- --—: ta" d O ~.s -i -zP~: I * 'O r ~ 1873. 1874. "t A. 1_ —A -~ — - io-.,I 7 Iv I' i 3a I' ~t Ih:::::I I I I - ( F -.. ' WVETTE tOUrfYl DETROIT: HADGER & BRYCE. STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTEPRS lm - M U II a aII JAMES PICKANDS & CO. ~-:DEALERS IN -' '=;M _ _ _ \~~~~d I MINING AND RAILWAY SUPPLIES, Bar, Band and Sheet NAIL, SPIKE, NUTS AND WASHERS, Iron, *1 $ ~1 ~s~ ~u~n~a~et~_af;~ I Wr Gas Pipe Steam Hose, Suction Hose, R er, IEmp, Cordage, and Steam Fittings. HydrFJa.,t Hose, JlMiners' HTnaidles, Soapstone ad Empire Pa in, Waste, WTire Rope. Oils. Leads, Paints, Glass, alt'1 ftf img, O(aimeD f $team Iam$ p, (ilseoQirir m (as~1 pDag. Fairbank's Scales, Hall's Safes, Fire Brick, Fire Clay, Salramander Filling, ic., 4c., 4fc. Cleveland Dock, Marquette, Mich. I C. 1L -''"-' -L"I I -""bb cCI ilc L Id 3w k I I I I BEARD'7S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 1 FICANDSVAN CLEVE & CO, AND DEALERS IN Will keep constantly on han d a l~are5e and well selected stock of Gas PNo. Gas Pi~je Fittilas, Gas No~ Tools Bitbber Beltingv Leather -Beltin4, Rabber Packcino, Helrbp Paclein~, Lace, Leather, Lard Oil; Sperm~ Oil, Vi.Rock, ilead Light Oil. ALL KI NDS CARPENTERS' TOOLS, Anvils, Vices, Bellows, Fire Brick and Clay. AGENTS FOR THE LAKE SUPERIOR POWVDER COMPANY, TOY &~ BICKFORDl FUSE, RALLIS SAFES, Ew~'1e~s s~'eamn ]Thmp39 FYzirba?s-x &azes9 WORDEN'S OIL CUPS. Ishpeimin.9, L. S., MAich. 2 BEARD'S IDIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Office with Ja-h-tes Picands 4 Co. and E. B. Gay, Gen,'l Freiht J4g'ent, DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF MIE[1ETDD J{)FT (CDAIL, AInthracite Egg Coal, Anthracite Stove Coal, Anthracite Chestnut Coal. Briar H11 Coal, Oak Hill Coal, Blossburg Coal. BEARD'IS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 3 CONSIGNEES FOR Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, C'hica( o and Lake Superior Lines. DEALER IN JLTAJID AND SO]FfII COAL. MARQUETTE, L. S., MICHIGAN. DEJEMERS IN Palmer, Miarquette Co.,.Mich, F. ]J SPAR &CO. MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN~. 4 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Pashi onable lliner~pq BONNETS, HATS, SUNDOWNS, Ladies' Furnishing Goods, Ribbons, Laces, Flowers, Feathers, Ornaments, Silks, Velvets, Crapes, Veils, Ties, Ruchings, Collars, Cuffs, Parasols, Hid azid Thread Gloves, Handkerchiefs, Belts, Undersleeves, Satins, Fans, Aprons, Hosiery, Corsets, Hoop Skirts, Bustles, Combs, Bracelets, Corset Skirt Supporters Pins, Jewelry, Chains, Brushes, Buttons, Threads, Silks, Twists, Fringes, Gimps, Edgings, Buttons, Human Hair, Yarn, Zephyrs, Canvas, Patterns, Initials, Curls, Friszes and Braids, Switches. Suits, Cloaks, Shawls, Scarfs, Wraps, Talanas and Capes, Nubias, Skirts, Jackets, &Cc., 2c. C~, Le Wo V 411452s, Ali E jillutsdS valuvrear. Prints, Cottons, Cloakings, Dress Goods and Suitings, Cloths, Flannels, Ladies' and Ohildrous' Furs,, 1otions, Trimmings, Linings, Any everything else in Ladies' Goods. cc., kc. corner Store, Everett's Block, MARQUETTE, L1 S. IICH, BEARD'S Directory History -OF MARQUETTE COUNTY, WITH SKETCHES OF THE Early History of Lake Superior, ITS MINES, FURNACES, ET C., ETC. DETROIT: HADGER & BRYCE, STEAM BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, 1873: 6 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MVARQUETTE COUNTY. ALFRED GRZEEN, MANAGER. MANUFACTURERS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN Lath, Mouldings, Lu~mber, etc., etc. O:pF 0-FIO J, NA TIONAL BANK BUIJUDING. FACTORY AND YARD, 1- AXK1< E ST J:,EJT0-~ AND NATIONAL BJANK BUI-LDIDJNG9 MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN. PREFACE. k1|N presenting this the first Directory of Marquette county to the ~' public the compiler has necessarily encountered many difficulties always to be found in a new country. It was the intention to publish the names of every male adult in the county, and a canvass was taken with that object in view but it was found highly impracticable. The population, especially amongst the laborers, is a floating one, and John Smith at work in one mine to-day, may be Tom Jones at work in another mine to-morrow. Consequently the names of those living in the principal towns have been published which we think will meet the wants of all interested in a Directory at present. The compiler desires to return thanks here for courtesies and assistance rendered by the citizens of Marquette County, where these favors have been so universal it is impossible to particularize individuals. We are also especially indebted to Hon. C. I. Walker, of Detroit, for a very interesting and ably written article on the " Early History of Lake Superior," and to the " Mining Journal Co." for copious extracts from their "History of Lake Superior Iron District." It was deemed important to republish some part of the history of the mines, etc., inasmuch as the work is to find its way into the public libraries of Europe and America, the boards of trade of the principal cities of the Union and in other localities where a truthful account of Marquette county and its mineral resources may be of interest and profit to outside readers. In conclusion the publishers beg the forbearance of the public for errors which will unavoidably creep into every work, to which none are more liable than a directory. We have taken much pains and trouble to present a first class " Directory and History of Marquette county," and hope that it will meet the expectation and approbation of our patrons, as this will be the only profits accruing t) Yours, truly, THE PUBLISHERS. 8 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. WM. MAHON. FAY S. WYCKOFF. MAHON & WYCKOFF, ManzMacturers o' and D eeaters it U-PHO LSTERY, AND HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS, OFFICE FURNITURE A SPECIALTY. Masonie Bifldtmg, Front Street, jMarquette, JMich. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. Amphlett, John W. & Co., Stoneware -......................................... 76 Anderson, Chas. A., Square Dealing Clothing Store............. --— 135 Bank, First National. Marquette...................................... 39 Bank, First National, Negaunee —...................... - - - - -- 108 Bank, laydons, Negaunee __ -........................ 111 Bank, Citizen's Marquette....-.................. --- 24, 80 Beadle, Geo. W. & Son, Merchant Tailors.....................83 Beard, W. L. & Co.. Hitching Posts --- —.............. Inside bhick cover. Bancroft Iron Co........-........ —......... ---.......... —................ 103 Brooks, T. B., C. E.. Iron Expert-........... - 99 Burt Freestone Co —............. -—.......... 119 Champion Iron C.... —. 91 Child, B. F., Photographer........................ — 16 City Livery Stable —..-...* -— 36 Clark. Thos. F., Agt. Singer Sewing Machine-... --- — ---------------- 116 Cleveland Iron Mining Co --- —-- -. --- —------—.. — --—. --- —------ 95 Cleveland, L. J., Eureka Ointment - - ---—......... --- —-—..... 151 Congdon, D., Merchant Tailor- - --------- -......-. — 123 Conklin. G. N.. Jewelry —........... --- — - -52 Crary, L. P. & Co., Job & Book Printers --- —---------------- ----—... 44 Desjardins, Dr. J. A. — ---------. -----------—. --- —--. —.-.-. 60 Deer Lake Iron and Lumber Co ---- ----------—.. ----------- --— 131 Earl. C. M. W.. WBoots & Shoes --------.-.... ---. — ---- ---—. ---- 67 Earl, 11. C. & Co., Groceries and Provisions --- —---- -- 20 Enright & Spencer. Harness —..._...- _31 Excelsior Livery Stable ----.............. Gay, IH. & L. & Co., Architects ---- ---- ------------ ------ 64 Green, Alfred. Architect and Builder --- —------------------------ 6 Huron Bay Slate and Iron Co --- —------------------- - ----------------- 27 Iron Bay Foundry --- —-------... ----._.-_ __ -_ _-51 Jackson, Hl. M. Millinery, etc -------------------------- ----------- 4. 43 Jacobson, Julius Dry Goods, Clothing, etc -----—. --- -—... ------ -— 112 Kuhlman & Hotop, Grocers --------------- ------------------- -------------- 35 Lake Superior Powder Co --- —--- --------------------------------- -----;5, 100 Lake Superior Iron Co --- —-----------.. --- —--------._._-. ---. ---- 120 Lake View H-ouse -------- -- - -- ------ ------ ------. --- —. --- —----- _84 Machts, A. Grocer --- —-------—....... ---- 44 Mahon & ykoff. Furniture --- —-------------------------------------— 8, — 2 Mahon & \Wykoff. Furillture -- -.-..__.. -....... -..... 8, 72 Marquette Brown Stone Co --- -. ------ - — __. --- —-. --- — -------- 27 Marquette Iron Co --- —--------- -------. --- —--------------- _ -.92 Marquette Coal Co - --------- --------------- 2. --- —----------—. --- —--- 2 Mead, T. Variety Store and News Depot --- —-------------------------- -- 71 McComber Iron Co. —.. --- —----------------------—... ---.......... 104 Morgan Iron Co.-..- —. - --------- -- —... --- —--- ----. —. --- —----- 115 Mining Journal ----. ----..... ------------- 48 Neidhart, B. Hardware - -------------------.. — -... --- - —.... 28 Neely & Eddy, Hardware -------- -----.._ - ----- --— _ 107 New York Iron Co ---------------—............-. - 124 Pendill & Beatty. General Store --- —----—. --- —--- ---- --------—..- 40 Preston, K. A. Millinery -------------—. ---- - - ------------------- 75 Picands, Jas. & Co.. ---. —.-................... --- —-.... Intside tront cover. Picands, Van Cleve & Co ---- --------------------------------------------- - 1 epublic Iron Co ---------------------------------------- ------------- 88 Ropes J. & Co., Druggists & Chemists --- —----------------------------------- 132 Richmond Store Co ----..... ichmond Store Co --- —-—. --- —----------------------- -------------- r Scoville & J lhnson, Hardware ---- ----—. --- ----—. ---. ---—. -.. --- —--- - 12. 55 Stafford, H. H. Druggist --- —---- ----..-............. --- —---- --- - 19 Superior Foundry ------------------------------ 144 Toy. Bickford & Co. Safety Fuse, C. H. Call, Agent --- —-------—.- - —. 56 Union Store Co.. General Store --- ——. --—. ---------- -----—. 1.36 atson. J. W. & Son, general Variety Store --- —---------------------------- 47 Ward & Webb, Pianos and Musical Merchandise --- —------------------------- 32 Ward, Jno. E. & Co., Explorers and Land Agents --- —--------------—. --- —- 23 Washington Iron Co --- — ------—. —.. --- —... --- —--- - 96 Wetmore & Bro., Dry Goods —...................... 68 Wetmore, F. & Co., Crckery --- —---—:....... --- —:: -......... 6123 West, Hayden & Co., Miner's Store --- —------------------------------------ 152 White, Peter, Fereign Passage Tickets and Exchaage ----_ --- — __ —.- 10 White, Peter, Insurance Agent --- —--------------------------- - 79 Wright. Chas. E., Iron Expert ---—. ---. ---.- --....... 87 )10 BEARD S I)I:IECTOBlY OF MARQUETTE' COUNTY. PKETBE! l W RP 1 f1 W1 L(-AGENT -: Allan Line, Cunard Line, Inman Line, ~tSELLS -::'FROMNORWAY, DENMARK, SWEDEN, GERMANY, ENGLAND, IRELAND, SCOTLAND, WALES, TO MARQUETTE, MICH. hatt a(ny other a (ent of the above lines, or (any other lines, in JiMarqutette Con07ty. Also sells DRAFTS ON ALL FOREIGN COUNTRIES At the Lowest Rates, at the IWi Mirft iiffati~ S Rk efl X qjftte . INDEX TO CONTENTS. Directory of Marquette --- —- -171 " of Negaunee --- —--- --- -- - 102 of Ishpeming ------ ----- ----- - 133 " of Michigamme - - - -----. --- — 150 of Cherry Creek --- ---- - -- - - 162 of Harvey -- _ - ---- ------ 163 " of Humbolt ----- - -—. --- 163 of Champion. — ------- --- ------ 164 " of Clarksburg --- — 164 " of Greenwood --- —---------—.- - 164 Early History of Lake Superior ------------- 165 A sketch of some of the Mines and Furnaces of Lake Superior ---- 201 Appendix. --- —- _ --- —------ - ----- 241 ERRATA. Page 21, read Jay C. Morse, Secretary, instead of B. C. Morse. Page 21, read Geo. L. Beecher, Superintendent on dock at Beecher instead of Carp Furnace. Page 26, read Hiram A. Burt, instead of Hiram Burt. Page 73, read McComber mine, instead of McCumber mine. Page 90, read A. P. Swinford, instead of Swinnford. The names of T. B. Brooks, Civil Engineer, office, corner Superior and Main street, and John E. Ward, Real Estate and Mining Lands, Adams Block, being overlooked in their proper places are inserted here. 12 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. SCOVILLE & JOHNSON. DlKlLlERS 1JN HARDWAR E. EVIEETT'S BLOCK', Mqfr,1q ta e, t ~ ci, hi ia, Pocket and Table Cutlery, Carpenters, Blacksmiths and MaShelf and Builders' Hardware, chinist's Tools, Nails, Glass and Rope, Guns, Revolvers, Shovels, Picks, Mattocks, Spades. Powder and Shot, Hoes, Rakes and Forks, Fishing Tackle of all Descriptions, Scythes, Snathes and Stones, Wagon and Carriage Woodwork. CHILSON'S BRICK AND PORTABLE FURNACES, Can give numerous reference as to their superiority. These Pumps are extensively used throughout the iron mines, and where steam cannot be used are admirably adapted to the purpose. JMcanuufactuzrers of all Kii'ncls of Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron Work. PLUMBING, GAS AND STEAM FITTING, In all its Branches. Chandeliers and Plumbing Material, Lead, Gas Pipe and Fittizngs. WOOD AND COAL HEATING AND COOKING STO7 E8E U. S. COllNTY AND MUNICIPAL OFFICERS. Collector of the Port-HIRAM A. BURT. Register of U. S. Land Office-AMBROSE C. CAMPBELL. C~Oitndy OffCcerS. Circuit Judge-Hon. JAMES O'GRADY. Sheriff- JACOB DOLF - - - Marquette. County Clerk-FRANCIS M. MOORE,) Marquette. Register of Deeds-FRANCIS M. MOORE, — Marquette. Treasurer-JOHN P. OUTHWAITE, - I shreining. Judge of -Probate-ED. S. HARDY, - - -Marquette. Prosecuting Attorney-JAMES E. DALLIBA, -Marquette. Circuit Court Com.-JOHN Q. ADAMS,- - - Negaunee. City Officers of Marquette. SAMUEL P. ELY, Mayor. J. H. PRIMEAU, Recorder. F. M. MOORE, Treasurer. ALDER-MEN. 1st Ward. 2d Ward 3d Ward. Jas. Atfield, B. Neidhart, Ed. Fraser, Thos. E. Cook. A. R. Harlow. Dan'I Brittell. City Attorney-John L. Cochran. Marshall-T, B. Rundell. Street Commissioner-M. McConnell. MAarqu~ette Lodge 101 F. 4& J. M. OFFICERS. F. M. Moore, W. M. Jno. Coan, J. D. S. W. Bailey, S. W. A. P. Burroughs, Treasurer. J. J. Drew, J. W. D. S. Scoville, Secretary. E. B. Gay, S. ID. Peter Hume, Tyler. Regular Communication, 1st Tuesday of each month. JAiarquette Chapter,.No. 43, R..4. Mt. H. M. Maynard, H. P. E. B. Gay, 1st V. James E. Dalliba. K. J. J. Drew, 2d V. HR. R. Mather, S. L. W. Bailey, 3d V. F. M. Johnson, C. H. M. R. Manhard, Treas. F. M. Moore, P. 5. ID. S. Scoville, Sec'y. L. M. Spencer, R. A. C. Regular Convocation, first Friday each month. Lake Su~perior Coimnandery.No. 80, K. [T. James Dalliba. E. C. ID. S. Scoville, Rec. H. R. Mather, G. H. H. Stafford, Std. Br. Win. H. Kaighin, C. G. Alfred Green, Sword Br. M. H. Maynard, P. A. P. Burroughs, 1st G. F. M. Moore, S. )W. M. R. Manhard, 2d G. J. J. Drew, J. W. C. B. Van Cleve. 3d G. E. B. Gay, Treas. Stated conclave 3d Monday each month. 14 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. HIRAM A. BURT, C-DEALER. -IEUpon nearly every Street, and in every part of the GCITY OF MARQUETTE,. -ALSO,AND MANUFACTURING SITES }Ior Sale upon the 7m,0ost Liberal Terms' to Pe'7ha//1,((sers for itpro(vement. Office Phoenix Block, Main Street, 3Sffi^MiTtl, ,BEA11) 8 )ItIE(TO'(IY O(F MAlQUEI"1'TE COUNTY. 153 EC*tetE rUBNACE AMf.qriquott, MgicnI/, lrl JI f ltt( 'tt ri' of t- {t ( 6U rt t7; ttt ^ ig 2etal, i urkd:ron, Avrvhawt Wax Voan Orders f/rom the trade respecctflly solicited. W. L. WETMORE, President. PETER WHITE, Secretary. W. W. WHEATON, Treasurer and General Agent. CHARLES JENKINS, Assistant Agent. 16 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. STEUR3IOSOPIG V~JNWS Of all Points of Interest on the J'orth and South Shores of Lace Superior. Chromos, Engravings, FRAMES, Etc. IN GREAT VARIETY AT MARQUETTE, MICH. The most Elegant and complete Establishment of the kind in the Northwest. O(ar ot 1 pI, iLre UTeiE ell ORDERS BY MAIL PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY, MICHIGAN. MARQUETTE. A ABEL, Ransom, clerk, bds. Bluff near Third. Adams, Sidney, contractor, over Stafford's drug store, res. Wash., near Third. Adams James, teamster, res. Bluff near Third. Adams, Chas. P., agent Grace Furnace. ~ Anderson, Jas. A., road master, M. H. & O. R. R. Anderson, Andrew, foundryman, res. cor Fort and Wash. Anderson, John, laborer, Wash. west of Seventh. Anderson, Geo. carpenter, Wash. bet. Fourth and Fifth, Anderson, Charles, laborer, Wash. and Fifth. Anderson, Charles, blacksmith, Bluff near Fifth. Anderson, Peter blacksmith, Bluff near Fifth. Anderson, Joseph, laborer, Wash. near Third. Anderson, Charles J. Superior near Front. Anderson, John W. clerk, bds. Tremont. Anderson, John, clerk, bds. Rock near Third. Anderson, Elmer, tinner, Lake near Spring. Andrews, J. E. clerk, with Pendill & Beatty. Andrews, Donald, Arch east of Front. Anson, James, mason, Ridge near Front. Anthony, James, watchman, cor. Sixth and Bluff Anthony, James, jr. machinist, cor Sixth and Bluff. 18 BEARID'S DIREC 'ORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Anthony, Thomas, moulder, cor. Sixth and Bluff. Anthony, Robert, machinist, Fourth near Bluff. Archibald, Michael, saloon. Wash. bet. Fourth and Fifth. Archambault, Charles, weigher, Superior near Fifth. Archambault, W. clerk, Bluff near Third. Arms, W. B. ins. agt., Bluff near Fourth. Armstrong, Mrs. B. Wash. bet. Fourth and Fifth. Armstrong, Bernard, laborer, Superior near Third. Arobie, James, laborer, Superior near Sixth. Asch, Paul, clothing, bds. Cole's House. Ash, Jacob, clerk, with Pendill and Beatty. Ashmead, Seely, bds. National Hotel. Atfield, Patrick, laborer, Bluff near Fourth. Atfield James, Superior near Fourth. Atfield, Michael, laborer, Spring near R. R Augustin, Geo. carpenter, Ridge near Seventh. Avery, Charles H. clerk, with H. H. Stafford. Am. Ex. Co., W. S. Dalliba, agent. B ABCOCK, Silas, brakeman, Fifth near Wash. Backentaw, J. carpenter, Ridge and Fourth. Bailey, Fred'k, bookkeeper, cor. High and Mich. Bailey, Samuel, A. bookkeeper, cor High and Mich. Bailey, Samuel, carpenter, cor High and Mich. Baker, A. harness maker, Wash. street. Baker, John A. bds. National Hotel. Baker, John, switchman, Bluff near Fourth. Balander, Isaac, laborer, Spruce near R. R. Baldue, Joseph, blacksmith, Fourth near Superior. Ball, Daniel H. attorney, office over Stafford's drug store, res Bridge st. near Pine. Ball, William carpenter, cor Front and Mich. Balloy, Maurice, laborer, Third near Fisher. Ballard, John, engineer, Superior opp. Jail. Baly, John, brakeman, Fourth and Wash. f13ARD'S DIRFVCTORY OF MAROVETTE COUNTYt. -t. H. H. STAFFORD, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in DRUGS, MIEDICINES, rey I,,4, BOOKCS, STATIONERY, Lake Superior Views. PRESCRIPTIONS CAREFULLY PREPARED DAY AND NIGHT. Main street, near Superiors 20 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. H. C. EARLE. JNO. T. McGREGOR. H. C. EARLE & CO. DEALERS IN ( GR OCERIES, 4 PROVISIONS, Crockery, Glassware, &C., &C. Cole's Block, Front Street, MARQUETTE, - - MICH. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 21 Bancroft Iron Co., B. C. Morse, secretary. Banerick, William, laborer, Arch near Front. Bannerman, John, liquors and tobacco, Main uear Front, res. Arch, east of Front. Banks, J. Stewart, Cole's House Barbo, Fred. conductor, Superior near Fifth. Barbeaux, A. laborer. Rock near Front. Barkey, Charles, laborer, bds. Central Hotel. Barklinn, William, laborer, Superior near Third. Barlow, Arthur, laborer, Superior near Front. Barnes,, clerk at court house. Barney, Samuel, engineer, Third and Genesee. Barton, Edward, laborer, Hampton near Third. Barnes, John, carpenter, Hampton near R. mill, Barnes, Milton, steam shovel, Superior near Fifth. Barnhard, F. H. quarryman, Wash. near Third. Barry, James, laborer, Superior near Third, Barry, John, brakeman, Superior near Third. Barry, John, carpenter, Hampton near Third. Barry, Cyrille, carpenter, Hampton near R. mill. Barrett, A. T. clerk, Spruce street. Bartholomew, Jas, laborer, Mich. House. Baxendale, Thomas, machinist, Rock near Third. Bashaw, Nelson, carpenter, Wash near Sixth. Bashaw, Oliver, brakeman, Wash. near Sixth. Bassu, August, proprietor National House. Bastian, E. boarding house, Rock near Front. Beanstin, P. C. clerk, Ridge near Third. Beardsley, W. J. asst. P. M., Tremont House. Beatty, A. C. asst. bookkeeper, with Pendill & Beatty. Beatty, J. S. res. Front near Arch. Beck, Thomas, blacksmith, Fourth near Mich. Beck, Edwin, machinist, Bluff near Fifth. Bedeaux, J. laborer, Superior near Fifth. Beecher, Geo. L., foreman on dock at Carp. Furnace, cor. High and Arch. Belan, M. teamster, Rock near Third. 22 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Beleran, James, laborer, Mich. near Fifth. Bell, Joseph, laborer, Superior near Front. Bell, George, laborer, Travellers Home. Belmont, Moses J. widow, Wash. near Seventh. Belanger, George, brakeman, Fourth and Wash. Bending, F. wines and liquors, res. Ridge near Front. Bending, George, clerk, bds. Summit House. Benedict, George W. bookkeeper, Wash near Front. Bennett, Peter, printer, Mining Journal. Bennett, William H. laborer, Wash, near Third Benson, W. laborer, Superior near Front. Benpre, Anton, laborer, Rock near Fifth. Berdie & Heyn, liquors and cigars, Front near Spring. Bernier, William, clerk, with Pendill & Beatty. Bey, George, painter, Fourth near Wash. Bible, Theodore, laborer Fifth and Wash. Bice, David, carpenter, Sixth near Was Bice, Sampson, carpenter, Sixth near Wash. Bice, James, engineer, Sixth and Wash. Billard, John, carpenter, Fourth and Wash. Bielrough, A. G. laborer, Superior near Front. Binnah, F. laborer, Fisher near Fourth. Bird, Frank, Lake near Superior. Birt, A. J. real estate, High near Arch. Bishop, Thomas, machinist, S'eventh near Ridge. Bishop Charles, machinist, Wash near Third. Blackwood, James, laborer, Lake near R. mill. Blackwood, William, tinner, Lake near R. mill. Blair, Hugh, conductor, Wash near Seventh. Blake, Thomas, laborer, Superior near Front. Bleck, Andrew, laborer, Superior near Fifth. Blouin, Dennis, hostler, Fisher near Fourth. Blue, Mathew, mason, Ridge near Sixth. Bium, Nelse, laborer, Superior near Front. Bogan, Con. laborer, Ridge near Front. Boler, Maurice, laborer, Third and Spruce. Boler, Pat. laborer, Third and Superior. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 23 ~ -LANDT * And Real Estate Brokers, MARQUETTE, MICH MINERAL AND PINE LANDS And Minutes and Explorations for Sale. Payment of Taxes for Non Residents ATTENDED TO. -REFER BY PERMISSION TOSAMUEL P. ELY, JAY C. MORSE. PETER WHITF. JAS. PICKANDS. H. H. STAFFORD. And others. 24 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Incorporated under the Laws of the State of Michigan. Authorized Capital, $500,000. Capital paid in, $200,000. 1IAI-Q UETTE, LIIJW. TRANSACT A GENERAL BANKING AND EXCHANGE BUSINESS. -OFFICERSAMBROSE CAMPBELL, Pres't. J. M. WILKINSON, Cash'r. EDWARD BREITUNG, Vice Pres't. FRED. M. STEELE, Ass't Particular Attention Given to Collections, And proceeds promptly remitted at the current rates of exchange, on day of payment. We sell PASSAGE TICKETS to and from the OLD COUNTRY by the favorite lines. -ALSODRAFTS ON ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD, AT THE LOWEST RATES. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Bookly, Pat. laborer, High and Arch. Boos, John, mason, Wash. near Fourth. Bovin, Peter, laborer, Rock near Front. Bowdan, Thomas, miner, Bluff near 6th. Bowdry, James, brakeman, Bluff near 4th. Bowdry, A. laborer, Wash near 7th. Boyles, J. laborer, Bluff near 7th. Brag, Jesse, laborer, Wash near 7th. Braley, Gilbert, saddler, 7th near Superior. Bray, Harry, laborer, High and Mich. Bray, J. P. telegraph operator, Wash near 4th. Bray, T. H. clerk, Wash. near 4th. Brennan, Richard, laborer, Superior near Front. Brennan, Thomas, laborer, Wash near 7th. Bridges, J. A., flagman, res. near round house. Brevier, Louis, clerk, Superior near 5th. Brimacombe & Cundy, builders, Lake near Superior. Brimacombe, William, builder. res. Wash near Front. Brimacombe, T. P., boots and shoes, Front near Superior. Brille, Henry, brewer, Spring and 3d. Britelle, Henry, carpenter, Michigan near Cedar. Britelle, Daniel, contractor, Arch near Cedar. Britelle, Albert, Michigan, near Cedar. Bro, Alb, brakeman, 4th near Bluff. Brober, John, laborer, 3d and Superior. Brocker, E. C. machinist, Wash rear 7th. Brodie, C. A. clerk at Northwestern. Bronson, S. M. dry goods, res. High and Ridge. Brooks, John, machinist, Superior near 4th. Brotherton, F. H. explorer, 3d and Bluff. Brotherton, Wilson, explorer, 4th near Ridge. Brown, Samuel, carpenter, Front near Michigan. Brown, John, laborer, Front near R. R. Brown, Michael, laborer, Superior and Third. Brown, Peter, laborer, Superior and Third. Brown, J. pop manufacturer, Front near Superior. Brown, Ambrose, S. clerk, Lake near Bluff. N 26 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Brown, Wm. C. clerk, Lake near Bluff. Brown, Jos. J. clerk, Lake near Bluff. Brown, Chas. S. wagon maker, Lake near Bluff. Buchanan, John, Fourth near Bluff. Buckley, Pat. laborer, Superior near Front. Buckley, Barney, laborer, Superior near Front. Burr, John, foreman, Wash. near Seventh. Burt Free Stone Co, Jno. Burt, pres. W. A. Burt, Sec'y. Burassee, C. saloon, Wash. bet. Fourth and Fifth. Birch, Anton, laborer, Fifth and Wash. Burk, Frank, carpenter, Fisher near Fourth. Burk, Thomas, laborer, Rock near Third. Burley, Adolph, sadler, Seventh near Superior. Burns, Andrew, furnaceman, Lake near R. mill. Burns, Thomas, laborer, Superior near Front. Burt, William, agent Burt Free Stone Co., res. High near Arch. Burt, Hiram, Coll. of Port, Lake near North-Western. Burt, S. S., agent Grd. Cen. Mine, res. High near Arch. Bushel, John, proprietor Iron Mountain House. Butcher, Harris, Superior and Third. Butler, Fred. butcher, Superior and Front. Butler, Thomas, laborer, Wash. near Third. C C AIN, Wm. brakeman, National Hotel. Caley, Chas. laborer, Superior near Front. Call, C. H. Cashier First National Bank, Tremont House. Caltin, S. A. Auditor M. H. & O. R. R., res. Sixth near Bluff. Cameron, J. R. tailor, residence Bluff near Fourth. Camp, Henry, tailor, corner Third and Spring. Campbell, David, contractor, corner Third and Genesee. Cambell, Ambrose, Reg. U, S. Land Office, res. op. Coles House. Campbell, John, tailor, Bluff near Fourth. Campbell, Donald, Bluff near Third. Campbell, Wm. laborer, Superior near Front. Campbell, Robert, carpenter, Ridge near Fourth. BEARDiS DIRECTORY OV M1ARQUETTE COUNTY. 27 Brownstone Company S. P. ELY, President. PETER WHITE, Treas. M. H. MAYNARD, Sec'y and Gen'l Manager. Own and Operate the Celebrated Quarries of Very Soft and Rich in color, easily worked when new, and becomes very hard upon exposure. Is unchanged by the] elements and remarkably durable in color. Address, M. H. MAYNARD, Gen'l Manager, MARQUETTE. HURON BAY Slate and Iron Company. W. L. WETMORE, President. M. H. MAYNARD, Sec'y and Treas. P.ROT DUCIE A CLEABAR Of very fine texture and lustre, equal to any in the world. QUARRIES ON HURON BAY. General Office at Marquette, Mich. Address, M.. MAYNARD, Secretary. 28 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. B. NEIDHART, -DEALER INForeign and Domestic............................................................................................................................................................................................. ~s-~ STOVES, TIN, -ANDSa s,Ito W4IRL Marquette, L. S., Michigan. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 29 Campbell, Arch. blacksmith, Bluff near Fourth. Campau, David, contractor, Third and Genesee. Canfield, Chas. telegraph operator, Ridge and Seventh. Carby, Pat. teamster, Lake near R. mill. Carey, Thos. mason, Rock near Front. Carey, Thos. laborer, Fisher near Third. Carey, Edward, saloon, Lake near Superior. Carey, Pat. mason, Hampton near School. Carp. River Iron Co. north of Carp. River. Carson, Samuel, furnace man, Wash. and Fourth. Casey, J. laborer, corner Spring and Front. Casey, John, laborer, Bluff near. Third. Cavis, C. H. V. civil engineer, Wash. near Front. Cecotte, John, laborer, Washington and Seventh. Cecotte, Octave, laborer, Fourth and Bluff. Champion Iron Co., S. P. Ely, Sec. and Treas. Chartiers, Joseph, brakeman. Fourth and Wash. Charlesworth, Robert, Wash. near Fifth. Chambers, S. saddler, Superior near Fourth. Chamberlain, Geo. harness maker, Superior opp. Cathedral. Charlson, M. laborer, Third and Superior. Charlson, Nills, laborer, Third and Superior. Charlson, I. laborer, Third and Superior. Charlson, Dan. laborer, Third and Superior. Childs, B. F. photographer, Masonic Block, bds. Northwestern. Christy, And. laborer, Superir near Front. Church, Sidney E. real estate, Watson's Block. Chubb, Robert, watchman, Fourth near Mich. Chubb, Henry, laborer, Fourth near Mich. Citizens' Bank, Ambrose Campbell Pres., J. M. Wilkinson, Cashier. Clayhorn, Jos. civil engineer, Bluff near Fifth. Clark, W. clerk, Arch east of Front. Clark, John, laborer, Lake near R. Mill. Clark, S. T. fireman, Third near Bluff. Clark, Wm. carpenter, Fifth and Wash. Clark, Wallace A. M., M. D. Crowley's Block. 30 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Clark, H. clerk, with Pendill & Beatty. Claricy, C. laborer, Superior near Front. Clapp, L. clerk, freight office M. H. & O. R. R., bds. North west'rn. Cleveland Iron Mining Co. J. C. Morse, Gei'l Agent. Cleary, David, laborer, Travelers' Home. Cleary, James, laborer, Travelers' Home. Cloese, J. laborer, corner Spring and Front. Coakley, Maurice, laborer, Superior, near Front. Coakley, Peter, laborer, Superior, near Front. Coan, John, machinist, Michigan, near High. Coan, William, Arch St. West Front. Cochran, Gebrge E. corner Arch and Spring. Cochran, John & Geo. E. att'ys, over Murray & Robbins. Cochran, J. L. attorney, corner Arch and Spruce. Cochran, V. B. clerk, corner Baker and Ridge. Code, William, book-binder, corner 3d and Superior. Coffield, Thomas, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Coffman, Samuel, tailor, corner Washington and 5th. Cole, James, laborer, Washington, near 7th. Cole, C. D. photographer, bds. Northwestern. Cole, Acklin, carpenter, corner 5th and Bluff. Cole, A. A. deputy collector, Burt Bros. building. Coles, Jeffrey, ) Coles, William, Proprietors Coles House. Coles, George B. J Coles, George, Coles House. Coles House, Front street. Collen, E. carpenter, Michigan street, near Front. Collins, C. G. dry-goods, old P. 0. building, res. Wash. near 3d. Collins, H. G. clerk, Washington, near 3d. Combau, Eugene, laborer, Travelers' Home. Condon, John, laborer, Superior, near Front. Conklin, J. S. clerk, corner Front and Bluff. Conklin, G. N. jeweler, Adams Block, b. Blaker street. Connell, Pat, laborer, corner Spring and Front. Connell, J. laborer, corner Spring and Front. Connell, Jerry, teamster, Travelers' Home. BEARD'S DIRE(CTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 31 ENRIGHT & SPENCER, Manufacturers of and Dealers in I I (811111 I i; I Horse Clothing, AND --- TRUNKS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. Cart and Fine Harness a Specialty..4 -_- - - SUPERIOR STREET, NEAR CLEVELAND tttK. 32 BEARD'S DIREC 'ORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. T. WARD. J. WEBB. WARD & WEBB, — DEALERS IN-tAND - MUSICAL MERCHANDISE, Violin and Guitar Strings. SHEET MUSIC A SPECIALTY. Pictures and Picture Frame Constantly on Band. X. 0A:O E ArEl F'o 3E. Iss e Store on Washinytokt Street, Opposite the Coles Iouse, EMarquette, Mish. BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 33 Conners, John, laborer, corner Fisher, near 4th. Conners, James, laborer, Superior, near Front. Conney, J. D. furnaceman, b. Brown and De Rush. Cook, Mrs. E. D Washington, near 3d. Cook, Christian, shoemaker, 5th, near Bluff. Cook, J. blacksmith, Bluff, near 3d. Cook, Charles, laborer, Superior, near Front. Cook, D. E. tinner, Washington, between 3d and 4th. Cooley, Pat, carpenter, Rock, near 3d. Cooney, Wm. cl'k with Pendill & Beatty. Corey, Duncan, lab. 3d and Supr. Corey, Rich. boiler maker, Bluff, near 6th. Corey. Geo. lab. Bluff, near 6th. Coughlin, John, laborer, 4th, near Washington. Courtney, Dan, laborer, Superior, near Front. Coyle, James, laborer, Hampton, near 3d. Coyle, James Jr. laborer, Hampton, near 3d. Cozzens, Fred., carpenter, Superior, near Front. Crathy, Stephen, laborer, Travelers' Home. Craig, Reynold, Bluff, near 6th. Craig, Julius, Bluff, near 6th. Craig, John, furnaceman, Bluff, near 6th. Craig, James, puddler, Hampton, near School. Craig, Thomas, mason, Front, near Spring. Crambie, A. laborer, Superior, near Front. Crangle, William, laborer, Michigan House. Crevan, Ed. laborer, Superior, near Front. Creary, L. P. & Co. printers, Masonic Building. Creary, L. P. printer, residence near Methodist Church. Crenelle, Joshua, carpenter, 7th near Rock. Cribo, Richard, helper, Washillgton, near Superior. Crist, L. laborer, 4th, near Rock. Crocker, J. plasterer, Central Hotel. Crohn, Meyer, clothing, Washington, between 6th and 7th. Croin, John, laborer, Superior, near Front. Crow, John, laborer, Ridge, near Front. Crow, James, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. 34 BEARD'S DIRECrORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Crowley, Thomas, brakeman, Michigan House. Crowley, Michael, laborer, Lake, near R. mill. Cudlip, John, miner, Washington, near 6th. Cummings, Pat, laborer, Superior, near Front. Cummings, George P. civil engineer, 4th, near Bluff. Culhave, Dan. blacksmith, 5th, near Superior. Culbert & Reed, livery, Superior, near Front. Culbert, Josh., livery, Summit House. Cunningham, laborer, Ridge, near Front. Cundy, J. S. carpenter, Washington, near Front. Curtis, James, blacksmith, Rock, near 3d. D DALE, Samuel, boarding house, Superior, near Front. Dalin, Claes, laborer, Superior, near Front. Dalliba & Mapes, attorneys, Masonic Building. Dalliba, J. E. attorney, Coles House. Dalliba, W. S. Ex. Agt. and man. W. U. Tel. Coles House. Daly, James, laborer, Franklin House. Damp, Charles, mason, Washington, near 7th. Daniel, Hugh, painter, Superior, near Front. Davis, Miss Lillian, dress-maker, Washington, near Front. Davis, Francis, carpenter, 5th, near Washington. Daw, Frank, moulder, High, near Michigan. Dearra, Peter, laborer, 4th, near Washington. Deckermesser, J. laborer, Bluff, near 5th. Deetcher, William, laborer, Fisher, near 4th. Delany, James, laborer, boards Brown & De Rush. Delaf, Peter, blacksmith, Rock, near 3d. Demay, Augustin, clerk, Genesee, near 3d. Demay, A. F. clerk, Genesee, near Lake. Demeyer, Zavier, saloon, 3d, near Lake. Denn, Peter, pattern maker, corner 3d and Fisher. Dennis, Joseph, laborer, corner 3d and Washington. De Nevin, E. cashier, with Pendill & Beatty. Denomy, David, surveyor, corner 5th and Washington. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 35~ KUHLMVAN & HOTOP, c(E~zDEALEB8INDANDFLOUR, PORK, CROCKERY,, ETC. MARQUETTE, MICH. Agent fo~r S~truteder Show Cases. 36 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Good Horses. New Buggies. (At the Old Stand of Joshua Culbert,) HAVE THE LARCEST AND BEST ON THE UPPER PENINSULA. Good Horses and Vehicles for all Purposes. CAREFUL DRIVERS IF DESIRED. FUNERALS RECEIVE ESPECIAL ATTENTION, SoMRQUETE BsteMIC MARQUETTE, - MICHICAN. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 37 Deporte, J. laborer, Washington, near 7th. Derry, Wm. C. laborer, Washington, near 3d. Desjardins, J. Physician, Watson Block, res- 3d and Rock. Deatsch, John, mason, corner 3d and Bluff. Deveroo, James, clerk, Ridge, near 4th. Deveru, J. with Pecands & Co. DeWitt, Charles, hostler, Michigan House. Dietsch, John H. tailor, Washington, between 3d and 4th. Dobey, John, blacksmith, 5th near Superior. Dobey, Robert, helper, 5th, near Superior. Doerr, Fred. shoemaker, Washington, near 7th. Doherty, Michael, laborer, Hampton, near 3d. Dolf, Jacob, sheriff, at jail. Dolf, Frank, carpenter, Superior, near Front. Dollans, Frank, fisherman, Hampton, near R. mill. Dollan, John, laborer, Travelers' Home. Donaldson, Peter, porter, Coles House. Donahoe, John, laborer, Bluff, near 3d. Donahue, Michael, engineer, Bluff, near 3d. Donely, James, laborer, Superior, near 3d. Doner, John, laborer, 7th, near Superior. Doner, Thomas, engineer, Bluff, near 6th. Donevan, Jerry, laborer, Ridge, near 4th. Donkersley, C. Wash. near Front. Donovan, John, laborer, Superior near Front. Donovan, James, laborer, Superior near Front. Dooley Tom. teamster, Mich near High. Doran, Octave, laborer, Wash. near Fourth. Dowling, Richard, carpenter, Bluff near Front. Downey, Patrick, laborer, Franklin House. Downey, Morris, laborer, Franklin House. Downs, Cornelius, laborer, Fisher near Fourth. Downs, Hylor A. Sp. Dep. Custom House, res. Lake near North Western. Doyle, James, carpenter, Bluff near Sixth. Doyle, William J. laborer, National House. Doyle Patrick, teamster, Third and Rock. 38 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Doyle, Thomas, teamster, Third and Rock. Doyle, Edward, boarding house, Superior near Front. Drater, Charles, laborer, Third and Wash. Drew, John, clerk, Ridge near Fourth. Drille, William, boarding house, Wash. near Third. Driscol, Michael, brakeman, Third and Superior. Dubois, E., blacksmith, Fourth near Superior. Duff, James, painter, Pifth near Bluff. Dume, J. laborer, Spring and Front. Dunkley, Joseph, painter, Front st. Dunlavy, John, laborer, 3d and Hampton. Dunn, John, laborer, Superior near Front. Dunn, James, laborer, bds. Brown & De Rush. Duson, James, plasterer, Sixth and Bluff. Dwyer, Burt, carpenter Sixth near Bluff. Dwyer, Daniel, laborer, Franklin House. Dwyer, John, laborer, Superior near Third. E EARL, Wm. foreman R. R. Superior and Fourth. Earle H. C. & Co., grocers, Coles Block. Earle, H. C. light house keeper. Earle, C. M. W. B. and shoes, masonic building, res. Front near Mich. Earle, Peter, laborer, Fourth near Mich. Eddy, E. F. foreman R. R. Bluff near Fifth. Edge, George, Rolling Mill, Third and Furnace. Edward, L. brakeman, Wash. bet Fourth and Fifth. Egnew, Frank, laborer, Superior near Front. Eich, Hillard, Grocer, Third near Hampton. Ellenwood, Captain F. foreman, Fifth and Wash. Ellis, Charles, fireman, Wash near Fifth. Ellstrom, Fred. laborer, Bluff near Fifth. Ely, S. P. mayor, Lake near North-Western. Engles, Mathew, teamster, Hampton, near Third. English, James, clerk, Third and Rock. BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 39 ^iyttgai ntio aI tk. MARQUETTE, MICH. PETER WHITE, President. C. H. CALL, Cashier. W. T. CALL, Ass't Cashier. l0tJ, 0, QO. t, Surplu - 0I,00L. DIRECTORS: PETER WHITE, M. L. HEWITT HENRY R. MATHER. JAY C. MORSE. C. H. CALL. We give especial care and attention to making ^COLLECTIONS In this vicinity, and give prompt attention to all business in our line entrusted to us. 40 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. PENDILL & BEATTY, -WHOLESALE AND RETAIL1____ II — i Oa BE PROVISIONS, _-CROCKERY7 Grain, Flour, Feed, BOOTS AND SHOES, A2TC0 GOODS, Wall Papers, Roofing and Building Papers. -ALSOEariun Neat Earket, VESSEL SUPPLIES. &c. PAINTS, OILS, VARNISHES, $ueotlB t ts et, lK()aptqutte~ BEARD'S IDIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 41 Enright & Spencer, harness and trunks, Superior near dock. Enright, James, harness, res. Rock and Third. Erbinding, H. wagon maker, Superior and Fourth. Ericson, Peter, machinist, Hampton near R. mill. Ernau, Felix, laborer, Washington, near 7th. Evans, S. J. barber, Front and Spring, res. Rock and Third. Evans, J. L. barber, Front and Spring, res. Rock and Third. Ereau, Phillip, laborer, Third near Rock. Everett and Son, bankers, Front near Main. Everett, C. M. banker, res. Ridge and Front. Everett, P. M. banker, res. Ridge and Front. Erickson Manfg. Co, foundry and machine shop, neargas works. Excelsior Manfg. Co., s. w. cor. Wyckoff and Porter. F FAESSON, Ole, laborer, Superior, near Front. Fagan James, laborer, near water works. Fahey, James, laborer, near water works. Farley, Thomas, laborer, Ridge, near 4th. Farmer, James, furnaceman, Hampton, near School, Farrar, Mrs. Sarah Ann, laundress, 4th, near Michigan. Farrar, S. B. bds. National Hotel. Fassbinder, J. C. butcher, Rock, near 3d. Fee, F. M. laborer, corner Spring and Front. Fenah, Charles, mason, Michigan street. Field, Fred. plasterer, Superior, near 3d. Finch, laborer, bds. Michigan House. Finch, Charles, teamster, Arch, near Pine. Finch, Ed. moulder, corner 5th and Washington. Finney, Walter, ticket agent, Bluff, near Front. First Nat. Bank, Peter White, Pres. Nat. Bank Building. Fisher, David, conductor, Washington, uear 7th. Fisher, Medaugh, machinist, Washington, near 7th. Fisher, Ed. plumber, Bluff, near 6th. Fisher, John, teamster, with Pendill & Beatty. 42 BEARD'S DIRECTOlRY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Fisher J. A. laborer, Wash. near 7th. Fiske, E. W. dentist, Watson's Block, res. rear R. mill. Fitzgerald, James, machinist, Rock, near 4th. Fitzsimons, Daniel, tailor, Spring, near Front. Flaherty, Thomas, carpenter, corner 7th and Ridge. Flaherty, Robert, carpenter, corner 7th and Ridge. Flanigan John, laborer, Bluff, near 3d. Flanigan, James, engineer, Washington, near 6th. Flanigan, William, Machinist, Washington. near 6th. Flanigan, Mathew, printer, Washington, near 6th. Flanigan, Richard, weigher, Washington, near 6th. Flanigan, Ed. carpenter, Washington, near 6th. Flanigan, John, engineer, 4th, near Fisher. Flannery, William, laborer, bds. Franklin House. Flat, John, shoemaker, bds. with T. P. Brimacombe. Fleetwood, Rev. B. F. res. near St. Paul's church. Fletcher, Duncan, laborer, Bluff, near 6th. Floid, Thomas, boiler maker, Lake, near Bluff. Flood, Derry, mason, 3d, near Superior. Flooding, Andrew, mason, Hampton, near School. Flynn, Pat, Fisher, near Front. Flynn, John, Fisher, near Front. Fogerty, Pat, laborer, corner Spring and Front. Foley, James, teamster, corner Front and Superior. Foley, John, laborer, Rock, near 3d. Foot, J. laborer. corner Spring and Fort. Foot, Mrs. Jane, laundress, Michigan street. Foot D. laborer, corner Spring and Front. Fountain, Arabie, Front, near Superior. Fountain, James, moulder, Bluff, near Fifth. Forbush, Henry, mail agent, 6th, near Bluff. Ford, Maurice, laborer, Hampton, near R. mill. Foreman, Jacob, laborer, Superior, near 3d. Forsyth, Ed. printer, Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Fortig, John, painter, Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Fortune, L. carpenter, Hampton, near R, mill. Fowler, T. B. gardener, Lake, near N. Western. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 43 N E~W_ S i'CKFO R I. Fashionable Milinry, onnets, Bas, Sundowns. t 3le&" ur a is' h-li,.l;i b Oids Ribbons, Laces, Flow)t.ers, 7.7,(n?t b7 e lz, t, Feazthers, Silks, Velvets, Satins, Crapes, Veils, RTusbie, S, Collars, tUnnd7ersleeves, Clttffs, Hr(dt.17cIerecliefs, iP(trasols, Belts, Kd an Thread Gloves. Hosicr7'y, Corsets, C(orset SkCirtH StIpporters. Hoop Skirts, Bustles, Coiabs, Bracelets, Pilns,.Jewelry, ci 72 i1 S, Brushes, Blttons, Th're(ads, Silks, Twivsts, F.rin des, Gimps, Bu3tton7s, Zeph,/rs, C(,t.. ll1 (.S, Ptttern.s, lititals, C ( 1 rls, Switch.es, Frizzes and, Braids, Suits, Cloakcs, Talanats at7,d, Capes, Shawls, Scarfs, W'iaps,,Xu, bias, Skirts, Jackets, &c. Ladies', Childrens' and Infants' Underwear. Prin~ts, Cloakin7,gs, Cottons, Dress Goods and S7uitingfs, Cloths, Flannels..Jotions, Trim7nini s, Li7nins sc, 4 c. AND EVERYTHING ELSE IN LADIES' GOODS. Corner Store, Everett's Block, MARQUETTE, L S., MICH, 44 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. — DEALER INGroceries e Provisions oCONFECTION ERY,~ Trnlt Street, near Sperior2~, Old P. 0. Building, MARQUETTE, MICH. LEONARD P. CRARY. JASON McGREGOR.: --- Gr O'EI= XL.a --- Book and Job Printers Masonic Block, over the Postoffice, SBAR1wUTWEm,., In S a CTIAN2~ BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 45 Fraser, Robert, laborer, bds. Franklin House. Fraser, C. H. clerk Tremont House. Fraser, E. lumber yard, and real estate, Bluff near Third, res. Ridge street. Fraser, John, teamster, corner 4th and Fisher. Frederick, Charles, piano tuner, Washington, near 3d. Freeman Bros. livery, Front, near Superior. Freeman, James, livery, Rock street. Freeman, Richard, blacksmith, Superior, near Front. Freeman, Andrew, carpenter, Washington, near Front. French, Robert, contractor, Washington, near Front. French, William, laborer, corner 3d and Hampton. French, George, carpenter, corner Rock and 3d. Frei, Fred, boarding house, corner 3d and Front. Frei. Jacob, grocer and baker, corner Front and Washington, Freiburg, Robt. clerk, Rock, near Front. Freiburg, J. P. clerk, with Pendill and Beatty. Frink, Reuben, pile driver, corner Michigan and Front. Fuhrman, J. clerk, with Pendill & Beatty. Furgason, O'Neil, laborer, Genesee, near 3d. Furgason, Alex. engineer, Hampton, near School. Furgason, Anges, laborer, Ridge, near W. works. G ( ABRIELSON, W. laborer, Superior, near Front. Gaerdpie, Henry, brakesman, Washington, near 7th. Gago, Samuel, carpenter, Washington, near Front. Gagnes, Cheve, brakeman, 4th, near Was ington. Galbreath, James, carpenter, corner 5th and Washington. Gallant, Peter, grocer, Washington. near 7th. Galler, Charles, laborer, corner 5th and Washington. Galvin, William, laborer, bds. Michigan House. Ganaw, Daniel, teamster, Ridge, near 3d. Garman, Moses, laborer, Arch street, near Cedar. Garrity, William, engineer, 3d, near Bluff. Garrow, Charles, explorer, Superior, near 3d. 46 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Gasco, Joseph, carpenter, Superior, near 7th. Gaskill, Joseph, carpenter, corner Front and Michigan. Gates, Andrew, plasterer, Michigan House. Gay, H. L. & Co. architects, Watson Block. Gay, E. B. Gen'l F't Ag't M. H.'&O. R. R, cor. Front and Arch. Gehske, Albert, laborer, corner 3d and Washington. Geness, J. M. laborer, Superior, near Front. Gidly, Samuel, laborer, Bluff, near 5th. Gidley, Charles, boiler maker, Bluff, near 5th. Gienneger, George, laborer, Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Gilmore, S. F. restaurant, Washington near Front. Gilmore, Martin, mason, Superior, lear Front. Girsch, Henry, laborer, corner 3d and Washington. Glazer, John, barber, Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Glazier, Louis, train master, Everett Block, res. Wash. near Front. Gokay, Oliver, weigher, Superior, neat 5th. Goldsworthy, John, Arch, east of Front. Goodreau, James, Hampton, near School. Gordon, Rev. J. M. Front, near Michigan. Gordy, John, painter, 3d, near Superior. Gormaly, Ed. explorer, Superior, near 3d. Gorman, Thomas, laborer, Michigan street. Gorman, Pat. laborer, Michigan street. Gould, Orville, flagman, bds. at Bishops. Grabel, James, laborer, Hampton, near school. Graff, John, carpenter, Bluff, uear 5th. Graham, J. J. clerk, Superior, near Front. Grant, Alex. clerk, Lake, near N. Western. Grand Central Iron Co. J. S. Waterman & S. S. Burt. Gray, Noah, director of Carp River Iron Co, bds. N. Western. Gray, W. A. explorer, 5th, near Bluff. Greble, John W. engineer, Washington, near 4th. Greble, Josiah, tinner, Washington, near 4th. Greble, John, laborer, Washington, near 4th. Greble, Richard, boiler maker, Washington, near 4th. Greble, Charles, tinner, Washington, near 4th. BEAR1I)S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 47 J. W. WATSON & SONIS Great Wholesale and Retail iV DRY GOODS, G roB ir en '~r6 s si a al i-1(CT'yPISQ_1xrmrii O:OOK:EJY, C5-Furniture, Clothing, COON ]fECTI ON t Y -Boots and Shoeso f TOYS, YANKEE NOTIONS, Etc. Watson Block, MARQUETTE, Mich. 48 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. TH E MARQUETTE, L. S., MICH. -PUBLISHED BYTHE MINING JOURNAL CO. Subscription, $3.00 per Annum, IN ADVANCE. (F _)HE MINING JOURNAL is a large, hand<^' somely printed twelve page first class paper. It circulates largely through the B'yj iron, mining and manufacturing district, and is the acknowledged exponent of the iron and manufacturing interests of the Northwest. As an advertising medium, the Journal is unexcelled. Advertising rates furnished on application by letter or otherwise. THE MINING JTOURNAL CO. ite"'l@M 3~fd W Brcint, e H-_W ael)@ IraS AND BLANK BOOK MANUFACTURERS, Every class of work executed with neatness and dispatch. BEARD'S D)IECTORY OF MAlQUETTE COUNTY. 