nails, It is employe6d in making rafts and the rigging tidlnarra, andi lanet-hiard, heavy, fine-grained, of small boats, Hats, bags, chakirs beds, walking-sticks Iand beautifuolly colored Woods -taikei on a high polish ad anti other ttseful Articles Are matle of rattan, while the are used In cabi netfmaking, carv ing, and interior fInIshings, flowers pfrodttcea ncctarfirom which the bees malke a In spited of the demanid foe spernor gr dei of honey. rb semwood onily A all Tile cabbo-negro also be I amotant in exka ~~it Iiong to 1 longs to they ffamily of palms. kitck'rsf Jroad 0 cidltriy~ andL fItslong, black, anfdvery strong~ 1 ans of tenpr o.Many fibers Are esed in tdemau elf thtrn art tots litavy to float factured of ropes ant ixcodage, and have tts be taken tes filaket fo it is very durable ant I resoIan bmots raftg Ntely All tiIsutandvn I that art, hmakclt are iawetnwaer oufbtmorhwt out lfy hated Very Tebnpllvosn wM M team a1wIfilllg tik ter I reAl atsWli r r'lii aeigng n ItDl~q is said, that the ig atructivenes hkiv charact islaind Wrias sh we MN iz'ed' dhl fiote t 1at of rIe ro heaunaeofth vaub ott.I sbe asoRoso fttsv platst grWi. thee~.Ihe PHIPINE ISLANDS 1S are otrm thirty to fifty et aortileh ofl this cla to adfi and o t li ies Sl i ar syrup tivel6 yslletriea s lugar iclh and wu are made from the ric dma ahipyrs sh tobaecic sap of this tree fkctrie ire rB mo t in lpottiitt frit and i ii d for dycn Oriut de of Mantila there are fiw FiMew oo d........ 3,8o8,87 "~~pi& { Io7 ") clt; leth wd, paper M S establshed factories, ut much of and other th.ings. the cl hng, household e ffets il s ad 1n spite of tho extent and vaxrfety of the frest prod- ornaments are INisdmaden Such for xample is the ucta of tho Philippines, only a romparativfly small quan- hoime nsanifitfuire of tobacco sig r a 1OlNOl, rope cloth ty isann Nallrtak f.rom the pu libe do9man as is sh6own hat t il f iamrcWod 3 80 a 1 8, 7 ""...7,868 "j 8l Dyc6u6d 5,568;,773 (d lbs (2;i560 Mim n) Tanbaik 6 90096 * ( 40,2 " ) } DaJmma (gumC copa ~sJ~l). 1,5,7 "i ( 617,350 "~1 I, i i Rubber...........1.293." ( Breas, resins, ec..... 752,28o " ( 341,945 " Oils (wood ols)..... 53 529 liters ( 1 777 gal. } Make i sts sho iing th te is and pl st of the fiorests hat are us ful in furnisFihig tiibier and ficrisood resinsg a ums nd gutla-pe rc ha, textlesx oilg 'perfum escst, Cas ha crk for tanni'ng land ing u gar anid fermintid beerrags, m edirce, and ood. a Tfirc N A Tkmdso FAbcRtoa TovPIcS oN LUMRbmi. filuritre, and pottery. In the cities skilled work is done in silver and other metals. Bancas, barotas, pralkus, 0I V1Ass 1 T;s aso s Vi'. Ii OR PRODUCS casos, orchas, l and fir-sized ships are made. Bricks, 1. TaHE IsUSTWY. y 'V uAE OF TiE ANuAt Ytkf.n tiles. and pottery are produced in considerable antndance. The women are skillted 1anfacturing.-Why are there wr t th h i so few factories in the Philippiner Irkrs? at ha Ioos WhIt condi tion are necessary for thir iad turn out many kinds of esiablishment? Are these conditions t xI the clotN fti c of now realized? Make a list of the morest herp alone 1s caled sinamy_ ii sport anut local iianufac'ures; anotihern paloe1 1t 'iabay showing what night be made forIN h omN a t rodh i domestic coinsmption; for expor ' ' i. both d.iabl aod Itf1 A Manuf eturiog by acbin mch fnicr quality i: known ryA od on a lar scaleT ' as tinampipi. PfiI n a.i ibea nyet it US infancy i in i ' T ifl cloth.wov n fro' t, j pan sjjj Tb Ij lands dej d jes of the pin apple leI jv!1ilargelyo r oEu rpe and Am- ' J si is a lfin' transpar ient fabe o aufctured Hc made u'uaiiy of a woof of ucts ad have viery few TMxous Foai s or pnThivir, silkt and a vwarp of cotton or 2H E, ~ Ill~a~ i~n~ ~gi~~ t~~it~ee~ t~s M1~ -~-~.~- ~ -~~~-~d~ ~~~~ r~~~81 1~ 2 PHPPNE 19LANDS -0 s y ringapre Euro p'l,andAr ic aTheseM parts of the wrld Hemp..........I... $I24:,963~9 l IUnied SiVtes~ Unitped K'sm, Japa..,iteso, a n, a of thi comme d gr Ing Cocon.the years 1... 88o8-~ Ui 11e 1894, a incu Ing CMiarsd....... Uite d S, hinMAILA, a g regated $i7 -paof 45 c of Iimporrts and 55 o of dxportsN Ior the year eN TOPICS N MA UFACTURIeco.. 974 o of expo6rt $6,i464, ooe or Coa - F A F AC I |. MA J AIC H. ec o 6an n l ve1a6 o nf eb,48om Thi largle amrount deer not i...nclu gold an d Si and supplies for tbe 44 UnUited Stat e srn t I of rticles chiefly a g Stesl t ritil The Eas din OC m ordea of......tg.i en B rth ta principal Chia '1.... 'kere lunch didreeeS bewe the p oeo of the ltazarr utt ons.......... t,34 } Unitediiii", iSate triae to whih they eore s f e domestic as follows 'i pari o, 'atr,raci call ifor, tla ty a e D ga n to tt ei fi j td In aiti;.......99 Io c I licnsd smal9l a ftt erl rIx gen o hipas l' '.,3.'....... t g a.dor..Ea e 6M,33,26 t oonoj 1o. Ila. i shgllsa. I 2.9..4,949 Croto d StalesI bo Ito otehs 1,226,337 crooted Ealestln Co dSaes o noifIo no N944;577 St,,,,,,i,,t,,.,0o4 Cood S lates, dl e Scoo oNta MANO.lotoore FaoayCo l Was 6 120,327 Chcod States lUcooslo KFootloief 1~ EBC a Nemese 114,s93 A10frg c 1 ostc m toohcs hmaf a.iAN What o l ass ofPi:dridii goods oot by wagbon nbo d hgon tra'l'd or foatghf ihe thei; fore IrWebr1 arot of Ihe doll tfic comeo e o 111111PPINE ISLANDS 21 Itof oMr tan imoe numerous lhst of transportation and con* hundfred articles or municato usri ch rts and lighthous grouji of articles. experimental tations and a signalwesatler T lid i port service first ct of th e om ssion o named. i i i4 in; ore o w n tf rn o t ooo their value together for ldi an d r road s th ho with th nam e of the thI I -ds principal countrit es u t 1 intendi d to in res the present iL fom which they way mulag partilri i Luz6n, hy the come, are given i n truct ll olli ii i i;i CAo.Y..N. 4tol,41 VT hMAktk.tn improved means of transportation in many localities. At preent much of tle produce 1 to 1or to yoa ~nding Io~ Ihr~hlt a n r i'la, s O i I%3 93tI94 et tha e byl. 8, tx *s1Vt tt~ tH~~tt the endn in many partse off t, ii Strtes, caried to thea 3i 8 6 Aft n by means of small h o raft g aid then thipp d by steamer to Manilah which is a slow 5 n oAn extsive systens of telegra1h, telephone, and Cable i.e........... 5 8,, i U itd S tatFes, l' h E 't i ddi l Arin e sc n iomns vhin op o al of th linse crin and steels afrte maaof, C ga rtn t seapld o t M anyd posteI fo tswh lecI ures f..f A.... 4, glI37i UtCebed nStalted, Uniatnit e a elepd iConvetgrl P.apr ani na itihC 7876 C Sat aI us us of o m iatio t gsoun the IInli Aolr ne Silo Ctt t wooad ~a 4i to an ua c...... { 7 on o Sates atf, Th..... h. I.cs.tlA i: Itd SeW awa iananrancc a weo ther d oftt manhature s II ano47M sal yke f atn e Il otiu o ir.........ot t 937,463 Unitcd Stats bn eos ablifhP and pro vide a c eao nd convenit n a brIog u o to tht i st t c ut oiers and mpfos o t p United States, rne Auto obile s 668.... Ui.t 1 St._ Crn st..i..; c.....i Uitey tsd Sm aG erialy f Ilor rtTEong Wo d stutt, bsie tsandfaturea I T97 u taAeos a r ietoter artle, va ro F..s...... IV.nves. al Xlaio i h e............. of imtorS recresent Adie 1a Iki l. I;I,pn Unigted ti a 93 g 6 *I isl lah hper dc i ots of oln Ianfiol f IIifi toLn.builiobint oiref hesn h of hh F \ s va tIue. and 66tto jo~di the io~fi impiertant ameng the iermp os I~flnd Stdee comprise mChd.t T ON a X VR ' d $to upposeT Patpa 6 and a great * i TOP DWEsef TRADI Ies Afs rd COMMEarx; A A AN ANN AN-~"~-i ~~-" —~~4~~ AMAEAAA Sl~:~ ~ ~~l ~~li sH~l:~) I l-x ~~~ i~rl ~~; 1 '''1"111 ' ~iiiliiii AM A AA HEZ uA aA~~ — ~ P~~~-~. s-a~ ---~B~ja~ - d ~~ f-~-~- ~ l AN O. N O, AN ON U RINSia~t~ ~~~f~~~ L1.a ~ xc~7I~~a~:~~ ~i"~~~I~~~~j";~f~~t~IB"~O~~~ .................................................. ~i gi~................ INK Ii N O............ ADJW v ISCA NDl;~~r::I~ ~iiull~li~i~~l..........E~ i 11'~' ~l ~*~:~l..:...,:.~.. ~rr~it pmx:i v......... M.i ~j~i~:~l~~;''~~~'I8~:88:~::~:~;''I ~ i~ii~ ~;:iP~i...........l Illl-~~:~H~s M OEM~,~i~~:~:~~~~~:lr ME.lI '"I" ~~i~~~i~~i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a~~s ii~~Bpp ME~~ biiiii By ~w ~~~ ~~~~e I~' ~~~i ~ ~ 'liii M ONEi Om" ~ HEM11":::i- Hiii; PHILIPPINE ISLANDS... 