.11% 21 mm 1. K, I i t I 1 t I k I I I I I i I I __ HISTORIC MICHIGAN LAND OF THE GREAT LAKES Its life, resources, industries, people, politics, government, wars, institutions, achievements, the press, schools, churches, legendary and prehistoric lore Edited by GEORGE N. FULLER, A.M. (Harvard), Ph.D. (Univ. of Mich.) IN TWO VOLUMES Also A Third Volume Containing Local History of Detroit and Wayne County Edited by GEORGE B. CATLIN ILLUSTRATED Published by National Historical Association, Inc. Dayton, Ohio - -- - — i Table of Contents CHAPTER I-FRENCH WESTERN EXPLORATIONS BEFORE 1700 Jacques Cartier-Samuel de Champlain's First Voyage to AmericaAppointed Lieutenant Governor of New France-His Explorations Westward-Jesuit Activities in the West-Discovery of the Mississippi by Marquette and Joliet-Galinee, Casson, and Joliet Pass Through Detroit River in 1670-La Salle Sails the Griffon Through Detroit River on Way to Lake Michigan in 1679-Western Territory Formally Claimed by France in 1671-Fort Established at MichilimackinacAbandonment of Mackinac Post and Mission ------ ------- 17-24 CHAPTER II-FOUNDING OF THE DETROIT SETTLEMENT Cadillac Decides to Establish Fort at Detroit and Receives Royal Permission-Cadillac and Party Arrive at Detroit on June 23, 1701-Friction Between Cadillac and the Company of the Colony-Cadillac's Troubles as Commandant-Conveyances of Lots and Subsequent Annullment of Titles-Cadillac Relieved of Command at Detroit and Appointed Governor of Louisiana. --- —-------------- 25-31 CHAPTER III-DETROIT AND THE FRENCH COMMANDANTS Trade Conditions at Detroit-French Struggle with Fox Indians and Massacre of that Tribe at Detroit-Pierre Alphonse de TontyFrancois de la Forest-Sieurde Bourgmont-Sieur Debuisson-Jacques Charles Sabrevois-Jean Baptiste de St. Ours, Sieur DeschaillonsLouis Henri Deschamps, Sieur de Boishebert-Ives Jacques Hugues Pean, Sieur de Livandiere-Nicholas Joseph Desnoyelles-Pierre Jacques Payan de Noyan, Sieur de Chavois-Pierre Joseph Celoron, Sieur de Blainville-Paul Joseph Le Moyne, Chevalier de Longueil-Jacques Pierre Daneau, Sieur de Muy-Jean Baptiste Henri Berariger-Francois Marie Picote, Sieur de Belestre-Louis de law Porte, Sieur de Louvigny --- —- ----------------------- 32-43 CHAPTER IV-DETROIT UNDER BRITISH RULE Surrender of Canada to the British in 1760-Occupation of Detroit by British Troops under Major Robert Rogers-Major Robert RogersCaptain Donald Campbell-Major Henry Gladwin and Pontiac Conspiracy-Col. John Bradstreet-Lt. Col. John Campbell-Capt. George Turnbull-Capt. James Stephenson-Capt. George Etherington-Major Henry Bassett-Capt. Richard Beringer Lernoult-Col. Arent Schuyler De Peyster-Jehu Hay-Major William Ancrum-Capt. Thomas Bennett-Capt. Robert Matthews-Major Patrick Murray-Major John Smith-Col. Richard England ---------—.-.-.... -- - --— 44-57 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER V-UNITED STATES CONTROL Western Territory Passes to Nominal Control of United States in 1783 -Claims of Colonies to Western Lands-Northwest Territory Created -England Agrees to Surrender Western Post-Detroit Surrendered to Americans, July 11, 1796-Indiana Territory-Michigan Territory and Erection of Wayne County-Michigan's Territorial GovernmentMichigan Admitted to the Union January 26, 1837, and Detroit Made Temporary Capital Until 1847 -Toledo War and Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute ----------— _ __ --- —-----— __ 58-65 CHAPTER VI-MILITARY Establishment of Fort Pontchartrain by Cadillac in 1701-Troop Concentration at Detroit During War with British-Pontiac Conspiracy and Successful Defense of Detroit by Major Gladwin-Detroit as a Base for Western Operations of British in Revolutionary War-Indian Troubles Encountered by Americans-Indian Campaigns of General Anthony Wayne and Their Results with Respect to Detroit-War of 1812-Hull's Canadian Invasion-Capture of Ft. Mackinac- Surrender of Detrot to the British under General Brock-Battles of Lake Erie and the Thames-Black Hawk War-Mexican War-Troops Raised in Michigan for Service in Mexico-Civil War-Detroit's Representation in the Union Army-Spanish American War-World War and Record of Thirty-second Division-Some Units Raised in Detroit. --- —-66-97 CHAPTER VII-COUNTY ORGANIZATION A N D GOVERNMENT Erection of Wayne County, August 15, 1796, and Subsequent Boundary Changes-Township Organization-Brownstown-Canton-DearbornEcorse-Gratiot-Greenfield-Grosse Ile-Grosse Pointe-Hamtramck -Huron-Livonia-Monguagon-Nankin-Northville-Plymouth-Redford-Romulus-Springwells — Sumpter-Taylor-Van Buren-County Buildings-Early Courthouses and Jails-County Jails-Eloise-County Officers-Sheriffs-Clerks-Treasurers-Registers of Deeds-Prosecuting Attorneys- Circuit Court Commissioners — Coroners - Surveyors... --- —--------------—. 98-118 CHAPTER VIII-EDUCATION Limited Education Advantages during Cadillac's Regime-Early Private Schools and Teachers-Father Gabriel Richard and His Efforts to Maintain Schools-Organization of a Detroit Public School System -Free School Society-Revision of Public School System-Organization of Board of Education-Establishment of a High School-Parochial and Private Schools-Michigan State Auto School-Private Schools -Female Seminary, Detroit Mechanics Society, and Others-University of Michigan Established at Detroit-St. Philip's College-GermanAmerican Seminary-University of Detroit-Libraries-Detroit Mechanics' Library-Detroit Public Library-Detroit Museum of Artl119-153 CHAPTER IX-TRANSPORTATION Pioneer Methods of Travel and Communication-The Griffon-Sailing Vessels During British Regime-The First Steamer, the Walk-in-theWater-Shipbuilding at Detroit-Shipping and Navigation Companies of Detroit-Highway Transportation-Trails and First Roads-Plank Roads and Stages-Railroads-Detroit and Pontiac Railroad-Other Railroads-Bus Lines - -------- --- —. --- --- 154-169 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX CHAPTER X-BANKS AND BANKING Pioneer Trading-Authorization of First Bank in Detroit and Refusal of Congress to Recognize It-Incorporation of Bank of Michigan in 1817-Incorporation of Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank of Michigan in 1829-Other Early Banks-Detroit Savings Fund Institute and the Detroit Savings Bank-First National Bank-Second National Bank and Its Union with First National Bank-Wayne County & Home Savings Bank-Peoples State Bank-National Bank of Commerce-Merchants National Bank-Dime Savings Bank-First State Bank-American State Bank of Detroit-Bank of Detroit-Central Savings Bank-Commercial State Savings Bank-Commonwealth-Federal Savings BankContinental Bank of Detroit-Industrial Morris Plan Bank of Detroit -Michigan State Bank of Detroit-Northwestern State Bank-Peninsular State Bank-United States Bank-County Banks-Trust Companies —. --------—.. ---- - 170-192 CHAPTER XI-BENCH AND BAR Legal Powers of French Commandants and of English CommandersPhilip Dejean Appointed Justice of the Peace at Detroit-Detroit Comes Under Jurisdiction of Court of the District of Hesse-Territorial Judges -District Courts-County Courts-Court of Chancery-Circuit Courts -Probate Courts-City Courts-Wayne County Bar-Some of the Most Prominent Early Lawyers-Detroit Bar Association-Detroit College of Law ----.. ------ ---------------- ---- 193-218 CHAPTER XII-THE PRESS First Newspapers Brought to Detroit-Michigan Essay, or Impartial Observer Published by Father Gabriel Richard-Detroit GazetteMany Early Newspapers Published in Detroit-Detroit News-Detroit Free Press-Detroit Times-Miscellaneous Publications-__217-241 CHAPTER XIII —PHYSICIANS AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH Dr. Antoine Forrestier, Physician Who Came with Cadillac-Dr. William Brown-Other Early Physicians-Work of the HomeopathsDetroit College of Medicine and Surgery-Wayne County Medical Society-St. Vincent's Hospital, First in Detroit-Harper HospitalHomeopathic Hospital-Henry Ford Hospital-Receiving HospitalDetroit Tuberculosis Sanitarium- Children's Free Hospital- Other Hospitals in Detroit-Public Health -— _.___ ----- - ----—.-.-242-251 CHAPTER XIV-INDUSTRIAL Fur Trade-Early Manufactories-Stove Manufacturing-Salt Making -Automobile Manufacturing-R. E. Olds Establishes Plant in Detroit -Henry Ford-Cadillac Motor Car Company-Packard Motor Company-Paige-Detroit Motor Company-Chrysler Motor Car Company -Dodge Brothers Motor Car Company-Allied Industries-Burroughs Adding Machine Company-Eureka Vacuum Sweeper Company-252-258 CHAPTER XV-CITIES AND VILLAGES Belleville- Dearborn- Delray- Ecorse-Flat Rock-Fordson-Lincoln Park- Hamtramck — Highland Park- New Boston-Northville-Plymouth-Redford - River Rouge - Wyandotte- Rockwood- Romulus — Trenton-Wayne ----------— ___________ --- —-.. _____. 259-264 I I Index to Personal Records Abbott, Arthur J. -------- 297 Abbott, Dudley W. _ -----— 323 Adams, Ray H. ___ --- —-- 381 Albaugh, Donald I. - -----— 414 Allan, Clare F. - ____ --- —357 Allen, Harry _-__ --- —---— 302 Allen, I. M. --------------- 306 Allen, Mark W. _- __ --- —— 438 Amiot, Hubert S. -----------— 345 Anderson, Jesse L. ----------— 371 Andrews, Abraham ----------— 466 Antisdel, John P. __ ----— _ 564 Apel, Franz ___ --- —---- 408 Arnold, Charles L. ---- --- 602 Ayres, Clarence L. ------ 458 Babbitt, L. A. ____ --- — -- 350 Backus, Charles F. --------- 539 Baisley, Arthur E. ------— 319 Baker, Harold S. - — __ ---464 Ball, William H. -__ --- —---- 482 Barker, Paul P. -,_ ------- 396 Beecher, George L. __ --- —— 555 Begg, George 0. _ ----- — 386 BeGole, William A. ---------- 300 Bennett, Zina B. _ ------ 330 Betzoldt, Theodore C. ----— _ 305 Beymer, Charles E. - --------- 267 Bigelow, Nelson C. — _ ---— 439 Birnkrant, Saul J. _ --- —- 442 Bishop, Ella M. Clark _ --- —-__534 Bishop, Jerome H. _ --- —- 535 Blain, Alexander W., Jr. ----- 420 Bornman, John -------------— 528 Bourke, James J. -------— 411 Bowles, George C. _ -----— 436 Boyer, Joseph _ --- —------ 598 Boyne, John A. _ -------— 401 Bromley, Oswald R. _- ----— 512 Brown, Charles F. -____ —. ---.473 Brown, Jasper L. - -- 372 Brownell, William S. - _ --- —-— 497 Brownson, Robert M..-... ----_325 Bullard, Edgar J. -------— 560 Burgess, Roy H. -. --- —--- 347 Butzel, Leo M. ----------- 583 Cahalan, John C. ----— __ - -— 370 Callahan, Philip A. --------— 563 Campbell, Charles H. -----— 614 Carpenter, William L. -_. --- —-412 Carr, Earl F. _- ---------— 376 Caspers, Frank ------- ---- 360 Cassidy, John, Jr. ---- 302 Chapin, Roy D. _ --- —----— 532 Chapman, Merritt J. _ ----— 407 Church, Austin ----------— 558 Clancy, Rockwell P. _ ---- 550 Clark, Bernard A. _ --- —---— 299 Clark, Joseph H. - --------- 403 Clarke, Harry C. ---------- 475 Colby, Howard H. -_____ --- —-- 387 Collins, Carroll W. ----------— 359 Cooper, Edgar B. -____ --- —--- 352 Cooper, James M.. —.. --- —--- 521 Coulter, Glenn M. _ ------— 299 Craine, Clyde P. --------— _-297 Crissman, Frank D. - --—. --- —487 Crotser, Joseph M. -------- 465 Cummiskey, James P. - ---- 552 Cutting, Benjamin N. -----— 318 Dalby, Fred W. __ --- —-- - 414 Daly, Clarence J. ---------— 399 Daly, William ------ 398 Darin, Frank P. ----------— 542 Davie, Walter J., _- 5 --- —-— 590 Davis, Milton B. - -------— 362 Davis, Robert K. ----------— 541 Daymude, C. A. _ --- —-----— 441 Deimling, James F. -. _ --- —-- 513 Denby, Edwin --------— ___531 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS Dennis, Frank H. -- ___ --- —--— 304 Dietrich, Karl A. ---------- 352 Dolan, Thomas E. -.. --- —----— 468 Dolph, Charles A. -.... ---. --- —303 Dopp, James W. -_____ --- —-— _298 Dorraince, Victor L. -__ --- —--— 361 Drouyor, Nelson J. -__ --- — _ —.379 Dunne, Very Rev. Patrick. --- —346 Dust, William T.... --- —--- 326 Eberts, Frank H. -...... --- —— 364 Eberts, Harry A.. --- —------— 318 Eberts, Walter L. -... --- —-363 Edinger, Otto J. -__ --- —--— 382 Edwards, Arthur W. -----— __369 Elliott, William H. -.. - ------— 422 Emerson, Chester B. -_____ --- —455 Enggass, Clarence H. - _ --- ——.574 Esper, Anthony ----— 3 —. ---— _304 Esper, Bernard P. ---— _ --- —-_380 Ewald, Henry T. -____ --- —---- 432 Eyster, George W. -_____ --- —— 409 Farrell, Percy J. ---- ---- 553 Fellows, Perry A. - ----—. --- —517 Ferris, Marshall D. - ---— 300 Fetz, Herman J. _ __ --- — _ ---- 519 Fisher, Albert -------— ___ 428 Fisher, E. F. -.. --------— 573 Ford, Clyde M. -. - 4 --- —— 404 Ford, John ------------— 586 Ford, Robert W. __ --- —-- 305 Foss, Neville C. -__ --- —--— 462 Freese, Charles E. ------— _ 443 Freund, Hugo A. -------- _ --- 586 Frostic, Fred W. -3...... --- —— 367 Fyfe, Richard H. --------— 556 Gairing, Emil ------— _ —__435 Gallagher, Rt. Rev. M. J. -----— 314 Gannas, Rev. Maximilian -----— 540 Gardner, John G. __ -------— 312 Garlick, James H. -. ------— 410 Garrison, William P. _- ---— 362 Gauss, Charles --------—.. ---_ 492 Gehlert, Richard S. -___ --- —--- 546 Gibbons, James --------------— 336 Gillespie, John ------— _ ---447 Gledhill, George E. - __4 — -449 Goddard, Archibald N.. ------- 450 Gonne, William S. - -— __ --- —-- 572 Goodfellow, Bruce -. --- —------ 530 Gorton, Lewis G. - -. --- —--- 449 Goss, John C. ------------- 554 Goss, Capt. Joseph C. __ —_ ---_554 Granse, Waldo C. --------— 335 Greene, James E. -___ --- —-— _ 301 Griffin, William J. -______ --- —— 450 Griffith, John M. ---------— 344 Grose, Percy W. -. ----. --- —-_ 405 Grosfield, Anthony -----— __452 Grylls, H. J. Maxwell.. --- —-— 480 Guinan, James ----------— ___ —397 Gurd, Walter S. ----— 4 --- —-—.485 Haas, George J. -. --- —----- -— 329 Hahn, Wesley G. ------ 406 Haines, Fred W. --------—. — 610 H;all, Wallace C. ---— 2 ---_ --- —293 Hamilton, N. Frank ------— 437 Hammer. Carl R. ----------— _ 311 Harfst, Richard -— 4 --- —----—.496 Harger, John D. -___ --- —--- - 618 Harmon, Frank S. ------—, 349 Hart, Thomas M. --------- 457 Hatfield, Cloice W. -______ --- — -296 Haven, DeLancy C.. -------- 472 Headman, James C. __ ---- --- 358 Healy, C. Walter ----- 292 Healy, Daniel J. -_______ --- —— 618 Heermans, Edward McG. _ ---— 611 Hehl, John P.. --- —------- 327 Heggblom, Uno S. -— _ --- —--— 470 Heinrich, Edgar W.. ----— ____475 Hemans, Charles F. -___ --- —— 469 Henn, Joseph __ --- __ --- —-289 Herbert, Victor H. -_____ --- —— 613 Herndon, Robert ---— 540 Heston, William M. - -----— 331 Higbie, Harley G. -.... --- —--— 609 Hitchman, Thomas ------- 384 Hill, Arthur H. - -------— 444 Hillger, William ----— _ --— 504 Holden, James S. -3 --- —-- 337 Holloway, Ross L. _ --- —-— 313 Holmes, Ephraim M. _ --- —— 506 Holmes, Harold W. -_ _ --- —- 548 Holsaple, Ronald N. ------— 567 Horger, Charles J.... --- —— 419 Hossie, Frank C. _ ---_ -- 453 House, George W. - -------—.500 Howell, Charles --------—. ---- 436 Hubbell, Clarence W. -------— 439 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII Hubel, Frederick A. -. ------- 584 Hughes, Talmage C. - ------ 295 Hunter, George T. ------ 511 Hunter, Joseph H. - --------- 417 Jacoby, Arnold L. - ----- 529 January, William L. ---------— 424 Jennings, Edwin L., Jr. -----— 514 Jentgen, Charles J. ---------— 415 Johnson, Milo N. _ -----— 294 Judson, Jacob G. ---------— 347 Kaminski, John --------- 494 Kane, Frank J. - 4 --- —— 437 Kanter, Charles A. _ ----_ ----515 Karmann, Joseph M. ---------— 285 Kelly, Edwin B. ------ -— 486 Kelsey, John ---— 5 --- — S24 Kemp, Henry ----------------— 291 Kennedy, Edward H. - _ --- —- 284 Kennedy, Guy --------- ---- _ 325 Kettlewell, Richard T. ----- 508 Keys, John F. - -— _ --- —----- 402 King, Louis B. -. -_ --- —---- 400 King, Paul H. - -__ --- —---— 543 Kingston, Charles T. - —. --- — 456 Kiskadden. Donald S. ------ 612 Krugler, Clell H. ----- - 287 Kuhn, Hon. Franz C. ---— _ 444 Labadie Brothers & Co. _ --- — 600 Lafferty, Frank X. _ --- —-- 288 Lahser, Charles A. -. --- —-— 291 Lane, Charles _-_ ----— 495 Lane. William T. -_____ --- —-— 576 Lang, Louis. --- —-. --- —---—.551 Leadbetter, Charles C. -___ --- —-460 Lee, Gilbert W. --------- 476 Lee, John ----— 5588 Leech, Charles W. - -------- 493 Leitch, Hugh W. - -_ --- —--- 462 Lerchen, Alfred T. -.. --- —-- 491 Leszynski, Joseph S. - ---- 508 Levin, Eli -—. --- —---------— 334 Levin, Judah L. - -— _ --- —---- 339 Lieber, E. J. --------------- _479 Lingeman, Caspar J. - -------- 423 Littlefield, Sherman --— __ --- 334 Livingstone, William ---— _ --.606 Long, Samuel B.. --- ------- 286 Lowrey, Harvey H. - — _ --- —- 377 Luyckx Brothers -----— ___ -- 431 Lynch, Richard J. ------ -- 354 MacArthur, Robert A. - ---— 335 McDonald, Alexander ------— 373 McDonald, Fred J. ---------— 309 McKee, Max B. _- ------— 267 McLean, Edmund J. - -- 589 McMillan FaInily ---------— 568 MacMillan, James A.. -------- 434 MacMullan, Ralph A. -___ --- —-484 McPherson, Archie A. --------— 526 Macauley, Charles A.. --- —---— 461 Mack, Joseph —. --- —------ 600 Maguire, Francis J. - -------- 581 Majewski, Stephen A. -------— 503 Manville, Edward B. -------— 499 Maples, Lysander T. _ --- 290 Marshall, Harold J. - -----— 310 Martin, Edward G. - -------- 337 Marx, John J. -------—. --- 365 Mead, James E. __ - ------— 445 Mercer, W. D. - _ --- —------ 413 Merrill, Thomas S. -----— _ 432 Metzger, Nathan D. -__ --- —-— 549 Meyer, H. J.. --- —------ 295 Miller, Claude J. - -— _ --- —-— 374 Miller, Gilbert E. - --- _ --- —-- 269 Miller, J. F. G. ------— _____ 332 Miller, James J. -____ --- —--- - 510 Miller, Sherman R., Jr. ----- 341 Miller, Sidney T. - ---------- 566 Mills, Joseph E. ------------- 446 Milne, Archibald C. ------ 360 Mrowka, Rev. Albert A. -_ ---- - 371 Moore, William Van --—. ---. _ 391 Moran, Arthur 0. -____ --- —- _313 Morris, Edmund A ---------- 464 Morrison, Justin A. - _ --- —-- _374 Morton, Robert McG. -_ --- —- 573 Moynahan, John F. _ --- —----— 389 Moynes, James A. -_ -------- 389 Mulford, Benjamin F. ------- 520 Mulkey, John M. - ___-_ --- —— 388 Munger, Frank S. -. ------— 502 Murphy, Rev. Williaan F. _ ----338 Nagel, John C. -. ---------- 416 Navin, Frank J. -5 --—. --- —-_ 571 Needels, Everett E. ------— 527 Niemetta, Charles ---------— _ 463 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS Niesz, John E. — _3 --- —— 309 Norton, Gaylord W. _- ----— 479 Norton, William J. __ --- —-_ 430 O'Boyle, Frank A. - 6 ---- -609 Odena, Frederick M. -------- 579 Oehmke, Fred C. __ -------- 377 O'Leary, Thomas F. -------- 578 Olson, Nels L. __ --- —------ 420 Otis, Henry --------— _ 559 Palma, Ferdinand --------- 340 Palms, Francis - _ --- —--- _393 Palms, Francis, III ---— _ 396 Palms, Francis F. - -----— 395 Parker, Clarence L. _ --- - 274 Penhale, Henry R. _- ___ ---- 274 Pochelon, Albert -----—. __ ___537 Pound, James H. — __ ---- -- 570 Prentis, M. L. ------— ___ 489 Pugh, H. C. _ _ --- —---— _ 598 Radiger, Joseph T., --- —-- 587 Rains, Omar F.. -. --- —----- 333 Ratigan, William A. -__ ---- 591 Rauch, Mark B. ---------- 383 Rawls, Huston ------------ 278 Reid, David N. _-__ --- —- 276 Reno, Alger R. ------— _ 281 Restrick, Robert C. _ ----— _459 Riebling, Carl A. --- 514 Roehrig, Conrad A. - -----— 355 Roehrig, Henry --- ---— _ 356 Rosenberg, Samuel ------ --- _ 440 Roth, John E.. --- —... --- —---- 500 Rubiner, Samuel H. _- ----— 483 Schaefer, John H. -, —_ --- —---- 280 Schaefer, Leo R.. ---. --- —--—. 278 Scherer, Hugo ------------ 322 Schlee, Henry -------— _ ---613 Schmeman, Herman W. -. ---— 561 Schorr, Robert L. _- ------— 509 Schroeder, Charles H. -_ --- —-- 518 Seager, George B. M. ------- 421 See!er, Alfred J. -------— _ — -— 474 Shearer, Henry -----—. ----,-. 410 Sisson, Raymond ------------— 597 Smith, George A. - _ ------- -— 320 Speaker, William H. --— ____ 521 Sperlich, Herman A. - ------— 308 Sperry, Wallace W. --- — __- 575 Spillance, James J. _ ------- 473 Stahelin, A. J. -----— __ 276 Stevenson, John ---------— _582 Stoddard, Russell L. _ --- —- 516 Straughn, Jarman L. _ --- —- 279 Stringham, Capt. Joseph S.. --- 341 Studer, Adolph G. -__ — -— 507 Sturgeon, William A. _ --- —- 277 Sullivan, John L. -- __ --- —- 355 Sutherland, Arthur D. - —. --- — 322 Sutphin, Arthur E. -. ----— 270 Swain, Capt. Martin -------— _577 Sweet, Allen L. - --------— 268 Szymanski, Leonard L. -----— 590 Szymanski, Ludwik F. 5 --- —591 Tafelski, Melod W. ------— 423 Tague, Rhe 0. _- 4 --- —-— 466 Taylor, Charles V. --------— _ —610 Ternes, George L. ----------— 282 Thomas, Harry A. __ --- —-— 271 Thomas, Samuel E. --------— 328 Thomas, Wilbur J. B. ---—.. _ 498 Thompson, Henry S. ---------— 283 Thurber, Cleveland --------— 545 Tilton, Frederic A. -... --- —--- 454 Torbert, Hugh L. - --------- 282 Trudell, James J. ------— _ — 403 Tune, Albert H.. ---. --- —--— 467 Tupper, Lewis N. _ ---- ---— 275 Turnbull, George B. _ --- — 320 Turner, William H. __ --- — 488 Ubsdell, John A. ---------— 321 Valois, John R. -. --- —-------— 558 Van Alstyne, Fred E.. --- —- 364 Van Dyke, Frank G. ----— 589 Van Leyen, Edward C. -__ --- —273 Varney, F. Orla ---— _-__. --- 601 Verner, William F. _ -------— _ 481 Villerot, Edward G. -.. _ _ --- —-578 Wallace, A. W. ----— __ -— 585 Walling, W. Levern --------- _ 381 Warner, Ernest R. ____ --- —-- 525 Warren, Charles B. -.. _ --- —— 619 Waterfall, Arthur T. ---—. ---_505 Waterman, Cameron B. -_ ----— 491 Watson, Milton T. -_ --- ——._550 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV Weber. Lorne W. _ --- —---— 486 Webster, John H. -_____ --- —-— 511 Wheat, T. E. Moss ----— __ _272 White, Eugene C. ----.. ----.. —307 Wilhelm, E. B.- ---------- 588 Wilson, J. Will —. --- —--- -. ---387 Witmire, Frederick T. ---- 47 --- 471 Woodruff, Hon. Ari. --- _ --- —-.266 Yerkes, George B. -____ --- —-— 490 Youmans, Adonijah J. -___ --- —-478 Young, Vernon W.... —. --- —— 385 CHAPTER I FRENCH WESTERN EXPLORATIONS BEFORE 1700 THREE small sailing vessels, flying the lily banner of France and bearing the party commanded by Jacques Cartier, sailed up the St. Lawrence river in 1534 and finally hove to before the Indian village of Stadeconna, which, under the name of Quebec, was to rise to the dignity of capital of New France. Continuing on in small boats, Cartier and his men arrived at the Indian town of Hochelaga. There the intrepid explorer founded the village of Montreal and claimed the newly discovered country for France by raising a cross surmounted by the fleur-de-lis and bearing the words: "Franciscus Primus, de Gratia Francorum Regnat." With their realization of the worth of the new country beclouded by the desire to find a western route to the Indies, the French made no further attempt to colonize the valley of the St. Lawrence until Samuel de Champlain appeared in the wilderness of North America. In March, 1603, Champlain left Honfleur with an expedition of two vessels fitted out by Aymar de Chastes, an old governor of Dieppe, who intended to establish a colony in the New World. As the party ascended the St. Lawrence, the bays and tributaries were carefully explored and charted by Champlain, who was, among other things, a talented cartographer. The boats were unable to pass Lachine Rapids above Montreal where Champlain had learned from the Indians of the presence of copper in the Lake Superior country. Returning to France in September, 1603, Champlain found that De Chastes had died, and he thereupon published his report with the sanction of the king. When this report of Champlain was made public, great interest was aroused in the new lands to the west, and within two months Sieur de Monts had obtained a commission to engage in the fur trade and had formed an association of merchants to engage in the undertaking. Two vessels were fitted out and artisans and soldiers secured with a view toward the establishment of a colony. Though the attempt at colonization was unsuccessful, Champlain, geographer of the expedition, explored more than a thousand miles of seacoast between May, 1604, and the summer of 1607, a time when not a single European settlement existed from Newfoundland to Mexico on the Atlantic Coast. Recognition for his work came to Champlain in his being named lieutenant-governor, and as such, he accompanied the second expedition of De Monts. On July 3, 1608, Champlain took possession of what is now Quebec and established the settlement that became the capital of this vast region. In the following spring occurred the incident which may have done much to defer the establishment of Detroit. Champlain with two 18 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY French arquebusiers and about sixty Indians of the Montagnais, Huron, and Algonquin tribes, ascended the Richelieu about 150 miles. Near Ticonderoga Champlain's party encountered some 200 Iroquois of the Mohawk tribe, ancient enemies of Champlain's allies. A battle ensued, and the Frenchmen, in accordance with the agreement with the Indians, used their firearms with such deadly effect that the Mohawks fled in fear. The victory was complete for the French and their red allies, but the price of victory was dear indeed, for the Iroquois waged a relentless war against the St. Lawrence colony for many decades, threatening even the life of the village. The French were thus excluded from Lake Ontario and the Upper St. Lawrence which were controlled by the Iroquois. Travel to the west by way of the lower lakes was closed to the French, and the route of the explorers was deflected to pass by way of the Ottawa river, Mattawan river, Lake Nipissing, French river, and Georgian bay to the upper lakes. Champlain's first important exploration to the west came in 1615 when the allied tribes prevailed upon the French to organize a punitive expedition against the Iroquois, the principal object being the reduction of the fort at Oneida lake. Accompanied by a servant, an interpreter, and ten Indians, Champlain followed the river route to Georgian Bay which they coasted to the present county of Simcoe, where Le Caron, a Recollect missionary, had previously gone to care for the Indians of the vicinity. Re-enforced by eight Frenchmen and more Indians, the party crossed Lake Simcoe, struck Lake Ontario near Kingston, and thence proceeded by land to the Iroquois fort at Oneida lake. The fort was successfully held by the Iroquois, and the French and their allies retraced their steps, reaching Quebec in the spring of 1616. Though the military aspect of the expedition had been a failure, Champlain had opened the route to the west and had explored approximately 1,600 miles of new country. Though statements have been made to the effect that Champlain visited the site of Detroit during his first term of governor of New France, it is not at all certain that he did so. The Marquis de Denonville, governor of New France from 1685 to 1689 wrote of Champlain some years later that the father of New France had in 1611 and 1612 traversed the Grand river, Lake Erie and the Detroit. Champlain, however, in no place in his extensive writings mentions having been at Detroit, although he had considerable knowledge of the country south of Lake Huron from his able lieutenant, Jean Nicolet, who visited the Winnebago Indians at Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1634. It was upon the strength of Nicolet's report, in fact, that prompted Champlain to recommend the establishment of a fort at the northern end of the St. Clair river. While the civil and military authorities of New France were pushing exploration in the great western country, perhaps none did more to open the wilderness to the feet of the white men than did the blackrobed Jesuits. True, the priests of the Society of Jesus seldom visited places which had not already seen the coming of some fur trader or explorer, but they followed so closely on the heels of their predecessors DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 19 that beaten paths had not been made for them and the deadly hardships of the wilderness exacted a heavy toll in dead. Fathers Isaac Joques and Charles Raymbault made a flying trip to the Sault in 1641 but soon returned to the Huron mission on Georgian bay whence they had come. Father Rene Menard, the first Jesuit to go to Lake Superior, established a mission at the head of Keweenaw Bay near the present city of L'Anse in October, 1660. In the spring of the following year, Menard lost his life when he attempted to visit the Huron Indians near the headwaters of the Black river in Wisconsin. He was lost in the woods near Bill Cross rapids on the Wisconsin river, not far from Chelsea, Taylor county, Wisconsin, and was never seen again. Father Claude Allouez was then sent to the Lake Superior mission, but he established his post near the present site of the city of Ashland, Wisconsin, instead of at the place chosen by Menard in 1665. Late in 1669, Father Allouez journeyed by way of the Sault to the southern parts of Wisconsin and still later about 1676 carried the Gospel to the tractable Illinois among whom he died in August, 1689, at the age of seventy-six years. The mission at Chequamegon bay now came under the direction of Father Jacques Marquette, who succeeded Allouez on the eve of the latter's transfer to the Green bay and southern Wisconsin territories. It had been intended that Marquette should first establish a mission among the Illinois at the head of Lake Michigan, and when he was sent to Chequamegon bay, he continued to learn all that he could concerning them. Some of that tribe visited the northern mission and from them Marquette learned more of the great river to the west of which so many tales had been told in Quebec. To explore this large stream became one of the abiding hopes of the industrious priest. Marquette had been at Chequamegon bay but a comparatively short time, when the Sioux declared war upon the Ottawas and Hurons in the vicinity of the mission. With destruction threatening them, the former tribe moved to their old home at Manitoulin island in Lake Huron and the Hurons fled to Mackinac island at the straits. The flight o'f the Indians marked the end of La Pointe du Saint Esprit at Chequamegon, and Marquette followed the Hurons. Great success attended his efforts at Mackinac and the Hurons submitted willingly to his gentle rule. On the feast of the Immaculate Conception, December 8, 1672, the day on which Marquette always invoked the Blessed Virgin to "obtain from God the grace of being able to visit the nations along the Mississippi river," there came to Mackinac Louis Joliet bearing Frontenac's commission to explore the Mississippi river and to discover the South Sea. To Marquette he brought instructions from his superior, Father Dablon, to accompany him, Joliet, upon the expedition. A winter of planning and preparation finally passed for the eager explorers, and on May 17, 1673, they set out on their journey. Traveling to Green bay, thence up the Fox river to the portage over which they passed to the Wisconsin river. Dropping down the Wisconsin river, the party of seven Frenchmen and the Indians reached the Mississippi river June 17. The party continued down the Mississippi river to a 20 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY point below the mouth of the Arkansas river until they were convinced that the river emptied into the Gulf of Mexico and not the vermilion of California sea, as they were told by some. They began to retrace their steps on July 17, 1673, and when they reached the mouth of the Illinois river turned up that stream to reach Lake Michigan. Thence they coasted the west shore of the lake, carried across the Sturgeon bay portage, ascended the Fox river, and spent the winter at the Depere mission, to which Marquette was now assigned. In the spring Joliet returned to Quebec but lost all his records when his canoe capsized in the Lachine Rapids above Montreal. In October of that year, 1674, Marquette started to the Illinois country to found a mission among those Indians, and when he reached the site of Chicago in December, he built a hut and stayed there. Late the following March, his health was in such a precarious condition, that he resolved to return to his beloved mission at St. Ignace. Near midnight, Saturday, May 18, 1675, death overtook the valiant priest as he lay at the mouth of the Marquette river where Ludington now stands. His bones were later transported to that mission which he founded at the straits and are now at Marquette university, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The first specific mention of what is now Detroit was made by one of these brave priests by name Abbe Brehant de Galinee, who came to America in 1668 with Queylus, the superior of the Sulpician seminary at Montreal. Accompanying De Galinee at the time he saw Detroit was Francois Dollier de Casson, also of the Sulpician order. Dollier had been a cavalry officer under Turenne before he entered the priesthood. He came to Canada with three brothers of the order in September, 1666, joined Tracy in a campaign against the Mohawks, and then was chaplain of Fort Ste. Anne on Lake Champlain. In the spring of 1669, after a winter spent among the Nipissings, he went to Montreal to outfit for a trip to the Lake Superior country and there met Galinee. The two easily persuaded the superior of the monastery to permit them to take the journey, and the superior suggested that they join the party of La Salle that was then preparing for a similar enterprise. Leaving Montreal July 9, 1669, the party started by canoe for the upper lakes. At the Indian village of Timaouataoua they met Louis Joliet, also on his way to look for copper in the Superior country and to find a better route to the upper lakes if possible. La Salle was forced to give up the trip because of a fever, and the two priests then joined Joliet. La Salle returned to Montreal and the others continued on along the north shore of Lake Erie to Long Point where they made winter quarters and where the two priests again claimed the land for the French crown. On March 26, 1670, they again set out on their interrupted journey which soon brought them to Detroit, an event described in the writings of De Galinee as follows: "We pursued our journey accordingly to the west, and after making about one hundred leagues on Lake Erie arrived at the place where the Lake of the Hurons, otherwise called the Fresh Water Sea of the Hurons, or Michigan, discharges into this lake. The outlet is perhaps half a league in width and turns sharp to the northeast, so that we were DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 21 almost retracing our path. At the end of six leagues we found a place that is remarkable and held in great veneration by the Indians of these countries, because of a stone idol that nature has formed there. To it they say they owe their good luck in sailing on Lake Erie, when they cross it without accident, and they propitiate it by sacrifices, presents of skins, provisions, etc., when they wish to embark on it. However, it was all painted and a sort of face had been formed for it with vermilion. I leave you to imagine whether we avenged upon this idol, which the Iroquois had strongly recommended us to honor, the loss of our chapel. We attribute to it even the dearth of provisions from which we had hitherto suffered. In short, there was nobody whose hatred it had not incurred. I consecrated one of my axes to break this god of stone, and then, having yoked our canoes together, we carried the largest pieces to the middle of the river and threw all the rest also into the water, in order that it might never be heard of again. God rewarded us immediately for this good action, for we killed a roebuck and a bear that very day." The stone idol was probably located somewhere in the immediate vicinity of the present Fort Wayne, and the outlet mentioned by De Galinee is the mouth of the Detroit river. Thus, as far as we have record-unless it be that Champlain traversed this river-these two Sulpicians and Louis Joliet were the first white men to set foot on the site of what is now Detroit. Joliet had succeeded in finding the lake route to the western territory as he had hoped, had also paved the way for his discovery of the Mississippi and the subsequent explorations of La Salle south and west of Lake Michigan. Now that Joliet had demonstrated the feasibility of the lake route to the French, the voyages of La Salle after the former had returned from the discovery of the Mississippi lost much of their significance where Detroit is concerned. All New France then knew that a safe and easy pathway lay before them to the west, and La Salle faced no new dangers when he finally began preparations for the journey through the lakes to explore the western parts of New France and to discover. a port on the Gulf of Mexico. In one respect, the trip of La Salle was significant, for he it was who built and sailed the first sailing vessel to cut the waters of the Great Lakes and the Detroit river. Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, was granted the seigneury of Fort Frontenac the year after the voyage of Marquette and Joliet, and on May 12, 1678, he received the commission to further the western explorations for France. In the fall of that year, upon his return from France with shipbuilders and ship supplies, he sent a trading party of fifteen men to deal with the Indians of the lakes and then went to a creek above Niagara Falls, where he had the "Griffon," a forty-five ton vessel armed with small brass cannon, built by the artisans brought from France for that purpose. Despite the attempts of the Indians to burn the boat, the "Griffon" finally floated upon the waters of Niagara river in May, 1679. Henri de Tonty and five men were sent to find the trading party sent out the year before, and three weeks later, the "Griffon" spread 22 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY her wings and sailed for Green Bay. In the Detroit river, at or near the site of the city of Detroit, the vessel found the men under Tonty and took them abroad. Hennepin's description of the Detroit, Lake St. Clair, and St. Clair river country stated that a Huron village was located on the banks, where Detroit now stands, and that it had been visited by the missionaries and by coureurs de bois although no settlement had been made there. The "Griffon" continued on to Mackinac whence it went to Green bay. At that point, it was loaded with furs and sent back but was lost in a storm without trace in the northern part of Lake Michigan. The loss of the "Griffon" was the first naval disaster of the Great Lakes and was the first of a long list of such maritime catastrophes. Learning of the loss of his vessel after he had reached a point near what is now La Salle, Illinois, La Salle erected a fort, named it Crevecoeur (Broken Heart) and started for Canada with a part of his men, the rest being left at the fort near the mouth of the Illinois river. Those left behind under Father Hennepin attempted a trip of exploration, proceeding by canoe to the Mississippi, and thence upstream. On April 11, 1680, they were captured by Sioux Indians near the mouth of the Wisconsin river and were taken up the Mississippi to St. Anthony's falls, so named by Hennepin, where they were rescued by Du Luth and sent to Quebec where they arrived in November. After a lapse of three years, La Salle again embarked upon an expedition having the same object as the previous one. This time the Mississippi was descended to its mouth, and on April 9, 1682, La Salle formally claimed the land drained by the Father of Waters and its tributaries for the French crown, giving the vast area the name of Louisiana in honor of the French king. Before the expeditions of La Salle claimed the attention of the New World, an important event had occurred at Michilimackinac, an event that can not be disregarded in the consideration of Detroit history, for in the year 1671, on the fourth of June, France took formal possession of the region of the Great Lakes, so that Detroit was in reality a part of the French possessions in America. Simon Francois Dumont, Sieur Saint Lusson, was the leading figure in the ceremony held at Sault Ste. Marie on that day. He it was who planted the arms of France and proclaimed Louis XIV of France ruler of the Northwest territory. That France felt such a step necessary was actuated by the activities of two Frenchmen at Hudson Bay in the employ of the English, who were drawing much of the Indian trade to that region. To offset the operations of Radisson and Groseilliers, who called into being the Hudson's Bay company that eventually supplanted the French in the north, the Intendant of New France authorized the ceremony at the Sault, and in the arrangement of this undertaking, Nicholas Perrot was the principal person involved. He had won renown as an interpreter and a friend of the Indians. He had frequently been sent as an emissary to new tribes to solicit their friendship for the French, and his efforts in this direction had met with singular success. Thus he was the logical candidate for the delicate position of persuading the Indians DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 23 to attend the ceremony which would take from them the lands which they had occupied for centuries. He had been intermediary between warring tribes and his journeys through the Northwest had made him a familiar figure to all the tribes of that region. When, in preparation for the event at the Sault, he solicited the attendance of his Indian friends, the chiefs of the Pottawatomi, Miami, Sauk, Menominee, and Winnebago tribes agreeing to be present. The chiefs of the Fox, Mascouten, and Kickapoo nations declined. When Perrot arrived at Sault Ste. Marie, he found, in addition to those Indians that accompanied him, representatives from the Kilistinons and Monsonis from Hudson Bay, from the Beavers and Nipissings from the head of Lake Superior, and from the Chippewas who lived near the Sault. Present at the ceremony was Father Marquette who had lately founded the mission at Mackinac straits. The establishment of this post at such a strategic point as St. Ignace on the straits by theJesuits doubtless had a real effect upon the history of Detroit. Father Dablon, head of the Jesuit missions in this territory had established one on the island of Mackinac in 1670, but Marquette, when he was placed in charge, removed it to Point St. Ignace where it remained until the French fort was finally removed to the mainland on the south side of the straits. Before the establishment of the French garrison at Mackinac, the Jesuits had won the love of their Indian charges. The priests realized to the full that liquor of any kind was extremely harmful to the Indian character, and for this reason they had barred the sale of liquor to the savages in the vicinity of the missions. Sometime between the sailing of the "Griffon" from Mackinac and the coming of La Durantaye as commandant in 1683, the French had established a garrison on Mackinac, and from that time forward, the relations between the Jesuits and the Indians assumed a different aspect. No more was the Black Gown, who spoke of the great love of Onontio, the loved leader of the peaceful Indians gathered in the shadows of the mission church; he was now an obstacle in the way of their getting all the firewater that they wanted. Letters of the time show that the commandants at the fort and even the men themselves began trading with the Indians, using brandy as the medium of exchange. Though the illicit traffic was conducted under the rose for a time, the Jesuit fathers were soon declaring that "cabarets" had been established for the open sale of brandy and whiskies. In vain the heads of the order in New France appealed to Frontenac for the suppression of the evil, yet through the court in France they won a victory that resulted in a partial suppression of the dispensing of brandy to the Indians, who, unable to satisfy their inordinate craving for the intoxicants, directed their displeasure against the Jesuit fathers. The joy of the priests in their victory was short lived, for in 1694 there came to Mackinac as commandant one Antoine de la MotheCadillac, an avowed enemy of the Society of Jesus and one strongly in favor of satisfying the demands of the Indians for the brandy that was their undoing. A virtual restoration of the liquor traffic was made when Cadillac informed his superior that unless the French gave brandy to the Indians, the latter would go to the English for it, and 24 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY sometime later royal permission to resume the sale of liquor to the natives was granted. Despite the reversal of royal decree, the Jesuits still waged an uncompromising war against the traffic. So active was Father de Carheil, missionary at Mackinac during Cadillac's regime, that the military commander set upon the plan of depopulating Mackinac to defeat the aims of the detested Jesuits. In 1701, persuaded by the forceful Cadillac, the Hurons and Ottawas followed the Frenchman to the head of the Detroit river to establish a new settlement, and the once bustling missionary center at Mackinac became almost as deserted as in the years before its establishment. Father de Carheil, who had labored in vain against the all-powerful grip of brandy on the Indians, soon after burned the chapels and returned in sorrow to Quebec. CHAPTER II FOUNDING OF THE DETROIT SETTLEMENT NCE Cadillac had determined to free himself of the influence of the Jesuits whom he hated, his next step was to select the location for the settlement which he expected to establish. From Dollier, Galinee, and Father Hennepin he had learned of the advantages and the beauties of the Detroit river country. In 1689, Fort St. Joseph had been built at the head of the St. Clair river by Du Luth under orders from Denonville, and though the fort had been abandoned shortly after its erection because of the victories of the Iroquois Indians against the French, Cadillac decided to place his fort and colony on the Detroit river. To his mind the proposed site held forth even greater possibilities than that formerly occupied by Fort St. Joseph, and concerning the matter, he wrote to Frontenac as follows: "However well chosen was the position of Du L'hut's trading fort at St. Joseph, I have in mind a better site. Dollier and Galinee, and later La Salle, followed up this connecting chain of waters from Fort Frontenac. They found it as richly set with islands as is a queen's necklace with jewels and the beautifully verdant shores of the mainland served to complete the picture of a veritable paradise. Especially attractive was the region lying south of the pearl-like lake to which they gave the name of Ste. Clair, and the country bordering upon that deep, clear river, a quarter of a league broad, known as Le Detroit. I have had from the Indians and the coureurs de bois glowing descriptions of this fair locality, and, while affecting to treat their accounts with indifference, I made a note of it in my mind. "On both sides of this strait lie fine, open plains where the deer roam in graceful herds, where bears, by no means fierce and exceedingly good to eat, are to be found, as are also the savoury poules d'Indies and other varieties of game. The islands are covered with trees; chestnuts, walnuts, apples and plums abound; and, in season, the wild vines are heavy with grapes, of which the forest rangers say they have made a wine that, considering its newness, was not at all bad. The Hurons have a village on Le Detroit; they see, according to their needs, its advantages. Michilimackinac is an important post, but the climate will ever be against it; the place will never become a great settlement. LeDetroit is the real center of the lake country-the gateway to the West. It is from there that we can best hold the English in check. I would make it a permanent post, not subject to changes as are so many of the others. To do this it is but necessary to have a good number of French soldiers and traders, and to draw around it the tribes of friendly Indians, in order to conquer the Iroquois, who, from the beginning, have harassed us and prevented the advance of civilization. The French live too far apart. We must bring them 26 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY closer together, that, when necessary, they may be able to oppose a large force of savages and thus defeat them. Moreover, the waters of the Great Lakes pass through this strait, and it is the only path whereby the English can carry on their trade with the savage nations who have to do with the French. If we establish ourselves at Le Detroit, they can no longer hope to deprive us of the benefits of the fur trade." Cadillac, who had hitherto found strong support in Count Frontenac, the governor, was disappointed in the selection of Chevalier de Callieres as governor to succeed Frontenac who had died in 1698. The new governor was little impressed with Cadillac's plan to establish a new fort and settlement that would offer an insurmountable obstacle to the advance of the British and the depredations of the dreaded Iroquois. Failing of gubernatorial support, Cadillac went to France and laid his plan before Louis XIV himself, received royal sanction, and returned to New France with the authority to establish a post at such a place as he chose. Affixed to the commission he carried was the signature of Count Pontchartrain, minister of marine, with the approval of the king. Cadillac was also granted 1,500 livres for the support of himself, wife, two children, and two servants in addition to a tract of land fifteen arpents square. At Montreal, where he arrived in the spring of 1701, he made arrangements for the establishment of the post, enrolled 100 Frenchmen and as many friendly Indians, and secured the following officers to aid him in the undertaking: Captain Alphonse de Tonty; Lieutenants Chacornacle and Dugue; Sergeant Jacob de Marac; Sieur de l'Ommesprou; Fathers Constantine de l'Halle, a Recollect, and Francois Valliant, a Jesuit; and Francois and Jean Fafard, interpreters. At last all arrangements were completed. To avoid offending the Iroquois who were opposed to any exploration of Indian lands, the route selected was the old one up the Ottawa river to Lake Nipissing and the French and Pickerel rivers to Georgian bay, thence down the shore of Lake Huron to the St. Clair river and thus to Detroit. On June 2, 1701, the start was made. Reaching Georgian bay, the twentyfive canoes that composed the flotilla, crossed directly to Lake Huron and passed down the east shore of the lake to the outlet. Descending the St. Clair river, Lake St. Clair, Cadillac passed the present site of Detroit and continued on to Grosse Ile where camp was made on the evening of July 23, 1701. The following morning Cadillac and his men went slowly back up the river, closely examining the shores for a likely place for the location of the post. Finally, a piece of ground near what is now the foot of Shelby street became Cadillac's choice for the site of the fort. He landed, planted the arms of France on the soil and claimed the country in the name of Louis XIV of France. The spot was well chosen. The bluff ended suddenly in a round topped hill around whose base flowed a little stream some twentyfive feet wide and about ten feet deep, which flowed parallel to the Detroit river for some distance from the mouth. Thus protected on three sides by water, situated on a promontory at the narrowest part of the strait, the fort proposed by Cadillac would seem almost impregnable when built in the most approved military manner. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 27 The canoes of the party were unloaded at once and a camp pitched on the bluff. When a meal was eaten, the woodsmen seized their axes and fell to work to clear a place for the fort and to trim the trees thus cut to be used in the construction of the buildings and the stockade. The largest logs were set aside for the church of Ste. Anne. The smaller logs were cut into twenty-foot lengths and sharpened at one end to be used for the stockade that would surround the fort and the embryo village. The technical knowledge of Captain Alphonse de Tonty, who had traveled with La Salle, now came into use in the laying out the lines of the fort and stockade according to the best practices of military engineering of the day. The stockade marked out, the Recollect priest and the Jesuit selected the site for the church of Ste. Anne. The logs for the church were set on end, being sunk four feet in the ground. The early buildings of Detroit were all made in this same way instead of in the conventional manner of laying the trunks horizontal, one on top of the other, and mortising the ends at the corners of the structure. On the next morning, mass was said within the walls of the new church, although it was not then completed. Cadillac caused the streets of the new settlement to be laid out on true north and south lines and east and west lines, so that the line of the original stockade ran from a point on the present line of Griswold street to a point near Wayne street, but since the present streets of the city do not run due north and south or east and west at that place, the courses of the modern streets do not coincide with those of the old thoroughfares of the original settlement. The south side of the stockade ran east and west paralleling the edge of the bluff and the north side was on the bank of Savoyard river. When work was resumed the next morning, curious Indians of the vicinity gathered in the edge of the forest to watch the proceedings. The interpreters convinced them that the objects of the white men and the Canadian Indians were peaceful and that the French wished the Indians to settle in the neighborhood of the fort where they could bring furs and game to sell. The Indians were satisfied with the arrangement, and many of them at once took to'their canoes to get fish to sell to the newcomers. By September 1, the stockade was completed and the brass cannon were mounted on a platform overlooking the river. In honor of the French minister of marine who had been responsible for Cadillac securing a commission to establish the post, Cadillac christened the fort Pontchartrain. Within the enclosure, which comprised an area of about thirty-seven acres, Cadillac had several buildings of various kinds erected, among them being an icehouse, a barn, a warehouse, and other smaller buildings of varying sizes. The other inhabitants built their own cabins of logs by thrusting logs upright in the ground in the same manner as the stockade, the church, and other buildings had been constructed. But the affairs of the embryo settlement were not destined to run smoothly, for about this time arose the trouble concerning the fur trade of the western territories. Not long after Cadillac had left Quebec to establish his post at Le Detroit, the French concluded a treaty of peace with the Iroquois which opened the lake route to the west. 28 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Immediately the merchants of Montreal and Quebec conceived the idea of organizing a fur trading company large enough to establish a virtual monopoly of the trade. Cadillac had acquired the rights to such a concern that had been formed prior to his leaving Quebec and had obtained the monopoly of the fur trade in the region of the Detroit river. Furthermore, he had made every effort to collect the Indians about him in order that they might be under his domination. The Company of the Colony of Canada was then formed to break the power of Detroit's founder, and as a part of the scheme to ruin him, the company took steps to discredit him in the eyes of the king. Governor Calliers, over whose head Cadillac had gone to secure permission to found the post at Detroit, had formed a strong dislike for Cadillac and had sanctioned the organization of the company. Further, he had taken from Cadillac powers granted him by the commission of the king to be the exclusive trader over the Fort Frontenac and Detroit districts. The consent of the king was gained and the contract of the company was finally concluded at Quebec in October, 1701. According to the terms of this instrument, the posts of Detroit and Frontenac were ceded to the Company of the Colony which was to keep the buildings in repair, conduct the fur trade exclusively, support the commandant and one officer of the garrison of soldiers that would be maintained by the French government at Detroit, and the soldiers were in nowise to engage in the fur traffic either with the Indians or with the French soldiers. Of all this, Cadillac knew nothing until July 18, 1702, when Radisson and Arnault arrived at Fort Pontchartrain to take charge of the affairs of the Company of the Colony and presented their credentials as overseers and a copy of the contract of the company for Cadillac's inspection. The news came as a shock. Three days later, the proprietor set out for Quebec in the hope that he might secure a modification of the contract or persuade the directors of the company to make an arrangement whereby he would have at least a partial control of the post which had come into being through his foresight and initiative alone. His efforts in this direction were wasted, and in the autumn he again turned his face toward the west, arriving at Detroit November 6, 1702. At Fort Pontchartrain he found a sad state of affairs, for the overseers who had been left in charge of affairs at the post had conducted themselves and their business in a manner that incurred the displeasure of the Indians. The overseers had commanded that the warehouses be locked and treated the Indians with such insolence that they were about ready to leave the post when Cadillac returned. Since he had treated them as though he trusted them implicitly, the Indians liked and respected him, but his influence among them waned when they saw that he was now subordinate to the two overseers. Cadillac continued as commandant of the post at a salary of 2,000 livres a year although he was not required to bear any of the expense of the garrison, but from that time on, he was constantly embroiled in various quarrels with the agents and clerks of the company. In his own words, Cadillac had the power to punish according to circumstances, by reprimands, by arrests, by imprisonment or deprivation of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 29 civil rights, and in case of distinct obedience, to run his sword through anyone who offended him. Cadillac was not always as severe, it would seem, as he had a right to be. When nine of the poorly paid soldiers deserted and later returned they were pardoned by the commandant; when Tonty entered into a conspiracy with the Jesuits to establish a rival post at Fort St. Joseph and was detected in the scheme, he also was pardoned by Cadillac. Tonty's good behavior continued but a short time, for he and a commissioner of the company were detected in the theft of goods of. the company for the purpose of carrying on an illegal trade in furs. The furs thus secured were confiscated by Cadillac, who prepared charges against the offenders and forwarded the papers to Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor. It so happened that the commissioner named in the charges with Tonty was a relative of the governor and a friend of many of the directors of the company. Countercharges were brought against the commandant who was required to appear before the governor and intendant for trial in the fall of 1704. Though acquitted, Cadillac was refused permission to return to Detroit whereupon he appealed to the colonial minister at Paris, from whom Cadillac received instructions to lay his case before Count Pontchartrain. Vaudreuil, knowing that the minister of marine was a friend of Cadillac and had been responsible for the establishment of the Detroit post, then granted Cadillac permission to resume command of Detroit. Smarting under the abuse and injustice received at the hands of the company officials, Cadillac would now be satisfied with nothing short of a complete vindication of his course of action and to Pontchartrain he betook himself. The minister, after a painstaking examination of the evidence, decided that the commandant of Detroit had done "all that could be expected of a faithful officer and an honest man." Pontchartrain further promised that the annoyances to which Cadillac had been subjeected would be removed. Upon his return to New France, Cadillac received the post of Detroit from the Company of the Colony of Canada by an agreement executed June 14, 1705. By its terms, Cadillac was to bear the expense of supporting the post, was to supply the company with beaver skins not exceeding twenty thousand livres a year, was not to trade at any point on the lakes except at Detroit, was to pay for the merchandise on hand at the post, and was to abide by the decision of Pontchartrain as to whether or not he should pay for the buildings erected at the post by the company. While victory seemed to crown the efforts of Detroit's founder at last, in reality this was but the first step in his ultimate ruin. Pontchartrain, in France, was unable to prevent the intrigues and annoyances against Cadillac as he had promised. Under the direction of Cadillac, Detroit was rapidly becoming a colony that bade fair to rival even Montreal as a trading center. The industrious proprietor had gathered to the vicinity the Huron, Ottawa, Miami, and Wolf Indians; inducements to Canadians were offered by the commandant; and he encouraged his soldiers to take Indian wives. The following four years were ones of ceaseless bickering and strife between Cadillac and the company 30 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY officials and agents. The victory of the company was complete when in the spring of 1710 he was relieved of the command of Detroit and appointed governor of Louisiana as a partial consolation for his misfortune. On top of it all, Cadillac's successor at Detroit refused to account for the property which was assessed in 1720 as representing an investment of more than 126,000 francs, a serious blow to a man who had put in some of the best years of his life at this post. While Cadillac was in Montreal during the summer of 1705, an incident occurred at Detroit that made relations with the Indians somewhat strained for a considerable time after that. Lieutenant Bourgmont, a man of violent temper, was acting commandant during the absence of Cadillac. The lieutenant noticed an Indian staring in his window one day, and Bourgmont's dog dashed out and bit the savage on the leg. Naturally the Indian kicked the dog whereupon Bourgmont beat the Indian into insensibility. Bad feeling between the whites and the Indians was thus engendered. A few days later Bourgmont interfered in a quarrel between the Ottawas and Miamis, ordering his men to fire on the former. The Ottawas decamped, but as they passed the church of Ste. Anne, Father De l'Halle was in the garden of his home by the church. The Indians stopped long enough to kill the good priest, who had written the first records of the church. A short distance from the fort, a French soldier was also killed by the Indians. Thus Father De l'Halle was the first white man of the colony to fall a victim to the ferocity of enraged Indians. Although lots within the stockade had been taken up before that time, Cadillac was authorized by Pontchartrain on June 14, 1704, to make conveyances of the lands within and around the stockade. Within the fort proper, the lots were twenty by twenty-five feet in size, and the houses erected on them for the soldiers were the property of the commandant. Outside the fort, the lots were larger and the houses were, of course, the property of the private citizens who erected them. Between the date of the authorization and June 28, 1710, sixty-eight lots were deeded to French colonists, who were as follows: Pierre Chesne, lot 1; Andre Chouet, 2; Pierre Faverau dit LeGrandeur, 3; Joseph Despre, 4; Salomon Joseph Du Vestin, 5; Pierre Leger dit Parisien, 6; Bonnaventure Compien dit L'Esperance, 7; Jacob de Marsac dit Desrocher, 8; M. D'Argenteuil, 9; Jean Richard, 10; Jean Labatier dit Champagne, 11; Estienne Bontran, 12; Pierre Hemard, 13; Antoine Dupuis dit Beauregard, 14; Jacques L'Anglois, 15; Guillaume Bovet dit Deliard, 16; Michael Masse, 17; Michel Campo, 18; Louis Norman, 19; Francois Tesee, 20; Pierre Chantelon, 21; Francois Bienvenu dit de L'Isle, 22; Pierre Esteve, 23; Blaise Surgere, 24; Pierre Poirier, 25; Antoine Ferron, 26; Pierre Tacet, 27; Francois Fafard de Lorme, 28; Michel Dizier, 29; Jacob de Marsac, 30; Rencontre, 31; Deslories, 32; Xaintonge, 33; Jacques Du Moulin, 34; Guilleaume Aguet, 35; Louis Gastineau, 36; Joseph Parent, 37; Martin Sirier, 38; Quilenchive, 39; M. Derance, 40; Du Figuier, 41; La Montagne, 42; Pierre Mallet, 43; Antoine Dufresne, 44; Jean Baptiste Chornic, 45; Jean Casse, 46; Paul L'Anglois, 47; Jerome Marliard, 48; Andre Bombardie, 49; Pierre Du Roy, 50; Pierre Roy, 51; Francois Margue, 52; DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 31 Antoine Magnant, 53; Francois Bonne, 54; Touissaints, Dardennes, 55; Pierre Bassinet, 56; Francois Brunet, 57; Antoine Beauregard, 58; Marie Le Page 59, the only record of a conveyance to a woman in early Detroit; Jacques Campo, 60; Jean Serond, 61; Pierre Robert, 62; L'Arramee, 63; Rene Le Moine, 64; Jacques Le Moine, 65; Paul Guillet, 66; Joseph Rinaud, 67; and Antoine Tuffe dit du Fresne, 68. After Cadillac became governor of Louisiana, all grants were annulled and the titles of the land reverted to the crown, furnishing an excellent example of the way in which the French monarch handled the colonial affairs of his empire. While woodsmen and soldiers, together with the Indians, formed the first settlers of Detroit, it was but a short time after the arrival of Cadillac and his men that the first white women came to the rough colony in the Michigan wilderness. In September, 1701, but three months after the departure of their husbands, that Madame Cadillac and Madame de Tonty started for Fort Frontenac with the intention of joining their husbands in the spring. They could not be dissuaded from taking the route by way of Lake Erie, which, although the treaty with the Iroquois had just been concluded, was considered a precarious route for adventuring whites. Late in May, 1702, the women, accompanied only by Indians and canoemen, arrived at Fort Pontchartrain, then less than a year old, Madame Cadillac bringing her seven-year-old son Jacques though she left her two daughters in the Ursuline convent at Quebec. To Madame Tonty was born a daughter, the first white child to be born in Detroit, although the date is not exactly known, and the first baptism recorded is that of Marie Therese, daughter of Cadillac. The Tonty child was named Therese in honor of Madame de Cadillac. CHAPTER III DETROIT AND THE FRENCH COMMANDANTS URING the regime of Cadillac as commandant of Detroit, the post flourished. Families in increasing numbers located here and the stockade was enlarged to include the growing population. At the instigation of Cadillac, wheat had been planted, but the inefficiency of the French agricultural methods made the venture a relative failure, and only enough of the grain was raised to supply the immediate needs of the colony. Indian corn, however, was grown with much more success. Bread for the entire colony was usually made by the public baker, and the surplus wheat, sold to traders and Indians, brought prices ranging from three to twenty-five livres a bushel. During all this time, and until the year 1727, the trade of the post was controlled by the commandant. The system became more and more distasteful as time went on, and when Deschaillons assumed charge of the settlement's affairs, trade was made free. By that time, the population of Detroit and environs numbered some thirty families, and so low had sunk the fortunes of the once promising village that it was officially proposed that the post be abandoned provided that the holders of the trading licenses sell them for 500 livres. Free trade conditions brought a revival of the trade at Detroit and the vital statistics kept during the French regime show that after that happy rearrangement of affairs the population of the village increased largely over what it had been after the departure of Cadillac. Trouble with the Indians had not been unknown during all this time. Detroit before the advent of Cadillac had been uninhabited and regarded by the Indians of the east and the west as neutral ground between the Iroquois and the western tribes. Finding that the periodic tribal wars of the Indians injured the fur trade considerably, the French moved to stop the regular scalping parties that proceeded against the enemy tribes. The Indians, however, protested that war was necessary to keep the young men brave. The French reply to this was to the effect that the Indians in French territory, if they felt it necessary to make war, should direct their attacks against the natives of the Mississippi valley with whom the French did not trade. With this the Indians were satisfied, and it thus became the custom that every spring witnessed war parties of the Ottawas and Hurons leaving Detroit for expeditions against the Tetes Plattes, as the French called the Indians of the Mississippi valley. Uncompromising opponents of the progress of the French had been the Fox Indians of Wisconsin whom even Nicholas Perrot had left strictly alone after his first attempt to conciliate them. The Foxes had declined to be a party to the ceremony of taking possession of the Northwest territory in 1671, and against the French they had directed their active hatred. More crafty and savage in warfare than DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 33 any other western tribe, the Fox Indians waged continual war against the French and the Indians friendly to the French. Had their numbers been in thousands instead of hundreds, they would doubtless have driven the French from the forests of the lake region. Over a period of some fifty years, the war continued; the battlefields of the Fox and French were found in Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan, and even Iowa. Time and again the French launched campaigns against the enemy which they apparently defeated only to find that the crafty and stubborn Fox was soon ready to continue the fight. Rumors had been current for some years that the restless Foxes intended removing to the Wabash Valley to make their new home where the advance of the French in that direction could be easily prevented. They made no move, however, until 1712, when suddenly they with their kinsmen and allies, the Mascoutens, Kickapoos, and remnants of the Sauks appeared before the post at Detroit after the Ottawas and Hurons had departed for their spring forays in the lands of the Mississippi region. Close outside the gates of the settlement, the unwelcome visitors pitched camp, declaring that their objects were peaceful, a statement that seemed true for the Foxes had brought their women and children, something they never did when they were on the warpath. The French commander protested against their proximity but the Indians paid his admonition no heed. To the contrary they daily became more insolent, helping themselves to the fowls and domestic stock of the French. With the return of the Ottawas and Hurons, whose return had been expected by the Foxes, there came a demand for war from the Indian allies of the French. Dubuisson, commandant, finally yielded to the demands of the Indians and ordered preparations to be made for the attack upon the Fox and their allies. On the eve of the battle, a large force of Pottawatomi, Menominee, Osage, Illinois, and Missouri Indians arrived to strengthen the forces of the French. Almost at once, as soon as the decision had been made to go to the attack, the stockade of the Foxes was assaulted. For nineteen days the siege continued, but at the end of that time, the Foxes, exhausted and thirsty, offered to surrender provided that the women and children should be saved. The Fox chiefs were dismissed by the French without any answer whatever and the fighting was resumed. On the evening of the nineteenth day, a violent storm arose during which the Foxes escaped from the stockade and fled to Presque Isle near Lake St. Clair. Emboldened by the flight of the Foxes, a party of the attackers made a bold assault and were annihilated. Warned by this, the French and their allies again settled down to a long siege and at the end of the fourth day, the Foxes and Mascoutens and Sauks surrendered at discretion. No mercy was shown the captives, all of whom were put to death with the exception of 100 who had escaped during the turmoil of battle. The Fox had not been annihilated, however. At Green Bay was another party of two hundred warriors, among the Iroquois, Sauk, Mascouten, and Kickapoo tribes were others, so that when they learned of the massacre of their tribesmen, they rallied around the one hundred survivors and again turned their attention to the business of making war against the French. 34 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Although the decimated Foxes were wary for a time, they nevertheless perpetrated acts of open hostility. In 1713 they killed a Frenchman named l'Epine near Green Bay; three Frenchmen and five Hurons fell under the Fox scalping knife in the very shadow of Fort Pontchartrain; and soon after five Frenchmen carrying grain to Mackinac were slaughtered by a Fox war party. Such desultory fighting was not, however, to the taste of the Fox, who, as crafty as he was brave, employed statecraft in a way as to give the French no small concern. The Foxes had already formed an alliance with the powerful Iroquois. Now they combined with the Sioux, their ancient enemies, to make war against the Illinois, friendly to the French and controllers of the only remaining route from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. Slowly but surely the Illinois were driven eastward, and the French saw that the route to the Mississippi bade fair to be closed to them. The English were already gaining a foothold on the Ohio that presaged ultimate exclusion of French trappers and traders; the Fox and Wisconsin rivers route to the Mississippi river was held by the Foxes. With the final avenue of commerce being slowly closed, the French had two alternatives, that of establishing free trade in furs, that would bring most of the Indians back to the French cause, or the course of making war against the Foxes, an undertaking which had met with only temporary success in the previous attempts. A war of extermination was decided upon by the French, a war in which Detroit was to be the base of operations and was to supply Indians and men for the campaign. The arrangements went wrong and the war was postponed for another year. In 1716, a force of 800 men, of which more than 200 were French, equipped with artillery and military stores, attacked the Fox stockade at Little Butte des Morts on the Fox river near Neenah, Wisconsin. After a siege made remarkable by bitter fighting, the Foxes again averted annihilation by surrender. The terms of the treaty of peace stated, among other things, that the Fox must return to the Illinois all the slaves of the latter tribe that they had captured. Upon this point hinged the defection of the Foxes, who used the excuse to start another war that though they had returned the Illinois slaves, the latter had not released the Fox slaves. The Fox Indians worked so craftily that they won to their cause many of the Winnebagoes, Sauks, and Menominee, who had been staunch allies of the French up to this time. War flamed anew between the Foxes and their friends and the Indian allies of the French, and with this, the French began their war of extermination in earnest. More relentless and unmerciful even than the Indians were the French who directed the ceaseless campaigns against the Foxes. One by one the Fox nation lost its allies; each new battle depleted the ranks of the Fox braves until but a few tens of them remained. Still the valiant Fox continued to wage his losing fight with the same bitterness and ferocity that had characterized his warfare in the heyday of his tribal life. To the last, the Fox nation opposed the French; to the last the French entertained a wholesome respect for the savage Wisconsin tribe, which despite the fact that its numbers were now pitifully few, supported the British in the expulsion of the French from the Northwest Territory. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 35 Against the operations of such a fierce and indomitable tribe as the Fox, the commandants of Detroit were compelled to match force and wits, and though the post was many days distant from the land of the Foxes, the scalp yell of the "Romans of the West" was not unknown in the forests that hemmed in the village of Cadillac on Le Detroit. A feud arose even in the ranks of the friendly Indians gathered around Detroit that caused the commandants considerable anxiety. It happened that a Huron, while on the annual spring raiding journey against the Tetes Plattes in the Mississippi Valley was wounded and captured by his enemies. Instead of torturing the Huron, the captors nursed him back to health. He was then sent back to the Huron tribe at Detroit, who, when they learned of the unwonted kindness of the Tetes Plattes, informed the Ottawas that they would no longer take part in the spring raids against the western tribes and asked that the Ottawas do likewise. The latter, however, prepared to make their usual foray in the spring of 1738, but messengers from the Hurons warned the Tetes Plattes of the approaching danger. The Ottawas finally found a party of the enemy encamped in the woods and prepared to make a night attack. The cry of an owl warned the Flat Heads that danger was close and they attacked the Ottawas with considerable loss to the latter, for the Flat Head band was very much larger than the Ottawa party. As the Ottawas were returning to Detroit, they concluded that the Hurons must have warned the sleeping camp of the Ottawa approach. The survivors communicated the circumstances to those at Detroit and it was decided that the Hurons must be punished. The priests were unable to dissuade them from the threatened attack and removed the Hurons to a camp near Sandusky, Ohio. After four years, the Hurons were taken to Bois Blanc Islands at the straits. There the Hurons remained another five years until the feeling between the two tribes had cooled sufficiently to allow the Hurons to be returned to Detroit. French Commandants. In such troublous times as these, Detroit remained under the rule.of the French king, and during the half century that followed the departure of Cadillac, seventeen different French officers were in command of the Detroit post. The successor to Cadillac was Pierre Alphonse de Tonty, with whom Cadillac had had considerable trouble for his captain's dishonesty. Tonty, Baron de Pauldy, was the son of Laurent and Angelique (de Liette) de Tonty, the former of whom is credited with being the originator of the Tontine insurance. His older brother, Henri, was the lieutenant of La Salle in the expedition that explored the Mississippi river. Alphonse de Tonty was born in 1659. As an associate and close friend of Cadillac, he accompanied the latter to Detroit in 1701 as the second in command of the new post. When Cadillac was called to Montreal in 1704, Tonty assumed command and took it upon himself to sell powder to the Indians, and he also became engaged in the embezzlement of furs with the agent of the company at Detroit. Cadillac, discovering the duplicity of his most trusted friend when he returned, asked that Tonty be removed,a wish that was granted. M.de la Forest became temporary 36 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY commandant in September, 1705, but was succeeeded the following January by Sieur de Bourgmont, who got into the trouble with the Indians already mentioned in this chapter. Though Tonty had lost his official prestige at the post, he remained to further discredit his superior in the eyes of the Indians. When Cadillac returned to Detroit in 1706, Tonty, it appears, was granted a pension of 6,000 livres a year for his services in the new country. In July, 1717, Tonty received the appointment of commandant of the post at Detroit. The commander was then required to pay the expenses of the post from his own pocket, expenses that included salaries for the missionary, the soldiers, a surgeon, and an interpreter, and the operating expenses of the garrison and trading department. Tonty borrowed from Francois Bouat the amount of 26,246 livres, 18 sous, and 4 derniers in order that the trade with the Indians might be started on a substantial basis. Worried over the size of the debt thus contracted and with his poor success at Indian trading, Tonty turned over the trading to Francois La Marque and Louis Gastineau for an annual consideration sufficient to pay the expenses of the post. These two men in turn took in three partners, Nolan, Thierry, and Gouin. Dissatisfaction arose among the Indians at the post. During the administration of Cadillac it had been the custom for about twenty stores to operate at the post, but under Tonty only two stores were maintained and both of these were owned by the same persons. The results of such a system are obvious. With no competition for the trade of the Indians, prices increased to a prohibitive point. Many Indians left the post; French and Canadians also left through dissatisfaction with the way in which things were being run. Complaints by both Indians and French were then lodged against de Tonty, and during the winter of 1721-22, he was called to Quebec to answer them. Sieur de Belestre was commandant during that winter. Francois La Marque, who had purchased certain rights at Detroit from Cadillac, was forbidden by Tonty to come to Detroit to attend to his interest. La Marque then brought charges against Tonty who was again called to Quebec in 1724. Marquis de Beauharnois became governor of New France in 1827, and at that time Tonty made another trip to Quebec to welcome him and to make recommendations for the improvement of the post. The new governor was not impressed with Tonty. The Hurons at this same time threatened to leave Detroit for the region of the Maumee river unless a new commandant were sent to Detroit. Such action on the part of the Hurons showed the governor that such a course on their part would leave the trade of the Detroit region open for exploitation by the English, and as a result, Beauharnois informed the indignant Hurons that Tonty's term would expire the following spring and that they should have a new commandant in his place. Early in 1728, therefore, Tonty was relieved of the command which had been the victim of his maladministration. Francois de la Forest, or La Foret, was actually the second commandant at Detroit. He was born in Paris, France, in 1648, and was commissioned a major of marines soon after attaining man's estate. He had been a member of La Salle's expedition to Fort Frontenac in 1679 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 37 and to the Illinois country the following year. He was placed in command of Fort Frontenac in 1682 and was instrumental in bringing the Indians to Montreal when the treaty between the French and the Iroquois was concluded. When Frontenac was removed from office as governor, his successor took over La Salle's post of Fort Frontenac and refused to allow La Foret to remain. Returning to France to protest against such unwarranted confiscation of his employer's property, La Foret was successful in obtaining orders commanding the governor to restore Fort Frontenac to La Foret as La Salle's representative and to assist in the maintenance of the establishment at that post. From 1685 to 1687, La Foret was in command at La Salle's Fort St. Louis in the Illinois country. In 1691, he was sent to Michilimackinac with 110 men and after some time as second in command there went to Quebec where he was married in November, 1702, to Charlotte Francoise Juchereau, a wealthy widow. On September 25, 1705, he became commandant of Detroit to fill that post during the absence of Cadillac. After but a few weeks in that capacity, Cadillac returned and had a difference with La Foret that caused the latter to return to Quebec. Although he was appointed in 1710 to command the post as successor of Cadillac, he sent Dubuisson to administer the affairs until the summer of 1712. At that time, he came to Detroit and appropriated Cadillac's property to the amount of about 125,000 livres and never accounted for it. On October 16, 1714, he died at Quebec. Sieur de Bourgmont, whose tactless actions in 1706 were responsible for the Indian troubles of that year at Detroit, was acting commandant for a period of six or seven months beginning about the first of that year. He was a braggart and a bully who had no knowledge of the Indian character, and the policy he adopted in handling them brought upon his head the bitter enmity of the tribes gathered around the post. Before the arrival of Cadillac, Bourgmont deserted with a number of soldiers, taking with him a woman named Tichenet with whom he had illicit relations for some time. Though French soldiers hunted the deserters for some months only one man was found, he being brought back to Detroit, court martialed and shot. Nothing more was heard of the deserting commander until 1718 when he asked the French court by letter to give him 2,000 livres for presents for the Missouri Indians with whom he had been living since his desertion from Detroit. In 1720 he was commissioned to lead an exhibition to make peace with the Indians of New Mexico and to establish a post on the Missouri river. He was successful in his undertaking and founded the Fort of Orleans on the Missouri, but it was abandoned two years later. Sieur Debuisson. When La Foret was appointed commandant ot Detroit in 1710 to succeed Cadillac, he asked Charles Regnault, Sieur Dubuisson, to take charge of the post for a time, because he, La Foret, was old and in poor health. Though the action was not approved by the governor general, Dubuisson, at the direction of La Foret, seized all of Cadillac's property, real and personal, and would not permit him to dispose of it or remove it to Louisiana, of which Cadillac was now governor. So great was the feeling against the new commandant because of this action, that many of the French families 38 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY left the settlement and returned to Montreal or Quebec, so reducing the population that Dubuisson decided to reduce the size of the stockade, which had previously been enlarged by Cadillac. To do this, Dubuisson divided the village into two nearly equal parts and built a stockade on the dividing line. Those outside the new stockade were justly indignant and forwarded a request for help to Cadillac, who was powerless now to aid them. In 1712, when the trouble with the Fox Indians arose at Detroit, the residents of the village left outside the new stockade were the greatest sufferers. In that same year, La Foret came to Detroit as first in command, Dubuisson being second in command. After the commandant died, Dubuisson was placed in charge of the post until the arrival of Sabrevois. From 1723 to 1727 he was in command of a post on the Maumee river just above the present city of Toledo, and in 1729 he was commissioned captain and placed in command of Michilimackinac. After that, all trace of Dubuisson was lost. Jacques Charles Sabrevois, Sieur de Bleury, who succeeded Dubuisson at Detroit, was born in 1667, the son of Henri and Gabrielle (Martin) Sabrevois. Late in the seventeenth century he came to New France, and in the war with the Iroquois in 1695-96 he held the commission of lieutenant in the French army. Appointed commandant at Detroit in 1712, two years before the death of La Foret, he was not permitted to assume his command until 1714 or early in 1715, Ramezay using his influence to keep him away from Detroit. Sabrevois, believing that he was to have the exclusive trading privileges of the post spent a considerable amount of money for various things at the post. Just before he was relieved of the command in 1717 and replaced by Alphonse de Tonty, Sabrevois called the residents together and pointed out to them the fact that one curtain of the fort and one line of pickets in the stockade were worthless and asked their financial support in rebuilding them. All but three, Baby, Neven, and Dusable, agreed to aid the commander, but the three men named soon convinced the others that they should withdraw their support. Sabrevois then began the work at his own expense but was unable to complete it before he left. Tonty finished rebuilding the fort in 1718. When Sabrevois reached Quebec, he applied to the courts for reimbursement for his expenses, using as his argument that he had spent the money only because he had been told that the exclusive trade of the fort would be his. Short though his administration was, Sabrevois evidently won the satisfaction of his superiors, for in 1718 he was dubbed Chevalier of the Military Order of St. Louis. From 1721 to 1724 he was in command at Fort Chambly, after which he returned to Montreal as major of the city, a position which he held at the time of his death on June 19, 1727. On November 16, 1695, he had married Jeanne Boucher and to them were born six children. Jean Baptiste de St. Ours, Sieur Deschaillons, was appointed commandant at Detroit to fill the vacancy left by the death of Tonty in 1727. He was born in 1670 and came to New France at an early age. When France and England were at war, he led a force of French and Indians against the village of Haverhill, Massachusetts, and he is DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 39 charged with encouraging the Indians to massacre the inhabitants of that community. The following year, 1709, he was sent by Governor Vaudreuil to Lake Champlain and he was later ordered to attack the Fox Indians at Detroit and Mackinaw. He was appointed commandant at Michilimackinac in 1719 but remained there but one year. Appointed commander at Detroit in the spring of 1728, he held that position only until the spring of 1729, preferring to keep his opportunity of promotion in the army to commanding a frontier trading post. He died June 9, 1747, at Quebec. Nine children were born to him and his wife, Marguerite La Guardeur, whom he married November 25, 1705. Louis Henri Deschamps, Sieur de Boishebert, was appointed to the command at Detroit to succeed the Deschaillons. He was a son of Jean Baptiste and Catherine Gertrude (Macard) Deschamps and was a native of Quebec, where he was born February 8, 1679. Following the death of his mother when he was two years old, his father removed to Riviere Quelle and married Jeanne Marguerite Chevalier in 1701. About two years later his father died. When he was old enough to be accepted by the military authorities, young Louis Deschamps entered the army. Under the command of Marquis de Vaudreuil, he engaged in the war against the Iroquois in 1699 and two years later was sent by Governor Callieres to hold a council with the Indians at Michilimackinac in 1701. Calliers died while Boishebert was on this mission and the latter received no compensation for the arduous trip to the straits. Boishebert was sent to guard the harbors at Newfoundland during Queen Anne's war and he assisted in the capture of three British ships near Boston that were loaded with powder. Boishebert during all this time had made his home in Arcadia and it was to solicit aid for the Arcadians that he made an overland journey on foot to Quebec. On this journey he dislocated his foot, the injury making him a cripple for life. He was assistant engineer when the fortifications of Quebec were enlarged in 1711-12. The following year he mapped the Labrador coast for the naval council after which he was appointed adjutant of Quebec, a position which he filled for eighteen years. Although the exact date of his appointment to the post at Detroit it not known, he left for his command in the early summer of 1730. Under his administration, the affairs at Detroit showed a marked improvement, and much improvement was needed after the ruinous regime of Tonty. He returned to Montreal in 1733 where he died on June 6, 1736. He was a son-in-law of Claude de Ramezay, who was later governor of Montreal, his wife being Genevieve de Ramezay whom he married December 10, 1721. Ives Jacques Hugues Pean, Sieur de Livandiere, came to Detroit as commandant soon after the departure of Boishebert for Montreal. He was born in Paris in 1682, a son of Jean Pierre Pean and Anne de Corbarboineau. Although records do not show that he held a commission in the French army, it is almost certain that he did so, for his career after he came to New France was entirely a military one. He was a man of much the same stripe as Boishebert, possessing good business judgment and executive ability; consequently the good work that was started during the three years of the regime of Boishebert 40 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY was continued under Livandiere. At the time he came to Detroit, the village consisted of only about eighty men capable of bearing arms, and the garrison consisted of about seventeen soldiers. The work of Boishebert and the first year of an equally good administration under Livandiere brought a new lease on life to the village which had grown to such proportions by the end of 1734 that a royal notary in the person of Robert Navarre was appointed at Detroit. Navarre was a lineal descendant of Antoine Navarre, Duke de Vendome, half brother of Henri IV of France. He it was who began the public records, a work that included the marriage contracts that were drawn up before the ceremonies took place. Navarre was surveyor and justice as well as notary, and the British commandants recognized his ability to the extent that he was continued in office by them for several years after the surrender of Detroit to the English in 1760. He died November 21, 1791. Livandiere reported that in 1735 the wheat harvest at Detroit was between thirteen hundred and fourteen hundred bushels and that the price per minot, or bushel at Detroit, had dropped to three livres. Thus, in addition to the chief exports of furs and maple sugar, Detroit exported a quantity of wheat in that year. Through such reports from Livandiere and the rapidly growing community at Detroit, Canada awoke to the fact that the post was becoming one of the most important in the colony of Canada. Within a short time after the close of Livandiere's term of office in 1736, Hocquart, the intendant of Quebec, recommended that the garrison be increased to sixty men, properly officered, and that provisions be made for the adequate protection of the post and for the improvement of its fortifications. Livandiere returned to Quebec, of which he was major, and discharged the duties of that office until his death which occurred January 26, 1747. Livandiere married on June 25, 1722, Marie Francoise Pecody, the daughter of Antoine Pecody and Jeanne de St. Ours, of Montreal. To this union were born three sons and one daughter. Nicholas Joseph Desnoylles, born in France in 1694, was the son of Colonel Joseph Desnoyelles of Crecy. In his youth Desnoyelles came to America and entered the army. By 1736 he had attained the rank of captain of marines, his rise being one of steady promotion. For a period of some six years prior to that time, Desnoyelles had been commander of the post of the Maumee above Toledo, and in 1734 he had led a party against the Fox and Sauk Indians, whom he succeeded in separating after an engagement on the Des Moines river. When the choice of a commandant at Detroit to succeed Livandiere came before the governor, he appointed Desnoyelles as the logical man, for he had been active in the Indian campaigns of the west for many years and was particularly familiar with the conditions in the vicinity of Detroit. The king, however, vetoed the appointment. In the meantime, unaware of the royal refusal to sanction his appointment, Desnoyelles left for Detroit on May 6, 1736. The appointment of Pierre Jacques Payan de Noyan was made by the king, but as he did not go at once to his post, Governor Beauharnois did not remove Desnoyelles for he said that the commandant was universally beloved by the French and the Indians DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 41 and that his efforts were only for the good of the service. He filled out the three year term, it is said, without learning of the king's refusal to ratify his appointment, and after retiring from Detroit he joined Verendrye on an expedition to discover a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Pierre Jacques Payan de Noyan, Sieur de Chavois, the appointee of the king for the post at Detroit, did not take up the duties of his command until the spring of 1739. He was born at Montreal, November 3, 1695, the son of Pierre Payan, Sieur de Noyan, and Catherine Jeanne Le Moyne. He entered the service of the marine department, rising to the rank of captain and later major before his appointment to the command of Detroit. Payan was serving with his uncle, Sieur de Bienville, governor of Louisiana, when the latter was recalled to France to explain his actions, Payan accompanying his uncle to aid him in his mission. Their explanations were unsatisfactory, however, for the court was already strongly prejudiced against Bienville. Returning to America, Payan married Catherine Daillebout on November 17, 1731, and of the four children born to the couple, Pierre Louis was born at Detroit. A surgical operation in the fall of 1738 prevented him from taking his post but in the spring of 1739 he arrived at Detroit to take the place of Desnoyelles, who had held the position only through sufferance of the governor. Payan rendered himself unpopular with certain classes of the residents at Detroit by attempting to prohibit the sale of liquor to the Indians. In 1740 he returned to Montreal to secure an order prohibiting the sale of intoxicants to Indians and came back to Detroit in time to finish off the last few weeks of his term in 1842. Seven years later he became major and governor of Montreal, probably his last work in the public service. Pierre Joseph Celoron, Sieur de Blainville, took command at Detroit on July 6, 1742. He was the eldest son and the fifth child of Jean Baptiste Celoron and his wife, Helene Picote de Belestre. He elected to follow a military career and in 1734 was placed in command of the garrison at Michilimackinac with the rank of lieutenant. After assisting the French settlers of Louisiana in the war against the Chickasaw Indians he was appointed commandant of Detroit, remaining here until June, 1744, when he was sent to Niagara. The ensuing six years were occupied with missions for the French Government, and in 1847 he again came to Detroit in charge of the convoy bringing supplies to this post. He it was who led the expedition down the Ohio to plant leaden plates setting forth France's claim to the territory, and so successful and thorough was his work in this connection that he was again appointed commandant of Detroit in 1750, the affairs of which he administered until the opening of the French and Indian war. In 1755 he commanded the Canadian militia that made the attack on Lake George, and while the war was still in progress he was appointed major of Montreal, the city in which he died on April 12, 1759. Celoron's second term was signalized by the attempt of the governor to encourage settlement at Detroit by loaning tools, rations for two years, and farming implements, in addition to a small farm to all 42 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY whom would make their residence at the post. Since so many of the newcomers were unmarried men, Celoron wrote asking girls to come to Detroit to be wives to the young farmers. Celoron was married December 30, 1724, to Marie Madeleine Blondeau, by whom he had three children. Following her death, he married Catherine Eury de La Parelle at Montreal on October 13, 1743. To this union were born nine children of whom three were born at Detroit. His widow became Sister Marie Catherine Eury La Parelle of the Grey Nuns of Montreal in 1777, and his daughter Marie Madeleine joined the same order of nuns. Paul Joseph Le Moyne, Chevalier de Longueil, was appointed in 1743 to succeed Celoron a few months before the close of the latter's first term as commandant of Detroit. He was born at Longueville, September 19, 1701, a son of Charles Le Moyne, Baron de Longueville. Exactly a month to the day after his twenty-seventh birthday, Paul Joseph Le Moyne married Marie Genevieve de Joybert at Quebec, they becoming the parents of eleven children, although none of them were born at Detroit. During the next fifteen years, he was engaged in various responsible undertakings for the Canadian Government, and in 1743 was appointed to head the post at Detroit. His term expired in 1748 when he was made second in command of the same post. In the French and Indian war, he played an active part and in 1757 was sent as an emissary to the Six Nations to ask their aid against the British. Soon after the close of that war, he went to France, dying in Tours, May 12, 1778. Jacques Pierre Daneau, Sieur de Muy, probably succeeded Celoron in 1754 although the date of his appointment is not definitely known. His father was Nicholas Daneau, Sieur de Muy, a Chevalier of the Military Order of St. Louis, who was once governor of Louisiana and died at Havana, Cuba, on January 25, 1708. Jacques Daneau was born in 1695, and on January 30, 1725, he married Louise Genevieve Dauteuil at Montreal, to them being born six children. He occupied the post of commandant of Detroit during troublous times, and since he was more of a diplomat than a soldier, the military phases of the government of the post he entrusted to the army officers stationed there. He held his office until his death, which occurred May 18, 1758. Jean Baptiste Henri Beranger, was second in command at Detroit at the time of De Muy's death and apparently he assumed charge of affairs until the arrival of the newly appointed commandant, when he again took his old place of second in command until the surrender of the post to the British on November 29, 1760. Beranger was born in France and was a son of Guillaume Beranger, Sieur de Pougemont. When he was still a young man, Beranger came to America where he was married on May 21, 1750, to Cath-: erine Madeleine Fafard dit Laframbois at Three Rivers. One of their daughters, Marie Magdeleine, was born at Detroit, February 9, 1760. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 43 Francois Marie Picote, Sieur de Belestre, was one of the most distinguished commandants to direct the affairs of Detroit. Holding the respect and implicit faith of his superiors in his abilty, he was entrusted with many matters of considerable weight. He fought against the Indians in 1739, accompanied Celoron to Detroit in 1747, was actively engaged in the French and Indian war in which he commanded a part of the troops at the defeat of Braddock, and was commandant at St. Joseph. Belestre was born at Montreal in 1719 and there he married Marie Anne Nivard on July 28, 1738. To this union were born six children, and on January 29, 1753, he married Marie Anne Magnan. The father of Belestre was Francois Marie Picote de Belestre and it is doubtful, whether or not he ever served as commandant at Detroit. He might have occupied that position temporarily during the absences of Tonty but no official records survive to substantiate the supposition. He was born in 1677 and was twice married, his first wife being Anne Bouthier, who died in 1710, and his second wife was Marie Catherine Trotier, a widow. Two children were born to this second marriage, one of them becoming the commandant as above stated. Belestre died at Detroit, October 9, 1729. Louis de la Porte, Sieur de Louvigny, is a name that had been put forward by some authorities as one of the commandants at Detroit, it having been stated that he succeeded Tonty in 1728. Records, however, fail to show that he was ever at Detroit in such a capacity, although he might have served as temporary commander during the absences of Tonty. Louvigny was born in France but had come to Canada sometime before the year 1682. He succeeded Durantaye as commandant at Michilimackinac in 1690 and remained there until he was followed by Cadillac in 1694. In 1700 Louvigny was commandant of Fort Frontenac, a post at which the commander was forbidden to trade with the Indians. It so happened that a party of Iroquois came to the post with a quantity of furs which, they said, they were going to sell in Albany to the British. Louvigny thereupon purchased the furs for 60,000 livres and sent them to Quebec. The Jesuits, learning of the illegal transaction, informed the government and Louvigny was relieved of his command, his furs being confiscated by the colonial government. In 1701, however, he was appointed major of Three Rivers and after two years came to Detroit as an officer under Cadillac but did not remain long. He headed a large expedition against the Fox Indians in 1716, the operations being highly successful, relatively speaking, and was the first movement of the long war of extermination carried on by the French against the Wisconsin tribe. On his way to Wisconsin to prosecute the war, he passed through Detroit and at that time reported that the post was the most strongly fortified one in the west. He was appointed lieutenant-governor of Canada while he was on this expedition and assumed the duties of that office when he returned from the Wisconsin country. He died in a shipwreck at Louisburg, August 27, 1725. CHAPTER IV DETROIT UNDER BRITISH RULE HE struggle between the French and the English for supremacy on the North American continent came to a close in 1760 with the British controlling the lands that had formerly been claimed by France. Quebec had fallen before Wolfe, and with the principal stronghold of the French in possession of English troops, the capitulation of the more western posts of New France came as a matter of course. Detroit, as one of the strongest French posts in the west, was one of the first objectives of the English. On September 8, 1760, Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor of New France, surrendered Montreal and all its dependencies to the English, and four days later, Major Robert Rogers, commander of a body of men known as the "Rangers," received orders from Amherst to proceed against Detroit with a force sufficiently large to take that post, Michilimackinac, and all the Northwest and to administer the oath of allegiance to the inhabitants of the captured territory. On September 13, 1760, Rogers at the head of 200 men of the Eightieth Regiment left Montreal. He was joined at Presque Isle by a small detachment of troops under Captain Croghan and by Captain Campbell's Royal Americans, an organization composed of American colonists. Rogers and the main body traveled by water from Preque Isle, while Captain Brewer and a small force marched overland along the shore of Lake Erie driving a herd of cattle. Sieur de Belestre, commandant at Detroit, was so firm in his belief that New France could not be defeated, that he refused to credit the report of the Indians that a large force of English troops had arrived at the mouth of the Detroit river. He asked time to consider as a matter of form and in the meantime erected a post at the top of which was the figure of a man's head being pecked by a crow, signifying what De Belestre expected to do to the English if they ever came to Detroit. Major Roberts then sent another message to the fort setting forth the terms of capitulation and sending a copy of Vaudreuil's letter of instructions to the Detroit commandant. This second message brought Belestre to his senses, and he in turn dispatched a message of surrender which reached the British when they had arrived within half a mile of the fort. Lieutenants Leslie and McCormick with thirty-six men of the Royal Americans were sent forward by Rogers to take over the fort. The French troops marched out of the fort, laid down their arms, and the Canadian militia was disarmed and declared disbanded, many of them immediately taking the oath of allegiance to the British Crown. The French flag was lowered with military honors and the English marched into the fort and raised the banner of the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew to the top of the pole which DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 45 for fifty-nine years had proudly borne the lilies of France. This day, November 29, 1760, marked the end of French dominion over Detroit and Michigan, although Michilimackinac was not invested by the English until some time later. The letter of Governor Vaudreuil stated that all persons, including the soldiers, were to retain their property, including real and personal property and peltries; that the soldiers were to be allowed to delegate to some person the care or sale of their property to either French or English; or that they might be allowed to take with them their portable property. The soldiers were to agree not to bear arms again during the war. The prisoners were sent to Philadelphia and thence to France. On the condition that they take the oath of allegiance to the British throne, the French inhabitants of Detroit were permitted to retain their property, most of them doing so, although during Pontiac's Conspiracy many French aided the Indian insurrection against the English. But three officers and thirty-five enlisted men comprised the garrison at the time of the surrender. Captain Campbell writing to Colonel Henry Boquet three days after the English took possession of the fort at Detroit said: "The inhabitants seem very happy at the change of government, but they are in want of everything. The fort is much better than we expected. It is one of the best stockades I have seen, but the commandant's house and what belongs to the King are in bad repair." Rogers remained in command of the post until December 23, 1760, when he turned the command over to Captain Campbell and went to Fort Pitt. Although nearly two years elapsed since the capitulation of Detroit, the treaty of Fontainebleau, by which France ceded to Great Britain all of Canada, the posts on the Great Lakes, and Louisiana east of the Mississippi river, was not concluded until November 3, 1762. This preliminary treaty was ratified by the Treaty of Paris of February 10, 1763, leaving England undisputed master of North America east of the Mississippi river. Major Robert Rogers was born in Dumbarton, New Hampshire, in 1727, a son of James Rogers, an Irishman who was one of the first settlers of Dumbarton. Frontier life, with its attendant hardships and dangers from Indian raids, were the boyhood lot of Robert Rogers who early entered the service in protecting the English colonists agaist the depredations of the Indians. In 1755 he was commissioned captain by General William Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs, and was ordered to recruit and drill a company of rangers. The company, in charge of which Rogers was placed, was composed of thirty-five volunteers from the regular infantry, fifteen Royal Americans, and six men selected by Rogers for their knowledge of frontier life and of the woods. The "Rogers' Rangers" sprang into prominence with their work in the military operations in eastern New York, the engagements at Crown Point and Ticonderoga bringing forth such acts of daring bravery with but few casualties as to illicit the admiration of the officers in 46 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY command of the army. Rogers won the confidence of his superiors and was promoted to the rank of major, and a few days after the capitulation of Montreal, he was sent to Detroit by General Jeffrey Amherst, commander of the British forces at Quebec. After returning to Fort Pitt from Detroit in December, 1760, Rogers joined Grant's expedition against the Cherokee Indians, upon the conclusion of which he went to London. He was a man of considerable education, and while he was in London he arranged for the publication of his journals, one edition of which appeared in London and another in Dublin. He then returned to America. When Detroit was besieged by Pontiac, he came to the relief of the post here on July 29, 1763, with troops and supplies. He participated in the battle of Bloody Run while he was in Detroit at this time. On January 10, 1766, Rogers was appointed commander of the British garrison at Michilimackinac, and despite the adverse report on his character made by Sir William Johnson to General Thomas Gates, Rogers assumed the active command in August of that year. Rogers service as commandant at that post spelled his ultimate ruin. At Michilimackinac he chose to violate the rules laid down by Johnson for the restriction and regulation of the Indian trade. His time at the straits was one marked by his absorbing sense of personal aggrandizement. He incurred expenses far in excess of those authorized by the government, and it was not long before he was charged with attempting to plunder the post and desert to the French at New Orleans. He was accordingly placed under arrest and sent in chains to Montreal to stand trial, where the principal witness against him was a Colonel Hopkins, whose own loyalty did not entirely escape the finger of doubt and suspicion. Rogers managed to win an acquittal and soon after went to London. Returning to America in 1775, Rogers offered his services to General Washington but was refused, many people at the time believing the notorious ranger to be a British spy. Denied a commission in the American army, Rogers sought service with the Queen's Rangers, securing the commission of lieutenant colonel and actively espousing the British cause. Rogers barely escaped when most of his command was captured at Mamoranec, Long Island, on October 21, 1776. Though the New Hampshire legislature passed an act in 1778 banishing him from the colony, his property was not confiscated. Rogers in the meantime had returned to London after his defeat at Mamoranec and died in obscurity and comparative poverty in 1800. Rogers, about the time he entered the army, had married Elizabeth Browne, of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, but she divorced him after his arrest at Michilimackinac and married John Roche. She died in 1811. Captain Donald Campbell, who was left in command of Detroit by Rogers on December 23, 1760, was a Scotchman who had seen several years of service in the English army before he came to Detroit. He was the first regularly appointed English commandant of Detroit, although Rogers and Colonel Croghan were his superiors. The affairs of this territory were then administered by Sir DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 47 William Johnson and General Thomas Gates, who were at the command of Sir Jeffrey Amherst, governor general of the British colonies. Campbell, in the early spring of 1761, wrote his commanding officer concerning the condition of Detroit and the fort, his letter giving a good picture of the settlement as it then existed: "The fort is very large and in good repair; there are two bastions toward the water and one inland. The point of the bastion is a cavalier of wood, on which there are mounted the three-pounders and the three small mortars or coehorns. The palisades are in good repair. There is scaffolding around the whole, which is floored only toward the land for want of plank; it is by way of a banquette. There are seventy or eighty houses in the fort, laid out in regular streets. The country is inhabited ten miles on each side of the river and is a most beautiful country. The river is here about nine hundred yards over and very deep. Around the whole village, just within the palisades, was a road which was called the 'Chemin de Ronde.'" Reconciliation of the Indians to the new government and the distribution of presents among them was to be one of the principal objects of Campbell's endeavors at Detroit. Campbell was also ordered to disarm the French inhabitants of the colony and the district, but since many of them were trappers and traders the order in effect took away their means of livelihood. Modification of the order was then made so that only those French whose loyalty to the English system was suspected should be disarmed. Even this order was far reaching in its effects, for a virtual English monopoly of the fur trade was thus established, and the French-Canadians were thus driven to live on farms or to join the Indians in their nomadic hunting life. Many of these unfortunate people did both; they cultivated small patches of ground during the summer months and then took to the woods when the hunting season opened, leaving the crops to be harvested by their women. Even under this order of things, the women frequently attended the putting in and the cultivation of the crops, for the men often fished during the summer months in place of hunting. In July; 1762, Major Campbell was succeeded by Major Henry Gladwin but remained at the post as the second in command. During the siege of Detroit by the Indians under Pontiac, Campbell and Captain George McDougall went to parley with the chief on May 10, 1763, they being kept prisoners by the Indians. McDougall later escaped but on July 4, Campbell was killed by a Chippewa chief in revenge for the death and scalping of his son during a brush with a party of English soldiers. Major Henry Gladwin, who succeeded Campbell in command in July, 1762, was born in Derbyshire, England, in 1730. Entering the army at an early age, he won his lieutenant's commission in 1753 in Colonel Dunbar's regiment which he served in the campaign that ended with the defeat of Braddock at Little Meadows in July, 1755. He was then promoted to the rank of captain and assigned to the 48 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Eightieth Regiment of infantry. He was sent to the relief of Niagara in 1760, and on June 22, 1761, was promoted to his majority by Amherst. He came to Detroit in September, 1761, and remained but a short time, although he contracted a severe case of the fever and ague here. That fall he was granted leave of absence with permission to return to England, where on March 30, 1762, he married Frances, the daughter of Rev. John Beridge. He returned immediately to Detroit and was made commandant in July. The greater part of his term as commander at Detroit was marked by his successful defense of Detroit against the allied Indians under Pontiac. Warned in time, Gladwin made adequate preparations for the defense of the post. The Indians were disappointed in their desire to surprise the garrison and settled down to a siege that was marked by several sharp skirmishes and the battle of Bloody Bridge, from which Parent's creek took the name of Bloody Run. A siege of 153 days in length was finally brought to a close when the lake tribes became dissatisfied with the poor progress and sued for peace. Gladwin agreed to a truce that enabled him to lay in fuel and provisions for the winter and Pontiac was accorded the same conditions as the other chiefs. The great Indian retired to the Maumee country, and Gladwin took advantage of the relief to decrease his garrison to about 200 men, sending the rest back to Niagara. Gladwin obtained a leave of absence in the fall of 1764 and returned to England. If he ever came back to America, he never again distinguished himself in the public eye, but his term of service in the army finally brought him to the rank of general. The epitaph on his tombstone gave his date of death as June 22, 1794, and his age at the time as sixty-two, but it is probable that the date of his death was June 22, 1791, which would make him in his sixty-second year at the time of his death. Colonel John Bradstreet arrived in Detroit on August 26, 1764, with a large military force and a good stock of supplies for the garrison. On the last day of that month he assumed command of the post. Bradstreet's reputation as the commandant of Detroit is not one of the best, for he has been described as a man who led the Indians to conclude treaties they did not understand and who granted land to people that was fraudulently gained. Such a land scheme formed one of the first official acts of Bradstreet, who secured from the Indians a strip of land beginning west of the fort and extending to Lake St. Clair for the use of the settlers. That the commandant should thus offer inducements to settlers was in direct opposition to the wishes of the trappers and traders, who realized that settlement meant the driving out of beavers and other fur bearing animals. Some were inclined to accept Bradstreet's viewpoint that if an increased population was to be maintained by its own resources, such measures as those advocated by Bradstreet were essential to the welfare of the community. It was not the commandant's intention, however, to extend much encouragement to either side in the controversy, and the policy he pursued reflected his vacillating disposition in the matter. Traders were DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 49 disinclined to add materially to their stock of goods, and settlers were loath to take up the land because of the insecurity of their titles. Bradstreet was responsible for one important change at Detroit, that of the change in payment of taxes from skins and produce to payment in currency. Until this time, it had been customary for the inhabitants to pay an annual tax of from one to two sols per front foot of their holdings under the French; the early English commandants required the farmers to pay an annual tax for the support of the garrison and to pay a cord of wood for each acre front on the river. The taxes for the support of the garrison had been paid in furs and in farm produce, but Bradstreet, to escape, perhaps the fluctuating prices in the fur market, preferred payment in the "New York Currency" that first appeared in Detroit in rather general circulation in 1765. Bradstreet set out for Sandusky with all but seven companies of his command (which had been left in command of Major Robert Bayard) on September 14, 1764, and he remained at that fort until the eighteenth of October. On that date he and his command started! for Niagara in bateaux, but encountering a storm near Cleveland, five of the barges, several men, and most of the ammunition and supplies were lost. The journey was continued by land and the party became separated, the last of the men not reaching Niagara until late in December. Lieutenant-Colonel John Campbell was appointed in the fall of 1764 to succeed Bradstreet. He was from the Seventh Regiment. Although Bradstreet had succeeded in securing a material reduction in taxes the commandants being both military and civil governors-Campbell placed them higher than ever. Apparently, in addition to increasing the amount of money needed for the garrison, he had also asked that the fort be repaired at the expense of the citizens. The amount required for this work was so large as to bring forth a vigorous protest from the citizens who had despairingly watched the mounting taxes. A portion of this protest reading as follows, outlined the tax increases since British occupation of Detroit: "Captain Campbell, the first English commandant at Detroit, on his arrival here levied a tax on the proprietors in the fort, for lodging the troops, which amounted to a very considerable sum; besides, each of the farmers was obliged to pay a cord of wood per acre in front. The second year the proprietors again paid for quartering the troops and the farmers furnished double the amount of wood they did the year before. "The third year Colonel Gladwin continued the same taxes, and in 1762 the tax within the fort alone amounted to ~184, 13s. 4d. In the year 1764 the taxes came to ~158 New York Currency. In the year 1765 you said to Messrs. Babee and Chapaton that the taxes in the future should be the same as in the French government, which as we have pointed out, was two sols per foot for the lots within the fort. The farmers were subject to a 50 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY quit rent of two shillings and eight pence New York Currency, and one-fourth bushel of wheat per acre in front, which was accordingly paid to Mr. Chapaton, who was appointed to receive the same. After this we could not help being surprised at the tax for the current year, viz., one shilling per foot in front for lots within the fort and ten shillings per acre for the farmers in the country. The heaviness of this tax is severely felt, as you may judge by the delay and difficulty the people had in paying it." Commandant Campbell left Detroit soon after this protest had been placed in his hands and became the superintendent of Indian affairs, a position that he retained until the close of the Revolutionary war. Captain George Turnbull, of the Sixtieth Regiment, Second Battalion, was the next commandant, and though the exact date of his arrival is not known, he probably came in the fall of 1766, for a letter to Turnbull from General Gates dated October 6, that year, acknowledges the receipt of the stores returned under the care of Major Bayard, Campbell's assistant. The administration of Turnbull was marked by two important things, the trouble over the ownership of Belle Isle and the establishment of an officer who held courts and acted as sheriff and notary. The English made no provision for the establishment of courts when they took over Detroit in 1760, and on April 24, 1767, Turnbull appointed.Philippe Dejean, said to have been a bankrupt merchant from Montreal who had come west to make a new start and had left his debtors and creditors alike unsatisfied. Though he was apparently well versed in the law, he was also a willing tool in the hands of his superiors, for he was equally willing to administer justice according to the dictates of his masters no matter whether the decision be just or not. So distasteful became Dejean's actions to the people of the settlement, that a committee was appointed to investigate his record by Turnbull. The report of the committee exonerated Dejean and on June 14, 1768, he was reappointed notary. While the investigation of Dejean's record was going forward, there occurred an incident that led to much bitterness among the townspeople concerning Ile aux Cochons, or Belle Isle. On May 4, 1768, King George and the Council granted to Lieutenant George McDougall, of this garrison, the right to occupy the Ile aux Cochons as long as he was stationed here or as long as Detroit remained a military post. The permission was subject to the condition that the consent of the Indian claimants of the island must be obtained and that improvements made by McDougall were subject to use by the garrison. During the French regime, the French inhabitants of Detroit had, by royal decree, been given the right to pasture cattle and other domestic animals on the island, which was considered in the nature of a public commons. This old right.of the inhabitants of Detroit was completely ignored by the English when McDougall was given permission to use the island. Pursuant to the provisions of the grant, McDougall bargained with the Indians for their title to the island, and on June 5, 1769, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 51 the Ottawa and Chippewa chiefs sold the island to the lieutenant for five barrels of rum, three rolls of tobacco, three pounds of vermillion, and a belt of wampum at the time the Indians vacated title, and. three barrels of rum and three pounds of vermillion when M/cDougall took possession. At this violation of their long established rights, the Detroit French were justly indignant. A committee, composed of Jacques Campau, J. Bte. Chapoton, Eustache Gamelin, and Pierre Reaume, drafted a letter to Captain Turnbull on May 18, 1679, requesting that their rights to the island be recognized and that he communicate with General Gage and Governor Carleton concerning the matter. Upon Turnbull's refusal to assist the citizens, letters were sent to the Gentlemen of Trade at Montreal and to Gage and Carleton, asking that the rights of the French to use the island as a commons be restored to them. These letters failed to bring results, and on October 13, 1769, a meeting was held! by the officers of the fort and the citizens of the town at which the matter was discussed pro and con. Eventually, the English carried their point and McDougall took full possession of the island in 1771. Turnbull remained as commandant only until the latter part of 1769, Major Thomas probably being the temporary commandant after the departure of Turnbull. Captain James Stephenson, Sixtieth Regiment, Second Battalion, was appointed commandant in September, 1770, and continued in charge of Detroit until January 8, 1772. Captain George Etherington was then appointed' as the next commandant at Detroit. He had accompanied Gladwin to Detroit in 1762 and a short time after had been sent to Mackinac with Lieutenant Leslie as commandant of the post at the straits. His fort was captured by Ottawa and Chippewa Indians on June 2, 1763, when the Pontiac war broke out, Etherington and Leslie, with eleven privates, being taken prisoner. Their lives were saved only through the fact that the Ottawas and Chippewas disagreed over the disposition of the spoils. When the Chippewas started to take the captives to Manitou island to kill them, the Ottawas took the prisoners away from the Chippewas. The Englishmen were taken to L'Arbe Croche where Father Jonois and the commandant of Green Bay persuaded the Indians to release them and allow them to return in safety to Montreal. Etherington, on his return, came in for considerable censure for what was termed his negligence in the circumstances that permitted the capture of his post, and for some time thereafter he was allowed to hold no post that entailed much responsibility. Major Henry Bassett, who came to take command at Detroit in the fall of 1772, was one of the most energetic in attempting to improve the conditions at Detroit. He applied himself at once to the adjustment of the disputes in regard to the land titles and to the suppression of the sale of intoxicants to the Indians. In that same fall, Bassett fenced off a portion of King's Common to be used as a pasture for his horse. So vigorous was the protest of the 52 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY inhabitants against his action that Bassett removed the fence, although in April, 1773, he wrote to General Haldimand asking permission to inclose the area, about forty-two acres in extent. Bassett assured his commander that if he were permitted to enclose the tract of land he would oversee it himself and would accomplish the work in the most frugal manner. He also stated in his letter that if he were alowed 250 pounds sterling he would' put in large gates and would pay the rest of the expense himself, for, he said, it would cost more than that. When the people of the village learned of Bassett's appeal to his commanding officer, they sent a protest to Quebec that resulted in defeat for Bassett. The commandant also sought to stop, or at least to restrict the liquor traffic at Detroit. McDowell, a trader from Pittsburgh occupying a house near the fort, in the fall of 1773 refused to sell rum to an Indian, who, becoming enraged later returned to the house, thrust his gun through the window and shot and killed the trader. Bassett reported the murder to his general and made the following remarks concerning the selling of intoxicating liquors to the Indians: "Trading will never be safe while the sale of rum continues; the leading chiefs complain that the English are killing their young men with spirits. They purchase poison instead of blankets and the necessaries of life. They say they lose more young men by rum than they lose by war. It is not in the power of the commandant at this post to prevent, for the traders land it down the river and have a thousand tricks to deceive the commandant and cheat the poor savages." This protest against the sale of rum was but one of several the commandant made on the same subject to his superiors, but he inevitably met defeat in this because the fur traders, who were a power in Quebec, knew that rum aided them in cheating the Indians and that as long as rum could be sold, the profits from the fur trade would be much greater than otherwise. The complaints were now becoming more frequent that neighbors were encroaching on each other's land, and the resultant disputes over the matter influenced Bassett to authorize a land survey to straighten out the land muddle. Bassett appointed James Sterling as King's Surveyor to re-locate the farm boundaries and the findings of this surveyor were to be the only valid ones in the future. This survey was ordered in the spring of 1774. Detroit first came under the civil administration of British colonial government on June 22, 1774, the day on which was passed the detested Quebec Act, one of the many legislative enactments of the British Parliament that led to the American Revolution. Providing for the civil government of the territory west of New York and north and northwest of the Ohio river, the Quebec Act was in reality a discouragement to settlement of the new country. The old French law of the province applied essentially in civil matters and the English law to criminal matters. Executive powers were vested in a governor, a lieutenant-governor who was commander-in-chief of the military forces, and in a council of between DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 53 seventeen and twenty-three members who were to be appointed by the king. In April, 1775, Detroit was annexed to Quebec and the commandant thus became the civil magistrate and the military officer. Captain Richard Beringer Lernoult succeeded to the command of Detroit upon the retirement of Bassett in 1774. Following the battle of Lexington in April, 1775, Sir Guy Carleton placed the lakes country under martial law, the edict becoming effective in June of that year. Captain Henry Hamilton, of the Fifteenth Regiment, was sent to Detroit in November of the same year, and though Lernoult retained the nominal distinction of being the commandant, Hamilton in effect administered the duties of that position insofar as the military operations of the British in this region were concerned. Detroit then became the base from which Indian war parties worked to harass the American traders and their families outside the colonial frontiers. Lernoult refused to comply with Hamilton's demand in 1776 that Jean Baptiste Contencineau and a negro woman be hanged, and though the incident may not have had any effect on what followed, Lernoult was shortly after removed as the commandant and was sent to Niagara. The name of Captain Lord appeared as commandant for a short time in 1776, and it has also been stated that Major De Peyster succeeded Lernoult, but if he did so it was but for a very short time. An incident occurred after the departure of Lernoult that offers a good example of the character of Hamilton. Jonas Schindler, a silversmith, had been tried for some offense and acquitted by the jury. Hamilton, however, ordered Schindler to be drummed out of town. In order to reach the west gate of the village, it was necessary to pass through the fort, and when the drums entered the citadel, Captain Lord, the acting commandant, ordered them to silence, saying: "Mr. Hamilton may exercise such acts of cruelty and oppression he pleases in the town, but I shall suffer none in the citadel; and I shall take care to make such proceedings known to some of the first men in England." The ill-feeling that arose between Hamilton and the commandant over this injustice of the former was made the subject of a communication by Governor Carleton to Lieutenant Colonel Mason, commanding at Niagara. Carleton ordered Lernoult to be returned as commandant for Carleton stated that Lernoult was a man on whose judgment and discretion he could rely thoroughly to put an end to animosities. Lord was an officer of the Eighteenth Regiment and had been in command of an Illinois post before his assignment to Detroit. In accordance with the wishes of the governor, Lernoult returned to Detroit in December, 1777, and during that winter he cooperated with Hamilton in organizing an expedition to move against Fort Pitt in the following spring. In October, 1778, Hamilton made his memorable expedition to Vincennes, and the commandant began the construction of the new fort which, when completed was given his name, Fort Lernoult. Hamilton took Philip Dejean, 54 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the justice, to Vincennes with him, and Lernoult appointed Thomas Williams in his stead. Williams was the father of John R. Williams who became the first mayor of Detroit in 1845. Captain Lernoult had not the authority to make such an appointment, but he immediately notified the Quebec authorities of his action, Williams being regularly appointed in 1779 by Governor Haldimand who had succeeded Carleton. Lernoult was promoted to major on August 28, 1779, and the following day relinquished his command to Colonel Arent Schuyler De Peyster and proceeded to Niagara. Colonel Arent Schuyler De Peyster, who assumed command of Detroit in October, 1779, was a native of New York City where he was born June 27, 1736. A grandson of Colonel Abraham Schuyler, he came naturally by his love for the profession of arms, and at the age of nineteen years, he entered the army to serve with the Eighth Regiment commanded by his uncle Colonel Peter Schuyler. His rise in the army was steady though not meteoric, and before coming to Detroit he had been in command at various western posts including Michilimackinac. He was a brave and able commander, of kindly disposition and a love for the social life of his posts. Possessed of considerable tact in the handling of the Indians, he adopted conciliatory measures at Detroit that kept the savages loyal to the British cause, and he was equally successful in winning the confidence and the respect of the French inhabitants. De Peyster sought to improve the conditions at Detroit by encouraging agriculture, and to this end he wrote Haldimand in the spring of 1780 asking permission to use Hog Island (Belle Isle) for this purpose and requesting that persons be appointed by the governor to appraise the land in order that Mrs. McDougall might receive a just compensation, her husband having purchased the island from the Indians in 1769. Nathan Williams and J. B. Craite inspected the buildings and reported them to be worth 334 pounds. Shortly after, De Peyster acquainted his superior with the fact that the Biddle family had been installed on the island, a portion of which had been reserved as pasturage for the King's cattle. Belle Isle was later restored to the McDougall heirs after the British occupation. De Peyster had fallen heir to the practices inaugurated by Hamilton of buying hair, that is, of paying the Indians for the scalps of Americans. The infamous practice had virtually become an institution by the time De Peyster took command. Deploring the practice as he did, he took no active steps at first to curtail the scalping expeditions of the Indians, but after the fall of Cornwallis, he sent a letter to the Delaware Indians bidding them take more prisoners and less scalps, for from prisoners he could get information. The British government about the same time asked that De Peyster refund to the exchequer that portion of the rent of the king's lands that he had appropriated for his own use. De Peyster protested that he had saved the government at least ten thousand pounds and that to refund what he had taken for his own use would DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 55 work a considerable hardship upon him. He was not accused of dishonesty in the matter for he had merely followed the practice begun by Hamilton in the same way. De Peyster continued as commandant until October, 1783, when he was ordered to Niagara, but due to the lateness of the season his departure was delayed until the following spring. The colonel, so well liked at Detroit, was by way of a poet, and while he was at Detroit he wrote a number of verses concerning local customs and amusements. Following the Revolutionary War, De Peyster retired to Dumfries, Scotland, his wife's native city, and there during the French Revolution he drilled a company of "Gentlemen Volunteers," an organization which included Robert Burns in its membership. De Peyster carried on a poetical correspondence with the Scotch bard for some time through the columns of the Journal. The last poem ever written by Burns was addressed to De Peyster, who had sent a messenger to him two days before Burns' death to inquire into the state of his health. De Peyster died at Dumfries on November 2, 1832, at the age of ninety-seven years, and the honored colonel was buried in the same churchyard with Burns. Jehu Hay, the last lieutenant-governor of Detroit, was a native of Chester, Pennsylvania. In 1758 he enlisted in the Sixtieth American Regiment and four years later he is found at Detroit serving as lieutenant. He took part in the engagements that attended the siege of this post by Pontiac and in 1774 was chosen to visit the posts in the Illinois country by General Haldimand and to report on the conditions there. He became deputy Indian agent and major of the Detroit militia two years later, and in 1778, when he accompanied Hamilton to Vincennes, he was taken prisoner and sent to Virginia. He was paroled to go to New York on October 10, 1780, and was exchanged the following year. Although his appointment as commandant at Detroit came in 1782, he refrained from going to his post because De Peyster refused to "have anything to do with Mr. Hay." It was not until July 12, 1784, then, that Hay came to Detroit after De Peyster had departed for Niagara, and upon his arrival here, the new lieutenant governor found his powers more restricted than he had anticipated. Sir William Johnson, before his death in 1774, had acted upon the orders of General Haldimand and had made the distribution of goods to the Indians. The methods were still in existence when Hay assumed command, and the new command was loath to have his perquisites interfered with, for if reports were true he had paid well for the privilege of commanding at Detroit. His disposition, brought about partly because of ill health, was of such a character that he had but few friends and was heartily disliked by nearly all those with whom he came in contact. On August 2, 1785, he died at Detroit and was buried in the governor's gardens, on the site of which a black walnut coffin containing a skeleton believed to be that of Hay was found in 1911. His widow, Marie Reaume, whom he married in 1748, also died in Detroit, her death occurring March 23, 1795. 56 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Major William Ancrum was assigned to Detroit as the military commandant after the departure of De Peyster in the spring of 1784. Since the Revolutionary war was now over, the duties of the commandant were light as compared with those of his predecessors. The object of the English was the cultivation of the Indian friendship more now than ever before, and to this end Major Ancrum devoted the most of his attention. The Moravian Indians had removed from the Huron river to the Cuyahoga in Ohio soon after the arrival of Ancrum, and the commandant and John Askin purchased their improvements and some of their cabins for $450. On May 8, 1786, Ancrum wrote to his superior concerning the Indian situation as follows: "The Indians, from everything I can learn, are very much attached to our interest, and very much incensed against the Americans, particularly against Clark and the other commissioners joined with him to treat with them, and they have been for that purpose at the mouth of the Great Miamis ever since the first of October last until very lately. Clark himself is gone, I understand, towards Post St. Vincent to treat with the Wabache Indians, and the other commissioners are returned home. "I have lately heard that several parties of Indians of different nations have gone out to war against the frontiers of the American States. I do not think that the Indians will ever suffer the Americans to draw their boundary lines, survey or settle any part of their country." Captain Thomas Bennett was commandant at Detroit for a few weeks in 1786. Bennett was with De Peyster at Mackinac when the latter was commandant there, and with the commission of lieutenant, Bennett was sent by the colonel to watch the movements of Linctot at Fort St. Joseph in 1779, for it was reported that the Americans were preparing to send an expedition against Detroit from the Illinois country and that the Canadian trader already named would command 200 horses with that expedition. Bennett held a council with the Pottawatomi Indians at Fort St. Joseph on August 3, 1779, and twelve days later wrote to Lernoult at Detroit that he would be unable to render assistance at this post because he had been ordered back to Mackinac. Bennett was promoted to Captain in December of that year, and in December, 1781, he attended two Indian councils at Detroit. On September 22, 1784, he wrote to De Peyster asking the latter to use his influence in securing Bennett's appointment as commandant at Detroit. In 1786, Bennett became military commandant at this post but remained in that capacity but a few weeks. Captain Robert Matthews assumed the lieutenant-governorship of Detroit in the spring of 1787 and remained for a little more than a year. In 1779, Matthews was sent with news from Detroit and Niagara to Governor Haldimand, Lieutenant Colonel Mason Bolton writing the governor that Captain Matthews was well acquainted with the affairs of these western posts. Haldimand was so impressed with Matthews that he made him his private secretary. In 1786 he received his appointment as lieutenant-governor of Detroit DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 57 and early in the spring of the following year left Montreal for his new assignment where he remained slightly more than a year. During the greater part of the Revolutionary war, Captain Matthews had been in service with the Eighth Regiment. A Major Wiseman was named by Farmer as commandant in 1878 but if such a man held that position it was but for a very short time in that year. Major Patrick Murray was made a member of the land board for the District of Hesse established July 24, 1788, by the Canadian Council and comprising the land east of the Detroit river. The minutes of the first meeting of the board are signed by "Patrick Murray, Major in the Sixtieth Regiment, commanding Detroit, and first member of the land board." Major John Smith succeeded Murray early in 1790, he becoming chairman of the land board and his son, David William Smith, was secretary of the same body. Major Smith was with the Fifth Regiment in which his son was an ensign. Both were transferred to Niagara in 1792 where Major Smith died two years later. Major William Claus became the temporary commandant following the departure of Smith. Colonel Richard England, commanding officer of the Twentyfourth Regiment, came to Detroit in the early summer of 1792 to become the last British commandant at this post, his arrival here being a few months after the defeat of General St. Clair. The Indians were then in a state of considerable unrest, and parties of them were continually coming to Detroit to ask aid of the English. The building of Fort Miami at the foot of the Maumee Rapids so alarmed Colonel England that he sent most of his troops and ordnance to check the advance of General Anthony Wayne. Sustaining decisive defeat at the battle of Fallen Timbers, the British forces returned to Detroit, and on September 1, 1794, the same year, England reported to his superiors the condition of the post at that time. After it was definitely learned that Detroit was to be turned over to the United States, ammunition boxes, packing cases, and laboratory chests were requistioned for the removal of stores to the new post across the river to Amherstburg. Though Colonel England made an estimate on the cost of necessary repairs to the fort at that time, the work was not carried out, and the board of survey appointed to report on the condition of barracks furniture returned word that it was not worth removing. In such condition was the post at Detroit when, on July 11, 1796, Detroit came under the direct control of the United States government. Three members of parliament had come from Detroit during the British rule. D. W. Smith, of Niagara, was elected from Detroit and later became surveyor general of Canada; Alexander Grant, who lived at Grosse Pointe, commanded the British ships of war on the lakes and became a parliament member; and William Macomb, the ancestor of one branch of the famous Macomb family and.uncle of General Alexander Macomb. William Dummer Powell, a native of Boston, was the first and only justice appointed by the Canadian government for Detroit, and he served with great honor. CHAPTER V UNITED STATES CONTROL T HE final treaty of peace that spelled the end of the bitter war of the Revolution was signed January 30, 1783, and by the definitive treaty of September 3, that year, the territory of Michigan became a part of the public domain of the United States. Thirteen years were due to elapse, however, before England relinquished her grip on Detroit and other frontier posts, for the British felt that the loosely knit governmental structure of the Articles of Confederation would fall to pieces and that the territory west of the mountains and north of the Ohio would again be legitimate country for exploitation by the English. Even when the present constitution was adopted and the government of the states gave promise of power in fact, the English retained the western forts. That their hope of one time re-entering the fields from which they were barred, the English commissioners at Ghent in 1814 suggested that Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and large parts of Ohio and Indiana should be set apart for the Indians. Under such a condition, a sort of Indian sovereignty guaranteed by the British would be established within the United States. The English commissioners at Ghent further asked that no American armed forces be maintained on the Great Lakes, and when the indignant refusal of the American commissioners threatened to break off negotiations, Lord Castlereagh ordered an abatement of the English demands that resulted in the conclusion of an honorable peace. The creation of the Indian buffer state was, however, one of the paramount objects of the English when the treaty negotiations opened as it had been in 1790. Once American independence was assured, the four colonies, Virginia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York, began more actively to lay claim to the lands of the Northwest Territory than they had done before that time. George Rogers Clark, on his expedition that resulted in the reduction of the British posts at Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Saint Vincent, and Cahokia, had claimed the territory through which he went for the colony of Virginia, and the state legislature of that state named the entire region as the county of Illinois to be included in the district of Kentucky. With four colonies claiming the vast territory of the northwest, it fell upon Congress to be the peacemaker in the dispute. An act was accordingly passed calling for the colonies to relinquish their respective claims to the land which would be divided into states at such times as the population warranted. In compliance with the act, New York turned over the land to the government on March 1, 1781; Virginia surrendered her claims on March 1, 1784; Massachusetts, April 19, 1785; and Connecticut, with the exception of the Western Reserve, September 14, 1786. By the actions of the states approximately three hundred thousand square miles of land came under the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 59 jurisdiction of the United States government, which eventually erected the states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin from that territory, the remainder now being included within the state of Minnesota. The moment all claims to the territory had been waived and it became open country for settlement, projects of various kinds were suggested to promote the colonization of the rich country. Early in 1786, the Ohio company was organized in Massachusetts. This organization laid plans for the purchase of a large tract of land at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, where Marietta, Ohio, now stands, and for the establishment of a land office and the offering of special inducements to settlers, particularly to veterans of the Revolutionary war. So vigorously was the project pushed that the United States in 1787 found itself confronted with the necessity of providing a suitable government for a territory into which the settlers were beginning to pour by the hundreds and even thousands at that early date. The result was the passage of the Ordinance of 1787 providing for the appointment of a governor, secretary, three judges, and for the establishment of a General Assembly in the territory when the population should reach the 5,000 mark, that is, 5,000 free male inhabitants. Although slavery was prohibited in the territory, escaped slaves might be returned to their masters in the states where they were rightfully slaves. The first officers appointed to administer the affairs of the territory were General Arthur St. Clair, then president of Congress, governor; Winthrop Sargent, of Massachusetts, secretary; and Samuel Holden Parsons, of Connecticut, James Mitchell Varnum, of Rhode Island, and John Armstrong, judges. St. Clair was removed by President Jefferson in November, 1802, after Ohio had been admitted as a state. William Henry Harrison succeeded Winthrop Sargent as secretary on June 28, 1798, continuing in that office until the erection of the Indiana Territory in May, 1800, and Charles Byrd then took office in the stead of Harrison, who had been appointed governor of the newly created Indiana Territory of which Michigan was a part as the County of Wayne. During all this time when the United States had been attempting to settle and govern the Northwest Territory, the English had continued their practice of inciting the Indians to war against the Americans. They had also persistently refused to surrender the western posts to which the United States was in reality entitled to hold. A campaign was finally launched by the United States against the Indians, culminating in the disastrous defeat of the savages at the hands of "Mad Anthony" Wayne at the battle of Fallen Timbers. The success of the Americans against the Indians now influenced the British statesmen to consider seriously the demands of the American commissioners that the redcoated soldiers surrender the western posts to American troops. On November 19, 1794, was signed the treaty defining the boundaries between the United States and Canada and calling for the abandonment of the western posts on or before June 1, 1796. 