49 Gregory, Henry, builder, corner 4th and Ridge. Green, Alf. architect and manager, L. S. Building Co., res. corner Arch and Pine. Green, William, engineer, Superior, near 4th. Green, Ned, laborer, Travelers' Home. Green, G. W. Arch, E. of Front. Green, Fran:k A. Arch, E. of Front. Green, Samuel, tailor, Bluff, near 4th. Greenhart, Frank, brakeman, Bluff, near 4th. Greenwald, Mich. stone-cutter, 3d, near Washington. Greenwald, Frank, marble works, 3d near Washington. Griffin, Ed. mason, Washington, near Front. Grifford, Joseph, gas-fitter, Superior, near 4th. Gries, M. boots and shoes, cor. Front and Spring, res. Rock, near Front. Grinnell, James H. dentist, rear Coles House. Gruner, A. G. bookbinder, l)ds. National Hotel. Gastaperson, Andrew, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Gutke, Ludwig, laborer, Bluff, near 5th. H HADDLE, William, laborer, corner Washington and 5th. Hadley. David, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Hadley James M. carpenter, corner 5th and Bluff. Hagelin, James, blacksmith. Bluff, near 5th. Hagelin, E. bartender, corner 3d and Superior. Hager, G. A. upholsterer, Lake, near R. mill. Haggerty, M. saloon, corner Front and Spring. Hagerstom, C. A. carpenter, Washington, near 7th. Halpin, Ed. butcher, Superior, near 5th. Halpin, E. clerk, at Pendill & Beatty's. Halpin, D. clerk, at Pendill & Beatty's. Hallam, John, carpenter, Front. Hall, L. A. watchmaker, Washington, near Front. Halt, R. M. book-keeper, city bank, 6 Ridge, bet. Cedar and Spruce. Hammond, C. F. carpenter, cor. Washington and 7th. 50 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Hapgood, J. machinist, 7th, near Rock. Hanford, John, Arch, E. of Front. Hanft, Philip, laborer, Washington, near 4th. Hanley, John, laborer, Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Hannah, Sidney, laborer, Lake, near R. mill. Hanson, S. butcher, Washington, bet. 4th and 5th. Hansen, Swan, laborer, cor. Superior and 3d. Hansen, Charles, cor. Lake and Superior. Hardy, E. S. probate judge and harbormaster, res. Front near Ridge. Harlow, Andrew R. lumber dealer, 4th and R. R. track, resides Front, near Ridge. Harman, -, painter, 5th, near Bluff. Harrington, John, laborer, Ridge, E. of Front. Harrington, Philip, laborer, Travelers' Home. Harrington, Jerry, laborer, Arch St. Harrington, Con. laborer, Ridge, E. of Front. Harringtorl, Mich. laborer, Franklin House. Harris, Wm. clerk at Pendill & Beatty's. Harris, Isaiah, machinist, Front, near Arch. Harrison, John F. Fisher, near Front. Harvey, James, Arch, E. of Front. Hassle, John, engineer, Bluff near 5th. Hasselvist, Abe, laborer, cor. Superior and 3d. Hastings, Thomas, Rock, near 3d. Hatch, Ernest, billiard rooms, Coles House. Hatcher, Edmond, blacksmith, Bluff, near 7th. Hawkinson, N. laborer, Superior, near Front. Hawkinson, Peter, boarding house, Superior, near Front. Hays, Vie. laborer, Travelers' Home. Hays, Philip, laborer, Superior, near Front. Hays, Thomas, laborer, Superior, near Front. Haynes, C. H. moulder, Bluff, near 4th. Haynes, Henry, boiler maker, Bluff, near 4th. Hefferman, Thomas, contractor, 3d, near Genesee. Helmert, John, fireman, tug Dudley, res. Lake near R. mill. Henderson, L. F. laborer, cor. Washington and 5th. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 5i Iron BaI PoundrI. Marine B0ir Works. D. H. MERRITT, PROPRIETOR, Steam Engines, BOILERS, Blast Furnace, Mining I Mill Machinery, IRON AND BRASS CASTINGS. IA lRT7IC[/_LAR.A1TTETJON GIVEN' TO REAI IRLNJG ANVD GE,ANV'IEAL JOB WfORK.: Lake St. from Bl]ff tv Washiangton, MARQUETTE, MICH. 4 52 BEARDI)'S DIIECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. G. N. CONELIN, ---------—................................................................................................................. 7('J\T 11111 W~ ER FINE GOODS A SPECIALTY, amine qn~y stoc] of, lak8 Supsrior Forsign,~lecimsns, INDIAN CURIOSITIES, ETC, The Finest Collection on Lake Superior. Froa.t St, N.Mfrqueftel Ni'ebb. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 53 Hegan, F. O. boots and shoes, Superior, near Front, res. Rock near Front. Heineman, Ed. laborer, Washington, near 3'd. Hendrick, H. R. jeweler, cor. Michigan and 4th. Hennesev, Michael, laborer, 7th, near Ridge. Hensel, Charles, laborer, cor. 3d and Washington. Herbst, Fred. laborer, cor. Wash. and 5th. Herman,, shoemaker, bds. P. P. Brimacombe. Herbert, J. boarding house, Rock, near 3d. Hesse, Herman, laborer, cor. Bluff and 7th. Hetier, Moyse, brakeman, cor. 4th and Washington. Heyn, Barthold, clerk, bds. Ridge, near Front. Hicks, J. C. local editor Mining Journal. Hicks, William, carpenter, cor 5th and Bluff. Hickey Luke, carpenter, 5th, near BluffHighland, James, laborer, cor. 3d and Superior. Hillsdale, Wm. clerk, Bluff, near Front. Hinckley, Michael, cutter, Superior, near 3d. Hirsch, John, laborer, Michigan, near 4th. Hocking, John, miner, Bluff, near 6th. Hodeer, C. N. National Hotel. Hodge, Charles, printer, Journal office. Hoffman, Peter, laborer, cor. 3d and Washington. Hogan, Ed. teamster, Fisher, near 4th. Hogan, John, teamster, Bluff, near 6th. Hoggerty, Wm. boiler maker, cor. Front and Mich. Holden, John, blacksmith, Washington, near 7th. Holden, James, laborer, Washington, near 7th. Hollister, Robert, clerk, boards Tremont. Hollister, W. R. Clerk, boards Tremont. Hollister, Miss Sophie, dressmaker, Front, near Wash. Holt, Cyrus, moulder, 6th, near Bluff. Homer George, musician, Bluff, near 6th. Hood, John, fireman, Bluff, near Front. Hope, Henry, laborer, Superior, near Front. Hopkins H J. Hardware, Front, near Washington. 54 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Hopkins, Samuel, painter, foot Spring, boards Tremont. Hotop, L. Grocer, corner Washington and 3d. Howe, Wm. painter, 3d, near Rock. Howe, -, laborer, corner Washington and 5th. Hughes, Michael, laborer, Michigan House. Hughes, Joseph, laborer, bds. Travelers' Home. Hume, Peter, carpenter, Washington, near 7tll. Humphrey, S. D. physician, Washington, near Front. Hunt, Pat. saddler, corner 3d and Superior. Hunt, Joseph, carpenter, 4th, near Mich. Hunt, J. K., clerk at Tremont. Hunt, H. H. prop. Tremont. Hurlburt, Rev. C. E. Ridge, near Cedar. Hurlburt, Capt. printer, Journal office. Hurley, T. T. harness and trunks, l cor.Front and Superior. Hurley, T. T. Jr., " " " res. cor. Rock and 4th. Hurlick, Charles, carpenter, Wash. between 3d and 4th. Hurny, John, laborer, corner Washington and 5th. Huseby, A. J. laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Hirsley, J. Hirsley, Bur, Vessel owners, Ridge, near 4th. Hirsley, Wayne, ) I ICKSTRUM, Alfred, moulder, Bluff, near 4th. Isler, Henry, physician, corner 3d and Bluff. Ivey, J. machinist, 4th, near Michigan. Iron Bay Foundry, D. H. Merritt, prop. J J ACK, Thomas, carpenter, Ridge, near 7th. Jacker, Max, Pattern maker, Washington, near 7th. Jacobs, Frank, carpenter, corner 4th and Washington. Jacobs, Leopold, porter Coles House. Jacobs, John A. sup't stone quarry, Hampton, near 3d. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. SCOVILLE & JOHNSON, DEALERS INEVERETT'S BLOCK, MARQUETTE, - MICHICAN. Pocket and Table Cutlery, Carpenters, Blacksmiths and MaShelf and Builders' Hardware, chinist's Tools, Nails, Glass and Rope, Guns, Revolvers, Shovels, Picks, Mattocks and Spades, Powder and Shot, Hoes, Rakes and Forks, Fishing Tackle of all Descriptions, Scythes, Snathes and Stones, Wagon and Carriage Woodwork. Chilson's Brick and Portable Furnaces, Can give numerous references as to their superiority. C A.-:R I S HAND MINING PUMPS. These Pumps are extensively used throughout the iron mines, and where steam cannot be used are admirably adapted to the purpose. MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF Tin, Copper and Sheet Iromn Work. PLUMBING, GAS AND STEAM FITTING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. Chandeliers and Plumbing Material, Lead, Gas Pipe and Fittings. WOOD AND COAL HEATING AND COOKING -c STOVES. — o 56 BEARD'S DIRECI'OliY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. THE LAKE SUPERIOR POWDER COMPANY, MARQUETTE, MICH. Manufacturers of and Dealers in MINING and BLASTING POWDEP, JABY C, MORSE, C. H. CALL, Pres't. Sec. & Treas. ~ J r.- '* -ea I-^a. MAR Q UETTE, iIICH. Sells Toy, Brickford & Company's CELEBRATED SAFETY FUSE. Orders from the Mines Promptly Filled. A full supply always on hand. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Jackson, Ed. Arch, E. of Front. Jackson, Henry, blacksmith, 6th, near Bluff. Jackson, A. M. laborer, Superior, near Front. Jackson, W. laborer, Superior, near Front. Jackson, H. M. dry goods, corner Front and Main. Jagger, Joseph, gunsmith, 4th, near Mich. James, --, carpenter, Washington, near 6th. Jaminel, Joe, saloon, 4th, near Mich. Jenkins, C. S. clerk, at Pendill & Beatty's. Jenkins, Charles, R. mill, res. Arch, near Front. Jenkins, Charles, book-keeper, corner High and Mich. Jewell, Thomas, foreman R. mill, res. south of mill, Lake St. Job, Stephen, brakeman, corner Bluff and 7th. Job, Elijah, brakeman, corner Bluff and 7th. Johnson, Andrew, laborer, Washington, near 3d. Johnson, Alex. laborer, Superior, near Front. Johnson, Andrew, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Johnson, August, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Johnson, Alex. laborer, boards Brown and De Rush. Johnson, Charles, laborer, corner Washington and 4th. Johnson, Casper, laborer, Washington and 3d. Johnson, C. bartender, Superior, near Front. Johnson, Charles, baker, Tibbets House. Johnson, Charles, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Johnson, Chris. laborer, corner Washington and 3d. Johnson, D. laborer, bds. Brown & De Rush. Johnson, E. A. shoemaker, bds. T. P. Briracombe. Johnson, Fred. M. hardware, Lake, near Northwestern. Johnson, John, carpenter, Washington, near 4th. Johnson, J. B. clerk, Genesee street. Jo nson, Henry, carpenter, 5th, near Superior. Johnson, O. C. moulder, Bluff, near 4th. Johnson, William, teamster, Bluff, near 7th. Johnson, Wm. clerk at Pendill & Beatty's. Johnson, Wm. fireman, Superior, near 5th. Jones, J. J. clerk, Ridge street. Jones, Jacob, laborer, Superior, near Front. 58 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Jones, John L. carpenter, Michigan House. Jones, James, carpenter, Washington, near 7th. Jones, Mrs. M. Ridge, near Pine. Jones, W. T. clerk, National Hotel. Jory, John, Arch, east of Front. Jory, -, painter, Front, near Arch. Joslin, G. W. carpenter, Arch, near Front. Juthill, J. printer, Journal office. K AHLANGE, John, carpenter, Ridge, near 3d. Kaiser, Michael, shoemaker, boards Washington House. Kaufmann, A. jeweler, with Leib. Kanan, Michael, boiler maker, boards Superior, near 3d. KcaI, Thomas, printer, boards Superior. Keeley, James, laborer, boards National Hotel. Keeley, Joseph, laborer, boards 4th, near Fisher. Keegan, William, laborer, boards 4th, near Bluff. Kehlange, Casper, porter, Ridge, near 3d. Keif, George W. book keeper, Washington, near 4th. Kelling, Chris. limeburner, Genesee, near Lake. Kellog, Charles, clerk, boards Coles' House. Kelly, William, painter, boards Superior, near Front. Kelly, James, laborer, 3d, near Fisher. Kempe, Herman, cutler, with Levy & Co., res. Arch, near Front. Kempe, John, assistant yard master, boards Bluff, near 5th. Kempe, William, clerk, Bluff, near Front. Kemmel, William, laborer, Washington, near 5th. Kenk, Frank, laborer, boards Michigan House. Kendy, J. laborer, boards Central House. Kennedy, John, mason, boards Central House. Kern, John, telegraph operator for W. L. Witmore. Kern, John, foreman Merchandise Pier, res. Main street. Kibbce, James S. clerk, boards 3d, near Ridge. Kidder, A. agent Pittsburg and Lake Angeline and Edwards mine, boards Coles' House. BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 59 F. B. SPEAR & CO., CONSIGNEES FOR Buffalo, CleQelandz, Detroi, Chicago and Lakie Superior Lines. (-DEALERS INE - Sal8t, Lime, i~Bvi~k Etc ~D"T 0 Iv B HARD AND SOFT COAL. Ilarquette, L. S. IVichiganx RICHMOND STORE CO..- DEALERS IN:3-E fI i**i 11 11 1 Forss -- 1l Groceries, Crockery, &c. PALMER, MARQUETTE COUNTY, MICHIGAN. cF. B. SPEAR & CO.M MARQUETTE, MICH. 60 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. DR. J. A. DESIARDINS, Phsicia;l ail Surgeol, Above Old Post Office Place, Front Street, MARQUETTE, Mich. For Consultation, address P. O. BOX 203, Residence Cor. Third and Rock Sts. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 61 Kilroy, Michael, laborer, boards Bluff, near 6th. King, Michael, shoemaker, Bluff, near 3d. King, John, laborer, Lake, ilear rolling mill. Kindlaw, James, proprietor Michigan House. Kirlin, John, laborer, Michigan House. Kluman, Carl, clerk, Spring, near Front. Klueg, Henry, laborer, Washington, near 5th. Knightly, Robert, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Knox, Thomas, plasterer, corner Lake and Superior. Koch, August, saloon, Front street. Kreger, Peter, stonecutter, 3d, near Washington. Krerjausen, James, corner 4th and Washington. Krumer, J. proprietor Marquette House. Kuhlman, August, grocer, corner Washington and 3d. Kuhlman, Gustav, clerk, corner Washington and 3d. Kuhlman & Hotop, grocers, corner Washington and Third. L LABATT, Joseph, explorer, Bluff, near Lake. La Dross, Antony, teamster, Bluff, near 4th. Lake Superior Iron Co. S. P. Ely, Secretary and Treasurer. Lake Superior Building Company. Lake, H. N. clerk at Pendell & Beatty's. Lake Superior Powder Company, C. H. Call, Sec'y. Lamore, Lewis, carpenter, Washington, west of 7th. Lamar, Ed. machinist, Washington, near 4th. Lamson, James, laborer, boards Michigan House. Lang, John R. R. boards Washington, near 3d. Landrie, Charles, brakeman, corner 4th and Washington. Larson, John, laborer, Travellers' Home. Larson, S. F. boarding house, Superior, near Front. Larson, Jacob E. tailor, boards corner Spring and 3d. Larasha, Joe, saloon, Front, near Superior. Larashiel, S. laborer, Fisher, near 4th. Lamed, Thomas H. agent Collins mine, Coles' House. Larry. Patrick, laborer, 3d, near Lake. 62 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Lawler, John, brakeman, 4th, near Washington. Lawler, Patrick, brakeman, Rock, near 5th. Lawton, Ed. lather, boards Michigan House. La Plant, Peter, flagman, Bluff, near 5th. Lapland, John, carpenter, Washington, west of 7th, Laxsen, V. laborer, Superior, near Front. Leary, Thomas, laborer, Superior, near 3d. LeFavour, H corner Fourth and Washington. LeFavour, Lucien, brakeman, corner 4th and Washington. Lehnen, Frederick, tinner, 4th, near R. R. Lenhald, Peter, furnaceman, Washington, near 3d. Lesperine, J. brakeman, corner 4th and Washington. Letoring, Oscar, laborer, Superior, near Front. Levy, I. M. & Co. merchant tailors and clothiers, Nationa1 Bank Building and Cole's Block. Levy, S. M. res. Ridge, near Front. Levelet, C. laborer, Hampton, near rolling mill. Lewis, J. C. surveyor, Ridge, near 4th. Lewis, J. G. explorer, Washington, near 5th. Lewis, N. B. explorer, Washington, near 5th. Liberty, Godfrey, teamster, Washington, bet. Front and 3d. Libby, William D. carpenter, Washington, west of 7th. Lieb & Ritchie, saloon, Front street. Lissort, F. laborer, Ridge, near 4th. Lightfuss, Charles, boards Tibbitt's House. Litchfield, Geo. T. brakeman, boards Franklin House. Lobdell, A. J. teamster, Washington, near 3d. Lobdell, S. B. carpenter, between Bluff and 3d. Lodge, George, laborer, boards Franklin House. Long, Hiram, tinner, Rock, near 3d. London, Charles, laborer, Superior, near Front. Longtime, Oliver, boarding house, Superior, near Front. Longtime, Ezra, laborer, Lake, near Furnace. Loork, Peter, laborer, boards at Brown & DeRush's. Lowe, William F. shoemaker, Fisher, near 3d. Ludlam, J. L., M. H. & O. Land Office, boards N. W. Hotel. Luke, James, miner, Ridge, near water works. BEAlRDS DIIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 63 ErV. I ^13 m a X_ CI rA B. _ t.o- jy I) FREEMAN & BRO., Prop's. Carriages, Buiggos Sailll Horses bdlldb, l~~lb^Mlllo l~bo TO LET AT REASONABLE RATES. I+ }FISaHlINGY PARTIES, - Supplied with Conveyances and Guides to the best Fishing Grounds. Nearly Opposite the First National Bank, Marquette, Mich. ' uTourists visitintg MJlatrqette are7linvvited to call (antd erxamirnie or stock, aPd, canm rest assured, thato their wvants can be futly complied, with at all hours. 64 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. HENRY L. GAY & CO. Ca re STRtCXI., COCITY OF MARQUETTE.co 90 Lasalle Street, CUHICJA GO IlU. _ Ai — PREPARED FORPublic Buildings, Churches, School Houses, Hotels, and Private Residences. OFFICE, WATSON BLOCK, MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 65 Lundtrom, Charles, proprietor Goodenough House. Lutzie, H. G. printer, Ridge, near 4th. Lynn, Col. B. F. H. mining editor Mining Journal, bds. Summit House. Lyon, Farnham, proprietor North Western. Lyons, H. D. car builder, Bridge, near Blaker. M M ACY, Joseph, laborer, Washington, near 7th. Macy, Tim. carpenter, Washington, near 7th. Macy, James, brakeman. corner 4th and Bluff. Mackey, James, brakeman, corner 7th and Superior. Machts, A. grocer, old P. 0. block, res. corner Front and Fisher. Mack, John, laborer, corner 4th and Fisher. Mack, John, contractor, corner Washington and Front. Maciway, Walter, brakeman, Washington, near 4th. Mahan, W. A. engineer, Washington, near 5th. Maher, Rudias, laborer, Bluff, near 7th. Mahon, William, furniture, Spruce. Mahon & Wyckoff. furniture, Masonic building. Mahony, John, laborer, corner Front and Spring. Main, Eph. laborer, Lake, near Bluff. Main, Madison, fireman, Luke, near Bluff. Maitland, Fred. book-keeper Mining Journal, bds. Summit House Malburg, William, teamster, Washington House. Mailman, A. J. clerk, Front street. Mallory, James, blacksmith, Superior, near 5th. Mallory, Pat. machinist, Superior, near 5th. Mancher, Louis, laborer, corner 3d and Washington. Mander, Andrew, butcher, corner 3d and Washington. Manhard, M. R. clerk, corner Front and Arch. Mapes, —, attorney, Arch..Iarey, Pat. laborer, Superior, near Front. Marine Boiler Works, D. H. Merritt, J. C. Morse & James Picands, Lake Street. 66 'BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Marian, P. corner Fourth and Bluff. Marks, Aug. brewer, corner 3d and Spring. Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon R. R., D. H. Merritt, Sup't. Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon R. R. Telegraph Line, D. H. Merritt, Superintendent. Marquette & Pacific Rolling Mill, Lake st. Marquette Iron Co. I. C. Morse, General Agent. Marquette Brown Stone Co. Sidney Adams, Managing Director. Marquette Coal Co. James Picands, Agent. Maran, Ed. brakeman, corner 4th and Washington. Martin, W. R. printer, National House Martin, Robert, clerk. Arch, near Spruce. Martin, Henry, First National Bank, Ridge, near Cedar. Marx, Aug. grocer, Fisher, near Front. Masters, Alex. brakeman, corner 4th and Washington. Mason, James, blacksmith, boards at Brown & DeRust's. Mathews, Thomas, brakeman, Washington, near 6th. Mathews, Abe, explorer, 4th, near Ridge. Maxon, Nathan, carpenter, Washington, near 7th. May, William, upholsterer, Washington, near 7th. Maynard, M. H. Manager Gas Iight Co. and Marquette Brown Stone Co., Sec'y Huron Bay Slate and Iron Co. Office, over Stafford's, res. Ridge. McAndrew, B. laborer, bds. Michigan House. McAndrew, Thomas, clerk, boards Bluff, near 3d. McAllum, John T. clerk, Arch street. McAllister, George, book-keeper, Spruce street. McArren, Tim, laborer, Superior, near Front. McBride, —, saloon, Lake, near rolling mill. McConnell, D. A. clerk, Spruce street McConnell, Waither, farmer, corner Front and Bluff. McCarty, —, carpenter,' Washington, west of 7th. McCarty, William, laborer, Hampton, near rolling mill. McCarty, John, laborer, Superior, near Front. McCarthy, John, printer, Journal office. McChesney, John, carpenter, corner Front and High. B3EARD'S DIRECTORY OV MARQLYETTV, COUNTY. 67 -DEALER INAdams' Block. Pendill's Block. LAKE SUPERIOR, MICH, 68 BEARD S DIREC ORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. WETMORE & BRO. — DEALERS INStaple and Fancy DKYli I Y. — 7 1 GROCERIES, PROVISIONS, Hay, Grain, Flour and Feed. Adams Block, SfiARWETTE, 3 S., tieariGa11Gi A Goods Shipped on Order to any part of the County. BEARD'S IIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 69 McCabe, John, blacksmith, Fisher, near Front. McCormick, William, fireman, Rock, near 3d. McClain, Pat, brakemar, Michigan House. McComber Iron Co. Jay C. Morse, Agent. McDonald, Allen, carpenter, corner High and Mich. McDonald, William, carpenter, corner High and Mich. McDonald, John, engineer, Bluff, near 5th. McDonald, M. P. carpenter, Ridge, near water works. McDonald, William, laborer, Michigan House. McDonald, Murdict, carpenter, corner 5th and Wash. McFarland, John, Bluff, near 3d. McFarland, Charles, printer, Journal office. McGregor, H. C. Arch, east of Front. McGregor, Jason, asst. supt. P. R. R., res. Front, near Ridge. McGunn, John, Carpenter, 6th, near Bluff. McGilbony, Malcolm, laborer, 5th, near Bluff. McGilliman, teamster, Bluff, near 4th. McInnes, Neil, laborer, corner High and Arch. McIntosh, William, carpenter, Bluff, near 4th. McKenzie, Heniy, hemlock bark extractor, Ridge street. McKinnon, Donald, laborer, 6th, near Wash. McKinnon, John, mill hand, 6th, near Wash. McKinnon, Neil, carpenter, 6th, near Wash. McKinnon, Alex carpenter, 6th, near Wash. McKinnon, Archibald, clerk, 6th, near Wash. McKinley, Robert, explorer, 4th near Ridge. McKoy, Alex. laborer, National House. McLaughlin, Henry, laborer, Fisher, near 5th. McLaughlin, T. laborer, corner Front and Spring. McLain, C. mason, corner Washington and 4th. McLain, Henry, weigher's office, Washington, west of 7th. McLain, Daniel, machinist, Washington, west of 7th. McMercer, James, boiler maker. McMaher, lime burner, Rock, near 4th. McNamara, T. boarding house, Spring, near Front. McNamara, John J. carpenter, Michigan, near High. McNab, C. engineer, corner Washington and 6th. 70 BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. McNulty, John, grocer, corner Front and Mich. McNulty, James, laborer, corner Front and Mich. McNulty, Mathew, laborer, Arch street. McPherson, Peter, laborer, Superior, near 4th. McPherson, Alexander, laborer, boards with J. W. Watson. McQuay, William, clerk, 3d, near Bluff. McRae, James, Bluff, near 6th. McRae, James, Jr. blacksmith, Bluff, near 6th. McRae, W. B. clerk. McVean, John, yardmaster, corner 3d and Wash. Meads, T. variety store, Front, near Superior, boards Cole's House. Meer, M. laborer, corner Washington and 5th. Megan, C. laborer, Bluff, near 5th. Mehan, John, laborer, Arch. Melody, James, blacksmith, Superior, near 3d. Miller, N. brakeman, corner 4th and Washington. Merrett, William, laborer, Travellers' Home. Merrett, Alf. brakeman, corner 5th and Washington. Merrett, Frank, clerk at Pendill & Beatty's. Merrett, D. H. Superintendent M. H & O. R. R., res. corner Front and Ridge. Messe., Joseph, Washington, near 7tb.. Messer, Isaac, brakeman, Washington, near 7th. Meyer, Herman, tailor, Fisher. near Front. Michalowsky, Louis, dry goods, Superior, near Front. Michigan House, J. Kindlaw, proprietor. Micule, Mitchel, carpenter, Washington, bet. 4th and 5th. Miller, Robert, laborer, corner Washington and Fourth. Miller, Pat. plasterer, Central House. Miller, Fred. laborer, corner 3d and Washington. Mills, Henry, fisherman, Ridge, near water works. Miner, D. laborer, Hampton near 3d. MINING JOURNAL CO. Moffat, Cliem, laborer, Superior near 5th. Mollen, William, laborer, National House. Mollen, Michael, laborer, National House. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 71 SPECIMENS, CURIOSITIES, FishiA Ta#M. ANDCENERAL MERCHANDISE -— AT- a~.16 - MUSEUM AND VARIETY ST1 E1. s 72 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. WM. MAHON. FAY S. WYCKOFF. Sanu &tu Wof nd er Manufacturers of and Dealers in I TUI I UPHOLSTERY, vA _ __ -AND — House Furnishing Goods, OFFICE FURNITURE A SPECIALTY. Masonic Building, Front Street, MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN. BEARDl S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 73 MINING JOURNAL, a first-class 12-sheet paper, of large circulation. Subscription, $3.00 per year. A very superior advertising medium. Main street. Moore, W. J. clerk, Washington, near Front. Moore, T. H. barber, waiter Cole's House. Moore, Terance, P. M. res. Superior, near Cathedral. Moore, Frank, carpenter, 6th, near Bluff. Moore, Frank, county clerk, 4th, near Bluff. Moran, M. laborer, Superior, near Front. Moran, John, moulder, corner 7th and Ridge. Moran, Mike, laborer, Sulperior, near Front Moran, Ed. laborer, Superior, near Front. Morgan, Philip, sutp't water works, res. Hampton, near 3d. Morgan, John, puddler, Hampton, near School. Morgan, Thomas, carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Morgan Iron Co. S. P. Ely, Sec'v and Treasurer. Moriarty, Thomas, plumber, corner Fisher and 4th. Moriarty, John, painter, corner Fisher and 4th. Morrison, Charles, shoemaker, corner 3d and Superior. Morse, Mrs. M. E., Ridge, east of Front. Morse, J. C. agent McCumber Iron Co., Bluff, near Front. Mosher, Alex. laborer, Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Mosher, James E. teanmster, 3d, near Arch. Moussarr, Frank, carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Mowers, Williaml, carpenter, corner Washington and 5th. Moyer, Joseph, laborer, Superior, near 3d. Muland, Thomas, carlpenter, corner 5th and Washington. Mulligan, Alvin, brakeman, Ridge, near 7th. Mulligan, Henry, carpenter. Ridge, near 7th. Munday, Sam. teamster, corner 4th and Bluff. Munroe, Benjamin, teamster, Fisher, near Front. Munroe, C. clerk at Pendill & Beatty's. Murdock, Henry, boiler maker, Lake, near Bluff. Murphy, Dan. clerk, boards at Summit House. Murphy, John, laborer, Ridge, near 3d. Murray, David, grocer, Ridge, near Blaker. 74 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Murray & Robbins, grocers, Watson block. Murray, Cyrille, laborer, 4th, near Bluff. Murtha, Pat. boarding house, Superior, near Front. N NAEHR, F. P. proprietor Summit House. Nail, Sanford, fisherman, Bluff, near 4th. Neals, L. M. blacksmith, bds. Brown & DeRush. Negengast, Fred. mason, Bluff, near 5th. Neidham, L. B. Lake, near Bluff. Neidhart, B. hardware, Front, near Superior, res. Washington, near 4th. Nelson, James, Arch, east of Front. Nelson, Gust. miner, corner 6th and Bluff. Nelson, Peter, laborer, Washington, near 3d. Nelson, N. laborer, Superior, near Front. Nelson, Ole, laborer, Michigan House. Newman, John, carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Nido, Peter, brakeman, Washington, near 7th. Nielson, James, wholesale cigars and liquors, Main, near Front. Nillson, John, laborer, Superior, near Front. Noble, H. W. foreman R. R., corner Washington and Third. Nobles, Henry, corner 4th and Bluff. Nonner, Andrew, laborer, corner 3d and Rock. Norman, Peter, laborer, Superior, near Front. Northrup, G. J. physician, Ridge, near Blaker. Norval, Freeman, Cole's House. Northwestern Hotel, Farnham Lyon, proprietor. O OAK, George W. explorer, Keystone House. Oakes, James, blacksmith, corner 6th and Bluff: Oakes, Daniel, blacksmith, corner 6th and Bluff. O'Brien, John, teamster, Fisher, near 4th. O'Brien, William, laborer, Rock, near 5th. I3EARDIS DIRECITORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 75 -~DEALEB INFASH ION ABLE DRESS COODS, ]Etc., ]Etc. ]F'ront Street, opposie Poles Rouse, MARQUETTE, MICH 76 BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. JOHN W. AMPHLETT. J. E. GUILBAULT. JOHN W. AMPHLETT & CO., c-_-WHOLESALE DEALERS IN3-Y:' rid? 0C CAYVG CA 1.Jm AY)/ 0O110 $STN0E W4f-PlE GLASS A a ' S70. OJE Fi'UIIT JALRS FLO~WER PO)TBS, AND [ANI4TSW VASES, 52 J E i FE ISO N AV E N UE, Detroit, lMich, BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 77 O'Day, Pat. laborer, Travellers' Home. Oglesby, George A. gas fitter, Spruce. O'Hara, John, laborer, Travellers' Home. O'Keeffe, George, Justice of the Peace, Watson block, res. coiner 4th and Superior. O'Kief, M. laborer, Travellers' Home. O'Kief; Pat. proprietor Tavellers' Home. Olcott, H. Superintendent Co. Schools, res. corner Front and Bluff. Olds, Mortimer, res. water works. O'Leary, John, laborer, Washington. near 7th. Oleson, John, laborer, Superior, near Front. Oleson, Ole, laborer, corner Bluff and 3d. O'Mara, Pierce, laborer, Rock, near 5th. O'Mara, M. laborer, Travellers' Home. O'Niel, 0. laborer, Hampton, near rolling mill. O'Neil, Hugh, deputy collector, Burst Bros.' building. O'Neil, Pat. laborer, Franklin House. N'Neil, Mich. laborer, Superior, near 3d. O'Neil, Jerry, Franklin House. O'Neil, William, blacksmith, corner 5th and Washington. O'Neil, John, laborer, Bluff, near 5th. C'Neil, Mathew, blacksmith, corner Washington and 7th. Orschel, Herman, clerk, Ridge, near Front. Osborn, C. Y. manager Mining Journal, boards Cole's House. Osborne, Albert, telegraph operator, Washington, near 3d. Ondotte, John, boatkeeper, Lake, near Bluff. Owens, George, proprietor Central House. Oxnan, W. B. cabinet maker, Washington, near 6th. Otville, picture framer, Washington, near 6th. P - PAISLEY, -, foreman R. R., Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. Palmer, J. Dwight, Northern Iron Company, Arch. Palmer, E. B. civil engineer, Ridge, near 3d. Palmer, Leander, Arch, east of Front. 78 BEARD S DIRECrORY OP MARQUETTE COUNTY. Parker, James, fisherman, Lake, near Superior. Parks & Hayden, attorneys, over Stafford's. Parks, W. H. attorney, Arch street. Paro, Angeline, laundress, Michigan, east of Front. Parry, John, brakeman, 4th, near Bluff. Patneau, Tim. laborer, 4th, near Rock. Patterson, J. H. clerk, Cedar. Patterson, W. foundry, Arch. Patterson, William, explorer, Keystone House. Patterson, C. shoemaker, boards at T. P. Brimacombe's. Payette, S. laborer, corner 4th and Bluff. Pearson, A. laborer, Superior, near Front. Peck, —, clerk, boards Treront House. Pecket, G. W. carpenter, Keystone House. Pelliser, Ame de, brakeman, corner 4th and Bluff. Pendergart, —, painter, 5th, near Bluff. Pendill & Beatty, general stre, Superior, near Front. Pengelly, William, laborer, Bluff, near 6th. Peninsular House, Charles Rhet, proprietor. Peterson, Nelson, boarding house, Fisher, near 3d. Peterson, M. laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Peterson, W. carpenter, Keystone House. Phelan, John, Bluff, near 4th. Philip, J. W. laborer, Franklin House. Picands, Jas. & Co. heavy hardware, corner Superior and Lake. Picands, James, hardware, res. corner Bluff and Front. Picands, J. D., Arch, east of Front. Pierce, George, moulder, Lake, near Bluff. Pine, William, explorer, 3d, near Washington. Pine, John, brakeman. 3d, near Washington. Place, Hiram, brakeman, -Bluff, near 6th. Place, William, laborer, Superior, near Front. Plumb, Charles, laborer, Franklin House. Pomeroy, Charles, fireman, corner 5th and Washington. Potter, Henry, tailor, Washington, near 3d. Porter, John, grocer, Washington, near 7th. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 79 AGIHJ11 IT, IF 'R E, i1ARIiYE ANJ) ]L1UFIE IA ) ~3iLY~~e ~f.TI ~dbULD.~i The Liverpool, London and G!obe Insurance Companies. Assets.._. -----. --—. - -— $-18,500,000 The Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, of Detroit, Mich. Assets __- - _______$270,000 rhe Traveler's Life and Accident Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn. Assets.. —$1 ---~ — --- ~ — — ____f,500),000 The Phawnix Jnsurance Company, of Hartford, Conn. Assets --- —-$1,800,000 The Home Insurance Company of New York. Assets- - -$-5,000,000 The North British and Mercantile Inusurance Coompany. Capital (in gold)-..-.siooooooo The Underwriter's Agency of New York. Assets-$4,9000,000 The }Etna Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn. Assets__ --- —- ---.. ----. --- — -— $-_$6,0,000,0 The Insurance Company of North America, of Philadelphia. Assets - ----- -------- -- -- ___$3,000,000 The Hartford Fire Insurance Company of' Hartford, Conn. Assets — ----— $__2,600,000 The Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Company of Hartford, Conn Assets- --------— _ ____ — ______$30,000,000 The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. Assets. -_ — - -$4 ______$40,000,000 The Universal Life Insurance CGimpany of New York. Assets --- —------------- -------------— $800,000 80 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. Althorizfl Calital, $500,000. Canital DaiW il, $200,000. MARQUETTE, 'MICH. TRANSACT A GENERAL Banking and Exchange Business. -OFFICERSAMBROSE CAMPBELL, Pres't. J. M. WILKINSON, Cash'r. EDWARD BREITUNG, Vice Pres't. FRED. M. STEELE, Ass't" PARTICULAR ATTENTION GIVEN TO COLLECTIONS, And proceeds promptly remitted at the current rates of exchange, on day of payment. 17'e sell -Passage /ic/cets to and/rom the Old Counthy by the,F'aorite Lines. -ALSODirafts on All ]Partis th~ WTorild, AY rfP fZO II10EfST ZA'dl 'E8. BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 81 Porter, John, fruits, etc., Front, near Arch. Post, John, 4th, near Bluff. Powell, Edmund, Arch. near Cedar. Powell, Edmund, jr. laborer, Cedar, near Arch. Pratt, James, laborer, boards at Brown & DeRush's. Prentis, Allen, carpenter, Rock, near 3d. Preston & Moore, barbers, corner Front and Superior. Preston, K. A. millinery, Front, near Washington. Preston, G., barber, National Hotel. Price, Joseph, carpenter, 7th, near Rock. Primeau, J. H. city recorder, res. Superior, bet. 3d and 4th. Primeau, Antoine, Bluff, near Front. Primeau, Peter, clerk, Bluff, near Front. Probert, John, brakeman, Michigan House. Prouls, A. clerk, Superior, near 4th. Proulx, Albert, clerk, Superior, near Court House. Pryor, Pat. boiler maker, Lake, near Bluff. Pynn, Arnold, switchman, Washington, near 7th. Pynn, George, switchman, Washington, near 7th. Q UARTER, John, Rock, near 3d. Quinn, Henry, shoemaker, Superior, near 3d. Quinn, Pat. laborer, Superior, near Front. Quinn, Ed., Genesee, near 3d. Quinn, I., Genesee, near 3d. R RAGUSETT, Henry, laborer, cor. Fourth and Washington. Rahn, Andrew, laborer, Superior, near Front. Rahn, Peter, laborer, Superior, near Front. Rahn, Carl, proprietor Peninsular House. Ralph, —, saloon, Lake, near rolling mill. Raron, John, laborer, corner Spring and Front. Rayl, J. painter, corner 7th and Washington. Reed, Geo. W. livery, Superior, near Front. 82 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Reedinger, John, stock dealer, corner Front and Superior. Reedinger, L., meat market, corner Front and Superior. Reese, O. M. engineer, corner 6th and Washington. Regan, John, laborer, Michigan House. Reid, F. T. boards with E. B Palmer. Reiley, F. laborer, corner Spring aInd Front. Republic Iron Co.. S. P Ely, Secretary and Treasurer, Superior street. Rese, Joseph, ship carpenter, Superior, near 5th. Rese, Alexander, ship carpenter, Superior, near 5th. Reynolds, Michael, laborer, Superior, near Front. Rheinhardt, Fred. laborer, Rock, near Front. Rhodes, Henry C foreran R. R. dock, boards Tremont House. Rice, W. S. carpenter, Keystone House. Rice, Rev Father, res. rear Cathedral. Richards, Ed. engineer, Michigan, near Cedar. Richards, Jerry, shoemaker, opposite M. H. & O. R. R. Richmond, James, sexton, 7th, north of Ridge. Richter, Charles, saloon, res. Front, near Rock. Rickels, George, watchman, Rock, near 3d. Riddell, J. P. carpenter, Front, near Arch. Rikey, John, laborer, Michigan House. Ripka, A. A. general freight and shipping agent M. H. & 0. R. R. Risdon, E. B. saloon, Washington, near 4th. Risdon Bros. lunch house, Superior, near Front. Ris^ on, Ed. corner 4th and Fisher. Risdon, Dan. corner 4th and Fisher. Risdon, -, bartender, North Western. ROBBINS, B. P. grocer, res. Arch. Robinson, Alf. captain tug Dudley, res. cor. Washington and 3d. Robinson, Thomas, ship carpenter, Superior, near 7th. Rock, Samuel, laborer, boards at Brown & DeRush's. Roe, John, tailor, Spring, near 3d. Rogers, R. H. fish, fruits, etc., Cole's block, res. corner Front and Fisher. Rogers, N. W. machinist, Washington, rear 7th. Rohl, Charles, proprietor Peninsular House. BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 83 G. W. BEADLE. JAS. T. BEADLE. GEO. W. BEADLE & SON, 16? Woodward Avenue, DETROIT, MICH. 84 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. COLZES LAKE V-IEW SD IE THIS IS A NEW AND FIRST ACIASS I T~JtE,9 And the most Convenient for Lake Superior Tourists.:FIRO:NT ST ZHLEJ1R MARQUETTE, MICH BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 85 Rollin, R. P. laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Ronan, Thomas, laborer, Hampton, near rolling mill. Roney, James, helper, corner Superior and 5th. Root, Mrs. E. A. widow, Bluff, near 5th. Rothschild, David, wines, etc., Ridge, near Front. Rose, James, stonecutter, Superior, near 3d. Rose, Samuel, stonecutter, Superior, near 3d. Rouse, Walter, laborer, Spring, near Front. Row, John, tailor, Bluff, near 4th. Rowe, E. carpenter, Hampton, near School. Ruddle, -, plasterer, 3d, near Bluff. Runquest, Otto, laborer, corner Superior and 3d. Rush, M. puddler, Lake, near rolling mill. Rushington, S. laborer, 4th, near Rock. Rutherford, —, porter at North Western Hotel. S SADLER, Anton, plasterer, 3d, near Bluff. Sageur, Morris, weigher, Superior, near 5tb. Salter, Ed. laborer, Washington, near 7th. Sang, David, steamboat owner, Superior, near 4th. Sang, James, carpenter, Superior, near 4th. Saunders, Charles, laborer, boards at Brown & DeRush's. Scher, Joseph, laborer, corner 4th and Bluff. Schloon, Mathew, laborer, Washington, near 3d. Schott, Fred. clothing, res. cor. 3d and Bluff. Schott, N. corner 3d and Bluff. Schott & Co., clothiers, National Bank building. Schott, John, carpenter, 6th, near Bluff. Schrosky, E. laborer, National Hotel. Schuin, J. M. foreman, corner Washington and 3d. Schultz. Peter, brakeman, corner 4th and Michigan. Schultz, William, laborer, Washington, near 3d. Schnandt, John. moulder, Ridge, near 7th. Schvensks, Henry, carpenter, Washington, between 4th and 5th. Schwartz, John, laborer, Rock, near 3d. 86 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Schwartzby, John, laborer, corner 3d and Genesee. Scoville & Johnson, hardware and gasfitting, Everett block. Scoville, David S. hardware, Front, near Bluff. Seach, WVm. carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Seach, John, plumber, Superior, near 3d. Seager, James, general land agent, Adams' block, res. Bluff, near Front. Seagern, Charles, moulder, Michigan House. Selander, John, laborer, Superior, near Front. Sennett, John, carpenter, Bluff, near 5th. Seymour, William, mason, Washington, near 7th. Shabel, Henry, mason, 7th, near Bluff. Shabel, Joseph, printer, 7th, near Bluff. Shabel, John, mason, 7th, near Bluff. Shabel, John, jr. mason, 7th, near Bluff. Shambs, David, carpenter, Washington, near 7th. Shanor, John, carpenter, Bluff, near Front. Shanteleau, Felix, carpenter, Washington, near 7th. Shave, Henry, laborer, Bluff; near 7th. Shaw, A. C., grocer, Washington, near 4th. Shederick, John, plasterer, Superior, near 3d. Sheffield, Myley, mason, Superior, near 3d. Sheldon, L. H. chief engineer S. St. M. & M. R. R., Adams' block, res. Ridge, near Cedar. Shepard, E. M. machinist, 3d, near Bluff. Shine, Harry, tinner, 3d, near Main. Shorty, Aug. brakeman, Bluff, near 4th. Shatboneau, I. laborer, Washington, near 7th. Shuron, Peter, jeweler, Supe ior, near 3d. Sick, William, laborer, Front, near Spring. Siegel & Bassee, proprietors National Hotel. Seitz, -, cook at North Western. Siller, Louis, laborer, Franklin House. Simpson, William H. carpenter, 3d, near Washington. Simpson, Henry, carpenter, Keystone House. Slocum, W. W. carpenter, Washington, near 7th. Slyfield, Andrew, engineer, Washington, near 5th. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 87 CHAS. E. WRIGHT, IPOW EXPEPT, Will attend to the Examination of bmre, Mistr\ ||mM AND FURNACES. Reference Furnished on Application. Office and Laboratory in Maj. Brooks' rooms, Adams Block, third floor, Front St., Marquette, Mich. 88 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. REPUBLIC IRON COMLPA1NYJ Dealers in Iron Ore, and Proprietors of the In Township 46, Range 29, And of various other Iron Locations in Marquette County. President, JONATHAN WARNER, Mineral Ridge, Ohio. Vice President, EDWARD BREITUNG, Negaunee, Mich. Secretary and Treasurer, SAMUEL P. ELY, Marquette, Mich. ]J'AI'J)'S 1)11 L1'O(i()Y 01' MAItRQUETTE' COUNTY. 89 Small, E. L. clerk at North Western. Smalley, R. carpenter, Michigan House. Sm1ith, Augr. laborer, cornier 3'ichigan and 4th. Smitl, Charles, porter, corner Arcll and 4th. Smith, Mrs. D. D., (loctress, Bluff, near Front. Smitl, J. D, tele2,rapl oplerattor, iAmericatn Express office. Smitl, Sebastianl, saloon, Hamiptoii, inear:3(1. Smitll, Th1o1nas, lek, l,ck, tlear I 3d. Smitlh, Tll.,as, )lac(ksiitlh, Sutperior, rneat 3d. Smitli, Tblonimas, finish(er, Rock, near 3d(1. Smllitli, W\ml. lalborer, Washlinllto(n, bettweei 4t and 5th. Sinitli, W. A.. carlleit(ei, corner Ridi(e and 4tlh. Sil itl, W ill i:t n lab 1)()r, M1 icl1igan I o1 ( se. Sniithll, Williaml,, slioelaker, rlffl, near t3d. Sitnithl, W\V...A. bildier, Slperiori, (posite jail. Sorel, (JGeorge, laborer, Waslington, near 6th. Sorel, John, laborer, Rid,re near 6th. S,\wast, Geo, er l)rakemian, W\ashington, near 7th. Sowast, Tiomaiis, laborer', Washl inton iear 7tlh. Sparr(ow, John)l, blacks lith, Keystonle HIouse. Spalrro\, I.icliard, iiso, \Vsn sr ingto,, 1 t eai' Front. Spatuding, J:rn, Jolculatior, ('()ner.Ridge aId 3d. Spear, J. W. forwairdinr, Bluf, inear Frlot. Spear, F. B. cosmm ission merchant, Blaker, near Ridge. Spear, F. B. & (o, foirwar(ling and commission, steamboat agents, Lake, neatr Superior. Spencer, Leriov, saddller, Front street., Spencer, L. M. harness, Front, iear Michigan. Spencer, Ripley, marble cutter, 3d, near Washington. Spetzlei, John, laborer, coriner (3d and Washington. Stafford, H. H. druggist, Adamls' block, res. corner Blaker and Ridge. Stake, John, laborer. 4th, near Michigan. Stanley, Al'. blacksmith, Washington, near 4th' Steed, George, carpenter, corner 5th and Michigan. Steele, Andrew, engineer, Fisher, near 4th. Steele, Fred. M. asst. cashier City Bank, res. Ridge, near Cedar. 90 BEARDIS DI(IECTOtY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Steywiller, L. jeweler, Front, near Cole's House, boards Cole's House. Steinbach, Peter, clerk at Pendill & Beattv's. Stewart, T. J. carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Stevens, William, clerk with Pendill & Beatty. Stevens, John, puddler. Harltpton, near School. St. Louis, E. laborer, Ridge, near 4tl. Stone, Win. E. clerk, boards Cole's House. Stonland. --, mason, Superior, near Front. Stowe, L. J. book-keeper, boards Snumlmit House. Strange, J. res. Bluff, near 5th. Stratton, Clark, sup't Carl). furnace, res. corner Washington and ]F!ront. Strong, S. A. laborer, Bluff, near 5th. Stuck, C. T. architect, \Vatson, block, 611, near Western. Styles, John, plasterer, Central House. Styles, James M. explorer, VWaslhin gton, near 5th. Sullivan, John P. laborer, Fislher, neat 4t.l. Sullivan, Pat. laborer, Superior, nlear 3d(1. Sullivan, Hugh. laborer, Superior, 1near 3d Sullivan, Levi, laborer, Superior, neat Front. Sullivan, Coi. laborer, Franklin House. Sullivan, Daniel, laborer, High street. Sullivan, James, laborer, Washington, near 7th. Sullivan, Thomas, carpenter, Ridge, near 7th. Sullivan, Pat. laborer, Ridge near 7th. Sullivail, John, telegraph operator, Bluff, ilear 6th. Sullivan, John, laborer, corner 3d and Hampton. Superior House, M. Johnson, proprietor. Surrey, George, laborer, Washington, between 5th and 6th. Sutherland, \Villlam. laborer, corner High and Michigan. Sutton, David, carpenter, Washington, between 5th and 6th. Swanson, G. laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Swinneford, A. P. ed. Mining Journal, bds North Western. Swift, Eugene A., carpenter, Superior, near 5th. Sweeney, James, pressman, Washington street. Sweitzer, IJ. boarding house, corner Front and Spring. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 91 CHAMPION IPOW COPA4NY DEALERS IN IRON ORES, FROM THEIR,' PIN O M M ~NE, AT CHAMPION, MARQUETTE CO., CON I'AINLNG DE)POSITS OF BOTH XI.LGAG-I-N ^[ (l. i; S'L'Ii JC LLAJR {EIE AR9 OF GREAT PURITY, And Proprie;ors of olhlr Iron Locations in that vicinity, 7/'os/bn, JSltss..Marquette,.'lich. 92 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. THlE 1 [A 7RITEUETI EE -/ " I)eale r it IBIK1E:INLING, MICI:I-IIGAIN_ JOHN OUTHWAITE, President, Cleveland, Ohio. SAMUEL L. MATHEI, Secretary and Treas., Cleveland, O. JAY C. MORSE, General Agent, Marquette, Mich. BEARD'S DItECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 93 T AC'H, Frank, machinist, Washington, near 7th. Taft, H. S. physician, over Stafford's, r. Wash. near Front. Taft, H. F. physiciani, Spring, near Front. Taller, Gide, n, I)lacksII ithl, W\\ashilgtonl, near 4th. 'Talor, J. F. clerk, 3(1 Jeawr W ashilg(toln. Taylor, A. B. book-keeper, Lake, near Superior, Taylor, John, carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Taylor, H. C. corner Washington and 3d. Tenney, Will, machinist, 3d, near Bluff. Tilson, James, carpenter, Spring, near Front. Thelender, Oscar, laborer, corner 3d and Superior. Thiell, Alex. C. yardmaster M. O. & H. R. R. 4th, near Ridge. Thomas, Henry, laborer, Michigan House. Thompson, H. S. Prof. music, Spruce, near Arch. Thompson, -. Carpenter, 5th, near Bluff. Thompson, Geo. carpenter, Spring, near Front. Tobin, John, clerk, Superior, near 4th. Toby, Wm. upholsterer, Washington, near 7th. Todd, Robt. R carpenter, 3d, near Bluff. Toner, Thomas, engineer, 4th, near R. R. Touy, John, mason, 3d, near Bluff. Tony, Mike, mason, Superior, near 4th. Torrence, Samuel, laborer, Lake, near rolling mill. Tudi, L laborer, Hampton, near rolling mill. Turber, Frank, laborer, Washington, near 3d. Travense, Thos. laborer, Bluff, near 3d. Travense, Rich. R. R. office, Bluff, near 3d. Travense, Mat. blacksmith, Bluff, near 3d. Tremont House, H. H. Hunt, prop. Superior. Trethevy, J. E. painter, Ridge, near 4th. Trethevy, Geo. moulder, Ridge, near 4th. Trethevy, John, carpenter, Ridge, near 4th. Trim, Chas. blacksmith, Washington, near 7th. Tronibly, --, laborer, corner 4th and Bluff. Truckey, Felix, Rock, near 4th. 94 BEARD'IS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Trudeau, And. brakeman, corner 4th and Bluff. Trreloar, Thios. policemian, Su perior, near 4th. Treloar, WXin. boiler inaker, Superior, neam' 4th. U LRICIT, ChIas. lab~orer, B3loW, uear- )thl. UU.pstrum, AlfIred, lalboiet, B13ff, ntear -)thi. lUrcn, Phillip, lblacksmnithi, 3d, near B3luff' VT VTALEL, John1, laborer, Fisher, near 4th. Vn JIlerstine, John J. mcichinist, M ich. St. Van Iderstine% (Alias, carpenter, Ridge, near 4th. Van Iderstine, J. P. carpenter, 5th, near Bluff. Van Ness4, Jas.. Ridge, near 4th. Varmnaun, A. lahorer, corner ")sd and] Snuperior. Veneau, T. brakemian, cerner 4th and Wash. \TerI.'01,~ F. I). carpenter, corner Fisher andl Firont. Viernimin, Martin, Clevel and~ House. Vose, Robert, laborer, Bluff, near 5th. wA AGNER, Herman, laborer, Froit, near '-Spring. NV 7Wagner, Geo. builder, Front, near Washington. Walker, Charles, carpenter, 4th, near Front. Walker, F1rancis. carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Walker, Rihrpaterer, Siuperior, near ]Front. Waltz, Samuel, mnason, Bluff, near 6th. Wallace, Morris, laborer, corner 3(1 and Superior. Ward & Webb, musical merchandise, Washington, Opp. Coles House. Ward, Connell, Summit House. Ward, Jno. E. real estate and mining lands, bds. N. West'n. Warner, Peter, boarding house, Front street. Warner, Chas. painter, Bluff, near 5th. BEAIRD'S DIRE(C'TOIlY 01F MAQ1 LUETT C(OUNTY. 95 ID"i_, g -dII::,S I A. IDEAJERS I:NA ~c la.PT z,:I-. i;. I E I, CI";,G.Y. N4IN!: A I$; T -ISPE:.MINJ G,) President and Treasurer, SAM. L. MATHER, Cleveland, O. Vice President, JOHN OU'THWAITE, Cleveland, Ohio. Secretary, FREI) A. MOORE, Cleveland, Ohio. General Agent, JAY C. MORSE, Marquette, Michigan. 9 (; BEAR] )'8 DIREC1TORLY OF' MAIRJUETTE, COUNTY. WA1 IIN~JI( T1his Company minl; and sell their well-known, excellent FROM THEIR MINES IN TOWNSHIP 47 NORtTH, mAWzz 27 WEST, NEAR H1UMBOLT, MARQUETTE COUNTY. President, JOSEPH S. FAY, Boston, Mass. Vice President, EDWARD BREITUNG, Negaunee, Mich. Secretary and Treas., SAMUEL P. ELY, Marquette, Mich. 1)EARD' S I JIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 9 97 Warg, Peter, help~er, Bluff near Lake. Washington Iron Co., S. P. Ely, pres't. Washitigton Hou~e, Trei TrUdrek,pr. Washer, C-/has. clerk, Washington, bet. 6th and 7th. Watson, E. M. Lake street, near Furnace. XWaison, Geo). Lake, near Furnace. Watson,,J. WV. Lake, ueat F Urnace. Watson, J. W. & Son, genieral rnerchandize, Watson B1'k. Watt> rho'. 