1 wh te S aMad and west ofAd the cenf tral part of the island are the Carabalo Mountain THE IMPORANT ISANDStd f ape Pa to the C Sr a shrt easta est range in abot iti D Joining i e ierr Madre and the Caraballo ei nt los These mountains of northern Ltz6n reach an altitude of 7000 or 8oo which group is Ludion? What is its relative she? Thronug how fret (ano6 or 25o0 meters( and are often wooded to the very tops. The many de gres of lattoude does it extend? of longitude? What bodies of mountains on the western coast are not so high and do not form a connected waterr surround i? What its the general trend of the island? Is this aen- nge. They are known a the Sierras de Ilocu swer true of the s outhern part? Whre is the widest part? the narrowest? There are many small and ferle valleys among thse mountains, hut Wha cape is on the northeast of Lu6n? on the no th? on the north nly l west? Find the GClf of Lingayan; Cape Bollnano Sfible Bay; Corregidor between the Carabalhi and Sierra Madre ranges and is so miles (tjo km.l Island; Manila Bay; Toyha tlay; Clf o Ray Sr San wide in tthe northern part It is draine d by the Cagayon River, the largest Inardin Strait; ay of Albay; Gulf of Lagonoy San Migl Bay; in LauSn and the second in size in the Archipelag Cater Bay; Dilsac Bay. otile te treand obf the muntaifns How many dtfatct ranhges do yon Rising in the mountains fr to the south, the Cagay nf Sod? Whereare the highest nin? thld? o many are flows n rvers are there in Luzon? Tra ce their coneres. Ldoate thCe als n w i arot and I empties ilt th sa t Aparri Tomanydn you find? Wha t are targes at i slands adjaren t to nuon? Are gerber with ts principal tributaries, the ChIo and the anyof them off tIhe est coast Locate the at aB n, and a as Maga an numeros smaller af t t drans te groups, Potillos Catandua nes, Ilatino, au rapu Ta, a uras, Mari enttire northeast art of duque Mindoro Lafbag, and Cor- t n. regidor. he agayn like the Nile anoL u z 6 n i s t h e l a r o s ia l o o xi ts ha k* a nd u p ea d l *- t T ~A l * -l l _.*, o * cnc a vae ovrie oc land in the Philippines and fin o est a thirteenth in s ize among theowigiti in the Island, ow Iand of te wril I is ing to shifting halt navigation on is la -f t he worad. Ivet slr as large- 'as Cubahirkey the gagay~h lIs abar g e r i difiks as a Ct b a r r oatsa dfewing not more than eigh than the tate r'of V irginia een ichs centimetersIn? wae and not much smaller than od With oifitt power to driv anlid w qih s~e npoe o ri veI! 1E n land, P xcltive of its dthem through f the r pids car promore than 300 dependet rhieriner tl l sf ok. i 101 ud. I ion Is ts a787 Iu - vinto the introrue islandt. U6n h s a super- To Ithe west of the Carahallo l re o 4 9 Mountain- is the Ahe ra River, third Ser oN msCa Casa RIVk in size among the rivers of LudoS. (i6,o5 ti kin) and a 'The main stream fis in the souathern very irregular coast ine of about a2 44 tles ( 3450 km.). part of the Mountain Pruvince, flows north, then to the west, rssin the The total lsengtl from nort to soith is 489 miles (g n arrow intervening plain of Ilocos Sir and Sowing into the China Sea. ca&-th is oine of the large provinces of the Arsiobf Tayabas and less than 3 minfl (s km.) at the h ad peB several smaler oaislands. One ofthese, Palai, contins Cape nTlis great and beauftiful island is by far the most populous irn the Arcihipelag.d It co6ntafis 3;7 80 i ganoi The estern art of the provinte is bordered by the Mountin Province, ants, half he total population of te islads It ay e e part is d by Si Mad il the t is ded in e divided iltO three g al parts, o r ctal the gset plain of the Can Riraer, which divides lheI province for north aind isouthern,. to soufth mbto two almost equa parts. In the extreme northeast paet of the poine li Lake Cag, a smal body of wat, and Mant Lanpai an ex The chief udusitry is thei raisingk of tohacro. Fdormdy this Was a gnuThe pinchipal mountain ranges of Ilse Philppin. estare oernusent monoly And the Peopile of the Cagaydis valley were forhiddnt to found i th tiriern part of unS On thie Pacific ri anything ese Owing trhgra adrtaes whi the province - posssesses for raising tobacco it is still almost the sole acop, thogh someb coast, th Sierra Madre range runs fom Cap Enganoi rn and ricnae r also gon. The tobacco is colleted hi small at r It Lamdn Bay it latitud 1 4, This eastern range is Pthe planaonsl ongthervers ad tk t A p continuous and lfy and frns a bo, almstinaessi- i sea-ig steamers to the ftories in Maila ble coast, exposed to the fll fre of the northeast tae I1 The mounmtainos Parts of the province are inhbliaed by wild Igtor and Negrito. The Christian inbitants nmeringit abott r4uno are andi the waves of theIlia Pacific. It has no safe haibolrs CagyaM and Iono IM, 2."i~:i;::~::ii'.~~ th i,,. e. ' t,,c i t a l,; 0 0 J. I ' ' f ' ' g we ter as ofn Wht)of w ater s an I ftth es rl. m a substantially built u T ea part *to on t he CaT gp Iay n Ra h oigh ad r e but edI andabout 50 mile. (86 km and i. otm its mouth. A ir th x s te a; strhs a weill a, t the mouth of the river, Watered and utiv r is tehe most important Place; Tl P i a d tre prncipal Porte in h cs Noe is the m o st n~eibiwiicsL LciC Strithonts ll 1cross the bar and li tarl tribumt i tar the pg in ando id the itown which is vis the Tasila Along the1 iblel from sea Apai coas t ~and up fths rivers us about of mig adis kaP of the 6eare ferfti valleys, which ~'-.* lr, i3~ lnce itt Lazo - l on f extensive | a1 % r 1'n n tcnt tr fr mre Thle4 If tfe rt of te rovtlce ad W gl^ta o pduct ad is very Z ch f prodc rstl o tsic tobaccof; cltt The byt f isads are mountais a ci n the volcanic on d g ad magCy. M- stlm d any peopl are noted ercones, Bahsythen Uagufint ad Didic The soii in thes ihes f ertii anid p a n c n egaged in stock raising and the weaving of cloth f nd. t,,It f ga of ' t hom 763 are wild '-r,ier I I t ' ft 210l'tilfR | iles (338atI f''.)f} fo *. Pstates t6U~vis flSo Ad sulascltS- aiij t 1 foul aIr6 S I tartitIt ull otof ithe iarpestand town. The climte set of thes slands is sauhious hlanrkets f the inhabitants of 11oe s Norte are largely r l oc a Btans is a small ovince comprisingaf t t t tThe t p l g group lying norifth of the Jilingtain channel. it has lario iS 7,95 of which numher 221 are uncivilized.theAs same characteristics as the liabyg islnds The ca pta iSnto omain 'tiem Bao Laaa the capi M f etal, siftuatfd on the i r ofa the isame t name, abouthl mes (8 km) from the ioast, and tis otnei B be ies direly th of Cagyi and is draind of thI e largest towns in b the Philippe I name s ig. bthe Cgyo and Magat arit lis one of the nidie cealres Bachr baind ad Bh ts Si products and industr ies is very much pli fth rest of the province h well suited to m- l lk T 1166 6... ~ i iE V Awii ad ai thi n or of afal.^ Uadst vsigirig The tob..acco( ) ficiht *iafl i's*W ing and stock raisng The tobacc of Isabea i streams drain the province Tle Ilano are nlited for gadd as the finst grown lin the Philipie Much i i ntel. ci. I. a i. ',ad *l; -k*ith' The 'Soilin the sleys is'fete a a n. m ts prosperous and im tt town near the m oth:. of the Most of the people are Cagayfn, liocanos and Igo~rot. Manla, li is thell sea of the bishopic of Nuvo. of the central part of noritherni Luln Bletween the Mountains shtds Aran outfrom the Mountain Province mountains on the east and the west is a broad plain on the eas The western bounidariy at one place is only g and shelter of in ideal ga z ig Counr;,jy. rice, tobacco, corn, Cotton, and indigo. Copper, gldh, Ad call found.ffi ll The f ltorests tafiAn a~ abundance *'EE Me*. i11 1 P IN ISA NDS! roI fi t, b Iandnumer N t1 of IWhom 14 Wild. Ban fI I Duing thii it gses do the oision holis its sessions it i the gud, Xth Icapital, Is about mils (24 km.) from Vgan. capitaii Here a large civil hospital has hero established, An cacellt 0road, asout 1 sles (t86 ki) is ldength has been bilt o Iectig agi L ninis the ot sot ts tre provinces wit 0 gupan Thi brings it within Iyy mites (0o km17) Of Maiti La /Its gand pare s i only a s hort di cfrom gi is situated oi th ede of what: * a * tz to thosi of the other two 1n the h part i t sees to he an etensie cte levated peak, Sao To s, 7 E f t (2224t m seters in.heighEt Its population of 137,839 includes boo5o unr C L LZ6 civiiiiized finhabitants Sit F do the cpt 0 T Che acon |iinf the 1oa bout 5 miles (240 km) north of Manil a Phl It xtes rm te Gf of n n lli is o the road to Bgt th oththe Tgn te '* nr *' t ig In toho f the k i ning from north to srouth thrmugh tle centrat part, has Mountains, running close to the China Sea, from the g the highest surace in Luzdn. Mount Dat a we11- Golf of Lingayedn to the Bay of Manila. This range in known landmark, is nearly 7500 feet (30o0 metiers) in geerals f of 6ly moderate heigt M; Mont linalo height. The eastern part contains the headwaters of to th oh u e on c ompriegs the basin opft great __ i te rne f by hei n Ga o n' the w e t 11 111.111 Il."