60 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The order for the evacuation of Detroit was signed June 2, 1796, by Adjutant General George Beckwith and directed the withdrawal of all British troops and supplies with the exception of fifty of the Queen's Rangers that had been sent to Detroit from Fort Miami in April of the same year. The Rangers were to guard the public buildings and the fort until the arrival of the United States troops. On July 7, 1796, Colonel John F. Hamtramck, commandant at Fort Miami, sent Captain Moses Porter and sixty-five men in two small sloops to receive the surrender of Detroit, and-he and his entire force followed a few days later. Exactly at high noon, July 11, 1796, at the British flag was drawn down and the Stars and Stripes raised to top of the pole, signifying that at last Detroit was in effect as well as name a part of the public domain of the United States. On the seventeenth of that same month, Hamtramck wrote General James Wilkinson at Greenville, Ohio, the following communication from Detroit: "I have the pleasure to inform you of the safe arrival of the troops under my command at this place, which was evacuated on the 11th instant and taken possession of by a detachment of sixty-five men, commanded by Captain Moses Porter, whom I had detached from the foot of the Rapids for that purpose. Myself and troops arrived on the 13th instant." Indiana Territory. Including within its boundaries all that part of the Northwest Territory lying west of a line drawn due north from the mouth of the Big Miami river, the Indiana Territory was erected by Congress in 1800, the act being approved by the president on May 7, that year. William Henry Harrison was appointed governor and John Gibson, secretary. Harrison chose Vincennes as the capital of the territory. Detroit, being east of the line specified in the enabling act for the creation of the Indiana Territory, remained a part of the Northwest Territory until April 30, 1802, when Congress authorized the organization of Ohio as a state and placed Detroit and this region in the Indiana Territory. On February 19, 1803, Ohio's constitution was accepted by Congress, and the region including Detroit thus automatically became a part of the Indiana Territory on that date. Perhaps nothing hastened the organization of the Michigan Territory more than did the act of Congress that placed the eastern half of Michigan in the Indiana Territory. Vincennes, the capital, was some four hundred miles distant from Detroit and could be reached only by the long and difficult journey by way of the Detroit, Maumee, and Wabash rivers and Lake Erie, necessitating the difficult portage from the Maumee to the Wabash at Fort Wayne. Under such conditions, Detroit and this section of Michigan were virtually cut off from the capital. Michigan Territory. On January 14, 1803, Wayne county was erected, Detroit being named as the county seat. The voters of the territory favored the establishment of a General Assembly in an election held September 11, 1804, and the proclamation calling for election of members failed to reach Detroit before the first Thursday of January, 1805, and Wayne county did not participate. Rep DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 61 resentatives from the rest of the territory met at Vincennes on February 1, following, and selected the names of ten men, five of which were to be named by the president as an upper house. James Henry and James May, of Detroit, were named among the ten submitted for the approval of the president. During all this time, the people at Detroit had grown more and more dissatisfied with the conditions. The work of the British agents among the Indians had continued, and the frequent gatherings of savages at Malden influenced the trustees of the town to keep sentries constantly on guard against possible uprisings. On October 13, 1804, a mass meeting at Detroit adopted a resolution that Congress be petitioned to erect a new territory of Michigan. The petition was drawn up by Robert Abbott and James May and presented to Congress, December 4, 1804. The necessary act was drawn up and rushed through Congress and was approved by President Thomas Jefferson on January 11, 1805, to become effective June 30, 1805. The territorial boundaries were defined as a line on the south running from the most southern.point of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, the national boundary on the east and north, and a line passing through the center of Lake Michigan on the west. On March 1, 1805, the president appointed William Hull, of Connecticut, governor; Stanley Griswold, secretary; and Augustus B. Woodward, of Washington, D. C., Frederick Bates, of Michigan, and Samuel Huntington, of Ohio, judges. Huntington declined the appointment and his place was filled by John Griffin, of Indiana. Bates was also the territorial treasurer. The establishment of a General Assembly was not considered, all branches of the territorial governmental machine being discharged by the governor and judges. Such a system of government could not, of course be effective, and within a short time bickering arose that resulted in a condition closely bordering chaos. Illustrative of the condition of affairs is the trouble that arose between the Woodward and Witherell factions in 1809. During the winter of 1808-09, Judge Woodward was in Washington most of the time, and upon his return he refused to recognize some of the laws that had been passed in his absence, using as his excuse that the laws adopted by the governor and two of the judges had been signed only by the governor as presiding officer and were therefore not binding upon the people of the territory. Judge Witherell introduced a resolution in 1810 providing for the signing of the disputed laws by the governor and a majority of the judges, but Woodward managed to defeat the resolution. Thereafter, the Woodward and Witherell factions were at constant loggerheads, first one being victorious for a time, and then the other. Fortunately for the people of the territory, the condition was not due to last long, for the population was growing so rapidly in the eastern and southern sections of the state that the second grade of territorial government was soon reached. Lewis Cass replaced Hull as governor on October 29, 1813. The question of the territory entering the second grade of territorial government was sub 62 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY mitted to the vote of the electors February 16, 1818, but the measure met defeat at that time. On March 11, 1822, a meeting was held to prepare a petition for Congress asking for the separation of the judicial and legislative powers of the government and establishing a representative body for the enactment of laws. Congress failed to take any action on the first petition. A second meeting was held on October 26, that year, to provide for the sending of another petition to Congress and at that time the following Statement of Facts was drawn up to present the people's view of the matter: "The legislative board do not meet to do business at the time fixed by their own statutes for that purpose, and they have no known place of meeting; and when they do meet, no public notice of the time or place is given; and when that can be ascertained, by inquiry, they are found sometimes at private rooms or offices, where none has a right, and few except those immediately interested in the passage of the laws have the assurance to intrude themselves, or can find seats if they should. Laws are frequently passed and others repealed, which take effect from date, and vitally affect the rights of the citizens, and are not promulgated or made known to the community for many months." The evident indignation of the people of the territory produced the desired effect on Congress, and a bill was passed and approved by the president on March 3, 1823, providing for the election of eighteen persons in the territory from whom the president would appoint nine to constitute a territorial council. Pursuant to this act, the first legislative council met at Detroit, June 7, 1824. An act of January 29, 1827, increased the membership of the council to thirteen, to be elected by the people. To the untiring efforts of William Woodbridge, first territorial representative to Congress, and his successor, Solomon Sibley is due much of this progress in the development of Michigan's representative government. Cass served as governor until July 6, 1834, after which the secretary, Stevens T. Mason, was acting governor until he was removed on September 10, 1835, for his activities in the Toledo war. John S. Horner, territorial secretary then acted as governor until November 1, of the same year when Mason was reinstated, continuing as governor until Michigan was admitted to the Union when he was elected the first governor of the state. State of Michigan. By the end of 1834, the movement for admission into the Union had become so strong that a bill was introduced into the legislative council authorizing the people of the territory to hold an election on the first Saturday in April, 1835, for the election of delegates to a constitutional convention to be held at Detroit. The bill was passed and received the approval of Governor Mason on January 26, 1835. Seventeen of the eighteen delegates were to represent Wayne county in the convention, those elected from this county being Louis Beaufait, John Biddle, Ammon Brown, J. D. Davis, George W. Ferrington, Caleb Harrington, Charles F. Irwin, John McDonnell, John Norvell, Asa H. Otis, Amos Stevens, Theophilus E. Tallman, Conrad Ten Eyck, Peter DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 63 Van Every, Alpheus White, John R. Williams, and William Woodbridge. The delegates convened at Detroit on May 11, 1835, and by June 24 had drawn up a constitution. On October 5, following, the voters of the state approved the constitution by a large majority. At that time occurred the Toledo boundary war. Congress, by an act approved June 15, 1836, agreed to accept Michigan into the Union provided the state accepted the new boundary line between herself and Ohio, and on June 23 a second act was approved accepting all the proposals of the constitutional convention except that relating to the boundary. The Michigan legislature called a convention to discuss the matter. It endorsed the program of remaining a territory until Congress took their viewpoint on the boundary matter. A second convention, also held at Ann Arbor, met on December 14, 1836, and without a dissenting vote accepted the conditions of admission as set forth in the Congressional act of June 23, 1836. On January 26, 1837, scarcely a month later, President Jackson signed the act admitting Michigan into the Union. The constitution provided that Detroit should be the capital until 1847 when a permanent seat of state government would be selected. Toledo War. When Ohio was admitted to the Union in 1803, the northern boundary of the state from Lake Erie westward to the west line of the new state was not clearly defined. Two years later, the act creating the territory of Michigan gave the southern boundary as extending from the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan eastward to Lake Erie. Thus the two boundaries conflicted, the later one giving a strip of land to Michigan about eight miles wide across the northern part of Ohio west of Lake Erie and including the present city of Toledo. In 1817 William Harris, acting in accordance with an act of Congress, surveyed the strip in such a way that it fell entirely within the boundary of Ohio. Michigan, however, continued to hold jurisdiction in the disputed area, but when in 1835 Michigan declared the land as within her own limits, the indignation of the Ohioans was stirred into activity. The governor of Ohio issued a proclamation reiterating Ohio's rights to the land and appointing three commissioners to relocate and mark the Harris line. The County of Lucas was created by the legislature with Toledo as the county seat and a session of the common pleas court was authorized for September 7, 1835. Michigan retaliated with a measure that imposed a $1,000 fine and five years' imprisonment for any official other than those of the United States or the Territory of Michigan to attempt to exercise any authority in the disputed area. On February 19, 1835, Governor Mason sent to Brigadier General J. W. Brown, commanding the Third Brigade, Michigan Militia, a written order to prevent Ohio officials from exercising authority in the zone. Mason directed Brown to use only the civil authorities in carrying out the order unless the situation demanded calling out the militia, and the general was further instructed to report all Michigan public officials suspected of favoring Ohio's claims to the land. Mason's action so galvanized public opinion that a 64 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY meeting was held at Detroit at which it was resolved to send a protest against Ohio's claims to Congress setting forth Michigan's side of the controversy. President Jackson sent two commissioners to effect a compromise, but their efforts were in vain. An election for town officers in Toledo was ordered by Ohio for April 6, 1835, and two days later the sheriff of Monroe county with a posse of men entered the town and arrested two men, Goodsell and McKay, for their activities in connection with the election. When the sheriff again entered the city a few days later at the head of a posse of 200 men to make further arrests, the men sought had been apprised of his coming and were safely hidden away. The situation now got beyond the control of the civil authorities, and Brown ordered a detachment of Michigan militia to the boundary line. This detail encountered the commissioners and their surveying party at the Harris line about twelve miles southwest of Adrian on April 26, 1835. Shots were exchanged, the commissioners were captured, and part of their bodyguard were taken prisoner. Governor Lucas of Ohio at once ordered 200 Ohio militia to the scene and within a day or two he was at the head of that force at Fort Miami to protect Ohio citizens from arrest. The situation quieted down, however, and the Ohio troops were returned to their homes on May 2. Feeling was more strongly aroused on Saturday, July 18, when the sheriff of Monroe county at the head of an armed posse of 250 men entered Toledo, made seven or eight arrests, and permitted considerable damage to the office and equipment of the To'ledo Gazette, a paper that had actively espoused Ohio's cause in the controversy. Governor Mason thereupon ordered the mobilization of the Michigan militia at Mulholland's in Monroe county, and his action was duplicated by Lucas of Ohio. Governor Mason and General Brown, at the head of a force of some thousand men, marched into Toledo on Sunday, September 6, 1835, with the avowed intention of preventing the holding of the session of the court of common pleas ordered to be held there the next day by the Ohio legislature. Lucas, seeing that the Michigan force was too strong to be effectively withstood, met the judge and the court officers shortly after midnight and opened court which was almost immediately adjourned. The records were kept on loose sheets of paper and were carried away by the clerk of the court, and though no cases had been heard, the session of court required to fill out the technicalities of the law in regard to the organization of Lucas county had been held. A messenger from President Jackson arrived on Tuesday the eighth of September bringing the information that Mason was removed from office and would be succeeded by John S. Horner, of Pennsylvania. The Michigan troops were returned to Detroit aboard the "General Brady" on Thursday. Horner arrived in Detroit on September 20, 1835, and in his address outlined what he believed to be the needs of the territory. Within a few days he ordered the release of the Ohioans that had -been arrested in the Toledo trouble. His actions aroused indigna IIO'TEL PONTCIIARTRAIN LOOKING UP SHELBY ST. FROMI OIL DETROIT NEWS BUILDING IN 1886 RUSSEIL HOUSE AT WOOI)WARD AND CAI)II,LLAC SQUARE IN TIIE 90's I ALA NSON SI[ELEV IIOME -EAST WOODlWARDit BETWEEN (,I{A'1FJOT1 ANI) WILCOX MIICHIIGAN CENTFRAL TEIRMINAL AB3OUT 1870 G;RI sWoLI, ) A ND LA R NED STR EETS - -OLD P~OST OFFICE AT RIGHlT BELOW BELLE ISLE ABOUT 1870 FIRST BAPlTISTl. CIIURCI I-E~RECTFED 1860 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 65 tion among the people of Detroit who were much attached to Mason and resented keenly his removal from office. A meeting was held at which the following resolution was unanimously adopted: "Resolved, That if our present secretary and acting governor of the territory should find it beyond his control, either from the nature of his instructions, his feelings of tenderness towards those who have for a long time set at defiance the laws of the territory as well as those of the United States, or any feeling of delicacy toward the executive of a neighboring state, who has in vain endeavored to take forcible possession of a part of our territory, it is to be hoped he will relinquish the duties of his office and return to the land of his nativity." Horner continued as governor only until November 2, and for a period of ten days following that date he continued in the capacity of secretary of the territory. He managed to aid the Ohio cause to quite a large degree during his short tenure of office. Congress meanwhile steadfastly refused to admit Michigan to the Union until she waived all rights to the disputed strip of land along her southern boundary, and after two conventions had been held at Ann Arbor, the conditions of Congress were accepted, and the Toledo war passed into history. Michigan, however, refused all overtures until Congress proposed to take the Upper Peninsula from Wisconsin and attach it to Michigan in compensation for the surrender of the Toledo strip. On that condition the matter was adjusted and Michigan was then admitted to the Union. CHAPTER VI MILITARY IN a sense, the military history of Detroit begins with the establishment of Fort Pontchartrain by Cadillac in 1701, for the French posts of those days combined not only trading stations but military strongholds as well. As has already been described, the actual military operations that first concerned the Detroit garrison, and the other western posts, too, was the war of extermination launched against the Fox Indians in 1712 that continued practically for the remaining half century of French occupation of the northwest. Detroit ceased to be a mere trading post and center for Indian fighting when the French and Indian war broke over North America. The post now assumed new importance as a basis for all the operations in this section of the country and as a main supply base for the French troops operating at Niagara and westward. The garrison had been increased at Detroit in 1751 and the fort had been enlarged three years later. Late in 1754 or early in 1755, the garrison was further increased by 400 militia and quantities of supplies sent here under the command of Hugues Jacques Pean. It is believed that some of these troops later were sent east to stem the advance of the British under Braddock. No sooner had France declared war upon England than Detroit was sent a goodly share of the military supplies that had been recently shipped from France to aid in the prosecution of the war that was to spell supremacy on the North American continent. From the correspondence of the times it appears that Detroit was considered as a base of supplies during the course of the war. When the British launched the series of campaigns in the East, a large force of French troops were concentrated at Detroit. A relief expedition of 1,200 men was sent from Detroit and other western posts to Niagara in 1759 but was dispersed by General Prideaux the day before the beleaguered garrison capitulated. In June, 1760, more troops, ordnance, and supplies were sent to Detroit, and from that time forward, this post became the most powerful in the west. Detroit's new-found supremacy in military matters in the west was destined to be short, for on November 29, 1760, Sieur de Belestre surrendered to a British force under Major Robert Rogers, Canada having been surrendered to England on September 8. Pontiac Conspiracy. The victorious English were not to find their rights to the lands of the redmen uncontested, for hardly had the British garrisons settled down for the humdrum barracks life than the Indian uprising led by Pontiac broke out in all its savage barbarity. On April 27, 1763, assembled a council of Ottawa, Potta DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 67 watomi, and Huron chiefs at the Ecorse river ten miles from the fort. To the assembled heads of these tribes, Pontiac, high priest of the secret order of the Midi, told of the vision sent to him by the Great Manitou which called the red brothers to drive out the English. In the flaming eloquence which made him famous, Pontiac outlined to the chiefs the plan whereby the united tribes might unite to expel the English troops, and to his plan the attentive chiefs gave their unanimous approval. Messengers were sent forth to the surrounding tribes, and though a few of the northern tribes consented to join the confederacy, those in the vicinity of Kaskaskia and Fort Chartres where the French still dominated refused to take part in the general uprising. The general plan was for the tribes to attack the British forts nearest them on the appointed day, and the greatest secrecy was to prevail in order that the English garrisons might be caught unaware. Major Gladwin, commanding the post at Detroit learned of the proposed rising of the Indians and was prepared for any overt act they might make. Just how the Detroit commandant learned of the insurrection is not definitely known. It has been said that Ensign Holmes at Fort Miami warned Gladwin of it as early as March, 1763, and other authorities have it that a Chippewa Indian girl revealed the plot to Gladwin. That Angelique Cuillerier dit Beaubien heard of the plot from her father and brother, friends of Pontiac, and told it to her lover, James Sterling, who in turn told Gladwin, has been advanced as another way in which Gladwin received warning of the Indian plans and seems to bear a certain grain of truth, for correspondence of the time states that a lady gave Sterling information by which he was able to save the garrison. The letter further states that Sterling later married the lady who, as we know, was none other than Angelique Cuillerier. Another story, derived from a letter of Ensign J. Price to Colonel Henry Boquet at Fort Pitt, credits Monsieur Baby with telling Gladwin of the danger of admitting Indians within the village. Whatever the means, Gladwin had definite knowledge of the attack and it was his warning to the commandant at Fort Pitt that probably saved that garrison from annihilation at the hands of the Indians. The day of the attack on all the posts was set for May 7, 1763, and every main British post and the smaller ones as well fell before the Indians with the exceptions of Detroit, Fort Pitt, and Green Bay, Wisconsin, the last named place not being attacked because the commandant had made himself so well liked by the Indians that they offered no harm to the British soldiers at that station. The Green Bay commandant was instrumental in rescuing from the Ottawas Captain Etherington, Lieutenant Leslie and eleven enlisted men that had been taken prisoner at the fall of Fort Mackinac. The garrison at Detroit at that time consisted of eight officers 120 men and about twenty other men in the village capable of bearing arms in the defense of the post. Gladwin prepared everything for the anticipated attack. On the morning of May 7, 1763, the 68 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY cannon were loaded and by nine o'clock that morning the entire force was held under arms. About ten o'clock, Pontiac led sixty of his warriors to the main gate of the fort and' asked for a council with the commandant. The Indians were admitted to the fort and received at the house of Captain Campbell. But when the Delaware prophet stepped outside the house to raise the war cry that would begin the massacre, he found the soldiers marshalled on the parade ground and everything ready for an attack. Astonished and chagrined, Pontiac re-entered the house, an action that informed his followers that the attack would not occur. Soon after high noon of the following day, Pontiac and three Ottawa chiefs came to the fort and smoked the pipe of peace with the commandant, Pontiac believing that he had deceived the major into thinking the intentions of the Indians were peaceful. Pontiac further ordered the young men of the tribes to play lacrosse outside the walls of the fort, and in this game many of the French youths participated. When Pontiac was refused admittance to the fort on May 9, he returned to his camp and raised the war song. His plan of action was to harass those living outside the stockade, and that this might be accomplished to better advantage, Pontiac ordered the removal of the camp to the house of Jean Baptiste Meloche, on the site of the present Michigan Stove Works. Detroit was thereafter in a state of siege. Pontiac sought councils but his terms were such that extermination of the garrison would have been the result had Gladwin accepted. Furthermore, Captain Campbell, and Lieutenant George McDougall were taken prisoner by Pontiac when they went to him for a parley, the former being ultimately killed by a Chippewa chief after the latter's nephew had been killed and scalped by an English soldier who had once been a prisoner of the Indians. McDougall made his escape about the time Campbell was killed. Pontiac had threatened death for any settler who supplied provisions to the beleaguered garrison, but many were the settlers on both sides of the river who smuggled cattle and other provisions into the fort during night. On May 13, 1763, an expedition of ninety-seven men, ten batteaux, and 139 barrels of provisions under the command of Lieutenant Abraham Cuyler of the Queen's Rangers, left Fort Niagara for the relief of Detroit. When they camped for the night at Pelee Point on Lake Erie, they were attacked by the Indians who had been waiting for its approach. Sergeant Cope and fifteen men of the Royal American regiment, Sergeant Fislinger and forty-two men of the Rangers, a woman, and a child were killed. Cuyler and a number of men made good their escape in two batteaux with two barrels of privisions, while the remaining batteaux and provisions were taken by the Indians. The booty and the prisoners then journeyed up the river to Pontiac's camp. Opposite the fort, four of the English soldiers broke out of the line and made a dash for the shore. Two shots from the "Beaver" drove the Indian guard from the fleeing boat, but one of the Indians dragged an Englishman into the water with him and both were drowned. The other DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 69 Englishmen won to safety, bringing with them a good store of provisions. Two of the prisoners, John Severings and James Connor, were put to work on the rafts being built by the Indians, and Thomas Cooper was placed on a farm and never even saw a Frenchman during the time he was held captive. The remaining English prisoners were stripped of their clothes, and arrows were shot into them. The squaws mutilated some of them with knives and other burned their prisoners in slow fires. The schooner "Huron" had been ordered to Niagara on May 21, 1763, to obtain provisions and supplies for the garrison. It was becalmed the next day at the mouth of the Detroit river and there it was attacked by Indians, an attack that was easily repulsed. On its return, the sloop was again becalmed in the Detroit river, and on the evening of June 23, it was again becalmed in the Detroit river and was attacked by the Indians during the early hours of the night and were repulsed with great loss. On the twenty-seventh of the month, the "Huron" again started upstream but was becalmed at the mouth of the River Rouge. On the last day of the month, a breeze sprang up that brought the sloop to the anxiously waiting garrison. The vessel brought Lieutenant Cuyler and twenty-eight men of the Rangers and twenty-two men of the Thirtieth Regiment to reinforce the garrison and also brought 150 barrels of provisions and a quantity of ammunition. It was the "Huron" that brought to the settlement the copy of the Treaty of Paris that had lately been concluded, and after the commandant had read it to the people and had sent a copy to the priest on the Canadian side of the river, the French who had refused to vow allegiance to England now took that oath. When the killing of Captain Campbell by the Chippewa chief was made known, many of the settlers outside the stockade now sought refuge within the walls of the town. Though these frightened settlers brought their household goods and valuables with them, they neglected to provide themselves with much in the way of provisions, and the resultant increased population dependent upon the supplies within the fort worked no small hardship on the already hard pressed garrison. The siege continued with no success for the Indians who were becoming discouraged with their lack of progress. Fire-rafts were floated toward the two vessels in the hope that they would set on fire but the attempt was frustrated by the English. On July 12, the "Huron" was again dispatched to Niagara for troops and supplies. On July 29 came a fleet of barges bringing Captain James Dalzell at the head of 260 men of the Fifty-fifth and Eightieth regiments and twenty independent Rangers under Major Robert Rogers. Supplies, artillery, and provisions of other kinds were brought by the expedition. Indians fired on the flotilla of barges as it came up the river, wounding fifteen men, two of them fatally. After some time, Dalzell prevailed upon Gladwin to let him make an attack upon Pontiac's village. At 2 o'clock in the morning of July 31, 300 men under Dalzell filed out of the fort and started 70 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY toward the Indian village. Two barges mounting swivel guns kept abreast of them on the river. Just as the vanguard reached the bridge over Parent's creek, the Indians broke from ambush and attacked the column, inflicting heavy losses on the bewildered English. Dalzell ordered a retreat when he learned that the Indians were endeavoring to cut off his line of retreat, and the rear of the disorganized English was covered by the Rangers under Rogers who had taken possession of the house of Jacques Campau. This battle became known as Bloody Bridge and Parent's creek was thereafter called Bloody Run. Captain Dalzell, Captain Gray, and Lieutenant Luke were killed, and Lieutenant Brown of the Thirty-fifth regiment was wounded. Fourteen enlisted men were killed, and one drummer and twenty-five enlisted men were wounded. The Indian losses were reported as being five killed and eleven wounded. Pontiac's prestige as a military leader was renewed among the Indians, and the savage forces were increased by constant additions after the battle of Bloody Bridge, and during the month of August several skirmishes took place. But by this time, the Indians, see ing the approach of winter, were loath to continue so profitless a siege. Pontiac appealed to the commandant at Fort Chartres for aid against the English, but when Neyon refused this aid saying that the French and English were now at peace, Pontiac decided to sue for peace when he found that his Indians were deserting him and returning to their homes. Gladwin, however, would only grant a truce, and Pontiac retired to the Maumee country in the endeavor to win over those Indians to the cause of a vigorous campaign against the English the following spring. The entire siege had lasted 153 days, and that Detroit was was not besieged by the Indians again was doubtless due to the fact that the English decided to carry the war to the Indians in the spring of 1764. As soon as the winter broke, Colonel John Bradstreet was ordered to Detroit with a force of 1,200 men, while Colonel Henry Boquet was sent to punish the tribes between the Ohio river and the Great Lakes. Bradstreet concentrated his force, including 300 Iroquois under Sir John Johnson and Captain Henry Montour and 100 Indians under Alexander Henry, at the city of Albany. At Presque Ile, now Erie, Pennsylvania, Bradstreet held a council with the Ohio Indians and concluded with them a treaty of peace, despite the fact that he was not authorized to do so. Boquet, however, refused to recognize the treaty when he arrived in that section of the country and proceeded to punish the tribes that had been a party to the uprising. Bradstreet arrived with his troops at Detroit on August 26, 1764, and on the last day of that month assumed command of the post, which now saw a greater military force than had ever before been quartered here. Bradstreet had been instructed to take punitive measures with the rebellious Indians, but disregarding these orders, he concluded peace treaties with the Indians. Campbell's temperate handling of the situation was the cause of censorious letters by Sir William Johnson to the British Board of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 71 Trade, and within a few months Campbell was relieved of command of his post. Colonel Boquet meanwhile followed his instructions to the letter, and it was not long before the harassed Indians sued for peace to escape the punishment that was being visited upon them; the savages even agreed to restore unharmed the white prisoners that had been taken in the attacks on the British forts. Pontiac was loath to give up his cherished dream of eviction of the English and sent defiant letters to the Detroit commandant. He even collected some five hundred warriors, went to Fort Chartres, and demanded arms and ammunition with which to continue his war. To New Orleans he sent a messenger asking for French cooperation, but his last hope died when he learned that the French possessions there had been ceded to Spain, the information reaching him before the return of his own messenger. The conspiracy was then dead, he realized, and in 1766 he appeared before Sir William Johnson and acknowledged British supremacy. He then retired to the forests in the vicinity of East St. Louis where he was assassinated in 1769 by a renegade Kaskaskia Indian near Cahokia, Illinois, who, some authorities say, was bribed to murder the great chief by a British trader named Williamson. Revolutionary War. That Detroit was a prominent figure in the conduct of the Revolutionary war can not be doubted, for as the principal post in the west, British operations among the Indians to persuade them to attack American traders and settlers were concentrated at this post. The Rangers who headed the Indian incursions had their headquarters at Detroit and to this post they brought their prisoners to work on the fortifications or to be sent to Montreal or Quebec. On November 9, 1775, Henry Hamilton came to Detroit as lieutenant-governor, and his first work was the repairing of the fort and blockhouses, and during this year and the following one, he was much occupied in rebuilding the defenses of Detroit. Some eight tribes held councils at Detroit during the same years, and though Henry Hamilton is generally believed to have been a "hairbuyer," one who encourages the Indians to take scalps rather than prisoners, nothing has ever appeared in his correspondence to indicate that he pursued such a nefarious practice. Writing to the Earl of Dartmouth about this time, Hamilton said: "The Indians all appear to be satisfied, but I am not to rely on their assurances, for as soon as the council breaks up, I expect to hear of several small parties falling on the scattered settlers on the Ohio and rivers which fall into it, a deplorable sort of war, by which the arrogance, disloyalty and imprudence of the Virginians has justly drawn down upon them." Late in 1777 the conduct of the war in the west was taken out of the hands of Sir Guy Carleton and assigned directly to Hamilton. The civil governor at this post was a man of cruel and tyrannical disposition, and he soon became heartily disliked by the people of the village and surrounding country. Sentiment against whom on the part of the civil population was crystallized by his actions in 72 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY authorizing the hanging of Jean Contencineau and Ann Wiley for the robbery of a store, the death sentence being passed by the unscrupulous Philippe Dejean, the justice appointed by Hamilton. The storm of indignation aroused through this and other illegal acts culminated in the appeal of the people to the Canadian government and the indictment of Hamilton and his henchman in September, 1778. The unsettled state of affairs influenced the authorities in England to dismiss the charges, but Dejean and Hamilton were so detested by the people of Detroit, that life there was becoming well night intolerable to the latter. Various were the schemes for expeditions that he proposed to his superiors in order that he might have an excuse for leaving the post, but the first to win the approval of his government was the expedition to Vincennes to retake that post that had fallen before the attacks of Clark's Virginians. Early in October, 1778, Hamilton, with a force of 207 officers and men more than half of which were volunteers and Indians, started for Vincennes where he arrived on December 17 after a trip of seventy-one days. The post on the Wabash was in command of Captain Helm whose garrison was one enlisted man, Moses Henry. Hamilton, not knowing the strength of the garrison, demanded its surrender, and when Helm replied that he must be accorded full honors of war, Hamilton consented. The British force was drawn up in two lines on either side of the gate and out marched Captain Helm and Private Henry to surrender the fort. Clark immediately set out to recapture Vincennes when he heard of the surrender, and Hamilton surrendered at discretion on March 5, 1779. Dejean, wishing to avoid service of the warrant for his arrest and that of Hamilton had started for Vincennes to join the lieutenant governor but was captured by a party of Clark's men. The three, Hamilton, Dejean, and William La Mothe, were confined in chains for several months and held incommunicado, and at the end of that time, Dejean and La Mothe took an oath that allowed them to be released on parole. Hamilton refused to take the oath and was held in captivity until Washington wrote to Thomas Jefferson that the manacling of prisoners and their close confinement was not a proper handling of prisoners of war, whereupon Hamilton was exchanged in 1781 and went to New York. By the paroled prisoners sent to Detroit from Vincennes, Clark sent a letter to Commandant Lernoult expressing himself as pleased with the improvements that were being made in the Detroit fortifications saying, "as it will save the Americans some expenses in building." Such a measure was not the sort of a one to ease the minds of the people of this post concerning the possibility of attack from the Virginian woodsmen gathered under Clark who had made such short shrift of the other British garrisons in the Wabash and Illinois countries. To add to the alarm of the inhabitants, Brodhead late in the fall of 1778 advanced as far as Tuscarawas, about ninety miles from the lake at Lower Sandusky, with a force of between 2,000 and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 73 3,000 men and there began the construction of a sort of fort. Major Lernoult went into conference with his officers, the result of which was the decision to build another fort to replace the inadequate defenses that then composed Detroit's protection from the Americans. The work of construction was begun late in November and completed in February, the lines of Fort Lernoult, as it was named, being traced by Captain Henry Bird. In April, 1779, Lernoult informed De Peyster at Mackinac that Hamilton had been captured, whereupon the latter immediately wrote to his commanding general and asked for the appointment as commandant at Detroit, for he felt that the small post at Mackinac was unworthy a man of his ability. In August, 1779, Lernoult was instructed to turn over his command to De Peyster on his arrival and to go to Niagara with the rank of major. De Peyster took command at Detroit in October, 1779, and Lernoult was advanced to adjutant-general in November, following. During De Peyster's time at Detroit, many were the threats made against this post, yet none of them materialized. In 1780, Colonel de la Balme came west to Kaskaskia where he attempted to influence the French in that part of the country and at Vincennes and the French Indians to join him in an attack on Detroit. Collecting about 130 Canadians and Indians he made a rapid march towards his objective, making the journey from the Ohio to the village of the Miamis in four days. Near the village of these Indians he was defeated by that tribe, de la Balme and about thirty or forty of his men being killed in the battle. Captain Bird had undertaken various missions on behalf of the post at Detroit, all of which had been unsuccessful. He it was who had been sent to lead the Indians against the fort that had been constructed by Colonel Brodhead, and he was also named to lead the friendly Indians against the fort that had been built by the Virginians on the Little Miami river. The report that the Americans had destroyed several Indian villages and had defeated a band of attackers had caused the dispersal of the Indians and the defeat of the first project; a Canadian trader convinced the Indians that they were foolish to embark on the second enterprise for, he said, 4,000 French troops were quartered at Vincennes, although twentythree Virginians composed the garrison at the time. Captain Bird led troops and Indians against the forts and blockhouses of Licking Creek and was successful in reducing them. Although the operations of this kind were many and continuous, Detroit had no active part to play concerning the actual military operations conducted in the east. One of the principal events that concerned Detroit was the incident of the massacre of the Moravian Indians that occurred at Sandusky, where some ninety of the harmless Indians were brained with mallets as they knelt in prayer when they were captured by Americans. These Moravian Indians had come to Detroit and had been promised a certain amount of help by De Peyster, who was only too glad to get rid of the lazy Indians on any pretext whatsoever. He had, as he prom 74 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ised, given them some food and other essentials when they returned to their homes at Sandusky. The aftermath of the massacre of the Moravian Hurons was the capture of Colonel Crawford's party, of which nearly 250 killed and only a few prisoners taken, among whom was Crawford. The colonel was horribly burned to death at the stake by the outraged Indians that participated in the battle. Although Jehu Hay was appointed lieutenant-governor of Detroit at this time, he was not permitted to take his post, and De Peyster remained in actual charge of the affairs at this station. The surrender of Cornwallis and the fall of the North ministry made it seem certain that a treaty of peace would follow the cessation of hostilities in the East, and General Haldimand advised the Seven Nations and the Delawares not to attack Fort Pitt. The Detroit commandant was informed that a force from Pitt was to undertake the reduction of Sandusky to avenge the murder of Crawford, and De Peyster sent Captain Grant to the Miami and Ohio rivers to re-inforce Caldwell, who was encamped on the banks of the latter river. The expedition failed to materialize, however, and De Peyster again turned his attention to the plan that had been evolved for sweeping the Americans from this section of the country. It was the aim of the British to encourage the Indians to wipe out the settlements in the Illinois country. But in this plan the change in the ministry had effect and the incursions against the American settlers in the Illinois region were not launched. In August, Caldwell with a few rangers and a body of Indians, set out for Sandusky under orders from De Peyster to await the expected attack from Fort Pitt. Scouts bringing certain news of the approach of more than a thousand Americans caused De Peyster to send fifty men to Roche de Bout to support McKee at the blockhouse. But the attack didn't come; Caldwell asked for more men to relieve his command, half of which was on the sick list; McKee called for more men. Brant had been sent to arouse the Iroquois, and the Ottawas had been collected and apprised of the enemy's approach. Finally, Brant was sent to Niagara in November when attacks were no longer expected and when the opening of peace negotiations put a stop to actions of that kind. With the signing of the provisional treaty of peace at Paris early in 1783, De Peyster had more troubles thrust upon him. The principal object of the British had been to stir up opposition on the part of the Indians against the American settlers, but when the Indians learned that a treaty of peace had been concluded and that nominally their lands were now owned by the victorious colonies, they flocked to Detroit to hold councils and to express their dissatisfaction with such arrangements. The inability, too, of the English to continue the customary handing out of presents and necessaries of life to the natives also brought about a considerable amount of displeasure. De Peyster, when conditions came to such a pass, tried as far as possible to avoid councils with the various tribes which, he knew, would not explain matters satisfactorily to the Indians. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 75 On July 4, 1783, Major Ephraim Douglass, representing the United States, arrived at Detroit and was well received by De Peyster. Although the commandant expressed the desire for terms of amity existing between the government of the United States and the Indians, he refused to allow Douglass to hold a council with them or tell them that the boundary lines included this territory within their limits. At the request of De Peyster, Douglass left for Niagara on July 7, but at the latter post he met with no better success and returned to his superiors having accomplished practically nothing. Thus it was that the Indians had no idea whatsoever regarding the attitude of the new government toward them, but McKee persuaded them from continuing their raids against the scattered settlers in the lands north of the Ohio river. The final treaty of peace was signed September 3, and the Revolution came to a close. Indian Troubles. The United States, having finally gained the independence for which they fought, were now faced with the problem of organizing their own government and providing for the administration of the vast territory lying to the north of the Ohio river and east of the Mississippi river. In 1783 and again in 1784, the United States had endeavored to secure from Haldimand an order calling for the abandonment of the western posts of the British. This the governor refused to do, saying that he regarded the treaty as purely provisional in character and that he had received' no orders authorizing him to command the evacuation of the western forts held by English troops. During the latter year, 1784, many were the Indian raids against the American settlements along the Ohio river and near Pittsburg, forays that were instigated at Detroit according to the best evidence. American commissioners were appointed to make peace with the Indians, and although the British agents dissuaded the Cherokee, Miami, Shawnee, and a few minor tribes from attending the councils at Fort Pitt, Richard Butler, Arthur Lee, and George Rogers Clark concluded peace treaties with the Chippewa, Ottawa, Wyandotte, and Delaware tribes. The Cherokees were induced by the British to make raids through the Muskingum, Hocking, Scioto, and Tuscarawas valleys in the fall of 1785, whereupon the Americans erected Fort Harmar opposite the site of the present city of Marietta, Ohio. The Shawnee were induced to take the warpath the following year against the American settlers and the Americans built Fort Finney at the mouth of the Miami river. A council was held at Sandwich on December 18, 1786, and was attended by representatives of the Iroquois, Cherokee, Chippewa, Ottawa, Miami, Pottawatomi, Shawnee, Wyandotte, and some of the tribes from the Wabash country. A memorial was sent to the American council saying that if the American settlers kept out of the lands north of the Ohio, the Indians would not make war on the American frontiers. When Washington saw the nature of the Indian proposals and realized that treaty negotiations with them were out of the ques 76 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tion, he ordered Colonel Josiah Harmar to collect a force of men in the spring of 1789 and to proceed against the Indians. On the eve of his departure, Harmar was brevetted Brigadier General and at the head of more than 1,400 men he proceeded to the head of the Maumee river, at the present city of Fort Wayne, Indiana, where was located a large village of the Miamis at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers. There he sustained a disastrous defeat at the hands of a large body of Indians under Little Turtle and retreated to Fort Washington. General Arthur St. Clair was then authorized by President Washington to prepare an expedition to proceed against the Indians, and in May, 1791, while St. Clair was making his preparations, General Charles Scott, of Kentucky, lead eight hundred men on a raid up the Wabash valley as far as Lafayette, Indiana, destroying several Indian villages. In August of the same year, General James Wilkinson headed a party of some five hundred men into the same territory and destroyed several Kickapoo villages. In September, St. Clair left Fort Washington and built Fort Hamilton twenty miles up the Miami river. Forty-two miles farther north he established Fort Jefferson and then, late in October, made his camp on a small tributary of the Wabash in Darke county, Ohio. At daylight of November 4, 1791, his camp was surprised by Indians under Little Turtle, head chief of the Miami, and about half of the army of 1,400 were either killed or wounded, the remainder making their escape to Fort Jefferson. Washington, who had little faith in Secretary Knox's belief that a treaty of peace could be concluded with the Indians, nevertheless consented to sanction a council to be held at Sandusky on March 1, 1793, but the Indians that attended had been influenced by the British to reject American proposals and the council accomplished nothing. In May, 1793, Mad Anthony Wayne, as the intrepid general was known, began collecting his troops at Fort Jefferson. The little army was well drilled, well equipped, and was composed of a good percentage of experienced Indian fighters. In their commander they had implicit faith and confidence, and because the wary general could never be caught off his guard, Little Turtle called him the "man who never sleeps," and the general was known by all the Indians as the "Black Snake." Wayne went into winter quarters on the scene of St. Clair's defeat where he built Fort Recovery, and upon one occasion when Indians attacked a supply train, they were repulsed with considerable loss. This incident prompted the savages to sue for peace, but when Wayne demanded the release of all American prisoners before peace overtures could be made, negotiations were stopped at once. On July 4, 1794, Wayne began his memorable march into Indian territory. On the Auglaize river he built Fort Defiance and was there joined by General Charles Scott, of Kentucky with 1,600 mounted rangers from the Blue Grass country, bringing Wayne's strength to approximately 3,000 men. He then moved to the head DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 77 of the Maumee rapids where he built Fort Deposit as a supply depot. From here Wayne sent messengers to the Indians offering them peace terms and advising them not to listen to the bad advice of the English. Although Little Turtle was willing to accept Wayne's proposals, the other chiefs voted for war, and August 20 occurred the Battle of Fallen Timbers that broke the back of Indian resistance. Wayne then destroyed the Indian villages and cornfields, and on the next day, the 21st, he appeared before Fort Miami but did not offer to attack that post. After three days in that vicinity he returned to Fort Defiance and later in the same year went to the head of the Maumee and built Fort Wayne. When the Indians demanded to know the reason why the British did not fire on the Americans when they had the opportunity at Fort Miami, they received an answer that failed to satisfy them. Tired of fighting Wayne without the aid of the English, the tribes entered into the treaty at Greenville, Ohio, that resulted in the opening of the country to settlement without fear of molestation on the part of the Indians. General Wayne came to Detroit in the middle of August, 1796, the year after the signing of the Treaty of Greenville, and remained here about three months. He then went to Erie, Pennsylvania, where he died on December 14, 1796. On July 11, 1796, American troops had taken over the fort at Detroit after the evacuation by the British troops, and this entire region then became in effect as well as nominally a part of the public domain of the United States. Although the Americans had gained peace from the Indians, roving bands of savages made occasional attacks upon isolated settlements, but the first concerted Indian uprising was the conspiracy conceived and fostered by Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and his brother, Tenkswatawa, who had the encouragement and support of the British agent at Malden. In 1806 Tecumseh began disseminating his propaganda among the western tribes. The following year, he sent messengers with war belts to the tribes of the Great Lakes, but these Indians, with the victories of Wayne still fresh in their memories declined to take part in an undertaking liable to be replete with dire consequences for them. The British made liberal distributions of presents to the Indians through their agent at Maiden. In 1811 Governor Harrison of Indiana wrote to the secretary of war concerning the state of affairs who ordered Colonel Boyd commanding the Fourth United States Infantry to report to Governor Harrison at Vincennes with his regiment composed mostly of Massachusetts and New Hampshire men. Kentucky was ordered to furnish three regiments of mounted riflemen for the projected campaign against the Indians under Tecumseh. When the force had been collected at Vincennes, Harrison lead them north to Prophets Town, the Indian village on the Tippecanoe river near its mouth. Camp was made near the village on the night of November 6, and early the next morning the Indians attacked the American force. When it became lighter, Harrison assumed the 78 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY offensive and in a little while the Indians were routed with heavy losses in killed and wounded. Tecumseh was absent at the time of the attack, and the action of his brother in precipitating a battle broke the contemplated uprising. The unrest of the Indians at the time of the Tecumseh conspiracy caused considerable uneasiness in Detroit. A meeting was held on December 8, 1811, to collect money for ammunition that a defense system might be organized, and two days later the residents made an appeal for additional posts in the west and for military reinforcement at Detroit. Upon this memorial, Congress took no action. War of 1812. When Hull became governor of the Michigan territory in 1805, he took immediate steps to reorganize the territorial militia, but he was prevented from making an efficient organization of it because the unwillingness of the people to arm themselves properly and because of quarrels in the legislative council over the matter. When it became apparent that war with England was imminent over the impressment of American seamen, Hull set about the repairing of the fort at Detroit which had fallen into a sad condition, for it had been neglected since the time it was first erected by the English under Lernoult in 1778. In 1811, Hull went to Washington, and departed thence for Detroit in April, 1812. At Dayton he met three regiments of militia. On the first of June, Hull began his march to Detroit with the volunteers and at Urbana was joined by the Fourth United States infantry, without whose aid Hull might never have brought all his militia to Detroit, for the volunteers were loath to conform to military discipline that did not please them. During the toilsome 200-mile journey from Urbana to Detroit, the United States declared war on England, and since no special means were taken to inform him of the fact, the governor did not learn of the beginning of hostilities until July 2 by official announcement, although the president had approved the act declaring the existence of a state of war on June 18. Consequently, when Hull arrived at the mouth of the Maumee, he chartered a small schooner to carry some of the baggage and some sick soldiers to Detroit. The English had already learned of the state of affairs, and the schooner with its unsuspecting crew became an easy prey for the English and the Canadian militia at Fort Maiden, or Amherstburg. On the seventh of July, Hull and his army reached Detroit, and after a rest of five days, during which time Michigan militia companies joined the force at Detroit, Hull led his army across the river into Canada. At Sandwich, Hull issued a proclamation to the Canadians telling them to remain in their houses and urging them to espouse the American cause and to renounce the yoke of England. Hull's force on this expedition numbered approximately 1,500 men, the Michigan militia and a large portion of the Ohio militia having refused to cross the river. Hull's proclamation had a profound effect on the Canadian militia gathered at Amherstburg, their number being reduced about half by desertion during the first DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 79 few days following the issuance of the American commander's note to the people of Canada. On July 17, Mackinac was surrendered to the British, for the American garrison at that post had been unaware of the declaration of war and was unprepared to defend their fort against the large force of British and Indians that came against it. It so happened that on that same day, the British war vessel "Queen Charlotte" arrived at Maiden to support the small force that was facing Hull. Hull made no haste in his plans to attack Malden. He set about the construction of floating batteries that would be used to drive off the Queen Charlotte from her strategic position in the Detroit river from which she commanded the bridge across the Aux Canards river that formed the only means of reaching the fort at Maiden. The American general received news that militia reinforcements were being sent to Detroit from Ohio, and to keep open the line of communication, Hull dispatched Major Thomas B. Van Horn with some 200 men to patrol the American side of the Detroit river. This inadequate force was attacked by Indians near Brownstown, four captains, a lieutenant, and an ensign of the American party being among the killed. Three days later, after the return of the decimated patrol under Van Horn, Hull abandoned his plan to attack Malden and ordered the retreat to Detroit, and during the night of August 7 and the morning of the following day, the troops and supplies were transported to the north side of the Detroit river. The' defeat of Van Horn at Brownstown placed Hull in a serious position, for he sorely needed the supplies from which he was now cut off. Fearing dissatisfaction among the troops if he gave up Detroit and retired to a more advantageous position on the Miami, Hull determined to make a strong attempt to reopen his line of communication to the south. On August 9, Colonel James Miller started down the river with a force of some 600 men from various regiments and in the woods near the village of Trenton encountered a larger party of British and Indians under Captain Muir. The Americans easily defeated the enemy in this engagement known as the Battle of Monguagon. Colonel Miller now believed that the road to the River Raisin was open, and since he had been slightly injured by a fall from his horse, he decided that matters were not so urgent but what he could hold his position for a time and send to Hull for provisions. Colonel McArthur was ordered to join Miller with 100 men and 600 rations and to bring back those that had been wounded in the battle. McArthur started out at night by water and successfully passed the Queen Charlotte where she lay at anchor in the Detroit river. Colonel Cass was also a member of the expedition which left the fort about sunset of the fourteenth of August. After proceeding a short distance, the colonels ordered camp to be made, and the march was continued slowly the next day. Toward the close of the day, they decided to return to the fort, and at nightfall of the 15th the detachment arrived within an hour's march of Detroit, although the commanders failed to make their presence known to HEull. 80 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY General Isaac Brock had arrived at Amherstburg on August 13 with 300 troops and had assumed command of the entire British force at that place. Preparations were begun at once for attack on the Americans. The small detachment of Americans at Sandwich retreated to the north side of the river, and the British occupied the abandoned post and began the erection of batteries for the bombardment of Detroit. Soon after noon of the 15th, Brock sent to Hull the following message: "Sir: The force at my disposal authorizes me to require of you the immediate surrender of Fort Detroit. It is far from my inclination to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will be beyond my control the moment the contest commences. You will find me disposed to enter into such conditions as will satisfy the most scrupulous sense of honor. Lieutenant-Colonel McDonnell and Major Glegg are fully authorized to conclude any arrangement that may lead to prevent the unnecessary effusion of blood." Hull's reply to this demand for surrender showed that he had no intention of surrendering Detroit at the time. Within a short time after the departure of the British officers to their own lines, the English batteries began the bombardment of the fort and village. Three batteries had been erected in Detroit and returned the British fire so vigorously that one of the enemy batteries was silenced. Only one person was killed in Detroit by the fire of the English batteries on the opposite side of the river. Late that night, 600 Indians crossed the river and encamped in Springwells, although Captain Snelling had been stationed on the river to prevent such a crossing. Snelling, without having fired a shot returned to Detroit the next morning and was severely censured by Hull for leaving his post without orders and was threatened with courtmartial. The bombardment and retaliatory fire began again on the 16th of August and the British troops began to effect a crossing below the town under the protection of the British warships, Queen Charlotte and Hunter. Hull, knowing only too well the consequences if the Indians were to be set against the people, wished to avoid the horrors of a massacre that would surely follow the storming of Detroit. He realized that he would be able to get better terms from Brock by surrendering before actual assault occurred, and for this reason he concluded terms for the capitulation of Detroit on the morning of August 16, the British taking nominal control at 12 o'clock noon. Militia members were allowed to return to their homes and the regular soldiers became prisoners of war, although many of the latter escaped during the time immediately following the capitulation. Farm houses were ransacked by the Indians, who were not permitted to enter the fort, cattle were stolen, crops were destroyed, and farm buildings fired, and as the British occupation continued, the Indian depredations became worse and worse. The red allies of the English were a scourge both to their friends and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 81 their enemies, for the British commanders were afraid to restrict the Indians in their nefarious work inasmuch as the Indians were always asked to aid in the military operations against the Americans. General Hull and 350 of the Fourth United States regiment were taken to Montreal as prisoners where they arrived September 12, 1812. The Ohio volunteers were taken to Buffalo where they were released and allowed to return to their homes. Hull was shortly paroled, and he returned to his home at Newton, Massachusetts. The general was eventually tried by courtmartial for treason, cowardice, and unofficer-like conduct and neglect of duty. On January 3, 1814, Hull appeared before the courtmartial, and on March 19, the court ruled that he was not guilty of treason but he was guilty of most of the specifications of the second and third charges. He was sentenced to be shot but was recommended to the mercy of the president because of his record in the Revolutionary war. The members of the court were inexperienced officers of militia organizations who were chosen apparently for the sole purpose of whitewashing General Dearborn at the expense of the unfortunate Hull. During the next ten years, Hull attempted to gain access to the official records in the vaults of the War department, and it was not until 1824 that he was allowed to secure them and publish them. He was not destined to live long enough, however, to witness the complete vindication that was his as the result of the impartial publication of all the documents and facts relative to the matter that had caused William Hull to be accused of cowardice and neglect of duty, for he died in 1825. True, students of military strategy have pointed out that Hull made tactical errors, yet the consensus of opinion is almost unanimous now in asserting that Hull did the wisest possible thing when he surrendered Detroit to a superior force in order that possible defeat in the event of a battle might not result in wholesale slaughter of the garrison and the inhabitants of the village. Hull, too, it must be remembered, was handicapped by the virtual insubordination of the militia officers under his command, and the refusal of these jealous men to follow orders implicitly robbed the general of the confidence he must have in the men under his command if he is to plan his maneuvers. The fall of Detroit aroused the people of the Ohio valley to the full realization of the danger to which they were exposed, and William Henry Harrison was authorized to raise and concentrate troops for the retaking of Detroit and the adequate protection of the American frontier. In January, 1813, a force of about 700 men was sent by General Winchester to the Raisin river, but there they were defeated with the greatest loss by an overwhelming force of troops and Indians under Colonel Procter from Detroit. The wounded who had been left in the care of the British were massacred by the Indians in revenge for the Indians who had been killed in the battle. The principal losses were sustained by the Kentuckians who had joined the new levies of militia at Harrison's call. 82 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The British made unsuccessful attacks upon Fort Meigs and upon Fort Stephenson and then turned their attention to Harrison's position at Upper Sandusky. On the fifth of May, Harrison learned that 1,500 men were marching to his relief under Clay, and he succeeded in sending a message to Clay urging the Kentuckians to attack the British batteries. Clay succeeded in spiking the enemy guns, but he allowed himself to be drawn into an ambush in which 050 of his command were killed. After this disaster, Harrison decided to postpone further operations until Perry completed the building of his ships at Put-in-Bay and was able to meet the British fleet on Lake Erie. Harrison learned of Perry's victory over the English and the capture of their entire fleet on the twelfth of September and on September 16 got his army in motion to attack Detroit. The troops were transported aboard Perry's ships to a point three miles below Malden where they were landed on September 27. Procter evacuated Malden the day before. On September 29, Harrison's army moved to Sandwich from which place Colonel McArthur's brigade of 700 men crossed the river and took possession of Detroit which had been occupied by the British for thirteen months. Harrison decided to pursue Procter's army. Twice the English commander avoided battle with the Americans, but finally three miles from Moravian Town on the Thames river, Procter mustered enough courage to make a stand. Colonel Johnson's mounted Kentuckians opened the battle, charging the enemy with the cry "Remember the Raisin." With such ferocity did the Kentuckians attack the Indians who had perpetrated the massacre of Kentucky soldiers at the River Raisin that the savages could not long withstand the attack. Colonel Johnson, wounded, himself is said to have shot Tecumseh with a pistol. The regulars surrendered and Procter fled in a carriage. American losses were fifteen killed and thirty wounded. After the battle of the Thames, Harrison returned to Detroit and sent the prisoners under guard to Chillicothe, Ohio. In October Harrison went to Niagara, and the command of the post fell to Brigadier General Lewis Cass, who exercised both civil and military authority. Cass had left Detroit by the closing in of winter and the command was left in the hands of Colonel Anthony Butler, whose second in command was Colonel George Croghan, the successful defender of Fort Stephenson from Procter. That winter was a hard one at Detroit, for the army was attacked by an epidemic of a mild form of cholera that caused the death of hundreds of soldiers. Indian depredations were frequent and continued even as late as the middle of 1815. Although an expedition was directed against Michilimackinac in July, 1814, the Americans found the position of the British too strong to be attacked. The force was ambushed by Indians and Major Holmes, Captain Van Home and Lieutenant Jackson were killed. The expedition returned to Detroit on August 23. Though McArthur, now a general, went to the relief, of Erie in October, he failed to accomplish his purpose for DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 83 the post was abandoned before his arrival there. He had come to Detroit a short time before leaving on the expedition with a force of 700 mounted riflemen. During all this time, the region was threatened with famine, and the inhabitants of the River Raisin country were the worst sufferers, Cass being authorized to spend $1,500 for the relief of the destitute and starving inhabitants of that section of the territory. Black Hawk War. By the side of Tecumseh in the Battle of the Thames was Black Hawk, medicine man of the Sac nation and one of the foremost chiefs of the Sac-Fox confederacy that had caused the French fifty years of war in the west. In 1804, William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, concluded a treaty with the confederacy by which the United States came into possession of the Sac and Fox lands east of the Mississippi but which were to be occupied by the Indians until they were actually sold to prospective settlers. No inconsiderable part of the allied tribes, a part led by Black Hawk, refused to sanction the treaty, and the dissatisfaction thus aroused was capitalized by the British who obtained Black Hawk's support in the War of 1812. On May 13, 1816, a council of the tribal leaders of the confederacy was held at St. Louis where the American commissioners persuaded the assembled chiefs to sign another treaty confirming that of 1804. Black Hawk was one of the signers of the latter treaty although he subsequently repudiated his actions in so doing. The lands thus ceded to the United States were declared open for settlement in 1828 by a proclamation of President Adams. Black Hawk at first refused to remove beyond the Mississippi but did so in 1830 under protest. Hardships attended the tribe in its new home during the winter of 1831-32. On April 6, 1832, the tribe recrossed the river declaring that they were going to visit the Winnebagoes to help them raise a crop of corn. The actions of the tribe were interpreted by the military authorities as a hostile invasion. Though the settlers were not alarmed over the movements of the tribe, Governor Reynolds called out the Illinois militia and sent two thousand men under General Whiteside to the aid of the garrison at Fort Armstrong in driving out the Indians. Major Stillman was sent with about 275 mounted men to turn back Black Hawk and encountered the old chief and some forty of his warriors at a distance from the main encampment of the tribe. Black Hawk sent forward five messengers to ask for a parley but the troops killed two of them at once. The other messengers then took up the fight and managed to rout the mounted men who were at a considerable disadvantage. With this opening of hostilities, volunteers were called for and Michigan was asked to furnish three hundred men. General John R. Williams was authorized by Mason to recruit that number of men and issued his call on May 22, 1832. Captain Edward Brooks' Detroit City Guards and Captain Jackson's Light Dragoons answered the call and were consolidated under the command of General Williams, with Brooks as Colonel, Jonathan Davis as lieu 84 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tenant-colonel, and Benijah Holbrook as major. On May 24, the command started for the scene of the war but were ordered to return when they reached Saline. The Detroit Guards complied with the order, but the Light Dragoons continued on to Chicago where they found the danger was slight and after a short stay there returned home. Though Detroit men took no active part in the military operations of the war, the city became a victim of it through the cholera epidemic that started here because of the troop and supply steamers making this city a port of call. The epidemic was started when the Henry Clay with 370 men of Colonel Twiggs' command reached here with the disease just gaining headway. Two citizens died of the dread illness on June 6, 1832, and a panic resulted. However, guards were set to patrolling the roads to turn back those who attempted to leave the city. By the middle of August the cholera had run its course leaving a death toll of ninety-six, among whom was Father Gabriel Richard of St. Anne's church. The Black Hawk war came to an end in August, 1832, with the battle of Bad Axe at the mouth of the river of that name in Wisconsin, Black Hawk and his sons being captured shortly after and taken to Fortress Monroe, Virginia, where they were confined for about nine or ten months when they were taken on a trip to be shown the greatness of the United States and the futility of fighting against the Americans. Mexican War. The people of Texas won their independence from the Mexican government in 1836 and appealed to the United States for annexation to the Union. It was not until 1845 that such a bill was passed by Congress, and the Republic of Texas was admitted to the Union as a state on December 29, that year. The Mexican government resented the action of the United States in annexing Texas and made preparations for military aggression against the former Mexican state. After establishing a base of supplies on the Gulf Coast and building Fort Brown opposite the Mexican town of Matamoras, where General Arista had his headquarters, General Zachary Taylor met the Mexicans in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma in which the Americans were overwhelmingly victorious. On May 11, 1846, Congress declared a state of war to exist between the United States and Mexico and authorized the president to call for 50,000 volunteers. One of the ten regiments to be recruited for the regular army was to be raised in Michigan in addition to a company for the Third United States Dragoons. The dragoon company was organized in Detroit of picked men from Michigan and Wisconsin, every member being at least six feet tall, and was mustered into the Federal service under the command of Captain Andrew T. McReynolds,First Lieutenant John Brown, and Second Lieutenant J. C. Devereau Williams. This organization, the only mounted company to be raised for that war in Michigan and Wisconsin, embarked at Detroit, April 24, 1847, and arrived at Vera Cruz, Mexico, May 20, 1847. The company was attached to the command of General Win DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 85 field Scott and served with him during the course of the war. The general was so pleased with the company that he attached it to his personal escort. About the time the dragoon company left Detroit, recruiting of an infantry company began in southeastern Michigan. Of the 118 men in this company, three-fourths of them came from Detroit. Designated as Company G, 15th United States Infantry, the organization was officered by Captain F. D. Winans, First Lieutenant William D. Wilkins, and Second Lieutenant M. P. Doyle, and it was ordered to Mackinaw to relieve a company there almost as soon as it was organized. In June it was ordered to Mexico, and enroute there it arrived at Detroit on June 26 and left the same evening. Company G was relieved at Mackinaw by a company raised in Detroit and officered by Captain M. L. Gage, First Lieutenant A. K. Howard, and Second Lieutenants W. F. Chittenden and C. F. Davis. The latter organization was called the Brady Guards, though it was not the old militia company of that name, and garrisoned at Mackinaw and Saulte Ste. Marie until it was mustered out in the spring of 1848. When the second call came for volunteers in 1847, Michigan was to raise a regiment of infantry, and the legislature authorized the recruiting of the First Volunteer Regiment, over which the following men were placed in command: Col. T. B. W. Stockton, Lieut-Col. Alpheus S. Williams, Maj. John V. Ruehle, and Adjutant James E. Pittman. Companies B, C, and D, commanded by Captains Grove A. Buel, A. H. Hanscom, and Nicholas Gruesel, Jr., respectively, left Detroit on December 24, 1847, and companies A, E, and F, commanded by Captains F. W. Curtenius, Isaac S. Rowland, and John Wittenmeyer, respectively, left the following day. This first contingent departed under the command of Lieut-Col. Williams, but the last four companies of the regiment did not leave until February 9, 1848, a week after the signing of peace, although the news had not reached Detroit by that time. In the last contingent were companies G, H, I, and K, commanded by Captains Daniel Hicks, Walter W. Dean, John Van Arman, and James M. Williams, respectively. On January 15, 1848, the legislature authorized the raising of a second infantry regiment and appropriated $5,000 to defray the expenses of so doing, but war ceased before the regiment was ordered to Mexico. The total cost to the state in raising and equipping the two regiments being $17,193.70. Civil War. It is doubtful whether or not any war will ever hold the place in American history and in the minds of the people of the country that is occupied by the Civil war that broke over the country in 1861 after the election of President Abraham Lincoln. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina seceded from the Union to be followed in rapid succession by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. All of these states sent delegates to convention at Montgomery, Alabama, where a tentative constitution for the Confederate States of America was adopted and 86 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Jefferson Davis chosen as provisional president. Still the Federal government hoped to bring back the irreconcilables, but when the "Star of the West" was fired on at Charleston when it attempted to bring aid to Fort Sumter and when three months later Sumter itself was fired upon and was surrendered to General Beauregard, Civil war flamed and Lincoln issued his call for volunteers that marked the beginning of one of the most bitterly fought and sanguinary struggles of all history. Michigan was requested to furnish one regiment of ten companies of infantry. On April 16, 1861, Governor Blair issued his call for Michigan volunteers and directed the adjutant-general to accept the first ten companies that offered their services. The governor also held a meeting at Detroit that same day and told representative citizens that since the state was virtually without funds and $100,000 was needed to finance the raising and equipping of the troops he hoped that the city of Detroit could raise $50,000 to lend to the state by popular subscription and $50,000 from the business interests of the city. Two companies of the First Michigan Infantry, A and F, were recruited in Wayne county, the officers of the companies being Captain Charles M. Lum, First Lieutenant John D. Fairbanks, and Second Lieutenant William A. Throop of A Company and Captain Horace S. Roberts, First Lieutenant Bernhard Mauch, and Second Lieutenant Joseph P. Sanger of F Company. On May 24, 1861, the regiment arrived in Washington, being the first unit from a western state to arrive in the nation's capital. After leading the attack that captured Alexandria, Virginia, and participating in the battle of Bull Run in which part of the regiment was captured, it was mustered out on August 7. On June 28, 1861, the work of reorganizing the First Michigan Infantry as a three years' unit was begun, for by that time it was apparent to the entire country that the war would not be over in a few months as it was first believed. Horace S. Roberts, former captain of Company F, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the reorganized First Michigan. Company H and portions of Companies B, F and I were from Detroit. The officers of Company H were Captain Charles E. Wendell, First Lieutenant George C. Hopper, and Second Lieutenant Alfred W. Beardslee. Samuel E. Pittman held the commission of first lieutenant with Company B; Captain William A. Throop and Lieutenant Wilkins Bloodgood were assigned to Company F; and George W. Grummond commanded Company I. On September 16, the regiment went to Virginia and joined the Army of the Potomac, with which it served until the surrender of Lee at Appamattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. The response to the call for volunteers for the First Infantry encouraged the governor to authorize the recruiting of the Second Infantry, and though it was originally intended for a three months' regiment, Governor Blair was instructed to raise three regiments for three years' service before the organization was completed and thus the Second Infantry was enlisted for three years unless dis DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 87 charged sooner. Company A, officered by Captain Louis Dillman, First Lieutenant John V. Ruehle, and Second Lieutenant Gustave Kast, was raised in Detroit, while there were Wayne county men in Companies H and I as well. Other Detroit officers in the regiment were: Henry L. Chipman, lieutenant-colonel; Major William J. Lyster; Captain William L. Whipple and First Lieutenant Emil Moores, of Company H; and Second Lieutenant John M. Norvell, of Company I. The regiment left for Virginia on June 6, 1861, was first engaged at Blackburn's Ford and the Battle of Bull Run, and after the battle of Malvern Hill, the organization went to Tennessee, where it aided in the defeat of General Longstreet. In the spring of 1864, the regiment was granted a thirty days' furlough when it re-enlisted as a veteran organization and rendezvoused at Mt. Clemens, leaving for the front on April 4, 1864. It then joined General Willcox's division in the campaign before Richmond, occupying a position before Petersburg until the surrender of Lee. Many Detroiters were in the Fifth Michigan Infantry that was organized and mustered into the Federal service on August 28, 1861, Companies A and F being raised in Wayne county. The officers of Company A were Captain Edwin T. Sherlock, First Lieutenant John Pulford, and Second Lieutenant John W. O'Callahan, and the officers of Company F were Captain Heber LaFavour, First Lieutenant William N. Ladue, and Second Lieutenant William T. Johnson. Joseph A. Eagle, of Detroit, commanded Company D, and Charles H. Hutchins was second lieutenant of Company C. Colonel Henry D. Terry, Major John D. Fairbanks, and Surgeon Moses Gunn were all Detroit men. The regiment left Fort Wayne on September 11, 1861, and was attached to the Army of the Potomac. It distinguished itself by a bayonet charge in the battle of Williamsburg and its heroism in the battle of Gettysburg where it arrived late in the afternoon of July 2, 1863, after a forced march. After the surrender of Lee, the organization was ordered to Kentucky and was mustered out at Jeffersonville, Indiana, in July, 1865. Captain Gilbert E. Pratt of Company B and William Mahone, regimental chaplain, were among the few Detroiters with the Eighth Michigan Infantry that was mustered in at Grand Rapids, September 23, 1861. The regiment earned the name of the "Wandering Regiment," for it saw service in Maryland, Georgia, Virginia, and South Carolina during its first year and later on the western front. Company E, Ninth Infantry, was recruited mainly from among Wayne county men and was commanded by Captain Cyprian IH. Millard, Moses A. Share being the first lieutenant and Stephen S. Barrows second lieutenant. The following officers in the regiment were also from Detroit: Col. William W. Duffield, Quartermaster Charles H. Irwin, and Adjutant Henry M. Duffield. The regiment was mustered in October 15, 1861, was sent to Tennessee, and concluded its service as a part of Sherman's army on the memorable march to the sea, after which it participated in the grand review and was sent to Tennessee until it was mustered out on September 15, 1865. 88 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY When the Tenth Infantry was organized at Flint in February, 1862, Charles A. Lum, formerly captain of Company A, First Infantry, was given command of the regiment, Edwin A. Skinner, of Detroit, was made quartermaster, and of Company I, in which were many Wayne county men, Platt I. Titus was first lieutenant. The regiment went to Kentucky soon after it was mustered in and later joined Sherman on his march to the sea. Captain Thomas B. Fitzgibbon commanded Company B, Fourteenth Infantry, which was partly recruited in Wayne county, and Edwin Batwell, regimental surgeon, Frederick W. Sparling, assistant surgeon, and David B. Harbaugh, adjutant, were from Detroit. The regiment was mustered in at Grand Rapids, February 13, 1862, was first engaged in the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and was then on the march to the sea with Sherman. When the war broke out, John McDermott raised a company of Irishmen in Detroit, but because his company was not given a place in any of the first Michigan regiments organized, he offered his company to the state of Illinois. The offer being accepted, McDermott's company joined Colonel Mulligan's regiment of that state in June, 1861. When the Fifteenth Infantry was raised in Michigan, John McDermott was given the commission of lieutenant colonel, and Thomas M. Brady, who was first commissioned captain of Company F, was made chaplain of the regiment. The captains of Companies D and G were Henry A. Peel and James J. Cicotte, respectively. Company C was raised in Detroit and had the following officers: Captain R. F. Farrell, First Lieutenant John Considine, and Second Lieutenant John Stewart. The regiment first saw action in the battle of Pittsburg Landing, and it then took part in the movement against Corinth, Mississippi. After participating in Sherman's march to the sea and pursuing General Johnston, the regiment took part in the Grand Review at Washington, after which it concluded its service in Kentucky. Colonel Thomas B. W. Stockton, veteran of the Mexican war, was commissioned to raise a regiment early in the summer of 1861, nearly all the officers and men being recruited in Wayne county. After being mustered in at Detroit, "Stockton's Independent Regiment" left for the front on September 16, 1861. The regiment was later given the designation of the Sixteenth Michigan Infantry. A company of sharpshooters, known as Dygert's Sharpshooters, was added to the regiment in February, 1862. The regiment saw service with the Army of the Potomac, and after the battle of Chancellorsville was assigned to Vincent's brigade that held Little Round Top against Longstreet's command at Gettysburg, after which the organization took part in the campaign before Richmond. Wayne county supplied Companies A, E, and H of the regiment and they were officered as follows: Captain Thomas S. Barry, First Lieutenant George H. Swan, and Second Lieutenant George Prentiss, Company A; Captain Robert T. Elliott, First Lieutenant Patrick McLaughlin, Second Lieutenant Charles H. Salter, Company E; and Captain Stephen Martin, First Lieutenant Thomas F. Hughes, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 89 and Second Lieutenant John Long, Company H. Captain James Fedoe and First Lieutenant William B. Roe of Company F were from Plymouth, and Captain George Myers of Detroit commanded Company G. Companies B and F of the Seventeenth Michigan Infantry had a number of Detroit men on its muster rolls. J. Cunningham was first lieutenant of Company B, and Frederic W. Swift and John Taylor, were captain and first lieutenant respectively, of Company F. Leaving Detroit in August, 1862, the regiment was engaged in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, was in the West during 1863, and then joined the Army of the Potomac, with which it served until the end of the war. The Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry was raised in Wayne county, and the proud record it gained for itself in the war is a source of great pride to the people of the county and Detroit. Mustered in at Detroit, August 15, 1862, the Twenty-fourth left for Washington two weeks later and was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, receiving its baptism of fire as a part of Franklin's brigade in the bloody battle of Fredericksburg. At the battle of Gettysburg, it was a part of the Iron Brigade of Meredith and was one of the first organizations engaged in the battle. After the surrender of Lee, the regiment was ordered to Springfield to act as escort at the funeral of President Lincoln and was then mustered out at Detroit on June 30, 1865. Staff officers of the regiment were Colonel Henry A. Morrow, Lieut.-Col. Mark Flanigan, Major Henry W. Nall, Surgeon Charles C. Smith, of Redford, Assistant Surgeon Alexander Collar, of Wayne, Adjutant James J. Barnes, Quartermaster Digby V. Bell, and Chaplain William C. Way, of Plymouth. Wayne county was represented in the Twenty-seventh Michigan Infantry that was mustered in with eight companies at Ypsilanti, April 10, 1863. Commissioned officers from Wayne county were: Adjutant David F. Fox, Chaplain Sylvan S. Hunting; First Lieutenant Gies, Company E; Second Lieutenant Warren A. Norton, Company F; Second Lieutenant Edward Couse, Company G; and Second Lieutenant Lyster M. O'Brien, Company H. The regiment first went to Vicksburg, then returned to Kentucky, and in the spring of 1864 joined the Army of the Potomac of which it was a part until the close of the war. Southern sympathizers in Canada had become so numerous by the close of 1864, that Governor Blair was authorized to raise a regiment of infantry for the protection of the border in case the Southerners in Canada attempted to make raids on the States. The Thirtieth Infantry was accordingly organized and mustered in for twelve months on January 5, 1865, under the command of Colonel Grover S. Wormer, former colonel of the Eighth Cavalry. Companies A and C, raised in Wayne county, were officered by the following men: Captain William S. Atwood, First Lieutenant Henry G. Wormer, of Company A; and Captain John M. Farland and Second Lieutenant William J. Clark, of Company C. The regi 90 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ment was mustered out after the surrender of Lee nullified all fears of invasion from Southern sympathizers in Canada. Companies C, F, G, and I were stationed at Detroit. The First Michigan Cavalry served with the Army of the Potomac throughout the war, leaving Detroit for the battle front on September 29, 1861. Of the general officers of the regiment, the following were from Detroit: Colonel Thornton F. Brodhead, Majors William S. Atwood, Angelo Paldi and Charles H. Town, Adjutant William M. Brevoort, and Chaplain Jonathan Hudson. Other commissioned officers from Wayne county serving with this regiment were as follows: Captain James B. Stebbins and Second Lieutenant Charles J. Snyder, Company A; Captain Charles H. Town (later promoted to major) and First Lieutenant Andrew W. Duggan, Company B; Captain James G. Fisher, Company C; Captain William S. Atwood (promoted to major), Company E; Captain Angelo Paldi (promoted to major) and First Lieutenant William H. Perkins, Company G; Captain Thomas M. Howrigan, First Lieutenant Michael F. Gallagher, and Second Lieutenant William M. Brevoort (promoted to adjutant), Company H; Captain William D. Mann, First Lieutenant James I. David (promoted to quartermaster), Second Lieutenant Peter Stagg, Company K; and Captain Hasbruck Reeve, Company L. Companies C and H, Second Michigan Cavalry, commanded by Captains Russell A. Alger and Chester E. Newman, respectively, included many men from Wayne county. Lieutenant-Colonel William C. Davis and Major Robert H. G. Minty were from this county. The regiment was mustered in on October 2, 1861, and then went to Missouri, Mississippi, and Kentucky, where it became a part of the Army of the Cumberland. It was with Sherman at the Atlanta campaign and then returned to assist in the operations against Hood in Tennessee. The Third Michigan Cavalry, mustered in on November 1, 1861, was raised in Wayne county, its lieutenant colonel being Robert H. G. Minty who had first been a major with the First Cavalry. Other Wayne county officers in the regiment were Major Edward Gray, Captain Lyman G. Willcox of Company B, Captain Conrad Highwood of Company H, Second Lieutenant Frederick C. Adamson of Company F, and Second Lieutenant Heber Crane of Company I. The regiment left Detroit late in November, that same year, and was first engaged with the enemy at New Madrid, Missouri. After serving in Tennessee and Mississippi, the regiment was sent to Texas, becoming one of the last volunteer organizations to be mustered out of the Federal service, an event that occurred at San Antonio, Texas, on February 15, 1866, the men being paid off and discharged at Jackson, Michigan, a month later. The Fourth Michigan Cavalry was mustered into service in August, 1862, under the command of Colonel Robert H. G. Minty, with Horace Gray, of Grosse Ile, as major and Walter C. Arthur as quartermaster. Soon after the arrival of the regiment in Louisville, it was attached to the command of General Rosecrans, Colonel DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 91 Minty becoming chief of the cavalry with that army. The organization under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Benjamin D. Pritchard was largely instrumental in the capture of Jefferson Davis after the cessation of hostilities. Much of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry was recruited in Wayne county. After being mustered into service on August 30, 1862, the the Fifth remained in camp here until December 4, 1862, when it joined the Army of the Potomac, with which it remained until the close of the war. Detroit officers with the regiment were as follows: Lieut.-Col. William D. Mann; Majors Freeman Norvell and Luther S. Trowbridge; Chaplain Oliver Taylor; First Lieutenant David Oliphant, Company B; Captain George W. Hunt, First Lieutenant Horace W. Dodge, and Second Lieutenants Jacob Bristol and Edward W. Granger, Company C; Second Lieutenant George R. Barse, Company E; Second Lieutenant William Keith, Company F; Captain Stephan P. Purdy, First Lieutenant Henry Starkey, and Second Lieutenants Edgar W. Flint and Henry K. Foote, Company H; Second Lieutenants Charles H. Safford and Henry H. Finley, Company I; Second Lieutenant Hobart Miller, Company K; Second Lieutenant Robert C. Wallace, Company L; and Second Lieutenant George Fairbrother, Company M. The Eighth Michigan Cavalry was mustered in at Mt. Clemens and on June 1, 1863, left for Covington, Kentucky. Its first action was the pursuit of Morgan after which it became a part of the army of the Cumberland with which it served until the end of the war. Grover S. Wormer was the first colonel of the regiment, he being relieved by John Stockton when the organization was attached to the Army of the Cumberland, and Watson B. Smith was the commissary. Five second lieutenants of the regiment hailed from Wayne county, they being Benjamin Treat, of Waterford, Company C; Robert F. Alien, of Plymouth, Company E; John H. Riggs, of Detroit, Company H; William C. D. Lowrie, of Detroit, Company I; and George Williams, Company K. 'The Ninth Cavalry, raised in Southeastern Michigan, had a considerable representation from Wayne county. The commissioned officers from this county serving with the regiment were as follows: Colonel James I. David, of Trenton; Major Michael F. Gallagher; Surgeon Alfred K. Nash, of Trenton; Adjutant Hobart Miller; Addison David, of Trenton, commissary; Captain Mark W. Jaquith, of Monguagon, Company G; Captain Paul Cornevin, Company M; First Lieutenant Albert Hines, of Plymouth, Company C; First Lieutenant Thomas Gallagher, Company H; Second Lieutenant James J. Lister, of Trenton, Company B; Second Lieutenant Charles H. Saunders, of Ecorse, Company C; Second Lieutenant William Neff, of Monguagon, Company D; Second Lieutenant Levi J. Mitchell, Company F; Second Lieutenant Cady Neff, of Trenton, Company G; and Second Lieutenant Henry Coquillard, Company H. The regiment was mustered into the Federal service, May 19, 1863, and was sent to Kentucky by detachments, where it was engaged in guarding railroads and in pursuing the Confederate raider 92 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Morgan. It then joined the cavalry under Kilpatrick in the Atlanta campaign and then joined Sherman on the march to the sea. In artillery, Detroit and Wayne county were well represented, Batteries C, I, K, L, and M, and the Thirteenth Battery all included men from Wayne county in their ranks. Battery A also included many men from Detroit. Each one of the above named batteries had commissioned officers hailing from this county, they being as follows: Captain C. O. Loomis, Battery A; Captain Alexander W. Dees, First Lieutenant Richard W. Hawes, and Second Lieutenants Robert 0. and William H. Sinclair, Battery C; Captain Jabez J. Daniels, First Lieutenants Addison A. Kidder and Luther R. Smith, and Second Lieutenants Lewis R. Gage and Thomas J. Limbocker, Battery I; Captain John C. Schuetz, First Lieutenant Adolph Schill, and Second Lieutenant Christopher Hupert, Battery K; Captain Charles J. Thompson, First Lieutenants Cyrus D. Roys and Thomas Gallagher, and Second Lieutenant Frederick J. Fairbrass, Battery L; Captain Edward G. Hilliar, First Lieutenant Augustus M. Emery, and Second Lieutenants George H. Moulton and George A. Sheeley, Battery M; and Captain Callahan H. O'Brien, and First Lieutenants Cuthbert W. Laing and Charles Dupont, Thirteenth Battery. Battery A was mustered in June 1, 1861. Battery C was mustered into the Federal service late the following November, and until the spring of 1864, it was with the Army of the West, when it joined Sherman on the march to the sea and finally in the pursuit of General Johnston. Battery I was mustered in, August 30, 1862, went to Washington and then to Virginia. After participating in the battle of Gettysburg, the battery was sent to Tennessee and later joined Sherman's army in the Atlanta campaign. Battery K was mustered in at Detroit in February, 1863, joined the Army of the Cumberland, garrisoned Fort Bushnell until the spring of 1864, when it was split into detachments for service on the gunboats. Battery L was mustered in at Detroit in April, 1863, left for Kentucky the same month, and after joining in the pursuit of Morgan was stationed in Tennessee until the close of the war. Battery M, organized in connection with the Eighth Cavalry, was first employed in the pursuit of Morgan, after which it was ordered to Kentucky and then to Tennessee where it remained until the close of the war. After its organization at Grand Rapids late in 1863, the Thirteenth Battery was stationed in the defenses of Washington for a time and was then placed in service in Maryland and Virginia until the close of the war. Captain Benjamin Duesler commanded a company of marksmen from Michigan that were mustered into service at Detroit and attached to Colonel Berdan's First United States Sharpshooters. Two companies were later added to this regiment from Michigan, many Wayne county men being in Company K, of which Spencer J. Mather was captain and Caleb B. Davis, both of Detroit, was second lieutenant. The Provost Guard was organized for the purpose of guarding the barracks that were erected at Detroit by the government. The DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 93 company was mustered in January 5, 1863, and served until after the surrender of Lee. The officers of this company were Captain Erastus D. Robinson, First Lieutenant John Vanstan, and Second Lieutenant Hubbard Smith. The duties of the company also included superintending the drafts in this city. The recruiting of a negro regiment was begun in Detroit in the summer of 1863 by Colonel Henry Barnes, and the following February, the organization was mustered into the service as the 102nd United States Infantry. It left Detroit on March 28, 1864, and was attached to the Ninth Army Corps with the Army of the Potomac, with which it served until the close of the war. The fighting at the front was no more important toward the progress of the war than was the work carried on by the people left at home. On November 6, 1861, was organized in Detroit the Ladies' Soldiers' Aid society, whose first president was Mrs. Isabella G. Duffield. The members of the society visited the army hospitals carrying food of various kinds, medicines and bandages, large packages of which were forwarded to the hospitals at regular periods. The Michigan Soldiers' Relief association was organized in Detroit in April, 1862, with John Owen as the first president. The objects of the association were similar to those of the women's organization, and because of this similarity in their activities, the two societies united their forces in 1864 until the close of the war rendered their services unnecessary. The Relief association aided materially in the support of the Soldiers' Home. Approximately $50,000 was raised by the two societies for their work among the wounded soldiers of the war, the money coming entirely from private subscription. On June 15, 1864, a branch of the United States Christian Commission was organized in Detroit for the purpose of sending delegates to hospitals, for the relief of the families of soldiers, and for the payment of soldier bounties. The city council of Detroit also appropriated money to these ends as did the county. A total of $1,577,183.76 was expended by Wayne county for general military purposes, for bounties, and for soldier relief work. Spanish-American War. A natural result of the Civil war was the lack of interest shown in the militia of the state. The country had seen so much of war that the thought of military matters was indeed repulsive to the people. Thus for a considerable period, the state militia was virtually a dead issue. As time went on, however, the people and the state officials realized that a reorganization of the state's military branch must be effected. A new interest was aroused in militia work, but still it failed to attract the attention of the men of the state as it had before the Civil war. Several reorganizations of the state militia system were made before the close of the Nineteenth century, with the result that by the time the trouble with Spain threatened, the condition of the Michigan National Guard was not all that might be desired for such an organization. 94 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY After years of smouldering resentment against Spain for its treatment of the Cubans, American sentiment flamed into war spirit when the battleship Maine was blown up on the night of February 15, 1898, as she rode at anchor in Havanna harbor. Thus Michigan sustained some of the first casualties of the war even before a formal declaration had been made, for several members of the crew of the illfated war vessel hailed from Michigan. On April 23, President McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers to enforce the ultimatum sent to Spain and two days later war was declared. Michigan was asked to furnish four regiments of infantry representing a combined strength of 4,104 officers and men, and the following day the Michigan National Guard was ordered to mobilize at the summer camp at Island Lake. With the new recruits, the guard was again reorganized, and since the state had raised thirty regiments during the Civil war, the first regiment for the Spanish-American war was designated as the Thirty-first Michigan Volunteer Infantry. Companies I, K, and L of the Thirty-first were raised in Detroit, and the commissioned officers from Detroit serving with the regiment were as follows: Colonel Cornelius Gardner; Major Charles W. Harrah; Surgeon Andrew P. Biddle; Lieutenant Frederick L. Abel, adjutant; Captain Duncan Henderson, First Lieutenant Walter G. Rogers, and Second Lieutenant William A. Campbell, Company I; Captain William A. Sink, First Lieutenant Cassius C. Fisk, and Second Lieutenant Addis C. Doyle, Company K; Captain Charles S. Baxter, First Lieutenant John S. Bersey, and Second Lieutenant Valentine R. Evans. After being mustered into the service in May, the regiment remained in southern camps until January 25, 1899, when it started for Cuba, arriving there a month later. It was then ordered back to the United States and was mustered out at Savannah, Georgia, in May. The Thirty-second Infantry was mustered into service six days before the Thirty-first. Companies I, K, L, and M were raised in Wayne county, and the commissioned officers from this county that served with the regiment were Major Thomas H. Reynolds; Surgeon Odillion B. Weed; Captain Louis F. Hart, First Lieutenant Alden G. Catton, and Second Lieutenant Leonard G. Eber, Company I; Captain J. Edward Dupont, First Lieutenant Harry S. Starkey, and Second Lieutenant George L. Winkler, Company K; Captain Henry B. Lothrop, First Lieutenant Winslow W. Wilcox, and Second Lieutenant John McBride, Jr., Company L; and Captain John Considine, Jr., First Lieutenant Richard W. Cotter, and Second Lieutenant Frank J. Cook, Company M. The regiment went to Tampa, Florida, in May but was never ordered to Cuba, it being discharged by detachments between October 25 and November 9, 1898. The Thirty-third Infantry was mustered in May 20, 1898, went to Camp Alger, Virginia, eight days later, and on June 6 embarked for Cuba to join the forces under General Shafter who was then preparing to move against Santiago. The regiment lost two men DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 95, in the battle of Aguadores on July 2, 1898. The regiment was ordered home on September 2, and was mustered out on January 6, 1899, after being in quarantine for some time at Montauk Point, New York. Second Lieutenant Charles O'Reilly Atkinson and ten privates of Company L were the only Detroit men in that regiment. Major William G. Latimer was the only Detroit man with the Thirty-fourth Infantry, which was mustered in at Island Lake on May 25, 1898, and went to Camp Alger, Virginia, and then to Cuba, about the same time as the Thirty-third. The last detachment was mustered out of the government service on January 2, 1899. The Thirty-fifth Infantry was mustered in at Island Lake on July 25, 1898. On September 14, 1898, the regiment went to Camp Meade, Pennsylvania, and was then ordered south, being mustered out, March 31, 1899, at Augusta, Georgia. Company F, of this regiment was raised in the eastern counties of the Lower Peninsula, and in addition to First Lieutenant Horace F. Sykes and Second Lieutenant Bertram J. Bishop, both of Wyandotte, several noncommissioned officers and fifty-five privates of the company were from Wayne county. Alphonse Balck, second lieutenant of Company A, a few men in Company H, and eleven privates in Company K came from Detroit and Wayne county. Several men from Wayne county were included in the 270 Naval Reserves on the Auxiliary cruiser "Yosemite" at Santiago Bay, Havana, San Juan, Porto Rico, and Guantanamo. Henry B. Joy, Truman Newberry and Edwin Denby were among the contingent from this county. World War. At the evening session of April 4, 1917, Congress in joint session adopted a resolution declaring war to exist between Germany and the United States. On April 6, President Woodrow Wilson approved the resolution and the United States from that date was embarked in the World war which had been raging in Europe since late in 1914. The declaration of war was attended by a rush for enlistment never before equalled in the history of the country. Within a month, Detroit had furnished nearly 3,000 men for the different branches of the armed forces of the United States. The national guard authorities of the state ordered mobilization and recruiting to full war strength of the various units of the state militia and also authorized the organization of such military units as would be necessary to round out the military organization of the state. But the United States had profited by the troubles of England and the other countries already engaged in the war, and to avoid the troubles experienced by the other countries in keeping the ranks of the army filled, the draft bill was passed by Congress, requiring all males between the ages of twenty-one and thirty-one to register on June 5. Of those who registered at that time, 11,829 from Detroit were subsequently chosen for military service in the National Army. The first contingent to leave the city under the terms of the selective service act entrained for Camp Custer on September 5, and their 96 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY numbers were 187. But while drafted men were kept in units as they came from their home states as far as possible, they frequently lost their identity, and the National Guard of the state remains as the distinctive mark of Michigan's answer to the call to arms. The 339th Infantry, the 329th and 330th Artillery regiments were composed almost entirely of Detroit men. With the National Guard units recruited to full war strength, they were sent to Camp MacArthur, Waco, Texas, where under order of the War Department dated July 18, 1917, the Michigan units were consolidated with the National Guard units of Wisconsin to form the Thirty-second Division, whose insignia was the Red Arrow, the Michigan men comprising roughly one-third of the division. As the ranks were thinned by action in France, they were filled by replacements who hailed from half the states of the Union. Their training completed at Camp MacArthur, the Thirty-second Division was ordered to France early in 1918, where its headquarters were established at Prauthoy, Haute Marne, on February 24, 1918. Although the Thirty-second Division was originally named as a replacement division, the officers of the organization were so vigorous in their protests that the order was rescinded and the division given the status of a combat unit. Before the order came through, however, virtually one entire regiment of infantry had been sent to the First Division to replace the men who had been killed with that unit in battle. When the Thirty-second had spent four weeks at Prauthoy, it was ordered to the Haute Alsace sector to complete its training in what was known as a quiet sector. On May 18, the Thirty-second took over a section of the front held by the French and continued to do so until July 21. At that time the division was moved to the vicinity of Verberie to act as reserve to the French army near Soissons. From there the division went to a point near Chateau Thierry where it was placed with the Thirtyeighth French Corps, Sixth Army, but it was soon consolidated with the Fifth American Corps, for the concentration of American troops in France had begun by that time. By the time the division was fully absorbed into the American organization, the Aisne-Marne offensive was well under way, and on July 29 and 30, the division relieved the Third division near Roncheres not far from Chateau Thierry. The attack of the division was launched the following day, and by the time it was relieved on August 7, the Red Arrow had pushed past the town of Fismes. Its next action was near Juvigny where its operations were as brilliant as those before Fismes. The division was next ordered to the Meuse-Argonne offensive, relieving the 87th Division on the night of September 29 and continuing the attack the next morning. The attack that was begun that day was carried successfully forward until on October 9 the division was facing the famous Kriemhilde-Stellung, German defenses in the back areas that were considered by the enemy to be impregnable. On the fourteenth of October, the attack was launched against this famous line which broke under the impetuous DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 97 charges of the American troops. Cote Dame Marie and Romagne were captured; Bois de Chauvignon was passed; and while the division was fighting its way through the Bois de Bantheville, it was relieved on the night of October 29-30 by the 89th Division and went into reserve. The 128th Infantry of the Thirty-second Division re-entered the lines on the night of November 6 as a part of the Fifth Division in the vicinity of Dun-sur-Meuse and participated in the crossing of the Meuse which has been characterized one of the most brilliant operations in the war. A brief rest after the armistice and the Red Arrow division began its march to Germany, crossing the Sauer river on December 1 and entered Germany. The division took up a position of thirty kilometers front at the Coblentz bridgehead where it remained until it was ordered home. The Detroit members of "Les Terribles," as they were known to the French, returned to this city on May 19, 1919, where they were welcomed by an overjoyed populace, concluding a service that was as arduous as it was brilliant in the military operations that it carried through so successfully. Following the passage of the Conscription law in 1917, the first registration brought in a list of 152,305, from which 11,829 men were selected in the first draft, mobilized soon after, and sent to Battle Creek to begin training. As soon as war had been declared, the Michigan National Guard was mobilized, the 31st and 33rd Regiments of Infantry, the 16th Battalion of Engineers, Harper Base Hospital Unit No. 17, Detroit College of Medicine Base Hospital Unit No. 36, the First Michigan Cavalry, the First Michigan Field Artillery, and Ambulance Companies No. 8 and No. 28 being mobilized at Detroit. The men at the front were well backed by the people at home. Red Cross auxiliaries made sweaters, socks, and surgical supplies; Detroit factories made munitions and airplane and truck parts; Detroit shipyards were placed at the disposal of the shipping board for the manufacture of fabricated ships; and in countless other ways, war work was carried on. Subscriptions in Detroit to the Liberty loans gave concrete evidence of the spirit and patriotism of the people. The first loan brought in subscriptions totaling $42,290,000; the second, $54,190,000; the third, $50,000,000; the fourth, $80,000,000; and the fifth, or Victory loan, $86,350,000, the last an oversubscription of $30,855,587. Various other funds were raised in Detroit, including $2,800,000 that was Detroit's quota of the Red Cross fund raised in 1917. CHAPTER VII COUNTY ORGANIZATION AND GOVERNMENT U PON the strength of the victories of Colonel George Rogers Clark, the state of Virginia claimed all the territory later included within the limits of the Northwest Territory to further substantiate their claims to the vast country, the legislature of that state in October, 1778, passed an act erecting all the subsequent Northwest Territory into Illinois county of Virginia, marking the first attempt to establish a county west of the Allegheny Mountains. Though the territory was nominally a duly organized county, it remained such a governmental unit in name only. But with the Western forts on the Great Lakes still in the possession of the British after the cessation of hostilities, the county organization carried no weight, and in 1792, John Graves Simcoe, governor of Upper Canada issued a proclamation forming the county of Kent embracing Detroit and the entire state of Michigan and extending north as far as the Hudson bay country. No sooner had the American troops invested the forts along the northern boundary of the United States than Winthrop Sargent, secretary and acting governor of the Northwest Territory issued the following proclamation on August 15, 1796, erecting Wayne county: "Whereas, by an ordinance of Congress of the thirteenth of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, for the settlement of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio, it is directed that for the due execution of process, civil and criminal, the Governors shall make proper Divisions of the said Territory and proceed from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the same into Counties and Townships, and, Whereas, it appearing to me expedient that a new county should immediately be erected to include the settlements at Detroit, etc., I do hereby ordain and order that all and singular the Lands lying and being within the following Boundaries, viz.: beginning "At the mouth of the Cuyahoga river upon Lake Erie, and with the said river to the portage between it and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum, thence down the said branch to the forks, at the carrying place above Fort Lawrence, thence by a west line to the eastern boundary of Hamilton county (which is a due north line from the lower Shawonese Town upon the Scioto river), thence by a line west-northerly to the southern part of the portage between the Miamis of the Ohio and the St. Mary's river, thence by a line also west-northerly to the southwestern part of the portage between the Wabash and the Miamis of Lake Erie, where Fort Wayne now stands, thence by a line west-northerly to the most southern part of Lake Michigan, thence along the western shores of the same DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 199 to the northwest part thereof (including the lands upon the streams emptying into the said lake), thence by a due north line to the Territorial Boundary in Lake Superior, and with the said Boundary through Lakes Huron, St. Clair and Erie to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, the place of beginning-shall be a county named and henceforth to be styled the County of Wayne-which said county shall have and enjoy all and singular the Jurisdiction, Rights, Liberties, Privileges and Immunities whatsoever to a county appertaining, and which any other county that now is or hereafter may be erected and laid out shall or ought to enjoy, confirmably to the ordinance of Congress before mentioned." Winthrop Sargent consulted with citizens of Detroit before his proclamation was issued in order that a suitable name might be selected for the new county. Those who attended the conferences were almost unanimous in the choice of Wayne in honor of the general whose victories had made possible the handing over of Detroit to the Americans. But in issuing the proclamation organizing Wayne county, Sargent usurped a power that was not his. In his capacity of secretary and acting governor, he was able to exercise gubernatorial authority only during the absence of Governor St. Clair from the territory. At the time of the issuance of the proclamation, St. Clair had just re-entered the territory, an act that nullified Sargent's work as governor. Furthermore, judging by a letter written to Sargent by St. Clair two days before the proclamation was made, it would seem that the secretary was apprised of the presence of his superior in the territory. Sargent, in the course of the correspondence on the matter that ensued between himself and St. Clair, declared that conditions of which St. Clair did not know compelled the erection of Wayne county. Illegal though the action was and angry though St. Clair professed to be over the proceeding, the governor ratified the act of his secretary and the organization of Wayne county became a fact. When the Indiana Territory was created by the act of May 7,.1800, the western half of Michigan was placed in the new territory, and as a result Wayne county was so decreased as to include that part of the county in Ohio, the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula and the tip of the Upper Peninsula. On July 10, of the same year, Trumbull county, Ohio, was formed, part of Wayne county being included in its limits so that the eastern boundary of the Ohio part of the county was placed at a point about five miles west of the present city of Sandusky, Ohio. When Ohio was admitted to the Union, that part of Wayne county lying west of Trumbull county, Ohio, and south of the present boundary of Michigan was pared from Wayne county and made a part of the state of Ohio. Following the admission of Ohio on April 30, 1802, and the increase in size of the Indiana Territory at the same time to include the present state of Michigan, Governor William Henry Harrison of Indiana issued the following proclamation concerning Wayne county: 100 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY "I, William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, by the authority vested in me by the ordinance for the government of the Territory, do ordain and declare that a county shall be formed in the northeastern part of the Territory, to be known and designated by the name and style of the County of Wayne. And the boundaries of said county shall be as follows, towit: "Beginning at a point where an east and west line, passing through the southern extreme of Lake Michigan, would intersect a north and south line, passing through the most westerly extreme of said lake and thence north along the last mentioned line to the territorial boundary of the United States; thence along said boundary line to a point where an east and west line, passing through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, would intersect the same; thence west along the last mentioned line to the place of beginning." When the Territory of Michigan was formed by an act approved January 11, 1805, the western boundary of the territory was made to be a line passing through the center of Lake Michigan and continuing through the Upper Peninsula on a line lying between the present cities of Escanaba and Manistique. Since Wayne county was then the only organized county in the territory, the western territorial boundary became also the western boundary of the county. The limits of the county were identical with those of the territory for the ensuing ten years, but on November 21, 1815, Governor Lewis Cass approved an act materially reducing the size of Wayne county. By this act, the western boundary of the county was a line running due north from the mouth of the Great Auglaize river to a point opposite the outlet of Lake Huron thence northeasterly to the white rock in Lake Huron. The Wayne county of that proclamation included the present counties of Lapeer, Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, St. Clair, Sanilac, Washtenaw, and Wayne, most of Genesee county and parts of Huron, Ingham, Jackson, Shiawassee, and Tuscola counties. On October 18, the following year, Cass issued a second proclamation which added to Wayne county the territory now included in the counties of Alcona, Alpena, Antrim, Arenac, Benzie, Charlevoix, Sheboygan, Claire, Crawford, Emmet, Gladwin, Grand Traverse, Iosco, Kalkaska, Leelanau, Manistee, Missaukee, Montmorency, Ogemaw, Osceola, Oscoda, Otsego, Roscommon, Wexford, and parts of Bay, Isabella, Lake Mecosta, and Midland in the lower peninsula, and the counties of Chippewa, Luce, Mackinaw, and Schoolcraft in the upper peninsula. This territory embraced the District of Mackinaw as defined in the proclamation of Governor Hull on July 3, 1805, and by the action of Governor Cass, Wayne county was made up of two distinct parts. Country embracing the present counties of Lenawee and Monroe was cut off from Wayne county by a proclamation of Governor Cass issued on July 14, 1817, and erected into Monroe county. The District of Mackinaw was next taken from Wayne county, and on January 15, 1818, another proclamation of the governor erected Macomb county, leaving Wayne county as large as the present county, Washtenaw county, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 101 and a strip six miles wide of Jackson county. On September 10, 1822, Cass issued a proclamation erecting Washtenaw county to include the present county of that name, the southern half of Livingston county, the four townships in the southeastern corner of Ingham county, and the eastern tier of Congressional townships in Jackson county. Until Washtenaw county was organized by an act of November 20, 1826, Washtenaw county was attached to Wayne county for judicial purposes, but since that date, no changes have been made in the limits of Wayne county. From the old Anglo-Saxon tun has come down to us the township, a smaller governmental unit than the county or shire of England. The New Englanders, familiar, of course, with the governmental details of their native land, introduced the township system to America, a system that has been universally accepted throughout the Union. Though the actual administration of the township affairs may vary with the states, the town itself is recognized as the best handling of local affairs. Michigan until 1827 placed the affairs of the township in the hands of a commissioner and though abolished in that year, the office of commissioner was revived in 1838 to last until 1842 when the present system of supervisors was instituted. Authority for the division of Wayne county into townships by the Court of General Quarter Sessions was granted by the legislature of the Northwest Territory on November 6, 1790, by an act giving to the court the power to make such division in any organized county. Since Wayne county was not erected until nearly six years later, the first division of the county into townships did not occur until November 1, 1798, the date on which the court approved the division into the four townships of Detroit, Hamtramck, Mackinaw, and Sargent. The extent of Wayne county at that time included all the present state of Michigan in addition to parts of Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin, so that the townships erected at that time were vastly larger than the corresponding divisions of the present time. The townships of Hamtramck, Huron, Monguagon, St. Clair, and Springwells were erected within what are now the limits of Wayne county by a proclamation of Governor Cass of January 15, 1818, the western boundary of the townships being the line of the private claims farthest from the Detroit river. This formed the last act relative to the formation of townships in the county until after it was reduced to its present size. On April 12, 1827, Governor Cass approved the act abolishing the office of commissioner of townships and on the same day signed an act erecting in Wayne county the townships of Brownstown, Bucklin, Detroit, Ecorse, Hamtramck, Huron, Monguagon, Plymouth, and Springwells, two of which have disappeared in the subsequent formation and revision of boundaries of townships. Brownstown Township, one of the largest in the county, was one of the nine formed by the proclamation of the governor in 1818. Situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the county, it is 102 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY bounded on the north by Taylor and Monguagon townships, on the east by the Detroit river, on the south by the Detroit and Huron rivers, and on the west by Huron township and Monroe county. The first election was held soon after the act became effective, the following officers being chosen at that time: Moses Roberts, supervisor; James Vreeland, clerk; William Hazard, Jacob Knox, and David Smith, assessors; William Fletcher, Isaac Taylor, and Elias Vreeland, commissioners of highways; Isaac Taylor, constable; Freeman Bass, poundmaster; Arthur Ruark and Garrett Vreeland, directors of the poor; and Clode Campau, John Conrad, William Fletcher, Hiram Hecox, Thomas Long, and Isaac Thurston, fence viewers. It is believed that the township received its name from Adam Brown, who was captured in Virginia in the autumn of 1764 by Wyandotte Indians when he was a boy of eight years. Growing up with the tribe, Adam Brown was adopted by them and became one of their most influential chiefs. He established his village on the banks of the Detroit river near the present village of Gibraltar where he lived until just before the War of 1812, the village site being given the name of Brown's Town. At the junction of the Detroit and Huron rivers, a trading post was established in the early days, and in 1806 Governor William Hull held a council with Indian chiefs at that point. Of the early settlers in the township, the names of Colonel Nathaniel Case, P. T. Clark, John Forbes, Jacob Garrett, Elias James, B. F. Knapp, Dr. John Letour, William Munger, Michael Vreeland, and Henry Woodruff are among the most prominent. Canton Township. Congressional Township 2 south, of Range 8 east, was taken from Plymouth township and erected into a separate township on March 7, 1834, nine years after it received its first permanent settlers. The town is bounded on the north by Plymouth township, on the east by Nankin township, on the south by Van Buren township, and on the west by Washtenaw county. The only officers elected at the first election held in 1837 were James Saffoid, supervisor; Thomas Hooker, clerk; and Amos Stevens, justice of the peace. The first settlers came to the township in 1825, among the pioneers being Daniel Cady, Childs Downer, Perry Sheldon, and William Smith. These men located in the River Rouge section in the southern part of the township. Dearborn Township. From Township 2 south, of Range 10 east, formerly a part of the old Pekin township, was erected Dearborn township by an act of the legislature approved April 1, 1833. At the time of its formation, the township was bounded on the north by Redford township, on the east by Springwells township, on the south by Ecorse township, and on the west by Nankin township. The name was changed to that of Bucklin township by proclamation of Governor Porter soon after its erection, but by an act of the legislature of March 26, 1836, the name was again changed to Dearborn in honor of the commander of the American armies during the War of 1812. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 103 The following men were among the pioneer settlers of the township: C. N. Brainard, Samuel Clay, Titus Dort, Richard Gardner, John Gould, Francis Leslie, James Moore, Jacob Mundinger, John W. Pardee, David Sloss, Daniel D. Tompkins, and Adam Ward. Among the most prominent of these men was Titus Dort, who began the manufacture of brick soon after he settled in the township in 1833. Most of the brick used in the construction of the United States arsenal and government buildings at Dearborn were manufactured by Dort. Dort was born in Vermont in June, 1806, and came to the county when he was eighteen years of age. He was elected justice of the peace in 1835, was sent to the legislature in 1842, was elected superintendent of the poor in 1845, became state senator in 1849, and held the office of supervisor for six terms. He died on October 7, 1879, one of the most influential men of the township. Ecorse Township, when it was created with eight others on April 12, 1827, included the areas of the present Ecorse and Taylor townships. The township is bounded on the north by those of Dearborn and Springwells, on the east by the Detroit river, on the south by Monguagon and Brownstown townships, and on the west by Taylor township. It received its name from the Ecorse river, so named by the French because of the birch bark obtained on its shores for the manufacture of canoes by the Indians. An Indian village stood for many years near the present site of Wyandotte long before the first settlers came to the township, these first white settlers being French for the most part. The location of the Indian village was the junction point of several important trails, and among the many councils that were later held with the Indians there, that of Pontiac's just before the attack of Detroit is one of the important ones. The township has become important in the manufacture of salt, vast beds of which underly that locality, and the transportation facilities connecting the township with Detroit have enabled the township to become an important manufacturing section of the county. Gratiot Township was erected on May 16, 1895, by the supervisors of Wayne county to include all that part of Grosse Pointe township lying north and west of a line parallel to the Mack road and 100 yards northwest of that thoroughfare. The first election was held April 6, 1896, completing the organization of the township. On October 9, 1923, and on September 9, 1924, the people voted for the annexation of three portions of Gratiot township to the City of Detroit, and as a result, the limits of the township have been materially reduced. Because the township was originally a part of Grosse Pointe township and of Hamtramck township before that, the early history of the locality is contained in the stories of those two townships. The township took its name from Colonel Charles Gratiot, in Harrison's army during the War of 1812, after whom Fort Gratiot near Port Huron was named, a fort which he redesigned and rebuilt. The military road from Detroit to the fort at the head of the St. Clair river was named the Gratiot road, a 104 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY name which was given to the township through which it passed. Gratiot township is bounded on the north by Macomb county, on the east by the township of Grosse Pointe, on the south by Grosse Pointe township and the City of Detroit, and on the west by Hamtramck township. Greenfield Township was set off by the supervisors from Springwells township on March 31, 1833. All of the Township 1 south, of Range 11 east, with the exception of the extreme southeast corner, and a strip of land a half mile wide across the northern edge of Township 2 in the same range were included in the limits of the township, the township being bounded on the north by Oakland county, on the east by the line between ranges 11 and 12 and the Pontiac road, on the south by a line running through the center lines of sections, 4, 5, and 6, Township 2 south, of Range 11 east, extending east until it intersects a line drawn parallel with the east line of Private Claim No. 260 and by the boundary line of Detroit, and on the west by the line between ranges 10 and 11 east. One of the first to settle in the township was John Strong, who established his residence there in 1826, to be followed in the next three years by Asa H. Otis from New York, Job Chaffee, Theodore Holden, James Messmore, Luther Scoville, James Smith, and Rodman Stoddard. Nahum P. Thayer, one of the pioneers of the township was elected the first supervisor in 1833, and four years later he was sent to the legislature to represent Wayne county in the lower house. Grosse Ile Township, originally a part of Monguagon township, takes its name from the island in the Detroit river that is included in the limits of the township. Thirty-five residents of the island headed by W. S. Blauvelt filed a petition with the county clerk on September 11, 1914, praying that all of Monguagon township "lying easterly of the center of the channel of the westerly or American channel or branch of the Detroit river and including Calf island, so-called, in said channel, be erected into a new township, to be known as the Township of Grosse Ile." On October 12, the board of supervisors took up the matter and ordered the erection and organization of the township. The first public meeting was held in the Central school, Grosse Ile, on November 23, 1914, George Thrall, Archibald M. Alexander, and Richard M. Moore being appointed special commissioners to preside. Grosse Ile was chosen by Cadillac as the site for his fort but the officers who were with him persuaded him to establish the stronghold on the mainland. When Cadillac attempted to establish title to the land along the river and to the islands therein, the request was denied. Father Richardie, in 1740, attempted to establish a mission on the island and bring the Hurons to it in order that the tribe might escape the depredations of the Ottawas, but after securing the permission of the Jesuit superior and the consent of the governor, Richardie was disappointed when the Indians asked to go to Bois Blanc island instead. The island, Grosse Ile, was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 105 considered government property and would have been placed in cultivation if the French regime had continued. When Pontiac began his siege of Detroit, his forces were encamped on Grosse Ile for a time. The title to Grosse Ile was conveyed by the Indians to Alexander and William Macomb on July 6, 1776, the deed being witnessed by Isidore Chene, an Indian interpreter and one time chief of the tribe, and by Pierre St. Cosme. The Macombs were prominent fur traders in Detroit, as well as being merchants, bankers, and real estate operators. The Macombs divided Grosse Ile into farms of convenient size and leased them to farmers. Among those who leased Grosse Ile farms from the Macombs were Justice Allen, James Anderson, Joseph Barriau, James Chittenden, Jacob Eiler, Robert Gill, Adna Heacock, Jesse Hicks, Henry Hoffman, Elias Horn, John Jackson, John Johnson, Edward McCarty, Solomon McCullough, James Mitchell, Charles Monger, Michael Myers, William Serret, Jacob Stoffer, and Thomas Williams. Williams was register of deeds during the British regime and was the father of John R. Williams, the first elected mayor of Detroit. Jesse Hicks erected a house and horse mill on the property he leased on the island. Edward McCarty's name is now that of one of the roads of the island. Charles Monger was killed in 1794, his wife continuing to operate the farm until the following year. Undoubtedly there must have been more renters on the island but the imperfect records do not contain their names. Judge Richard Butler, of Mt. Clemens, was born on the island in 1797 during the time that his parents were renting one of the Macomb farms. On April 16, 1796, a few days before the British troops evacuated Detroit to the Americans, William Macomb died, and because of that his will was probated in Sandwich. John W. William, and David B. Macomb, the three sons of William Macomb, were the beneficiaries and received all the real estate owned by their father. When the titles were presented to the United States commissioners in 1808, they were all confirmed. In that same year, 1808, the island was first surveyed by Aaron Greely, and again in 1819 the island was surveyed by Major John Anderson. William Macomb, one of the original title holders, built the Macomb Mansion on the island but never occupied the house. William Macomb, Jr., lived in the Mansion House until he was taken prisoner by the British and taken to Canada after the surrender of Detroit in 1812. Indians burned the fine old place to the ground during Macomb's absence in Canada. The old stockade, built of second growth saplings and surrounding several acres of ground and seven loghouses, was located about three miles below the Macomb house. The island is now connected to the mainland with a vehicle and a railroad bridge, the former being at the upper end of the island and the latter below Trenton. The island is noted for its beautiful homes and estates. Grosse Pointe Township was included within the limits of Hamtramck township until 1848, when, on April 1, that year, it was 106 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY erected into a township with the following boundaries: Macomb county on the north; Lake St. Clair and the Detroit river on the east; and on the west, the section line two miles west of the line between ranges 11 and 12 east, the north line of Private Claim No. 394 and Connor's creek, the line between sections 22 and 23, Township 1 south, of Range 12 east, and the west line of Private Claim No. 725. The northwestern part of the township was erected into Gratiot township in May, 1895. Among the names of the first settlers in the township are found those who came to this country with Cadillac. The De Lorme family, the Beaufait, St. Aubins, Rivards, and Gouins all lived in what is now Grosse Pointe township. The great marsh depicted on the early French maps and which constituted a large part of the township, was reclaimed some years ago by Thomas W. Corby, who built a seawall around the land and pumped out the water. What was once a country district farmed by French settlers has now become one of the most exclusive residential districts in and around Detroit, Grosse Pointe Farms, Grosse Pointe Shores, Grosse Pointe, and Grosse Pointe Park being the names of the residential divisions of the township. Hamtramck Township, one of the nine created on April 12, 1827, then included the present townships of Grosse Pointe and Gratiot, the area of the two latter being set off from Hamtramck as Grosse Pointe township in 1848 leaving Hamtramck township to include the western two-thirds of Township 1 south, of Range 12 east extending south to the city limits and west to line of Greenfield township. The derivation of the name is obvious, the township being named in honor of Colonel John F. Hamtramck. The first settlers found much of the land swampy and hard to cultivate, but by employing scientific methods of drainage, it was made good agricultural land. The last of Hamtramck township became a part of the City of Detroit when the electors voted to include within the city limits the remaining four square miles (approximate) remaining in the north part of the township adjoining the county line. The vote was taken on September 9, 1924. Huron Township, originally including the four Congressional townships in the extreme southwestern part of the county, was one of the nine erected by the act of April 12, 1827, receiving its name from the Huron river that flowed through it. Following the erection of Romulus and Van Buren townships in 1835 and Sumpter in 1840, the township was reduced to its present size of Township 4 south, of Range 9 east. Romulus township is on the north, Brownstown on the east, Monroe county on the south, and Sumpter township on the west of Huron township. The first election, held soon after the erection of the township resulted in the selection of the following town officers: Prosper Lawrence, supervisor; Dr. John T. Smith, clerk; Warner Corkins, Chauncey Morgan, and George Jewett, assessors; Mason Clark and Henry Dutcher, commissioners of highways; and John F. Atkins, constable. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 107 The township received its first settlers some years before it was erected, and among the pioneers of that locality were John F. Atkins, Warner Corkins, Simeon Drenn, Artemas Hosmer, Amos Howe, George Hubbard, Chauncey Hurd, Prosper Lawrence, Moses R. Newland, William Newland, Thomas Outhwait, John Smart, Timothy F. Wallace, Nathan Wilcox, Samuel Wing, and Matthew Woods. Though Dr. Jonathan Fay owned land in the township and was one of the first to purchase there, he lived in Detroit. While he was a member of the legislature then meeting in Detroit, he died in 1836, and the legislature adjourned to attend his funeral. Livonia Township. On October 20, 1829, the legislature divided the Township of Bucklin, one of the original nine, into those of Lima and Richland, but because they bore the names of postoffices in the United States, contrary to state law, Cass returned the bill to the legislative council for a change in names. The name of Nankin was accordingly given to the western half of Bucklin township and that of Pekin to the eastern half, the former name being that of one of the northern provinces of Russia. On March 17, 1835, the northern half of the township of Nankin was erected into the Township of Livonia, bounded on the north by Oakland county, on the east by Redford township, on the south by Nankin township, and on the west by Northville and Plymouth. The first town election was held in April immediately following the passage of the act, and the following officers were elected: Adolphus Brigham, supervisor; Silas Joslin, clerk; David French, treasurer; Adolphus Brigham, Thomas Harper, and Silas Joslin, inspectors of election. When the township was divided into school districts two years later, Harvey Durfee, Archelaus Harwood, and Benjamin Stephens were chosen school inspectors. George W. Ferrington of Livonia township represented the County of Wayne in the legislature for the terms of 1835, 1837, and 1847. Among the pioneers of the township were Daniel Blue, who took up land there in 1832, Pardon Briggs, Adolphus Brigham, John Cahoon, Gabriel Deane, Erastus Everett, Reuben Glass, James Grace, Thomas Hammond, Nathan Kingsley, Solomon Lambert, Gilbert Martin, Peter Meldon, Joseph Morse, George Ryder, John G. Welsh, and Nehemiah Weston. Monguagon Township, another of the nine townships erected by the act of April 12, 1827, since the erection of Grosse Ile township in 1914 has become the smallest township of the county, being bounded on the north by Ecorse township, on the east by the Detroit river, and on the south and west by Brownstown township. The following officers were chosen at the first election held soon after the township was erected in 1827; Abraham C. Traux, supervisor; James Chittenden, clerk; James Street, collector; Horatio Lud, Samuel Hickock, and Hurl Warren, constables; Gardner Brown, Artemas Hosmer, and Manoah Hubbel, assessors; James Chittenden, John A. Rucker, and Joseph Pulsifer, commissioners of highways; and Richard Smyth and Abram C. Traux, overseers of the poor. 10Q8 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The first settlements were made in the township about 1812, and when a name was to be selected for the township, that of the Pottawatomi chief, Monguagon, who lived on the Detroit river about 1755 was selected. Nankin Township was erected from the western half of Bucklin township on October 29, 1829, its area then including the present township of Livonia which bounds Nankin on the north. The township is bounded on the east by Dearborn township, on the south by Romulus township, and on the west by Canton township. The first supervisor was Rev. Marcus Swift, elected in the spring of 1830, who held office for three years, and his successor, Ammon Brown, was elected to represent Wayne county in the legislature in 1835. Dennison Palmer was the first to buy land in the township, he purchasing the southeast quarter of section 1 on November 7, 1818. William Woodbridge, territorial secretary and later governor of Michigan, purchased land in the southwest quarter of the same section. Although William Dugan and Edward McCarty purchased lands in the same township in 1820, no permanent settlement was made until about four years later. Rev. Marcus Swift and Luther Reeves came to buy land in section 3, but when they returned to Palmyra, New York, for their families, Reeves sold his land to William Osband. The Swift and Osband families came to their new homes in October of the same year, and Luther R. Osband, son of William, was the first white child born in the township. When George M. Johnson built a large loghouse in 1824 as a hotel for the accommodation of travelers between Detroit and Ypsilanti, he made the beginning of what was to become Wayne village. Northville Township, so named from the incorporated town of Northville within its limits, was erected in the spring of 1898 from the northern part of Plymouth township, and it is bounded on the north by Oakland county, on the east by Livonia township, on the south by Plymouth township, and on the west by Washtenaw county. Its early history is contained in that of Plymouth township of which it was a part when the first settlements were made. The first regular election was held in the spring of 1898 with the following men being placed in office: Charles A. Sessions, supervisor; Frank S. Harmon, clerk; Samuel W. Knapp, treasurer; Clarence L. Brigham, Frank Johnson, James K. Lowden, and Hiram Thayer, justices of the peace; Frank N. Perrin, John C. Buckner, Horace Green, and Loren Haynes, constables; Cassius R. Benton, commissioner of highways; and Charles C. Chadwick and Charles Dubuar, school inspectors. Plymouth Township, erected April 12, 1827, included originally all of Townships 1 and 2 south, of Range 8 east. With the erection of Canton township in 1824 and Northville in 1898, Plymouth township was reduced to approximately one-fourth of its original extent, its present limits including the south half of Township 1 south, of Range 8 east. It is bounded by Northville township, Livonia town DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 109 ship, Canton township, and Washtenaw county on the north, east, south, and west, respectively. On May 25, following the erection of the township, the first election was held with the following officers being chosen: William Bartow, supervisor; Allen Tibbitts, clerk; Philo Taylor, justice of the peace; Abraham B. Markham, collector; and Henry Lyons, Roswell Root, and Erastus Starkweather, assessors. Alanson Aldrich, although he was the first to enter land in the township and did so in the year 1824, failed to make any improvements in it until the following year. Abraham B. Markham, William Markham, David Phillips, Paul W. Hazen, Allen and William Tibbitts, Daniel Baker, Samuel Gates, John Tibbitts, Gerrit Houghtaling, Erastus Hussey, Luther Lincoln, and Edwin Stuart were all among the settlers that located in the township in. 1825-1826, a few locating within the present limits of the Township of Northville. The township received its name from the fact that many of the above-mentioned first settlers were descendants of the Pilgrims who came to this country in the Mayflower, and the name of their landing place was given to the township. Redford Township, originally named Pekin township, was erected from the eastern half of Bucklin township, one of the nine original divisions of the legislative council on April 12, 1827. The township of Pekin was erected on October 29, 1829, and the name was changed to Redford on March 21, 1833, eleven days before the Township of Dearborn was created from the south half of Redford. The township, including most of Township 1 south, of Range 10 east, is bounded on the north by Oakland county, on the east by Greenfield township, on the south by Dearborn, and on the west by Livonia township. Approximately 1,710 acres in sections 12, 13, 24, and 25 were annexed to the City of Detroit by a vote of the electors on October 9, 1923. The name of the township is the Anglicized form of Rouge Ford, a well known and much used crossing on the River Rouge on the route between Detroit and western points. Azarias Bell was the first white man to settle in the township, for he built a cabin on land he had purchased in the township in 1818 some seven years before the advent of any other settlers to that locality. Thomas Geldard, an Englishman, settled near Bell in 1825, to be followed by Benjamin and Joseph Green, Noah Benedict, Harmon Burgess and his son, S. R. Burgess, George Farrington, William Lyon, and George Norris, all of whom had established their homes in the township prior to the year 1832. After that date, Benjamin and Ralph Bell, George Boyce, Lewis Cook, Noah Peck. and Hiram Wilmarth took up land in that section of the county. The village of Redford was first known by the name of Sand Hill but assumed that of the township at the time of its incorporation. Romulus Township, although so named at the time of its erection on March 17, 1835, had its name changed to that of Wayne on March 19, 1845, but the people were dissatisfied with the new name so that it was changed back to Romulus on January 26, 1848. One 110 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY month after the erection of the township, the first public meeting was held at which the following officers were elected: D. J. Pullen. supervisor; John Simpson, clerk; Jenks Pullen, constable; George Dykeman, Joseph Y. Pullen, and Hale Wakefield, assessors; John Carr, Jenks Pullen, and John F. Smith, school inspectors; F. G. Jasper, Samuel Polyne, and Alexander Simpson, commissioners of highways; and Warren Blair and Benjamin D. Smith, overseers of the poor. Thirteen of the twenty-five voters present at this first election were placed in office. Samuel Polyne, a French-Canadian who located on section 2 in 1826, is credited with being the first white settler in the township, but he left the township soon after its erection. In 1830, Solomon Whitaker and Charles and Joseph Pulsifer settled in the locality, and shortly after their arrival, Jenks Pullen brought his six sons from New York to settle at what was later known as Pullen's Corners. The ensuing five years witnessed a flow of immigration to the township, among the arrivals of those years being Joseph Baleham, Warren Blair, Isaac and Richard Bird, Peter Bort, Orange and Orion Brown, John Carr, Peter De Lancey, George Dykeman, Hiram Fisk, William Hale, Ira Hall, William Lane, John Simpson, Benjamin Smith, Dr. John F. Smith, Philip Reynolds, and A. F. Young. Doctor Smith was the first licensed physician to make his home in the township where he practiced until the time of his death in 1861. He also served one term as supervisor. William Hale represented Wayne county in the legislature for one term. The boundaries of Romulus township, named for the founder of Rome, are Nankin township on the north, Taylor township on the east, Huron township on the south, and Van Buren township on the west. The character of the land in that vicinity is gently sloping, and drainage is affected by several small streams that flow into the Detroit and the Ecorse rivers, making the township admirably adapted to agriculture. Springwells Township was one of the nine original ones erected by the legislature in 1827. As originally created, it was bounded on the north by Oakland county, on the east by the City of Detroit and the Detroit river and Hamtramck township, and the south by River Rouge, and on the west by Bucklin township, now Dearborn and Redford townships. Encroachments of the city limits of Detroit and the incorporation of the City of Springwells has entirely obliterated the township lines. The name of the township was derived from its physical characteristics, it having a great number of springs flowing from the ground. The first white settlers were French farmers who located land soon after the foundation of Detroit, and the records of those times and the subsequent years are extremely meager. Among the private claims located in the township were the Livernois, Alexis Campau, and Knaggs farms, and tracts were claimed by John Askin, John McGill, the founder of McGill university, and Isaac Todd under Indian grants. It was in this township that the British landed from Sandwich on August 16, 1812, and began their march on Detroit. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 111 Sumpter Township, including Township 4 south, of Range 8 east, was taken from Huron township and erected into a separate township on April 6, 1840, under the name of West Huron. Subsequently the name was changed to that of Sumter in honor of General Thomas Sumter, Revolutionary war hero, but the engrossing clerk inserted a "p" in the name, which has since remained Sumpter. Situated in the southwest corner of the county, Sumpter township is bounded on the north by Van Buren township, on the east by Huron township, on the south by Monroe county, and on the west by Washtenaw county. The township received its first settlers before it was set off from Huron township. George Jewett, one of the first assessors of Huron township lived in what is now Sumpter, and Ira P. Beach was elected the first supervisor when Sumpter township was erected. The community is a purely agricultural one and has no incorporated villages within its limits. Taylor Township was organized on April 1, 1847, from the western two-thirds of Township 3 south, of Range 10 east, until then a part of Ecorse township, and received its name in honor of General Zachary Taylor, the leader of the American forces during the Mexican war. The township is bounded on the north by Dearborn township, on the east by Ecorse township, on the south by Brownstown township, and on the west by Romulus township. The first town meeting was held soon after the erection of the township, the following men being placed in office at that time: Jared Sexton, supervisor; Charles Steward, clerk; W. W. Fletcher, treasurer; W. N. Steward and Jared Sexton, justice of the peace; 0. R. Robbins and Chandler Wells, constables; William Shipman and William Sutliff, highway commissioners; Josiah Johnson and Samuel Brass, overseers of the poor; Chandler Wells and James Silverwood, school inspectors. About two years before the erection of the township, Peter Coan bought land in section 28 on which he erected a loghouse, the first, it is believed to be built in the township. James and William Sutliff soon came to the township after the advent of Coan and they were followed by George Brundrit, John Hayden, and John Moat. Somewhat later there arrived Isaac Combs, Joseph Clark, Josiah Johnson, Lucius Parmely, Jared Sexton, William Shipman, W. N. Steward, and Clark and Chandler Wells. The influence of the city has touched the township but lightly, and only in the extreme northeast corner have appeared the first signs of subdivision work, the precursor to incorporation within the limits of either Detroit or Dearborn. Van Buren Township, named in honor of Martin Van Buren, then vice-president of the United States, was erected on April 6, 1835, from Huron township, it being bounded on the north by Canton township, on the east by Romulus township, on the south by Sumpter township, and on the west by Washtenaw county. At the first election, Ebenezer C. Eaton was elected supervisor; Job Smith, clerk; Alexander Buchanan, treasurer; Amos Bradshaw, collector; 112 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Adolphus Dalrymple, Daniel Fell, and John M. Hiller, constables; Arba Ash, John M. Hiller, and James Vaughan, assessors; Waterman Connors, John Buchanan, and Miner Savage, school commissioners; Eli Bradshaw, David Fell, and Harvey Douglas, school inspectors; Benjamin Brearley, Daniel Douglass, and Isaac Otis, highway commissioners; and James McIntosh, overseer of the poor. Nathan Wilcox, who settled near the present village of Bellsville in 1821, is believed to be the first white man to make his permanent home in the township. Harvey Hubbard, Amos Snow, and Matthew Wood soon followed Wilcox to that locality, and Amasa Rawson secured a tract of government land near the western boundary of the township where he subsequently laid out the town of Rawsonville. County Buildings. To supply a permanent home for the county courts apparently never entered the heads of the first residents of the county, or at least no action was ever taken on the matter until 1845 saw the opening of the first county building. The circuit courts were first established as such in 1825 and with the passing of another quarter century the circuit courts were established on their present basis. During the years when Michigan was a territory, the courts met in the council house, the first of which was a wooden structure in the old town near the river and which was destroyed in the fire of 1805. The second council house was located at the southwest cornear of Jefferson avenue and Randolph street where, until it was burned in 1848, it stood as a meeting place for official bodies and other organization gatherings. The third council house was a military hall on Fort street that was sold by the government to the city in 1827. In that same year, the structure was removed to the rear of the First Protestant Society church at the northeast corner of Woodward avenue and Lamed street. In 1833, the First Protestant Society sold their church building to the Catholic parish and the council house was moved to the rear of the Methodist church on the northeast corner of Woodward and Lamed. Six years later the building was sold to the colored Methodist Episcopal church. Although the governor and judges received the authority to erect a courthouse and jail in 1806 and decided soon after to locate such buildings at Grand Circus park, nothing was actively done in the matter for another seventeen years. The sale of town lots was not needed in satisfying the claims of those who lost property in the fire of 1805 and the sale of land in the ten thousand acre tract north of the city, were to be used in financing the construction of the building. On July 25, 1823, the contract was let to David C. McKinstry, Thomas Palmer, and DeGarmo Jones on their bid of $21,000, and on September 22, following, the cornerstone was laid. It was not completed until May 5, 1828, the contractors taking in payment for their work 6,500 acres of the ten thousand acre tract and 144 city lots valued at $50 each, the acreage selling for $2.14 per acre at that time. The capitol was a structure 60x90 feet in DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 113 size surmounted by a spire 140 feet in height. Considerable dissatisfaction was felt at the time over the locating of the capitol at the head of Griswold street "so far out of town" instead of placing it on Grand Circus park according to the original plan. This building served as the capitol until the seat of government was moved to Lansing in 1847, after which the building was occupied by the board of education and used as a school. The courts met in the capitol building until 1835, but in that year the sessions were held in a private block at the corner of Jefferson avenue and Bates street. From 1836 to 1844 the sessions were held in the old city hall on Cadillac Square. In 1845, the court took up its meeting place in the newly completed county building at the corner of Congress and Griswold street. The new courthouse was 32x80 feet in size, the lower floor occupied by the county offices and the second floor by the court and judges' rooms. Small as the courtroom seems to us today, the builders and contractors were nevertheless commended by the Detroit Bar association for the "tasteful and commodious arrangement, neatness and simplicity of style." The last meeting of the court was held in this county building on May 31, 1871, when quarters were secured in the new city hall at an annual rental of $12,000 per year until the completion of the present courthouse in 1902. Though it was thought when the present city hall was built that it would provide ample accommodations for both the city and county officers for many years to come, it soon became apparent that the city hall as it then existed would be far inadequate for the purposes of both the county and city offices and courts. The number of judges for the Wayne County Circuit Court was being steadily increased, and the matter of housing the courts became a serious problem. When the fifth and sixth judgeships were created, courtrooms had to be secured outside of the building, and all the while various plans were offered and rejected for the solution of the question. It was suggested by some that an addition be erected in front 'of the city hall, while still others advocated covering the entire city hall block with a new building. The result was the decision to erect a new county building in the early nineties. In 1895 the site was purchased; ground was broken in September, 1896; and the contract was let for the building the following spring to R. Robertson & Company with the stipulation that the courthouse be completed by two years. Changes of plans and labor troubles delayed the progress of affairs, so that after the laying of the cornerstone on October 20, 1897, the exterior of the building was not completed until the autumn of 1900. Although the new courthouse was not ready for dedication until October 11, 1902, the general county offices moved into their quarters in July of that year and the courts moved in sometime later. The cost of the building site was $550,000, and the structure itself together with the furnishings represented an expenditure of $1,635,000, in all a total of $2,185,000. Undoubtedly the county building was the most imposing public building in the state at the time it was completed, for not only did 114 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY it have an imposing exterior but the interior was finished in many kinds of foreign and domestic marbles and in mahogany and domestic woods. County Jails. Before 1805, the jail was some small house that was used for a time as a place of confinement for prisoners and then abandoned in favor of another. References to the jails before that year show that the changes in location were frequent. Following the fire of 1805, an old blockhouse, located at the extreme eastern end of Ste. Anne street was pressed into service as a jail, but in 1808 the judges approved the renting of a house from James May to supersede the old blockhouse. In 1812, May agreed to sell the building to the legislature, and though the records show that the judges authorized the sale of approximately 1,400 acres of land in the ten thousand acre tract by the construction of a courthouse and jail, the deal was not carried through, for May, in 1813, placed a bill against the government for one year's rental of two buildings that were used for a courthouse and for a jail. This lockup was a stone and wood building. Later the Mansion House located at the northwest corner of Jefferson and Cass avenues. A wooden building enclosed by a picket fence and located on Jefferson avenue a short distance east of Shelby street served as the jail in 1815. From 1817 to 1819, an old blockhouse on Jefferson avenue near Randolph street was used as a jail. In the spring of 1819, a building 44x88 feet was built on the triangle of land at Gratiot, Farmer, and Farrar streets at a cost of $4,700, and though it was large enough for its purpose, it was apparently easily broken out of, for in 1834 it is recorded that all the prisoners confined therein escaped. In 1847, the supreme court ruled that the county had no title to the land and declared the jail a nuisance, whereupon it was torn down. The present site of the sheriff's residence and jail was purchased in 1847 for $1,000 and the buildings were erected on the property the following year. Additional property was subsequently purchased for $3,500. From time to time, the jail has been altered and improved as has the sheriff's residence, which was completely rebuilt on one occasion. The present county jail, located on the same land at Beaubien and Clinton streets is modern in every respect and can accommodate 178 prisoners at one time, although the speed with which the courts operate keeps the number of prisoners below that figure considerably. Eloise. By legislative enactment, the supervisors of Wayne county were authorized to purchase 160 acres of land as a poor farm and as a site for a poorhouse. Though the people in 1828 had rejected the plan at the polls, the matter was left in the hands of the supervisors by the acts of July 22, 1830, and of March 3, 1831, mentioned above. In March, 1832, the supervisors appropriated $1,200 to investigate the plan and appointed a committee for this purpose. On March 27, therefore, the supervisors purchased 17 acres from John L. Leib in Hamtramck township, now the northeast corner of Gratiot and Mount Elliott avenues for the sum of $200. On Octo DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 115 ber 4, 1832, David French was awarded the contract for the construction of a frame building on this property, to be two stories high and 66x32 feet in size, the whole to cost $950. For the first year and a half, the institution was under the direction of J. P. Cooley, and when the superintendents of the poor were created by the supervisors in 1834, Rev. Martin Kundig was made superintendent of the poor farm. The Sisters of St. Clare were placed in direct charge of the institution and continued so until the second poorhouse was occupied in 1839. During the administration of Father Kundig, the cholera epidemic broke out in Detroit, and so many orphans were placed in his care, that he erected a free orphan's home next the poorhouse, the legislature granting Father Kundig $3,000 in 1834 and the Female Association aiding in the support of the institution. The panic of 1837 worked a great hardship upon Father Kundig. He had contracted to feed the inmates of the institution for 22 cents each per day, but the financial panic sent foodstuffs soaring in price. The county paid him in warrants drawn on an empty treasury; he could borrow no money; and he lost everything that he possessed in the effort to keep his part of the unfortunate contract. He remained as superintendent, however, until the removal of the poorhouse to Nankin township in 1839. The Black Horse Tavern, a loghouse standing on an almost impassable road through a forest in Nankin township, was selected as the new home for the poor. Next the log building was erected a two-story frame house and a contract was let for the erection of a brick building on the site of the loghouse. The latter building was 36x78 feet and was provided with two cells for the confinement of drunkards and insane persons, chains being set into the walls in the cells for shackling the inmates if necessary. The brick building was extended 40 feet in 1856 and the frame building was moved to the east of the former. A wing, 34x70 feet, was built north from the west end of the brick building in 1859. Other additions and improvements were made in 1865, 1873, and 1876, and in 1887 the people voted $50,000 for the construction of two wings, 140x42 feet in size with basement. The board asked for the construction of a new center building in 1894, the request being granted, and in February, 1896, the completed center building connecting the two wings was turned over to the board. The Eloise Infirmary is the development of the Wayne County Poor House, which was called the Wayne County Alms-House in 1872, the Wayne County House in 1886, and finally the Eloise Infirmary. The Eloise Sanatorium is the hospital for the treatment of tuberculosis by the outdoor method that was started in 1903 with two tents with brick foundations. The first building of the hospital group was completed in May, 1911, and was opened for patients on June 6, following. The Eloise Hospital, formerly the Wayne County Asylum, was given that name on August 18, 1911, and is that group of buildings devoted to the treatment and cure of mental illness. On March 22, 1841, distinction was first made between the sane and the insane, but the first important building of the asylum 116 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY group was erected in 1869. Two wings were added in 1876; the center was rebuilt in 1899; a wing was added in 1904 and one in 1905. The Women's New building was erected in 1894, and the Women's Insane hospital was built in 1904. The postoffice name of Eloise was chosen in 1894 in honor of the daughter of Freeman B. Dickerson, then president of the board. The officials that have served the county are as follows, the dates of their election being given: Sheriffs: (Office dating from the time of the American occupation of Detroit in 1796.) Herman Eberts, 1796; Lewis Bond, 1798; George McDougall, 1800; Elias Wallen, 1801; Thomas McRae, 1803; Richard Smyth, 1804; J. H. Audrain, 1815; Austin E. Wing, 1816; Abraham Edwards, 1825; William Meldrum, 1825; T. C. Sheldon, 1826; Thomas S. Knapp, 1829; Benjamin Woodworth, 1830; John M. Wilson, 1831; Lemuel Goodell, 1839; Daniel Thompson, 1841; H. R. Andrews, 1845; Lyman Baldwin, 1851; Horace Gray, 1853; Joshua Howard, 1855; Edward V. Cicotte, 1857; Peter Fralick, 1860; Mark Flanigan, 1861; Francis X. Cicotte, 1865; Edward V. Cicotte, 1867; John Patton, 1869; George C. Codd, 1871; Jared A. Sexton, 1875; Walter H. Coots, 1877; Conrad Clippert, 1881; George H. Stellwagen, 1885; Louis B. Littlefield, 1887; James Hanley, 1891; Charles P. Collins, 1893; Harry F. Chipman, 1897; G. Duffield Steward, 1899; Henry A. Dickson, 1901; James D. Burns, 1907; George T. Gaston, 1909; Milton Oakman, 1913; Edward F. Stein, 1917; Irving J. Coffin, 1919; and George A. Walters, 1923 and 1925. Clerks: Philip Lecuyer, 1826; Jeremiah V. R. Ten Eyck, 1827; James B. Whipple, 1829; Isaac S. Rowland, 1832; G. Mott Williams, 1836; George R. Griswold, 1843, D. C. Holbrook, 1847; Silas A. Bagg, 1849; Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, 1851; Elijah Hawley, Jr., 1853; Enos T. Throop, 1857; David Walker, 1861; Jared Patchin, 1863; J. D. Weier, 1865; Stephen P. Purdy, 1869; Ray Haddock, 1873; Jeremiah Sheahan, 1877; R. A. Liggett, 1879; John J. Enright, 1883; William P. Lane, 1887; William May, 1891; Henry M. Reynolds, 1895; William H. McGregor, 1899; Louis W. Himes, 1905; Thomas F. Farrell, 1909; Milton Oakman, 1917; Thomas F. Farrell, 1919; Felix H. H. Flynn, 1923; and Thomas F. Farrell, 1925. Treasurers: Matthew Ernst, 1801; Richard Smyth, 1805; Conrad Ten Eyck, 1817; Peter Desnoyers, 1825; David French, 1833; Elliot Gray, 1836; Garry Spencer, 1837; Reynold Gillett, 1840; Peter Desnoyers, 1843; Daniel J. Campau, 1845; John B. Schick, 1850; G. M. Rich, 1851; William Harsha, 1855; G. M. Rich, 1857; John Bloynk, 1861; George Miller, 1863; E. P. Benoit, 1867, Paul Gies. 1869; John F. W. Thon, 1873; George H. Stellwagen, 1875; Calvin B. Crosby, 1879; Bernard Youngblood, 1883; Ralph Phelps, Jr., 1887; George C. Huebner, 1891; Milton E. Carlton, 1893; Alexander I. McLeod, 1895; Charles A. Buhrer, 1899; Frederick F. Snow, 1903; Forbes Robertson, 1905; William F. Moeller, 1909; Edward F. Stein, 1913; William H. Green, Jr., 1917; Godfrey Freiwald, 1921: Albert C. Fessenden, 1923; and Godfrey Freiwald, 1925. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 117 Registers of Deeds: Randall S. Rice, 1835; Charles W. Whipple, 1836; George R. Griswold, 1837; Josiah Snow, 1841; Silas A. Bagg, 1843; C. V. Selkrig, 1847; Henry Campau, 1851; H. R. Nowland, 1855; H. S. Roberts, 1857; H. M. Whittlesey, 1861; Edward N. Lacroix, 1863; W. E. Warner, 1865; Alonzo Eaton, 1869; John W. McMillan, 1873; Charles Dupont, 1875; Henry Plass, 1879; J. I. Mitchell, 1881; Charles M. Rousseau, 1883; Michael P. Roulo, 1887; Robert E. Bolger, 1889; John A. Heames, 1891; Ferdinand W. Marschner, 1895; Samuel R. Kingsley, 1899; Orrin P. Gulley, 1903; and Otto Stoll, who has been retained in office since his first election in 1909. Prosecuting Attorneys: Charles Lamed, 1819; Warner Wing, 1828; Benjamin F. H. Witherell, 1829; Warner Wing, 1830; Benjamin F. H. Witherell, 1831; Warner Wing, 1832; James Q. Adams, 1833; Benjamin F. H. Witherell, 1834; James A. Vandyke, 1840; A. W. Buel, 1843; William Hale, 1846; David Stuart, 1849; A. T. McReynolds, 1853; J. P. C. Emmons, 1855; J. Knox Gavin, 1857; D. E. Harbaugh, 1860; J. Knox Gavin, 1862; Jared Patchin, 1866; George Hebden, 1867; P. J. D. Vandyke, 1869; F. H. Chambers, 1873; J. G. Hawley, 1875; Henry N. Brevoort, 1877; Michael Firnane, 1881; James Caplis, 1881; George F. Robinson, 1885; James V. D. Wilcox, 1889; Samuel J. Burroughs, 1891; Allen H. Frazer, 1893; Ormond F. Hunt, 1901; George F. Robinson, 1907; Philip T. Van Zile, 1909; Hugh Shepherd, 1913; Charles H. Jasnowski, 1915; M. H. Bishop, 1919; Paul W. Voorhies, 1921; and Robert W. Toms, 1925. Circuit Court Commissioners: (Office created in 1843 with one commissioner until 1850, after which two commissioners have been elected in each county. E. Smith Lee, 1843; Elisha Taylor, 1846; George Robb and W. T. Young, 1850; George Robb and D. A. A. Ensworth, 1852; Addison Mandell and W. T. Young, 1853; D. A. Ensworth and R. H. Brown, 1855; R. H. Brown and T. S. Blackman, 1857; T. S. Blackmar and G. H. Prentis, 1859; F. B. Porter and Ervin Palmer, 1861; T. S. Blackmar and G. H. Prentis, 1863; G. H. Prentis and T. K. Gillett, 1865; T. K. Gillett and W. S. Atwood, 1867; B. T. Prentis and T. K. Gillett, 1868; B. T. Prentis and Edward Minnock, 1869; G. H. Penniman and Henry Plass, Jr., 1873; J. A. Randall and J. H. Pound, 1875; J. A. Randall and D. B. Hibbard, 1877; J. A. Randall and Henry F. Chipman, 1879; Charles Flowers and W. J. Craig, 1881; Joseph M. Weiss and John D. Canfield, 1885; Lewis C. Watson and John Considine, Jr., 1889; D. A. Straker and David E. Greenstine, 1893; Ari E. Woodruff and William A. Hurst, 1897; Samuel L. May and William H. Corlett, 1901; Samuel L. May and Charles C. Simons, 1905; and Samuel L. May and Henry G. Nichol since 1905. Coroners: (Office created with Northwest Territory and first legislature of the state authorized two coroners to be elected in each county. From 1851 to 1857, office was dropped but was revived by the revised statutes of 1857.) Herman Eberts, 1796; John Dodemead, 1799; Joseph Harrison, 1803; Joseph Wilkinson, 1804; Ben 118 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY jamin Woodworth, 1815; Benjamin Woodworth and Abram S. Schoolcraft, 1836; Daniel Petty and A. Y. Murray, 1837; A. Y. Murray and David French, 1840; James Gunning and James Hammer, 1841; James Beaubien and John Simons, 1843; W. W. Howland and J. B. Sprague, 1844; Alexander Leadbeater and Paschal Mason, 1845; John H. Hill and H. R. Nowland, 1847; C. W. Jackson and Alanson Parsons, 1850; D. D. Hustis and Enoch Lewis, 1851; George Moran and Daniel Murray, 1857; C. W. Tuttle and A. W. Sprague, 1858; Edward Lauderdale and Charles H. Barrett, 1861; J. W. Daily and Reuben Huston, 1863; J. W. Daly and Timothy McCarthy, 1865; J. W. Daly and P. B. Austin, 1867; James Cahill and John Gnau, 1869; A. F. Jennings and J. S. Griffin, 1873; J. S. Griffin and N. B. Rowley, 1874; James Cahill and N. B. Rowely, 1875; Peter Oaks and John Wilson, 1877; Peter Oaks and Adam Schulte, 1878; Adam Schulte and -, 1880; A. E. Carrier and J. D. Richards, 1881; A. E. Carrier and W. G. Clark, 1882; Martin Denne and Joseph Locke, 1883; Joseph Locke and Richard M. Keefe, 1885; Richard M. Keefe and Richard R. Lansing, 1887; Richard Toomey and Philip H. Brown, 1889; James Downs and James R. Keefe, 1891; Philip H. Brown and Frederick C. Beatcher, 1893; Joseph Bettinger and Daniel M. Butler, 1895; Henry B. Dickson and A. F. W. Forth, 1897; John T. Hoffman and A. F. W. Forth, 1899; John T. Hoffman and Charles A. Harrison, 1903; John T. Hoffman and Morgan Parker, 1905; Morgan Parker and John F. Bennett, 1907; John F. Bennett and James E. Burgess, 1909; James E. Burgess and Jacob W. Rothacker, 1911; Jacob W. Rothacker and Morgan Parker, 1917; James E. Burgess and Jacob W. Rothacker, 1921; and James E. Burgess and Albert L. French, 1925. Surveyors: (Office created July 31, 1830.) John Mullet, 1830: John Farmer, 1831; Eli Bradshaw, 1837; Elijah Hawley, Jr., 1841; William H. Brown, 1849; Henry Brevoort, Jr., 1851; Thomas Campau, 1853; Nathan Thelan, 1855; David Granger, 1860; William B. Knapp, 1861; William Ives, 1863; Nathan Thelan, 1865; A. H. Wilmarth, 1869; E. J. Goodell, 1873; L. D. Harris, 1875; C. H. Ellis, 1877; E. J. Goodell, 1881; Milo B. Davis, 1885; Thomas Campau, 1887; Elijah Goodell, 1893; George W. Turner, 1895; Henry J. Nauman, 1897; Elijah J. Goodell, 1899; Max C. Heise, 1901; Henry R. Smith, 1903; William S. Parker, 1911; George A. Dingman, 1917; William S. Parker. 1919; and Louis LeBar, 1925. CHAPTER VIII EDUCATION T HE educational history of Detroit and Wayne county begins with the establishment of Fort Ponchartrain and the village at Le Detroit by Cadillac. Knowing though we do that the founder of the post gave his attention to the education of the children at an early date, we have meager information at best as to what was really done in this direction. Cadillac, as did the priests of his time, realized that the surest and most effective way of planting the seeds of civilization among the Indians was by educating the Indian children. He realized, too, that the education of French children was imperative if the whites were to hold dominion over the little piece of country in which they had settled. The records of the Church of Ste. Anne show that between 1701 and 1710 ninety-four children were baptized, who, with those who were brought here by their parents, must have raised the number of children to well over a hun(Ired by 1710. Concerning the matter of establishing a school at Detroit, Cadillac wrote the following under date of August 31, 1703: "Permit me to continue to persist in representing to you how necessary it is to set up a seminary here for instructing the children of the savages with those of the French in piety, and for teaching them our language by the same means. The savages being naturally vain, seeing that their children were put amongst ours and that they were dressed in the same way, would esteem it a point of honor. It is true that at the beginning it might be best to leave them a little more liberty, and that it would be necessary for it to be reduced merely to the objects of civilizing them and making them capable of instruction, leaving the rest to the guidance of heaven and of Him who searches hearts. "This expense would not be very great. I believe, if His Majesty grants the seminary of Quebec a thousand crowns, it will begin this holy and pious undertaking. They are gentlemen so full of zeal for the service of God, and of charity towards all that concerns the King's subjects in this Colony, that one can not tire of admiring them, and all the country owes them inexpressible obligations for the good education they have given the people, for their good example, and their doctrine, and it is that which produced very good success in the service in the church in New France. I venture to tell you that you can not begin this work too soon; if you fear its expense afterwards, I will supply you with devices for continuing this bounty to them by taking it on the spot, without its costing anything to the King." Though no records exist that show the existence of a school, it might safely be assumed that, from the tenor of Cadillac's communication, some steps must have been taken to provide at least an ele 120 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY mentary education for the children of the village. The records show, on the other hand, that all too frequently, the high contracting parties in marriages, conveyances, and the like were unable to sign their names, and thus, if a school was established, its influence was but slight and illiteracy was the rule rather than the exception. During the latter part of the American Revolution and for some years afterward, a school was kept in the village by Jean Baptiste Roucoux. He was a native of France and came to Detroit where he married Marie Joseph Deshetres in 1765. His residence was on St. Jacques street in the old town, and he kept his school either at that place or in a building belonging to Ste. Anne's church. His death occurred May 2, 1801. The accounts kept by James Sterling, a Scotchman who married Angelique Cuillier, show that in 1775 he sold some goods to Drouin, whom Sterling called the schoolmaster at Chapoton's, and in the same year Sterling sold a spelling book to Lieutenant Jehu Hay. In 1778, Sterling's accounts show that he paid five pounds to John Peck for teaching his son, James, then thirteen years of age. In 1781, Daniel Garrit is mentioned as school teacher to the children of the regiment and Captain Andrew Parke was paid twelve shillings and six pence for schooling the regiment. Public schools in the sense that we know them today were virtually unknown in those. The customary method of securing education for the children was for the parents to hire a teacher and each family pay an amount proportionate to the number of children attending the school. It was also customary for the teacher to live with the families whose children attended his school, thus obtaining part of his salary in room and board. Firewood for the school was supplied by the families as were candles for lighting purposes on dark days. Such a system survived for a good many years and subsequently came to be known as the rate bill method of school support. In a city whose population was so varied, it was only to be expected that various schools were established. The French preferred that their children be instructed by a French Catholic in order that the children might get the grounding in the tenets of their faith and in the French language as well. The English and Americans of course sent their children to non-sectarian schools where the conventional Three R's were taught. The name of Charles Francois Girardin appeared as a teacher and baker in 1783, he later becoming a justice under American rule. Madam Mary Crofton taught a school for several years, and mention of her is first found in the records of 1783. A Mrs. Saunders also taught school during the year 1783. The Crofton school was maintained for both boys and girls, although it was customary in those days for the sexes to be segregated in their schooling. When the American Revolution showed the English that their occupation of Detroit could be temporary at best, the parliament of Canada refused to pass laws concerning the government of the settlement and the matter of educating the children of the settlement was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 121 entirely disregarded by the law makers. The citizens were therefore compelled to take the matter in hand and organize their own schools as they saw fit. Hugh Holmes kept a school for several years, his name being mentioned as a schoolmaster in 1790. In 1793 and 1794, Francois Houdon kept a school for children and slaves, and the accounts of John Askin for the year 1794 show that fifteen pounds and ten shillings were paid Houdon on September 30 to discharge a year's account as teacher. Although no information exists as to the number of children who attended the school of Joseph Roe in 1793, an account of November 10, 1794, shows that he purchased twelve spelling books on that date. Roe continued to teach until 1797. A school for girls was kept in 1795 by a Miss Adhemar, and in that year and in 1796, a Mrs. Pattison kept a school, one-third of whose expenses was paid by John Askin and two-thirds by Commodore Grant. A school was opened in 1794 by Matthew Donovan at a salary of thirty pounds a year in addition to the tuition, the money being subscribed by citizens who sent their children to the school. Although Donovan was employed until 1799, his habits became so irregular that his employers resolved to find a successor for him. Despite the fact that many of his patrons, among whom was the wealthy and influential John Askin, established a school in opposition to that maintained by Donovan, the man continued to teach school in Detroit, it is believed for several years after that. He was granted a lot in the new town under the act of Congress of 1806 but removed to Amherstburg soon after and died there in 1809. Many of the wealthier people of the town sent their children to Montreal to receive their education after they had absorbed the fundamentals as offered by the pioneer schools of Detroit. With the occupation of Detroit by American troops and the control of the territory becoming actually rather than nominally under the government of the United States, the people turned their attention to the education of their children with even more interest than they had heretofore done, for the Ordinance of 1787 provided means for the establishment of schools by granting land to be used for school purposes. A Mrs. Dillon kept a school in 1798. On August 24, 1799, Peter Joseph Dillon proposed to open a school in the village. The proposal met with the approval of John Askin and other influential men, and Dillon began his first term that fall. In the spring, however, Dillon had some trouble with Abraham Cook, who had become interested in the school and wanted it moved to his store building on Ste. Anne street. Dillon offered strenuous objections to the change on the grounds that the room proposed was so dark that he had been forced to give up the study of geography. The schoolmaster was agreeable to any change in location of the school that might give it light and air, but to the movement into the Cook store, he was unalterably opposed. In May, 1800, Dillon entered into a contract with John Askin, George Meldrum, and Mathew Ernest to teach school for a year, the 122 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY - number of pupils not to exceed twenty-two and the subjects taught to be those of reading, writing, English grammar, arithmetic, geography, and trigonometry. Dillon was to receive fifty dollars in cash when the contract was signed and the amount of four dollars per week during the school year, the difference between this amount and five hundred dollars being what Dillon owed his employers. Obviously, the teacher was a man unable or unwilling to look after his own financial affairs with the care that they demanded, for he became indebted to his employers and was therefore forced to conclude a contract not as advantageous as one that he might have made had he not been in debt to the men for whom he worked. An association to furnish a school and to employ a teacher was formed in 1800, any person being eligible to membership who was willing to pay the requisite dues and assessments. That same year witnessed the arrival in Detroit of David Bacon, a native of Woodstock, Massachusetts, who had prepared himself for the ministry and for school teaching at Yale university. In 1800, he was chosen by the Missionary Society of Connecticut for missionary work among the Indians south and west of Lake Erie. His original intention was to go to Mackinac, but when he began his journey to that post, his vessel was becalmed in Lake St. Clair, forcing him to stop with Bernardus Harsen, the owner of Harsen's Island. The latter persuaded Bacon to remain among the Indians of this locality to which Bacon agreed. After a time among the Indians, Bacon came to Detroit and in December returned to Hartford, Connecticut, where he was married. Before his return to the East, Bacon had arranged for the opening of a school at Detroit. When he returned to Detroit in the spring of 1801, he found that all arrangements had been made and the people were but waiting for his arrival. On May 25, he began his first term of school, and within a few weeks, Mrs. Bacon had opened a school for girls of the village. Bacon's school was not a great success. The fact that he was an American militated against him, for the entire population of the town then was French, English, Scotch, or Irish, all of whom had a healthy dislike for the Americans. Attendance at Bacon's school became smaller and smaller as time went on; his sermons, too, failed to draw less than they had at first. Becoming discouraged, he resolved to go among the Indians as early as possible in 1802, and in 1803 he went to Mackinac to work among the Indians in the straits region. In 1804 he went to Western Reserve as a missionary but declined the appointment when it was offered him in 1806. It is said of him that he was a poor missionary due to the fact that he was too austerly religious and bound up in his own opinions to win the regard of those among whom he worked. In 1798, Father Gabriel Richard came to Detroit, and in this man the village was fortunate, for few were more energetic in promoting the cause of education and the secular affairs of his parish than was this able priest. Father John Dilhet came from the River Raisin in 1804 to become the assistant of Father Richard, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 123 during the short time that he was here, he conducted a classical school, young men and women being the students who attended it. The buildings of the church and those that had been used for school purposes were entirely destroyed by fire in 1805, bringing educational work to a practical standstill for a time thereafter. When a corporation was formed for the rebuilding of the church, provision was made for the establishment of another school and for the appointment of teachers by the bishop of the diocese. Apparently the previous school conducted by Father Richard and Father Dilhet was very successful in its work, for four young women, Elizabeth Lyons, Elizabeth Williams, Monique Labadie, and Angelique Campau, conducted school work as early as 1804 under the supervision of Father Richard. Augustus Brevoort Woodward stands with Father Gabriel Richard as one of those most interested in the advancement of education in Wayne county. Though the two men were as far apart as the poles in religious thought and character, they nevertheless worked in harmony and with all their ability for the establishment of a university, the ultimate result of their labors being the University of Michigan. The people of Wayne county sent to Congress in March, 1802 a petition asking that one or more townships of land be set aside to be used for the erection and maintenance of an academy. Though Wayne county then embraced virtually the entire eastern half of the state, Congress looked still further into the future and set apart section 16 of each township for school purposes, the bill receiving the approval of the president on March 26, 1804. The act creating the territory of Michigan in 1805 embodied the provisions of this act relating to schools. No sooner had the judges met in their first legislative session than they turned their attention to the advancement of education in Detroit and authorized the amount of $20,000 to be raised by four lotteries of $5,000 each. The lotteries were not drawn at the time, and after the fire that destroyed the town at that time, no lands were set apart for school purposes in the plat of the new city as it was then drawn up. Father Richard petitioned the judges and governor to grant him a tract of land lying between Woodward and Griswold street and extending from Jefferson Avenue to Campus Martius in order that he might erect a college. The request was not granted and in 1809 the lot, now occupied by the G. & R. McMillan store, for which Richard originally asked, was sold to Isaac Todd. A few days later, John Goff petitioned the judges to grant him a lot for a school site and to assist him in erecting the schoolhouse on the property. This the judges refused to do, but the report urged that the citizens of the town take the matter under advisement and supply a school in the future. Angelique Campau and Elizabeth Williams presented a petition at the same time asking for the grant of several lots for the site of a girls' school, but this petition like the others was refused by the legislative body of the territory. 124 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Father Richard was not daunted by the refusal of the legislature to grant him a site for his school, and on September 12, 1808, he purchased from Matthew Elliott a large lot on Woodbridge street just east of Bates street for the consideration of $500, proposing to erect a school for young women on the land to be under the direction of Angelique Campau and Elizabeth Lyons. To further the project, Richard asked that the legislature appropriate a portion of the old shipyard near the foot of the present Woodward avenue for the school. The priest also asked that one of the four lotteries previously authorized by the legislature be granted for this same purpose. While Judge Woodward was absent from the meeting of the legislative council, the other judges took advantage of the fact to repeal the law calling for the drawing of the four lotteries, and as a result of this action, Father Richard's plans fell through. On February 26, 1809, nearly five years after the organization of the Michigan Territory, Judge James Witherell presented to the judges a bill that authorized the overseers of the poor to divide their districts into the most practical school districts and to return censuses of the children in their districts between the ages of four and eighteen years. The bill further provided that a general tax of not less than two dollars nor more than four dollars for the erection of school buildings and the maintenance of the school districts. The act was passed by the legislature of 1809 but was one of the acts declared illegal by the supreme court, and for this reason nothing was ever done in accordance with its provisions. Francois Paul Malcher in 1808 gave his farm to the trustees of the Catholic church to be used for religious and educational purposes, although the parishioners raised a small sum of money for the purpose of reimbursing Malcher in part. In 1806, the government secured a judgment against Mathew Ernest to an amount exceeding $5,000 when it was shown that Ernest, customs collector for the Port of Detroit, was short in his accounts. George Hoffman was appointed agent for the farm, located at Springwells and more than 200 acres in extent, and was commissioned to lease it for a year. Father Richard was the only bidder for the lease which he secured for $200. Soon after securing the lease to the farm, Father Richard sent to Congress a petition asking that the farm be permanently appropriated to the education of white and Indian children in the district. Father Richard spoke particularly for the Wyandotte Indians who were then encamped between the River Huron and the Ecorse river. In his petition Father Richard said, "That some time since the United States became possessed of a farm belonging to the late Collector of the Port of Detroit, on which there is now conducted a seminary for the instruction of the youth under the direction of your memorialist." From this it would seem that Father Richard had established a school there as soon as he had leased the farm from the United States through the agent Hoffman. He must have named it the Spring Hill school for he gives it that name in 1809 when he writes that he is about to move his printing press to that place. The DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 125 Indian school was successful for a time, but since the government refused to donate the land for educational purposes and Father Richard could not pay the rent, the good priest returned the farm to the United States on November 1, 1812. The adoption of the new city charter in 1815 again neglected the matter of schools. What schools were established in the city between 1815 and 1824, when another charter was granted, were maintained at the expense of the citizens who sent their children to them to be educated, and no public funds during all this time found their way to the advancement of educational matters in Detroit. One of the most popular of the private schools was carried on under a charter granted by the university to Benjamin Stead, James Connor, and Oliver Williams. Under the name of "the Lancastrian School," it was conducted in the university building and was started in 1818 under the direction of Lemuel Shattuck, who came from Massachusetts for that purpose. Though not a free institution, it was exceedingly popular in its time, its pupils.numbering as many as two hundred at one time. It was Shattuck who started the Sunday School on October 4, 1818, for the instruction of the poor children of the city who could not find the means to pay tuition at the Lancastrian school. The teachers were volunteer workers and were laymen, and thus the school is not to be compared to the Sunday schools of the present day that confine their instruction to purely religious matters. Even the new charter of 1824 overlooked the matter of establishing public schools, and public schools were not provided until three years later, when on April 12, 1827, the legislative council passed an act creating the Township of Detroit and another act for the establishment of common schools, the latter of which was drawn on the lines of the similar enactments of the legislatures of Massachusetts and New Hampshire some years prior to this time. The following provisions characterized this first school measure: The vote of two-thirds of the electors of a township was necessary to make the law operative in that township; a free school was to be maintained for each township of fifty families; tuition was to be required in those townships numbering one hundred or more families; two teachers were to be employed in townships having 150 families; two schoolhouses were to be built in townships having 200 or more families; the township could be divided into school districts at a meeting of the town electors; three trustees were to be chosen for each district; a moderator was to be elected in each district and which must vote a tax for the purchase or erection of a school building; no child could be excluded from school because of the inability of his parents to furnish the necessary allotment of firewood; and the curriculum was to include the teaching of reading, writing, arithmetic, spelling, and instruction in either the French or English language. The Detroiters were quick to seize the opportunity held forth in this act, and the following June saw the organization of the first school according to the provisions of the act. In May, a Mr. Cook 126 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY was allowed to use a room in the academy (the university) for a school, but soon after he opened the school early in June, Mr. Cook died, and because the trustees were unable to find a suitable successor for him, the school was closed. Many schools were established in Detroit between this time and the enactment of the general education law of 1833, and several bills were placed before the legislative council with a view toward securing funds for the establishment and expansion of schools. Although all the bills were defeated, that introduced by Robert A. Forsyth in December, 1826, is interesting in that it called for the levying of a tax on unmarried men of the territory, one-half of the revenue derived from this source to be applied to the support of public schools and one-half of be placed in the territorial treasury. Common schools in the City of Detroit were provided by an act approved by Governor Porter on April 23, 1833. Under its provisions, a special election was held in May for the election of six commissioners, six directors, and six inspectors of common schools, the city was divided into districts, school sites selected and. purchased, taxes levied for the erection of schoolhouses, and meetings of voters held. All children were to pay tuition if their parents could afford it, but in the event the families were too poor to finance the education of their children, the voters of each district were to meet each April to decide the amount of money necessary to defray the expenses of educating the poor children. Obviously there are glaring faults with this measure, and if any schools were established under the act, no record of them remains. By this time, it became evident that the education of the children could not be left in the hands of private interests if all the children of the city were to receive an adequate education. Public schools were rapidly becoming a crying need of the growing community. The school law of 1833 had done practically nothing to relieve the situation, and it was then that the people took a renewed interest in the Free School society which had its inception in the fall of 1832 before the pitiful attempt of the legislative council to remedy the condition. The Free School society, organized by a number of women, raised funds by various means with which was erected a school building and a teacher hired. A report of the society in December, 1833, showed that the average daily attendance at this school maintained by the society was about fifty pupils and that 150 names had been on the roll of the school since it was first started. The schoolhouse cost the society $475 of which they were able to pay $350 by the time of the above mentioned report. By that time, too, the society had expended $232 for salary of the teacher and expenses incidental to the operation of the school. In 1834, the report of the society shows that the membership was eighty-one and the number of pupils had increased to 200, and by 1836, two schools were being maintained by the society to be followed by a third in 1837. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 127 In June 1833 a school was started by sisters of Ste. Clare Seminary, of Pittsburg; a Miss Nichols, assisted by a Miss Tappan, opened a school for girls in Detroit the same year; in August D. B. Crane opened a high school in the old council house; September witnessed the establishment of a writing school by a Mr. Olds; and the a school for girls in Detroit the same year; in August D. B. Crane Michigan High school, established in 1834 in the upper room of the university building, was already being projected as early as November, 1833. One of the best patronized institutions at that time was the seminary for girls, located in 1835 on the site of the present City Hall. In that year, it boasted an enrollment of 777 children under fifteen years of age and 251 pupils between the ages of fifteen and twenty years. Twelve schools were then thriving in the city, representing an average daily attendance of 458. The school act of 1827 had failed to produce the anticipated results, and few schools were established in accordance with the plan outlined in the law. In 1832, the legislative council authorized the leasing of all school lands, the proceeds to be devoted to the support of schools. The act was slightly amended the following year, and in 1835 the annual income was required to be apportioned according to the number of children of school age in the township. The constitution of 1835 required the proceeds from the sale of lands granted for public purposes to be held in a perpetual fund whose interest (and rents from unsold lands) was to be applied to the support of the schools of the state. Lands granted to Michigan for school purposes showed an aggregate acreage of more than a million acres at the time the state was admitted to the Union, and the legislature in 1837 authorized the superintendent of schools to place the lands on sale. Through the inexpertness of that official in financial matters, much money was lost to the state through this means; the financial panic of that year also worked a hardship and the public lands were withdrawn from the market until financial conditions of the state and country improved, Governor Mason had stressed the necessity of creating an efficient school system in that same year, and two years later he vetoed a bill that might have placed a large part of the school lands in the hands of land speculators. Toward the close of 1837, the matter of establishing a public school system in Detroit became a matter of general interest and discussion, with the result that on December 2, that year, the common council of the city requested the city attorney, A. W. Buel, to investigate the matter and report the steps necessary to the creation of a suitable school system under the provisions of the laws passed at the previous session of the legislature. The attorney's report was made a week later, and in April, 1838, the council formed a committee of three school inspectors, Henry Chipman, James F. Joy, and John Farmer. A census was taken of the number of children of school age then in the five fire wards of the city, and 'upon the basis of this census, the city was divided into seven school districts the following May, of the same year. School assess 128 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ments were made separately for each district and not uniformly, for the needs of the various districts were not the same. The system worked as well as could be expected, but inasmuch as the popular conception of school government demanded that the state maintain a general supervision and each district govern itself, the schools suffered somewhat from the lack of a centralized municipal control of the schools. Reports of the school inspectors at the time show that attendance at the schools was frequently nearly as low as ten percent of the child population of the district, that districts were unable to hire teachers, and that school terms often were but three months in length. School affairs remained in that deplorable state until September 14, 1841, when upon a resolution submitted to the city fathers by Dr. Zina Pitcher, the council appointed a committee to consider the school situation and plan a better system than the one then more or less operative. At a public meeting held January 12, 1842, the report of the committee and its plan for an improved school system was endorsed by the people, and resolutions were adopted asking the state legislature to enact the plan into a law. A certain amount of opposition developed against the plan, because a good many of the citizens were doubtful as to the real benefit the city would derive from public schools. To explain things more fully and to win over the doubtful ones, a second meeting was held in February, 1842, the result of which was that the petition of the Detroiters was placed before the legislature and on February 17 was enacted into a law, receiving the approval of the governor the following day. By the provisions of the act, Detroit was created one school district to be governed by a board of education composed of two representatives from each ward of the city making a total of twelve school inspectors. All children between the ages of four and seventeen years were to be given free education which was to be paid for by an annual tax not to exceed one dollar per child. Though changes have been made from time to time as the city grew, the act of 1842 remains as the cornerstone of the present public school system of Detroit. On March 15, 1842, the board of education met and organized having the following officers and members: Dr. Douglas Houghton, president; John S. Abbott, secretary; Daniel J. Campau, treasurer; Samuel Bartsow; Ebenezer Byram; Justus Ingersoll; William Patterson; Charles Peltier; George Robb; Elijah J. Roberts; Willard E. Stearns; John Watson; and John Winchell. The first act of the board was to rent four buildings located in four of the six wards and to open school terms in them in May. What were termed middle schools were opened the following November with approximately 500 pupils in attendance. At a salary of thirty dollars per month for each teacher, the following persons were secured by the board as teachers in the middle schools: Joshua N. Alvord, John H. Anderson, Thomas Grant, Charles W. Hayes, and Dennis O'Brien. Six women were employed as teachers in the primary schools, they receiving salaries of eighteen dollars per month. OLD VIEW NORTHWEST CORNER ADAMS AND WOODWARD-D. C. HOLBROOK MANSION OLD VIEW SOUTHEAST CORNER GRATIOT AND FARMER STREETS RESIDENCE OF JONATHAN KEARSLEY AT JEFFERSON AND RANDOLPH NORTHEAST CORNER GRISWOLD AND CONGRESS STREETS NEAR SITE OF MADISON THEATRE LONG AGO METHODIST CHURCH, WOODWARD AND STATE, USED 1849-1865 THE LINN IOUSE AT ADAMS AND PARK BOULEVARD. NORTHEAST SOUTH SIDE OF FORT STREET FROM GRISWOLD TO THIRD —HOUSE BUILT IN 1829 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 129 The city by 1881 included thirteen wards with the result that the board of education then had a membership of twenty-six. With such a large number of members, the board was unwieldy, and on March 11, 1881, a new law was passed reducing the members to twelve, to be elected from the city at large, six being elected every two years so that only half of the board might be changed at one time. Again in March, 1899, the composition of the board was changed, this time to consist of one member from each ward. Even this arrangement resulted in a board too large to handle business efficiently as the city increased in size. An act of the legislature was passed in 1913 that made the boards of education of cities of more than 250,000 population constituting a single school district to consist of seven school inspectors elected from the city at large for terms of six years each, two inspectors being elected every two years and three taking office after every third election. Detroit went to the polls in November, 1916, to approve or reject the plan which was carried by a majority of approximately 5X2 to 1. The inspectors under the new plan were elected the following April and took office on July 1, 1917. The composition of the board has remained the same up to the present time, and that the move was a wise one is evidenced by the progress of the school system during the years subsequent to 1917. When the administration of the city's school system was placed in the hands of a board of education in 1842, and since no school 'buildings had been erected, the board was forced to rent small buildings and rooms in which to hold the classes. Four buildings were leased the first year at a cost of $160, and in November of that year, 1842, the council authorized the board to use the old Washington Market at the northeast corner of Lamed and Wayne streets for school purposes, $75 being spent to renovate the building. The market building was used for a school until May, 1847. By permission of the trustees, space was occupied in the university building on Bates street for common school purposes from 1844 to 1858. The first school built by the board of education was located on West Park near Grand River avenue and was erected at a cost of $540 in 1843, being used until August, 1855, when it was removed from that location. By 1847, five years after the creation of the school district with a board of education, only three buildings were owned by the board. In that year, however, the old state capitol, on the site of the present Capitol park, was vacated, and in May the board of education appointed a committee to ask the council that the building be turned over to the board to be used for a school. After some delay, the board finally took possession of the building which was used as a school until it was razed. The first union school building to be erected by the board, and the first building to be named after a person, was the Barstow school, named in honor of Samuel Barstow and opened in May, 1850. The second union school was opened in 1853 and was named in honor of Douglas Houghton, the first president of the board. 130 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Although the matter of establishing a high school must have been discussed by the board at different times after its organization, the first mention of it is made on April 22, 1844, when a committee was appointed to investigate the matter and formulate a feasible plan for the establishment of such a school. The regents of the university offered the old academy building on Bates street to the board as a high school; on May 2, money was appropriated to conduct a high school on the two upper floors of this building. Membership was restricted to boys eleven years old or more who had attended common school at least three months and had passed an examination. The first enrollment of the new high school was twenty-five, but the arrangement was unsatisfactory and the school lived but a short time. Although a legislative act of January 20, 1855, gave more powers to the board in establishing and maintaining a high school, nothing was done toward this end until February 20, 1856, when D. B. Duffield asked that a committee be formed to take the question under advisement. The issue was postponed, however, until 1858, but in that year another high school was organized and began classes on August 30 on the upper floor of the Miami Avenue school. The following year, a high school building was erected in the rear of the lot on which stood the school in which the high school was started, and in this new building the school remained until September, 1863, when it was moved to the second floor of the old capitol building. In 1875 a separate building to house the high school was built in front of the old capitol building. After enduring the vicissitudes of its earlier years, the high school began to make good progress in the development of its curriculum, and in 1878, a committee from the university gave the school what is now termed the accredited ranking, allowing the graduates of the Detroit high school to enter the state university without the preliminary college entrance examinations. From the old system of grouping eight grades in one building and the four grades of the high school in a second, the school system has developed along the Junior and Senior high school and the technical high school lines, a plan known as the 6-3-3 system. Six grades are grouped in one building, the next three are grouped as the Junior high school, and the last three years of high school constitute still a third division. Detroit now has seven Junior high schools, the Cass Technical high school, the Wilkins high school of commerce, and Northern, Northeastern, Northwestern, Southern, Southeastern, Southwestern, and Western high schools. Although a kindergarten was held in the old Barstow building in 1873, the kindergarten was not established as a part of the public school system of the city until 1895 with an attendance of 513 pupils. Evening schools, for the instruction of adults who desire to continue their elementary education, were inaugurated in 1875 with an attendance in that year of 123 persons. Their popularity has steadily increased until at the present time the attendance is in the neighborhood of 15,000. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 131 With a school census of 6,965 and an enrollment of 4,250 pupils in the public schools, the enrollment has consistently remained approximately 50 per cent of the number of children in Detroit between the ages of five and seventeen years. With the school attendance at about 250,000 as it is at the present time, the number of pupils in the public schools of the city still represent only about half of those of school age in the city. Parochial and Private Schools. That parochial and private schools hold a definite place in the educational work of the city and county can not be denied. Indeed, it might be said that the beginning of education in Detroit were found in the schools maintained by the churches, for it was many years before the city was to see public common schools emancipated from the direction of the church. The work of Father Gabriel Richard, the staunchest advocate of adequate schools, has already been noted in the early part of this chapter. Following the start made by Richard, several Sisters of St. Claire came to Detroit in 1833 under the leadership of Sister Superior Von De Vogel to establish a seminary for girls. Four years later found them conducting a German and English free school with forty-five pupils in attendance, but in that year their school was succeeded by the French Female Charity school sponsored by Mrs. Antoine Beaubien. Elizabeth Williams, sister of John R. Williams, was installed as teacher of the French seminary for girls and continued in the work until the time of her death in 1843, when Miss Matilda Couchois taught for a year. The Sisters of Charity then took over the school. Four Sisters of Charity arrived in Detroit on May 30, 1844, and on June 10, following, they opened a free school for boys and girls in a frame building located at the southwest corner of Randolph and Lamed streets. When the boys were transferred to the basement of Ste. Anne's church on the first of May, 1845, the name of the old building, which was maintained thereafter as a girls' school, was changed to St. Vincent's Seminary. Of the 100 pupils attending the school in 1846, about twenty-five of them were paying tuition. A brick building was erected on the adjoining lot on Lamed street in 1852, a time when the attendance had reached the total of 150, and by 1870 more than 200 pupils were attending the seminary. In 1871, the Sisters of St. Claire gave up the management of the school, which was under the direction of lay teachers for ensuing four years. The boys' division in the basement of the church was managed by the Sisters until September, 1851, when five brothers of the Christian schools took over the work. In that same year a brick addition was made at the rear of the church for the accommodation of the school, and the following year showed an attendance of 400 pupils at the school. The seminary was discontinued in July, 1864. Trinity church at Porter and Sixth streets maintained a parish school in the basement of the church as early as 1850 under the preceptorship of Daniel O'Connor. The sexes were segregated the 132 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY following year, and the brothers of the Christian school began to teach the boys. A brick schoolhouse was erected just east of the priest's house on Porter street in 1853, the girls' school being maintained in the basement of the church until 1858, when a large school building was erected on Porter street between Sixth and Seventh streets, the building having been enlarged and improved several times subsequent to that time. The school was first under the direction of the Sisters of Charity and after 1872 by the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The parish of St. Mary's established a school for girls in 1850 with an initial enrollment of eighty pupils, and although it was first taught by lay teachers, the Sisters of Notre Dame, of Milwaukee, took charge of the school in 1866, continuing until the present time. Opening on September 24, 1852, the school for boys had grown to more than 300 pupils before the end of that year. In 1868, a brick schoolhouse was built at the corner of St. Antoine and Croghan, now Monroe avenue. The first parish school of SS. Peter and Paul was established in 1858 under the direction of the brothers of the Christian school, who continued in the work only three years, when the school was placed in the hands of lay teachers. The Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary assumed charge of the school on September 9, 1864, and continued so until 1881. Subsequently, the sisters again took over the direction of the school and continue in the management of the work at the present time. Another parish school started in 1850 was that of St. Joseph's parish, 100 pupils attending at that time. The parochial school of St. Boniface was established in 1869 and a school building was erected in the same year. In August, 1872, the parish of St. Vincent de Paul opened a school that was at first taught by lay teachers, and in September, 1874, the girls were placed under the instruction of the Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Our Lady of Help parochial school was established in 1872; St. Albertus' school began in the same year; St. Joachim's, first known as the Sacred Heart French school, was opened in June, 1875; Sacred Heart German school began in April, 1875; St. Cassimer's Polish school was started in the early Eighties; Most Holy Redeemer was instituted in 1882; and St. Anthony's parochial school on Gratiot avenue had its inception in 1854 in a frame building erected especially for that purpose. Sacred Heart Academy is one of the leading Catholic schools of the county and had its inception in June, 1851, when the Society of the Sacred Heart established it at the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Antoine Beaubien and with the approval of Bishop Lefevre, when a convent was opened by the society in a frame building on the north side of Jefferson avenue near the old railroad bridge. The attendance at this school grew so rapidly that in the second year removal was made to a brick building at the corner of Jefferson avenue and St. Antoine street. A property known by the name of Elmwood was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 133 purchased in 1854, and there the boarding and day schools and the free school were established the following year. With this as a nucleus, the Sacred Heart Academy has steadily grown, and so thorough is the training it gives that it is patronized by non-Catholics as well as by Catholics. Many of the men and women prominent in the history of Detroit received their education at that instituition. After a few years at Elmwood, the property at the corner of Jefferson avenue and St. Antoine street was donated to the society by the Beaubiens, and there was erected the convent that was a landmark of the community for more than half a century. But by that time, the convent had outlived its usefulness and property on Lawrence avenue was purchased and the new Sacred Heart Academy was opened there in 1918. Still, however, the directors were not satisfied and property at Wilson avenue and Chicago boulevard was acquired. Approximately $4,000,000 was raised for the construction of new academy buildings and on July 2, 1922, Bishop Gallagher laid the cornerstone of the first unit in the presence of a crowd of people estimated at some 25,000. In curriculum and thoroughness of the work given the students at the academy, nothing is left undone with the result that the Sacred Heart Academy ranks as one of the leading educational institutions of the city. Also conducted by the Society of the Sacred Heart is the Sacred Heart convent at Grosse Pointe Farms as an offshoot of the institution founded in 1851. The Grosse Pointe boarding school was opened in 1885 as a boarding school at which the children might obtain all the advantages of healthy living conditions and food, dairy products for the institution being produced on the land of the convent. Two years later, a parochial school for smaller children was opened in the same neighborhood by the society. The St. Cyril and Methodius Catholic Seminary was established for the theological education of Polish students, and the first building, opened on December 20, 1886, was located on St. Aubin avenue between Forest and Garfield avenues. The establishment and maintenance of parochial schools have not been left entirely to the Roman Catholic churches, however, for many of the protestant churches in the city have established similar schools for the education of the children of the parishes. First of these was St. John's German Evangelical school at Monroe avenue and Farrar street which was established in 1843. Two years after that, a school building was erected in the rear of the church and classes were held here intermittently during the ensuing twenty years. On January 2, 1884, twenty-two pupils attended the opening session of St. Mark's German Evangelical school located at the corner of Military avenue and Dix street. In 1846 St. Matthew's Lutheran school was organized and started in a building on Congress street near Russell street, the same site on which was built a schoolhouse four years later. In 1850, Trinity Evangelical Lutheran school was established and classes held in the old frame church on Lamed street between Russell and Rivard streets. Two years later came the organization of Zion German Reformed Luth 1'34 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY eran school, which met in a church on Croghan street, now Monroe avenue, near Beaubien until 1857. For four years from the latter date, the school was inactive, but in 1861 a school building was erected on Russell street and the schooling resumed. On the south side of Catherine street between Hastings and St. Antoine streets was located the Salem Lutheran school which was established in 1864, and the Immanuel Evangelical Lutheran school that was started two years later was located originally on Ninth avenue near Orchard street. In the early Seventies was instituted St. Paul's Lutheran school at the corner of Joseph Campau avenue and Jay street, and in the fall of 1878 Zion Evangelical Lutheran school was started in a building on Welch avenue in Springwells. St. Paul's Second German Evangelical school was established in 1873 and located at the corner of Seventeenth and Rose streets. In 1879 St. Peter's German Evangelical Lutheran school was started on Pierce street near Chene street. Michigan State Auto School, though not connected in any way with public instruction, nevertheless deserves recognition in this work for the unique service it has rendered in the advancement of the automobile industry by turning out skilled mechanics. Organized in 1910 with a capital stock of $10,000, the school had but few instructors and less than one hundred pupils at the time it was started. The tuition fee entitles the student to a life membership so that he may at any time return to the school and take additional courses. The curriculum includes study of the chassis, motor, ignition, repairing, and special courses in welding, tire and battery repairing, and machine shop practice. Recently, the school occupied a new million-dollar building equipped with the most modern machinery and material for instruction. Private Schools. Detroit, particularly in the early days, had its complement of private schools, the first of which was that conducted by John Goff in a building on the bank of the river near the mouth of the Savoyard river. Subsequently Goff moved his school to Woodbridge street between Randolph and Bates streets. Though Goff was a man of questionable character, his wife, an exceedingly able woman, assumed the duties of much of the teaching, and until 1816 a school was conducted under the name of Goff. From 1810 to the summer of 1812, Daniel Curtis kept a school here, and from that year until 1818, a man named Payne, or Peyn, of good family and standing in the community, taught school in Detroit. Fragmentary records show that a Mr. Rowe kept a school in a wooden building on Griswold street near Jefferson avenue in 1813. On June 10, 1816, was opened a common school by a Mr. Danforth whose bellicose disposition led him to throw books, rulers, and even a knife at his pupils, so that he was forced to betake himself to the Canadian side of the river to escape the outraged parents. Soon after the abrupt flight of Danforth, Levi Cook opened a school in a building owned by Joseph Campau at the corner of Jefferson avenue and Griswold street, a school that lasted but twelve months. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 135 The education of the youth of the town was largely placed in the hands of these private teachers for many years. Besides those already mentioned are the following with the years which they taught: Mr. and Mrs. William Brookfield, 1817-18; John J. Deming, 1818; E. W. Goodwin, 1821; T. Young, at May's Creek, 1821; William Brookfield and wife, a seminary in 1821-22; Eliza S. Trowbridge, 1822; Orestes A. Brownson, Springwells, 1821-22; Mr. and Mrs. John M. Kinney, at Griswold and Lamed streets, 1823-25; Mrs. John M. Kinney, 1826; Mr. Carpenter, 1823-24; in university building; Mr. Shepard, 1824, university building; Mrs. Shepard, 1825, female school in university building; P. W. Healy, 1828, in university building; Delos Kinnicut, 1829, in university building; Anson E. Hathon and Edward Jerome, 1828-32; and Joel Tucker, teacher of English common school which started in 1829 after a public meeting and was located on the grounds at the Military reserve, adjoining the Cass Farm after May 30, 1830. The Female Seminary was one of the best known of the early private schools. It was created in response to a resolution adopted by a citizens' meeting concerning the establishment of such a school. The society for the school was organized March 18, 1830, and the property now occupied by the city hall was set aside as a school site. The first meeting of the society was held six days later, the following officers and directors being chosen by the incorporators: Lewis Cass, president; Charles C. Trowbridge, treasurer, John J. Deming, secretary; and James Abbott, Edmund A. Brush. Henry J. Campbell, Eurotas P. Hastings, Jonathan Kearsley, Charles Larned, DeGarmo Jones, and William Ward, directors. When the governor and judges set aside the land for the erection of the school, they specified that a suitable building should be constructed thereon by 1835. Late in 1834, the school building was finally completed at a cost of $7,325, being three stories in height with a frontage of fifty-six feet and a depth of forty feet. The building was built of yellow brick and each floor contained eighteen rooms and a large hallway. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Kirkland, of Geneva, New York, were secured to take charge of the seminary, which was opened June 4, 1835. In 1836, George Wilson became director of the school and remained until 1839, when Mrs. Hester Scott and her daughters, Annie, Eleanor, and Isabella, then took over the school until 1842. Mrs. Scott and her daughters had conducted a girls' school for two years prior to the time they took charge of the seminary. In 1837, the trustees of the seminary asked the city council for permission to sell the grounds, a request that was granted on the condition that the trustees give bond of $50,000 to insure them buying another site and erecting a building thereon within two years. It was also stipulated that the property bought for the new seminary grounds should not be disposed of without the consent of the common council. The trustees must have changed their minds at this point, for the sale of the school and grounds and the purchase of another was not carried through. In 1842 the trustees asked the 136 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY permission of the council to sell the building and grounds to the University of Michigan, but the stipulation of the council that the university continue to conduct a girls' school in the building resulted in the failure of this scheme. In May of the same year, the council granted the trustees the permission to lease the building and grounds, and in that same year classes were discontinued in the seminary. The trustees then leased the premises to the regents of the University of Michigan for 999 years. Before the building was torn down to make room for the present city hall, it had served as a state armory, for supreme court and other state offices, as offices for the mayor, sewer commissioners, and surveyor. Miss Lucina Williams taught an infant school in the old Military buildings on Fort street in 1830, about thirty pupils attending. George Wilson taught an English classical school about the same time, and the Misses Farrand conducted a young women's seminary then. Rev. D. S. Coe succeeded Wilson in the English classical school after a few years, and a similar school was started in May, 1832, in the old council house at Jefferson avenue and Randolph street by J. B. Howe. Another female seminary was conducted in the old university building by two men named Tappan and Nichols. A school known as the Michigan High school was opened December 2, 1833, in the south basement of the old council house under the direction of J. N. Bellows. In March, 1834, the lower part of the building was rented to D. B. Crane the upper part to Bellows. An attendance of 448 pupils was credited to the school for that year. The Detroit Mechanic's society erected its own building in 1834 at No. 111 Griswold street, opposite the City Hall, and from that time until it was torn down in 1873, the building was used as a school by different teachers. Soon after the erection of the hall, the society decided to open its own school, and in October, 1834, trustees appointed for that purpose. Owen Marsh was employed to teach the Mechanics' Academy. In September, 1835, a Mr. Foy opened a school for the teaching of mathematics, English, and French, but in May of the following year, Joseph Weed continued the work, the year in which L. J. Ames was also connected with the school. In May, 1836, a Miss Clancy, Rochester, New York,.opened a school for young women in the upper part of the building, and Henry P. Philbrick conducted a singing school there in the same year. In February, 1843, Patrick Higgins and Percival C. Millette, the latter of whom had been principal of the Ann Arbor Classical Institute for two years, opened a classical and English school in the Mechanics' Hall. L. J. Himes and G. B. Eastman were also numbered among the teachers who held forth at this school. Mr. Eastman was the father of George Eastman of Kodak fame. A school for boys was opened in July, 1836, by Washington Allston Bacon and was located in a frame house at the corner of Jefferson avenue and St. Antoine street. Bacon was a native of Sault Ste. Marie, where he taught for several years before coming DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 137 to Detroit. He was well educated and equipped to be the master of such a school as he kept. After two or three terms of the school, it was moved to the same lot as Bacon's residence on Jefferson avenue at the northeast corner of Russell street, he having erected a school building in the rear of his house for the accommodation of the classes. That the school was well patronized and favorably regarded by the people of the community can be seen in the fact that Bacon continued to teach four terms each year until about 1871 or 1872. Rev. R. Elms' Detroit Classical Academy and the schools of John T. Blois and a Mr. Mitchel were conducted here in 1836; E. J. Meany had a boy's school over the Bank of St. Clair on Jefferson avenue from 1839 to 1840; Miss E. J. Vail opened a girls' school in May, 1841, on Wayne street between Fort and Congress streets; and Rev. C. W. Fitch and Miss A. S. Bagg each started schools tor girls in 1842. In 1843 came the establishment of the school of Dennis O'Brien in the old academy building and Miss Sanford's young women's school on Jefferson avenue opposite the Michigan Exchange. In the basement of the Baptist church at the corner of Fort and Griswold streets, a classical school was opened in the spring of 1844 by Stephen Fowler and a Mr. Cochrane, and about five years later the school was located in the Detroit Institute on Jefferson avenue near St. Antoine street. The school was discontinued about 1852. A Mrs. Clements had also conducted a school about this time, and two years before Fowler's school was removed to the second location, a school was maintained in the Jefferson avenue building for about two years by George Brewster. The school of Mrs. Elizabeth D. Bryant, a cousin of William Cullen Bryant, was started in 1844 and continued in different locations for more than thirty years. D. T. Grinold taught school in 1845 and 1846 in the Mechanics' Hall; William Brannigan and N. West kept boys' schools in 1846 and 1847; Melville Moir, Abner Hurd, and Miss Melvina Hurlburt taught schools in 1847; Francis Zinger conducted a German school in 1847 and 1848; and Joseph Kuhn opened a school in 1849 that continued for three years. Sometime between 1845 and 1850, John Funke taught a school on Macomb street near St. Antoine street, and A. Sutte conducted one at the corner of Croghan and St. Antoine streets. W. D. Cochrane taught an English classical school on Broadway near Grand River avenue from 1851 to 1854. In September, 1851, was established a girls' seminary by Miss Sarah Hunt, who gave instruction in her own house on Fort street, West. The school during its career received material aid from prominent business men of the city, but it was discontinued in 1860. In 1854, Miss C. E. Chapin opened a school in the Sheldon block on Jefferson avenue, and in the same year S. L. Chapman opened a classical and high school in the old seminary building on Griswold street, but it was conducted after the opening year by Dr. C. F. Soldan, who closed its doors in 1860. A school was opened at the corner of State street and Woodward avenue in 1856 by the Misses Hosmer 138 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and Emerson, and in the following year, a Miss Ellinwood and Maria Rockwell taught schools on Fort street west. In 1858 and 1859, Doctor and Mrs. Reighley conducted an institute at the corner of Jefferson avenue and Rivard street. The Detroit Female Seminary, opened at Fort and Wayne streets in September, 1859, was first a corporation but came under the proprietorship of J. M. B. Sill in 1874, remaining under such management until it was closed. Philo M. Patterson's school for boys on Griswold street opposite the present City Hall was opened in 1860 and became one of the well known private schools of the city, being conducted until the death of Patterson in 1882. The Michigan Female Seminary was kept in 1861 by Leo Romer on Woodward avenue but it was moved the following year to Park Place and Grand River avenue where it continued for several years. The Ladies' Day school was started in 1862 by Mrs. C. James on Jefferson avenue, and a classical high school was started the same year on Woodward avenue by L. Leonard. The boys' school of H. G. Jones, estalished in 1863 on Grand River avenue, was located in different places during its career. A German and English academy with a kindergarten in conjunction was opened in 1876 by N. Schantz, it being located in Farrar street near Monroe. This school was closed in 1882. Opening and closing in the same year as Schantz' school was the boys' school of Rev. A. B. Brown. In 1882 Rev. Paul Ziegler taught a boys' school in the basement of St. Paul's Episcopal church, but it was subsequently transferred to a building of its own. In September, 1778, Rev. James D. Liggett, assisted by his wife and three daughters, opened the Detroit Home and Day school on Broadway near Grand River avenue. So well received was the school that it soon became necessary to find larger quarters, and a stock company was organized to erect a suitable school building. In 1883 the new building on Cass avenue and Stimson Place was occupied by the school. The co-educational feature of the school was abandoned in 1890 and boys of primary grades were taken thereafter. At the same time a kindergarten was added to the school and a school lunchroom was added. With the steady growth of the boarding school part of the institution, it become necessary to rent an adjoining house for living quarters for the pupils in 1907. Five years later, however, the boarding school was closed, the institution being continued as a day school only, and the dormitory floors were remodeled for laboratories and recitation rooms. The expiration of the original charter and the renewal of it brought a change in the name to that of the Ligget school, and in 1913, patrons of the school on the East side of the city organized a stock company for building a branch of the school to be known as the Eastern Liggett school. In January, 1914, the new building at Burns and Charlevoix avenues was occupied, and though the two schools were conducted separately for a time, they have recently been consolidated in the east side building on Burns avenue. The Detroit Industrial school, the private school of Miss Eliza Collar, and the private school conducted by the Misses Nellie J. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 139 and Susie K. Thompson were started in 1888. The Detroit Seminary, having five departments from kindergarten to collegiate, was started in 1889 under the direction of Anna M. Cutcheon and Harriet B. Pope. Rev. Jacob Gronemann started a private school in 1890 that lasted but a few years. The Industrial School association was started in 1891; Frederick and Mary E. Whitton established the Detroit School for Boys in 1894. Miss Edna Chaffee was conducting a school in the same year; and the college preparatory school, the Plymouth Institute, was founded in 1895 with Rev. Morgan Wood as president. The decade from 1896 to 1906 witnessed a decided strengthening of the public school system with an attendant decrease of the number of private schools, but in the latter year began the rapid growth of the city. The resulting overcrowding of the public schools again paved the way for the establishment of private schools. The North Woodward school in 1905, the Jefferson Avenue School of Modern Languages in 1908, the Dexter School for Boys in 1909, the German Gymnasium in 1909, the Bloomfield Hills Seminary in 1912, and the Grosse Pointe School for boys and girls in 1915 were all swept into being because of the overcrowded public schools. The Detroit University school, established in 1890, was reorganized in 1905 as the New Detroit University school and is now one of the leading private schools of the city. University of Michigan. Though no part of the University of Michigan has been at Detroit for many years, the educational history of Wayne county must necessarily include the beginnings of that institution, for it was here that the university found its inception. On August 26, 1817, the governor and judges of the territory appropriated $380 for the establishment of the University of Michigan, and the act further provided for the creation of thirteen professorships, called didaxia. Each professor was to receive $12.50 for each didaxum taught and the faculty was authorized to establish colleges, academies, schools, libraries, museums, athenaeums, botanical gardens, laboratories, and other things which they might consider necessary to the advancement of learning. A 15 percent increase in the taxes was to be levied for the support of the university, and $3,000 was obtained in subscriptions, no person being allowed to give more than $50 in any one year. On September 8, that year, the university was organized with Rev. John Montieth, a Presbyterian minister, and Father Gabriel Richard, of Ste. Anne's church, as the faculty, the former teaching seven didaxia and the latter six. The affairs of the institution were entirely in the hands of these two men, Montieth serving as president and Richard as vice-president. They were appointed to their positions by the governor, to whom they were subordinate. Though the two men were of different religious affiliations, they worked in the utmost harmony, each being possessed by a strong desire to advance the cause of learning in the city and territory. The first act of these two men was to establish a seal of the university which they did four days after the organization of the school. On the 140 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY twentieth day of the same month they enacted that the holders of funds from Montreal and Michilimackinac for the relief of sufferers from the fire of 1805 that had been unclaimed be turned over to the university, the trustees to be responsible for all future claims. Nearly a thousand dollars, $940, in fact, was paid over to the university because of this enactment of the faculty; in November of the same year, the governor and judges appropriated $200 more; and the subscriptions from private persons had reached $5,100, onefifth of which was payable on demand and the balance in annual installments over a period of nine years. With this money in hand, the faculty arranged for the purchase of a lot on the west side of Bates street between Congress and Griswold streets. Plans were made for a building 24x50 feet in size with a full basement and two stories. On September 24, 1817, the cornerstone was laid, but slow progress was made due to the delinquency of many of the subscribers. While this work was going on, however, the faculty was not idle. Preparations were made for the opening of preparatory academies at Detroit, Mackinaw, and Monroe, and it was announced on January 30, 1818, that Hugh M. Dickie, A.B., was commissioned by the university to teach the Detroit academy. Since the university building had not been conmpleted, the school was quartered elsewhere. James Connor, Benjamin Stead, and Oliver Williams were commissioned in 1818 to open the Lancastrian school, and the first class, composed of eleven pupils, met on August 10 in the university building under the instruction of Lemuel Shattuck, of Concord, Massachusetts, who was brought to Detroit by the organizers of the school. Shattuck's report of April 24, 1819, showed that the enrollment had grown to 183 and that the trustees of the school were quite indifferent as to its success. A great number of the members of the Ottawa and Wyandotte tribes had been converted to Catholicism during the years that they had lived in the neighborhood of Detroit, and so it was that when Cass went to St. Marys, Ohio, in September, 1818, to negotiate a treaty of cession of Indian lands in Michigan to the United States, these Catholic Indians insisted that a part of the land asked for be given to the Church of Ste. Anne at Detroit. So strong was their insistence on this point that the request was granted to the church and to the corporation of the College of Detroit. At that time, however, the college had not come into existence, and nothing was done toward disposing of the three half sections of land on the River Raisin and the other three sections devoted to that end until the time of the Toledo War. When it was seen that part of the lands were included in the disputed strip of land between Michigan and Ohio, Congress ordered the sale of the lands in 1835, half the proceeds to be given to the University of Michigan, the College of Detroit still having no corporate existence. The reorganization of the university came in 1821 when an act was passed on April 30, that year, repealing the old act and chang DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 141 ing the name from the first one of the University of Michigania to the University of Michigan. All the rights and privileges of the old corporation were conferred by the act upon the governor and a board of trustees. On October 8, 1821, Lemuel Shattuck resigned his position as teacher of the Lancastrian school. He was succeeded by E. Clapp; Rev. A. W. Welton became teacher on April 1, 1822; A. S. Wells, a graduate of Hamilton college, took over the work in October, 1824, and continued until November 4, 1826, when he was succeeded by Charles Sears, who received an annual salary of $500 and remained until October, 1827. At that time, the attendance at the school having fallen off alarmingly, the trustees decided that the funds of the university were inadequate for the work and that teachers would have to take their risk about salary thereafter, for the usual allotment of $500 was withdrawn. From that time on, the building was granted free or for a small rental to any teacher that desired to undertake the work. No degrees were ever conferred by the university; in fact, the work given was no more than is found in the modern high school. On May 20, 1826, Congress passed an act granting the Territory of Michigan two townships of land for the support of a university, and when Michigan was admitted to the Union, the provision was inserted into the formal act of admission. The first session of the legislature in 1836 appointed a superintendent of public instruction who was commissioned to devise a public school system. Rev. John D. Pierce, the appointee, submitted his report to the legislature on March 18, 1837, and two days later Governor Mason approved an act locating the state university at Ann Arbor when the citizens of that city agreed to donate forty acres of land for a university site. With hope of securing the institution for Detroit definitely lost, the trustees of the academy met in May, 1837, and resolved to petition the regents of the university to make the Detroit academy a branch of the University of Michigan. The regents accepted the academy building and agreed to the organization of a branch in Detroit, so that on June 20, 1838, the Detroit branch opened with Rev. W. C. Fitch as principal and W. A. Bissell as assistant, the former receiving a salary of $1,500 and the latter of $800. The amount of money allowed to the Detroit branch was cut to $500 in addition to the fee money in 1841, but the number of pupils had decreased to such a point that the trustees of the branch went before the regents and suggested that no further appropriations be made for this branch. The report of the Detroit trustees was accepted and on October 7, 1842, the branch in this city closed its doors. The Detroit Board of Education then took over the old university building for school purposes, using it until 1858, when it was torn down after the Detroit Young Men's Society proved the legality of its title to the property. St. Philip's College. As parochial schools were the first in Detroit and Wayne county, so one of the first institutions of higher learning was a Catholic institution. The ill-fated College of St. 142 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Philip Neri was established by Bishop Rese, who was assigned to the Detroit diocese in 1834 and brought with him two Oratorian fathers for the purposes of founding a theological school and a school for young men. The energetic bishop took up his work in Detroit in 1834 and established the school at once, but the departure of Rese and the scarcity of priests in the diocese worked to the disadvantage of the college so that when it was struck by lightning in 1842, the doors of the college were closed for all time. The college was located on what was known as the Church Farm in Hamtramck township. It had long been the hope of the Catholics of the city and county to establish a college, but though the farm was secured in 1808 and a chapel erected in 1809, nothing definite was done until the arrival of Bishop Rese with the two Oratorian fathers. The farmhouse was remodelled and the announcement was made on September 14, 1836, that classes were ready and that Reverend Vanderpoel was superior and Reverend De Bruyn was president of studies. The tuition charged was three dollars per quarter. An act approving the incorporation of St. Philip's college was signed by Governor Mason on April 16, 1839, it being provided that the college be located in Wayne county, that Bishop Rese appoint the professors, that the college have the power to confer degrees, and that the governor appoint a board of visitors of three members. When the building was struck by lightning in 1842 and destroyed, no attempt was made to continue the college. German-American Seminary. At the Republican national convention of 1860, a number of the German delegates expressed regret that there were no more schools in the country for the training of teachers in subjects in which the German population of the country was directly interested. After the convention was closed, these Germans held a conference and decided upon the establishment of a German seminary for training teachers in the state that offered the best inducements. A small German and English school had been established in Detroit in 1856 on Lafayette avenue near Rivard street, and two years later a new building had been erected. Florens Krecke, principal of the school, Dr. Herman Kiefer, and other prominent Germans of Detroit, took a great interest in the seminary project as outlined at the conference following the Republican convention. So vigorously did these men push the matter, that the legislature in 1861 appropriated 25,000 acres of the state's swamp lands to aid in erecting seminary buildings on a site to be given or leased by the City of Detroit to the association. The city, however, failed to comply with the provision concerning a suitable site, and the act had to be changed to allow the association to choose its own site for the proposed seminary. The seminary was then consolidated with the school on Lafayette avenue, and a large three-story brick building was erected on the school site in the spring of 1866. When the opening of the new school was announced, only a few students enrolled in the teacher's training course. Efforts to awaken interest in this department of the school came to naught, and the normal DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 143 course was abandoned, the school continuing for some twenty-five years as a primary school for boys and girls. University of Detroit. There came to take charge of the Detroit diocese in 1871, Bishop Caspar Borgess, a man imbued with a passionate desire to further the education of the young people of his bishopric. In 1873 he issued a communication to the parishes on the subject of parochial schools and at that time began the work of establishing a Catholic college. His work was crowned with success, for in July, 1877, it was announced that Jesuit fathers were to open an educational institution to be known as Detroit college. On the fifth day of April, preceding, Bishop Borgess had agreed to transfer to the Society of Jesus the cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul and the adjoining residence on the condition that the Jesuits maintain a college and school in the city of Detroit. Four members of the order came to Detroit on June 1, 1877, and two days later held their first public services in the church which had been deeded to the order. They were Rev. John B. Miege, superior; Rev. James Walsh, deacon; Rev. Eugene Brady, sub-deacon; and one other whose name has been lost. The first president of the college, John Baptist Miege, had served as bishop of Leavenworth for twenty years when his diocese had included all that territory between the Missouri river and the Rocky Mountains. He gave up that work, however, to return to the simple priesthood, but when a superior for the Detroit college was sought, he was prevailed upon to take up the more arduous duties of that position. Under his supervision and without an endowment, a fund was raised and a large residence with a lot of 100x200 feet was purchased for $23,000, it being located on the south side of Jefferson avenue between St. Antoine and Hastings streets. In September, 1877, the college was opened with a faculty of five members and an enrollment of eighty-four students, a number that had increased to ninety-eight for the second term and to 132 for the third term. A second story was added to the school building in 1878, and with the rapid growth of the institution in those years, articles of incorporation were secured on April 27, 1881, under the name of Detroit college. The college was empowered to confer such degrees as were usually conferred by similar institutions of the United States. Another residence and lot on the north side of Jefferson avenue was purchased for $13,750 and the building altered for school purposes, and in May, 1885, the collegiate and scientific departments of the school took possession of the new building. Still the attendance increased so that the society bought two of the three residences between the collegiate department and the rectory for $15,000 and for $18,000, respectively. The third of these intervening residences was bought in February, 1889, for $18,000 through the agency of Rev. John P. Frieden. In March of that year, Frieden was succeeded by Rev. M. P. Dowling who appealed to the patrons of the college to raise funds for the cancellation of the college's debt and for the erection of a new building that was sorely needed 144 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY by this time. Six persons subscribed $5,000 each and the rest of the subscriptions totalled $20,000. With this money, the old buildings on the north side of Jefferson avenue were razed and the present main building of the university was erected, it being ready for occupancy in 1890. In 1907 an addition was made to the building. By this time, however, the directors of the school felt that the college should be reorganized upon a more comprehensive basis, and on January 10, 1911, the corporate name of the institution was changed to that of the University of Detroit, and Rev. William Dooley became the first president of the university. The reorganization of the school gave it a new lease on life, for immediately plans were made for an extensive building program. Under the direction of Rev. Richard Slevin the Lamed street building was erected, containing eight recitation rooms and a large gymnasium. The engineering building, four stories high and fronting 100 feet on Jefferson avenue and extending through to Woodbridge street, was next built and was dedicated November 30, 1915. The engineering school was established by Reverend Dooley soon after he became head of the institution, and in 1912 he instituted the law school. Commerce and finance courses are an important part of the curriculum, and a course in federal taxation was started in 1920. There is a College of Arts and Sciences conferring the degrees of bachelor of arts and bachelor of science. So rapidly did the university grow after its reorganization that the society began to seek a site for a new campus. Accordingly, on the first day of January, 1922, it was announced that a tract of land forty-two and a half acres in extent, bounded by Palmer Boulevard and Florence avenue on the north and south, respectively, and by Fairfield and Livernois avenues on the east and west, respectively, had been secured as the new campus of the school. It was stated at the same time that an administration building, a school of letters building, a science building, a dormitory, a union building, a monastery for the fathers, a building for the school of commerce and finance, a stadium, and a large gymnasium, all to be constructed of white granite in a modified mission style of architecture. The stadium, capable of seating 70,000 people, is constructed of concrete and steel and is one of the largest athletic arenas in the world and is at the disposal of the city. Libraries. More and more as the years pass, the schools of the city have come to rely on the public libraries to give the children the supplementary and source reading which forms so essential a part of a well balanced curriculum. In the matter of supplying Detroit with a public library, Father Gabriel Richard, one of the educational leaders of his time, took the initiative. On October 18, 1808, Father Richard memoralized the governor and judges of the Territory as follows: "It would be very necessary to have in Detroit a Public building for a similar Academy in which the high branches of Mathematics, most important languages, Geography, History, Natural and Moral Philosophy should be taught to young gentlemen of our county, and in which should be kept the machines, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 145 the most necessary for the improvement of Useful Arts, for making the most necessary physical experiments and framing a Beginning of Public Library." But some nine years were destined to elapse before Detroit should witness any definite step toward providing a library for the city. On August 26, 1817, was formed the City Library Society, and the following day, ninety shares of stock at $5 each were sold to citizens, thus providing an initial capital of $450 with which to start the library. The money was applied to the purchase of books, and with the instructors in the University acting as librarians, the library was opened in one of the rooms of the university building. Though a start was made, the library showed little progress during the ensuing decade, only a small number of books being collected. For the maintenance of a club and reading room, the Detroit Athenaeum was organized July 15, 1831, with Lewis Cass, president; John Biddle, vice-president; Henry S. Cole, secretary; and Reuben S. Rice, treasurer. A room on the second floor of the building at the southwest corner of Jefferson avenue and Griswold street was fitted out by the club, using the fixtures, books, and records of the City Library society. The reading room thus established could be reached only by a narrow, dark stairway, which, because of its untidiness, militated against the club library, with the result that at the end of a year, the Athenaeum was consolidated with the Detroit Young Men's society. The society that superseded the Athenaeum grew out of tentative arrangements made by a number of young men of Detroit late in 1832 to establish a society which was to have for its purpose the "general diffusion of knowledge and a condensation of the talents and acquirements of the young men of Detroit, for intellectual and moral improvement." A formal meeting was held at the law office of Charles Lamed to act upon the tentative plans discussed at the first meeting. Representatives were sent to men of the city thought by the promulgators of the plan to be interested in the society, and the interested men of the city met on January 18, 1833, at the session room of the First Presbyterian church on Lamed street. A constitution and by-laws were drawn up and accepted, and the following officers were elected to head the society: Franklin Sawyer, president; Dr. Douglas Houghton, vice-president; J. R. Scott, recording secretary; George E. Hand, corresponding secretary; S. S. Hawkins, treasurer; W. A. Wells, auditor; and Silas P. Griswold, John M. Hunter, Charles W. Penny, Aaron B. Rawles, H. M. Roby, Silas Titus, and Ira Van Nortwich, board of managers. Regular weekly meetings were held, and the library of the society was maintained in the store of Horace Hallock. A lot on Woodward avenue was conveyed to the society on March 26, 1836, the day on which the society was incorporated, by the governor and judges for a small consideration. On this property, the society intended to erect a hall, but the lot was sold in 1850 and another on Jefferson avenue between Bates and Randolph streets was purchased. A building 48x95 feet was erected on this property and the 146 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY library was located in the second floor of this hall. The association went heavily into debt to finance the construction of the hall which cost approximately $8,500, and about the same time, the society became the victim of internal dissension and malpractice in the conduct of the elections that brought no small amount of ill repute upon the organization as a whole. The articles of incorporation were so amended in 1859 as to allow the society to hold property to the amount of $200,000 instead of $25,000 as before. With such an alteration in the articles of incorporation, the members of the society immediately set about the work of securing a new hall. A large lot was finally secured on Woodbridge street in the rear of the old Biddle House on a twenty-five year lease. A new hall was there erected and opened in November, 1861, and the old hall was turned over to the creditors of the club. Funds for the erection of the new building had been secured by the sale of stock to the amount of $17,000. Unable to meet the increased expenses, the society sold the hall to Luther Beecher in 1875 for $16,000, and the library was then installed on the second floor of the Merrill Block at the northeast corner of Woodward and Jefferson avenues where it was re-opened to the public on August 2, 1875. More than 16,000 volumes were then on the shelves of the society's library, but it became more and more apparent that it could no longer compete with the public library. Accordingly, in August and September, 1882, the books were placed on the market, many of them finding their way to the shelves of the public library. The Detroit Young Men's society went out of existence in September of the same year. The Detroit Mechanics' Library was an organization established on June 13, 1818, when Judge Augustus B. Woodward and Major Robert Irwin were appointed to draft a constitution for the new society. The first election of officers occurred on July 20, and resulted in the selection of the following official for the society: Robert Irwin, president; Benjamin Stead, vice-president; John P. Sheldon, secretary; John S. Roby, treasurer; and Paul Clapp, Charles Howard, Jeremiah Moors, Chauncey S. Payne, and Ebenezer Reed, stewards. Articles of incorporation to be in force for a period of twenty years were secured on May 15, 1820, and eight years later the society was given two lots at Griswold street and Lafayette avenue by the city, a two-story hall being erected on the property. On March 5, 1860, the Detroit Mechanics' Society was reincorporated under the provisions of an act approved by the governor in 1857, and at that time a library was started. By the end of the first decade of the existence of the library, the society was securing an income of $1,000 per year from rental of the books, most of which revenue was used in the purchase of new books for the collection. In 1873, the society resolved to erect a new building and negotiated a loan to that end. The contractors failed to complete the building within the stipulated time, and those who had agreed to rent office space in the block cancelled their leases, with the result that the society fell into financial difficulties that resulted in the dissolution of the organization. The creditors of the society DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 147 released the books and equipment of the library which were then installed in the building of the Young Men's Christian association, where it was opened in September, 1877. When the property of the Y. M. C. A. was sold to the Detroit Medical college in 1881, the library was returned to the society, and four years later the volumes were presented to the Detroit Public Library. Before passing to the history of the Public Library, it may be well to mention three other organizations that were established at an early day with the object of promoting libraries. The Lyceum of the City of Detroit was organized on January 14, 1818, with Augustus B. Woodward as president; William Woodbridge and Charles Lamed, vice-presidents; George B. Lamed, secretary; and Dr. John L. Whiting, treasurer. The society died after a feeble existence of some three years. The Lyceum of Michigan came into being on December 6, 1830, for a life of less than a year, the first officers of the organization being Lewis Cass, president; Henry R. Schoolcraft and Henry Whiting, vice-presidents; Augustus S. Porter, treasurer; William Ward, secretary; and Lucius Lyon, Walter L. Newberry, and John L. Whiting, executive committee. After about twenty-five years of a listless life, the Historical Society of Michigan expired and its small collection of books, manuscripts, letters, and miscellaneous historical data passed into the possession of the public library. It was organized and incorporated on June 23, 1828, and the following officers were elected: Lewis Cass, president; John Biddle and Thomas Rowland, vice-presidents; Henry S. Cole, secretary; Henry Whiting, corresponding secretary; Charles C. Trowbridge, treasurer; and John L. Whiting, librarian. Cass delivered the first lecture to the members of the society in September of the year it was organized. Detroit Public Library. Throughout the state, impetus was given to the movement for the foundation of libraries by the adoption of the constitution of 1835 which provided that all fines collected in criminal cases should be devoted to the establishment and maintenance of libraries. In January, 1842, less than a month before the creation of the board of education by legislative enactment, the board of school inspectors of Detroit adopted a resolution demanding that money collected as fines for criminal cases be turned over to the inspectors that a library might be established in accordance with the state law governing libraries. The matter was left over for the new board of education to handle, and the committee appointed by this body managed to secure the amount of $63.14 as the city's share of the revenue collected from fines. The board, of course, was not satisfied with such an accounting, and frequently committees were appointed to go further into the matter. As a result of the activities of the representatives of the board. small payments were secured regularly until 1859. On April 21, 1859, upon the motion of Henry E. Baker, Detroit newspaperman, the board appointed another committee to investigate the payment of fines to the county treasurer by the justice courts and to ascertain whether or not the city was obtaining its just share of the 148 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY money thus paid in. The report of the committee was made public in July, and showed beyond question that a considerable sum of money belonging to the board had been diverted into other channels than the fund created for the establishment of a library. Reference books, maps, and similar material was then badly needed by the schools. With such conditions facing the board of education, the members decided to fight to that last ditch for the money which rightfully belonged to the library. The matter was taken before the courts and carried to the supreme court, which decided that approximately three-fifths of the $17,000 collected in fines during the previous years belonged to the city for library purposes. No sooner had the board of education learned of the favorable decision than they moved in favor of fitting out a recitation room on the second floor of the old capitol building for library purposes. This in November, 1860. The settlement of the city with the county was announced in March, 1861, and was to the effect that the city would receive about $7,000 to be used in establishing and developing the Detroit Public Library. Additional funds were received during the ensuing two years, and the board decided upon the establishment of a district library on May 18, 1863. Rooms were fitted out on the first floor of the capitol and on March 25, 1865, the library was opened for reference and consultation work. On May 2, general circulation was inaugurated. Two years later, the library was allowed to use an additional room on the second floor of the same building, and about the same time, the library board attempted to secure the police court fines for library purposes. The case was also taken to the supreme court, that body deciding that criminal fines from the police courts also belonged rightfully to the library fund. An addition was added to the rear of the capitol building to be used by the library in 1870, and on March 20, 1871, the library took up its new quarters in the annex. But even with these improvements, it was plain to the members of the board of education and to the library committee that larger accommodations were necessary. The city council was petitioned to grant the old city hall at the head of Cadillac square to the board for library purposes, such permission being given by the council on July 18, 1871. At this point it was seen that the cost of alterations in the old building would be nearly as large as the expense necessary to construct a new building suitable in every way for the purposes of the library. In return for the board's claims on the old city hall, the city on March 3, 1872, gave the board a fifty-year lease on Center Park as a library site. Some doubt arising as to the ability of the council to make such a lease, a test case was instituted to discover the validity of the contract. In April, 1873, the supreme court decided that the transaction was entirely legal. An act of the legislature approved March 27, 1873, made provision for the raising of $150,000 for the new library building, all subject to the approval of the board of estimates. In April of the following year, the board of education applied to the board of esti DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 149 mates for $125,000, a request that was promptly granted, and the latter body recommended that the council issue library bonds to the amount of $50,000 for each of the years of 1874 and 1875 and $25,000 for 1876. The council, however, saw fit to raise the first installment of $50,000 by spreading that amount on the city tax rolls for 1874. The board of estimates had concluded its yearly meeting and as a result the financing plan of the council did not come before them until 1875 and the $50,000 was given no place in the taxes of the city. Opposition now developed to the proposed library. Bids for the building were advertised for and were submitted to the board of education in January, 1875, the lowest bid being in the neighborhood of $159,000 and the highest approximately $190,000, amounts considerably in excess of the $125,000 allowed by the board of estimates. After some deliberation, the board of education decided to accept the lowest bid, that of David Knapp and enter into a contract. The smouldering opposition now flamed out and the school board was faced with the possibility of long litigation and consequent delay in the proceedings. The matter was then submitted to a board of arbitration, one member representing the contractor, one the board of education, and a third to act only in case of dispute. The result was that the library building was shorn of every ornament, the size and space being retained at the expense of architectural beauty. The plans of Brush & Smith were finally accepted in August, 1874, the cornerstone was laid the following May, and dedication exercises were held on January 22, 1877. The cost of this first library building was $124,000. An addition, 50x60 feet, was built in 1885 at a cost of $32,000. When the library was opened, Professor Henry Chaney, principal of the high school, took up the duties of librarian, but after March 20, 1871, he gave his entire time to the administration of the library. He remained in charge of the library after it was installed in the new building, retiring from the position on April 9, 1878. He was succeeded by Rev. Manasseh Hickey, who, on April 12, 1880, was succeeded by Henry Gillman. Henry Utley assumed the direction of the library on August 1, 1885, beginning a service of more than twenty-five years. Utley retired in 1912 because of his advanced years and in 1917 he died. On November 1, 1912, Adam Strohm, the present librarian, took over the duties of that office. The present public library building on Woodward avenue represents the culmination of twenty years of effort on the part of the members of the library board and those who favored the erection of such a building. After nearly a quarter of a century, the old library building had nearly outlived its usefulness; it was rapidly becoming too small to accommodate the needs of the library and the site would admit of no additions. By an act of the legislature of 1901, the library commissioners were given the right to manage the library, to hold title to property in its own name, and to accept gifts for the use of the library. The city was also authorized to issue bonds not exceeding $1,000,000 in amount for library purposes. With this increase in their powers, the library commissioners at once got in 150 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY touch with Andrew Carnegie concerning the possibility of obtaining a donation from him for the erection of a new building, and on June 20, 1901, the commissioners were offered the amount of $750,000, one-half of which was to be used for a central building and the remainder for the erection of branches. The gift was made with the stipulations that the city provide library sites and raise by popular taxation $75,000 for maintenance each year. Strong opposition was at once encountered to the raising of such a large amount for library maintenance. The direct issue was not submitted to the people, but the question of issuing bonds was voted upon at the November election in 1902 and was rejected by a substantial majority. The following spring, however, witnessed a reversal of the people's idea on the matter and the bond issue carried. Carnegie renewed his offer in the spring of 1903 but included no mention of branch libraries and agreed to donate the entire amount of $750,000 for the main library building but the provision that $75,000 be raised yearly for maintenance was included as before. Again the commissioners went before the council only to have the gift flatly rejected in February, 1904, as before. So matters stood until the spring election of 1907 when the people voted in favor of issuing library bonds to the amount of $750,000 and rejected the Carnegie gift. In the fall of the following year, the voters favored the negotiation of a loan for the central and branch libraries by a vote of approximately 3 to 2. By 1909, however, the people of Detroit began to realize that perhaps they had been too hasty in turning down the money offered by Carnegie, for other cities throughout the United States were availing themselves of the opportunities held out to them for the establishment of public libraries. Although the commissioners believed that their request had been outlawed by the persistent rejections of the people and the council, correspondence with the Carnegie agent at Pittsburgh was renewed. The award, in practically the same terms as it had been proffered to the city in 1901, was submitted to the council on March 22, 1910, and was carried by a vote of 29 to 6. When library bonds worth $25,000 were issued on July 1, 1910, the mayor, on advice of the corporation counsel, questioned their validity on the grounds that they would overreach the limit named in the charter. The circuit court upheld the mayor's contention, but the supreme court, on February 12, 1912, ruled that the library was an integral part of the educational system and that as such the library bonds could be considered apart from those issued for purely municipal purposes. The litigation, however, caused the library commissioners to lose their option on the grounds of the Detroit Athletic club, for it lapsed after having been extended once. After the decision of the supreme court had been handed down, the present location bounded by Woodward and Cass avenues and by Kirby and Putnam streets was purchased for $416,000, paid from the bond issue previously voted. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 151 Sod was broken for the erection of the new building in January, 1915, the general contract having been awarded to the George A. Fuller company for $1,236,320. Since all the money had not been raised when the work was started, things came to a standstill after the steel frame of the building had been raised, and for nearly two years the skeleton stood so. Finally the cornerstone was laid on November 1, 1917, but here the war, with its uncertain labor market and transportation facilities, hindered the building, so that it was not until March 29, 1921, that service was at last begun from the new building, which was formally dedicated on the third day of June, following. The building alone represents a total cost of $2,750,000 including the furnishings. The first floor is occupied by the children's room, the periodical and newspaper room, the extension department, and the bindery. The second floor contains the delivery hall, open shelf, circulating center, reference room, civics room, fine arts room, and music and drama room. On the third floor are located the technology and Burton historical collections, while the executive and business offices are located on the mezzanine floor. The Burton Historical Collection comprising more than 100,000 volumes and pamphlets on American history and genealogy was presented to the public library on March 16, 1914, by Clarence M. Burton. In March, 1921, the collection was removed to the third floor of the new building where it now occupies large quarters in the north side of the building. Although Mr. Burton is not actively identified with the collection in an official capacity, he has continued to add to his original gift since he presented the library to the commission in 1914. The collection of personal records of the lives of Michigan citizens was placed in the hands of the Burton Historical Collection by a ruling of the Michigan Historical Commission of 1917. The collection of the Detroit Scientific association, organized in 1874, has also come into the possession of the library commission. It is an excellent collection of natural history and geological specimens, and before it came to the library was housed first in the Moffat building, then in the upper floor of the Odd Fellows' Hall on Woodward avenue until 1877, then in the old public library in the rear of the capitol until June, 1880, when it was taken to one of the vacant buildings of the Harper Hospital, whence it was removed in 1883 to the Detroit Medical college where it remained until it came into the hands of the library commission. Detroit Museum of Art. William H. Brearley projected the Art Loan Exhibition in 1883, and an executive committee was appointed at a meeting held on February 27, 1883, and on March 7, that year, fifty-seven people of this city agreed to subscribe $1,000 each or any part thereof necessary to protect the promoters of the institute from financial loss. A lot adjoining Ste. Anne's church on Lamed street was leased from the Bagley estate, and a twenty-six room building costing more than $15,000 was completed on the property on August 24, 1883. Nearly 5,000 prints, oil paintings, water colors, 152 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY sculptures, bronzes, and other works of art were placed in the exhibit. So successful was this exhibition that continued for six weeks that the promoters began to consider making it a permanent institution. On April 5, 1883, while the matter was under discussion by the members of the association, T. W. Palmer informed W. H. Brearley that he had placed $10,000 in securities in the hands of William A. Moore, the money to be turned over to the association when $40,000 more had been secured and a corporation formed for the purchase of a lot and the erection of an art gallery thereon. Palmer was then United States Senator from Michigan. When the expenses of the exhibit had been discharged and a painting had been purchased, there remained in the hands of the committee a balance of $1,521.60, which, added to the donation of Senator Palmer, was the start of the fund for the erection of the art gallery. Forty citizens of Detroit agreed to donate $1,000 each, and on February 27, 1884, a meeting of the donors was held in the Moffat building at which a committee on organization was selected by those attending. The following Mlay the committee reported that no law existed in Michigan authorizing the incorporation of such societies as that proposed. The necessary bill was accordingly drawn up and presented to the legislature at its next session. On February 16, 1885, the governor signed the bill, and on March 25, the Detroit Museum of Art was incorporated, the first board of trustees being as follows: William H. Brearley, Lewis T. Ives, George V. N. Lothrop (who resigned to become minister to Russia and was succeeded by Dexter M. Ferry), William A. Moore, Thomas W. Palmer, and James E. Scripps. In the following June, the trustees directed William H. Brearley to take steps to increase the fund to $100,000 in order that a more suitable building might be erected than was originally considered. By the summer of 1886, 1,900 subscribers had raised the total to the required figure, and the trustees of the art museum cast about for the best site for the museum. While two sites were under consideration, the board received a communication on October 13, 1886, offering the Brady property at Jefferson avenue and Hastings street to the Detroit Museum of Art as a gift. The offer was immediately accepted and on November 8, following, the building committee was directed to advertise for plans. Of the fifty-two designs submitted, that of James Balfour, of Hamilton, Ontario, was accepted and the building contract was awarded to Dawson & Anderson, of Toledo, Ohio, on their bid of $43,780. Extra work and grounds improvement brought the total cost of the building to $56,385.44. In 1893, a $36,000 addition was made to the building; in 1897, $50,000 was spent on a second addition; and in 1904, a third addition was made at a cost of $50,000. On September 1, 1888, the museum was opened to the public, and in the following November, John Ward Dunsmore was appointed the first director of the institution. Within four months, preparations for the art classes had been completed, and on March DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 153 18, 1889, the first classes were opened in a barn in the rear of the building that had been fitted up for school purposes. Fees for the various courses ranged from $10 to $25, and the instructors in the various departments were as follows: John W. Dunsmore, life class; Percy Ives, elementary antique; Francis P. Paulus, advanced drawing from the antique; L. H. DeFernelmont, modeling and wood carving; H. M. Lawrence, industrial and decorative design; Dr. Hal C. Wyman, lecturer on anatomy; and Mrs. E. G. Holden, children's classes. Donations and purchases rapidly increased the size of the museum as shown by the three additions to the original building mentioned above. Collections of ancient, medieval, and modern art treasures of all kinds are contained in the institution whose estimated valuation is in excess of a half million dollars. George G. Booth, Charles L. Freer, Thomas W. Palmer, Mrs. Gustavus D. Pope, James E. Scripps, Edward Chandler Walker, and Charles Willis Ward, have been among the largest donors of art works to the museum. The charter of the city of Detroit adopted in June, 1918, provided for a commission of four members to be known as the municipal arts commission and having the power to hold real property in the name of the city, to build suitable buildings, and to acquire art works. It was also provided that the property of the Detroit Museum of Art was to be conveyed to the arts commission and was to assume the name of the Detroit Institute of Arts to form the basis for an enlarged institute that would eventually rank among the best in the country. The new commission came into being in January, 1919, and the transfer of the museum property was made to the commission. The members of the first commission were Ralph H. Booth, William J. Gray, Clyde H. Burroughs, and Major D. M. Ferry, Jr., the first three being chosen president, vice-president, and secretary, respectively. Mr. Ferry, however, failed to qualify as commissioner. The transference of the property of the museum was accomplished by December of that year, giving the commission two blocks of property, those lying between Woodward avenue and John R. street between Kirby on the north and Fredericks on the south, all valued at about $1,000,000. The site that thus came into the hands of the arts commission was purchased in 1910 with funds raised through popular subscription. The art collections and personal property of the museum was valued at approximately $900,000. Professor Paul Cret, of the University of Pennsylvania, designer of the Pan-American building at Washington and the Indianapolis Public library, was retained by the commission as consulting architect on the plans of the proposed building. The magnificent structure is now nearing completion, and situated as it is opposite the public library it adds to rather than detracts from the beauty of the latter building. CHAPTER IX TRANSPORTATION O the Indian and to the fur traders, the creeks, rivers, and lakes were the main arteries of communication and travel. Upon the margins of the lakes, on the banks of streams and at their confluence were established the Indian villages. Even the first settlements of the white men were so located, and at portage points and on watercourses where Indians passed frequently were established the first trading posts in this vast wilderness. Cadillac assured the future of his post when on the banks of Le Detroit he built Fort Pontchartrain, a post by which most of the lake traffic must pass. It is safe to say, then, that water transportation was by far the more important in the pioneer days of Michigan; the Indian trails that threaded the almost impenetrable forests were but feeders for the traffic on the rivers and lakes. Adopting the birch bark canoe of the Indian, the white fur traders penetrated to the farthest points of the Northwest Territory. Light in weight so that it was easily carried over the portages, the canoe was universally used by the dauntless white men, and even after settlements of considerable size had arisen on inland rivers, the canoes remained for several decades the common carrier for the pioneer communities. In the fur trade, canoes thirty-five feet long with a beam of six feet were used to carry the bales of furs from the concentration points to the East. They were manned with a crew of eight men and were capable of carrying a hundred bales of furs in addition to the supplies for the men. Dugouts, canoes made from hollowedout logs, were occasionally used, and the pirogue, was made of a single cedar tree. A modification of the canoe was the Mackinaw boat constructed of pine boards and having high sides, bow and stern being identical in shape. The large thirty-five foot canoes were used by Governor Cass on his exploration of the upper lakes in 1820 and on his journey to the head of Lake Michigan. As has been stated in a previous chapter, the first sailing vessel was the "Griffon" built by La Salle at the mouth of Buffalo creek in Niagara river. On his preceding journey to France, La Salle had obtained ship supplies and hired a number of ship carpenters to return to the New World with him. In January, 1679, La Salle took his supplies and men to a creek some two leagues above Niagara Falls. The construction of the ways was started on January 22 and four days later the keel was ready for the driving of the first pin, an honor that was tendered Father Hennepin, who was forced to decline because of the rules of his order. La Salle himself then drove the pin, and the construction of the boat was pushed rapidly forward. Despite the opposition of the neighboring Indians and their attempts to fire the unfinished vessel, the "Griffon," mounting DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 155 two small brass cannon and three harquebuze, was finally launched. Several short trips were then made to test the seaworthiness of the ship. At last, loaded with provisions and articles for trading, the little vessel started on her memorable journey to Green Bay, a voyage that was to be her first and her last, for as the "Griffon" was returning east with a cargo of furs, she was lost without trace. On August 10, 1679, the "Griffon" broke the waters of the Detroit river. The vessel continued on to Michilimackinac and then to Green Bay. It cleared Washington island in Lake Michigan on November 20, 1679, on the return journey with a load of furs but neither the vessel nor any member of the crew was ever seen again. More than three-quarters of a century were destined to elapse before another sailing vessel would ascend the Detroit river, and these were to be armed war vessels of another and conquering nation. When Pontiac laid siege to Detroit in 1763, the armed schooner "Huron" and the sloop "Michigan" brought supplies and re-enforcements to the little English garrison at Detroit, these ships being the second and third vessels to come to the West. When the siege had been raised, the "Michigan" made regular runs between Detroit and Niagara Falls until it was wrecked in 1769. In that same year, the "Enterprise" was launched at Detroit, marking the beginning of the building of small tonnage ships at Detroit, an industry that flourished from that time forward. In 1782, nine war vessels, all built at Detroit, were in these waters, and the largest was the 154-ton brig "Gage" mounting fourteen guns. At such an early date began the shipbuilding activities that assumed such huge proportions in subsequent years, the natural progression of the industry taking it from the building of small tonnage sailing vessels to the fabrication of steel freighters and passenger vessels. First of the steam vessels to come to Detroit was the "Walk-inthe-Water," named in honor of a chief of the Wyandotte tribe. Built at Black Rock, the vessel was towed against the strong current by sixteen yoke of oxen to Buffalo. From there, the steamer left at 1:30 p.m. on August 23, 1818, for its first trip up the lakes, and at 10:30 a.m. of August 27, the "Walk-in-the-Water" dropped anchor in the Detroit river. The wood burning steamer was met at Wing's wharf by a great number of people, said by some to be half the population of the city. That same afternoon, the little boat took a party of men and women on an excursion to Lake St. Clair, and in 1819 a trip was made to Mackinac and Green bay with a number of the most prominent men of the city and territory included among the passengers. The vessel then was placed in the Detroit to Buffalo service, making a round trip once in two weeks, the charge for a one-way trip being $18. In 1821, the "Walk-in-the-Water" was wrecked in a storm off Buffalo and concluded a career that was as successful as it had been short. The shipbuilding industry of Detroit has included the construction of vessels of every kind and class, from the smallest launches to the largest of steel freighters and passenger boats. Following the construction of the "Enterprise" in 1769, the "Angelica," forty-five 156 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tons displacement, was built in 1771. By 1796, twelve merchant vessels were owned at Detroit in addition to many brigs, sloops, and schooners that made Detroit a port of call. As soon as the United States occupied Detroit, the construction of a schooner was authorized for service on the lakes. The "Wilkinson," as the schooner was named, was built under the direction of Captain Curry, was later named the "Amelia," and was attached to the fleet of Commodore Perry during the War of 1812. The first steamer built in Detroit was the "Argo," built in 1827. The steamer "Michigan" was built in 1833. Of the thirty-seven steamers then plying in the lake trade in 1837, seventeen of them were owned by Detroit shipping men. The importance of Detroit as a shipbuilding point increased as the years advanced, and the year 1911 witnessed a forward step in this direction that had never been considered before that time. Contracts for the building of ocean-going steamships were let in Detroit, the completed vessels being taken to the Atlantic through the Welland canal, a fact that necessarily limited the size of the ships built here. With the outbreak of the World war and the necessity for hundreds of merchant ships, almost the entire output of the Detroit shipbuilding companies during the progress of the war was for ocean service. That an idea may be gained of the size of the boats that can be built at Detroit, the "Greater City of Detroit" of the D. & C. Line has more staterooms than the steamship "Leviathan," one of the largest passenger vessels engaged in trans-Atlantic passenger service. The Port of Detroit ranks second in tonnage in the country, New York being the only other United States port to surpass Detroit. Although the Michigan shipping runs a close second to New York in point of tonnage, the value of the cargoes through this port is ranked several places lower, due doubtless to the fact that a large portion of the cargoes are iron ore, while the ships clearing New York carry finished products whose value is considerably higher. Not only is Detroit a center for shipbuilding, it is also the home of the main offices of some of the largest shipping lines on the lakes. Steam navigation was inaugurated with the little "Walk-in-theWater" in 1819, but during the next two or three decades, little thought was given to the establishing of lines for service between specified ports and between no others. In 1850, Detroit and Cleveland were first linked by such a line, Captain Arthur Edwards placing the steamers "Southerner" and "Baltimore" in this service at that time. During the seasons of 1850 and 1851, these two boats continued to ply between this city and Cleveland, but in 1852 John Owen and his associates built and commissioned the "Forest City" for the Detroit-Cleveland service to be operated jointly with the steamers "St. Louis" and "Sam Ward" of the E. B. Ward & Company line. These vessels were in turn succeeded in 1853 by the "May Queen," built that same year, and by the "City of Cleveland," launched the preceding year. The day and night service was inaugurated in 1855 when the steamer "Ocean" was added to the line in DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 157 that year, and although the night service was continued that year and part of the following season, the "Ocean" was withdrawn in 1856 because it failed to pay expenses. The "May Queen" and "Ocean" were on the line from 1857 to 1861, they being displaced in 1862 by the newly completed "City of Cleveland" and "Morning Star." The former of these new boats was supplanted in 1867 by the "R. N. Rice," the line being then known as the Detroit & Cleveland Steamboat company and being operated as a sudsidiary of the Michigan Central railroad. By this time, however, the private interests in the line were becoming so involved that it was thought best to make a change in the organization of the company, and in 1867-68 John Owen and David Carter laid the plans for the incorporation of the Detroit & Cleveland Steam Navigation company in April of the latter year with a capitalization of $300,000 and with a thirty-year charter from the State of Michigan. Owen became the first president of the corporation and Carter was elected to the position of secretary. The corporation began service with the steamers "R. N. Rice" and the "Northwest." During the years that followed, the service of the company was gradually extended to include Houghton, Michigan, St. Ignace, St. Joseph and Chicago. With the expiration of the company's charter in April, 1898, the concern was re-incorporated at that time as the Detroit & Cleveland Navigation company with a capital stock of $1,500,000. The "City of Detroit" was the first steamer built for the company after it was first incorporated, it being a composite hulled vessel costing $175,000. The company now stands as one of the leading navigation companies on the Great Lakes, its boats plying from Chicago to Buffalo. Daily service between Detroit and Buffalo is maintained from May 15 to November 1 and between Detroit and Cleveland from April 1 to December 1. During the months of July and August steamers are operated between Detroit and Mackinac island, St. Ignace, and Chicago. John Owen, first president and treasurer of the company, was succeeded by Senator McMillan, who died in 1903 and was succeeded by his son, William C. McMillan. In 1907, the younger McMillan died and was succeeded in the presidency by his brother, Philip H. McMillan. Upon the death of the latter in 1919, A. A. Schantz was elected to head the company with which he has been connected for approximately forty-five years. Schantz is still president; J. T. McMillan is vice-president; and R. G. Stoddard is the general passenger agent for the line. In February, 1896, articles of incorporation for the White Star Line were ratified, the capital stock then being set at $85,000. Within three years after the organization of the company, the capital stock was increased to $200,000, and in 1907 it was still further increased to $750,000. Charles F. Bielman, Aaron A. Parker, Byron W. Parker, John Pridgeon, Jr., and L. C. Waldo were the Detroiters instrumental in the organization of the company, of which the following men are the present officers: John J. Barlum, president; 158 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY John Pridgeon, Jr., vice-president; C. B. Percy, treasurer; and C. F. Beilman, Jr., secretary and general manager. "City of Toledo" was the first steamer to be put into commission by the line and in 1899, the "Greyhound No. 1" was commissioned. In 1900 the steamer "Tashmoo" was built at a cost of $350,000; three years later the "Greyhound No. 2" was built at a cost of $300,000; and the "Owana," a vessel costing $150,000 was placed in service in 1904. The navigation company of Ashley & Mitchell was started in the Eighties. In 1894, Edward A. Dustin bought out the interests of Mitchell, and the firm name of Ashley & Dustin that was adopted at that time has continued to the present despite the fact that Ashley's interests were purchased by Oliver S. Dustin in 1897. On March 26, 1911, articles of incorporation for the company were ratified and the present capitalization of the concern is $430,000. Two steamers, the "Put-in-Bay" and the "Frank E. Kirby," are operated between Detroit and Put-in-Bay island. The present officers of the company are A. A. Shantz, president; Oliver S. Dustin, vicepresident; and P. E. Bourke, secretary and treasurer. Highway Transportation. Though rivers and lakes formed the principal means of communication and travel in the pioneer days, the trails of the Indians formed an important link in the system, for by this means alone were the forests of the interior penetrated. The Indian trails were used by the white fur traders and trappers for these primitive roads followed the most practicable routes between the important points throughout the northwest. Detroit was the focal point for many of the most important trails in this part of the country. The longest of the Indian trails that touched this point reached across southern Michigan and northern Indiana to Fort Dearborn at Chicago. Another trail that was much traversed by incoming settlers was that starting at the Maumee Rapids and running north to Toledo, Monroe, Brownstown, and Detroit. Northward two trails led to the Saginaw river, one by way of the towns of Howell and Corunna and the Shiawassee river and the other by way of Pontiac and the falls of the Flint river to reach the Saginaw at about the same place. Another trail passed through what is now Mt. Clemens and continued on to the outlet of Lake Huron at the present city of Port Huron. As the first settlements sprang up along the watercourses, so the later ones began to appear on the Indian trails, for the settlers chose to take up their homesteads in the most accessible places possible. The result of such settlement was that the first roads constructed throughout the territory either followed exactly or closely paralleled these Indian trails. The military road built from Urbana, Ohio, to Detroit and the one from Detroit to Fort Gratiot near Port Huron both followed Indian trails, the former road following the one by way of the Maumee Rapids and the latter the trail that passed through Mt. Clemens. The trail from Detroit to Chicago above mentioned became the Chicago road, Michigan avenue in Detroit and Michigan avenue in Chicago now forming the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 159 ends of what was then that much traveled road. Woodward avenue was laid out along one of the trails to the Saginaw, and Gratiot avenue follows the line of the old military road which was built along the Indian trail to Lake Huron. The first attempt at road construction as we came to know it was made when the Moravians cleared the line of the trail along the present Gratiot avenue from Detroit to their settlement on the Clinton river in 1780-81 and began the road construction in 1782. The only roads that existed before that time were short ones for the use of the settlers along the river and were little better than the trails marked out by the Indians. It remained for Governor Cass in 1821 to inaugurate the first comprehensive plan for road construction in the Territory of Michigan. The reports of the government surveyors who had come to the territory in 1815 described the southern part of Michigan as composed of tamarack swamps, bogs, and sand barrens, of which they said not one acre in a hundred and probably not more than one in a thousand was fit for cultivation. The tide of immigration had set westward from New York about this time, and that Michigan might receive her share of settlers in spite of the deterrent effects of the government surveyor's reports, Cass applied for an appropriation of public lands for the opening of roads through the territory. William Woodbridge, as well as Cass, was one of the strongest workers in this cause. Congress in 1824 appropriated $20,000 for the construction of a road from Perrysburg at the foot of the Maumee Rapids to Detroit, and in 1827 a like sum was appropriated for the construction of a road from Detroit to Chicago and money was granted for the opening of a road from Detroit to Saginaw bay and from Detroit to Fort Gratiot. Congress made further appropriations in 1833 for the construction of roads leading from Detroit to the mouth of the Grand river and from La Plaisance bay near Monroe, to the Chicago road. Thus by government appropriations, roads were built into all sections of Wayne county, and it was along these roads that the tide of immigration from New York flowed into the new territory. With the settlement of the county and the consequent erection of townships, roads began to appear. Each township elected its own highway commissioners whose duty it was to locate roads and to supervise their construction. A network of highways soon appeared throughout Wayne county after the initial steps had been taken by the governor in demonstrating the advantages to be had through the building of such roads. But viewed in the light of the modern improved highways, those of the pioneer days were roads in little more than name. In some seasons of the year they were virtually impassable, and in swampy sections, various methods were employed to maintain a road that could be used at all. The corduroy road, built of logs covered with a mixture of gravel and clay, was one of the commonly used methods of constructing roads through swampy lands. A still later method of road improvement was the plank road, for the construction of which stock companies were organized and for the use of which these companies charged 160 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY toll. Even the plank road era was comparatively short, for as the timber became exhausted from these regions and the price of lumber rose, it was no longer practicable to build and maintain highways paved with planks. However, the plank roads were a decided forward step in highway building and played an important part in the intercourse of the communities of the state and in the development of the interior parts of the state. The natural result of the creation of an adequate road system was the establishment of the stage lines which, until the coming of the railroads, formed the only public carriers in Michigan with the exception of the lake and river traffic. In June, 1822, a stage line was started between Detroit and Mt. Clemens, the stage leaving Detroit for the north after the arrival of the steamer from Buffalo. After five years, a second line was put in operation connecting Detroit with some of the towns of northern Ohio. Another line of considerable importance to Detroit and Wayne county was the Canadian line running from Niagara Falls to Sandwich, a trip that required five full days to complete. The importance of this stage line to Detroit was found in the fact that during the winter months the lake traffic had ceased, and the Canadian stage line thus became the main line of travel from Detroit to the East. By the end of the first decade after the establishment of the first stage line, a wide system of lines had been developed in southern Michigan. In addition to those already mentioned, a line was operated from Detroit to St. Joseph by way of Ypsilanti, Saline, Clinton, Jonesville, White Pigeon, Mottville, and Niles, from which a branch operated between Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor, Jacksonburgh, and Calhoun. Pekin, Plymouth, and Panama were served by the line that ran from Detroit to Ann Arbor. The Pontiac line, with a branch through Rochester, Stoney Creek, and Romeo, left Detroit three times a week. All these stage lines maintained offices at Woodworth's Steamboat hotel which was the headquarters for steamer and stage passengers. This hostelry was located at the corner of Randolph and Woodbridge streets and remained there until it was destroyed by fire in 1848, the first hotel having been built in 1812 and replaced by a larger one in 1818. The introduction of the railroads into Michigan tolled the knell of the stage lines, and in 1873 the last of the regular lines of stage coaches went out of existence. Railroads. All the vicissitudes to be met by the pioneer railroad were encountered by the Detroit & Pontiac, which was projected in the late Twenties for the purpose of connecting Detroit with the rich agricultural section of Oakland county where flour mills were already flourishing. On July 31, 1830, the company's charter was ratified, and thus the Detroit & Pontiac Railroad company was the first concern of its kind to be incorporated within the limits of the Northwest Territory. The road was also the first to lay rails and to use a locomotive in the Territory. A charter stipulation required the completion of the road to Pontiac within five years, but the failure of the incorporators to carry through their plans'brought DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 161 the abrogation of the charter and the granting of another in 1834 to an entirely new company, which was later authorized to establish the Bank of Pontiac. Sherman Stevens and Alfred Williams, the principal stockholders and promoters of the new company, succeeded in securing a loan of $100,000 from the State of Michigan and an equal amount from the State of Indiana. Finally, in April, 1836, the first contract, that for grubbing the first fifteen miles of the right of way, was let, but a swamp and sink holes encountered near Royal Oak again brought delays. In 1837, the state was authorized to purchase the road, and though no action was taken in this direction, the amount of $100,000 was loaned to the company. By July, 1838, the road was opened as far as Royal Oak, and on August 16, 1839, service to Birmingham was inaugurated. Until the opening of the road to the latter place, the railroad coaches had been drawn by horses, but with the increase in the length of the road, a locomotive was purchased and placed in service. This pioneer locomotive of the Northwest Territory was built in Philadelphia by the founder of the Baldwin Locomotive works, which is today the largest manufacturer of railroad engines, and was first named the "Sherman Stevens" and then the "Pontiac." Nearly forty years later this engine was still doing service as a switch engine. Claims against the railroad by persons of Syracuse, New York, brought the sale of the property of the Detroit & Pontiac Railroad company in 1840, Gurdon Williams, of Detroit, and Giles Williams and Dean Richmond, of Albany, New York, bidding in the road which was soon after transferred to the claim holders at Syracuse. Completion of the road to Pontiac was finally accomplished in 1843, and ceremonies in celebration of the event were held on July 4 of that year. Not long after this, the road was leased by the Syracuse owners to Gurdon Williams who paid rental averaging about $10,000 a year. Nothing, perhaps, is more interesting in the story of this pioneer railroad than the description of the trackage and equipment as first built. In a country where lumber was so plentiful, it was only to be expected that the first rails laid should be squared oak timbers laid across large ties to which they were spiked. The train conductors carried large hammers with which to fasten in place any of the rail timbers that might get out of place. Several accidents were recorded where loose rails, or snakeheads, were thrust up through the floor of the car, in one instance severely injuring a woman passenger. Such accidents resulted in the announcement of the company in 1845 that a new car had been secured which was sheathed with iron. Operating at a maximum speed of fifteen miles per hour, the train held to no close schedule but stopped any place on the line to pick up passengers. It has been said of Alfred Williams, one of the principal promoters of the railroad project that he drove to Detroit from Pontiac on his business trips claiming that he could make better time and that he wouldn't ride on such a railroad in any event. 162 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The first depot of the line in Detroit was located between Lamed street and Jefferson avenue and the tracks were laid along Dequindre street. Attempts of the officials of the road to win consent to cross Jefferson avenue to reach the river were met by refusal from the city council. In 1843 the company, without permission, laid tracks down Gratiot avenue from Dequindre street to Farmer street. Property owners along this new line were rightfully angry at the liberty taken by the railroad and after some delay the council ordered the removal of the trackage from those streets. The company ignored the order of the council, and on December 12, 1849, a large number of citizens tore up about four hundred feet of the trackage beginning at the corner of Gratiot avenue and Beaubien street. Though arrests were made in this connection, no jury could be found to convict the men. For a few weeks the trains stopped at Gratiot and Dequindre. The tracks were then repaired but were again torn up by irate citizens. Finally, the council consented to allow the railroad to cross Jefferson avenue; the Gratiot avenue tracks were abandoned; and the trains of the Detroit & Pontiac Railroad company began running into the Brush street depot in 1852, operating for the first time on iron T-rails. In the meantime, another railroad company had been chartered on April 3, 1848, to extend the Detroit & Pontiac across Michigan. The articles of incorporation of the Oakland & Ottawa Railroad company were signed, giving the company the right to build a line from Pontiac to Lake Michigan. Little was done toward constructing the road, however, until 1855 when it was consolidated with the Detroit & Pontiac railroad under the name of the Detroit & Milwaukee. In the same year the line was completed to Fentonville, Genesee county, to Owosso in 1856, to St. Johns and Ionia in 1857, and to Grand Rapids and Grand Haven in 1858. Regular steamer connections were secured at Grand Haven with Milwaukee, and with such accommodations the Detroit & Milwaukee became one of the favorite routes of travel to the West. The road, however, was not a paying proposition and the several portions of the road were heavily mortgaged. In 1860, under the foreclosure of the second mortgages, the Detroit & Milwaukee was purchased by the Great Western railroad of Canada, the purchase being subject to the first mortgages. Shorty after the first mortgages were foreclosed, and from 1875 to 1878 the road was in the hands of Charles C. Trowbridge as receiver. In the latter year, the road was purchased by the Great Western under a court decree and was reorganized as the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee railroad. Subsequently, the Great Western and the Grand Trunk railroad, both Canadian companies were consolidated as the Grand Trunk Western, a system of which the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee is now a part although it retains the same name. The early history of the road shows that it was the only one of the pioneer roads of Michigan that was never wholly or partially owned by the state at some time or other. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 163 The first road projected on a Detroit to Lake Michigan basis was the Detroit & St. Joseph railroad, which was chartered on June 29, 1832. Stock subscriptions did not begin until 1835, people of Detroit taking $100,000 worth of the stock and the city of Detroit subscribing for half that amount. Large stock subscriptions were also secured in Ypsilanti which was expected to receive material benefit through the construction of the road. The first contract for grubbing the right of way was let in May, 1836, and by March, 1837, when the state was authorized to purchase the road, the stockholders had expended approximately $117,000 without laying a foot of trackage. Following the purchase by the state, the name of the railroad was changed to that of the Michigan Central and the line became one of the most important units in the state railroad project. The Erie & Kalamazoo was the next railroad chartered and was to run from Toledo to Marshall or some point on the Kalamazoo river. In October, 1838, the road was completed as far as Adrian and subsequently became a part of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroad, now a unit of the New York Central system. The Detroit & Shelby railroad, twenty miles in length and running as far as Utica, Macomb county, was constructed of strap iron rails and was completed in 1838. Service was maintained on the line by horse drawn carriages until the track rotted beyond further use, when it was abandoned. The right of way of the railroad is now occupied by the tracks of the Bay City Division of the Michigan Central railroad. The Allegan & Marshall railroad was chartered in 1836 and received a loan of $100,000 from the state. Its route between Marshall and Kalamazoo was the same as the present route of the Michigan Central between those points, and although a small portion of the right of way was graded, no section was carried through to completion. In the same year was chartered the Palmyra & Jacksonburg, running from-Palmyra on the Erie & Kalamazoo through Clinton and Manchester to Jackson. It was built from Palmyra to Tecumseh as soon as it was chartered, and that section of the road now forms a part of the Jackson branch of the L. S. & M. S. Lake Plaizance bay on Lake Erie and Blissfield on the Erie & Kalamazoo were connected by a road chartered in 1836, the line which was partially completed now forming the Monroe branch of the Lake Shore. Between 1833 and 1838, many other railroads were projected and chartered, but none of them were ever built. The latter year marked Michigan's scheme of internal improvements and the merging of the above mentioned small railroads into the system. It was primarily through the enthusiastic propaganda of Governor Stevens T. Mason, that the legislature of 1836-37 promulgated the scheme of state ownership of internal improvements which resulted in state aid to fledgling railroads and the outright purchase of many of these roads to form the Michigan system as dreamed by Mason. It was the governor's belief that if canals and railroads were owned by the state, the people themselves would be more directly benefited and that the revenues derived from these 164 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY sources would more than defray the expenses of state government. A committee of the house of the legislature reported to that body in 1837 in such glowing terms in support of Mason's urgings, that the legislature created a board of commissioners of internal improvements. The legislature granted the board the authority to construct three trans-state railroads, one to be known as the Southern railroad extending from Monroe through the southern tier of counties to New Buffalo on Lake Michigan, the Central extending from Detroit through Ypsilanti, Jackson, Marshall, and Kalamazoo to St. Joseph, and the Northern extending from Port Huron through Flint and Grand Rapids to Grand Haven. The board was given the power to buy any roads whose interests might conflict with the proposed state roads. In addition to the three contemplated railroads, the board was authorized to provide for the construction of three canals, one around the falls at the Soo, a second from the mouth of the Kalamazoo river to Mt. Clemens on the Clinton river, and a third connecting the Saginaw and the Grand rivers. For this elaborate system of canals and railroads, the state estimated an expenditure of approximately $7,700,000. It having been provided that the board of commissioners of internal improvements should finance its work from the surplus in the state revenues, from five per cent of the proceeds of the sale of state lands, and by the negotiation of a $5,000,000 loan over a period of twenty-five years, Governor Mason and Theodore Romeyn, of Detroit, made the necessary arrangements with the Morris Canal & Banking company, of New York, which was to receive a commission of two and a half per cent for the sale of the bonds. The bank failed subsequent to receiving all the bonds and the state realized but $2,841,063 from the investment. With such misfortune in the financial end of the deal, the contemplated internal improvements were considerably curtailed. The Clinton & Kalamazoo canal was built from Mt. Clemens to Utica at a cost of $400,000, and after $90.32 in tolls had been collected the canal was abandoned; on the Saginaw canal, $42,098 was spent but no tolls were collected. The projected Southern railroad was located in 1837, was built from Monroe to Adrian by 1840, and was opened to Hillsdale in 1843. A total of $1,054,000 had been spent on the road by 1845, and the total receipts, in excess of $170,000 were barely enough to pay the operating expenses. Consequently, the state was only too glad of the opportunity to dispose of the line to the Michigan Southern Railroad company in 1846 for the consideration of $500,000. Eventually, the line became a part of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern railroad, a unit of the New York Central Lines. In March, 1837, the state was authorized to purchase the Detroit & St. Joseph railroad and to complete it as the Central railroad provided in the act of that year concerning internal improvements. As stated above, the company had expended $117,000 on the road by this time but had not built any trackage. In buying the road, the state assumed all the contracts and began the work of laying the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 165 tracks and continuing the construction of the roadbed. The tracks consisted of white oak rails protected by iron strap rails. By January, 1838, the road had reached Dearborn, was opened to Ypsilanti on February 3, that year; was opened to Ann Arbor on October 17, 1839, to Dexter on June 30, 1840, to Jackson on December 29, 1841, to Battle Creek in December, 1845, and to Kalamazoo in February, 1846. From Kalamazoo, stages were run to St. Joseph to connect with the lake steamers for Chicago. By this time, under the urge of the inordinate expenditures of public funds without material gain, the pendulum of public opinion had swung to the opposite opinion concerning state ownership of railroads. With the Central railroad in bad need of new rolling stock and new trackage over the entire line. The result came in the appointment of a committee at one of the first sessions of the legislature in 1846 to consider the sale of the public properties. As the committee was about to report to the legislature on the proposed sale, J. W. Brooks, of Boston, representing a number of Eastern capitalists, approached the committee with a proposal to buy the Central railroad. The committee at once took the proposition under consideration, and the upshot of it was that a charter for the incorporation of the Michigan Central railroad was drawn up upon the payment of $2,000,000, a sum sufficient to reimburse the state for the work done on the road. Legislative consent was given in March, 1846, with the proviso that $500,000 must be paid before the state would relinquish possession. Such a high initial payment delayed the incorporation of the road until the following September, but in that month came the organization of the Michigan Central railroad. Several provisions were contained in the charter, one of which called for the completion of the road to Lake Michigan with T-rails weighing sixty or more pounds to the yard and the western terminus was allowed to be any point in the state on the shore of Lake Michigan. The charter was soon amended, however, so that the road could build its line into Chicago directly, and this gave rise to building rivalry between the Michigan Central and the Lake Shore & Mchigan Central railroads as to which would be the first to reach Chicago. The Michigan Central ran its first train into the Illinois city on May 20, 1852, beating the Lake Shore by the narrow margin of one day in the race. The first president of the road following the incorporation was John M. Forbes, and the first superintendent was John W. Brooks, of Rochester, New York. Brooks brought Henry Hopper and C. H. Hurd from the Auburn & Rochester railroad and Reuben N. Rice and F. W. Warren from Massachusetts to work with the road. U. Tracy Iowe came from Cincinnati, Ohio, to assist in the management of the railroad. John M. Berrien became construction engineer and maintained his headquarters at Kalamazoo where the work of completing the road to Lake Michigan began. Following the completion of the line to New Buffalo, on the lake, the dining room for through passengers and the railroad shops were located at Marshall. The run from Detroit to Kalamazoo, when the serv 166 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ice was first opened as the Michigan Central, required about twelve hours, and it is said that the schedule was closely adhered to at all times. It is noteworthy that one of the first really successful railroads in Michigan was owned almost exclusively by stockholders of New York, Albany, and Boston, there being twenty-seven incorporators in all. The next important achievement of the Michigan Central is found in the establishing of rail connection between Buffalo and Detroit, between which points the road's freight was transported by lake vessels for several years after it was incorporated. The Great Western and the Detroit & Niagara River railroads, Canadian concerns, had started building lines across Ontario between the falls and Detroit, but so slow was their progress that the officials of the Michigan Central cast about for a way to expedite the matter. To this end they enlisted the aid of the New York Central railroad and took over the project of the Great Western railroad. On November 10, 1853, the line was opened from Niagara Falls to Hamilton, Ontario, and on January 17, 1854, the first train reached Detroit, an occasion that was attended by a great celebration. In 1858 the Michigan Central put on its first sleeping cars, which were of the Woodruff type. With direct connections secured to the East, the Michigan Central then began to turn its attention to the building and the acquiring of feeder lines for the main line. One of the first roads built in the interior of the state was that from Lansing and Owosso. After the road from Jackson to Lansing was completed, the officials brought the railroad from Lansing to Owosso and continued the line to Saginaw under the name of the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw. It was this line from Jackson to Saginaw that was bought by the Michigan Central as one of its feeders and was subsequently extended to Mackinac, forming one of the longest north and south lines in the state. This first feeder with the subsequent extension to the straits is 297 miles in length. In 1871, the Detroit & Bay City was organized to be built as a feeder for the Michigan Central and was completed without delay. The Canada Southern and the Chicago & Canada Southern were then projected and built lines from Buffalo to Amherstburg from which the line crossed to Trenton by way of Grosse Ile. From Trenton a line was built into Indiana, but at that point the Michigan Central acquired the rights of both roads and made the Canadian part of the line the main route of the Michigan Central to Buffalo. The Air Line from Jackson to Niles, the Detroit, Hillsdale & Indiana, the Jackson & Fort Wayne, the Kalamazoo & South Haven, and the line from Jackson to Grand Rapids were all projected by the Michigan Central or purchased by it as feeders for the system. To expedite the transfer of trains across the river, the officials of the company undertook the construction of tunnels in order that the slow ferrying might be obviated. Over all, the length of the Michigan Central tunnel is approximately a mile and half, the approaches being 2,670 feet long each, and the tunnel proper being DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 167 2,260 feet long. The center section of the tunnel consists of two steel tubes 262 feet in length imbedded in concrete. The cars are drawn through the tunnel by electric locomotives. The tunnel under the river was first opened for service in 1910 and has been in constant use since that time. To further increase their facilities at Detroit, the officials determined upon the erection of a new terminal, and in 1914 a $2,500,000 passenger station and office building was opened at Michigan avenue and Fifteenth street. Pere Marquette Railroad. One of the largest railroad systems of Michigan is the Pere Marquette railroad which has been built up in much the same manner as the Michigan Central system; namely, through the building and the acquisition of many units of railroad throughout the state. In 1864, a line was completed from Flint to Saginaw, and it was this little road that formed the nucleus of the present great system. Two years later, this first road was continued beyond Saginaw to the crossing of the Tittabawassee river, after which a short line from Flint to Holly was purchased and consolidated with the first road. It was at this point that Captain Eber B. Ward became interested in the road, but failing in his attempts to enlist the aid of Detroit capital in the expansion of the system, he proposed to build the Holly, Wayne & Monroe railroad which would avoid Detroit unless business men of the city saw fit to assist in the financing of the road. The result was that the road as built by Ward passed around Detroit, and citizens of this place were forced to go to Wayne to take passage on trains of that road. The various sections of the road were then consolidated under the name of the Flint & Pere Marquette railroad, receiving from the state the aid in public lands that had been shortly before authorized by Congress and the legislature. With this incentive, the line was continued to the west to Ludington. The work of the road in developing the tier of counties through which it ran can not be belittled, for operating as it did through 150 miles of virgin pine timber, the opening and the settlement of that territory came as a direct result of the building of the railroad. The extension of the railroad brought financial troubles, and it was placed in the hands of a receiver and reorganized as the Pere Marquette, the name which it bears today. Pursuing the policy of extension and purchase of other roads, the Pere Marquette has become the largest railroad system in Michigan, it having approximately 2,300 miles of tracks. At the present time, a movement is on foot to consolidate the Pere Marquette, Erie, Hocking Valley, Chesapeake & Ohio, and Nickle Plate railroads into a $2,000,000,000 Nickel Plate system that will be one of the largest in the country. Wabash Railroad. Giving Detroit direct connection with St. Louis is the Wabash railroad, which was brought to Detroit directly as a result of the efforts of the Detroit Board of Trade in the promotion of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis railroad. This road, 113 miles in length was projected to Butler, Indiana, to connect with the Wabash system. To this end, the board appropri 168 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ated $13,000 from its own treasury for stock subscriptions and influenced members to subscribe for $200,000. The Survey for the proposed road was started on April 12, 1880, and on June 12, 1881, the first train entered the city, bringing Jay Gould, the president of the Wabash. The first through train from St. Louis entered Detroit on August 14, that year. Passenger trains first came into Detroit over the tracks of the Grand Trunk and arrived at the Brush street station. Subsequently, tracks were laid along the river front and a small station was built at the foot of Twelfth street, and now the passenger trains leave from the Fort street union station. The cars of the Wabash are taken over the line of the Grand Trunk from Windsor to Black Rock, and large car ferries are used by the Wabash in transporting its rolling stock to the Canadian side of the Detroit river. The Wabash has been of incalculable value to the commercial and industrial life of Detroit, particularly because it opens the way to the southwest and to the cornbelt of Illinois and Missouri. Primarily important to Wayne county and Detroit was the purchase in 1920 of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton, long known as the Dusty Southern. This road gave Detroit access to the coalfields of West Virginia and Ohio. Made up of several smaller roads, the northernmost one of which was the Detroit & Lima Northern, the D. T. & I. covered a distance of some 450 miles but had never been a paying railroad. In 1920, the railroad was purchased by the Fords to be used as a coal road for transporting that fuel from the mines to Detroit. Inasmuch as the line avoids the larger cities en route, the coal trains can come direct to this city without delay. The run down equipment of the Dusty Southern has been replaced by the Fords, and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton railroad is now one of the best equipped transportation systems in the country. Pennsylvania Railroad, the last large system to establish connections with Detroit, operates its trains over the tracks of the Pere Marquette from Toledo to Carleton, Michigan, and from River Rouge to Detroit, and over its own line from Carleton to River Rouge. Through trains over the Pennsylvania from Detroit to Philadelphia, Washington, and New York were inaugurated in May, 1920. Because the Pennsylvania avoids the congested section of Toledo, freight between Detroit and the East is not delayed at that city. The road has acquired a yards site in River Rouge with a capacity of 1,000 cars, and another yard was established near Livernoise avenue on the belt line that was constructed by the road to serve the factories from Delray to the Highland park section. Between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000 have been expended by the road in improving its freight facilities at Detroit. The erection of a union station to accommodate several of the roads then entering Detroit was conceived by James F. Joy in 1889, and to this end he organized the Union Depot company. Property at the corner of Fort and Third streets was purchased as a station site, and after considerable litigation, a right of way was secured in order to bring the trains to the station. More than a DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 169 million dollars was expended in securing and building the right of way, for the closing of part of Fourth and Fifth streets, the closing of a part of River street, and the building of an elevated approach proved to be highly expensive. But all obstacles, including the opposition met in the legislature and that of the Michigan Central, were finally overcome, and on January 21, 1893, the first train entered the new station. The Pere Marquette, Wabash, and Canadian Pacific railroads now use the Union depot as their Detroit station, while Pennsylvania railroad has abandoned the Union depot for the facilities of its own terminal that was opened at Third and Congress streets on October 15, 1923. Bus Lines. The improvement of the highways have ushered in a new era of short haul transportation in the passenger service. The motor bus has come to supplement the railroad service in local passenger work, and almost immediately it was seen that the motor coaches offered a distinctive service. Detroit is connected with all points of the state by automobile bus service, the main lines leading out of this city being northward to Flint and Saginaw, eastward to Ypsilanti and Ann Arbor, and northeast to Port Huron. Other lines connect with communities in other sections of the state, and those bus lines that come into the city have established a union bus station on Bagley street near the Statler hotel. Nearly every main road in the county is paved, and those that remain are being paved as rapidly as possible. During the year 1926, for example, the county plans to lay twenty-five miles of new pavement and to widen forty-five miles of road that is already paved. Such road improvement is indicative of the work that has been carried steadily along in Wayne county, making it possible for bus lines to operate to the advantage of the smaller communities of the county. CHAPTER X BANKS AND BANKING RANSACTIONS of the traders in early Detroit employed the primitive methods of barter almost exclusively, and rare are the instances in the pioneer days of Wayne county, when currency changed hands in commercial proceedings at the trading post. Wampum not infrequently took the place of the coin of the realm, but for the most part, the Indians offered their furs in exchange for tobacco, needles, cloth, blankets, hatchets, and other necessaries. Among the white traders themselves, some commodity was frequently established as the medium of exchange, tobacco at one time having been such a commodity, not only at Detroit but in most of the pioneer sections of the United States at the time. As the settlement on the Detroit river grew in size and as the relations of the people and the merchants became more and more involved, the same need for currency that produced coinage in civilized nations resulted in the issuance of due bills by the merchants of Detroit. With cash in such a limited quantity, the custom arose of making small coins by cutting up the Spanish dollar into halves, quarters, and eighths. The custom of issuing due bills continued, however, until after the close of the American Revolution, and the issues of such bills was officially sanctioned by the governor in 1779. Conditions remained in practically the same state, although somewhat improved as to the amount of currency in circulation, until 1806, the year in which it was first proposed to establish at Detroit a bank of issue. The act creating the territory of Michigan including a provision conferring powers upon the governor and judges which they believed to include the granting of bank charters. The result was that on March 27, the judges and governor, when they met in legislative session, were presented with a petition by six Boston men asking permission to found a bank of issue with a capital stock of $400,000. Detroit was not then in a condition to support such a financial institution, for she had no manufactures, little in the way of surplus agricultural products, a meager amount of lake and river navigation. In addition to all this, Detroit had lately been destroyed by fire and people were in no humor to receive eagerly the ministrations of a topheavy financial house whose benefits would be doubtful and whose harmful effects might be great. The legislators of the territory were inclined to favor the establishment of the proposed Bank of Detroit, and on September 19, that same year, they passed an act authorizing the incorporation of the banking company with a capital stock not to exceed $1,000,000 and to be divided into ten thousand shares. The governor was also authorized to make a subscription to the bank for the territorial DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 171 government. The act placed no limit on the amount of bills that might be issued by the bank, set no security for the redemption of the bills, and placed the corporate existence of the institution at one hundred and one years. The petitioners were Russell Sturgis, Henry Bass, Jr., Samuel Coverly and Nathaniel Parker, of Boston, and Samuel Dexter, Andrew Dexter, and Andrew Dexter, Jr., the last three being personal friends of Judge Woodward. Governor Hull and Judges Augustus B. Woodward and Frederick Bates signed the act which was attested by Peter Audrain, secretary of the governor and the judges in their legislative work. The original petition as submitted by the above named men from the East asked for a bank of a capitalization not less than $80,000 nor more than $400,000 and the petition was dated March 31, 1806. With the consent of the legislative body given to the establishment of the bank, the projectors brought William Flanagan from Boston to organize the institution and to take charge of the concern once it was opened for business in the capacity of cashier. To his employers, he gave a bond of fifteen thousand dollars for which five Boston men stood responsible. Notwithstanding the fact that the city of Detroit could then scarcely undertake the support of a bank as proposed, or any bank for that matter, the stock was subscribed within the time limit set by the act of incorporation, and among the list of stockholders appear the names of most of the prominent Detroiters of that time. Augustus B. Woodward, who took one share, was elected to the presidency, and two lots were purchased for a building site on Jefferson avenue immediately west of Randolph street, the deeds for these lots from the governor and judges to the Detroit bank being the first recorded on the city registry and bearing the date of November 10, 1806. Upon the site thus secured, the banking company erected a small brick building, the first to be raised in the Michigan territory. No sooner had the charter been granted than the bank officials ordered the issuance of bills to the amount of from $80,000 to $100,000 to be sent to Boston for disposal. The officers of the company believed that since so much wild country still existed between Detroit and the East, only a small portion of the bills would be returned to the mother bank for redemption. Opposition to the establishment of the bank now developed in the East and Congress was asked to pass a bill disapproving of the founding of the Detroit bank. A committee headed by Josiah Quincy reported the bill to the House on February 24, 1807. A few days later the bill was passed by the House and sent up to the Senate which also passed the bill on March 3, this making the only Michigan bill of disapproval ever passed by Congress. In December, 1808, the legality of the bank's title to the land and building being laid before the governor and judges of Michigan, the territorial attorney general was asked for an opinion on the subject, Attorney General E. Brush reported to the legislature that since the land had been granted to the bank by the territory and since the bank had been created by the legislative body of the territory and 172 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY had since been dissolved by act of Congress, the land reverted to the donor, to the Territory. In the meanwhile, Andrew Dexter, Jr., made shift to buy up the stock of the defunct bank, and he entirely completed his purchase, with the exception of the one share held by Woodward, when the judges and governor on April 12, 1809, deeded the property to Dexter. A judgment was later secured against Dexter who had by that time disposed of the lots to Elijah Brush, who died in 1814 still holding the title to the land. The creditors in the judgment assigned their claims to the Bank of Michigan which began suit against Brush's heirs for the title, alleging that Brush held the title to the lots in trust only. In 1833, the supreme court finally decided that the title rightfully belonged to the Bank of Michigan. That Congress refused to recognize the validity of the foundation of the Detroit bank, caused the officials of the institution little concern, for the bank was continued as a private concern under the presidency of James Henry. A new issue of bills, payable out of the assets of the bank and for which the stockholders were personally liable, was authorized and made by the bank officials. The assets of the bank only were holden for the bills of the first issue, and about this time, probably because of the actions of the bankers, an attempt was made to secure the passage of a bill that would end the bank, a move that failed through the actions of Woodward and Griffin to countenance such an enactment. Failing of their end by direct attack, Governor Hull and Judge Witherell planned an indirect yet not the less sure method of attack. On December 9, 1808, Hull and Witherell gained the consent of the other two judges to a bill for the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors, section 28 of which prohibited a private bank from issuing bills and established a penalty of twice the amount of the bills issued. Within a day or two, James Henry, the president of the bank, and William Flanagan, the cashier, and William Brown, a director, petitioned the legislators for the repeal of the bill, an action to which, of course, Hull and Witherell would never give their consent. The bank was then forced to close its doors, and for some years Detroit remained without the services of a bank, for it was not long after the bank closed its doors that the War of 1812 came to the country bringing destruction of property and consequent financial losses that produced no inconsiderable poverty among the citizens of the village and the surrounding country. But with the recovery of Detroit by the Americans, the cessation of war and the subsequent prosperity of the territory, influenced the people of Detroit to take up for the second time the establishment of a bank. In 1817, the legislative officers of the territory consisted of Governor Lewis Cass and Judges Augustus B. Woodward, John Griffin, and James Witherell. To them, in that year, was presented the petition for the organization of the Bank of Michigan for which the legislators approved articles of incorporation on December 19, 1817. The capital stock of $100,000 was in shares of $100 each, and when the organization was completed, these men were named DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 173 directors of the institution: William Brown, Abraham Edwards, Henry J. Hunt, Philip Lecuyer, Stephen Mack, Solomon Sibley, and John R. Williams, the last named of whom became the first president. Early in 1825, the cashier, James McCloskey, defaulted with $10,300 of the bank's money, and though the shortage for a time nearly threatened the bank with ruin, the storm was weathered. John R. Williams held the office of president of the Bank of Michigan for the first six years of its existence, but his resignation came in 1824 as the result of the attempt to increase the capital stock of the institution. In 1823, David Stone bought a small portion of the bank's stock and at once began agitation for the increase of the capital stock of the concern. Stone alleged that the operating expenses of the bank were in excess of the interest on the money actually paid in on the capital. Williams, however, showed Stone the erroneous character of his reasoning, but the new stockholder was ultimately successful in obtaining the increase of the bank's capital stock. Henry Dwight, of Geneva, N. Y., was persuaded to buy 200 shares of the new stock issued for the bank. Under the arrangements made with Dwight, it appeared to Williams that the control of the institution might be placed in the hands of the new stockholder, and for that reason the first president tendered his resignation to the directors of the bank in November, 1824, shortly before the duplicity of Cashier James McCloskey was discovered. Williams, who had served as cashier for part of the time during the first year of the bank's existence, charged the concern $1,000 for his services that year and $500 for his services as president only during the subsequent years, making a total of $4,000 for his entire work in behalf of the Bank of Michigan, an amount that was not paid him and for which he later instituted suit against the officials of the bank. That the Bank of Michigan was a sound institution may best be shown by the fact that it was one of the few banks to weather the financial crisis precipitated in 1836 by President Andrew Jackson's withdrawal of the government deposits from the Bank of the United States and his issuance of the specie circular. The Bank of Michigan, to withstand the drain on its currency reserves, was forced to secure more than $300,000 from the Dwights in the East, the assets of the bank consisting mostly of real estate that could not be sold in a time of such financial distress. It was in this same year that the bank removed the office to the new building it erected at the southwest corner of Griswold street and Jefferson avenue, the first office having been located on the northwest corner of Jefferson avenue and Randolph street from which it was moved in 1831 to a stone building on the south side of Jefferson avenue. When liquidation was decided upon in 1841, the property of the bank was assigned to Charles C. Trowbridge, John Owen, and Robert Stuart to be held in trust for the bank's creditors. They disposed of a part of the real estate and mortgages, and disposition of the bank's property was stopped when John Scott instituted suit in the court of 174 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Chancery to declare the conveyance to the trustees void because of alleged partiality in payment of the creditors. Shubael Conant was appointed receiver by the court, and when he had settled the remainder of the property,the Bank of Michigan passed into the banking history of the city. The third bank to be established in Detroit came into being as the result of trouble between John R. Williams and the Bank of Michigan of which he had been president for the first six years of its existence. The claim for $4,000 for personal services which he submitted to the officials of the bank at the time of his resignation, Williams wished to use to offset a note or endorsement. Not long after, Williams went East and was arrested several times there on a writ of the bank which was suing him for the amount of the above mentioned note. To a man of Williams' prestige and responsibility, such actions upon the part of the bank were intolerable, and it was only to be expected that he should bend every effort to the formation of a new bank to compete with the Bank of Michigan for the patronage of the Detroiters. The outcome of this endeavor was the incorporation of the Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank of Michigan by an act of the legislative council of November 5, 1829, the charter being granted to the following men who were also the first directors of the new institution: Levi Cook, Orville Cook, Henry V. Disbrow, Elliot Gray, John Hale, Henry Sanderson, Daniel Thurston, Tunis S. Wendell, and John R. Williams. The capital stock was to be $100,000 or not in excess of $500,000, one-tenth of the stock to be paid in specie. It was specified that a majority of the stockholders of the bank should be residents of Michigan, and that no bank note less than a dollar in value should be issued by the bank, the total issue and other outstanding debts not to exceed three times the stock issued less the specie on hand. The corporate existence of the Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank of Michigan was placed at twenty years. Ebenezer Johnson, of Buffalo, and his brother, Elisha Johnson, of Rochester, agreed to take one-half of the stock of the new bank. In January, 1830, Johnson offered to subscribe for three-fourths of the stock on condition that he name John R. Williams as president and Henry M. Sizer as cashier. On the second day of the following month, the directors of the bank met in special session, accepted the proposition, and declared the books open for subscriptions, Williams agreeing to act as president on the condition that he be paid for his services. In July, Elisha Johnson came to Detroit to subscribe for three-fourths of the stock for himself and his brother. The bank continued with moderate success until the financial crisis of 1837. In 1839 it suspended payments but managed to keep its charter effective so that in 1849 it was able to renew business. In 1869 the bank went into voluntary liquidation, ending its affairs with all debts paid and a fair return to the stockholders. John R. Williams also played a leading part in the formation of the Michigan State bank in Detroit. On March 16, 1835, a public meeting was held at Woodworth's Steamboat Hotel to consider the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 175 securing of a charter for a corporation to be known as the Michigan State bank. A petition to that effect was drawn up at the meeting asking the legislative council to grant a charter for the State Bank of Michigan with a capital of $200,000 and the privilege to increase that capital to $500,000. On March 26, 1835, the council granted the request of the petitioners, the capital being set at $100,000, of which one-tenth was to be paid in specie. The incorporators of the bank were Cullen Brown, Barnabas Campau, Ellis Doty, John Hale, Robert McMillen, Edward C. Matthews, Abraham S. Schoolcraft, John Truax, and John R. Williams, and the name of the bank was that of the Michigan State bank. The corporate existence of the bank was twenty years dating from March 26, 1835, and the majority of the stockholders were to be residents of Michigan. As in the establishment of the Farmers' & Merchants' Bank of Michigan, Williams sought to enlist the aid of eastern capitalists. In this attempt he was signally successful, Thomas W. Olcott, cashier of the Farmers' & Mechanics' bank of Albany, Erastus Corning, president of the City Bank of Albany, John Delafield, cashier of the Phenix bank of New York, Lot Clark, and James Porter each agreeing to take $10,000 of the stock of the proposed bank. Thus one-half of the bank's stock was contracted for at the very outset, and the star of good fortune seemed to be guiding the destinies of Detroit's newest financial institution. But at the time, none could foresee the financial catastrophe that faced the United States and particularly Michigan. Beginning business in 1836 on the eve of the panic, the Michigan State bank was forced into the hands of an assignee in 1839. Since it was indebted to the State of Michigan for the amount of $500,000, the legislature in February, 1840, ordered the state treasurer, the auditor general, and the secretary of state to settle with the bank on the best terms, the charter having been declared forfeited on the grounds that it had failed to pay in specie as the charter provided. The following month, the legislature rescinded its act declaring the charter forfeit, and subsequently the supreme court ruled that the state could no invalidate the bank's charter for the cause above named. This act, however, stated that the bank must resume specie payments by April 1, 1841, and though the condition was fulfilled, the bank sought no renewal of business pending the settlement of its accounts in the courts. Its circulation was redeemed during the years that elapsed while the court proceedings were concluded. The stock was sold to new stockholders for about fifteen per cent of its face value and in 1845 everything was ready for a renewal of business, a capital of $70,000 being on hand and prospects being good for the increase within a short time to $100,000. Influential in the reorganization of the bank were Henry P. Baldwin, Christian H. Buhl, Frederick Buhl, Zachariah Chandler, James F. Joy, Henry Ledyard, and George F. Porter, with Charles C. Trowbridge as president and Alexander H. Adams as cashier. No sooner had it been learned in official circles than Governor Barry ordered the attorney-general to make an investigation of the bank's 176 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY position, for he, the governor, believed that its re-establishment was a menace to the public weal. On October 14, 1845, the attorneygeneral began suit to test the right of the bank to continue in business, the suit of the state being lost and the bank continuing in business until the time of the expiration of its charter in 1855. From the follies of 1837 and 1838, the people of the state learned a bitter lesson, and the status of the banks after the crisis of those years was of such a solidity as to satisfy the most scrupulous investor and depositor. The constitution of 1850 carried a clause prohibiting the adoption of a general banking law for the state without first subjecting it to the vote of the people. The general banking laws of 1858 and 1888 were all projected under that clause of the state constitution. By the end of 1839, only four wild cat banks survived and only four of those organized under the general law; during the course of the next year, four of the eight survivors had closed their doors, and the banking system of Michigan was faced with the arduous work of rehabilitation. Early in 1849, the Detroit Savings Fund Institute was projected by men of this city, and the articles of incorporation were filed on March 5 of that year. The trustees appointed by Governor Ransom were Shubael Conant, Elon Farnsworth, Levi Cook, James A. Hicks, Benjamin B. Kercheval, Charles Moran, Dr. Zina Pitcher, John Palmer, George M. Rich, David Smart, and Gurdon Williams. Modeled upon the lines of the early New England banking system, the concern was a simple trust without capital stock. Elon Farnsworth was asked to assume the presidency of the new institution, for he had gained an enviable reputation for integrity during the years he presided over the Michigan Court of Chancery, which was abolished by legislative enactment in 1847. Governor Felch of Michigan said of Farnsworth that "the qualities governing him as a chancellor were carried into the administration of the bank during its formative period and have always influenced his successors." Felch characterized the bank's first president as being a clearheaded, prudent banker, of sound judgment, inflexible in the discharge of his duties, straightforward and above reproach. Farnsworth took up his duties with the Savings Fund Institute in March, 1849. Until 1855, the bank had no cashier, but in that year Alexander H. Adams was installed in that position. He had come to Detroit from Cincinnati in 1836 to enter the employ of the Michigan Central Railway and later accepted the position of cashier with the Michigan State bank. In 1855, having been instrumental in the establishment of the Detroit Savings Fund Institute, he was chosen as the logical man to fill the newly created position of cashier with the company. The Institute filled a need in the community that can not be disputed, for wage earners and small tradesmen found it to be the only place where they could deposit their small savings, the purpose for which the Institute was founded. For many years thereafter, the institution had no rival in its field, and that the affairs of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 177 the concern prospered need not be stated. Conservatism was the keynote of the bank's policy, and that the officials of the Institute adhered strictly to the letter and the spirit of this policy, worked to make the bank one of the most substantial financial institutions in the city. The growth of the bank's affairs meant a reorganization of the company, and on July 10, 1871, under the provisions of an act passed that year by the state legislature, the Detroit Savings bank, with a capital of $200,000 and with a charter bearing a double indemnity clause to protect depositors in a savings bank, was placed at the service of the people in the stead of the old Detroit Savings Fund Institute. During all these years, Elon Farnsworth had remained at the head of the Institute, and under the care of this experienced banker, the Detroit Savings bank inaugurated its career. Until 1877, Farnsworth remained president of the reorganized Institute, but on the occasion of his death in that year, the directors of the Detroit Savings bank chose Alexander H. Adams, former cashier and co-worker with Farnsworth since 1855, to succeed the man whom he had so ably assisted in the administration of the bank's affairs. Until 1882, Adams also held the office of cashier of the bank but resigned the duties of cashier to another in that year and continued as president until the time of his death in 1883. Since 1855, Sidney D. Miller had been a trustee and attorney for the bank, and upon the death of Adams in 1883 he was elected to succeed Adams. Miller then relinquished his law practice to devote all of his time to the care of the bank's affairs. The bank's affairs continued to prosper under the direction of Miller, and in addition to bearing the title of the oldest bank in Michigan, The Detroit Savings bank can today say that it is one of the most substantial banks in Michigan. In 1921, the offices of the bank were removed from the Penobscot building to the Chamber of Commerce building, the name of the latter being changed to that of the Detroit Savings Bank building. The company is capitalized for $1,500,000, and the present officers are as follows: George S. Baker, president and chairman of the board; James H. Doherty, vice-president; John C. Dilworth, cashier; Wilson Fleming, William H. Watson, and Kenneth Paton, assistant cashiers; Edward J. Dee, superintendent of branches; Fred C. Andrews, credit manager; H. N. Baxendale, auditor; and Clarence D. Atwood, branch auditor. In addition to the main office, the Detroit Savings bank maintains the following branches; Fenkell Branch, 3344 Fenkell; Linwood Avenue Branch, 9137 Linwood avenue; Hamilton Branch, 10355 Hamilton; Highfield Branch, 9201 Grand River; Jefferson Branch, 11603 East Jefferson; Canfield-Russell Branch, corner of Canfield and Russell streets; Kercheval-Van Dyke Branch, corner of Kercheval and Van Dyke streets; Charlevoix Branch, 14440 Charlevoix; MackGratiot Branch, corner of Gratiot avenue and Mack; Meyers Road Branch, 12612 Grand River; Oakland Branch, 11702 Oakland; Trumbull Branch, 3530 Grand River; Westphalia Branch, 12851 178 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Gratiot avenue; Fort & Campbell Branch; Holden-Hamilton Branch; Twelfth Street Branch, 8540 Twelfth street; Warren Branch; and Clay-Oakland Branch. The passage of the National Banking act in 1862 paved the way for solid expansion of the banking interests of Michigan and of the city of Detroit. Upon the provisions of this act was formed the general banking law of Michigan in 1888, and that such a law was adopted by the state was but a corroboration of the good effects of the National Banking Law. With the national law in effect, steps were taken in Detroit to form a national bank, and on June 21, 1863, the articles for the First National bank, of Detroit, were approved. The first meeting of the stockholders was held on the second day of the following September, and on October 5, the bank was opened for business with a capital stock of $100,000. Philo Parsons was the first president and Henry C. Kibbee assumed the duties of cashier. The Michigan State bank, however, managed to acquire a majority of the stock of the First National, and in December, 1864, the affairs of the two banks were merged under the presidency of Samuel P. Brady, Lorenzo E. Clark being vicepresident and Emory Wendell, cashier. The capitalization was increased to $200,000 in the following year, and when the Insurance bank was consolidated with the First National bank three years later, the capital stock of the merged banks was increased to $500,000. The Commercial National bank, which had previously absorbed the Preston National bank, and the Merchants' & Manufacturers' bank were later consolidated with the First National bank. With the resultant increases in the assets of the bank, the institution became one of the leading banks of the city, and in 1913, when it was merged with the Old Detroit, it had a capital and surplus of $3,000,000 and deposits aggregating nearly $25,000,000. The second bank organized in Detroit under the provisions of the National Banking act was the Second National bank, founded in 1863 with a capital of $500,000, an amount that was increased within two years to $1,000,000. This bank, when the capitalization was increased to the million dollar mark, became the largest national bank in the West, and instrumental in its organization and prominent in the affairs of the bank for many years thereafter were some of the most prominent men not only of Detroit but of the state as well. Zachariah Chandler was one of the leading lights in promoting the organization of the institution, and other directors of the company at the time of its organization were Henry P. Baldwin, C. H. Buhl, N. W. Brooks, Chauncey Hurlburt, James F. Joy, Allan Sheldon, John Stephens, Duncan Stewart, and Eber B. Ward. Henry P. Baldwin was chosen the first president of the Second National Bank, and Clement M. Davison was the first cashier. Few banks have ever been conducted under such close scrutiny of the board of directors as was the Second National bank, for the board of directors met every day to discuss the affairs and the policy of the bank concerning various matters. Upon the expiration of its charter, it was reorganized as the Detroit National bank, and when DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 179 this charter had lapsed it became the Old Detroit National bank. In 1912, the Old Detroit National absorbed the American Exchange National, before which the Old Detroit had a capital of $2,500,000 and deposits of more than $23,000,000. A union of Detroit's two earliest national banks was effected in 1914 under the style of the First & Old Detroit National bank, the consolidation resulting in the formation of one of the strongest banks outside of New York and Chicago. Since consolidation has been frequently shown to be a good thing in banking affairs, the merger of the two oldest national banks of Detroit has more than borne out the truth of the statement, for by the action was created one of the strongest banks of the country. The offices of the bank were located in the lower floor of the Ford building until 1922, but in February of that year it moved into its own building erected at Woodward avenue and Cadillac Square on the site of the old Pontchartrain hotel. In January, 1922, the name of the bank was changed from that of the First and Old Detroit National bank to the First National bank, resuming the name of the institution which was the first one founded in the city under the provisions of the National Banking act of 1862. The present officers of the institution, which absorbed the Central Savings bank soon after the change of name, are as follows: Emory W. Clark, president; William J. Gray, Frank G. Smith, William T. DeGraff, Walter L. Dunham, John H. Hart, Edward C. Mahler, W. A. McWhinney, D. Dwight Douglas, Fred Brown, and Frederic J. Parker, vice-presidents; George S. Hoppin, Jr., cashier; James A. Wilson, Henry J. Bridgman, Ivo S. Faurote, James T. Shaw, Raymond A. Jacobs, and Arthur E. Patterson, assistant vice-presidents; Charles H. Wagar, Russell E. Smith, Edward E. Dean, Charles McMichael, Paul Fitzpatrick, Walter E. Winckler, O. H. Stoneburgh, John A. Hopkins, Valette R. Eis, assistant cashiers; Garnet W. O'Neil, comptroller; and George H. Zimmerman, manager of foreign exchange. Wayne County & Home Savings Bank. It was not long after the establishment of the national banks that it was seen that although their services were excellent as far as they went, national banks were powerless to lend money for home building. A definite need soon developed throughout the state for financial institutions whose scope would include the acceptance of the small savings accounts of the laboring men and would allow loans on mortgages for home building. In 1869, the state legislature passed an act permitting the establishment of savings banks, but so uncertain were the provisions of the act that those banks that were organized under it were loath to continue business for long. Accordingly, remedial measures were considered by the legislators, and on March 31, 1871, a second act allowing the organization of savings banks was passed and became operative on July 16, that year. The act stated that the capital stock of each bank should not be less than $50,000 and that three-fifths of the capital stock must be paid in; money for deposits could be accepted from those classes of people who were unable to start savings accounts with the national banks, 180 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and minor children and married women were allowed to act independently of their husbands or fathers. No sooner had the act been passed than a public meeting was called in Detroit to discuss the establishment of a savings bank and was held on April 28, 1871, in the office of T. W. Palmer in the Merrill Block. The result of the meeting was the organization of the Wayne County Savings bank with William B. Wesson, one of the principal stockholders, as the first president. The only man in the organization with previous banking experience was Samuel Dow Elwood, who had conducted a bank at Petrolia in Canada before he came to Detroit. He was persuaded to take an interest in the Wayne County Savings bank by Wesson and accepted the position of secretary and treasurer. The lowest amount allowed by the law, $50,000, was the capital stock of the bank, and on September 18, 1871, the articles of association were drawn up and filed with the State Treasurer. The building at the northwest corner of Griswold and Congress streets, owned by Wesson, was selected as the office of the bank, and when it was necessary to increase the quarters of the proposed bank, the Wesson building was raised from the foundation and another story built underneath it, constituting the first removal or raising a brick building in Detroit. The first officers were William B. Wesson, president; Dr. Herman Kiefer, vice-president; Samuel Dow Elwood, secretary and treasurer; and William A. Moore, attorney. These officers were also members of the board of trustees, the other members of which were as follows: John J. Bagley, Jerome Croul, J. B. Sutherland, Jefferson Wiley, M. S. Smith, S. G. Wight, D. M. Ferry, Paul Gies, L. P. Knight, Traugott Schmidt, D. M. Richardson, William C. Duncan, T. W. Palmer, Francis Adams, K. C. Barker, George F. Bagley, J. S. Farrand, David Knapp, and William A. Moore. The success of the Wayne County Savings bank was immediate and the officials of the bank soon realized that larger and more commodious quarters must be occupied to handle the ever-increasing business. Accordingly, the capital was increased to $100,000, and with the money so obtained the residence and property of Dr. Nehemiah Stebbins adjoining the Wesson building on Congress street were purchased by the bank in September, 1875. Upon this site was built a new bank building which was occupied December 15, 1876. On April 29, 1913, the Wayne County Savings bank was consolidated with the Home Savings bank. The latter institution was organized in 1888, the first meeting of the stockholders being held on November 8, that year, at the office of William C. Maybury. The directors elected to take charge of the bank's affairs were C. C. Blodgett, C. V. Bryan, W. J. Gould, E. Ferguson, James McGregor, William C. Maybury, Carlton H. Mills, Waring H. Ellis, George W. Radford, Augustus Rouff, John S. Schmittdiel, and Charles C. Yemans. Two days later the directors elected the following officers: James McGregor, president; William C. Maybury, vicepresident; and John S. Schmittdiel, cashier. At the same time, the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 181: directors elected to rent banking quarters at the south entrance on Griswold street of the McGraw building. Although it was the original intention of the incorporators to capitalize the bank for $100,000, the capital stock was increased to $200,000 on December 11, 1888, and on January 2, 1889, the bank was opened for business. On May 30, 1894, the bank completed and occupied its own building at the northeast corner of Griswold street and Michigan avenue, property that had been leased from Mrs. Julia F. Owen. In 1911, the Home Savings bank purchased the land and became the owner of the leasehold interest two years later. After the consolidation of the interests of the Wayne County Savings bank and the Home Savings bank under the name of the Wayne County & Home Savings bank, a new building was erected on the property at Michigan avenue and Griswold street. While the new building was in process of construction, the Home Savings bank was located in the Hammond building, the Wayne County Savings bank was in its old Congress street location, and the Michigan Savings bank was maintained in the Moffat building. On December 20, 1915, the three banks were brought together in the new building at Griswold street and Michigan avenue. The Michigan Savings bank, the third part of the triumvirate of Detroit Savings institutions, was organized February 17, 1877, and was opened for business April 2, that year, with a capitalization of $60,000 that was increased to $150,000 in May, 1882. The first trustees were Newell Avery, George WV. Balch, Horace M. Dean, Joseph Kuhn, Archibald G. Lindsay, Thomas McGraw, Nicol Mitchell, Samuel R. Mumford, George Peck, William Perkins, Jr., Julius Stoll, and H. Kirke White. Thomas McGraw, owner of the McGraw building became the first president of the institution, and Samuel R. Mumford became the secretary and treasurer. George Peck succeeded McGraw as president in 1880 and continued in that office until the time of his death, when Charles C. Jenks assumed the duties of the office until the consolidation with the Wayne County & Home Savings bank on October 21, 1914. To the initiative of the officials of the Home Savings bank is credited the establishment of the first branch bank in Detroit and possibly in the country. For a bank to establish branches was a practice unheard of until then in banking circles throughout the country, but in 1889, the Home Savings bank of Detroit opened a branch at Junction avenue and the Michigan Central Railroad crossing. Subsequently the branch was moved to Michigan avenue at the Western Market and now bears the name of the Michigan Avenue branch. By the establishment of a branch, the Home Savings bank instituted a custom that has become universal in the administration of banks of the country, and at the present time, thirtythree branches are maintained by the Wayne County & Home Savings bank. The present officers of the institution are as follows: Julius H. Haass, president; George Wiley, W. V. Moore, William S. Green, Edwin J. Eckert, Arthur E. Loch, Rupert Pletsch, and George H. Johnstone, vice-presidents; George F. Buhrer, cashier; 182 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and George J. Pipper, auditor. In addition to the thirty-three branches maintained by the institution, the Wayne County & Home bank of Highland Park and the Wayne County & Home bank of Springwells are affiliated with the Wayne County & Home Savings bank. Capital and surplus in 1925 was $10,000,000 while the total resources of the bank were in excess of $100,000,000. The stock of the banks in Highland Park and Springwells named above is owned by the Wayne County & Home Savings bank, the Highland Park institution being started in 1920 with a capitalization of $100,000 and the Springwells bank was started about the same time. Peoples State Bank. Consolidation of various banks has played an important part in making the Peoples State bank the largest state bank. When the general banking law of 1858 was amended in 1871 the first bank organized under the revised law was the Peoples Savings bank, organized late in 1871 by ten men, each of whom subscribed $3,000. Francis Palms was chosen president and M. W. O'Brien cashier, the latter of whom was persuaded to come to Detroit from Saginaw where he was a prominent lumberman. On January 2, 1872, the bank was organized under the new laws, but it had been in operation for exactly a year prior to that time under the old banking laws. The capitalization was increased to $60,000 at the time of the reorganization, and the offices were removed from No. 55 Woodward avenue, where they were first located, to the Telegraph Block at the corner of Congress and Griswold streets. The panic of 1873 affected the People's Savings bank but little, the capital being increased on January 1, 1874, to $120,000. In 1876, the capital stock was placed at $250,000 and within five years, in 1881, that amount was doubled, bringing the capitalization to $500,000. Francis Palms, who had served as president during the first fifteen years of the bank's existence, died in November, 1886, and the following May witnessed the elevation of M. W. O'Brien to the presidency, the latter being succeeded by S. B. Coleman as cashier. In January, 1890, the offices of the bank were removed to the Moffat block, and in the same year, George E. Lawson was elected to succeed Coleman as cashier. A consolidation was effected in January, 1907, with the State Savings bank under the name of the Peoples State bank which it bears today. The State Savings bank was organized in 1883 by David Hamilton and T. S. Anderson, of Kentucky, who financed the bank through their own means. They chose, however, to secure a Detroiter for a cashier, and to R. S. Mason, paying teller of the First National bank, they offered that position. Mason later became one of the vice-presidents. The bank was opened at No. 88 Griswold street, was later removed to the Buhl block, and then to the Hammond building in 1890. T. S. Anderson acted as president until 1889 when he resigned to be succeeded by George H. Russell. During Russell's incumbency, a new marble building was erected at the corner of Fort and Shelby streets that became the home of the Peoples State bank after the consolidation of the State DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 183 Savings bank and the Peoples Savings bank on June 1, 1907. George H. Russell became president of the consolidated bank. The Peoples State bank purchased the United States Savings bank in November, 1909, extinguishing the separate identity of a financial institution that had existed in Detroit since 1877. In that year, Andrew McLellan and George Anderson engaged in the banking business under the firm style of McLellan & Anderson, Bankers, a name that prevailed until the reorganization as the United States Savings bank in 1908. The following year, the bank was taken over by the Peoples State bank under the presidency of George H. Russell. In 1915, Russell died and was succeeded by George E. Lawson, who died suddenly in February, 1916. Vicepresident James T. Kenna was then installed as president of the Peoples State bank and held the office until he was chosen chairman of the board of directors in January, 1919. At that time, John W. Staley, then vice-president, was advanced to the presidency and has since continued to discharge the duties of that office. The original building of the bank at Fort and Shelby streets has been extended through to Congress street, giving the bank a floor space of 296x100 feet. The Peoples State bank is not only the largest bank in Michigan but is also one of the six largest west of the Atlantic states, its capital and surplus amounting to $15,000,000 and its total resources exceeding $140,000,000. Containing 9,000 individual boxes and a safety room 32x16 feet, the safe deposit facilities of the bank constitute the largest single bank vault space in the city of Detroit. The present officers of the institution are as follows: John W. Staley, president; F. A. Schulte, John R. Bodde, R. W. Smylie, R. T. Cudmore, Charles A. Ayers, A. H. Moody, vice-presidents; Austin E. Wing, assistant to the president; Donald N. Sweeny, cashier; D. E. Leuty, William Braasch, G. W. Beasly, C. C. Bogan, L. D. Heaphy, John H. Rooks, Hugh McClelend, Jr., Herbert W. Boyes, and Joseph E. Totten, assistant cashiers; George T. Courtney, auditor; C. I. Norman, manager of the bond department; and Roderick P. Fraser, manager of the foreign department. National Bank of Commerce was established as a result of the consolidation of the two Detroit national banks in 1907. Henry H. Sanger, then assistant cashier of the Commercial National bank, was the prime mover in the organization of the new bank. The original plan called for a capital of $500,000 with a surplus of $100,000, but the stock was oversubscribed by such a wide margin that the original capitalization was increased to $750,000 with a surplus of $150,000. On June 1, 1907, the bank was opened for business with the following officers in charge: Richard P. Joy, president; William P. Hamilton, vice-president; Henry H. Sanger, cashier; and Charles R. Talbot, assistant cashier. On October 1, the bank moved into its present building at No. 144 West Fort street, and a second office is maintained in the General Motors building where complete records of balances and signatures are kept in order that customers may cash checks at either office without delay. In 1925, the capital, surplus, and profits amounted to more than $4,750,000 184 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and the total resources were in excess of $60,000,000. The present officers of the bank are as follows: Richard P. Joy, president; William P. Hamilton, Henry H. Sanger, Charles R. Talbot, and S. Covington, vice-presidents; Samuel R. Kingston, vice-president and cashier; Charles N. Maycock, Claud M. Beers, Orville L. Hatt, and L. H. D. Baker, assistant vice-presidents; and Albert C. Voss, Robert C. Wandell, John W. Johnston, and H. D. Newberry, assistant cashiers. Merchants National Bank. Soon after the consolidation of the First National and the Old Detroit National banks in the spring of 1914, several prominent business men of Detroit aided John Ballantyne in the organization of the Merchants National bank, which was to have a capitalization of $1,000,000 with a surplus of $250,000. The banking quarters of the Old Detroit National bank in the Buhl block were secured, and on August 25, 1914, the doors of the Merchants National were opened to the public, deposits exceeding $1,000,000 in toto being received the first day. The first officers of the bank were John Ballantyne, president; David Gray, vice-president; John P. Hemmeter, vice-president; and Benjamin G. Vernor, cashier. The business of the institution grew so rapidly that it was found necessary in April, 1920, to increase the capitalization by $1,000,000 and the surplus by $400,000. The present officers of the institution are John Ballantyne, chairman of the board; John Endicott, president; David Gray, John P. Hemmeter, Alfred T. Lerchen, Benjamin G. Vernor, and Robert B. Locke, vice-presidents; Charles K. Bartow, cashier; Walter R. Joy, Frank A. Duwe, L. George Bott, Roscoe F. Miller, and Russell A. Kruger, assistant cashiers; and Edward Formell, auditor. Dime Savings Bank. When the Dime Savings bank was organized and opened for business on May 1, 1884, its capitalization was $60,000, while today it is capitalized for $1,500,000, has a surplus of $2,500,000, and represents total resources of more than $50,000,000. The first directors of the bank that has come to be recognized as one of Detroit's most substantial banking houses were as follows: S. M. Cutcheon, A. M. Henry, J. L. Hudson, William Hull, William Livingstone, R. J. F. Roehm, James E. Scripps, E. W. Voight, and C. A. Warren. Sullivan M. Cutcheon was elected the first president of the bank, James E. Scripps became vice-president, and Frederick Woolfenden was installed in the position of cashier. Following the death of Cutcheon in April, 1900, William Livingstone was made president of the Dime Savings bank, and it was under his direction that the fine office building that bears the name of the bank was erected. The present officers of the bank are as follows: Fred J. Robinson, chairman of board; T. W. P. Livingstone, president; George H. Barbour, David C. Carnegie, Chariton E. Partridge and George T. Breen, vice-presidents; Duncan W. Baker, vice-president and cashier; John H. Stein, Clifford H. Hyett and Frank E. O'Brien, assistant cashiers. Robert H. Moore, credit manager; A. MacLennan, manager of foreign department; and Charles E. Gray, manager of branches. The Dime Savings bank DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 185 maintains in addition to the main downtown office at Fort and Griswold street, twenty branch offices throughout the city. First State Bank. In 1853, Edward Kanter opened a private bank in Detroit and met with a success that justified the continuance of the business when he ceased to be actively identified with its interests. In 1871, the business was incorporated as the German-American bank and as such it continued until it was reincorporated as the First State Bank of Detroit. The institution is one of the substantial banks of the city and is capitalized for $1,000,000. Fifteen branches are maintained throughout the city. The present officers are George H. Kirchner, president; Paul R. Gray, Charles W. Kotcher, Cyrenius A. Newcomb, Jr., Edward Yentsch, and John Koch, vice-presidents; H. J. Koch, vice-president and cashier; Ralph T. Kirchner, assistant cashier and supervisor of branches; Emil Jacob and Julius Rabiner, assistant cashiers; and A. A. Chapp, Jr., auditor. American State Bank of Detroit was organized in 1906. Now, with a capital stock of $1,500,000 and with its main offices at 1145 Griswold street, the bank ranks as one of the leading institutions of its kind in the city. The present officers are: John J. Barlum, president; L. W. Schimmel, Charles P. Learned, Fred W. Dalby, Frank E. Doremus, Gordon Fearnley, G. W. Linton, and A. J. Maynard, vice-presidents; Robert M. Allan, vice-president and cashier; Henry M. Hild, R. W. Slayton, William R. Botsford, O. L. Green, and P. E. Todd, assistant cashiers; and Arthur L. Coles, auditor. Bank of Detroit was incorporated in 1916 with a capital stock of $1,000,000 that was subsequently increased to $2,000,000. The bank has its own building at No. 241 Fort street, West. The present officers are: C. H. Haberkorn, Jr., chairman of the board; George B. Judson, president; G. Ogden Ellis, W. A. Fisher, R. B. Gripman, F. J. Beyer, C. A. Kinney, E. S. Burns, and Charles B. Crouse, vicepresidents; A. A. McPherson, cashier; G. T. Murray, C. S. Goddin, E. T. McConnell, B. F. Saylor and A. J. Stocker, assistant cashiers. Central Savings Bank was founded by Joseph C. Hart in 1888, and the bank was opened for business on April 19, that year, with Gilbert Hart as the first president. It is located at Woodward avenue and Cadillac Square, and the institution is capitalized for $1,000,000. The present officers are: William P. Holliday, chairman of the board; Laurence P. Smith, president; Leo. F. Timma, Edward H. Rogers, Albert W. Kauffman (cashier), vice-presidents; and Arthur F. Papke, Elvin G. Krebs, George F. Crook, assistant cashiers. Commercial State Savings Bank was incorporated in 1921 and opened for business of August 1, that year. It is capitalized for $1,000,000 and maintains its main offices in the Penobscot building. The present officers of the institution are: Elbert H. Fowler, president; Lewis G. Gorton, Frank G. Baxter, Charles P. Sieder, T. Allan Smith, vice-presidents; C. R. McLaughlin, vice-president and 186 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY cashier; and Arnold Baenziger, Franklin W. Dedoe, assistant cashiers; and A. M. Souch, assistant cashier and auditor. Commonwealth-Federal Savings Bank was formed in 1916 by the consolidation of the Commonwealth bank organized in 1909 and of the Federal bank organized in the same year that the consolidation occurred. The bank has a capital of $750,000 and has its main office in the Hammond building. The present officers of the bank are: Joseph W. Causey, president; Frank Wolf, Comfort A. Tyler, and Fred H. Talbot, vice-presidents; William W. Smith, cashier; and H. P. Parshall and H. R. Wilkin, assistant cashiers. Continental Bank of Detroit was organized in 1921 under the presidency of Walter G. Toepel. The bank is capitalized for $700, 000, and the present officers are: Walter G. Toepel, chairman of the board; James A. Hoyt, president; Henry J. Guthard, Alexander J. Stuart, Mason P. Rumney, and Alvin G. Sherman, vicepresidents; Forrest G. Fillman, cashier; and Samuel A. Petty and Ernest M. Elkan, assistant cashiers. Industrial Morris Plan Bank of Detroit was incorporated in August, 1917, with a capital stock of $500,000. This bank offers a unique service in banking at the disposal of those people who are unable to borrow small amounts of money from the regular banking houses. The benefits of such an institution to the workingmen can not be overestimated, and the large patronage that the bank has acquired proves the need of such a concern in Detroit. The present officers of the bank are: Eugene W. Lewis, president; Fred G. Austin, Frank W. Hubbard, and G. F. Turnbull, vicepresidents; R. H. Doughty, secretary; A. G. Ropp, treasurer; and H. C. Sparks, Harry Haas, and C. L. Rugg, assistant treasurers. Michigan State Bank of Detroit, with a capital stock of nearly $300,000, was organized on August 24, 1916. Its present officers are: Frank Schmidt, president; Stanley C. Kruszewski, vice-president; F. A. Smith, cashier; and J. A. Grupcznski, assistant cashier. Northwestern State Bank, located at No. 9479 Grand River avenue, was incorporated in 1915 with a capital of $25,000. The present officers are: Wales C. Martindale, president; Frank Vignoe, Peter Prochaska, and Frederick C. Martindale, vice-presidents; Allan H. F. Martindale, vice-president and cashier; and A. Raymond Wells, assistant cashier. Peninsular State Bank was organized August 27, 1887, and at the present time the concern is capitalized for $2,500,000 and owns its own bank building at No. 140 Fort street, West. One of the large banks in Detroit, it has won a distinct place in the financial life of the city. The present officers of the company are: E. J. Hickey, chairman of the board; H. L. Chittenden, president; H. H. Ellerton, H. Moxon, W. J. Nesbitt and E. J. Obendorfer, vicepresidents; M. S. Webb, cashier; F. F. Fleming, B. H. Johnson, H. A. Lombard, J. P. Arthur, W. R. Osborne and Hans Metcalf, assistant cashiers; H. B. Stead, auditor. United Savings Bank was incorporated on November 27, 1901. It now has a capitalization of $750,000, and a few years ago erected DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 187 its own building at No. 1333-39 Griswold street. The present officers of the bank are: Frank B. Leland, president; Albert F. Peck, Laverne Bassett, and William W. Slocum, vice-presidents; Thomas E. Bryan, cashier; and Earl W. Alles, assistant cashier. County Banks. Though the development of the motor car and the consequent improvement of the highways have, so to speak, brought the rural communities considerably closer to the cities, the small town banks have continued to play as indispensable a part in the financial world as they have ever done. Perhaps nothing speaks more in favor of the practical side of the rural banks than the fact that the establishment of branches by city banks is but a justification of the principle on which the country banks operate. The Peoples State bank, of Belleville, was incorporated in 1913 and has continued to render substantial banking service to the people of that community and the surrounding country. It is capitalized for $20,000 and has the following officers: Franklin L. Robbe, president; George T. Clark, vice-president; and Frank H. Clark, cashier. Capitalized for $100,000, the American State bank at Dearborn was organized in 1919, its present officers being Fred W. Dalby, president, and R. Little, cashier. The Dearborn State bank, which was incorporated in 1910, has a capital of $100,000. Its officers are Henry Ford, president; Herman Kalmback and E. G. Liebold, vice-presidents; and Charles R. Smith, assistant cashier. The Down River State bank, of Ecorse, was organized on May 7, 1924, and opened for business on June 14, that year, with a capital stock of $25,000. The bank's officers are: Augustus I. Berdeno, president; Frank X. Lafferty, vice-president; and Leo C. Byrnes, cashier. With an original capitalization of $50,000, the Ecorse State bank was incorporated in 1918, but since that time the capital of the institution has been increased to $100,000. The present officers are: Joseph Salliotte, president; G. H. Kirchner and H. C. Wade, vicepresidents; A. P. McNiven, cashier; and 0. J. Livernois, assistant cashier. The Ferndale State bank was organized April 18, 1924, and was opened for business on July 1. This is the first bank to be established in that section independently of the larger banks of Detroit. The State Savings bank at Flat Rock was incorporated in 1912 with a capitalization of $20,000, the same as it is today. The present officers of the bank are: J. F. Lindsay, president; F. S. Peters and Julius Neiffert, vice-presidents; and M. S. Walker, cashier. The Grosse Pointe Savings bank, at No. 17449 Jefferson avenue, East, was incorporated in 1915 and has a capital stock of $60,000. The present officers of the bank are: Frank W. Hubbard, president; L. S. Trowbridge and John Wynne, Jr., vice-presidents; and F. C. Flumerfelt, cashier. The Jefferson Savings bank in Grosse Pointe Park is located at No. 15301 Jefferson avenue, East, and was incorporated in 1923 188 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY with a capital of $60,000. The bank has the following officers: Julius W. Berns, president; Henry H. Sanger and Carlton M. Higbie, vice-presidents; and W. Lloyd Webster, cashier. Though the banks of Hamtramck and Highland Park are located in corporations other than Detroit, they are, nevertheless, virtual units of the Detroit banking system. In 1921, the Citizens bank, of Hamtramck, was incorporated with a capital of $30,000. It has the following officers: John Beger, president; A. A. Stefanowski, vice-president; W. J. Rachow, vice-president and cashier; and R. V. Ceglowski, assistant cashier. The Dime Savings Bank of Hamtramck, located at the corner of Holbrook and Lumpkin avenues, was incorporated on December 20, 1920, with a capital of $100,000. The present officers of the institution are: T. W. P. Livingstone, president; Duncan W. Baker, vicepresident; Frank Winiker, cashier; and Arthur Knight, assistant cashier. The First State Bank of Hamtramck, incorporated in 1916, has a capital of $100,000 and is located at the corner of Joseph Campau and Holbrook avenues. The present officers of the institution are: Edward Leszczynski, president; Dr. Roman Sadowski, vice-president; C. J. Wierzzicki, cashier; and A. C. Owczarzak, assistant cashier. The Hamtramck State bank was incorporated May 11, 1909, and has a capitalization of $100,000. The officers are: F. A. Schulte, president; William Blanck, vice-president; Henry Ledyard, vicepresident; Joseph C. Friedel, cashier; and A. W. Michalak, assistant cashier. The offices of the bank are located at the corner of Joseph Campau and Holbrook avenues. The Liberty State bank of Hamtramck, maintaining two branches, has its main offices at No. 9539 Joseph Campau avenue. The bank was incorporated in 1918 with a capital stock of $100,000, and the success with which the bank has met is evinced by the fact that two branches have been made necessary to handle the growing business of the institution. The officers at the present time are: Joseph Chronowski, president; Stanislaus Chronowski and George J. Holstein, vice-presidents; and Chester Dykowski and Theodore Sikora, branch managers. The Merchants & Mechanics bank, with main offices at No. 9435 Joseph Campau avenue, was also incorporated in 1918 with a capital of $10,000. Three branches have been established by the bank to handle its affairs in various parts of the city. The present officers of the bank are: George J. Kolowich, president; I. G. Kolowich, vice-president; Don Nigro, cashier; and Joseph A. Nettke, assistant cashier. Capitalized for $100,000, the Peoples National bank of Hamtramck received its charter in 1917 and maintains its offices at No. 8508 Joseph Campau avenue. The present officers of the institution are: Harry J. Fox, president; L. P. Smith and George J. Haas, vice-presidents; Leo F. Timma, cashier; and Carl Luczynski, assistant cashier. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 189 The American State Bank of Highland Park was incorporated in 1910. The bank has a capital of $200,000, and in addition to its main offices at No. 13504 Woodward avenue, it maintains two branches. The bank's present officers are: Harvey B. Wallace, president; Fred W. Dalby, vice-president; Russell T. Wallace, vicepresident and cashier; and Arthur F. DeYonker, Sydney Odgers, James L. Barker, and Alex E. Gruenberg, assistant cashiers. The Highland Park State bank had its inception in August, 1909, and capitalized for $1,000,000 it stands as the largest bank in that community. The main offices are at 14048 Woodward avenue, in addition to which the bank maintains six branches. The present officers of the bank are: James T. Whitehead, president; Dr. George R. Andrews, F. E. Quisenberry, and A. L. Couzens, vicepresidents; and Frank J. Maurice, cashier. In 1917 was established the Peninsular State bank of Highland Park. It has a capital of $100,000, has its main offices at No. 13547 Woodward avenue, and maintains one branch. The present officers of the institution are: Henry A. Haigh, president; J. H. Johnson and E. O. Krentler, vice-presidents; H. B. Ward, cashier; and Charles E. Peck, assistant cashier. The Peoples State bank of Highland Park was incorporated in 1920 with a capital of $100,000. John W. Staley is president; John R. Bodde and A. H. Moody, vice-president; and F. B. Fitzgerald, cashier. The bank is located at the corner of Woodward and Waverly avenues. The Wayne County and Home Bank of Highland Park was incorporated in October, 1920, and has a capital of $100,000. Edwin J. Eckert is president; George Wiley and Arthur E. Loch, vice-presidents; Ray W. Ladendorf, cashier; and Earle L. Chapin, assistant cashier. The State Savings bank of Lincoln Park was incorporated in 1923 with a capital of $25,000. Gordon Fearnley is the president. The Peoples State bank, at New Boston, is capitalized for $20,000 and has the following officers: George T. Clark, president; Frank H. Clark, cashier; and William Amerman, assistant cashier. The Lapham State Savings bank, of Northville, is capitalized for $25,000 and was established in 1907. The present officers of the bank are: F. S. Harmon, president; R. Christensen and F. S. Neal, vice-presidents; E. H. Lapham, cashier; and F. R. Lanning and John Litsenberger, assistant cashiers. The Northville State Savings bank was started in 1892, and at the present time it is capitalized for $25,000. The present officers of the institution which has served that part of the county for so miany years are as follows: L. A. Babbitt, president; R. C. Yerkes, vice-president; C. WV. Wilber, cashier; and C. E. Litsenberger, assistant cashier. The Oakwood State bank was established in 1918 but a few vears later was merged with the Peoples State bank, of Detroit, and is now operated as the Oakwood branch of that institution. 190 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The Plymouth United Savings bank was incorporated in 1890, and though it was originally capitalized for $25,000, that amount was increased a few years ago to the present one of $100,000. The officers of the institution are: C. A. Fisher, president; J. W. Henderson and F. A. Dibble, vice-presidents; E. K. Bennett, cashier; and R. A. Fisher, assistant cashier. The Peoples State bank, of Redford, was incorporated in 1914 and has a capitalization of $100,000. The present officers of the institution are: L. N. Tupper, president; and S. L. Pell, cashier. The Redford State Savings bank had its inception in 1909. It, too, has a capital stock of $100,000, and the present officers of the bank are as follows: C. A. Lahser, president; H. C. Houghton and D. N. Reid, vice-presidents; A. A. Bruder, cashier; and A. M. Bosworth, Jr., assistant cashier. The River Rouge Savings bank was organized in 1906 with a capital of $50,000 which has since been increased to $100,000. The present officers of the bank are: H. C. Burke, president; E. M. Lamb, vice-president; and Daniel J. Goniea, cashier. The Rouge State bank, of River Rouge, was organized March 1, 1919, with a capital of $50,000 that has since been increased to $100,000. The officers of the bank are: Howard C. Wade, president; John Cassidy, Jr., and George H. Kirchner, vice-presidents; Edward T. McLachlan, cashier; and Vernon C. Lezotte and Lloyd V. Bradley, assistant cashier. The Rockwood State bank, with a capital of $20,000, was organized in 1911 and has the following men for its officers: Austin B. Chapman, president; Harley A. Wagar, cashier; and Ruth R. Chapman, assistant cashier. The Romulus State bank was organized in 1913 with a capital stock of $100,000. The present officers of the bank are: James R. Taylor, president; Richard Holland, vice-president; and Leo D. Roach, cashier. The Springwells State bank, at Fordson, was incorporated September 14, 1921, with a capital of $50,000. The present officers of the institution are: Bart H. Manning, chairman of the board; Joseph Henn, president; W. J. Rachow, vice-president and cashier; and H. O. Wells, assistant cashier. The Wayne County & Home bank, of Fordson, was incorporated in 1922. The present officers of the bank are: William H. McClenahen, president and cashier; George Wiley and Edwin J. Eckert, vice-presidents; and Wesley Smith, assistant cashier. The offices of the bank are located at No. 12600 Michigan avenue. The Trenton State bank was incorporated in 1912 with a capital stock of $25,000, and the present officers are: Austin Church, president; E. W. Yost, vice-president; F. A. Lautenschlager, cashier; and Harry E. Roehrig, assistant cashier. The Peoples State bank of Wayne was incorporated in 1916 with an initial capital of $30,000, an amount that has subsequently been DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 191 increased to $50,000. The present officers of the bank are: W. A. Begole, president; F. H. Fellrath, vice-president; and R. M. Bird, cashier. The Wayne Savings bank has served the people of that community since its incorporation in 1890. Like the other bank in the village, it has a capitalization of $50,000, and George M. Stellwagen is president and John Truesdell, cashier. The Ford State bank was incorporated in 1922 to increase the number of Wyandotte banks to three. It is capitalized for $50,000 and has the following officers: B. J. Oades, president; John J. Marx and R. H. Clancy, vice-presidents; and Ned C. Field, cashier. The Peoples State bank, of Wyandotte, was incorporated in 1893 as the First Commercial Savings bank of Wyandotte. When its charter expired in 1923, it was reincorporated as the People's State bank and the capitalization increased from $50,000 to $100,000. The present officers of the institution are: Henry Roehrig, president; S. T. Hendricks, vice-president; A. C. Milne, cashier; and John T. McWhirter, assistant cashier. The Wyandotte Savings bank was organized November 20, 1871, the first officials being John S. Van Alstyne and W. Van Miller, who served as the president and cashier, respectively. At the present time, the bank is capitalized for $200,000, and has as its officers the following men: F. E. Van Alstyne, president; Sidney T. Miller, vice-president; John C. Cahalan, vice-president; A. T. Burns, cashier; and Frank W. Tucker, assistant cashier. Trust Companies. The first concern to be organized under the sections dealing with trust companies in the general banking law of 1891 was the Union Trust company, incorporated in October of that year and opened for business almost immediately with an initial capitalization of $500,000. Such a concern was, however, new to the people of Detroit, and it became necessary for the officials of the company to spend considerable time educating the people in the advantages of such a concern to the city. Once the citizenry had come to appreciate the trust company, its business entered a period of steady growth that has continued to the present time, so that the present capitalization of the Union Trust company is $2,000,000. The company has erected its own building at the northeast corner of Griswold and Congress streets and also maintains an annex at the southeast corner of the same intersection. In addition to its trust business, the company also maintains an abstract department. Henry M. Campbell is now the chairman of the board and Charles R. Dunn is president. The Detroit Trust company was the second established at Detroit, and its articles of incorporation were ratified on December 8, 1900. It opened for business on January 5, 1901, on the second floor of a building at No. 82 Griswold street. Subsequently, the company erected its own building at the southwest corner of Fort and Shelby streets, and at the present time it is about to move into a new building that provides larger quarters for the offices. Alexander McPherson was the first president, and the present head of the 192 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY company is Ralph Stone who began his connection with the trust company on May 6, 1901, as assistant secretary. The American Loan & Trust company was the third institution of that kind organized in Detroit. It was incorporated May 11, 1906, and has a capital of $500,000. The offices of the company are located at No. 131 Congress street, West. The present president is R. G. Lambrecht. Close on the heels of the American Loan & Trust company came the incorporation of the Security Trust company in July, 1906, with a capitalization of $500,000. The present capital and surplus of the company is $2,000,000 and the offices are located at No. 655 Griswold street. James S. Holden is chairman of the board and Albert E. Green is president. The Bankers' Trust company was incorporated May 12, 1917, with its present capitalization of $500,000. Offices of the company were secured at No. 156 Congress street, West. Arthur Webster, former president of the company, is now chairman of the board, while the office of president is held by Walter C. Brandon. The Fidelity Trust company, which maintains offices in the Murphy building, was incorporated in 1923 with a capital of $500,000. Luther D. Thomas is the present president of Detroit's latest addition to the trust company field. SOUTHEAST CORNER GRATIOT AND FARMERSITE OF' FIRST METIIODIST CHURCH IN DETROIT SOUTHEAST CORNER CLIFFORD AND WASHINGTON SITE OF BREITMEYER BUILDING AT GRATIOT AND BROADWAY IOME OF JOHN HULL, A CHIARITABLE BUTCHER.. ON WASHINGTON BOULEVARD I -I- O SITE OF NAVIN FIELD-FORMERLY CITY HAY MARKET SITE OF FORD BUILDING, CONGRESS AND GRISWOLD. 1890 RANDOLPH STREET AT FOOT OF CADILLAC SQUARE ABOUT 1896 MICHIGAN AVENUE (NORTH SIDE) BETWEEN GRISWOLD AND WOODWARD CHAPTER XI BENCH AND BAR M ANY years were destined to elapse after the founding of Detroit before any machinery of organized justice should appear in Wayne county. As the commandant of the trading post at Le Detroit and proprietor of the little French colony there established under his patronage, Cadillac exercised almost unlimited powers in the administration of the judicial phases of the government of the post. He was empowered to hear causes, pass sentence, and even impose the death penalty. Nor did the practice cease with the departure of Cadillac. Subsequent commandants exercised similar authority in the handling of the criminal and civil cases that arose in the little village, and though the governor of New France was the tribunal of appeal from the decision of the commandant, rare were the instances where the word of the military and civil commander of the fort was questioned openly. Complaints of the abuse of power by the commandant found their way to the capital, but with Quebec seven hundred miles distant and communication slow, little if anything ever came of the complaints, the majority of which were groundless, in the first place. The surrender of Detroit to the British wrought no immediate change in the judicial functions of the commandant; indeed, the British commandants were even more absolute in their authority than were the French commanders. Record is found of Major Gladwin sentencing to be hanged a Pawnee slave woman who assisted in the murder of her master, a Mr. Clapham, early in the spring of 1763. Colonel De Peyster officiated at weddings and baptisms according to the forms of the Episcopal church. Though governor and the commissioner of trade both claimed the right to civil magistrates were appointed later in the English period, the officials were subservient to the commandants and their decisions might be reversed by the commandant at will. The lieutenantsettle disputes between individuals and parties, and the exercise of this authority was more frequent during the British regime than during the French domination. On November 21, 1763, James Murray, governor of the province of Quebec, was authorized to establish such courts as he felt necessary to the welfare of the colony, and pursuant to this commission courts of King's Bench, Assize, and Common Pleas were established, all sitting at Quebec. A court of Quarter Sessions and justices courts were also established to sit at Montreal and Quebec. Although cases from Detroit might be carried to these courts in the province, no provision was made for courts operating in the territory of Michigan itself. The Lords of Trade, not wishing to encourage settlement of a country where their wealth was invested 194 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY in the fur trade, strongly opposed any measures that might tend to encourage the influx of settlers to the Indian country. Strong protests from the citizens of Detroit against the existing system found a certain measure of recognition in the appointment of Philip Dejean to the position of justice of the peace on April 24, 1767, by Captain George Turnbull. This commandant was soon relieved of his command, and his successor, Major Robert Bayard was asked to make some provision for the collection of debts in the settlement. Bayard then issued a proclamation on July 28, 1767, establishing a temporary court of justice to meet twice a month to decide all questions concerning debts, bonds, contracts, bills, etc. Dejean was made the second judge of the court. Both Turnbull and Bayard, in their dealings with the justice of the peace, made it clear to him and to the people of the settlement that the commandant was the court of final appeal and that his decision might overweigh any made by the regularly appointed justice. Dejean became quite unpopular with the people of Detroit, and though the commandant was asked to investigate his record, Dejean was declared innocent of the various charges brought against him by the people. It was this same justice who became the creature of Hamilton whom he followed to Vincennes only to be captured by the Americans and imprisoned in Virginia. In July, 1788, the province of Upper Canada was divided into four districts, by name Luneberg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and Hesse, in the last of which Detroit was included. For each district a court of common pleas was established, Duperon Baby, Alexander McKee, and William Robertson, all of Detroit, being appointed judges of the court of the District of Hesse and Thomas Smith receiving the appointment as clerk of the court. Robertson and Baby were merchants and unwilling to act in the capacities of judges. Robertson and thirty-three citizens of Detroit petitioned the governor to reconsider the appointments, declaring that Baby and Robertson, as merchants, were unqualified to sit as judges in cases respecting property. The petition further asked that a judge versed in the law be appointed as none of the previous appointees were familiar with the ramifications of legal practices. The petition was referred to a committee which reported in favor of the appointment of such a judge as the Detroit men asked for. Accordingly, in March, 1789, William Dummer Powell was appointed first judge of the court of common pleas of the District of Hesse. Powell continued to preside over the court until it was abolished in 1794 and superseded by the court of King's Bench of Upper Canada. A District Court, comparable in scope to the old court of common pleas, was established, the one for the District of Hesse sitting in Detroit until just before the British evacuated the post in 1796. William Dummer Powell has been given the name of the first judge of Detroit. Born in Boston in 1755, the son of John and Janet (Grant) Powell, he married Anne Murray at the age of twenty years and soon after, in January, 1776, began the study of law in the Middle Temple, London, England. He completed his DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 195 studies in three years and then returned to America where he engaged in practice in Montreal. When he was appointed judge of the court of common pleas of the District of Hesse, he removed to Detroit in June, 1789. The court met at Sandwich, and he presided over it until it was abolished in 1794 when he received the appointment of first judge of the court of King's Bench for Upper Canada. In 1815 he was appointed chief justice and resigned after ten years service in that capacity. His death occurred in 1834. Though nominally Detroit was under the jurisdiction of the supreme court of the Northwest Territory from 1783 to 1796, the British occupation of the post during those thirteen years precluded holding court in Detroit. The first American court to be held in Detroit was the session of the Court of General Quarter Sessions, created August 23, 1788, which met in Detroit for the first time on August 4, 1798. In 1788, a probate court was also established for the Northwest Territory. In October, 1795, the judges of the Quarter Sessions court were authorized to sit in supervision over trustees and executors. When the probate court was reorganized in 1811, these duties were taken away from the judges of the Quarter Sessions court. Although a Circuit Court of Wayne county, the judge of which was to be appointed by the governor of the Indiana Territory, was created on December 9, 1800, no records exist to show that any such appointment was made, and thus, for all practical purposes, Detroit's judicial matters remained in the same hands until Michigan was attached to the Indiana Territory on April 30, 1802. The only session of the territorial circuit court to be held in Detroit while this section of the country was a part of the Indiana Territory was that opened October 24, 1804, and presided over by Judge Vanderburgh. When Michigan was erected into a territory on January 11, 1805, it was provided that three judges, to be appointed by the president with the consent of the senate, should with the governor, form the legislative body of the new territory as well as the judicial body. Augustus B. Woodward, of Washington, Frederick Bates, of Michigan, and Samuel Huntington, of Ohio, were the appointments of the president, but Huntington declined the appointment and John Griffin of Indiana was named in his stead. These three judges took up their residence in Detroit soon after their appointment. Perhaps no judge was ever more continuously in the public eye than was the eccentric and overbearing Judge Woodward. Reports vary as to the place and time of his birth, one authority making him a native of New York, another of Alexandria, Virginia, and a third also giving his native state as Virginia. According to Charles Moore, Woodward was in Rockbridge county, Virginia, in 1795, and was admitted to the bar in 1801. Assuredly he was a man of good education, for his letters and documents, though showing him to be a pedant, are well written and intelligent manuscripts. Woodward has been accused of being a time-server, one who curries favor with his superiors in order to retain his office. Whether this 196 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY charge is true or not is a matter for conjecture, but certain it is that he was at all times an office seeker. With the surrender of Detroit to the British in 1812, Woodward secured from Colonel Procter, the English commander, the appointment as secretary of the territory. Although a resolution was presented to Congress to repeal the act creating the Michigan territory, no action was taken, for despite the charges of the proponent of the bill, the representatives doubtless felt that Woodward was serving the interests of the people as a British official. The judges were therefore retained in office and their salaries continued, although the object of the Mississippian who introduced the repeal measure was merely to cut off the pay of the Michigan judges. It is certain that Woodward, on several occasions, made vigorous protests against actions of the British commandant. On three occasions, Woodward was defeated in the race for election to Congress; in September, 1819, he lost to William Woodbridge, secretary of the territory; in September, 1820, he was defeated by Solomon Sibley although he would have been elected had the Michilimackinac vote been counted; and in 1821 he was again defeated by Sibley. During his years of service as a judge of the territory, Woodward was the cause of many complaints to Congress because of his official conduct. When John Gentle was tried for libel because of articles he had written for the "Pittsburgh Commonwealth," Woodward was the complaining witness, the judge, and the prosecutor. On another occasion he swore out a warrant for the arrest of a man and tried the case himself, although the fine he imposed on the defendant was remitted by order of the governor. Woodward's position in Washington was unassailable, however, and despite the many complaints that were lodged against him, he held office until President Monroe signed a bill on March 3, 1823, that limited the terms of the judges to four years. A salute by Captain Woodworth's company, bonfires and music, a banquet of celebration at the Sagina hotel, and other demonstrations of joy on the part of the people, convinced Judge Woodward that his unpopularity in Detroit was too great to allow him to remain longer. Shortly after he resigned and betook himself to Washington to solicit another territorial judgeship, receiving such a one in Florida where he died at Tallahassee on July 12, 1837. Unpopular though he was with many people, Woodward was undoubtedly a force for the betterment and development of the city where he made his home. He it was who was instrumental in the establishment of the Detroit Mechanics' Society and the Lyceum of Detroit, who was one of the organizers of the Bank of Michigan in 1818, who drafted the act establishing the University of Michigan, and who otherwise interested himself in the development of the territorial capital. Frederick Bates, the Michigan appointee of President Jefferson to the supreme court of the territory, served but a short time. tie came to Detroit in 1797 to engage in mercantile pursuits and studied law at the same time. He became the second postmaster of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 197 Detroit on January 1, 1803, serving as such for three years; he became the first receiver of the Detroit Land Office when it was inaugurated in 1804; in 1804-05 he was a member of the board of trustees of the town of Detroit; and was then appointed a territorial judge and the first territorial treasurer. Having been appointed secretary of Louisiana Territory by President Jefferson he resigned and on November 26, 1806, as judge and treasurer and receiver of the Land Office and went to his post, later becoming governor of Missouri. His name is perpetuated in the present Bates street, Detroit. John Griffin, a native of Virginia, was holding the position of territorial judge of the Indian Territory at the time he received his appointment in 1805 as one of the judges of the Michigan Territory in the place of Samuel Huntington, of Ohio, who declined the appointment. He served continuously from the time of his appointment until 1823, and because of his willingness to cooperate in every way with Woodward in the legislative work of the territory, he came in for a considerable share of the opprobrium bestowed upon Woodward. The resignation of Woodward was also the signal for his resignation which he tendered to the president at the same time as Woodward. The repeated demands of the people and the press of Detroit that some revision of the statutes be made in order that "the judges, or a majority of them," could be dropped from office referred to Woodward and his creature, Griffin. Best liked, perhaps, of the territorial judges, was James Witherell, appointed to succeed Bates on April 23, 1808, by President Jefferson. A scion of one of the first families to settle in Massachusetts in the Seventeenth Century, Witherell was born at Mansfield, that state, on June 16, 1759. In June, 1775, though but a lad of sixteen years, he enlisted in the Continental army with which he served throughout the Revolutionary war. He served at the siege of Boston and in the battles of Bemis Heights and Monmouth, besides other minor engagements; he witnessed the surrender of the harried Burgoyne at Saratoga and was present at the execution of Major Andre. Receiving his discharge from the army, James Witherell went to Connecticut where he began the study of medicine. Later he went to Vermont and from 1798 to 1803 was a member of the legislature of that state. After two years as county judge, he was elected to Congress in 1807 and the following year was appointed associate justice of the Michigan Territory, coming to Detroit immediately to take his post. Witherell was very well liked by the people of the city and territory. As commander of the militia at Detroit when the city was surrendered to the British in 1812, Witherell was taken prisoner but was exchanged the following year. At that time he bought the Witherell farm east of Dequindre street, where he continued to make his home until 1836. After which he lived in Detroit on the site of the Schubert Detroit opera house until the time of his death on January 6, 1838. After the resignation of Woodward in 1823, Judge Witherell was appointed chief justice, and during the years that elapsed from that 198 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY time until the admission of Michigan to the Union, Witherell became the author of the "Witherell Code." The vacancies created by the resignation of Judges Woodward and Griffin in 1823 were filled by the appointment of Solomon Sibley and John Hunt. Sibley was a native of Sutton, Massachusetts, where he was born October 7, 1769, and studied law in the state of Rhode Island. When it came time for him to engage in practice for himself, he elected to cast his lot with the pioneers of Marietta, Ohio, the settlement promoted by the Ohio Company. While he was practicing law in that place, he had occasion to visit Detroit at one of the sessions of the court of general quarter sessions. He was so impressed with the city and with its prospects that he decided to make this place his home and in 1797 he moved to Detroit to make his permanent residence. At the end of two years, he was elected as the representative from Wayne county to the general assembly of the Northwest Territory, and while he was a member of that body, he introduced the bill incorporating the Town of Detroit that became effective in January, 1802. Sibley became the first mayor of the city under the charter of 1806; served as auditor of the Michigan Territory from 1814 to 1817 and as United States District Attorney from 1815 to 1823. In 1820 Sibley was elected to fill out the unexpired term of William Woodbridge in Congress and the following year was elected for the full term of two years, each time defeating Judge Woodward at the polls. Judge Sibley, following his appointment as associate justice of the territorial supreme court in 1823 was successively re-elected until Michigan was admitted to the Union. Judge John Hunt studied law and was admitted to the bar in his native state of Massachusetts. Coming to Detroit in 1819, Hunt entered practice in this city, and within a short time he had won recognition as one of the ablest attorneys in the territory. Receiving his appointment as associate justice of the supreme court in 1824, he was destined to serve only until 1827, the year in which he died. Henry Chipman, of Vermont, was appointed to fill the vacancy left by the death of Hunt, serving until 1832. Chief Justice James Witherell resigned in January, 1828, and was succeeded by William Woodbridge. Political reasons brought about the removal of Judges Woodbridge, Chipman, and Doty in 1832, they being succeeded by George Morell, Ross Wilkins, and David Irwin. Solomon Sibley was allowed to retain his position throughout the remainder of the life of the territorial supreme court. Morell was chief justice and acted as such until Michigan became a state. The appointment of a third associate justice was provided by a Congressional act of January 30, 1823, for the holding of court in Brown, Crawford, and Mackinaw counties, the jurisdiction of the court to be the entire Northern Peninsula and most of the present state of Wisconsin. To discharge the duties of this third judge ship, James Duane Doty was appointed by the president. Doty was born in 1799 at Salem, New York, and studied law in that state. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 199 In 1818, he came to Detroit, and when he was admitted to the Michigan bar the following year, he was appointed clerk of the supreme court. Following his appointment as associate justice in 1823 for the Wisconsin and Upper Peninsula territories, he went to live in Wisconsin, discharging the arduous duties of that office until 1832. He became a prominent figure in the public life of Wisconsin after that territory was erected in 1836. He served as a member of the Wisconsin constitutional convention and went to Congress in that matter as a delegate. When Wisconsin was admitted to the Union he became the first governor of Wisconsin and then was twice elected to Congress, and subsequently he was appointed governor of the territory of Utah by President Lincoln. District Courts were established by an act of July 25, 1805, the territory being divided into four districts; namely, Erie, Detroit, Huron, and Michilimackinac. The Detroit district as formed by Hull's proclamation of July 3, 1805, was bounded as follows: "Beginning at the River Detroit on the boundary line of the United States of America, five miles north of the center of the citadel in the ancient Town of Detroit; thence in a due west line to the boundary of the Indian title, as established by the treaties of Fort McIntosh, Fort Harmar, and Fort Greenville; thence with the same ten miles, and thence in a due east line to the boundary of the United States." The court sessions were to be presided over by the supreme court justices, one to sit in each district, and the sessions in Detroit were to begin on the first Monday in May and the third Monday in August of each year. Frederick Bates, senior associate justice of the supreme court, was assigned to hold court in this district, and he presided at the first session of the district court held in Detroit on August 19, 1805. James May was the marshall at the first session of the court. Acting upon a petition from citizens of Detroit, the legislative council on April 2, 1807, made the district court to consist of a district judge and two associate judges, all of whom must be residents of the district in which they sat. Pursuant to the provisions of this law, George McDougall was appointed district judge with James Abbott and Jacob Visger as associates. Peter Audrain was made clerk of the court at that time. In September, 1810, the district courts were abolished by the legislative council and its powers were given in part to the supreme court and in part to the justices of the peace, whose powers were at that time enlarged. County Courts. On October 24, 1815, Governor Cass approved an act creating the County Courts, each of which was to consist of a chief justice and two associates justices. Original jurisdiction except in those cases for which death was the penalty was given to the court. At the time the county courts were created, Wayne was the only organized county in the state, and the sessions here were to begin the first Monday in January and the third Monday in June until another county or counties should be erected by the legislature. James Abbott, who had been chief justice of the district court for this district, was appointed chief justice of the Wayne 200 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY County Court, his two associates being Henry J. Hunt and John R. Williams. On January 2, 1816, these men opened the first session of the county court in the old council house. Abolished by an act of April 15, 1833, the county courts were revived in 1846, but having instead of a chief and two associate justices, a county and a second judge elected by the people of the county in which they sat. This revival of the county court continued until the adoption of the constitution of 1850 revised the Michigan judicial system on substantially the same lines as it exists today. Succeeding James Abbott as chief justices of the county court were: John L. Leib, appointed June 17, 1822; William A. Fletcher, appointed March 25, 1823; B. F. H. Witherell, June 5, 1824; William A. Fletcher, December 31, 1824; Henry Chipman, December 19, 1825; Asa M. Robinson, December 28, 1826; Daniel LeRoy, January 18, 1828; Melvin Dorr, June 26, 1828; and John McDonnell, January 13, 1830. The associate justices who sat with the above-mentioned chief justices were: Henry J. Hunt and John R. Williams, November 9, 1815; John McDonnell, January 17, 1817; B. F. H. Witherell, May 23, 1823; Philip Lecuyer, December 23, 1823; Melvin Dorr, August 4, 1826; Shubael Conant, April 14, 1827; Peter Desnoyers, June 26, 1828; William Barstow, January 14, 1830; Orville Cook, July 28, 1830; Charles Moran, March 4, 1831; and James Williams, March 4, 1831. After the revival of the county court in 1846, E. S. Lee served as county judge and Cyrus Howard as second judge until 1850. In that year B. F. H. Witherell was elected to succeed Lee and Howard to succeed himself, but by the same election, the new constitution was ratified and the two men did not enter upon their judicial duties for the term beginning that year. Court of Chancery. By an act of March 26, 1836, a court of chancery was established, the chancellor to receive a salary of $1,500 per year and to be appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate. For the responsible position of chancellor, Elon Farnsworth was appointed for a term of seven years. Farnsworth, one of the most respected members of the legal profession in Detroit at that time, was a native of Woodstock, Vermont, where he was born February 2, 1799. Following his graduation from Middlebury college, he studied law in his native state and in 1822 came to Detroit where he formed a law partnership with Sibley & Whitney. Sibley left the firm in 1824 to become supreme court justice, and the firm style was then changed to that of Whitney & Farnsworth. Following the death of Whitney in 1826, Farnsworth went into partnership with Daniel Goodwin, an arrangement that continued until Farnsworth's appointment as chancellor in 1836. Farnsworth administered his office with ability that won for him the regard of all the people, but he was compelled to resign because of ill health in March, 1842. Randolph Manning was the second and last chancellor, he holding the office until the court was abol DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 201 ished by an act of March 1, 1847. The jurisdiction of the court was transferred to the circuit courts. Circuit Courts. It was provided by the act of March 26, 1836, the same one that established the court of chancery, that each supreme court justice should be the presiding judge of a judicial circuit, the associate justices to be elected by the residents of the territory included in the several circuits. Detroit, Ann Arbor, and Kalamazoo circuits were created at that time, the first circuit including the counties of Wayne, St. Clair, Lapeer, Macomb, Chippewa, and Mackinaw. The powers of the court, with the exception of chancery matters, were identical with the territorial courts of the s.ne nature. Wayne county was made one circuit on March 25, 1840, four other circuits being created at the same time to supplant the original three. George Morell was presiding judge of the Wayne circuit until 1844, when Daniel Goodwin took office to continue for three years. Warner Wing presided over the circuit from 1847 to 1851. The associate justices elected by the people were: Cyrus Howard and Charles Moran, 1837; Eli Bradshaw and Robert T. Elliott, 1841; Ebenezer Farnsworth, 1842; and J. H. Bagg and J. Gunning, 1845. Circuit, probate, and justice courts, in addition to the supreme court, were established by the constitution of 1850, and the judges of the circuit courts were to constitute the supreme court of the state, the terms of the judges to be six years. When six years had elapsed, according to the constitution, the legislature might create a supreme court consisting of one chief and three associate justices to be elected by the voters of the state and no further change was to be made until eight years had passed. The supreme court, organized in that way, met at Detroit in January, 1852, Warner Wing, judge of the first circuit, being elected chief justice, the other justices being Charles W. Whipple, Second Circuit; Samuel T. Douglass, Third Circuit; David Johnson, Fourth Circuit; Abner Pratt, Fifth Circuit; Joseph F. Copeland, Sixth Circuit; Sanford M. Green, Seventh Circuit; and George Martin, Eighth Circuit. An act approved February 16, 1857, revised the judicial system of Michigan on practically the same lines as it exists today. The supreme court was established as primarily an appellate body, and the judicial circuits of the state were placed in charge of judges elected by the voters of the territory within the circuits, and the jurisdiction of the circuit courts was defined as follows: "The said Circuit courts within and for their respective counties shall have and exercise exclusive jurisdiction on all civil actions and remedies of whatever description, and of all prosecutions in the name of the people of this state for crimes, misdemeanors, offenses and penalties, except in cases where exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction shall be given to, or possessed by, some other court or tribunal, in virtue of some statutory provision, or of the principles and usage of law, and shall have such appellate jurisdiction and powers as may be provided by law; and the said courts shall also have and exercise, within and for their respective counties, all the powers 202 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY usually possessed by courts of record at the common law and in equity, subject to such modifications as may be provided by the laws of this state, for the full exercise of the jurisdiction hereby conferred." Wayne and Sheboygan counties were formed into the third circuit by an act of January 29, 1858, and at a special session of the legislature in the same year, the number of circuits in the state was increased to ten. Wayne county was placed in a circuit by itself on March 27, 1867. B. F. H. Witherell was appointed judge of the Wayne County Circuit when the constitution of 1850 went into effect, Samuel T. Douglass resigning from the bench at that time. Witherell was candidate for election to the judgeship at the next regular election and thereafter held the office until the time of his death in 1866. Charles I. Walker sat on the bench until his resignation in 1868, when he was succeeded by Henry B. Brown until the next regular election. Jared Patchin was the next choice of the people for the position of circuit judge, and in the spring of 1875, Cornelius J. Reilly was made judge, serving until his resignation in November, 1879. F. H. Chambers filled out Reilly's unexpired term and was elected to succeed himself at the regular election in 1881, the same election when by an overwhelming majority the people voted for more than one judge for the Wayne county circuit. At the next session of the legislature following the election of 1881, a bill was passed calling for three judges for Wayne county, and in November, 1882, the people chose William Jennison and John J. Speed as the two additional judges of the circuit court. Following the passage of an act in 1887 giving Wayne county a fourth judge, Henry N. Brevoort, George Gartner, George S. Hosmer, and Cornelius J. Reilly were elected for full terms. William Look was elected to serve from May 1, 1887, to January 1, 1888. When the legislature added a fifth judge in 1891, Robert E. Frazer was given the appointment. William L. Carpenter, Joseph W. Donovan, Robert E. Frazer, George S. Hosmer, and Willard M. Lillibridge were the judges elected in 1893, Carpenter, Donovan, Frazer, and Hosmer being re-elected in 1899 and Lillibridge being succeeded by Morse Rhonert. In the same year, 1899, the legislature gave Wayne county a sixth judge, to fill which Byron S. Waite was appointed and served until the election of 1901, when Flavius L. Brooke was elected. Upon the appointment of Judge Carpenter to the supreme bench in November, 1902, Henry A. Mandell, was appointed to fill out the unexpired term. Brooke, Donovan, Frazer, Hosmer, and Rhonert were all re-elected in 1905, and Mandell was succeeded by Alfred L. Murphy. In the fall of 1909, Judge Brooke resigned from the bench and his place was filled by the appointment of James O. Murfin. George P. Codd was appointed to fill the unexpired term of Judge Rhonert who died in office in March, 1911. The April election of 1911 resulted in the election of George P. Codd, P. J. M. Hally, George DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 203 S. Hosmer, Henry A. Mandell, Alfred J. Murphy, and Philip T. Van Zile. After 1911, three more judgeships were added to the Wayne circuit. The election of 1917 placed these judges on the bench: George P. Codd, Harry A. Dingeman, George S. Hosmer, Ormond F. Hunt, Ira W. Jayne, Henry A. Mandell, Adolph F. Marschner, Arthur Webster, and Clyde I. Webster. Codd resigned in 1920 after his election to Congress and was succeeded by Joseph A. Moynihan. In March, 1921, Theodore J. Richter was appointed to fill out the unexpired term of Judge Hosmer who died in office. At the spring election of 1923 the present judges were elected, they being Vincent M. Brennan, George P. Codd, Harry J. Dingeman, Ormond E. Hunt, Ira W. Jayne, Henry A. Mandell, Adolph F. Marschner, DeWitt H. Merriam, Guy A. Miller, Joseph A. Moynihan, Alfred J. Murphy, Theodore J. Richter, Arthur Webster, and Clyde I. Webster. Probate Court was established to succeed the Orphans' Court, held by the judges of the court of General Quarter Sessions in the days of the Northwest Territory. In 1809; after the erection of the Territory of Michigan, the governor and judges directed the probate judge to appoint a register, but though many acts have been passed subsequently affecting the probate court, none of these acts have changed the powers of the court concerning estates and its other duties. The probate judge was paid through fees prior to 1859, but in that year he was granted a salary of $2,500. In 1880 the board of auditors was authorized to fix a salary that would be not less than $2,500 nor more than $3,000, and within a year the salary of the probate judge was increased to $3,500 per year. The number of probate judges for Wayne county was increased to three in 1913 and has not been altered since that time. The probate judges of Wayne county have been as follows: Peter Audrain, 1796; George McDougall, 1809; Charles Lamed, 1818; W. W. Petit, 1825; Henry S. Cole, 1826; Joseph W. Torrey, 1829; Thomas Rowland, 1833; Benjamin F. H. Witherell, 1834; George E. Hand, 1835; George A. O'Keefe, 1837; Alpheus S. Williams, 1840; Cornelius O'Flynn, 1844; Joseph H. Bagg, 1852; Elijah Hawley, Jr., 1856; W. P. Yerkes, 1860; H. W. Deare, 1864; James D. Weier, 1868; A. H. Wilkinson, 1872; Edgar O. Durfee, 1876. Durfee, who is one of the present probate judges of the county, has held office continuously since he was first elected in 1876. In 1913, when the number of probate judges was'increased to three, Henry S. Hulbert and Stewart Hanley were elected to the new positions. Durfee and Hulbert were re-elected in 1915 and Edward Command succeeded Hanley, and since that time these three men have held office. City Courts. A provision of the city charter granted August 5, 1824, authorized the mayor, recorder, and all or any three of the aldermen to hold court on the second Monday of each month, each session not to continue for more than three days. The court was held for the trial of violators of city ordinances and laws. Within a few years, the council began the practice of fixing the dates for 204 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the holding of the Mayor's Court, as it was known, and of naming two aldermen to sit with the mayor as associate justices. Though the court had the power to levy fines and inflict jail sentences, the defendants found it so easy to secure remission of the fine and release from jail by appeal to the council that the authority of the court came almost to be nullified. As a result, an amendment to the city charter was made June 29, 1832, giving the council the right to employ convicted persons on the streets with ball and chain attached to them. Although the amendment stopped the appeals to the council, so many prisoners escaped while they were employed on the street gangs that the employment of convicts in this manner was ordered suspended. Until June 18, 1839, the convicted persons were kept in idleness at the jail, but on that day, the council authorized the street commissioner to employ prisoners on the streets and to pay them the usual wages for such work, the money to be applied to the payment of fines and jail and trial costs. Such a system was used for several years, but the amendments added to the city charter by the act of February 5, 1857, inaugurated the Recorder's court to supersede the Mayor's court. The new court had original and exclusive jurisdiction in the prosecution on behalf of the people of the state for crimes, misdemeanors, and offenses committed within the corporate limits of the city. Violations of the city ordinances, offenses against the city charter, complaints under the truancy law, condemnation proceedings, matters pertaining to the widening of streets and alleys, and similar matters also came within the province of the Recorder's court. Henry A. Morrow became the first judge of the Recorder's court and opened the first session on January 12, 1858, at which the only business discharged was the adoption of a seal for the court. Six sessions of the court were scheduled for each year, they to be held on the first Wednesday in January, March, May, July, September, and November. The court was originally in charge of a judge and a recorder, each of whom was elected for a term of six years. Under the Municipal Court reform bill passed in 1920, two more judges were added to the Recorder's court and the name was altered to that of the Municipal Recorder's court as it is today. Pliny W. Marsh and Harry B. Keidan received the appointments as the two new judges, the former being the father of the bill passed by the legislature making the change in the constitution of the court. The new court combined the powers of the former Recorder's court and the Police court, the latter of which passed out of existence in that same year. The present judges of the court are Thomas M. Cotter; Edward J. Jeffries, Harry B. Keidan, Frank Murphy, and Christopher E. Stein, and the recorder is Charles L. Bartlett. The Police court, which went out of existence in 1920 after the passage of the Municipal Court reform bill, was established by an act of the legislature approved April 2, 1850. P. C. Higgins became the first judge of this court and the first sessions of the court were held in his office on Jefferson avenue, but after the election of B. R. Bagg in 1852, the sessions of the court were held in the old DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 205 Mechanics hall on Griswold street. The hall was destroyed by fire in March, 1861, and the subsequent few sessions were held in the Congregational church on Jefferson avenue but the church officials rebelled at the idea of using the church rooms for a justice court and notified Justice Bagg to that effect in August of the same year. Unable to find quarters on the short notice given him, Bagg held two or three sessions of court under the trees of a vacant lot on Michigan avenue now occupied by the city hall. Thereafter, until the building on Clinton street was completed in January, 1863, the sessions of the Police court were held in the council rooms of the old city hall. In 1885, the legislature provided two justices for the Police court, and a third was added by an act of 1913. The new city charter provided for the election of two police judges to be elected and hold office from the fourth day of July, 1919, for terms of four years and their successors to be elected for similar terms. Two justices were to be elected at each alternate biennial spring election and a third justice was to be elected at the intervening spring election also for a term of four years. Thus there would be at least one police justice who had at least two years experience on the bench. Thomas M. Cotter and William H. Heston were elected police justices in April, 1919, and Christopher E. Stein, now judge of the Recorder's court, was held over from the previous election. In 1920, the duties of the police court were thrown into the hands of the new Municipal Recorder's court and the former tribunal ceased to exist. The Superior court was established as the result of a fight started in 1869 to enlarge the duties of the Recorder's court and attach Monroe county to the court's jurisdiction. Members of the legislature from the interior of the state were responsible for the movement which was bitterly opposed by the people and legal fraternity of Detroit and Wayne county. So strong was the opposition from this section, that the movement was dropped but the result was that on March 28, 1873, an act was passed creating a superior court. Lyman Cochrane, the first superior judge, opened the first session of court on June 11 of the same year, sitting in the Seitz block on Congress street. After a time, the court was moved to the McGraw building on Griswold street, and after sitting for a time in the council chamber of the city hall in the spring of 1883, quarters were secured in the Central Market building. J. Logan Chipman was elected to succeed Cochrane in 1879 and served until the court was abolished by an act of February 17, 1887. The smaller incorporated cities and villages of the county have their justice's courts in accordance with the state law, but no special courts, such as the Municipal Recorder's court of Detroit, is maintained in any of these corporations. Any cases that occur in the cities and villages exceeding the authority of the justices of the peace are held over to the Wayne County circuit court above described. 206 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Wayne County Bar. The early history of Detroit after the American occupation is filled with the names of prominent men educated in the law and practicing the profession which they had chosen for their life work. The first of the legally qualified attorneys to practice before the bar in Michigan was Walter Roe, who first appeared before the Court of Common Pleas as an attorney in 1789 and was the only attorney licensed to practice in the court during the five years it existed. Once Detroit had come into the hands of the United States and the newly acquired territory had been organized into the Northwest Territory, lawyers from Indiana and Ohio came to Detroit to handle cases before the American courts at their Michigan sessions. Of these attorneys, the names of Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the governor of the Northwest Territory, Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and Solomon Sibley, of Marietta and later of Detroit, stand out as leaders. The erection of Michigan as a territory and the setting of the tide of immigration to the forests of this state brought to Detroit and Wayne county a full complement of attorneys, able men well read in the law who placed the plane of the Wayne county bar on a level with that of any in the country. Charles Lamed, one of the most prominent men of the Detroit bar, came to Detroit during the War of 1812 and died of cholera on August 13, 1834, after having served as probate judge, prosecuting attorney of the county, and attorney-general of the territory. Sylvester Lamed, son of Charles Lamed, was born in 1820 and followed in his father's footsteps, becoming one of the brilliant lawyers of the county. His death occurred in London on November 25, 1893. Henry S. and James L. Cole opened a law office in Detroit in January, 1822, the former becoming city treasurer, probate judge, alderman, recorder, and finally territorial attorney-general in 1836, the year in which he died at the age of thirty-six years. John L. Leib, who was one of the famous group of lawyers that practiced in the court of Judge Woodbridge, came to Detroit soon after the close of the War of 1812, practicing until his death on April 15, 1838. Henry Chipman came from Vermont to Detroit in 1824 and began practice here, but three years later he was made a supreme court justice, being associated on the bench with judges Sibley, Woodbridge, and Doty. He became judge of the district criminal court in 1841 and United States commissioner in 1845. He died in 1867 at the age of eighty-three. Daniel Goodwin was a prominent member of the Michigan bar and began his career in Detroit in 1825. He was made supreme court justice in 1843; was president of the constitutional convention in 1850; handled the famous Michigan Railway Conspiracy case; and was then elevated to the bench of the Mackinaw circuit, including the Upper Peninsula, his winters being spent in practice in Detroit. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 207 John Winder, born in New Jersey in 1793, came to Detroit in October, 1824. Subsequently he became clerk of the supreme and United States courts, winning an acquaintanceship among the members of the legal fraternity that was surpassed by few. The third decade of the century marked a decided increase in the influx of settlers, and a great number of lawyers came to Detroit and Wayne county during those years. John S. Abbott came then and won prominence in his profession. Born in Connecticut, his career was cut short in September, 1852, by tuberculosis. Henry Titus Backus, a relative of Judge Woodbridge, came to Detroit in 1834 to enter practice with his kinsman and with David C. Harbaught. He died in 1877. Dr. Joseph A. Bagg, though first a practicing physician, turned to the legal profession and was elected a judge in Detroit. He was born in Massachusetts and came to Detroit in 1838 where his two brothers, John S. and A. Smith Bagg, were successful merchants. He died in 1864 in his sixty-seventh year. Alexander W. Buel came from Vermont to Detroit in 1831 when he was twenty-one years of age. During the years he practiced in Detroit, he was active in public life, being elected to the positions of city attorney, prosecuting attorney, member of the legislature, Congressman, and appointed postmaster. He died in 1868. George M. Bull, prominent in the law during the Thirties and Forties, came to this city in 1835 from New York, where he was born in 1802. He attained a certain degree of eminence in military as well as legal affairs, and his death occurred in 1873. In 1850, when it was first decided to name a public school in honor of an individual, the Barstow school was so named out of respect for Samuel Barstow, a lawyer who came from New York in the early Thirties and practiced here until his death in 1856. He worked long for the improvement of the Detroit schools, and much of the progress made in those years was attributable directly to his efforts. Anson Burlingame was brought to Detroit by his parents when he was ten years of age and here he received his training in the law. He became one of the foremost political orators of the country, but his fame was won in Boston where he went after completing his law training in this city. Asher B. Bates, born in Genesee county, New York, in 1810, came to Detroit in 1831, winning such prominence as an attorney that he was elected to the positions of Justice of the Peace, city attorney, and mayor. He died in 1873 of leprosy contracted when he was in Hawaii. John G. Atterbury was born in Baltimore in 1811 and came to Detroit for his health and to practice his profession in 1836, subsequently allying himself with Samuel Pitts in the late Thirties and with Alpheus S. Williams after that. William A. Fletcher, who served as the first chief justice of supreme court of the State of Michigan from 1836 to 1843, was born in New Hampshire in 1788 and received his legal training in the 208 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY east. In 1821 he came to Detroit to engage in the practice of his profession and won instant recognition as an able attorney. He was elected to succeed John L. Leib as chief justice in Wayne county, being associated on the bench with B. F. H. Witherell and Philip Lecuyer. He subsequently served as circuit judge of the county and then received the appointment to the supreme bench on July 18, 1836. Jacob Merritt Howard was born in Vermont in 1805 and came to Detroit in the month of July, 1832, to study law under the able tutelage of Charles Lamed. He became one of the most prominent men practicing at the Michigan bar, being active in the Railway Conspiracy case, the Tyler case, and the Adams Express Robbery case. He was influential in political circles, being elected to Congress and drafting the platform of the Republican party (which he named) at Jackson in 1854. He died on April 2, 1871. George Van Ness Lothrop, of Massachusetts, came to Detroit in 1839. He became attorney for the Michigan Central railway, a position that he held for years, and he won fame in public life as minister to Russia. He died July 12, 1897. Patrick C. Higgins, born in Ireland in 1817, came to Detroit sometime before 1840, and for several years thereafter was a teacher in the Detroit schools, during which time he studied law. Following his admission to the bar, he quickly gained a large practice, and when it came time to select a judge for the police court, he was the first to be installed in that position. He died in Detroit, February 24, 1857. Addison Mandell, came from his native state of New York to Detroit, landing here on August 13, 1836, his move to the West having been made at the instigation of Theodore Romeyn, who had settled here the previous year. He won a prominent place among the members of the Wayne county bar and was appointed to several offices. His son, the late Judge Henry A. Mandell, was one of the circuit court justices of this county. Addison Mandell died at Sandwich, Ontario, June 3, 1899. Dewitt Clinton Holbrook, born in Monroe county, New York, in 1819, came to Michigan in 1832 but did not take up his residence in Detroit until some years later. Admitted to the bar in 1843, Holbrook became prominent in public life, being elected city counsellor several times and winning the office of county clerk for the term of 1847-48. He retired from practice in 1884 and died on March 13, 1892. His former partner, Alexander Davidson, was a nephew of Alexander D. Fraser, who was given the name of the Nestor of the Detroit Bar. Davidson was appointed master of chancery of the United States court in 1840, and his death occurred on March 3, 1854. Ebenezer H. Rogers was born in Vermont and came to Detroit in 1838. For several years he taught school, studying law the while, and was finally admitted to the bar at Pontiac. He managed to get a small practice in Detroit, but his habits of living cost him the large patronage that must otherwise have been his. As a result he DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 209 turned his attention to the tax title business and died in comparative poverty on January 2, 1885. Andrew Harvie, a native of Scotland, came to Michigan sometime before 1839, for in that year he was principal of the Tecumseh branch of the State University. In 1840, he came to Detroit as a professor with the Detroit branch of the university then located on Bates street, and during the time that followed he pursued his legal studies. He was admitted to the bar here and from 1844 to 1848 was in partnership with Witter T. Baxter. Harvie eventually removed to Chicago. While he was a resident of Detroit, he was elected to the state legislature in 1845, was appointed master of chancery in 1848, and was elected state senator in 1850. James A. Van Dyke, prominent in legal and political circles of Detroit, came to this city 1834. Among his many political offices was that of mayor in 1847. He died May 7, 1855. Elisha Smith Lee, born in 1794, was one of the early attorneys to take up practice in this city. He was also prominent in the affairs of the state Masonic lodge and died 1857. Halmor H. Emmons, born in New York in 1814, came to Detroit to enter the practice of law in partnership with his father, Adonijah Emmons, and with his brother, Jep P. C. Emmons. Subsequently, he formed a law firm with James A. Van Dyke. He was appointed judge of the United States Circuit court in 1870 and continued in that position until the time of his death in 1877. James F. Joy, one of the most distinguished lawyers that ever practiced before the Detroit bar, was born in Durham, New Hampshire, December 2, 1810. Receiving a common school and academy education, he entered Dartmouth college and was graduated at the head of his class in 1833. He then entered Harvard Law school but was compelled to give up his studies at the end of the first year because of straitened financial circumstances. Thereafter he was an instructor in the academy at Pittsfield, New Hampshire, and for a year at Dartmouth college, after which he returned to Harvard and completed his interrupted law course, being admitted to the bar at Boston. In September, 1836, he came to Detroit and entered the law office of Augustus S. Porter. In May, 1837, he opened his own law office and formed a partnership with George F. Porter that same fall. From that time forward he was identified with financial interests of the city and state. He became identified with railway interests throughout the Middle West and was the organizer of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy railroad, and he built the first bridge over the Missouri river at Kansas City. In 1857, he was associated with J. W. Brooks in the construction of the Sault Ste. Marie ship canal, a work that was completed in two years. Several smaller railroads that are now parts of larger systems in Michigan were promoted by Joy. He was also active in several of the banks of this city. He died September 24, 1896. Garwood T. Sheldon, a native of Genesee county, New York, was a relative of George C. and Asher B. Bates, and he decided to seek his fortune in Detroit in 1840. Here he studied law and was 210 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY admitted to the bar in April, 1845. In that same year he was appointed master in chancery of the United States courts, master in chancery of the Wayne County Circuit court in the same year, and was elected school inspector in 1848 and 1849. His death occurred in 1870. Isaac S. Rowland was born in Ohio in 1811 and came to Detroit with his father after the close of the War of 1812. He was educated here in an art course and subsequently entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, although he did not finish the course. Returning to Detroit, he took up the study of the law and was admitted to the bar on December 11, 1833, at the same time with Stevens T. Mason and George N. Palmer. He was interested in military affairs and led a company to Chicago during the Black Hawk war in 1834. Still retaining his captaincy in the Brady Guards, he took his company to Mexico when war with that country broke out, but the unit arrived too late to take any active part in the campaigns. Rowland died in January, 1850. William B. Wesson was born in Massachusetts in 1820 and came to Detroit in 1833. After attending school here at the university building on Bates street, young Wesson entered the University of Michigan with the class of 1845, and although he never graduated from that institution, he was granted the degree of bachelor of arts in 1873. He returned to Detroit and began the study of law in the offices of Van Dyke & Emmons. After being admitted to the bar, he formed a partnership with a Mr. Crane in the real estate business, a work to which he confined himself and in which he gained a large fortune. He also became president of the Wayne County Savings bank at the time of its organization and held that position throughout the remainder of his life. C. C. Jackson was born in New York in 1814 and came to Detroit in 1838. After being admitted to the bar, he was appointed master in chancery of the Wayne County Circuit court in 1839. He was a member of the common council of the city in the years 1847 and 1848. His law practice was interspersed with work of different kinds, among his outside duties being the publication of the Free Press. He was a member of the board of education in 1856, and the following year he left Detroit to become a paymaster in the navy. After his retirement from the service on August 27, 1876, he returned to Detroit, but his health was in such a poor condition that he never again attempted to practice law. Marshall J. Bacon was a native of Albany, New York, and came to Detroit in 1833. On December 5, 1834, he was admitted to the bar and the following year was elected a justice of the peace. In the same year he was president of the Young Men's Society of Detroit, described in another chapter, and served as secretary of the first constitutional convention of the State of Michigan. Bacon was also a delegate from Wayne county to the Convention of Assent that met at Ann Arbor to pass upon the settlement of the Michigan boundary dispute and to accept the terms of Congress concerning the admission of Michigan as a state. Though he sought DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 211 the appointment to the position of postmaster in 1836, Sheldon McKnight was named in his stead. Bacon was a member of the City Guards at the time of the Toledo war and organized the Brady Guards the following year. He was one of those principally responsible for the nomination of Stevens T. Mason as governor of the new state. Though he went to New York in 1839, he returned and continued his practice. As city recorder in 1849, he tried those who were accused of tearing up the tracks of the Detroit & Pontiac railroad and acquitted them. Two years after that incident, he returned to New York. George C. Bates was born in New York in 1813 and came to Detroit when he was a young man to study law in the offices of Cole & Porter. After being examined by B. F. H. Witherell, Daniel Goodwin, and Charles Lamed, Bates was admitted to the bar on May 26, 1834. The following year was elected the president of the Young Men's Society, and in 1836, he was associated with John L. Talbot in the law business. He was elected a member of the common council in 1839, and from 1845 to 1850 and again in 1852 he was United States District Attorney, prosecuting the case of the Mormon, King Strang, of Beaver Island, during this time. Subsequently, he became interested in the Lake Front controversy in Chicago, losing nearly all of his property. He returned to Detroit in 1877, and at that time, wrote a series of articles on the old days in Detroit. Samuel G. Watson came to Michigan from New York and took up his residence in Pontiac where he was practicing law in 1840, the year in the fall of which he returned to New York to be married. He came to Detroit soon after and practiced here until the time of his death in 1859. In 1846 he was appointed master in chancery of the Wayne County Circuit Court and in the same year formed a law partnership with George C. Bates. It seems from the records that he had a law office in Cincinnati in 1849. In 1850 he was appointed commissioner of the United States courts. Eben N. Willcox was born in Detroit in 1821 and after completing his law studies here formed a partnership with William Gray, with whom he was associated for many years. Subsequently he abandoned the active practice of his profession and took a farm some distance from the city where he engaged in stock raising. He kept his hand in the law business, however, having as his partners Gen. Orlando B. Willcox and Albert G. Boynton. For two terms, he was a member of the board of education, and he was one of the incorporators of the Street Car System of Detroit. He died in 1891. William Gray, for many years the partner of Willcox, was born in Ireland. Although he was admitted to the bar on July 25, 1845, he was not fully naturalized until June 13, 1846. He possessed the traditional wit and humor of his country and won a wide circle of friends among the members of the legal fraternity. His death occurred in June, 1869. William A. Cook became a lawyer of prominence and ability in Detroit. He was elected city attorney for the years 1847 and 1848 212 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and was also elected to the position of city recorder in 1854. Not long after this, he moved to New York where he died in 1899. George E. Hand left his native state of Connecticut to seek his fortune in Michigan while this state was still under territorial government. He was the last appointed judge of probate, being given that commission by Governor Stevens T. Mason shortly before the territory was admitted to the Union. He first formed a partnership with Judge William A. Fletcher and when this firm was dissolved he formed an alliance with Daniel Goodwin. For a time, he was in partnership with Edmund Hall through whose influence he became interested in Wayne county lands to which he clung tenaciously throughout his life. In a monetary way, he was more than moderately successful as an attorney. He was sent back to his old home in Connecticut when he became incompetent through advanced years, and died in that state in 1889 at the age of eighty-one years. Elisha Taylor came to Detroit in 1837, completed his law studies here, and was admitted to the bar on May 4, 1839. Public preferment placed him in many offices both elective and appointive. In 1842 he was master in chancery of the Wayne County courts, was city attorney in 1843, was placed on the board of education in 1844, and was register of the Land Office from 1847 to 1849. In 1848 he became clerk of supreme court when that body was holding its sessions in the old Seminary building. In 1850 he was elected circuit court commissioner, and from 1854 to 1857 he held the office of pension agent. He retired from active life and died at his home on August 12, 1896. Prominent as an attorney and as a public officer was William Hale, who was born in Oneida county, New York, in 1809. He came to Detroit and was admitted to the bar on November 28, 1836. Entering practice at once, he soon built up a good business, with the result that he began to turn his attention to public affairs. He won the election for state senator in 1845, serving two years. He was chosen prosecuting attorney in 1846, an office that he held until 1849, and at the same time was acting clerk of the supreme court in 1847 and master in chancery from 1846 to 1847. He was elected attorney-general of the state in 1851 and held that office until 1855. As alderman from the Second ward in 1859 and 1860, he made a determined effort to get the city to abandon Cass park. In 1857, he purchased the National hotel of Crane & Wesson and placed it under the management of W. H. Russell, whose name was given to the hostelry. Hale removed to California in 1862, practicing in San Francisco until the time of his death in 1874. Samuel T. Douglas, a native of Rutland county, Vermont, removed with his parents to Fredonia, New York, where he received his education. In 1837, at the age of twenty-three years, he came to Detroit, applied for admission to the bar, and was authorized to practice on December 21, 1837. In 1843 he was a member of the board of education and in the same year he was chosen president of the Young Men's Society. As a reporter of the supreme court in 1845, he compiled two of the first reports of that court. He DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 213 served as judge of the circuit court from 1851 to 1857 at a time when the circuit judges were also members of the supreme court. For the second time he was elected to the board of education in 1859. In the practice of his profession in Detroit, he was allied with Henry N. Walker and Asher B. Bates, but left that firm to form a partnership with James V. Campbell in 1849. In later years he lived at Grosse Ile, and though he considered himself retired from active practice, he maintained an office in the city with his partners, Herbert Bowen and Samuel T. Douglass, II, his nephew. He died in 1898. James V. Campbell, partner and brother-in-law of Douglass, was born in Buffalo, New York, February 25, 1823, the son of Henry M. Campbell. In 1826, his family moved to Detroit, and two years later his father was elected judge of the county court. James Campbell was educated in Detroit where he also studied law, being admitted to the bar in November, 1844. In the same year, he was master in chancery of Wayne county, and in 1847 held the same office and that of commissioner of the United States court. He was president of the Young Men's Society in 1848, and the following year witnessed the formation of the partnership of Campbell and Douglass, an arrangement that continued for some years. He became secretary of the Detroit Bar Library in 1853, and the following year was secretary of the Detroit & Milwaukee railroad. In 1854-55 he was a member of the board of education and was made a member of the Detroit Library Commission in 1880. When the supreme court was organized on the present basis, he was elected a judge of that body, holding the position during the remainder of his life. He was one of the Big Four, the other judges being Cooley, Christiancy, and Graves, and the decisions of this court were remarked by the entire English-speaking world. Campbell was an earnest student of the history of the Northwest and on the occasion of the National Centenary published his Outlines of the Political History of Michigan. His death occurred on March 26, 1890. Elon Farnsworth, one of Detroit's most prominent barristers, was born in Woodstock, Vermont, February 2, 1799, and came to Detroit in 1822. Soon after his arrival in this city he was appointed city attorney, discharging the duties of that office from 1826 to 1829 and again from 1830 to 1832. He was elected to the state legislature in 1834. When the legislature revised the judicial system in 1836 and created a separate court of chancery, Elon Farnsworth was appointed chancellor. The appointment was indeed a fortunate one, for perhaps no member of the Wayne county bar was more universally respected for his ability and integrity than was the first chancellor. He was forced to resign his position in 1842 because of ill health, but the following year he assumed the duties of attorney-general of Michigan and held that position until 1845. He was one of the organizers of the Detroit Savings Fund Institute and maintained his connection with that institution until his death, which occurred on March 24, 1878. 214 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Theodore Romeyn, born in 1810, came to Detroit in 1835. Here he became one of the most brilliant practicing before the bar. His death occurred in 1885. Samuel Pitts, who came to Detroit in 1831, practiced law for some years, but abandoned the profession to take up more lucrative work in the lumber industry. He died in 1868 at the age of fiftyeight. Augustus S. Porter was born in 1798 and came to Detroit in 1827. He became city recorder in 1830, school commissioner in 1833, mayor in 1838, and served as United States Senator from 1840 to 1845. The later years of his life were spent in retirement at Niagara Falls, where he died in 1872. Ross Wilkins was born in Pennsylvania in 1799. After coming to Detroit, he was appointed a member of the Michigan territorial supreme court in 1832. He held that position until 1837 when he was appointed United States District Judge, an office that he held until he retired from active life in 1870. His death occurred in Detroit on May 17, 1872. Alpheus S. Williams was born in 1810 and came to Detroit in 1837. He was elected probate judge in Detroit, was postmaster in this city, served as minister to San Salvador, and was Congressman from this district for several terms. He won undying fame as a brigadier-general in the Civil war. Detroit Bar Association. On April 25, 1881, Governor Jerome approved an act authorizing the incorporation of associations of members of the bar, and with this opportunity held out to them, the members of the legal fraternity of this city were not slow in forming their own organization. On May 4, following, therefore, the Detroit Bar association was organized with the following men as officers: Theodore Romeyn, president; George V. N. Lothrop, first vice-president; Charles A. Kent, second vice-president; Hoyt Post, corresponding secretary; Henry M. Cheever, recording secretary; and Robert P. Toms, treasurer. The remaining charter members of the organization were as follows: W. F. Atkinson, H. L. Baker, John H. Bissell, H. F. Brownson, F. H. Canfield, John D. Conely, S. M. Cutcheon, Don M. Dickinson, John C. Donnelly, Samuel T. Douglass, Alexander D. Fowler, Henry A. Harmon, John G. Hawley, D. C. Holbrook, George S. Hosmer, William Jennison, Otto Kirchner, Willard M. Lillibridge, William C. Maybury, A. B. Maynard, George W. Moore, Ervin Palmer, George H. Penniman, Ashley Pond, George H. Prentis, C. J. Reilly, Alfred Russell, John J. Speed, and Charles I. Walker. An annual meeting for election of officers is held each May, but aside from that meeting few gatherings of the club are held for the transaction of business, such matters being placed in the hands of standing committees. The articles of incorporation of the association state that it was founded for the maintenance of the honor and dignity of the profession of the law, increasing its usefulness in promoting the due administration of justice and cultivating social intercourse among its members. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 215 Some years ago, the library committee, then headed by Sidney T. Miller, arranged for the purchase and establishment of a law library, approximately $32,000 being expended in this way, the money being raised through the sale of bonds to lawyers with the Detroit Trust company acting as trustee under the mortgage. A branch of the association work is the legal aid bureau which handles cases for poor and deserving people who are unable to pay attorney fees. Special attention is given to cases involving the guardianship of orphans, although landlord and tenant cases, collection of accounts, and other sorts of cases are also handled by the bureau. The bureau, with the aid of special committees, rendered great service to the families of soldiers in need of legal counsel. Perhaps nothing more flattering of the work of the bureau can be said than that it has been copied by bar associations in several other large cities of the United States. A Women Lawyers' association was organized in August, 1919, with five members, but the number of members has grown substantially since the inception of the association and with the increasing activity of women in the field of law. Detroit College of Law. Thirty-five years ago, a number of young men studying in the law offices of the city decided to band together and hire an instructor to give them the theory of law and the general principles of the law which they felt they were not receiving in the practical training acquired in the offices of the practicing attorneys. Accordingly they cast about for a suitable instructor and were fortunate in securing Floyd R. Mechem, a well known writer of text books. On December 20, 1891, therefore, the Detroit College of Law opened its doors with Mechem as dean and Justice Charles D. Long of the supreme court as president. The course of study as first laid out consisted of two years' work with recitations being held three evenings of each week. In 1897 the course was lengthened to three years with the requirement of five nights per week attendance. Day school was established in 1910 but the two courses are identical. The classes first met in the building of the Detroit College of Medicine, but in the fall of 1915 its activities were transferred to the building of the Detroit Y. M. C. A. From 1891 to 1915, the college was a privately owned institution controlled by William H. Weatherbee and Malcolm McGregor, two prominent Detroit attorneys. In the latter year, however, the control of the college passed into the hands of the Detroit Y. M. C. A., which set aside an entire floor for the conduct of the law school. Among the instructors in the institution have been numbered some of the most prominent lawyers in Detroit, among them being Charles D. Long, William L. Carpenter, Flavius L. Brooke, all of the Michigan Supreme Court; Alexis C. Angell and Arthur J. Tuttle, of the United States District Court; Judges Fred H. Aldrich, George S. Hosmer, Alfred J. Murphy, Cornelius J. Reilly, and Philip T. Van Zile. 216 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The first class was graduated in 1893 and included twenty-two members, who were: C. C. Smith, W. C. Robinson, L. McSweeney, J. M. Lynch, M. McGregor, H. B. Bloomer, W. C. Stuart, F. C. Ellsworth, J. E. Maloney, J. P. Glendon, G. E. Tegart, O. Guiness, F. T. McArthur, C. S. Lorenger, J. A. Naylor, T. W. Parker, C. A. Howell, A. C. O'Connor, A. J. Murphy, V. Whittmore, W. H. Weatherbee. CHAPTER XII THE PRESS ERHAPS the first newspapers to come to the hands of residents of Detroit were those early periodicals published in Canada, the Halifax Gazette that first appeared in March, 1752 and the Quebec Gazette that began publication about the time of the close of the French and Indian war. Occasional issues of these papers might have found their way to Detroit in the infrequent mails that formed the line of communication between the western post and Canada. 