1110 r Washiington, near 4th. Web b, Jamies, machinist, Washington near 6th. Weber, B. clerk, at PRndell & Beattv's, Wash. south of 7th. Weiss, Hemnry, barten idcr, Suminit House. welchl Pat, laborer, SUperior, near Front. Westlake (& Brown, general store, Front, opp. Coles Honse. West-lake, A. S. Washington, bet. 3d and 4th. NWertiniaim, NI. laborer, Superiomr. near Front. Wetmore, W. L Pres't Tll. & S. St. M. & MI. R R. Prop. Al. & M. Tel. Line. Pres't, Mulnissing Co Pres't Huron Bay Sla-te and Iron Co. Pres't Huron. Bo~y Jron and Slate Co. General Maniager N. Y. Iron Mine. Office Adams Block. Wetinore,7 F. P. res. Ridge street, near Cedar. Wetmore & Bro., dry goods, Front street. Wetinore, IL. Arch, east of Front. Wetinore, R. C. elerk, )(s. wvith F. P. Wetrnore. Werner,,Jno. 1)1asterer, Wash in gton, iiear 3d. Weston, Robert, carlpenter, Was hington, near 5th. Wheaton. W. W. Treasurer and General Agent Beecher Furnace andl Marquette Rolling Mill. Wheatley, Jas. laborer, Ridg(e, near Front. Wheeler, Frank, carpenter, Wlulf near Front. White, Peter, Pres't 1st Nat. Bank, Ridge, near Cedar. White, Mrs. M. wvidow, 3d, near Bluff. White, Ripley, lprinter, 5th, near Bluff. White, George, laborer, Traveler's Home. White, Martin, laborer, Front, near Spring. Whitingr, I. policeman, Washington, near 4th. 98 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Whitlaw, J. M. book-keeper, bds. Northwestern. Whies, J. W. laborer, National Hotel. Whitley, Jas. sup't dock, Bluff, near 4th. Whitman, L. Arch, east of Front. Willmnan, Dietrich, laborer, Rock. near 5th. Williams, Thos. laborer, Michigan House. Williams, Geo. laborer, Superior, near Front. Williams, Jno. J. Sup't of Slate Quarries. Williams, J. H. miner, 4th, near Mich. Williams, John, surveyor, 4th, near Mich. Williams, E. P. book-keeper, Front, near Wash. Wilson, George, weigh office, Washington. near 7th. Wilson, Booker, porter, Tremont House. Wilson, Wm. tel. op., 7th, near Ridlge Wilkes, Geo. section boss, Superior, near 3d. Wilkes, Dan. laborer, Superior, near Front. Wilkes, S. engineer, Bluff, near 5th. Wilkinson, J. M. cashier Citizen's Bank, bds. Lake street. Willis, Thos, blacksmith, Lake, near rolling mill. Winkle, Fred. mason, Lake street. Wood, Z. brakeman, Washington, west of 7th. Worts, Dan, blacksmith, Keystone House. Worth, Chas. tailor, rear Cath. church. AVote, Fred. laborer, corner 3d and Arch. Wright, J. H. carpenter, 4th, near Mich. Wright. Wm. carpenter, Superior, near 3d. Wright, C. E. iron expert, Adams Block. Wyckoff, J. W. sash and blind manufacturer Wash. near FrontWyckoff; Clark, book-keeper, Washington, near Third. Wyckoff, Wm. overseer, Washington, near 3d. Wyckoff, Fay, Arch, east of Front. Y Y OUNG, A. M. engineer, 3d, near Bluff. Young, Jas. W. laborer, 3d, near Bluff. Young, Thomas, plumber, Lake, near rolling mill. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 99 ' -I-,-S T B. BROOKS. C. 1'., IRON EXPTE, AND EXPLORFER, IN CHARGE OF OF THE JARQ UETTE IROKJ REGIOJV, And ExDlorer for the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon R. R. Co. Gives exclusive attention to Explorations and Szurveys of Iron Ore and Timber Lands and Mines. References and Terms made known on application. 100 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. P MARQUETTE, L. S. MARQUETTE, L. S., MICH. g.. GCAALL, Sectretary amnd Treasurer. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Young, David, laborer, Superior, near Front. Youngblood, Henry, laborer, 4th, near ridge. Z ZOYD, Joseph, painter, 6th, near Bluff. 101 102 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. NEGAUNEE. A BARE, A. carpenter, Iron street. Abrahamsen, Peter, laborer, Iron. Adam, John, butcher, Iron. Adams, J. Q. Ass't P. M. res. Main near Teal. Adams, J. Q. att'y at law, office Postoffice Building. American M. U. Express Company, O. W. Doolittle, agent. Anthony, E. C. harness, Iron. Areland, L. laborer, Peck, near Teal. Asmuth, C. W. tailor, Iron. Atkinson, John T. clerk, Iron. Atwater, George R. hardware, Iron. Atwater, John E. furniture, Iron. Atwater, A. furniture, Iron. Avrill, Jno. civil engineer, Lincoln, near Pioneer. B BAILEY, T. saloon, Iron. Baldwin, William, baggage-master, bds. with Mrs. Capis. Ball, Henry, brakeman, bds. with Mrs. Capis. Bandin, V. shoemaker, Peck, near Pioneer. Bank of Negaunee, James Mathews, prop. Iron. Bartle, John, miner, Peck, near Kanter. Bartle, J. H. clerk, Peck, near Kanter. Bashaw, Frank, laborer, Peck, near Pioneer. Barraby, Joseph, laborer, corner Brown and Case. BEARD'S DIRECTO)RY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 103 THE BANCROFT IRON COMP'NY. MANUFACTURERS OF CHARCOAL PIG IRON, Specular and Hematite Ores, OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. PETER WHITE, President, Marquette, Michigan. SAMUEL L. MATHER, Treasurer, Cleveland, Ohio. JAY C. MORSE, Secretary, Marquette, Michigan. 10(4 BEARD'S DIREC I ORY OF MAltQUETTE COUNTY. I RON CO QMPANY. I; II FROMI THEIR 2kIAY/'ES JT SA3TIUE_ L ]Lo.-YaA TI HEJT, 7P8reZt Z2Vg, Treas., Cleveltand, Ohio. FB1E7D.o A. 1WOOZE, Secretagry9 Cleveltand, Ohio. JAY C. MORSJE, Geneeral Agen.t9 JMarquette, JMich. BEAI])S I)ll1C'CTORY OF MA1IQUETTE COUNTY. 105 Barrett, Ed. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Barrett, Pat, miner, near Sheldon's brewery. Barry, James, laborer, near I. C. furnace. Barry, Joseph, carpenter, corner Case and McKenzie. Bastedo, John, wagoll maker, Case, near Kanter. Beaumont House, A. Wheatland, prop. Bedinny, George, miner, near I. C. furnace. Belrose, George, saloon, Iron. Bengley, Alexander, clothing, Iron. Bennallick, John, miner, Kanter, near Case. Bennett, Charles, furnace, Peck, near Pioneer. Besiny, Michael, laborer, Clark. near Kanter. Best, John, contractor,,Jackson Mine. Bezza, Richard, miner, near I. C. furnace. Bezza, William, ininer, near I. C. furnace. Bezzo, Thos. contractor, Jackson mine. Blackie, Thomnas, saloon, Iron. Bullhumeser, Michael, cabinet maker, Jackson. Blake, Ed. book-keeper, Jackson mine. Blake, William, laborer, Case, near Pioneer. Blodgett, E. S. meat market, Iron. Blopesfelt, Paul, carpenter, Iron. Boesch, Ed. jeweler, Iron. Boner, Joseph, carpenter, Iron. Bollman, Chris proprietor Empire House. Boner, Frank, laborer, Jackson mine. Bourja, E teamster, Case, near McKenzie. Bowdry, Peter, machinist, Main, near McKenzie. Bourrett, A. clothing and dry goods, Iron. Boyer, Henry, harness, Iron. Bradley, William, physician. Iron. Brackenburg, Robert, clerk, Lincoln, near Pioneer. Breitung, Edward, operator and dealer in mining and timber lands, Cyr street. Brinn & Peizer, dry goods, Iron. Brinn, J. dry goods. Iron. Brisson, Raphael, Peck, near Pioneer. 106 BEARD'S DIRECIORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Britt, David, carpenter, bds. with Mrs. Capis. Brodeur, A. dentist, over Cyr's office. Brooks, James, carpenter, Kanter, near Peck. Brown, Henry, corner Pioneer and Clark. Brown, James, barn boss, Jackson 'mine. Brown, John, laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Brown, Jacob, soda water bottling works, Silver. Brown, W. H. blacksmith. Jackson mine. 'Buckley, Thomas, carpenter, Kanter near Peck. Buckley, William, Cyr. Bulcher, Joen, saloon, Iron. Burder, William, furnace, Case, near McKenzie. Burns, Thomas, miner, Iron. Buyer, Henry, harness, Iron. C C AIN, M. machinist, Iron. Calhoun, W. M. saloon, Iron. Calhoun, W. R. Main, near Pioneer. Calhoun, William S. clerk, Main, near Pioneer. Camlpbell, N. clerk, Iron. Canlcel, Alf. shoemaker, Silver. Capis, Mrs. boarding house, Iron. Carney, 0. & Bro., livery, Iron. Carney, Dennis, Iron. Carney, 0. Iron. Carney, Pat. Lincoln, near Pioneer. Carr, Miss M. R. millinery, Iron. Carr, B. candle manufacturer, Iron. Carr, John, clerk, Iron. Carson, John, saloon, Iron. Carter, Joseph, grocer, Iron. Carter, Samuel, drugs, Iron, res. corner Case and Pioneer. Cary, Cor. stable boss, near I. C. furnace. Cary, Samuel, barber, Peck, near Kanter. Cassady, Daniel, shoemaker, Iron. Cassady, F. shoemaker, Iron. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 107 NEELY & EDDY, ESI;\'//- S IJR NAILS, GLASS, ooRoDAcEJ, IRON STREET, XJEGJI UNEE, L. S. JMICHffIGJN. ALSO, A BRANCH STORE AT ISHP[MING, Where we carry a full line of Goods in our business.MANUFACTURERS OF Tin, Copper and Sheet-lron Ware. JOBBING, IN OUR LINE, A SPECIALTY. 108 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. H. E. HAYDON, President. FRED STAFFORD, Cashier. Ytirstg~tltllk11tt UtI NEGAUNEE. MICH. This Bank is now ready for business, and solicits the patronage of the public. Its affairs will be conducted in a manner strictly in accord with safe banking. A SPECIALTY WILL BE MADE OF FOREIGN EXCHANGES AND PASSAGE TICKETS, With the assurance to parties purchasing that they are doing so at the LOWEST MARKET RATES. Will be issued, and Book Accounts opened bearing interest, thus enabling people with small means to have their savings increased from time to time. Exchanges available at all points East and West will be sold to parties keeping Commercial Accounts AT ONE QUARTER OF ONE PER CENT. PREMIUM. -OLCOLLECTIO N SD Entrusted to our care will receive prompt and careful attention. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 109 Cascade Iron Company. Chicago and N. W. R., O. W. Doolittle, Agent. Chappel, J. shoemaker, Case, near Kanter. Chalafer, Charles, engineer, near I. C. furnace. Cholette, A. M. saloon, Iron. Christiansen, Andrew, laborer, Jackson Mine. Crocker, Allen & Co. iron manufacturers. Crocker, M. H. attorney at law. Croll, A. watches and jewelry, Iron. Christmas, John, laborer, Peck, near Pioneer. Chweig, Rich, upholsterer, Iron. Clark, Thos. F., Singer Sewing Machine, Iron. Cochran, C. F. physician, Iron. Colon, J. laborer, Peck, near Railroad. Colwell, H. J. agent Michigan furnace. Corcoran, James, laborer, near I. C. furnace. Cory, Martin, Pioneer Mine. Cotts, E. baker, Case, near Pioneer. Courtney, Mike. laborer, Jackson Mine. Cox, G. N. carpenter, Jackson, near Pioneer. Cox, L. carpenter, Jackson, near Pioneer. Crepaut, William, book-keeper, Iron. Crocker, M. H. attorney at law, res. Main, near Teal, off Iron. 'Croil, Adolph, jeweler, Iron. Cromley, Charles, policeman, Case, near Pioneer. Crystal, J. W. machinist, Case, near McKenzie. Cummon, Byron, laborer, Jackson Mine. Curn, John, laborer, Case, near Kanter. Curren, Owen, laborer, Jackson Mine. Curren, Tim, laborer, Jackson Mine. Curry, Thomas, St. James Restaurant. Cyr, L. D. physician, off. Iron, near Cyr. 110 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. D D ALY, Charles, Engineer, near I. C. furnace. Daly, Daniel, engineer, near I. C. furnace. Damp, George, mason, Peck, near Railroad. Davis, Isaac, miner, near I. C. furnace. Davis, John, plasterer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Davis, Stephen, blacksmith, near I. C. furnace. Demontgier, Simon, carpenter, Kanter, near Peck. Doherty, --, teamster, boards with Mrs. Capis. Donahue, Tim. machinist, Jackson Mine. Duntawill, Wallace, baker, Case, near Pioneer. Doolittle, O. W. freight ag't, M. H. & O. R. R., Main, n. Teal. Dorn, James, tinsmith, Iron. Dow, Thomas, laborer, Kanter, near Case. Downing, C. clerk, I. C. store. Ducharme, Frank, laborer, Main. near Pioneer Duesler, U. civil engineer, Case, near McKenzie. Dunn, John H. brewer, Peck, near Kanter. Dunn, Michael, laborer, Jackson Mine. E EAGAN, Pat. laborer, Case, near Railroad. Eaughn, Pat. laborer, near Sheldon's brewery. Eddy, C. C., hardware, Iron. Eddy, Frank, hardware, Iron. Edgial, B. laborer, Empire House. Edwards, Ant. laborer, Kanter, near Case. Edwards, James, laborer, Kanter, near Case. Ellsworth, L. L. clerk, I. C. store. Emmet, Frank, saloon, Iron. Engels, J. furniture, Iron. Esher, Stephen, laborer, Iron. F FALK, Jacob, carpenter, Main street. Feibish, Philip, liquor and cigars, Iron. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 111 '? $1 '%W H. E. HAYDON, President. FRED. STAFFORD, Cash'r. YEGfA UVNEE, Lo So, MIWC.hIJGA N. 90tlrm Almva Jomtoiu i to*grag For sale at Lowest Current Rates. PASSAGE TICKETS To and from the Old Country, BY ALL riHE LFIRBST CLASS TI7J2JEo Parties wishing To Send Money Abroad, Or who desire to bring out their friends, will always save money by purchasing Drafts or Tickets at this Bank. GEERAL BRANS IN2 BSNSTD. ']IJVWSCTED. 11 2 BEARD'78 DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. JULIUS JACOBSON, DEALER IN STAPLE AND FANCY B4 SOOT S &NIO SITOEES, NEGA UNEE. THE SIGN READS JULIUS JACOBSON,1 BEAIFt1)S DI)RECTORYl OF MAR('QUET'TE COUNTY. 113 Finnegan, B. laborer, Jackson Mine. First National Bank, H. E. Haydon, Pres't, Iron. Fish & Pierce, general store, Iron. Fish, S. Main, near Teal. Fitch, Ernst, engineer, Jackson Mine. Flanegan, B. laborer, Jackson Mine. Flanegan, Ed. brakemlan, boards with Mrs. Capis. Fiery, John, saloon, Pioneer. Flynn, James, laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Flynn, James, laborer, near I. C. furnace. Flynn, J. P. tailor, Iron. Foley, James, mason, corner Case and Teal. Foreman, C. A. musician, Peck, near Pioneer. Forrest, E. clerk, boards Ogden House. Forest, John, cook, St. James. Fortier, C. A. physician, Iron. Fortune, Job. saloon, Iron. Foster, T omas, steward ar St. James restaurant. Fossbender, F. wagon maker, Marquette. Fountain, Charles, laborer, Iron. Fox, C. harness, Iron. Foye, H. teamster, near I. C. furnace. Frazee, Rev. E. W. corner Case and Teal. Frost, L. clerk, Iron. Frusch, Theo. brewer, Peck, near Kanter. Fuchs, Fred. saloon, Silver, near depot. G ( AFFNER, F. T. near I. C. furnace. Garghier, M. boarding house, Iron. Gibbon, H. E. photographer, Case, near McKenzie. Gibbs, M. A. book-keeper, I. C. store. Gilbert, John, miner, Kanter, near Case. Giroux, H. saloon, corner Pioneer and Peck. Girzikowsky, Ed. & Co. jewelers, Iron. Gleason, Pat, laborer, Jackson Mine, Gordon, James, contractor, Jackson Mine. 114 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Graham, C. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Gratzie, William, laborer, near I. C. furnace. Gray, Gilbert, ostler, Case, near Teal. Gray, Thomas, shoemaker, Case, near Kanter. Gregory & Shornberg, saloon, Iron. Gregory, L. D. saloon, Iron. Green Bay Iron Co., R. P. Harriman, supt. Green, Charles B. clerk, boards Ogden House. Green, E. S. ag't I. C. mine, Main, near Pioneer. Griffis, John, miner, near I. C. furnace. Grigg, Joseph, miner, Peck, near Railroad. Griswold, Alonzo, carpenter, Main, near McKenzie. Gustafsen, Svan, near Sheldon's brewery. H HAGANY, A. barber, Iron. Hall, William, tinsmith, Iron. Haly, James T. grocer, Iron. Haly & Hopkins, grocers, Iron. Hamilton, George, brakeman, boards with Mrs. Caplis. Hananer, H. clothing, Iron. Hand, H. laborer, Iron. Hanske, Ernst, carpenter, Iron. Hansen, Charles, time-keeper, Jackson mine. Hansen, Eber, laborer, Jackson mine. Hansen, Hans, blacksmith, Jackson mine. Hansen, James, engineer, Jackson mine. Hansen, Peter, saloon, Iron. Hardy, John, laborer, Chicago House. Harrington, James, laborer, Silver. Harrington, John B. miner, Peck, near Teal. Harrington, Pat, miner, Peck, near McKenzie. Harris, John, boarding-house, Iron. Harris, Thomas, grocer, Iron. Hartman, Conolly & Co. lumber dealers, cor. R. R. and Case. Hartman, C. J. Jackson House. I3EARD'S DIRECTORY oF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 115 11 0 1 Ir 4 k i I N'T", CHARCOAL PIG IRON AND BLOOMS, Froim Pure Lake Superior Ores. PROPRIETORS OF lit Morlam, and CHAMPION FURNACE, At Champion, Marquiette Co., Mich. S. P. ELY, Marquette. Mich., Secretary and Treasurer. C. DONKERSLY, do Vice Pres't and Gen'l Ag't. 116 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. THOMAS F. CLARK, IGt G/'1'T.FO.0R 1E 1 SINGER T'E fE SS3ST ]Wr ffJlE WO f; ). 219,75S SOLD IN 1872. NINE OUT OF TEN BEING FOR FAMILY USE, Beirbg 4,500 nmo7e MIiachin7es than, any othler Comwipat/y, And 1-4 of all machines sold during that year,,ALSO DEALER 1.,' PIA~8O, OetANSS IMEMBI)E~NS, -ANDMUS7IGCAL MERCJBlA _wDIaSE IRON STREET, YJear Aiirckwood's Dr7ci Store. BEARD'S DItECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 117 Hartman, T. W. Jackson House. Haupt, E. bakery, Iron. Haydon's Negaunee Bank. H. E. Haydon, Pres., Iron. Hayden, H. E. banker, Cyr. Heiser, Martin, carpenter, Peck, near Teal. Henderson, James, shoemaker, Iron. Henly, Thomas, restaurant, Iron. Hewett, Silas T. saddler, Case, near Pioneer. Hewett & Snyder, harness, Silver. Harriman & Spurr Mine, R. P. Harriman & J. L. Spurr, Agts. Hartman, Connelly & Co. lumber dealers. Healy, W. P. attorney at law, Iron. Hibbard, Nathan, carpenter, Jackson Mine. Hibbard, Peter, carpenter, Jackson Mine. Hicks, Philip, plasterer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Hinckley, Ira, nit. glyc. manufacturer, Case, near McKenzie. Hirschman, F. L. physician, office with L. D. Cyr. Hocking, John, mason, Jackson, near Pioneer. Hocksen, Gus. laborer, Jackson Mine, Holmgreen, John, tinsmith, Iron. Homstein, Albert, clerk, Pioneer. Hooper, H. mason, near I. C. furnace. Hopkins, C. H. Main. Hopkins, William, Justice of the Peace, Main, near Pioneer. Howell, Henry, ostler, Iron. Hubert, George, stable boss, near I. C. furnace. Hule, F. grocer, Iron. Hutchingsen, G. L. express agent, Main, near McKenzie. I IRELAND, Thomas, carpenter, Peck, near Railroad. Iron Cliff Company, E. B. Isham, sup't. Iron Cliff House, Frank Johnson, prop. Isham, E. B. corner Main and Pioneer. 118 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. J ACKSON, Robert, baggage master, corner Kanter and Case. Jackson House, E. A. Trelease, prop., Iron. Jacobson, Julius, clothing, dry goods, etc., Iron. Jacobson, Morris, clerk, Iron. Jackson Iron Co. and Mines, F. Brown, general agent. Jansen, Martin, laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Jansen, Michael, laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Jenkins. David, miner, near I. C. furnace. Jennings, D. book-keeper, I. C. Co. Johnson, Frank, prop. I. C. House. Johnson, Frank, saloon, Iron. Johnson, John, boarding house. Iron. Johnson, Rasmus, laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Jones, C. book-keeper, Lincoln and Pioneer. Jones, John, miner, near I. C. furnace. Johes, G. clerk, Iron. Jones, Fred, clerk, Iron. Jones, John, grocer, Iron. Jones, John, Jr., clerk, with Marsell & Co. Jones, Robert, book.keeper, Lincoln, near Pioneer. Jones, R. plasterer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Jong, -, harness, Iron. Julian, John, blacksmith, near I. C. furnace. Julip, James, mason, Kanter, near Peck. K AMMERDINER, A. butcher, Iron. Kaniller, R. C. carpenter, corner Case and Pioneer. Kane, John, miner, Main, near Teal. Kappes, R. baker, Peck, near Pioneer. Kassen, R. F. chief clerk, I. C. store, Kating, B. laborer, Jackson mine. Kating, Con. laborer, Jackson mine. Kauster, Henry, butcher, Case, near Teal. Keeley, G. P. saloon, corner Case and Pioneer. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 119 Wli |urt Sreestog d.o., J,4R IQ UETTE, IICHIGHAN, Quarry and ship, by cargo or sinfle stone, the severial varieties, (brown, motftled and clouded) of AN D STON j FOUND IN THE MARQUETTE REGION. For Beauty, Durability, and, dapttability to General Buildin:i, or Ornnamental p7rposes, THIS STONE IS UNEQUALED BY ANY OTHER A CCESSIBLE TO WTESTERvYX MARKETS. OFFICERS. JOHN BURT, Pres't. HIRAM A. BURT, Vice Pres. WM. BURT, Treasurer. WM. A. BURT, Secretary. 120 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. PRODUCEd4vD SELL SPEC{JLAR AND HEMATITE IRON ORES Froim their TVell-kno01It'n MAiflC8 (ft -1h1pe~nhirU2, MICHIGAN. JOSEPH S. FAY, Boston, Mass., President. S. P. ELY, Marquette, Mich., Secretary and Treasr' r. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 121 Keller, Louis, brewer, Kanter, near Peck. Kelly, G. P. clerk, boards with W. L. Mann. Keely, John, laborer, Jackson Mine. Keely, John A. laborer, Jackson Mine. Kernel, Peter, laborer, near I. C. Mine. Kiren, Conrad, grocer, corner Case and Kanter. Kirkwood Bros. drugs, Iron. Kirkwood, John A. drugs, Iron. Kirkwood, P. B. drugs, Iron. Kiley, John, teamster, near I. C. furnace. Kiley, William, teamster, near I. C. furnace. King, Peter, laborer, corner Case and Kanter. King & Wheeler, nitro-glycerine manufactory, Iron. Kinner, S. Peck, near Kanter. Kirby, B. teamster, near I. C. furnace. Kittson, H. shoemaker, Iron. Klen, S. H. mason, Main, near Teal. Knese, Aug. carpenter, Kanter near Peck. Kremer, J. boards with Mrs. Caplis. L A FAVOUR, Ant. explorer, Case, near Kanter. Lamar, Adolph, laborer, Peck, near Pioneer. Lamsen. Charles, teamster, corner Peck and Teal. Lander, J. Jackson mine. Landrey, M. saloon, Iron. Lanseigae G. & Co. general store, Iron. Lans, M. laborer, Pioneer, near Iron. Lanser, Michael, machinist, Jackson mine. Laterelle, John, laborer, Peck, near Railroad. Laughlin, Ed. saloon, Iron. Laughlin, Michael, saloon, Iron. Lawless, James, laborer, Chicago House. Larren, F. furnace, near I. C. furnace. Lamson, O. G. tailor, Iron. Lee, John, Lincoln, near Pioneer. Lehman, William, carpenter, Case, near Pioneer. 122 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Lene, Mathew, laborer, Iron. Light, J. saloon, Iron. Lite, Anton, laborer, Case, near Brown. Londrie, Jos. tinsmith, Iron, res. Case, near Pioneer. Lonstorf, N. dry goods, Iron. Low, Cbester, veterinary surgeon, Case, near Kanter. Lum & Peck, props. Ogden House. Lum, H. Ogden House. Lynch, John, laborer, near I. C. furnace. M M ADDSFORD, William, contractor, Jackson mine. Mahan, James, laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Maitland, A. W. lawyer, I. C. Co. Marsell & Co. dry goods, boots and shoes, crockery, etc., 3 stores, Iron. Mathews, Jos, machinist, Jackson mine. Mathews, Jas. banker, Iron. Mathewson, Duncan, engineer, Jackson mine. Maxwell, Robert, engineer, Jackson mine. Mazara, John, laborer, Jackson mine. McCarty, Martin, teamster, near I. C. furnace. McCarty, Michael, engineer, near I. C. furnace. McCloud, Norman, painter, Main, near McKenzie. McComber, W. C. insurance agent, Iron. McComber, Alex. foreman, near I. C. furnace. McConley, Tim, miner, near I. C. furnace. McCrea, A. miner, near I. C. furnace. McGinnis, B. plasterer, Jackson, near Pioneer. McGowan, Pat, laborer, near I. C. furnace. McKenzie, physician, Iron. McKenzie, Thomas, livery and boarding house, Silver. McMullen, Daniel, wagon maker, Lincoln, near Pioneer. McMullen, J. carpenter, Lincoln, near Pieneer. McRuloff, John, laborer, Jackson mine. Mergan, Charles, teamster, near I. C. furnace. BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARIQUETTE COUNTY. 123 ESTABLISIHED 1 -tlO. ------- - + o ------ Importers and Jobbers of LAJ:M:ZPS, Q(Q|i;s li)ie bQlltl ell, l(iirlr'.e, Our facilities en:i.ble us,.t. offer dealers PRICES aid TElll S as favorable as can be had in Eastern Mar* ets. ORDI)EL S BY MAILT will receive eslpeial attention. and our long experience in the Lake Superior trade will be tound of advantage in selecting goods for that market. 100 Woodwara Avenue, DETROIT. (Successor to Fitch c Congdon,) 76 oodward Ave., DETROIT, Mich. Finest S8ock west of New York. ILOWE ST PRLICES. CBest Fitting Garments. D EVEYRTHING UNEXCELLED. ASpeecial Attention to Orders.a 124 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. THE NEWV YORK C-) PRODUCE FROM THEIR Situated on Sec. 3., Town '17, Range 27, Ores of Great Furity and Best Quality. SA3A -LZ~ J. TILD]E1Y W-Li. W-ETIIOBZE BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 125 Merrett, J. carpenter, Jackson, near Pioneer. Merrett, Win. carpenter, Jackson, near Pioneer. Mengan, John, laborer, near I. C. furnace. Miner's Bank, D. G. Stone, prop. Irn. Mitchel, George, contractor, Jackson mine. Mitchel, James, contractor, Jackson mine. Mitchel Jos. teamster, Empire House. Moran, Michael, contractor, Jackson mine. Morrow, C. B. boards at Mrs. Sterling's. Morton, A. saloon, Silver. Murphy, Michael, laborer, Jackson mine. Muck, Chas. meat market, Iron. N NABEL, E. near Sheldon's brewery. Nash, William, clerk, Peck, near Pioneer. Neely & Eddy, hardware, Iron. Neely, Benj. hardware, Case, near Teal. Neely, Wm. clerk, Iron. Nelson, B. shoemaker, Iron. Nelson, Rasmus, laborer, Jackson mine. Nelson, W. D. clerk, boards Jackson House. Nero, James, laborer, near Sheldon's brewery. Nesbit, James, saloon, Iron. Newton, Pat, near Sheldon's brewery. Noe, William, machinist, Jackson mine. Norris, Hicks & Morrow, general store, Iron. Norris, James W. boards M. Page. Norry, George, Jackson mine. Norry, Henry, agent, Jackson mine. Northwestern Telegraph Company, John Kern, opp. Iron. 0 OATLY, S. E. saloon, Iron. Ogden House, Lum & Peck, props., Iron. O'Leary, John, telegraph operator, Case, near Kanter. O'Leary, John, blacksmith, Jackson, near Pioneer. 126 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. O'Leary, Michael, laborer, Case, near Kanter. Oleson, Andrew, laborer, Jackson mine. O'Neil, M. grocer, Iron. O'Neil, Robert, engineer, corner Main and McKenzie. Orthey, Julius, near Sheldon's brewery. Orthey, Mrs. J. R. millinery, Iron. P AGE, O. A. ass't sup't C. and N. W. ra,ilroad, Cyr. Pagot, T. C. clothing, Iron. Peck, H. 0. prop. Ogden House. Pendill, B. F. Silver, near Railroad. Pendill, Frank, clerk, Silver, near Railroad. Pendill, Henry, clerk, Silver, near Railroad. Pendill, James, clerk, Silver, near Railroad. Pendill, J. P. general store, Silver, near Railroad. Peninsular Brewery, G. C. Sheldon, prop. Silver. Perkins, George, attorney at law, Cyr. Pettibone, Day & Morrow, general store Main. Perry, Ed. clerk, corner Lincoln and Pioneer. Peters, Robert, laborer, corner Jackson and Pioneer. Peterson, A. saloon, Iron. Peterson, Andrew, laborer, Lincoln, near Pioneer. Peterson Chris. laborer, Jackson mine. Phillips, Thomas, miner, Kanter, near Case. Pierce, A. grocer, Iron. Pierce, L. S. Center. Pierce, N. sup't mine, corner Pioneer and Case. Pische, Joseph, carpenter, Iron. Purvis, Robert, miner, near Cliff furnace. Q UALSTROM, John, carpenter, Case, near Brown. Quinn, John, clothing, Iron. Quinn, Joseph, clerk, Iron. Quinn, Robert, clerk, Iron. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 127 R R AIN, Michael, machinist, Jackson mine. Rang, C. saloon, Iron. Ray, Capt. school teacher, bds at Mrs. Caplis. Regarr, Jas. laborer, Peck near Kanter. Renny, B. laborer, near Sheldon's brewery. Risharr, Francis, laborer. near I. C. furnace. Revere, Peter, Main near McKenzie. Rice, Frank, fireman, boards at Mrs. Caplis. Richards, W. H. contractor, Jackson mine. Richardson, Geo. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Riley, Geo. engineer, boards at Mrs. Caplis. Roach, Jas. miner, near Sheldon's brewery. Roach, Wm. laborer, Empire House. Roberts, Henry, contractor, Jackson mine. Roberts, Henry, laborer, near Sheldon's brewery. Roland, Wm. book-keeper I. C. Co. Rosmursen, Chris. laborer, Jackson mine. Rosmursen, Hans, laborer, Jackson mine. Rosmursen, Mil. laborer, Jackson mine. Ross & Wyman, fruit and vegetables, Iron. Ross. Alexander, helper, Jackson mine. Ross, Charles, American House. Ross, Robert, engineer, Jackson mine. Ross John, engineer, Jackson mine. Rough, H. contractor, Jackson mineRowland, William, P. M. boards St. James. Rowley, Paul, carpenter, Iron. Roy, T. clerk. boards over N. Y. store. Pendle, Thomas, soda water and bottling establishment, Silver. Ruplet, Albert, tinsmith, Iron. Ryan, T. liquors and cigars, Iron. S SAUNDERS, Jno. miner, Peck near R. R. Saunders, Win. miner, Peck near R. R. 128 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Sawyer, A. carriages, Silver. Scanlon, John, laborer, Jackson mine. Scanlon, Tim, laborer, Jackson mine. Schalmo, P. saloon, Iron. Schmidt & Ring, saloon, Iron. Schmidt, A. saloon, Iron. Schneider, Jacob, saloon, Iron. Schneider, John, tinner, Iron. Schram, Fred. drver, Irion. Schwartz, Chas. mason, Peck near Kanter. Schwartz, J. shoemaker, Iron. Schwarz, John, miner, Iron. Seer, Jos., laborer, Brown and Case. Sein, Adam, mason, Peck near Kanter. Senecai, Alf. Pioneer near Iron. Seymour, Rev. E. Peck near R. R. Shannessy, Wm. shoemaker, Case near Kanter. Shehan, Joh,n laborer, Case near McKenzie. Shehan, Thomas, teamster, near I. C. furnace. Sheldon, Geo., brewery, Gold. Sherman, Wm. engineer, near I. C. furnace. Smitbauer, Jos. laborer, Pioneer near Clark. Smith, G. N. book-keeper, I. C. store. Smith, Jas. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Smith, Jos. machinist, Jackson mine. Smith, M. W. ass't road master, Case near Teal. Smith, R. laborer, Iron. Snow, F. E. Case near Teal. Snyder, Chas. harness, Peck near Pioneer. Snyder, John, tinner, Case near Pioueer. Sowstorf, N. general store, Iron. Sporley, G, boarding house, Iron. Stack, Geo. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Stafford, Fred. boards Jackson House. Stecker, G. saloon, Iron. Steele, S. H. laborer, near I. C. furnace. St. James Restaurant, Iron. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 129 Stirling, A. J. clothing, cor. Main and McKenzie. Stirling, Walter, clerk, cor. Main and McKenzie. Stockwell, A. E. clothing, Iron. Stone, D. G. banker, dry goods, groceries, etc., Iron. Stone, Samuel, janitor, Hayden's Bank. Strand, Nelson, ostler, Iron. Strebbe, A. carpenter, Iron. Sullivan, Daniel, miner, near Sheldon's brewery. Sullivan, Tim, laborer, near I. C. furnace. Sundberg, Chas. watchmaker, Iron. Sutherland, Jas. clerk, Main near McKenzie. Sweeney, E. livery, Case near Teal. Sweeney, John, clerk, Peck near McKenzie. Swink, Peter, butcher, Case and McKenzie. T TAF, George, engineer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Tatty, M. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Taylor, Thomas, clerk, Iron. Tellon, Martin, foreman Jackson mine. Tiddy, William, contractor, Jackson mine. Tiller, George, miner, near I. C. furnace. Thela, Charles, carpenter, Main, near McKenzie. Thiel, Chris. laborer, Jackson mine. The S. C. Smith Iron Company. Thom, Charles, tailor, Case. Thomas, John R. machinist, Jackson mine. Thompson, A. J. Barber, Iron. Tobin, Michael, constable, Chicago House. Tongung, Joseph. laborer, Jackson mine. Town, Charles, tailor, corner Case and Pioneer. Trelease, E. A. prop. Jackson House. Trezone, Joseph, engineer, Jackson mine. Trudell, A. near I. C. furnace. Truant, John, mason, corner Case and Pioneer. Tyler, John, laborer, Peck, near Railroad. 130 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. U U HRBACH, John, butcher, Iron. Uren, S. cabinet maker, Iron. V V ASHRON, Louis, carpenter, Case, near Brown. Vashron, Louis, Jr. clerk, Case, near Brown. Vick, George, laborer, Peck, near Kanter. Vigors, H. laborer, Jackson, near Pioneer. Virren, William, shoemaker, Iron. Volker, J. J. jeweler, Iron. W W ARD, J. laborer, Jackson mine. Warner, Wilkes, tailor, Case, near McKenzie. Warm, Joel, agent Green Bay store, Main, near Teal. Warm, Joseph, clerk. Main, near Teal. Wasley, Frank, miner, corner Case and Kanter. Wateny, John, foreman Jackson mine. Weed, Charles W. book-keeper, bank of Negaunee. Weyman, J. W. jeweler, Main, near McKenzie. Welch & Morton, saloon, Silver. Welch, Richard, Silver. Wells, T. L. clerk, I. C. store. Westlie, tailor, Iron. Wilup, Ed. laborer, near I. C. furnace. Williams, Joel, stage line to Cliff mine, Iron. Winter, Joseph, butcher, corner Main and Teal. Winter's Opera Hall, Wheelock & Winters, props. Iron. Wheatland, A. prop. Beaumont House. Wheeler, E. G. clerk Ogden House. Wheelock & Winter, meats, Iron. Wheelock, J. meats, Iron. White, John, barber, Peck, near Railroad. White, Ole, laborer, Jackson mine. Wohl, Peter, mason, Iron. Wollner, H N. merchant tailor, Iron. Wyman, H. D. Iron. Y YIRKE, Fred. saloon, Iron. Young, Ed. harness, Iron. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 131 rron und tIbmkr so. MANUFACTURERS OF GmARCOAL PIZ IR01 AiD BLOOMS, nflOt fU1tf LMAKE SUfPllO1 OME8, AT THEIR Furnace near Ishpeming, Mich. GARDNER GREEN, President, Norwich, Conn. D. R. SULLIVAN, Vice " THEO. F. McCURDY, Treas'r, C. H. HALL, Agent, Ishpeming, Mich. 132 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY.. J. NPES & CO. DEALERS IN CHEMICALS, PASITS ANIW:D OILS, BOOKS, STATIONERY, Fancy Goods, Toilet Articles, &c. IS3StP3S3I!rW MICH. Analyses of Ores and Minerals made. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 133 ISHPEMING. A A DAMS, Jno., book-keeper, with N. Hodgkins & Co. Allen, Henry, carpenter, Pine. Allen, Henry, laborer, Division. Allen, Jno., laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Allen, Jno. carpenter, Pine. Allen, Wm., laborer, Main, near Division. Allisun, Jno. M., barber, Main. Ammerson, C. foundryman, Superior foundry. Anderson, A. A. jewelry, Main. Anderson, Bangt, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Anderson, C. saloon, Main. Anderson, Chas. clothing, corner Pearl and 1st. Anderson, Chas. clerk, Union Store Company. Anderson, G. laborer, Main, near Division. Anderson, Jno., laborer, Division. Anderson, Oscar, Agent Union Store Company. Anderson, Severn, saloon, Main. Andrews, H. weigh-master, near Lake Angeline. Andrews, Jno., laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Astenius, J. 0. clerk, Main. Atwood, Wm., laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Austin, F. & C., meats, etc., Division. B BACON, Mrs. S. millinery, Main street. Baptist, Robert, blacksmith, corner 2d and Cleveland. Barnes, L. clergyman, corner Division and 3d. 134 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Barnum Iron Mine, W. H. Murray sup't. Bauer, Seb. clerk with Henrietta & Co. Beckman, Ed. policeman, corner Pearl and Main. Benberg, O. N. saloon, corner 2d and Cleveland. Bennett, A. butcher, Main. Beunett, C. J. clerk with Myers & Biglow, Main. Berg, Charles, laborer, corner Cleveland and 1st. Besnit, N. laborer, 1st, near Marquette Railroad. Bewnander, John, clerk, Main, near Front. Bice, Win. laborer, Division, near Main. Bicale, George, laborer, 1st, near Marquette Railroad. Bissonette, Louis, teamster for Myers & Biglow. Biglow, B. S. physician to mines, Pine. Bjorksland, And. laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Blackwell, T. blacksmith, Superior foundry. Blake, Wm. clerk with Henrietta & Co. Bout, Fred. fireman, Snperior foundry. Bourke, F. wholesale wines and liquors, Main street. Boyce, H. N. book-keeper, with B. M. Colwell. Braasted, Fred. agent, Nora's Store Co. Brasear, Xavier, saloon, Pearl. Bundy, D. R. clerk, with B. M. Colwell. Burschel, Andrew, livery, Division, near 1st. Burk, George, saloon, Main. Burns, Andrew, saloon, Division. Bush, V. A. saloon, corner 1st and Cleveland. C CAIN, Pat. saloon, Division, near Main. California House, P. Haspel, prop. Pearl. Campbell, C. D. clerk with J. C. Ward. Canfield, D. F. Ish. Bank. Carpenter, W. T. physician to mines, Main, near Division. Chabebeau, Nau, boarding house, Division. Chamberlain, Oscar, book-keeper, Union Store Company. Christiansen, Chris. book-keeper, Union Store Company. Christiansen, W. clerk, Noras Store Company. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 135 ISHPEMING SQUARE DEALING CLOTHING STORE.:IEAS. A, ANDERSfIN, EE L,,YcO, Hats, Caps Tlrunks, Valises, cc..A Splendid Line of Yothls' annd ]Boys' Clothingo Corner First and Pearl Sts., 2 doors from Union Store, ISHPEMING. MICH. 136 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Union Store Company OSCAR ANDERSON, AGENT. DEALERS IN PROVISIONS, I3ODTS AND) mIEDE8 GROCKERY AND GLASSWARE, CLOTHING, HATS AD (CAPS. ISHPEMI.NG, MICH1GIN. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 137 Christy, John, laborer, Division, near Main. Clark, James, yard-master, boards at Mrs. Crawford's. Clark, W. S. soda water works, Division. Clayton, G. telegraph operator, Marquette Depot. Cleveland Iron Mine, F. B. Mills, Supt. Clines, E. teamster, Main, near Division. Cofferits, John, butcher, Pearl, near 1st. Cofferits, Sam. butcher, Pearl, near 1st. Coleman, John B. taxidermist, Division. Colwell; B. M. hardware, Main. Combs, Wmi. H. laborer, Main, near Division. Congden, Mich. laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Conners, John, laborer, with And Burchel. Cough, Pat. saloon, Division. Corlson, J. machinist, Supr. Foundry. Crabb, Richard carpenter, Main, near Division. Crabb, Simon, laborer, Main, near Division. Crawford, Mrs. E. boarding house, near Marquette Depot. Cundy, Chas. butcher, Cal. House. Cylling, Philip, saloon, Main. D DAHLIN, A. blacksmith, Superior foundry. Daniel, J. pattern maker, Superior foundry. Daniel, Samuel, laborer, 1st, near Marquette railroad. Datcher, A. J. general store, corner 1st and Cleveland. Day, Jeff. book-keeper, Pine. Decker, D. steele, lumber, corner 2d and Division. Demarie, Joseph, laborer, 2d, near Marqette railroad. Deer Lake Iron and Lumber Company, C. H. Hall, sup't, 2 miles distant. Demearais, George, blacksmith and wagoWshop, 2d near Cleveland. Devine, Pat, saloon, Main. Devan, John, laborer, Division. Divan, P. saloon, Main. Dolan, John, laborer, Division. 138 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Donahue, Con. clerk with B. M. Colwell. Donahue & Co. boots and shoes, corner Pine and Division. Donahue, T. F. liquors, corner Pine and Division. Donpier, Fritz, laborer, 2d, near Division. Donpier, Jacob, laborer, 2d, near Division. Duffy, James, saloon, Division. Dunn, George, with N. Hodgkins & Co. Dunn, M. T. bakery and restaurant, corner Division and 1st. E E AGAN, John, laborer, Division, near Main. Earle, C. M. W. boots and shoes, Main. Ebstrup, butcher, Pearl, near 1st. Eddy, Eugene, clerk, Main. Edyrain, John, harness, 1st. Ekland, John, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Ellis, John, laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Elson, H. S. butcher, Main. Ely, C. R. clerk, with B. M. Colwell. Emery, A. G. photographer, Pearl. Endelman, M. jeweler, Main. Ericson, A. laborer, Cleveland and 1st. Excelsior Iron Mine, J. Fredericks, sup't., 3 miles distant. Excelsior Kilns, J. Fredericks, prop., 3 miles distant. F F ELDER, George, plasterer, corner Pearl and Main. Fenah, Andrew, laborer, 2d. near Marquette Railroad. Finney, R. P. clerk, corner Pearl and Main. First National Bank, R. Nelson, pres't, Main. Fleming, James T. laborer, 2d, near Marquette railroad. Foley, I. C. & Co. clothing and dry goods, Main Francis, John, clothing and dry goods, Main. Franscene, F. 0. clerk, corner Pearl and 1st. Frontz, John, plasterer, corner Pearl and Main. Fugles, Aaron, bartender, corner 1st and Cleveland. BEAPD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 139 G GALLAGHER, James, laborer, Main, near Division. Galline, A. teamster, with Myers & Biglow, Main. Geary, John, general store, Main. Gettman, John, butcher, Main. Gevert, B. laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Gillenberg, Peter, laborer, corne'r Pearl and Main. Gilling, T. F. saloon, Main. Girline, Andrew, laborer, Cleveland, near 1st. Girzikowsky, E. & Co., jewelers, Main. Glasson, James carpenter, Pine. Gleason, Pat., laborer, Main, near Division. Gleason, Pat., laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Gochin, John W. clerk, with Neely & Eddy. Gold, John, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Gong, Eli, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Gonier, C. hostler, Main, near Division. Green, Richard, moulder, Division, near Main. Gribbon, James, laborer, Division. Griep, B. liquors, Main. Griep, Bernhard, merchant tailor, Main. Grombach, Isaac, agent Kahn & Newman. Guisnier, Marcell & Co., dry goods and clothing, Main. Guisnier, F. clothing, Main. Gunther, Frank, saloon, Division. Gylding, John F. saloon, Main. H ALY, John, laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Hall, David, veterinary surgeon. Hansen, Peter, policeman, Superior Foundry. Harrigan, Cal. laborer, Division, near Main. Harris, John, saloon, Division. Harris, John, laborer, Main, near Division. Harris, Thomas, laborer. Main, near Division. Hawkins, John, carpenter, Division. 140 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 4 Hawley, M. carpenter, Division. Hays, James, book-keeper, Main. Hays, Thomas, laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Heaton, T. physician, Pine. Heineman, H. S. clothing, Main. Heineman & Jacobson, clothing, Main. Hendeyx, F. A. machinist, Superior Foundry. Henley, Peter, laborer, Division.' Henleyson, C. laborer, Main, near Division. Henrietta, J. & Co., meats, Main. Henrietta, Miles, meats, Main. Hickey, Wm. laborer, Main, near Division. Higgins, John, shoemaker, Division, near Main. Hill, Edwin, clerk, with Myers & Biglow. Hillsdale, Wm. clerk, corner Pearl and 1st. Hocking, Wm. laborer, Main, near Division. Hodgkins, N. & Co., livery, Pearl, near 1st. Hodgkins, Gilbert, livery, Pearl, near 1st. Holman, Frank, near Lake Angeline. Hornstein, Ed. clerk, Main. Hosking, Wm. Main. Hospel, P. prop. Cal. House. Houle, Cyrille, baggage-master, 2d. Howard, Henry, clerk, corner Pine and Division. Hubbard, Samuel, laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Hughes, Jas. butcher, Division. I ISAACS, Justus, laborer, Division, near 1st. Ishpeming Bank, Robert Nelson and H. E. Hayden, props., D. F. Wentworth, cash., Pine and Main. Ishpeming Hospital, R. Nelson, pres., Main. J JACKSON, G. W. barber, Main. | Jacobi, Aug. baker, Division, near 1st. Jacobson, Henry, jewelry, Main. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 141 Jacobson, A. clothing, Main. Jacques, A. laborer, 2d, near Division. James, H. machinist, Superior foundry. Jenks, M. furniture, Main. Jochim, John, saloon, Main. Jones, P. boards Mrs. Crawford's. Johnson, Aug. engineer, Division. Johnson, Aug. laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Johnson, C. laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Johnson, Charles, shoemaker, 1st, near Cleveland. Johnson, Fred. book-keeper, Cleveland, near 1st. Johnson, Gust. pattern maker, Superior foundry. Johnson, G. D. carpenter, Superior mine. Johnson, H. saloon, 2d, near Cleveland. Johnson, J. book-keeper, Main. Johnson, L. B. laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Johnson, M. saloon, 1st, near Front. Johnson, M. & Co. saloon, Pearl, near Main. Johnson, S. clerk, Nora's Store Co. Johnson, Seymour, clerk, Superior mine. Johnson, J. B. clerk, with Myers & Biglow. Jury, Mrs. M. Saloon, Cleveland. K KAHN & Newman, clothing, Main. Kendergaw, B. fireman, Division. Keeve, Jas. laborer, Division, near Main. Kennedy, Cornelius, Justice of the Peace, Division. Kennedy, C. weigh-master, Division. Kennedy, Jas. laborer, Division, near Main. Kirkwood Bros., drugs, stationery, etc., Main. Kretchmar, H. furniture. corner 1st and Cleveland. L L AIRD, Jas. clerk, Henrietta & Co. La Fever, Henry, butcher, Cal. House. 142 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Lake Angeline Mine, H. Deamond, sup't. Lake Superior Iron Mine, G. D. Johnson, sup't. Lake Superior Peat Furnace, J. B. Lyon, sup't. Lake Superior Peat Works, J. H. Welch, sup't. Laeflin, Jas. plasterer, corner Pearl and Main. Larsen, Andrew, clerk with Myers & Bigelow. Larange, Jos. saloon, Pearl street. Larsen, Andrew, saloon, corner Cleveland and 1st. Lawson, J. laborer, corner Cleveland and 1st. Lee, Scoville, machinist, Superior Foundry. Le May, Nap. shoemaker, corner Division and Main. Lewis, S. W. foreman, Superior Foundry. Linn, Michael, mason, Division. Linquist, August, laborer, corner 2d and Marquette R. R. Londquest, P. 0. shoemaker, Cleveland, near 1st. Lonvil, A. shoemaker, Euclid. Lorenge, Jos. saloon, Pearl. Loth, Jos. saloon, Main. Lund, Missel, machinist, Superior Foundry. Lundbery, Andrew, clerk, corner Cleveland and 1st. Lynch, D. saloon, Pearl, near 1st. Lyon, Dennis, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Lyons, F. engineer, near Lake Angeline. M M ACK, Daniel, laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Madden, John, mason, Main, near Division. Malone, John, clerk with Henrietta & Co. Malquist, Charles, laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Malquist, John, laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Manaly Arthur, wagon maker, 2d, near Cleveland. Marchant, B. saloon, Pearl. Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon Railroad, W. J. Newman, agent. Maroney, John, saloon, Division, near Main. Mathews House, M. Mather, prop., Main. McCallen, W. J. machinist, Superior foundry. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 143 McCulloch, P. carpenter, Division, near Main. McDonald, A. prop. Sherman House. McFarland, T. F. harness, Division. McGinty, Ed. Clerk, Pine. McGinty, Pat. wagon maker, Pine. McGinty, Wm. freight agent, Pine. McHugh, E. J. watchmaker, Main, near Pearl. McInness, —, clerk, 1st, near Cleveland. McNamara, Charles, harness maker, and dealer in trunks, etc., Division. Meeter, Joseph, harness, 1st. Mertine, Casper, blacksmith, corner Pearl and Main. Michael. James, laborer, Pearl, near 1st. Milbach, Charles, laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Mildon, H. H. liquors, Main. Miles, John, laborer, 1st, near Marquette Railroad. Mills House, J. H. Mills, prop. Division St. Mills, Capt. F. P. Cleveland mine. Mills, J. H. prop. Mills House, Division St. Mockler, John, grocer, Main. Mockler, Wm. clerk, Main, near Front. Monahan, Peter, grocer, 1st, near Cleveland. Moran, Hugh, clerk, Division, near 1st. Morley, Pat. machinist Superior foundry. Morrison, John E. wagon maker, Euclid. Morthey, Jas. machinist, Superior foundry. Mullen, Daniel, clerk, 1st, near Cleveland. Mullen, J. laborer, Euclid. Murray, Robbins & Co. general store, Main, Murray, Frank, blacksmith, 2d, near Cleveland. Myhre, B. shoemaker, 1st, near Cleveland. Myers & Biglow, general merchandise, next door to Bank of Ishpeming. Myers, A. A. res. Euclid St. N NAIL, Ed. laborer, Main, near Division. Nedo, Mrs. C. saloon, Pearl street. 144 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY...,..._.._......... ISHPEMING, MICH. MANUFACTURERS OF ENGINES, Blast Furnace, MININGT< A]NTI) MILL Iron and Brass Castings, BOILERS. BUILT AND REPAIRED. A full stock of STEAM AND GAS GAS PIPE, AND FITTINGS of all kinds and descriptions. A large and complete stock of RUBBER AND HEMP PACKINC. All sizes of Bar and Round Iron always on hand. Agents for Knowles' Patent Steam Pumps, Wm. Canfield & Co's Empire Packing. BEARD'S DIIIECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 145 Neely & Eddy, hardware, Main. Neely, Thos. agent, Neely & Eddy. Nelson & Hayden, iron agents, Main street. Nelson, E. D. cashier, 1st National Bank. Nelson, R. president 1st National Bank. Nelson, R. president Ish. Bank. Nelson, W. S. grocer, Main. Nelson, R. & Co., meat market, Division. Neuberger, R. millinery and clothing, Main. Neuberger, P. auction and commission, Main. Newman, V. J. ageit American Express Company, Depot. New England Mine, Hon. H. C. Williams, sup't. 3 miles distant. N. Y. Mine Store, gen. iner., J. H. Gillett manager, N. Y. Mine. New Superior Mine, G. F. Tracey, sup't. 5 miles distant. New York Mine, Hon. W. E. Dickenson, sup't. Niles, C. physician, Pine. Nixon, John, clerk, with B. Mi. Colwell. Nolan, Michael, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Nolen, John, laborer, 2d, near Marquette R. R. Noras Store Co. gen. store, Fred Braasted agt.,Cleveland, near 1st. Norberry, John E. agent, hardware, Main. Norton, Wm. laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Northmore, John, prin. High School, Main. Mygraw, Ernest, clerk, Kahn & Newman. 0 O DGERS, Richard, laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Oie, J. N. grocer, Main. Oie & Nelson, grocers, Main. Oien, Henry, saloon, Cleveland, near Main. O'Leary, M. J. billiard room, Division. O'Leary, Michael, shoemaker, Division, near Main. Olesen, L. carpenter, Division. Oliver, Wm. & Co., livery stable. Oliver, John, carpenter, Hematite mine, near Marquette R. R. Oliver, Thomas, book-keeper. O'Niel, Terance, machinist, Superior Foundry. Osborn, L. E. manager Superior Foundry. 146 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. P PAINTER, William, Main, near Division. Parks & Hayden, attorneys, Main street. Parkes, A. C. machinist, Superior foundry. Parkes, Samuel, machinist, Superior foundry. Pendill & Beatty, general store, Main. Penglase, John, laborer, Division. Penna, J. P. Superior mine. Perry, William, laborer, 1st, near Marquette Railroad. Peterson, A. shoemaker, 1st, near Cleveland. Peterson, A. E. saloon, 1st, near Front. Peterson, A. 0. clerk, Nora's Store Co. Peterson, Charles, laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Peterson, John, saloon, 1st, near Front. Peterson, K. laborer, 2d, near Marquette Railroad. Peterson, Peter, saloon, Cleveland, near 1st. Picands, Van Cleve & Co., hardware, mining supplies, etc. Pierce, N. laborer, Main, near Division. Pierce, Samuel, Main, near Division. Ponthwait, John, Provost, Michael, shoemaker, Division, near Main. R R AISKY, W. F. saloon, Main. Reynolds, L. engineer, Pine. Rice, Samuel, liquors and tobacco, Main. Richards, Alfred, moulder, Division, near Main. Richards, A. J. machinist, Superior Foundry. Richards, F. W. machinist, Superior Foundry. Rider, Richard, butcher, Division. Riley, W. machinist, Superior Foundry. Riplel, John, photographer, with Emery. Robbins, E. clothing, boots and shoes, Main. Roden, John, laborer, Cleveland, near 1st. Rogers, Wm. laborer, Division. Ropes, J. post-master, Pine. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 147 Ropes, J. & Co., drugs, stationery, and consulting chemist, corner Pine and Division. Russell, Frank, shoemaker, Division, near Main. Ryan, John, carpenter, Division, near Main. Ryan, John, laborer, Main, near Division. Ryan, Mathew, saloon, Main. S SAGINAW Iron Mine, J. P. Mitchell, sup't. 5 miles distant. Sanson, John, saloon, corner Cleveland and 3d. Sandberg, Andrew, clerk, with Myers & Biglow. Sargent, Wm. clerk, Main. Schlin, John, clerk, with Union Store Company. Shaner, Chas. clerk, Henrietta & Co. Sheldon, Geo. clerk, Pine. Sherley, W. machinist, Superior Foundry. Sherman House, A. McDonald, prop., Division. Shiel, Pat., shoemaker, Division. Sieble, Philip, butcher, Cal. House. Sillistrup, P. R. watchmaker, Main. Slatlerly, Michael, shoemaker, Division, near Main. Sloat, O. D. agent C. & N. W. Railway, Main. Slyney, J. laborer, 1st, near Marquette R. R. Smith, Jas. B. book-keeper, Superior Foundry. Smith, Peter, machinist, Superior Foundry. Smith, W. machinist, Superior Foundry. Smith, W. G. harness, Division. Smith, W. R. pop works, Division. Soddgreen, Gus. teamster, Division, near Main. Solberg. Samuel, clerk, Union Store Company. Spencer, J. L. harnss-maker, Pearl. Stafford, W. S. Division. Stanley, L. H. agent, Dicker & Steele, St. Germain, John B. policeman, Pearl. Stockwell & Ward, dry goods, Main. Stolt, J. P. saloon, corner Cleveland and 1st. Streeter, E. S. lumber, corner Lake and Front. 148 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Superior Foundry, corner Lake and Front. Swift, W. F. attorney-at-law, Main. T TA LLEN, John A. clerk, Hineman & Jackson. Tengue, T. J. machinist, Superior foundry. Thomson, S. A. clerk; Cleveland. Tislor, W. 0. saloon, Pearl, near 1st. Trebilcock, William, laborer, Pine. Trevilcock, James, laborer, Division. Truan, John, saloon, Main. Truscott, William, clerk, Main. Trygsland, S. clerk, Kahn & Newman. U UNION STORE CO., cash capital $10,000, Oscar Anderson, agent, Pearl, near 1st. V V AUGHN, Misses A. D. millinery, Main. Volker, N. saloon, Main. VV ADSWORTH, D. F. cashier Ishpeming Bank. Wallace, L. laborer, Division. Ward, J. C. clothing and dry goods, Main. Waters, John, contractor, Main. Webster, William, laborer, Main, near Division. Welsh, Alex. saloon, Pine. Wesley, John, wagon maker, 2d, near Cleveland. White, Jacob, boarding house, 1st, near Marquette Railroad. Wheeler, S. S. physician, Main. Wilhurst, M. machinist, Superior foundry. Wilkinson, K. physician, Pine. Williams Iron Mine, S. S. Curry, supt. 3 miles distant. Williams, Thomas, laborer, Main, near Division. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 149 Wilson D. contractor, opp. Marquette depot. Wingate, C. H. general store, Main. Winters, Joseph, meat market, Main. Winthrop Mine, Richardson & Wood, supts. 3 miles distant. Wilt, A. A. butcher, Pearl, near 1st. Woodlock, William, saloon, Division. Wright & Outhwaite, general store, Cleveland Mine. Y YOUNG, Max, clerk, Main. Young, 0. clerk, Pine. z ZETHRALUS, F. G. W. clerk, Division. Znerol, A. P. jeweler, Main. 150 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. MICHIGAMME.. This town having been totally destroyed by fire, in June, 1873, and rebuilt in August of the same year, we give the adult names taken from the census rolls, compiled in August, as an evidence of the wonderful energy, enterprise and resources of the citizens of this town. On account of the unsettled state of affairs, we are unable to give the business or occupation of all the residents, many being at a loss themselves to state what they intend as yet to follow for a livelihood. We do not wish to be understood by this that the town is made up of idlers, far from it, there seems no drones here, on the contrary, all is life, activity and business. A Alexander & Hanna, hotel. Anderson A. Anderson, Andrew, saloon. Anderson, Chas. Anderson, H. Anderson, John. Anderson, Laws. Anderson, Lewis. Anderson, Martin. Anderson, P. Anderson, Peter, board'g house. Anderson, Simon. Anges, David. Anson, John. Anson, Ole, Armstrong, G. Armstrong, J. B. Armstrong, W. H. Ayotte John. B Backman, Oli. Bang, Peter. Bankhead, Wm. Bargeau, Louis. Barker, A. Barman, Fred. Barnes, H. M. Barry, A. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 151 L. J. CLEVELAND'S -EUJEKA-I OINNTME M NT' CURES ALL KINDS OF SORES ON /\A' O:R BEAST AND ALL SWELLINGS CAUSED BY Hurts, Sprains or Bruises. CORNS.-It virtually cures corns in twenty-four hours, relieving all pain and soreness, an(l effectually cures in ten days. MOSQUITO BITES.-It cures mosquito, insect and fly bites, and all kinds of bee stings in one to twelve hours, and keeps them off. CHILBLAINS.-It cures chilblains in three to five days. LAME BACK.-It cures lame back in three to ten days. BURNS.-It takes all soreness out of burns in twelve to twenty-four hours and heals very tast, SCALDS.-The same as burns. SORE 'THROAT.-It relieves all pain in one night. SWEELLED FACE.-It relieves the pain in one to twenty-four hours. CUTS AND WOUNDS.-It takes out the soreness in tour to forty-eight hours. BOILS.-It takes out pain in boils in six to twelve hours and cures in 3 to 5 days. FELONS.-Samne as boils only longer to cure them. SORE EYES cured in 5 to 10 days. Put the ointment around the eye not in the eye. FROST BIT'ES cured in five to ten days. PiLLES cured in seven to eighteen days. Use a small syringe twice a day. CIlAPPED HANDS cured in four or five days. ClHAFES and GALLS ot any kind cured in twelve to forty-eight hours. NEURALGIA cured in three to ten days. EAR ACHE cured in fifteen minutes to three hours. SCRATCHES cured in three to eight days. SPEED CRACKS.-Same as scratches. GREASED IIEEL cured in ten to eighteen days. Itch Scurvey, Ring Worms, Scrofula, Fever Sores. Poll Evil, Salt Rheum, Old Sores and Erysipelas cured in two to twelve weeks..................................... D I X3.3 C ' 0 I T S X Apply the ointment in any way most convenient and not hurt the sore or part affected. In case of sores where there is swelling, get it all over the swelling as well as the sore. It does not smart any sore. For corns, pare them every night, (not hurt them) for eight or ten nights and they will disappear...................................... TESTIMONIALS FROM THE FOLLOWING PARTIES: David Hall, Veterinary Surgeon, Ishpeming, Mich; A. E. McDonald, foreman Spurt Mountain Mine Stable, Spurr Mountain, Mich.: B. F. Reed. foreman in Michigainmme Mine Stable, Michiganmme, Mich.; Wm. Watkins, foreman in Champion Furnace Stable, Champion, Mich.; A. W. Wheat, foreman in Emma Mine Stable, Cascade, Mich.; Robert Parker, foreman in Champion Mine Stable, Champion. Mich,; Frederick Lamson, foreman in Washington Mine Stable. Humboldt, Mich.; Joseph French, foreman in Barnum Mine Stable. Ishpeming, Mich.; Clem. Gonyo, foreman in Livery Stable, Ishpeming, Mich.; R. McMillan & Co., Lumbermen, Oshkosh, Wis.; J. B. McCumber, Fond du Lac, Wis. 3L E F' 3PE L l S C d MS M Capt. John Mitchell, of Saginaw Mine, Mich.; Capt. Dunn, of Kloman Mine, Republic, Mich; Joshua Culbert, Livery, Marquette, Mich.; J. N. Lighthall, 259 W. Tyler street, Chicago, Ill. Put up in one, two and four ounce vials. Retails 25c, 50c and $1.00. L. J. CLEVELAND, Ishpleming, Mich. 152 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. JUSTICE TO THE PUBLIC -AT THE I I West, Hayden & MICHICAMME. The subfcribers beg to announce to the inhabitants of Michigamme and vicinity that they have resumed business at their old stand, and will keep on hand a large assortment of e IeraW l ereAkadi e WHICH THEY WILL SELL COIEA.P FOR CASH-. And invite all old customers and the public generally to call and examine their stock, which is complete in every department. 3&Boarding Houses supplied at Wholesale Prices. Call in and see us. All are welcome. WEST, HAYDEN & CO. The Miners' Store, Michigamme. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 153 Bastedo, Jas. Bauman, A. J. Bayden, E. S. Bayle, Jno. Beard, Henry. Beckman, Andrew. Beckman, Chas. Bellman, E. Beng, L. E. Bennie, Geo. Benson, S. Bergstrom, G. Betsberg, H. E. Blodget, E. L. Blomquest, A. Bloom, Win. Blum, Jno. P. Bodeau, A. Bonely, H. Botsford, L. Bour, Jos. Bourgo, Frank. Bournett, Oliver & Bros., grocers and liquors. Boushan, J. Breman, Jno. Bright, M. Brooks, Wm. Brown, Edgar. Brown, F. Brown, Jno. Brown, Nelson. Brown, Saml. Burdamis, E. Burdamis, Wm. Burk, Frank. Burns, David. Butler, Chas. Butler, Jas. Butler, M. Byland, Jno. Call, Jas. Campbell, Robt. Camaran, Jno. Canestrang, C. Cansgo, M. T. Careson, A. W. Carinaugh, G. Carpis, Kee M. Carg, Eph. Cary, Jno. Chapman, L. P. Christiansen, C. Christiansen, H. C. Christiansen, T. C Christoosen, A. Cleveland, L. J. Clifford, M. Coakly, I., saloon. Coakly, Morris. Cole, B. H. Coleman, Peter. Cogins, M. Conners, M. Cook, Smith. Coon, Jas. Coughlin, Jno. Coyle, J. P. Craig, Chas. 154 BEARD'IS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Crosby, J. L. Cryler, S. T. Cuckins, Jas. Cuddy, Pat. Curley, Jno., capt. Of Mine. Curtis, Win. Cuyler, J. S., D Doif, Warren, Deputy Sheriff. Daniel, J. Deal, A. Demasey, Jno. Denton, W. A. Depete, A. Derusha, Fred. Desehamp, J. Dishno, A. Ditch, Henry. Divine, Win. Dix, C. H. Dolan, Jno. Dolan, Larry. Dowe, Ed. Doyle, Jno. Dinglo, Wmn. Drake, Samli. Duff, Jno. Dugan, Pat., groceries & liquors. Duggan, Jno. Dunn Daniel. Dunn David. Dunn Jas. Dunn Jno. Duquetto, Jos. Dwyer, J. H. Ebnew, Pasehel. Eddy, Jas. saloon. Ederstrom, J. Einkoff Chris. Elk, L. P. Ellison, Swan. Elnes, 0. Eltrop, Peter. Ely, C. M. E Engstromn, Frank. Erickson, A. Erickson, E. Erickson,2 J.. Erickson, John. Ericson, Henry. Erkson, Win. Erendon, Jas. Eytenberg, Edward, gen. store. F Falck, Win. Falcorner, R. J. Farenl, S. B. Farnsberg, Peter. Farnsworth, E. M. Farnsworth, M. J. Fay, J. 0. Pay, M. BEARDtS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 155 Finnegan, John. Finnegan, Thos. Fish, A. J. Fish, E. Fisher, Wm. Fitzgerald, John. Flannery, M. Flicke, Chas. Frisk, A. P. Forrest, P. Fowle, J. C. cash. Franks, A. Furlong, R. Michi. mine. G Gabrie, O. Garberg, L. Gardner, Robert. Gardner, S. Garrett, A. Garvin, Simon. Garanson, A. Geary, R. Genberg, John. Gendron, A. Geran, Ely. Gibbs, Wm. Gibbs, Fred. Gilbertson, K. Gillen, A. Gilles, John. Gillis, Alex. Gillis, Donald. Gillis, Duncan. Hackett, Richard. Haley, M. Hall, E. D. & Co., dry groceries and drugs. Hall, John. Halversen, Louis. Ha'lverson, R. Halyon, A. Gillis, John. Gillis, Neil. Glafland, Isaac. Glass, F. Gleason, M. boarding house. Godfrey, F. A. Goe, J. W. Gokay, A. Gongo, Jas. Gongo, Lewis. Gort, Chas. Gouchie, C. Gould, John. Green, John. Greenbery, Fred. Gulby, C. Gullin, E. Gustafsen, C. H Hamlin, Jas. Hamon, Thos. goods Hanahan, Thos. boarding house. Hanston, Robt. Harrington, John. Harringt6n, T. J. Harris, G. Harvey, Samuel. 156 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. Hathaway, J. D. Haulaby, A. A. Hayden, J. J. Hays, John. Haysler, John. Henderson, Chas. Herrin, Morris. Hickley, John. Hindle, Walter. Hitchcock, E. Hoalden, N. Holland, D. Holland & Scott, hardware. Halm, John. Holmes, J. J. Hooper, John. Hooper, Thos. Hooven, A. Hopkins, Martin. Hopkins, Peter. Houglin, Chas. Houghton, Jacob, gammi Mine. Howe, Thos. Harley, D. sup't. Michi I Idell, A. G. Isaacs, Peter. Jacobson, J. Jacobson, M. Jack, Thomas, Jackson, John. Jackson, L. James, H. C. Jant, Charles. Jenkins, F. G. Jercan, Isaac. Jerenson, C. Jewell, Henry, engineer. Jewsberg, A. Johannasen, A. Johns, Wm. blacksmith. Johnson, A. Isaacson, E. J Johnson, Andrew. Johnson, A. L. boarding house. Johnson, A. W. Johnson, C. Johnson, Chas. boarding house. Johnson, E. S. Johnson, Henry. Johnson, John. Johnson, L. Johnson, Ole. Johnson, Peter. Johnson, Swan. Johnston, Joseph. Jolder, E. Jones, P. K Kelly, E. Kelly, M. Kennefick, J. Kennefick, P. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 157 Kerr, John. Kindstrand, C. King, A. King, Joseph. King, Mark. King, O. King, Lamb. Kinney, S. L Ladue, P. E. Lawson, John. Lagreen, A. T. Limburger. Joseph. Lally, James, boaring house Lincour Arcale. and saloon. Lindahl, O. P. Lamb, Henry. Lindenstreth, G. Lamb, John. Linn, John. Lambert, Charles. Lockhart, J. Lamene, Peter. Lombake, T. Lapimere, L. Longreen, John. Larne, C. Lovejoy, H. B. Lavene, Frank, board'g house. Ludwick, John. Lawson, Andrew. Lundberg, S. Lawson, C. Lynch, Frank. Lawson, E. Lynch, George. Lawson, E. G. Lynch, J. L. M Magean, Jos. Magnosen, John. Malmberg, L. Malone, John. Maloney, J. S. Maloney, D. Malvern, Norris. Malvy, Austin. Marsh, H. P. Marshall, Thos. Martin, Jos. Maxon, Geo. Mayham, E. C. Mayham, F. K. McAllister, Wm. McCrimmon, John. McCuin, Geo. McCumber, G. H. McCumber, J. R. McDonald, A. McDonald, D. McGraw, Jas. McGregor, Henry. McKennon, A. McKenzie, H. McLean, Wm. 158 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. McLean, W. H. McMahon, J. McPhee, John. McTige, Jas. Meekin, James. Melene, Peter. Merry, Jos. Mikner, Wm. Miller, A. W. Mills, D. Mitchel, A. Mitchel, J. S. Monahan, M. Monahan, P. Moore, Hugh. Morin, J. Morris, John. Morrisey, M. Morrow, Morris. Mower, H. E. Mulbar, E. Mullen, B. Munck, A. Murphy, John. Murphy, Henry. Murphy, Hugh. Murrey, John. Murrey, S. T. Murrey, W. J. Myers, A. Myers, E. Myers, J. N Neddo, Peter. Neice, Lew. Nekle, F. Nelson, Fred. Nelson, Henry. Nelson, Peter. Neunent, Max. Nilson, A. Nolen, H. 0. Nord, John. Nord, S. Norman, N. T. Nostrum, G. Numan, John. 0 Obie, D. Obirg, C. E. Okestrom, H. Olsen, A. Olsen, Andrew. Olsen, Charles. Olsen, H. Olsen, J. Olsen, Martin. Olsen, N. Olsen, Ole. Olsen, S. Ollrick, William. O'Neil, James. Osmensen, P. Oullette, H. J. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 9 15 P Parkis, W. G. Perry, S. Peters, D. Peterson, A. Peterson, Andrew. Peterson, Anton. Peterson, Ans. Peterson, C. Peterson, C. F. Peterson, E. Peterson, G. Peterson, Gust. Peterson, J. Peterson, Jas. Quilty, A. Quilty, Michael. Randell, David. Ready, E. Reed, M. Reid, B. F. Rexter, Ole. Reynolds, Jas. Richards, E. Richardson, B. W. Richster, Chas. Riley, John. Ringwood, John. Riopel, Dennis. Riopel, G. Peterson, John. Peterson, M. Peterson, Nils. Pierce, P. Pierce, Richard. Pinzie, Leon. Pippin, P. saloon and b. house. Piquette, J. Plock, Geo. saloon. Pollack, D. W. Porter Frank. Pouliat, O. Powers, John. Prout, Jas. Q Quirk, James. R Roberts, A. W. Roberts, Jos. Rock, Henry. Rock, J. W. Rogers, John. Rondguest, M. Rosengreen, T. Ross, John. Ross, P. Ross, R. Ryan, P. Ryan, Thos. 160 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. S Saleberry, Fred. Sales, John. Sandstrom, Fritz. Sanquest, A. Sanquest, J. Santhang, Samuel. Santg, Philip. Sanstorf, J. Sawyer, Chas. Sawyer & Snavely, proprietors Adams House. Scanlan, Jas. Schafer, F. Scheizer, Louis. Scully, Michael. Senthany & Neddo, jewelry, liquors and cigars. Settler, Jas. Seymour, Chas. Seymour, J. J. Shaffer, Jacob. Shea, C. Shea, John. Stepham, M. Shields, John. Sheron, John. Shoulderbach, S. E. Simner, Henry, Simon, Perval. Simons, N. Sinclair, Robt. Smith, Jas. Smith, John. Smith, Richard. Smith, Samuel. Soderberg, S. E. Southcombe, Wm. Sprutley, G. Standenmaier, J. boots & shoes. Stevens, E. P. Stevens, H. C. Justice of Peace. St. Amene, R. St. German, Peter. Stoddard, F. S. Stonlone, Eli. Stout, Ed. Strait, J. Stremberg, J. Strombach, John, saloon. Sullivan, M. T. hotel and saloon. Sullivan, T. Sullivan, Wm. Sundberg, Frank. Sutherland, J. A. Swallen, John. Swan, John. Swanson, A. M. Swanson, C. Swanson, G. Swavely, G. A. Swellin, B. Swenderson, P. Swerenson, C. Swerenson, J. Taylor, F. Tersmach, Charles. T Theber, Adnrew. Tibbitts, J. boarding house. BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 161 Tibbitts, H. L. Tillson, Stephen. Todd, William. Trelean, E. Trudo, Isaac. Ure, A. Vandervelt, J. Vanson, E. Varney, C. J. Vellum, Ole. Wade, J. E. Walden, Jos. Walden, Peter. Walker, G. W. Wallman, Jno. Walstein, A. Watson, Frank. Washaren, J. Weber, R. Webster, S. Week, Chas. Wekeland, W. Welander, P. J. Welander, P. S. Welander, W. S. Wertemberg, A. Young, P. A. Trudo, Jerry. Trudo, Joseph. Turcott, Frank. Tuttle, D. U V Verestrom, Fred. Vodden, Robert. Vogtlin, A. Vogtlin & Weber, butchers. W West, Hayden & Co., clothing, and groceries. Weterstrom, Jas. White, Chas. White, D. W. White, Jos. White, S. Wicklander, A. Wilander, A. Wilson, E. Wilson, Gust. Wilson, Peter. Wise, Chas. Word, Eugene. Wyley, Jas. Y Z Zimner, M. 162 BEARD'S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. CHERRY CREEK. Barns, Edward, teamster. Barns, Henry, carpenter. Bishop, O. D. sawyer, Fraser's mills. Bergham, Charles, farmer. Cundy, Charles, farmer. Conol, William, carpenter. Ewing, George E. farmer. Ford, William, farmer. Ford, John, sawyer, Frazer's mills. %arvey, Thomas, farmer. Garvey, Peter, farmer. Goodman, Barney, contractor. Griffin, James, foreman, Fraser mills. Howland, James, Fraser mills. Johnson, Angus, contractor and farmer. King, Allen, farmer. King, Frank, carpenter. Kipp, Daniel, farmer. Knox, William, farmer. LaPete, Jack, farmer. Lemarr, Antoine, farmer. Mahaffa, R. J., Fraser mills. Mahaffa, John, Fraser mills. Mahaffa, Andrew, Fraser mills. Mahaffa, William, teamster. McCullom, Murray, farmer, Fraser mills. McCoombs, John, teamster, Fraser mills. McLaughlin, Duncan, teamster, Fraser mills. Moore, James, Fraser mills. Preb, Fred., farmer. Preb, William, farmer. Richards, R. N., farmer. Roberts, W. B., farmer. Saunders, James, laborer, Fraser mills. BEARD S DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. 163 Suds, Addison, farmer. White, Cyrus B., farmer. White, Jerome, contractor. Zerbel, S., farmer. HARVEY. Alment, C. F. Borgham, Chas. Bradley, Alonzo. Christmas, Oliver. Ewing, Geo. A. Frazer, E. & Co. Farrell, Patrick. Ford, Wm. Harvey, C. T. president Northern Iron Company. Harvey, L. D. sup't Northern Iron Company. Johnson, A. Kunde, Carl. Kopp, Louis. Ludd, May. Preit, Wm. Preebe, Fred. Ulrich, Carl. White, J. N. HUMBOLT. Allen, J. F. & Co., druggists. Brodier, L. physician. LaBarre, N., barber. Larmsere, F., veterinary surgeon. Merryweather & Co.. general store. Merryweather & Sanford, meat market. Sherman, E. T., silversmith. St. Clair, E. G., banker. Swartz, John L., boot and shoe maker. Trotter, Miss, dressmaker. Wallis, Thomas, hotel proprietor. Washington Iron Co., general store. Washington Iron Mine. Zeiller, William, boot and shoe maker. 164 BEARDIS DIRECTORY OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. CHAMPION. Champion Mining Company. Champion Furnace Company. Doty, L. H., Postmaster. CLARKSBURG. Amerman, A. S., physician. Colwell, H. J., superintendent Michigan Iron Company. Dulong, E., general store. Ferray, John, druggist. Kaiser, John, jeweler. GREENWOOD. Michigan Iron Co., manufacture pig iron, and general store. EARLY HISTORY LAKE SUPERIOR. SKETCH OF THE EARLY EXPLORATIONS, WITH A NOTICE OF THE MISSIONARIES AND THEIR LABORS. BY C. I. WALKER. It is now more than two centuries since civilized men penetrated the vast solitudes of the region of Lake Superior. The history of the early explorations, missions, and settlements in this region is full of deep, romantic, and sometimes tragic interest. The particular site on which has sprung up the city of Marquette was not early brought into prominence. There were here no trading posts, missions, stations, or settlements, but Marquette has outstripped its elder sisters, and is now the metropolis of Lake Superior. In population, wealth, and business, and in its means of communication, it is far in advance of any other point upon the lake; and in a work devoted to this particular locality, it is eminently appropriate that there should be a reference to the early'history of the whole region of which it is now the metropolis and principal city, and a reverent tribute to the men who here first planted the cross and especially to Father Marquette from whom it derived its name. From the time when the footsteps of the white man first penetrated the forests of our commonwealth, until the power of France on our continent was terminated by the victory of Wolf on the plains of Abraham, the entire territory of Michigan was under the undisputed dominion of France. And virtually it remained a part of Canada until 1796, when, under the pro 166 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. visions of Jay's treaty, it was surrendered to the United States. From France we received our first laws, our original social polity, our early religious character. And although the wave of Anglo-Saxon immigration has, within a halt of a century, rolled in upon us a population of more than a million, it has not obliterated, and it is to be hoped it never will obliterate, the clear and distinct influence upon our social character, of the era of French dominion. We may not forget, we should ever be proud to remember, that, for the first century of its existence, the metropolis of our State, the " City of the Straits," was essentially French in all its characteristics. MISSIONS. We should never forget that the pioneers of civilization and Christianity, along the shores of the noble rivers and mighty lakes that form the boundaries of our State, were the French Jesuits. These men, with a firm step and intrepid mien, in the face of dangers, toils, sacrifices and sufferings, which no language can portray, and no imagination adequately conceive, bore aloft the torch of Christian truth, amidst the moral darkness and desolation that here reigned in terrible and savage grandeur. And, sustained by a mental and moral discipline, known to few save the followers of Loyalla, and by that unfaltering trust in God, which, thank heaven, is confined to no creed, and to no sect, they met, nay, even welcomed, torture and death with a calm joyousness that finds few parallels in thle annals of mankind. The memory of those early Jesuit Missionaries to the Indians has been embalmed in the glowing pages of Bancroft. It may not he inappropriate or uninteresting to enter somewhat more into detail in relation to their labors upon the shores of Lake Superior. Quebee was founded by Champlain in 1608. In 1615 the first priests (Recollects) arrived. They were reinforced in 1620, and in 1625 some Jesuits arrived. But these all returned to France in 1629 on the capture of Quebec by the English. But in 1633, when Champlain returned to his government he brought with him Brebeuf and another priest. EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 167 Before this perio.i (1633) but little progress had been made in the conversion of the Indians. The Hurons were the first nation that cordially opened their hearts to the reception of Christian truth. They occupied a somewhat anomalous position in relation to the two great divisions, into which the Indians, bordering on the St. Lawrence and its tributaries, were divided-the Algonquins and the Iroquois. When Jaques Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence in 1534, he found its banks inhabited by tribes of the great Algonquin race, and at Hocelaga or Montreal he found a very populous Indian town. When Champlain in 1608 first raised the banner of France on the rock of St. Louis, the Algonquins gathered around him to give him a welcome. He found them the hereditary enemies of their neighbors, the Iroquis, a race with similar habits, but with a radically different language, fewer in numbers and occupying a far less extent of territory. But these disadvantages were more than compensated by their compactness; by their admirable system of government; by their superior prowess, and by their haughty ambition. Occupying a territory but little larger than the State of New York, they arrogantly aspired to become the Romans of this western world; the arbiteis of peace and war, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, from the great lakes to the everglades of Florida. Their tomahawks carried terror and destruction into the villages of the peaceful Illinois on the broad prairies of the west, and the fiendlike yells of their war parties were echoed back by the rocks that ranged themselves along the shores of the mighty lake of the north. THE HURONS. The Hurons, or Wyandottes, were of the same lingual stock of the Iroquis, and occupied for a time a kind of neutral position between the great contestants for aboriginal dominion. They were the intellectual superiors of the Iroquis, without their love of war, or their lust of power. They had gathered in large numbers about Georgian Bay 168 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. and Lake Simcoe, where they sustained themselves by hunting, fishing, and a better system of agriculture than generally prevailed among the Indians. The year of the settlement of Quebec, Champlain joined an expedition of the Algonquins of the St. Lawrence into the country of the Iroquis, by way of the beautiful lake that bears his name. From him, in that expedition, those fierce warriors first learned the terrible power of firearms. From that moment they became the bitter enemies of the French, who had thus espoused the cause of their hereditary foes, and at frequent intervals, for a century and a half, the French colonies suffered from their vindictive and cruel wrath. The Hurons, at a very early day, became the fast friends of the French. As early as 1615, lather Carron visited them, on an embassy of peace and love. And from 1622 to 1625, the Recollects had a mission among them. On the arrival of the Jesuits, they commenced their labors among the Hurons,-labors that were to have so tragic an end. Brebeuf acquired a knowledge of their language and manners, and was adopted into their nation. By the conquest of Canada, 1629, the mission was broken up. But on the restoration of the French power, in 1633, it was renewed with increased zeal and numbers. Then villages were reached by the circuitous, laborious and dangerous route of the Ottawa river, the more direct route being through a country where the Iroquois were found upon the war path. The journey was replete with difficulties, hardships and dangers,-reaching for 300 leagues through dense forests. The rivers were full of rocks and waterfalls, and the missionaries were compelled to ply the paddle, to draw the canoe over rapids, and to carry heavy burdens over roughest portages. Food was scarce, and the Indians unfriendly. But after severe toil and intense suffering, the sacred envoys, Brebeuf and Daniel, reach the heart of the Huron wilderness, and commence their labors, soon to be followed by the gentle Lallemant, and many others. Here, for fifteen years, with calm, impassive courage, and EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 169 wearied patience, the Jesuits continued their self-denying labors, in the midst of privations, peril, suffering, insult, contumely and dangers the mriost imminent, the details of which would make a volume of thrilling interest. The arm of French power had not yet taught the savages the sacred character ol the "Black Coats," as the Jesuits were talled, to distinguish them from the Recollects, or " Grey Coats." The medicine men of the Indians, feeling that their craft was in danger, spared no opportunity to arouse against the missionaries savage hate. Misfortune, sickness auld d eath were all charged upon them, as the fruit of their prayers and ceremonies, and the baptism of a dying infant was sometimes a source of imminent danger. To avoid this they often resorted to stratagem. Father Pigart, being rudely repulsed from a cabin, whose inmates refused to have a dying infant baptised, offers to the little sufferer a piece of sugar, and unperceived, though watched, pressed from a wet cloth a drop of holy water upon its fevered brow. But ultimately the patience and loving perseverance of the Missionaries overcame all opposition, and the Huron nation received the truth. But the hour of their destruction was at hand. The terrible Iroquis came down upon them like a wolf upon the fold. In July, 1648, at early dawn, while the men were mostly absent on a hunting expedition, the populous town of Te-an-ansta-que was aroused by the fearful war cry of the Iroquois. The few defenders rally at the feeble palisades, encouraged by the Godly father Daniel. Hastily, as if the salvation of souls hung on each flying moment, he confesses, baptizes by aspersion, pronounces a general absolution, and flies to the chapel where many of his flock have gathered for safety. He does the same there, exhorts them to flee from the rear of the building, while he bodly opens the front door and faces the approaching foe, to give a moment's time to his flying flock. They recoil at the brave man's presence; but soon they rally; his body is pierced with arrows, a fatal bullet finishes the work. 170 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. He falls,-breathing the name of Jesus, and his body is cast into the fire made by his burning chapel. The following year, in March, other towns fell. The brave and noble Brebeuf and the gentle and loving Gabriel Lallemant met death by tortures, that only demons could invent or demons inflict. The whole annals of martyrdom scarcely afford a parallel, either in the ingenious cruelty of the tormentors, or in the wonderful fortitude and heroism of the victims. The Huron nation was destroyed. Many perished by the hand of the enemy; others submitted and became incorporated into their tribes. Another portion settled near Quebec, and a small fraction, consisting of 600 or 800 fled, first to the Manatoulin Islands, thence to Mackinaw, and from thence to Bay de Noquet. And when the mission at La Point was established in 1665, they gathered around the standard of the cross, erected by Father Alloney. Driven thence by the Dacotahs, they were established at Mackinaw by Marquette, in 1671. When Detroit was founded in 1701, they removed to this point. In 1751 they mostly removed to Sandusky, and subsequently, by the name of Wyandottes, took an active and conspicuous part, on the side of the British in the war of the Revolution. They have been, since their dispersion, wanderers without territory of their own, depending for a home, upon the hospitality of other nations. FIRST VISIT TO LAKE SUPERIOR. It was from the Huron mission, that the first Missionary explorers were sent forth to examine the moral desolation of our own territory. At a feast of the dead, held in Huronia, in early summer 1641, there were in attendance a delegation from the Chippewas of Sault St. Marie. The Missionaries, with that skill which was peculiar to them, soon ingratiated themselves into their favor and were cordially invited to return with them to their homes, on the confines of the "great lake," the charms of which they depicted in glowing colors. EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 171 The Missionaries, ever anxious to extend the dominion of the cross, joyfully accepted the invitation. Charles Raymbault, a father, thoroughly versed in the Algonquin language and customs, and Isaac Joques, equally familiar with the Huron, were selected. These men were the first who planted the cross within the limits of our State. On the 17th of June, 1641, they started upon their adventurous voyage. For seventeen days, they plied the paddle on the clear waters of the Northern lakes, and through the channel of the St. Mary's River gemmed by a thousand beautiful islands. They were kindly and hospitably received by the Chippewas at the Sault, who urged them to remain with them, that they might profit by their words. They told them of the "Great Lake," of the fierce Dacotahs, and of numerous other tribes, of whom the fathers had never before heard. But they were compelled to return, and after planting the cross, they left, hoping soon to be able to establish a mission at this promising point among the docile Chippewas. Raymbault died with consumption the following year, and Jaques met a martyr's death among the Iroquois. No further attempt was made to send the gospel to the great Northwest, until 1656. After the destruction of the Hurons, the Iroquois ranged in proud and haughty triumph, from Lake Erie to Lake Superior. Upper Canada was desolation, and even the route by the Ottawa river was not safe from the war parties of these bold marauders. During this year, some Ottawas made their way to the St. Lawrence. Two missionaries left to return with them, one, the celebrated and devoted Drcuilletts. They were attacked by the Iroquois. Father Garreau was mortally wounded, and Dreuillettes brutally abandoned. Another company of Ottawas and other Algonquins, appeared at Quebec in 1660, and asked for a missionary. Missions had now received a fresh impulse from the pious Levalle, the first bishop of Quebec, who came out in 1659. 172 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. FATHER MESNARD. Father Mesnard was selected as the first ambassador of the cross on the shores of "Gitchie Gumee," the "Big Sea Water." The choice was a fit one. He had been a compeer of those noble men who had enriched Huronia's soil with their blood. He had experienced every vicissitude of missionary service and suffering. He had rejoiced in baptizing many a convert on the banks of the beautiful Cayuga, and his seamed face attested the wounds he had received in the cause of truth. Th3 frosts of many winters adorned his brow, and severity of toil and suffering had somewhat broken his frame, yet his spirit was still strong, and he was ready for the sacrifice. Although not buoyed up by the enthusiasm of youth, or inexperience, he not only did not recoil from the labor, peril, suffering and death, which he felt awaited him, but he cheerfully looked forward, as the truest happiness, to a death of misery, in the service of God. Alone, in August, 1660, he leaves the haunts of civilization, and puts himself into the hands of savage strangers, who treated the aged priest with coarse brutality. From morning till night, in a cramped position, they compel him to ply the unwelcome paddle; and over sharp rocks to drag the canoe up the foaming rapids; and at portages, to carry heavy burdens. He is subjected to every form of drudgery; to every phase of insult and contempt. Want, absolute and terrible comes in to enhance the horrors of the voyage. Berries and edible moss are exhausted; and the moose skin of their dresses is made to yield its scanty and disgusting nutriment. Finally, with his breviary contemptuously cast into the water; barefooted, wounded by sharp stones, exhausted from toil, hunger, and brutal treatment; without food, or the means of procuring any, he is abandoned, upon the desolate shores of Lake Superior to die. But even savage cruelty relents. After a few days, during which time he supports life with pounded bones, his Indian companions return, and convey him to their winter rendezvous, which they reach October 15th, St. Theresa Day. From that EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 173 circumstance he called it "St. Theresa Bay," probably Keweenaw Bay. Here, amidst every discouragement and privation, with no white brethren nearer than Montreal, he began a mission and said "Mass," which he says, " repaid me with usury, for all my past hardships." For a time he was permitted a place in the dirty camp of Le Bouchet, the chief of the band, and who had so cruelly abandoned him. But this aged and feeble servant of God was soon thrust out and forced to spend the long and bitter cold winter on that inhospitable shore, in a little cabin, built of fir branches, piled upon one another, through which the winter winds whistled freely, and which answered the purpose, " not so much," says the meek missionary, " to shield me from the rigor of the storm, as to correct my imagination, and persuade me that I was sheltered." Want, famine, that frequent curse of the improvident tribes that skirt the great " Northern Lake," came, with its horrors, to make more memorable this first effort to plant the cross by the waters of Lake Superior. " 0 the long and dreary winter! O the cold and cruel winter! Ever thicker, thicker, thicker, Froze the ice on lake and river; Ever deeper, deeper, deeper, Fell the snow o'er all the landscape, Fell the covering snow, and drifted. Through the forest, round the village, Hardly, from his buried wigwam, Could the hunter force a passage; With his mittens and his snow-shoes, Vainly walked he through -the forest; Sought for bird and beast, but found none, Saw no track of deer nor rabbit, In the snow beheld no foot-print, In the ghastly, gleaming forest, Fell,-and could not rise from weakness, Perished there,-from cold and hunger. O the famine and the fever! V the wasting of the famine! 0) the blasting of the fever I 174 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. O the wailing of the children! O the anguish of the women! All the earth was sick and famished, Hungry was the air around them; Hungry was the sky above them; And the hungry stars in heaven, Like the eyes of wolves, glared at them." Yet, the good father found sources of consolation even here, and desired not to be taken down from the adorable wood. A few adults listened to his words of love, and some dying infants were baptized. Spring came and relieved the pressure of physical suffering, and hopefully did the missionary labor on. The band of partially christianized Hurons, —who, on the destruction of their nation, had sought refuge from the Iroquois in these northern fastnesses,-were now at Bay de Noquet; and they sent for Father Mesnard to come and administer to them the rites of religion. It was a call he could not resist, although warned that the toil of the journey was too great for his failing strength, and that dangers beset his path. He replied, "God calls me thither, I must go, if it costs me my life." He started; but on the 10th of August, 1661, while his only attendant was getting the canoe over a portage, he wandered into the forest, and was never seen more. Whether he took a wrong path and was lost in the wood, or whether some straggling Indian struck him down, was never known. Thus ended the life of Father Mesnard, the first christian missionary who labored within the bounds of our commonwealth. Although possessed of no striking qualities, yet, by his fervent piety, by his faithful and incessant toil; by his calm endurance, of hardship and suffering; by his noble christian courage; by his earnest faith and christian hope, he had become one of the most useful missionaries in the new world; commanding the respect of his superiors, the love of his equals, and the veneration of the Indians. As a pioneer in our own State, Michigan should cherish his memory, and seek to perpetuate a knowledge of his virtues. But EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 175 as yet, not a stream, not a bay, not a headland, bears his honored name; and on the shores of the great lake where he first raised the cross, that emblem of our faith, even his existence is hardly known. Hardships, discouragements, persecutions and death, seemed only to excite the Jesuits to renewed and more energetic effort to carry the gospel to the poor Indian. FATHER ALLOUEZ. In 1665, Claude Allouez left Quebec to commence a christian mission on the shores of Lake Superior. He may well be called the founder of northwestern missions; the real pioneer of christianity and civilization in the region bordering on the great northern and western lakes. He had not that cultivated intellect; that refined taste; that genial heart; that elevation of soul; that forgetfulness of self; that freedom from exaggeration, that distinguished father Marquette; but he was a strong character, of dauntless courage; of ceaseless and untiring energy; full of zeal; thoroughly acquainted with the Indian character, and eminently a practical man. For a full quarter of a century, he was the life and soul of the mis. sionary enterprise in Wisconsin and Illinois, and to some extent, Michigan. On his voyage to the Sault, he was subjected,-as was generally the case with the missionaries until the arm of French power was distinctly felt in those remote regions,-to the keenest insult and to the coarsest brutality from his Indian conductors. He reached the Sault early in September. He passed on beyond. For a whole month he coasted along the shores of the Great Lake, which he named de Tracy, in honor of the Marquis de Tracy, then in command of Canada as governor, and in October, at Chegonnegon, the beautiful La Point of our day, he raised the standard of the cross, and boldly preached its doctrines. The Hurons, in search of whom father Mesnard lost his life, some of the converts of father Mesnard, and many heathen bands, gathered around the solitary priest, and listened to his 176 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. words; yet they opened not their hearts readily to "the prayer." He visited remote tribes, and after seeing bow broad was the harvest, and how ripe for the sickle, he descended, in 1667, to Quebec, for more laborers. Quickly he moved; promptly he acted. In two days after his arrival, he was on his way back to his beautiful northern field, with an additional priest and a lay brother in his company. He remained at La Point until father Marquette took his place, in the fall of 1679, when he founded the mission of St. Francs Xavier at Green Bay. After father Marquette's death, he succeeded him in the Illinois mission, and afterwards founded the mission of St. Joseph, on our own beautiful river of that name. It does not fall in with our purpose to trace the interesting career of this man, and point out his abundant labors and untiring zeal as a missionary, or his valuable services as an explorer; for our own soil was but incidentally the field of his efforts. FATHER MARQUETTE. But of all the men whose names are connected with the early history of Lake Superior, there is none toward whom we turn with so warm a love and so high a veneration as to James Marquette. His cultivated mind, his refined taste, his warm and genial nature, his tender love for the souls in his charge, his calm and immovable courage in every hour of danger, his cheerful submission to the little privations and keen suffering attending the missionary life, his important discoveries, his devotion to truth, his catholic spirit, and last but not least, his earlv, calm, joyous and heroic death, all entitle him to that high place in the regard of posterity which his memory has been slowly, but surely acquiring. Marquette was born in 1637. He was of gentle blood, having descended from the most notable family in the small, but ancient and stately city of Leon, in the north of France. The family have for centuries, been eminent for a devotion EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 177 to military life, and three of its members shed their blood upon our own soil during the war of the Revolution. * Through the instructions of a pious mother, he became, at an early age, imbued with an earnest desire to devote himself to a religious life. At the age of seventeen he renounced the allurements of the world, and entered the society of Jesus. As required by the rules of the order, he spent two years in those spiritual exercises prescribed by their great founder. Then, for ten long years, he remained under the remarkable training and teaching of the order, and acquired that wonderful self-control, that quiet repose, that power of calm endurance, that unquestioning obedience to his superiors; that thirst for trial, suffering and death that marked the Jesuits in this, the golden age of their power. He took for his model in life the great Xavier, and, like him, longed to devote his days to the conversion of the heathen, and like him, to die in the midst of his labors, in a foreign land, alone. Although he had not that joyous hilarity of soul; that gay buoyancy of spirit; and that wonderful power over men, that so distinguished the Apostle to the Indies; yet, he had much of that sweetness of disposition, that genial temperament, that facile adaptation to circumstances, that depth of love, and that apostolic zeal which belonged to that wonderful man. Panting for a missionary life, Marquette, at the age of twenty-nine sailed for New France, which he reached September 20, 1666. Early in October, he was placed under the tuition of the celebrated Father Dreuillette at "Three Rivers" to learn the native language. After a year and a half of preparation, he left for the Sault St. Mary to plant the first permanent mission and settlement within the bounds of our State. There were then about 2,000 Indians at this point; the facility with which they could live by fishing, making it one of the most populous places in Indian territory. 