..- 111|111141 i I * ||,:|.: 'tern |srt c inn'lio of t raa of Bengsueth Amburayan; tI cllova Sre Mhin, Ltie anpato Bontoec ifg ao,tt 4am k a K ling a nd payath o. p Iitt 1n t h io ran i o to theAgnon. h tt il 7' inha l The prodncts and industries a much thmesame as te f ra i t ie the l eading indus!try I Much Asa is Op arbut 35i t t he supr mvem a ke Lts ris Il a i t he o t heaoe f gthe 0Ian and mer s t h a sd s th t d k re thi K' If ad and Apyu of th m h* p ostr e ad m it in a tri e n awng o three e he an al ht nei it orisee' Ar, 'the alEtreits p thiaeeta u cu by hedeep Tnear eth cm um atog b i ofcope adeps naei and ras taboun rivrs di i i t of thetase rer o g eat a e d n he ti r se aso i byil thre k mmmaefrom tsimea ei 'hearte Itiors'm InArv r n assem' aoa tPa pag itF the soul h i imt, aindid o fthe tranporatio ie b manh 'the A, ammong te ries of lmb t fm swithn Dn mthe m g tert tiE a a d we t i s m oy' b 'it 1I t ur Only about 3500 of the tota p a Lanum ering butuae de 'ata It coe are iTh cXeivilie lf toi tee im tl e ans t he i lae l nd athe n l o n simatio the n strm, admo iie r a i 1arerw sain II e ii g rh e gion p Teh igst nideo tm h pt fet m imem r le ii ther IMyseasn m s the(~ r) BTewaee r emmllceis i vast dismmal swanmpM M 'time moamll sil is vrd |||bn rise ill 11 to th ', ||n a b ov h.i w I I ter ntm he Tp ewi fole it h e m m i les, provinesItisanextensveplaeauct by the deep, snakesandrealmsm mbv d Th grater partof this higm lan i free from t a vgetation and s is th l s Its opoatinmi f 2,745incude onl m~ wo ar cEslim d prdc oadtrs aia ira at deoootte tgtmrt PHILIPPINF ISLAND&~ thdi dir Mwn A rsAre flijsid downtnxhiehcetrlp fto th ity. TMshml andfwidd duk T jM rat r l Most in it nCdM b on sgt tin.d einduoe of ifthe province id ra in d a R Hi fd Ai A nifitary b thePn nali Rivi rniid pr'nrdr sxni t0its Many tfibuai s. Dt r~ uanki sM thainy seaonIt 1s TM heIAM RNve flotws p0s ible to pase tin a ha nea f ens~ Iagesi de Bay 'nto fromi the Pinpnamp tts tls fthe Bay of Matf ia, It 's Agn. oly 14 m riles (22 km) long,~ The soil of Niva LEija but gives an outlet to the ifetl.Rcsar, an the lake. crops; some coffee is also Strainers drawhing sI feet ( o 6 MMsuveLEs, ilierAAn grown. Grazing is one of meterslo wate cancrttss69 thehar and the inidustries. lie at the nint~h of the river, but ivily light draft!VH vssels can roced rip The inhabitanits are chiefly Tagilog Pangasinknf thestea, wig o hitig an hasan t te oruos ouseofand Ilocano, The total population is tA 3447; of which the dyver, hynaiivigation on teig is always dangerous. numher 1 548 are unc~iiviized SeaZzidro, the caitli The Baiy of Manila, into which thef Pigig emptts, 1 on the Pampngad River, 52 mfiles (83 km.i) frees Manila. ~o mlesff4 kt.) n lngt atd t0 tile (t2 k~ i ~ed C ye 6 anid Alleg are the large towns, circuferenffcei It is thus far too large to afford secetre Taacgtisnm frmakdofgax Izep anellorage, to ships. Typhoons sometimesci sweep over Sits waters causing greatr damage to the shipping. The upnth esen btsrder, wher the isills isethi I 10 enitrane 'to tile hay is Aboett to t sles k(t km.) highs lvtoli on b h.ufci n al 1i levl The nother tM part of the provinc Ii s~ is the rd~ dth ttd conftaifs the two smaftll i:lands of Currt go d dor~ and Cballranagehasin of the Agnoi the eastern and southenin that of the Chico, a tributariy of the Pampanga. PROVINCES OF CENTRAL LUZ6N a arming is the leaditlg occutpation, ricei and 'sugar Pan ain -Tenanse of tills province signifies ith bethe hepincipal crops. 'Thrlac is ant interior preyince; b I the ilkidwl d;IV i fbifikh trimififffiffif 1iac wh rei atlt i. madeO owincr to the ahu Idant de6-tcehthrirodadvrfunhfanprain posit of common salt fouind here. kFxcept along tile le ti rdic- s pol reIaan Pttp eastefrn nd western herddirs the surface i's neanly ic nPn nan wIoclo Jb im N ar thea t64 it i sttbjec tot ov rflows from thwi numer-t 5107 including 1394 tcihvilized mnl hanftftii, 7ar &C the aofg is on asmall ki~in of thesame name 00s nivers which are unatble to carrty off the panall1 during letecpia onaslltrmofh 'ienm. th wet caibon. There are a nttmffber of small] depenifdentIt69ml(teks)fonMtia e'1gC c islands, the~1 ~~largest, of- which~ is A al, ucl atsd V/MC/eri are itlsportant towns, PanMigasinfin poiduce UC large qluanitfies of rice, sugar, Zamffbales is a Mlon narrow strip on tile China Sea, beand 66ccoatists; some indigo is also grown. Farming, tween Tasol and S ttbic bays. Alcstsg the coast the the distillation of alcohol beat building, and the weaving faceu is level, bttt on thep east arcte ffdZambales Mountafins of fine hats, iags, and peae on sts 6ittite thei leadlin A nutmber of short streauss rise on the w~ester slopes Of findustries these monintainsifi and empty into the China Sea. This province is the most thickly peepied of any itf tepoic a uhro hrilsrns h tinan oti Luz6n.f Msst of the inhaifbitants, nttmbering 397,902 An ahunfedfnce of Chinper Rice, sugaInhco and6 cnttM areCHe sinM taple atsd of whom 3386 Are unciivilized, areo Panjgasfinkn giutrlpont.Fsgndtcriigieepnmn imn LeGe,~dvr, tile capitli, is on ats island at tise moutlst of people.6 'the asaflnrd snmej f line hltrd uhrs uc shifihic Bay.on Als Agfiso River aisd on the soutis side of tilet Gulf ofOogaontihysanmprntavltto. Litsgay~frn. It is a Well-built ftown 1 12 miles (i 7qj km.i) The finhabitants of this provinces are nearfly aill zavn-~ freum Manifla. L~gPeo, tise terminus of thep Mani balan. Some' MNegrito lv itsts outis The land Dagupstn railroad, is atisenifi prospenotts tows 01 toaoouainin0~59 fwihiubr, 68 ti eC if of Linigaty n, Se Qier/a is also a large are Iw Id MIE fi e capitafl of Zambaley 6s 1 ttniy A siso pccditane rio MC the Mai, and abouit 85 milesd (36 km.)lfrom 1 ~Nuenn EMiA is a bange provilsee. Its surface isboe1aia1a Aeat n J'znas r osws on along its mtherts and eoaste boudare b ow mouin of 'some. Impotne P"ampangan,;03beg iing call r the capital, is A rich and 4 4 prosperous town, about 33 4 Emles (66 kim) ftrom Mania. Mebio kRecolo (the former and A/ace be rM impo t t t Butlacan is a word mcan.L69 HBmS FEW LA66sA or WV. igtepaewere cotton is grown j Except in fthe Batan is a small proviice in th for of A peninsula eastern part the pviice is aetindb lying h tw nif the China Sea And Matrila 1Bay. 1 he the Pamp gin a I Rve A' td it: many tribt tifi"si Tbis Zambas Monahfins, sometimes called in the ouE river mptie into Man nla I throu ih 0o many chAM rov' r-mit Wank 9mik of 66figid6Pabl& ~ ~lrt-~F~ P ~~~r~~ci ot urn part the Mariveles Muntains, dlivide the province nels that forty4our distinct Islandsmiie of cniable into two almost equal parts size; are foirmed in its deIa Meunt Mariveics, a conispicuous landmrk rofiens Manhila and the Chin a On account of its beauty and p65roductfieness Riflachi Sea, is van raitioct Vo~dlcano in the southiern end of thshe poince,~ 4678 febi is sometimes spoken of as the garden of the Phfiliplahut 42 niterl n high. he ose o Maiveesis itute ona ines.' G arca qu antities of ric and suAr are produced; good harhoi and has an ahundance of pure wate, It is an importanti etuaranefine station, corn; indfigo, benner seed, cacao, vegetables, and fruits areRice segar inigo an bene sed re he eadng bundantf, Timfber And iron are found ini the mottntains of agricufltural pfroducio mi~ A cood m nikyov getbles are h tr t ' Iatt i din and alcho ra'dfr h ail akt Itmutine a ri fin d distill'ncr betng a very import' nt din tr I raised fiw f,~i~ m MAPIN iiiaikriC ~ ~ "li The nubdirt-Brifig 66i-titaia forests, which supply Manila with wood for the cotue-a ijThe i habitants are Tnga.ioki They fimfilki tion of boatsf and houses. 'Thbre are eluarries of excel- naiat r 'glg hynme 23,742, lenft huildittg stone. lFishinig is an intportamtt ~industry, fwihnme ~aeucviie.Aaatecptl Sonte p y i T i ta are itotl s nabrattclh of Ute Pamttpanga Rive, about 20 utile Ho liv ie in the r i'U -"l 6VdffinJB I 94~p~ Tagafliog A good tnatty Negio ieit hem(ntis k32but) fron Maniah ~ lay sclbae o t 'i'tepopulatio of 46,73 includes:m~ mf bitriidlied fine Itarsk BAWle n tlte formter capital, stands on an Itle6 Tite capital of Batafit is Belcuige, on Manila~ 1Bay islan itt the Pantpatga deltad Ge lamhI Ifehirowy, aNd And about 30 miles (43 ktn.) frem Manila Orani and SaMgctelte oe eeteclbae iu a t sprintgs; are large attd &cisperemu towns ~ito titis provPampanga lies between the province of Tdrelac and ic steclbae ictabl ae hr h insurreconaan pinWebiigtfy A9 M Man~Aila Bay. In the we-sterit pat it is eonoutatitoiss, into gis panwsbogttoacoeittt mitnothern tigtah leech and itt tte soitloern low tud year swamfpy. Mont6fi Aryat an isolate'J and extinct v6lcatto, Ridal get its nantrront kithe ceebratemi Filipino Js 3564 feet (io86 moteters) itt ial. 