'The Pittsburg Commonwllo ealth that was issued in that Pennsylvania city between 1805 and 1809 devoted considerable space to events at Detroit and to the encouragement of immigration to this part of the Northwest Territory, and that the newspaper evinced such an interest in Detroit affairs is the basis for the belief that there might have been some subscribers to the Commonwealth in this city. News was first disseminated in Detroit after the old French custom of reading important events to the people after the conclusion of the Sunday mass. Illiteracy was so prevalent in those times and the means to print a paper were so noticeably lacking that the methods adopted by the church was as efficient as could be expected. Since the population was at first almost entirely Catholic, everyone in the village and for miles around learned the happenings of the week after they had attended the weekly mass on Sunday at Ste. Anne's church. Later in the Eighteenth Century, the city retained a town crier whose duty it was to announce to the people of the community important events that transpired. Detroit's virtual isolation in the early days, the infrequency and irregularity of its mails, made the news often incorrect when it was finally announced to the people, and it was certainly old to the rest of the world by the time the Detroiters heard of the events. A sort of news service was also maintained for those who could afford it, the news being written on pieces of paper and left at the doors of the subscribers. It is not to be wondered at, then, that the arrival of a printing press and several fonts of type in 1809 as the purchase of Father Gabriel Richard was attended with no small amount of interest and an equally large demand for the services of the printing plant. Father Richard had made the purchase of the press in Baltimore and had it brought to Detroit, where the printing of tax receipts and blanks of various kinds was sorely needed. Whether the priest operated the press very long himself is not known, but it is believed that he disposed of the press and equipment to one James N. Miller, a native of New York state who later returned to Ithaca where he died in 1838. The first work to come from the little press was a twelve-page spelling book entitled "The Child's Spelling Book, or Michigan Instructor." The small edition of this book was run off and placed on 218 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the market on August 1, 1809. The establishment of the press in Detroit was the signal for the publication of the village's first newspaper, and on the last day of August appeared the Michigan Essay, or Impartial Observer. Since but one edition of this paper has ever been found, it is not known whether or not the little periodical ever appeared more than once or enjoyed a relatively successful existence. The press continued to turn out a small but useful stream of books of various kinds, all of which were in French and were of a religious nature. The Michigan Essay, published by James N. Miller, was a fourpage, four-column, sheet 16 by 9%4 inches in page size. Subscription rates were quoted as being five dollars per year for Detroit residents, four and a half dollars a year in Canada and Michigan, and four dollars a year for more distant subscribers. Advertising rates were fifty cents for the first insertion and twenty-five cents for every insertion thereafter for a specified amount of space. The reading matter of the only issue ever discovered included extracts from American, English and Dutch newspapers, and only one and a half columns of the paper were printed in the French language. No local news of even the slightest character is carried in the paper. Ste. Anne's school was the only advertiser in this, the first issue of the Essay. The first successful paper to appear in Detroit was the Detroit Gazette. It came into being in 1817 as the result of a suggestion of Lewis Cass, John P. Sheldon and Ebenezer Reed forming the firm of Sheldon & Reed for the publication of the Gazette, issuing the first number on July 25, 1817. Supporting the principles of the Democratic party, the Gazette was a four-column sheet printed with very poor type on sheets 16X2 by 9>2 inches in size, the back page being devoted to the reprinting of important articles in French. The first printing office of the newspaper was "on Attwater street, a few rods above the public wharf," which was the old Conrad Seek House near Wayne street. That the people of the city and surrounding country wanted a newspaper is unquestionable, but that they were unwilling to pay their subscription rates is equally irrefutable, because in 1820, and again in 1829, statements in the paper complained of the fact that the Michigan subscribers "paid or did not pay as it suited their fancy," while subscribers out of the state invariably paid cash in advance for their subscriptions to the Gazette. To secure some of the overdue subscription money, the subscription rate of the paper in Detroit was reduced to three dollars from four dollars. Though the paper was leased in July, 1828, to H. L. Ball, Sheldon continued as the editor, and it was not long after this that the fearless Sheldon became embroiled in his trouble with the Supreme Court that resulted in his incarceration in the county jail for contempt of court and his elevation in the minds of Detroiters almost to the rank of hero for his stand. It so happened that when one John Reed was tried before the Wayne County Circuit court, Sheldon challenged a juror who was dismissed from the jury because of the impeachment of Sheldon. Although Reed was convicted, the Supreme Court in January, 1829, granted Reed a new trial on the technicality resulting from Sheldon's DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 219 challenge of the juror. The fiery editor of the Gazette attacked the members of the supreme bench through the columns of his paper in such a manner as to bring about his arrest and imposition of a $100 fine for contempt of court. Sheldon refused the offer of two men to pay his fine and was taken to the Wayne county jail. On the same day that Sheldon was remanded to the custody of the sheriff, a public meeting was held, at which was appointed a committee to raise money to pay Sheldon's fine, no person to give more than 12Y2 cents. On March 7, two days after Sheldon's imprisonment, about 300 citizens of the city met at the jail where the fearless editor was feted and dined by his admiring townspeople. His sentence of nine days concluded, Sheldon was taken in triumph to the Mansion House and from there, after luncheon, to his home in Oakland county. He resigned the editorship of the Gazette on April 23 and was succeeded by Ebenezer Reed, his former partner. The last issue of the Gazette appeared the day before the resignation of Sheldon, and four days later, the plant burned down, Ulysses G. Smith, a printer, being convicted of arson in connection with the fire. Promises of resuming publication were never kept, and Detroit's first substantial newspaper closed its career with the disastrous fire of April 26. The journalistic history of Detroit shows a long list of defunct newspapers, many of which lived for several years and some of which lasted but a few months. That many newspapers were started and then suspended is due to various reasons. In the first place, papers were frequently issued to support the candidacy of a politician for some office, and his failure to win the election automatically resulted in the suspension of publication by his paper. Political parties, the minority in the community, often influenced a newspaper man to start a paper as an organ of their party, but lacking the necessary support and the party patronage secured through the one in office, the paper went to the wall after a short struggle for existence. In the early days, it was the exception rather than the rule for a newspaper to be free from financial trouble. Political lines were so sharply drawn in those days that merchants of one party would refuse to advertise in a paper supporting the opposite party; the paper supporting the party not in power failed to get any of the public printing, the revenue from which formed, no inconsiderable part of the paper's income at that time. For these reasons, then, and for others of less importance, the history of Detroit, and every other community for that matter, reveals a large journalistic graveyard. On May 10, 1825, appeared the first issue of the Michigan Herald, a weekly published by Joseph Seymour and Henry Chipman that put out its last edition on April 30, 1829. The Detroit Debating Society sponsored the monthly publication named the Herald of Literature and Science, which first appeared on May 14, 1831, but was discontinued after four or five numbers had been run off the press. Published by two Bostonians, B. Kingsbury and G. P. Burnham, and printed by G. L. Whitney, the Detroit Evening Spectator and Literary Gazette first appeared on October 20, 1836, and was discontinued 220 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY in the spring of 1838. The same year that saw the inception of the Literary Gazette witnessed the establishment of the Michigan State Register, which was first issued July 1, 1836, under the editorship of G. L. Whitney and George Corselius. The Register expired with the thirteenth issue that was put out on February 1, 1837. The periodical was a semi-monthly dealing with historical subjects. A weekly paper supporting the Whig party was the Spy in Michigan, which was edited by Morgan Bates and printed at the plant of Harsha & Bates. It appeared on June 12, 1837, was suspended on November 13, 1838, revived in 1839, and permanently discontinued after another year's life. The first issue of the Detroit Morning Post appeared on the streets of the city in July, 1837, and stands in the journalistic annals of the city as the first attempt to publish a daily newspaper. It was started by Kingsbury & Burnham, but in 1838 J. M. Berger appears as the owner and B. Kingsbury, Jr., as editor. In December of the same year, G. R. Griswold associated himself with Kingsbury as the editor and proprietor of the paper. In the following January, however, the Post was consolidated with the Craftsman of Michigan, which had its inception in May, 1838, as a weekly under the management of E. J. Roberts. The two papers were joined under the name of the Morning Post and Craftsman and was published by the firm of Kingsbury & Roberts until June of the same year, 1839, when it took the name of the Evening Post and Craftsman. In the fall of the year, the paper suspended publication for about two months, after which it was revived and issued for a time in 1840. From June 17, 1837, to June 22, 1839, the Michigan Observer, a weekly devoted to religious subjects, appeared under editorship of Rev. Warren Isham. The Michigan Agriculturist began a short career in the fall of 1838, the last number appearing on January 8, 1839. The Mirror of the Laikes was another short lived publication that appeared in 1839 under the editorship of H. H. Snelling. The editor of the Mirror was also the publisher of the Spirit of '76 or Theller's Daily Republican Advocate. Dr. E. A. Theller was the editor of this latter paper which espoused the cause of the Patriots at the time of the Patriot war, Theller himself having been imprisoned at one time. Publication was suspended in 1840. The State Temperance society published the Washingtonian originally at Marshall, Michigan, but in 1842 removed it to Detroit, its first issue here appearing on March 12, 1842. It was suspended after a year's publication in this city. Rev. Warren Isham began publication of an anti-slavery paper in May, 1842, and suspended it that November. It was styled the Detroit Times. Published by Currier, Briggs & Company and edited by E. D. Ellis, the Cdonstitutional Democrat appeared on May 25, 1842, and was issued as a semi-weekly publication until October 1, that year, when it was converted into a weekly paper. As such it continued until 1844 when it was made a daily, but the following year it was merged with the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 221 iAmterican Citizen, a weekly supporting the Free Soil party, in conjunction with which it was published until the middle of 1847. The Detroit Daily Gazette also appeared in 1842, the first issue being run off the presses on December 19. This weekly sheet was owned by Sheldon McKnight and continued for three years. September, 1843, witnessed the establishment of the temperance and anti-Catholic paper, the American Vineyard, by E. McDonald, who conducted the paper until the middle of May, 1848. In point of news service and make-up, the Detroit Daily News, first issued July 7, 1845, was recognized the best Detroit daily that had been published up to that time. Instrumental in the establishment of this paper were D. H. Solis, M. P. Christian, J. Campbell, C. A. Hedges, and E. M. Geiger. The colored residents of the city were served by the Western Excelsior, which was started on March 29, 1848. Few publications of its day got away to a more auspicious start than did Wellman's Literary Miscellany, J. K. Wellman owner. The first number of this forty-eight page publication was issued in July, 1849 under the able editorship of D. F. Quinby, and so popular was the publication that within a few months the subscription list showed more than 6,000 names. In February, 1851, Luther Beecher and D. F. Quinby bought the periodical and changed the name to that of the Monthly Literary Miscellany. Beecher sold out to H. S. Sparks and a Mr. Russell in July, 1852, and A. G. Wood became a member of the firm a short time later. The style was changed to that of the Western Literary Miscellany the following January, and not long after, Quinby bought out his three partners, selling the publication on August 20, 1853, to Mrs. E. M. Sheldon, by whom it was continued until August, 1854, as the estern Literary Cabinet. John N. Ingersoll and W. T. Young were the proprietors of the Detroit Daily Herald, which first appeared November 26, 1849, and made its last issue on December 6, 1850. Three years was the span of the life of the Monthly Hesperian and Odd Fellows' Literary Magazine, which was started in January, 1850, by John N. Ingersoll and Henry Barnes. During the third year of the magazine's publication, Moulton, Craw & Company were the owners. the name of the periodical having been changed to that of the Monthly Hesperian and American Literary Magazine. In May, 1851, were established two publications, the Peninsular Fountain, a temperance paper owned by Henry C. Knight that continued for about a year, and the Northwestern Musical Herald, published by Alexander McFarren and edited by Charles Hess, that had a short life. A revival of a previous publication was the Detroit Commnercial Bulletin, which existed for about two years under the editorship of George W. Pattison and was suspended in April, 1852. On April 30, 1853, appeared the first issue of the Detroit Catholic Vindicator, published by Daniel O'Hara and edited by Thomas R. Elliott. Seven years later, or in January, 1860, the Vindicator was merged with the Detroit Guardian, a Catholic weekly, the consolidated 222 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY papers continuing under the management of T. C. Fitzgibbons for about five months longer. The Detroit Daily Times, the second paper to carry that name appeared in May, 1853, with John N. Ingersoll as editor and with E. T. Sherlock and G. S. Conklin as publishers. Ingersoll & Tenny bought the paper in November, 1854, and sold it in December, 1855, to an association of journeyman printers by whom the paper was published until the following spring. G. E. Pomeroy & Company employed E. O. Haven, later a prominent educator, as editor of the Michigan Journal df Education and Teachers' Magazine which was started at Ann Arbor in January, 1854. After several years, the magazine moved its offices to Detroit and in 1860 suspended publication. Allyn Weston began the publication of the Ashlar, a Masonic monthly, in September, 1854, and continued successfully for several years. The Franklin Printing association composed of William S. Bond, O. S. Burdick, Henry Metz, Charles Miller, Franklin D. Ross, and Charles S. Stevenson, established the Daily Evening News, which was the second paper of that name to figure in the journalistic history of Detroit. The first issue of the paper appeared March 19, 1856, and although a subscription list of 5,000 was secured, trouble among the managers caused the paper to be discontinued after about three months of life. The Fireman's Journal was established in September, 1856, by George W. Pattison and was continued until about 1861 or 1862. Preston's United States Bank Note Reporter, David Preston proprietor, was started as a semi-monthly early in December, 1856, and after about five years was changed to a monthly periodical, publication being suspended in December, 1865. John Brown, of J. H. Kaple & Company, published Brown's Reporter from 1857 to 1859. Warren and Warren P. Isham published the Magazine of Travel from January, 1857, to 1858. The Young Men's Journal and Advocate of Temperance was established in September, 1859, by Green & Brown, and after about two years its place was taken by the Transcript of S. D. Green. The Detroit Herald was started as weekly in 1859 by Cornelius O'Flynn and a Doctor Alvord but suspended publication in 1861. Frederick Speed was the editor of the Spirit of the Week, which first appeared on March 17, 1860, and was devoted to sporting and military matters. John S. Bagg published the Michigan Democrat for a few months in 1860, and in December of the same year, S. J. Martin began publishing the People's Press with T. C. Fitzgibbons as editor, the publication suspending operations in April, 1861. The True Democrat, a campaign paper, was printed during the fall of 1863 at the office of George W. Pattison. A number of men in the employ of the Detroit & Milwaukee railroad established Froth, a comic weekly, in December, 1864, and discontinued its publication in November of the following year. In 1865, Thomas K. Miller started the Detroit Journal of Commerce, a weekly, which was merged with the Daily Sun in 1871. The first issue of the Sun appeared in Detroit on October 2, 1864, and after DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 223 the consolidation with the Journal of Commerce, the paper continued until 1876. Established at Romeo, Michigan, in June, 1864, the Peninsular Herald was subsequently moved to Detroit where it first appeared on October 24, 1866. Rev. John Russell and C. P. Russell were the publishers and editors until February 1, 1872, when it was sold to other interests and the name changed to that of the New World. As such it continued until early in July, 1873. The Detroit Price Current was published in Detroit during 1866 and 1867, it being a small weekly. For a period of four months beginning June 1, 1867, the Detroit Monitor, a daily evening paper, was published by Joseph Warren. The Mechanic and Inventor, official publication of the Mechanics' and Inventors' association, first appeared on September 23, 1867, and in December, 1874, was merged with the Scientific Manufacturer. The latter publication had been started in September, 1873, by R. A. Sprague. The Scientific Manufacturer and Patent Intelligencer was the name given to the consolidated papers which in turn were merged with the Journal of Commerce, second of its. name and established in 1874. This publication combining the interests of the three newspapers was consolidated with the Sunday Times in April, 1876, but was discontinued in February, 1877. On September 1, 1868, appeared the Odd Fellows' Wreath under the editorship of D. B. Harrington, who had published the journal prior to this time at Mason, Michigan. In August, 1869, the paper was removed to Chicago where it took the name of the Western Odd Fellow. A monthly magazine, Our Yankee Land, was published from January, 1872, to October, 1873, and a Masonic monthly, the Mystic Star, was started by Rev. John M. Arnold in 1872 and removed the following year to Chicago. A third monthly magazine, the Boy of the Period, was started in 1876, it making its appearance in November, that year, and continuing until August, 1876. A temperance magazine styled the Better Age was published by J. Russell & Son beginning in December, 1873, but it was moved to Chicago in the fall of the following year. Truth for the People, weekly, appeared on January 1, 1875, under the editorship of Mrs. M. J. E. Millar. The name of the publication was changed in August, 1879, to that of the Michigan Truth Teller but it died in 1880. Johnstone & Gibbons published the Little People during the year 1875, and in December of the same year, the Detroit Weekly Price Current appeared with William R. Millard as manager. The last named paper was discontinued in November, 1882. The Capitol was one of the first high school publications and was issued during the years 1876 and 1877. When the compositors of the Evening News went on strike in 1876, they undertook to publish a paper which they called the Evening Star and lasted from September 23 to October 7, 1876. The Western Railway Advertising company established the Traveler's Illustracted Official Railway Reporter in October, 1876, but only two numbers of the publication ever saw the light of day. 224 DETROIT AND W\AYNE COUNTY Of somewhat the same nature was the Detroit Daily Hotel Reporter and Railway Guide which was first issued on March 17, 1877, by William J. H. Traynor and was suspended in 1885. The years 1877 and 1878 brought forth several short lived publications, among which were Rose's Nose, the Western Era, the American Workman, and the Red and White Ribbon. H. A. Griffin first issued the Detroit National, state mouthpiece of the Greenbackers, on February 28, 1878, and after about a year it was merged with Every Saturday. Rev. Eugene D. Daniels established the Detroit Society News, whose first issue appeared on December 14, 1878, and continued as a weekly until March, 1880. At that time, Moore & Parker bought the paper and changed the name to Every Satltrday. The field of the paper was that of literature and society, and the owners of the paper after Moore & Parker disposed of it were William H. Brearly, H. A. Ford, and Miss Alice Cary. August 8, 1885, witnessed the printing of the last edition of this paper. The Detroit section of the Socialist party established the Socialist in October, 1877, but it was merged with the National Socialist, of Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 8, 1878. The Michigan Homestead was started November 14, 1878, and in September, 1880, it was merged with the.gricultural World, of Grand Rapids. Detroit had a good many additions to her journalistic entrepeneurs in 1879, and the papers that were started during that year were, for the most part, short lived. The Michigan Weekly Sun was started in January by Horatio N. Mather who moved his paper to Jackson, Michigan, in October. On May 31, 1879, Albert Swain issued the first number of the Popular Era, a paper devoted to the interests of the colored population of the city, but discontinued in the following November. An illustrated weekly, Public Spirit, first appeared under the ownership of L. A. Rose and Pat Reilly on July 12, 1879, and was purchased on October 4, 1879, by William J. H. Traynor and by him con(ucted until February, 1881, as the Detroit Graphic. Moore's Masonic Messenger, started as a monthly in October, 1879, was discontinued in March, 1881, after the death of Charles Moore, the owner. The Daily Mail was started July 24, 1879, and continued for thirty-five numbers. J. F. Burnham established the Sunday Herald, a weekly society paper, and issued the first number on November 9, 1879. Burnham bought the Detroit Times, started in April, 1881, two months after the establishment of the latter, but Burnham was forced to suspend the publication of his consolidated newspaper on November 20, 1881. In January, 1880, Joseph A. Labadie, Judson Grenell, and Henry Pool established the Labor Review which lasted until July of the same year. Henry Pool revived the Review as a semi-monthly in August, 1881, and conducted it until March, 1882. The Northwestern Review was a literary monthly magazine that was started in January, 1880, and continued until sometime during the year 1882. In August, 1880 were established Our Catholic Youth by John C. Lappan and the Lever. The former sheet was a monthly publication and ended its career in February, 1882. The Lever was a weekly temperance paper first published in Grand Rapids but was started in this city on the above mentioned DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 225 date, but in March, 1883, the owners moved the paper to Chicago. Wesson & Wood published Detroit Illustrated from September, 1880, to December, 1881. Chaff, a society paper, first appeared on March 26, 1881, under the management of D. J. McDonald and Lloyd Brezee and continued until November, 1885. The Detroit Unionist put out its first number on March 10, 1882, and its last on March 28, 1883. It was a semi-monthly publication. On August 8, 1882, Rich & Son started the Evening Telegram as a daily paper, but they disposed of their interests on October 23, and thereafter it was published as the Detroit Daily Times until January 31, 1883. W. A. Sweeney started the National People, for the colored population of the city, in April, 1883 but discontinued it the following July. A monthly magazine, the Western Land Guide was commenced in May, 1883, by Wilcox & Howell, but the paper suspended publication late in 1886. A stock company was organized in 1883 to publish the Detroit Times as a morning daily, the first issue appearing on December 4, 1883. The managers of the paper during the time it was owned by the stock company were Charles Moore, Charles M. Parker, D. J. McDonald, Frank E. Robinson. In April, 1884, the plant of the Times was completely razed by fire, but the editions were issued regularly with the aid of the local printing establishments of Detroit. On November 22, 1884, the company sold the paper to Lloyd Brezee by whom it was continued until February 26, 1885. One of the most important newspapers of Detroit during the earlier days of the city's newspaper development was the Detro:it Tribune, which arose through the consolidation of many papers that had been established years before. In a manner of speaking, the progenitor of the Tribune was the Northwestern Journal, the first number of which came out on November 20, 1829, under the ownership of George L. Whitney and edited by William Ward. After an existence of about a year, the style of the paper was changed to that of the Detroit Journal and Michigan Advertiser on November 24, 1830, the publication day being changed to Wednesday at that time. George L. Whitney remained the publisher of the sheet. H. W. Bellows, who was later a prominent Unitarian minister of the city, succeeded Ward as editor in 1831, and 1833 found Charles Cleland and Thomas Rowland editing the newspaper. In the latter year, the paper was known as the Detroit Journal and was appearing semi-weekly, using a five column page. When Rowland gave up the position of editor in September, 1834, George Watson and George Corselius succeeded him. The paper began tri-weekly editions on August 28, 1835, the Journal having been consolidated with the Detroit Courier in January of that year as the Detroit Journal and Courier. The Courier had been established in December, 1830, by Stephen Wells as a religious and literary periodical, George Brewster holding the position of editor. The Courier had a relatively stormy career, and the last number before the consolidation with the Journal appeared on January 14, 1835. The consolidated paper issued a semi-weekly edition under the name of the Journal and 226 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Advertiser a month after the merger took place, and the tri-weekly edition was established in August. Detroit was growing so rapidly by this time that a substantial daily newspaper was becoming necessary, and on June 11, 1836, appeared the first number of the Detroit Daily Advertiser under the management of George L. Whitney, who had established the Northwestern Journal, the first of this series of papers. F. A. Harding, Franklin Sawyer, Jr., Augustus S. Porter, George Dawson, Morgan Bates, and General Alpheus S. Williams were the proprietors of the paper prior to 1842. On New Year's Day, 1842, the plant of the Advertiser was entirely destroyed by fire, but the regular editions of the paper were held up only three days. On November 29, 1845, the Advertiser absorbed the Daily Express which had been established as an evening paper on June 2, 1845 by the firm of Smith & Gulley. In 1848, General Williams relinquished his position as editor and publisher to N. I. Rawson, H. H. Dunckel, and George W. Wisner, and before the middle of 1855 Rufus Hosmer, E. A. Wales, Allyn Weston, and Mortimer M. Thompson, who afterward became the well-known humorist "Doesticks," had all been connected with the Advertiser either as editors or proprietors. June 30, 1855, marked another milestone in the progress of the Advertiser, for on that date four more newspapers were marked with it. These four papers were as follows: The Free Democrat, established in the fall of 1852 by Rev. S. A. Baker; the Michigan Organ of Temperance, which had been started on May 12, 1852, and merged the following December with the Michigan Temperance Advocate, both of which were absorbed by the Free Democrat before the consolidation with the Advertiser; and the Daily Enquirer, which had been established January 18, 1854, by Rufus Hosmer and consolidated with the Free Democrat as the Democrat and Enquirer on February 5, 1855. Rufus Hosmer became editor of the paper after the consolidation and its politics were consequently of a Republican rather than a Democratic tenor. A weekly edition known as the Michigan Free Democrat was carried in conjunction with the regular evening edition of the Advertiser. Silas M. Holmes, Frederick Morley, James E. Scripps, and Martin Geiger were subsequent proprietors of the paper before July 8, 1862, when the Advertiser was consolidated with the Detroit Daily Tribune, a Whig paper that had been established as a weekly in October, 1849, by Thomas C. Miller who had entrusted the editorial and business management of the paper to Josiah Snow and Henry Barns. The Tribune had enjoyed an active and successful career, several smaller papers having been merged with the Tribune. The Peninsular Freeman, established in 1848 by Robert McBratney and J. D. Liggett was consolidated with the Tribune shortly after the organization of the latter sheet. The Tribune twice suffered the loss of its plant by fire, once on May 18, 1856, and again on December 31, 1858. The Advertiser and Tribune was the style given the consolidated papers in 1862, and the mechanical part of the work was done at the plant of the Advertiser on Jefferson avenue. Henry Barns and James DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 227 E. Scripps and a board of five directors headed a corporation that controlled the destinies of the paper formed by the consolidation of the Advertiser and the Tribune, and in January, 1864, the company purchased the Detroit Free Union, a semi-monthly publication that had been established in July of the preceding year by Frederick B. Porter. The company's plant on West Lamed street was equipped in July, 1872, with the first Hoe four-cylinder type-revolving press to be used in the state of Michigan. The Detroit Daily Post, which had been started in March, 1866, as an eight-page daily by Zachariah Chandler and Eber B. Ward, the latter of whom wished to place Republican opposition to the Tribune in the field, was consolidated with the Tribune in 1877 under the style the Post and Tribune, the first number being issued on October 14, that year. Several prominent newspaper men had been connected with the old Daily Post before its consolidation with the Advertiser and Tribune, among them being Carl Schurz, Frederick Morley, and William Stocking, the last of whom edited the paper until the time of the merger. The Post and Tribune company issued the Evening Telegraph for about a year. On March 1, 1881, the stock of the company was sold, William Stocking then becoming managing editor until 1883 when Frederick Morley became manager of both the business and editorial departments. Joseph L. Stickney took over the paper on August 1, 1884, and changed the name to the Daily Tribune. Charles A. Nimocks bought the Tribune the next year, and on August 1, 1886, James H. Stone assumed the ownership of the sheet. On January 1, 1891, the Tribune came into the possession of James E. Scripps who continued to manage it until it was merged with the Detroit News on February 1, 1915. The Detroit News, lineal descendant of one of Detroit's first newspapers through consolidation with the Daily Tribune, was established by James Edmund Scripps, the first issue appearing on August 23, 1873. During the first two months of its existence, the Evening News, as it was then named, was printed in the plant of the Detroit Free Press. A six-column, four-page affair with advertisements occupying approximately three columns of the front page, the News had a sale of nearly 6,500 copies on its first issue. Scripps lost several thousand dollars during the first year, but the second year netted a profit of some $6,000 and showed a circuluation averaging more than 13,000 daily. The founder of the paper had formulated several ideas of his own concerning the operation of a newspaper, and while these ideas were held to be radical at the time, they proved to be sound, for the people soon learned that the News could give them news in a lively fresh manner that was a distinct departure from the stilted forms that then prevailed in news writing. The first aim of Scripps was to secure a circulation of 10,000, that is, a net paid circulation at the homes exclusive of street sale. By the time of Scripps' death on May 29, 1906, the circulation had passed the 100,000 mark and by 1921 was well over 200,000. In 1925 it reached the 300,000 mark. After the first two months of its existence, the News moved to 65 Shelby street between Lamed and Congress street, a site that was occupied until the present building was completed in 1917. A small frame 228 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY house to which was added a one-story brick press room served as the home for the paper until 1877. Later a four-story building with 120 -foot frontage on Shelby street was occupied by the News. After George G. Booth became connected with Scripps in the management of the paper in 1888, various plans were proposed for securing a new building for the rapidly growing paper. Several sites were tentatively chosen and rejected as unsuitable, but finally in November, 1913, property on Second avenue that fronted 150 feet on both Fort and Lafayette streets was purchased for approximately $250,000. Two years later ground was broken for the new building and in October, 1917, the plant was moved to the new building, one of the most completely equipped newspaper plants in the country. The plant was later extended over the entire city block. The Scripps name has become identified with one of the largest newspaper organizations of the country, for from the parent sheet at Detroit have arisen a large number of papers throughout the country to form the league known as Scripps papers. The Cleveland Press, established in November, 1878, was the first of those started by the able newspaper man of the Detroit News. Two years later the Chronicle in St. Louis was added to the family to be followed in 1881 by the Cincinnati Post. From this start sprang the chain of newspapers founded by E. W. Scripps, half brother of James E., that stretches from coast to coast and has made the name of Scripps familiar to the newspaper reading public of the United States. Although James E. Scripps himself later withdrew from active interest in all of the papers outside of Detroit, his name is perpetuated in the organization of Scripps papers. The Sunday edition of the News first appeared on November 30, 1884, and after the consolidation with the Tribune on October 15, 1893, it was known by the name of the Sunday News-Tribune. Even after the Tribune itself ceased to appear, the name was retained, and only when the paper moved to its new home was the name changed to the present one of the Detroit Sunday News. From 1887 to 1892 the News published a weekly edition under the name of the Echo, which was in effect a resume of the week's news of the parent sheet, but the venture was never a success and expired in the latter year. James E. Scripps, the founder of the Detroit News, was born in London, England, March 19, 1835. Coming to the United States with his parents when he was nine years of age, he located with his family at Rushville, Illinois. His first connection with newspaper work was as a reporter with the Chicago Democratic Press which was later merged with the Chicago Tribune. He came to Detroit at the age of twentyfour as commercial editor of the Daily Advertiser, of which he became part owner in 1861. He became business manager of the consolidated Advertiser and Tribune in 1862 and editor a year later. Detroit Free Press. In a sense the Detroit Free Press might be called the oldest newspaper of Detroit, for it has enjoyed an unbroken line of descent and publication since the establishment of the Democratic Free Press and Michigan Intelligencer on Thursday, May 5, 1831. The foundation of the parent sheet came as the result of the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 229 crying need for a paper to support the principles of Jackson against the other Detroit papers that had favored President John Quincy Adams. The Oakland County Chronicle, published at Pontiac since June 25, 1830, by Thomas Simpson, was purchased by Joseph Campau and General John R. Williams, removed to Detroit, and placed in charge of Sheldon McKnight, a nephew of John P. Sheldon who attained fame through his opposition to the supreme court in the columns of the old Gazette. McKnight had learned the various phases of newspaper publication in the office of his uncle with the Gazette. During the first few months of the existence of the Democratic Free Press and Michigan Intelligencer, McKnight was editor at various times, but he is credited with being the publisher for the first year and a half of the paper's life. John P. Sheldon, McKnight's uncle, assumed the editorship of the paper on June 2, 1831, but held the position only about six weeks. After August 25, Charles Cleland, an attorney, was editor until February, 1832, when Sheldon McKnight, T. C. Sheldon, and Andrew Mack bought the paper, McKnight being installed as manager. Cleland remained as editor, however, until May of that year, but then he was forced to resign because of editorial comment he had made concerning public affairs in Detroit. John P. Sheldon then returned as editor and continued in the position until April, 1833, when Sheldon McKnight took over the duties of editor as well as those of publisher which he had discharged prior to that time. The plant of the paper had been moved to a three-story brick building situated on Wayne street near Jefferson avenue. The Free Press was issued as a weekly until June 19, 1835, but on that date it began as a semi-weekly. By this time McKnight had realized the opportunity confronting him and on September 28, of that year put out the first number of the Daily Free Press, the first successful daily in the state. Subscription rates were eight dollars per year, and the first issue was a folio with pages ten by seventeeen inches in size. In June, 1836, the size of the paper was increased from four to six columns by John S. Bagg, then sole owner of the paper, who had with Legrand Morse bought the Free Press from McKnight the preceding February. Early on January 4, 1837, fire broke out in the plant of the Free Press that entirely destroyed the building and several adjoining structures. With the navigation season closed for the winter and no means of securing new equipment, the Free Press was doomed, apparently, to suspension, but the publishers learned that a boat wintering in the river was carrying a complete printing plant owned by Henry Barns, who intended to set up the printing outfit in Niles, Michigan. Barns was induced to sell his plant to the Free Press in return for a part interest in the paper, and as a result, publication was renewed on the first of February with Henry Barns, Silas A. Bagg, and John A. Bagg as owners. On February 28, a semi-weekly edition was resumed, and on June 5, the daily edition of the Free Press was re-established. On February 16, 1838, Barns retired from the firm, and on April 10, 1840, Asahel S. Bagg became the sole proprietor. In August, 1841, the office was removed to the museum building at the southwest corner of Griswold street and Jefferson avenue, but fire again visited the 230 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY plant on January 1, 1842, when the entire block was destroyed including the plant of the Advertiser as well as that of the Fre,e Press. Almost immediately a new firm was organized for the publishing of the Free Press, Asahel S. Bagg and John H. Harmon becoming the proprietors and establishing their office at the northeast corner of Jefferson and Shelby street. By borrowing the mechanical equipment of the Macomb Republican and the Port Huron Observer, publication was resumed January 11. From that date until January 28, the editions varied in size, but on the latter day, rearrangements had been made that allowed the printing of the standard size sheet. On April 1, the publishers of the Port Huron Observer asked the return of the borrowed equipment with the result that for the space of several days, the Free Press appeared in reduced form. The office was removed in 1843 to Jefferson avenue opposite the Cooper Block, and on March 14, 1844, the Free Press appeared as evening daily, continuing as such until the following January, when on the seventh of the month it again resumed its status as a morning paper. Later in the year, the office was moved to Woodward avenue opposite St. Paul's church. In 1846, the mechanical equipment of the plant was improved by the installation of a power press, the first of its kind to be used in Michigan and the first west of Buffalo, as far as is known. Upon this press the first work done was the printing of the Revised Statutes of Michigan of 1846. During this time, Colonel Charles B. Flood, of Columbus, had been editor and had increased the width of the page by one column. John S. Bagg again became editor to succeed Flood in May, 1847. John S. Bagg had purchased the interest of Asahel S. Bagg, and it is shown that early in 1848, the Free Press was printed by the firm of Bagg, Harmon & Company. In 1849 Bagg built an office at the northeast corner of Griswold street and Jefferson avenue, moving the plant there, and in June of the same year, the firm style was changed to that of Harmon, Brodhead & Company, Thornton T. Brodhead assuming the position of editor. In September, 1850, the plant was moved to No. 50 Griswold street, the Free Press taking over the Detroit Commercial Bulletin that same year. The Bulletin had been established May 28, 1848, by George W. Pattison and Daniel Munger. A new firm took over the Free Press on April 1, 1851, and consisted of Jacob Barns, Thornton F. Brodhead, and S. M. Johnson, who were associated under the firm style of Barns, Brodhead & Company, of which Brodhead and Johnson served in editorial capacities. Further improvements were made in the mechanical equipment of the paper in that year, steam power being applied to the presses, and the paper itself was enlarged by the addition of one column per page. The attempt to operate the presses had been made in 1847 but it was not successful and was abandoned. When the Advertiser appealed to the Free Press for aid in printing the Michigan Central Railroad conspiracy case, the work of the latter paper in fulfilling the contract was done on the steam press. Jacob Barns and S. M. Johnson became the proprietors of the paper on April 7, 1852, the latter serving as editor until February 3, 1853, when Wilbur F. Storey succeeded him. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 231 Wilbur F. Story, who took the half interest in the Free Press in 1853, had published papers prior to that time at Laporte, Indiana, Mason, Michigan, and Jackson, Michigan. Storey came into prominence with his Jackson Patriot at Jackson, Michigan, where he also studied law, served as the postmaster, and ran a drug store in addition to his editorial work. The aggressive policy of the Patriot brought him into prominence in Democratic politics in the state. At the constitutional convention of 1850, he gained no small amount of notoriety by accusing Governor Barry of undue influence of his official position on the delegates and demanding the exclusion of the state's chief executive from the floor of the convention. Though Storey failed to gain his point, his actions nevertheless caused the governor to be more cautious in his dealings with the delegates who attended. When Storey took a half interest in the Free Press and assumed the sole editorial management of the paper, he immediately enlarged the paper. On October 2, 1853, he issued a Sunday edition of the paper to take the place of the Monday edition. The ability and wisdom of Storey can not be doubted, for under his management the Free Press became one of the most profitable newspaper ventures of the country. His ability lay not only in the administration of the affairs of the paper but also in his faculty of employing and holding in his employ a staff of brilliant newspaper men, among whom were J. Logan Chipman, Warren S. Isham, Tom Cook, and Henry Starkey. It was Storey who inaugurated the city editorship of the paper, a department devoted to the news of the city and immediate vicinity exclusively. The creation of the department was a distinct innovation, for prior to that time a city desk had been considered with the whole news gathering and not as a separate and all important unit. In 1860, Storey hired William E. Quinby to report court proceedings for the paper, the first reportorial work to be carried on by any Detroit paper. With the outbreak of the Civil war, Storey sent Tom Cook to Washington as correspondent for the Free Press and installed Quinby on the city desk, the latter thus beginning a connection of fifty years with the Free Press. Still larger fields for his endeavor were then being sought by the owner of the Free Press, and in June, 1861, Storey sold his paper, which he had raised to the rank of one of the leading papers of the country and went to Chicago to start the Times. Henry N. Walker, the new proprietor, took Frederick L. Seitz into partnership with him two months later, but on December 24, 1861, a new firm, composed of Henry N. Walker, Jacob Barns, and Charles H. Taylor bought the paper. William Quinby took a quarter interest in the Free Press in 1863. The predecessor of the present Associated Press co-operative news service was formed during the Civil war at the offices of the Free Press when the Western Associated Press was organized. During the course of the war, the Free Press was distinguished by the reliability and completeness of its news from the fighting sectors and from Washington. Both morning and evening editions were printed during these momentous times. Although the paper was reduced by a column in width and a proportionate amount in length in 1865, it was enlarged to 232 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY eight columns a few months later and assumed a quarto form in August, 1866. The folio form was resumed in April, 1867, and a column added to the page the ensuing August. The political campaign of 1872 brought a change in the ownership of the paper. It happened that the candidacy of Horace Greeley for the presidency was opposed by Col. Freeman Norvell while William E. Quinby favored him for president. Henry N. Walker, half owner of the paper, was persuaded by Quinby to endorse the actions of the convention that nominated Greeley, and Walker in turn persuaded Quinby to buy Norvell's interest for the consideration of $25,000, a purchase that Quinby managed to negotiate in spite of the high price. In 1872, Judge Albert Boynton bought half of Walker's interest in the Free Press, and three years later, Walker retired from the firm, disposing of the remaining part of his stock to Quinby, who subsquently secured the remaining stock of Judge Boynton after the death of the latter. The plant sustained a loss of $50,000 by fire on April 29, 1878, but by the following day, Quinby had secured quarters in an adjoining building and the paper appeared as usual on April 30, the presses of the Post having been placed at the disposal of the Free Press. Within thirty days, the former quarters of the paper had been rebuilt and enlarged and were occupied by the printing plant and offices. On January 12, 1878, had been issued the first number of the Household, a supplement for the women readers of the paper at that time. As the Free Press had introduced the innovation of the power press, so it also was the first to use the stereotyping process of casting a whole plate for each page instead of using the set type directly for printing the paper. The press, a Bullock perfecting printing press, arrived in Detroit the day before the fire, but it was not used until June 2, when a 32-page edition with a four-page supplement was issued, it having been printed by the new process. In 1884 the Free Press moved into a building at the northeast corner of Shelby and Lamed streets, and in May, 1894, the plant was again moved to No. 11 Lafayette avenue, a building that had previously been used by the Detroit Post. William E. Quinby retained the ownership of the paper until the summer of 1905 when he sold a controlling interest to Charles L. Freer, Frank J. Hecker, and William C. McMillan, an arrangement that existed until the fall of 1907, the year in which Edward D. Stair and Philip H. McMillan bought the controlling interest of the paper. Quinby, due to ill health, disposed of the remainder of the stock in his possession to Stair and McMillan in 1908. The corporation owning the Free Press was organized in 1896, the articles of incorporation having been ratified on July 31, that year. In 1912, the plant and offices of the Free Press were removed to the building formerly occupied by the Detroit Post at No. 11 Lafayette avenue. The change was made a a time, however, when Detroit was embarking on its period of rapid growth, and not many years elapsed before the officials of the company realized that larger quarters must be secured that would house the paper for many years, allowing for steady growth during the time such a building would be used. The result was the erection of the Free Press building at No. 125 Lafayette DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 233 avenue which was occupied by the paper as the year 1925 drew to a close. The new home of the Free Press is a distinct asset to the city not only as an office building but also from an architectural standpoint. Detroit Times. Detroit's third large paper is the Detroit Times that was established on October 1, 1900, under the name of "Detroit Today" by James Schermerhorn. From its inception, the newspaper was an evening daily paper. Although the name was subsequently changed to that of the Detroit Evening Times, the paper was published for twenty-one years by the founder. It fell upon evil days, however, and was placed in the hands of a receiver and was then sold, William Randolph Hearst buying the Times on October 22, 1921. Schermerhorn still retains his connection with the paper which he founded and which is now a unit of the large Hearst syndicate of newspapers. Since the Hearst interests took over the paper, it has become one of the two leaders in the evening field in Detroit, and the plant and offices of the sheet are still located at No. 313 Bagley street. Miscellaneous Publications. In addition to those newspapers and magazines that have been mentioned above, Detroit has a large number of other publications of various descriptions, including professional, trade, and house publications. The journalistic graveyard in Detroit holds another long list of defunct papers. Of those that lived for a time and then passed out of existence, the more important ones are listed below. The Commercial Advertiser and Michigan Home Journal was started in 1861 by Charles F. Clark as a weekly under the name of the Commercial Advertiser. Two years later the paper was purchased by William H. Burk and in 1866 the first mentioned name was adopted by the jiipubiication, but it was suspended in 1005. From January 1, 1869, to 1887, the Agricultural and Hortciultural Journal was published by the firm of Pope & Coleman with R. A. Koss as editor. Progress of the Age, a semi-weekly affair, was started in 1872 by Pope & Coleman. In 1887, the name of Fortshritt der Zeit was given the paper which continued until 1894. The Public Leader, issued in the interests of the liquor merchants, was published by a stock company from 1874 to 1905. Pope & Coleman were the entrepeneurs of the Family Circle, which was started in January, 1878 and was suspended in 1887. In May, 1878, was started the Michigan A. O. U. W. Herald, organ of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, which expired about 1905. William J. H. Traynor published the Family Herald from 1881 to 1886. The paper was a weekly fiction sheet. The interests of the colored population of Detroit were subserved by the Detroit Plaindealer, which was started in 1883 and continued until 1895. The publishers of the paper were Jacob Coleman, Robert and Benjamin Pelham, R. Redman, and W. Stone. The Michigan Prohibitionist, appeared in August, 1884, and the following year was sold by the stock company that published it to Rev. Frank B. Cressey, who published the weekly until sometime in the Nineties. Cressey changed the name of the paper to the Center. 234 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The Microscope was started in Ann Arbor in 1881 and was removed to Detroit in 1887 where it was published for six years longer. The Detroit Trade Journal was started in 1884, subsequently changed its name to the Detroit Trade fournal and Michigan Courier, and suspended publication about 1894. Rev. J. S. Smart started the Lamp of Life about 1882 at Bay City, moved the monthly publication to Albion, and finally brought it to Detroit, where it continued until about 1892. Charles S. Bell was manager of the Labor Leaf that was started in November, 1884, as a campaign sheet by the Detroit Typographical Union. John R. Burton bought the paper in March of the following year, improved the paper, and sold it in 1887 to J. M. McGregor, in whose hands the paper so declined that it lived but a short time afterward. McGregor changed the name of the sheet to the Advance and Labor Leaf. The Latour brothers began publishing the Freemason in 1884, continuing until sometime in the early Nineties. Beginning in 1887, T. J. Crowe published the Detroit Index for about fifteen years. For six years beginning on January 1, 1871, C. J. Whitney & Company published the Song Journal. Another Song Journal was started in 1885 and was succeeded in 1895 by the Concert-Goer, published by Wilcox & Haight and edited by J. C. Wilcox. Another decade saw the discontinuance of the Concert-Goer. The Detroit Daily Hotel Reporter was started in 1887 and continued for a few years. An existence of eight years was started by Detroit Every Saturday, a social, sporting, and dramatic weekly, in 1879 with Charles W. Irving as managing editor. The International Printer was started by A. M. Dewey & Company in 1885 but lasted scarcely two years. It was a monthly publication. From 1885 to 1888, W. C. Cunningham managed the Michigan Builder, a weekly that suspended publication in the latter year. In 1886 both the Detroit Commercial and the Diletant closed brief careers. A weekly society paper, the Detroit Mercury existed for about three years in the early Eighties under the editorship of Charles Maxwell Parker. The Michigan Horticulturist appeared from 1884 to 1886 with Charles W. Garfield directing the destinies of the sheet. Inventors and manufacturers were chiefly interested in the publication of the National Benefactor, which was started in the Eighties to appear for about ten years. The River Gazette, a weekly issued for sale to passengers on trains and steamboats, was published by Louis Hawekotte from 1885 to 1887. Hess & Newkirk published the American Dollar Monthly from 1885 to 1887. For a short time in the Eighties, J. E. Turner published the American Stove and Hardware, and W. P. Rogers published the Commercial Reporter at about the same time. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 235 In 1886, C. C. Burt began the publication of the International Masonic Review and continued until sometime in the early Nineties. C. S. Crowfoot published the Sunday World, a weekly, from 1887 to 1893. The Detroit Dash was published by the Western Newspaper Union in the interests of the Newspaper business for about ten years beginning in 1887. J. H. Junkin began the publication of the Northside Notion in 1886 and continued until 1893. The Sunday Sun, peculiar in that it issued ten editions between Thursday and Sunday of each week, was started in 1885 by David Pryse Mackay, who was in charge of affairs until publication was suspended in six or seven years. The Argonaut Literary Society published the Argus from 1888 to 1893. The Detroit Globe was also started in 1888 and continued but a few years. From 1888 to 1893, Golden Dawn, a literary magazine, and the Marine News were published at Detroit. The Detroit Visitor and Michigan Hotel Reporter was started in 1889 by Sullivan & Spratt and was suspended in 1893. The Family Gleaner also began a brief career in 1889, as did the Patriotic American, published by W. J. H. Traynor. The Business Man's Magazine and Bookkeeper was started in 1888 but was supplanted by the Bookkeeper the next year. In 1906 the name of the publication reverted to the original one of 1888, but within two years the name had again been changed to the Bookkeeper. In 1900 was started the Bookkeeper and Home Study, but by 1912 all magazines dealing with these subjects had retired from the journalistic field. The Journal of the Brotherhood of Machinery Moulders was started on January 1, 1888, but was suspended about five years later. The Building, Savings and Loan Review first appeared in May, 1890, but was withdrawn from circulation approximately four years afterward. The Sower was started in 1888 and continued for six years. The Visitor's Gazette was started in 1885 but the early years of the Twentieth Century spelled death for the sheet. The Collector, whose name was subsequently changed to the Collector and Commercial Lawyer, appeared in 1890 and was published until 1905. Supporting the principles of the Democratic party, the Evening Sun was first issued in March, 1890, but its span of life was less than four years in duration. David P. Mackay was the editor. P. F. Collier edited the Once a Week which began in 1890 and continued for some eight years. The Evening News association started the Quarterly Register of the Current History in Detroit where it was published for several years and then removed to Buffalo. In 1890, the Bookkeeper Publishing company issued the publication entitled Rope and Rubber. It was suspended in four years. From 1890 to 1897, Saturday Night was published by A. E. Meigs. 236 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Although up to this time Detroit had been the home of many journalistic attempts of various kinds, the last decade of the Nineteenth Century marked a revival in the establishment of publications. In the year 1892, for example a large number of magazines and papers were started whose existences varied in length from two to fifteen years. Among the more important of these publications wre the American Tyler, Detroit Times, Fraternal Gazette, Lookout, American Horse Monthly, American Pharmacist, International, Michigan Philatelist, Sodalist, and American Horseman and Farmer. The year 1894 witnessed the establishment of the Detroit Critic, Patriotic American, Red Cross Gazette, Town Topics, Once a Month, Detroit National Independent, Jury, National Liquor Journal, People, Foundry, and the Wayne County Recorder. Also in 1894 was established Trade for the general retail merchants of Michigan and northern Indiana and Ohio. It was first known as the Herald of Commerce but took the shorter name in 1897 when the Trade Journal association took over the management of the paper from the Evening News association which had founded it. The Trade continued for some ten years before it was withdrawn from circulation. In 1895 were established the American Land and Title Register, Michigan Fancier, Detroit Press, Board of Trade Market Report, Truth, Budget and the Sporting Record. The Single Tax association of Detroit sponsored the weekly paper Justice in support of direct legislation and the single tax, the sheet being started in 1895 and continuing ten years. The Detroit Daily Market Report succeeded the Board of Trade Market Report in 1896. Cycling and Outing began a career of some six years in length in 1898, and the two ensuing years saw the establishment of the Bankers' Review, suspended by 1906; the Detroit Republican, which was started in March, 1900 in the interests of the colored population of the city and had expired by 1906; the Michigan Sentinel, a Democratic family monthly that existed but a scant five years; the short-lived National Bankrupltcy News and Reports; Pure Fdod Era; State Affairs; Preacher Magazine; Phonometer, started in 1897 by George Andrews and devoted to the correction of stammering; and the Detroit Informer, established in 1897 for the colored population of the city. The single tax movement found another supporter in Our Commonwealth, which was established in 1897 but continued but a few years. A monthly bookkeeping magazine, Home Study, was started in 1900 and continued until 1911. In 1901 were established the Twentieth Century Review, a monthly, and the Michigan Degree of Honor Herald, which was published by the A. O. U. W. until 1911. The short-lived Sail and Sweep was started in 1902 as was the Headlight, a publication of the Railroad Y. M. C. A. which lasted until about 1911. All started during the opening years of this century and enjoying but a brief existence were the Animarian, American Press, and the Association Mail. In 1905 came the Civic News, Electrocraft, Detroit Realty Journal, Motor Talk, and the Gas Engine Age. A weekly finance journal was the Capital that started a five-year career in 1907, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 237 about the same time appeared the Fraternal Motto, Society News, Fraternal Weekly, Railway Equipper, Citator, and the Stellar Ray. The Detroit Business university had started the Business World in 1877; Pernin's Monthly Stenographer appeared in 1889; and Beach's Magazine of Business was established in 1909. A fraternal monthly was the Knight's Progress, started in 1909 for a brief career, while the Michigan Pathfinder and the Michigan Dairy Farmer, both started in the same year, lived but a short time. A few years spelled the doom of these publications started in 1911: Mack Avenue Business Man, Michigan Moose, Zion News, West Side Press, American Issue, Electrical Review and Western Electrician, International Hospital News, Godd News, and Brownell's Dairy Farmer. One of the most successful journals to be published at Detroit was the Bee-keeper's Review which first made its appearance in 1888 and was published for more than thirty years. Other papers were the Penberthy Engineer and Fireman, established in 1893 and issued for many years; the Friendly Elk, started in 1904; the North Side News, first issued in 1908; and the Hamilton Boulevard Press, established in 1915. Nearly three hundred publications, including house organs, trade journals, and agricultural, professional, and foreign language periodicals are now published in Detroit alone, some of the more important of which are described in brief below. The Michigan Farmer is a name in agricultural journalism at Detroit that dates from 1843 when a publication of that name succeeded the Western Farmer that was established on January 19, 1841, by Josiah Snow. The new owner of the paper, D. D. T. Moore, changed the name to that of the Michigan Farmer and Western Agriculturist, made it a monthly instead of a semi-monthly journal, and moved the plant to Jackson. The subsequent few years witnessed many changes of management and name. The name was changed to the Michigan Farmer and Western Horticulturist. Again as the Michigan Farmer, the paper was brought back to Detroit in March, 1847, with H. Hurlbut as the proprietor. The changes in proprietors continued as rapidly as they had since the publication was started, but the name remained the same. Finally, in 1863 H. N. F. Lewis purchased the paper, changed the name to the Western Rural, and four years later moved it to Chicago. In May, 1869, however, the place of the paper was taken by the Michigan Farmer and State Journal of Agriculture under the direction of R. F. Johnstone and Robert Gibbons. Johnstone died in 1886, and after June of that year, the journal was published by the Gibbons brothers until 1893 when Lawrence & Brother, publishers of the Ohio Farmer at Cleveland, Ohio, became the owners. Two years later the name of the publishing firm was changed to the Lawrence Publishing company, the present owners of the journal. The publication has absorbed other Michigan agricultural journals; namely, the Michigan Fruit Grower and Practical Farmzer, of Grand Rapids; and the Farm and Live Stdck Journal issued by the Free! Press. After absorbing these two publications, the paper changed its name to the 238 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Michigan Farmer and Live Stock Journal, but of recent years, the name has been shortened to the Michigan Farmer, perpetuating the name of one of the first agricultural journals to be established at Detroit. Historical, economical, social, and political topics of interest to the people of the state are carried by the Gateway, which first appeared in August, 1903, under the editorship of John F. Hogan, the present editor and publisher. The Gateway is issued monthly. Detroit Saturday Night has grown steadily in popularity since it was established on March 2, 1907. W. R. Orr and Harry M. Nimmo, who had been engaged in newspaper work in Detroit for some time, believed that a good field existed for the establishment of a weekly paper of the kind they proposed to issue. In make-up and style, the paper is all that could be desired, and the fact that Detroit Saturday Night has been successful has more than justified the belief and the ability of the two founders of the sheet. So well received was the paper, that within four years it purchased its own composing and press rooms, and at the present time, the Saturday weekly ranks as one of the important newspapers of the city. The Michigan Manufacturer and Financial Record has won to the rank of being one of the leading magazines of the country devoted to industrial and financial interests. The periodical was established in October, 1908, but the Manufacturer Publishing company, whose present officers are John A. Russell, president; Ira W. Welbon, secretary and treasurer. Of a similar nature to the Michigan Manufacturer and Financial Record, is the Michigan Investor, which was started in September, 1902, by Frank R. Alderman and J. E. Phelps. Phelps soon retired from the firm and his place was taken by Frank Carter, who became the principal owner in 1909. Carter is now secretary and treasurer of the Michigan Investor Publishing company and F. Howard Russ is chairman of the concern. The Michigan Bankers' association publishes the Michigan Banker each month. The publication that reaches a large percentage of the bankers of the state, was founded in 1904 and is another valuable adjunct to the class of journals dealing with financial matters. One of Detroit's leading trade papers is Concrete, which was established in 1904 under that name. In July, 1912, a consolidation was effected with the Cement Age, of New York, and Concrete Engineering, of Cleveland, Ohio, under the name of Concrete-Cement Age, a name that was subsequently changed to the simpler and original one of Concrete. It is owned and published by the Concrete-Cement Age Publishing company. The American Boy, of the Sprague Publishing company, ranks as one of the foremost magazines for boys in the United States. Established in 1899 at Detroit, the magazine has grown steadily until its present circulation is in the neighborhood of 300,000. Every state in the Union together with many foreign countries are reached by the magazine. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 239 The traveling public of Michigan is well served by the monthly publication the Michigan Railway Guide, which was first issued in May, 1877, by Emil Schober. The name subsequently became Wood's Official Railway Guide after John R. Wood became the proprietor of the periodical. Wood is now the proprietor of the company and the name of the guide has been changed back to the original one adopted by the founder. The insurance business is represented in Detroit journalism by the Indicator, a semi-monthly publication that was established in May, 1882, by the firm of Leavenworth & Burr. Originally a monthly, the paper changed hands soon after its inception and became a semimonthly owned and published by the Burr Publishing company. In 1895 was started the Motorman and Conductor, official organ of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America. Another national journal located in Detroit is the Horseshoers' Journal, established in 1875 as the monthly organ of the Master Horseshoers' National Protective association. The Michigan Contractor and Builder caters to the building trade, and since its first appearance in 1907 has been issued every Saturday by the Contractor Publishing company. The Michigan Architect and Engineer, a monthly, was first issued in April, 1919. The Northern Navigation company sponsored the Northern Navigator, which appeared in 1917. From the above described papers, it can be seen that the range of subject material covered by the Detroit publications is well nigh universal. This mention of some of the three hundred publications issued at Detroit is an accurate cross section of the scope and value of the printing and publishing business to this city and county. In addition to the types of papers already described, there are great numbers of other trade papers and house organs and professional journals published here. Indeed, so great is the business, that it has attained the fourth rank in Detroit's industrial roster. Italian, French, German, and Polish papers have also, and still do figure in the journalistic life of Detroit, and the defunct foreign language papers present quite a long list of one-time thriving enterprises. County Papers. It must not be thought, however, that the large daily newspapers of Detroit have eclipsed the newspapers of the smaller cities and villages of Wayne county. On the contrary, the citizens of those communities are well served in the things in which they alone are primarily interested by newspapers that continue to thrive in spite of the increasing service of the large city dailies. Belleville had a newspaper, the Mirador, as early as 1880, and as usual with small town papers of that day, it was independent in politics and was issued weekly. Six years later, it was supplanted by the Enterprise and is still issued as a weekly. In 1896, the Enterprise inaugurated another edition of the paper under the name of the Roman for the village of Romulus. The Dearbdrn Independent was founded in that village in 1901 by M. T. Woodruff, but of late years it has been the property of Henry 240 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Ford who has made it a national figure in the field of journalism through an unusual editorial policy. The paper has a considerable circulation not only through this part of the state but also throughout the Middle West. The Dearborn Press is a weekly paper supporting the Republican party and was established in 1918 to supply the regular news field of the city that was left empty by the changes in the Independent. The Ecorse Review, a weekly, came into being in 1915, its publication days being Fridays. The Ford Times is a weekly newspaper established in 1907. In 1900, the Grosse Pointe Times appeared to supply the needs of that village. It is a weekly paper. The Hamtramck News, an independent weekly, was established in 1902, and though it is now the only newspaper in the local field at Hamtramck, it was for a time supplemented by the Hamtramck American, which was established in 1916 and continued for a few years. First to enter the local field at Highland Park was the Times, a weekly, that has consistently supported the Republican party since its inception in 1911. The Highland Parker, a weekly, appeared in 1919. To Northville goes the credit of maintaining the oldest newspaper in the county outside of Detroit, for in 1869, the Northville Record was established as an independent weekly. Since that time the Record has won an enduring patronage among the people of that section of the county whose interests it serves so well. The Plymouth Mail, a weekly, had its beginning in 1887 and is independent in politics. An independent weekly, the Redford Record, was first published in 1900. The River Rouge Leader was established in 1899, and after nearly fifteen years of service to the community, it suspended publication, its place being taken in 1913 by the River Rouge Herald. The Herald prints a second edition under the name of the Oakwood Outlook. One of the oldest papers in the county outside of Detroit is the Trenton Times which was established in 1876. With the development of the communities in that part of the county, the paper inaugurated other editions to serve them, the Register for Flat Rock, the News for Rockwood, and the Blade for Wyandotte being issued by the Trenton Times. For many years, the village of Wayne was served by the Wayne Review which was started in 1877 but was discontinued after nearly forty years. Its place in the village was taken by the Wayne Weekly in 1913. The Weekly is an independent newspaper. In May, 1870, the Wyandotte Enterprise was established in that village by D. E. Thomas. The ensuing six years found the ownership of the paper changing hands rapidly, and in 1876 the newspaper was removed to Detroit under the name of the Wayne County Courier. It is still published in Detroit under the name of the Detroit Courier. After the removal of the Enterprise from Wyandotte, three years elapsed before the establishment of the Wyandotte Herald, a weekly. In 1893, a second weekly, the Down-River Suburbanite was started DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 241 and has since been published in that community. The Wyandotte Republican, started in 1886, and the Record, started in the same place in 1904, have both passed out of existence. The Times, started in 1894, and the Advocate appearing in 1900, both served the communities of Delray and Springwells for a time and then failed. The Detroit Junction Call began a relatively brief existence in 1881. CHAPTER XIII PHYSICIANS AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH W HEN Cadillac came to Le Detroit to establish his trading post, he had the good sense to bring with him a physician, by name, Dr. Antoine Forrestier, who practiced here until his death in 1716. Existing records tell of no other white man to practice here before Doctor Forrestier, but of the man himself little is known beyond the fact that his name appeared at intervals in the records. An entry of May 9, 1710, in the records of Ste. Anne's church mentions the name of Henri Bellisle and dubs him "chirugien," but this is the only mention of the man. After the death of Forrestier, the colony received Dr. Jean Baptiste Chapoton, who arrived in the West in 1718 and continued to practice his profession until 1758, when he retired from the medical work to give his entire attention to the development of a tract of land granted to him by the French government. His work had made him a strong friend of the Indians, and for this reason he and Jacques Godfrey were chosen in May, 1763, to hold a council with Pontiac and win the great chief's consent to a treaty of peace. The health of the first British troops to garrison Detroit was safeguarded by Dr. George C. Anthon, who was medical officer of the post at a salary of five shillings per day. Doctor Anthon was a graduate of Eisnach and of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Amsterdam, Holland. Receiving his degree, he entered the navy as a surgeon but was taken prisoner and brought to New York when his vessel fell prey to a privateer. He eventually became a surgeon in an Albany hospital after which he secured the position of assistant surgeon of the Sixtieth Regiment, Royal Americans, with which he came to Detroit in 1760. He married in Detroit Marianne Navarre, who died in 1773. He married Genevieve Jadat in 1778 and his family occupied what was later known as Cass house and where his son John was born in 1784. Popular with both the French and the American inhabitants of Detroit was Dr. William Brown, who came here in 1783 and continued to practice until several years after the American occupation of the city in 1796. He is remembered for his treatment of the common ailments of ague and intermittent fever by employing Peruvian bark, for quinine had not come on the market at that time. Doctor Brown was one of the signers of the famous protest sent by citizens of the city to the British commandant, Colonel Procter, in 1813; he was one of the last board of trustees of the Town of Detroit under the incorporation of 1802; he was elected county commissioner in 1818, the same year in which he helped in the organization of the Bank of Michigan; he became one of the first board of trustees of the University of Michigan after the reorganization of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 243 April, 1821; and his last public service was as a member of the legislative council to which he was elected in 1828 and in 1830. Dr. Hermann Eberts acted also as sheriff in 1797. A contemporary of Doctor Brown in 1783 was Doctor McCloskey, who was also a popular physician of those times. A Doctor Henry came to Detroit a little later than McCloskey and Brown. The records at the time of the epidemic of Asiatic cholera in Detroit in 1832-34 show that these men were prominent doctors of their time: S. M. Axford, S. G. Armour, Ira M. Allen, J. M. Alden, J. H. Bagg, E. Batwell, George Bigelow, Francis Breckenridge, Rufus Brown, E. M. Clark, E. W. Cowles, D. Day, E. G. Desnoyers, E. H. Drake, D. O. Farrand, J. C. Gorton, Moses Gunn, Shelosmith S. Hall, A. S. Heaton, Richard Inglis, E. Kane, A. L. Leland, William McCoskry, Robert McMillan, Linus Mott, J. J. Oakley, A. B. Palmer, Pliny Power, Justin Rice, L. C. Rose, Isaac S. Smith, N. B. Stebbins, M. P. Stewart, S. B. Thayer, E. A. Theller, C. S. Tripler, and J. L. Whiting. Dr. William McCoskry came to Detroit in 1796 as an army surgeon with General Anthony Wayne. His home was at the southeast corner of Randolph and Woodbridge streets, and he was the uncle of Rt. Rev. Samuel Allen McCoskry, bishop of Detroit. Dr. John L. Whiting, like other physicians of his day, engaged in other work than that of medicine, he being associated with John J. Deming in the forwarding business and also engaging in the land and tax business for a time. Dr. Stephen Chambers Henry, one of the ablest surgeons of his time, died during the cholera epidemic in 1834. Dr. Thomas B. Clark maintained his office in a small wooden building on Jefferson avenue between Woodward avenue and Griswold street, and when the Gazette office burned in 1830, the people pulled Clark's office into the street to prevent the spread of the fire. Doctors Zina Pitcher and Justin Rice were prominent physicians as was Dr. Douglas Houghton. Dr. Ebenezer Hurd, well known in his profession, married Betsy, a daughter of Judge James Witherell. Dr. Marshall Chapin, who won the election for mayor over John R. Williams in 1831, established a drug store which, despite the subsequent changes, may be considered as the beginnings of the Michigan Drug company. The school of homeopathic medicine found its first exponent in Detroit in 1843 in the person of Dr. S. S. Hall, who made his residence here in that year, the same in which Hahnemann, the founder of the school, died. Doctor Hall practiced here successfully for many years. Dr. John Mosher, who opened an office at Somerset, Hillsdale county, in 1842, is regarded as the first homeopathic physician to locate in the state of Michigan, and the doctors who followed him won popularity for their school of thought through the large medicinal dosage carried on by the members of the regular branch of the profession. By 1871, there were more than three hundred homeopathic physicians in the state, and determined efforts were being made by them to secure a department in the medical school of the University of Michigan for teaching homeopathy. A small 244 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY college had been maintained heretofore in Lansing, but in 1871 and 1872 a college of homeopathy was opened in Detroit, it being housed in Coyle's hall at the corner of Woodward avenue and the Campus Martius on a four-year lease dating from May 1, 1872. Subsequently, the college took quarters at Lafayette avenue and Third street with two or three other medical schools that were unable to meet the demands made upon them by the council on medical education of the American Medical association. The long fight of the homeopathists for recognition in the state medical department was finally recognized, and at the present time homeopathy is taught at the University of Michigan. Dr. Lancelot Younghusband was the president of the institution and among the other physicians associated with the Detroit college were C. B. Kellogg, E. R. Ellis, Cornelius Ormes, Lucy M. Arnold, A. B. Spinney, and F. X. Spranger. The more prominent members of the school of homeopathists in Detroit were Doctors Cornelius Ormes, Rolin C. Olin, Oscar Le Seure, Francis Woodruff, Henry L. Obetz, Christopher C. Miller, William M. Bailey, F. X. Spranger, Otta Lang, and H. P. Mera. Prior to 1883, legislative restrictions had not been applied to the medical profession; standards and requisites for doctors were unknown; any man could assume the title of doctor and use the letters M. D. with his name with impunity. The result of such freedom was a large number of charlatans and quacks who foisted themselves on a credulous people as doctors with a full knowledge of the profession which they dishonored. In 1883 came the Howell Medical act which provided for the registration of all individuals who had practiced for at least five years before the passage of the bill and for the registration of all graduates in Michigan of any medical school in the world. The act was seldom enforced and matters were better than they had been. Various attempts were made by members of the medical profession to carry protective measures through the legislature, but the apathy of the law makers toward the protection of the public health prevented anything being done. Dr. E. L. Shurtly stands out as one of the most vigorous workers for the good of the cause during those days. By the Chandler act of 1899 which created the Michigan State Board of Registration in Medicine, more than 2,000 quack doctors and healers of various kinds were denied the right to practice. Dr. B. D. Harison, of Sault Ste. Marie, was made secretary of the board which was located in Detroit and holds that position at the present time. The Nottingham Medical act of 1903 provided for the examination and rejection or acceptance of candidates, licensing, registration of physicians and surgeons, and the punishment of offenses against the act, the entire work being placed in the hands of the Board of Registration. To practice in Michigan at the present time, a doctor must have had a full four-year high school course, a twoyear pre-medical course at a university, four years in a medical school, and a year as an interne in an approved hospital. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 245 Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery. When in 1864 a large number of disabled veterans of the Civil war were quartered in an army hospital on Woodward avenue near the site of the present Harper hospital, it was suggested that here was an opportunity for utilizing abundant clinical material in the study of medicine. The result was the establishment of the Detroit College of Medicine, in the foundation of which Drs. E. W. Jenks, Theodore McGraw, George P. Andrews, Samuel P. Duffield, and David 0. Farrand were the prime movers. Clinical facilities were afforded by St. Mary's, Harper, and St. Luke's hospitals, and the first sessions of the college were held on February 2, 1869, in two of the buildings of the Harper hospital. The courses of study included anatomy, chemistry, physiology, medical botany, material medica, therapeutics, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics and diseases of women and children, ophthalmology, otology, and medical jurisprudence. In such demand were doctors when the college was first opened, that students were accepted without regard to their preparatory education, and the doctors were graduated after two courses of study, each five months in length. In September, 1880, examination before entrance was required and the course was made to include three terms of six months each. In 1891 arrangements were made with Providence hospital for the teaching of obstetrics, and subsequently the Woman's hospital and the Children's hospital were opened for clinical teaching in these lines. Pharmacy, dental surgery, and veterinary surgery were included in the curriculum in the same year, but in 1899 veterinary surgery was discontinued, pharmacy in 1906, and dental surgery in 1909, because of the inability to support the courses from the fees of the students attending. At the present time, the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery is the only medical school outside the university of Michigan that has a rating of A-1. Classes were held in Harper hospital until 1882, when the property of the Detroit Y. M. C. A. on Farmer street was purchased by the college, and here classes were held until September, 1893, but part of the college was housed in 1889 in a newly erected building at the corner of St. Antoine and Mullett streets. Until 1912, the college had been a stock company largely owned and controlled by the faculty. In 1913 came a critical period in the life of the institution. The stockholders consented to a renewal of the charter, and a new organization was effected with the aid of a large number of alumni and physicians of the state, the name being changed at that time from the Detroit College of Medicine to the present style. Plans were laid for a $1,000,000 endowment fund and the articles of incorporation were drawn up under the Education laws of Michigan on August 19, 1913. A membership organization without profit sharing stock, the management of the corporation is placed in the hands of a board of trustees, and the clinical facilities of every hospital of Detroit were placed at the disposal of the institution. 246 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Although a union with the medical school of the state university had been discussed from time to time, nothing was ever done in this way and the idea was dropped for good and all. On July 1, 1918, the City of Detroit took over the college and placed the control in the hands of the board of education. The result was an assurance of the permanence of the college and a material reduction in the fees, thus making it possible for a greater number of young men to obtain a medical education. Of the other medical schools located in Detroit at various times, the Michigan College of Medicine is perhaps one of the best known. It was organized in June, 1879, and was opened November 17, that year in a three-story building at the corner of Catherine and St. Antoine streets. From this location the school was moved to the Emergency hospital where clinical facilities were provided. Although a new building was built for the school a short time afterward, the changes in the medical standards proved an embarrassment and the institution passed out of existence. It was one of the many proprietary schools that thrived throughout the country during the earlier days, and was in the control of Dr. Hal C. Wyman and Dr. E. B. Smith, dean and secretary of the school, respectively. Wayne County Medical Society. In 1846, the Sydenham Society was organized in Detroit under the presidency of Dr. Charles N. Ege, but within three years this pioneer medical society of the county had been supplanted by the Wayne County Medical society which was organized as a branch of the Michigan State Medical society. Four years was the span of life of the county society, and at the end of that time the Detroit Medical society was born to continue until 1858, Dr. Morse Stewart being the first president. Until 1866, the county and city were without a medical society, but on May 31, that year, a second Wayne County Medical society was organized with Dr. Zina Pitcher as president and Dr. H. F. Lyster as secretary. Quarterly meetings were held until the spring of 1876 when it was disbanded to make way for the third Wayne County Medical society first headed by Dr. William Brodie. This third society was incorporated under the laws of the state in 1902 under the presidency of Dr. Samuel Bell, its constitution and bylaws being revised at that time to conform to the constitution of the state society. The society was granted a charter as a branch of the state society. At the same time, the society absorbed the Detroit Medical and Library association. Other medical societies of various kinds were also joined with the Wayne County Medical society, their names with the dates of founding and consolidation being as follows: Detroit Academy of Medicine, 1868-1919; Quarter Century Medical Club, 1902-1915, with which were joined the Detroit Obstetrical and Gynecological Society, 1884-1887, and the Michigan Surgical and Pathological Society, 1891-1899. The first state society was organized in Wayne county in 1819 and since for many years it virtually served the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 247 purposes of a county organization, the Wayne County Medical society may almost be said to have originated in that year. To protect any member of the organization accused of malpractice, the Defense League was established in 1906 as a part of the society, and so successful was the league that it was subsequently incorporated into the constitution of the state society, thus the members of the county societies within the state are granted the protection of the Defense League if they so desire it. Before 1909, no permanent meeting place for the society had been established, a room in the Wayne county courthouse having been provided for that purpose. To remedy the inconvenience, the society was incorporated in 1910, and a board of trustees was elected and authorized to purchase a permanent home for the organization. A large house at No. 33 High street, East, was purchased by the society for the price of $30,000, which was raised by subscription among the members of the society, but so rapidly did the membership grow, that a hall was added to the rear of the building. The first meeting was held in the new hall on February 2, 1914. At the weekly meetings held from September to the first of June each year, scientific papers are read covering every phase of medicine and surgery. One of the features of the society is the medical library, consisting of more than 10,000 volumes and including bound volumes of medical journals and periodicals. The membership of the society is now more than 1,000, and during the World war, nearly four hundred members of the society served with the American, British, and Canadian forces in France. Hospitals. In an old loghouse at the southwest corner of Lamed and Randolph streets was housed the first hospital, St. Mary's, to be opened in the city of Detroit. Established by four Sisters of Charity, the little hospital was opened on June 9, 1845, under the name of St. Vincent's hospital, and here it remained for five years. At that time, the sisters were able to erect a hospital building on Clinton street near St. Antoine street, and on November 6, 1850, it was opened to receive patients, the name of St. Mary's being given to it at that time. Walter Harper, who came to Detroit from Philadelphia in 1832, deeded three Philadelphia residences and nearly one thousand acres of land near Detroit to a board of trustees for the establishment of a hospital, the gift being made on February 4, 1859. That Harper himself was to receive an annuity was the only condition attached to the gift. In March of the same year, Mrs. Ann Martin, following the lead of Harper, deeded to the hospital five acres of land in the city and fifteen acres in the Ten Thousand Acre tract. The work of organizing the hospital went rapidly forward, and on May 4, 1863, the institution was incorporated. The trustees purchased five acres on Woodward avenue adjoining the property they already owned and offered the site to the government for a military hospital provided that suitable buildings be erected, this being at the time 248 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of the Civil war. The offer was accepted and hundreds of disabled soldiers were quartered in the hospital. It was not until January, 1866, that Harper hospital was opened for other than government patients. In June, 1884, a new building erected on the John R. street grounds of the hospital was opened, and since that time the facilities of the institution have been improved and enlarged to keep abreast of the growth of the city. In 1869 Amos Chafee gave a lot at the northeast corner of Willis avenue and John R. street as the site for a homeopathic hospital. Ten years later the Detroit Homeopathic association was incorporated, but still nothing more was done toward the actual erection of the hospital until 1886, when James McMillan gave $100,000 for the erection of the building. John S. Newberry donated a similar sum as a fund to defray operating expenses a short time later. Such was the beginning of the Grace hospital, which now has a branch, the Miriam Memorial branch, at 277 W. Grand Boulevard. Dr. Warren L. Babcock is the present director of the institution, which ranks among Detroit's leading foundations of its kind. The Henry Ford hospital was founded with the idea of making it the largest and best equipped hospital in the United States. It was only partially completed in 1917 when the war with Germany broke out, but it was turned over to the government to be used as a base hospital. When the government patients had been evacuated after the close of the war, the work of construction was carried through to completion, so that the Henry Ford hospital stands today as one of the best institutions of its kind in the country. It is operated as a closed hospital; that is, the staff maintained at the hospital cares for all the patients treated there. Before the city decided on the erection of a municipally owned and controlled hospital, the cost of caring for the city's sick poor amounted to approximately $110,000 per year. The Poor Commission realized that this expenditure annually could be materially reduced if the city were to build and operate its own hospital. The members of the commission, now known as the Department of Public Welfare, -laid the plan before the council with the result that the Receiving hospital was ordered built. The work was pushed with all dispatch and on October 15, 1915, the Receiving hospital, costing $295,370, was opened to receive patients, the cost including the cost of construction and the equipment. The cost of maintaining the hospital is approximately $70,000 yearly, and instead of paying $110,000 to private hospitals for the care of the city's patients only about $45,000 is expended for that work at the present time. The Receiving hospital is also made an emergency hospital for accident and injury cases that occurred on the public highways or have a public aspect of some sort. Northville was selected as the site of the Detroit Tuberculosis Sanitarium. When the contracts for the buildings had been let, the contractors, John Finn & Son, lost no time in getting a crew of men on the job, work being commenced on March 3, 1920, in the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 249 same week that the ground plan of the several buildings had been staked out. The sanitarium buildings had been roofed by Thanksgiving Day of that year, and by May 1, 1921, the sanitarium was virtually completed and ready for occupancy. The cost of the entire sanitarium was approximately $1,000,000. It has a capacity of three hundred adults during the entire year and of one hundred children in winter and two hundred children during the summer months. The Children's Free Hospital and the Michigan Hospital School of Farmington were consolidated on March 15, 1922, and Mayor James Couzens at that time made a gift of $1,000,000 to the consolidated institution. The list of hospitals in Detroit is indeed an imposing one, and all of them are ably managed and equipped in the best possible way. Among the larger hospitals, exclusive of those that are maintained as charitable institutions, are the following: Cottage Hospital, 54 Oak street, Grosse Pointe; Detroit Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat hospital, 62 W. Adams street; Delray Industrial hospital, 7125 W. Jefferson avenue; Detroit Osteopathic hospital, 188 Highland avenue; Dunbar Memorial hospital, 576 Frederick street; Evangelical Deaconess hospital, 3245 E. Jefferson avenue; Fernwood hospital, 3818 Northwestern avenue; Grand River hospital, 5964 Grand River avenue; Highland Park General hospital, Glendale avenue; Hart hospital, 2838 Trumbull street; Lincoln hospital, 1051 Twenty-fifth street; Mercy hospital, 668 Winder street; Michigan Mutual hospital, 1366 E. Jefferson avenue; Roosevelt Memorial hospital, 2920 Mt. Elliott street; Providence hospital, 2500 W. Grand Boulevard; St. Luke's hospital, 228 Highland avenue; Salvation Army Woman's hospital, West Grand Boulevard and West Fort street; St. Joseph's Mercy hospital, 2200 E. Grand Boulevard, and Samaritan hospital, Grand Boulevard and Milwaukee avenue. Public Health. The past quarter of a century has witnessed a great realization of the necessity and development of public health protection, and this work today forms no inconsiderable part of the duties of county and city administration. Under an act of the legislature approved February 25, 1895, the board of health of the city of Detroit was organized in March of that year, the board to consist of four members appointed by the mayor. It was provided that two of the members, all of whom must be freeholders and electors in the city, must be graduates of recognized medical schools. The scope of the work of the board of health is indeed broad, for in addition to the specified duties of that body, it has the right to carry through such measures felt essential to the maintenance of the public health. In this respect, dairy and food inspections have come to be a vital part of the work of the board of health. Dairies that sell their milk in the City of Detroit are subjected to periodic inspections to insure the purity of the milk and other dairy products sold in the city limits. Nor is the source of the supply made the subject of restrictive standards of cleanliness, for wholesale and retail dealers of dairy products, meats, and produce within the city are also 250 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY inspected by representatives of the board of health. Sanitary conditions throughout the city are under the supervision of a sanitary squad of patrolmen from the police department working in conjunction with the board of health. Within the province of the health department comes, too, the usual duties of quarantining contagious diseases, placarding of houses, dental work in the schools, and similar work. Detroit's first public health work came in 1882 in the appointment of Dr. O. M. Wright as health officer, and in 1885 he was succeeded by Dr. Samuel P. Duffield. Though Dr. Duncan McLeod was appointed health officer in 1893, Doctor Duffield was again appointed to that post in 1896. Dr. Heneage Gibbs became the health officer in 1898 and held the position two years, he being succeeded in 1900 by Dr. W. R. Baker. In 1902, Baker was succeeded by Dr. Guy L. Kiefer who discharged the duties of that office until 1912 when he resigned to re-enter private practice. Dr. Kiefer's administration was marked by the introduction of several important innovations in the functions of the department, notable among which were the establishment of the dental work in the schools, the tuberculosis clinic of the board of health, and the infant's clinic. It was also during his term in office that the city isolation hospital for the care of sufferers from communicable diseases was established and named the Herman Kiefer hospital in honor of Doctor Kiefer's father. Dr. William H. Price, who had long been connected with the milk and dairy inspection during Kiefer's regime, was selected to succeed Kiefer as health officer. Notable among the achievements of Doctor Price were his efforts to improve the housing conditions in the city, which had become a sore problem through the rapid growth of the city during those years and since that time. Dr. J. W. Inches, formerly of St. Clair, Michigan, was selected as Price's successor in 1917, but after he had held the office for little more than a year, Inches was appointed Police commissioner by Mayor James Couzens. At that time began the administration of Dr. Henry F. Vaughan as head of the board of health, a position which he still retains. From the records of the board of health, it is apparent that the great work of the department during the first ten years of its existence was the combating the recurrence of diphtheria. From a mortality of 25 per cent, the death rate has been reduced to less than 4 per cent at the present time, the reduction being made possible through the use of anti-toxin and proper care in the isolation hospital. In this connection, it has been recently announced through the Journal of the American Medical association that Dr. N. S. Ferry, bacteriologist in the medical research laboratories of Parke, Davis & Company, and Dr. L. W. Fisher have discovered a measles toxin for which scientists over the entire world have been searching. It is believed by the discoverers of the anti-toxin that scarlet fever, measles, erysipelas, and child-bed fever will be checked by the anti DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 251 toxin. The co-operation and assistance of Dr. Henry F. Vaughan, the officials of Herman Kiefer hospital, and particularly of Dr. B. B. Bernbaum and Dr. E. Martmer of the hospital and of Dr. R. W. Pryer, director of the Detroit Board of Health laboratories, are acknowledged by the discoverers of the anti-toxin. Dr. N. S. Ferry came to Detroit in 1908 from New Haven, Connecticut. He received his medical training at Yale university and subsequently took postgraduate courses at Johns Hopkins university in the bacteriological science in which he has been so singularly successful as a member of the research department of Parke, Davis & Company. CHAPTER XIV INDUSTRIAL UST two and a quarter centuries since the establishment of Fort Pontchartrain by Cadillac, Detroit has developed from a struggling fur trading post to one of the largest manufacturing centers in the United States. Although Cadillac introduced into his colony skilled artisans for work in stone quarries and mills, their work was primarily directed to the satisfaction of the immediate needs of the colony itself. In no sense did Cadillac anticipate an industrial development of his community for his charter allowed him a monopoly of the fur trade in this section, and in the success of this trade he was alone interested. What mills or other industries that came into being were of secondary consideration, for their purpose was but to assist in the maintenance of a colony engaged solely in the fur trade. The ever-present menace of the unfriendly Indian, the many wars, local, national, and international, worked to the decided detriment of Detroit in both commercial and industrial projects. It was not, therefore, until after the arrival of the Americans at the beginning of the Nineteenth Century that Detroit entered upon an era of substantial growth. Before more detailed description of Industrial Detroit is given today, the following resume of the city's evolution, as written by Harry L. Shearer of the Detroit Board of Commerce and published in the Detroit Times, is herewith offered: "In 1810 Detroit was manufacturing the following articles: Flax and hemp goods, woolen goods, hats, liquors, soap, candles, hides, saddles and bridles, to the total value of $24,742.00. "Returns for 1820 were incomplete but a new industry, the manufacture of tin, had been introduced. During the period of 1840 to 1860, industry was the main occupation. However, industrial development was hindered by a dearth of factory workers. The rapid settling of the West had drawn men to the farms. From 1860 copper smelting was the leading industry, and the product was valued at $1,500,000 annually. In 1880, there was a marked change in the ranking of products. Tobacco and cigars lead in total value of manufactured products in the sum of $2,716,016, with iron and steel running the close second with $2,489,634. This industry was the only one to date that employed large numbers of women and children. "The total value of all manufactured products was something more than $33,000,000, five times the value in 1860. In the census report for 1880, statistics for the first time are given for Detroit alone. Previous statistics in this article have been for the whole of Wayne county. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 253 "The automobile industry dates from 1894. In 1904 there were built in Michigan 9,125 cars. In 1909 more than seven times that many, or 64,800 cars valued at $70,000,000, were built. Of this total, 50,000 were built in Detroit. The introduction of the industry into Detroit was not purely accidental. It was due largely to the activity of the state in industries allied to that of the automobile. "The first successful horseless carriage was driven on the streets of Detroit by Charles B. King in 1894. Henry Ford brought his first car out in 1896. William C. Maybury became interested in Ford and through his efforts the Detroit Automobile company was organized to make the Ford cars. "In 1903 Ford organized his own company and that year made 672 cars. In this same year a number of other companies came into existence, among others the Packard Motor Car company. "The beginning of the pharmaceutical industry, one of Detroit's leading industries today, came into prominence about this time. In 1875 Parke, Davis was incorporated, and in 1876 Frederick Stearns began business in the city. These firms today are among the largest of the nation and have branches in many foreign countries "In 1923 the total value of all manufactured products in Detroit had increased from $252,939 to $1,438,247,380." Two of Detroit's earliest industries and two that have remained to place the name of the city before the entire country are the tobacco industry and stove manufacturing. The first of these had its inception about 1840 when George Miller began manufacturing tolacco in a small two-story frame building on the west side of Woodward Avenue just south of Jefferson. His son, Isaac S. Miller, bought the business five years later and in turn sold out to another son, T. C. Miller, in 1849. In that small shop, the power for whose machinery was furnished by a blind horse, Daniel Scotten and John J. Bagley served their apprenticeship, and it was these two men who subsequently laid the foundation for Detroit's prominence in tobacco manufacuring. Scotten entered business in 1856 with Granger & Lovett manufacturing Hiawatha chewing tobacco. Bagley engaged in the business in 1852 as the successor to Miller and manufactured the famous Mayflower brand of chewing tobacco, a prominent Detroit product for more than fifty years. The Scotten, Granger & Lovett combination opened its first factory on Randolph street with an original capital of $1,500. Granger retired from the firm just before the outbreak of the Civil war when he thought that Scotten's determination to plunge in tobacco was an unsafe venture. Scotten became sole proprietor in 1882 and established the plant on Fort street west. Through the efforts of these men, then, Detroit owes its present large tobacco manufacturing business, and the many large factories are turning out millions of pounds of cigars and chewing tobacco. Stove Manufacturing. Detroit is the largest center for the manufacture of stoves in the United States, and the fact that such an important industry is established here was due to the necessity of the early settlers and to the farsightedness of one man. 254 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Jeremiah Dwyer, founder of the stove industry in Detroit, came to this county from Brooklyn, New York, with his parents. His father, a farmer at Springwells, was accidentally killed when the boy was eleven years of age, and he was therefore compelled to go to work when he was quite young. He apprenticed himself to the moulder's trade and in 1849, while repairing stoves at the Hydraulic Iron Works, he decided to establish a stove manufacturing business of his own. Accordingly, he went to Albany to learn stove making, returned to Detroit for two years' work with the D. & M. Railway, and then in partnership with his brother, James Dwyer, and Thomas W. Mizner, bought a defunct reaper and stove factory and began the manufacture of stoves under the name of J. Dwyer & Company in 1861. In 1864 W. H. Tefft and Merrill I. Mills bought an interest in the business and the name was changed to the Detroit Stove Works which it has remained to the present time. So successful was the enterprise that in 1871 Jeremiah Dwyer with C. A. Ducharme and George H. Barbour organized the Michigan Stove Company and ten years later James Dwyer established the Peninsular Stove Company. With three such enterprising companies established in Detroit, it was only natural that the entire Middle West should look to Detroit for its stoves, and with the ever increasing demand for the products of these concerns it was no wonder that Detroit took the lead in stove manufacture, in which it has continued. Too much credit cannot be given to the work of the Dwyer brothers, for it was they who introduced into their work actual engineering principles and employed a metallurgist to compound suitable iron mixtures for their products, William H. Keep, a mechanical engineer being retained for this purpose. The Peninsular Stove company was incorporated March 23, 1881, the Art Stove company in 1888, and the Detroit Vapor Stove company in 1894. The industry now provides employment for well over 5,000 men; the plants of the companies cover a tract of ground with a combined acreage of more than 40; and stoves to a total in excess of 600,000 are manufactured by these concerns each year. Salt. The existence of salt springs in various parts of the state had been known from the earliest days of white settlement, and even though the first state geologist announced that the rock strata indicated the presence of salt deposits below the surface, it was not until the Sixties that anything was done toward developing salt manufacture. With the annual output of the Michigan salt companies reaching sizable proportions, no attempt was made in that direction in Wayne county. Some years prior to 1891, the Eureka Iron & Steel company sunk a well at Wyandotte to find natural gas or oil but brought in only salt brine. In 1891, J. B. Ford, who hoped to find salt for the manufacture of soda ash for the manufacture of glass, sunk another well at Wyandotte and found an adequate supply at a depth of 900 feet, and upon the basis of the work of Ford was established the alkali industry at Wyandotte. In 1895, the Solvay Process company, a Belgian con DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 255 cern located at Syracuse, New York, bought the Detroit Exposition grounds below Fort Wayne and began the manufacture of soda ash, bicarbonate of soda, sal soda, caustic soda, and allied products. This was the beginning of the alkali industry in the country of which these companies are now operating: The Solvay plant, the Semet Solvay company, the Michigan Alkali company, the Pennsylvania Salt company, and the Detroit Rock Salt company, which mines rock salt near the River Rouge in the Woodmere district. Millions of pounds of soda ash, caustic soda, and other soda products are exported by Wayne county plants annually. Automobile Manufacturing. Detroit is undeniably the automotive center of the world and that it holds such a place is due to the energy and perseverance of the pioneer automobile builders who established themselves here. In 1895 Ransom E. Olds and Frank Clark, both of Lansing, Michigan, had agreed to make an automobile, the former to make the engine in his father's stationary engine plant and the latter to build the carriage in his father's carriage factory. Two years later they were able to secure backing and were to confine their attention to the building of but one car. In 1898, this car was finished but its performance was not what it might have been and Clark withdrew from the enterprise, whereupon Olds enlisted the aid of S. L. Smith in 1899 and organized the Oldsmobile company at Detroit. In 1901 the number of cars built was about 1,400, and in 1902, 2,500 cars were built. Destruction of the plant in 1902 by fire caused the removal of the company to Lansing. Many of the companies that later grew into prominence were established by men who had worked either with the Oldsmobile company or in connection with it in some way or another, among these concerns being the Chalmers company, the Hudson Motor Car company, and the King and Columbia Motor Car company. The Dodge brothers, who eventually established one of the most flourishing automobile companies in Detroit, at one time made the transmissions for the Oldsmobile company, while Henry M. Leland of the Leland & Falkner company, who eventually created the Cadillac car, got his start building the engines and other parts for the Oldsmobile company. The Oldsmobile, with the Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet, Oakland, and other concerns is now a part of the General Motors corporation which was organized in 1910 by W. C. Durant. Perhaps no man has had more to do toward establishing the automobile manufacturing center at Detroit than has Henry Ford, who was born in Dearborn township, Wayne county, and who lived on the farm until he was sixteen years of age. He then came to Detroit to learn the trade of machinist. Eventually, after years of experimentation, he evolved a car with which he interested capitalists to organize the Detroit Automobile company with a capital of $50,000, of which he was chief engineer and held one-sixth interest. Within a year internal trouble arose among the members of the firm, and 256 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Ford retired to his home laboratory to make another car. In 1902 he completed the larger and better machine which resulted in the formation of the Ford Motor company on June 16, 1903, with an authorized capital of $100,000. By 1906, Mr. Ford had acquired 51 per cent of the capital stock, and today the $100,000,000 corporation is entirely owned within the Ford family. The plant of the company that is located in Highland park occupied nearly 300 acres while the foundries and blast furnaces are located at River Rouge where the lake vessels owned by the company bring the ore to be smelted. Throughout the county are located some of the accessory and parts plants, Northville, for example, having two plants making parts for Ford cars. Henry M. Leland, who had been making gears and parts for the Oldsmobile, built a better engine, as he claimed, for the car but it was refused by the builders. Consequently, he cast about to make his own cars, the result being the organization of the Cadillac Motor Car company with a capital of $300,000, one cylinder cars being first manufactured, then four cylinder, and now eight cylinder V-type motors. Leland remained in charge of the company only a short time after its absorption by the General Motors corporation, and then he resigned to start the Lincoln Motor Car company. This new concern had financial troubles and was bought by Henry Ford who has made a successful enterprise of the company. Known throughout the United States and many foreign countries for the excellence of its products, the Packard Motor Car company was originally started at Warren, Ohio, but was moved here in 1903 and reincorporated for $500,000. The plant of the company is located on East Grand Boulevard. Not only is the company famed for its motor cars, but it is favorably known for its pioneer work in aviation motor building. Large contracts for the construction of airplane motors for the United States Government have been let to the company. One of the long established automobile companies in Detroit is the Paige Motor Car company, whose plant is located on West Warren avenue. It has recently undergone a reorganization and the plant has been enlarged, the new units being accounted among the most thoroughly and modernly equipped automobile manufacturing plants in the industry. In a sense, the Chrysler Motor Car company is Detroit's newest addition to this great field. Walter P. Chrysler purchased the Chalmers Motor Corporation and proceeded to place upon the market the cars that bear his name. The expansion of this company has been one of the most rapid developments in automotive history, for the Chrysler car has virtually revolutionized the industry in that it is creating an ever-increasing demand for smaller and more easily handled cars that have an equal facility in heavy traffic and long distance travel. The two Detroit plants, located on East Jefferson avenue, cover approximately sixty acres with an aggregate floor space of 1,700,000 square feet, while some 6,000 people are employed at the plants. About a year ago, the company A OiL) HOMES ON' X, ASIINGTON 11L\D1 11)1FLO\X GRANL) CIRCUTS CORN ER -MICHIGAN AVENUE, CR15 -WOJI) STREET ANi) LAFAVETTFE 110U'LEVARI.) V. M. C. A. BUIL[DING AT \I)AMS AVENUE ANL) NVITITEIRELL STR EET I N 1 890 SITrE OF 1PRESENTr NEWVCOMII)I,'Ni)icoTri' STORE, SUPPOSED HIOME OF FREDERICK BUIIL, HATTER, 148 JEFFERSON WOODWARD AND MICHIGAN AVE. CORNER DURING CIVIL WAR DETROIT FEMALE SEMINARY ON CITY HALL SITE IN 1860 EDWIN JEROME HOUSE ON WASHINGTON BLVD. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 257 acquired the plant of the American Motor Body corporation which adjoins the plant of the Chrysler. The Oakland avenue plant of the company was formerly the factory of the Maxwell Motor Car company which was purchased by the Chrysler corporation about a year and a half ago. The automobile industries include about 200 plants that are engaged in manufacturing accessories alone, and their products include every conceivable article for use on an automobile. The Morgan & Wright plant of the United States Rubber company, the second largest makers of automobile tires in the country, is also located on East Jefferson avenue and covers twenty-one acres of ground with 2,550,000 square feet of floor space. More than 4,000 men are employed by the company which operates one of the largest manufacturing plants on the East Side. At Clark street and West Jefferson avenue are located Plants No. 1 and No. 2 of the Timken-Detroit Axle company which is one of the foremost concerns in the country manufacturing axles and roller bearings. It, too, is one of the largest manufacturing enterprises in the city and the quality of its products are traditional throughout the automotive industry. The Dodge Brothers Motor Car company is distinctly a Detroit concern. Eleven years ago the company had its inception, manufacturing cars of its own design in a plant that covered some twenty acres of floor space. So rapidly has the concern grown that it now uses 130 acres, employs more than 30,000 men and women, and builds 1,700 cars a day. Two main assembly buildings, each 1,100 feet long are fed with parts from the manufacturing wings which adjoin them at an angle of ninety degrees, every department being so placed that the parts will travel to the assembly floor by the shortest possible route. The plant is located at Joseph Campau avenue and French road. One of the most recent additions to the industry is the advent of the Eaton Spring corporation, which recently purchased the property of the American Auto Parts company and moved its spring manufacturing business from Cleveland to Detroit. The plant covers some fifteen acres of ground on French road between Van Dyke avenue and Lynch road. The factory was erected in 1919 and has a manufacturing floor space of 200,000 square feet. The change in location was made because the firm supplies springs for nearly all the motor car manufacturers of Michigan. The Fisher Body company and the C. R. Wilson Body company are two large enterprises engaged in the manufacture of bodies for automobiles. The Wilson company was once the largest manufacturer of carriages and wagons in the country and with the advent of the automobile it naturally began building bodies for these vehicles. By a natural progression, the company developed into a motor car manufacturing enterprise as the carriage making business declined, and thus Detroit became the home of one of the largest companies of its kind in the country. It was in the plant 258 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of the Wilson concern that Fred and Charles T. Fisher, after learning carriage making from their father, learned the rudiments of automobile body manufacturing. In 1908, with a capital of $50,000, the Fisher Body corporation was organized. During 1909 and 1910, the Fishers advanced their belief that the real future in motor car bodies lay in the closed models, and though they were treated to disbelief by many, they brought about the incorporation of the Fisher Closed Body company, and the first large order for closed car bodies was received by the company from the Cadillac company. Thus began a period of expansion that has made the corporation one of the largest of its kind in the world, and its properties now include not only factories but a plate glass plant, saw mills, and thousands of acres of timberlands. Airplanes were made by the company during the war. Branch plants have been established in many places throughout this section of the country and in Canada. Two large wheel corporations are located here, the Budd Wheel company and the Kelsey Wheel company. The two Detroit plants of the latter concern are located at Michigan and Military avenues and at Michigan avenue and McGraw. More than 1,000,000 sets of wheels were turned out by the company for Detroit built automobiles last year, and 3,000 men are employed in the plant. The Budd Wheel company, located on the East Side and is equally important in the wheel manufacturing industry. The company ranks as one of the largest in the world and the excellence of its products are a by-word throughout the country. Although the automobile industry is one of the greatest in this country and is centered at Detroit, the other enterprises which have contrived to make the city important in industrial circles should not be overlooked. The Burroughs Adding Machine company, making adding, bookkeeping, calculating, and billing machines, provides employment for 9,000 persons, and with its annual production of 150,000 machines is one of the largest concerns of its kind in the world. Copper, bronze, brass, and aluminum products are important industrially; iron foundries and smelters have an annual production that is as large in its way as most of the industries, for the smelters provide the material for many of the automobile and accessory manufacturing concerns in the city; a million hides are tanned annually here for use in motor car upholstry; the combined printing trades constitute the fourth largest industry in Detroit; and the West Side is rapidly developing into the iron and steel center of the United States; and the manufacture of pharmaceutical goods finds its largest representative in Detroit, the Parke, Davis & Company. The Eureka Vacuum Sweeper company, after fourteen years of existence, produces the largest number of such machines of any similar concern in the world, and its products are distributed in nearly every civilized country of the globe. Detroit ranks with the leaders in the manufacture of machinery and tools, and the bricks produced annually by the factories of Greater Detroit number close to half a billion. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 259 CHAPTER XV CITIES AND VILLAGES THE causes underlying the establishment of villages are mainly two in number; namely, a natural outgrowth of a logical meeting point for people of a farming community or for lines of travel, or a community projected by private enterprise. These two reasons may coincide. Some land speculator casting about for a place to establish a town may, with admirable foresight, select a site that is destined to become an important village or city. On the other hand, instances are many where the founder of the embryo community chose not wisely, and in time, these mushroom communities died out because there was no logical and sound basis for their existence. The thriving villages and cities that dot the county today are evidence enough of the two causes for town development, while the history of the county alone preserves the name of several communities that sprang up, thrived for a day, and then vanished, either through annexation to the city of Detroit or other causes above mentioned. The list of extinct towns includes the names of the following: Fairview, annexed to Detroit in 1907; Glenwood, annexed to Wyandotte; Leesville, of Hamtramck township; Meals Mill, near Waterford in Northville township; Navarre, or Oakwood, a suburb of Detroit across from Delray and River Rouge; Newburgh, in Livinia township; Oak, in Redford township; Plank Road, in Redford township; Schwarzburg, in Nankin township; Smithville, in Sumpter township; South Trenton, in Monguagon township; Swift, in Nankin township; West Sumpter, in Sumpter township; and Whitewood and Yew in Greenfield township. Belleville is located twenty-four miles from Detroit on the Huron river in Van Buren township. The first settlers on what is now the village site were Archibald Fleming and Samuel McNath and the latter's two sons, all of whom settled there in 1826. Eight years later, the village of Belleville was laid out, and in 1881 the Wabash railroad was put through the village. Following the construction of the Detroit Edison company's power dam on the Huron river at Belleville, the village entered a period of commercial boom, so that in 1925 the population of the community was estimated to be 650, an increase in population for the past fifteen years of approximately 35 per cent. Dearborn, located on Michigan avenue ten miles from Detroit, received its first settlers as early as 1795, but it was not until the United States Government selected it as a site for an arsenal was much notice taken of the little community. The population of Dearborn in 1838 was estimated at sixty families, and in addition to a saw mill, a flour mill, several stores, and two smithies, a horse 260 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY power iron foundry was located in the village. The first village charter was surrendered soon after it was secured, and the present charter dates from 1894 when the first president elected was William H. Clark. The Michigan Central railroad was built through the village in 1837, and in 1898 electric line service was opened between the village and Detroit and Ann Arbor on what is now a part of the Detroit United Railways system. One of the finest filter plants in the world is boasted by the city in connection with its water system that was built by Henry Ford. The village has a sewer system as well. St. Joseph's Retreat, a hospital devoted to the treatment of nervous disorders, is located near the village. The administration offices and the laboratories of the Ford Motor company and the Stout Metal Airplane company are located at the village, and the Ford Airport is also established there. Delray, in Springwells township at the confluence of the Detroit river and River Rouge, was first known as Belgrade and received its first settlers as the past century opened. Although the village has been a part of the city of Detroit for several years, its importance as a village justified its treatment here separate from that of Detroit. The year 1850 marked the beginnings of industrial activities in the community, for in that year was established the plant of the Detroit & Lake Superior Copper Works near Fort Wayne at the upper end of the village. Following the establishment of the Detroit Steel & Spring Works of the Michigan Car company and the Michigan Carbon company in the Seventies, the village entered a period of steady growth that lead to the incorporation of the village of Delray on October 14, 1897. Frederick J. Clippert was elected the first president of the village. Ecorse, now a manufacturing community, was established toward the close of the War of 1812 when a settlement was made near the mouth of the Ecorse river. It was first known as Grand Port, but at the time of its incorporation in 1902, the present name of Ecorse was assumed. With an estimated population of 12,000, Ecorse is rapidly gaining prominence in the manufacturing life of the county, for among the many steel working and chemical plants located there are the Kelsey Wheel Corporation, the Wolverine Salt company, and the Ecorse Foundry & Machine Works. Flat Rock is located in Brownstown township twenty-three miles southwest of Detroit. The first settlements were made there in 1824, and the village was first known as Vreelandt, or Brownstown. With an estimated population of 850 in 1925, the village is the terminus of the electrified division of the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton railroad and is also the site of the Ford lamp plant employing some 250 people. It is also a shipping point for the rich agricultural district of the Huron Valley. A new $18,000 school has recently been erected in the village, and in many other ways the community shows it to be a progressive village. Fordson has within a space of some five years grown from a small village to the city of Fordson, it being incorporated as such DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 261 in 1925. It was first known as Springwells. In a commercial way, the city is rapidly assuming colossal proportions, for it is the home of the Ford River Rouge plant, the Paige Motor Car company's plant, the works of the Detroit Seamless Tube company, and of the Harwick Stamping company. Lincoln Park, three miles southwest of Detroit, is almost purely residential, it being the bedroom, so to speak, of the surrounding manufacturing communities. The village has just erected a new high school. Hamtramck is entirely surrounded by the city of Detroit and takes its name from the township in which it was located. In 1901 the Village of Hamtramck was incorporated and in 1920, so greatly had the population increased during the intervening years, the people voted for incorporation as a city. The city includes within its limits some of the largest manufacturing plants of the county, including Dodge Brothers Automobile company, American Radiator company, and the Russell Wheel & Foundry company. The great strides in production in the automobile industry, perhaps more than anything else, explains the fact that by the census of 1920, Hamtramck led all cities of the United States for percentage increase in population, that figure being 1,266 per cent. The population of the city is now estimated to be well over 70,000, a decided contrast with the 3,559 inhabitants as shown by the census of 1910. Highland Park, which was second only to Hamtramck for increase in population from 1910 to 1920, was founded by Judge Augustus B. Woodward in 1818 under the name of Woodwardville. The plat drawn up by Judge Woodward showed 856 lots, ranging in price from $10 to $50 per lot. Within two years of the platting of the village, Judge Woodward died, and the village property including the remainder of the Ten Thousand Acre Tract was sold to Thomas E. Davis for $7,455. Some time elapsed, however, before the village was replatted, and when it was done, the name of Highland Park was given it because of a ridge of ground that intersected Woodward avenue at what is now Highland avenue. Its incorporation as a village was secured in 1889, and at the first election held on May, that year, Jonathan P. Price was chosen village president. After Henry Ford purchased the 160-acre site of the race course as a factory site in 1909, the village entered a period of renewed industrial activity. The result was that Highland Park closely followed Hamtramck in the matter of increase of population and the growth of its industries, and at about the same time as her sister city, sought incorporation as the city of Highland Park. The city government is placed in the hands of four commissioners elected at large who, sitting as a council, elect the active heads of the departments of which they are nominally the heads. Judge Woodward platted Woodwardville in 1818. He was legislated out of office in 1824, secured an appointment as chief justice of Florida and left Detroit, dying in Florida. 262 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY The second platting of a village on the site of Highland Park was brought about by a little syndicate headed by Judge B. F. H. Witherell in 1836, who named the village Cassandra in honor of his third wife Cassandra Brady Witherell. The panic of 1837 put an end to that and many other village promotions. The property lapsed into a cluster of small farms and about 1860 a postoffice known as Whitewood was established there. In 1887 Capt. Wm. H. Stephens returned from Colorado with a fortune made in silver mining at Leadville. He began buying up the farms and laid out a village which, in 1889 he had incorporated under the name of Highland Park. The census of 1900 gave the village 427 population; in 1910 it was 4,120 and in 1920 it was 46,499. In 1926 it was estimated at 60,000. New Boston is located on the Huron river in the township of that name about twenty-four miles southwest of Detroit. Although it was settled in 1820, it remained an obscure hamlet until after the completion of the Toledo & Saginaw division of the Pere Marquette railroad in the Seventies. The original name of the village was Catville, the first syllable of the name being composed of the initials of C. A. Trowbridge. That the village was made a point on the railroad, worked to make the settlement the shipping point for the agricultural districts of Huron, Romulus, and Sumpter townships. Northville is officially credited with being twenty-six miles northwest of Detroit, but the corporate limits of the two places are but ten miles apart. It was incorporated in 1867 and four years later the village was connected with Detroit by the Pere Marquette railroad. The Orchard Lake Division of the D. U. R. also joins Detroit with Northville. As early as 1839, Northville was the home of several thriving manufacturing enterprises. A furniture factory that was operating at that date has since come to be the largest individual manufacturer of church furniture in the United States. The company also makes lodge furniture. The valve plant of the Ford Motor company, employing some 350 people, is also located in Northville, and from this plant come practically all of the valves used in Ford cars throughout the world. Another Ford factory, employing 150 women who make cut-out boxes for Ford generators, is also located at the outskirts of the village. The Ford company has built a dam and power house at Northville, and the water backed up behind the dam makes an excellent lake. Other industries include manufactories of furnace, condensed milk, floor, root cutters, power sprayers, corn planters, scales, and churns. A United States Fish Hatchery is located at Northville. The Spring Hill Sanatorium of the Detroit Board of Health, the private East Lawn Sanitarium, and the Detroit Training school for backward mentalities are all established at the village in the northwest corner of the county. Sewer and water systems, electric light and gas, and many paved streets are some of the improvements of which the village boasts. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 263 Plymouth, like Northville, is located on the Rouge river about twenty-five miles from Detroit. It, too, is served by the Pere Marquette railroad and the D. U. R. electric line, and has begun a new lease on life through the stimulus of the good roads that have been built to that place in recent years by the county. In 1825 William Starkweather built the first house on the site of what was to become the village of Plymouth, and his wife was the first white woman to settle in Plymouth township. Soon after the advent of Starkweather came John Miller, John Tibbits, Peter and Henry Fralich, Roswell Root, John Van Sickle, and Hiram and William Utley. In the early Thirties, the community had attained a size sufficient to warrant the establishment of a postoffice, which was done under the name of Plymouth Corners with Gideon P. Benton as the first postmaster. The estimated population of the village in 1839 was 300, and in 1925 the size of the village was placed at 4,000 inhabitants. The village was incorporated in 1867, and Bethuel Noyes was elected the first village president. That the village is growing rapidly is shown by the fact that the population in 1920 was less than 3,000, while at the present time it is estimated to be nearly 50 per cent larger. For years, the principal industries in the village have been the air-gun factories of the Daisy Manufacturing company and the Markham Air Rifle company, the products of which are known to millions of American boys and men. In addition to electricity and gas, the village has complete sewer and water systems, a $100,000 concrete reservoir being used to hold the waters that are brought to the village from springs located some five miles north of the community. Two foundries, a structural steel fabricating plant, a cigar factory, toy plant, and ice plant may also be added to the list of thriving industries that are established at Plymouth. Redford, just outside of the northwest city limits of Detroit, is located in the township of that name. When the community received its first settlers, it was given the name of Sand Hill, and as such it was known until the village was incorporated, when the name of the township was given to the corporation. The village is on the Orchard Lake line of the Detroit United Railways. Redford was annexed to Detroit in 1926. River Rouge, a village of about 4,000 in 1910, a city of 10,000 in 1920, and one of a population estimated at 16,000 inhabitants in 1925, borders the southwest limits of Detroit at the junction of the Detroit river and the stream from which the community takes its name. The first settlers came to that vicinity at an early date, but the incorporation of the village did not come until 1889. That the village was so long in reaching the stage where incorporation was necessary is doubtless explained by the fact that, since natural obstruction, such as rivers, impede development, the community was unfortunate for many years in being located on the south bank of the River Rouge. The Michigan Central railroad and the electric lines of the D. U. R. offer land transportation to the city, and since the deepening and widening of the River Rouge, the city has 264 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY developed excellent dock facilities where large quantities of lumber are unloaded in addition to other cargoes for the plants located there. Detroit water, lights, and gas have been run through to River Rouge, and recently a $1,000,000 high school was erected by the city. Industrially, the city is advancing rapidly. There are located the huge River Rouge plants of the Ford Motor company, and the Ford shipping facilities. Salt works, stone crushing yards, a Standard Oil storage station, the Whitehead & Kales Engineering company, and the yards of the Great Lakes Shipbuilding company all are serving to make the city one of the leading industrial communities of the county. Rockwood, in the southwestern part of Brownstown township, received its first settlers shortly after the War of 1912 closed. Its location is not such as to bring manufacturing enterprises to it and for that reason it remains with a population of about 500. It is on the line of the Michigan Central railroad, and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton roads pass close by the village. Romulus, taking its name from the township in which it is located, is the trading point for the part of the county. Though it received its first settlers in the early Thirties, the village was more or less static in its development until after the completion of the Wabash railroad through that community to Detroit in 1881. Trenton is essentially a residential village and is located on the Detroit river opposite Grosse Ile with which it is connected by a bridge. The place was well known even during the French occupation, for stone was quarried there for building purposes at Detroit. Before the middle of the Eighteenth century, several cabins had been erected there, and as the village appeared, the name of Truaxton, and then Truago, was given to it in honor of Abram C. Truax, one of the pioneers of that section. With the incorporation of the village in 1865, the name of Trenton was given to the village. The Michigan Central, New York Central, and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton railroads and the Detroit United Railways give the village the best of transportation facilities. Wayne, thirteen miles from Detroit on the Michigan Central and Pere Marquette railroads, is located on the River Rouge where these two railroads cross the river. It is the center of a good farming country. In 1824, George M. Anderson built a large loghouse on the present site of the village and thus became the first settler of the village. At this log building, Johnson conducted an inn for travelers for about two years. Johnson's successor, Stephen G. Simons, in charge of the inn, was tried and convicted for murdering his wife in 1830. The hanging of the man in Detroit constituted the last legal hanging in the Territory of Michigan. Elizur R. Carver, James F. Chubb, David Grant, Eli Lee, and George W. Swift may also be included among the early settlers of the village. Incorporation of the village was secured in 1869 when W. R. Corlett was elected the first president. Wayne village has also felt the industrial expansion that has held sway in Detroit for the past DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 265 decade, and its industries now consist of a flour mill, a woodenware factory, an auto bow factory, and two plants manufacturing steering wheels for motor cars. The new $150,000 high school will be enlarged by six rooms in 1926 and further school improvements will be made at the same time. This year will also witness the bringing of gas to the village from Plymouth, according to an announcement of the Michigan Federated Utilities. Wyandotte may be rightfully termed the down-river metropolis, for with an estimated population in 1925 of 25,000 inhabitants, the city is the largest community in the county outside of Detroit, Highland Park and Hamtramck. The site of the city was once occupied by the Indian village Monguaga. At that point was a crossing place for the Indians and several trails met at that settlement. Although a few white men settled in that vicinity and established farms and orchards, the development of the village of Wyandotte began at a comparatively late date. The village was platted in 1854 on land owned by Major John Biddle by a stock company, formed for the purpose of purchasing the land from Biddle, and the selling of the lots at auction when the town was projected aroused considerable interest among Detroiters. From the first, Wyandotte was an important industrial center. The Eureka Iron company and the Wyandotte Rolling Mills company, the latter of which made the first steel rails in America for the Michigan Central railroad, located plants there during this time and began the industrial life of the community. In 1866 came the incorporation of the city, the second to be incorporated as such in Wayne county. The territorial expansion of Wyandotte began some years ago with the absorption of the village of Ford, and since that time, the community has enjoyed a steady growth and development. Today the city presents a metropolitan aspect in every respect. Roosevelt high school on Eureka avenue represents an investment of more than a million dollars and is regarded as one of the model school buildings of the country, while seven public schools complete the total of schools for the city. Four parochial schools are also maintained in Wyandotte. An active Chamber of Commerce with a membership numbering well over two hundred is doing all in its power to advance the commercial and industrial progress of the city. In an industrial way, the city has passed the age of tanneries which formed a considerable portion of the manufacturing about fifteen years ago, but chief among the plants now located there is that of the Michigan Alkali Works and its allied interests of the J. B. Ford company, the buildings of which stretch along the river for nearly the entire length of the city. The most modern Qf plants are operated by this concern, and wherever chemicals are mentioned, the Michigan Alkali company is spoken of in the highest terms. Thousands of men are employed by this large concern which plays an undisputed part in promoting the welfare of the city. The city waterworks, filtration plant, and electric light plant are a single unit, and at the close of the fiscal year of 1925, a profit of $117,000 was shown by the plant. Personal Sketches Max Bradshaw McKee, president and general manager of the Port Crescent Sand & Fuel Company, has within the span of a scant few years developed his company into one of the substantial concerns of its kind in Detroit, while he himself is accorded recognition as an able manager through this same fact. He was born at Center Point, Iowa, December 15, 1891, a son of Samuel W. and Minnie (Thompson) McKee, the former of whom, deceased, was a native of Pennsylvania, and the latter of whom was born in Iowa. He attended the elementary and high schools of his native place and then came to Michigan where he entered the Detroit College of Law. He graduated in 1915 with the degree of bachelor of laws, and was admitted to practice at the Michigan State bar in the same year. The ensuing three years he spent as assistant secretary of the National Council of Insurance Federations, a work in which he was still engaged when the United States declared war on Germany. Entering the army, Mr. McKee was commissioned captain in the 340th Infantry, eleven months of his two year term of service with that organization being spent in France. He returned to Detroit after leaving the army, and on January 12, 1924, organized the Port Crescent Sand & Fuel Company, of which he became president and general manager at that time. From its inception, the concern has flourished under the astute direction of Mr. McKee, and today the enterprise which he promoted and manages is regarded as one of the strong firms of its kind in Detroit. Needless to say, Mr. McKee is recognized as an executive of the greatest ability, no more conclusive evidence of which may be found than in the flourishing condition of his company. He is also a vice-president and director of the Broken Rocks Land Company. Mr. McKee was united in marriage in 1921 to Miss Florence Mae Sullivan, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James Sullivan, of Toronto, Canada, and to them have been born three children, Robert Samuel, Patricia Susan, and Bradshaw Conrad. Mr. McKee is a Thirty-second Degree Mason and a Shriner and is a member of the Detroit Union League club and Detroit Board of Commerce. Charles E. Beymer. Having been engaged in the real estate business in Detroit for nearly forty years, it is but natural that Charles E. Beymer should be conceded a foremost place in that work, for many are the important subdivisions that have been developed through his farsightedness and ability as a developer of property. He was born at New Salem, Ohio, October 25, 1858, the son of John McIntyre and Susan (Worth) Beymer. George Washington Beymer, the paternal grandfather of Charles E. Beymer built that section of the old National Pike between Wheeling, West Virginia, and Zanesville, Ohio, the work being of such a quality that it today forms the foundation for one of the nationally famous roads in Ohio. Upon the completion of the road, which was built 268 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY before railroads penetrated that section of the country, George W. Beymer operated a tavern on the pike, where John McIntyre Beymer, father of Charles E., was born. John M. Beymer was a fur buyer for a period of forty years from 1822 to 1862, and as a representative of S. H. Benedict, of Cleveland, Ohio, he traveled throughout the Middle West on horseback, often living among the Indians with whom he had intercourse. Both he and his wife, who was a native of Vermont, died at Columbus, Ohio, he at the age of eighty-four years and she in her eighty-sixth year. Charles E. Beymer, the fifth in a family of nine children, attended public and private schools of Columbus, Ohio, and there engaged in the manufacture of brooms until March 31, 1889. At that time, he came to Detroit and established himself in the real estate business, in which he has since been engaged. With that foresight characteristic of the true entrepeneur and possessing a keen insight into realty values, he has developed many of the subdivisions that have been the great successes of the real estate history of Detroit. Among those tracts which have come into being under his hand may be mentioned the Mack Avenue, Wyandotte, Ecorse Heights, Cloverdale, Van Dyke Nos. 1 and 2, River View, River Rouge, Great Lakes subdivisions of Detroit and Aurora Park and Crest View of Buffalo, New York. Not content to confine himself solely to the handling of his large realty investments, Mr. Beymer added the insurance business and the negotiation of large loans to his already large measure of work, so that by 1910 his interests had grown to such proportions that they were incorporated under the firm style of the William Tait Realty Company, now Abbott & Beymer Land Company, of which Mr. Beymer has since been president. Unquestionably, then, Mr. Beymer is regarded as one of the foremost real estate men in Detroit, and his present position is attributable to only two things, ability and capacity for concentrated effort. To Caroline Gregory, of Columbus, Ohio, Mr. Beymer was married on November 31, 1882, they becoming the parents of these seven children: Hazel, the wife of Harry C. Smith, of Boise, Idaho; Charles Edward, who is with the Boise City National bank, Boise, Idaho, and who married Elma White, of Nebraska, and has three children; Elizabeth, who married Henry J. Helman, of Detroit; Edith and Ethel, twins, the former of whom married Hugh McKay, of Detroit and the latter of whom is the wife of P. G. Bertlesen of this city; Grace, who married Ernest Edge and has one son; and Helen, who married James Stratton and has one son. Mr. Beymer is a member of the Detroit and the National Boards of Commerce, Detroit Citizens League, and the Detroit Automobile Club. Exceedingly fond of travel, Mr. Beymer is accustomed to spend two or three months of each year in this way, and he is an interested and interesting member of the National Travel Club, for there are few sections of the Americas that he has not visited. Allen L. Sweet is another of the native sons of Michigan who has achieved success and prominence in connection with real-estate operations in the metropolitan district of Detroit. Here his DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 269 substantial business is conducted under the title of A. L. Sweet Company, with office headquarters in the Murphy Building. The younger of the two sons of Ernest and Emma (Allen) Sweet, Allen L. Sweet was born at Chippewa Lake, Mecosta County, Michigan, August 1, 1896, and there also was born his brother, Glenn, who likewise is a resident of Detroit. The public school discipline of Allen L. Sweet included that of the Central high school in Detroit, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1915. Thereafter he initiated his alliance with the real estate business, in the capacity of salesman for the George Kelly Realty Company, and within a short time he transferred his connection to the Charles Kling organization, and with the same he continued his connection until the latter part of 1916, when he engaged in the transfer business, under the title of Sweet Cartage Company. In May, 1918, he sold this business to George Crowe, and forthwith volunteered for World War service. He became an instructor in the motor transport department of the United States Army, with assignment to service at Lafayette, Indiana, and it was at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis, that State, that he received his honorable discharge, December 11, 1918. Upon his return to Detroit Mr. Sweet found employment as manager of the improved property department of the Stratia & Davis Company, and three months later he became associated with Henry Huntington and Forest Smith in organizing the Huntington, Smith & Sweet Realty Company, which engaged in the handling of improved properties in the Detroit metropolitan area. On the 1st of June, 1920, the title of the concern was changed to A. L. Sweet Company, and operations continued to be largely given to the handling of improved properties until July, 1924, when an expansion was made into the subdivision field of exploitation. Thus was opened by the company Sweet's Fort Dearborn addition, and later the Fort Dearborn subdivision No. 1. Mr. Sweet is one of the vital and resourceful young real estate men of Detroit, and his success affords the best voucher for his ability and his hold upon popular confidence and esteem. He is a member of University Lodge, No. 482, Ancient Free & Accepted Masons, and is affiliated also with the Pi Phi fraternity of Detroit. He and his wife have membership in North Congregational Church, their marriage having been solemnized at Detroit February 14, 1920, and the maiden name of Mrs. Sweet having been Esther Green. Gilbert Edison Miller, known to the people of Detroit as Square Deal Miller, the proprietor of the "Biggest Little Store" in this city, has indeed earned the cognomen that has long been associated with his flourishing jewelry enterprise. Born at Richmond, Michigan, June 12, 1876, he is the son of Albert and Eliza (Smith) Miller, and his education was secured in the schools of that place. In that city, he married Miss Maude Yeaton, and to this union, on September 10, 1897, was born a son, Earl Don, who has had charge of his father's business since January 1, 1922, and who married Minette Walters, of Detroit. In 1912, Mr. Miller left Richmond 270 DETROIT AND' WAYN'E COUNTY and came to Detroit, where he established a small business in a storeroom, measuring but six by twenty feet. Determined to create the "Biggest Little Store" in Detroit, Mr. Miller made the most of his low rent and expert sales methods to build up a prosperous and thriving business. His prices were lower and his goods equally as excellent as those offered by other jewelers, and it was not long before the public found they could do better by trading with him. Three outstanding causes account for his success, the first being that he has advertised the "square deal;" second, he is a keen trader; and third, he possesses an unusual personality, which radiates energy and good cheer. His advertising methods are unique, his advertisements always being short and pithy and couched in the language of the everyday man. At one time, when eggs were selling at sixty cents a dozen, he advertised and sold nineteen hundred dozen eggs at thirty-eight cents a dozen, which brought him a great deal of excellent publicity. His career has been the subject of editorial comment in many leading magazines and newspapers. He watches all the angles of merchandising and has inaugurated several highly effective new ways of getting business, but the primary reason the people come to him is because they know they will go away as satisfied customers. All his diamonds are sold at a ninety-percent-cash-back-at-anytime guarantee, and during the first three months of the draft in 1917, Mr Miller refunded $91,000 on this guarantee. Today, Square Deal Miller's little store is a big one, but he still remains on Grand River, which in spite of its unattractiveness as a shopping distrct has been no drawback to this enterprising jeweler. The words with which he had preceded his name, square deal, have come to mean to the people of Detroit more than a mere trade slogan; they stand unalterably for the treatment of customers which they imply. Patrons of Mr. Miller's establishment who have been accorded this service and treatment have not only returned themselves but have also brought friends to him, knowing that their trust will not be violated nor their unfamiliarity with precious stones made the mark of an impecunious tradesman. Square Deal Miller has thus become a name to reckon with in the jewelry business in Detroit, and the success that has attended his efforts in promulgating a policy of strictest fair dealing at low prices has come as a fitting reward to the man himself and as a distinct asset to the city and its people. Arthur E. Sutphin, president of the Wolverine Bond & Mortgage company, of Highland Park, is one of the well known and successful financial men of this section, and is known not only for his achievements in the world of business but also for the great services he has rendered the City of Highland Park as first controller, councilman, and city commissioner. Born in Chesterfield township. Macomb County. Michigan, March 17, 1866, he is the son of William Henry and Eliza Jane (Sutton) Sutphin, the former of whom was born in New York State and the latter in Michigan. William Henry Sutphin came to Michigan with his parents, who farmed here, and later operated a general store at New Haven, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY:271 Michigan, and then at Richmond, this State. He held several township offices, was prominent in church activities, and was well known in music circles as an instructor of voice. He and his wife are both dead. Of the four children in the family Arthur E. Sutphin and his sister, Jessie Wells, are the only survivors. Arthur E. Sutphin was educated in the elementary and high schools of New Haven, Michigan, and came to Detroit in 1885 to attend the Detroit Business University. When he had completed his course at that institution, he entered the employ of the lumber manufacturing concern of Alger, Smith & Company as assistant secretary, remaining in that position until the affairs of the company were closed out in 1917, his last year including the duties of private secretary to Russell A. Alger and Frederick M. Alger. In 1918, he was elected the first city controller of Highland Park, in which office he instituted much of the present financial system of the city. Retiring from that office, he engaged in the real estate business until 1921, when he organized the Wolverine Bond & Mortgage Company, of which he has since been president. As the executive head of that concern, Mr. Sutphin is regarded as one of the able and aggressive financial men in Wayne County, for he is chiefly responsible for the development of the enterprise into one of the substantial and influential concerns of its kind here. From 1914 to 1916, inclusive, Mr. Sutphin served as a member of the Highland Park council, during which time he was chairman of the finance committee of that body, instituting the schedule for the sinking fund to retire the bonded indebtedness and inaugurating the present reserve for liability insurance. Though he was unsuccessful in 1915 in getting the city to install protected safety zones, his foresight in the matter has been vindicated, and his plan for the location of fire houses was adopted at that time. He also won his fight to secure the installation of iron water pipe in place of the wooden conduit to Lake St. Clair. In 1924, he was appointed city commissioner of Highland Park in charge of the department of public works and ably discharged the duties of that office. On October 18, 1899, Mr. Sutphin married Nina J. Whiting, of Detroit, and they became the parents of two children, John W., who is dead, and Carolyn E., who is studying piano at the Fine Arts school, Syracuse, New York. Mr. Sutphin is a member of the Plum Hollow Golf Club, the National Town & Country Club, and the North Branch Y. M. C. A., of which he is a member of the board of managers. He attends the Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church. In addition to his connection with the Wolverine Bond & Mortgage Company, Mr. Sutphin holds positions on the directorates of several other important industrial and commercial organizations of this section. Harry A. Thomas is well known in the real estate and investment business since 1919 and is known as a successful man in that field. He was born at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, August 7, 1889, the son of Jerry J. and Sarah (Eash) Thomas, both of whom were born in Pennsylvania of early families of that State. The great 272 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY grandfather of Harry A. Thomas crossed the Allegheny mountains to take up land near Johnstown at a small village that became known as Thomas Mills. The same piece of farm property is still in the possession of the Thomas family. Harry A. Thomas was educated in the elementary and high schools of Johnstown, graduating from the latter in 1908. Thereafter he studied mechanical drawing and came to Detroit in 1910, where he studied mechanical engineering at the night classes of the Y. M. C. A. school. Completing his course in engineering, Mr. Thomas entered the employ of the Packard Motor Car Company in the tool designing department, remaining there until 1914. At that time, he became associated with the Hannan Real Estate Company, and continued with that organization until the United States entered the World War. At that time, he enlisted in the Ordnance Department of the army and served until he was honorably discharged in February, 1919. Returning to Detroit at that time, he entered the real estate business for himself, performing general brokerage and investment property operations, and has been highly successful in the venture. On May 7, 1925, Mr. Thomas married Rosamond Stokes, a native of Detroit. His social affiliations are maintained with the Pine Lake Country Club. T. E. Moss Wheat, civil and structural engineer, has been in private practice since 1920 and is recognized as one of the skillful and successful engineers in Detroit and Michigan. Born at Starbuck, Washington, September 22, 1891, he is the son of Rush P. and Marie (Moss) Wheat, both natives of Louisville, Kentucky. Rush P. Wheat served in the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, where he was an officer in the U. S. Signal Corps. Subsequently, during the World War, he went to France with the commission of colonel, was stationed at Paris, and is now retired at Los Angeles, California. T. E. Moss Wheat obtained his college preparatory education at Mercersburg Academy, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, and after studying there three years, he attended normal school for a year. In 1910, he matriculated at the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in 1914 with the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering. For two years thereafter, Mr. Wheat was employed by the Philippine Government as assistant engineer with the Bureau of Public Works in Manila. In the latter year, he returned to Detroit to enter the employ of the engineering firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, but in February, 1918, he entered the service of the government in the World War, being stationed at Washington, D. C., for a year and a half as aeronautic engineer. Following the completion of his military service, Mr. Wheat returned to Detroit and resumed his duties with Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, with which he continued until 1920. In that year, he became a member of the firm of Wright & Wheat, offices being maintained in Detroit and Flint, Michigan. The arrangement was continued for only a short time, however, and since the dissolution of the partnership, Mr. Wheat has practiced alone. He has become a prominent figure in the general civil DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 273 and structural engineering practice and has specialized in the design of heavy foundations. On June 5, 1923, Mr. Wheat was united in marriage to Miss Lucile Daniels, of Flint, Michigan, and to this union, July 28, 1925, was born a son, T. E. Moss, Jr., and on January 23, 1927, a daughter, Margaret Marie. Mr. Wheat is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers in a professional capacity, and his social affiliations are maintained with the Fine Arts society, Orpheus Club, Plum Hollow Golf Club. He attends St. Paul's Episcopal Church. Edward Christopher Van Leyen, Detroit architect, is senior member of the firm of Van Leyen, Schilling & Keough, architects and engineers, and has specialized in the design of educational buildings and reinforced concrete structures and associated in this work with Edward A. Schilling since 1890 and as a partner since 1902. In 1914 Henry J. Keough entered the firm. Mr. Van Leyen was born in Detroit, February 23, 1867, the son of John and Hendrina (Look) Van Leyen, both of whom were born in Belgium in 1824. His father was apprenticed in the trade and design of cabinet work and came to Detroit in 1849 where he worked as a ship carpenter a few years and became a pioneer builder, continuing in this business until he retired about 1880. His death occurred in 1908 while the mother died in 1869. The five children in the family are as follows: Herman J., Royal Oak, Michigan; Albert J., of Detroit; Mrs. John W. Schmitz, of Madera, California; and Mrs. Thomas L. Dates, of Detroit. Edward Christopher Van Leyen attended the public schools of Detroit and entered the employ of William Scott & Company Architects, and continued with them until 1886, then by special study and travel abroad prepared himself for a career as an architect, establishing in practice for himself in 1886. Some of the important buildings in this part of the country have been designed in the office of Mr. Van Leyen, among them being the Casino and Belle Isle Park buildings; the city hall of Flint; the high schools at Fordson, Monroe, River Rouge, Durand, Fenton, Michigan and Athens, Ohio; the factory buildings for the Star Watch Case Company, at Ludington, Michigan; the plant of the Peters Cartridge Company, at Kings Mills, Ohio; the factory of the Huron Milling Company, at Harbor Beach, Michigan; St. Agnes, St. Thomas, St. Teresea, Nativity of Our Lord, St. Rose de Lima churches and parish buildings and many other others too numerous to mention. In addition to his extensive architectural practice, Mr. Van Leyen is president of the Loraine Land Company, for several years was a trustee of the Senate of the National Union Assurance Association and has been active in banking and other corporations. July 13, 1891, Mr. Van Leyen married Miss Mary Wells of Detroit. Mr. Van Leyen is a member of Michigan Society of Architects, is a life member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, a member of the Plum Hollow Golf Club and the Royal Arcanum. Mr. Van Leyen has always taken an active 274 DETROIT AND' 'WAYNE COUNTY interest in civic affairs of Detroit and, from 1898 to 1901 inclusive he was a commissioner of parks and boulevards. Mr. Van Leyen resides at No. 35 Farrand Park, Highland Park, Michigan. Henry R. Penhale, successful lumberman of Dearborn, Michigan, was born in that place, June 2, 1887, the son of William and Mary (Brown) Penhale, the former of whom was born in Canada, in 1859, and the latter of whom was a native of Ireland. William Penhale came to Detroit in 1874 and located in Dearborn in 1887, there following his vocation of builder and contractor. He and his wife became the parents of six children, as follows: Leonard, William, Henry R., James, John, and Mina. Henry R. Penhale began his education in the public schools of Dearborn and completed his public school studies in the elementary and high schools of Detroit following the return of the family to that city. After pursuing a short course at the Detroit Business University, he engaged in building work until 1924. At that time, he established himself in Dearborn in mill work, and such was his success in this field that he was encouraged to add the retail lumber trade to his business in 1924. He now operates both enterprises and has come to be recognized as one of the able and aggressive business men of this section of the county. He has developed his company into one of the substantial units in the commercial fabric of Dearborn, a monument to his ability and integrity. On October 11, 1911, he married Annie I. Lanspeary, of Windsor, Canada, and they have three children, Helen, Gertrude, and William. Mr. Penhale is keenly alive to the needs of his community, and as president of the village of Dearborn, he is carrying out measures that bid fair to make the community one of the most progressive in every respect of any in Wayne County for its size. In 1924-25, he served as a member of the village council, and it was his conduct of that office that brought him the election of village president. In political allegiance, he is a member of the Republican party. He is a member of the Rotary Club, Dearborn Golf Club, Detroit Union League Club, and the Masonic fraternity, and he attends Christ Church. Clarence L. Parker, the well known supervisor of Dearborn township, was born on a farm in Allegany County, New York, February 14, 1870, the son of Lorenzo D. and Mary (Brown) Parker, the former of whom was born in New York State. Following the death of the father in 1875, Clarence L. Parker came to Michigan with his mother and located at Au Sable, Michigan, where sisters of Mrs. Parker resided. By working in the summer months, Clarence L. Parker managed to finance his way through school until he had graduated from the high school, after which he secured a position as tally boy in a lumber mill at Au Sable. Subsequently, he was promoted to lumber inspector, and in 1892, he came to Detroit, where he handled lumber shipments for various concerns until 1905. In that year, he entered into the vessel brokerage business, buying and selling lake vessels and conducting a shipping service with offices in Detroit. In this he continued until DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 275 1916, when he gave up the enterprise with the intention of retiring from active business. Within a short time, however, he found that his long career of hard work would not allow him to summarily dismiss business cares from his mind. Nor would the people of Dearborn recognize his retirement, for so strongly was he urged to run for the office of village president that, Democrat though he was, he accepted the nomination and was elected by a gratifying majority in a community that is nominally Republican. He held this office in 1916 and 1917, and when Samuel B. Long retired from the position of supervisor in 1920, Mr. Parker was elected to succeed him and has since been returned to that office at successive elections. The fact that an intelligent citizenry sees fit to return him time and again to a position of public trust is endorsement enough of his integrity and sufficient testimonial to his ability and achievements in behalf of the people. His business interests to which he returned after his short period of retirement include the presidency of the Parker Land Company, one of the influential realty companies of this section of the county, and a position on the directorate of the Dearborn State Bank, in whose affairs he takes an active interest. On December 23, 1890, Mr. Parker married Anna E. Forsythe, a native of Wellsville, New York, and they are the parents of a daughter, Norma E., who is the wife of Hoyt Travers, of Dearborn. Mr. Parker is a member of the Dearborn Country Club, Huron Shore Golf Club, of Port Sanilac, Michigan, and the Rotary Club at Dearborn. He professes the tenets of the Christian Science creed and has served as a trustee of that church in Dearborn. As an influential business man and high minded public officer, Mr. Parker is known to the people of Detroit and Dearborn, yet few people realize that he has achieved eminence through the display of such energy and ability as is seldom found among men, for from his boyhood days, he has been forced to work tirelessly for his education and later for his success in commercial circles. Lewis N. Tupper, M.D., well known and successful physician and surgeon of Redford, Michigan, was born in Kalamazoo County, Michigan, April 6, 1867, the son of Edwin H. and Frances E. (Hull) Tupper; the former of whom came from Ohio to that county in 1850 and there followed his trade of carpenter until he retired in 1910, since which time he made his home in Redford. Lewis N. Tupper obtained his preparatory education in the elementary and high schools of his native county and studied at the Michigan State Normal School from 1887 to 1891. After completing the course at that institution, he taught in the Manton, Michigan, high school two years. In 1893, he matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine & Surgery, whence he graduated as a member of the class of 1897 with his doctorate in medicine. In order to pay his way through that institution, he had taught two years in the Redford schools, so that when he had completed the requirements of his profession, he entered upon the active practice of medicine and surgery in that same community. During the three decades that have elapsed since he first began practicing in Redford, Doc 276 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tor Tupper has acquired a large and lucrative practice and is known as one of the ablest physicians and surgeons in general practice in Wayne County. In addition to his medical work, Doctor Tupper is president of the Peoples State Bank of Redford and has been largely responsible for the successful conduct of that institution since its inception. He was married August 19, 1891, to Eva M. Dubois, the daughter of Stephen E. DuBois, and they have four children: Roy D., who is also practicing medicine in Redford; Bayard D.; who married Margaret Smith; Avis M., who married Ralph D. Cramer; and Aileen E. a high school student. As a member of Northville Commandery of Knights Templar, Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine, Doctor Tupper takes an active part in the affairs of the Masonic Order in this section of Wayne County. He has ever been actuated by the highest motives in promoting the welfare of the community in which he lives and has been a constructive factor in the development of Redford and environs. David N. Reid, who farmed near Redford, Michigan, for nearly thirty years, has been engaged successfully in the real estate business at that place since 1920. A native of Oakland County, Michigan, he was born March 22, 1857, the son of Adam and Sarah (McKinley) Reid, who were natives of County Antrim, Ireland. The parents came to Southfield township, Oakland County, this State, in 1855 and purchased twenty acres of land, to which they subsequently added forty acres, farming there throughout their lives. David N. Reid obtained his education in the rural schools of his native community and then worked on his father's farm until 1890, when he came to Redford and purchased a farm adjoining that of Mr. Gare, whose daughter, Hattie, he married in 1891. The farm purchased by Mr. Gare was acquired in 1848 and was in the possession of the family until recently. Until 1920, Mr. Reid continued in farming, but in that year, he retired and has since been engaged to some extent in the real estate business. He is a director and vice-president of the Redford State Savings Bank, and in the affairs of this organization he has played a prominent part for many years. He and his wife are the parents of four children, Edward A., Elizabeth, David N., Jr., and Gare B. A. J. Stahelin is known among wholesale and retail florists of the Middle West for his work in the development of peonies, for perhaps no man in this section of the country has done more in this direction than he at his greenhouses at Redford, Michigan. Born on a farm in Redford Township, Wayne County, March 9, 1878, he is the son of John F. and Mary (Bohn) Stahelin, the former a native of Detroit and the latter of Redford Township, this county. The paternal grandfather of A. J. Stahelin operated a furniture factory in Detroit until it was destroyed by fire, when he came to Redford to operate a harness shop and then went to Berrien County, Michigan, to conduct a fruit farm until the time of his death. John F. Stahelin, father of A. J., was a farmer in this county until his retirement in 1916, and during that time, he was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 277 active in public life, having served as supervisor of Redford Township, township treasurer, and a member of the school board. He was a strong proponent of the good roads movement and worked side by side with Horatio S. Earle in this worthy cause. He and his wife, who was the daughter of Andrew F. Bohn, who came from Pennsylvania to settle on a farm in Redford Township, this county, reared a family of five children, who are A. J., Fred, Elsie, Ella, and Harriett. A. J. Stahelin obtained his early education in the Redford Township schools, and after taking a course in the Detroit Business University, he matriculated at the Michigan Agricultural College, where he studied floriculture and horticulture. Returning to the home farm after the completion of his studies, he worked with his father until 1903, when he determined to realize a life ambition by starting out in the raising of flowers. He began in a small way by raising carnations, and as he won success, he added roses to his products. To such proportions did his business grow that he determined to enter the wholesale flower field, and today he ranks as the leading wholesale florist in Michigan. Of late years, he has laid great stress on the growing of peonies, in which he is a recognized authority in the development of the standard varieties and the culture of new varieties. He has been lavish of time and money in this experimental side of his business, and his displays in the various flower shows attract the commendatory comments of florists from all over the United States. Mr. Stahelin is regarded as an authority in this particular branch of floriculture, and he has contributed more than any other one man to the development of peonies. It is his hope that he may arouse in everyone else the same love of flowers that he himself possesses, and this aim as well as his desire to develop the flowers themselves is one of his guiding stars. He was united in marriage, November 10, 1910, to Irene Meyer, and to this union have been born two children, Betty and Alberta, who were born in 1913 and 1920, respectively. Mr. Stahelin maintains his home at Bloomfield Hills. William Alfred Sturgeon, who has been engaged in the real estate business in Detroit since 1911, is one of the leaders in that field in this city, where he was born January 31, 1868, the son of William and Louise (Loomis) Sturgeon. The father was born in Killarney, Ireland, in 1824, and came to the United States with his father, William Andrew Sturgeon, who was a farmer. He was a builder and contractor by vocation and went to California in 1886 to live there until his death, which occurred in 1915. John, Ralph, James, and Andrew Sturgeon, brothers of William and uncles of William Alfred Sturgeon, all located in California, John and Andrew going to that State in 1849, where John Andrew was the builder of the railroad from that State to Mexico. Louise (Loomis) Sturgeon was born in London, England, in 1834 and died in 1913. William Alfred, one of a family of six children and the only one to remain in Michigan when the family removed to Calfiornia, attended the Cass and Wilkins grammar schools and graduated from the old Capitol high school in 1888. He began his business 278 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY career as a clerk in the employ of M. S. Smith & Company, and after ten years spent in that work, he entered the jewelry business in partnership with Charles W. Warren, whom he bought out at the end of a year, at which time he removed the store from State street to Woodward avenue and Clifford street. He continued in the jewelry business until 1911, and during that time, he developed his enterprise into one of the leading retail jewelry houses in Detroit, being rated as one of the successful business men of the city in this field. He disposed of his interests in that business, however, to engage in the real estate business, for he appreciated the opportunities latent in that field of endeavor. His subsequent operations have made him a conspicuous figure in that work in Detroit, and he is regarded as one of the leading real estate dealers in this community. He was united in marriage November 19, 1891, to Emma Butler Frisbie, the daughter of James Frisbie, a pioneer merchant of this city and a veteran of the Civil War, and they have one daughter, Drusilla. Mr. Sturgeon is a member of the Detroit Club and is widely known in the social circles of this city. Huston Rawls, president of the investment banking house of Bertles, Rawls & Donaldson, Inc., was born at Paducah, Kentucky, September 5, 1892, the son of William Mattison and Annabelle (Rosaman) Rawls, the former a native of Tennessee and the latter of Kentucky. The father was associated with the Concord-Rawls Shoe Manufacturing Company and was also connected with the Crescent Shoe Manufacturing Company. Huston Rawls acquired his early education in the elementary and high school, graduating from the latter institution in 1910, and then entered the University of Michigan. From the time of his graduation until 1915, he was editor of the Bismarck, North Dakota, Tribuine and held a similar position with the Enquirer, of Owensboro, Kentucky, from 1916, until he enlisted in the army in March, 1917. He went to the Officers Training camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison, where he was commissioned first lieutenant, and served in the army two years and four months. In the spring of 1920, he came to Detroit as sales manager for the Detroit branch of the Chevrolet Motor Car Company, and in the following year, became associated with the firm of Howe, Snow & Bertles, investment bankers, as resident manager in Detroit. He is prominent in banking circles and is regarded as one of the able and aggressive men in financial circles of this city, for he has been an important factor in the development of the company with which he has been associated since 1921. He is a member of the University Club, Old Club, Bankers Club, and the Bloomfield Open Hunt Club. In addition to his connection with the investment banking house above mentioned, Mr. Rawls is a director of Terminals & Transportation Corporation of America, director of Detroit Railway & Harbor Terminal Company, director of the Industrial Bank, director of the Wolverine Portland Cement Company, and a director of Snow-Motors Corporation. Leo R. Schaefer, judge of the municipal court of Fordson, has occupied the bench of that court since the community was first DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 279 incorporated as the city of Springwells and is widely known and respected in that community for his ability as a justice and his unquestioned integrity. Born in Springwells Township, Wayne County, April 11, 1902, he is the son of John H. and Clara (Kuhn) Schaefer, of whom more may be found on other pages of this work. He obtained his early education in the common schools, the Miller school, and St. Alphonsus' parochial school, after which he attended the University of Detroit. Having elected to follow the legal profession, he matriculated at the University of Detroit law school, whence he graduated in 1923 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. In 1927 he received the degree of Master of Laws from the above Institution. While he was pursuing his studies at law college, he was associated with Judge Greene, of Dearborn, and was elected a justice of the peace of Springwells Township. That office he discharged in such a manner as to bring him the nomination and the election to the bench of the municipal court when Springwells received its city charter in 1923 and is now serving in that capacity. He has displayed a strict impartiality and keen insight into the spirit as well as the letter of the law in his work on the bench, and he has won the respect and admiration of the people of the city. In addition to being judge of the municipal court, he is president of the Miles Drug Company and secretary of the Schaefer Lunch Company. He is a member of the Gamma Eta Gamma fraternity, president of the Fordson Exchange Club, and the Concordia Singing Society and is a member of the Birch Hill Country Club. Jarman Lee Straughn, manager for the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland in Detroit, has occupied that position since 1923 and is one of the influential men in financial circles of this city. He was born at Baltimore, Maryland, December 26, 1888, the son of John Lee and Roberta (Acworth) Straughn. The Straughn family was established in Virginia in the early days and is of Scotch extraction, while the Acworth family is of English descent. John Lee Straughn, father of Jarman Lee, was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church and was widely known throughout the East for his work in building churches. He retired from the pulpit in 1904 and died in 1907. One of a family of four children, Jarman Lee Straughn received his common and high school education in Baltimore, graduating from the latter in 1904, and then studied engineering at the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute until 1906. After a course at the Millersville, Pennsylvania, preparatory school, he entered Bucknell University, and after a time became athletic director of the Keystone State Normal school, Kritztown, Pennsylvania. He then went to the University of Maryland, where he completed his engineering course. In 1911, upon the completion of his studies, he entered the employ of the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland, working in the Baltimore office, after which he took a traveling position for three years, when he returned to the Baltimore office. There he remained until 1917, the year in which the United States threw its armed forces into the World War balance on the side of the Allies. Volunteering on June 1, 1917, 280 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Mr. Straughn was sent to the Officers Training camp at Fort Myer, Virginia, at the conclusion of which training period he was commissioned second lieutenant in field artillery. He was thereupon transferred to Kelly Field, Texas, and later to Emerson Field, Columbia, South Carolina, an observers' training station, where he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. He was honorably discharged from the service in 1919 but still maintains his interest in military affairs through a captaincy in the Officers Reserve Corps. Upon returning to civil life, he resumed his activities with his old employers at Washington, D. C., having been in charge of the office in that city for eighteen months. In 1921, he was stationed at Newark, New Jersey, six months, was then sent by the company to open a branch at Buffalo, and after successfully performing this mission was transferred to Detroit on September 26, 1923, as manager of this, the fourth largest office of the company. He was married October 4, 1919, to Mabel Gootee, of Baltimore. Mr. Straughn has quickly made personality felt in Detroit financial circles and has been an important factor in placing his company among the leaders in its field in this section of the country. John H. Schaefer, president and manager of the Schaefer Lunch Company, Incorporated, is one of the prominent and influential citizens of Fordson, Michigan, where his family has been established since 1860. He was born in Springwells Township, Wayne County, December 16, 1866, the son of Joseph and Josephine (Wilhelmi) Schaefer, both natives of Germany, the former of whom was born October 17, 1833, and the latter in 1840. Of the nine children in this family, four survive, they being John H.; Mrs. Mary Gansen, of Dearborn, Michigan; Mrs. John P. Yuergens, of Detroit; and Mary P. Theisen, of Fordson. Joseph Schaefer, the father, came to the United States in 1860 and located in the copper country in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, but the clouds of civil war gathered over the country, he enlisted in the Twenty-third Michigan Infantry, with which he served until the cessation of hostilities in 1865. Following his discharge from the army, he came to Wayne County and purchased from his father-in-law, McDonald Wilhelmi, an inn which the latter had established at what is now Six Mile and Schaefer roads when he came from Germany in 1862. He conducted this establishment until 1891, when his son, John H. Schaefer, took charge, operating it until 1918. John H. Schaefer was educated in the district schools of Springwells Township and in 1891 took over the management of the inn above mentioned. He operated this enterprise until 1918 and at the same time was engaged in farming. When he abandoned' the operation of the inn in 1918, he established the Schaefer Lunch Company to supply lunches to the employees of the Ford plant at a nominal cost and small margin of profit. Soup, three sandwiches, and pie are sold to each man for fifteen cents, and more than 100,000 of these lunches are supplied daily to the employes of the Ford organization. Perhaps no company of its kind in the United States is larger than that conducted by Mr. Schaefer, who, as president and manager, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 281 is responsible for the development of a concern that fills a much needed want in the industrial life of this section of the county. An astute business man and possessed of unquestioned integrity, Mr. Schaefer is one of the outstanding men of Fordson. He is a director of the Wayne County & Home Savings Bank of Fordson, and the place he holds in the regard of his fellow citizens is attested by the fact that he served as village treasurer from 1920 to 1924. On February 2, 1891, Mr. Schaefer married Clara Kuhn, who died in 1911, leaving six sons, and three daughters: Clara, Delia, Lavina, Joseph, Robert L., John F., Arthur H., Edwin A., Leo R. Alger R. Reno, president of A. R. Reno & Company, Incorporated, and until recently the president and manager of the Reno Drug Company, which operated a chain of drug stores in Detroit and Wayne County until the concern was sold to the Liggett Company, is known as one of the aggressive and able business men of this city, for he attained the peak of success with the span of a decade. Born at River Rouge, this county, November 22, 1892, he is the son of Richard and Mary (St. Thomas) Reno, the former of whom was born in Ecorse, Wayne County, October 12, 1865, and the latter in Detroit. The paternal great grandfather of Alger R. Reno was from Canada and went to Nevada at an early date where he gave his name to the city of Reno. He subsequently returned to the East, settling in Wayne County on a farm at Ecorse, where Anthony Reno, grandfather of Alger R., was born and farmed throughout his life, Anthony Reno dying in 1916 at the age of eighty-three years. Richard Reno, father of Alger R., was also a farmer in Ecorse Township, this county, and took an active part in the politics of that section of the county, for he served as highway commissioner and as a member of the city council of River Rouge. Subsequently, he engaged in the grocery business but is now retired from active business life. One of a family of three children, Alger R. Reno attended the elementary and high schools and then took up the study of pharmacy at Ferris Institute, Big Rapids, Michigan. When he had completed the requirements of that call-' ing, he came to Detroit and worked for several drug companies, among them being the Kinsel Drug Company, for which he was night manager for six months. In 1915, he borrowed fifteen hundred dollars and opened a drug store at West Jefferson avenue and Henry street, operating this successfully until 1920. At that time, he opened a second store, and within a short time thereafter, he effected the organization of the Reno Drug Company as a chain drug store concern. Under the able direction of Mr. Reno, the enterprise established stores in various parts of Detroit and Wayne County, and so successful was he in the management of this enterprise that the Liggett Drug Company made him an attractive sale offer. In January, 1926, therefore, he disposed of his company to the Liggett organization. Mr. Reno has recently completed the organization of A. R. Reno & Company, Incorporated, for the purpose of handling real estate and establishing drug stores. He has been as successful in the operation of this company as he was in 282 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY his former venture and is thus recognized as one of the ablest business men of this city. He is now building an eight-story store and office structure in River Rouge, which will be the most up-to-date building of its kind in that section of the county. Mr. Reno has taken an active part in the Democratic politics of the county, and though he was sought by his party to make the race for election to the office of state senator, he declined. He is a member of the Detroit Yacht Club, the Island Golf & Country Club, and the Knights of Columbus, in which he has attained the Fourth Degree. Hugh L. Torbert is a leading attorney of Highland Park, Michigan, where he has been engaged in the practice of his profession since the conclusion of his military service in the United States Army in 1919. He was born at Breckenridge, Gratiot County, Michigan, May 28, 1885, the son of George W. and Mary (Miller) Torbert, the former a native of Wilmington, Delaware, and the latter of Michigan. The father was born in 1847 and came to Gratiot County, Michigan, in 1867, where he died in 1914. He was a pioneer lumberman of that section of the State and took a prominent part in the political life of his county, serving as justice of the peace for a period of twenty-five years. Hugh L. Torbert, the only son born to his parents, graduated from high school in 1903 and engaged in the banking business at Breckenridge until 1904, when he came to Detroit to accept a position with the Old Detroit National Bank. He then became cashier of the Bank of Wheeler, at Wheeler, Michigan. Returning to Detroit, Mr. Torbert became associated with the Union Trust Company and later with the Peoples State Bank, and during this time, he studied at the Detroit College of Law. In 1915, he graduated from that college with the degree of bachelor of laws and in 1915 was admitted to practice in all courts. When the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, he applied for entrance to an Officers Training camp and was sent to Fort Sheridan, Illinois, where he won the commission of second lieutenant of infantry. He was ordered to Camp Custer, and with the rank of captain with the Adjutant General's Department, he served as camp personnel adjutant at that camp until he was honorably discharged in October, 1919. At that time, he located in Highland Park, where he has since been engaged in the practice of law, winning an enviable reputation as an advocate and counsel. He has built up a large and lucrative practice in Highland Park and Detroit and is recognized as one of the successful attorneys now practicing before the Wayne County Bar. In 1922-24, he served as a member of the common council of Highland Park, and he takes an active part in the Democratic politics of the city where he makes his home. On August 11, 1924, he married Irma Rinker, of Denver, Colorado. In Masonry, Mr. Torbert is a member of the Knights Templar and the Shrine, and he is also a member of the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, the Elks, the National Town & Country Club, and the Lawyers' Club of Detroit. George L. Ternes, of the prominent building supply house of Ternes & Guinan Supply Company of Fordson and Dearborn, has DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 283 been prominently identified with that field of endeavor in Wayne County since 1918 and has been responsible in a large measure for the success of the company with which he has been associated since that time. He was born in Greenfield Township, Wayne County, September 12, 1882, the son of Anthony and Mary (Horger) Ternes. The father was born in Germany in 1840 and was brought to Wayne County Michigan, in 1845 by his parents, who settled on Government land in Greenfield Township in that year. He died in 1905, his wife having died in 1900 at the age of fifty-four years. Anthony Ternes took an active part in the affairs of his township, serving on the school board and in other township offices. George L. Ternes obtained his early education in the parochial schools and then worked on his father's farm until he was twenty years of age, when he came to Detroit to assume the duties of secretary and treasurer of the Cooper Baking Company, with which he continued five years. He then became secretary of the Ternes Coal and Lumber Company and was so employed during the ensuing nine years. It was in 1918, appreciating the future in the building supply field, that he joined James Guinan in the establishment of the Ternes & Guinan Supply Company. The succeeding nine years have witnessed the rise of the company to a commanding position in its field in Fordson, Dearborn, and the west side of Detroit, and in this development, Mr. Ternes has been an important factor. He is recognized as one of the able and aggressive executives in the building supply business and is rated as one of the successful and influential men in that work. In April, 1914, he married Mae Hannah Connelly, of an old Wayne County family, who died September 22, 1926, leaving four children, Edna Marie, Claire Elizabeth, George L., Jr., and Lloyd Jerod. Mr. Ternes is a member of the Knights of Columbus, Harmonie Society, Izaak Walton League, and is president of the Orchard Park Land Company and vice-president of the Wayne Acreage Land Company. The real estate concerns in which he is interested are successful and widely known in their line, and he is vitally connected with their prosperity and development. Henry S. Thompson, president of the Thompson-Brown Corporation, one of the foremost real estate concerns of Detroit, was born at Alpena, Michigan, April 22, 1886, the son of Peter and Stina (Larsen) Thompson, both of whom were born in Norway, the family name having been Langland in that country. In 1861, Peter Thompson brought his family to the United States and settled at Alpena, Michigan, where he was a successful farmer and lumberman, remaining there until 1916, when he came to Detroit. Henry S. Thompson received his education in the Alpena schools and then worked with various lumber companies in the woods until he was twenty-one years of age, when, for three summers, he was a sailor on the Great Lakes and an employe in automobile plants during the winter months. He then gave up the life of sailor and became a shop foreman for various companies, such as, Packard, Hudson, and Hupmobile. In 1911, he became associated with the Olds organ 284 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ization as foreman in charge of service, continuing there until 1916. In that year, he bought his own garage but sold it the following year to return to his former position with the Olds Company. After a short time, he began selling used cars, adding new automobiles to his work in 1919. In January, 1922, Mr. Thompson purchased a half interest in the Studebaker Sales Company at No. 5743 Woodward avenue but relinquished the duties of that work in 1923 to become the Oakland County distributor for the same make of automobile as H. S. Thompson & Company. This enterprise, though he is now engaged in real estate at Detroit, is still owned by Mr. Thompson and is one of the leading retail automobile establishments of Pontiac, Michigan. Since 1913, Mr. Thompson had been engaged in the real estate business for himself in addition to his other work, and it was his success in this as well as his knowledge of Detroit realty values that influenced him to enter that field permanently. In December, 1924, then, he was instrumental in the organization of the Thompson-Brown Corporation, which was incorporated the following January with these officers: Henry S. Thompson, president; Charles F. Brown, vice-president and treasurer; and Florence T. Post, secretary. The original offices of the company were established in the Real Estate Exchange building but were moved to larger quarters in the Book Tower in June 1926, being still maintained there. The company has been active in constructive subdivision and development work since its inception and is one of the largest operators in the Southfield section. Evergreen Gardens, Southfield Highlands, and Southfield Court Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are some of the more important subdivisions that have been developed and placed on the market by this organization. The acreage department of the company has acquired large and valuable properties, with the result that the Thompson-Brown Corporation may well be regarded as occupying a commanding position in the real estate field. Charles F. Brown, vice-president and treasurer of the firm, taught school for five years early in life, later became a traveling representative for a Chicago firm, and engaged in the real estate brokerage business in Detroit in 1918, continuing in that work until he became associated with Mr. Thompson in the company that bears their names. On July 23, 1916, Mr. Thompson married Grace Allfrind, a native of Virginia, and to this union have been born two sons, Henry S., Jr., and John Joseph. Mr. Thompson is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, National Town & Country Club, and the Masonic Country Club, and in Masonry, he is a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Edward H. Kennedy has been practicing before the Wayne County bar for nearly forty years and is known to his colleagues as one of the ablest attorneys engaged in general practice in Detroit. He comes of pioneer families of Michigan, for his parents, John and Margaret (Kelly) Kennedy, were both born in Dublin, Ireland, and came to Michigan prior to 1850. John Kennedy, the father was born in 1830 and came to Michigan in 1848, where he DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 285 followed his trade of blacksmith making the spikes for the construction of the Michigan Central Railroad and later engaging in the real estate business at Ypsilanti, Michigan, until the time of his death, which occurred in 1874. He and his wife, who came to Michigan with her sister in 1849 to join her grandfather in Washtenaw County, were the first couple to be married in St. John's Catholic Church at Ypsilanti. Margaret (Kelly) Kennedy died in 1916 at the age of eighty-two years. Edward H. Kennedy, their son, was born at Ypsilanti, Michigan, March 23, 1868, and obtained his early education in the Ypsilanti Seminary and the high school, graduating from the latter in 1886. In 1888, he won his degree of bachelor of laws from the University of Michigan and at that time entered upon the active practice of his profession in Detroit. Until 1893, he was associated in practice with James H. Pound, but in that year, he was appointed district revenue collector, holding that office until 1899. His second law partnership was with James Phelan and continued until 1900, when the latter assumed the duties of judge of the recorder's court, to which he was elected at that time. Since that time, Mr. Kennedy practiced alone, until June 1, 1927, when his son Edward H. joined him, and during his long career, he has appeared as counsel in some of the most important cases that have appeared before the courts of this state. He is known to his colleagues as a lawyer possessed of excellent qualities both as an advocate and counsel, and he has maintained a large and lucrative practice for many years. Mr. Kennedy was married to Helen M. White, of Detroit, June 25, 1897, and they became the parents of seven children, Helen M., Edward H., Jr., Faith White, Virginia M., Margaret, Rosemary and Joyce. Mr. lKennedy is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the St. Clair Country Club. He is a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church. Joseph M. Karmann has been mayor of Fordson since that community was incorporated as a city in 1923 and is regarded as one of the influential men of this section of the county, where his family has been established since the early Fifties. At that time, his grandfather, Mathias Karmann, took up land from the Government in Greenfield Township, which later became Springwells, Wayne County, some of the papers concerning the transfer bearing the name of Abraham Lincoln. He died at the age of forty-two years, leaving a widow and eight children. As the oldest boy in the family, Joseph Karmann, father of Joseph M., assumed the care of the farm and continued to occupy that farm until it was sold to the Ford interests. He is still living and is one of the well known and highly respected men of this section of the county. He was born April 4, 1856, and his wife, Katharine (Wiegand) Karmann, the daughter of Henry Wiegand, who came from Germany and served at Fort Dearborn in the army, was born in Taylor Township, Wayne County, in 1860. There were five children in the family, Fredericka, Elizabeth, Katherine, Joseph M., and Edward. When Joseph M. Karmann was but two years of age, the family 286 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY removed to a new location near the old Indian trail in what is now the city of Fordson, and it was there that he attended the elementary schools and the Dearborn high school. He first went to work for the Metzger Motor Company, the manufacturers of the E-M-F automobile, but finding that the work was not to his liking and preferring farm work, he gave up his job at the end of a year to engage in farming and gardening in Springwells Township. Even before he came of age, he interested himself in township affairs, and when he had attained his majority, he was elected to various township offices. He was instrumental in the organization of the Union School Districts of the township and served two terms as secretary and then as treasurer of the school board. In December, 1919, he was elected to a seat on the council of the village of Springwells, and when the community was granted a city charter in 1923, he was elected mayor by an overwhelming majority. His conduct of that office won the commendation and approbation of the voters, so that when the name of the city was changed to Fordson, he was elected mayor on December 21, 1925. As chief executive of that city, Mr. Karmann has given the municipality an administration that has been not only a credit to himself but also a decided benefit to the people of the city, for the city of Fordson is known throughout this section of the State for the progressive policies it pursues in governmental affairs. Mr. Karmann played a prominent part in the organization of the Springwells State Bank and has taken an active part in the affairs of that enterprise. On March 26, 1912, he married Lillian Chase, and they have one son, Norbert. Mrs. Karmann is the daughter of Louis and Elizabeth (Walker) Chase, the former of whom was born in England and the latter in Wayne County. Richard Walker, the maternal grandfather of Mrs. Karmann, settled in Wayne County at an early date and owned a private claim extending from Michigan avenue to the river, from which he supplied wood for the railroad locomotives of that day. Mr. Karmann is a member of the Masonic fraternity and has been a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows since he was twenty-one years of age, playing an active part in the work of that order. Samuel B. Long, retired business man of Dearborn, is one of the well known men in this section of the county, for he has not only gained material success in his business affairs but has also acquired an enviable reputation in the service of the people in various public offices. Thomas Richmond and Jane Ann (Lambert) Long, his parents, were both born in England, the former in Surrey in 1827 and the latter in London. After their marriage, they came to the United States in 1851 and bought twenty acres of land near Dearborn, Wayne County, Michigan, which they cleared for a farm and where they erected a home. Subsequently, two lots of twenty acres each were added to the original piece of land, and here, the father died in 1863. He and his wife reared a family of four children: Samuel B., whose name heads this review; George W.; Sabina, who is the wife of Daniel Marsh, of Detroit; and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 287 Charlotte. Samuel B. Long obtained his early education in the rural schools of Dearborn Township, after which he entered the Michigan Agricultural College in 1872, graduating therefrom in 1876. His older brother was at that time operating the home farm, so that Samuel B. Long worked for a time as a brakeman on the Michigan Central Railroad and then in the mountain section of Colorado. When his brother left the farm to take up the study of medicine, he returned to Michigan to take charge in his brother's stead. He continued in this work until the property was sold to Henry Ford, since which time he has been engaged in the real estate business. Mr. Long developed and marketed one of the important subdivisions in this vicinity, the River Rouge Park subdivision. The career of Mr. Long as an office holder has been a notable one. When he was but twenty-two years of age, he was appointed school inspector for Dearborn Township, and since that time he has occupied some office almost constantly. He has served as president and trustee of the village of Dearborn, county supervisor from 1886 to 1890. In 1892, he was again elected county supervisor, but after serving a year of this term, he resigned to accept the appointment of auditor for Wayne County from the hand of Governor Rich, a position which he occupied one year. Thereafter, he served as supervisor of Dearborn Township until 1920. He recently resigned as president of the school board, an office which he had held for many years. His career in the political life of the county and township has been one that has won him the regard of the people of his section of the county, for he has ever demonstrated in the conduct of public affairs that he is a man of the highest integrity and one who is ever on the alert to promote the benefit of the people and the community which he serves. He is also vice-president of the American State Bank, of Dearborn, and has been influential in the affairs of that organization, which is recognized as one of the strongest financial institutions of this section of Wayne County. In November, 1881, he married Annie E. Brainard, the daughter of Charles N. Brainard, a pioneer resident and justice of the peace of this township, and to this union have been born four children: Thomas G., who is a member of the prominent Detroit legal firm of Stevenson, Butzel, Eamon & Long; Mabel E., who taught in various Michigan schools and is now teaching in Bulgaria; Jessie, who is employed at the Ford Motor Company; and Edward N. who is village assessor and treasurer. Mr. Long was a trustee of the First Methodist Episcopal Church and was a member of the board for many years. He is past master of Dearborn Lodge No. 172, F. & A. M., and takes a deep interest in the affairs of that order. Clell H. Krugler, president and general manager of the C. H. Krugler & Company, of Redford, Michigan, has developed his concern into one of the most successful hardware and furniture establishments in Wayne County outside of Detroit. He was born on a farm in Arlington Township, Van Buren County, Michigan, October 6, 1889, the son of Edward and Lucinda (Allen) Krugler, 288 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY natives of Indiana and Ohio, respectively. He attended the South Haven public schools at South Haven, Michigan, and in 1908, he began his business career in the Citizens State Bank, of South Haven, Michigan, and was with the auditor of the Kalamazoo Savings bank from 1913 to 1915. In April, 1915, he became associated with the Peoples State Bank of Redford, and his succeeding years with that concern were important ones for him, for he was principally responsible for developing that bank into one of the strong units in the financial system of the county. In 1920, his health forced him to resign his position with the bank and to leave Redford, but the many friends he had gained during that time induced him to return in 1922, at which time, he established the C. H. Krugler Company, to engage in the retail furniture business. The enterprise was a hardware store when he purchased it, but from the time he took charge, it has been a retail furniture establishment. He has enlarged the physical equipment of the business and has developed it to a point where it now ranks among the leading furniture establishments of the county. Mr. Krugler also organized the Peoples State Bank at Farmington, in which he sold his interests after he had placed it on a substantial basis. Mr. Krugler, though his work in commercial and financial circles, is unquestionably one of the most influential men in his section of the county, for he has risen to prominence entirely through his own efforts and sterling business ability. He is deeply interested in Redford and the surrounding country and has been a contributing factor to the development of that part of the county. On November 25, 1910, he married Alice Ryall, of South Haven, Michigan, and they have two children, Allen Duane and Dale Warren. Mr. Krugler is a member of the Exchange Club and the Masonic fraternity, exemplifying in his daily life the high teachings of the latter organization. Frank X. Lafferty, president of the Down River State Bank and the proprietor of a prosperous meat business at Ecorse, Michigan, is one of the prominent business men of the Down River District. He comes of one of the early families of Wayne County, for Peter La Ferte, his grandfather, came from his native Canada in 1822, and took up two hundred acres of land that is now occupied by the village of Ecorse. He was a jeweler by trade and continued in that business after coming to Wayne County, meanwhile trading with the Indians. He reared a family of twelve children, so that there are many descendants of the family in this county, although the spelling of the family name has been changed by different branches of the family. Alex L. Lafferty, father of Frank X. and son of Peter, was born in a house that stood on the present site of the Riverview hotel in Ecorse. For a time, he worked as a fisherman in the employ of John P. Clarke, later engaging in farming until the time of his death, which occurred in 1898. He married Zoe Durocher, and to them, on May 18, 1872, was born a son Frank X. The boy received his education in the public schools of Ecorse, and then went to work in the grocery store operated by his uncle, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 289 Peter Lafferty. In 1898, by virtue of having saved his money carefully during the time he worked for his relative, he bought a business and for a time operated it as a general store. However, as the methods of merchandising changed so as to render impractical the operation of a retail establishment of that nature, Mr. Lafferty converted it into a meat and grocery business. By careful attention to the demands of his business, by hard work, and because of fairness to his customers, Mr. Lafferty has built up a business that is unrivalled in his section of the county, and he enjoys the patronage of the people of his community and of the surrounding rural sections of the county. He was instrumental in the organization of the Down River State Bank, of which he became a director and vice-president at its inception. Here, again, he displayed the careful business methods that had brought him success in mercantile pursuits, so that on January 1, 1926, he was elected president of the institution, a position which he still retains. He has also found time to take an active and constructive part in the politics of the township and county as supervisor of the township and as treasurer and trustee of the same township. Of late years, he has invested in the real estate business in this section of the county and has been a prominent figure in the subdivision development in this vicinity. Mr. Lafferty was first married in 1899, and following the death of his first wife, he married a second time. He is the father of four children, as follows: Marcel A., a student at the University of Detroit; Francis B.; Charles W.; and Daniel Herbert. Mr. Lafferty is a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Island Country Club. Joseph Henn, commissioner of public works of the city of Fordson, was born in Springwells Township, Wayne County, Michigan, June 4, 1870, the son of Peter J. and Fredericka E. (Johnson) Henn, both of whom were born in Germany. The father came from Berlin, Germany, to the United States in the early Fifties to settle in Springwells Township, purchasing a farm on Warren avenue, where he lived until the time of his death, which occurred in 1906. He and his wife reared a family of four children: Joseph, whose name heads this review; Elizabeth, who married P. Theisen; Margaret, who is the wife of J. Theisen; and Peter J. Joseph Henn received his education in the district schools of his native community and then returned to the home farm to work with his father. He continued in this employment until 1906, when he bought the farm after the death of his father. During the ensuing decade, he remained in farm work, but in 1916, he entered upon the real estate business in Fordson and the vicinity, and his subsequent operations in that field have made him one of the influential and successful men in that work in this district of the county. Nor has his business career confined itself solely to farming and real estate operations, for he was one of the organizers of the Springwells State Bank and has since come to the presidency of that institution, in the development of which he has played a conspicuous and notable part, thus being known as one of the able 290 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and aggressive financial men in this section of the county. Mr. Henn has long played an active part in the public life of his community, for he served two years as highway overseer, two years as highway commissioner, a like period as township treasurer, and two years as street commissioner when Springwells received its city charter. He then was appointed commissioner of public works, and still retains that position. Mr. Henn is well known for his work in behalf of Springwells, or Fordson, as it is now named, and has been the important factor in securing a street system for Fordson that is unrivalled by that of any city of its size in the state. Thus, through his long career in the business world and in the service of the people, Mr. Henn well deserves the name he has won as one of the leading and public spirited citizens of Fordson. On May 5, 1897, he married Mary E. Roland, the daughter of Frank Roland, who was a pioneer farmer of Wayne County, and to this union have been born four children, Madeline E., Alfred J., Benedict A., and Leo E. Mr. Henn is a member of the Knights of Columbus and is trustee of St. Alphonsus' Roman Catholic Church. Lysander T. Maples, assessor for the city of Fordson, was born in Greenfield Township, Wayne County, December 19, 1869, the son of Lysander S. C. and Susan (McDonald) Maples. The grandfather, William C. Maples, came from New York State in 1829 to settle on a farm in Wayne County, Michigan, at the junction of Allen and South Dearborn roads, where the Detroit Gas Company is now located. After the lapse of a year, however, he removed to a farm that was a part of the James Cisne claim, and it was there that his son and Lysander T. Maples were born. He died there in 1847, and the farm was thereafter operated by Lysander S. C. Maples, who was born there November 13, 1832, until the time of his death, which occurred in 1892. The maternal grandparents of Lysander T. Maples were Richard and Susan (Langdon) McDonald, the former of whom came from New York State and took up land from the Government on a tract now occupied by the plant of the Paige-Detroit Motor Car Company, and the latter of whom was the daughter of a well known merchant of Detroit, whose home was located on the site of the present Richmond & Backus store on Woodward avenue. Lysander T. Maples attended the Maple school at the corner of Maple and North Dearborn roads, and when he had completed the requirements of the public schools, he pursued a course of study at the Detroit Business University in 1887 -88. When he concluded his studies there, he returned to the home farm and continued there until 1915. Subsequent to that time, he has engaged in the real estate business, in which he has been successful in this part of the county and has also played a conspicuous part in the financial development of this district, for he was one of the organizers of the Springwells State Bank and of the Bank of Commerce. He is recognized as an able business man in Fordson and his part of the county, for he has played an aggressive part in the commercial transactions here. When he was but twenty-one years of age, Mr. Maples was elected to membership on the school DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 291 board and continued in that position twenty-five years. In 1907 he was elected a justice of the peace, serving until 1920, and from 1920 to 1922, inclusive, he was supervisor of Springwells Township. Also in 1920, he became assessor for the village of Springwells, a position which he held until the village received a city charter in 1923, since which time he has been assessor of the city of Springwells and of Fordson since the name was changed in 1925. He served as chairman of the committee that drew up the village charter and served in a similar capacity on the committee that drafted the charter when the community assumed the status of a city. Mr. Maples has been twice married and has seven children, Lysander E., Joyce A., Richard C., William A., Chester B., Edith, and Sada. He was active in the organization of and the building of the First Methodist Church in the village and subsequently was one of the organizers of the Pioneer Methodist Episcopal Church on Maple road. Charles A. Lahser, president of the Redford State Bank, is one of the most successful and able business men in this city, for he has ever maintained his belief in the good qualities of his community and has bent every effort to promoting the welfare of the place he makes his home. He was born here, February 10, 1869, and is the son of Charles and Christina (Seyferth) Lahser, both of whom came to Michigan from Germany. The father established his home in Greenfield Township, this county and there built wagons and sleighs that were widely known for their excellence throughout this part of the State, continuing in that business until the time of his death, which occurred in 1900. Charles A. Lahser obtained a common school education, and when he was fourteen years of age, he entered the brick and tile business. Later in his career, he erected the first brick store building in Redford and there conducted a general store over a period of twenty-seven years, during which time he served as postmaster of the village. In 1908, appreciating the need of the community for a substantial bank, he helped organize the private bank that was the predecessor of the present Redford State Bank. Since that time, he has given his entire time and attention to the affairs of the bank and real estate. When a state charter was obtained, Mr. Lahser became president of the institution, a position which he has since retained. He has played a conspicuous part in the development of the bank and is regarded as one of the able financial men in this part of the county. In November, 1896, he married Martha C. Green, the daughter of William Green, who was a pioneer settler of this county, and to this union have been born five children, Carl, Marion, Evelyn, Clifford, and Mildred. In Masonry, Mr. Lahser is a member of the Chapter and the Grotto. Mr. Lahser is a director of the Grand Lawn Cemetery, and in his daily life, he has ever made strong efforts to increase the welfare and prosperity of the village where he has spent almost his entire life. Henry Kemp, a leader in the real estate and insurance business in Detroit, was born at Hancock, Michigan, October 24, 1862, the 292 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY son of George and Susan (Koppes) Kemp, both of whom were born in Luxemburg and came to the United States at the ages of fifteen years and twenty years, respectively. George Kemp first located in New York, later in Wisconsin, and finally in the copper region of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, where he remained from 1862 until his death in September, 1910. His wife died in 1907. Of the eleven children born to this couple, these seven survive: Dominick, who lives in California; John, who resides in California; Henry, whose name heads this review; Mrs. Lena Knivel, of Detroit; Joseph, of Calumet, Michigan; and Elizabeth and George, also of Calumet. Henry Kemp, after acquiring his education in the schools of Calumet, Michigan, went to work in a general store in that city, and after five years in that work, he came to Detroit, where he entered the employ of John Ward, an abstractor, with whom he continued until the death of Mr. Ward. He then became associated with Charles Chase, and after the death of the latter in 1911, he allied himself with Alfred W. Chase in the handling of the affairs of the Chase Estate. He also interested himself in the real estate and building operations in Detroit. Several important subdivisions have been placed on the market by him, and as a developer of select residential properties, Mr. Kemp is regarded as one of the leaders in Detroit. He was one of the organizers of the Continental Real Estate Trust Company, of which he has been secretary since its inception and also treasurer since the fall of 1917. To his extensive real estate dealings, Mr. Kemp added the insurance business, and in this field as well, he has gained a success that reaffirms his ability as a business man and executive. On June 23, 1892, Mr. Kemp married Elizabeth Achatz, of Detroit, who died in 1905 leaving three children: George W., who was born in Detroit and was educated in the elementary and high schools of this city, is married and has two children, James H. and George W.; Henry L., the second son, who was educated in Detroit and was a radio operator in the United States navy two years with the ships Vestal and Savannah; and Frank W. On October 24, 1907, Mr. Kemp married Anna Schumaker, of Hancock, Michigan, she being the daughter of Fred Schumaker, of Wisconsin. Mr. Kemp is a member of the National Union Lodge, the Detroit Board of Commerce, and the Detroit Automobile Club, and is a supporter of the Republican party in politics. C. Walter Healy has been engaged in the practice of law in Detroit since 1913 and is regarded as one of the successful and able attorneys of this city. He was born at Houghton, Michigan, October 29, 1889, the son of James and Margaret (Powers) Healy, the former of whom was born in Fenton, Michigan, in 1842 and died in 1891 and the latter of whom was born in St. Johns, New Brunswick. The Healy family is of Irish extraction and was established in Ingham County, Michigan, in 1819. James Healy went to Houghton, Michigan, and there engaged in the lumber business. He was active in the Democratic politics of that place and served as sheriff of the county from 1884 to 1888. Of the eight children DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 293 in this family, six survive, they being: C. Walter, whose name heads this review; James T., who is engaged in the real estate and insurance business at Houghton, Michigan; Mrs. Ferris D. Stone, of Detroit; Mrs. William R. Webb; Frank L.; and Anna F. C. Walter Healy attended the elementary and high schools of Houghton, graduating from the latter in 1909, and then took up the study of law at the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of bachelor of laws in 1913. Thereafter, he worked in various law offices in Detroit until 1915, when he set himself up in a general practice alone. Mr. Healy has made a brilliant record as a member of the Detroit bar during the twelve years he has been engaged in practice for himself, and is known to his colleagues as an attorney equally able as an advocate and as a counsel. He has developed a large practice that places him indisputably among the leading lawyers of Detroit. He maintains his offices in the Dime Bank Building. On January 15, 1924, he married Felitia Van Leyen, of a pioneer family of Detroit, and they have one son, John Van Leyen Healy, who was born January 24, 1925 and a daughter Patricia born October 2, 1926. Mr. Healy is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Elks, Delta Chi college social fraternity, the Lions Club, and the Lawyers Club. Wallace C. Hall has been independently engaged in the practice of corporation and estates law in Detroit since 1922 and has been a teacher of the law of wills and estates at the Detroit College of Law since 1923. He was born at Harbor Beach, Michigan, April 12, 1894, the son of Charles L. and Ella (Greely) Hall, the former of whom is a native of Paterson, New Jersey, and the latter of Morenci, Michigan. Charles L. Hall came to Michigan with his father when he was a boy and resided at Adrian. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1870, and is still practicing at Bad Axe, Michigan, where he served as probate judge of Huron county for many years. He has been very active in Masonic work, has served on the school board, and has been a trustee of the Presbyterian Church for years. Wallace C. Hall, one of a family of eight children, acquired his early schooling in Harbor Beach and Bad Axe, and following his graduation from the high school of the latter city in 1911, he entered the Michigan State Normal College, graduating in 1913, and then matriculated at the University of Michigan from which he graduated with the degree of bachelor of arts in 1916. Having elected to follow the legal profession, he pursued his studies in the law college of the same university and graduated in 1920 with his degree of bachelor of laws. From 1919 to 1921, he was an instructor in the literary department of the university and pursued post graduate studies that won him the degree of master of laws in the latter year. He was admitted to the bar in 1920, and in 1921, after the completion of his university work, he came to Detroit, where he was associated with Charles H. Hatch one year. Since that time, he has been engaged in the practice of corporation and estates law. He is known to his colleagues as one of the well informed men in that branch of the legal profession and 294 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY has attracted a large clientele that has already placed him among the leading attorneys of this city. The place he has won in professional circles, together with his previous experience as an instructor at the University of Michigan, brought him the offer to teach the law of wills and estates at the Detroit College of Law in 1923, and he has since held that chair. In 1915-16, Mr. Hall taught science in the Highland Park high school and holds a life certificate to teach in Michigan from the Normal College. On June 17, 1920, Mr. Hall married Hazel Harmon Forte, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, who also attended the Michigan State Normal College and Columbia University and they have one daughter, Ellen Lee. He is a Mason, a member of the State Board of the Sons of the American Revolution, and is past commander of George Washington Post, American Legion, for during the World War, he was in charge of the maintenance of equipment for the meteorological department of the American Expeditionary Force. He attends the Presbyterian Church and is actively interested in its affairs. Milo N. Johnson. In the real estate and financial circles of Northville, Wayne County, Michigan, no man is more widely and favorably known than is Milo N. Johnson, an organizer and director of the Lapham State Bank and a commanding figure in the real estate business in that community. Born on a farm in Northville Township, June 30, 1867, he is the son of Isaac Newton and Sarah (Hauk) Johnson, the former of whom was born in Seneca County, New York, and came to Wayne County with his father, Clinton Johnson, who pre-empted 160 acres of Government land in Northville Township. Archie H. Johnson, of Detroit, and Milo N. Johnson are the only survivors of the family of five children born to Isaac N. Johnson and his wife. Following the death of the father, the mother brought her children to Northville, and it was here that Milo N. Johnson obtained his early education, graduating from the high school in 1886. During the three years of his residence in Northville prior to his graduation, Mr. Johnson lived at the home of F. R. Beal and worked during the summer months to defray his expenses at school. Following the completion of his high school work, he entered the employ of the Globe Furniture Company, of Northville, with which he was associated until he engaged in the men's clothing business at Northville, operating this enterprise six years. The confining nature of store life caused his health to break down, so that he was forced to sell the business. Upon his recovery, he entered the county treasurer's office and was employed there six years, when he resigned his position to accept the appointment of postmaster of Northville, a position which he held twelve years prior to the election of President Wilson. From the heirs of his father-in-law, he purchased the farm that had been acquired from the Government by Clinton Johnson and farmed that land six years. At that time, he gave up farming to engage in the real estate business at Northville and has since been engaged in that work, winning an enviable reputation for his ability in this field. He was one of the organizers and is a director DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 295 of the Lapham State Bank, of Northville, and has long taken an active part in the affairs of that institution. The people of his district, appreciating the careful attention he gave them in his previous public offices, elected him to the state legislature for the terms of 1919, 1921, and 1923, and his record in that office was but a confirmation of the integrity that has been his in his public life and business dealings. On June 1, 1892, he married, Lida Starkweather, the daughter of Irving Starkweather, a prominent resident of Northville. Mr. Johnson is a Mason. Talmage C. Hughes, prominent Detroit architect, is one of the outstanding men in his profession in this city, although he has been practicing here but eight years. He was born at Gadsden, Alabama, November 17, 1887, the son of Thomas C. and Dorothy E. (Coates) Hughes, and is a descendant of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. Gideon Coates, the maternal grandfather of Talmage C. Hughes, was a descendant of J. P. Coates, of London, England, and Thomas Hughes, the paternal grandfather of Talmage C., went to Alabama from Pennsylvania and there farmed. Thomas C. Hughes was born in 1847 and died in 1905. Talmage C. Hughes obtained his early training in the common and high schools of his native state and then attended Alabama Polytechnic Institute, receiving the degree of bachelor of arts in 1910 and that of master of arts in 1911. Having elected to study architecture, he matriculated at Columbia University, where he studied in 1912 and 1913. Following the completion of his professional studies, he worked with a Chicago firm until 1915, when he came to Detroit to become employed by Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, architects and engineers of this city. Subsequently, he was employed by Albert Kahn, of this city, and when the United States entered the World War, he enlisted in the army and served as color sergeant with the 310th Engineers, Northern Russian expedition. Following his discharge from the army, he returned to Detroit and has since been engaged in practice for himself in this city. He has attracted a large clientele and is widely known among architectural men and contractors for the beautiful and practical design of the buildings which have come from his office. He is a member of the Michigan Society of Architects and has served as secretary of that organization. In 1919, Mr. Hughes married Margaret Craig, of Banford, Ontario, Canada, and they have one daughter, Mary Craig, who was born in 1922. He is a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the Ex-Service Men's Club, University Club, and the Board of Commerce, Exchange Club, Cadillac Athletic Club, Embassy Club and he also is a member of the various Masonic bodies. H. J. Meyer, president of the Meyer Drug Company, of Redford, Michigan, has been engaged in the retail drug trade here since 1913 and is accorded recognition as one of the successful business men and public-spirited citizens of this community. He was born at Escanaba, Michigan, April 17, 1888, the son of Hubert and Ann (Shortgen) Meyer, both of whom were born in Luxemburg and 296 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY came to the United States when they were young. The father was a lumberman and worked in the Upper Peninsula for the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He was born in 1858 and died in 1925, the mother dying in 1895. H. J. Meyer obtained his early education in the parochial schools and studied pharmacy at Ferris Institute, Big Rapids, Michigan. He passed the examinations of the State Pharmacy Board in 1910 and came to Detroit in that year to work for George Doyle, druggist, and with the Schettler Drug Company. The three years so spent gave him an excellent training in the management of a retail drug house, and in 1913, he came to Redford to open the Redford Pharmacy. Subsequently, the name of the enterprise was changed to that of the Meyer & Burgess Drug Company, and in 1926 the present name of the Meyer Drug Company was adopted. Mr. Meyer has been largely responsible for developing the drug business into one of the substantial retail establishments in Redford and is thus regarded as one of the successful and able business men of this community. He was married October 22, 1913, to Ethel Freer, of Detroit, and they have two children, Helen and, Janet. Mr. Meyer is past president of the Exchange club at Redford and has ever been active in the support of those measures calculated to promote the welfare and development of this village. Cloice W. Hatfield, Detroit lawyer who maintains his offices in the Dime Bank building, was born on a farm in Kosciusko County, Indiana, January 15, 1887, and is the son of Willard and Amany (Hill) Hatfield, both of whom are of old Indiana families, the former of whom is a farmer and stock raiser. The only child born to his parents, Cloice W. Hatfield attended the elementary and high schools, graduating from the latter at Warsaw, Indiana, in 1907. He then matriculated at Indiana University, taking a literary course and studying law at that institution until 1911. For a year thereafter, he was a salesman for the S. F. Bowser Company, and after six months spent in Toronto, Canada, in the real estate business, he came to Detroit to enter upon the practice of law. In 1914, he became associated with the operation of a collection agency under the firm style of Lawhead & Hatfield, the enterprise rapidly assuming large proportions. In 1917, Mr. Hatfield severed his connection with that firm, was engaged in the manufacturing business for a year, and in 1918 began a general practice. He has come to be known as one of the able advocates and counsels now practicing before the Wayne county bar and has developed a large and lucrative practice. Although he holds a high place among the members of the legal fraternity, he is associated in an official capacity with various important corporations in Detroit, for he is secretary and treasurer of the Chadwick Bearing Company and a director of other enterprises. He was married October 4, 1914, to Agnes Funk, who comes of a pioneer family of Kosciusko County, Indiana, and they have one son, Willard Funk, who was born in 1919. Mr. Hatfield is a member of the various Masonic bodies and of the Masonic Country Club. He has ever taken a deep interest in athletics, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 297 while he was attending the Indiana University, he was chosen a member of the All-Western football team in 1908-9-10, his interest in that and other sports being his means of recreation. Clyde P. Craine, president of the Craine-Schrage Steel Company, of Detroit, was born at Geneva, Ohio, December 10, 1883, the son of Charles and Frances E. (Pratt) Craine, the former of whom was a native of the Buckeye State and was a druggist. In 1900, Mr. Craine graduated from the Geneva high school and began his career as a hardware clerk at Sioux City, Iowa, and after three years in that work, he became a traveling salesman for a hardware concern. In 1907, Mr. Craine became associated with the wholesale hardware house of Buhl Sons' Company, traveling in Michigan and Ohio for that company, continuing with that organization for years. He then was interested in sales work for the Pittsburgh Shafting Company, of Detroit, until 1916, when he became a representative of the steel industry at Detroit, until 1922. In that year, the Craine-Schrage Steel Company was organized, which was started in a small way employing but ten persons. The succeeding years, however, have witnessed the rise of the company to an important position in its field in Detroit, and to the development of the enterprise, Mr. Craine is a contributing factor. He has held the office of president since the inception of the company. On February 14, 1906, Mr. Craine married Mary W. Sidley, of Ashtabula, Ohio, and to this union have been born two sons, Carl Sidley and Clyde P., Jr. Mr. Craine is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Yacht Club, and the Masonic fraternity. In politics, he supports the measures and candidates of the Republican party. Arthur J. Abbott, of the well known Detroit law firm of Abbott & Coulter, was born at Clayton, Michigan, August 15, 1885, the son of James B. and Fannie E. (Baker) Abbott, the former of whom was born in New York State in 1857 and the latter at Morenci, Michigan, in 1862. The Abbott family was established in Massachusetts in 1635, and Aaron Abbott, grandfather of Arthur J., came from that state to Michigan in 1830 to take up Government land in Lenawee county. James B. Abbott was a physician and surgeon and practiced at Clayton, Lenawee County, Michigan, until the time of his death, which occurred in 1890. In 1900, Arthur J. Abbott was taken to Ann Arbor, Michigan, by his mother and there attended the high school, graduating therefrom in 1904. In 1909, he graduated from the University of Michigan with the degree of Bachelor of Arts and then entered upon the study of law at the same institution, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Law in 1911. He entered upon the active practice of his profession at Los Angeles, California, in that year, but when the United States entered the World War, he was called to Washington to serve on the War Industries Board. While he practiced in Los Angeles, Mr. Abbott was a member of the firm of Evans, Abbott & Pearce, and from January, 1915, until he went into the 298 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY service of the Government, he was dean of the Law school of Southwestern University. This institution conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws on June 10, 1927. Following the conclusion of his work in Washington, Mr. Abbott came to Detroit to become a member of the firm of Abbott, Schoeffel & Coulter, and since the death of Mr. Schoeffel, the firm name has been Abbot & Coulter. Mr. Abbot is regarded as one of the ablest attorneys at the Detroit bar, and his ability in this direction is attested by the fact that he has not only developed a large practice but has also been named to a chair on the faculty of the College of Law of the University of Detroit. On August 19, 1919, Mr. Abbott married Florence E. Allen, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, and to this union have been born two sons, James Allen and John Sheldon. Mr. Abbott is a member of the various legal organizations of the county, state, and nation and holds an undisputed place among the leading attorneys of Detroit. James W. Dopp, president of the J. W. Dopp company, dealers in equipment for contractors and foundries, was born at Malone, New York, February 1, 1871, the son of James and Sarah M. (Flack) Dopp, both natives of New York, the former of whom served in the Civil war with Company I, First New York Volunteer Engineers and followed the vocation of millwright until the time of his death, which occurred when he was eighty years of age. James W. Dopp attended the common schools of his native community, but when he was fourteen years old, he left school to work in box factories and lumber mills, continuing in that sort of work until he was nineteen years of age. At that time, he went to Lowell, Massachusetts, to learn the trade of machinist, subsequently being placed in charge of special foundry work. Later, he became associated with the International Steam Pump Company, of Cambridge, Massachusetts, serving as foundry superintendent of that concern from 1901 to 1903. Leaving the employ of that concern, Mr. Dopp established himself in Chicago to sell machinery, opening a western branch for the Taber Manufacturing Company of Philadelphia, Pa., later representing the International Moulding Machine Company, of Chicago. He continued in this business in the Illinois metropolis until 1914, in which year he came to Detroit and established himself here. So successful was he in the sale of contractors and foundry machinery that the firm was incorporated in 1916 under the name of the J. W. Dopp Company, and the enterprise has come to be a leader in its field in this section of the State. Mr. Dopp, as the head of the company and developer of the organization, is thus regarded as one of the able men in his field and holds a high place amono business men of the city. Mr. Dopp is married and has two children, a son, J. W. Jr., and a daughter Myona, who married Milford H. Hicks, of Detroit. Mr. Dopp is a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, Consistory, and Shrine and is a past commander of Siloam Commanderv No. 54 of Oak Park, Ill., he is also a member of the Detroit Athletic Clib and the Boulevard Shrine Club. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 299 Glenn M. Coulter, of the Detroit law firm of Abbott & Coulter, is a prominent and successful attorney of this city. A native of Syracuse, New York, he was born August 8, 1893, the son of Fred W. and Florence L. (Mills) Coulter, both of whom were born in New York, where Fred W. Coulter was a merchant at Syracuse. John Coulter, grandfather of Glenn M., was a pioneer boatman on the Erie Canal. Of the two children in the family, Harold B. now lives at Detroit and Glenn M., after attending the public schools of his native city, pursued a general high school course at Yates Polytechnic school, of Chittenango, New York, whence he graduated in 1912. He then entered the University of Michigan, where he studied in the literary and law colleges. He left the university, however, to enter the American Ambulance Service, an organization that was an outgrowth of the French Volunteer Service, and after the United States entered the war, he was transferred to the Motor Transport Corps of the United States army. With the rank of captain, he served seventeen months with a French detachment, seeing service in the great Champagne-Marne offensive in 1918 and was with the marines at Chateau Thierry. He was recommended for his majority but did not receive his papers until after he was discharged from the army. He then returned to the University of Michigan and won his degree of bachelor of laws from that institution in 1920. At that time, he came to Detroit and became a member of the firm of Abbott, Schoeffel & Coulter, which has been that of Abbott & Coulter since the death of Mr. Shoeffel. Mr. Coulter has risen to a high place in the legal profession in Detroit since he first entered active practice here. In addition to his legal practice, he is director of several corporations of this city. On September 1, 1922, he married Doris McDonald, of Holly, Michigan, and they have two children, Thomas Edward and Patricia Florence. Mr. Coulter is a member of the Elks, Detroit Union League Club, Lawyers' Club, American Bar Association, Cadillac Athletic Club, and the Detroit Historical society. He attends the First Congregational Church and was president of the Men's Brotherhood of that organization. Bernard A. Clark has been practicing in Detroit since he was admitted to the bar in 1916 and is a successful attorney of this city. He was born at Washington, D. C., June 24, 1892, the son of Charles H. and Mary (Hines) Clark, both of whom were born in the national capital. Henry Clark, grandfather of Bernard A., was a native of Virginia and located at Washington. Charles H. Clark left Washington with three other men when he was a young man to prospect for gold in Colorado and spent five years in that State, during which time he located at Leadville and was a candidate for the office of mayor in the first election held in that city. He returned to Washington and there conducted a hotel, he and his wife rearing a family of nine children. Bernard A. Clark attended the parochial schools of Washington and then studied at St. John's College and Georgetown University, whence he graduated in 1914 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He pursued a post graduate 300 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY course and won the degree of master of laws the following year. For a year thereafter, he was employed in the offices of Stevenson, Carpenter, Butzel & Backus, and after his admission to the bar in September, 1916, he entered upon the active practice of his profession for himself. He has been highly successful and is known as one of the able advocates and counsels of this city, for he has developed a large and lucrative practice during his decade here. On June 3, 1919, he married Helen Louise Petzold, the daughter of William and Josephine (Thompson) Petzold, the former of whom is the secretary and treasurer of the J. L. Hudson company. They are the parents of three children, Bernard A., Jr., William Petzold, and Mary Josephine. Mr. Clark is a member of the Delta Theta Phi legal fraternity, the St. Clair Country Club, and the University club, of Washington. He is a director in several important corporations of Detroit in addition to his law practice. He is a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church. Marshall D. Ferris, vice-president, treasurer, of the FerrisJackson Coal company, of Detroit, Michigan, has been associated with that concern since 1923 and is regarded as one of the successful and prominent business men of that city. He was born at Detroit, March 8, 1887, the son of David R. and Carrie (Bush) Ferris, the former of whom was born in Canada, came to Detroit in 1875, and was employed by the Michigan Central railroad until his retirement. The mother died when Marshall D. Ferris was six years of age. He obtained his education in the Detroit public schools, and following this he entered the employ of the Lowrie & Robinson Lumber Company as a shipping clerk. Subsequently, he won to the position of salesman through his energy, ability, and evident knowledge of the business. In 1921, he terminated a connection with that company that had existed twenty-one years and in 1923 he joined R. Jackson in the organization of the Ferris-Jackson Coal Company, at Redford, of which he has since been vice president and treasurer. He has aided in the development and growth of the company along sound, substantial lines, and his achievement in thus building up an important unit in Detroit commercial life has won him wide recognition as an executive. He was married April 25, 1912, to Alice Edwards, of Detroit, the daughter of William J. Edwards, and to Mr. and Mrs. Ferris have been born four children, Helen C., Robert M., William E., and Lois Jean. Mr. Ferris is active in Masonry as a member of King Cyrus Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar; and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He is a trustee of the Redford Baptist Church. William A. BeGole, president of the Peoples State Bank of Wayne, Michigan, has been associated with that enterprise since 1918 and has come to be regarded as one of the able financial executives in this section of the county. He was born at Chelsea, Michigan, September 13, 1882, the son of George A. and Dora S. (Sargent) BeGole. The family was established in Michigan in 1833, when William BeGole, grandfather of William A., settled on DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 30i a farm in Washtenaw County, the Sargent family having come from Vermont to Michigan. George A. BeGole was cashier of the Kempf Commercial Bank of Chelsea, until the time of his death in 1915. He took an active part in the civic affairs of his community and was a well known and respected man of that city. William A. BeGole obtained his elementary and high school education in Chelsea, after which he secured a position as bookkeeper and later as assistant cashier with the Farmers and Mechanics Bank of Ann Arbor. The success he won in this position brought him the offer to establish for the American State Bank of Detroit, the branch at Concord and Kerchival streets, and when he had placed that institution on a firm basis, he came to Wayne in October, 1918, as cashier of the Peoples State Bank of this place. Such was the quality of his work in developing the business of the bank that he was elected president in 1921, a position he has since retained. Mr. BeGole has constantly demonstrated that he is one of the able financial men of the county, for his achievement in building up the Peoples State Bank of Wayne to one of the strongest concerns of its kind in this section of the State has brought him universal approbation and commendation by bankers of this county. He was one of the organizers and is vice president of the First National Bank of Dearborn, Michigan. So rapidly has the business of the Peoples State Bank of Wayne grown that new quarters have recently been occupied to give increased and more efficient service to the patrons of the institution, the banking quarters being considered one of the most attractive in the State. In 1905 Mr. BeGole married N. Ethel Cole, of Chelsea, Michigan. Mr. BeGole is a member of the Masonic order, the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Rotary Club of which he served as president one year. James E. Greene, prominent lawyer of Dearborn, Michigan, was born at Saginaw, Michigan, July 3, 1887, the son of James and Anna (Shanahan) Greene, the former a native of Flint, Michigan, and the latter of Ontario, Canada, both of whom are still living. James Greene, grandfather of James E., came from his native Ireland to the United States, and became a farmer in Genesee County, Michigan, later engaging in the timber business. He subsequently moved to Saginaw, Michigan, where James Greene, the father of James E. has spent most of his life. The father was first employed as superintendent for the Alger-Smith Lumber Company and later by the J. D. Lacy organization as a timber estimator, a work that took him over the entire country. James E. Greene attended the elementary and high schools of his native city, graduating from the latter in 1907 and then matriculated in the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1910. For two years thereafter he practiced his profession in Lansing, when he came to Detroit to become associated with the rate department of the Michigan Central Railroad, specializing in railroad rates until 1919. In that year Mr. Greene established his offices in Dearborn, where he has since been engaged in general practice. He is recognized as one of the leading attorneys of the county, and his ability 302 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY as an advocate and sound judgment as a counsel have brought him an increasingly large clientele among the people of Dearborn and the surrounding communities. He is a well known figure before the Wayne County bar and he has gained notable success in the cases he has handled before the courts of the county and State. October 7, 1919, Mr. Greene married Florence McLeod, of Detroit, and to them have been born a son, James Francis, born in 1923. The prominence of Mr. Greene in his profession brought him the appointment of city attorney of Dearborn and election to the office of justice of the peace, positions which he still retains. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus and is a trustee of the Dearborn Clubhouse of that order. John Cassidy, Jr., who has been engaged in the real estate and insurance business in River Rouge, Michigan, since 1913, is regarded as one of the successful and influential business men of that community, for he has achieved success in that field entirely through his own efforts. He was born at Newcastle, England, February 27, 1877, the son of John and Elizabeth (Callahan) Cassidy, the former of whom was born in Ireland and the latter in England, where they were married. In 1880 John Cassidy, Sr., brought his family to Michigan, settling first at Wyandotte, where he was employed six years with the firm of Salliotte & Ferguson Lumber company. Subsequently, he removed to Ashley, Gratiot County, Michigan, to engage in mill work and in 1896 returned to River Rouge, where he died in 1926, his wife having died three years before. John Cassidy, Jr., attended the public schools of Wayne County and Gratiot County and went to work in the mills at an early age. In 1895, he came to River Rouge, where he entered the employ of the Dwight Lumber Company, remaining with that concern eighteen years and working in various capacities in the organization. In 1913, he entered upon the real estate and insurance business and has since been engaged in that work, making a success of the undertaking that has stamped him as a man of the highest attainments in business affairs. He has not only been quick to seize upon the opportunities offered by the real estate business during the rapid expansion of the river district of the county but has been equally astute in handling the affairs of the insurance end of the business, so that he is equally prominent in both fields. His integrity is unquestioned and he has ever employed the highest ethics in the conduct of his affairs. He has been active in the civic affairs of his community, having served as village clerk from 1900 to 1903, village trustee from 1904 to 1908, and councilman for eight years. He is vice-president of the River Rouge State Bank and is widely known for the work he contributes to the direction of that enterprise. On July 13, 1908, Mr. Cassidy married Charlotte A. Rivard, of Monroe, this State, and thev have five children, James. Charlotte, Rose Marie, John, III, and William. Harry Allen, of the law firm of Race, Haass & Allen, of Detroit, was born on a farm in Oakland County, Michigan, February 19, 1882, the son of John and Susie (Raynor) Allen, both natives of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 303 Michigan, the latter of whom was born in Macomb County. Francis Allen, grandfather of Harry, was born in England and resided there until after his marriage. In 1846, he came to Michigan with his wife and spent his later years in Oakland County, Michigan, where he died in 1912. His father, great grandfather of Harry Allen, also came to Michigan to spend his declining years, living in Oakland County until the time of his death. John Allen, father of Harry, was born in 1856 in Oakland County, was married at Mt. Clemens. Michigan, in 1880, and now resides at Birmingham, Oakland County. Harry Allen obtained his early education in the elementary and high schools of Birmingham, graduating from the latter with the class of 1902, after which he matriculated at the University of Michigan, whence he graduated with the degree of bachelor of laws in 1909, entering the law office of U. Grant Race and Walter F. Haass, remained in that office until 1917 when the firm of Race, Haass & Allen was formed. Specializing in corporation law and in real estate and bond securities, the firm is regarded as one of the leaders in Detroit, while Mr. Allen is one of the conspicuous figures in Detroit bar circles for his work as advocate and counsel. On June 24, 1914, he married Marian R. Clizbe, the daughter of Warren D. Clizbe, of Birmingham, Michigan, and to this union have been born two children, Eleanor C. and James C. Mr. Allen is a member of the University of Michigan Club, and though he has never aspired to public office, he takes an active interest in the Democratic politics of the city, state, and nation. During the period of the World War, Mr. Allen served as a member of the legal advisory board. Charles A. Dolph, president of the Globe Furniture & Manufacturing Company, of Northville, Wayne County, Michigan, was born near Pleasantville, Pennsylvania, a son of John W. and Hester (Smith) Dolph, the parents of the former having been natives of New York and Pennsylvania and those of the latter natives of Ireland. With a view toward taking up land in Northern Michigan, John W. Dolph brought his family to this State in 1878, but he changed his plans, however, and settled at Northville, where he followed his trade of stationary engineer until his retirement in 1916. He took an active part in the affairs of the village, serving as president in 1888-89, and is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Methodist Episcopal Church. Charles A. Dolph was born July 4, 1871, and obtained his early education in the elementary and high schools of Northville, after which he took a course of study at Cleary's Business college at Ypsilanti, Michigan. Prior to the completion of his studies, he had worked two summers for the old Michigan School Furniture Company, of Northville, and when he had concluded his business training at Ypsilanti, he entered the employ of that company, which he represented at Chattanooga, Tennessee for two years. When the concern was reorganized at the end of that period after a fire had razed the plant, Mr. Dolph became secretary of the new company in 1911. In that office, he continued until 1923 when he was elected president, a position ,304 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY which he has since retained. Mr. Dolph is known as one of the able and influential executives in this section of the county, and the Globe Furniture & Manufacturing Company is widely known for the high quality of its products. On April 11, 1893, Mr. Dolph married Grace Filkins, of Northville, the daughter of Thomas B. and Elizabeth Filkins, who came to this community in 1856. Mr. Dolph has been a conspicuous figure in the affairs of his community, for from 1906 to 1921 he was secretary of the school board until his resignation in the latter year and was president of the village from 1922 to 1926. He is a member of the Masonic order and is secretary of the Chapter and Commandery at Northville. Mr. Dolph is tireless in his efforts to promote the welfare of the community in which he lives, and his work in this connection has won him the regard and respect of the people of the village. Frank H. Dennis, president and manager of the Dennis Concrete Company, of Redford, Michigan, was born at Gait, Ontario, Canada, August 20, 1880, and is the son of Richard J. and Mary E. (Fraser) Dennis, both natives of Canada, the former of whom followed the trade of wood turner. After completing a common school education in the schools of his native community, he apprenticed himself to the trade of machinist, working at this in shops at Gait from 1897 to 1903. In 1904, he came to Detroit, where he was employed in various shops of that city, and became foreman of the Northway Motor Company. From 1912 to 1919, he held several executive positions, including that of assistant superintendent of the Anderson Electric Car Company, and in the latter year he became associated with the Hamtramck Concrete Products Company, managing the plant of that concern until 1924. In that year, Mr. Dennis came to Redford and established the Dennis Concrete Company for the manufacture of concrete blocks and similar products, and his long experience in mechanical lines stood him in good stead when he was faced with the problem of equipping his plant in the most modern and efficient manner possible. He has been a pioneer in the development of machinery suitable for the manufacture of concrete products of all kinds. He has been highly successful in the conduct of his business and is regarded as one of the aggressive and able business executives of Redford and this section of the county. He was married June 17, 1903, to Edith E. Ketcheson, of Belleview, Ontario, Canada, and they have four children, Helen, Bruce, Betty, and Gordon. In fraternal circles, Mr. Dennis is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in the affairs of which he takes an active interest. Anthony Esper, well known real estate man and member of the council of the city of Fordson, was born in Springwells Township, Wayne County, July 8, 1888, and is a descendant of two early families of this county. Peter Esper, the paternal grandfather of Anthony, pre-empted land in Wayne County at an early date and farmed during the remainder of his life. He was active in the affairs of St. Alphonsus Church, Fordson, and donated the land DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 305 whereon the church was erected. Anthony Esper, the father of Anthony and son of Peter, was born on that farm in 1849 and farmed there until 1917, his death occurring in 1920. He married Elizabeth Reuter, the daughter of Frank Reuter, she having been born on her father's farm at Michigan avenue and Schaffer road in 1853 and dying in 1922. One of a family of ten children, the younger Anthony Esper obtained his education in the common and high schools of his native community and then engaged in agricultural work at the homestead farm until it was sold in 1919. At that time, he engaged in the real estate business and has since been prominently identified with that business in Fordson and the vicinity, being known in this connection as one of the able and influential men in that part of the county. While he has become a successful real estate dealer, Mr. Esper has ever taken a keen interest in the civic affairs of Springwells (Fordson) and the township of that name, for in 1923 he was elected treasurer of the township and the following year witnessed his election to the city council of Fordson, or Springwells as it was then known. He has since remained in that office and is known to the voters of his city as a man of unimpeachable integrity and unquestioned ability. In addition to his other business interests, Mr. Esper was one of the organizers and is a director of the Union State bank. On October 10, 1911, he married Gertrude E. Schneider, of Wayne County, and they have seven children. Mr. Esper is active in the affairs of the Knights of Columbus, and like his father and grandfather, he takes an active part in the affairs of St. Alphonsus' Church. He also retains membership in the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Robert Ward Ford, dealer in Ford automobiles at Fordson, Michigan, is one of the successful retail automobile men in this section of the county. He was born in Springwells Township, as Fordson was formerly known, and is the son of John Ford, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this volume, and a nephew of Henry Ford, the automobile manufacturer. He obtained his education in the Miller school at Springwells and the Craft cchool of Detroit, and Detroit Business Institute, was then associated with the Ford Motor Company at Highland Park, continuing in that work until June 14, 1923. At that time, he returned to the village of Springwells, now Fordson, and established the R. W. Ford Company, to handle the automobiles manufactured by his uncle, and he has developed the company into one of the successful and important retail motor car concerns in this part of Wayne County. Mr. Ford is thus regarded as an able and influential business man of Fordson because of his achievement. Theodore C. Betzoldt is one of the successful and well known lawyers of Detroit, where he has been engaged in the practice of his profession for nearly a quarter of a century. He was born in this city, August 22, 1882, obtained his preparatory education in the public schools of this city, and after his graduation from the high school, matriculated at the Detroit College of Law in 1901. He was graduated from that institution in 1904 with the degree of 306 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY bachelor of laws and at that time entered the office of John H. Goff, subsequently circuit court judge, with whom he was associated in practice three years, since which time he has carried on a general practice for himself. Mr. Betzoldt has enjoyed a long and brilliant career before the Wayne County bar for he has proved himself to be an able advocate and wise counsel, enjoying singular success with the cases that have been placed in his hands. He takes a deep interest in the affairs of the Woodmen of the World, an order of which he is a member, and has served as commander of Oak Camp Lodge. I. M. Allen, Ph.D., superintendent of the Highland Park schools, is one of the well known educators of Michigan and has gained a national reputation in this field, for no man is more active than he in improving the public school system of the country. He was born at Grundy Center, Iowa, May 31, 1873, the son of Jason and Algenia (Shepard) Allen, both of whom were natives of New York and removed to Wisconsin at an early date and to Iowa about 1850, where Jason Allen engaged in farming. I. M. Allen attended the elementary and high schools, completing his high school work at Waupun, Wisconsin, whither his family had moved from Iowa, and then matriculated at Lawrence College, Appleton, Wisconsin, from which he received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1896. In that year, he went to Kaukauna, Outagamie County, Wisconsin, as high school principal, subsequently holding similar positions successively at Lincoln, Illinois; Charleston, Illinois; Kankakee, Illinois; and Wichita, Kansas, where he remained from 1907 to 1915. In the latter year, he returned to Illinois to become principal of the high school at Springfield, where he continued until he was appointed superintendent of the Springfield schools in 1917. There he remained until 1923, when he was granted leave of absence to attend the Teachers' College, Columbia University, New York City. He then became assistant professor of education at the University of Chicago, and simultaneously continued his work toward the doctor's degree which he completed at Columbia in 1926. In that year, Doctor Allen came to Highland Park to assume the superintendency of the city schools and has since continued in that position, being known to the people of that city as one of the ablest men who has ever directed the affairs of the public schools, for extensive training and experience in every phase of public school work has equipped him far beyond the average for the important work in which he is engaged. He is a prolific writer on educational topics and contributes many articles to educational journals. He was president of the City Superintendents' Association of Illinois in 1921, was president of the Schoolmasters Club of Illinois, has served as vice-president of the National Department of Secondary Education, and has been a member of the advisory board of the School Review. In 1904, Doctor Alien married Margaret C. Traner, of Lincoln, Illinois, and to this union has been born one child, Margaret, who was born in 1907 and died in 1917, and a second daughter, Mary Eleanor, who was born in 1913. Doctor Allen is a member DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 307 of the Masonic fraternity, the Rotary Club of Highland Park, Michigan, the Phi Beta Kappa, a national honorary scholastic fraternity, Phi Delta Kappa, a national educational fraternity at the University of Chicago, and Kappa Delta Pi. Eugene Clinton White, secretary and treasurer of the Gardner-White Company, one of the large furniture establishments in Detroit, has worked side by side with John G. Gardner in developing the enterprise into one of the leaders in the retail furniture field. He was born on a farm near Bedford, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, the son of Cassius Edwin and Clara (Currie) White, the family having been pioneers of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County. A story current in the White family relates that one of the first settlers of that name in Cuyahoga County owned the land now comprising the public square of Cleveland and traded the property for a yoke of oxen. Eugene C. White obtained his early education in the public schools of his native county, attending business college in Cleveland after he had completed the high school course in the village of Bedford. When he had completed his business training, he found employment in the bank at Bedford, but in 1908, after three years spent in the bank, he came to Detroit and allied himself with John G. Gardner in the organization of the Gardner-White company to engage in the furniture business. The small furniture store of C. E. Trombley at Chene and Monroe streets was purchased by the men and operated there five years, and in 1913, the present fine building at No. 6309 Mack avenue was occupied, comprising the main store of their chain of three in the city. A second store is located at No. 4849 Grand River avenue and a third, the White Furniture store, at Fort street and Junction avenue, Mr. White being secretary of the latter and Edwin I. White, his brother, being vice-president and manager. Like his business associate, John G. Gardner, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this volume, Mr. White has been exceedingly active in promoting the development of the Mack Avenue section of the city, having made a close study of conditions there and having been instrumental in bringing about paving and street widening work. The Gardner-White organization has long been noted for its progressive policies, notable among which was the installation of the credit system and part payment plan, it being the first furniture establishment outside of the downtown district to inaugurate such a radical departure in business methods. Mr. White is president of the Retail Furniture Club of Michigan, treasurer of the Furniture division of the Better Homes Show, treasurer and former president of the Detroit Retail Furniture Dealers' Association, and past president and now chairman of the Board of Directors Mack Avenue Business Men's Club, an aggressive organization that has done much to promote the development of the Mack avenue section of the city. Through his interest in bookkeeping and accounting, Mr. White has worked in conjunction with the National Cash Register Company, of Dayton, Ohio, in perfecting a machine which records accounts in three places and figures balances all in one operation, the Gardner-White 308 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY system being marketed under that name by the National Cash Register Company. This bookkeeping system is nationally known for its excellence and efficiency. In 1914, Mr. White married Addie R. Kinner, the daughter of Alexander Kinner, a Detroit contractor for fifty years, and to this union have been born two children, Gene A. and Ruth I. In Masonry, Mr. White is a member of Acacia Lodge No. 477, Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple of the Shrine. He is a member of the Odd Fellows, Masonic Country Club, Board of Commerce, Retail Credit Men's Association, Retail Merchants' Association, and the East Side Lions Club. Herman August Sperlich, president of the Sperlich & Uhlig Company, has developed one of the leading manufacturing enterprises of its kind in the United States, for in the plant of this concern has been developed and is being produced the electric ironing machine for home use that is marketed under the name Ironrite. He was born in Detroit, July 20, 1883, the son of William B. and Mary (Liebig) Sperlich, both of whom were born in Michigan, the former of whom is dead and the latter of whom is now living in the Liebig homestead at Romeo, Michigan. The grandparents came from Germany to Michigan in 1849 and were established in Macomb Coupty at what became the post office of Waldenburg, the community taking its name from the town of that name whence they came to this country. Left fatherless when he was but a boy, Herman August Sperlich was able to acquire a limited public school education, further studies being prevented by the necessity of his going to work to help support his mother and himself. Until he was sixteen years of age, he worked at odd jobs but at that time, he located in Detroit so that he might learn the trade of machinist in the shops of William Liebig & Company, the proprietor of which was his uncle. While serving his apprenticeship, no detail of the work was too small nor any too large to escape his thorough study, and thus it was that he became thoroughly familiar with every phase of foundry and machine work. In 1911, he organized the machine concern of Sperlich & Uhlig Company, which specialized in the design and building of special machinery. Possessed of a keen appreciation of the possibilities latent in the development of electrically driven machinery and household appliances of all kinds, Mr. Sperlich bent his energies and talent to the design of an electric ironing machine, which he perfected and is now producing under the trade name of the Ironrite. In the design of this machine, Mr. Sperlich has incorporated many progressive features that have found the device a ready sale, and the ironing machines are distributed throughout the United States. Despite the fact that he is virtually a pioneer in the manufacture of ironing machines for the home and is thus faced with the problem of educating the housewives to the advantages of using the machine, Mr. Sperlich has developed a constantly growing demand for his products and is thus recognized as one of the aggressive and resourceful industrial executives in Detroit. All parts, including castings, are made in the shops of the company, indicative of the extensive knowledge of Mr. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 309 Sperlich in his work. In 1916, he married Isabelle Mack, a native of Marquette, Michigan, and to this union has been born one daughter, Doris E. John E. Niesz, a member of the real estate firm of Thompson & Niesz, was born on a farm near Canton, Ohio, and obtained his education in the schools of that place. His first work was selling awnings and working in a small factory in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and it was perhaps fortunate that he associated himself with a small enterprise in this line, for he had an opportunity to learn every detail of the manufacture and sale of awnings. Coming to Detroit in 1909, he entered the employ of the John Johnson Tent Company and after a short time became associated with the larger tent and awning concern, that of J. C. Goss & Company. Applying himself to the work with all the eneregy and ability of which he was capable, he was steadily promoted in the business. and subsequently he was able to buy an interest in the National Tent & Awning Company of Detroit, of which he became vice president. In 1924 he joined with H. M. Lynch in the purchase of the John Johnson Company, becoming president of that organization, with Mr. Lynch as secretary and treasurer. The company was established in 1886 by John Johnson who was the owner and president until his death in 1917. As one of the long established concerns in Detroit the enterprise came to be a leader in its field and Mr. Niesz is recognized as one of the able executives in Detroit. A line of outboard motors was added to the tent and awning business of the company and has met with great success finding a ready sale throughout the middle yest. In February, 1927, Mr. Niesz sold his interests in the National Tent & Awning Company. but still retains an interest in the Johnson Tent & Awning Company although he has severed his connection as an executive of the concern. Since then his activities have been given to real estate business. In 1912 Mr. Niesz was united in marriage to Alma Steiner, of Orrville, Ohio, and he and his wife maintain their home in Rosedale Park, Redford, where they are members of the Presbyterian Church. Mr. Niesz is a Mason having attained the thirtysecond degree in the Scottish Rite and is a noble of the Mystic Shrine. He has ever taken a deep interest in the activities of the Boy Scouts of America and has served as scout master and was president of the Scout Master's Association. He prefers to take his recreation with the Boy Scouts, giving them instruction and guidance, than to any other form of diversion, such as golf or boating, and thus Mr. Niesz is favorably known in Detroit for his activities in the Boy Scout movement. Fred James McDonald, president and treasurer of the McDonald Coal & Brick Company, was a leader in the manufacture of bricks in Wayne County for forty-five vears, and he developed his company from a small concern to one of the large plants of its kind in this section of Michigan. He comes of a pioneer family of this county, for his grandfather, Richard McDonald, pre-empted land here in the early days. Richard McDonald was born in Scotland, 310 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and when he was but a boy, his parents brought him to the United States. Before the voyage was completed, his mother died, and the boy, though still retaining his name, was adopted into another family and by them reared to manhood. When he attained his majority, he came to Michigan, took up government land in Wayne County near what is now the junction of Warren and Livernois avenues. He cleared this land, built a home, and settled down to make his property one of the valuable farms in his section of the county. It was on this farm that his grandson, Fred James McDonald, was born and reared, and it was this same farm that formed the cornerstone for the present great business that bears the name of the McDonald Coal & Brick Company. Fred James McDonald attended the graded and Central high schools of Detroit, and after his graduation from the latter institution, he taught school at Springwells, Michigan, for two years. In 1882, he became associated with his father in the manufacture of drain tile and brick on the home farm, which was underlaid with a good quality of clay for that purpose. Though the enterprise was started in a small way, it steadily gained momentum, so that in 1908 it was organized as the McDonald Coal & Brick Company. Today, the company operates five yards, and that it has grown to such proportions is directly attributable to the energy, administrative ability, and technical knowledge of Mr. McDonald, who has ever employed the most progressive and substantial policy in the management of his affairs. He has held the office of president and treasurer for many years, while his son, Clifford J., is secretary. In 1889, Mr. McDonald married Martha D. Otis, who comes of an old Detroit family, and to this union were born four children: Myrtle; Grace, who is the wife of Dr. Carl E. Guthe and is the mother of four children: Carl Frederick, Alfred E., James and Margaret; Clifford J., who is associated in business with his father; and Irene, who is the wife of Bryant W. Donaldson, of Detroit. Mr. McDonald is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Riding & Hunt Club, Detroit Boat Club, Rotary Club, of which he is a director, Dearborn Country Club and the Masonic fraternity. In the last named order, Mr. McDonald retains membership in Union Lodge, King Cyrus Chapter of the Royal Arch Masons, Detroit Commandery No. 1 of the Knights Templar of which he is a past commander, and the Michigan Sovereign Consistory of Scottish Rite in which he has attained the Thirty-second Degree. He is also affiliated with Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Mr. McDonald was one of the organizers of the American State Bank of Dearborn, and as a director of that institution since that time, he has taken an active part in the affairs of that company. He is also a director of the American State Bank of Detroit. Harold Jefferson Marshall, of Detroit, is one of the prominent and successful realtors of this city, having been engaged in that work for the past seven years. He was born at Jackson, Michigan, March 2, 1884, the son of Elmer and Zelma (French) Marshall, and in the public schools, he obtained his early education. After DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 311 graduating from the Flint, Michigan, high school in 1903, he matriculated at the University of Michigan but gave up his college career after one year's study to enter the piano business in Detroit. For a short time, he was associated with the Farrand Piano Company which was later taken over by J. L. Hudson Company for whom he became salesman and later sales manager. For a period of twelve years he was so engaged with the Hudson organization, and on April 10, 1920, he engaged in the real estate business for himself. Catering to a high class clientele and dealing in residence and improved properties, he has developed a large business and is himself a holder of considerable Detroit property. In many ways, he has contributed substantially to the development and progress of several sections of the city, and his operations in this connection have been signally successful. He is a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board and of the National Association of Real Estate Boards. He is executive secretary of the Northern Brokers' Association and is an active and valued member of the Brokers' Division of the Detroit Real Estate Board. On December 14, 1909, he married Lillian Tait, a native of London, England, and they have one son, Furman Walbridge, who is a student at the Manlius Military school at Manlius, New York, where be is making a brilliant record in scholarship. In Masonry, Mr. Marshall is a member of the Highland Park Lodge and Chapter, the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple and he is also a member of the Detroit Automobile Club, and the Union League Club. A communicant of St. Joseph's Episcopal Church, he has been president and secretary of the Men's Club of that organization and is now a member of the executive committee. Carl Reginald Hammer, vice president and treasurer of the McCord Radiator Mfg. Co., is known as one of the successful industrial executives of Detroit, where he has been associated with the McCord organization since 1920. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, December 29, 1880, the son of G. A. and Magdalena (Busch) Hammer, the former of whom settled on the West Shore of Michigan with his father, Gustave Hammer, in the early Sixties and engaged in shipbuilding and later furniture making at Grand Rapids, Michigan. G. A. Hammer is now living retired at Chicago, Illinois. Carl R. Hammer obtained his early education in the public schools of Chicago and Rockford, Illinois, and as assistant registrar at Armour Institute, Chicago, over a period of five years, he acquired his higher education in accountancy and was with the Public Accountant Audit Company of New York five years. He then secured a position with the Haskell & Barker Car Company, of Michigan City, Indiana, as comptroller, continuing in this work some six years. When the World War broke out, Mr. Hammer was called upon to do special work by the Chicago banks in public accounting and industrial engineering. He then became associated with the McCord Radiator Mfg. Company, of Chicago as comptroller, and through his ability and energy, advanced rapidly in that organization. In 1921, he was sent to the Detroit office of that 312 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY company and within a short time became vice-president and treasurer, positions which he now holds. His work with this concern stamps Mr. Hammer as one of the able industrial executives of Detroit, and as such he is accorded wide recognition in manufacturing circles. Mr. Hammer first married Lucia Shelley, of Battle Creek, Michigan, and she died in 1903 leaving one son, Carl Shelley. For his second wife, Mr. Hammer married Marion Austin, of Chicago, and to this union have been born five children, Jane, Suzanne, Helen, James, and William. Mr. Hammer is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Boat Club, Town & Country Club, the Detroit Board of Commerce, the United States Chamber of Commerce and Society of Automotive Engineers. He is also a member of Standard Lodge No. 873, F. & A. M. of Chicago. John Gilbert Gardner, president and manager of the well known furniture establishment of the Gardner-White Company, was born in Fairgrove Township, Tuscola County, Michigan, June 4, 1868, the house where he was born still standing as a landmark of that county. His parents, George and Rhoda (Shaver) Gardner, took him to Florida when that country was first being exploited as a place of opportunity in 1882, but owing to the prevalence of yellow fever in that State, John Gilbert Gardner was sent back to Michigan to live with an uncle at Watrousville, Michigan., Thus, he received the greater part of his education in this State, and when he was twenty-one years of age, he came to Detroit, where he worked at the trade of carpenter for a time, he was then employed in the organ factory of Farrand & Gotey. In 1893, after two or three years spent in building organs, he entered the employ of the Pullman Car shops, then located on Monroe avenue. In the following year, he first became identified with the furniture business, working in the hardware and furniture establishment of C. E. Trombley for a period of five years. He was then associated with Weil & Company, and Summerfield & Hecht, and in 1908, he and E. C. White bought out the furniture store of C. E. Trombley, a small concern located at the corner of Chene and Monroe streets, where the partners continued to operate five years under the firm style of the GardnerWhite Company. Under their careful and experienced management, the business prospered, and in 1913, the company occupied its present location at 6309-21 Mack avenue, the store having been erected to accommodate their establishment. The store is one of the largest furniture houses outside of the downtown district, and this, together with the branch at No. 4849 Grand River avenue and the associate store at West Fort Street and Junction Avenue, stands as one of the largest and most successful furniture companies of the city. A complete line of furniture, stoves, carpets, rugs, linoleums, and similar articles are carried in stock at all times, and the buying public has come to appreciate the integrity and fair dealing of the management. The company retains membership in the National Furniture Dealers Association. Mr. Gardner was a director of the Mack Avenue Business Men's Club, of which he was president two years, and has been very active in promoting the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 313 development of the Mack Avenue section of the city. He is a member of the East Detroit Lions Club of which he has served as director. In 1893, he married Marie Beaubien, a daughter of Cleophus Beaubien, a descendant of one of the early French families of Detroit, and to this union have been born six children, as follows: Marie, who married Otto Bogt, of Detroit; Mrs. C. M. Schuler; Gilbert Joseph; Cleophus; John Gilbert, Jr.; and Marian. The Gardner family attends St. Catherine's Roman Catholic Church and takes an active concern in the affairs of that organization. Arthur Orton Moran is one of the well known funeral directors and morticians of Detroit, where he has been established for nearly thirty years. A native of Belleville, Ontario, Canada, he was born July 28, 1877, the son of Orton and Helena (Bonistell) Moran, the former of whom is dead and the latter of whom is now living at Frankfort, Ontario, at the age of eighty-six years. The elementary and high schools of Ontario afforded Arthur O. Moran his early education, and after attending Albert College in that province, he taught school four years. Coming to Detroit in 1899, Mr. Moran set himself up in the undertaking business, and the succeeding years have witnessed his rise to a commanding position in that field. For the past twenty-six years, he has been located on West Jefferson Avenue, where he maintains a mortuary that is unexcelled in point of beauty and equipment by any in the city. It may be said with all truth that no funeral director in Detroit has gained a more enviable reputation than Mr. Moran, and he is thus regarded as one of the most successful men in the undertaking business in this city. In 1905, he married Mabel Wideman, and to this union have been born four children, Adis Orton, Bretta Virginia, Jacqueline, and Arthur Orton, Jr. Mr. Moran maintains membership in the Detroit Yacht Club and the Birch Hill Country Club, and in the Masonic fraternity, he is a member of the various bodies of that organization, Independent Order of Odd Fellows and all its branches, Knights of Pythias. Ross L. Holloway, president of the Ancient Order of Gleaners, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, January 19, 1866, the son of John and Hannah (Ryerson) Holloway, the family having been established in this country during the early colonial period, the first of the name coming here from England. In 1868, the family located at Portland, Ionia County, Michigan, and it was in the schools of that place that Ross L. Holloway acquired his education and in the Michigan State Normal College, whence he graduated in 1892. He was then engaged in educational work for a number of years, serving as Superintendent of the Caro schools eight years and in a similar capacity at St. Clair, Michigan, for a short time. Following his work as superintendent of the Caro schools, Mr. Holloway was editor of the Caro Courier for eight years, making the newspaper one of the influential and substantial sheets in that section of the county. In 1908, he became associated with the Ancient Order of Gleaners, one of the largest and most influential fraternal organizations in the country. He rose steadily in the ranks of this 314 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY organization until he was made supreme secretary in 1920, and when Grant H. Slocum, founder and president of the Gleaners, died August 14, 1924, Mr. Holloway was elected president to succeed him. He has since retained that office, and his administration of the affairs of the Gleaners and his association with other organizations of the same nature has caused him to be recognized as one of the leading fraternal insurance men in the United States. In 1892, Mr. Holloway married Sarah Anderson, who was born in Canada and reared in Rochester, New York, and to this union has been born one daughter, Doris, who is a graduate of the University of Illinois. Mr. Holloway is a member of the Citizens League, the Woodward Avenue Improvement association, the Pine Lake Country Club, and is a communicant of the First Presbyterian Church, of which he has been an officer a number of years and where he takes an active part in the work among the young people of that body. Rt. Rev. Michael J. Gallagher, Bishop of the Detroit Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church, has worn the miter since 1915, and during the thirty-four years he has been connected with diocesan affairs, he has proved to be a vigorous exponent of his creed who nevertheless has worked hand in hand with those of other denominations in non-sectarion movements for the benefit of the city and state in which he resides. Born at Auburn, near Bay City, Michigan, in 1866, he is a descendant of a family that distinguished itself in the Civil War, for among the most valued possessions of Bishop Gallagher is a commission as first lieutenant granted by Governor Richard Yates in 1861 to Lieutenant Michael Gallagher of the Irish Dragoons, of Chicago, the lieutenant being the uncle of Bishop Gallagher. He obtained his early education in the schools of Bay City, after which he taught four years in the Catholic parochial schools. His theological and philosophical studies were pursued abroad, for he was a student at Mongreth College, Ireland, and the Canisianum, at Innsbruck in the Tyrol. Following the completion of his studies he was ordained in Austria on March 19, 1893, and then returned to the United States in 1894. For a few months thereafter, he was assigned to the charge of two small parishes in WVestern Michigan. His conduct of these pastorates brought him the appointment of secretary to the late Bishop Richter, of Grand Rapids. Subsequently, he became chancellor of the diocese, then vicargeneral, and finally in 1915, he was consecrated bishop-coadjutor with the right of succession. In 1916, upon the death of Bishop Richter he succeeded to the Diocese of Grand Rapids. In 1918 he was transferred to the See of Detroit, a few months after the death of Bishop Foley. Withal he is insistent upon a strict observance of the church rites within his diocese by the Roman Catholics, he is possessed of a broad-minded energetic and Democratic temperment that has made him a decided factor in the social welfare of Michigan where he has spent his entire career as a servant of the church, and he has ever been willing and anxious to co-operate with those of other denominations in movements that predict mutual DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 315 benefit and advancement for those of all creeds and all races. Entirely consistent with his character has been his staunch espousal of the cause of Irish freedom, and his work in this connection has won him the respect and regard of Irish-Americans and the Irish alike, so that his election to the presidency of the Friends of Irish Freedom in 1920 was an appropriate gesture in recognition of the effort and time he has expended to the worthy end of freedom for the Irish. Unquestionably, Bishop Gallagher, in his tireless efforts to entrench his faith more firmly in the hearts of the people, has left an indelible impress upon the history of the diocese, so that it is with certainty that his biographer may acclaim him one of the able and leading bishops in the Roman Catholic hierarchy in the United States. When Rt. Rev. Michael J. Gallagher, D.D., came to Detroit nine years ago as head of the Diocese, the city was really just beginning to grow into a metropolis. The Bishop's House was an old ramshackle building, once the pride of Washington Boulevard, but long since crumbling to decay. The Catholic Church owned, for the most part, only such property as served its immediate use as sites for churches, convents and schools. Grasping the development of the future, the Rt. Rev. Bishop began to lay his plans accordingly. Sites were selected for future churches and schools in remote districts, where land values had not yet begun to rise, and where the people had not yet begun to build their homes. These sites were held until Detroit grew up to them, and the churches and schools came quickly, in the wake of the settlers of the outlying territories. In some cases, almost before the church buildings were completed, the subdivisions were sold out, every available lot was taken as a site for a home, and additions were planned, often before the roof was on the new structure. Such, in brief, is the story of "Dynamic Detroit." The first great project inaugurated by Bishop Gallagher upon his succession to the See of Detroit, was the magnificent Sacred Heart Seminary, of English Collegiate Gothic, now housing five hundred students and twenty-three professors, giving the full classical course and the two years of philosophy. Were nothing else accomplished by the Bishop, here would be sufficient testimonial of his zeal and care. More than nine million dollars were pledged by the people of the Diocese of Detroit for this Preparatory Seminary, and from this vast sum has been created an endowment fund, carefully invested in government bonds to yield an income sufficient for the needs of the Seminary for all time. So that the people of Detroit, having pledged the money for the work, are not to be asked for additional aid, with which to maintain this splendid institution. Scarcely had the Seminary campaign ended, when Bishop Gallagher planned the erection of the present Chancery Building, situated on Washington Boulevard, in the heart of the financial and business district of Detroit, and housing the offices of all the diocesan activities and organizations. In addition to a modern Chancery office, it provides a rectory on the eighth floor for the pastor of St. Aloysius Church, the down 316 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY town church of the city. The Chancery building, designed in a modern version of the French Romanesque style of architecture, compares favorably with the more pretentious office buildings of the city, and serves also to keep the church in the heart of the city. It stands on the site of the former rectory of St. Aloysius Church, a tiny, weather-beaten structure that dated almost back to the days of Cadillac. A full description of this unique Chancery building will be found in "The American Architect" of December 20, 1926. The third undertaking was the erection of a suitable home for the Bishop, not only the present Bishop, but for his successors of the future. Land values on Washington Boulevard, the site of the old house, had risen in value until it was possible to sell the land for a sum of money large enough to purchase a site for the new home, in the most exclusive and highly restricted residential section of the city, and to complete the magnificent residence which now serves as the Bishop's home. Here again, looking far into the future, meant thousands of dollars saved for the Diocese. When Bishop Gallagher purchased the plot of ground commanding a beautiful corner in Palmer Woods, as a site for his home, lots were selling in the neighborhood of two and three thousand dollars. Long before the Bishop's House was erected, the same lots sold for ten and fifteen thousand dollars, and the subdivision is now practically entirely built up, land values steadily advancing. The Bishop's House is built for the future, and follows the English Tudor Gothic architecture, with interior decorations of Elizabethan style, built to withstand the ravages of time and to serve its original purpose well down the centuries. To enumerate the new buildings erected under the regime of Bishop Gallagher would tax the space of this publication. Suffice it to say that there were scores of beautiful new churches, schools, convents and rectories erected, sixty-eight new parishes have been established and one hundred and sixtyeight priests have been ordained for the diocese, since it came under the management of Bishop Gallagher. Mercywood, a Sanitorium outside of Ann Arbor, a well equipped hospital at Lansing, the state capitol, another at Jackson, at Mt. Clemens, at Flint, at Hamtramck, at Pontiac, and at Battle Creek have been established, the latter of unusual note because of the fact that the building is the gift of a non-Catholic friend of the Church. The cloistered Carmelites, as well as those caring for the aged and infirm, were brought to Detroit by Bishop Gallagher, and the Sisters of St. Joseph were invited to establish a hospital in the city, now flourishing as one of the finest of the city's hospitals, located on the main thoroughfare, East Grand Boulevard. Additions have been made to the older hospitals, a splendid Nurses' Home and an Infants' Home recently added to Providence Hospital, the million dollar gifts of generous Catholics. De La Salle Collegiate, in charge of the Christian Brothers, a splendid type of building, has been erected in the city, devoted exclusively to the classical education of boys. What is known as the "College Center" of Detroit, in the northwestern part of the city, houses the new and greater University of Detroit, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 317 the property of the Jesuit Fathers, where structures valued at twelve million dollars are under construction, and close by, stand the buildings of Marygrove College, devoted to the higher education of young ladies, under the Sisters-Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, of Monroe, Michigan. The Little Sisters of the Poor, the House of the Good Shepherd and the Felician Sisters have expanded to such an extent in recent years, that all of these communities are planning new homes, the sites are already selected and the buildings are to be in keeping with the growth of the diocese. Every human need is anticipated by the church. Homes for the infants and the orphans, for the aged and infirm, sanitariums for the care of the mind-weary, for the sick, for the unfortunate, the destitute, the forsaken-all are carefully provided for in the plans of the upbuilding of the Diocese of Detroit, also a home for working girls is now nearing completion, the newest of the activities of the diocese, under the direction of the League of Catholic Women, a million-dollar undertaking. The next great step forward will be the building of the new Cathedral, on a site in the northwestern part of the city. The Cathedral will be of the Early French Gothic type of architecture, one of the largest and finest churches in all the world and its completion will mark an epoch in the history of the diocese. Where there is such material progress, it goes without saying that there is also spiritual progress, and the Diocese of Detroit takes second place in no spiritual endeavor. Chiefly through the untiring efforts of the Church, the wheels of industry are stilled in Detroit during the "Tre Ore" on Good Friday. Practically every public building is closed, every office, every theatre-while the people, regardless of creed, journey to the various places of worship to do honor to the dying King. In every parish of the entire diocese, there is a branch of the Holy Name Society and hundreds of thousands of men and boys receive Holy Communion monthly, a most edifying sight in the smallest hamlet as well as in the great city of Detroit. Bishop Gallagher is given just credit for the masterly manner in which he successfully conducted the two great campaigns of 1920 and 1924, to save the parochial schools of Michigan, and he was vindicated later in the stand he maintained during those hectic times, when this Commonwealth became the battlefield of America, by the unanimous decision of the United States Supreme Court in 1925. All of the various activities of the diocese, of course, are shared by the Rt. Rev. Joseph C. Plagens, D.D., Auxiliary Bishop, appointed three years ago, to assist Bishop Gallagher in the strenuous work. Letting down the nets into the untrammeled depths, the faith that Bishop Gallagher had in the future of Detroit, has been well repaid, speaking both from a material and from a spiritual standpoint, and those who are the best judges of its future, believe that the Diocese of Detroit is just beginning to grow, just getting ready to take its place in the sun. The last census credited Detroit with over six hundred thousand Catholics, and the next census will undoubtedly show a considerable increase, commensurate with the growth of the city. 318 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Benjamin Norton Cutting, president of the Wolverine Trailer Corporation, is a pioneer in the manufacture of trailer equipment for commercial motor transportation, and in the eight years he has been associated with his present company, he has developed the concern into one of the leading enterprises of its kind in the world. He was born at Lapeer, Michigan, November 8, 1872, the son of Francis R. and Martha A. (Davis) Cutting, the former of whom is dead and the latter of whom is still living at the family homestead at Lapeer. Francis R. Cutting, the father, came from New York State about 1854 and engaged in farming and mercantile pursuits at Lapeer. He acquired several large farms and was also the proprietor of a prosperous lumber concern, being recognized as one of the prominent and influential men of that county. After acquiring his early education in the common and high schools of Lapeer, Benjamin N. Cutting engaged in the lumber business in the company which had been established by his father, but in 1902, he came to Detroit and here engaged in cigar manufacturing and real estate business until 1913. Appreciating the fact that in the manufacture of trailers for automotive equipment lay a rich field for development, Mr. Cutting organized the Lapeer Trailer Company in 1913, thus becoming a pioneer in the manufacture of such products. From its inception, the enterprise was an unqualified success, but as the field unfolded, he realized that another corporation must be organized more capable of meeting the growing demands of the trade than was the Lapeer Trailer Corporation. Accordingly, in 1919, Mr. Cutting established the Wolverine Trailer Corporation, of which he has since been president and general manager. With his knowledge of business affairs and aggressive policies, the company enjoyed a rapid and substantial growth, with the result that the products of the concern are distributed throughout those parts of the world wherever motor cars and trucks are used. Unique and valuable features found only in Wolverine trailers are patented, and a corps of engineers is maintained to develop new trailer types for any need that may be required of the company. As the organizer of the Wolverine Trailer Corporation and as its president and general manager since that time, Mr. Cutting is accorded a high place among Detroit manufacturers, for his vision and executive ability undoubtedly merit the high commendation Mr. Cutting has universally received. In 1907, Mr. Cutting married Carmen Maas, a native of Michigan, and they have two children, Albert John and William Mass. Mr. Cutting is an active member of the Michigan Manufacturers Association, and he is a member of the Detroit Boat Club and the Detroit Golf Club. Harry A. Eberts, president of Eberts Brothers, Incorporated, dealers in coal and building supplies, has been engaged in that business for more than three decades and has been president of the concern since it was incorporated in 1910. Through his long experience in this business Mr. Eberts has become thoroughly conversant with the various phases of the work, adaptable to the changing conditions of the commercial world and is an executive DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY '319 of the highest ability. He was born in Wyandotte, Michigan, August 27, 1877, his father, John Eberts, having been born in Detroit on the site of the present court house and his mother having been a native of Texas Landing, Ontario, Canada. Harry A. Eberts was educated in the public schools of Wyandotte graduating from high school in 1895. He then engaged in the coal and building supply business, at the corner of Van Alstyne and Mulberry Street, and the present yards were purchased in 1913. The yards of Eberts Brothers Company are the largest in this part of the country and since Harry A. Eberts was the founder of the business and its president he is given much honor and credit for his business ability that has been responsible in large measure for the present prominence of the company. Following the trend of the times he is also interested in real estate, his particular interest being in a subdivision in Riverview. Hs connections in the real estate business have demonstrated his shrewdness in commercial affairs in a somewhat different light yet none the less conclusive than his coal business. He is also a director of the Peoples State Bank, president of the National Magnesite Stucco Company, and chairman of the executive committee of the Retail Coal Dealers Association. Mr. Eberts is a member of the committee that drafted the charter whereby Wyandotte first came under the commission form of city government. In March. 