178 7EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. They were Algonquins, mostly Chippeways, and received the teachings of the good father with great docility, and would gladly have been baptized, but the wise and cautious missionay withheld the rite until he could clearly instruct them in christian duty. In the following year, he was joined by Father Dablou, when the first Christian church on Michigan soil was erected. But he was not long to remain in this first field of his labors. In obedience to orders from his superiors, in the fall of 1669 he went to La Pointe, to take the place of Allouez, who proceeded to found a mission at Green Bay. For a whole month, through much suffering and in constant peril of his life, he coasted along the shores of Lake Superior, contending with fierce winds, ice and snow. At La Point, he found 400 or 500 Hurons, a company of Ottawas and some other tribes. The Hurons had mostly been baptized; and, he says "still preserve some Christianity." "Other tribes," to use his own language, " were proud and undeveloped" and he had so little hope of them that he (lid not baltize healthy infants, watching only for those that were sick. It was only after long months of trial that he baptized the first adult, after seeing his assiduity in prayer, his frankness in recounting his past life, and his promises for the future. Here an Illinois captive was given to him, and he immediately commenced to learn the language from this rude teacher, and as he gradually acquired a knowledge of it, his loving heart warmed towards the kind hearted and peaceful nation, and he longed to break to them the bread of life. "No one," he exclaims, " must hope to escape crosses in our missions, and the best means to live happy is not to fear them; but in the enjoyment of little crosses hope for others still greater. The Illinois desire us, like Indians, to share their miseries and suffer all that can be imagined in barbarism. They are lost sheep, to be sought through woods and thorns." Here it was, in the heart of this Northern winter, surrounded by his Indians, talking in a broken manner with his Illinois captive, that he conceived the idea of a voyage of discovery. EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 179 He hears of a great river, the Mississippi, whose course is southward. He says, this great river can hardly empty into Virginia, and we rather believe that its mouth is in California. He rejoices in the prospect of seeking for this unknown stream, with one Frenchman and this Illinois captive as his only companions, if the Indians will, according to their agreement, make him a canoe. This discovery, he says, will give us a complete knowledge of the southern and western sea. But his further labors at La Pointe and his plans of present discovery were suddenly terminated by the breaking out of war. The fierce Dacotahs, those Iroquois of the West, who inspired the feeble tribes about them with an overpowering awe, thi eatened to desolate the region of La Pointe. The Ottawas first left, and then the Hurons, who seemed destined to be wanderers upon the face of the earth without a spot they could call their own, turned their faces to the east. Their hearts fondly yearned for that delightful home, from which they had been so cruelly driven twenty years before. And we may well imagine that the devoted missionary longed to labor in that field, made sacred by the blood of Daniel, Brebeuf, Lallemant, and others. But the dreaded Iroquois were too near and too dangerous neighbors for such an experiment, and with their missionary at their head, they selected for their home the point known as St. Ignace, opposite Mackinaw. Bleak, barren and inhospitable as was this spot, it had some peculiar and compensatory advantages. It abounded with fish, and was on the great highway of a growing Indian commerce. Here, in the summer of 1671, a rude church, made of logs, and covered with bark, was erected, and about it clustered the still ruder cabins of the Hurons. Near the chapel and inclosing the cabins was erected a palisade to defend the little colony against the attacks of predatory Indians. Thus did Marquette become the founder of Mackinaw, as he had before been of Sault St. Mary. Some of the Hurons were still idolators, and the Indians were weak and wayward, but he looked upon them with parental love. 180 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. " They have," he writes, in 1672, " come regularly to prayers and have listened more readily to the instructions I gave them, consenting to what I required to prevent theirdisorders and abominations. We must have patience with untutored minds who know only the devil; who, like their ancestors, have been his slaves, and who often relapse into the sins in which they were nurtured." "God alone can fix their feeble minds and place and keep them in his grace, and touch their heart while we stammer at their ears." A large colony of Ottawas, located near the mission, although intractable, received his faithful and loving attention, thus, "stammering at their ears," and trusting that God would reach the heart, the good father, through privation, suffering and incessant toil, subjected to every caprice, insult and petty persecution, labored for two years, cheered by the privilege of occasionally baptising a dying infant, and rejoicing in a simple, mournful, loving faith in its death. Hearing of a sick infant, he says, " I went at once and baptized it, and it died the next night. Some of the other children, too, are dead, and are now in heaven. These are the consolations which God sends us, which make us esteem our life more happy as it is more wretched." Here, again, his attention was called to the discovery of the Mississippi, which he sought, that new nations might be open to the gospel of peace and good will. In a letter to his superior, after speaking of his field of labor, he says: "I am ready to leave it in the hands of another missionary, and go, on your order, to seek new nations towards the South Sea, who are still unknown to us, and teach them of our great God, whom they have hitherto unknown." His fond wishes in this regard were about to be gratified. The news ol the great river at the westward, running to the southern sea, had reached the ears of the great Colbert, and through him, of Louis XIV. himself. They did not fail to see the infinite advantage of discovering and possessing this great element of territorial power. The struggle for dominion in America between the English and the French, was then pending. If the English settlements, EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 181 then feeble and scattered along the Atlantic coast, could be hemmed in by a series of French posts, from the " Great Lakes" to the Southern Sea, France would control the continent, and ambitious schemes of Britain would be nipped in the bud. Colbert authorized the expedition, and was ably seconded by the wise energy and sagacious forecast of Count Frontenac and of Talon, Governor and Intendant of New France. Jolliet, a young, intelligent and enterprising merchant, of Quebec, and Marquette, were appointed to execute the project. In the fall of 1672, Jolliet arrived at Mackinaw with the joyful news. Marquette had, as he says, long invoked the " blessed virgin" that he might obtain of God the grace to be able to visit the nations of the Mississippi. He is enraptured at the good news that his desires are about to be gratified; that he is to expose his life for the salvation of those nations, and especially of the Illinois. They were not to leave until spring During that long dreary winter on that desolate point, he spent his leisure time in gathering from the Indians all possible information of the unknown region they were about to visit, and tracing upon the bark of the birch, maps of the courses of rivers, and writing down the names of the nations and tribes inhabiting their banks, and of the villages they should visit. On the 17th of May, 1673, in two bark canoes, manneri by five men, and stocked with a small supply of Indian corn and dried venison, the two explorers left Mackinaw. " Our joy at being chosen," says the good father, " for this expedition, roused our courage and sweetened the labor of rowing from morning till night." And merrily over the clear waters of Lake Michigan did they ply the paddle of their light canoe. " And the forest life was in it; All its mystery and magic; All the brightness of the birch tree, All the toughness of the cedar, All the beech's supple sinews, And it floated on the water Like a yellow leaf in autumn, Like a yellow water lily." 182 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. At Green Bay, the friendly Indians did all in their power to prevent the further progress of the expedition. They pictured to the courageous explorers, the fierce Dacotahs with their long black hair, their eyes of fire, and their terrible tomahawks of stone; who never spared strangers. They told of the wars then raging, and the war parties on every trail. They described the danger of navigation, of frightful rapids and sunken rocks, of fearful monsters that swallowed up men and canoes together; of a cruel demon that stops the passage and engulfs the navigator who dares to invade his dominion; of excessive heats that would infallibly cause their death. The good father told them that the salvation of souls was concerned, and that in such a cause he would gladly lay down his life; that of the dangers they described, they had no fear. On went the travelers, toilfully ascending the Fox River, dragging their canoes up the rapids, over sharp stones that lacerated their bleeding and unprotected feet. In ten days from leaving Mackinaw, they had passed the portage; had launched their canoes upon the waters of the Wisconsin and commenced its descent towards the Mississippi. For seven days they floated down its crystal waters. Vineclad islets, fertile banks, diversified with wood, prairie and hill, alive with deer and moose, delight their vision, but no human being is seen. On the 17th of June, 1673, with joy, " which," says the good father, "I cannot express," they entered the great river, and the longed-for discovery is made, and the "Father of Waters" is given to the civilized world. It is true that De Soto, in that fool-hardy and sadly unfortunate expedition, that has added a thrilling chapter to American history, had, 130 years before, discovered the lower Mississippi, but it seems never to have been revisited, and the very knowledge of it had died out. For seven days more the joyous adventurers floated down its broad bosom, following its gentle curves, before they saw a human being. EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 183 The scenery has changed. The islands are more beautiful. There is little wood, and no hill; deer, moose, bustard and wingless swans abound. As they descend, the turkey takes the place of smaller game, and the buffalo of other beasts. Although the solitude becomes alnost insupportable, and they long to see other human faces than their own, yet they move with caution. They light but little fire at night, on shore, just to prepare a meal, then move as far as possible from it, anchor their canoes in the stream and post a sentinel, to warn them of approaching danger. Finally, on the 26th of June, they discover footprints by the water side, and a well beaten trail leading off through a beautiful prairie, on the west bank. They are in the region of the wild and dreaded Dacotahs, and they conclude that a village is at hand. Coolly braving the danger, Marquette and Jolliet leave their canoes in charge of the inen; they take to the trail, and in silence for two leagues they follow its gentle windings, until they come in sight of two Indian villages. Having committed themselves to God, and implored his help, they approach so near that they hear conversation, without being discovered, and then stop and announce their presence by a loud outcry. The Indians rushed from their cabins, and seeing the unarmed travelers, they after a little, depute four old amen to approach them, which they do very slowly. Father Marquette inquires who they are, and is rejoiced to learn that they are Illinois. He can speak to them in their own language. They offer the pipe of peace, which is here first named the "calumet." They are most graciously received at the first village. An old man, perfectly naked, stands at the cabin door, with his hand raised toward the sun, and he exclaims, " How beautiful is the sun, 0 Frenchmen, when thou comest to visit us. Our town awaits thee, and thou shalt enter all our cabins in peace." There was a crowd of people who devoured them with their eyes. They had never before seen a white man. As the travelers 184 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. passed to another village, to visit the chief sachem, the people ran ahead, threw themselves upon the grass by the wayside, and awaited their coming, then again ran on before in order to get a second and third opportunity to gaze at them. After several days stay with this kind and hospitable people, our adventurers pass on down the river as far as Arkansas, when finding that they could not safely proceed further, they commenced to retrace their steps on the 17th of July, just one month after entering the Mississippi, and just two months after leaving Mackinaw. They ascend the beautiful Illinois, which is now, for the first time, navigated by civilized men. They are delighted at the fertility of the soil, with the beautiful prairies and charming forests which swarm with wild cattle, deer, bustards, swans, ducks, and parrots. They stop at an Illinois town of seventyfour cabins and Father Marquette promises to return and instruct them in the truth of religion. One of the chiefs, with his young men, escort the company to the lake at Chicago, and they return to Green Bay. Thus ended that eventful voyage that added the delightful region of the upper Msssissippi to the geography of the known world, and gave to France advantages which, had they not been prodigally thrown away, in the wicked folly of the reign of Louis XV., might have given to America a widely different history. Jolliet, with his journal and maps, passed on to Quebec, but he lost all his papers by the capsizing of his canoe, before reaching there. Marquette remained at Green Bay to recruit from a disease brought on by his exhausting toils and his many exposures. From here he forwarded a report of his journey to his superior. It was drawn up with admirable skill and a genuine modesty that became his magnanimous soul. The map accompanying the report, drawn, as it was, without surveys and without instruments, is wonderful for its accuracy of outline. Indeed, this may be said of most of the maps of that period, which were drawn up by the Jesuits, who, while they seemed mainly to have in view the conversion of the savages, yet proved themselves to EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 185 be the most valuable of discoverers, and the most careful of observers. It was not until late in October, 1674, that Marquette was so far recruited as to attempt to perform his promise to the Illinois. He then left Green Bay with two French voyageurs for his companions, but before he reached Chicago, by the slow process of coasting the shores of a stormy lake, at an inclement season, his disease, a chronic dysentery, returned upon him with its full force. The streams by which he expected to reach his mission ground were frozen, and he was too weak to go by land. Here, in this then solitude, but where now stands a city with over 300,000 inhabitants, alone with his two voyagers, in a rude cabin which afforded but slender protection from the bitter inclemencies of the season, in feeble health, living on the coarsest food, with a consciousness that he was never to recover, he passed the long winter of 1674-5. He spent much time in devotion, beginning with the exercises of St. Ignatius, saying mass daily, confessing his collipanions twice a week, and exhorting them, as his strength allowed. Though earnestly longing to commence his mission amongst his beloved Illinois, yet he was cheerfully resigned to the will of God. After a season of special prayer, that he might so far recover as to take possession of the land of the Illi:ois, in the name of Christ, his strength increased, and on the 29th of March, he left his solitary and desolate wintering, and in ten days he reached his destination. The Illinois, to the number of six hundred fires, were awaiting his arrival. They received him with unbounded joy, as an angel from heaven, come to teach them the prayer. After much private teaching from cabin to cabin, and exhortation to the principal chiefs, he gathered them in grand concourse, and there, on a lovely April day, upon a beautiful open plain, with thousands of the tawny sons and daughters of the prairie hanging upon his lips, the dying man preached Christ, and him crucified. His persuasive words were received with universal approba 186 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. tion, while his fast-failing strength warned him that his own days were numbered. He desired to reach his former mission of St. Ignatius, at Mackinaw, before his departure, that he might die with his religious brethren, and leave his bones among his beloved Hurons. He promised the Illinois that some other teacher of the prayer should take his place and continue the mission, and bade them a loving and regretful farewell. They escorted him, with great barbaric pomp to the lake, contending with one another for the honor of carrying his little baggage. For many days, accompanied only by his two voyageurs, he coasted in his frail canoe along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, his strength rapidly failing and his precious life ebbing away. He became entirely helpless, and was lifted like a child into and from the canoe. His vision also failed, but his gentleness, his cheerful joy in the prospect before him, and his calm trust in God never faltered. Daily he recited his breviary. He encouraged his desponding companions, and exhorted them to put confidence in the God of their salvation, who would not forsake them. They read to him, at his request, a meditation on death, which he had long before prepared for this eventful hour. Often did he, with hopeful voice exclaim, "I believe that my Reedemer liveth." On the evening before his death, with a face radiant with joy, he told his companions that on the morrow he should die. Calmly and sweetly, as if talking of the death of another, he gave directions as to the disposition of his body. On the following day as he approached the mouth of a river, he pointed out the place for his burial, upon an eminence on its bank. The weather was propitious, and the voyageurs passed on. But a wind arose, and they were driven back to the rivers' mouth, which they entered. He was carried on shore; a fire was kindled; a slight shelter of bark raised, and he was laid upon the sand. Here he gave his last instructions; thanked his followers for their faithful and long service; administered to them the rites EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 187 of their religion; sent by them his last kind message to his religious brethren, and bade them go and take their rest, until his final hour should come. After two or three hours, and as he was about to enter his agony, he called them, gave them a last embrace, asked for the holy water, handed one of them his crucifix from his neck, asking him to hold it before him, and with his eyes fixed sweetly upon it, pronounced his profession of faith, and thanked God that he had granted him the grace to die a missionary of the cross, in a foreign land alone. As his spirit was about to pass, one of his companions cried aloud " Jesus Marie!" Aroused by the sound, he repeated the words, and as if some glorious object appeared to him, he fixed his dying gaze beyond, and above the crucifix, and with a countenance all beaming with holy rapture, his soul departed without a struggle, as gently as if he had fallen asleep. Thus, on the 18th of May, 1675, at the age of 38, and after nine years of faithful service in the missionary field, father Marquette departed, and like his great model, the apostle to the Indies, he died upon a desolate beach, and like him, his dying hour was illuminated by a radiance from a brighter world. The little stream, upon whose banks he breathed his last, still bears his honored name. And there will ever be connected with that spot tender remembrances and hallowed associations. In 1821, father Richard, the well beloved priest at Detroit, paid to it a loving pilgrimage, and erected thereon a wooden cross, with an inscription traced in rude characters with a pen knife, in its crude simplicity a fit tribute from a fit man. But no enduring marble is required to preserve in fresh fragrance the memory of his virtues. His is one of those few, those immortal names, "that were not born to die." But his mortal remains do not repose in their original resting place. Two years after his death, the Indians belonging to his mission of St. Ignatius, returning from their winter huntinggrounds, stopped at his grave, sought his remains, and according to an Indian custom, cleaned his bones, placed them reverentially in a box of birchen bark, and then in a mournful procession, the thirty canoes moved on towards Mackinaw. 188 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 'I ---- --- Before reaching the mission, they were met by fathers Pierson and Nouvelle, and all the Indians at the Mission, who came out to pay a fond tribute to their best beloved missionary. Then the solemn De Profundis was intoned, and then, with all appropriate rites the precious remains were deposited in the church, and on the following day, in a vault beneath the church. The mission was subsequently removed to Old Mackinaw, and the rude church has long since disappeared, and the precise spot where the remains of father Marquette now lie, mingled with the dust, is not known. AT THE SAULT. When Marquette left the Sault, in 1669, the wise and evangelic Dablon, then principal of all the Ottawa missions,-as the missions of the upper lakes were named,-was in charge of the mission at that point. He was succeeded by father Drouillets, who, full of sanctity and zeal, labored there with most wonderful success, for nine years. Large numbers were baptized, and in general council, the Indians adopted the God of prayer as their God. Here, in June, 1671, took place a most impressive ceremony. In October, 1770, M. Talon, Intendant of New France, commissioned Sieur de St. Lusson, commissioner to search for copper mines, and take possession of the country through which he should pass, in the name of the King of France. M. Perrot, an interpreter well known to the Indians, and of great influence among them, in the Spring of 1671, was directed to gather together the Indian nations of these northern lakes, at the Sault, and a grand council was held on the 14th of June, at which fourteen of these nations were largely represented. St. Lusson caused a cross to be prepared Bnd erected, and near it a cedar pole to which was affixed the arms of France, and then " In the name of the most high, most mighty, and most redoubtable monarch, Louis 14th, of the christian name, King of France and Navarre," he took possession of the whole lake region, and the countries, rivers contiguous and adjacent thereto, whether discovered, or to be discovered, bounded by the Northern and Western Seas, and EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 189 by the South Sea, declaring that these regions were dependant upon his majesty, and subject to his laws and customs. There were present on this occasion fathers Dablon, Drouillets, Allouez and Andre, together with various officers, soldiers and citizens. Allouez made a famous speech in praise of the greatness of the French King. The ceremony was one calculated to deeply impress the savage mind. RESULTS OF JESUIT MISSIONS. It would be a grateful task to dwell upon the labors and character of those Jesuits who were the compeers of Marquette and Dablou. But with these men passed away the " golden age" of the Jesuits in the Northwest. They were among the best fruits of that wonderful system which for a century and a half made the order of Jesus one of the greatest powers of the world. They were placed in circumstances that developed in an extraordinary degree many of the best results of that training and discipline instituted by Loyalla, without at the same time bringing forth those bitter evils that are among their natural fruits. They exhibited great learning, a high self-control, an inflexibility of purpose, an enduring constancy, an unwearied patience in toil and hardship, a calm courage that despised danger and triumphed over the intensest suffering, a fervent zeal, and an earnestness of devotion that find few parallels in history. They did not develop, nor did the circumstances of their situation tend to develop that bitter intolerance, that hatred of civil and religious freedom, that passion for intrigue, that systematic treachery, that insatiate lust of power, and that unscrupulous and cruel abuse of power when obtained, that marked the Jesuits of Europe, and aroused against them the deep indignation of Protestant and Catholic christendom, and that led to their expulsion from the most enlightened Catholic kingdoms of Europe, and their suppression by the Pope himself. But the influences that were already operating in the courts of Europe, and undermining Jesuitical power there, began to be felt in the wilds of Canada. 190 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. Colbert, the great minister of the grand monarch, liked them not, and Frontenac cordially hated them. From 1671 to 1681, and from 1689 to his death, in 1698, he was at the head of affairs in Canada. The Recollects, whom he favored, were re-established in the new world. Jealousies and dissensions sprang up, and in a thousand ways the plans and the purposes of the Jesuits were thwarted. Special efforts were made to ruin their influence at court. It is a curious study to read the voluminous dispatches that passed between Canada and the court of France.. Louis XIV was at the very culmination of his power, and in the full exercise of that system of centralized absolutism founded by Richelieu and perfected by himself. He was as minutely informed of the transactions of an insignificant post on the watery wastes of Lake Superior, as if they were taking place on the banks of the Seine. And the minutest orders issued from his ministers, and sometimes from himself in relation to these distant places. In seeking to give to the Jesuits who distinguished themselves in the earlv annals of the Northwest, their true place Upon the pages of history, we cannot place them beside the founders of New England. They were not, in any sense, the founders of empires. They did not lay foundations broad and deep for free institutions. And even as missionaries among the Indians they seem to have exerted but little permanent influence upon Indian life and character. "As from the wing the sky no scar retains, The parted wave, no furrow from the keel;" So Indian character and destiny show us no distinct trace of the abundant and self-denying labors of these men. At least those traces are sadly disproportioned to the learning, the piety, the fervent zeal and the precious human life bestowed upon this field of labor. Doubtless, some of the causes of this result lie deep in Indian character, and the unfavorable circumstances surrounding them. But there are, as we conceive, other causes, growing out of the EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 191 fundamentally erroneous system of Jesuit Catholicism still more effective; causes that must ever prevent that system from accomplishing any great permanent good for the race. There is no element of freedom in it; unlimited, unquestioning obedience is of its very essence. To develop the human soul and intellect, it must, like the body, have freedom. But if they were not founders of empires, if they did little or nothing towards the elevation of Indian character, these men still have a proud place upon the historic page, which all should readily concede. As discoverers and explorers, they have had few superiors. Persevering, self-denying, toil-enduring, courageous-no privations disgusted, no hardships appalled, no dangers terrified. Contemptuous of threatened evil, they boldly placed themselves in the power of untutored and unfriendly savages; living with them in their dirty camps; partaking of their inconceivably filthy food; sleeping with them and their dogs; annoyed by their vermin; poisoned with their stench; submitting meekly to the contumely of the haughty, and the insults and brutality of the mean. Calmly, persistently they braved the forced toil of paddling the canoe, or over sharp stones and up foaming rapids of dragging its weight, often wading waist deep in water, or plunging through ice and snow. Piercing winds, bitter cold, dire want, and terrific danger, were among their common trials. Yet they persevered with a ceaseless assiduity and untiring energy, that no suffering could subdue. Industriously they traveled, anxiously they inquired, carefully they observed, and carefully and minutely, under every disadvantage, by the light of the glimmering camp fires, they committed the result of their travels, inquiries and observations to writing. They opened to France and the world a knowledge of the great Northwest, of the mighty lakes and noble rivers, of these beautiful prairies and extensive forests. They were not only discoverers, but they were pioneers, in the pathway of civilization. Following in their footsteps came the trader, the voyageur, EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. the soldier, and ultimately the mechanic, the farmer, the merchant and the gentleman. Delightful French hamlets sprung up by the side of the mission station, and there was reproduced in the forest recesses of the new world a new and delightful edition of rural life, amid the vales and vine-clad hills of France. But their chiefest claim to admiration lies in their personal character, thtir apostolic zeal, and their sublime and heroic virtues. Actuated by no love of glory, inspired bv no hope of self'-aggrandizement, but panting with an earnest desire to save souls for whom Christ had died, and to open 'the pathway to heaven to benighted heathen, they faced the untold horrors of the missionary life, among wild, wandering, irreverent, brutal savages; and here developed in the midst of trials the most severe, those christian graces of character to which our attention has been called, and which entitle them to a high rank among the christian heroes of the world. Success could have added nothing to the rich fragrance of their virtues. It becomes us, who now occupy the soil, enriched and made sacred by their tears, their toil, their suffering and their death, not only to revere, but to perpetuate their memories. FUR TRADE. It is probable that the French fur traders had penetrated the region of Lake Superior in advance of the missionaries. But of this we have no authentic record. But the establishment of the missions and the success of the missionaries very largely promoted the fur trade, and it became a source of very great profit and wealth. The settlement of Canada, the growth of Montreal and Quebec, and the prosperity of all the French settlements therein was very largely owing to the importance of this trade. The commerce in beaver skins alone was immense, and the profits enormous. It is said that two-thirds of the furs that entered into this trade came from the region of the upper lakes. At first this trade was carried on without restrictions, and especially by a class of persons known as Coureurs de IBois, or EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 193 rangers of the wood, many of whom were of a most disorderly character. For the purpose of regulating the trade the Governor-General of Canada, by direction of the King, granted to some twenty-five gentlemen each year, a license to engage in this trade, and all others were strictly prohibited from engaging in it upon pain of death. At first each licensee was permitted to send out two canoes, with six men and a thousand crowns in merchandise suitable for the savage trade. Ic was expected that this merchandise would purchase one hundred and sixty packs of beaver skins, worth eight thousand crowns. The profits upon the trade were divided between the licensees, the merchant who furnished the goods, and the Coureurs de Bois, who collected and bought them in. In addition to this, the merchant who took the furs usually made a large profit thereon. The immense profits of this trade aroused the cupidity of the English traders residing in New York, and they were determined to at least share in the trade of the upper lakes, and if possible, to control it. For nearly a century the English spared no efforts and no expense to secure this result. They paid higher prices for beaver skins than was paid by the French at Montreal, and they succeeded in corrupting many of the French traders, and induced them to sell their furs to them. Through their allies, the Iroquois, they endeavored to enlist the Ottawas and Chippewas in their interest, sometimes through fear, sometimes through hope of gain. It was a matter of vital interest to the French of Canada to keep the control of this trade, and especially to retain in their interest the Ottawas and Chippewas, who were among the most successful hunters. To this end they employed enterprising and active agents to go among the Indians and obtain an influence over them. One of the most useful and successful of these agents was Duluth, whose name has been perpetuated by naming a town for him. Duluth was a Captain of these Correur de Bois, of 194 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR., great energy, and complete knowledge of Indian character, and of dauntless courage. As early as 1679 he was stationed near the Sault St. Marie for the purpose of preventing the English from engaging in the fur trade of Lake Superior. He subsequently erected a temporary fort near La Pointe. For many years he held the entire confidence of Frontenac, De La Barre and De Nouville, who were successively in command in Canada. And in their dispatches to France they recognize his great influence with the Indians and the important services that he rendered in defeating the English project of securing this trade. In 1682 he was present at a conference of great officers at Montreal for the purpose of concerting measures for this purpose. In 1685 he led a force of Lake Superior Indians to Niagara against the Iroquis. In 1686, under an order from the Governor General, he established what was called the Fort of Detroit, of Lake Erie, where Fort Gratiot now stands at the foot of Lake Huron. The object of this fort was to command the passage to Mackinaw and Lake Superior, and thus prevent the English from securing the trade of those regions. In this he was so far successful that in 1687 he captured an expedition of sixty Englishmen with an Indian escort who were seeking access to the upper lakes. But the English were not discouraged. They gave eight pounds of powder or six quarts of rum for one Beaver skin while the French gave but two pounds of powder, and not to exceed one quart of brandy. In this way they held out great inducements to the Indians and to the regular French traders to bring their beaver to New York. The establishment of a permanent fort at Detroit in 1701, aided very much in securing this trade to the French, but it did not put an end to the struggle. Thus in 1747 one Le Due, a fur trader, was robbed by the Lake Superior Indians of his furs at the instigation of the English, and it is reported that a famous chief had accepted the hatchet from the English and that the Indians had collected to the number of over 100 to waylay the French. In order to check the English, the Governor General in 1750 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 195 - granted a large tract of land at the Sault for a signiory to Sieurs de Bonne and Repentigny, the object of which is set forth in an exceedingly interesting letter written by him the following year to the French Minister. "QUEBEC, CANADA, October 5th, 1751. 'My Lord: By my letter of the 24th of August last, I had the honor to let you know that in order to thwart the movements that the English do not cease to make in order to seduce the Indian nations of the North, I had sent the Sr. Cheur. de Repentigny to the Sault Ste. Marie, in order to make there an establishment at his own expenses, to build there a palisade fort, (forte depieux) to stop the Indians of the Northern posts who go to and from the English to intercept the commerce they carry on, stop and prevent the continuation of the talks ("paroles") and of the presents which the English send to those nations to corrupt them, to put them entirely in their interests, and inspire them with feelings of hate and aversion for the French. "Moreover, I had in view in that establishment, to secure a retreat to the French voyageurs, especially to those who trade in the northern part, and for that purpose to clear the lands which are proper for the production of Indian corn there (bled' Inde) and to subserve thereby the victualing necessary to the people of said post, and even to the needs of the voyagers. *- *X- * *- - * * * * "The said Sr. de Repentigny forbid the Indians of his post to go and winter at Saginaw, which is not little to say, for these nations go thence from there very easily, and in a short time to the English, who load them with presents. These Indians keep the promises which I required fromu them; they all stayed in Lake Superior, whatever were the inducements the English made to attract them to themselves. * * " He arrived too late last year at the Sault Ste. Marie to fortify himself well; however, he secured himself against insults, in a sort of fort large enough to receive the traders of Michilimackinac. " The weather was dreadful in September, October and November. Snow fell one foot deep on the 10th of October, which caused him a great delay. He employed his hired men during the whole winter in cutting 1,100 pickets, of 15 feet, for his fort, with doublings ("rendoublayes"!) and the timber necessary for the construction of three houses, one of them 30 feet long by 20 feet wide, and the two others 25 feet long, and the same width of the first. " His fort is entirely finished with the exception of a redoute of oak, which he is to have made 12 feet square, and which shall reach the same distance above the gate of the fort. As soon as this work shall be com 196 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. pleted, he will send me the plan of his establishment. His fort is 110 feet square. * * * * "As for the cultivation of the lands-the Sieur de Repentigny had a bull, two bullocks, three cows, two heifers, one horse, and a mare, from Michilimackinac. "He could not, on his arrival, make clearing of lands, for the works of his fort had occupied entirely his hired meu, (engages.) " Last spring he cleared off all the small trees and bushes within the range of the fort. "He engaged a Frenchman, who married at the Sault Ste. Marie, an Indian woman, to take a farm; they have cleared it up and sowed it, and without a frost they will gather 30 to 35 sacks of corn, (bledinde.) " The said Sr. de Repentigny so much feels it his duty to devote himself to the cultivation of these lands, that he has already entered into a bargain for two slaves, whom he will employ to take care of the corn that he will gather upon these lands. " I beg of you, my lord, to be well persuaded that I shall spare no pains to render this establishment equally useful to the service of the King, and to the recommendation of the travelers (voyageurs.) "I am, with very profound respect, &c., " LA JONQUIERE." In 1754, a succeeding Governor General writes: " The Sir Chev'r de Repentigny who commands at the Sault Ste Marie occupies himself much with the establishment of his post, which is essential to stop the Indians who come down from Lake Superior to go to Cheneguen, (Oswego) but I don't hear it said that this post is of [yields him] a great revenue." This establishment was erected for the fur trade at 2,000 francs per year from 1755 until it was accidently burned in 1762. At this time Henry gave the following description of the Sault: " Here was a stockaded fort, in which under the French Government, there was kept a small garrison, commanded by an officer, who was called the governor, but was in fact a clerk, who managed the Indian trade here, on government account. The houses were four in number, of which the first was the governor's, the second the interpreter's, and the other two which were the smallest, had been used for barracks. The only family was that of M. Cadotte, the interpreter, whose wife was a Chippewa." EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 197 The fire compelled the garrison to remove to Michilimacinac and the Sault was not again permanently occupied as a military fort until Fort Brady was established in 1822. Col. and afterwards Gen. Bradstreet in December 1764, after the conquest of Canada, in a letter to Governor Gage, at New York, recommends that the vessels be sent to Lake Superior to engage in the fur trade, and the establishment of two forts upon the banks in addition to that at the Sault, and this recommendation is repeated by Col. Croghan to Sir Wm. Johnson the following year. The fur trade continued to be of great value during the entire century and the first third of the present century. In 1765 the exclusive right to trade in furs on Lake Superior was given to Alexander Henry, an English merchant. He left Michilimacinac in August for the Sault, where he entered into partnership with Mr. Cadotte, a Frenchman who came to the Sault under Repentigny, and was the principal man of the fort, and had been in command there under the British. He went up the lake, reaching Ontonagon August 19, where he found an Indian village, and proceeded to Chagonemig, or La Pointe, where he found fifty lodges of nearly naked Indians. Here he established himself for the winter. For a winter's stock uf provision he caught 2,000 trout and whitefish, some of the former weighing fifty pounds. These were hung up by the tail in the open air, and were boiled and roasted as wanted, and eaten without bread or salt. As the result of his winter's enterprise he embarked in the spring with one hundred and fifty packs of beavers, weighing fifteen thousand pounds, and the Indians with him had one hundred packs, which he was unable to purchase. In the following winter, he with his men, were driven from the Sault by the want of food; the fish, usually so abundant, having failed. Two succeeding winters he spent on the north shore, engaged in this trade. At this time specie was so wholly out of the question that beaver skins was the measure of values. Other skins were accepted as payment, being first reduced to their value in beavers. A man in going into a drinking saloon would take a marten's skin to pay the reckoning. The goods Mr. Henry took from Michili 198 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. macinac on his first expedition filled four canoes, and were estimated to be of the value of ten thousand pounds of beaver skins. The magnitude of this fur trade can perhaps be best shown by a few figures. The North West Company, engaged in this trade, according to Mackenzie received in one year, 1798: 106,000 beaver skins, 2,100 bear skins, 1,500 fox skins, 4,000 kitt fox skins, 4,600 otter skins, 17,000 musquash skins, 32,000 marten skins, 1,800 mink skins, 6,000 lynx skins, 600 wolverine skins, 1,650 fisher skins, 100 racoon skins, 3,800 wolf skins, 700 elk skins, 750 deer skins, 1,200 dressed deer skins, 500 Buffalo robes. Of these, Lake Superior must have furnished a liberal proportion. Its furs were a source of wealth then, as its mines are now. The American Fur Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, in 1816, succeeded to the business of the Northwest Company. MINERALS. The knowledge that the region of Lake Superior was rich in minerals was almost cotemporaneous with its discovery. As early as 1659-60 the Jesuit missionaries report " that its borders are enriched with lead mines, and copper of such excellent quality, that it is already reduced in pieces as large as the fist," and ten years later father Dablon gives very full account of the various reports of the wealth of copper which existed in various places about the lake. In September, 1670, M. Talen, Intendant, appointed Sieur de St. Lusson " to search for the copper mine in the countries of the Ontarios', &c., in North America, near Lake Superior or the Fresh Sea," and also, it would seem, to discover the South Sea passage; for in February 1671, M. Colbert, the French Minister, writes: " The resolution you have taken to send Sieur de la Salle toward the South, and Sieur de St. Lusson to the North, to discover the South Sea passage, is very good; but the principal thing to which you ought to apply yourself in discoveries of this nature is to look out for the copper mine." In 1687, Denorvell, Governor of Canada, writes to the French EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 199 I — - — " Minister: " The copper, a sample of which I sent M. Arnore, is found at the head of Lake Superior. The body of the mine has not yet been discovered." He anticipates great results from its discovery, but adds, "This knowledge cannot be acquired from the Indians, who believe they would all die did they show it to us." The first attempt at mining was made after the conquest of Canada by the British. Mr. Henry, in 1765-6, found at Ontonagon an abundance of virgin copper ' in masses of various weights," and among them " a mass of (copper of the weight, according to my estimate, of no less than four tons." As the result of this discovery, in 1768, an application was made to George III. for a grant of all the copper mines in the country within sixty miles of Lake Superior. A copy of this application was transmitted to Sir Wm. Johuson for the purpose of ascertaining his opinion upon the propriety of the grant, and especially what effect it would have upon the Indians. In December of the same year Sir. Wm. Johnson reports upon this application that he is assured there is a large quantity of copper in the environs of Lake Superior, and that "it has been found extraordinary good and rich." He suggests some practical difficulties arising from the scarcity and value of white laborers, while " the Indians are indolent and cannot be relied upon." He says some Canadians formerly took away a good deal of ore and lost by it. He says there is no serious objection to the grant so far as the Indians are concerned, if great pains are taken to protect them. The grant was made, but never issued out of the seal office, and a company was formed, consisting of the Duke of Gloucester, Mr. Secretary Townsend, Mr. Baxter, consul of the Empress of Russia, Sirs Wm. Johnson, Alexander Henry, and others. Mr. Henry, Mr. Bostarch and Mr. Baxter had charge of the mining operations. They spent the winter of 1770 at the Sault and at Point Aux Pins, a few miles above; they built a barge and a sloop of fifty tons. Early in May they set sail and first visited the Island of the Yellow Sands, but found no gold as 200 EARLY HISTORY OF LAKE SUPERIOR. they had hoped. At a point on the North Shore they found veins of copper and lead. They erected an air furnace at Point Aux Pins, and the assayer found silver in the lead ore. On the South shore one of the company picked up a stone of a blue color, weighing eight pounds, which contained sixty per cent of silver, and which was carried to England and deposited in the British Musnum. They coasted westward to Ontonagon, built a house, set their miners to work, and left them for the winter. Early in the Spring of 1772 they sent up a boat with provisions, but it soon came back with all the miners, who had found that mining was impracticable without a much greater force and greater conveniences. That season and the next they experimented on the northern shore, with similar results, and in 1774 they disposed of their sloop and other property, and sent some ore to England. Thus ended this first systematic attempt at mining on Lake Superior, nor was any further effort made in that direction until 1843. When Michigan became a State, in 1837, the only settlement on Lake Superior within its bounds, was at the Sault, which contained a population of 368. The population must have largely increased from 1820. Schoolcraft thus describes the place as consisting of fifteen or twenty buildings, occupied by five or six families, French and American. NOTE.-I have drawn the material for the above sketch from many sources, and in relation to that portion which relates to the Jesuit missionaries, I desire especially to express my obligations to Mr. Shea's admirable work, "The Discoveries and Explorations of the Mississippi, and " Catholic Missions to the Indians." A SKETCH OF SOME OF THE MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. THE MINES. It is not more than twenty-five years since the first iron ore was taken from what is now known as the Jackson location, and less than half a ton of it packed upon the backs of half-breeds to the mouth of the Carp, and'from thence transported in canoes to the St. Mary's River, only to be pronounced worthless upon its arrival at Detroit. Yet in that short interval the developmnent of our mines has been so rapid that they now contribute the ores from which is made more than one-fifth of all the iron manufactured in the United States. Less than a quarter of a century ago, the district which now supplies the ore for a hnndred and fifty furnaces, and which boasts a population of not less than fifteen thousand people, was an unexplored wilderness, never penetrated save by the wild Indian and the devoted missionary. Little did our venerable citizen, P. M. Everett, Esq., imagine when, in 1845, he visited this place and carried away the first specimens from what is now the Jackson Mine No. 1, that he would live to read the report of shipments-over a Million Tons in 1870. Yet such is the grand result, long since announced, and the iron hills of the Upper Peninsula scarcely afford the evidence of a commencement having been made. More than this, the developments of the year 1870 render certain a largely increased product for 1871, and each succeeding year, should the demand require it; and yet the Lake Superior Iron District is in its infancy, and only needs to be fully developed to become the great iron center of the West-if, indeed, it has not already attained that distinction. It is our purpose to present in this little book an elaborate history of our iron mines and furnaces, embodying such facts and figures as we have been able to collect, touching their early history and snbsequent development-first indulging in a few general remarks upon the geological formation and classification of the ores. 202 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION. The iron ores of this district are generally found in hills, rising from one to five hundred feet above the level of the surrounding country. These hills (those given to exaggeration call them mountains) are simply immense deposits of iron ore, though partially or wholly covered by layers of earth and rock. It is true they are also found in the valleys, but where so found are usually covered with a deep drift, and consequently cannot be so easily mined. i That part of the Lake Superior Iron Region in which the most gratifying results have been obtained, is all included within the limits of Marquette county, west of Negaunee, within a range of six miles wide, running in a northwesterly course fron Lake Fairbanks, in Town 47 N. of Range 26 W., to Keweenaw Bay, in Town 49 N. of Range 33 W.