'l'le eastern part tf Iteigt rises fromi time glaimo tlt rvnecnan o iofloe notherm Itart of titINHII mtomtatstortroi horoviuced ad i s visihl f~romo ' 1nel sitd ila us.g NMAP I - MardtiCe There are nun or- nE4 t r cm mt i s canls a td tubaries Ino~ low mud i ojet& to fbmoe the lo sni wamf py hart lot 'wohi h soutet'imii de. troy tlird Manila lRay.I croqis. Lar ge qu'anittiti of rice amid A nuhriflz of shorft rivers stow ient as I the stumble..mg. I ~the lMke and the liPig River. 'rio' sugar, li fhlPsrpmonrmu. a Mtnclldinte oerprto sire greowi. 'lhe tMAtWlitot it ca e66 fihe Mrniq'na andth 'an ofalolol aeltlmanfacurero s 1did Mroffnte are w of the Eoff h t' aud bMeaeemtpo-irgenotering th'. gin Mulnir MEPrn drg 223,5 WaSoer coal APdio r fudi inabAitants are6 EnoearlyalMsr ~un atr ato h rvne ih Ecultivatio of thie btld nutlof ricei lsugar -cane, Mlaui on both sides o th Pdglte iver being spaoned by *and tOledct giv imloy m no large 1 numbea r of pa eer bridgs The oldcyo o Maila, wfs unteilrelysurone I by a nath'igllsaddrabrdges It continsib Fort hSatiago most habitaftus areag n Ig anti uffmberI 50 E92 3 of tlthe gvcernmefint buildingsn the cu athdautn hob n musteumas. MO, y h ats; a Of this ntnbr 1 are un ivilied P th apital The new or biusinesi part aof the city is on the glbank f t PSg s, Xon thi river of the same Its principal asteet the cull rwed witl trai o al kds Ine s prt of the city are locatedin all the large te pc1tin heus o ol ia f | ef M la I is any important trade cter hi a h li an ts re ad hr in considerable a is an tt little paark on the bayfront. lI lhe late dlnantities. J1ei/os close 1to he bay of Manila, is con- aiernoen it is croeveld wit peope who come out to listen to the music nect}d#withManila by ral, It contains a largesgar d to watch the splendid sunsets behind Mount Marivles renery, tba cteso ard ma ls the commercial ad i stial n of the ingPhlipnes and is rapidly beomingone of the foremst hteltfo seitaion cir the omer capital of the r. its to r its Idd province of Moirong, antInd Cet/essa; are especially fo theare 19 a to wnortth mentionin$f t As compsad with tihe Prt o f U teU i La iaguni lies soteb ant estb of Lagona de Bay, fRom tases dttring this year Maifla wottld rank si-xth Exwhich it takes is nautlne. Alft t shores of t uhe la i gtive brevakwfa rs have been constructd to fit ish is afgrae r teriet t shipping; an in w h d aceinse coMniea dk wil prov o stlar iorn Poeo groved facilities for handling cargoes; danm tl1e indig llet cotdtton~are growtt il Maniyla now has an excellent elcric ear services stries wateri sfallf shop; C o t he l5thld 1 tha rdris, prkic Matla I f h Ilhep rl d node n star us on th3 lhe 1stockiae thlfe0 1 o thyt berttoriest; deiftr'i Ii I It-llt ~t~l c 3.hur 'bes and historic tyt l~lt t"t atId loelts a1 r sets' 1t vSco ka itisipti and eatEul B awtfher p eltin fea koi of in fny na - lm11et ax tuc ir the tion ties: n l nilE one l'n idn, ries of Ibis r if the C)Oafi c g citie Bak from th I ke the suface rises tl one no-inI t'. Min o on'r ali t a'c ten Sw d th1ev Ciotte frodntsy on the. Bamsif MehiliL iS h 0 I t3 ebel, Saeeni Cria sla 12 18 feeot rl m mfiee3e-, nyo( m. Part of the province Meeyljayindt tlhe eettuarte t tpevovi meea c, i is the fhie land is low and fert eaaeiful w1e..ll e t. eere MO1 thesee 200 Ieee rice nd i sttgar In the M.d 9anil. ie capital 11011 also tile lar cy oh fisn farming, ad making sa lt;in the in terori *'ldl I dl 1 siItt1! 't'enalit 1. ItlffltnO ' I ne. 1tuae o sm II p n ula 11. 1tt nil Ililesl(14km) ar C Y 11Q, y I *~ 'I~i~NNW ;;,.:'.:': "' * ''- ' ****'*' **: '*...' '*''' ''.:;. '. j..... j - 29 '. iIsIofPPIN Is AN h2 Hia -Bay Li on the ri o are maiyand xcell et, Stick the a'me inae r, and is g i ora t th I SaniFranns a s ta h iho se hem known areh is g e ra st thrc glou the Arthpe1n infm offa thesi.ir rular ran g'es Stthe O th1 vaLiUe of lon the ~made on the shanIt le n l ti oef t r of 1he niosshe inne The longa, anBatangas t make a greP gp aat In hty are ccn idheeid to th outhe Torte thea Thipee t red among the rithe t and sonthlern shor4eline is much indented and contains most inteil igent peop1e of the Philhippines Jdianas some large gulf and bays. The mountains are a con- th cap is on the bay of the same name, and Aboy inuatonf the Sierr Mad rage The eted th miles 6 k ) out of il t is an important of the Belusan volcano on San Bernardino Stai The the iffe industry and s a rich town Taal Z at t1h height s in gnerl, ha that of the northern mouth of th Pansit Riv er, aey on the bay of til motnais and th e s o ern Part is b orok up into short same nmek Bauami and naxan, in the notheasterndi T as stretci hes f the province of I Ia th PROVINCES OF SOUTHERN th s o h e I dte 6 the s t pr setm s BOan iangai is onen ofo the mos ban Tfhi and c e tivatd re in ae e l ao provinces in theArcipelago From theTagaytay Moun- tripaong te Pacifi, emb e the d' n Trisay of Princip and IfanteiJ but I bat h Vide Island Page l sa o o n t he r fil i n th e e aly ro d ley s erains to th e coast and leaves bt little arable land valley are ai by ro small am most bays of a an Ber ae on his eastern oast iLmi -!fibid;oo p tekfi W hil i d,,;.,', Sik In the it nort he rs n s Ta or Im w iem an area oft i a.s m (e. km f i it is no fed, a by4 dining sean of any e and is aparentl of vAicanic ort Iig its onutr iss by rthe Paina. This northern part of the province is infliabitd by a few wild ibala, or Opi kivr rilch flows slontg into the nay of Blaaosii 'this lile riv is 1issgot; iand NMgrino, in the tgippe Part, and bsy Tagsio ctietly in the oany sout 6 milies ( kmn) long, atid with nos ratting and dredgin will' lowe I p t there are no roads, no deWdiipeLd industriesi Along the raste admt fsnAlo s ta iers to the lak, thu s altording easy transportation to the the peishe depefid largely uiion the sea for their foodt in the narrow v atrich agricult ural rgio surnding i =ey they raise some c t ob acr r;, and swt otatoes ak in the rannoes in the world, bring in its highest part only mowo foee jao mneter) Thte ontliern part, ir what Was the old prcvince of Taybhas, has fte 2 sin heighe The lake and pr1eset volcano are supserSd to hare been lare BI y uf Loliam n dai excellent harbor, ani the small but siecure anicho foc fusd by the.shidr of- t a geat mountain which oneI a stood on the ar of dgd IaY, oni ts nrths shUu. t intnie nf of Rcagayr and spa. Lokinig into te crat er, Whin is more ttan Ia mile aeross 1in its the great ighst of Tayabas, oia the soath. The orests prtldcre a great widest padrt, one sees three pools of boiling iquids j varietynemy of lcst woods, especially those sultable for * wh change their colors frmt time to hose. The nde bottom and interior walls show many forms andcolors, etriffe, and rano are grown. The leading industries recently thrown out seed called lumblang, stock talsng, boat biilding, and eruptions. turing one of the ser surrounding s In this soflthern part of taynhas niost of the intowns were completely destroyed, and many peple hab icintsiareTaiglg Cl oseyto theamarineshlorsIer, it their ives eind rs aresaid is, ha reac ed howeverm there are iumany dlco 'The tt tajlt poapulation Manila, 5 mfles h(S kmn) north, saiking the ity so ofr tse province is 204,739, of whidlch nunslhir 2803 are *.1. e c.o II! apitl, Lccez aho it 64 mrilel Large quantities o ce were fr (t kiiC from I Ia is ite' tdon mely grown t'n Iatagas, whos le h liy th Bght of IT.ayahi T Al s e p se rtssem pir, tficarly Adapted to I, it l p.ital! /''m;a non the a of ' cw Imp NNE~i~~~~8 it u, ate i in t the nor thwes rn p ovc I2is4 of I In &H. r w Iproyi1n ~Ia:l~:l l I"iE i~~:~: I11~~:,.:~ ':~:.~.n:.~: ~ir~~:~i~:~:~:~: llI~l profL'aIsn ay, was a whi nme r ar celebrated port duing thUucpi d Mo tMft E s. xteeth ctenry n the inhabitant are l galleoi trade between NEW Nc Cin aews, the ca0 a EI Spain and Ma hil ae a in, the mt nor; o th Annexed toTayabas are lcolRiv r i tabout s I the 'isfids of Marinduque; Mie (aoktfon I aath o are g a o i and t t Ots seaport On h Gulf of Maidqeha an area Itaiayi ond 273 atl on the f6qm(727qkm kIin by an tro Maia and ontains a cha o It i the at of the bishopr m ountains, running fromfNuva acr eat IacT north to sourth This aislad ft lhe capita of the forr: is special aidped to the growing of h mp of which t provmc of Camarines Norte if a are seaport 0 the produ a i li Ri and coans a northern part of the province Lm a and grwn The ihbitat are nerly al alog Ma aJse are aemportantc in irsin. * Whiny afpitE f itod the Sanki it th* larses ithofits h faAlb is one of the richest provinceso IthTein the cpel the ellHn group the larget alisans ar Pelille and Jthifig of i o The ago O*nothe eastern coast are the bays of Albay and can i an i i ba but the western It Coatitcr msl- no 1ood h* 1 b1* * hahI itantit are eoigsage in fishing and in agicuttuire. Jointlig is hilly anddadpoic wihu ermanen ihhtnsToeerwith Polillo and Alahatit Is sufc srgg ocnc In the eare serves toptect L*mnt Bay from the northeast wins the extinct volcano Malfnaoe anfard Whose base are found me remarkable lft and hot sprngso and 60 (IS th lie onthne"*:. Ambbos Camarlues is af large Province lying betweeni the the active volcano Mayfo whosE ma~jesticpulecn Pacific ocean and they Gulf of Raygay On the Pacific stanfds 7916i feet (a42mees abve the level of the a aan e ul of lagonoy orm sea.. am Rmp-le harbors, while Pasmaca Bay on the soposter -mayniswdeflyymtrc, and isperhaps the motinpersfiet c t much frequented. The main range of niotin volcanile rue in the wortd its craer is very stall, and anges in eight Itafins runs9 Irnearthe western coast, thus leavin aom ith Seac eruption. Thte soild frameworrik of the osonturain appast p ei i econsist of lav, alteatftfng svtth ashes and core fragenftal jelect, The widealmosit perpendicular sOpese toake it benStemey diftli~ulot to rac the ftop I ~The pidrincipa Peak is Mount Isarog, an Sextinct volcano, 6634i feet (2022 Around the hase of Slount May6no herfarm and villa~ges notwitltstanding metes) n high. Is hte i nerly36 ile incircmfeenc (~i k.).the dreadfll etruptions to wltich tHErsdevolcan disuhet.k During the erup.The volcan is covee With densed viegetation to the very top. The hoLtton wlshWich ocure inia i 1897, showers of aihes fell for morea than 2n milesa shape,1 and ahouft onlhalf mile (fifourfifth km.) fin diameter.~ Farther rihle destruction. Plantaitiion wder Mnhuld vilhlaes destrioycd, add hues s M ilees of people kil Mout BIeach, a smaller Volcano, lies int Msuth El l'the souhnern part of the povtincde Moun t IsarogI detrminesra the dlcaic- eastern part of the province. agesendng sme o thescrems ito te ha of an Mguel somiint Numrous small streams rise in the mantbiaitns of Athay and watr it '.,',*:..the Gulfo'f La gonoya ndsoei nt h ufo iaa.I nte orter i ep n e la cgst is the rier laya, Whisch croses the p 'rtoini.tce:.par af e tres e it te Paifi The ove is the lares o thse. The moast important river in south~deaster Luedon hittever, is the lay of,So Miel. It The vocaics. sofl; xposore to sea breezs, an the n v hj'" af fir steaniers drawing at feet is mntar)f wa te Sir a f r a.s No e e ie 4 m) n o ih rf st k large amount of raiinfall makei these provinces of suh fI~ Aid shoo fib miles ~pf km.) fromn the mouth.f This hlak lies on the exasternLuafio faou for the provduction of hemp, Alby Pij)du Irma Aire Other~hsarodues more than ay other province in the Islands. wac, au4se(kmidat.Iseaih It is' estimated that Thalf U ofi area is rdevoted to this Its mnargins are overgrown withswate pslants, Whihe afiford feeding grounds and prtection for te Hisclany waerfowls that fequeant leone crop, IThe weaving, of Shemp cloth, the aigo cocoanidutoill and flank ilanitgandthbuligosml!Rfie cacao; corn, copra, and Ihemp areallgrw In craft g Jaemlymettomnypope Mining, ~par-., teCmr.Thsionoftelading provinces in tIclary of coa s oftmenportane th rduto f hemp.~ The forestes contain anifl shnthhnabtnsoelby ubrng2036 r adac o ifftmer;I iron is fountd, and mining, especallofBol Oftee92aecsedsunilidAa, ol s.ofesum impotan M.1the a' ft rvne sstae ertebyo anem I II ifidt~~lt~ a~ki~ ~t~t~~;~ ~ ~ ~ ~~"C~~tSi~~~~II ) el ElC ~f~W~ l~i jB~ S~~~ 9R - 0"JI ~ d MIRIEM In. E II II MI IN INNER ME I1~ Ili II R MEMO li'11"8"I s I tIII- ing'd~~s~ ~~~~wa 1 ~a~~~~E~p~~i~ thesm ae t seaport~ is t Le as frmwih of the Veisaya Sea. The Island of Masbate is the getquniisof" hempli are eprd.Tecitlis laget sfthes.It isaotmda ewe h about milsi k rom Moot mayn and 414 milesa fnorthernt and sourithern limits of the Philippines.i~ it has (66k.,b efo aia aaii he mdtan arao 123sq mi, (31i85 sq. km.). The ~ gislan is 1Igoft fne hem district in the southerng part of the proV4 mountainousigy~ hot produesie somen themp, suaccons ince, G inobA/aa o the Imaya ier L far o thre anid tohacco. Stock raiin iimotn.One of the sm rieannerLkBa Taacn importnt hest god regions yet found in thei Philippines is here. poryt wvith ant excellenit harbor, and 'Ti'vi, situfatedt on the Marny k uds of mats and sacks arei made.y ~1Glf of Lagoanoy, and noted for the healinig quailithie of Ti nor has an arear of 40s.m (j6d sq. kmi.), it is it thermlhi slfip ngs, are well-know places. hilly and covered to ai large extent with tall coarse grass. Ilrias" has n area of 258; sq. mi, (668 sqy kfin). Mny Lynbi h atms fA~yadicue ntepndc r h attle are riaised on this island, which ~gets its name isad ftectndaeSnMge, arry asan saaa am S sacks Aare madte of this The catanduantes grnnpg has an faread inf go s. in.(59s.kn sfrom the buni Sugar hiefa tWen is Virar Tue pemngl amreenaged in raisinaiguhemp hue stnk ifi palm.t anIN lhnoi tnIaa ran31q i(ns.kh) tcnan Jak~/ is on the Island And bay of the sameg nambe the hed mthknw enM fit ds in thn Philogipp'es Rapnorapn isa tritle larger It i5 28A ieg 48km)fo aia.Aygeo tfihitan atn Snine benat and cnperaef als fninernd here.il (~ ar) irf iffi ~ ygn f the Gulf of Asid and Caaigzarn Are other towns o Sorsogfn occupies the exftreme southeastern part of the island of Masbaite. Ste c 'in Frad s 6on Ticao 1~ Ltidn, and alaso includecs the Masbate, lBUriiAs Tican, and nd SaFacaison luis many mailleri islandsa The____- caompre s three dlirisivon~~ of Gulf of Soc og6n cuts LiW La a —the noratherncnram n deeiply into the land on t sunt ecu- snhahrsmuon west, But for a oarrowviisrvr n utpout neckof andles tha gupa aiun Hbl and aluicgatiiiies. N ic o A og ha 3Iat ninii nahrnd smineu pu-ic miiles (~km.) it id ehif it would Make an 'island of NQO the loweri part of the prov-drwrvneicue ince, I-h is depe, land 6locked finet habor in he Pil-onge oath ilarges ofindthe body of water is oine of thethgetilnofM doo fines harors i theePMI Arciptielaego, and a numffber of smaller islands, Lubang LyIijng east of Sorsogdn and sepa-, is the only oane of thesdep iI retina Lil~s~ort Area Warner ~~~t~a la thea ratiig Lidofeni S s r thnialler isl nds which con-i faousx Steait mif Sasendnotains a permanent popllaNHere Mutc and Efiglisi pleati so ed A Ssnnn'tre usRoitmas to lie in Wvait for the Spanlish gaileons tion iiiat carried rici trasuireso hetween the Philippines and Minex Jicot is to-day Mindoro has an area of 4050 sq. mri, (io,48hi9 sq km.), toherncipal enitrane o the Philippines fromi the Pa6fcit,, ad os ieo 2 mls(1 m) h ed The surface of Sorsgdne is rough and vodlcanic. 'Themoste cnonspicuus mountain is the lehiusa volcarno in ithe souther part of thea province. It Island Passgeii on the north, searjaties it fromn the provIt is saild to he strikingly simfilar in sapee to Mounfft Vresnfiss wilutusa is of Minrolisnthsuhwtadsertsitfm mfidi lie o ro grithybit ad 9badratdi i fro thought to he ocady extinct hut at tefse emisan ahurndace of aqueousthe vaplor IIandsiphurousm fafmes. Aronnd the footi oif the volcarno are many aiNesgop hot an minlera springs. Mdindoroe meansim offtiW gobLd'" It is one of the least kenown ilalands Seorksogh is anothger province famous for its hempe iu th Ahieago t neo en agl uxlrd hr r h 11Muchi copra is also produied.i The People6 are l1clhgheknrne1o6onan6cneigi Mutiacn.Ti1ot pe ank, in the oiti-eutrald part of the is;land Is 868 feet 27oa meterd In 'atd Vsayan They nme 6 7,n ae o h t nilgrenberd4with dene vaio Ia its t inseton gI whiil ichnuber are wtld. Sors-ogo, the capital, on thl e mo ontain In Te rIs ds The princial rang of moiann innse acos gufo h aenmI 3 ie ~8k. rm the isand fsia nofhwiest to soteakst, and maees communication htweeii the east Wand west coasts almost bodpessihle!inO theineors of teiln Manila I~cn is a impotant own onthe suther lies an extensive painii whiis toward the ionthweslern part stretce prari shre1of thefBay o6fAlbay GMMa 'on tecast cnolast isnd wl utdfrgaig anThe rainfall ofE Mindoro is heavyand It is mid r the e am asma a sixty riem. in te noethrstern prtof ith jisad isLae Nuio hu other lar p thelaces. t ymiles@5 m in cme n. Iida dh te uj vr t Mabte ieo an uislei h oter parte amwlmte it ihadmtia fees i i m didire ff thatted if ove oggi TOM -1stor1e Want~t;~~~-:1 ~ ~~I"B" ~~~(~~~~pi~s f ~?