-a distance of nearly one hundred miles. The mines now opened and being worked are all situated on the east end of the range above mentioned, the most remote being the Champion, near the east shore of Lake Michigammi. Another extensive district or range is that known as the Menominee, extending, so far as known, from the south part of Town 40, on both sides of that river up to its headwaters at Lake Michigammi. The deposits in this district are not only numerous, but said to be very rich and valuable, though, as yet, but little has been done towards their development. The iron range again crops out some thirty miles south of Bayfield, where ore of a tolerably pure quality has been found. By reference to a geological map, it will be seen that the Marquette and Menominee iron ranges cross each other upon the south side of Lake Michigammi, the one continuing to the west and northwest, and the other southward into Wisconsin. Very large deposits of magnetic ore have been found south and west of the lake in question, some of which are known to be as pure as the red oxydes of the Jackson and Superior. CLASSIFICATION OF ORES. This table names five varieties of iron ore. The most valuable, so far as developed, is the specular hematite, which is a very pure anhydrous sesqui-oxyde, giving a red powder, and yielding in the blast furnace from 60 to 70 per cent. of metallic iron, which is slightly red short. The ore appears both slaty and granular, or massive. It is often banded or interlaminated with a bright red quartz or jasper, and is then called " mixed ore." The next in order of importance is probably the soft hematite, which much resembles the brown hematite (Limonite) of Pennsylvania and Connecticut. This ore is generally found associated with the harder ores, from which many suppose it is formed by partial decomposition or disintegration. It contains MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 203 some water, chemically combined-is porous in structure-yields about 55 per cent. in the furnace, and is more easily reduced than any other ore of the district. It forms an excellent mixture with the speculars. There are, probably, several varieties of this ore which have not been well made out. That found at the Jackson, Lake Superior and New England, is associated with the specular, while the Foster bed is several miles removed from any known deposit of that ore, and has probably a different origin. The magnetic ore of the district has thus far only been found to the west of the other ores-at the Washington, Edwards and Champion Mines-at which none of the other varieties have been found except the specular, into which the magnetic sometimes passes, the powder being from black to purple, then red. It is not improbable that they may be varieties of the same ore, as they are much alike in richness, nature of iron, and geological structure. This view is much strengthened by the fact that the specular ore is often found in octahedral chrystals, which form is well known to belong exclusively to the magnetic oxyde; hence it is probable that our specular deposits were once magnetic, which by some metamorphic action have been robbed of one ninth their oxygen, which would make them, chemically, hematites. The flag ore is a slaty or schistose silicious hematite, containing rather less metalic iron, and of more difficult reduction than either of the varieties above named. It is often magnetic, and sometimes banded with a dull red or white quartz. The iron is cold short, which is one of the best qualities of this ore-the other ores of the district being red short. This ore varies much in richness, and comparatively little has been shipped. It is, however, probably, the most abundant ore in the district. A silicious iron ore, containing a variable amount of oxyde of manganese, is found at several points, accompanying the flag ore. This ore is unquestionaoly of great value as a mixture, but as it has but just been introduced, its importance cannot yet be determined. The generally received geological theory of the origin of these ores is, that they were aqueous deposits, which have been highly metamorphosed. The masses are lens-shaped, varying much in thickness, on which the value of the mass chiefly depends. These masses are interstratified with a soft green slate, which always accompanies the specular and magnetic ores. Overlying these beds is usually found a quartz rock, which is probably one of the most recent of the district. Below the specular is a green stone, often slaty, and beneath this is one or more horizons of the flag ore, separated by chrystalline schists. Next older than the flag ores is another quartzite, which seems to be sometimes replaced by a silicious marble. Yet older are the granite rocks, which are supposed to belong to the Laurentian 204 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. system of Canada-the schists above named including the ores belonging to the Huronide system. These rocks are much bent and folded, several axes, running nearly east and west, being plainly discernible. FIRST DISCOVERY. Prof. Chas. T. Jackson, United States Geologist, in his Report to the Secretary of the Interior, made in 1849, says that during his first visit to Lake Superior, in the summer of 1844, he obtained from Mr. P. B. Barbeau, then a trader at Sault Ste. Marie, a fine specimen of specular iron ore, which he (Mr. B.) had received from an Indian chief. He also learned at the same time that this chief knew of a mountain mass of ore, somewhere between the head of Keweenaw bay and the head waters of the Menominee river. The next summer he informed Mr. Lyman Pray, of Charlestown, Mass., what he had heard, and suggested to him the propriety of looking up the mountain in question. Mr. Pray immediately proceeded to the Sault, where he employed the son of the Ojibway chief as a guide, and went with him to L'Anse; from thence, guided by the Indian. he traversed the then unbroken forest, and found the mountain. On his return he informed Prof: Jackson that he had traveled four miles around the mountain, and found only the same kind of ore, and no rocks. To Mr. Pray Prof. Jackson ascribes credit of the first practical discovery of iron ore on the Upper Peninsula, deeming it probable that no white man had ever before explored this locality. If such were really the case, it would appear a little singular that Mr. Pray did not take measures to secure the reward due to such a discovery, and that his name has never since been heard of in connection with the development of our mineral resources. It is mlore than probable, however, that Mr. Pray's discovery was not within the limits of the iron district to which developments have thus far been confined, since we find that in the same year Mr. Joseph Stacy, of Maine, explored that portion of the iron range between the mouth of Dead river and Lake Michigan, and found, as he says, an inexhaustible amount of compact and specular iron ore. The exact localities which he visited are not definitely known, but it is more than probable that the Jackson location was one of them, since Prof. Jackson, in the same connection, speaks of having afterwards obtained specimens of ore " from near the forge called the Jackson furnace." ANOTHER AND MORE RELIABLE STATLMENT. On the other hand, Mr. Barbeau, who is the father-in-law of J. P. Pendill, Esq., of Negaunee, informs us that the existence of iron ore all over the Upper Peninsula-not only in that portion of the district since developed, but in the Huron Mountains -was known to the white traders as early as 1830. Mr. Barbeau MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 205 is an old Indian trader-being at an early day in the employ of the American Fur Company-and perhaps no man on the Upper Peninsula is more familiar with its early history. He knows every acre of it, having traversed its forests, and crossed its hills and mountains long years before its immense mineral wealth was known, or even dreamed of, except by hardy adventurers like himself. He informs us that he himself knew ot the existence of iron ore at Negaunee in 1830, in which same year was discovered the great mass of native copper in the Ontonagon Rapids, which was afterwards removed to Detroit by a gentleman named Eldred. This mass of copper weighed over 3,000 pounds, and after reaching Detroit was seized by the United States government, and removed to Washington, where it still remains. The Indians knew of the existence of iron in this district for many years previous to its discovery by the whites, but were, of course, ignorant of' its uses, or, at least of the means by which it could be made available. They knew also of the existence of lead, in large quantities, and Mr. Barbeau informs us that in 1830 he met Indians who had collected lead sufficiently pure to be used for rifle balls, and that they did so use it. Lut they could never be persuaded to tell were they found it, and to this day refuse to give any information whatever concerning it. They appear to entertain a superstitious fear that some dreadful calamity will befall them should they discover their secret to the white man. But to retnrn to the discovery of iron. Mr. Barbeau says that in 1845, Achille Cadotte, a French and Indian half breed, was informed by an old Indian chief, then living at the mouth of the Carp river, near the site of the present village of Marquette, that he knew where there was a mountain of iron, and went with the chief to see it. The name of the chief was "Manje-ki-jik" (Moving Day), and his brother, " Man-gon-see" (Small Loon), is still living. Cadotte then communicated his discovery to Mr. John Western, who went with him to the mountain, and under his direction nearly a ton of ore was packed from what is now known as the Jackson location, to the mouth of the Carp, thence in canoes to Sault Ste. Marie, and thence to Detroit. It is more than piobable, however, that it was P. M. Everett, Esq., of this place, to whom Mr. Barbeau refers, since it appears that John Western did not visit this region in 1845, and Mr. Everett did. In June, 1845, the Jackson Company was organized with a view to operations in the copper district, and Mr. P. M. Everett, one of the original incorporators, came to Lake Superior the same summer, and located what is now the Jackson Mine, under a permit from the Secretary of War. While at Sault Ste. Marie, Louis Nolan, a half-breed, told Everett of the existence of iron on Lake Superior, and volunteered to show him where it was. 206 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. Nolan came to the mouth of the Carp with Mr. Everett and his party, and they all went as far as Teal Lake in search of the iron, but failed to find it; they then returned and proceeded on their way to Copper Harbor. Afterwards Mr. Everett fell in with the Indian chief Manje-ki-jik, who returned with them to the mouth of the Carp, and piloted the party to the Jackson mountain, and also to what is now the Cleveland Mine. Mr. Everett, as agent for the Jackson Company, was provided with a number of permits from the Secretary of War for the location of suc'h lands as he might select for the company. These permits were intended to cover one square mile each, to be described by such permanent boundaries as would admit of their being entered upon a map, kept for that purpose in the land office at Copper Harbor. At the time of' Mr. Everett's first visit the whole country for twenty-five miles west of Presque Isle, had been covered with these permits. The first one located was surveyed from a designated point near Presque Isle, and being entered upon the map, formed the eastern boundary for the next permit, which in its turn served a similar purpose for another, and so on for a distance of twenty-five miles. The "square mile" on which the Jackson is situated had been located under one of these permits by a man named Hamilton, who was entirely ignorant of the immense wealth it contained. Everett and his party, in locating upon the same section, were unable to describe the land accurately, and made Teal Lake (not then laid down on the map) its northern boundary. The mineral land agent, not knowing the exact locality of Teal Lake, entered the permit so that it appeared on the map about twelve miles southeast of its actual location. At this time the copper fever was at its height, and Dr. Houghton having reported strong indications of gold on what is now known as the Silver Lead Range, many of the permits issued by the Secretary of War were located as stated above. These permits were entered in pencil marks upon the map at the Mineral Office, so that they could be lifted and transferred at the option of the owner. When Mr. Everett announced his discovery, and exhibited specimens of the iron ore found at the Jackson Mountain, the owners of these locations began to examine their lands, and failing to find ore lifted their permits and located them elsewhere. The lifting of one permit destroyed the boundaries of all the others, and they were abandoned one after another, necessarily. As soon as Hamilton abandoned his (in fact it is doubtful if he was able to find it a second time,) the Jackson Company managed to find the township lines, and entered the land from which they have since realized such immense products of iron ore. On his first visit Mr. Everett packed some of the ore down to the mouth of the Carp, and carried it with him to Detroit and Jackson, as specimens. Some of this ore was sent to Pittsburg to be tested, but the Pittsburg iron masters pronounced it worth MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. -207 less. Another small quantity was sent to an old forge at Coldwater, where was made the first iron from Lake Superior ore. This was only a small bar, one end of which Mr. Everett had made into a knife-blade, the better to exhibit the sterling qualities of the metal. That Mr. Everett was really the pioneer in the discovery and development of the Lake Superior Iron Mines, can not be successfully disputed. It is true others may have visited the Jackson mountain about the same time, but we have no evidence that any of them discovered or knew of the existence of its hidden treasures. Certain it is, that if Mr. Pray visited the Jackson mountain at the time referred to by Prof. Jackson, he could not have been in advance of Mr. Everett, otherwise he would have taken some measures to secure the reward due to such a discovery. In this connection we are permitted to copy the following extract from a letter written by Mr. Everett to Capt. G. D. Johnson, of the Superior mine, soon after his first visit to Lake Superior: JACKSON, Mich., Nov. 10, 1845. DEAR SIR:-Since I have returned from Lake Superior, Charles tells me that he promi-ed to let you know all about my excursion, and wishes me to perform the task for him. In compliance with his requcst, 1 will therefore try and give you a brief description of my trip. I left here on the 23d of July last, and was gone till the 24th of October. I had some idea of going to Lake Superior last winter, but did not think seriously of going until a short time before I left. I had considerable difficulty in getting any one to join me in the enterprise; I at last succeeded in forming a company of thirteen. I was appointed treasurer and agent, to explore and make locations, for which last purpose we had secured seven permits from the Secretary of War. I took four men with me from Jackson, and hired a guide at the Sault, where I bought a boat, and coasted up the lake to Copper Harbor, which is over 300 miles from the Sault Ste Marie. There are no white men on Lake Superior except those who go there for mining purposes. We incurred many dangers and hardships. * * We made several locations-one of which we called Iron at the time. It is a mountain of solid iron ore, 150 feet high. The ore looks as bright as a btir of iron just broken. Since coming home we have had some of it smelted, and find that it produces iron and something resembling goldsome say it is gold and copper. Our location is one mile square, and we shall send a company of men up in the spring to begin operations. Our company is called the Jackson Mining Company. * * * * * * * * Yours, etc., P. M. EVERETT. We copy the above extract from the original letter, which also contains a copy of one of the original shares of the Company. EXTENT OF THE IRON REGION. It must not be inferred from the statement of the number of mines actually opened and now being worked, that they constitute the extent of our iron deposits. The mountain to which 208 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. " Man-je-ki-jik" conducted Mr. Everett, and from which all the Jackson shipments have been taken, is within the corporate limits of the village of Negaunee, only a dozen miles from the lake shore. Since Everett first brought it to the notice of the original incorporators of the Jackson Company, by whom it is still owned, developments have gradually extended westward, until we have had to record the newest and most promising openings at and around Lake Michigammi, about twenty miles west of Negaunee. And still the iron interest of the Upper Peninsula is in its infancy-for though the shipments embrace in the aggregate several million tons, scarcely a perceptible mark has been made on the vast and inexhaustible deposits which are known to exist, many of them still untouched, and far removed from the scene of active mining operations. On all sides of Lake Michigammi-north, south and west-and on the Menominee, southward, immense deposits have been discovered, compared to which the famous " Iron Mountain " of Missouri sinks into insignificance. Nor is iron the only mineral which is known to exist in that portion of the Upper Peninsula known as the Iron Region. Copper, silver and lead have been discovered, and we believe that developments yet to be made will shortly prove that they exist in paving quantities. On the Menorinee has been discovered an immense marble quarry, and in other localities slate suitable for roofing purposes. In many portions the soil is well adapted to agriculture, and experiment has demonstrated the fact that wheat, oats, barley, and even fruits, can be grown to perfection. With its immense mineral resources, its boundless forests of pine and hard wood, a fertile soil and healthful climate, it certainly possesses all the natural advantages requisite to the growth of a great and powerful State. But our limits will not permit us to take anything more than a superficial view of its resources, outside the iron interest. THE FIRST OPENING In the Iron District was made by the Jackson Company in the fall of 1846, in the summer of which year they commenced the erection of a forge on the Carp, about three miles east of Negaunee. The forge was put in operation in the spring of 1847, and the first ore mined at the Jackson was there manufactured into blooms. The forge, however, only ran a day or two after being started, the dam being taken out by a freshet. It was not started again until fall, when it was worked quite successfully. It had two fires, and made four blooms, each about four feet long and eight inches thick, per day. Here was made the first iron of any importance from Lake Superior ore. The first blooms were sold to E. B. Ward, and from them was made the walking beam of the steamboat " Ocean." This forge was kept in operation till 1854, when it was entirely abandoned. Anoth MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 209 er forge was built at Marquette, just south of the shore end of the Cleveland dock, by a Worcester (Mass.) company, in 1849, under the direction and superintendence of A. R. Harlow, Esq. It was destroyed by fire the following winter, and never rebuilt. Two other forges were subsequently built at Forestville and Collinsville. Though all these forges, while in operation, were supplied with ore from the Jackson Mine, not much progress was made in mining until after the completion of the company's docks at Marquette, which were begun in 1854, and finished the next year. In 1853, three or four tons were shipped to the World's Fair, at New York, but regular shipments did not commence till the spring of 1856. When the first opening was made in the iron deposit on the Jackson location, there were, perhaps, not to exceed 50 white inhabitants within the present limits of Marquette county. There was then nothing but an Indian trail from the "Mouth of the Carp" to the " Iron mountain." Upon the erection of the Jackson forge a wagon road was constructed from thence to the mine, and when, a few years afterward, it was concluded that our iron deposits would pay for working, the road was completed from the lake to the mountain. Then a plank road was projected, commenced in 1853 or 1854, and completed in 1856. It was subsequently converted into a tram railway, on which mules were used as locomotives, and answered the purpose fbr which it was designed until, in 1857, what is now the MARQUETTE & ONTONAGON RAILROAD Was completed and put into operation between Marquette and the Lake Superior Mine. This enterprise was originally commenced in 1853, by the late Heman B. Ely and his associates, who, in 1855, became the incorporators of the Iron Mountain Railroad of Michigan, which name it retained until opened to the Lake Superior Mine, 1856, when it was consolidated with the Bay de Noquet & Marquette Railroad Company. This consolidation was perfected in 1858. While upon this subject we may as well give a brief sketch of our Lake Superior RAILROADS, Since they are so intimately connected with, and inseparable from the successful working of the mines. In the year 1857 a negotiation was completed between the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroa;: Company, through the Hon. Win. B. Ogden, its President, and the railroad and plank road proprietors, by which that company became the owners of both roads (the Iron Mountain Railroad and the plank road), and of the charter of the Marquette & Wisconsin State Line Railroad, to which the grant of public lands had been 210 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. made by Congress. In virtue of these transfers it was expected that a railroad line would be immediately built from Fond du Lac to a point on the Menominee River, in township 41 north, range 30 west, from whence it was to diverge in two branches-one to Marquette, and the other to Ontonagon. But the panic and financial crisis of that year prevented the negotiations of the proposed loans in Europe upon the basis of the land grants; the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Company retained, however, the the Marquette & State Line R. R. charter. In the course of time Chicago & Northwestern Railway Company succeeded to the property and effects of its predecessor, including the M.arquette &State Line land grant. It seemed impracticable then to build a line of railroad on the route first surveyed in 1857, and accordingly the Chicago & Northwestern Company obtained from Congress the privilege of a change in the line of the Marquette & State Line road to the Green Bay shore and the present line of the Peninsula division. This line was so nearly identical witn that of the Bay de Noquet and Marquette grant, that the latter company determined not to continue the line to Bay de Noquet. The land grants, as to their interfering provisions, were adjusted by mutual consent between the Chicago & Northwestern and the Bay de Noquet Companies, and the latter company became merged in interest with the Marquette & Ontonagon Railroad. It will thus be seen that Mr. Ogden, at a very early day, appreciated the importance of extending a line of railway from Chicago to the iron and copper regions of Lake Superior, andl it is principally to his influence and exertions that we are indebted for the building of the PENINSULA RAILROAD, From Escanaba to the iron mines. Prof. Jackson, in the report referred to in the beginning of this paper, pointed out the route of the Peninsula road as the proper and most feasible outlet for the iron product, and though it is not our purpose to compare the merits of the respective routes, we apprehend that he did not then anticipate that his suggestion would so soon be acted upon. The preliminary survey of the Peninsula Railroad line was made in 1865, it being then the intention of the company to run their road from the head of Little Bay de Noquet to Chocolay, four miles below Marquette. The next spring, however, the present line was selected, and work commenced on the 4th of July In a little less than eighteen months the track was laid into Negaunee, and in less than two years after ground was broken at Esca)aba, the cars were carrying ore and passengers over the line. The main line is 621 miles in length, with about ten miles of track branching off from Negaunee to the mines. The business of the road has more than answered the expectations of the company. Recently their rails have been laid to the Bar MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 211 num, Lake Angeline and New England mines, which are expected in future to make nearly, if not quite, all their shipments over the Peninsula line. The Peninsula road now has connections with the Jackson, New York, Cleveland, Barnum, Lake Angeline, Iron Mountain, New England, McComber, Grand Central and Houghton Mines. The M. & O. R. R. has exclusive connections with the Lake Superior, Edwards, Washington, Champion, Parsons and Winthrop mines, and divides with the Peninsula road the business of the Cleveland, Lake Angeline, Jackson, New England, McComber, Grand Central and Houghton. THE FIRST OPENING At the Jackson mine, and, indeed, the first in the district, was made in the fall of 1846 Very little progress was made, however, until after the building of the company's docks at Marquette-which were commenced in 1854, and finished the next year-and the subsequent opening of the St. Mary's canal. The Jackson Comnpany's mines are situated within the corporate village of Negaunee, on section 1, of town 47, range 27, the whole of the section belonging to the company, and comprising the original entry made by Mr. Everett in 1845. The mines consist of nine cuts or openings, on as many different deposits of ore, though it is believed that some of them are continuous. The ore is a hematite, including both the hard and soft varieties -classified into specular, granular, slate and hematite-the latter referring solely to the soft ores. The beds are very irregular in their formation, but, generally, have a very perceptible dip to the north. CLEVELAND MINE, From which the first shipments were made in 1855. The first opening was made in the spring or summer of 1854, the property having been previously explored by Messrs. John Outhwaite, Dr. Hewett, S. L. Mather, and W. J. Gordon, who were among the original incorporators of the company. The product of the year preceding the first shipments (about 3,000 tons) was made into blooms at the different forges, of which mention has already been made. The Jackson had commenced work the year previous, but did not make any shipments till 1856, so that the Cleveland is really the pioneer company of the district, so far as shipments are concerned. In 1856 the Jackson shipped about 5,000 tons; the same year the Cleveland shipped 6,343 tons, against 1,447 tons the year previous. In 1853 the Jackson and Cleveland Companies joined in the construction of a plank road from the settlement then known as Carp River, (now Marquette), to their mines, completing it in 1856, in which same year it was converted into a tram or wooden railway. It answered the purpose for which it was designed until the summer of 1857, when what is now the M. & 0. Rail 212 MINLS AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. way was completed and put into operation as far as the Superior mine. Up to this time the shipments from the Cleveland had been less than ten thousand tons, but the completion of the railway had the effect to increase shipments very materially, the product for 1857 being over 13,000 tons. For some reason shipments fell off the succeding year, and rallied again the year after, reaching 40,000 tons in 1860. THE CLEVELAND DOCKS At Marquette, which now have (1872) twenty-nine vessel, and six steamboat pockets, with an aggregate capacity of 2,200 tons, are to be extended, if' weather and circumstances will permit through the winter, 350 feet, which will afford space for 54 additional pockets, or an additional aggregate capacity af 2,700 tons, making in all a pocket capacity of about 5,000 tons, and room to load six vessels at once. They will also construct, on the shore east of their docks, a bulk-head with 600 feet water front and 400 feet in width. Their bulk-head, or in-shore dock, on the west side of the ore-docks is 210 feet front by 300 feet deep. So it will be seen that they propose to have double their present dock room for the accommodation of business next season. The stockholders of the Company have also organized a barge company, which is now having built, four steam barges, with consorts, for the transportation of ore, in order to relieve the company of the dictation and oppression of vessel owners when transportation is brisk and vessels scarce. The officers of the company remain as before, with J. C. Morse as the efficient agent and local manager, and F. P. Mills, mining Superintendent. We append a statement of the total product of the mine since the commencement: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1854 _ ----. - 3,000 1865 __ —_ _ 33,957 1855 _. _ _-. 1,449 1866-_____ __ __ 42,125 1856_ ---- 6,343 1867-__ _-__ 75,864 1857.- --- - 13,204 1868 __ _._______102,213 1858 ---- --—..-__ 7,909 1869- _ __ ___-111,897 1859 ---- ___ 15,787 1870 ___ --- _ —132,984 1860 --- — 40,091 1871 — ____158,047 1861-_-.__. —_ —_ 11,795 1872 ____. ----_ 151,585 1862- -.__ — 37,009 1863 — ---- 46,842 Total._ —__. -___ 1.032,698 1864_ ----__ --- 45,927 NOTE.-The improvements here mentioned, have been mostly completed since the above was written.-Compiler of Directory. MINES AN I FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 213 The following are the officers of the company: President-SAMUEL L. MATHER. Vice President-JOHN OUTHWAITE. Secretary-FREDERICK A. MORSE. Treasurer-S. L. MATHER. Agent-JAY C. MORSE. Mining Supt.-F. P. MILLS. THE MARQUETTE MINE, Is contiguous to the Cleveland, and is owned by the stockholders of the latter company, though under a separate organization. The following is a list of its officers: President-JOHN OUTHWAITE. Secretary and Treasurer-SAMUEL L. MATHER. Agent-JAY C. MORSE. Superintendent-F. P. MILLS. The first shipments were made in 1864, though it appears that work was commenced much earlier. We append a statement of the product of the mine from 1864 to 187Q: Years. Tons. Years. Tons. 1864 ------.. --- —,922 1870 ----. --- — -- 3,702 1865 _ --- —-----.. ----.6,652 1871 --- - -—. — 12,000 1866 _ — -— _ --- -7,907 1872 — -- — 11,924 1867 ---. --- ---- -7,862 1868 ___ --- - -- 7,977 65,745 1869 — - __ __2,798 THE LAKE SUPERIOR MINE Was opened in the fall of 1857, the first shipments being made the'following year. The first work was done under the supervision of Capt. Gilbert D. Johnson, who has ever since remained in charge of the location. The company owns a large estate on the " range," and has mines opened on sections 9, 10, 16 and 21, town 47, range 27. The principal mine, or what is known as the Lake Superior Mine Proper, is on sections 9 and 10, the ore being of the varieties known as slate, granular, specular and soft hematite. The deposit on section 21 is a soft hematite, continuous with the New England vein or bed, and believed to be quite extensive. But little has yet been done, hower, except to prepare the mine for future operations, though it is more than probable that the deposit will be extensively worked the coming season. The machinery for hoisting and pumping is all in place, and we expect to see this new opening contributing largely to the product of the mines the present year, (1870.) The opening on section 16 is contiguous to the old Parsons Mine, which was opened in 1864, and abandoned in 1866, after, 5,299 tons of ore had been raised. Subsequently the property was sold to the Lake Superior' Iron Company, who are still its owners. The present owners have not, as yet, engaged in any 214 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. mining operations on the Parsons tract, but are now working an opening on the adjacent section (16), which is often confounded with the Parsons. Most, if not all, of the work on sections 16 and 21 has been done under the supervision of Capt. George Berringer, a most industrious and capable miner. During the past two years the track of the M. & O. Railroad has been extended to the mine on section 21, and also to the New England, thus affording shipping facilities not before enjoyed by either. The great center of attraction at the Lake Superior, however, is at the original location, on sections 9 and 10. ' It is to these mines or openings that operations are principally confined, and from them has been taken the great bulk of the ore mined and shipped during the past ten years. THE HEMATITE MINE. The hematite mine of this company, adjoining the specular mine at Ishpeming, is, without doubt, the most remarkable, in point of the extent of deposit and quality of the ore, in the entire district. The open level, 90 feet deep, heretofore worked, has shown a richness, as depth was obtained, which was not expected. This hematite opening is 400 feet long, in nearly an cast and west direction, with an open level nearly 90 feet deep. This level is worked down close to the walls on both sides, at an average width of 60 feet, but each end shows a continuation of the vein to an undetermined distance. On the west end there is an immense quantity of ore mixed with rock, on the 90-foot face, which at this point is more than 80 feet wide; and at the east the work has been contracted to a much narrower space Two incline skip roads, located about the center of the north side of the opening, on the north wall, are now used to elevate the ore from this mine, or a portion of the ore which is worked out of the open level. But a perpendicular shaft has been put down, through the north wall of the mine, to the depth of 130 feet-40 feet below the open level. Drifts had been made a few feet below the 90-foot level, and some ore was taken out by means of them, but not long since these drifts fell in by not having been sufficiently well supported by timbers, and it is now intended to work from the deeper, or 130-foot level. It is on this level where the most wonderful and promising features of the mine are shown. A drift has been made from the bottom of a 130-foot shaft, east and west, to a distance of 400 feet, through ore, and on the west division of the drift, two cross-cuts, 50 and 60 feet respectively, have been made into the ore, in a northerly direction. Winzes are also down, in ore, on the main drift, to a considerable distance from the points where these cross-cuts are started, showing a body of hematite 40 feet MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 215 deep by 60 feet wide, and of unexplored length-possibly as long as the main drift on the lower level-400 feet-but most likely much longer. Suffice it, that this deposit of hematite astonishes the best miners, in its magnitude. It is intended to sink the perpendicular shaft low enough to make drift connections with the winzes which have been sunk below the lowest, or 130-foot level, now ready for the stopers. It will be readily understood, especially by miners, how much ore can be taken out of the line of 510 feet of drift which has been made in this mine, on the 130-foot level, and how much more can be taken out after the hoisting shaft has been carried deeper and drifts have been made to connect the winzes already down. The only question with stopers would be, as to the quality of timber, and the care exercised in putting it up to protect them, while taking out the ore, for as there is no rock, and the deposit is composed chiefly of the soft dark and red hematite, the labor of mining will be almost as easy as the labor of digging into a soap bank. We would not undertake to call this the finest hematite mine in the world, but it is certainly the finest one we have ever seen located under ground, and more extensive than any which has come under our notice, among those which are located near the surface, or on the side of a bluff, as they usually are. The " Hard Ore Mine," " Section 16 Mine," the " Parson Mine," " Section 21 Mine," and the " Prolific Mine," all belong to the Lake Superior Co., and show not only a large variety of ores, but all of them of the best and purest qualities. The following is a statement of the product of this company up to the close of 1872: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1858 --- 4,685 1867 ---- 119,935 1859 -- - 24,668 1868-.. 10,745 1860- --- 33,015 1869 — - 131,343 1861 - ----- 25,195 1870 --- - 166,582 1862 --- 37,709 1871 — -- --- 158,047 1863 --- -- - 78,976 1872 ---- 185,070 1864 -- -— _ -_ 86 773 1865 — --- - 50,2(1 Grand total, 1,275,919 1866- ---- -- 68,002 THE NEW YORK MINE. This mine is located, as is well known, on the north and adjoining the Cleveland. The geology of this mine seems peculiar to itself. Two parallel veins of ore have been worked for some eight years past. The south vein yields a very hard specular ore, which runs at times into a steel ore, the granulation of which is almost as fine and compact as hammered steel. Upon taking a piece of this ore from the dump, and breaking it over the edge 216 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. of an iron-bound wagon box, we found a fractured face which presented a peculiarly tough and elastic appearance, with a fibrin so close that had it been presented, with finished exterior, as a sample of steel, we would have been puzzled to determine whether it was genuine or not, without the use of a glass or the appliance of a tool. This specular opening is now worked out for a distance of 500 feet, by 40 feet in width, the eastern end still yielding a good quality of hard ore, and the western end, which is being stoped on two or three levels, yielding the first quality of steel ore we have mentioned. On the south side of the eastern end of the opening, breast mining is being done under the hanging wall, following the dip of the vein, and there seems to be no reason why a shaft or cross-cut into a lower level would not guarantee a good face of ore on the same area which has been worked over. A wall of rock some twenty-five feet wide, forming the footwall of the specular vein, intervenes between that and a parallel lode of slate and hematite. This wall is used as a working level for the derricks, pumps, dumps, skip roads, steam power, &c., in use in both veins. The north vein, of hematite and slate, dips to the north:and east, leaving a " horse back," the wall mentioned, between them. It has been worked out to nearly the same extent that the specular vein has been worked. The hanging wall of soap stone and slate rock, on the north side is being taken off, to expose, so far as possible, the lead of ore. This is quite an expensive operation, as the covering is quite thick, but it cannot be avoided because the formation is not sufficiently firm to remain as a roof. Some distance east of where the vein dips toward the east, a shaft has been sunk to tap the ore, and if possible get a good working face upon which to go back over the area worked down to the present level. This shaft is forty feet deep, but has not yet struck the ore. Drifting back under the old level, from this shalt, will probably next be done, to determine the prospects of the plan in hand. Neither of these mines are seriously troubled with water, and the machinery and fixtures for working them are very complete. A little distance north of these openings, and running nearly parallel with them, another vein of slate and hematite is being worked. It seems to extend a distance of nearly one thousand feet, and is from ten to twenty feet wide. This is on the north side of, and running parallel with, the Chicago and Northwestern railroad. Its depth we did not ascertain, as it was filled with water at the time of our visit, and workmen were engaged preparing for the erection of an engine and pump, to enable the miners to renew their operations. The following is the statement of the New York product for the nine years since the commencement of mining operations: MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 217 Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1864 ------ __ 8,000 1870- -- ---— 94,809 1S65-__ __12,214 1871 — -------— 76.381 1866 --- 3,761 1872__ -- _ --- — 8,950 1867- _ _- _ _ 43,302 1868 -- - - 45,665 Total --- —-. ---450,775 1869_ —__ — -__. 67,698 W. L. Wetmore, of Marquette, still has charge of the business interests of the mine. THE WASHINGTON IRON COMPANY Own an estate of 1,000 acres of valuable iron lands in Township 47, Range 20. The company was organized in 1864, and mining operations commenced the same year. The officers of the company are: President-EDWIN PARSONS, N. Y. Vice President and Superintendent-EDw ARD BREITUNG. Secretary and Treasurer-S. P. ELY, Marquette. Mining Captain-GEO. ST. CLAIR. Agents at Cleveland, A. B. Tuttle & Co.; at Chicago, A. B. Meeker. The first shipments from the Washington were made in 1865, since which time the figures have been steadily increased, as will be seen by the following table, showing the amount of production for each year up to and including 1872: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1865 -- 4,782 1870 -- ------- 79,762 1866.. — 15,150 1871 ---- 48,725 1867. —_ _-_.. 25,440 1872 -38,841 1868 ---- -.. ---- 35,757 1869 - - -58'462 Total, 316,919 In 1869, the openings were embraced within a space of about 2,000 feet on what was then considered the principal, if not the only vein, which averages about 80 feet in width. Since then a number of new discoveries have been made, all adding largely to the previously acknowledged value of the property. The company now have on the location about 100 buildings of all classes. A new railroad depot, hotel, and a drug store, are among the new improvements. The company has also a general store, the sales of which amounted to $100,000 the past year. The system adopted for the operation of the Washington mine, at the commencement of 1872, is being carried out, so far very satisfactory. The geology of the mine is very peculiar, and it has hitherto been quite difficult to determine where or how the most effective blows could be struck. The deposit is very heavy, with an incline to the north and west, but is pocketed in such irregular form, with heavy walls of talcose slate between, that until the openings were sufficiently extensive to de 218 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. signate the prominence of the deposits, there seemed to be no means of determining how the work could be carried on to ad-' vantage. It will be remembered that this mine is worked by a tunnel, which was driven in from the base of the elevation in which the mine is located, about 500 feet from the first shaft put down, the surface of the hill varying from 50 to 150 feet above the tunnel level. Commencing on the east of the main deposit, we find added to the work of previous years, the skip shaft, known as No. 1, down 100 feet below the third or tunnel level. A winze was put down on the third level near this shaft and a 40 foot stope opened, which is to be worked back 70 feet west to shaft No. 2, the extremes being now connected by a drift. At No. 2 shaft a Burleigh drill is at work driving the drift 150 feet to connect with shaft No. 4. This drift is also to be carried to No. 5 shaft, 120 feet further west. No. 4 shaft is down to within 22 feet of the drift level. At this point the deposit of ore is from 20 to 60 feet wide, intervened by a horse of mixed ore and rock. When the shaft has reached the drift level this deposit can be worked on a 40-foot face over a distance of 100 feet. The extent of the deposit at No. 5 shaft cannot be stated to a certainty. The drill was put down into 17 feet of good black and slate ores. The shaft at its present depth is in ore, but its bottom is yet 60 feet above the drift level, following the dip of the ore. This drift level is to be extended still further west to investigate the deposits which are thought to lie there. Considerable work was done during the past season on stones above the tunnel level, where considerable ore is obtained and in bridging and strengthening the bridges which span the openings below this level for the extension of the tunnel westward. A drift started some weeks since in what was supposed to be the hanging wall of the main deposit, has shown, after passing through 8 feet of rock, parallel veins of magnetic and slate ores, 3 and 6 feet thick respectively, and continues to show a good slate ore, with fair indications of a body of ore lying beyond. It is intended to work this discovery vigorously. The work at Nos. 9 and 10, on the west, is being pursued as fast as prudence will allow. At No. 10 from four to five hundred tons of ore per month can be taken out. Exp!orations on the south of the old work on the hill, have shown good deposits of magnetic and slate ores, of the same grade taken from the old mine, which can be worked to good advantage whenever it may seem practical. The working improvements for the season have been substantial and permanent. They consist principally of hoisting machinery applied to the principal skip shaft. and a skip road, MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 219 which supplies the tunnel, from below, with more than half the product the tunnel takes out, an engine for the same, and a Burleigh rock drill. A new store and some new dwellings have been erected. Everything about the mine, and in all the departments of its business, seem to be in the best working order, under the general supervision of Mr. St. Clair. The following is the product of the mine up to the end of the year 1872: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1865 -- 4,782 170 —.. 