~~ ~~iBz~~i~~t~p~~f~ ~ ~~~~ qilf~~;1*B ~8~S t~ PO#t Case M ~~ ne it is eadi id by bid Mough RE~'~ ~ _~a.~-PI~XP*~W ~ 1~~~eN He P~-p~ in tarquier are mi~~~ Paj, Water~ "~~Lb~~~d~ir ME!America s~l~~1~Bx"~""" ~"m~~ ~ ~~~ 00 20a 2 0 2, 2 (~(~(22CC~~ IN 0 Cp j IN IN C 0i o 2US 02IN CIN 2020 IN 0I 2123 IN2C2C ~(i2 ~ 0P I0N - C 20 0IN0 to )0) 20 f 2 ( 317 No 0 0 O xi 0 0 0? 22 0O Sp R2 00N JR. (C 02 C" 2 ~ 2 20lot 2 22 C C~C IN 0............................................................................0 0...........................C.... ..u dof all the i d. b...i. ible. Wa nd wharvs. lolo and Chieb each have about 5o4oo inhabitants and are fivalf the M& ' On the north lis the Visyan Sea, on the east the honor Sf being the second ciy i the Islands, 1oo ml m ait of r a on t w S Minila, i the i port in hss fr the pt hoases, and in th residenc of vicecounsls nf fore ign g oernmenat. It in also Ml oust Madal rus inh.ved. line f iro nihort hwe to south es, and frm near the center of tho dchain anot blabnches off to the northeast. Te Three Ise of coinra in three onstitute dtheius d iif thnaxsn Cge ~le P.. prov inest of Ateeiqube Cpi, and liiomoe Owing to the ragse chadraenr of of a u tthes te i lhe s arst the otitin I se Io be o~ li~veilllsbI r tu n e capi of the province is P situated ea' t The a of the is the tCia, sois e raled tHe Fay, which dane month of the iver of the same name and 242 mI ll the theter part of the prv1 i n of ce Li and hias a depth of abot km) from Manila. Pey lil and I y all Eon the| 13 feet (4 mietes Wre it Mines into the sea. TheU Aclan is in the coast are -larg tow Ttce ji eing nhe the ther O in sn, al s the t of consists of umb f irsdt And' t*he three provines, flowstoth southest and empti into the Strait of loll islatd, the largst of wh ic ar 1Ta0 bla' ' SiJhuyAn 1a om n It eocupies a central posit in b the Archi Sugar, rice, copra, tobacco, corn, and pineaples arep the leading -ligrficuturl products; atot~k-ising is in- Tabl the lt of th c has a a *pitch and dyes. The mineral resources of thi island seem to u of little imptarle Much wine and alcohol size, has an area of 90 sq. mi Except for the Negritoi known ihere as Ati, and who (323sq.*km) Mount Sibytn is 6424 t i(t95 meters) *,t him ii sevs s4tr. * id n Tlk ""7 i i. lne in are more numerous in this isand than in any other Ihr ia.a c fine pu fr ct A. sl..cent tns fdi 4t t nabtant 6 f w r w id I. m tv i s tae fo th* f t* l t m.a* the Stt of Ilol.I y C i Mig and Alttleisgn fbatir in So te soand oi eombrd. h owTi *and snamayprt t i IIslnesareamu for oth m r of beatif TatTis b*su pin th a pflaioprnvfce 2,s8, te is the can fate iayn tods i f!1. w#1 d. S_. '' 1, i s i:l' ''- I iil ari fihif fn.: the mantsini 1 * bare.iffid f:in NM H L P E INSLN.. '.'i:'. '.*. '. ' *: '*; " ' *::' '.;: *' '"':.... i.:.'.*...... *. '.. *:.. ' ": i*' ' 1-*.p, 11 in e n isa"nd of S are velazy and di111.t Ng Oc1cidt id s klthe large an r lch fi Ihet and i in a miserable, halstarvd state. provines. Its finhabitants number 308,272, of which h c ital, inof the island numer 2 are cassed as wid d the cpta... the ame naei has a fine harbr and is aout i6 1is in the nioriestem part of the revinc, i miles (267 km1) from Mnila. The l1gst town on miles 4g kmi) from Manila. It is a wealthy anid im Talas s Odigd; the only good Harbon however is portant center of tradl EsAiw Cadiz Si, s9;at eis the largst to on Sid a and aa, where one of the agrticulitral a ti rovince occupi th wtern part of tlh tin of the government is ocated are all large places 2 m rileswl (/d k) Randdz, lasi an d sh capital Lnmagmuege, is in the southiataten part of the povine, 41 mile (6 k fm (62.l* Z 1 ki.) ****l:I~~': ~~I;":~ lnl;: x-*t almt equal Th iairts ti rl s to it lTand of C l tI s fI t t pi s by re pond. an are ofa of an a o s2668 sq. mi. (4320 s a Oi s of sq imgn f te e coastr li ine of tio* bewnf th in ea e and i abou 140 mie (2 kmitl the costsnb ames h enotf e lnind 1 ngthof Ne and 2fse is. altnmott im in ad twhie sta t the o despth ar t rt nd a ti is t m t d ajn |l y p top known also as Mounth Mae ahe and irs cos of r wv p itu e, e lw of the isan almot is e poing T tt sland aHnada sonhwe se is sho andtof ltittl o tncs an anO snetf spin a e t t e, w o ns t o te cr o es f te Aug t e sand of Ners sald samthe ss upr - l ere tohacho crn, ther carast and hemp ae large nuane oItfla N t wlho once i nai t ed it, there are ewx of Ihese duced, thougf the island is not noted for its agriclEtural productls. prmitlie n cople left upon i t to-day. They are confIned to the northern |Coa and oil are found io consideraheahUndac t tae fgllll and lea nd isotherl tnds of i1te is dac. aie als fsound. The people mate some sgar, st, and pottery, wee. coth a mae oraets of she Negrs has no iarge ris but many snmaw strea s *; I, _ 1 W,,.0. If 1 i. l **; *I* odtive. This is tha lageslt sugar- proucingii region pu dent slands hap s a poiat Lon of 65i727-h" lar - the pines O n sn est of an vnce It catl th t f range, and particularly at t northern en are rich a e liguvial plains. The cacao is si to be the best po Ac t lhe prent ie lae shipl ar cmpelle ito dilcarge lir carigoe f.s hyn lighte, hot an etensie whar1 nuici t acamodte the duced 'n th l Rics e cIrn tobacco and hemp are bigst shps, will soon he onstruct 4and a larg amount of vluahiie lso Sm cal fnd On t ts lack f lad edl s3mils74k)m Mania afterwit Ne gn - srosg ltiga sprt a't t, througb'si teal h6. houses.m It Io s tolrlhe sa d fl;fls;e ha h ri on efrmh.f *... i..ff.r.o.........e..nea...hi.,o..tsfi...... nhi,.:i.ti...T,.e,m..... v and. h.wervii IES 06t......r.i.,grows......116O'. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 35 Opposite the city is the small island of MactAn with a monument on the spot where Magellan is supposed to have fallen. Farther n6rth are the Camotes Islands. Lying off the northwest coast is the island of Bantayin, which furnishes beautiful pearls and mothertof-pearl shells. Here, as well as in a few other places along the coast of Cebui, is found the rare shell known as the Gloria Maris, and the curious sponge called Venus's flowerbasket. Its glossy fibers are woven together into a firm network, which stands erect on the bottom of the sea. Cdrcar, A rgao, Dumanjug, Barili, Bogo, and Danao are the most important towns of this province. BOHOL. This island is the smallest of the larger Visayas. It has an area of 1400 sq. mi. (3626 sq. km.), and a coast line of 16I miles (258 km.). Detached ranges of low mountains are found in the interior; the southern part is hilly and rocky; the northern part contains large tracts of level land. Near the center of the island are several large caves. The rivers are short and numerous. Many coral reefs and low islands surround Bohol, making navigation extremely difficult. The soil of this island is not particularly fertile, but produces considerable quantities of rice, corn, tobacco, and cocoanuts. Many cattle were formerly raised here. Bohol province includes many small islands, the largest of which is Panglao. The inhabitants of this province number 269,223. In addition to farming and grazing, they gather tortoise and turtle shells, trepang, and some pearls. They weave a good deal of cloth and are active traders. Tagbilaran, the capital, is 530 miles (852 km.), by water, from Manila. On account of a bar at the mouth of the channel upon which the town is situated, vessels drawing more than 6 feet (2 meters) of water cannot approach within 3 miles (5 km.) of the town. Calape, Jagna, Lodn, and Tubigon are large towns. LEYTE. Leyte lies northeast of Bohol. It has an area of 3872 sq. mi. (I0,028 sq. km.), and a coast line of 363 miles (584 km.), indented by numerous bays and harbors. The largest of these are Carigara Bay, on the north, San Pedro and San Pablo, on the east, S6god, on the south, and Ormoc, on the west. The interior of the island is mountainous. There are a number of extinct volcanoes, some of them reaching an elevation of 4000 feet (I250 meters). The mountains are heavily wooded and contain some fine forests. The island is traversed by a number