79,762 1866 — ----- 15,150 1871 ---- 48,725 1867____- - ___- 25,440 1872- 38,841 1868 ----- 35,757 1869 -- 58,462 Total, 216,924 THE CHAMPION MINE Is in the south half of section 31, Town 48 North, Range 29, West. It is a deposit of magnetic and slate ore of remarkable extent, uniformity and purity, and seems likely to become otie of the great mines of the country. Operations were begun in November, 1867, though very little was done, except in the way of preparation, until the following spring, when, just as the first shipments were about to be made, the destruction of the docks at Maiquette occurred, and operations were almost entirely suspended until October, 1868. In that year, owing to the destruction of the docks, it was impossible to furnish shipping facilities to all the older mines, and the Champion was, therefore, obliged to wait until the docks could be rebuilt. The first shipments were made in October, 1868, the product for that year being 6,955 tons. At this time the property belonged to the M. & O. R. R. company, but in September, 1869, the Champion Iron company was organized, and is now a corporation independent of the railway company. The officers of the company are as follows: President-JOSEPH S. FAY, Boston. Secretary and Treasurer-S. P. ELY, Marquette. Directors-Joseph S. Fay, Edwin Parsons, Peter White, Frances S. Foster, S. P. Ely. Mining Superintendent-J. W. Wilson. It is now but little over five years since the first shipments were made from the Champion, as its history can scarcely be said to have commenced until the fall of 1868. The newest mine in the district, it presents, however, a record that has no parallel in the history of the Lakc Superior Iron district. A difficulty is always experienced in the introduction and sale of a new ore, however good it may be. It is equally true that the obstinacy of iron masters in adhering to an ore with which they 220 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. are familiar often works to their disadvantage by delaying the introduction of new ores which may be as good or better. The Champion has been fully tested, however, as is shown by the yield of nearly 65 per cent. at the Champion furnace, with a mixture of two-fifths of leaner ore. An analysis made at the iron masters' laboratory, of Philadelphia, from specimens picked up at random, gave 69.92 per cent. of metallic iron. It was determined in the beginning to adopt the underground system of mining, instead of the quarrying process in vogue at nearly all the other mines. This system of mining, of course, required elaborate machinery, without which comparatively little could be accomplished. The necessary machinery was not ordered till some time in February, 1869, and was not received and put into operation till the latter part of the following summer. So it will be seen that the mine was not fully prepared for successful operation until it was too late to make much of a showing in the shipping list of 1869. That the great bulk of the ore at the Champion mine is magnetic, there is no room to doubt; but about 75 feet west of No. 2 shaft on the first, and 125 feet on the second level, the drift strikes a deposit of very heavy slate ore, apparently the purest in the district. This ore, which appears to be of great extent, is easily mined, and requires very little breaking after being thrown down by the blast. There is no division walls-only a seambetween this and the magnetic. From the time the visitor enters the first shaft until he again ascends the ladder, he is not able to discover a single particle of rock or foreign matter-nothing but ore of the purest quality on all sides so far as the work has progressed, with a single unimportant exception. The vein (the deposit presents all the characteristics of a vein) has been traced over a mile in length, and it is at least 80 feet in width. No other mine in this region has been opened with less expense, or attained in so short a time a larger capacity of production. Its distinguishing feature is the continuousness and uniformity of the ore, which thus far, in all the drifts and shafts, with the single exception referred to, proves to be entirely free from rock, or any deleterious admixture. The working force at present numbers about 275 men, nearly all of whom are employed underground. Capt. John Wilson, the mining supejintendent, is an old and experienced miner, and will, we firmly lelieve, demonstrate the superior advantages to be derived from the adoption of the underground system in the beginning. The mine is situated a little over half a milefrom the Champion furnace and postoffice, and is regarded as one of the best, if not the best working mine in the district. The belt of ore which was commenced upon in 1867, has not been found to vary from its nearly direct east and west course, and it lies in such mass, without being interrupted by rock divisions or bands, MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 221 or material contractions, that the supply of ore seems inexhaustible. The only point in question is how to take out the ore most economically and in sufficient quantity to meet the demand in market for it. All the workings of this mine continue in pure ore, as has been the case from the beginning, in a succession of shafts and drifts extending over a distance of a half mile in length, by from 50 to 100 feet in width, the slate ore in the west end and the magnetic in the east, the only case of foreign matter being a light seam of rock running across the formation between the two classes of ore. The mining has been done by taking out the ore in drifts and breasts, on different levels, leaving from twenty to thirty or more feet of the formation between the levels, and elevating the ore in skips through shafts, of which there are four in opera tion, the hoisting cable for all of which is driven by the same engine, simultaneously or separately, as occasion requires, the cable being transmitted over sheeves from the engine house to the skips. This system is to be continued, and is now being considerably extended by the sinking of a shaft 360 feet from or east of No. 1, and an other 700 east of the first. Some 700 feet further east is the oldest, or first opening made in the mine, but which has not been worked since 1868, owing to the more favorable advantages presented for work by the ground on the west. The first of these shafts, adjoining No. 1, is down thirty-five feet, and the second one has but lately been commenced. It is intended to sink them deep enough this winter to connect by means of a drift with the 100 foot level of No. 1, and the drifting from No. 1 toward the new shafts has already been carried forward 140 feet. Of course, they will eventually be carried lower, and be put in communication with the deeper levels of the series of shafts on the west. Shaft No. 2 is going down to the fourth level, which will make it 240 feet deep. The foot wall in this shaft assumes a more vertical position as it is followed deeper, while the hanging wall maintains the same angle as was found above, thus gradually giving greater width to the vein as the miners get deeper into it. On the third level of No: 2, and 55 feet west of the shaft, a winze is being sunk to the fourth level, and this winze and the shaft will be connected. On the second level and 60 feet east a winze is being sunk which is to be connected with the third level. Shaft No. 3 is going down to the fourth level, with a winze on each side of the third level to connect with the fourth. Shaft No. 4 is going down to the second level, which, owing to a falling off of the ground going west, will bring this second level of No. 4 on a line with the third level of No. 3. Winzes are going down on each side of the first level of No. 4, which will connect with the second. 222 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. There have have been no further underground improvements during this year, nor no new discoveries of ore, the work progressing favorably and satisfactorily; but Capt. Wilson has reason to believe that a large body of slate ore will be found between the new shafts on the east. Above ground a hoisting engine has been procured to work the first new shaft and No. 1, and the services of the engine at present in use will be confined to Nos. 2, 3 and 4. Another engine will have to be put up to operate the new shaft on the extreme east. A new shaft house has been erected at No. 4. The company have put up a new, large warehouse and barn for their own use, and a new hall, which seats f200 people, for the use of the people of the village. Four new pockets have been erected at the shipping docks. One hundred thousand tons is the figure set as the amount of ore to be taken out of this mine next year. The product so far is as follows: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1868- --- - 6,255 1872_.-_ ___70,568 1869 - 19,458 1870 _ —__ ---- 73,161 Total, 237,030 1871 — — _- 67,588 The improvements during the year 1873 consist of 2 engine houses, 5 shaft houses, 1 carpenter and 1 blackshith shop,:1 powder magazine, 1 barn, 1 store and office, and 43 dwelling houses. Besides the company's buildings, there is a hall, 1 school house, 1 church and 30 small houses. The population numbers nearly 1,000 inhabitants. THE NEW ENGLAND MINE Is situated on section 29, township 47, range 27, and was first opened in the spring of 1864, in which year a number of test pits were sunk by Capt. H. G. Williams. UNDEVELOPED IRON LANDS. During the year 1870, several new and important discoveries of ore were made, all of which will undoubtedly lead to the development of valuable mining properties, and add largely to the production of the district. Indeed. it seems to be a fixed fact that the future increase in the supply of Lake Superior ores must come from the Michigammi district. Mines that are now yielding over a hundred thousand tons annually, cannot be expected to increase their product to any considerable extent. Nor is it probable that any considerable number of new mines will be developed east of the Washington or Edwards, although there undoubtedly yet remain some valuable properties within the Negaunee district that can be developed. To the Michigammi district, therefore, the attention of iron men, particularly those looking for investments, is mainly directed, and everything MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 223 points unerringly to the rapid development of the immense deposits which are there known to exist. MICHIGAMMI DISTRICT, From Maj. T. B. Brooks' geological report: " In the fall of 1868 attention was directed to this range, and what is now known as the Spurr Mountain was discovered, or rather, I should say, rediscovered, ou the north half of the southwest quarter of section twenty-four, town forty-eight, north of range thirty-one west. There is a large outcrop of pure magnetic ore (the largest I ever saw of this kind of ore) occurring in an east and west ridge one hundred and eighteen feet above the surface of Michigammi Lake. The direction of the bed is due east'and west, dipping to the south at a high angle. It presents a thickness of thirty feet of first quality of merchantable ore, add facilities for commencing to mine which I have never seen surpassed. The exposure along the range is short, owing to the covering of earth, but, the magnetic attractions, which are very strong, continue east and west for a long distance, determining the position of the range with great precision. This ore is of the same character as the magnetic ore of the Champion and Washington mines, differing only in being softer from the effects of the weather. A specimen collected for analysis in October, 1868, by breaking indiscriminately numerous fragments from all parts of the outcrop and from the loose masses, with the view of obtaining a safe average, afforded Dr. C. F. Chandler, of the School of Mines, New York, the following constituents: Per cent. Oxide of iron --- — ----------- -- 89.21 Pure metallic iron - --- - -- -._ _ 64.60 Oxygen with the iron - - -- --— ___24.61 Oxide of manganese, a trace Alumina _ --- -— _ — __ --—. -— 2.67 Lime --- -- ---- ---- -— _ 0.67 Magnesia ---------. — -------------- 0.19 Silica ___-, ----- -------- --------—..- -. — --.- 6.28 Phosphoric acid, a trace. Sulphur __ — --- --. --- —. —. ---. —35 99.37 M'COMBER MINE. The latest and most important developments of the year 1870, however, have been at Negaunee. Half a dozen new mines have been opened in that vicinity, all promising the most valuable results. Late in the summer of 1870, Wm. C. McComber leased the Pendill farm, adjoining the village on the south, and proceeded to open a deposit of hematite, from which he has already mined and shipped over 5,000 tons of ore. Edward Breitung, Esq., followed suit, by leasing of C. T. Harvey, about i,300 acres in the same locality. The existence of good ore 224 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. upon the Harvey property had been known to Mr. Breitung for a number of years, from explorations made by him in 1867, and it appears that he had been keeping the tact quiet until such time as he could secure to himself the benefits to be derived from the knowledge thus obtained. Since obtaining a lease of the lands, extensive explorations have been made, revealing the presence of immense beds of a peculiar but at the same time most valuable soft hematite, and, when it became known that Mr. Breitung would sub-let the property in small tracts, a very great desire was manifested on the part of citizens to secure leases. Rough maps of the property were made and armed with pick and shovel, scores of excited individuals thronged the hills and valleys until the thirteen hundred acres presented more the appearance of an exaggerated pepper-box, than anything else we can think of. Mr. Breitung was besieged day and night by eager and excited prospectors, for this "forty" and tnat "eighty," until the whole was taken by at least a dozen different individuals or firms, all of whom appeared certain of having secured an immense fortune. That some of them will succeed in developing good mines, we have very little doubt-that all will realize their expectations is scarcely probable. The McComber mine is the best representative of the nature of the Negaunee Hematite Range. It is the oldes mine of the group and has been worked the most extensively. It was opened in 1870 by Mr. Wm. C. McComber, and quite a quantity of ore taken out and shipped that year. In 1871 he took out and shipped over 17,000 tons. This ore reached two or three furnaces in the Marquette district, the Allen furnace, at Sharpsville, Pa., and the Cleveland Iron Co.'s works, at Cleveland, and seemed to meet their requirements exactly for mixing with the specular ores, causing a yield of from 56 to 60 per cent. of an excellent quality of clean No. 1 iron from the mixture. This season, in order to secure a continuance of this supply a few gentlemen interested in the Cleveland Company, in mining ore and manufacturing iron, secured the property and formed a company with the following officers: Samuel L. Mather, Cleveland: President and Treasurer, and Fred. A. Morse, Cleveland, Secretary. The lease was made to this company in July last, and the work of taking out ore has been pushed with much vigor since that time. The shipments so far this season amount to 25,000 tons, leaving some 2,000 tons in stock. Many important improvements are in contemplation, for the purpose of supplying every facility possible for the economical and thorough working of the mine. Buildings for the accommodation of an engine and hoisting machinery are to be erected, and four hoisting shafts are to be located at different points in the mine, to be conveniently operated from the engine house. Cable drums with friction gear will be used for hoisting, and each shaft will be supplied with MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIJOR. 22.5 sufficient pocket receiving capacity to obviate the necessity of waiting for cars or dumps when there may be any delay. A central drain shaft will be sunk to the depth of 150 feet, and supplied with the best pumping machinery. Additional side tracks, cars, &c., will be provided, and everything necessary to work the mine to its full capacity put in order for all the business which can be done next season. THE REPUBLI(C IRON CO. The 'mine of this company is the famous Smith mountain, located on section 7, town 46, range 29, being a part of 1,327 acres of land owned by the company in the neighborhood of the Iline. The deposit of ore lies behind a quartzite rock which seems to form thb bed of a small lake which lies on the north of Smith mountain. The quartzite is the basin and margin of the lake, making a curve from north-east and south-west to the north, forming a crescent around the south base of the water-bed. The quartzite has a dip varying from ten to forty-five degrees, toward the north and west, or basin of the lake. Behind and beneath it lies the ore veins-first the black magnetic, and then a slate ore, with sometimes an intermediate seam of slate or soap rock. Back of the ore is a diarite, a silicious schist, and a white granite, in regular order. This formation will be better understood as we describe the different openings which have been made in the ore beds.,Whe ore outcrops on the side of the hill, near its summit, like a composition which has been poured into a basin, and adhering to the side of the basin, another composition had been poured in and cooled upon the top of it, leaving the first not quite covered. This outcrop is at sufficient elevation to afford from 20 to 40 feet working face, and yet leave a working level sufficiently high to be used for the head of inclined tram roads to carry ore to the pockets, docks and stock piles at the point where it is loaded upon cars for shipment, near the margin of the lake. HISTORY OF THE PROPERTY. The discovery of this ore vein is accorded to Silas C. Smith, and by him entered in the laud office. Subsequently Edward Breitung, and others, became interested with him in its development, and in 1871 a company, composed principally of the following persons, was formed to operate it: Jonathan Warner, Mineral Ridge, Ohio, President; Edward Breitung, Negaunee, Vice President; S. P. Ely, Marquette, Secretary and Treasurer; Peter Pascoe, Superintendent. The whole space now occupied by seven openings is 2,000 feet in length, every foot of which seems to be a part of the ledge or veins which have so far been struck when looked for. It is more than likely that before the tunnel is completed to 226 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. the shaft the black ore will be encountered, placed as it has been found in the other openings. Explorations which have been made north-east of this opening, show a continuation of these veins of rich black and slate ores, while above them a leaner, second-class ore forms the bare face of the mountain. Work has been going on at this mine but about a year. The time last winter was spent in surveys and test-pitting. A saw mill was erected, supplies had to be taken in, nine miles over a new wagon road. A railroad had to be constructed-by the M., H. & 0. company-and all the work commenced in the most primitive style. Yet, on the second of October last, a train of ore cars was dispatched from the mine-docks, tramways, pockets, &c., had been constructed, and the mine was full-fledged for business. Now there are thirteen houses on the location, a company store, a drug store, commodious barns, &c. The shipping facilities are being so extended as to have a tram road from each opening to the railway, and the accommodations for loading from the docks and the pockets will be such as to enable the laborers to handle twenty cars at the same time. In short it is intended to handle a thousand tons of ore every day during the shipping season of 1873. The buildings are of a better class than those erected by any other mining company in the Marquette district, and considerably better than those in use by many of the old companies. During the present year a school house and church will be erected, and every effort made to care for the positive as well as the temporal interest ot the operatives. BLAST FURNACES. As might readily be inferred, the most important manufacturing interest on Lake Superior is the smelting of iron ore in the blast furnace. The attempt to establish iron manufactures on Lake Superior was made under many disadvantages, and at a time when, if successful, those engaged in the enterprise could not hope for large returns on the amount of capital and labor invested. It was made, in fact, before anything had been done toward the development of the mines, and when it would have been next to impossible to get the iron to market, except at an immense expense for transportation. And, in fact, the first effort at iron making on these shores succeeded only in so far that it served to show the sterling qualities of the ores, and the readiness with which they could be converted into blooms or pig metal. In the summer or fall of 1846, one year after the discovery of the Jackson mountain by Mr. Everett and his party, the Jackson Company undertook the erection of a forge on the Carp river, about three miles east of Negaunee. The building of the forge was intrusted to Win. McNair, who was sent here as agent for the company. He had never seen a forge, and did not succeed in accomplishing anything toward its erection till the following year. In July, 1847, Ariel N. Barney and his brotherin-law, Aaron K. Olds, arrived at the mouth of the Carp, having been sent up by the company. They were both practical iron makers, and expected to find the forge nearly ready for work. In this they were disappointed, as nothing had been done save that a few timbers had been hauled upon the ground; they soon discovered that McNair knew absolutely nothing about the business he had undertaken, and it was not long until Mr. Barney was empowered to go on and build the forge, and to him really belongs the credit of having built and put in operation the first iron manufacturing establishment on Lake Superior. The first bloom was made on the 10th day of February, 1848, by Mr. Olds, and was hammered into bar iron by Mr. Barney. This is the correct date of the first manufacture of iron on Lake Superior. In May, of the same year, Messrs. Barney, Olds, and one or two others, started in a small boat for the Sault, taking with them about 300 lbs. of bar iron, among it the first bar made at the forge. This iron was taken to Jackson, and there exhibited as a specimen of what could be done on Lake Superior. 228 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. The forge continued in operation till sometime in 1850, when it was abandoned. It never paid the interest on the money invested, but, having served the purpose of a thorough test of the Jackson ore, the company very wisely concluded to abandon it, and devote the whole of their capital and energy to the developIent of their mines. Another forge was built here at Marquette, just south of the shore end of the Cleveland dock, by a Worcester, (Mass.) company, in 1849, under the direction and superintendence of A. R. Harlow, Esq. It was destroyed by fire the following winter, and was never rebuilt. Two other ftrges were subsequently built at Forestville and Collinsville. The first pig iron from Lake Superior ore was made by S. R. Gay, at the Collins forge. It was made as an experiment, in the forge chimney, whicn had been converted into a telnporary stack. The result confirmed Mr. Gay in his deternlination to build a blast furnace, which he afterwards did. There are now in the district sixteen blast furnaces, and one rolling mill. THE MORGAN FURNACE, Built and owned by the Morgan Iron Company, went into blast November 27, 1863, making in the first year 337 tons of iron. The Morgan has been, perhaps, the most successful enterprise of the kind in the district, having made, in the first ten months, a clear net profit of 220 per cent., thus enabling the company to pay back all the original outlay for land and machinery, leaving a dividend of 100 per cent. to be divided among the stockholders. The Morgan is situated on the line of the M. & O R. R., eight miles west of Marquette. It was built under the immediate supervision of C. Donkersley, Esq., one of our most practical and efficient iron masters, who still occupies the position of general agent. The product of the Morgan for the seven years she has been in blast is given as follows: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1863 --- - - - 337 1870 — --- -- 5,952 1864 ---- 4,023 1871- — __ 4,792 1865 - 3,489 1872 ---- 4,356 1866 ---- 3,749 1867 —,057 Total, 35,352 1868 ---- - - - 4,203 The furnace was out of blast for over a year previous to the last week in December, 1869, when she again commenced making iron. Her being out of blast for so long a time was occasion by the exhaustion of the fuel supply immediately about the furnace. This difficulty has been overcome by the building of a wooden railway to lands owned by the company, nine miles north of the furnace, where kilns were built during the summer of 1869. The coal used in the furnace, or, at least, a greater MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 229 part of it, is now being transported over this road. In the meantime, extensive repairs have been made on the furnace, and as the above figures for 1872 show, she is running under the most flattering auspices. The officers of the company are: L. H. MORGAN, President. S. P. ELY, Secretary and Treasurer. C. DONSKERLEY, General Agent. About two years ago, the Fayette furnace wrested the "broom " (the emblem of victory) from the Champion furnace, and has held it ever since, on 211 tons of pig iron made in one week. In August, however, the Morgan furnace, with its nine foot bosh, made an unprecented run of 230 tons! It may be of interest to charcoal iron men to know some of the details of the furnace and its working during the week, kindly furnished the writer at the works by Mr. J. E. Barnum, the superintendent, and Mr. Carrol, the founder. The present height of the stack is 45 feet; height of bosh, 16 feet; diameter of the hearth at bottom, 44 inches; diameter of bosh, 9 feet; diameter tunnelhead, 52 inches. Using two tuyers five inches in diameter, and 32 iches from bottom of hearth. Pressure of blast, 25 pounds; temperature of blast, 700 to 800 deg. (F.) Charcoal is two-thirds hard an. one-third soft. Charge consists of Lake Superior slate ore -- ----- ----- -.- -197 lbs* Lake Superior hematite --- —- --- -- -— _- --- --- 262 lbs. Republic mine, ore-_ --- --- - ---- — ___591 lbs. Native lime stone L. S.- ------ - ----- 40 Ibs. Charcoal --- — --- ---------- ------- - ---- 30 bus. About an average sample of the Lake Superior slate ore gave by analysis: Metalic iron ----. -.- -----—. --- —-. --- -66 00 Oxygen combined with iron_. ----.... _ _ 28 29 Insoluble residue --- —- _ 4 70 Undetermined ingredients and loss --- —---- -------- _ 1 0J 100 00 Lake Superior hematite analysis: Metallic iron- ----- -— _ — _ —_-__ 56 00 Oxygen combined with iron --- __ - ______ ____ 24 00 Silica_ ---- -- ---- __ 6 00 Water — - --- -—. --- — _ _ 9 50 Undetermined ingredients and loss --- —----- -—. -__,____ 3 90 100 00 This ore contains small pieces of kaolinite, a soft, greasyfeeling mineral, usually white or a pinkish color, and composed of a hydrous silicate of alumina. 230 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. A sample of the Republic mine ore gave by analysis: Metallic iron —. — ----- -- 69 58 Oxygen combined with iron ---- 29 82 Insoluble residue-. ---- -- 44 Undetermined ingredients and loss —. --- --- - 16 100 00 This will give an average for the charge of 65x24 per cent. of metallic iron. An analysis of the limestone (L. S.) afforded: Carb. of lime- -----.- - -------- -- 49 10 Carb. of iron - -------------- - 43 Corb. of magnesia --- —------- -. —.. — -- - 41 00 Silica -- 8 80 Loss, etc., ---- - -- - -- - - - - 67 100 00 A portion of the iron should be estimated as a peroxide, as may be seen by a slight discoloration (reddish) of the limestone. An analysis of the cinder gave: Silica ------ - --------- -- ----- 54 40 Alumini ---- 17 40 Protoxide of iron -------- -----—................. --- —-- 1 26 Lime ---- -----—. ------ ----- 17 60 Magnesia - -------------- - 7 90 Alkalies, loss, etc ------- 1 — 1 54 100 00 It will be seen that the ingredients of the cinder are very well proportioned for making foundry iron. The quality of the iron produced was 179 tons of an opened grained No. 1 foundry, 33 tons of No. 2 foundry, and 18 tons of No. 3. The amount of charcoal used was a fraction over 100 bushels to the ton of iron made. The furnace worked very free, and did not act as if it was at all pushed. It required but very little "working out," except "breaking up" the fire after casting. This is, for a charcoal furnace with a nine foot bosh, the best week's work on record in this country or abroad.-Mining Jour. THE BANCROFT FURNACE, Now owned by the Bancroft Iron Company, is situated on Dead river, about four miles from Marquette, and was built in 1860 by S. R Gay, Esq. The first account we have of it is in 1861, in which year the shipments were reported at 2,430 tons. We are able to give a statement of the product of the furnace for every year except 1864-5, of which the records were destroyed in the fire of 1868. The following is the table, estimating the years referred to: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1861 ---- -- 5,430 1868 ------- -3,800 1862 ---- 2,802 1869 --- —- 3,407 1863- ---- ---— 2,626 1870- ---- 3,710 1864 (estimated) ------ 3,000 1871 -— 3,850 1865 (estimated) ----_ -— __ 2,700 1872-. --- --- 4,250 1866 --- —- ---— 2,451 1867 --- —- — _ — 3,245 Total ---— _ -— 38,251 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 231 The product of this furnace for 1872 amounted to 4,250 tons, 4006 tons of which were shipped. In the fall of 1871, this furnace was rebuilt, and a 20-foot turret of iron put on the top A new casting and top-house was also constructed, the hot blast enlarged, and a new lining and hearth put into the stack, so that her product was increased 400 tons over any former year. She was very carefully managed, and will do still better, as the company have purchased considerable additional wood land, and added eight 45-cord charcoal kilns to their coal capacity, to avoid the contingency which too often occurs, of being short of fuel. The officers of the Bancroft Iron Company are now as follows: Peter White, of Marquette, President; Samuel L. Mather, Cleveland, Ohio, Treasurer; J. C. Morse, Marquette, Secretary and manager. THE CHAMPION FURNACE Is about thirty-two miles west of Marquette, near the east end of Lake Michigammi, and on the line of the M. & O. R. R. It was built by the Morgan Iron Company, and went into blast on the 4th of December, 1867. Made the first year, in a run of ten months, 4,282 gross tons of metal, This furnace has made a splendid record for herself-the best, probably, of any in the district. Though out of blast two months during the time, she made in 1869, 5,560 tons of metalan increase of 1,278 tons. Her average daily product during the year was 17~ tons-though for the last four months it was very nearly 20 tons. She made during the time the largest week s work of any charcoal furnace of the same size on record, being no less than 171 tons of first-class metal-an average of 25 tons per day. Her last year's make was accomplished with a mixture of Lake Superior hematite and the other three-fifths Champion slate and magnetic ores, and an average of 70 lbs. of flux. The average yield of these mixed ores was 64 71 per cent. and the average amount of coal 103 bushels. The following is a summary of the product for the five years the furnace has been in operation: Year. Gross tons. Year. Gross tons. 1868 - —_________4,282 1872 5,006 1869 ---- - _ _ _ 5,560 1870 — -— ____ 5,576 Total - 25,518 1871 --- — _____ 5,094 The furnace is under the immediate supervision of J. R. Case, of whose efficiency sufficient evidence is found in the figures given. There is a considerable village at and around the furnace, the company having a large store and warehouse, and about forty buildings for the use of employes. It is a point of considerable interest, being but a short distance trom the east end of 232 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. Lake Michigammi, one of the most beautiful and picturesque of the sparkling, fresh water gems with which the Upper Peninsula is studded. TIHE DEER LAKE FURNACE Was commenced in the summer of 1868, and went into blast about the 1st of September of that year. It is owned by a numiiber of gentlemen who reside at Norwich, Connecticut, whose interests here are represented by Mr. Ward. The furnace is the smallest in the district, and consequently can not be expected to present the same array of figures as some of the older and larger ones. The furnace is run on a strictly moral plan, being "shut down" regularly on Saturday nights, making no iron on Sundays. The total product of the furnace tfr the four years she has been in operation is given at 10,553 tons. About 450 tons of this was made during the last four months of 1868, showing the product for 1869 to have been a little over 2,500 tons, the same amount being reported for 1870. Late in the summer of 1872 the iron broke out through the arch, onthe left side, under the tuyere, and set fire to the blowing house. The fire was soon communicated to the casting and top house, and consumed theml,leaving the premises a complete wreck, with nothing but the stone stack and hot blast remaining. With characteristic energy, Mr. C. H. Hall, managing agent, conmmenced clearing away the debris before the flames had ceased to act upon the larger timbers, and having succeeded in drawing the charge without permitting a salamander, he had the buildings reconstructed and the furnace at work before the expiration of five weeks. BAY FURNACE. The quantity of iron produced at the Bay furnace last year was 4,900 tons, 4,339 tons of which were shipped. A second stack was built during the season, and went into blast on the 1st of December. It is an iron shell, on columns, 10 feet in the boshes, and 46 feet high-the same size as No. 1. It is supplied with a steam hoist, as also a water hoist, either of which can be used, according to convenience. The boilers, blowers, and all the rest of the iron work of this furnace were made at the Bay foundry, Marquette, being the first furnace built entirely in this district-and it is regarded as good work in every particular. Twenty-two new coal kilns were built to add sufficient supply of fuel for No. 2. About 4,700 tons of ore is on the docks for the joint use of both furnaces during the winter. The shipping accommodations are very good, there being a dock 1,000 feet long, with a front of 400 feet on 11 i feet of water, which is not disturbed by rough weather, except in cases of the most severe nor'-westers. The company own 20,000 acres of land in the neighborhood a MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 233 of the furnaces, on -Grand Island Bay, which is valuable alike for its timber, for coal and lumber. A State road has been worked toward Marquette, which will be completed the coming season. The distance is 40 miles. The following is the product of this location; Year. Tons. 1871 -------- --..- ---- -- - 3,597 1872 --- —------- --— 4, 4,900 Total, 8,497 The officers and management of the company remain as before. The company has 52 brick and stone kilns, of size ensuring constant supply of charcoal for both furnaces. Both furnaces are run on the red specular ores, and make a speciality of iron adapted to steel rails and car wheels. The entire machinery-boilers, hot blasts and sh 11 stack for these furnaces was built by the Iron Bay Foundry, of Marquette, D. H. Merritt proprietor, and are in every department equal to the best eastern work. WHERE THE ORES GO. The largest portion of our ores go to Cleveland, whence they are re-shipped to the coal fields of the Mahoning and Shenango valleys, by railroad. The freight from Cleveland to Youngstown is about $1, to Pittsburg, $2. About one hundred furnaces in Ohio and Pennsylvania use Lake Superior ore, while nearly all the charcoal furnaces in the Northwest are supplied from our mines. The number of furnaces is rapidly multiplying-the new ones built in 1869 increasing the demand for Lake Superior ore by at least 100,000 tons. THE MARKET For our ore is not confined to the Lake Erie ports, though they have hitherto taken the great bulk of the product. Our market place is the entire great West. The day is forever past when iron manufacturers east of the Alleghanies will furnish the west with iron. They have ceased to do so. Henceforth 75,000 out of every 100,000 tons of iron ore that goes to the coal fields west of the Alleghanies for manufacture will be from Lake Superior, while 90,000 out of every 100,000 tons of iron used in the West will have been produced west of them. Then consider the present population of the West-some 15,000,000-the rate at which it is being augmented-the commercial facilities which exist to foster and encourage manufactures and the mechanic arts-the numerous railroads that must still be constructed, and the ten thousand other improvements that are rapidly developing, and which require vast amounts of iron. Another year will give us a new outlet 234 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. throngh the western extremity of Lake Superior, and the construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad, which is sure to come, will lead to the building of hundreds of furnaces in the heavily timbered country that will thus be opened up to trade and commerce. When we look at these facts, the question of market is forever settled. Then, in the course of human events, Lake Superior iron is going to Europe. With some this may excite a smile, but ere long the fact will be realized, since, for certain important uses, it has no equal in the world. STOCKS AND DIVIDENDS. The stocks of the iron mining and smelting companies are not offered in the market, the owners being perfectly satisfied to keep them; nor are their profits and disbursements officially made public. Unlike most other Lake Superior stocks, those of our iron mines have never been heard of in the stock markets, from which facts the uninitiated infer they are barren of results. The contrary, however, is the fact. They are so highly appreciated by those who hold them, that they are not only kept from stock boards, but are seldom heard of on the streets even. Such is the faith of those who hold them, that they are not disposed to part with them under any circumstances, having nothing as a permanent investment that can and will bring them so sure and safe a return This being the case, the holders do not care to brag on their dividends abroad, but prefer rather to quietly share them. All the mines now working will pay dividends the present year. We doubt whether, in view of all these facts, there is an interest in the United States that promises better and surer returns for a long series of years, than the mining and smelting of iron ores in this district. And, in conclusion, we may safely add, that, considering the magnitude of its mineral wealth, the time is near at hand when the iron district of Lake Superior will assume a front rank in the sublime destiny of the great and growing West. We are indebted to Swineford's History of the "Lake Superior Iron District for 1870-71-72," for the foregoing short sketches of some of the principal Iron mines of this region, and also the following statistics regarding the shipments of ore, etc. The above history, with appendixes, contain a very full and correct account of all the mines, as published by Mining Journal, Marquette, Mich. Price, $1,00.-Compiler of Beards Lirectory. MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. The following table exhibits in gross and net tons the amount of iron oreshipped from the Lake Superior mines during the season of 1872, together with its total value at $6 per ton, gross: MINES. Jackson --- —---------------------- New York —.. _ _ --- —Cleveland — ----- - -------. — Lake Superior -------- --- Champion ---. -. --- -. _ -- -- Lake Angeline- -- - ------- Barnum ---. --- —-—. ---- ---- ---- Washington ---. --- ---- - Edwards ----. ---- -- Saginaw --- — -. — --- New England- --- Cascade ---. ----. ----- -- -- ------- Silas C. Smith — --- -- - McComber — -—. — -- --- Foster --- —. --- — -- Winthrop --- —-. --- —Negaunee --- —. -- -.. Marquette — - - ---- -- --- --- Republic ----. --- -—. --- ------ Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill ---- - Allen —.- —. ---- --- - Grand Central --- ——.. ----. Wilcox &:Bagaley --- -- --- Mather --- ——. ------------ Green Bay — -.-. Franklin --- —-- t --. -- ------ Albion —. ---- --- - ---- -- Pittsburgh and Lake Superior- ---- Michigan --- —---- —. - - Quartz ---- ----- ---------- Excelsior ---. --- —------ --- Williams --- ----. -. -_ - Iron Cliff Red Ore-.. — ---- Shenango ---.- -- Pendill ---.__ ----.. Michigammi --- —------— _ Carr ---- -- —.- - - -.-. Shelden ---- ------- ------ Gross Net tons. Value. tons. 118,842 1.3,103 $ 712,052 68,050 77.224 413,700 152,607 170,919 914,442 185,070 207.279 1,110,420 68,405 76,613 410,430 35 221 39407 211,326 38,381 42,992 230,186 38,841 43,506 233,046 26,026 29,149 216,026 19,160 21,461 114,960 17,465 19,560 104,790 35,069 39,278 210,414 13,445 15,058 80,670 24,153 27,051 144,918 18,139 20,316 108,834 14,239 15 946 85,434 6,897 7,725 41,382 11,924 13,355 71,544 11,025 12,348 66,150 6,772 7,583 40,632 8.707 9,751 52,242 9,925 11,616 59,950 4,426 4,957 26556 2,288 2,512 13,368 7,633 8,548 45,798 2,007 2,248 12,042 1,100 1,232 6,600 1,160 1,298 6,960 1,227 1,374 7,362 718 804 4,308 756 846 4,536 447 555 2,682 545 610 3,270 197 217 1,182 127 142 762 141 158 846 18 21 108 7 8 42 952,055 1,066,297 $5,712,330 1../ Total_.... --- —-.. I 236 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. The following table shows the total product of the Lake Superior furnaces from 1858 to 1872, inclusive: Furnace. Gross tons. Pioneer --------------------. 64,597 Northern --- —- --—. ---- -- ---- —. — 15,068 Collins --- --- - - -- -- --- --- 40,949 Michigan — ---- -- -- --- --- - 27,345 Greenwood —.a _ _ b a _ --- —--—.. --- 29,352 Morgan -S C -------- ----------- --------- 35,991 Bancroft —__ ------ ---- --—. - -—. 38,251 Champion -..-. -- -- - - -- --- ---- -- --- --- -25,566 Jackson - —. _- --- — ---- r 34,242 Schoolcraft - ----- --— 10,057 Deer Lake. —__ ______ --- —- __ --- —-----—. —10,553 Bay -------- -- -.. -- _ 11,995 Marquette and Pacific (pig metal) ---- ---------- -__ 5,942 Marquette and Pacific (muck bar and merchant iron) ----. ---. — 999 Lake Superior Co.'s Peat furnace ----- -_ -__ _ _._. 200 Total__ - -- ---- --. 357,880 The following is a statement in gross tons of the production of ore and pig iron in this district from 1856 to 1872, inclusive, together with the aggregate value: YEAR. Iron Ore. ig Or n Value. Iron..ig Iron.V 1856. -—.-.- ----- 7,0000 $ 28,000 1857 - ----- -- - ---, 21,00000 60,000 1858 ---- 31,035 1,629 32,661 249,202 1859 --- — -- --- --- 65,679 7,258 72,937 575 529 1860 -- ------ ---- - 116,908 5,660 122,658 736,496 1861 — --------- - 45,430 7,970 53,400 419,501 1862. ---- - 115,721 8,590 124,311 984977 1863 -- 185,257 9,813 195,070 1,416,935 1864 ------- ------------ 235,123 13,832 248,955 1,867,215 1865 ----- -- ------- 196,256 12,283 207,539 1,590,430 1866 -- ------------ 296,972 18.437 315,309 2,405,960 1867 ----------- -- - 466,076 30,911 496,987 3,475,820 1868 — ----- -- -- 507,813 38,246 546,059 3,992,413 1869 --- —- -- ----- 633,238 39,003 672,241 4,968,435 1870 --- --- 856,471 49,298 904,319 6,300,170 1871 ---- -- ----- 813,379 51,225 864,604 6,115,895 1862 ------ -- ------ 972,055 63,1951,015,250 9,188,055 Total ---- -- -- -- 5,537,373 357,880 5,903,803 44,373,833 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 23 237 The following table exhibits the total product of the several furnaces for the year 1872, together with the value: FURNACES. Gross tons. Value. Pioneer ------------------- - 698,5$ 384,175 Collins --- —--------------- - 3431 188,705 Michigan ---. —4 001 220,055 Grewod- -_ 4)212 231,660 Bancroft- ----- -4,250 233,750 Moga ~ ~-4)356 239,580 Chmio-5,006 275,330 Deer ak - -- -_ 2)720 149,600 Jakon-10,080 554,400 Scoocrft-2,500 137,500 Bay~ ----4,900 269,500 Marquette & Pacific Rolling Mill (Pig) --- —- 4,332 238,260 Marquette & Pacific Rolling Mill (Muck Bar) — 622 49,760 Lake Superior Company's Peat Furnace ----- 200 11,000 Total --- —63,1-95 $ 3,475,725 The iron traffic for 1872, was divided between two railways as follows: IRON ORE. Over C. &N.W. R.Difference in favor of C. & N. W. R. W PIG IRON. 488,686 33,774 Over M., H. & 0. R. R~28,991 Over C. & N. W. R. R. --- —-------------— 9,166 Difference in favor of M., H. & 0. R. R19,823 Total ore and pig iron over C. & N. W. R. - 497,852 Total ore and pig iron over M., H. & 0. R. R --- —---— 483,903 Total simns981,7.55 With a difference of 13,949 tons in favor of the C. & N. W. R.R. 238 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. The following table exhibits in gross tons the total product of each mine from 1856 to 1862, inclusive: Mines. Gross tons. Jackson — -- - --- ------ ---- -- 1,197,225 Cleveland — ------- - ------— 1,025,261 Marquette --- —---- -- —. --- —. 52,998 Lake Superior — -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,275,919 New York --- —------- -----. ---- - 450,780 Lake Angeline --- -----. -295,747 Edwards- ---- ---- -- --- ---- 121,077 Iron Mountain --- - ---- ------- -.. --- 16,594 Barnum ---- --. -—. —. - -— 126,977 Foster - ----- - --------- 73,781 New England_ -- ------ ---- 108,809 Washington -------------— 308,919 Champion --------- - ----- 234,867 Cascade. ----. ---- --- 39,240 Grand Central -- --- -...- -- - -- -- --- -- 14,755 McComber — --. -- --— 44,153 Parsons --- —------- -------- --—. 1,896 Winthrop --- —---- ---- --------— 25,027 Saginaw —.- --------------------- -------- 19,160 Negaunee --------- ------- ---------- 11,687 Iron Cliffs red ore --- - -- ---- - 874 S. C. Smith --- — ------------- ---- 13,445 Republic --- —---- ---------------- -— 11,025 M. & P. Rolling Mill ------------------ 6,772 Allen — - ---------------- ---------- 8,707 Wilcox & Bagaley ------------- ----- 4,426 Mather --- —----------------- --------- 2,288 Green Bay -------------- -------------- 7,633 Franklin --- —--- ---- - - --- -- ------ 2,007 Albion --- —------------- -- ---- ----- 1,100 Pittsburg & Lake Superior -------- ------- 1,160 Michigan ------ --------— 1,227 Quartz --- —------------------ ------ 718 Excelsior — -------------------- - 756 Williams — ------- --- ------ ------------ 447 Shenango -------------- - ------- 197 Pendill -- ------------- -- 127 Michigamme — ----------- ------ ----------- 141 Carr ------------- --------- -- ------ 18 Harlow --- —------------------— _ --- ——.- 83 Sheldon — - ---- -- -- - ---- 7 Total - ------ --- --- ----- -_ 5,567.373 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 239 THE ORE SHIPMENTS. The following is a statement of the shipments of iron ore and pig iron from Marquette for one week in August, 1873,and the total shipments thus far this season: COMPANY. ^ H Iron Ore. Cleveland — ------------------ 41,463 1.833 43296 Lake Superior --- —---- -------- 67,773 5,83: 73,61 1 Champion --- —------ 31,329 2.461 33.790 Lake Angeline ------- -------- -------- 5,197 935 6,132 Washington ----- ------- -- 19,.)75 1,103 20.678 Edwards --- —----- ---- -- 18.493 1.883 20,376 McComber ------ 15,435 1,628 17.063 Winthrop --- —---- --------------- 1,996 263 2,259 Republic --- —--- ---- ----- 37,2 6,869 44.801 Albion --- —-------------------------- 94 232 1.186 Keystone --- —— 5 70-9 423 6,132 Shenango ----------------- 3,48 --- 3,748 Himrod hematite. --- —--- 1,07 7 --- 1,077 Burt Hematite --- —----- 3,088 128 3,216 Kloman --- —------------ 9,818 1,304 11,121 Total --- —----- ------ 263,587 24,900 288,487 Pig Iron. Champion furnace ---- ------------ 1,875 342 2.217 Morgan furnace --- —-------- 1,804 91 1.895 Michigan furnace — ----------- 1,683 --- 1683 Greenwood furnace ---------- -- 1,127 87 1,214 Bancroft furnace -------------- 1,747 743 2,490 Grace furnace ------------------ - 2,288 180 2,468 Collins furnace --- —-- - - - 483 455 938 Iron Cliff furnace -- ------. --- 60 --- 60 M. & P. Rolling Mill -------- --- 100 - 100 Total --- —------------- 11,167 1,898 13,065 Total ore and pig iron --- —----------. — 274,7541 26,7981301 552 - ------ 240 MINES AND FURNACES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. The following is a statement of the shipments of iron ore and pig iron, from the port of Escanaba, up to and including the 20th day of August, 1873: IRON ORE. Mine. Gross tons. Jackson —. — --- ----- -- -.. ---- --.. — 67,736 New York --- ---------- --- ------ ------ 38,803 Cleveland ---- ---- ---- --- -.- ---- 40,652 Angeline --- -------.-. — ---- -- 18,882 Barnum —. ------ -- --- 31,559 Foster - ---------- - -- 17,297 Cascade --- —------- 14,988 McComber — -- - --- --- 5,104 Grand Central --- —--- -- -- 5,223 Smith --- —- ---------. — 7,526 Green Bay --- —--- --- 932 Winthrop ----------.. ---- - 13,577 Wilcox & By- ---- ----- 6,356 Section 18 ---------------- --- — 794 Emma ---- ---- ------ -- 6,042 P. & L. S-. ---- ---—.- 11,950 Carr --- --- --- ------------ 1,431 Gribben - - - - - --- -- 1,427 Saginaw — - --------- 18,822 Burt Hematite -- - ----- 5,297 Howell Hoppock- ------ - -- - 1,239 Total iron ore --- - ---- --- ---— 315,177 PIG IRON. Pioneer -—. -- - -- ---- - _ —. -- 3,117 Deer Lake- - ------ --- - -- _ 1,990 Escanaba Furnace- -------- - - - 485 Total pig iron -- -- 5,592 Total ore and pig iron --- -- - _ 320,769 Statement of shipments from the port of L'Anse up to and including August 20, 1873: Spurr Mountain --- — --------. ----_ 21,230 Michigamme --- --------- --— __ 17,310 Total --------------------- --- -----—.. — 38,540 Statement of the total shipments of iron ore and pig iron from the Lake Superior iron district up to Aug. 21, 1873, (exclusive of ore to local furnace): IRON ORE. Gross tons. Marquette — _ --- —- -- -- - --- - --- -- 288,487 Escanaba --- —------- -- -----.. 315,177 L'Anse ---- ---- --- ----- - -- 38,540 Total --- —------------ 642,204 PIG IRON. Marquette ------------ ------------- --- 13,065 Escanaba --- —------------ -- ------ 5,592 Total,........................................ 18,657 Total ore and pig iron,........................... 