of rivers, the largest of which is the Leyte, which flows from Lake Danao, in the northwestern part of the island, and empties into the Strait of Biliran. Leyte contains some large and fertile valleys, and is one of the best cultivated islands in the Archipelago. It is one of the great hemp-producing regions. Rice, sugar-cane, cocoanuts, and corn are also raised in large quantities. The forests lead in the yield of gum dammar. Sulphur has been taken from the island of Biliran,for many years. In former times it was sent to Manila and used ins the manufacture of gunpowder. The raising of live stock and the building of boats are important industries. Leyte province is composed of the island of Leyte and about 40 dependent islands, the largest of which are Biliran, on the north, and Pandon, off the southern coast. The province has a population of 388,922. Tacloban, the capital, is situated on San Pedro and San Pablo Bay, at the entrance to the Strait of San Juanico. It is 360 miles (579 km.) from Manila. Many small boats are made here. Palo, Tanauan, Malitbog, Maasin, Baybay, Ormoc, and Carigara are the most important places. SAMAR. The largest island of the Visayas, and the third in size in the Philippines, is Samar. It has an area of 5198 sq. mi. (13,463 sq. km.), and a coast line of 412 miles (662 km.). On the north it is separated from Luz6n by San Bernardino Strait; on the southwest, from Leyte, by the narrow Strait of San Juanico, strewn with picturesque islands. The eastern coast is exposed to the Pacific, and fringed with small islands and coral reefs; on the west there are many good harbors. But little is known of the interior of Samar. It is mountainous, the main chain running from northwest to southeast, and rarely exceeding 800o feet (550 meters) in height. There are many large valleys drained by streams of considerable size. Among these are the Gandara, which empties through several mouths between Calbayog and Catbalogan; the Orars, in the northeast; the Suribao, about midway of the east coast; the Bat6 and the Catubig, on the north. This interior region has no roads and but poor trails. Only a small part of the land is under cultivation. Nevertheless, Stmar is one of the great hemp-producing regions. Considerable sugar-cane, rice, and cocoanuts are also raised in spite of the unsettled conditions that have prevailed in the island for years past. The forests contain much valuable timber, and yield large quantities of wax, honey, and rattan. Simar province embraces the island of Samar and 148 small, dependent islands, the largest of which is Homonh6n, the first land touched by Magellan in the Philippines. The province has a population of 266,237, of which number 688 are classed as wild. Catbalogan, the.capital, is 328 miles (527 km.) from Manila. It is at the mouth of a small river of the same name but has an unsafe anchorage. Calbdyog is the most important town; Gdndara is the outlet for the best hemp-producing part of the island. Borongon, Guiuan, and Ords are also towns of some importance. Compare the islands of this group in size, harbors, mountains, rivers, and products; also in provinces, population, cities. Give some reasons why Iloilo and Cebui are the largest cities. il~~i,, ~ ~I ~,,~~ ' ' " """ """""""""";' "',;:~~ ~ ~~ i '~ ' '';' ' i;',' p' ''~,'1~~sZ '~ ~,;;;H d I f " to: EL ry I ts rr a: I i ~E I " Fi I I's r rm; g 15 I ,,, g: " I "Y 81 ~li i - di 'uE ii~ ~jiaal:~:aaauna ~o:.~:.;u::, ' ""'.'''"'. '"" '''""'''""""; the Goilf of Dfao, in the suthern pat of the Cotahato range, MINDANA stand ot eousptcuonsot the giti volcano M A. It rise '.t 312 led t 343j tortrs h e th t eed of the Sea, no d is, threor, the What islands are inchued isn he lindanao group? Whgat is th hest e peaks co ered ti e hat degrees ide and Willo dap sitt of sdhe 6a And Whichh gistn in the slight like tunains of u does it lir? W it near the? y wiat | gold. Near the top is a lake firotmw Wich issurs a stream of cold water, watrpo is it r d? orthe ays capes and oint Is the whie a stream of hot water cotos from another c. At timess rmds coast line tuch indented? of vapor escape from the volcano With a sharp, shrill report and hang What rangst of nouttains are found in Mindaus? What are the noveer the sunnit p ce iastt Maitu also in the Cotabato range, has a rikinly clear What peopl 6e inhahit this group? tInto how tmany preovinces is it diivided? conic shlite, It is cinsidered to be ettinct Its teight has never be Locate tthe cities of Zatnt, Dain llgat Cagayan, Butiran Stir reteey cetermnld. gao, Lvao Cotahato, Miaahng, aid lsalela de as ilian Drai| Ae.-Mindanao cnttins some of the largest Up Mindhtnao group inices tltesthe of Monala-rivers in the dilfhljiws, Tls Rio Grande ne *Mla.smaller a makig 64 all of wir as e regarded AS probably te largest river in The great island of Mindanin, with an ari'a of 36,292 tte Archipelago. It rises in the province of Bukidnon, ti. 93,992 sq kmin.), and a cuast line of 1592 tiles and flovs usuiih into Lake LiguasaM It tIis hlart of its (256 is the ecd n of the Plippes re is led Pr the lake it flows it t about the s lame size _as _ to the iorthwest receivin the tat of hIndiana or she byu a it try the at r kingdom of lPortugaiMl. ItLi ke I ishiati, and emoties CoastsThehe coast itne svryicr ular andttIsill Bayois r at C ot bato. Ot tie s oit are the great The S I St river aGulf of ItDao", th aLe L third in ta, ysof Sitim Te sectf thnni larestrive hSare ranganie Iana, ani Dlt a bhe Archipel a, is Ith A - oun.of tiortit the abot 16 in lower dinurse the huat langan, Dttitan. hBigs sI rise near the Gnif sf IMac tAa asond Butian iTe earstt is f s ort t Lake Lies of navigation and has but few go Ianltoe It is bieto the By of airntia. mbut little frqstentd. T he Ivacdt e'ptyige,: in tsen f of the stime natlei i oAn t hehno-h e stf t C fn tyig ito the Bay ouf Me B ltfare Ataoos. Owing to thie gret chaiged s whil the islan sit sinit it sates oure drassued sits, lgu halg toa tBb ' Agus, ar smll icr ho destructive a n f rhjak the moutain Ss aut isti fi uu like s in ilt f a etensie ranges k kin utiadituie and cusse sueits sia sall ist studs, the laest of Whieh is bt itte east is the Surigan range, which extends tite ruino.th luit tuewe a s onrtes f Cir ins s Mini i ce btatr pars entire length u the t rn s frtn SOa to a f ist l is v e and u suisd to he slt' atre of A int Sutnt Agufstin. The central rnge, knnlwn ias the rnts ye sit, The atetr Iits ussie ino t through the centir of tl iai faidis Certain t'rg a Po t Iere c n eanylurcaItis abon1 I til vale partawester r is thcot off and runs pal to Phil IT great tattiral resource the soufthernft coast as far as6 Ctfutabafto The western ued, Itosuever. Sonte taccn, rice, corn, supga'-cane, most range, knowi astucZamluataa ntains begins noccanctsattn1 c n are prodted, btt tenp 15 tie 38 ~PHI LIPPI NE ISEANDw fbiie IlAnd i9 coverea d with m nimfi ern th i of the heaidatiya foreats i ost of whichi h yed nivrh16hc otn6afwfahe.adfr to ichd. I ld~ton to b r Irict i le no nshdxbter.7IirIo r.wx dhnyrIoaui whd an fd arow spar andt~ hin knivc 1r ni he for it I IdiWynwearhitar e ivorye ar-ta bs i. fo and iii an Pr I tui iiti ) in t' ities wild p opte uman sacrifee i ti in V~lfinble tiitipjiines exists tin 11 yrt c ~abrnd ut16 nca~~s~r 8s~ltbc volc~~anocs, ii~~8 I~ ov~~~ince.-~~ Mindana id~-s~ divde 39jiiito trc:o ie tiave~ lbecia te~ta~s~~ artiai d 'glit provinces Surpigan, Agusan Bo-~ perl setsrp an d cditat birds Cotahato, andDdao ness re oud aon th suthrnati wsten hors. Surgn prvice ccpies; 'n the northeaser par of ithe vacift 6(iAM161641 aislrnadianlad incl gudes In they Aisands of Siargo ad Di People- s This reat island is6 Obtau thinleoe T caitl Sari gao i45mlsd fo Manila. co al~a-l-Bs~iv — thepo ittiai a~.E- 49,4o iich V iai lprovincet- occupies tenrt-etrlprtoh I 0o i a iC capitalrows sparts A d deal of in trib souther lart r part o~if te d ai liwe rai Mam hdaco n d ouaini 93o ors fiff' tin a a hantiba, qa ait in aii tIda utlamanrity of a9ki sadcitani pand on eac feiaidrahste gropwtaiatetib htI The puesoue tieisiand ofcamigan fcais a part of tiproince prdaeasaeior quaiay o hemp.