660,861 APPENDIX. A STRANGER'S IMPRESSION OF MARQUETTE COUNTY. The compiler of this, the first Directory of Marquette county, feels very loth to cut loose from his readers without recording on these concluding pages his own impressions, crude though they may be, of this wonderful, rich and beautiful region, located in one of the most wonderful, rich and beautiful States of the Union. Wonderful for its great expanse of pure sweet waters, magnificent scenery, and early associations. Rich in silver, copper, iron and other minerals, made beautifil in its natural scenery, splendid location, and the purity and healthfulness of the prevailing atmosphere. Seated on the verandah of Coles' Lake View House, we command a range of the spacious harbor of Marquette. A harbor 900 feet above the level of the sea, and 600 feet above the cross which surmounts the spire of Tri.ity church, New York. A harbor alive with all manner of steam and sail craft, which annually bear away to the busy world below, over a million tons of tle purest and richest of iron ore. A harbor that,ends forth every year products equal in value to the foreign commerce of France, or Italy. Listen to the continual rumbling of the ore trains, (laden with the rich yields of innumerable nines far away into the interior,) as they swiftly follow one after another, through the city out on to the great trestle docks, into whose pockets they deposit their precious burdens, from whence it is poured into the hold of many vessels, and is thence distributed to consumers throughout the world. See in front of the city, and along the border of the broad lake the blaze of great firnaces, roaring night and day with the continued fires that reduce the ore to marketable iron. Behold the extensive wharves, loaded with thousands of tons of coal and merchandise for home consumption. Look on the fair city itself, the growth of only a few years, its fine churches, convenient school-houses, substantial banks, elegant residences, and attractive business houses, and after inhaling a draught of the pure bracing air, you find yourself intoxicated with the many delightful and attractive surroundings. "The stranger who arrives at Marquette at night would have no difficulty in believing that he had reached a stirring business town. A lighthouse directs the mariner to the little bay, appropriately enough called Iron Bay, upon whose borders the city is situated. The government breakwater that reaches for a thousand feet across the entrance, has a number of lights to show the situation. Every vessel at anchor under its shelter, at times reaching the number of fifty, has a lamp in the rigging, and the long ore docks, high over all, have rows of gas lights. As if this were not enough in the way of illumination, at the right hand and the left of the bay two gigantic furnaces send forth from their tall stacks a flickering flame that sheds a wave of light far over the waters." Here are located the U. S. Custom House, where were registered during the season of 1873, up to Sept. 23, vessels representing 380,917 tons. Adding to the above a large number of vessels of which no official record is kept, and we have the tonnage of vessels arriving at Marquette at over 400,000 tons. The U. S. land agency is also located here, and under the courteous II APPENDIX. and able management of Mr. Ambrose Campbell, does a large and thriving business. The operations of this office alone for the last five years would nake a very interesting book. Although Marquette, as metropolis of the great mining region of the Northwest, is greatly interested in mineral productions, yet there are many other branches of industry which have grown and now thrive within her limits. Without any intention on our part, or any desire on the part of its citizens to indulge in or be the recipients of adulatory puffing, we cannot go further without mentioning, for the benefit of many readers who have never visited this region, and who desire so to do, some of the enterprises and industries of the citizens of Marquette. We commence with a brief notice of the " Marquette Rolling Mill and Beecher Furnace," which we copy from a late number of the MNINIG JOURNAL. MARQUETTE AND PACIFIC ROLLING MILL COMPANY, The plant of the Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill company embraces twenty-four acres of land with 1,400 feet of water front on the bay of Marquette, with a blast furnace, a muck bar train of rolls, a merchant bar train, eight puddling and one heating furnaces, a branch track connection with the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon railroad, and about five hundred feet of dock, which extends into the bay and has a good depth of water on both sides for the receipt and shipment of freights. This is a very valuable property, and in its present working condition promises to become the plant for a rail mill and a nut and bolt factory, as well as for the manufacture of pig iron and muck and merchant bar on its present scale. The stock of the company is $500,000, of which $247,000 has been paid and invested in the works leaving $253,000 to be sold if the company may think best. Last fall the works were stopped, the furnace first constructed having burned out. It was a stone stack, of primitive style, lut it has been replaced by a large iron shell furnace with two Player hot blast ovens, each with 48 pipes, and the simple hot blast formerly in use. The arrangement for the use of these ovens is interchangable, so that one, two or all of them can be used, as may be desirable. The advantage of this arrangement is apparent to all furnace men. The work, in boiler capacity, Otis hoist, and every auxiliary belonging to a furnace is first class. In short the old stack, with its fixtures, has been disposed of entirely, and the new one with its appliances, is of the most modern style, and first class. The furnace has been in blast something over three weeks, -tveraging up to Monday last twenty-five tons of No. 1 bituminous foundry iron per day. This week she has been fully burthened and promises hereafter to make at least thirty-five tons per day. The name of the furnace has been changed to the "Beecher," and the work is in charge of Mr. John Fisher, a founder who is known as one of the best in the country. THE ROLLING MILL. This department of the work resumed operations a few days ago, Aug. 1873, and has been averaging nine tons of muck iron per day, with eight furnaces, though later thirteen tons were rolled at a single turn, the 'boys' having concluded to see how the ' old thing would work ' put it up to its greatest capacity. It is expected to put this department on double turn within a short time, when, of course, the product will be doubled, and average nearly twenty tons per day. Tihe merchant train embraces some twenty-four different sizes of iron, and heating furnaces will be added just as they may be necessary to supply the local demand for merchant iron. Of late they have been making some bolt rod, on special orders, which is far superior in strength and gen APPENDIX. IIl eral quality to iron which is usually put upon the market for this purpose. It is not intended to make merchant bar and hold it in stock, but all dealers and consumers in this region can be supplied by this mill with any grade or size of merchant iron which they may have use for. The: mill is to be known as the Marquette Rolling Mill. It is in charge of Thos. Jewell, Esq., late of the Wyandotte mills, who is a gentleman of large and thorough experience. A portion of the property belonging to this company is the Rolling Mill hematite mine, on the Negaunee hematite range, which has always been acknowledged to be one of the finest,hematite mines in this district, James Bale, Superintendent, The dock and grounds are under the supervision of Geo. L. Beecher. Mr. Heecher has the authority of the company to put the premises in complete order, and the plan embraces a fence in the water front as well as one to separate the iron works from the highway, and to erect such buildings and make such external improvements as will put the plant in complete order, and make it express by its appearance just what the owners desire, thrift, order, system and prosperity. The stockholders have selected W. L. Wetmore, Esq., President, Peter White, Esq., Secretary, and Wm. W. Wheaton-late of Detroit-Treasurer and General Agent, with Chas. Jenkins as Assistant Agent. Mr. Wheaton enters upon his work with a zeal and energy which foretells success, and there is the best of reasons for believing that the old Marquette and Pacific:Iron Works-now the Beecher Furnace and the Marquette Rolling Mill-has entered upon a career, with nearly one hundred men employed, which will, before the expiration of twelve months, give work to three or four hundred men. Next in order comes the very extensive foundry and machine shops of D. H. Merritt, Esq. These shops occupy a large area of river front, and are well supplied with all the modern and improved machinery necessary to carry on a business of this kind in all its extensive details. Boilers of any capacity, engines of any power, and machinery of any description, can be turned out of these extensive shops, equal in workmanship and design to anything that can be procured in other cities. These works have grown up step by step, and are a standing monument of that zeal, enterprise and liberality which characterize the citizens of Marquette. In this connection the'establishment of Jas. Picands & Co., wholesale dealers in heavy hardware, etc., may be mentioned, as a proof of the demands and needs of this rapidly increasing country. To such an extent has the growth and wants of this region been brought, that it was deened necessary by Messrs. Picands & Co. to establish a large branch house in Ishpeming, although a glance at the variety and completeness of the stock at Marquette would seem to convince any one that the demand must indeed be enormous to equal the supply already on hand in their extensive warehouses. The prosperity and high commercial standing of this house is only one of the many instances where success has attended the honorable efforts of competent and liberal business men commencing and growing up with a new country. Marquette is peculiarly favored with this class of citizens. We could make a book filled with the lives of men who have gone to Marquette poor, and in a few years have passed through an honorable and enterprising career to immense wealth. In fact we had a desire to publish in this work the business career of a few of Marquette's prominent citizens, but their well known modesty and natural delicacy of feeling in regard to being " put in print," or-made conspicuous, forbade us in indulging in any remarks where only deserved eulogium might appear to them, like compliments bordering on flattery. IV APPENDIX. Marquette has its car-shops and round-houses for the uses of the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon R. R., very complete, well managed and giving employment to a large number of men. There is quite a large sash, blind and door factory, supplied with lumber from several saw mills advantageously located throughout the county. Also, several prominent building firms, and we believe a large company for that purpose is now being organized, with Mr. Alfred Green, a well-known and competent architect and builder of Marquette, as President, or general manager. In short, all the trades may be said to be represented here by competent and skilled workmen, it being a notorious fact that whatever a Marquette man or woman wants, that want must be supplied with the best. There are two banks located here, the 1st National, with a capital of 400,000 dollars, and the Citizen's bank, with a capital of $200,000. The First National has just completed a magnificent building, (of Lake Superior stone), which not only affords large accommodation for office and store room, but is an ornament to the city. Both of these banks do a large, safe and profitable business, and enjoy, to the greatest extent, the confidence of their depositors and the public generally. One feature of this section of the country may be mentioned here; we mean what are called "general'stores." One of these stores, Pendell & Beatty, deal in almost everything consumable, and employ about fifty clerks. Watson & Sons, variety store, comes under the same head, and carries an immense stock of different kinds of goods absolutely bewildering to enumerate. The business done by these firms is really enormous. Another one of the features of Marquette, extensively patronized by all the tourists visiting the region, is the store or museum of Mr. T. Mead, where can be found some very fine mineral specimens, consisting of silver, copper and iron ores, crystals, agates, etc., etc., etc., many of the products of Indian industry, in the way of birch canoes, bead work, etc Here, also can be found the papers and magazines published throughout the country. Mead's, especially in the summer season, is the great resort and head quarters for strangers seeking the amusing, useful, and marvellous in and around Lake Superior. Marquette is rather famous for its handsome and intelligent women, and there are very few cities outside of New York where the ladies display better taste in dress and general make up than here. It requires some judgment and capital to cater to the fastidious wants of these belles, but a visit to the large dry goods house of Wetmore & Co. would satisfy any one that they need not go out of Marquette to be suited in anything in this line, from the most expensive laces and dress goods to the cheapest of every day wear. As the city grows, different lines of business become exclusive, and as a proof of the growth of Marquette we have been somewhat particular in calling attention to the different business houses of Marquette. The house of H. M. C. Earl, with a branch at Ishpeming, for the exclusive sale of Boots and shoes being among the most prominent. The grocers carry as fine and well assorted a stock in their lines as can be found in any large city; Earl & Co. doing the leading business, while the jewelry business as represented by Mr. Conklin, cannot be exceeded for same amount of capital invested, in any city in the Union. One of the most complete drug stores, including a fine laboratory and manufacturing department it has ever been our good fortune to visit, is located in Marquette. The business done by this house, taking into consideration the size of Marquette, is something wonderful, and is only another proof of my before asserted fact, regarding the enterprise and business tact prevalent in Marquette, to whose citizens it would be unnecessary to mention the name of H. H. Stafford, as proprietor of the APPENDIX. V above store, he being so universally popular and well known that we are at a loss to say whether there is another drug store in the city or not. There are several well stocked and prosperous retail hardware and house furnishing stores, represented at one end of the town, by Messrs Scoville & Johnson, and at the other end by Mr. B. Neidhart. These houses do a large and prosperous business, and enjoy the confidence and esteem of their fellow-townsmen and customers. Several fine clothing houses, and an extensive furniture firm, known as Wyckoff & Mahon, two very extensive and largely stocked livery stables, command a large share of the public patronage. One of the most elegantly arranged photograph galleries in the West, presided over by Mr. B. F. Childs, is located here, and during the summer months is crowded with tourists inspecting and purchasing stereoscopic views of Lake Superior's magnificent scenery. The hotels here (and Marquette needs more) are well kept, reasonable in their charges, and afford accommodations that will compare favorably with any hotel in the country. A business, profession or calling, as the case may be,peculiar to this region, is that of the iron expert. These gentlemen must necessarily possess qualifications of a rare nature. They are called upon to make explorations, assay ores and report upon their qualities, examine titles, pay taxes, make collections, etc. There are several firms of this kind in Marquette, whose advertisements appear in the front part of this work, and to whom we can refer as worthy of all and every confidence that may be reposed in them. Enright & Spencer represent the harness business in Marquette, and supply large demands on their stock from all over the Lake Superior region. It is from this port that the celebrated varieties of brown, mottled and clouded sandstone, which for beauty, durability and adaptability to general building and ornamental purposes is unequalled by any other stone. See advertisement on pages 27 and 119. While the slate from the Quarry, represented by W. L. Wetmore as President. is of a quality and fineness absolutely equal, if not superior, to any other slate in the market. We must not forget to mention the MINING JOURNAL, to whom we are under too many obligations to pass lightly over. Perhaps there has been no one cause more than another which has tended to enhance the interest in mines and mining affairs as much as this great mining organ of the Northwest. Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon this Journal, for the enterprise, ability, and business management exhibited by its proprietors. Their corps of editors and attaches is large, complete and very competent. Their outfit in presses and type is of the most improved class and quite extensive. In their job rooms they turn out as good work as is ever done in the average of first class printing houses; and lastly, they publish a 12 page Journal, finely printed on good paper, ably edited, and which no one interested in anything pertaining to iron or minerals should be a day without. In connection with the office is a bindery equal in its appointments to any emergency. We have dwelt somewhat on the business interests of Marquette, and although we know that we have not done it full justice, yet we cannot but wish we had the space, ability and power to introduce all the business men of Marquette to the notice and consideration of business men of other cities. The writer of these lines had necessarily much and frequent intercourse with the commercial men of Marquette, and never in a single instance met with anything except the utmost courtesy, forbearance, patience and liberality, (for it is not always pleasant to be bored for subscriptions, advertisements, and general information). The impressions made upon his VI APPENDIX. VI AE I mind are of the pleasantest, and we say to any one seeking new fields for labor if you are looking for a place where, by your industry and business qualifications, you desire to add to your own store, and the prosperity of your adopted city, go to Marquette. Any man of this description will be received with open arms, and he will find friends at every turn. To the invalid or tourist, needing a few weeks recreation, we recommend them by all means to seek the pure air and splendid climate in and around the faircity of Marquette. Sailing over the broad, clear waters of Lake Superior, trolling for the large 30 pound lake fish, beating the mountain streams for speckled trout, visiting the rolling mill, furnaces, mines and other objects of interest will serve to pass away several weeks in an amusing and profitable manner. The hotels here are well kept, very comfortable and charges reasonable, and amongst other attractive features we call attention to the following sketch, from the Mining Journal, of the new park and cemetery: "The people of Marquette are remarkably well favored with the grand in nature-in the hills and valleys, the swift-flowing river and the rivulet, the expanse of lake and stretch of shore line, the rising plain and unnumbered tints of foliage, by which the city is surrounded. It would be difficult to select a point which offers a greater diversity of striking and beautiful scenery, in the midst of a moving commerce which is asserting itself as the m)st powerful in the world. A finer picture never covered the canvass of an artist than is presented by Marquette from the center of the bav, with the docks, and ships and steamers in the foreground, bustling with life, and the city dropping from the highland to the right and left on both sides of the bay, with a horizon of hills to the extreme right and left and in the back ground. As a vessel advances toward this scene an irresistible emotion, influenced by beauty, creeps over the soul of the beholder, and as the heart dilates with quickened pulsation he feels that words are useless-the vision is sufficient. "Upon disembarking and passing through the busy streets and moving up the broad avenues, the effect of the impression is not removed, but rather intensified by the surroundings, in fine residences with lawns and foliage, the continuous view of harbor and lake below, and the hills which crown the highlands back of the city. But we are te have a still more beautiful picture to look upon than all of these. Passing up Washington avenue to Seventh street, we find on the right of Washington a grove of pines, dark, tall and as symmetrical as the masts of ships, covering the entire front of Washington between Seventh and Eighth streets, and extending back on a gradual incline to the depth of half the square, and then climbing a higher but not an abrupt elevation, they intermingle with maples, low evergreens and beech, when, at the crown of the hill, the diversity of the foliage is almost entrancing. Here, by returning the examination toward Washington street, there will be found eight acres of as beautiful park grounds as could be desired, which, when completed with lawns, and drives, andSfountains, and the undergrowth of vegetation more completely cut out, will not only be made a charming landscape, but over and through which the life and bustle of the city can be seen, with the topmasts of the shipping in the harbor and Lake Superior in full view in the distance. "At this point the western boundary of the cemetery has been established, and the monuments and improvements show a very complete system already adopted for carrying out the plan of improving and beautifying this depository of human dust. About eight acres have been set apart for this purpose, which nature seems to have especially intended to be made very beantiful by the least assistance. In the rear and forming a part of the cemetery grounds-the whole comprising some sixteen acres in addition to the front park-are prominent elevations and depressions, of such character as to be converted into as beautiful a spot as one can desire to see. APPENDIX. VII 'Near the center is a large depression of from five to six acres, with irregular margins, its northern extent terminating near the north boundary on Eighlth street. This depression is now being excavated to be formed into a lake. It was evidently the home of a colony of beavers, centuries ago. A small stream passes through it and a beaver dam had been constructed at the outlet, and now in trenching to drain it and in taking out the vegetable accumulation of Vears, timber is found as having unmistakably been placed there by the work of beavers. The soil is brown, a coarse vegetable fibrin, from three to four feet deep, lying on a pure white sand bottom, and when removed and the depression allowed to fill with water, a silvery-bottomed lake of a depth of four feet will cover the space. The largest area of water will be located directly at the head of the central drive through the park and cemetery from Washington street; and to the right, as the lake is approached, extending off at an angle of forty degrees with the approach, is a mound some three hundred feet in length, its crown and the side looking upon the lake, covered with full growth trees, with a wide lawn and drive between the mound and the lake. Fronting the mound, and near the center of its length, there has been left in the lake within a few feet of the shore, a formation which is peculiarly adapted to a small island. This island will be cultivated in shrubbery and a small observatory placed upon it. to which access will be given by an arched bridge sufficiently high to allow of the passage of boats beneath it. "From this point looking to the north, and about six hundred feet distant, lying parallel with the east shore of the lake, with but a narrow channel between there lies a monitor-shaped island, with a huge granite rock rising from the middle some six or eight feet high, and twelve feet across the top, having the appearance of a turret. In the crevices of this rock moderate-sized maples and evergreens have taken root, and it is susceptible of being converted into a most beautiful and novel object. With shrubbery upon the deck and the rock dressed to conform to the appearance of a turret, covered with evergreens, nothing could be made more striking or novel. "To the left of this point is another island, sufficiently large to be adapted to the cultivation of evergreens and such shrubbery as will be best adapted to beautify it. "A series of arched bridges will extend in an east and west line, connecting the evergreen and monitor islands with the shores of the lake, and the amount of beauty and interest which may be added to the approaches, the brilges and the island will begoverned entirely by the amount of labor and taste expended upon them. The situation of each, and their relative position, is such as to admit of any amount of ornamentation, and the whole can, be made a reality, far more attractive than most pictures so far presented of any park or garden thrown open to the public in America. "The interest does not cease here. East of this lake are several acres of wild and primitive land, with hill and valley, rock and forest, which can be converted by the mere touch of the engineer into pleasant walks and drives without disturbing the natural beauty of the location. Near the extreme north-west boundary of the grounds is a rocky prominence which commands a view of the lake in the cemetery, the cemetery and a large portion of the city and Lake Superior. This seems especially intended jor an interesting spot, and will be the most attractive feature of the entire ground on account of its prominence. And all that portion of the tract north and east of the lake is of a character which furnishes the best plat possible for adding, at little expense, to the most interesting natural scenery, such artificial embellishments as will make it attractive beyond measure. "Gondolas are to be placed upon the lake, which in their voyage over its entire surface will pas under four bridges, around three islands, enter VIII APPENDIX. several coves, and pass in front of the lawn on the south side, which voyage for charming and poetical beauty caunot be surpassed. "This comprises the leading features of the park and cemetery of Marquette, but does not by any means comprise the beauty, or interest, in detail, which can be found in the combined attractions of the place. We believe the country has not yet furnished its equal, however much has been done in many localities by the occupation of hundreds of acres of land and the use of innumerable auxiliaries for adornment. We have all the attractions of hill, valley, lake, forest, rivulet, fountain, lawn, evergreens, shrubbery, rock, ravine, bridges, boats and the panorama of the surrounding country, to please the eye and the taste, or to answer the call of scholars in vegetable or geological science. "Several hundreds of the pines which stood upon the Washington street face of the park have been cut down-maples are to be substituted, and a lawn cultivated next year. Engineers are now engaged in surveying the property with a view of fixing upon lines by which it shall be landscaped. Two or three acres of the lake have been excavated and the soil has been piled with lime to hasten its decomposition, for the purpose of having 11 ready to use next year in all cases where it is demanded to assist vegetation. The avenues are being graded with granite soil; and a great amount of other work is being done preliminary to the completion of the whole. "It may be thought that we are over enthusiastic, or that we are claiming too much for our little pet of twenty-five acres, in Marquette, but having visited the leading parks and cemeteries of the country, including those at Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, Boston, Baltimore, St. Louis, and other important localities, we are prepared to say, that for beauty of landscape, points of especial interest to the lovers of the curious, novel and beautiful, we believe the Marquette park will surpass them all. "The plan of combining the two, it seems, is original with Marquette, and the influence of the plan must result in their mutual advantage. The premises will be pro:erly policed and the park will be protected, while tile tombs of the dead, and the respect due those who have passed away, will instill a spirit of decorum, and an appreciation of the good and the beautiful into all who enter the ground, which feeling will pervade and surround the place as with a charm of ease, and repose, and admiration." The Holly works improved furnish an ample supply of pure, fresh water to its 7,000 inhabitants, while extensive gas works illuminate the city with a pure and brilliant light. And now, in bidding adieu to Marquette, and its hospilable, enterprising and liberal citizens, we wish them all the success, prosperity and growth which they most assuredly deserve, and wending our way to the depot of the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon railroad, prepare to give our readers some account of other towns in the interior, al d in order that they may not think we are blindly euthusiastic in all that concerns this region, we append the following account made by another stranger in these parts, Yusef, the very able correspondent of the Detroit Free Press, who writes: "That the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon Railroad has other means of income besides those derived from carrying ore and merchandise and disposing of land grants is evident. The passenger destined for the iron mines will find a throng of people at the station in Marquette awaiting the departure of the train for the mining region. Every seat in the coaches will be found filled, many persons standing in the aisles, and all available space in the baggage car occupied. The larger number of the passengers-men employed in the mines in the vicinity-have been down to Marquette on matters of business; others are new arrivals jnst going into the interior in search of jobs. APPENDIX. IX A BUSY ASPECT. "A inong the rest are several swedish and German miners, who arc (co(1 -ducting to their fiture quarters relatives and friends, fresh immigrant., just landed fromn the lake steamers. There are contractors and builders, very busy, having much work on hand that needs attention and rather drove for time, and life insurance men who are urging the insecurity of life and tle necessity of lmaking provision for the future on not unwilling ears. Age ts and manlagers of mines are going out to look after matters, and owners of developed property and prospective locations guiding strangers to a view of the richness of the land. "Iron and furnace men from Pennsylvania and other States have come to satisfy themselves of the advantages offered by the use of various ores, and drlll rmers for mercantile houses with ponderous sample cases, anxious only to mnake good sales. Railroad men and vessel captains are intent on hurrying up shipments, and summer tourists on seeing the strange sights of a rlining region. Every one has something to talk about, and the flow of conversation, is strangely in contrast to the usual reserve and silence of passengers in railroad cars in other localities. TI E ROAD TO NEGAUNEE. "Laden thus heavily, the train toils up the steep grade from the lake level at IMarquette to the heights of the iron range, stopping at three or four stations at which blast furnaces are located, but retaining most of its passengers until at a distance of twelve miles from the starting point Negallnee is reclledl. This is the site of the first iron mines, a number of which are located within the corporate limits of the city, for Negaunee is an incorporated city, with business activity and life pertaining to that digmnitv. In 1870 its population was set down at 2,560; at present it has more thani double that number. THE FIRST IMPRESSIONS. " Probably the first thing that will arrest the attention of the stranger will be the concourse of people on the station platform awaiting the arrival of the train. Htaving made his way through the crowd he will next wonder at the me:antng of the large number of carboys of vitriol beside the railroad track, and when informed that nitric acid to the value of $7,000 is every month con- sumed in the nitro-glycerine factory, a mile or so from the town, will begin to appreciate the labor of extracting from rocky interstices the precious iron ore. AN ACTIVE PLACE. "Then if he cares to inspect the place before visiting the mines he will find extensive stores in all the lines of trade and all apparently doing a profitable business, two or three banks, a number of good hotels crowded with guests, churches, schools and private residences of neat appearance, but none of architectural pretensions. Negaunee has the advantage of two railroad lines, the Chicago and Northwestern and the Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon. THE MINES AND THE ORE. " South of the city a considerable elevation, styled a mountain, rears itself. The original growth of timber has been cut off, and the operations of the miners reveal a number of openings in the rocky side. These mines are distingulished as belonging to the Negaunee hematite range. The ore is red and brown color, easily mined, and, in places, so friable as to be readily loosened with the pick and removed with a shovel. The hematite ores, though valuable, if not indispensable to mix with the harder qualities, are of the lean character-that is, averaging in a given weight but 44 to 55 per cent. of iron. X APPENDIX. OPENING A MINE. "'If a person connects with a Lake Superior iron mine the idea of a subterranean working in the ground to which access is had by means of narrow shafts of uncertain depth and constant gloom and darkness, he will be quite disappointed on witnessing the reality. Operations in mining are usually begun at the side of a hill or mountain, upon which explorations and test pits have revealed the presence of ore. The timber is first cut down and the surface soil removed. Then, if the vein is immediately at the outside or foot of the hill or mountain, as is sometimes the case, nothing remains to be done but to attack with drill, and powder, and pick and shovel, load it into carts or railroad cars, and draw it away. More frequently a cut wide enough for a road has to be made through the intervening rock until the vein is reached, whose course afterward determines the direction of the workings. In other places the outcrop of the vein on the surface is followed down, often of such width and depth as to resemble monstrous craters. WIDE MOUTHED PITS, Iron mining, in short, is conducted much on the same principlea s quarrying, and the vein; vary in width from a narrow passage in which but one man can be employed, and he sometimes unprofitably, to openings so broad and cavernous as to contain a regiment. In all cases the configuration of the vein regulates the shape of the mine, but generally speaking, the dimension of the surface opening are retained to the very bottom of the cavity. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IRON MINES. "The veins dip at tolerably regular angles from the perpendicular, and when they are pursued for any distance the hanging wall is supported by timbers. Sometimes an island or " horse" of rock obtrudes itself' in the very midst of a vein. In such cases, if very large, it is suffered to remain and the windings of the valuable mineral followed around it. In some mines, as the Jackson; interposing walls of rock between large deposits of ore are tunneled through, giving admission to railroad cars, into which the ore is shoveled direct from its original bed. MODUS OPERANDI. "At the first opening of a mine horses and carts are driven into the opening, and the ore removed to a " stock pile," which is a vast heap contiguous to the railroad track, or carted direct and dumped through shoots into the railroad cars. As the mine progresses in depth, of course it becomes inconvenient, if not impossible to drive into its abyss horses and carts, as however great the superficial opening the impracticable point will ultimately be reached. So in some of the older mines are used inclined railway tracks and cars, in other tracks well nigh perpendicular, traversed by cars of boiler-iron denominated "skips," and ingeniously devised to dump their contents when at the summit without jumping from the track. Powerful engines are used for hoisting in such mines, and for pumping, though in the summer season, but little water finds its way into the bottom. AT WORK ON THE ROCKY FACE. "Into these broad pits, open alike to the sunlight and the rain, the hardy miner betakes himself, and with his sledge and drill attacks tho glistening face of the ore-bearing rock. The miners proper work in gangs of three, usually, and are paid by the foot or cubic fathom. Perching himself where directed by the captain, at a convenient place, upon the side or the bottom, he starts his drill, an instrument of steel, of no great length, which is driven into rock by the repeated blows of his stalwart colleagues. APPENDIX. XI BLASTING. "When a sufficient number of holes of the proper inclination have been drilled to give a " good throw," the cavities are charged with giant powder or nitro-glycerine, and a warning signal given, hearing which all hands quit work and seek shelter until the blast has taken place. These blasts are usually made four times a day-at ten o'clock and at one, at three and at siv. When the blast is over, the other workmen set about removing the ore, and also the other rock which may happen to be disengaged with it. Some ' throws" loosen larger quantities of ore than others, as some mines are more favorably situated or easier worked than others. New York mine, situated at Ishpeming, has a vein sixty-five or seventy feet in width, the opening being 500 feet superficial in length, and down at the present time some sixty feet, dipping at an angle of about 30 degrees. Recentlv, at a single blast, 1,075 pounds of giant powder being used, over 4,000 tons (8,000,000 pounds) of ore was thrown from this mine. DIFFERENCE IN VEINS. "The hematite veins are easier worked than the specular or the magnetic. At Negaunee, upon some of the same locations are found both classes of ores. It may be said, however, that the hematite mines have not been so energetically worked as those containing ores of the harder varieties. EXPENSES OF A MINE. "A considerable expenditure is attached to the working of a mine, so that if valuable ore is found upon a side hill, awaiting the pick and shovel of the miner, he cannot attack it without first making extensive preparations. In the first place dwellings for workmen have to be erected, which is no slight task when the number reaches, as it does in most cases, fifty or more, several locations have a hundred. Then roads are to be cut, and switches and side tracks made, platforms and spouts for loading cars built, and repair shops put up. In places remote, stores have to be supplied, and goods of all descriptions kept for the use of the laborers and their families. It frequently happens that months are consumed in this preliminary labor. THE MINER'S HOMES. "The dwellings of tE e workmen are either frame or log houses. If the former, sometimes painted, but in all cases made exceedingly comfortable. There is a certain sameness in the structures, and the stranger notes the absence of fences and inclosures, and the lack of gardens that he is accustomed to see attached to dwellings of like character " oelow." Most mines have school-houses and teachers upon their locations, though not all of them are thus provided. In such cases of course the reason is the neglect of the parents themselves, who are quite as well satisfied to have their boys earn wages as to lay up.a store of " book learning." DOCTORS AND LAWYERS. "A physician is an indispensable attache of every mine, his services being paid for by retaining from each single employe's wages seventy-five cents monthly, and from each married one $1.25. Mining accidents, however, are not so numerous as one might naturally suppose. Preachers are not so common, but occasionally one deems it his duty to visit the mining locations and attend to their spiritual wants. There are lawyers, too, but few of them thrive in this region. Each mine is contiguous to the railroad, and thus communication is made easy; moreover, at each is a postoffice and a telegraph station. As for justices of the peace and constables, a distribution of the offices is made at each election-two or three, or more mines comprising a township, and law and order reigns as well as in any other well regulated community." We'must beg to differ from " Usef" in regard to the hotels in which XII APPENDIX. Negaunee is so sadly deficient. This is a great loss to this thriving town, as people from Marquette, tourists and others, make it a poiut not to stay over night in the hotels at Negaunee. if it can possibly be avoided. Thlis is a great damage to Negaunee, and we understand that some of her enterprising citizens are about erecting an elegant building for a first class liotel. When this is done, Negaunee will increase in wealth and population. We would like to do full justice to the enterprising spilit prevaiiilg amuongst her citizens. But Negaunee must be seen to be appreciated, and we promise the tourist or capitalist ample fields for both pleasure and profit. Malny large fortunes have been made here in an incredible short space of time, and the whole town looks healthy, busy and well to do, while one meets at every turn, shrewd, sharp, honest appearing men, who carry an air of prosperity about them apparent to all. Three miles from Negaunee brings us to Ishpemiing, first settled in 1853, incorporated as a village in 1872. Located in tile very heart. of the iron region, it is dependant upon the surroutnding inineli, of which t[here are five, the products of which, in 1872, amounted Lo 387,322 tons of ore, The Lake Superior Co. and Deer Lake Co. each hlave a blast fttrnace in operation here. The town is finely located, very well laid out, ra idly growing, and is supplied with water by the Holly system. anlliks, school houses, (one of the latter now being built at a cost of;30,000) and churches are adequate to the wants of tile inhabitants. Like Negaunee they sadly lneed a hotel. A better investiment could be made no where than in a first-class hotel at Ishpenming. We saw the bank account of one small clothing store, with (lie cle rk besides proprietors, in this town, that averaged a daily deposit of i250.00, (representing sales to that amount), and one day the receipts were over $750.00. Quite a large foundry is also located here, anid employs a large force in turning out all description of boilers, engines and difldient kinds of machinery, for which they find a ready sale. There is really no necessity to go away from home to purchase anything produced at the nuperior foundry, as a better article, in their line, cannot be manufactured any where. On the cars again, and away we speed on our way to.Michigaumne. We are on a single track and it is astonishing how we manage to pass the numerous and heavily laden ore trains without accident. To a nervous person collisions would seem inevitable, but we have been behind the scenes and don't feel nervous at all. One day straying into the office of the Superintendent of the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon R. R., we observed a gentleman seated at a tabie before a large chart which was crossed and re-crossed with lines and marked over with numbers very mysterious to us. With a reporter's inquisitiveness we interviewed the aforesaid gentleman, and was very courteously informed that otn the chart before him was laid down all the stations, switches and, crossings on the above named R. R., with the time when each train was due or should depart. Between his thumb and finger he held the key to the mighty electric telegraphl. The first click of danger draws his attention to the chart, where at a glance he sees when and where every train for that particular minute was either due or ought to he due. A few movements of his hands holds great trains of ore or sends them flying down grade out of all danger. The lives of thousands are beneath the thumb of that one man. A single false sound and the loss of life, to say nothing of the wreck of property, would be irimmense. But he is a faithful steward, clear, cool headed and competent, his quick ear and sharp eye is ever on the alert, and we doze away in our seat in perfect security, flying over the rails on our road to Michigamme, feeling assured that our trusty sentinel is on duty and watching over us. With this knowledge before us it is not at all wonderful that so very few accidents occur on a ruad where trains follow, one after the other, at intervals of only a few APPENDIX. XIII minutes, the livelong day, and far into the night. Our train sweeps past a lovely lake of clear, cool sweet water, and in another momelntwe find ourselves in the depot located in the town of Micligamme. We wend our way up town around stumps and over large stone bolders, throughl the principal streets of Michigamnmi; a town that dates its birth to but a year ago, when, after an existence of eight months, the 160 houses which its enterprising citizens had erected were destroye. by fire in a single day. Two months afterward, with a zeal and energy seldom, if ever, surpassed, there rose from the late ruins 210 well built and substantial frame houses. Tile greater number of these buildings are used either for business pturposes or boarding houses. There are five iron mines located around Michigammi and the population of the town is about 1,500. This seems to be one of the most flourishing, growing and enterprising towns in tie county. Money is plenty and trade is brisk, everybody seems to be cheerful, happy and prosperous. There are several other mining towns in the county, of more or less imrlortairce. hullholt, a mining town on the M. H. & 0. R. R., has a population of about 2,000, consisting mostly of miners, and consequently imay be considered more or less floating. This may be said of most of the other towns and villages, important as mining districts, but as in giving ain account of the mines these places may be said to be incorporated, we do not deem it necessary to particularize in regard to them. Marquette county covers a large area of mineral land. It is essentially a mining county, and a description of one town will do for all. Suffice it to say, that as a county, that of Marquette is a very rich, prosperous, and rapidly increasing in importance every day of its existence. Taxes are not high, business chances of almost any kind are good, mechanics and laborers are always in demand, and opportuuities for safe-paying i: vestments are plenty. The climate is lovely the year round, the air in winter being cool, clear and bracing, in summer pure and healthy. There is an air of enterprise, prosperity and contentment about its citizens seldom seen anlwhere else, and at no distant day the county of Marquette will be developed as one of the richest Counties in the Union. FIN S. I i 4 0 10t U EI _ I~ I I_ I: PATENT/ HITCHING POST. These Posts possess advantages over all other posts' The head being of metal, they cannot be defaced by R a horses teeth. The Posts being of CEDAR, are stronger, and will not break as easy as an iron post. The chain passes through the mouth into the post when not in use-and is not always covered with rust, dirt, snow or ice. They are the most convenient, durable, ornamental and cheapest post manufactured. 'Finished in sand they have the appearance of a stone post. They require no hitching strap- C saving time and trouble. There is no spring or anything about the post that can get out of order. They give entire satisfaction and are warranted to be all they are represented. W. L. BEARD & CO., Manufacturors,:r: I No. 1 Russell oQUSe Block, DETROIT, MICH. Or SCOVILL &s JOHNSON, Marquette, Mich. Agents. Or NEELY & EDDY, Negaunee, Mich. Agent Ua _____ 7'2 Wo od ward Alv ue, Detroit, Wh~olesale and Rela~ D~ealer in A D~k~Q Sheet Music and Music Books of Foreign and American Publication. Strings for all Instruments and warranted to be of the best quality. I AM GENERAL STATE AGENT F(%)lt THlE CELEBRATEI)~~P~~~fIArA INS Universally acknowledged as being the best Inistrunients in the entire world. Parties at a distance a-re requested to se~nd in their orders direct to rue and satisfiation is guara teed in every respect or no pay, Evecry Pianro sol4 is warranted. Pianos sold at great bargains for cash. Pianos sold on monthly payment system. Old!-itrunients taken in exchange. Remember the place and direct to 7~2 W~ood ward d4venuec, Detroit.;W, U M- - gn Al Wagm, milp,A