~S~S itcotains abe volcan of~i~S~m Lai-~ gofi a n dtato gaiiavng wocoesthsoclexotwichasSon fel(IaSelrs i who are scafidittel neayh of s a the Luonoo log Ad alie eroptions from i5 to 17 iaay, on hfot coast, tana hyo aesorthe thegshnd f Ositnvaandata. StaILanio (le ilan ai Scaaa, i th~eGlf ohflasn 'tephes aae add.'kona h "Seab Gypis" hy rvaaes guabukihadnn Coahvato, aLno arecosaa shifting Ae aond toh 964ninfi thi smlana a69long alanat a m n emms o aadaaaaonhaacSa rcieagad ca a aare.hroinceof Sroiceocompriesin the Soiflo Ag rchipelago.th andIo itherd nd lariaduetg ofi tiae sea. d Di 'cc tb -t n ho artefiaia 1Ain 1 abe aarlura difl atae 6 Zaaaaang lo ith provine'a an uiia oermnsaevr in ath MnaSesaaahal59Maaalo.ime iharn age M nihlwata who lim gin ant Agusairin, and Sian- 1 6 hchhnf~- the forms of governmet ith gao prvinpeSoek roe tie coatialm who occupy6; hA c itrale ammal eatr hart heAprovnces The over l16fiae is and'hnal be a arilal, fnestEdwellr ' orpf of t deprtmen who h se mo tiuin trilaca raise ctive counct sd ppoined by tarn, andicorn.iI ra raeftr'bthe wo rvnsent of the Coin the women veae lagr. Ihc pa- m asionh hwee tiftil h iip garfa nt: hich ~ tin anga provninc com- r they rlecorate3 2 Oa thde. n pri a the weet n part of sarogtitag bead Iat nafi idta Midana. 7a aa i aaidrwratnen t att an tIie armq the capp~ita roftn the vocn pf arte and bodio a.Sh~aoiiaiamapjt ~stfio haigs w art ousea - mefWhih1at sof udnaoet(t andrg uIn The meet fififaiffinit of flaWO tribal deganfiat ki-f1ig Are. dre'llne n, j. it1S6_"-~aayiil~y-i~ I~11br~~riiab~~ —~-a~ ~l~~~6 Who As waftfioldd along bratty the Whole of flai k~~othri Ing th e druirtiraig "In i 87 i ik i Who 66dfer theterritoy kirt~oiding1140W Ltoito oid io"ret nearfligii 140; on the north eiWA; to 11hifia Bay; on the gis.~..~~~i::bih roger rho Vska; re l~l~ ~r~aa TM Dopittradift of Min"And And Su d comprises seven provinces: V* LA~-fl~)-"- ~*!~:c " the G 6 If of 1) Avon -~e T firk far i~~i gie" known Ai the sea C, mpg.P ~1~~~ — ~~-e rovinces haike reftai h g'kiid fl~ting lf OIf rho~1~ feen ftiW Who Inhabit Frhi o T errorist qkf XfiIjekiievi;4Q~ c Igigrg Bapolke Mifidavir; Ta~~ ~gabil;And dide PHI1PPINE ISLANDS 9 and Als of the province of Za g t is a clean, (750 meters) and covered ith frests. The soil is of well-bu1ilt town, with good roads, stone houses, church,' volcanic nature and is exceedingly fertile. The islands frwt, and hositail The reidenta are chi Chiriian arecovered with luxuriant equatorial vegetation. They Uot Moros oecupy t e surroun dintg couqntry. Zambo I roduce al th fr its and v ahles that grow iMn an a has a faidy good anchor e and vi bhecome an dan ao. The delicious mangosten grows here in great important lport for the expoSrrsation of hoemp, copra, and abundance. guttap reha as trade with Singapore and Australia The Mohamme dans wh inhabit this Archipelago are increases, It is 6 i miles (0 kmi) from Manilaa the most important of all the Moro tribes. The set of Included in t1s province are the Biasilan Islands, th sultanate and the centr of authority is the island of whose largest town is /anbel c ax Jo16. The chief industry is pearl fishing mother-ofAgusan province occupies the lower Agusan valley pearl shells and shark fins are also exported. They are The population compr ses both Christians and pagans. skilled n the ianufctur and the use of daggs r kries Bateh is the capital. lane al Welds, and coats of nail. BtkidnL n provnice is drained by the Cotabato River The capital of the Sulu Archipetlago and' of the province in the east and by the Cagayan in the west. Most of the of Shlu 1s the town i of ~J/ It is on the i I1ad of the people are pagans. same name, and 618 miles (994 km.) from Manila. The CotBat province includes the lower basin of the Cota- town is small but well laid out, has some good houses, balo River. The people are ch iefly Mo os sa. to a stone pier and good military brraeks The general is the capital a ppearance of the place is bright and attractive. It is a Divao prvince comprises the soutlheastern part of Min - port of call fir steamers from Manila, Zamboanga, lBo. danao. There are many _neo. and Si nga d re. n Christianis and a still 1arger 2 Mibbz, on.the south ijrnuber of pg ans, Davoaot, Is the residenc nof iS t h capt It gle sltai t's is on tihe Lnao province les h lar igest i la id of the pla1 twoen Il~gan iid la grotp. lB o i fsa sniall bays. It has lgte Mtoro) town on an island of the popuilaton.f In the elevated same name in the iawiinterior is Iake UL / ITawn i group. a#Sgi is the capl The alil islands of Cagayin dI Sun Cinapugan; I lying in tho ithrn p I art i Su 'iii rc X ri is 0 ft Sulu tSaa, are al mportanit on account of its included in this province. Sire aind its 10ition. lIt il j- lThe first hniamni is the only eludes a chailnof i88i S anus. one that is tnlhabited. It withi an area of IO29 sq. il (2665 sq. kin). They town is ae di Sea in five rin al gr stretchin rom n y h at aers are the islands of the Solo Ac hipelago surroundedW? orn. T e gups a B wh wich group is nearest to Mindanao? to Borneo? What is the sontheroIas i sland nf the A trchilelago? About what is the length of the Archie wt i 4plapc?;ow far the capital iy, JoIn66 fro u Zamn bona? Sing eosre? tarang, i i slandsr and an aea of 72 fsq. mi. ( 6 Is there anythbig distinctive in the climate, vegetatin, indusitries, and sq. k i.); Jo1, with 29 islands, and an area of 3S sq. people of this group? mih (984 sq. km. n Taptl, With 38 iTslands and an area I,of 77 q MIl. (1i99 sq. km.9 aind TawiTaw WIT 88 PALAWA, islands and an area of 462 sq m. (I If6 sqE km). What lgeis inland lies soth f aawan? nth-i bast? which of fel Some of the islands are mere spects, rising but a ew V iuayas is nearst it? What sea is on lte nalt? on the west What sirain feet hove the water, and Minly noticeable as a danger is on Cite setui on the usrds? what is the groca shase of lifeiai? oh Wich isld o he geer a l Imst e at are iks tts ges...n k Nlk j&iTi Tia dee 6 wndei iislandsi geoirashical anD id cmommri I ffi miport e Their app. pearance fronm the ka 5s at tfil. The iland of Parawiane is long and narrow. It foris the I These large islian are moody of ivolai oigi sotwesterit pat o 1f tie Philipip s se lg eyII have motno Maim. reac an lttude 2 fet wanld h aes om fn hS rde d stockS.' whn oot o goEdI rti N OE ISANDCPSO Ahigh cainl o kmni ra ching, i IM t has G A a F i f cpare the nhip n i theJn panth Jawf a tligaja, AM n Iee0atiIn o 6843 kfeet) at ltr o644s whattbeg is 6 ti at Washington;SFni sc Lbo? a te d the eire6 ents Of the isand divid in 66 it int two ds part of l ue we plac upon the no then part of the statof a i h tthe riverssa e a a of thell shoriti o in p ort highe e r i t dt pines is unproductice? mast producunhiitss wai pst thtr ofr in Fat line The f e is are i S nhis u h t ou i in t he Ci yippn "wod tr agifi ia hn yut the 'hstipnen gond P nt in A lit e ral s i fe rtilei compa e hil tnes ofWth japae o 'slan t 'l mi ' TIn ry o iS hi ipn mf inmust o s ea st p pie howeic is g f i n seshnio-atongsand st'e dofWS and smth? ng peiar' e ane t n s r t t s t at Wn London? if ihe torh holt e ing egdd tif ie were nortern Oat oh tmr sta o ofund it the Philippineso6paet Phlppre in T efaes. with indi i mTiit he irh itants of toiis larghe t i e id p ae ra of n h am' er oni r oi.,, of whir m om i h man Indl of WC hit portania Miil thP n eason 5 i i flow twf iff? WhaZn thse c l1h Philip.Eri*.w t th eqs~b6 to thatofisoo. *mof 4ie6 w il d Io the south I t pae the owan oy theaea PIKos: f i the Iac im Tiely rl. e hilmif ands ofwt th e Phlippines in f primitive pa ans, the Tagatia and the atak. Of these but little is plants and animals are peculiar to the Philippines? How can yo account kIow Th1ey stil i a ii u m 3taI he t r li rt tgos i ttemets? d ghpt to e I thl eme fis adm t rawhPim' n sr is a Cmm eris v it 'use itr n i' thse Philippnes oni, is yas a d ia ra d i plat oF ald nmlher ofl'in the ihabMtseh capit of t p s P ' t cTs Watimpoteosi tme ilppines arenot etenrinc"flge a smaltto0wn dOi a b f. a., ano la or ere sarr ^ iet i ItI mAl (6o6 km) fme it nl It lacOstof wiS tris iti I mit; and gpt gaynnes, haithtsn'n of (7ecgmryanr'l o,' Doaio |!the U lted States;: litmdkong; Spain omopare the commerPee of tims cas the tcwn J A t M i oEt that m Ilw e ei eatual trade rotes of1 the Phlippines coft mp rte waus theui frmer cptllital cf the province and the wm lmose in Japr)an l Switzerland? alohe arificials trade routes? alania, ne. the lrgest islad o theattr groop are Imi i la n dtinttv m hilippines is moiadvnl xMtiageousl situ foe trad 13usuanwgae finlisfit, and Corfn, On tie island of Bo- gest cities in the Philippines and compare them with Nagai; ng ' Cainds ttoo of whrc, S'nbpe i I I i IllliFilllllMlllllllX llli MIA 3 9015 02918 9043 QS UE f Britoil: 14-MV RUguffs.,