1900, he married Miss Catherine Roehrig, daughter of Joseph and Margaret (Caspers) Roehrig, of Wyandotte, and to them have been born two children, John Russell, and Frederick Alwyn. Mr. Eberts is a member of the Blue Lodge at Wyandotte and the Consistory and the Shrine at Detroit. He is also a member of the Odd Fellows, Chamber of Commerce, Detroit Yacht Club, Detroit Automobile Club, Michigan Alkali Club. Arthur E. Baisley, postmaster at Wyandotte, Michigan, was born in that city, November 8, 1874, the son of Everette N. and Elizabeth (Case) Baisley, both of whom settled in Wyandotte in the early days. He acquired his education in the elementary and high school of Wyandotte, and then entered the employ of the J. H. Bishop Company, fur manufacturer of Wyandotte, an organization with which he continued for fourteen years. He spent the ensuing four years in the office of the county clerk at Detroit, after which he was employed in the office of the county treasurer for two years. At that time, he was appointed to the position of supervisor of attendance in office of county school commissioner, and during the twelve years he filled that office, he made a record that is a conspicuous one in the history of the county schools. He was a strong proponent of the latest developments in educational methods and equipment and worked unceasingly toward the betterment of the school conditions. In August, 1923, he was appointed acting postmaster of Wyandotte and became postmaster of that office on January 3, 1924. This position he has since retained, and during the rapid growth of the city since that time, he has extended the work of his departmental service to handle adequately the increased postal service required. On July 31, 1900, 320 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY he married Annabell Denman, of Wyandotte, and they have two sons, Case D., who is married and resides at Wyandotte, and George A., who is attending the Wyandotte high school. Mr. Baisley is a member of the Wyandotte Lodge No. 170, the Wyandotte Chapter of the Royal Arch Masons, Eastern Star, Odd Fellows, Junior Order of Mechanics, Kiwanis Club, Michigan Alkali Club, Elliott Island Hunting Club, American Legion Boat Club, and the Board of Commerce, of which he is a director. He is senior warden of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church, in the affairs of which he is deeply interested. George A. Smith, superintendent of schools at Plymouth, Michigan, was born at Morenci, Michigan, May 18, 1884, the son of William and Alice (Hawkins) Smith. His parents died when he was a boy and all that he has acquired in the way of an education and material advantages, he has gained entirely through his own efforts. In 1903 he graduated from the Hanover high school, after which he taught school at Pulaski, Michigan, then attended the State Normal College for a year, and taught in the Albion high school for two years. At that time he studied at the State Normal College for another year and received a life certificate for teaching at the end of that time, the year 1911. Thereafter, until 1914 he was superintendent of schools at Stockridge, Michigan, and spent the next four years as superintendent of the Manchester, Michigan, schools. His record in these two superintendencies brought the offer of a similar position at Plymouth, Michigan, and in 1918 he took up the duties of that office, where he has since remained. The period subsequent to his taking office has been one of increased development and benefit for the Plymouth schools, for he has brought them to a new plane of efficiency during his encumbency. Mr. Smith is a constant student of the trend in educational matters. and during the time he has been in Plymouth he has studied to perfect his knowledge of educational matters. He received the degree of bachelor of arts from the State Normal College in 1919 and master of arts from the University of Michigan in 1924. He is now spending his summer months at the University of Michigan studying law. In December, 1914, Mr. Smith married Miss Clella R. Stowe, of Fowlerville, Michigan, daughter of Clarence and Clara Stowe. During the administration of Governor Sleeper, Mr. Smith was a member of the board of control of the state school at Coldwater, Michigan. Governor Green appointed him a member of the Institute Commission of which he is now secretary. Mr. Smith is a member of the National Educational Association and the superintendents branch of that organization. the Michigan Educational Association, Michigan Schoolmaster's Club, Phi Delta Kappa fraternity, Rotary Club, Chamber of Commerce, and Northland Country Club. In Masonry he is a member of the Blue Lodge and Eastern Star at Plymouth, the Chapter & Commandlerv of Northville, and Council at Manchester, and the Shrine at Detroit. George B. Turnbull, vice-president of the Great Lakes Engineering Works, River Rouge, Michigan, is one of the successful in DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 321 dustrial executives of the city and county and has risen to his present commanding position with the company through two decades of hard work. Born at Detroit, Michigan, November 24, 1887, the son of George Grant aind Robina Wilson (Baillie) Turnbull, he acquired his education in the Detroit public schools and with private tutors at nights. The first six months of his career were spent in various capacities, and he then entered the employ of the Dry Dock Engine Works, after which he became associated with the Detroit Ship Building Company. He remained with that concern until it became a subsidiary organization of the American Ship Building Company in 1905, at which time he came to the Great Lakes Engineering Works as draftsman. His ability and close application won him steady advancement through the positions of chief draftsman and chief engineer until on September 1, 1920, he was elected vice-president of the company, a position that he has since retained. He has come to be recognized as one of the influential men in manufacturing circles in this section of the state and has contributed materially to the advancement of growth of the company with which he is associated. On August 9, 1916, Mr. Turnbull married Gladys Marian Mackey, the daughter of Charles J. and Ida (Braden) Mackey, of Detroit, and they have one daughter, Emily Jane. Mr. Turnbull is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Detroit Club, and the Detroit Masonic Country Club, and in Masonry, he is a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commandery, and Moslem Temple of the Shrine. John A. Ubsdell, president of the Great Lakes Engineering Works, River Rouge, Michigan, is one of the leading naval architects and marine engineers of this section of the country, and largely through his efforts has the company attained its present eminence in the shipbuilding field in Wayne County and in that industry in the country. Born at New York City, November 3, 1866, the son of John A. and Genevieve Ann (Eads) Ubsdell, he was educated in England until he was fifteen years of age. He later studied three years at the United States Naval academy and graduated from the Rensselaer Polytechnic, of Troy, New York, with the degree of civil engineer. From 1890 to 1902, he was in the employ of the Chicago Ship Building Company, winning a reputation in that work that brought him the offer to take charge of the ship building department of the Great Lakes Engineering Works in the latter year. Prior to that time, the company operated a machine shop and foundry, and it was given to Mr. Ubsdell to institute and develop the ship building department established in 1902. The remarkable success he enjoyed in this venture won him the promotion to general superintendent. When the company was reorganized in 1920, Mr. Ubsdell was elected president, and he has since retained that position. No small part of the present condition and commanding place in the industry is attributable to his efforts. His ability as an organizer and his unsurpassed technical knowledge make him an outstanding figure in his particular field of engineering. Dur 322 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ing the Spanish-American \Var, he served in the United States Navy with the commission of lieutenant. In July, 1902, he married Myrtle Caroline Havers, of Canada, and they have two children, Constance M. and Genevieve H. Mr. Ubsdell is a member of the British Institute of Naval Architects, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, Naval and Military Order of the Spanish-American War, Delta Phi fraternity, Detroit Club, University Club of New York, and the Chicago Athletic Club. Hugo Scherer. In the development of any city, a number of men are conspicuous for the foresight and progressive policies that they exercised in their business affairs, and of those who were outstanding figures in the growth and development of Detroit, the late Hugo Scherer was a prominent and influential figure. A native of this city which was the scene of his notable achievements in the business world, he was born October 9, 1859, the son of John C. Scherer, who was at one time the proprietor of a drug store located near the county building, and obtained his early education in the schools of this place. After study in an European university covering a period of six years, Hugo Scherer returned to Detroit to take over the business that had been established by his father in 1851 for the manufacture of carriage materials. Thenceforward, the concern was operated under the name of the H. Scherer Company, and as it became apparent to him that the automobile would supplant the horse-drawn vehicles, Mr. Scherer gradually changed the field of the company to include the manufacture of motor vehicle materials. Early in his business career, he determined to enter the real estate field, buying and developing properties that are reckoned among the most valuable in Detroit today. Included in his estate are the Empire, Fine Arts, Adams Theatre, Scherer, BroadwayCentral, and Plaza Hotel buildings, and about seventy-five other business and residential buildings. He controlled some twenty subdivisions, and it is believed that he controlled more real estate than any one man in the State of Michigan. He was president of the Hugo Scherer Land Company, H. Scherer & Company, Detroit Forging Company, and the St. Clair-Athol Rubber Company and was a director for twenty-five years of the Peoples State Bank. Prominent as he was in business affairs, he ever found time for reading and study, and he could read and speak fluently the French, Italian, German, and Spanish languages. In 1888, he married Clara Schmidt, and to this union were born two daughters, who married Seabourn R. Livingstone and Harley G. Higbie, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this volume. His sons-in-law were associated with him in the brokerage firm of Livingstone, Higbie & Company. Until the time of his death, which occurred November 6, 1923, Mr. Scherer was an active member of the Detroit Club, Country Club of Detroit, Detroit Athletic Club, Lochmoor Country Club, and the Harmonie Club. Arthur Douglas Sutherland, president of the Grier-Sutherland Company, manufacturers of storage batteries and distributors of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 323 automobile and radio equipment, was born in Detroit, July 24, 1897, the son of Charles W. and Mabel (Derby) Sutherland. The grandfather of Arthur D., who was Charles W. Sutherland, came to Detroit in the early Seventies, and his son, Charles W., the father of Arthur D., was born in this city, engaged in railroad work, and is now associated with his son in business. Nathan F. Derby, the maternal grandfather of Arthur D. Sutherland, was a pioneer settler of Niles, Michigan. When he was sixteen years old, he and his father joined the "Argonauts," the band of Michigan people that went to California during the gold rush of 1849, and returned two years later by way of Nicaragua and New York with gold dust worth $3,000 that he and his father had accumulated prior to his father's death in San Francisco. He is still living. Arthur Douglas Sutherland received an elementary and high school education in Detroit, after which he engaged in the real estate business five years. When the United States declared war on Germany in the spring of 1917, he entered the service as a private, subsequently winning the commission of second lieutenant in the Quartermaster Corps. He was then assigned to duty at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana, where he remained until receiving his discharge after the signing of the armistice. Returning to Detroit at that time, he resumed real estate work, but appreciating the possibilities to be found in the automobile accessory and battery manufacturing business, he gave up the work at the end of a year to organize the Grier-Sutherland Company, of which he has since been president. Manufacturing Power storage batteries and distributing electrical, automobile, and radio supplies in wholesale quantities, the enterprise has enjoyed a rapid and substantial growth, and it is expected that within a short time, a new factory will be erected to supply the steadily growing demand for the products of the company. As the organizer and chief executive of the concern, Mr. Sutherland is recognized as one of the able and aggressive business men of Detroit, for he has been principally responsible for the development of the Grier-Sutherland Company to its present large proportions. In 1925, Mr. Sutherland was united in marriage to Florence Gerlock, who was born in Cleveland, Ohio, but was reared to womanhood in Detroit. Mr. Sutherland is a leading member of the Automobile Equipment Association, the National Battery Manufacturing Association, the Radio Trade Association, and the National Credit Men's Association, and he is also affiliated with the Detroit Yacht Club, Detroit Tennis Club, Union League Club, Masonic Country Club, and the Lions Club. Active in Masonry, he is a member of Palestine Lodge, Michigan Soverign Consistory, and the Mystic Shrine, and he is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Dudley W. Abbott. Success in any field of endeavor, in any line of business, is not the result of a happy find or some master stroke in high finance, but rather the application of capable and consistent effort, directed toward overcoming definite hindrances and controlling objective agencies in such a way as to achieve 324 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the desired ends. Which is but another way of saying there is no royal road to success, but that he who attains must have a genius for hard work, along with ability, courage, and persistence. The subject of our sketch, Dudley W. Abbott, of the Abbott & Beymer Land Company, possesses all of these qualifications, and has gained for himself the unmeasured confidence and esteem of the community in which he lives, and which has seen the activities of some of his ancestors for over one hundred years. Dudley W. Abbott was born in Detroit on April 26, 1878, to William Woodbridge and Hattie E. Abbott. He is the great grandson of Governor William Woodbridge, through his daughter Lucy M. Woodbridge. The illustrious Governor Woodbridge was one of the first settlers in this state, having come overland from New York State when Michigan was a part of the Northwest Territory. He was four times Territorial governor by appointment and was the second governor of Michigan by popular choice, his inauguration occurring on January 7, 1840. Mr. Abbott's paternal grandfather was also an early settler of Michigan from New York State, and both the Woodbridge and Abbott families trace their ancestors in this country to a period prior to the Revolutionary War. Mr. Abbott's father was associated with the drug business in Detroit for a number of years being a member of the firm of Abbott & Mathews, their store having been located where the Union Trust Company now stands. Dudley W. Abbott received his early education in the public schools of Detroit and later graduated from the Detroit Church Academy. He began his business career with George W. Willard of the Butterick Publishing Company. For a part of a year he was clerk for T. B. Rayl Company and then served as clerk for the American Blower Company. In 1900, Mr. Abbott but little past his majority went into the building business on his own account. After two years in this capacity he joined the forces of Bessinger & Moore, real estate dealers and worked as inside and outside salesman. His business development during this service, which lasted for five years, was very marked indeed, and he was not afraid to measure words with the best salesman in the real estate arena. In 1908 Mr. Abbott formed a partnership with Mr. Beymer, the style of the firm being Abbott & Beymer, with offices in the Detroit Savings Bank Building. In 1910 Mr. Abbott brought about the organization of the Tait Realty Company, that name later being changed to that of the Abbott and Beymer Land Company and with both companies he has been secretary and treasurer. The company has come to be recognized as one of the foremost of its kind both in Detroit and Buffalo, New York, for it has opened and developed many of the important subdivisions in the vicinity of both cities. So extensive have the operations of the company become that offices have also been maintained in Buffalo since 1916. Mr. Abbott is known to Detroit and Buffalo men as an executive possessed of vision and energy and the conduct of his affairs shows him to be a progressive business man of the highest DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 325 attainments. Mr. Abbott married Amanda K. McEvoy, and they have become the parents of three children: Mary Leona, born October 11, 1909: William Woodbridge, born July 22, 1912; and Edwin Anthony, born November 1, 1915. Mr. Abbott is a member of the National Association of Real Estate Boards, the Detroit Real Estate Board, and the Board of Commerce, and in the affairs of these organizations he is deeply interested. He attends the Roman Catholic Church and is Republican in his political views. Guy Kennedy, prominent engineer of Detroit, has developed a clientele in Detroit and this section of the State that stamps him as one of the able men engaged in his field here. A native of Grand Haven, Michigan, he was born April 3, 1887. James Kennedy, his father, was born in Canada and came to Michigan prior to the Civil War, engaging in the lumber business for many years and then in Government work until he retired. He now lives at Detroit while his wife, Mattie (Niles) Kennedy, who was born in Michigan, died at Grand Haven in 1896. Four children were born to this couple, George, who resides at Detroit, Michigan; William Oliver, of Detroit; Ethel, the wife of Henry Luss, of Detroit and Guy. The last named acquired his early education in the elementary and high schools of Grand Haven, after which he entered the employ of the Canadian Bridge Company. He terminated his connection with that concern to become associated with George Jerome, a well known engineer of Detroit, and under the careful instruction of Mr. Jerome, perfected his knowledge of the profession in which he was engaged. After eight years so spent, Mr. Kennedy secured a license in 1913 as surveyor and engineer, and since that year, he has been successfully engaged in that work for himself. He has laid out and supervised the construction of roads, pavements, sewers, and conduits and has figured prominently in the surveying of subdivisions, the laying out of sewer systems and water systems. His services have been sought frequently in large architectural and building projects, and it is doubtful whether any man in Detroit is more favorably known in the engineering field than is Mr. Kennedy. On June 25, 1911, Mr. Kennedy married Louise Margaret Sorenson, the daughter of Soren Sorenson, of Detroit, and they have two clildren, Robert James and Donald, who were born in 1915 and 1920, respectively. Mr. Kennedy is a member of the various Masonic bodies and of the Masonic Country Club, and in his political views, he is a Republican. Robert M. Brownson, a prominent Detroit attorney, was born at Washington, Pennsylvania, November 21,, 1865, his family having been a prominent one in the western part of Pennsylvania. Rev. James Irwin Brownson, D.D., was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church at Washington, Pennsylvania, during a period of fifty years and was a prominent figure in the church affairs in the State. He died July 4, 1899, and his wife, Eleanor (Acheson) Brownson, who came of a pioneer family of Washington, Pennsylvania, is also dead. Her brother, Marcus Acheson, was judge of 326 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the Third Circuit, United States Court of Appeals, for a period of years. Robert W. Brownson was the youngest of a family of nine children, the living being as follows: Judge James I. Brownson, of Pennsylvania; Rev. Marcus A. Brownson, pastor of the Tenth Presbyterian Church, of Philadelphia; and Robert M., whose name heads this review. In the public schools of his native city, Robert M. Brownson received his elementary and preparatory education, after which he attended Washington and Jefferson University. from which he received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1886. He engaged in mercantile affairs at Washington, Pennsylvania, for several years, but his interest in the legal profession induced him to take up the study of law in the offices of his brother, James I. He came to Detroit, completed his law studies at the Detroit College of Law in 1902, and entered upon the active practice of his profession as soon as he was admitted to the bar in that year. The subsequent period of nearly a quarter of a century has witnessed the rise of Mr. Brownson to a place among the leaders in his profession in Detroit, for he has developed a large and lucrative practice that has grown steadily throughout the years. On October 12, 1896, he married Lillian Stokes, the daughter of J. S. Stokes, of Cleveland, Ohio, and Mr. and Mrs. Brownson maintain their home in Detroit. He is a member of the Detroit Bar Association and the American Bar Association, possessing a keen interest in the affairs of these two organizations. William Theodore Dust, retired, has long been known as one of the able and successful business men and public officials of this city. He was born at Molde, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, July 25, 1853, the son of Fredrick C. and Johanna (Mass) Dust, and was but four years of age when his family came to the United States and established their home at Detroit in 1857. His education was secured in the public schools of the city, and when he was thirteen years of age, he became an office boy for the Calvert Lithographing Company. In the twenty years he was associated with the firm, Mr. Dust was steadily advanced through the various departments until he was made foreman of the press rooms, a position that he held for a number of years. In 1889 he engaged in the retail hardware business remaining in that field some six years. In 1893, he established himself in the manufacture of furnace, stove, and heater parts and in conjunction with the business, he did jobbing as the William T. Dust Company for the jobbing of mica stove pastes and cements. While he was so engaged, he became interested in the Sault Ste. Marie, Canada, concern known as the Mariposa Mining Company, taking over the duties of president of that company. On July 1, 1919, after retiring from the office of commissioner of parks and boulevards, he organized the Citizens Building & Realty Company, of which he became president, he being associated in the enterprise with Byron G. Oades and Henry G. Moesta. Within the past quarter of a century, Mr. Dust has played a conspicuous part in the civic and political affairs of Detroit. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 327 In 1884-85, he served as a member of the city council, was city clerk from 1886 to 1888, and was appointed by Mayor Pingree to the board of assessors in 1890, a position that he retained six years. For two years he was a member and president of the board of estimates and was appointed by Mayor Maybury again to the board of city assessors, where he served a year and a half. He received an appointment from the hand of Governor Bliss to serve on the State Tax Commission, serving in that capacity from 1900 to 1904. In 1906 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1908, was a candidate for the nomination for Mayor in the primaries of that year. In 1913, he became president of the Detroit board of charter commissioners and held that office until the first of June, that year. On June 1, 1913, he was appointed commissioner of parks and boulevards by Mayor Oscar Marx and in this work he continued six years. Perhaps, it was while he served in this capacity that he demonstrated to a greater degree than ever before that farsightedness and comprehensive grasp of conditions and need of the community that made his work so conspicuous in administering the affairs of his office. In 1875, Mr. Dust married Mary W. Weible, of Detroit, and they have three children: Lotta, who died March, 1926, she married Charles A. Martz and they had three children; William R. who died in December, 1919; and Olive, who married A. F. Marks and has two children, Mary Beth and Robert W. Of the three children of Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Martz, Katheryn L. married Ralph G. Forsyth and has a daughter, Ann G.; Charles W. is the only son; and Genevieve D. married Clarence D. Blessed and has a daughter, Sally L. Mr. Dust is a member of Zion Lodge, Monroe Chapter, Monroe Council F. & A. M., and the Elks. John P. Hehl stands among the foremost real estate dealers in the city of Detroit, for he is not only the sole proprietor of the John P. Hehl Real Estate Company but also an officer in several other concerns that are leaders in their field. Born at Fowler, Michigan, May 21, 1878, he is a son of Adam and Margaret M. (Seibel) Hehl, the former of whom was born in Europe and the latter in Michigan. Adam Hehl, the father, came to the United States when he was a young man and followed his trade of cabinet making and wood working for a time. His success encouraged him to engage in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, and subsequent to this, he operated a general store at Miriam, Michigan, for about ten years, his death occurring at the end of that time in 1894. His wife had died two years prior to that year. They were the parents of six children: Mamie, Louis, William, George, Margaret, and John P., who was the second in order of birth. John P. Hehl received the educational advantages offered by the public schools of Miriam, Michigan, and took a course at an Ionia business college. Subsequently, he pursued further studies at the Detroit Business University, whence he graduated in 1901. When he first came to Detroit, he entered the employ of the Hannan Real Estate Company as an office boy, and during the sixteen years he spent with 328 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY this concern, he was advanced steadily through the various departments until he was made general manager. Needless to say, he gained his sound knowledge of Detroit realty values during the time he was employed by this concern, and his rise in the company came because of his evident ability and industry. In 1914, he established the John P. Hehl Real Estate Company, of which he has since been the sole owner, and in connection with the realty side of the business, he has developed an extensive insurance and loan department. Mr. Hehl is also president of the American Realty Corporation and of the Security Realty Company and is secretary of the Lyndhurst Realty Company, Glencoe Realty Company, Elmhurst Realty Company, West Norwood Realty Company, and the Brentwood Realty Company, the interests of all of which are closely associated with those of John P. Hehl Real Estate Company. His position among the leaders in his field makes him a valued and active member of the Detroit Real Estate Board. Mr. Hehl has developed a tract of 196 acres, located near Ortonville, Michigan, into one of the valuable farm properties in that section of the State. This farm, named Hillcrest, was purchased by Mr. Hehl in 1918, and there he has taken up the breeding of pure bred Holstein cattle. His herd includes some of the best stock of this breed in Michigan, and Mr. Hehl has built cattle barns on his farm that are models of their kind. On June 20, 1906, Mr. Hehl married Susan Ransom, of Detroit, daughter of William H. Ransom, and on June 17, 1908, was born to them a daughter, Ilene. Mr. Hehl is a member of the Red Run Golf Club, Old Colony and Detroit Yacht Club, and the Knights of Columbus, in which he has taken the fourth degree. Samuel E. Thomas, a successful patent attorney, has numbered among his clients men in all sections of the United States, from the Atlantic Seaboard to the Pacific Coast, and that such is the fact, is endorsement enough of his prominence in his particular branch of the legal profession. A native of Canandaigua, Ontario County, New York, he was born July 1, 1865, the son of John and Mary (Davis) Thomas, both of whom were born in England and came to the United States in the early sixties. Though he was but newly arrived in this country, the elder Thomas was associated with Governor Myron H. Clark of New York, in the war activities of that State during the progress of the Civil War. A graduate of an English law college, John Thomas subsequently entered practice at Cincinnati, Ohio, later moving to Detroit to spend the years of his retirement from active practice. He died here November 3, 1902, and his wife died February 16, 1892. Of the two children born to this couple, John B. and Samuel E. Thomas, the latter received his elementary and high school education at Newport, Kentucky, and after coming to Detroit, he entered the law offices of Wells W. Leggett, a prominent patent attorney of this city. Here he obtained that substantial ground work of his branch of his profession that was indicative of the success that was to be his. Subsequent to this, he formed a partnership with Charles H. Fisk, maintaining this DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 329 connection until the death of Mr. Fisk in 1908. Since that time Mr. Thomas has practiced alone, winning a reputation in patent litigation that has made him an authority in that field. October 7, 1890, Mr. Thomas married Mary E. Hummel, a daughter of Philip Hummel, of Detroit. Mrs. Thomas died in Detroit, December 13, 1918, leaving three children: Lloyd Evans, who was born in Detroit, July 29, 1891; attended the Detroit College of law, and is now vice president of the S. S. Glass Corporation. He married Mary L. Glass, of Detroit; Wayne Stoke, who was born October 31, 1897, attended Annapolis Naval Acadamy, and at the close of the World War, resigned to enter the engineering department of the University of Michigan, graduating in 1921, and is now employed in the engineering department of the Michigan Alkali Company of Wyandotte, Michigan, and Phylis Childe, who is a graduate of the Northern High School, of Detroit, and the Detroit Teachers College and is the wife of Robert T. Harris, Jr., of Detroit. In Masonry Mr. Thomas is a member of Oriental Lodge No. 240, King Cyrus Chapter No. 133, Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knight TemMoslem Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is also a past plar and Michigan Sovereign Consistory. He is also a member of Chancellor Commander of Damon Lodge No. 3, Knights of Pythias. Mr. Thomas has a country place of some seventy acres in extent located on Thomas and Waterford Lakes, near Waterford, in Oakland County, called Sheltered Gables. September 10, 1923, Mr. Thomas married Miss Claire Beatrice Reesor, daughter of George W. Reesor, of Markham, Ontario, Canada. George Joseph Haas, Detroit architect, has to his credit the designing of some of the important buildings, public schools, churches, apartment houses and homes in the city of Detroit and the adjoining municipalities, and his present position in the field of architecture he has won through close study and application, and a native talent for design that brings him an increasingly large patronage. Born in this city August 15, 1889, he is the son of Ernest and Mary (Louzon) Haas, natives of New York and Canada, respectively. The parents came to Michigan in early life, and here Ernest engaged in cigar manufacturing until his retirement from business affairs. He and his wife became the parents of eight children: Isabella, Florence, Evelyn and Fred, all of Hamtramck; Ernest, who is serving in the United States Navy; Oscar; William; and George J., whose name heads this record. George J. Haas attended the Berry school and the Eastern high school of Detroit, and began his career as an office boy in the employ of the J. L. Hudson Company. He was next in the employ of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, and it was while he was connected with this company that he decided to enter the field of architecture. Accordingly, he entered the office of Henry C. Stevens, a prominent architect of Detroit. Starting as a draftsman and spending his nights in hard study, Mr. Haas quickly advanced until he held responsible positions with some of the influential architectural firms of Detroit, among them being 330 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Joseph E. Mills, Smith, Hinchman and Grylls, and Harry J. Rill. Thus by the time he was twenty-three years of age, Mr. Haas felt that his experience was sufficiently broad to allow him to enter into business successfully for himself. He accordingly opened his own office. The city halls of River Rouge, Hamtramck, and Grosse Pointe, and the beautiful Grosse Pointe high school were all designed by Mr Haas. In addition to these he has been the architect for numerous other schools, churches, apartment buildings, and dwellings that show him to be one of the leading professional men in his field in Detroit and Wayne County. He is also vice president of the Peoples National Bank of Hamtramck. Making his residence in Hamtramck, Mr. Haas has played a conspicuous part in the civic and political life of that community, and his efforts in behalf of that city were recognized by the people in March, 1919, when they elected him mayor and returned him to the office in March, 1920. He was also elected justice of the peace of that city, and held the office for several years. August 25, 1910, Mr. Haas married Elizabeth A. Taylor, a daughter of Samuel Taylor, and they have four children, Grace Elizabeth, born in Detroit in 1912, George Kenneth, born in Hamtramck, in 1914, Hope Patricia, born in 1923 and Sally Jean, born in 1925. Mr. Haas is a member of Friendship Lodge No. 417, F. and A. M., has taken the thirty-second degree in Scottish Rite Masonry, and is a member of the Mystic Shrine, the Detroit Masonic Country Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Mohawk Boat Club, the Detroit Union League Club, Cadillac Athletic Club, Gowanie Golf Club, Detroit Auto Club, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Caravan Club, The Broadcasters, Detroit Citizen's Committee, Arts and Crafts Society, Founders Society of the Detroit Museum of Arts, Izaak Walton League, Macomb Society for Crippled Children, the Grosse Pointe Owl Club, the N. A. A. C. P., American Institute of Architects, the Michigan Society of Architects, and is president of the St. Claire Shores Kiwanis Club. He professes the creed of the Reformed Church and belongs to Grace Church of that body. Zina B. Bennett, M.D., who has been engaged in practice in Detroit for more than a decade, was born in this city, a son of Dr. John F. and Amy M. (Smith) Bennett, and received his early education in the public schools and the Detroit University school. Having elected to follow in his father's footsteps in the medical profession he matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine to begin his studies, which he completed at the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery whence he graduated in 1916 with the degree of doctor of medicine. Returning to Detroit at that time, he became associated with Dr. Charles Kuhn with offices at Warren and Woodward avenues, and this connection was maintained until the outbreak of the war with Germany. Dr. Bennett entered the Medical Corps, receiving the commission of first lieutenant in January, 1918, and was called to active services in March of the same year. He trained for a time at the Army Medical School, Washington, D. C., and was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 331 then ordered overseas with the first division of surgeons from Michigan and Wisconsin. At the last minute, however, the orders were changed, and he was sent to Camp Gordon at Atlanta, Georgia, serving as medical officer in the infirmary of the First Infantry Replacement Division. He was then assigned to the physical examining board at Camp Gordon, continuing there until he was discharged, March 8, 1919, with the rank of captain, a commission which he now holds in the Medical Reserve Corps. Returning to Detroit upon the conclusion of his army service, Doctor Bennett resumed; private practice alone, and has since become known as one of the more successful of the younger physicians and surgeons of this city. He married Edna Garratt, and to them has been born one daughter, Barbara and one son Zina, Jr. During the World War, Mrs. Bennett was circulation assistant in the Camp Gordon library and was also assistant hostess in the Salvation Army Hospital at the same camp. William M. Heston is one of the best known and most successful of Detroit's attorneys, for he has made a record both as an advocate and judge of the Recorder's court that has placed him among the leaders of the legal profession in the city and county. He was born at Galesburg, Illinois, September 9, 1878, a son of John William and Etta (Gray) Heston. The parents were natives of Ohio, and prior to their marriage they moved to Illinois, where the father engaged in farming and stockraising. Subsequently, the family removed to Iowa and then to southwestern Kansas and finally to the vicinity of Grants Pass, Oregon, where John W. Heston is living retired. Of the nine children born to this couple, three are living: Alfred Milton, who resides at Grants Pass, Oregon; Mrs. Grace Hamlin, of Medford, Michigan; and William M., whose name heads this review. William M. Heston began his education in the public schools of Wendell, Kansas, and when he was between the ages of nine and sixteen years helped herd cattle on the ranges near Dodge City, Kansas, attending school at Wendell during the winter months. He completed the eighth grade work in his sixteenth year, at which time he removed with his family to Grants Pass, Oregon, there continuing his education in the only high school of that section. During the two years and a half that he attended the high school, he earned the money to pay his expenses by cutting wood for railroad ties after school hours. He then attended the State Normal School at San Jose, California, working his way through that institution by doing janitor work at the St. Claire hotel and taking care of the horse of A. M. Valpey, and during his third year of attendance there, he carried newspapers. In 1901, he completed the course, graduating with honors, and then taught school for a time at Wolf Creek, Oregon. While he was thus engaged, he determined to study law at the University of Michigan, and when he finally arrived at Ann Arbor, he had but two dollars and sixty-five cents in his pocket. The courage and determination he displayed in his previous years of educational work were but increased here, for not only did he work his 332 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY way through the university but also found the time to become one of the most famous football players the game has ever seen. Playing halfback, he made a record that was indeed a brilliant one, for in four years he was selected as a member of the All-Western team and in 1903 and 1904 was picked by Walter Camp for his All-American team, he was also named a member of the All-Time All-American team, and during his career at the university, he made a record of ninety-three touchdowns scored during the four years. Completing his law studies, Mr. Heston entered upon the active practice of his profession at Detroit in 1905 and also was coach of the football team of Drake University in the same year. In 1906, he was coach of football at the A. and M. College, Raleigh, North Carolina. For five years, Mr. Heston practiced at Detroit and was appointed assisting prosecuting attorney in 1911, a position which he retained five years. His record in this capacity influenced his appointment to fill out the unexpired term as police judge, was later appointed by the governor to the Recorder's Court to which office he was elected in 1919 to succeed himself. His fearless and impartial dispensation of justice made him the successful candidate for election to the bench of the Recorder's Court in November, 1920. His conduct on the bench has been no less signal than his work as an attorney, for he is known among the members of his profession as a man who gives to the preparation of his cases that painstaking care and thought that makes him clear and forceful in argument. In 1926 Heston Associates was incorporated of which Mr. Heston is president, and they are engaged in marketing Michigan Memorial Park, Inc., of which institution Mr. Heston is also president. He also owns one hundred forty acres of sub-division on Lake Erie which he is developing into a summer lake property. On December 23, 1907, Mr. Heston married Lydia Frances Sisson, the daughter of John and Emma May (Hemmenway) Sisson, of Monroe, Michigan, and they have three children, William Martin, John Penrod, and Frances Ann, who were born in 1909, 1911, and 1913, respectively. Mr. Heston's son, William, was captain of North Western High School football team last year, they being undefeated city champions. He was elected on the All-City High School team and also on the All-State team. The younger son, John Penrod, was a member of North Western High School squad last year and shows indications of being capable of development into as great a player as his brother. Mr. Heston is a member of Ashlar Lodge, F. & A. M., and Olive Branch Lodge, I. O. O. F., and the Michigan Club. He attends the Methodist Episcopal Church and in political matters is a Republican. J. F. G. Miller, head of the American Blower Company, of Detroit, was born near Indianapolis, Indiana, a son of John C. and Elizabeth (Garr) Miller, both of whom were natives of this country. He was educated at home by his father through the primary grades, and then matriculated at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, where he studied mechanical engineering and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 333 from which he graduated as a member of the class of 1903. The ensuing three years he spent in the shops of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad Company at Danville, Illinois. In 1906, he became a salesman for the American Blower Company, and during the subsequent period of twelve years he was successively promoted through the various departments until he was elected vicepresident and general manager in 1918. What is now the American Blower Company was established in 1881 as the Huyett & Smith Manufacturing Company, a name that was retained until 1895, when the present firm style was adopted. Blowers, Heaters, and ventilating equipment of all kinds are manufactured by the concern, and under the efficient direction of Mr. Miller the trade has been extended to include not only the entire United States but many countries of the world as well. Like many great manufacturing enterprises, the American Blower Company was called upon to make munitions during the World War period, equipment for ships, tanks, and army cantonments. More than two hundred and fifty employees of the company entered the armed forces of the United States during this great struggle and the record of the entire personnel in the various Liberty Loan drives and war work of all kinds was a source of deep pride to all concerned. Mr. Miller is known as one of the capable and efficient manufacturing executives in Detroit, and his efforts have been largely responsible for the record of the company since he has been actively associated with its management. He is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, and the Board of Commerce. Omar F. Rains, manager of the nationally known bond house of Halsey, Stuart & Company, of Detroit, was born at Seymour, Indiana, June 7, 1887, and is the son of Dr. G. W. and L. J. (Gossett) Rains, both of whom were born at Bardstown, Kentucky, and now reside at Indianapolis, Indiana. He acquired his education and in the public schools of his native place and began his career in the employ of the Indiana National Bank, Indianapolis, Indiana. After two years in that bank, he accepted a position with the Chicago Title & Trust Company, with which he remained ten years. He then became associated with the First Joint stock Land Bank, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, but after two years spent with that organization, he joined the sales force of Halsey, Stuart & Company in 1920. Such was his success with that organization that he was made manager of the Detroit Branch the following year and has since continued in that position. He is recognized among financial men as one of the well informed and aggressive bond men in Detroit, for he has been responsible for a material increase in the annual volume of business of the Detroit branch of the company with which he is connected. On September 26, 1907, he was united in marriage to S. Rena Brunswick, at Columbus, Indiana, and they have one son, Robert B., who is attending high school in Detroit. Mr. Rains is a member of the Lochmoor Country Club, Detroit, Michigan. 334 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Eli Levin, M.D., has been engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery at Detroit for the past eight years and is known as one of the successful men in his field. A son of Moses and Leah (Broudo) Levin, he was born at Toronto, Canada, November 18, 1886, and obtained his early education in the common and high schools of that place, graduating from high school when he was fifteen years of age. At that time he went to work, holding always in mind that if he were to acquire the medical education and training he desired, he must raise the money through his own efforts. In 1914, he graduated from the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery and entered upon the active practice of his profession at South Wilmington, Illinois, subsequently removing to Gardner, Illinois, where he practiced until the outbreak of the World War in 1917. At that time, he entered the Medical Corps, receiving the commission of first lieutenant, and served fourteen months in France with Base Hospital No. 115, Fifth Division. Upon his discharge in August, 1919, Doctor Levin came to Detroit, where he has since engaged in a general medical and surgical practice. He has been unusually successful and is recognized as one of the leading young doctors of this city. In September, 1919, he married Belle Bernstein, who was born in Canada and came to Detroit with her parents when she was six years of age. To Doctor and Mrs. Levin have been born two children, Mortimer and Leah. Doctor Levin is a member of Gardner Lodge No. 573, F. & A. M., the Bloomington Consistory, and Ansar Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He is also a member of the Army and Navy Club, Washington Club, American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Military Order of the World War. He retains membership in B'nai B'rith. Sherman Littlefield is best known to people of Detroit for his activities in their behalf, for he has served fifteen years as a member of the city council and has held other public offices in which he has rendered signal service to the city. He is a scion of a well known New England family, for the first of his name to locate in this country did so in 1636. He was born at North Windham, Maine, November 8, 1864, the son of James Sturges and Sophronia (Morrell) Littlefield, and received his early education in the public schools of Detroit. At an early age, he engaged in the cooperage and leather goods business with his father and subsequently entered the real estate and insurance fields, in which he has since successfully continued. For two years, he served as clerk of the Justice court and was constable fifteen years. Perhaps his greatest service, and one for which he is widely known in Detroit, is his work as a member of the city council, where he has served fifteen years. During that entire period, he has missed but two Tuesday night meetings of the council and on those occasions he was absent on business for the city. As councilman during a time when Detroit has undergone a period of unprecedented expansion, Mr. Littlefield has shown a farsightedness and clarity of vision that has made him a valued member of the council in the deliberations of that body, and that DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 335 he has made such a record, is the reason for his many successive re-elections to his office. He has been president of the council and has long been a member of important committees, displaying a championship of the right and a quality of judgment that has made his record an outstanding one in the annals of the city goverment. On June 4, 1884, he married Lillie James, a native of Detroit, and to them has been born one son, Sherman Leroy, who is inspector with the Department of Buildings and Safety Engineering for the city of Detroit. Mr. Littlefield is a Thirty-second Degree, Scottish Rite Mason and a Shriner and is also a member of the Elks, Yachtsmen's Association of America, and the North Channel Improvement Association, of which he is president. Waldo C. Granse has been engaged in the practice of law in Detroit since 1919, and as a member of the firm of Schmalzriedt, Frye & Granse, he is recognized as one of the able and successful attorneys of this city. Born in Saginaw, Michigan, November 3, 1896, he is the son of Carl P. and Maria (Reer) Granse, both of whom were born in Germany and came to the United States in 1878. Waldo C. Granse acquired his early education in the elementary and high school of Saginaw, Michigan, and then matriculated at the Detroit College of Law, from which he graduated in 1919 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He was admitted to practice at the bar in the same year and began his active practice as a member of the firm of Frye & Granse. Subsequently, the firm became as it is now, Schmalzriedt, Frye & Granse, with offices at No. 1442 Majestic Building. The firm is known as one of the able and aggressive legal combinations in Detroit, and as a member of the organization, Mr. Granse has become a familiar figure before the Wayne County bar. He is equally noted as a brilliant advocate and able counsel, and his frequent successes before the courts have attracted wide attention. On July 14, 1926, Mr. Granse married Marjorie R. Grantham, the daughter of John S. and Blanche Grantham, of Detroit. Mr. Granse is a member of Saginaw Lodge No. 77, F. & A. M., the Detroit Masonic Club, the Harmonie Society, the American Bar Association, Michigan Bar Association, and the Detroit Bar Association, and while he was a student at the Detroit College of Law, he became a member of Sigma Nu Phi, college legal fraternity. Robert A. MacArthur, M.D., has engaged in the practice of medicine in Detroit since 1922, and is recognized as one of the leading specialists in urology in this city. He was born at Saginaw, Michigan, October 17, 1892, the son of Peter and Emily (Carter) MacArthur, both deceased, the former of whom was engaged in the lumber business in Michigan and the West until the time of his death. Robert A. MacArthur received his early education in the elementary and Central high schools of Detroit, whither his parents had come when he was less than a year old, and having elected to follow the profession of medicine, he matriculated at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in 1910, studying there until 1918. He 336 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY received the degrees of bachelor of arts, doctor of medicine, and master of surgery. From 1920 to 1922, he pursued further studies at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received the degree of master of medical science in the latter year. He had also spent a year in the Pittsburgh Hospital, and had taken post-graduate work in the University of Vienna, Austria, and at clinics in London and Paris. During the World War, Doctor MacArthur served as captain in the Medical Corps of the Canadian and British armies, seeing active duty in France and Mesopotamia over a period of three and a half years. In 1922, after he had completed his work at the University of Pennsylvania, Doctor MacArthur located in Detroit, where he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, specializing in urology. He is recognized as one of the able men in his particular branch of the medical science and has attracted a wide clientele. He is a member of the staffs of the Harper and Receiving Hospitals, is a member of the American Medical Association and the Wayne County Medical Society, the Urological Association, and the McGill Graduate Society. James Gibbons, prominent realty man and lawyer of Detroit, was born at New Baltimore, Michigan, August 10, 1869. He is the descendant of a pioneer settler of Macomb County, for his grandfather, Owen Gibbons, was born in Ireland, came to the United States in 1830, and took up land in Macomb County, a part of that original homestead still being in the possession of the family. Richard Gibbons, father of James, was the first white child born in Lenox Township, that county, and was a prominent farmer of that section for many years. James Gibbons obtained his early education in the public schools at New Baltimore, but when he was twenty-one years of age, he came to Detroit and went to work in the office of an abstractor, thus enabling himself to study at the Detroit College of Law, from which he graduated in 1896 with the degree of bachelor of laws, being admitted to practiec at the bar in the same year. For a period of twenty-one years, Mr. Gibbons was associated with the abstract department of the Union Trust Company, for he was recognized as an authority on abstract of title work. He was placed in charge of the Tract Index Department of Wayne County, where his long experience in this field enabled him to place in effect an efficient system that brought the department up to a new degree of excellence. For ten years, he served the county in this capacity, but resigned to enter the active practice of law and engage in the real estate business. Since 1924, he has been associated with the Bruce H. Wark Realty organization in the exploitation of various subdivisions in Detroit. Mr. Gibbons is thus recognized as one of the successful attorneys of this city, for he is familiar with the law governing titles to land and possesses an extensive knowledge of the realty transactions in the county, and in this field he has built up an extensive and lucrative practice. In 1898, Mr. Gibbons married Ida E. Boland, the daughter of Peter Boland, of Detroit, and to this union have been born five children, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY.337 as follows: James E.; Eleanor, who married Edwin F. Labadie, an electrical engineer in the employ of the Fisher Body Corporation; Eugene J., who is studying architectural engineering at the University of Detroit; Leon C., who is a student at the University of Detroit; and Geraldine, who is attending Sacred Heart Academy. Mr. Gibbons is a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board and takes an active interest in the affairs of the Knights of Columbus. James S. Holden, of the real estate concern of the James S. Holden Company, was born in Detroit, June 12, 1875, the son of Edward G. and Jean (Stansbury) Holden. In January, 1890, he graduated from the Cass school and completed his high school studies in June, 1894. Matriculating at the Detroit College of Law, he received the degree of bachelor of laws in 1897 from that institution. He had become associated with the real estate business in 1893, however, and after his graduation from college, he gave his entire time to that field of endeavor. On July 1, 1907, he formed a partnership with Daniel E. Murray as senior member of the firm of Holden & Murray, and after the admission of Alfred V. Breault to partnership in January, 1912, the firm became the James S. Holden Company. The concern is recognized as one of the influential and successful real estate companies in Detroit, and in the development of the enterprise, Mr. Holden has played a large part. He is also a director of the Wayne County Home Savings Bank and of the Security Trust Company, secretary of the Stanton Farm Company, and secretary and treasurer of the dry goods concern of Demery & Company, of which he was one of the founders. He is actively interested in the Republican politics of Detroit and served on the Detroit Board of Estimates from 1905 to 1908, being president of that body in 1907-08. In 1916, he was elected alderman but resigned on January 1, 1918, to go to Washington, D. C., where he served on the general staff in the real estate section during the World War until February, 1919. Upon his return to Detroit at that time, he was appointed to membership on the City Planning Commission, where his knowledge of property values and conditions has made him a valued member of that body. He is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, Detroit Club, Prismatic Club, Bankers' Club, Old Country Club, University Club, and the Detroit Boat Club. Edward Gillet Martin, M.D., has been engaged in the active practice of surgery and medicine in Detroit for twenty years and is regarded by his colleagues and by the people of the city as one of the most successful and skillful surgeons of Detroit. He was born at Reed City, Michigan, December 27, 1880, the son of George B. and Frances (Gillet) Martin, both of whom are still living. George B. Martin was born near Birmingham, Oakland County, Michigan, on a farm developed by his father and which is now the well known farm of George G. Booth, president of the Evening News Association. After obtaining a common and high school education in the public schools of Lansing, Edward G. Martin 338 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY attended Michigan Agricultural College for a time, and then matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery, from which he was graduated in 1904 with his doctorate in medicine. He spent a year's interneship at Harper Hospital and was resident surgeon in charge the following year. In 1907, Doctor Martin entered upon active practice, locating his first offices in the Washington Arcade Building, subsequently establishing his present offices in the David Whitney Building at the time that structure was ready for occupancy. Doctor Martin has specialized in proctologic surgery, and in this particular branch of the medical science, he is an acknowledged leader in Detroit. He is associate proctolist at Harper Hospital and is attendant proctolist and chief of staff of the Receiving Hospital. Doctor Martin has developed the Out-Patient department at Harper Hospital and established the first proctologic clinic there. He is also consulting proctolist for St. Joseph's Hospital at Dearborn and is attending proctolist of the Florence Crittenden Home. In 1910, Doctor Martin was instrumental in the establishment of the Bulletin of the Wayne County Medical Society, a paper that went out of existence due to lack of support. Believing, however, that such a bulletin was needed by the physicians and surgeons of Detroit and Wayne County, Doctor Martin revived the publication in 1923 and has since been its editor. It has come to be a successful journal of its kind, and that it has reached a substantial footing is due almost entirely to the efforts of Doctor Martin as editor. He himself has been a frequent contributor to medical journals and periodicals which deal particularly with his special branch of surgery. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the Michigan State and Wayne County Medical Societies, the American Proctologic Society, and the Detroit Academy of Surgery. In 1906, Doctor Martin married Helen Marian Fraser, of Petrola, Ontario, and to this union have been born two daughters, Marian Frances and Helen Margaret, the first of whom is a student at Smith College. Fraternally, Doctor Martin is a member of Palestine Lodge No. 357, and he also maintains membership in the Sigma Nu medical fraternity, the Detroit Athletic Club and the Detroit Boat Club. He is a communicant of the Congregational Church and attends the North Woodward Church of that body. Rev. William F. Murphy, pastor of St. David's Roman Catholic Church at Detroit, was born at Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 11, 1885, the son of William and Mary (Gibson) Murphy, the former of whom was born in Ireland, came to the United States in 1870, and is now dead, and the latter of whom is now residing at Kalamazoo. Of the ten children in this family, Father Murphy is the youngest. Three daughters have taken orders, one being sister superior at Sacred Heart Academy, Highland Park, the second being sister superior at the Pontiac Hospital, and the third residing at Kalamazoo. Father Murphy obtained his education at Le Tevere Institute, at St. Jerome's College, of Kitchener, Ontario, and Assumption College, Sandwich, Ontario, where he obtained a substantial groundwork in the theological and philosophical studies. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 339 He then attended Propaganda University, Rome, Italy, from which he received his doctorate in sacred theology, and completed his preparation for his life work at Appollinaris College at Rome, where he received the degree of J. C. L. His extensive studies completed, Father Murphy was first appointed assistant at St. Thomas' Church, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and later assistant at Holy Cross Church, Marine City, Michigan. In 1919, he came to Detroit to the cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul. In 1921, he was chosen to organize the parish of St. David in this city, and his subsequent efforts in establishing the parish school and the church have won him the commendation of the clergy and the respect and confidence of his parishoners. Father Murphy is president of the Michigan Historical Commission and performed excellent work in this connection. Jiudah L. Levin. When death wrote a finish to the career of Rabbi Judah L. Levin, March 26, 1926, it removed a nationally prominent figure in Jewish circles and one who had been the virtual organizer of Jewish affairs in Detroit and this section of the State. Born in Vilna, Poland, in 1862, he came to the United States when he was twenty-four years of age after he had completed his theological studies in the famous Jewish schools of Europe. He served as rabbi in Rochester, New York, and New Haven, Connecticut, 1893-1897, and it was in 1897 that he came to Detroit to begin the work among his people here that stands as a shining example in the history of his faith. His advent in Detroit was made at a time when but few Jews were located here, and upon him devolved the task of establishing schools for the instruction of the children and of bringing his people together into a solid union that would assure the welfare of the undertaking with which he was faced. His work attracted the attention of the orthodox Jews throughout the country, and he became one of the organizers and a member of the executive committee of the United Orthodox Rabbis of America and an organizer of the Mizrachi Zionist Organization of America. He gained a measure of international fame through his writings in the Hebrew language on subjects with which he was vitally concerned in his work. One of his outstanding achievements in Detroit was the establishment of the Talmud Torah, a school wherein Jewish children might receive thorough instruction in the tenets of their faith. His influence on the Jews of this city has been marked. As a hobby, he developed a taste for mathematics and mechanics, combining the two in the invention of a calculating machine, although he made no attempt to place the machine on the market. Rabbi Levin married Esther Rhoda in Poland, and to them were born four children: Dr. Nathan P., who is a graduate of the Detroit College of Medicine and is now doing special public health work in Berkeley, California; Samuel M., who is a professor in the College of the City of Detroit; Isadore, who received the degrees of bachelor of arts and bachelor of laws from Harvard University and is now associated with the firm of Butzel, Levin & Winston; and 340 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Abraham J., who received the degrees of bachelor of arts and bachelor of laws from the University of Michigan and is with the same law firm as his brother. Ferdinand Palma, contractor of Detroit, was born November 7, 1868, at Sorrento, Italy, located on the Bay of Naples, which was the birthplace of Tasso, the great Italian poet. On June 24, 1873, he landed in New York with his father, a marine engineer, who subsequently removed to Derby, Connecticut, and there died, August 24, 1884. When he was nineteen years of age, Ferdinand Palma came to Detroit and worked as a barber for a time. Thereafter, until 1893, he was in the employ of Alger, Smith & Company at Black River, Michigan. From 1893 to 1905, Mr. Palma was a member of the Detroit Police Force, during which time, he was promoted to precinct detective and to detective sergeant. Resigning from the police department in 1905, Mr. Palma set himself up in the private banking business, operating one bank at the corner of Monroe avenue and Russell street and a second at Riopelle and Scott streets. These private banks he conducted with ever growing success until 1919, when the American State Bank, attracted by the success he enjoyed at those locations, purchased the institutions and now operates them as branch banks. During the time he was associated with the banking business, Mr. Palma had also turned his attention to the contracting field, and when he sold his banks, he gave almost his entire attention to the building trade that has assumed large proportions at the present time. Although Mr. Palma maintains his offices at No. 610 Owen Building, Detroit, he resides at Ypsilanti, Michigan, where he owns the Bella Vista Dairy Farm, known to Detroit residents as a large producer of certified milk. In the development of his farm, Mr. Palma has spared neither expense nor pains, and his certified milk is distributed through four Detroit milk concerns. The barns and other buildings on the farm are the most modern in every respect that can be found anywhere. The herd is tuberculin tested by the Federal government at regular periods and is examined at stated intervals by a veterinarian. The milkers are subjected to periodic examinations at the hands of a physician, and the milk is tested at frequent intervals by chemists and bacteriologists. The Detroit Department of Public Health regularly inspects the farm for it cleanliness. In short, nothing is left undone to insure the purity and the high quality of the milk marketed by Mr. Palma in Detroit. Dora Ada's Ultra King, a famous herd sire, is owned by Mr. Palma. Mr. Palma married Selina Nigro, who was born in Havre, France, and came to the United States when she was an infant with her parents, Vincent and Elizabeth (Schneck) Nigro, the former of whom is dead and the latter of whom is residing at Detroit. Mr. and Mrs. Palma are the parents of three children: Marie, who married Daniel Tierney; Adele, deceased, and Ferdinand, Jr., who is attending high school. Fraternally, Mr. Palma is an active member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and in politics is a Democrat. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 341 Sherman Ralsey Miller, Jr., has been prominently identified with the real estate business in Detroit for more than two decades and is recognized as one of the aggressive and able men in this field. Sherman R. Miller, Sr., was born at Unadilla Center New York, in 1852, and was educated at Oxford Academy in his native State. When he was seventeen years of age, he came to Detroit and entered the employ of D. M. Ferry & Company, for whom he subsequently became managing director of the Canadian business with headquarters at Windsor, Ontario. Following his resignation from this position, he turned his attention to various manufacturing enterprises, being president for more than twenty-five years of the Imperial Silverware Company at Windsor, president of the American Harrow Company and the Miller-Hoefer Company of Windsor and Detroit, treasurer of the Detroit Fireproofing Tile Company, president of the National Pin Company, president of the Incandescent Light & Stove Company of Cincinnati, Ohio, and president of the Safety Gaslight Company of Chicago. At New Canaan, Connecticut, he married Emma Estelle Flandreau, and to this union were born six children, as follows: Sherman Ralsey, Jr., whose name heads this review; Addie E., who married Charles P. Spicer; Mahanna, the wife of W. Griswold Chesebrough; Grace W., who married George Ross Ford; LeRoy F.; and Christine C. Sherman R. Miller, Jr., was born in Detroit, September 21, 1879, and received his early education in the Detroit School for Boys, after which he was a student at Amherst College. It was not long after his graduation from college and his return to Detroit that he became associated with real estate operations in this city, and the succeeding years have witnessed his rise to the front rank in that work. Mr. Miller is married and has one son. Captain Joseph Strong Stririgham is one of the foremost engineers of Michigan, and his enviable record in this profession, won through years of hard work in many sections of the United States and Canada, has stamped him as one of Detroit's prominent citizens. He is a sterling example of what we of the United States are pleased to call the typical American, for he is forceful and selfreliant and can trace his ancestry to John and Priscilla Alden of the Mayflower band of Pilgrims. His grandmother, Sarah J. Strong, was born in Rochester, New York, September 5, 1821, the daughter of John Wareham and Mary Banks (Root) Strong, the latter of whom was born September 16, 1791, being the daughter of Jesse and Rebecca (Fish) Root, of Hartford, Connecticut. Rebecca Fish was born in August, 1770, and was the daughter of Dr. Eliakim Fish, of Hartford, and his wife, Sarah Stillman, who was a native of Wethersfield, Connecticut. Dr. Fish was born February 2, 1740, and was the son of Nathaniel and Mary (Pabodie) Fish, of Little Compton, Rhode Island. Mary Pabodie was born April 4, 1712, a daughter of William and Judith Pabodie, the former of whom was born November 4, 1664, at Duxbury, Massachusetts, he being a son of William and Elizabeth (Alden) Pabodie, the latter 342 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY a native of Duxbury. Elizabeth Alden was the daughter of John Alden and his wife, Priscilla Mullens, famed in history and literature. The grandfather of Captain Stringham was Henry Ten Broeck Stringham, who was born August 28, 1815, on the island of St. Croix in the West Indies, his father being a member of a firm engaged in trade between New York and the West Indies. In 1827, his father having died, Henry Ten Broeck Stringham was sent to the United States by his mother, Mrs. Ann (Stridiron) Stringham, to study. His early education was, therefore, secured in the schools of Bennington, Vermont, and Pittsfield, Massachusetts. He then became a clerk in 1832 in the Bank of Rome, New York, but two years later came to Detroit to accept a position with the Farmers and Mechanics Bank that had just been organized. In 1839 Henry Stringham married Sarah T. Strong, the daughter of John W. Strong, of Detroit. The following year witnessed his advent into the forwarding and commission business in partnership with John Chester, but in 1845 he was persuaded to go to Buffalo, New York, by his brother, Joseph, who had become a wealthy banker of that city. He remained in the East but five years, however, and returned to Detroit, from which he removed in 1861 to go to Oshkosh, Wisconsin, to look after his brother's interests in that place. Subsequently, he returned to Detroit and engaged in the banking business and was also an agent for the Home Insurance Company, but at the end of seven or eight years, he returned to Oshkosh, remaining there until he suffered a stroke of paralysis in 1887. Thereafter, he made his home in Detroit until his death, which occurred May 4, 1895. Joseph Stringham, the father of Captain Joseph Strong Stringham, was born in Detroit, August 8, 1841. After attaining man's estate, he entered the insurance business in Detroit and Saginaw and other parts of the State, and in this work perhaps no other man in Michigan was better known than he. A lover of music, he was himself a good violinist and made a collection of rare violins. He was prominent in yachting circles, earning the sobriquet of captain in this way. He married Pauline Janette Backus, of Troy, New York, and their only child was Joseph Strong Stringham. Joseph Stringham was a member of St. John's Episcopal Church, and when his wife died in 1891, he made a large gift to the church in her memory. He died January 19, 1910. Captain Joseph S. Stringham was born in Saginaw, Michigan, October 31, 1870. He received his early education in the private schools of Dufferin College, of London, Ontario, Canada, and Des Vaux College, at Suspension Bridge, New York. After his courses in those schools, he attended Houghton School of Mines, at Houghton, Michigan, graduating therefrom in 1895. His first employment after leaving school was as a grocery clerk, but in a short while he became a clerk with the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, the predecessor of the present Pere Marquette system, and then worked in the office of an umbrella factory in New York City. These three positions occupied but a short time before he went DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 343 into the engineering work for which he had studied at Houghton. During the year 1897 he was the engineer in charge of the rivers and harbors of Michigan, principally those of Western Michigan, with the United States Engineering Corps. At this point, his work was interrupted by the Spanish-American War in which he served as a seaman on the U. S. S. Yosemite, which was manned by members of the Michigan Naval Reserve. The record of this vessel in the prosecution of the war on the sea has been a source of pride to the people of Michigan since the yoke of Spanish oppression was lifted from Cuba and the Philippines. In 1899, after he was discharged from the navy, Captain Stringham was sent to the Isthmus of Darien to make a survey for the United States Government which was then considering it as a possible location for the canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In 1900, he became construction engineer of the Solvay Process Company, of Detroit, and held that responsible position until 1911. Later he became manager of the Monarch Steel Castings Company and vice-president of the Detroit Seamless Tube Company. He also became interested in the Esco Manufacturing Company of which he is now vice-president. When war was declared on Germany, he offered his services to the government for active service overseas, but his age caused his rejection for the arduous duties demanded of combat troops. On July 17, 1917, however, he was commissioned captain in the Ordnance Department. Although he installed the inspector's offices in the plants of the Detroit Car & Foundry Company and of the Ford Motor Company, his big work was in the Rock Island arsenal where he was inspector of ordnance and assistant to the colonel commanding. The signing of the armistice found the Government in no further need of his services, and he was discharged November 21, 1918. That Captain Stringham is connected with some of Detroit's largest manufacturing enterprises is ample proof of his business ability and proficiency as an engineer, but he is more than an engineer. His education has not been confined to purely professional matters, for before he attended Houghton School of Mines he had received a thorough grounding in the arts and sciences, and now he gives much time to reading which increases his knowledge in these branches. Civic and social problems of his city, state, and country have found in him a zealous and intelligent student. That he was so interested in the affairs of the city brought him election to the Board of Education in 1917, and in 1920-21, he was president of that body. He has been a trustee of Harper Hospital for many years, and he is a trustee and past president of the Masonic Temple Association. Captain Stringham is a member of the Board of Library Commissioners and affiliates with St. John's Episcopal Church, and is research engineer for the City of Detroit. On June 2, 1910, Captain Stringham married Georgiana MacDonald, a daughter of Hilary and Hannah (Pontine) MacDonald. Mrs. Stringham is a graduate of the Farrand Training School for Nurses, of Harper Hospital. To Mr. and Mrs. Stringham have been born two chil 344 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY dren, Helen Strong, born in Detroit on May 3, 1912, and Joseph MacDonald, who was born July 15, 1914. Captain Stringham, as a Thirty-third Degree Scottish Rite Mason and president of its board of trustees, has been one of the leading men in the affairs of the order in Detroit. Cultured, public spirited, and a business man and engineer, Captain Stringham stands as a progressive leader in the development of the city in whose history the family name has figured prominently since 1834. John M. Griffith has business connections of a broader scope than perhaps any man in Wyandotte, and for this reason he richly deserves the reputation he has won as being one of the most able and versatile business men of that community. Born in Pennsylvania, September 15, 1869, he is a son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Marshall) Griffith, the former of whom was born in Nova Scotia and came to the United States when he was a boy and the latter of whom was a native of Pennsylvania. Due to the death of his father when John Griffith was four years old, the boy was reared by his grandfather and attended country school until the age of thirteen. He also read good books and availed himself of the night schools, studying whenever opportunity offered, so that his advancement was rapid. He was first employed at the age of thirteen in the bottle plant of a glass manufacturing company, then in a brick yard, and third, in a ptper mill. These three jobs he held prior to his sixteenth year, but at that time, he became a messenger boy for Captain J. B. Ford, of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. During this time, he was continuing his studies by himself, such success attending his efforts that he became general bookkeeper of the glass concern. In 1896, he came to the Michigan Alkali Company as auditor. Though this position marked the attainment of his first big step upward, Mr. Griffilth has continued to enlarge his business connections, as may be seen in the following list of his offices: auditor, the Michigan Alkali Company; director, secretary-treasurer, the J. B. Ford Company; auditor and director of the Edward Ford Plate Glass Company; auditor of the Wyandotte Transportation Company; auditor of the Wyandotte Terminal Railroad Company; auditor of the Dime Bank Building; auditor of the Ford Building; and auditor of the Congress Building. Mr. Griffith has always taken a deep interest in the affairs of the communities in which he has made his home. While he was a resident of the Village of Ford, he was thrice elected trustee of the village, resigning from that office when he moved to Wyandotte, and here he has been a member of the Wyandotte school board for six years. On November 26, 1896, Mr. Griffith married Olive Bartholic, daughter of Francis and Sarah Bartholic, of Pennsylvania, and to Mr. and Mrs. Griffith have been born these children: Francis Bartholic, who is twenty-four years old, graduated from the Houghton College of Mines, attended the Harvard Graduate School, and is now employed by the Michigan Alkali Company; and Olive Elizabeth, aged eleven years, who is attending the Wyandotte schools. In Masonry, Mr. Griffith is a DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 345 member of the Blue Lodge, of which he is past master, Chapter, of which he is past high priest; Monroe Council and Damascus Commandery of Detroit, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine, and Eastern Star at Detroit. He is also a member of the Odd Fellows, Detroit Athletic Club, Michigan Alkali Club, Grosse Ile Golf and Country Club, Island Country Club, Detroit Board of Trade, Wyandotte Chamber of Commerce, and the United States Chamber of Commerce. Hubert Severe Amiot, mayor of Wyandotte, is a leading merchant tailor of that city and operates a modern cleaning and dyeing establishment in conjunction with that business. His parents were Severe Desire and Anna (Reaume) Amiot, the former of whom came from his native France with his father and became a cabinetmaker in Canada and later an engineer in the mines of Idaho, and the latter of whom was born in Canada and still lives in Wyandotte. Hubert S. Amiot obtained a limited education in the common schools of Idaho, Washington, and Wyandotte, Michigan, but at the age of eleven years he quit school to go to work in the shipyards, subsequently being employed in a hoop factory. His next position was with the leading drygoods store of Wyandotte, with which he continued ten years and then worked eight years in the employ of the Roehring Brothers Clothing Company. His association with two such prominent clothing and drygoods concerns gave him the experience that he needed to conduct a business of his own, and in 1911, he went into the merchant tailoring business for himself at No. 20 N. Biddle Avenue, employing three persons in the small shop that he opened. From its inception, the enterprise was an unqualified success, so that within three years it became necessary for Mr. Amiot to find larger quarters to satisfy the growing demands of the patronage he had developed. Accordingly, he moved his store to its present location at No. 45-47 Biddle Avenue, where he also installed a thoroughly modern cleaning and dyeing establishment and employs twenty-five people. The success that attended his efforts in Wyandotte encouraged him to make still further expansion, with the result that he now maintains a branch at Dearborn, the flourishing condition of which has justified him in his course. Mr. Amiot has always taken an active part in the politics of his city, and his first office of public trust was that responsible one of commissioner to revise the charter of Wyandotte, which, when it was accepted by the people, gave the municipality a commission form of government. Mr. Amiot was then elected city commissioner, and for five years he served as Commissioner of Public Safety and one year as Commissioner of Finance and Revenue. His conduct of the offices with which he was entrusted encouraged the people to elect him mayor, which they did in 1922. Mr. Amiot has been re-elected twice, and now as he starts his third term, he is chief executive of a community of 33,000 inhabitants, an increase of 18,000 since he first assumed the mayoralty of Wyandotte, and the corporate limits have been extended to include an 346 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY area of seven square miles instead of 1,900 acres as in 1922. During the administration of Mayor Amiot the municipally owned water works and electric light plant have been marked forward strides. In 1925, the city charter was again revised to place the government of city departments in the hands of boards, the members of which are appointed by the mayor. Perhaps in this way more than any other did Mayor Amiot demonstrate his complete fitness for the position which he holds, for his appointees to the governing boards have all been chosen for their ability for the work for which they were chosen, party lines and personal reasons being disregarded in the attempt to give the city the best government of which he is capable. In 1920, Mr. Amiot was instrumental in the organization of the Wyandotte Board of Commerce and has been a director of that body since its inception. It is Mr. Amiot's hope to make Wyandotte the second city in Michigan, and his every effort is directed toward this end, for he proposes and supports many measures that make for civic betterment in every way possible. On September 10, 1904, Mr. Amiot married Ida Murphy, daughter of Judge Francis Murphy, who came to this city in 1855 from Newcastle, England. Mr. and Mrs. Amiot are the parents of three children, as follows: Neal H., who is twenty-one years old and is a student at Notre Dame University; Charles H., eighteen years old and a student in the local schools; and Gerald J., who is sixteen and attends the Wyandotte schools. In addition to his association with the Board of Commerce, Mr. Amiot is a member of the Knights of Columbus, Elks, and the Island Country Club. Very Reverend Patrick Dunlne has administered the affairs of the Church of the Holy Redeemer since May, 1924, and the years that he has spent in Detroit, have shown him to be a priest who has won the love and respect of his parishioners, in whose welfare he takes a sympathetic interest. Of Irish parentage, he was born at St. Louis, January 1, 1883, a son of Michael and Bridget (McDerby) Dunne, and began his education in the parochial school of St. Alphonse parish. By the time he had completed two years of study in the University of St. Louis, he had formed the determination to become a priest, and accordingly went to Kirkwood, Missouri, where he attended a theological seminary from 1896 to 1902. In 1903, he entered Mt. Clements Seminary at DeSoto, Missouri, and after five years at that college, he was ordained to the priesthood on May 20, 1908. He came to Detroit on December 7, 1909, to become assistant pastor of the Church of the Holy Redeemer, the six years that he remained here laying the foundation for his return and for the record he has made since his return. In 1915, he was sent to Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, as Prefect of Students, teaching theology. In this work, he enjoyed signal success, and when he had been there six years, he was made pastor of St. Alphonsus Church at Grand Rapids, continuing there until May 20, 1924, on which day he came to Detroit to take charge of the Church of the Holy Redeemer, of which he had been assistant priest after his PATRICK T. DUNNE, C. S. S. R. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 347 ordination. He has since been in charge of the church, which is located at Dix and Junction avenues, and is well known among the Catholic laity and clergy of Detroit. Jacob G. Judson, vice-president and treasurer of the Judson Lumber Company, of Detroit, Michigan, was active in the rapid growth of that part of the city formerly known as the Village of Redford, during the years since 1915. Both of Mr. Judson's grandfathers were early settlers of Genesee County, Michigan, where each owned a section of land. His paternal grandfather was David Judson who, like so many early settlers of the interior of Michigan, was engaged first in trade with the Indians; but with the transferring of the Indians to other reservations, David Judson turned his attention to farming. Thus his son, George, born in 1862, also became a farmer in Genesee County, although he had interests with his brothers, Ephraim and Fred, in grain elevators at Gaines, Durand and Linden, Michigan. George Judson was active in politics at intervals and was chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Genesee County when the old court house was built at Flint in 1905 and was again a member of the board twenty years later when the new court house was projected. He and his wife, Genevieve (Dodder) Judson, were the parents of eight children. Jacob G. Judson, the second child, was born on a farm in Argentine Township, Genesee County, May 8, 1887. He received his education in Gaines elementary school and in Fenton High school, graduating at Fenton in the class of 1909. He then engaged in farming and soon bought a farm for himself adjoining his father's. On June 28, 1911, he married Mae S. Arms, with whom he had attended school in his childhood, and to them have been born three daughters: Jennie, Genevieve, and Marguerite. After six years spent as a farmer, he came to Redford where he became secretary-treasurer and general manager of the Grand River Lumber and Coal Company, a concern which he successfully operated until 1923. During the seven years Mr. Judson lived in Redford he served as a member of the school board being secretary for three years and president for two years. He has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Peoples State Bank of Redford during this time and is now Chairman of the Board. In January, 1923, he sold his interests in the Grand River Lumber and Coal Company and joined Frank L. Michelson of Detroit, in the organization of the Judson Lumber Company. Though but four years have elapsed since the business was started, success has crowned the efforts of Mr. Judson with rare liberality and today he is known as one of the ablest executives engaged in the lumber business in that section of Wayne County. His achievement in thus abandoning one concern to build up another is no small one, and the prominence he has won is all the more noteworthy in the light of that consideration. Roy H. Burgess, the Ford automobile dealer at Redford, Michigan, comes of a family that has had much to do with the development of that section of the county. His great grandfather, Heman 348 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Burgess, came to Michigan from New York State in 1829, bringing with him his nine-year-old son, Sylvester K. Burgess. In Redford Township, Heman Burgess took up land and farmed until the time of his death; likewise, Sylvester K. Burgess farmed and taught school in the same township and served as justice of the peace, his death occurring in 1905 at the age of eighty-five years. With such an heritage, it was only natural that George C. Burgess, son of Sylvester K., should take to farming, an occupation that he subsequently relinquished to operate a hardware store in Redford until his retirement from active life. He was a member of the first council of the village of Redford and served as president of the village for years. He chose for his wife Nellie E. Prindle, daughter of John M. Prindle, one of the early settlers of the Beach Station district of Wayne County, and thus it was that the son of George C. Burgess and Nellie E. Prindle, who is Roy H. Burgess, can point with pardonable pride to the part his family, on both sides of the house, has played in making the northwest section of Wayne County what it is today. Born at Redford May 17, 1889, Roy Burgess attended the elementary and high schools of his home community and for two years after his graduation from the latter institution played the position of first base on baseball teams at Flint and Bay City, Michigan. Following his marriage, he joined his father in the hardware business, subsequently assisting H. J. Meyer in the organization of the Meyer Drug Company, of Redford. These various occupations brought him to the year 1914, when he secured the agency for the sale of Ford automobiles in Redford. The fundamental business principles that he had learned under the careful tutelage of his father and in the drug business stood him in good stead in his new venture, and from its inception, the concern was an unqualified success. So rapid was the growth of the company, in fact, that it was found necessary to incorporate in 1924 and to erect a building for the housing of the sales rooms and service garage. To no one but Mr. Burgess can the progress of the company be attributed, for though it is now a corporation, he it was, by his dynamic personality, aggressive sales policy, and progressive business methods, who laid the firm and substantial groundwork for the organization that was to be erected thereon ten years after Mr. Burgess opened the agency. That he is well liked through the community and that he is accorded a place among the leading business men of the city, is superfluous to say; yet such is the incontrovertible truth. He recently opened a branch at Brightmoor, Michigan, under the name of the Brightmoor Motor Sales Company. He is also vice-president and a director of the Peoples State Bank of Redford; although his business interests demand more and more time, he nevertheless is keenly alive to the movements for the civic betterment and gives considerable attention and time to the municipal welfare of his city. On April 3, 1912, he married Kathleen Quarterman, and they have two children, Roy H., Jr., and Betty. Mr. Burgess is active in Masonry, he being DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 349 a member of Redford Lodge and Chapter and Detroit Commandery No. 1, and past monarch of the Grotto at Detroit, which he was the twelfth man to join after its organization. Frank S. Harmon. No name is more familiar to residents of Northville and that part of Wayne County than is that of Frank S. Harmon, who is descended from Michigan pioneer families on both sides of the house. Though he is now retired from active business life, he continues to live in the community where he was born and where he has been an undisputed leader in manufacturing and commercial circles for many years. His maternal grandfather, Julius C. Dickinson, moved from Vermont to New York in 1833 and thence to Jackson County, Michigan, in 1846, subsequently becoming warden at the State prison, a position that he retained for many years. His paternal grandfather, Asa H. Harmon and his father, John V. Harmon, who was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, in 1822, came to Jackson County, Michigan, in 1843, but after a short time removed to Wayne County, settling near Northville where they established the first drain tile manufacturing concern in the State under the firm style of Asa H. Harmon & Son. The pottery was located on the present site of the fish hatchery, and here, father and son continued until 1864, when they sold out to Isaac Slaght, who continued the business until the available clay deposits gave out in 1875. John V. Harmon, father of him whose name heads this review, returned to farming after leaving the pottery business and continued therein until his retirement. He married Susan A. Dickinson, a native of Middlebury, Vermont, and to them were born two children, Frank S. Harmon and Charles D. Harmon, of Greenville. The civic affairs of the community in which he lived held a deep interest for John Harmon, and as a supporter of the Republican principles, he was elected to the school board, the village council, and the office of highway commissioner. Frank S. Harmon was born in Northville, May 13, 1862, receiving a graded and high school education in his native place. His first year after leaving school was spent as a grocery clerk and his second as an employe of the United States Fish and Game Commission. Then, although he was but twenty-two years of age, he became secretary of the Granville & Son Wood Pipe Organ Company, at Northville, and was placed in charge of the office of that organization. He was not content in that work, however, and after a year engaged in the hardware business for a year, again he went to work for the United States Fish Commission, and then secured a position as traveling salesman with the Globe Furniture Company, being located at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, two years and then at Baltimore, Maryland, five years as general southeastern representative. This position he secured at a time when the Globe Furniture Company was making a determined effort to reach out for the eastern trade, and as director of sales in that section of the United States, Mr. Harmon was very successful in building up the business of the company there. From 1889 to 1896 he was so 350 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY employed, returning to Northville in the latter year to enter the hardware business with W. G. Yerkes, in which he was engaged about two years. At this juncture, he and others organized the American Bell & Foundry Company in 1899, Mr. Harmon taking over the duties of president and manager. From its inception, the enterprise enjoyed a healthy and substantial growth, for as manager, Mr. Harmon brought to his work those qualities of plant management executive ability that guaranteed the success of the venture. Twenty-four years marked the extent of his labors as president and manager of the company, and his retirement from active association with it found the business the most important manufacturing business in Northville and one of the most successful ones of its kind in the county. The name has since been changed from that of the American Bell & Foundry Company to the present one of the Bell Furnace & Manufacturing Company. All other considerations disregarded, the achievement of Mr. Harmon in making the concern what it is today stamps him as an exceedingly able man possessed of that integrity of character that won the implicit confidence of all who were associated with him in both a social and a business way. The people of Northville recognized his worth and elected him village president in 1894, 1895, and 1896, and again in 1902-03. He was also first president of the Stimpson Sales & Manufacturing Company, vice-president of the Globe Furniture Company, and he is now president of the Lapham State Bank, of Northville and vice-president of the Superior Company. On the first day of November, 1887, Mr. Harmon married Kittie Simonds, of Milo Center, New York, a daughter of William G. and Hannah Simonds, who came to Michigan at an early date. In Masonry; Mr. Harmon belongs to the Blue Lodge, Chapter, and Commandery and has been president of the Masonic Temple Association for twenty years, he being an honorary life member of that organization. L. A. Babbitt, president of the Northville State Bank, has erected in that institution a monument of strength that will cause him to be remembered favorably by the people of the community as long as it exists, for he was the principal organizer, cashier for twenty-four years, and has been president of the bank for the past ten years. He, too, is of a pioneer family of this section of Wayne County, for Osmond Babbitt, his grandfather, came from New York in the late Thirties and took up government land in this county and settled thereon with his son, Rufus Babbitt, and farmed during the remainder of his life. Rufus Babbitt, who had been born in 1831, a few years before the removal to Michigan, grew to manhood on this same farm, tilled its soil, and there died in 1881, while his wife, Ellen Cady Babbitt, who was born south of Northville in September, 1840, is still living. The first Cady to settle in this county did so in 1825, making his home on a section of land received by grant from John Quincy Adams, this section of land now being occupied by the village of Northville. Daniel L. Cady, grandfather of him whose name heads this review, was a prominent citizen of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 351 the county and served as township trustee during the trying times of the Civil War. Rufus and Ellen (Cady) Babbitt were the parents of five children, as follows: L. A. Kurnal L., deceased; Hattie, deceased; Carolyn, deceased; and Jennie, who married H. F. Brown, of Highland Park, Michigan, and is now dead. Kurnal L. Babbitt attended the Ypsilanti Normal School, and after teaching school for two years and working in the post office at Washington, D. C., for a short period, he went to Columbia University to study law. Upon the completion of his course at the eastern college, he went to Colorado where he became one of the pioneer lawyers of Cripple Creek, representing the vast Guggenheim mining interests of New York. His death at the age of fifty-five years cut short a career of exceptional brilliance and prominence. L. A. Babbitt was born on the homestead farm four miles from Northville in Plymouth Township on November 4, 1861. After completing the prescribed courses of study in the elementary and high schools of that community, he went to work on his father's farm, only to give up the work after a time to go into the real estate business at Saginaw, Michigan, remaining in that work some three years. The ensuing five years were spent as a traveling salesman for the Globe Furniture Company, of Northville, after which he entered the employ of a Wisconsin firm with which he continued about two years. Though he was successful in these various occupations, he felt that they did not hold forth the opportunities for advancement sufficiently great to attract an ambitious young man. Accordingly, he cast about for a more promising field and in 1892 joined C. C. Yerkes in the organization of the Northville State Bank. That the move of the men was a wise one and that Mr. Babbitt, who has been president of the institution for ten years past, has conducted it along conservative yet progressive lines, are both shown in the fact that the Northville State Bank is one of the most substantial financial institutions outside of Detroit, and no county bank enjoys a better reputation than does that headed by Mr. Babbitt. He has unquestionably been the mainspring in the bank's operations, and his farsighted policy has caused him to be accounted a man of rare business judgment and acumen. Today, there is under construction a new bank building that will be worthy of a much larger bank and city, but the significant fact in the change to new quarters will lie in the fact that Mr. Babbitt has thus brought to a climax three and a half decades of service to his community and the surrounding rural sections of the county. It is no wonder, then, that he is held in high regard by his fellow townsmen and in banking circles throughout Wayne County. His marriage to Flora S. Waid on October 25, 1888, united two families that had come from New York to this county about the same time, and to Mr. and Mrs. Babbitt have been born three children, Helen K., deceased; Marion B., and Kurnal H. A Mason, he is a member of the Commandery and the Mystic Shrine, and he has held membership in the Bankers' Club for more than twenty-eight years. Business affairs have 352 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY never conspired to entirely draw his attention away from the civic problems of his community. He was a member of the school board for twenty-eight years, and was treasurer of the village for several years. He and his family attend the Presbyterian Church. Karl Adams Dietrich, vice-president of Max Broock, Incorporated, is one of the most prominent of the younger real estate and insurance men in Detroit. That he is already a successful business man is not a cause for wonder, because on both sides of his house are men who were leaders in their several fields of activity. His grandfather came from Germany in 1848 and settled at Muskegon, Michigan, where he subsequently became associated with Charles Hackley, millionaire lumberman, in the lumber business. The maternal grandfather of our subject was Hiram Adams who became a member of the firm of Cutler & Savage, lumber manufacturers. Karl Adams Dietrich was born at Muskegon, August 11, 1898, a son of Gustav and Ella (Adams) Dietrich, the former of whom was born in the same city on August 6, 1861, became associated with the Hackley Bank, and then with the Lambrecht-Kelly Company, now the Michigan Investment Company, of which he is now vice-president. He began his education in the public schools of Muskegon, but after the removal of the family to Detroit in 1906, he continued his studies in the common schools here, graduating from the Central High School in 1917. He then matriculated at the University of Michigan, graduating therefrom with the class of 1921 with the degree of bachelor of arts. For a time, he was in the employ of the Packard Motor Car Company, then with the National City Bank, of New York City, for another short period. Upon leaving the bank, he entered Max Broock, Incorporated, real estate and insurance dealers. The company is one of the old organizations of the city in its field, yet the officials have seen to it that it was modelled along the most modern lines in operation. It was not long, relatively, before Mr. Dietrich was offered the position of vice-president of the corporation. His rapid rise in the company has been attributable to but two reasons, his inherent business ability and indomitable energy and sense of organization and administration. The success won by Mr. Dietrich has stamped him among the younger business men of Detroit, as one of the outstanding characters in the development of the city, and those who know him predict that he will one day be a force to be reckoned with in the city. On August 14, 1919, he married Mamie Waldon, the daughter of Sydney D. Waldon, of Detroit, and to them has been born one son, Sydney Waldon Dietrich. Mr. Dietrich is a member of the University Club, the Detroit Golf Club, and of the Real Estate Board. Edgar B. Cooper, president and general manager of the CooperLittle Company, of Detroit, has risen to prominence in his work as the city of his adoption has undergone its period of most rapid growth and development. He comes of the sturdy Yankee stock that has placed its stamp on the life of a nation, and due to the fact DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 353 that his grandfather was a shipbuilder in New England may be assigned Edgar B. Cooper's ultimate advent into structural work, for it was a heritage from his earliest days. His parents were Albert and Charlotte (Williams) Cooper, the former of whom was a native of Maine and the latter of Wisconsin and a daughter of a Congregational minister who subsequently held a pastorate at Chicago. Albert Cooper, like so many of the Maine men, took to the sea at an early age, and by the time he was twenty-one years of age, he was master of one of the famous American clipper ships engaged in the East Indian trade. At the age of thirty-five, however, he left the sea and went to Colorado. There he acquired silver and lead mines, and he it was who named the city of Leadville, Colorado. In 1880, he disposed of his mining interests and returned East, where he died in 1895. His widow survived until 1925. Edgar B. Cooper was born at Boston, Massachusetts, January 13, 1883, and received a common school education in the city of his birth, after which he matriculated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from which he was graduated in 1905 with the degree of mechanical engineer. His first work in the profession of engineering was with the Ponce Railway & Light Company, of Porto Rico, of which he was superintendent and manager until 1909. Leaving the island in that year, he came to Detroit as an estimator and designer for the Gabriel Company, but soon after he accepted a position as engineer with the A. J. Smith Construction Company, inaugurating his career in construction work in this city. His ability and experience as a construction engineer would not permit his remaining in the employ of others for long, and in 1911 under the name of DeLisle & Cooper he engaged in structural work. He terminated his connections with the firm four years later, and after he had sold out, he became associated in 1915 with Mr. Widenmann in the same sort of work under the firm style of Cooper-Widenmann Construction Company. The formation of the company came at an auspicious time to assure its success before the country was plunged into the World War which brought the building depression of the post-war period. With the renewal of the building activities and the great increase in this work that Detroit itself enjoyed, the business of the firm grew to mammoth proportions, and in 1924, Mr. Cooper bought out his partner and contines the business today. To those in touch with the building construction going forward in Detroit, enlargement upon the achievements of Mr. Cooper as president of the company is unnecessary. He has been the main factor in building up the business of the organization to the point where it ranks as one of the largest construction companies in the city; an advance that has been primarily due to his managerial and technical ability, the possession of which is accounted somewhat of a rarity in one man. The reliability of the work of his company has become almost a byword among the contractors and builders of the city, a testimonial of which is the fact that for the past two years he has been president of the Association of Building Employers. On November 22, 1909, Mr. Cooper married Buena Hoy, of Albion, 354 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY New York, who graduated from Vassar college the year previous, and to them have been born two children, Albert and Charlotte E. Mr. Cooper is a member of the Masonic Order, and also holds membership in the Board of Commerce, National Town & Country Club, the Detroit Engineering Society, and the Detroit Yacht Club. Richard J. Lynch, prominent furniture dealer and banker of Wyandotte, is one of the successful men of the city, for he is interested in enterprises in various fields of endeavor and has taken an active part in the politics of the city. His parents were Edmund and Elizabeth (Cronin) Lynch, the former of whom was born in Ireland, came to this country in 1826 when he was eleven years of age, and located at Detroit in the early days, running the company boarding house for the firm of Denison & Belding, railroad contractors, with whom he continued some twenty-six years. Richard J. Lynch was born at Greenville, Pennsylvania, May 5, 1869, and received his common school education in New York and Canada. After the family located at Detroit he augmented this education by taking courses in night school in this city. He first worked for the St. Elmo Hotel, but after two years he went to work for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company with whom he remained about a year and a half. He then became associated with G. A. F. Peterson at Detroit, and during the nine years he spent in the employ of this man, Mr. Lynch thoroughly learned every phase of the business of photographer. This accomplished, he came to Wyandotte and opened a studio of his own, conducting it successfully for eight years. When he had been in Wyandotte that length of time, he was elected supervisor of the First Ward, holding that position five years until he was appointed court officer in the Wayne County Circuit Court at Detroit, where he continued four years. When he gave up the court work, he returned to commercial circles in Wyandotte when he opened a furniture store under the firm name of Lynch & Ginzel in 1905. This partnership existed until 1915, when Mr. Lynch bought out his partner and then took John L. Sullivan into partnership with him, the name of the concern then being changed to the present one of Lynch & Sullivan. No furniture establishment in the city of Wyandotte can boast of a more modern store than that conducted by Mr. Lynch, who has been largely responsible for the present flourishing condition of the enterprise, for its success has rested almost solely on his executive ability and aptitude for store management. But he has also displayed his versatility in commercial matters by being a prominent member of other organizations, for he is president of the Wyandotte Industrial Bank, a member of the board of the People's State Bank, a director of the De Luxe Theater of Detroit, and a director of the Perch Point Land Company, and Blake Machine Company, and in the affairs of these companies, he has taken no small part in shaping the policies that have spelled success for the ventures. On November 2, 1899, Mr. Lynch was united in marriage to Barbara Campbell, daughter of Donald Campbell, Palmerston, Canada, and in 1920 his wife died leaving two daughters, Mrs. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 355 William J. Knapp, whose husband is in the office of the City Electric Light Company, and Mrs. Earl Stieler, whose husband is paying teller at the Wyandotte Savings Bank. John L. Sullivan, of the firm of Lynch & Sullivan, is one of the most successful furniture dealers of Wyandotte and with his partner, Richard J. Lynch, of whom there is more elsewhere in this volume, he has been engaged in that field of endeavor in Wyandotte for ten years. His parents, early residents of this city, were Dennis and Margaret (Burke) Sullivan, the former of whom was born in Ireland, came to Buffalo from that country when he was twentyone years old, and later removed to Wyandotte to aid in setting up the machinery for the old iron works, and the latter of whom was also born in Ireland, came to Canada with her mother at the age of eleven years, and then came to Wyandotte when it was hardly more than a village. The eighth child of a family of eleven children, John L. Sullivan attended the parochial schools and the Wyandotte public schools. His first employment was in the capacity of clerk in a grocery store, and after holding several other jobs, he entered the employ of the fur manufacturing concern of J. H. Bishop Company, remaining with that firm until he numbered thirteen years service there. In 1899, he was elected city clerk and discharged the duties of that office so successfully that he was reelected, finally retiring from office in 1904. At that time, he became a bookkeeper with the hardware firm of the Gartner Hardware company. With that company, he remained until 1916, when he went into partnership with Richard J. Lynch in the furniture business, the firm name being Lynch & Sullivan. In the conduct of the business, the partners have worked harmoniously together and to such good purpose that they are the proprietors of one of the leading enterprises of its kind in Wyandotte. The part Mr. Sullivan has played in developing the business since he has been in the company, shows him to be a man of ability and shrewdness in business matters, so that among business men he is accounted one of the more successful men in retail trade in the city. He married Lucy Ann Vroman, daughter of Louis and Cecilia Vroman, of Wyandotte, on June 16, 1903, and they have five children, as follows: Ann Lucille, a sister at the Monroe convent; Lucille Margaret, who is nineteen years of age and graduated from St. Patrick's this year; Dorothy Elizabeth, aged seventeen years; Madeline Ann, thirteen years old; and William Joseph, aged five years. Mr. Sullivan is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Holy Name Society, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, and the Wyandotte Chamber of Commerce. Conrad A. Roehrig, of Roehrig Brothers, is not only one of the leading clothing merchants of Wyandotte but is also prominently identified with banking and real estate interests that mark him as one of the most conspicuous figures in the business life of his city. He was born in Wyandotte, December 28, 1872, a son of Joseph and Margaret (Caspers) Roehrig, both natives of Germany, the former of whom operated the old Railroad House, the first hotel 356 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY in Wyandotte. Mrs. Margaret Roehrig was one of twelve children, and when her mother was left a widow, the woman managed to come to Wyandotte with five of her children, sending for the others later, the descendants of this brave German woman being numbered by the hundreds in and around Wyandotte. Conrad A. Roehrig was educated in the parochial and Wyandotte high schools, and after his graduation from the latter institution, he became an employe with a Wyandotte dry goods establishment, with which he continued thirteen years. By that time, he believed, he had accumulated sufficient funds and gained enough experience to permit him to engage in a clothing enterprise for himself, which he did in 1901. Not long after he opened his store in its present location, however, he took his brother, Henry, into partnership with him, so that the firm assumed the name as it stands today; namely, Roehrig Brothers. In the general clothing business, the enterprise has been more than moderately successful, and Mr. Roehrig is known among business men as one of the aggressive and forceful men engaged in commercial pursuits in Wyandotte. In addition to his retail clothing business, Mr. Roehrig is heavily interested in several real estate and banking projects at Wyandotte, and his connection with these concerns has but served to enhance his reputation as a man of shrewdness and farsightedness. On August 20, 1899, Mr. Roehrig married Mary E. Cuddy, daughter of Captain Cuddy, who had sailed both the oceans and the Great Lakes, on the latter of which he was master of the "Francis Palms" and the "Sweetheart." At the time of his death, Captain Cuddy was a captain of the Detroit Police department. To Mr. and Mrs. Roehrig were born three children: Marion, Cecil, and Beryl, who died in February, 1925. Mr. Roehrig is a member of the Wyandotte Chamber of Commerce, the Detroit Yacht Club, and the Ellks at Detroit. Henry Roehrig, of the general clothing concern of Roehrig Brothers, has been engaged in that business in Wyandotte for a quarter of a century, so that his long and successful career in the commercial circles of the city has won him recognition as one of the able men in the retail trade in that place. A native of Wyandotte, he was born June 10, 1866, a son of Joseph and Margaret (Caspers) Roehrig, of whom more may be found in the biographical record of Conrad A. Roehrig elsewhere in this volume. He attended the public and parochial schools of Wyandotte and also pursued special courses of study in the night school. He first went to work in the old Wyandotte Rolling Mills, subsequently becoming clerk at the Arlington Hotel, a position which he retained some seven years. Having accumulated sufficient capital to admit of the venture, he went into the retail shoe business for himself and operated that enterprise successfully until he was appointed postmaster during President Cleveland's second term. For four and a half years, he held that office and in 1901, joined his brother, Conrad A., in the clothing business under the firm style of Roehrig Brothers. For the subsequent quarter of a century, he and his DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 357 brother have worked harmoniously side by side, developing their business to a point where it is unquestionably one of the foremost general clothing establishments in Wyandotte. Mr. Roehrig, through his connection with the firm, is regarded as one of the able business men of the city, and that he has been interested in real estate for some thirty-five years, is one more reason for his prominence in the commercial life of the community. In addition to the properties he owns in Wyandotte, he has real estate in Detroit and other parts of Michigan, so that, in truth, he fully merits the reputation he is given of being a shrewd observer of the trend in real estate workings. Mr. Roehrig, on October 16, 1895, married Susie McCloy, daughter of Harry and Susan McCloy, of Wyandotte, and to Mr. and Mrs. Roehrig were born four children, as follows: Mary E., who married Louis I. Minor, of Detroit; Eileen, who is a teacher in the Black School of Music in Detroit; Bernice L., a teacher in the Detroit Public schools; and Harry, their only son, who was a graduate of the University of Michigan, was cashier of a bank at Trenton, Michigan, and was shot and killed by bank robbers on January 12, 1925. Mr. Roehrig has been active in the politics of his community, having served two terms as city treasurer and two terms as mayor. In his public career, he gave his strongest support to those measures calculated to benefit the city most. He is president of the Peoples State Bank, of Wyandotte, a director of the Ford State Bank, and president of the Wyandotte Theaters Company, and these associations, in whose affairs he has been extremely active, demonstrating anew the ability of the man not only in commercial pursuits but in financial matters as well. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Elks at Detroit, the Grosse Pointe Golf & Country Club, and the Island Country Club. Clare F. Allan. During the twelve years that he has been engaged in the retail drug business in Wyandotte, Clare F. Allan has come to be recognized as one of the leaders in the field, for in that time, he has established two stores and placed each on a secure footing that is a credit to his ability as a store manager. He was born in Corunna, Michigan, January 3, 1893, a son of John and Elmira (Hagle) Allan, the former of whom was born in Scotland and came to the United States when he was a small boy and the latter of whom was born in Lapeer County, Michigan. He attended the graded and high schools of Corunna and after his graduation from the latter school, he matriculated at the University of Michigan, where he pursued a two-year course of study. Coming to Wyandotte upon the conclusion of his university work, he entered the employ of Dorrance & Garrison, Druggists, continuing with that firm some three years. Possessing a strong faith in his ability to conduct his own business, he opened a drug store at No. 81 Biddle Avenue in 1914, and from its inception the enterprise was an unqualified success. As the business grew, Mr. Allan was regarded more and more as one of the able young retail store managers in Wyandotte, and when, in 1921, just seven years after he had first started his own store, he opened a second drug store, he 358 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY took undisputed place among the aggressive and forceful business men of the city. This second venture was located at No. 407 Biddle Avenue and has been as successful under the direction of Mr. Allan as has been his first store. He has also been active in the municipal affairs of the community, having been a member of the commission that drafted the new charter for Wyandotte that was adopted in April, 1925. Mr. Allan was married on July 19, 1913, to Leta Benedict, daughter of Charles and Hattie Benedict, of Maple Rapids, Michigan, and to them has been born a daughter, Virginia, who is nine years of age and is attending the Wyandotte schools. He is a member of the Masonic lodge at Wyandotte, the Consistory at Detroit, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine, and he is also a member of the Kiwanis Club and a director of the Detroit Drug Club, chairman of the entertainment committee of the Island Country Club, vice-president of the Wyandotte Welfare committee, and the Board of Commerce, of which he was vicepresident. James C. Headman is now completing seventeen consecutive years as treasurer of the city of Wyandotte, making a total of nineteen years in all that he has held that responsible position of public trust by virtue of his ability and unquestionable integrity as a public servant. He was born in Canada, April 24, 1864, a son of Charles and Sofia (Homeister) Headman, both natives of Germany, the former of whom came to the United States about the year 1852. He attended the graded and high schools of Wyandotte, but following his father's death when he was twelve years of age, he was forced to give up his studies when he was fourteen to go to work. A store job, employment in the rolling mills, and then two years as a shipyards worker was the way he started his life career, and from the last of those three positions, he went to the plant of J. H. Bishop & Company, fur manufacturers, and for a period of twelve years, he remained in the employ of that concern. This brought him to the year 1905, when he was elected city treasurer, an office to which he was returned the following year. He was then appointed by the county auditor to the Justice court at Detroit, where he remained until 1909. In that year, he was again the successful candidate for election to the office of city treasurer, and though many elections and two charter revisions have occurred since that time, he has always been returned to the office of treasurer of the city of Wyandotte by his fellow townsmen, who appreciate to the full the excellent qualities of unimpeachable integrity and energetic ability that he brings to his work, and as treasurer through the various administrations of the city government, he has consistently demonstrated that his chief interest is in the safeguarding of the public welfare and the most efficient conduct of his office possible. On January 2, 1886, Mr. Headman married Minnie Nevermann, of Wyandotte, a daughter of John and Sofia Nevermann, both of whom came to this city from Germany. Mrs. Headman died on October 14, 1914, leaving the following children: Charles, who is sergeant in charge of the gate house at the plant of the Michigan DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 359 Alkali Company; Fred, who is a machinist in the employ of the Wyandotte branch of the McCord Manufacturing Company; Clara, who married Ross Elsesser, an electrical engineer in the employ of the Michigan Alkali Company; and Edward C., a graduate of the University of Michigan in civil engineering, who enlisted in the army as sergeant in the 16th Engineers, went to school in France, was commissioned second lieutenant of the 302nd Engineers, and was killed by an American sentry on September 1, 1918, while he was on duty. The American Legion post at Wyandotte is named in honor of Edward C. Headman. On July 18, 1917, Mr. Headman married again, taking for his second wife, Agnes Marquardt, daughter of Christian Marquardt, who came to Wyandotte from Germany about the year 1860. Mr. Headman is also vice-president of the First National Bank of Wyandotte in addition to his official duties as treasurer, and in this latter connection, he is treasurer of city schools and of the city hospital. He is now treasurer of the Chamber of Commerce, and was, for thirty years, treasurer of the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church, of which he has also served as trustee. His wife is a member of the same church, and her father became a member of it in 1861, two years after it was organized here. Carroll Walker Collins, cashier of the First National Bank, of Wyandotte, brought to this position banking experience that portended the success that he has gained in his position in Wyandotte, where he is already known as one of the capable bank officers of this city. He was born at Charlotte, Michigan, January 6, 1893, where his father, A. Burton Collins, operates a drug store that was established in 1857 by the grandfather of Carroll Collins and was the first establishment of its kind in that community. Maude (Walker) Collins, mother of him whose name heads this review, was a native of Okemus, Michigan, and her grandfather bought large tracts of land at Charlotte at a time when it appeared that the town might be named as the capital of Michigan. Carroll Walker Collins received a graded and high school education in his native place, graduating from the Charlotte high school in June, 1912. During the subsequent two years, he worked in his father's drug store and then matriculated at the University of Michigan whence he graduated in February, 1919, with the degree of bachelor of arts, he having specialized in business administration and banking. He then went to New York, entered the foreign department of the National City Bank, and was soon after transferred to the Cuban branches of that institution. There he remained until 1923, when he returned to Michigan to take up the duties of Assistant State Bank Examiner in August, that year, remaining in that position until he accepted the office of cashier of the First National bank, of Wyandotte, in July, 1924. On September 26, 1922, Mr. Collins married Miss Martha Shepard, daughter of Robert G. and Margaret (Francis) Shepard, of Parnassus, Pennsylvania. His wife is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and Mr. and Mrs. Collins have two sons, Carroll Walker, Jr., and Robert Shepard. 360 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Mr Collins is a member of Masonic Lodge No. 120 at Charlotte, Michigan, Acacia Fraternity, Michigan Chapter, the Island Country Club of Grosse Isle, Michigan, Michigan Union of the University of Michigan, and Bankers' Club of Detroit. Frank Caspers, prominent fur dealer of Wyandotte whose establishment is located at No. 117 North Biddle Avenue, has been engaged in that business here for more than two decades, and his achievement in building up such a flourishing enterprise places him among the more successful business men of Wyandotte. Born in Wyandotte, December 15, 1872, he is the son of Lenard and Mary (Decker) Caspers, the former of whom came to the United States from Germany about 1849, worked in the rolling mills at Wyandotte, and was customs officer here during the second term of President Cleveland, and the latter of whom, Mary (Decker) Caspers, was a native of France. Frank Caspers attended the parochial and public schools of Wyandotte, and after the completion of his education, he entered the plant of J. H. Bishop & Company, fur manufacturers. For a period of twenty years, he was employed with this concern, and while he worked among the furs, he applied himself with the greatest concentration to learning everything possible about fur qualities and the cutting and sewing of the pelts. In this way, he provided himself with a knowledge of furs which cannot be excelled, so that when he determined to go into business for himself, he possessed a practical knowledge of the fur business that assured his success. Accordingly, he opened a small place located above the Roehrig Brothers store, but he soon found that his business was outgrowing these quarters, with the result that he erected his present fine store building in 1907. Since that time, his business has prospered to the extent that he has the leading concern of its kind in Wyandotte, while he is considered in commercial circles as one of the able business men of Wyandotte. All credit must be given him, for this enterprise was started and developed by him alone, and that he has won success cannot be wtndered at, for he possesses those qualities of initiative and progress that make for material gain in any man who has them. On September 19, 1900, he was united in marriage to Mary C. Meggers, a daughter of Theodore and Catherine (Hilton) Meggers, ot Wyandotte, and Mr. and Mrs. Caspers are the parents of one son, Francis, who is seventeen years of age and is attending the Wyandotte high school. Mr. Caspers is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Elks at Detroit, the Chamber of Commerce, The Island Country Club, the Monroe Yacht Club, and the Michigan Alkali Club. Archibald C. Milne, cashier of the Peoples State Bank of Wyandotte, is accounted one of the ablest men in financial circles in Wyandotte, for when he came to this city to become cashier of the bank, he had behind him years of experience in various banks of the state, and it is doubtful whether a man better fitted for the position could have been found than Mr. Milne. He was born in Saginaw, Michigan, January 5, 1888, a son of Alexander and Mar DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 361 jory (Campbell) Milne, both of whom were natives of Scotland and came to the United States in 1885, where Alexander Milne followed his profession of florist. Completing a graded and high school education in 1905 in the public schools of Saginaw, Archibald C. Milne began his business career with the Second National Bank, of Saginaw, which he left after a few months to become associated with the Bank of Saginaw. Until July 1, 1917, he remained with that concern and then came to Detroit to open the American State Bank of Oakwood. When the village of Oakwood was annexed to Detroit, the bank became the property of the Peoples State Bank, of Detroit, Mr. Milne being retained by the new owners as manager. He continued in that capacity until August 1, 1923, when he was sent to Wyandotte as cashier of the Peoples State Bank at this place. The years that have followed that change have demonstrated beyond all doubt that Archibald C. Milne is a leader in banking circles in Wyandotte, where he is thoroughly familiar with the financial conditions of the city. That the affairs of the Peoples State Bank here have been in a more substantial condition than they ever enjoyed prior to the advent of Mr. Milne, speaks more convincingly for his efforts and his ability than any written word. On June 26, 1912, he married Janet McElgunn, daughter of Patrick and Janet McElgunn, of Saginaw, Michigan, and to Mr. and Mrs. Milne have been born four children, as follows: William, aged thirteen; John, ten years old; Patricia, six years old; and Marjory, aged four years. Mr. Milne is a member of the Kiwanis Club, Board of Commerce, Bankers' Club, of Detroit, the Island Country Club, and the Oakwood Lodge, I. O. O. F. Victor L. Dorrance has been engaged in the drug business with William P. Garrison since 1892, and the fact that the firm of Dorrance & Garrison is today the leading concern of its kind in Wyandotte, is due primarily to the harmonious relations that have existed between these men, both of whom are regarded by Wyandotte citizens as thorough business men. A native of Vernon, Michigan, Victor L. Dorrance was born March 28, 1867, a son of Charles A. and Sofia (Burt) Dorrance, the former of whom came from New York in the early days and was first employed as a millwright and later in the furniture and undertaking business in several towns in Michigan. After attending the graded and high schools of Vernon, Michigan, Victor Dorrance entered the employ of the DeHart Brothers, Druggists, of that city, where he continued seven years, learning during this time all the fundamentals governing the successful operations of a drug business. After a year spent in the employ of H. E. Holmes, another druggist of Vernon, he went to Portland, Michigan, where he formed a partnership with William P. Garrison and went into the drug business. After a few months, the partners decided that they would move to a larger city, and in May, 1892, a few months after they opened their first store in Portland, Michigan, they came to Wyandotte, locating their first store at the corner of Elm Street and Biddle Avenue. 362 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY From its inception, their enterprise was an unqualified success, and in 1900 they sought larger quarters at No. 92 North Biddle Avenue, where their store is still located. Successful though the venture was, they saw the opportunity of expanding still further and accordingly opened a second store at No. 58 South Biddle Avenue. Both the stores of Dorrance & Garrison are in a flourishing condition, and Mr. Dorrance is accounted one of the influential business men of Wyandotte through his part in developing one of the strongest retail drug combinations in this part of the county. On June 24, 1890, Mr. Dorrance married Mae Sauders, daughter of Charles and Matilda Sauders, of Wyandotte, and to Mr. and Mrs. Dorrance have been born two children, Charles E., who is twentysix years old and is employed at the River Rouge plant of the Ford Motor company, and Jeannette, aged twenty-one, who is attending the Maryland College for Women at Lutherville, Maryland. Mr. Dorrance is a member of the Masonic Lodge and Chapter at Wyandotte, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Rebekahs. Chamber of Commerce, Michigan Alkali club, and the National Union. William P. Garrison has been engaged in the drug business in Wyandotte since 1892 as a member of the firm of Dorrance & Garrison and he and his partner, Victor L. Dorrance, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this volume, are recognized as the leading druggists of this community. To the success of the partnership, William Garrison has contributed equally in ability and work with his partner and is accorded a high place among the business men of this community. He was born at Vernon, Michigan, February 12, 1862, a son of W. D. and Jeannette (Payne) Garrison, both natives of New York who came to Michigan in the early days and where the former operated a general store. William P. Garrison attended the common schools in Flint, Michigan, and graduated from the School for the Blind at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1883. In 1891, he went into the drug business with Mr. Dorrance at Portland, Michigan, for a few months, and in May, 1892, they came to Wyandotte, where they opened their first store at the corner of Elm Street and Biddle Avenue. In 1900, the growth of the business demanded removal to larger quarters, which were found at the present location at No. 92 North Biddle Avenue. Subsequently, a second store was opened at No. 58 South Biddle Avenue, and today the firm of Dorrance & Garrison is the leading drug firm in Wyandotte. Mr. Garrison has played no small part in bringing about the present substantial condition of the enterprise with which he has been associated over thirty-five years. On September 7, 1884, Mr. Garrison married Lenora Sabin, daughter of D. M. and Martha Sabin, of Vernon, Michigan, and they have one son, Glenn, who is married and lives in the country near Wyandotte. Milton B. Davis, a partner in the firm of Fred W. Ginzel Company, is rapidly coming to the fore as a leading business man of Wyandotte, for he is a member of a firm which has been engaged DETROIT AND.XAYNE COUNTY 363 in the stove and furniture business for nearly twelve years. A son of Fred and Martha (Griffith) Davis, he was born in Wales, November 4, 1878, and came to the United States when he was nine years old. His family settled in Connecticut and there he was educated in the graded and high schools. When he had attained his twentythird year, he came to Wyandotte, where he secured employment at the plant of the Michigan Alkali Company as foreman and employment manager. For some fifteen years, he was associated with that concern, but by that time he cast about for a business enterprise in which he might become interested, and the result was that he purchased an interest in the Fred W. Ginzel Company, handling stoves and furniture. This company has been conducted in its present location at No. 74 Elm Avenue for about twelve years. Though he has been connected with that concern but a comparatively few years, Mr. Davis is regarded as one of the aggressive and forceful business men of Wyandotte, and he has taken a prominent part in directing the affairs of the company with which he is associated. In addition to this business, he is director of the Peoples State Bank at Wyandotte, in the affairs of which he takes an active part. The connections maintained by Mr. Davis in the commercial and industrial life of the community, show him to be a man of the highest attainments, and that he is regarded as one of the able executives of the city where he is engaged in business, is indicative of the place he holds among his associates. On September 19, 1906, Mr. Davis married Bertha Eilbert, daughter of William and Mary Eilbert old inhabitants of Wyandotte. Mr. Davis is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Odd Fellows, the Albiters, and Woodmen of the World. Walter L. Eberts, secretary of Eberts Brothers Company, of Wyandotte, has held that office since the firm was incorporated in 1910, and the years that have elapsed since that time, have brought to Mr. Eberts successive encomiums upon his ability in an executive capacity, so that he is accounted one of the influential business men of this city. A son of John Eberts, who was born in Detroit on the site now occupied by the courthouse and is now living in Wyandotte at the advanced age of eighty-three years, Walter L. Eberts was born in Wyandotte, February 25, 1888, and attended the elementary and high schools of his native city, graduating from the latter school with the class of 1906. No sooner had he completed his education, than he joined his two brothers, Harry A. and Frank H. Eberts, in the coal and building supplies business in which the two latter were already engaged, and when articles of incorporation were secured in 1910, he became secretary of the new organization, a position that he has since retained. Like his brothers, Mr. Eberts is recognized as one of the substantial business men of Wyandotte, and that he holds such a reputation in commercial circles is due entirely to his merit and ability as an executive of one of the largest concerns of its kind in this section of the country. His business interests are not confined solely to Eberts Brothers Company, for he is secretary and treasurer of the National 364 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Magnesite Stucco Company, a highly successful enterprise of which his brother, Harry A. Eberts, is president. Mr. Eberts, on July 7, 1920, was united in marriage to Maude Woodruff. daughter of Ari E. and Ida (Ocobock) Woodruff, an old family of Wyandotte which has been prominent in the affairs of that city. Mr. Eberts is a member of the Blue Lodge, F. & A. M., at Wyandotte and is a Thirty-second Degree Mason and a Shriner at Detroit, and he is also a member of the Chamber of Commerce, Kiwanis Club, Michigan Alkali Club, and the Detroit Yacht Club. Frank H. Eberts, vice-president and treasurer of Eberts Brothers Company, Incorporated, dealers in coal and building supplies, has been engaged in that business for a quarter of a century, and during that time, he has seen the concern of which he is part owner develop into one of the largest of its kind in this part of the country. In the development of the company, he has played no small part, and for this reason he is accounted one of the influential and able executives in Wyandotte. Born at Wyandotte, June 13, 1882, he is a son of John Eberts, who was born in Detroit in a house located where the present courthouse stands and who now with his wife is living in Wyandotte, John Eberts now being in his eighty-third year. The graded and high schools of Wyandotte afforded Frank H. Eberts his education, and when he had graduated from the latter institution, he went into business with his brother, dealing in coal and building supplies. Subsequently, Harry A. and Frank H. Eberts took their brother, Walter L., into partnership with them, and in 1910 the firm was incorporated under its present name. Three years subsequent to the incorporation of the enterprise, the firm purchased its present yards on Van Alstyne Avenue, and the material equipment of Eberts Brothers Company represents one of the largest coal and building supply yards in this section of the country. Since the incorporation of the company in 1910, Mr. Eberts has been vice-president and treasurer, and as such, he is accorded recognition for his sterling qualities of management and executive ability among Wyandotte business men. On February 7, 1912, he married L. Pearl Chamberlin daughter of Dr. Judson and Anna Chamberlin, of Wyandotte, and Mr. and Mrs. Eberts are the parents of two children, Helen Louise and Mary Jean, who are thirteen and six years old, respectively. Mr. Eberts is active in Masonry, being a member of Wyandotte Lodge No. 170, Wyandotte Chapter No. 135, Monroe Council No. 1, and the Consistory at Detroit, where he is also a member of Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He also maintains membership in the E. B. Ward Lodge No. 172, I. O. O. F., the Down Rivers Shrine Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Michigan Alkali Club, Detroit Automobile Club, Kiwanis Club, and the Chamber of Commerce, Fred E. Van Alstyne, president of the Wyandotte Savings Bank, is one of the leading men in financial circles in Wyandotte where he is president of the bank with which he has been connected for more than thirty-five years and of which his father was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 365 one of the organizers and first president. He was born in Wyandotte, August 12, 1870, a son of John S. and Ellen (Folger) Van Alstyne, the former of whom was a native of Albany, New York, and the latter of whom was born on Nantucket Island and came to Wyandotte in the early days. John S. Van Alstyne came to Detroit at an early date and subsequently located at Wyandotte, where he first worked with the old Wyandotte Rolling Mills and then with the Eureka Iron and Steel Company, the latter of which at one time owned a large tract of land in the center of the present city of Wyandottte. John Van Alstyne was active in municipal politics, having been the first mayor of the city and a member of the board of public works for several years, and in Masonry, he had attained the Thirty-third Degree in the Scottish Rite. Fred E. Van Alstyne, after attending the public schools and graduating from the Wyandotte high school in 1889, entered the Wyandotte Savings Bank, of which his father had been one of the organizers and the first president, but during the first years of his association with the bank, he studied at the Detroit Business College and at the Detroit College of Law, from the latter of which he graduated in 1901. This preparation in business and legal lines equipped Mr. Van Alstyne for the work to which he had turned, and it was a matter of course that he should rise steadily in the organization as a result of his training and evident aptitude for banking work. Merit was its own reward, and in due time, Mr. Van Alstyne was made president of the bank, having worked up to that position from the very bottom of the ladder. It is no cause for wonder, then, that he holds a high place in banking circles not only of his city but of the state as well, for he is treasurer of the Michigan Bankers' Association, his election to that office testifying to his prominence in banking circles. Mr. Van Alstyne has taken a deep interest in civic affairs and is now serving his third term as a member of the Wyandotte Board of Education. On June 15, 1897, he married Blanche Lacy, daughter of William H. and Elizabeth Lacy, the former of whom was born in New York and the latter of whom was a native of Monroe County, Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. Van Alstyne have one child, Joyce, who is a graduate of the Wyandotte high school and the University of Michigan. Like his father before him, Mr. Van Alstyne is active in Masonry, holding membership in the Blue Lodge at Wyandotte and the Consistory and Mystic Shrine at Detroit. He is also a member of the Odd Fellows, Island Country Club, Island Golf & Country Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Bankers Club of Detroit, and the Wyandotte Chamber of Commerce, of which he was formerly treasurer and a director. John J. Marx, president of the Ford State Bank, of Wyandotte, is one of the leaders in financial and industrial circles in Wyandotte, and this reputation he has won through the evident ability, resourcefulness. and initiative he displays in the conduct of his affairs. His parents were George and Maria (Caspar) Marx, both of whom were natives of Germany and came to Wyandotte in 366 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the early days, where the former died in 1886 and the latter in September, 1905. George Marx, a carpenter by trade, came to Wyandotte about 1850, following that trade by day and that of brewing at night. Subsequently, he opened a small brewery of his own that became the nucleus of the present Marx Brewing Company, a leading industrial enterprise in Wyandotte. He was also active in politics, serving many years as supervisor and assessor in Wyandotte. John J. Marx was born in Wyandotte, April 27, 1879, and here attended the parochial schools, after which he studied at the Seminary in Monroe, Michigan, and then in the St. Joseph Commercial College, Detroit. When he had completed his course in the last named institution, he entered the Detroit College of Law, from which he graduated in 1905. Thereafter, he attended to the legal affairs of the Marx Brewing Company and the Marx Estate, and when the former company was incorporated in 1910, Mr. Marx was elected secretary and treasurer and general manager. He has retained that position to the present time, and the great prosperity that has been enjoyed by the company since then is attributable directly to his efforts, and that he with his brother, Frank, has made the company one of the most substantial concerns in Wyandotte is a tribute to his ability as an executive and manager. His achievement in this direction, however, is not the least of his accomplishments, for the importance of the company to the prosperity of the city where it is located cannot be underestimated. When the Ford State Bank was organized, he was one of those instrumental in founding this banking company, and his aptitude for financial dealings prompted the directors to make him president at a later date. This position he now holds, and no small share of the present condition of the bank can be attributed directly to his and the Board of Directors' executive genius. On November 27, 1905, he married Charlotte Labadie, daughter of Antoine and Phyllis (Beaubien) Labadie, of Wyandotte, and by this marirage were united two of the oldest families in this section of the country. Mr. and Mrs. Marx have the following children: Francis A., who is attending Assumption College, Sandwich, Ontario; John William, also a student at Assumption College; Phyllis, in school at Wyandotte; Leo A., who is attending the Hall of the Divine Child, Monroe; Mary; and Eileen, aged three years. Mr. Marx has been interested in the civic affairs of his community since he first engaged in business here, for he served three terms as city attorney and was a member of the commission that framed the present charter for the city of Wyandotte. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Elks, Concordia Society, Harmony Society, Grosse Ile Golf & Country Club, North Anderson Shooting Club, Legion Boat Club, Kiwanis Club, and the Chamber of Commerce. Hon. Ari H. Woodruff, of the law firm of Woodruff & Woodruff, of Wyandotte, has made a record as a legislator that has inspired the people of his district to bestow higher favors on him for his meritorious service in their behalf. Five terms in the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 367 lower house of the legislature and his present incumbency in the office of state senator from this district should be sufficient testimony to the regard in which he is held by his constituents and of the brilliant character of his work at Lansing. His parents were Ari E. Woodruff and Ida (Ocobock) Woodruff, both natives of Wyandotte, where the latter died in January, 1919. Ari E. Woodruff, father of him whose name heads this review, has lived a long and useful life in the service of the people of this section, for by them he was elected to serve six terms in the state legislature, and as a leading attorney, a profession in which he is still actively engaged, he was twice elected circuit court commissioner of Wayne County. When the village of Ford, now a part of Wyandotte, was incorporated, he became the first village president. Hon. Ari H. Woodruff was born in Wyandotte, November 1, 1888, and attended the graded and high schools of his native place. Having decided to follow in his father's footsteps in the legal profession, he entered the Detroit College of Law, graduating therefrom with the degree of bachelor of laws in 1911. When he had successfully passed his examinations and had been admitted to practice at the Wayne County bar, he came to Wyandotte to engage in practice with hisfather under the firm style of Woodruff & Woodruff, an arrangement that exists today. Naturally gifted in his chosen profession, he made a success of his work from the time he first entered practice. From his father, he absorbed those high ethics of public service that had influenced the people to elect the elder Woodruff to the legislature, so that when Ari H. Woodruff became a candidate for election to the house of representatives in the legislature, the electors of his district could say with certainty that here was a candidate upon whose integrity they could lay their utmost confidence. That Ari H. Woodruff did not disappoint his constituents goes without saying, for he was four times re-elected to that position and was then sent to the senate from this district. A resourceful and aggressive advocate before the courts, a legislator who observes the highest practices in legislative matters, Ari H. Woodruff is unquestionably one of the outstanding men in the Michigan senate today, and in Wyandotte is honored and revered for those qualities so essential to a man in his position. On September 3, 1918, he married Lavina Miller, daughter of John H. and Margaret Miller, of Ypsilanti, Michigan, one of the old families of that section of the state, and to Mr. and Mrs. Woodruff have been born two children, Ari H., Jr., and Ruth Joan. Mr. Woodruff is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Grotto at Detroit, the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Chamber of Commerce, and the Wayne County Bar Association. Fred W. Frostic, superintendent of the Wyandotte schools, has occupied that position since 1918, and his work has brought to the school system here a new degree of efficiency and excellence never before attained. He is not only known for the great success he has won as school superintendent in various cities, but 368 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY he is also prominent as an educator and writer on subjects pertaining to education. He was born at Lexington, Michigan, September 9, 1880, a son of Jonathan and Jemima (Codling) Frostic, the former of whom was born in England and came to the United States in 1871, where he engaged in the business of shoemaker, and the latter of whom was a native of Canada. Attending the graded and high schools of Croswell, Michigan, Fred W. Frostic graduated from the latter institution in 1899. Electing to become identified with educational work, he attended Michigan State Normal College, from which he graduated in 1910, and in 1918, he received from the University of Michigan the degree of bachelor of arts, with high distinction being given him at this time. Although he was admirably prepared for his profession by that time, he has taken post graduate work at various times since then, and indicative of his work in the university is the fact that he was elected a member of the honorary fraternities of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Delta Kappa. Mr. Frostic began his career as a teacher in the schools at Croswell, Michigan, his first charge being District School No. 9, located a short distance northeast of that city. For a period of five years, he continued as teacher in rural schools, but in 1905 he accepted the position of principal of the Croswell schools, continuing as such until 1910. In that year, he was offered the superintendency of the schools of St. Charles, Michigan, where he remained until 1917. In 1918, following his graduation from the University of Michigan, he came to Wyandotte to assume the duties of superintendent of schools, a position which he still retains. His term in Wyandotte has been a particularly difficult one, for he has been forced to cope with almost unprecedented annual expansion in the growth of the school enrollment, but he has been equal to any emergency, proving a capable superintendent who has provided an exceptionally strong and efficient system that pronounces him one of the ablest and best trained men who has ever directed the destinies of the Wyandotte schools. During the summer months when his presence at Wyandotte is not needed, he has been instructor in geography at the University of Michigan summer sessions in 1918-19-20. Before he came to Wyandotte, he was a member of the Board of School Examiners of Saginaw County from 1914 to 1918. In addition to these many activities, he has written many articles on science and education for periodicals devoted to that sort of thing. On October 28, 1903, Mr. Frostic married Sarah Alexander, daughter of Joseph and Isabelle Alexander, early settlers of Lexington, Michigan, and to Mr. and Mrs. Frostic have been born eight children, as follows: Kenneth; Gwendolyn; Helen; Ralph; William; Donald; Andy; and Marjorie, who died in 1924 at the age of eighteen months. Mr. Frostic is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, Kiwanis Club, Chamber of Commerce, National Superintendent's Association, National Educational Association, Michigan Academy of Sciences, and the Michigan Schoolmaster's Club. Mr. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 369 Frostic has written a volume on the geography of Michigan which has become popular among the schools of the state as a text book on that subject. Arthur W. Edwards, secretary and manager of the All Metal Products Company, of Wyandotte, is one of the leading industrial executives of the city, and not only does the company with which he is associated benefit the city directly through its presence here, but it also aids the community directly by placing on each package of its product and upon each article itself the name of Wyandotte. At first glance, this labelling of the packages may not seem significant, but when it is considered that the pop-guns manufactured by this concern are shipped all over the civilized world, the importance of thus advertising the city may be better judged. A native of Flat Rock, Michigan, he was born January 8, 1876, a son of John and Elizabeth (Sparks) Edwards, the former of whom was born in Canada and was a wagon maker by trade and the latter of whom was born in England. The public schools of Flat Rock afforded Arthur W. Edwards his early education. In 1892, he came to Wyandotte where he secured employment as a freight handler on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, and Michigan Central Railway, later becoming agent for the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad. From 1900 to 1914, he was a city mail carrier, but during that time, he attended the night sessions of the Detroit College of Law. By 1908, he had completed his course in that school and was graduated in that year. He continued carrying mail even after he was admitted to the bar, however. Shortly he gave up his position with the U. S. Government and devoted his whole time to the practice of law, after which he gave up law to engage in the street paving business. In this business he was highly successful, amassing capital sufficient to allow him to purchase an interest in the All Metal Products Company, of which he became secretary. Small pop-guns are manufactured by the company, which produces between 14,000 and 15,000 daily. The guns manufactured by the concern are distributed throughout the world, and the manner in which they advertise Wyandotte has already been mentioned. The value of such an enterprise to the city cannot be exaggerated, and through his association with the business, Mr. Edwards is undoubtedly one of the most conspicuous figures in industrial circles in Wyandotte, for he is recognized universally as an executive and manager of the highest ability, forcefulness, and aggressiveness. On December 13, 1898, he married Mary Elizabeth Stringleman, a daughter of John and Katherine Stringleman, of Wyandotte, and to Mr. and Mrs. Edwards has been born one son, Charles Lee, who at the age of twenty-six years is engaged in business with his father as sales manager. Mr. Edwards is a member of the Masonic order, the Odd Fellows, National Letter Carriers Association, Island Country Club, and the Chamber of Commerce. In the affairs of the First Congrega 370 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tional Church, he takes an active interest and for a period of twenty years was superintendent of the Sunday school of that organization. John C. Cahalan, long known as one of the most prominent business men in Wyandotte, has been identified in official capacities with some of the city's most successful manufacturing and banking enterprises for many years, and this eminence in the industrial life of the community has been attained through close attention to his business and the application of those qualities of initiative and resourcefulness that have marked his career throughout. A son of James and Mary (Mulfahy) Cahalan, both of whom were natives of Ireland and came to the United States in the early fifties, he was born at Wyandotte, July 2, 1859, obtaining his early education in the public schools of his native place. Subsequently, he augmented this schooling by a course of study in a business college. His first employment was found in the drug store of John S. Bennett in Wyandotte, and after four years spent there, he entered the employ of C. W. Thomas, who was engaged in the same work. Here he remained eight years, gaining a knowledge of the drug business and retail store management that stood him in good stead when he went into business at the end of that time with his brother, the enterprise being a general store with a drug business in conjunction with it. The brothers opened their store in 1879, but the experience of John Cahalan prior to this in the drug business made this branch of their enterprise so successful that the store was given over entirely to retail drug work in 1882. Following the death of his brother, Richard E. Cahalan, in 1909. John Cahalan turned over the store to his nephew, John F. McInimey, and took up the duties of deputy clerk of the Wayne County Circuit Court at Detroit, a post to which he had been recently appointed. In 1894, Mr. Cahalan had been appointed chief deputy internal revenue collector, a position that he retained ten years, and in 1896, after completing a two years' course at the Detroit College of Law, he was admitted to the bar. However, since he gave up his court work, Mr. Cahalan has devoted the major part of his time to his extensive real estate and banking interests, with the result that he is today one of the most influential men in Wyandotte in those fields of endeavor. Today, he is vice-president of the Wyandotte Savings Bank and has played no small part in shaping the progressive policies of that institution. His other large interests in commercial and industrial circles include, among others, the presidency of the Majestic Theater Corporation and a directorship of the Detroit Metal Spinning Company. On October 6, 1882, he married Anna Hogan, daughter of John H. and Mary (O'Mera) Hogan, of Ionia, Michigan, and she died on November 25, 1919, leaving these children: John C., Jr., a journalist of Wyandotte; Richard E., Wyandotte physician; W. Leo, an attorney engaged in general practice with Charles F. Delridge, of Detroit, and the city attorney of Wyandotte who framed the present charter of the city, having been city attorney DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 371 for six years; Anna E., at home; Katherine Ruth, at home; and Marion L., also at home. Mr. Cahalan is a director of the Chamber of Commerce, president of the Island Country Club, former member of the board of governors of the Wyandotte General Hospital, and a member of the Knights of Columbus and of the Sons of Rest. Jesse L. Anderson, superintendent of schools at Trenton, Michigan, is in experience and training well equipped for the position that he holds and has more than justified his selection to head the educational system of that community. He was born at Union City, Michigan, June 21, 1892, a son of Thomas C. and Ida (Bell) Anderson, both natives of Michigan, the former of whom is a railroad construction foreman. He began his education in the graded and high schools of his native city and in 1909 matriculated at the Michigan State Normal College, whence he graduated in 1911. He then became a teacher at Orion, Michigan, for a year, was principal of the high school at Richmond, Michigan, for the same length of time, and then became superintendent of the township schools of Waucedah Township, Dickinson County, Michigan. His incumbency in the last named position continued for a year, and in 1914 he came to Trenton as superintendent of schools, the position that he now fills. He has continued to study various courses, and in 1915, he graduated from the University of Michigan with the degree of bachelor of arts. During the twelve years Mr. Anderson has directed the affairs of the Trenton schools, he has introduced many innovations both in curriculum and methods of teaching that have made the educational system of that community second to none in the county in point of thoroughness in the preparation it gives the pupil, and during that time, too, the school facilities have been improved greatly at the insistence of Mr. Anderson. On August 16, 1912, he married Florence L. Wells, daughter of John and Mary (Fulford) Wells, of Union City, Michigan, and to Mr. and Mrs. Anderson have been born three children, Kilbourne L., J. Kenneth, and Robert K. Mr. Anderson is a member of the Masonic fraternity at Trenton, the State Teachers Association, and the National Educational Association. Rev. Albert A. Mrowka, upon whose shoulders has devolved the duty of building St. Helena's Roman Catholic church at Wyandotte, and building up that newly created parish. In addition to his spiritual duties, through which he has won the affection of those who will be his parishioners, Father Mrowka must, and does possess executive ability of the highest character in business matters, for the erection of a church and of a parochial school entail a knowledge of these matters for which the priest must be fitted both by nature and training. A son of John and Catherine (Pukrop) Mrowka, both natives of Poland, who came to the United States in the early Eighties, he was born at Shamokin, Pennsylvania, and received his early education in the parochial and public schools of that place. Almost from childhood he had cherished the desire to enter the priesthood, and when he had finished his 372 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY preparatory work, he entered St. Francis College, Trenton, New Jersey, where he studied for four years. His philosophical studies were pursued at St. Anthony's-on-the-Lake in New York, and his final work in theology was taken at St. Mary's, Orchard Lake, Michigan. He completed his studies in 1920 and on February 28, that year, was ordained priest by Bishop Gallagher. The two years immediately following his ordination were spent as an instructor at St. Mary's, after which he was appointed assistant at St. Thomas' Church in Detroit. There he remained until 1923, when he was sent to take charge of the parish at Port Austin, Michigan, and on December 3, 1925, he was commissioned to take charge of the building of St. Helena's church at Wyandotte. The church, when completed, will serve some hundred families and the school, which will be under the direction of the Felician Sisters, will have an initial enrollment of about 225 pupils, it is expected. The work of organizing a new parish is not light, and it is a fitting tribute to the faithful and capable work of Father Mrowka that he was selected to effect this important mission. He has labored tirelessly to bring about a realization of his dreams, and if the parish of St. Helena is to be one of the most substantially organized in the city, it will be a monument to his ability, and his alone. Father Mrowka is a member of the Knights of Columbus at Detroit, and the St. Mary's Alumni Association. Jasper L. Brown has been in charge of the library of the Highland Park schools since his discharge from the United States Army with which he served during the World War, and largely to him is due the excellence of that department, for the Highland Park school library is known as one of the best of its kind in the State of Michigan. A native of Britton, Michigan, he was born May 23, 1891, a son of Charles L. and Barbara (Zoller) Brown, the former of whom was born in Canada. He received his early education in the graded and high schools of Britton and then pursued a fouryear course at the Michigan State Normal College, from which he was graduated in 1914 with the degree of bachelor of arts. He was then employed in the library of the Normal College, continuing there until the autumn of 1916, when he came to Highland Park to take up the duties with the attendance department of the schools. Following the declaration of war on Germany the following April, he offered his services to the government, and during the second year of his two years in the army, he served with the 310th Engineers, 85th Division, in France. Receiving an honorable discharge from the army in 1919, he returned to Highland Park and was made librarian of the schools, a position that he has since retained. He has been instrumental in enlarging and perfecting the library to the point where it is unquestionably one of the most complete of its kind in Michigan. On October 29, 1919, Mr. Brown married Ada Miller, daughter of Levi and Caroline (Mistele) Miller, of Canada, and to them has been born one son, Robert Leroy. Mr. Brown is a member of the Michigan Educational Association and of the American Library Association. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 373 Alexander McDonald, who has been superintendent of the River Rouge schools for nearly eighteen years, has been principally responsible for the great forward strides that have been made in the city's educational system during that period of years, and in his administration of the school affairs, he has shown himself to be an able educator with aptitude for the executive business of his position. A son of Daniel and Anna (McDougal) McDonald, he was born in Canada, October 25, 1878, and came to the United States with his parents when he was a year old. Not until he was fourteen years of age, did he receive any more schooling than that which he was given by his parents, but at that time, he entered the public schools of Au Gres, Michigan, for a period of two weeks, and then in 1900 he went to Big Rapids, Michigan, where he spent one and a half years as a student in Ferris Institute. After teaching one year in a rural school he re-entered the Ferris Institute and remained for three years. He then taught school one year, after which he matriculated at the Michigan State Normal College, from which he received the degree of bachelor of pedogogy in 1908 at the conclusion of a two years' course. Subsequently, while he was in charge of the schools in River Rouge, Michigan, he studied at the Detroit College of Law, graduating therefrom in 1913 and being admitted to the practice of that profession in the State and Federal courts. Mr. McDonald also holds the degree of bachelor of arts from the University of Michigan. In June, 1927, Mr. McDonald completed the final requirements for a master of arts degree at Michigan University. Before he came to River Rouge, Mr. McDonald had obtained good experience in teaching, for he taught at Standish, Michigan, in 1901-02, at the Gibson school and during the school year of 1904-05 in the Big Rapids high school. At this point, he took his two years at the Normal College, and then he spent a year as principal of the Tamarack school in the Osceola district near Calumet. In March, 1909, he was appointed superintendent of schools at River Rouge and has since been in that position. At the time of his appointment, there were but twenty-two teachers employed by the city, while now the schools demand the services of 105 teachers. These figures are given only to show the expansion that has been made and are indicative of the increase in school facilities which the city has had to meet. But the significant fact in this expansion is the fact that it has all been accomplished under the advice and direction of Mr. McDonald who has met every contingency as it arose and handled the matter in a manner that has been not only highly satisfactory to the people of the city but has been a credit to his abilities as a school superintendent. On August 30, 1910, Mr. McDonald married Delia Gallagher, daughter of Peter V. and Delia (Waters) Gallagher, of Chicago, and to Mr. and Mrs. McDonald have been born three children, Miriam Hazel, Urban Alexander, and Donna Ruth. 374 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Claude Joseph Miller is now starting his twelfth year as superintendent of the Ecorse schools and has seen the number of schools grow from one to four and the enrollment therein from 400 to 2,600 pupils. It is needless to say that he has proved equal to the rapid expansion of the schools under his direction, for he has steadily improved the curriculum, the teaching staff, and the school facilities themselves, so that it is doubtful whether any village of its size in Michigan can approach Ecorse in the excellence of its schools. He was born in Fulton Township, Gratiot County, Michigan, May 24, 1880, a son of Frank and Margaret (Sheridan) Miller, both of whom have lived in Michigan for more than fifty years. He obtained his graded and high school education at Perrinton, Michigan, and he taught school in that same county for two years, teaching in Washington Township six months, in the East Fulton District school twelve months, and in the center district of Fulton Township three months. In 1900, he went to North Dakota to work in the harvest fields, after which he spent fourteen months in Minnesota logging camps. Returning to his native state in 1902, he entered the Central State Normal at Mt. Pleasant, graduating at the end of five and a half years with the degree of bachelor of pedagogy and holding a life certificate for teaching in Michigan. This preparation he augmented by courses in criminology, child accounting, and literature with the Extension department of the University of Michigan. Thereafter, he taught school for a year at Perrinton, Michigan, a year at Fowler, Michigan, and two years in the high school at Charlevoix, this state. He then went to Caro, Michigan, where he served as principal of the high school for three years, and the excellent record he made in this work influenced the school board of Ecorse to employ him as superintendent of the schools at this place. Accordingly, he took up his duties at Ecorse in 1915 and has since been engaged in that work. The people of the city as well as the teachers place implicit confidence in him, and their faith has been more than justified, for his administration of the school affairs stamps him as one of the able men in that work in this section of the state. On June 24, 1911, Mr. Miller married Mabelle Demory, of Shepard, Michigan, and to them were born three children, Woodrow, Margaret, and Marie, who died at the age of eighteen months. Mr. Miller is a member of Sigma Epsilon, Knights of Columbus, National Educational Association, Superintendent's Branch of the National Educational Association, Douglass Debating Society, Michigan State Teachers Association, and Detroit Schoolmen's Club. Justin A. Morrison, superintendent of the schools of District No. 5, Lincoln Park, Michigan, is rapidly proving to be one of the leading men in that sort of work in Wayne County, and since he is head of the schools in a comparatively new and rapidly growing community, he is bending every effort to the work of securing model schools for his community. He was born at Keystone, Indiana, September 17, 1893, a son of R. A. and Eva (Alspach) Mor DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 375 rison, the former of whom is a Methodist Episcopal minister who is now financial secretary of Taylor University, Upland, Indiana. He obtained his elementary education in the public schools of Huntington, Indiana, took one year of high school work at Warren, Indiana, and finished his high school studies at Hamilton, that state, graduating in 1911. For a year thereafter he taught school in Steuben County, Indiana, and then entered Taylor University, Upland, Indiana, subsequently going to Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, whence he graduated in 1916 with the degree of bachelor of arts. The year following his graduating from the university, he spent at Boston University, after which he returned to Northwestern University, where he received the degree of bachelor of divinity after studying for a year in the Garrett Biblical Institute affiliated with that institution. No sooner had he completed his studies than he entered the army in the spring of 1918. He was first stationed at Camp Taylor in the personnel office, remaining at that post until September, 1918, when he sailed for France with a medical replacement unit. Overseas, he was assigned to duty in a convalescence hospital, where he remained until March, 1919. At that time, he was sent to London University, London, England, to study under the plan devised at the time by the Army Educational Commission. He was then returned to the United States and discharged from the army on July 31, 1919. Following his discharge, he went to Howe, Indiana, as pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church there, and after a year was tranferred to the church of that denomination at Ray, Indiana. After two years spent in charge of that pastorate, his health gave way, so that he was forced to engage in farm work, in which he continued about a year and a half. In September, 1923, he came to Lincoln Park, where he was elected village clerk the following April and was also made a member of the school board. When the community changed from village to city government, Mr. Morrison was automatically retired from his village clerkship, and in July, 1925, in recognition of his conspicuous services as a member of the school board, he was appointed superintendent of schools of District No. 5. At that time, the physical equipment of the district schools were far from ideal, but Mr. Morrison immediately set about to remedy conditions, and today, with two fine school buildings and a third under construction, the schools of Lincoln Park are models of their kind. Mr. Morrison is making every attempt to have the schools and school system of the city developed along the most modern lines, and the success with which he is meeting in the work, shows him to be a man of initiative and aggressiveness, thoroughly familiar with the many phases of school administration. Not content with the large university education he had previously acquired, Mr. Morrison is even now taking a special course in the Detroit Teachers college, so that he may leave nothing undone that may help him to give better schools to Lincoln Park. He was married on July 13, 1918, to Gail Aldrich, daughter of H. H. and Bonnie Aldrich, of Steuben 376 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY County, Indiana, and they have one son, Keith A. Mr. Morrison takes an active interest in the affairs of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Lincoln Park, he being president of the board of trustees and director of religious education in the Sunday school of that organization. He is a member of the National Educational Association, the Michigan Educational Association, and the American Social Hygiene Association. Earl Franklin Carr, superintendent of the schools of District No. 10, Lincoln Park, Michigan, has been largely instrumental in placing the schools of that district upon a higher plane of efficiency than ever before, and the work he has performed during the three years he has held the office has conclusively demonstrated that he is one of the able men in the field of school administration in the county. A native of Oakland County, Michigan, he was born on a farm near Ortonville, April 22, 1869, a son of Moses and Elmira (Gray) Carr, and obtained his early education in the district schools of his home community. He then attended the Fenton Normal and Commercial College, Fenton, Michigan, an institution that was once an important private school but is now closed. After a course of study in that college, he matriculated at the Central State Normal at Mt. Pleasant, whence he graduated in 1907 with a life certificate for teaching in Michigan. Subsequently, after the Detroit Teachers College was opened, he took two years' additional work there, graduating in 1924 as a member of the first class to be sent forth, with the degree of bachelor of science in education. He first taught at Fenton for six months and then at Indian River for nine months, after which he became a teacher in the public schools of Wexford County, where he remained three years. Mr. Carr was then offered the position of principal of the schools of Harrietta, Michigan, where he continued four years, gaining such signal success that he was offered a similar post at Empire, Michigan. During the seven years spent at Empire, he was a member of the county board of school examiners and later elected County School Commissioner of Leelanau County. Fifteen months at the Industrial School in Lansing, a short time at the Ford Boy Farm, and eleven years teaching in the Detroit schools, brought him to 1924 when he was appointed superintendent of the schools of District No. 10, Lincoln Park, where he is in charge of two school buildings and supervises the work of twenty-two teachers. Mr. Carr is well known in Lincoln Park for his excellent work in handling the school affairs in his district, for in a city that is growng as rapidly as is Lincoln Park, such duties are far from being light. On August 14, 1895, Mr. Carr married Bertha Clement, daughter of George M. and Rosabelle (Slack) Clement, of Vicksburg, Michigan, and to Mr. and Mrs. Carr have been born two children, Daisy M. and Bertha M. Mr. Carr is active in Masonry, being a member of the Blue Lodge at Honor, Michigan, the Chapter at Traverse City, Michigan, and the Commandery at the same city. He is also a member of the Odd Fel DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 377 lows and Maccabees at Detroit, the National and Michigan Educational associations, the Lincoln Park Exchange Club, and the Congregational Church, in the affairs of the last named of which he and his wife take an interested part. Fred C. Oehmke holds a unique and important position as business manager of the Fordson Board of Education, the first man to hold such a post in that city. The wisdom of the city officials in creating that office and of placing Mr. Oehmke in it has been shown throughout his service in that capacity, for the Fordson schools are on a more substantial basis than ever before. A son of Fred and Minnie (Keppen) Oehmke, he was born on January 26, 1886, in the village of Springwells, which was the predecessor of the city of Fordson. He was educated in the Detroit public schools and then entered the employ of the Detroit Shipbuilding Company, where he continued seventeen years, learning the trade of machinist and following that work in the employ of the concern. He then became associated with the Packard Motor Car Company, and during the four years he spent with that concern, he rose to the position of department manager. Leaving the Packard Company, he was connected with the Bufe Plumbing & Heating Company for two years. On April 14, 1917, he became district director of the Springwells board of education, and when the second, third, fourth, and fifth districts were consolidated on August 17, 1921, as the Springwells Township Unit School District, Mr. Oehmke was elected president of the board of education for the consolidated district. That position he held for two years, then served as secretary for a year, and finally on May 15, 1924, he was appointed to his present post of business manager. The good results of such a move were apparent from the first, for when the consolidation was effected in 1921, there were four schools and fourteen teachers, while today boasts five schools, the four old ones having been considerably enlarged and a new one built, and two hundred teachers, in addition to a $2,000,000 high school building that is now in the process of construction. The new high school building is located on Ford Road between Neckel and Horger avenues and will be as modern a school building as can be found any place in the country when it is finally completed. Mr. Oehmke has demonstrated keen business ability in his present position, and that the board of education is able to accomplish much of what it is doing is due in large measure to the work of Mr. Oehmke. On August 28, 1911, Mr. Oehmke was united in marriage to Emma Roeser, daughter of Henry and Emma (Bleil) Roeser, of Springwells, and they have one daughter, Dorothea. Mr. Oehmke is a member of the Masonic order, the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Exchange Club, Michigan Educational Association and the Chamber of Commerce, in the affairs of all of which he is actively interested. Harvey H. Lowrey, Superintendent of Public Schools of Fordson, was born near Saranac in Ionia County, Michigan. He ob 378 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tained his education from a district school, Saranac high school, Central Michigan Normal School and the University of Michigan. He has an A. B. degree, an M. A. degree and considerable advance credit for a doctor's degree. He commenced his teaching in the rural schools, then became principal and superintendent of graded schools, and was elected for three terms as county commissioner of schools of Ionia County without opposition. It was during the time that he was county commissioner of schools of Ionia County that he was asked by the state board of education to become secretary-registrar of the Central Michigan Normal School. During this time he was financial agent for the government during the war period when the S. A. T. C. was at Mt. Pleasant as they were at other educational institutions of this state. Before he became secretary-registrar of the C. M. N. he had acted as instructor in the summer schools of the C. M. N. School for nine consecutive summers. He resigned his position at the Central Michigan Normal School to accept a part-time instructorship at the University of Michigan and to do post-granduate work for his master's degree. During the time at the University, Mr. Lowrey taught classes in Secondary Education in the School of Education. During the summer term of 1921 he was asked to become director of the Special Summer Courses of the Western State Normal School, to take Dr. Burnham's place who was on a leave of absence. During his time of service in Ionia County and at Mt. Pleasant, he did considerable institute work in this part of the state and gave a great many commencement addresses. He has always been actively engaged in all matters of public interest which had a tendency to uplift the citizenship and make for community betterment. During the World War he was appointed as a delegate from the State of Michigan to the International Peace Congress at Chicago. He served two years as president of the Michigan State Teacher's Association. This is the highest honor that can be conferred upon a school man in connection with the educational organization. He was the first person to bring exPresident of the University of Michigan, Marion L. Burton, to this state which was during the annual meeting of the M. S. T. A. at Detroit. The regents of the University met Mr. Burton at Detroit and made some kind of a tentative agreement with him to accept the presidency of the University of Michigan. Mr. Lowrey had heard President Burton's speech in Chicago at the national superintendents' meeting and made arrangements immediately for him to come to Michigan for the Detroit meeting. During the time that he was president of the Michigan State Teachers' Association there were several changes and innovations made which have been followed since that time. From the instructorship at the University of Michigan, Mr. Lowrey came to the superintendency of Fordson. It was in February, 1922. At that time there were seventeen teachers employed. It has been his business to manipulate and manage the educational interests of the city through the tremendous change in population and the growing demands for DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 379 educational interests to keep pace with the ever increasing school population. From the time he became superintendent until the present time the school census has changed from 906 to 4,750, an increase of 424 per cent. The membership in the school has increased more than the increase in population a total of 528 per cent. Few people realize the problems which confront a superintendent for building up of a teaching staff to a total of more than 150 members and perfect the various lines or organization in such a way that the machinery of the school moves along in a harmonious way. Attention might be called to the fact that most of the superintendents who have had such a problem as confronted us in Fordson have found it too difficult to master and much credit is due to the present superintendent for the magnificent way in which matters have been handled. It must be stated, however, that the members who composed the board of Education have contributed a great deal towards the success of the situation. One of the most important parts of the superintendent's work has been the knowledge and information which he has been able to put into the building program. Probably no city in Michigan has better constructed school buildings than ours. Their arrangement for general educational work and the relations of the class rooms and recitation rooms to the various parts of the building where the respective grades are handled has been so arranged that the least amount of time possible is taken in passing students to and from classes and the problem of disciplining the school during intermission is decreased to a minimum. No small credit for the arrangement of this situation is due to the superintendent. There are now four school buildings in use, the Miller, Wm. Ford, the Roulo and the Thayer. There are three being constructed at the present time, the High School, the Salina School and the Robert Oakman School. Considering the fact that we have more than 1,100 children on part time and the present increase in population, it becomes very much of a problem to see that necessary buildings are added each year in order to take care of the increase. It's a very fine thing for the boys and girls of this city and others concerned that the superintendent of schools is well versed in the school building program which is necessary for a city like Fordson. The people have faith in his ability in directing the solution of the educational problems of this city. They believe in him and are pleased to present this small account of the superintendent's school activities. Nelson J. Drouyor, superintendent of the school of District No. 11, in Melvindale, is regarded as one of the able school superintendents in Wayne County, for though he began his work here in 1926, he brought to the position years of experience as a teacher and school superintendent in other cities of Michigan. A son of Samuel and Caroline (Crockett) Drouyor, he was born in Lenawee County, Michigan, May 26, 1870, receiving his early edusation in the district schools of his home community and in the 380 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY high school of Hudson, Michigan. Subsequently, he attended the Michigan State Normal College and was granted a life certificate for teaching in Michigan in 1902, and this preparation he has augmented by courses taken in the American Extension University. His first position as a teacher was found in his native county, and there he remained eight years. He then became superintendent of schools at Algonac, Michigan, for a period of five years, and it was his distinctive work in this capacity that won him a similar position in the schools of Yale, Michigan, where he directed the affairs of the educational system for a period of thirteen years. In 1926, he was offered the post of superintendent of schools in the Eleventh District in Melvindale, and since that time, he has discharged the duties of that office, bringing to the schools under his direction a new efficiency in methods that give the best education possible to the pupils attending them. On January 30, 1895, Mr. Drouyor married Mary L. Johnson, daughter of Ambrose and Betsy (Thompson) Johnson, of Lenawee County, and to Mr. and Mrs. Drouyor have been born these children: Mattie Maria, who married Donald F. Comstock, of Ypsilanti; Dorothy Elizabeth, a teacher in the Detroit schools; Nina Gail, a senior nurse at the St. Joseph Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Wendell Phillips, a senior in the River Rouge high school. Mr. Drouyor is a member of the Masonic order at Yale, Michigan, the National and Michigan Educational Associations, the Superintendent's Branch of the National Educational Association, and the Michigan Schoolmasters' Club. He and his wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church, in whose affairs they take an active interest. Bernard P. Esper, clerk of the city of Fordson, has occupied that office for a period of seven years, and the fact that he has been successively re-elected to that office even through a change in the corporate existence of the community, is ample testimony of the high favor in which he is held by the people of the city. Born in the village of Springwells, the predecessor of Fordson, on September 29, 1880, he is a son of Anthony and Elizabeth (Renter) Esper, both of whom born in the same village, and in the parochial and public schools of his native community, he obtained his early education. Thereafter, until he had attained his twenty-seventh year, Mr. Esper was engaged in farm work, and after leaving the farm, he was associated with a Detroit dairy for a period of eight years. This work he relinquished to enter the Highland Park plant of the Ford Motor Company, where he was employed some fourteen months. At that time, he was elected city clerk of this village in 1919, and when the village was granted a charter under the name of Fordson, Mr. Esper was retained as city clerk, having been re-elected to that office in 1923. In this office, he has given such a good account of himself, that judging from the high regard in which he is held by the people of the city, he will retain the office through several re-elections, giving the city that efficient and wholehearted service that has been the con DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 381 tributing factor to his re-election. Mr. Esper is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Chamber of Commerce, and the Exchange Club, of which he is vice-president. Ray Horatio Adams has been superintendent of the schools of District No. 7 at Dearborn since August, 1916, and during the decade that he has been so engaged, he has been the principal factor in placing the schools of that place upon their present basis of efficiency. He was born at Leonidas, St. Joseph County, Michigan, September 2, 1889, a son of Chester E. and Carrie E. (Hodge) Adams, the former of whom was a merchant and farmer and the latter of whom, a school teacher in her younger days, was a daughter of a Civil War veteran, her mother also having been a school teacher. He began his education in the common schools of St. Joseph County and graduated from the county high school in 1908. He then attended the high school at Kalamazoo, Michigan, and after his graduation therefrom in 1910, he began teaching. His first school, where he stayed two years, was a district school in his native county that had once been under the direction of his mother when she was a teacher. Feeling the need of greater preparation for his career, he entered the Kalamazoo Normal School, whence he graduated in 1913. He then secured a position as teacher and principal of the high school at Lawton, Michigan, where he continued a year, and for the ensuing three years he was superintendent of schools at Morrice, Michigan. Since his last year at Morrice, Mr. Adams has been spending the summer months of each year studying at the University of Michigan and at Columbia University, from the former of which he has received the degree of bachelor of arts. In August, 1916, he came to Dearborn as superintendent of schools, a position that he has since occupied with credit to himself and benefit to the schools of the city. On May 26, 1916, Mr. Adams was united in marriage to Vida Warren, daughter of Wellington and Sarah (Ward) Warren, of Owosso, Michigan, and to them has been born one son, Robert Warren. Mr. Adams is a member of the Masonic order, Chamber of Commerce, Rotary Club, Dearborn Country Club, National and Michigan Educational Associations, Superintendents' Branch of the National Educational Association, National Society for the Study of Education, Michigan Schoolmasters Club, Detroit Schoolmen's Club, and the Michigan University Club of Dearborn. W. Levem Walling, superintendent of schools at Grosse Pointe since 1921, is recognized as one of the leading school men in the county and State, and his administration of the schools of that city shows him to be a man thoroughly familiar with the latest developments in educational methods and keenly alive to the needs of the city in school facilities. He was born at Kingsville, Ohio, July 25, 1879, a son of W. E. and Prudie Ann (Burrows) Walling, and obtained his early education in the public schools of New York and Ohio, graduating from the high school at Edgerton, Ohio, in May, 1897. For two years thereafter, he taught a rural school and then attended Ohio Wesleyan University for 382 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY a year and a half. Leaving college he taught a year and a half in rural schools and then two years in the schools of Onaway, Michigan, teaching the seventh and eighth grades his first year and acting as principal of the high school his second year. Realizing that advancement in his chosen profession depended upon further preparation, he matriculated at the Central State Normal College, and in 1905, after one year of study, he was granted a life certificate for teaching in Michigan. For that same institution, he was assistant in the science department during his last year in attendance, and in 1907, the school gave him the degree of bachelor of arts. In the latter year, he became superintendent of schools at Saline, Michigan, holding that position eight years, meanwhile taking extension courses and summer school work at the University of Michigan that won him the degree of master of arts from that institution in 1914. Leaving Saline, he spent four years as superintendent of schools at Chelsea, Michigan, and employed another two years as superintendent of the Eaton Rapids, Michigan, schools. These various superintendencies were discharged with such signal ability that he was offered a similar position at Grosse Pointe, and in 1921, he took up his duties in that place. Since that time, he has directed the affairs of the Grosse Pointe schools, bringing a new degree of efficiency to the teaching methods and school administration that marks him not only as an experienced educator but as an able business man as well. The physical equipment of the schools here includes six buildings that are in the hands of sixty-two teachers and serve more than two thousand pupils. The bonds have been authorized for the construction of a $1,400,000 high school building that will be located on a twenty-two-acre tract of land at Grosse Pointe Boulevard and Fisher Road, the property, once a part of the Newberry Estate, being one of the largest school sites in Wayne County. In 1905, Mr. Walling married Winifred McNaughton, of Walkerton, Canada, and they have four sons: Virgil L., who is attending Kenyon College; Kenneth E.; Bernard R.; and Neil E., all three of whom are attending the Grosse Pointe schools. Mr. Walling is a member of the National and Michigan Educational Associations, the Superintendents' Branch of the National Educational Association, the Michigan Schoolmasters' Club, Detroit Schoolmen's Club, and City of the Straits Lodge No. 452, F. & A. M., and Friendship Lodge No. 69, Knights of Pythias, at Eaton Rapids, Michigan. Otto J. Edinger is known to all business men of Wyandotte as the proprietor of one of the largest building contracting enterprises in this section of the country, and that he has developed such an organization is due entirely to his own efforts and to his unexcelled ability in his chosen field of endeavor. A son of Otto J. and Athagia Edinger, he was born at Davenport, Iowa, September 15, 1873, and received his education in the public schools of his native city. After completing his schooling, he went to work for his father in the building contracting business. Under his DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 383 father's watchful eye, the boy applied himself to learning the various phases of the business, and thanks to his own native ability and the careful tutelage of his parent, he acquired an extensive and exact knowledge of the contracting work in which he was destined to make such a great success. About twenty-five years ago, he came to Detroit and engaged in the same work in which he had been associated with his father. From its inception, his venture was a success, and Mr. Edinger rapidly forged to the front in the field of contracting and building, so that his name became one to reckon with in matters of this sort. About seven years ago, he removed his business to Wyandotte, in order that he might have more room for the expansion of his yards and offices, and has since been located here. Holding as he does a place in the front rank of building contractors in this section of the state, Mr. Edinger is universally accorded the name of being one of the gifted business men of Wyandotte and Wayne County, and it is conceded that his attainments as an executive in his work are of the highest quality. Mr. Edinger married Arvada Brewer, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and to them have been born these five children: Ruby, who is now Mrs. Dathrock, of Wyandotte; May, who married Joseph Collins, of Wyandotte; Irene, who carries on office work for her father; Paul, engaged in business with his father; and John, who is attending school. Mr. Edinger is a member of the Master Mason Contractors' Association, of the United States and Canada, and the Chamber of Commerce at Wyandotte. Mark B. Rauch, superintendent of schools of Sibley, Michigan, has been engaged in that work here since 1924 and is rapidly winning a name as one of the able men in that work in Wayne County. Born at Wichita, Kansas, December 2, 1894, he is a son of Harry and Martha (Bartholomew) Rauch and obtained his early education in the public schools of Spring Harbor, Michigan. When he graduated from the high school there in 1913, he was orator of his class. He then attended the Michigan State Normal College, graduating therefrom in August, 1914. He taught school during the ensuing year, and after taking work in the summer sessions at the Normal College, he was granted a life certificate for teaching in Michigan at the close of that term in August, 1919. Since that time, he has carried on various courses of study with the University of Michigan and at the Normal College, and he is even now preparing himself further for the work to which he has dedicated his life. When he had received his certificate, he taught the first year in a rural school of Jackson County, the following year he became a teacher in the Junior high school at Laingsburg, Michigan, and then was principal and superintendent of schools at New Lothrop, Michigan, for a period of two years. Soon after becoming superintendent of schools at Allen, Michigan, he was inducted into the army for service in the World War, but before he saw actual fighting, the war ended and he received his honorable discharge in 1918. He then returned to his post at Allen, and at the end of a 384 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY year, came to Detroit to take up the study of pharmaceutical chemistry with the Michigan Drug Company and subsequently with the Parke, Davis & Company. When he felt that he was thoroughly acquainted with this field, he entered the retail drug business in Detroit with his father-in-law, but when his partner died at the end of two and a half years, he closed out the business to return to teaching. Thereafter he was engaged in vocational guidance and vocational education at the trade school in Saginaw, Michigan, where he remained until 1922. At that time, he became superintendent of schools at New Baltimore, Michigan, continuing there until 1924, when he was offered a similar post at Sibley, where he has since directed the affairs of the educational system of that community. Sibley has one school building under the care of twelve teachers, and another school building is now in process of construction. During the two years he has been connected with the schools of that place, Mr. Rauch has demonstrated that he is fully capable to handle the many cares that devolve upon a superintendent, and the manner in which he has discharged his duties has won him the confidence of the board of education and the people of that municipality. On July 3, 1920, Mr. Rauch married Blanche Snyder, daughter of Washington and Ida Snyder, of New Lothrop, Michigan, and they have two children, Richard W. and Jean Maria. Mr. Rauch holds membership in the Blue Lodge at Jackson and the Chapter at Detroit in Masonry and is also a member of the National Educational Association, the Superintendents' Branch of the same organization, the Michigan Schoolmasters' Club, Michigan Educational Association, the Detroit Schoolmen's Club, and the Southeastern League of Basket Ball Officials. Thomas Hitchman is one of the influential real estate men of Detroit, for the concerns with which he is actively identified have played a conspicuous part in the realty development program in Detroit during the past two decades. A native of this city, he was born November 8, 1880, the son of George and Carolina Hitchman, the former of whom, a grocer, died at the age of sixty-six years and the latter of whom is still living in Detroit. Upon the completion of his public school education with his graduation from the Central high school, Mr. Hitchman entered the employ of the Old Detroit National Bank, where he remained seven years. Appreciating the opportunities that lay in the real estate business, he went into that field in 1907 and later organized in 1914, the firm of Thomas Hitchman Company, that has since been the style of his company. His operations during the subsequent period of years have been extensive, and the name of Hitchman is a prominent one in the real estate field. He has been active in the opening and development of some of the important subdivisions of Detroit, and in this connection he is an officer in these companies: The Redford Land Company, Farmington Land Company, Hitchman Investment Company, Hitchman Land Company, and the Hitchman De DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 385 velopment Company and Ivanhoe Land Company. On September 20, 1904, he married A. Lillian Stembridge, whose parents now reside at Pomona, California, and to Mr. and Mrs. Hitchman have been born four children: Elsie C., aged twenty years, who is attending City College; T. Norris, seventeen years of age; Lillian R., aged fifteen years; and Bernice M., ten years old, the last three named being pupils in the public schools. Mr. Hitchman is a member of various social organizations, including the Detroit Athletic Club, Plum Hollow Golf Club, and the Meadowbrook Golf Club. He is active in Masonry, being a member of Detroit Commandery, Knights Templar, and Moslem Temple of the Shrine. Vernon W. Young, though still a young man, holds the position of vice-president and sales manager of the Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company, of Detroit. His father was William Young who was born in Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1849 and came to Detroit with his parents ten years later. When he was but twelve years and six months of age, William Young enlisted in Michigan's famous Iron Brigade for service in the Civil War as a drummer boy with the Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry. Following the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, he returned home with his regiment and was discharged from the service. At that time he secured employment with the Calvert Lithographing Company, of Detroit, and worked with that company during the remainder of his active life. His wife was Louise Oatman, who was born at Black Rock, New York, and came to Detroit with her parents when she was a child. William and Louise (Oatman) Young were the parents of four children, George R., William L., Mrs. E. A. Burger, and Vernon W., all of Detroit. William Young died in 1912. Vernon W. Young was educated in the common and Central high schools of Detroit, and after he graduated from the latter institution in 1909, he went to work for the National Biscuit Company, but in the same year he went to the Peoples State Bank as a messenger. He was possessed of a limitless ambition and will to succeed, and he devoted much time to the study of bookkeeping at home and watching the methods of the bookkeepers in the offices of the bank. With such assiduity did he apply himself to this self-imposed study that in 1910 he was employed by the Union Trust Company as a bookkeeper, a position which he retained one year. For another year he was employed by the Studebaker Corporation. His success in fitting himself for bookkeeping by home study merely served to whet his appetite for higher things, and while he worked with the pen, he applied himself to the study of advertising with the same energy and determination that had characterized his first studies. Here again his work was crowned with a reward as were his first efforts, for in 1912 he became advertising manager for the Art Stove Company. The Peninsular Stove Company then sought his services, and from 1913 to 1915 he was in the advertising department of that concern. The Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company was then in its infancy, but realizing the latent possibilities in allying himself with such a 386 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY promising corporation, he went over to that company, acting in such capacities as advertising manager, sales manager, service manager, and others. The development of the company brought him the advancement he had contemplated, and gradually his duties were narrowed until he was finally chosen vice-president and director of sales. This review of the achievements of Mr. Young has presented but a bare skeleton of the years through which he has labored to attain his present eminence among the younger business men of Detroit, and has offered but a bare framework upon which the reader may build the body of his work as interpreted in the light of his self discipline, executive ability, and tireless energy, distinguishing characteristics of the man that they are. On June 26, 1914, Mr. Young married Edna Baxter, of Detroit, and to Mr. and Mrs. Young have been born two children, Lucille Baxter and Mary Jane. Mr. Young is a member of the Detroit Golf Club, the Detroit Harmonic Society, the Detroit Hunt Club, The Bloomfield Open Hunt Club, in the activities of all of which he takes much active interest. George O. Begg is a name that is familiar to thousands of Detroiters and one that typifies the best sort of Detroit citizen. His activities in the business world and in the constructive upbuilding of the city where he was born September 2, 1859, a son of George and Christine (Ogston) Begg, have won him the respect as well as the affections of countless citizens of this city. His parents were natives of Scotland and came to Detroit at an early date where the elder Begg filled the position of auditor of the Detroit, Milwaukee & Grand Haven Railway Company until his retirement from active business life. George O. Begg received his education in the Detroit public schools and at the Upper Canada College, at Toronto, Ontario. After experiencing the usual trials of a young man in the business world, Mr. Begg became interested in the Michigan Car Company, of which United States Senator James McMillan was then president, and from 1876 to 1899 he was purchasing agent for that company. In the latter year, the plant was sold to the American Car & Foundry Company and Mr. Begg entered the lumber manufacturing business as president, treasurer, and principal owner of the Champion Lumber Company of Orvisburg, Mississippi. He disposed of his interests in this company in 1907 and since that time has devoted his attention to his personal interests in the business of this city. But with all his varied industrial and commercial interests, Mr. Begg has given his attention to other things. It was he and George Bradbeer who met and made the plans whereby was formed the old Amateur Athletic Association, the predecessor of the present Detroit Athletic Club. In the conduct of the association, he took an active part and was a member of the first baseball team of the organization. On June 20, 1894, Mr. Begg married Miss Louise B. Breck, of Cleveland, Ohio, and to them have been born three children, as follows: Margaret Louise, who attended the Liggett School for Boys and Girls and then Smith College at Northampton, Massachusetts; George O., Jr., who DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 387 was educated at the Liggett School, a school for boys at Watertown, Connecticut, at Williams College, and at the University of Michigan from which he graduated in 1925; and C. Brooks, who took his preparatory work at Taft School for Boys and is now in his fourth year at Yale University. Mr. Begg is a Mason and a member of the Detroit Club, the Detroit Country Club, the Detroit Athletic Club, and the old St. Clair Flats Club. He has long been active in the affairs of the First Presbyterian Church, having been a member of the board of trustees for some years. Howard Henry Colby, Detroit attorney, has been engaged in practice here since 1918 and has already established himself as a leader among the younger members of that profession. He was born in Highland Park, Michigan, January 20, 1897, the son of Frank H. and Catherine (Lies) Colby, the former of whom is well known as a breeder and trainer of harness racing horses. He received his early education in the graded and parochial schools and the University of Detroit high school. After spending a year at the University of Michigan, he entered the law college of the University of Detroit, from which he was graduated with the degree of bachelor of laws in June, 1918. At that time, he entered upon the practice of his profession in Detroit and has since been engaged successfully in that field. On May 5, 1917, Mr. Colby married Irene M. Carney, of Bay City, Michigan, and they have one daughter, Jean Shirley. Mr. Colby is a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Board of Commerce, and he and his wife attend the Roman Catholic Church. J. Will Wilson, a successful architect and builder of Detroit has been engaged in business here since 1912. Born at Chatham, Ontario, Canada, April 2, 1881, he was the only child born to James L. and Patience (Mueller) Wilson, the former of whom was an architect and now lives retired in Detroit, while the latter died in January, 1916. J. Will Wilson attended the public schools of Chatham, Ontario, after which he matriculated at the Practical School of Science at Toronto, where he studied architecture and graduated in 1902 with the degree of A. O. A. A. He entered upon the practice of his profession in Chatham and Toronto and later was associated with the firm of Hagle & Davis, at Montreal. In February, 1912, he left that firm and came to Detroit. Since that time he has been continuously in business here and has designed some of the well known buildings of the city. The Palmetto Hotel located at John R. Street and Hancock Avenue was designed and erected by Mr. Wilson, the cost of which was approximately $1,500,000. The Stuyvesant Hotel at Buffalo, New York, was also designed and erected by Mr. Wilson, the approximate cost of this being $2,000,000. The Art Centre Apartment costing $1,500,000, and the Chateau Frontenac Apartment costing $1,250,000, the Cranbrook Apartment and many others comprise some of the work done by Mr. Wilson while in Detroit, and his standing among architects is ably attested by the fact that such structures have been designed and 388 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY erected by a man of highest attainments. He is a member of the Michigan Society of Architects, the Ontario Association of Architects, and other social and professional organizations of the city and State. John M. Mulkey, president of the Mulkey Salt Company, is one of the pioneers of the salt industry in the Detroit region and has developed a business which is known throughout the United States, for the company which he heads is recognized as one of the leaders in the manufacture of all grades of salt. Born on a farm in Southern Illinois, March 6, 1859, he is the son of William F. and Minerva (Thompson) Mulkey, he being the oldest of a family of nine children. The Mulkey family is an old Virginia one, John Mulkey being one of the early Presbyterian ministers in that section of the country. John M. Mulkey received his early education in the academy at Hillsboro, Illinois, and completed his studies in Kansas after the removal of his family to that State when he was sixteen years of age. In Kansas, the father engaged in the manufacture of salt, and thus it was that John M. Mulkey early learned the best methods of the manufacture of that commodity. He subsequently organized the Kansas Salt Company, at Hutchinson, Kansas, and continued to operate that business until 1887. By that time, the great salt fields of Michigan had been discovered and shown to be of an easily workable nature, and Mr. Mulkey came to Detroit in the year mentioned to avail himself of the opportunity afforded by the development of these virgin salt deposits. He is thus a pioneer in the mining of rock salt and in the manufacture of various grades of salt, and as president of the Mulkey Salt Company, he is known as one of the commanding figures in the industry in the United States. He, it was who perfected a salt that contained appreciable quantities of iodine, and he has popularized the use of this salt throughout the world by using the slogan over the trade mark, "Nature's Invention of Goiter Prevention." The iodized salt produced by the Mulkey Salt Company is conceded by physicians to be excellent in the prevention of goiter, and the path blazed by Mr. Mulkey has been followed by others in the industry. The concern was first established under the name of the Detroit Salt Company, the present name being adopted at a later date. The company has been at the present location in River Rouge for a period of thirty-eight years and represents one of the most substantial industrial enterprises in this section of the State. In 1902, Mr. Mulkey became associated with A. E. F. White, Clarence E. Black, and E. M. Fowler in the organization of the Detroit, Monroe & Toledo Railroad Company, and as an officer of that company, he was active in pushing the construction of the line. Other constructive and worth while projects have found in Mr. Mulkey a strong and enthusiastic supporter, particularly those ventures which tended to develop the downriver section. In 1879, he married Emma G. Snell, a native of Staunton, Illinois, and to this union were born four children, all of whom DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 389 were born in Kansas: John L. C., who is secretary and treasurer of the Mulkey Salt Company; Georgie E., who is the wife of William F. Lordon; Blanche S.; and Claude E., who is associated with Otis & Company, of Detroit. Mr. Mulkey takes a deep interest in the civic affairs of Detroit and is a staunch advocate of the men and measures who promise the most benefit for the people as a whole. John Fortier Moynahan, president of Moynahan & Duchene, Incorporated, has long been a prominent manufacturer of Detroit, for as the active head of one of the leading concerns in manufacturing of ornamental and architectural bronze, brass, iron, and wire work, he is recognized as an aggressive and successful business man of this city. Born in Sandwich, Ontario, Canada, February 14, 1863, he is the son of Dennis and Eliza (Fortier) Moynahan and obtained his early education in the rural schools of his native community. He remained on the home farm until he was seventeen years of age, when he sought employment on the railroad, continuing in that work some four years. He then spent two years as a grocery clerk and then. became shipping clerk for the National Wire & Iron Works, of Detroit, and from 1886 to 1889, he was so employed. In the latter year, he went to the American Brass & Metal Works as bookkeeper, and such was his ability and close application that he was promoted to the position of traveling salesman and designer. In 1893, he took charge of the engineering department of the J. E. Bolles Wire & Iron Works, of Detroit, and three years later became the superintendent of the Toledo Wire & Iron Works. He remained there but a year, however, returning to Detroit to assume the duties of superintendent of the William Inglis Wire & Iron Works, an enterprise with which he was associated more than fifteen years. By the time he had been through the various positions, he possessed a knowledge of metal working of all kinds that is unsurpassed by any man in Detroit, so that in May, 1912, he joined J. Randolph Duchene in the establishment of Moynahan & Duchene, Incorporated, for the manufacturer of ornamental and architectural metal work of all kinds. His thorough knowledge of his business, his aggressive policies, and ability as an executive enabled him to place the company on a substantial basis within a short time, and the firm is known today as one of the outstanding industrial ventures in Detroit. On November 23, 1886, Mr. Moynahan married Bernice F. Stoddard, of Monroe, Michigan, and to them have been born three children, as follows: John, B., who married Grace Hall Chester, and has one child by this marriage; Beatrice, who married G. D. Warriner and has five children; and Roy D., who married Louise Johnson and has one child. The two sons are now engaged in business with their father. Mr. Moynahan is a member of the Detroit Automobile Club, a former member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, the Union League Club, Canopus Club, and the Birch Hill Country Club. James Alexander Moynes gives his name to the building contracting establishment of James A. Moynes & Company which is 390 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY one of the foremost organizations of its kind in Detroit. Born in Victoria Township, Ontario, Canada, May 27, 1871, he is the son of William and Mary (Humphrey) Moynes, the former of whom was a native of England and farmed in Canada until he brought his family to Michigan in 1882, and the latter of whom was born in Canada of English and Canadian parentage. He obtained a meager grammar school education, but he has never lost an opportunity to better his knowledge of his business and of things in general through exhaustive reading and study. He was brought to Michigan by his parents in 1882 in the eleventh year of his age, and when he was fourteen years old, he came to Detroit, where he secured employment with the contracting firm of McGrath & Walleck. He came to learn every phase of the building and contracting business during the succeeding years in the employ of others, so that when he determined to engage in that field of endeavor on his own account, he was well equipped in experience to make a success of the venture. In 1901, he joined his brother, George Moynes, in the contracting business, but in 1908, he disposed of his interests in that concern to establish the present company in partnership with Elmer E. Wooll. At that time, a shop was secured at Beaubien and Alexandrine streets where all classes of building materials, except sash and doors, were manufactured, for Mr. Moynes believed that he could give more efficient service to his clients by preparing his own materials in his own plant. Such was the success of the venture that within a short time the plant was enlarged to include the manufacture of sash and doors, and as the company's business grew, greater factory space became necessary. A new site was secured at No. 901-921 Milwaukee Avenue, West, where the main factory building of the present plant was erected in 1919-20. The ever-increasing volume of business has compelled the company to more than double its floor space at the new plant, giving added manufacturing space, increasing the storage space, and enabling the company to manufacture interior trim and cabinet and to store the completed products until the buildings are ready for them. A dry kiln has recently been added to the equipment of the company, so that when products are taken from the warehouse and found to have too high a moisture content for installation in the new buildings, the cabinet work and interior trim may be placed in the kiln and brought to the proper degree of moisture content. By this method, the shrinkage of woodwork in buildings is eliminated and satisfactory results are guaranteed. On July 1, 1925, the company was reorganized with the following members: James A. Moynes, Gustave E. A. Schneider, Gayer W. Moynes, and Clifton C. Blake, and in January, 1927, the firm was incorporated under the name of James A. Moynes & Company with the following officers: James A. Moynes, president and director; Gayer W. Moynes, first vice-president; G. E. A. Schneider, second vicepresident; Stanley J. Moynes, third vice-president; and Clifton C. Blake, secretary and treasurer. Among the earlier works of the WILLIAM V. MOORE DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 391 company may be mentioned the warehouse at State and First streets for the People's Outfitting Company, the factories at Mount Elliott Avenue for the Detroit Pressed Steel Products Company, residences for Lloyd Axford and Reverend Dzink on Lovett Avenue, and a church and schoolhouse for the Affinity of Our Lord Parish on McClellan and Lamb streets. Among the buildings erected more recently are the nurses' home and educational building for the Ford Hospital, Webster Hall at Cass and Putnam avenues, the Detroit Country Club in Grosse Pointe, a residence for Charles Van Dusen in Palmer Woods, a dwelling house for F. M. Shinnick at Rochester, Michigan, a residence for Mrs. Traugott Schmidt in Grosse Pointe, the Joy school, and the Central high school at Roosevelt Field. These buildings are enumerated to give a comprehensive idea of the broad scope of the work performed by James A. Moynes & Company, and the concern has erected a great number of other buildings in Detroit and the surrounding part of the State. As the head of the organization which bears his name, Mr. Moynes is unquestionably one of the outstanding men in the building and contracting field in Detroit, and to this position he has won through close application, the use of the highest ethics of his calling, and a sound knowledge of business methods. On April 17, 1900, Mr. Moynes married Bertha Margaret Gayer, the daughter of John and Mary (Wurtz) Gayer, of Morristown, Canada, and they have four children, Gayer W., who is associated with his father in the business; Lillian, who is a graduate of Albion College; Stanley, who is also in business with his father; and Margaret, who is now attending the Central high school. The business associations of Mr. Moynes include membership in the Carpenter Contractors Association of Detroit, of which he was president in 1919 and 1920, Master Painters Association of Detroit and Michigan, International Association of Painters and Decorators of the United States and Canada, the Associated Building Employers of Detroit, the Employers Association of Detroit, and the Detroit Board of Commerce. He is also a member of the Cosmopolitan Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Canopus Club, Plum Hollow Golf Club, and the Masonic Country Club. In fraternal circles, he holds membership in the American Eagle Lodge of the Odd Fellows and in the Masonic order, in which he is a member of Zion Lodge No. 1, the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, the Detroit Commandery of the Knights Templar, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Mr. Moynes professes the tenets of the Methodist Episcopal creed and is a member and trustee of the Boulevard Temple Methodist Episcopal Church. William Van Moore, who died October 27, 1925, was one of the foremost corporation lawyers of Detroit and Michigan during his life here and was the third generation of his family in this state. The family ancestry is traced to a member of the Douglas clan of Scotland that was virtually exterminated in the massacre at Glencoe, Scotland, in 1692. The widow of this member of the family 392 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY fled to Ireland with her children, whence in 1718 came the first of the family to America. John Moore, the American progenitor of the family, became the father of seven children, the third of whom, William, married Jane Holmes, subsequently removing from Londonderry to Peterboro, New Hampshire, from which place he enlisted for service in the Revolutionary War. The youngest of the twelve children of this union was William Moore, who was born near Peterboro, New Hampshire, April 9, 1787, married Lucy Rice, a native of Massachusetts, and served in the War of 1812. Their son, William Austin Moore, father of William Van, was born on a farm near Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New York. In 1831, William Moore brought his family to Washtenaw County, Michigan, became a justice of the peace the following year and held that office until 1849. He was a member of the first constitutional convention, sat in the first state senate, and represented Washtenaw County in the house of representatives in 1843. William Austin Moore, father of William Van, was eight years of age when his family came to Michigan, and when he was twenty years of age, he began studying for the bar, spending two years at Ypsilanti and then pursuing a literary course at the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1850. After teaching school at Salem, Mississippi, for eighteen months, he became a law student in the offices of Davidson & Holbrook at Detroit in April, 1852, and was admitted to practice at the bar the following January. He enjoyed a large practice here, specializing in admiralty law, and in a professional capacity, he was frequently called to Buffalo, Cleveland, Milwaukee, and Chicago as counsel in important cases of his time. He was prominent in the Democratic politics of the State and city, having served four years as chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee and eight years on the executive committee of the national organization, was a member six years and president for three years of the Detroit Board of Education, and was twice appointed a member of the Board of Park Commissioners. He was an organizer, director and attorney for both the Wayne County Savings Bank and the Detroit Fire & Marine Insurance Company. December 5, 1854, he married Laura J. Van Husan, daughter of Caleb Van Husan, of Detroit, and to them was born one son William Van, December 3, 1856. The father died September 25, 1906, and the mother, July 30, 1911. William Van Moore graduated from the University of Michigan in 1878 with the degree of bachelor of arts and entered upon the study of law under the careful tutelage of his father, subsequently studying at Boston University, from which he won the degree of bachelor of laws in 1880. Returning to Detroit, he became associated with his father and maintained that connection until the latter's death. He was thus identified with the firms of Moore & Canfield, W. A. & W. V. Moore, Moore & Goff until 1905, and Moore, Standart & Drake until 1909. Following the dissolution of the last named firm, Mr. Moore practiced alone until death closed DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 393 his career October 27, 1925. He was one of the outstanding corporation lawyers of Detroit. He was general counsel and vicepresident of the Wayne County & Home Savings Bank, a director and general counsel of the Detroit Fire & Marine Insurance Company, and vice-president and general counsel of the Northern Engineering Works, and his other business interests were extensive. On June 28, 1883, he married Jane C. Andrews, the daughter of Henry S. Andrews, of Fenton, Genesee County, Michigan, and to this union were born a son and a daughter, William Van Husan and Mary, the latter of whom became the wife of Richard Pickering Joy in 1908. William Van Moore was active in Democratic politics, serving as a delegate to the Democratic National convention in 1896, as a member of the Board of Education from 1885 to 1889, and as a member of the Board of Fire Commissioners from 1905 to 1913. He was always keenly interested in the civic affairs of his community, and he became a trustee and generous contributor to the support of the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church. William Van Husan Moore, the only son, was born in Detroit September 8, 1884, and obtained his education in the Cleveland University School, the Detroit University School, and the University of Michigan. Engaging in business, he became a member of the firm of Cummings, Moore Graphite Company, in 1916, the concern being engaged in the mining and refining of graphite, of which the company owns mines in Mexico. The company is known as one of the leading companies of its kind in the United States and through his association with this enterprise, he is recognized as one of the aggressive and influential business men of Detroit. On April 11, 1912, Mr. Moore married Marie Stephanie Moran, the daughter of John Vallee Moran, who is a descendant of one of the early families of Detroit and of whom more may be found in the biographical record of John Bell Moran. Mr. and Mrs. Moore have two children, William John, who is the seventh William Moore in direct line of descent in America, and Jane Mary. Francis Palms. In the annals of Detroit, no family has a more conspicuous record than the Palms family, which has been established here for nearly a century and has been prominently identified with industrial and commercial enterprises of this section of the State during that time. The family originated in Belgium, where Ange Palms, the first of the name to come to the United States, was born at Antwerp. Ange Palms became a commissary in the French Army during the Napoleonic regime and followed the famous emperor until the battle of Waterloo sounded the knell of the monarch's ambitious enterprises. He received the medal of the Legion of Honor in recognition of his efforts to save from the enemy a part of the ammunition at Waterloo, but during the struggle over the deposition of Charles X and the elevation to the throne of Louis Philippe, he was compelled to leave Belgium, later returning to Antwerp to engage in manufacturing. Following the destruction of his plant by fire in 1831, he took his family to Mayence, Germany, and then came to the United States 394 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY after two years in Germany, bearing letters of introduction from the Prince of Liege to President Martin Van Buren. He was accompanied by his wife and four sons and two daughters, and they finally selected Detroit for their home. On August 26, of the same year, Mrs. Palms died of cholera, and after a few years Ange Palms removed with his family to New Orleans, where he engaged in manufacturing until the time of his death, which occurred in 1876. Francis Palms, his son, was born in Antwerp in 1810, obtained his education in the public schools of his native city, and when he was twenty-three years of age, began his career as a clerk for Mr. Goodwin, of Detroit. Shortly afterward, he entered the manufacture of linseed oil at the corner of Gratiot Avenue and St. Antoine Street, an enterprise in which he continued until 1837. In that year, he entered the employ of Franklin Moore & Company, a wholesale grocery house with which he was associated until 1842. When the firm was reorganized in 1842 as Moore, Foote & Company, Mr. Palms was taken into partnership and served as financial manager during the ensuing four-year period. His various business enterprises had been highly successful, and when he left the firm of Moore, Foote & Company in 1846, he began buying and selling land. While Michigan was still laboring under the burdens caused by the panic of 1837, he bought 40,000 acres of Government land in Macomb and St. Clair counties, which he disposed of some ten years later. The profits derived from this transaction impressed Mr. Palms with the latent possibilities of the vast pine forests of the northern sections of Michigan, and he invested his entire capital in large tracts of pine timber in Wisconsin and Michigan, thereby becoming not only the largest landowner in the Northwest but probably the largest landowner in the United States. One of his tracts of timber land was located on a Wisconsin river which another lumber company sought to obstruct, hindering navigation. When Mr. Palms ordered the foreman to collect a sufficient force to cut away the obstructions, the man replied that the other company had two hundred and fifty men, whereupon Mr. Palms instructed the foreman to "get one thousand men, if necessary, but the river must be opened." The struggle to open the river cost Mr. Palms approximately a quarter of a million dollars, but with the river opened for navigation, land values were increased in his holdings by at least $800,000. Though he often sold timber lands outright, Mr. Palms possessed the foresight to retain fee interest in other properties on which evidences of underlying mineral deposits had been discovered, the subsequent discovery of many valuable mines on his properties attesting the keen business acumen that actuated his dealings throughout his life. In the late Eighties, Mr. Palms turned his attention to the contracting business in Detroit, invested in Detroit city property, and erected a number of large business blocks. He was president for many years of the Peoples Saving Bank and the Michigan Stove Company, in both of which he was the largest stockholder, was president of the Michigan Fire & Marine Insurance Company, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 395 was interested in the Galvin Brass & Iron Company, the Union Iron Company, the Vulcan Furnace, and the Peninsular Land Company. He suffered a paralytic stroke in 1875 that brought a gradual decline of his health during the remaining years of his life, his death occurring November 4, 1886. In 1836, Mr. Palms married Martha Burnett, who died shortly after the birth of her son, Francis F. Palms, and three years later he married a daughter of the late Joseph Campau and the one child born to this union, Clotilde, married Dr. James Burgess Book, of this city. Francis F. Palms, like his father, was one of the leading business men of Detroit, for he was interested in many commercial and industrial enterprises that rank among the leaders in their several fields in this city. He was the son of Francis and Martha (Burnett) Palms, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this volume, and because of the death of his mother when he was an infant, he was reared in the home of his grandfather in New Orleans, where he obtained his early education. In 1854, he matriculated at Georgetown University, from which he graduated in 1857, and then he entered upon the profession of engineering, in which he continued at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he entered the Fourth Louisiana Infantry. In 1862, he organized a signal corps which was located at Port Hudson during the siege of that city by General Banks and established a range of signals for a distance of fifteen miles along the west bank of the river, thus enabling the besieged to gain accurate information of the Federal troops under Banks. With the fall of Port Hudson, Lieutenant Palms was made prisoner of war and imprisoned in Fortress Monroe. He was exchanged within a short time, however, and served with his command until the close of the war. Returning to the parish of West Baton Rouge, he engaged in cotton planting until the floods of 1867 ruined his crops. In that year, he removed to New Orleans and soon after was appointed clerk of the register of deeds of that city, continuing as such until 1870 when he received the appointment to the position of minute clerk of the fourth civil district court of the parish of New Orleans for a term of eight years. He was reappointed upon the close of his term, but in 1880, at the insistence of his father in Detroit, resigned to become private secretary for his parent. In that capacity, he assumed the management of his father's affairs, which he conducted until the death of Francis Palms, Sr., in 1886. He and his half-sister, Mrs. Clotilde Book, of Detroit, were the two heirs to the large estate of the elder Palms. The administration of such vast properties as came to Francis F. Palms by the will of his father could have been entrusted to no better hands, for he was an astute and able business man who took a leading part in the enterprises with which he was thus associated. He was president of the National Loan & Investment Company and the Buck Stove Company, of St. Louis, vice-president of the Michigan Stove Company; and a director in the Peoples Savings Bank, 396 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the Michigan Stove Company, the Standard Life & Accident Insurance Company, and the Matthew-Ireland Manufacturing Company. Throughout his life, he held staunchly to the principles of the Democratic party, due, doubtless, to his Southern breeding and training. His death occurred at New Orleans when he was sixtyseven years of age, and his remains were brought back to Detroit for burial. In July, 1866, Mr. Palms married Miss Devall, a daughter of a prominent planter of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and his wife died in the same year. In 1869, he married Celimene Pellerine, of Breaux Bridge, St. Martinsville parish, Louisiana, who died in Detroit in 1888, leaving seven chldren, as follows: Martha, who became the Countess of Champeaux and died in France in 1904; Bertha, the widow of A. Ingersoll Lewis; Charles L., deceased, who was associated with the management of the Palms estate for many years: Viola, the wife of Dr. Burt R. Shurly, of Detroit; Corinne, the wife of Hamilton Carhartt, Jr.; Francis, of whom more is contained elsewhere in this work; and William, deceased. In 1890, Mr. Palms married Marie Aimee Martin, a daughter of Hon. S. V. Martin, of St. Martinsville parish, Louisiana, and to them were born three children, Clarence, who is now dead, Helene, and Marie Louise. Francis Palms, III, is carrying on the luster of his family name in the industrial life of Detroit, for as president of the Palms Estate, he is actively interested in some of the most important business enterprises of this part of the State. A son of Francis F. and Celimene (Pellerine) Palms, of whom more is contained on other pages of this work, he was born in Detroit and here obtained his early education. When he had completed his studies at college, he returned to Detroit to go into business and become identified with the Michigan Stove Company, one of the largest stove manufacturing concerns in the United States. Of this organization, he eventually became first vice-president, displaying his family's natural aptitude for handling large business affairs. The death of his father and of his brother, Charles L. Palms, threw upon his shoulders the increased burden of managing the extensive interests of the large Palms Estate, of which he has since been president, He still maintains his connection with the Michigan Stove Company, is treasurer of the Palms-Book Land Company, one of the most important real estate organizations in Detroit, and is a director of the Detroit Savings Bank and the Union Trust Company. He maintains his offices in the Francis Palms office building, one of the largest and most modernly equipped structures of its kind in Detroit. Mr. Palms is highly regarded among Detroit executives, for he possesses business acumen of a high order and has made a conspicuous record as the head of the Palms Estate. Mr. Palms and his wife are the parents of five children, Martha, Francis, IV, James, John, and Jerome. Paul P. Barker, president and manager of the National Production Company, manufacturers of special machinery and gauges, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 397 dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures, is one of the most successful executives in his field in Detroit. Born in this city, June 29, 1893, he is the son of John and Kathryn Barker, both natives of Germany, who came to Detroit in 1854. John Barker was a mason and contractor by trade and followed that occupation in Detroit until 1899, when he and his wife took up their residence on a farm in Huron County, moving back to Detroit in 1908, where he died in 1919. Paul P. Barker attended school in Huron County until 1908, when he came to Detroit. Here he attended night school while he served an apprenticeship to the trade of tool maker in the shops of the Cadillac Motor Company. He completed the requirements of his trade in 1911, after which he worked with various companies to gain a thorough experience in tool making and the building of special machinery. He was foreman of the gear division of the Brush Runabout Company, three years in the experimental department of Dodge Brothers Motor Car Company, assistant foreman of the tool room of the Maxwell Motor Car Company, in charge of inspection at the Timken Axle Company a year, and superintendent of the Eastern Production Company one year. With such a broad experience at his command, he established the National Production Company in 1916, and has since been president and manager of that organization. Starting in a plant consisting of one room, forty feet by forty-two feet in size, the concern has grown until it is one of the largest of its kind in the country, having a large plant that is equipped in the most modern way possible. For the development of the company, Mr. Barker is almost entirely responsible, for he has brought not only extensive knowledge of tool making and mechanical engineering to his work but also executive ability of a high order. His knowledge of mechanical engineering was gained through private study in his spare hours. In addition to his connection with the National Production Company, Mr. Barker is vice president of the Belleview Industrial Furnace Company. He was married February 8, 1916, to Laura Pohl, the daughter of Adolph Pohl, of Detroit, and they have had three children, LeRoy Paul, Charlotte, and Theo, the second of whom was born in 1921 and died at the age of four years. Mr. Barker is a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Elks. James Guinan, secretary and treasurer of the Ternes & Guinan Supply Company, of Dearborn, Michigan, is one of the prominent business men of that community, where he has also taken a leading part in the political affairs of the city and township. Keiran Guinan, father of James, was born in Kings County, Ireland, near Dublin, and started for the United States in 1847 in company with his parents and eight brothers and sisters, he being but eight years of age at the time. During the long voyage to this country, the parents died of ship fever, so that young Keiran came to Michigan to live with Terence McDonnell, a relative who was a farmer of Washtenaw County. As a boy, Keiran Guinan worked on the farm and then became a section foreman for the Michigan Central Railroad at Dexter, whence he came to Dearborn in 1884 in 398 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the employ of the same company, continuing in that capacity until the time of his death in 1911. Keiran Guinan was the father of two children, James and Anna. James Guinan was born at Dexter, Michigan, April 13, 1872, and obtained his education in the public schools and a Detroit business college, attending the latter institution at night while he was employed as an office boy with the Michigan Central Railroad learning telegraphy. Mr. Guinan rose to the position of train dispatcher and continued in that work until November, 1912, when he left the' railroad company to become associated with the building supply house of the S. D. Lapham Company. For six years, he was connected with that concern, when, in company with George L. Ternes, he bought the business, which has since borne the name of the Ternes & Guinan Supply Company. Mr. Guinan became secretary and treasurer of the new organization and has since continued in that office, winning recognition as one of the leading men in that field in Dearborn and this section of the county. He has also taken an active part in the affairs of the Democratic party in this county, for he is chairman of the Democratic Township Committee, was a member of the village council in 1902-03, and was elected village president in 1904, and is now one of the supervisors of the city of Dearborn. In addition to his building supply business, Mr. Guinan is heavily interested in the development of real estate properties in Dearborn and this vicinity and is known as one of the highly successful men in that field. On June 28, 1916, Mr. Guinan married Elizabeth J. Winn, a daughter of Harry Winn, of Detroit, and to this union has been born three children, Mary Rosevere, Margaret Anne, and James Winn. Mr. Guinan has attained the Fourth Degree in the Knights of Columbus and is a Grand Knight of Dearborn Council No. 2401 of that order. He is a member of the board of trustees of Sacred Heart Church, and his social affiliations are found in his membership in the Birch Hill Country Club and the Dearborn Country Club. William Daly, deceased, was one of the pioneer settlers of Dearborn, Wayne County, Michigan, where he made a conspicuous record as a servant of the people in various public offices. A son of John and Mary Daly, he was born at Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, March 25, 1819, and came to Detroit in June, 1837. He had received his education in his native land and had there attended college for a time, and when he came to Detroit, he was employed by Mayor Kearsley. In 1839, he went to Chicago, where he helped in the grading of the first street in that city, and in 1841 sailed the Great Lakes on the steamer Erie. In 1842, William Daly settled at Dearborn, Wayne County, and the following year witnessed his election to the office of Poor Director, to which he was successively returned until he had served twenty years in that position. In 1844, he was elected highway commissioner, serving as such over a period of eighteen years, and in 1858 he was elected justice of the peace at Dearborn and by successive DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 399 re-elections served twenty-four years in that capacity. In 1863, in addition to the many public charges he held already, he was elected supervisor of the township and held that office for eighteen years. He also served six years as superintendent of the poor and twenty years as school director of Dearborn Township. From such a record, it is easy to determine the high regard in which he was held by the people of that section of the county, for he was not only possessed of unquestioned ability but was also a man of unimpeachable integrity. He was a Democrat in politics. When the first Roman Catholic Church was built in Dearborn, it was William Daly who hauled and hewed the timbers that went into its construction. He was noted for his genial disposition and his friendships were firm and lifelong. On November 26, 1842, he married Mary Lester, a native of Kilkenny, Ireland, who settled in Dearborn in that year, and to this union were born five children, John, James, Thomas, and Mrs. Gleason. Clarence J. Daly, well known furniture dealer and funeral director of Dearborn, was born in that city, April 8, 1883, the son of James and Hannah (Ready) Daly and a grandson of William Daly, pioneer settler of Dearborn, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this work. John Ready, the maternal grandfather of Clarence J. Daly was born in Ireland and came to Wayne County, Michigan, in 1830, traveling thither from the coast by ox team and building a log cabin on his land after his arrival in the new home. His daughter, Hannah, mother of C. J. Daly, was born in Dearborn Township in 1847, and died in 1922. James Daly, father of Clarence J., was born in Dearborn Township, Wayne County, August 14, 1847, and still resides in that township. He and his wife became the parents of five children of whom four, Edwin W., Leo J., Clarence J., and Walter L. are still living. Clarence J. Daly obtained his education in the elementary and high schools of Dearbornand began his career in the Citizens Bank, later entering the employ of the Old Detroit National Bank. From 1906 to 1917, he workedwith the Standard Oil Company but in the latter year returned to Dearborn to engage in the furniture and undertaking business forhimself. Subsequently,his brother entered partnership with him. The company is one of the leaders in its field in Dearborn and has attained that eminence largely through the efforts of Mr. Daly. The present fine store building was occupied November 22, 1924, and the company carries a complete and varied line of furniture. On June 21, 1910, Mr. Daly married Alice Larkins, of Detroit, whose father was connected with the Michigan Central Railroad for many years, and to Mr. and Mrs. Daly were born two children, James F., whose birth occurred April 7, 1911, and Virginia I., who was born September 9, 1917. Mr. Daly takes an active part in the municipal affairs of Dearborn, where he now holds the office of city commissioner. He is a member of the Knights of Columbus and of the Dearborn Country Club. 400 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Louis Buhl King, president of the L. B. King & Company, crockery and glassware concern of Detroit, comes of a family that was established in this country in 1756 by Robert King, who came from his native Ireland in that year to establish his home in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. Robert King joined the American forces in the Revolutionary War, serving with the rank of first lieutenant and then captain. As a successful Indian trader, he exercised considerable influence over those tribes with whom he had dealings, and his assistance in making treaties with the tribesmen was frequently sought by the Government. For his services in these treaty negotiations, he was granted a large tract of land in Erie County, Pennsylvania, and there he made his home until his death, he being one of the first white settlers of that section of the Keystone State. He was buried at Waterford, Erie County. John King, his son, married Charlotte Lytle, and they became the parents of Robert W. King, who was born at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in October, 1821. Robert W. King was educated at Washington and Jefferson College and began his business career at Pittsburgh. In 1842, however, he came to Detroit, and here, in 1849, established the china and glassware business that is now conducted under the firm style of L. B. King & Company. He took a prominent part in the civic affairs of his community, for he became president of the Young Men's Society, served many years as foreman of the old Fifth ward volunteer fire company, was president of the Detroit Board of Education, was elected president of the Detroit Board of Estimates, and was one of the original trustees of Harper Hospital. His wife, Elizabeth (Buhl) King, was born in Butler County, Pennsylvania, and came to Detroit in 1836 to attend school and make her home with her brother, Frederick Buhl. Robert W. King died in December, 1897, and his widow died in February, 1911. Louis Buhl King, their son, was born in Detroit, December 4, 1851, obtained his elementary and preparatory education in the schools of this city, and then entered the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in 1874 with the degree of bachelor of science. Returning to Detroit, he entered his father's employ, and such was his ability and industry that he was admitted to partnership in 1878. The business grew steadily, so that incorporation became necessary in 1894, at which time the present name of L. B. King & Company was adopted and Mr. King was elected secretary. This office he retained until June, 1907, when he was elected president, an office that he has since held. Mr. King has consistently demonstrated since he first became associated with the firm that he is a business man of the highest attainments, and the success of the enterprise during the past half-century may well be attributed to him. At Greenwich, New York, March 14, 1883, Mr. King married Jennie Reed Carpenter, daughter of Benoni G. Carpenter, general agent of the Home Life Insurance Company of New York for thirty years. Mr. and Mrs. King became the parents of these DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 401 children: Dorothea B.; Ralph Benjamin, vice-president of L. B. King & Company; Robert Kent, who is also associated with that company; Janet Elizabeth, the wife of Captain H. P. Sheldon, of Washington, D. C.; and Francis C., a fruit grower of Cashmere, Washington, now connected with L. B. King & Company. Mr. King is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, Detroit Athletic Club, Sons of the American Revolution, and Delta Kappa Epsilon at the University of Michigan. John A. Boyne, judge of the Recorder's Court at Detroit, was born at Marlette, Michigan, December 22, 1878. His father, George Boyne, was born in Scotland and subsequently settled in Canada, later removing to Michigan in 1868, where he pre-empted land and engaged in farming. He served as justice of the peace, school inspector, and treasurer of the school board, occupying the last-named position for a period of eighteen years, and he also held several township offices. He married Agnes Ida Jones, a native of Marlette, Michigan, and to them were born six children, Nelson, George, Charles, and Frank, all of whom live in Marlette, Edwin, who is principal in the high school at Manistee, Michigan, and John A., whose name heads this review. After graduating from the high school at Marlette, John A. Boyne read law in the offices of Judge D. Stuart McClure, continuing there until he came to Detroit. He completed his law studies at the Detroit College of Law, whence he graduated in 1901, and began practice in 1905 as an attorney in the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad, being connected with the office of Henry Russell, vice-president and general counsel of the road. He was engaged in that work until the death of Mr. Russell, which occurred February 25, 1920, at which time, Mr. Boyne returned to a general practice. Since 1920, Judge Boyne has held several offices of public trust, among them being those of commissioner of public works of Highland Park in 1925, a member of the Wayne County Board of Supervisors, and chairman for Highland Park as a member of the Wayne County Republican Committee. On November 20, 1925, he received from the hand of Governor Grosbeck the appointment to the bench of the Detroit Recorder's Court and was commissioned three days later. Since that time, Judge Boyne has shown himself to be one of the ablest judges of that court, for his fearless and impartial administration of justice has won him the confidence of the people and the respect and full co-operation of the members of the bar. On September 25, 1901, he married Juel Nesbitt, the daughter of William and Mary Jane Nesbitt, of Ottawa, Canada. As a York Rite and Scottish Rite Mason, Judge Boyne is past high priest of Peninsular Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, Monroe Council, Detroit Commandery No. 1 of the Knights Templar,and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He maintains membership in the Michigan Bar Association, American Bar Association and the Detroit Bar Association, and Lawyers Club, Western Golf and Country Club, 402 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Ingleside Club, and the Detroit Automobile Club and the Sunset Hills Country Club. He is also a member of the Elks, Moose, Odd Fellows, Maccabees, Foresters and Amaranth. John F. Keys, realtor, and president of the Keys Realty Company, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, February 13, 1879, the son of Richard S. and Rose (Russel) Keys, the former a native of Cincinnati and the latter of Clinton, Ohio. The father came to Detroit in 1874 and engaged in the coal business with Robert Robinson under the firm style of the Robinson & Keys Coal Company. In 1879, he sent for his family, subsequently sold his interests in the coal company, and with C. K. Brandon established the Brandon & Keys Company for stave and heading manufacturing. This enterprise was incorporated in 1888 as the Detroit Stave & Heading Works with the plant at Detroit Junction and with these officers: C. K. Brandon, president; John McClaren, vice-president; and Richard S. Keys, secretary and treasurer. Mr. Keys was associated with this enterprise until 1913, when he retired from business. He died February 6, 1920, and his widow passed away September 18, 1922. Of the five children born to them, one is dead; Mary is the wife of Col. Frederick G. Lawton, U. S. A., retired, of Mobile, Alabama; Bessie Keys is unmarried and makes her home in Detroit; and Alexander Russel is president of the Lakeside Foundry Company and vice-president of the Keys Realty Company. John F. Keys, the fourth child, attended the graded and high schools until he was sixteen years of age, when he entered the employ of the Detroit United Railways as a clerk. He continued with this company in various capacities until he was made general passenger agent in 1907, a position which he occupied until January 30, 1922, when he resigned to devote his entire time to his real estate interests. The Keys Realty Company, of which he is president, was organized in 1920 and is one of the influential concerns in its fields in Detroit. Mr. Keys is also president of the Carrier Realty Company, president of Keystone, Inc., owning and operating the Keystone Hotel and Restaurant, and treasurer of the Lakeside Foundry Company. Until 1925, he was a director of the Union Mortgage Company and is now on the board of directors of the Roseville Heights Land Company and formerly its president. He is interested in these subdivisions: Russel Park Farms at Seven Mile road and Gratiot avenue, the Center Line Road subdivision on Van Dyke avenue, the Halfway Small Farms of the Keys Realty Company, the Skrzcki-Konczal subdivision on Seven Mile road, Wayne Acres at Wayne, Michigan, Folker's Garden City Acres at Ford and Telegraph roads, Keysdale Estates on Gratiot avenue, and Keyslawn Estates at Schoenherr and Eight Mile roads. On January 26, 1922, Mr. Keys was united in marriage with Charlotte McDonald, of Detroit. Mr. Keys was president of the Indian Village Club and was president of the Exchange Club in 1915. He takes active interest in the affairs of the Detroit Real Estate Board and retains membership in the Detroit Boat DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 403 Club and Corinthian Lodge, F. & A. M. He is also affiliated with the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Club, the Country Club of Detroit and the Indian Village Club. Joseph Henry Clark, of the law firm of Clark, Emmons, Bryant & Klein, has been practicing in Detroit since 1895, although he followed that profession ten years before he located in this city. He was born at Sandusky, Ohio, December 20, 1860, the son of Nelson and Sarah F. (Weller) Clark. After completing his high school work at Castalia, Ohio, Mr. Clark took a teacher's training course at Valparaiso University, after which he taught in Ohio three years and in Sanilac County, Michigan, four years. During that time, he applied himself to the study of law, and after passing the state bar examinations in 1885, he located at Manistique, Michigan, to enter upon the active practice of his profession, continuing there until January 1, 1891. He then became a member of the firm of Jones & Clark at Muskegon, Michigan, whence he came to Detroit in 1895 to join the firm of Griffin, Clark & Russell, which was succeeded in three years by that of Clark, Durfee & Allor. On January 1, 1903, Mr. Clark became the senior member of the firm of Clark, Jones & Bryant, but following the withdrawal of Mr. Jones and the admission of Judge Harry A. Lockwood to partnership, the firm became Clark, Lockwood, Bryant & Klein. Judge Lockwood retired in 1917 to be succeeded by Mr. Emmons, since which time the firm name has been that of Clark, Emmons, Bryant & Klein. The practice of the firm is extensive, and the name of Joseph H. Clark is an honored one among the members of the Detroit Bar. He is a member of the Detroit, Michigan State and American Bar associations. As president of the General Sales Company and the General Spring & Wire Company, of Detroit, Mr. Clark is also recognized as an able industrial executive, for the concerns with which he is associated are prominent in commercial circles. On November 3, 1884, Mr. Clark married Minnie McMuldroch, of White Rock, Michigan, and to this union were born three children, as follows: Grace A., who married W. J. Hanna and has a son and a daughter; Nelson J., who married Marie Berry and has four sons, one of whom is named Joseph Henry, II; and Clifford L., who is married and has two sons. Mr. Clark is a member of the Detroit Motor Boat Club, Detroit Automobile Club, and the Detroit Athletic Club. In Masonry, he is a member of Palestine Lodge, is a Thirty-second Degree Scottish Rite Mason, belongs to the Mystic Shrine, and has attained high degree in the York Rite. For a number of years, Mr. Clark has been a trustee of St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, and he maintains his home at Algonac, Michigan. James J. Trudell, president and treasurer of the Star Carpet Cleaning Company, was born in Detroit, September 28, 1869, the son of William and Clara (Peters) Trudell. The father was born in Canada and after the death of his wife, he returned to that country, leaving his son, James J., in the care of the grandfather, 404 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY John B. Peters, who was born in 1806. John B. Peters came to Detroit when he was a young man and began mending fishing nets for Moore & Foote and the business eventually grew to large proportions. James J. Trudell attended the Duffield grammar school and when he was fourteen years of age went to work for his maternal uncle in the carpet cleaning business. From 1887 to 1892, he was employed at the Newcomb-Endicott store, and in the latter year, he established his present business. Starting in a small way, Mr. Trudell has worked hard to increase the scope and efficiency of his company, and the success he has attained is shown in the fact that the Star Carpet Cleaning Company ranks as one of the foremost concerns of its kind in this section of the State and that the plant of the company is equipped in the most modern way, giving a quality of service that is exemplary in its field. Mr. Trudell is regarded not only as an exceedingly able business man but also as one who is thoroughly familiarwith the technical side of the company's work, facts that have been responsible for the rise of the enterprise to a pre-eminent position in its line in the State of Michigan. Mr. Trudell's two sons are now associated with him in the business. He was married July 22, 1899, to Bertha M. Mann, of Detroit, the daughter of Louis Mann, and they have three children, Lewis M., James J., Jr., and Clara L. Mr. Trudell is a member of the Detroit Yacht Club, Lochmoor Country Club, and the Exchange Club. The two sons of Mr. Trudell are graduates of the University of Michigan and the daughter is now a student at Liggett's School. Clyde M. Ford, who handles Ford automobiles in Dearborn, of which city he was elected mayor in November, 1927, was born in Detroit, November 19, 1887, the son of Addison and Mary A. (Ward) Ford, both of whom were born in this county. George Ford, grandfather of Clyde M., was a farmer at Dearborn, but left the farm in 1886 to engage in building and contracting in Detroit. Addison Ford, father of Clyde M., was born at Dearborn in 1865 and returned to the homestead farm after his marriage, where he operated a feed mill in conjunction with the farm from 1909 to 1917. He died July 1, 1920, and he and his wife who was the daughter of F. R. Ward, of Greenfield Township, Wayne County, were the parents of two children, Clyde M., and Mabel, who is now Mrs. Raymond C. Ford, of Detroit. Clyde M. attended the rural schools in Dearborn Township and then went to work on the home farm, and when his father established the feed mill in 1909, he became associated with the enterprise, the firm being Addison Ford and Son. In 1917 he gave up both farming and the mill business to take over the Dearborn agency for the Ford Motor Company, and his subsequent operations in the motor car field show him to be a man of the highest ability in business administration and sales methods, for he has developed his enterprise into one of the substantial concerns of its kind in this part of the county. On October 25, 1917, Mr. Ford married Camillia Iona DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 405 Glass, the daughter of James E. and Mary (Braden) Glass, of Plymouth, Michigan, and they have one daughter, Rylma Iona, and a son, Addison C. Mr. Ford takes a deep interest in the civic affairs of Dearborn, for he served on the city commission in 1923 and is president of the Library Board. Mr. Ford displays the inventive genius and mechanical skill of his famous relative, Henry Ford, for he has devised and patented several parts for tractors. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Odd Fellows, was first president of the Dearborn Rotary Club, and is a trustee and was chairman of the building committee of the First Methodist Episcopal Church of this community, and takes an active part in the affairs of his church. Percy W. Grose was one of the leading attorneys of Detroit for nearly a quarter of a century, for his legal associations brought him into contact with the prominent figures before the Michigan bar and his interest in civic affairs made him well known to the people of the city. The history of the Grose family in America has been one of unqualified success in the varied fields in which the men have engaged. John W. Grose, the grandfather of Percy Wylie Grose, was born in Cornwall, England, and came to Montreal, Canada, where he was one of the successful wholesale grocery merchants until the time of his death in 1893. Thomas H. Grose, son of John W. and father of Percy W., was born in Cornwall, England, in 1852, and came to Canada with his parents when he was five years of age. Entering railroad work, he came to Port Huron, Michigan, about fifty years ago and subsequently located at Battle Creek, this State, where he continued as auditor of the Grand Trunk Railroad until the time of his death, which occurred in 1908. He married Elizabeth Wylie, and to them, October 6, 1883, at Battle Creek was born a son, Percy Wylie Grose. The boy obtained his early education in the public schools of Detroit and then matriculated at the Detroit College of Law from which he graduated as a member of the class of 1903. With no equipment other than his knowledge of the law and his native ability, he embarked upon the practice of his profession in that year as a member of the firm of Henderson, Martin & Grose. From 1907 to 1909, he was prosecuting attorney of Wayne County, and it was only during this period in his career that he gave attention to criminal law, the balance of his practice being devoted to corporation law. In that particular field, he became one of the leading lawyers of Detroit and Michigan. He numbered among his clients many of the most important and influential business concerns of Detroit, and men who sought his counsel were drawn from the front rank of manufacturers and business men. For many years he was a member of the firm of Henderson, Martindale & Grose. From 1913 to 1917 he served as commissioner of the board of health, discharging the duties of that office without pay and acting as president of the board in 1917. When the World War broke out, he was made a member of the War Department Intelli 406 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY gence Division at Detroit to investigate war contracts, and in this work he rendered valuable service to his country at a time when unscrupulous manufacturers were attempting to bilk the Government. Mr. Grose was an acknowledged power in the Democratic party in Detroit. He managed the campaign of Judge William F. Connolly for mayor and frequently sat in state and national Democratic conventions as a delegate. To measures directed to the constructive upbuilding of the city, he gave his undivided support. By his death, January 6, 1927, Detroit lost one of her most distinguished lawyers and public servants. In June, 1908, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Grose and Mary Stewart McGregor, the latter of whom is the daughter of Thomas Buchanan and Mary (Stewart) McGregor, natives of Detroit, and the granddaughter of John McGregor and Daniel T. Stewart. The grandfathers of Mrs. Grose were both born in Scotland, John McGregor becoming identified with the boiler manufacturing industry in Detroit and Daniel T. Stewart engaging in the wholesale grain business in this city. To Mr. and Mrs. Grose were born two daughters, Mary Elizabeth, who is attending Vassar College, and Ann Katherine, who is a student at the Miss Liggett's School. Percy W. Grose was a member of the Michigan and Detroit Bar Associations, Detroit Athletic Club, Lawyers Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, and the Pine Lake Country Club, and in fraternal circles he maintained membership in the Masonic order and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. He attended St. Paul's Episcopal Church. Wesley G. Hahn, president of the Hahn Lumber and Millwork Company, is one of the leading figures in the building business in Dertoit. He was born on a farm near Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, and is the son of George and Minnie (Reuber) Hahn, both of whom are still living at Kitchener. He received his education in the schools of his native place and began his business career in the building business, coming to Detroit in 1907, where he has been unusually successful in his field of endeavor. Associated with Robert Oakman, one of the best known real estate operators, he has been instrumental in the development of several additions, notable among which is the Oakman Boulevard subdivision that is known as one of the most successful ventures of its kind. Mr. Hahn owns and operates the Hahn Lumber and Millwork Company whose yards are located at 15001 Fullerton Avenue, at which place is transacted a retail lumber business and ready cut houses, cottages, garages and portable buildings. Mr. Hahn has been more than moderately successful in the operation of this concern, and although it has been in existence but little more than a year, it occupies a substantial place among the enterprises of its kind. In 1912 Mr. Hahn married Lena Bell Burch, of Eaton Rapids, Michigan, and he and his wife attend the Christian Church. Mr. Hahn is a member of the board of directors of the United Builders Association, the Michigan Reciprocal Asso DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY. 407 ciation, and the American Casualty Association. In Masonry he is a member of Friendship Lodge, No. 417, King Cyrus Chapter, Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar, Michigan Sovereign Consistory and Moslem Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is also a member of the Elks, the Red Run Golf Club, the Detroit Yacht Club, and the Detroit Board of Commerce. Mlerritt J. Chapman was one of the prominent men in the music business in the East and Middle West for many years, for as manager of the music department of the Wanamaker store in New York City he was the pioneer in developing a distinct innovation in department store operation. Reuben Chapman, his father, was of English descent, married Zada Chase, a native of Michigan, and settled on a farm near Royal Oak, Michigan, when he was thirty years of age, maintaining his residence there until the time of his death at the age of eighty-six years. Merritt J. Chapman was born at Royal Oak, Michigan, July 31, 1852, and obtained his early education in the public schools of that city. When he was nineteen years old, he entered the employ of the C. J. Whitney music house and spent nineteen years in their employ, his association with them continuing until the company went out of business. For two years thereafter, he worked in Philadelphia but returned to Detroit to ally himself with the music firm of Grinnell Brothers here. His ability in the work won him the position of manager of one of the Grinnell stores at Cleveland, where he remained but a short time. At that time, the Wanamaker organization in New York City induced him to join them to take charge of the music department. Thus, upon his shoulders was placed the burden of organizing a separate music section, the first of its kind to be established by a department store in this country. When the company erected its new building, Mr. Chapman supervised the decorating and planning of the music department, which became one of the outstanding piano houses in the country. He bwas associated with the company for a period of thirteen years but was compelled by poor health to resign. At that time, he returned to Michigan and resided on the home farm near Royal Oak until the time of his death, which occurred September 30, 1923. Mr. Chapman was a composer and took a deep interest in musical affairs, and because of his ability in this direction, he had charge of the auditorium where the great artists of the world appeared on the concert stage. In 1870, Mr. Chapman married Lida M. Brown, the daughter of Chester and Rosetta (Smith) Brown, the former of whom was born in Michigan and the latter in Wilson, Niagara County, New York. To Mr. and Mrs. Chapman were born three sons, Charles W., Hallett D., and Merritt J., Jr. Charles W. Chapman served with the Marines during the Spanish-American War, married Emily Elliott, of Washington, D. C., and has three children, Elliott, Emily and Marguerite. Hallett D. Chapman married Edna Boyce, of New York City, and they have two children, Lida M. and Hallett D., Jr. Merritt 408 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY J., Jr., married Florence Groves and they reside with the mother. Mrs. Lida Chapman is the owner of the old Chapman homestead in Oakland County, although she now maintains her home at No. 3748 West Chicago Boulevard, Detroit. Franz Apel, the late head of the Detroit School of Music, was engaged in the teaching of music in Detroit for more than forty years, bringing to the city an excellence in musical education and training for its studentsthat had neverbeen knownhere prior to his advent. For a number of years, he and the late N. J. Corey were the only musicians in the city to bear that high degree of doctor of music, and it was to be expected that musical circles of the city should feel the loss keenly when death closed his career February 10, 1926. Both his grandfather and father were eminent musicians, the latter being dubbed knight by Emperor Wilhelm of Germany in recognition of his efforts as an educator. A son of Ignatius and Emily (Loeffler) Apel, Doctor Apel was born in Beberstadt, Saxony, Germany, May 23, 1845, and obtained his early education at Heiligenstadt Normal School. His musical heritage impelled him to follow the arduous career of a musician, and to this end he went to Berlin to begin his studies with the elder Kullak. He graduated from the conservatory with diplomas from the departments of piano, violin, harmony, and organ. In 1866, he came to the United States to locate at Cincinnati, Ohio, whence he shortly went to Richmond, Indiana. In the Hoosier city, he was sought as organist for two churches, and so anxious were the two congregations to secure his services that they arranged their services in such a way as to permit him to play at one church and then hurry to the other in time for a second service. Among the many pupils that came under his instruction at Richmond was Ellen O'Connell, the daughter of Patrick and Ellen (O'Sullivan) O'Connell, whom he married in 1870. In August, 1871, Doctor Apel came to Detroit, where he was immediately engaged as organist for St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, of,which he became a communicant, and the success he won with the pupils that were placed under his direction brought him wide recognition throughout this part of the state. His reputation brought him the offer to direct the activities of the Detroit School of Music, with which he was associated for many years. Doctor Apel prided himself on the fact that he never allowed his prejudices or belief in the effectiveness in one system of training to close his mind to the merits of new innovations, and his success as an instructor has been attributed largely to his willingness to embrace new ideas and to incorporate them into his teaching methods. He was the first teacher in Detroit to give instruction in harmony hand-in-hand with piano studies, and that such a method is almost universally employed today is strong testimony to his farsightedness and progressive spirit. He inaugurated a system of recitals for the benefit of pupils, and he labored valiantly to bring great artists to Detroit and to advance the true appreciation DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 409 of good music in the state. Unselfish to a fault, he placed the interests of his pupils above his own, and frequently he materially aided students of talent who would have been unable to continue their musical education without his help. Ever broadminded, he took an exceptionally lenient attitude toward the question of women's rights when such matters were strongly before the public mind. He and his wife, the latter of whom died December 23, 1925, became the parents of six children, as follows: Carl, deceased; Lillian, deceased, who was a talented musician, made her debut in Paris, met the royalty of Europe, and had the distinction of being the only American woman at the Strauss silver jubilee; August; Edna, who was married April 26, 1904, to Charles W. Robinson, of Claymont, Delaware; Aileen, at home; and Isabelle, who became the wife of Paul Seidenstricker, August 20, 1914, and has three children, Paul, Ruth, and Helen. Mrs. Edna Robinson has three children, Charles, Romaine, and Mary Theodora. Mrs. Seidenstricker was educated in music under the able tutelage of her father and then became a teacher, work in which she was engaged for twelve years. Upon the death of her father, she took up his work for a time and continued with great success in her parent's footsteps. She is well known throughout the East for her ability as a teacher and musician. George W. Eyster, one of the prominent and successful lawyers of Dearborn, Wayne County, Michigan, was born at West Manchester, York County, Pennsylvania, May 4, 1881, a son of Michael Eyster, of whom more may be found in the biographical record of E. E. Eyster on other pages of this work. He attended the elementary schools of his native community and then studied at the York County Academy, and graduated at the MedicoChirurgical College in pharmacy. This he followed by a course in chemistry at Drexel Institute at Philadelphia in 1903, after which he went to Rolla, Missouri, to pursue a chemical and metallurgical course in the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. After another year spent at the University of Missouri, he became a chemist and metallurgist for the St. Louis Smelting & Refining Company at Collinsville, Illinois, attaining the position of chief chemist and metallurgist before he severed his connections with that organization in 1908. At that time, Mr. Eyster came to Detroit, where he became a chemist with the Detroit Lubricator Company, work in which he was engaged three years. During that time, he studied at the Detroit College of Law, from which he was graduated with the degree of bachelor of laws in 1911. Though he maintained his law offices in Detroit, Mr. Eyster became a resident of Dearborn, where he has served as justice of the peace since 1918 and also spent a four-year term as city attorney for Dearborn. In the spring of 1924, Mr. Eyster established his offices in Dearborn, where he has developed a large and lucrative practice and is highly esteemed by his professional confreres. On June 5, 1912, Mr. Eyster was united in marriage to Ella Harvey, 410 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the daughter of Andrew Harvey, of whom more may be found on other pages of this volume, and to Mr. and Mrs. Eyster have been born two children, George W., Jr., and Michael Harvey. Mr. Eyster is a member of the Union League Club, the Kiwanis Club, and Palestine Lodge, F. & A. M. In politics, Mr. Eyster is a supporter of the Republican party and takes an active part in the affairs of that organization in Dearborn. He is also a member of the Lawyers' Club of Detroit and the Izaak Walton League. James H. Garlick, proprietor of a large jewelry house at No. 1130 Griswold Street, has risen to a leading place in the retail jewelry trade through the application of progressive policies and the highest business ethics in the conduct of his affairs. He was born at St. Williams, Ontario, Canada, February 8, 1878, the son of John and Catherine (Carr) Garlick, the former of whom is dead. He acquired his public school education in the elementary and high schools of Port Rown, Ontario, and after pursuing a course of study at the St. Thomas Business College, he came to Detroit in 1894 and entered the employ of J. C. Hough, whose establishment was located at No. 101 Griswold Street. It was Mr. Hough who, in 1884, became the first jeweler to inaugurate the installment plan in the conduct of his business, so that the company as now owned by Mr. Garlick is the pioneer in this field in Detroit. In 1900, the business was moved to a new location, which is now occupied by the Dime Bank Building, and on February 4, 1901, Mr. Garlick purchased the concern from Mr. Hough, removing it at that time to No. 131 Griswold Street. In 1910, the present quarters at No. 1130 Griswold Street were occupied. Mr. Garlick has developed his enterprise into one of the substantial and prominent installment plan jewelry houses in Detroit, for by handling only the finest quality of merchandise and adhering strictly to a policy of fair dealing in all matters, Mr. Garlick has been enabled to attain success. He is a member of the various local, state, and national jewelers' organizations and has held offices in the local and state bodies. On September 24, 1902, Mr. Garlick married Elizabeth M. Birdseye, of Detroit, and they have become the parents of four children: Kathleen, Marian, James H., and Richard E. In addition to his jewelry business, Mr. Garlick is a director of the Standard Savings & Loan Association. In Masonry, he is a past master of Union Lodge No. 3, Damascus Commandery of the Knights Templar, of which he is past commander, the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and elected to the Thirty-third degree in Scottish Rite Masonry, and the past potentate of Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He also maintains membership in the Masonic Country Club, Ingleside Club, the Detroit Automobile Club, Detroit Boat Club, and is a director of the Commonwealth Commercial State Bank, Ferndale State Bank and Garland State Bank. Henry Shearer is a prominent figure in railway transportation circles of the country as assistant vice-president and general man DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 411 ager of the Michigan Central Railroad, for long experience and administrative ability of a high caliber have brought him to his present responsible position with a unit of one of the greatest railroad systems in the United States. Andrew and Sarah (Bressler) Shearer, his parents, were born in New York and Pennsylvania, respectively, and came to Michigan in 1865 to settle on a farm in Berrien County. Of the five children born to this union, three survive, they being Henry, whose name heads this review; Frank, a resident of Detroit; and Edward, who resides in Berrien County. Henry Shearer was born in Berrien County, Michigan, March 1, 1868, and obtained his education in the graded and high schools of his native county. He began his business career in the office of the county clerk of Berrien County and was then associated with mercantile pursuits until 1892. In that year, Mr. Shearer entered railroad work in a minor capacity, but close application and evident ability brought him steady advancement through the various departments of the company until he was made general manager of the Michigan Central Railroad. This office he still retains and has come to be regarded as one of the capable and influential railroad men in the United States. Possessing not only a keen insight into the administration of the railroad but also strong qualities of leadership, Mr. Shearer enjoys the full co-operation of those under him as well as the utmost confidence of his superiors. Mr. Shearer has been thrice married, his first wife being Matilda Gallow, daughter of Martin Gallow, of Bay City, and her death occurred at Detroit in 1908 after a married life of fourteen years. To this union were born four children, as follows: Franklin, who was born at Porter, Indiana, in 1896, and is a graduate of Assumption College and a veteran of the World War, in which he served with the Eighty-sixth Division in France; Carl H., who was born at Chicago Heights, Illinois, in 1897, and served in the navy at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station during the World War; William, born in Chicago in 1901; and Louise, who was born in Chicago in 1903. At Marshall, Michigan, in 1910, Mr. Shearer married Mary Elizabeth McDermott, who died in 1914 leaving one son, Henry, who was born at St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada, in 1911. In 1916, he married Winifred McDermott, the sister of his second wife, and to this union has been born one son, John H., whose birth occurred in 1917. Mr. Shearer is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, the Oakland Hills Country Club, and the Traffic Club of Detroit, and his religious affiliations are maintained with the Roman Catholic Church. Fraternal organizations hold no attraction for him, for in the midst of his family he finds that joy and recreation that renders superfluous the need of such associations. James J. Bourke, manager of Geist Brothers Company, one of the most prominent undertaking establishments of Detroit, is recognized as a leading mortician of this city through his management of the business with which he has been associated throughout 412 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY his active career. He was born in Detroit, October 28, 1887, the son of James J. and Margaret (Dillon) Bourke, both of whom are dead, and received his early education in the public schools of this city. When he was quite young, he entered the employ of the Geist Undertaking Establishment and has since continued with that organization. He is now manager, and because of the thoroughly modern methods employed, the company is regarded as one of the leading undertaking establishments in Detroit. The corporation, for such it is, has been jointly owned by Mr. Bourke and Mrs. Christina Geist, widow of Louis, since the demise of the brothers. For many years, the business has been located at No. 421 Macomb Avenue. His twenty-three years of association with the company has placed Mr. Bourke among the prominent and successful morticians of Detroit, for he has developed the concern into one of the most favorably known enterprises of its kind in the city. Mr. Bourke is a member. of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, taking an active interest in the affairs of that society. William L. Carpenter. It would be difficult to find among the members of the Wayne County bar one who is more universally respected for his ability as an attorney and liked for his personality than is William L. Carpenter, former circuit judge of Wayne County and justice of the Michigan Supreme Court. On both sides of his house, Mr. Carpenter is descended from two of the early families in this country, for the Carpenter family located in New England in 1636 and the Coryell family, of which his mother was one, was established in this country about the same time. Donald P. Carpenter, grandfather of William L., came to Michigan from New York and settled on land in Oakland County in 1837, where he died in 1852. One of his sons, Paul Carpenter, built a mill near Orion, Oakland County, Michigan, which was known as Carpenter's mill for many years thereafter, and it was on land in the vicinity of this mill that another son, Charles K. Carpenter, who was born in Steuben County, New York, in 1826, made a farm. Charles K. Carpenter, father of him whose name heads this review, was a farmer throughout his life and was actively interested in politics. A staunch Democrat, he served in the state legislature in 1859, but in 1874 he deserted his party to run on the prohibition ticket for a seat in the legislature. As was usual in a time of strong political feeling and closely drawn party lines, he was an ardent supporter of Douglas, and when Douglas and Buchanan dissolved their long standing alliance, Mr. Carpenter continued to to be an adherent of the former. When the Civil War broke over the country and President Lincoln issued his first call for volunteers, it was Mr. Carpenter who presided over the first war meeting held in Oakland County, and it was only the uncertain condition of his health that prevented him from taking his place in the armed forces of the Union. For a time, he wrote on agricultural subjects for the Detroit Free Press, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 413 he was one of a number of citizens who organized the Detroit & Bay City Railroad in 1872, he becoming a director of that company and active in the building of the road. Despite his political interests and his work in other lines, he was first and last a farmer, doing everything in his power to help the farmers of the State and to disseminate knowledge of Michigan farming conditions and methods through his writings, and a farmer he was when death overtook him in 1884. He and his wife, Jeannette (Coryell) Carpenter, who was born in Livingston County, New York, and came to Oakland County, Michigan, with her family in 1843, became the parents of five children: Rolla Clinton; Louis G.; William L.; Mary, the wife of Nelson S. Mayo; and Jeannette, who is the wife of a retired colonel of the United States Army. Rolla C. Carpenter, deceased, was professor of experimental engineering at Cornell University and was the author of a book which became a standard reference work for consulting engineers. Louis G. Carpenter, who was a professor at the Michigan Agricultural College for several years, is now irrigation expert for the State of Colorado. William L. Carpenter was born at Orion, Oakland County, Michigan, November 9, 1854, and his early education was received in the same district school of that county that had been attended by his father and mother. In 1872, he matriculated at the Michigan Agricultural College and was graduated therefrom in 1875 with the degree of bachelor of science. He then taught school for a year, but having set his heart on the study of law, he entered the University of Michigan, graduating with the degree of bachelor of laws in 1878. For a year thereafter, he was in the offices of Michael E. Crofoot, of Detroit, and at the end of that time engaged in the practice of his profession alone. His conspicuous record as an attorney over the ensuing period of fifteen years was such as to make him the successful candidate for election to the office of circuit judge of Wayne County in 1894, and though he was re-elected for a second term beginning in 1900, he resigned from the bench in 1902 to accept the appointment as justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, wearing the ermine until 1908. Returning to Detroit in that year, Judge Carpenter resumed his private practice in which he has since been engaged. His brilliant record both as advocate and judge is too well known to need further exposition here, for it is doubtful whether or not any member of the Michigan bar holds a higher place in the regard of his colleagues than does Judge Carpenter. He married Elizabeth C. Ferguson, of Detroit, and to them have been born two children, Lela, the wife of Dr. F. G. Beezer, and Rolla, named for his uncle, who is a lawyer and a graduate of the universities of Michigan and Princeton. Judge Carpenter has been a member of the Detroit Club since 1885 and is also a member of the Detroit Golf Club and the Rainbow Fishing Club. W. D. Mercer, president of the Kelvinator Corporation, one of the important industrial and commercial concerns of Detroit, 414 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY was born in the Province of Ontario, Canada, in 1877, and is a son of John and Jane (Donald) Mercer, who were born in England and who eventually came from Canada to Lapeer, Michigan, John Mercer having been long employed in the building department of the Michigan Central Railroad, in Bay City and Detroit. In the high school of Bay City, W. D. Mercer was graduated as a member of the class of 1895, and thereafter he became associated with Handy Brothers, a concern engaged in the coal mining business in Bay County. In 1909 he took an executive position with General Motors in the sale of the Buick automobiles, and as assistant treasurer of the Marquette Motor Company, at Saginaw, where he continued his services in this capacity until 1912. In 1913 he became associated with A. H. Goss in purchasing the plant and business of the Detroit Demountable Rim Company, and the two made a success of the enterprise, to the scope of which they added greatly, the company having been re-incorporated, under the name of the Detroit Carrier & Manufacturing Company, with headquarters at 8635 Conant Avenue. Of the management of this business Mr. Mercer had control until 1921, since which year he has had the management of the Kelvinator Corporation, he having served a short time as treasurer of this company, and having then been made vice-president and manager, and in 1926 he became president of the corporation. Mr. Mercer is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias, and has membership in the Detroit Yacht Club and the Union League Club. In 1903, Mr. Mercer was united in marriage to Miss Grace M. Taylor, of Bay City, and they have four children: William F., Grace Margaret, Edward Donald and Florence Gertrude. Donald I. Albaugh, a well known lawyer of Detroit, was born in Carroll County, Ohio, October 13, 1897, a son of Francis Marion and Marietta M. (Mitchell) Albaugh, the former a native of Ohio and the latter born in Fairfield, Iowa, and who are now residents of Canton, Ohio. The son was reared on a farm and graduated from the grade and high schools of Mineral City, Ohio. Deciding upon the practice of law as a vocation he entered the Detroit College of Law from which he graduated in 1920. That year he entered upon the practice of his profession in Detroit where he has since continued. For the past seven years he has been an instructor in law at the Detroit Institute of Technology. Mr. Albaugh married Aline Wiley, of Urbana, Illinois, and they have one child, Donald I., Jr. During the World War Mr. Albaugh served in the United States Navy, and is a member of the American Legion. In politics he is a Republican, and is a member of the Masonic lodge. Fred W. Dalby, occuping a prominent place in the financial circles of Wayne County, was born in Mt. Clemens, Michigan, August 7, 1878, a son of George and Hannah (Spencer) Dalby. George Dalby was born in England and was a graduate of the famous Oxford College. Upon coming to America he settled in DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 415 Mt. Clemens and became a prosperous dealer in feed and grain. He was a gallant soldier in the Union Army during the Civil War. Fred Dalby was educated in the public schools of Mt. Clemens, being graduated from high school, after which he pursued a business course, and began his career as bookkeeper for Chamber, Stewart & Company, later associating with his brother who was in the grain business that had been established by their father. These two connections covered a period of six years during which time he learned the rudiments of business and gained the confidence of all who knew him as a conscientious young business man. In 1906 he came to Detroit and visioning the great future that lay just around the corner in the real estate field, made his initial step in that direction. His first office was in the old Walker Building and his honesty of purpose combined with unusual foresight of development soon made him one of the popular real estate men of this section of the State. In 1909 he became associated with the Hayes Land Company and as a result the Hayes-Dalby Land Company was formed a partnership which continued until after the death of Mr. Hayes in 1924. The name still continues the same and associated with him in the business today are members of the family of his former partner. His unusual business ability, his genial personality and honesty have brought him many honors. His many affiliations include vice-presidency of the American State Bank of Detroit, presidency of the American State Bank of Dearborn, presidency of the American State Bank of Ferndale, vice-presidency of the American State Bank of Highland Park, a director of the Metropolitan Trust Company of Highland Park and a director of the William L. Davis Bond Company. He is also a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board. February 21, 1901, Mr. Dalby married Isabelle Murdick, a daughter of a prominent family of New Baltimore, Michigan. One daughter blessed this union and she is now Mrs. W. W. Hannan, of Detroit. Charles J. Jentgen, M.D., has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Detroit since 1914 and is known as one of the foremost men in his work in the city. Born at Tiffin, Ohio, September 13, 1885, he is the son of John C. and Rose (Elsesser) Jentgen, both of whom were born in Luxembourg, Germany, and the former of whom was engaged in the lumber business in Ohio until his retirement from active life since which time he and his wife have made their home in Detroit. Dr. Jentgen obtained his elementary and high school education in Ohio and began his college career at Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, and subsequently took up his medical studies at the University of Michigan, whence he graduated in 1911 with the degree of doctor of medicine. He served an interneship of fourteen months' duration in St. Bernard's Hospital, Chicago, after which he spent six months as resident physician at St. Joseph's Hospital, that city. In 1914, Dr. Jentgen came to Detroit and entered upon the active practice 416 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of his profession here, and in the field of surgery, in which he specializes, he is recognized as one of the most skillful men in Detroit. He has developed a large and lucrative practice as the result of the success he has gained in the cases that have been placed under his care. When the World War broke out Doctor Jentgen offered his services to the government, and with the rank of lieutenant, he was stationed at Camp Wadsworth, Spartanburg, South Carolina, where he was attached to base hospital until the close of the war. He is thus a member of the Military Surgeons' Association and also retains membership in the American Medical Association, Michigan State and Wayne County Medical associations, and a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. In 1923, Dr. Jentgen married Agnes O'Donnell, a daughter of the late James O'Donnell, of Detroit, and to this union has been born one daughter, Margaret Loretta. Dr. Jentgen is a member of the Detroit Yacht Club and the Knights of Columbus. John C. Nagel is widely known in Detroit as a successful business man and as a public servant who has made a brilliant record in the service of the people, and the fact that he has served successive terms as councilman since 1918 is indicative of the regard in which he is held by his constituents. Born at Cleveland, Ohio, September 24, 1866, he is the son of John and Matilda (Zeigler) Nagel, the former of whom was born in Dunkirk, New York, and died at Pensacola, Florida, in 1896, at the age of sixty years and the latter of whom was born in Cleveland, Ohio, and died in 1869. For generations, the Nagel family has been engaged in carriage and coach body building, the father of John C. Nagel following that business at Dunkirk, New York, in his father's shops, later removing the business to Fredonia, that State, to Cleveland, Ohio, until 1888, and then to Pensacola, Florida, where he operated it until the time of his death. With such a heritage, it was but natural that John C. Nagel, when he had completed his education in the Cleveland schools, should enter the same field associated with his father, with whom he went to Florida in 1888. In 1892, he came to Detroit, believing that greater opportunities awaited the skilled coach builder in this city, and here he eventually took up commercial automobile body building under the firm name of the John C. Nagel Company. His thorough training and experience in the technical side of the work coupled with his ability in business administration brought unqualified success to the enterprise. His two sons, Franklin G. and John T. Nagel, became associated with their father after they had completed their schooling, and when they had thoroughly mastered the coach builder's art under their father's careful tutelage, Mr. Nagel retired from the firm, leaving the management of it entirely to his sons. The present name of the company is that of John C. Nagel & Sons. As successful as he has been in the business world, Mr. Nagel has made an equally notable career in the service of the people of this city. A staunch Democrat, he was a member of the city commit DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 417 tee of that party until the body ceased to exist, served as a member of the Democratic County Committee, and held membership on the Democratic State Central Committee. From 1908 to 1914, he held the office of city assessor and became a member of the county tax commission in 1916. The following year, he served as chairman of the commission that drew up the new city charter for Detroit, and in 1918, he was elected to the Detroit common council, to which he has been returned at each successive election. Receiving the highest number of votes at the election in November, 1927, he became president of the council. A close student of conditions in Detroit, Mr. Nagel is regarded as one of the authorities on taxation in this city, and since 1914, he has been appraiser and tax expert for the Detroit Edison Company. His extensive knowledge in this field has made him an influential figure in the deliberations of the common council, and he is regarded as one of the ablest men serving on that body. Mr. Nagel was first married in 1892, and after the death of his first wife, he married Nellie Baird, the daughter of Thomas Baird, of Detroit. In Masonry, Mr. Nagel is a member of the Grotto, Chapter, and Consistory, and he also holds membership in the Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of the World, Elks, and Moose, of which he is a life member. His club affiliations are maintained with the Harmonie Society, Detroit Yacht Club, and the Exchange Club. Joseph Henry Hunter holds a commanding position in the industrial life of Detroit as president and general manager of the Detroit Insulated Wire Company, a concern which he organized and has guided to a place among the leading enterprises of its kind in the United States. He was born at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 23, 1867, the son of John F. and Mary (Fedder) Hunter, both natives of the Keystone State, the former of whom was born at Brownsville and the latter at Pittsburgh. John F. Hunter removed to Pittsburgh in early life and from that city enlisted in the Union Army for service in the Civil War. On December 13, 1862, he sustained serious wounds in the battle of Fredericksburg. He was a prominent figure in the activities of the Grand Army of the Republic, serving as commander of General Alexander Hays Post, No. 3 and as its quartermaster, a position which he held at the time of his death in 1916. He played a prominent part in the civic life of his community, having filled the office of street commissioner of Pittsburgh with credit to himself and signal benefit to the city. He retired from active business in 1900. His wife died in Redlands, California, in 1923. Of the four children born to this couple, three are living, they being: Joseph Henry, of this review; Mrs. William T. Speer, of Crafton, Pennsylvania; and Mrs. Haslett Munn, of Pittsburgh. Joseph Henry Hunter, after attending the public schools of his native city, pursued a course in the Pittsburgh Polytechnic Institute, completing his studies at the Western University of Pennsylvania. For several years thereafter, he was engaged in electrical research 418 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY work and was in charge of the electrical laboratory of the Allegheny County Light Company, of Pittsburgh. He then became manager of the Pittsburgh Light Company, a position which he retained several years. During this time, he engaged in independent research and experimental work and secured patents on several electrical appliances, which he proceeded to manufacture and market. He purchased an interest in the Ferrous Chemical Company, of Pittsburgh, of which he became manager, and was associated with Professor Julius A. Koch, of Pittsburgh, in chemical research. Later he assumed the duties of vice-president and general manager of the National Cable and Wire Company with offices in Pittsburgh. At the end of a three-year period in that work, he was appointed receiver for the company and operated it as such for one year, when the enterprise was sold to the Standard Underground Cable Company. When that sale had been consummated, Mr. Hunter came to Detroit and here organized the Detroit Insulated Wire Company, of which he has since been president and general manager. Mr. Hunter is one of the ablest and most successful industrial executives in the city, for he is possessed not only of extensive technical knowledge but also of the best principles of business administration and plant management. The value of his services to the United States during the World War cannot be underestimated. When the country entered the great struggle, Mr. Hunter was called to New York in conference with other prominent manufacturers of insulated wire, and it was his suggestion, based on his early research work, that the army adopted his plan to solve its insulated wire problems for the Signal Corps. It has been estimated that the saving to the government through the plan of Mr. Hunter amounted to thousands of dollars per month and that the saving in time was almost incalculable. His plant was engaged in the manufacture of insulated wire for the use of the government and performed a notable service to the country in this respect. On October 19, 1893, Mr. Hunter married Sarah Parker Ford, of Pittsburgh, the daughter of Henry P. Ford, a prominent citizen and one time mayor of Pittsburgh. Their son, Henry Ford Hunter, died at Chautauqua Lake, New York. Dorothy Rebecca Hunter, who was born in Pittsburgh, was educated at Liggett School in Detroit, and Ely Court, Greenwich, Connecticut. She is now Mrs. David G. Fitch. Another daughter, Sarah Hunter, resides with her parents at "Brae Burn," Bloomfield Hills Village, Michigan. Mr. Hunter is a member of the Detroit Club, Detroit Country Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Open Hunt Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Board of Commerce, National Chamber of Commerce, and Michigan Manufacturers Association. Mr. Hunter is also a member of Crescent Lodge No. 576, F. & A. M., of Pittsburgh, and of the Duquesne Club of that city. He has long taken a particular interest in amateur photography, and for many years DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 419 was secretary of the Pittsburgh Amateur Photographers Society, and director of the International Photographic Salon, exhibitions having been held in Carnegie Art Galleries at Pittsburgh. Charles J. Horger is one of the prominent business men of Fordson, where he has not only taken a leading part in commercial circles of that city but has also been active in the service of the people of that community in various public offices. John Horger, his grandfather, was born in Berlin, Germany, and came to the United States to settle on government land in Greenfield Township, Wayne County, thus becoming one of the first settlers in that part of the county. He added to his original holdings by the purchase of eighty acres of land from a Mr. Lapham, and this farm was the birthplace, in 1848, of John A. Horger, father of Charles J. The maternal grandfather of Charles J. Horger was John Young, a native of Alsace-Lorraine, who came to the United States with his family and also settled in Greenfield Township, Wayne County. Their daughter, Mary, who was born on the home farm in 1845, married John A. Horger and became the mother of these six children: Frank; Rose, who married Joseph J. Juergens; John; Charles J., whose name heads this review; Clara, the wife of Mr. Friske, of Marine City, Michigan; and Jerome. Charles J. Horger was born on the home farm, March 31, 1879, and received his early education in the common schools of that section of the county. After completing a course of study in a Detroit business college, Mr. Horger worked on the home farm until 1899, his father having died in 1898. He then became associated with the Hunton, Myles & Weeks Lumber Company, with which he continued until 1911. In that year, he accepted a position as manager of the Arthur L. Holmes Lumber Company and maintained his identification with that organization until 1922, when he became manager of the Ternes & Guinan Supply Company. He has since continued in that capacity and is regarded as one of the able and efficient men in the lumber and supply business in Fordson. Mr. Horger is also president of the Hellner Realty Company, one of the foremost organizations of its kind in Fordson, and in the development of this concern, he has played a conspicuous part. Nor have his activities been confined solely to business affairs, for Mr. Horger served two years as treasurer of Greenfield Township and six years as supervisor of the same township. He was the first to advocate the incorporation of the village of Springwells, now Fordson. When this move was effected, he was elected the first village president on the Democratic ticket and served two terms, having held that office at the time the city charter was secured. On April 21, 1904, Mr. Horger married Christina Hellner, who was born in Dearborn Township and is the daughter of Joseph and Barbara Hellner, of a pioneer family of this county. To Mr. and Mrs. Horger have been born four children: Viola, Ruth, Mary, and Maurice. Mr. Horger is a member of the Knights of Columbus and is a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church. 420 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Nels L. Olson, president of the Swedish Crucible Steel Company, is one of the prominent executives in steel manufacturing circles of Detroit, and his present position in the industrial life of the city is due entirely through his own efforts. Born in Sweden, October 15, 1868, a son of Ole and Inga (Christofferson) Olson, he obtained his education in the schools of his native land and there, also, learned the trade of blacksmith. When he was but seventeen years of age, he came to the United States, where his skill at his chosen trade readily found him employment in various western states. In 1890, he opened a shop of his own in Butte, Montana, where, in 1907, he also established the Olson Implement Company. He left Butte in 1910 and brought his family to Detroit, where he organized the Swedish Crucible Steel Company, which ranks today among the leading industrial enterprises of its kind in the city. As president of the organization since its inception, Mr. Olson has been largely responsible for the present substantial place of the company in the Detroit manufacturing circles and is regarded as one of the successful and influential executives in the steel industry here. In 1899, at Butte, Montana, Mr. Olson married Ina Nickelson, and they have three children, Florence, Norman, and Blanche. Mr. Olson is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and is a member of the Detroit Recreation Club, and he and his wife are communicants of the Swedish Lutheran Church. Alexander W. Blain, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S., prominent Detroit surgeon and naturalist, was born in Detroit, March 4, 1885, youngest son of Alexander W. Blain, Sr., and Mary (Gray) Blain. The latter was born in Scotland, the former of whom is well known for his proficiency in landscape gardening. The senior Blain served throughout the Civil War with the Union Army. He has served the city of Detroit as Commissioner of Parks and Boulevards. At the age of eighty-eight he is still very active. Dr. Blain, whose name heads this brief review, was educated in Detroit public and high schools, graduated from the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery in 1906 with the doctor of medicine degree. From 1903 to 1906 he served as assistant to the late Dr. H. O. Walker, the eminent Detroit surgeon. Following his graduation from college he served two years on the resident staff of Harper Hospital, the latter as senior resident surgeon. Later he served as junior surgeon on the attending staff of Harper Hospital and senior attending surgeon on the staff of St. Mary's Hospital. At this writing he is chief of staff of the Jefferson Clinic and Diagnostic Hospital, consulting surgeon to St. Mary's and Receiving Hospitals. Dr. Blain has been active in the past few years in medical teaching and is professor of surgery in the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery, and dean and professor of surgery in the Detroit PostGraduate School of Medicine. Dr. Blain is a member of the various medical societies, including, The American Medical Association, Michigan State Medical Society, the Wayne County Medical 1 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 421 Society. He is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons, having received his degree in 1915. He is president of the Detroit Academy of Surgery and is also president of the Public Welfare Commission of the city of Detroit. He is one of the superintendents of the poor of the County of Wayne. He is a member of the board of directors of the Gorgas Memorial Institute (Chicago). He has been a frequent contributor to surgical and scientific literature and has served as editor and associate editor of various surgical journals. Dr. Blain has scientific pursuits aside from his profession, particularly zoology, being especially interested in birds and animals. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1906), member of the Michigan Academy of Science, American Ornithological Union, Wilson Ornithological Club, American Society of Mammalogists, Cooper Ornithological Society of California. He was editor of the Bulletin of the Michigan Ornithological Society for three years. Dr. Blain has been an extensive traveler and has visited and taken post-graduate courses not only in this country but in Europe and South America. His main interests in surgery have been along the lines of abdominal surgery and the surgery of the thyroid gland. In 1911 he organized the Jefferson Clinic for improved methods of diagnosis and treatment. In 1923 he built a sixty-bed hospital in addition to the clinic for his private surgical cases. The institution has served as a model for other institutions in various parts of the country. On March 14, 1917, Dr. Blain married Ruby Johnson, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Johnson, and to them have been born three children: Alexander W., III, born in 1918; Shirley Ruth, born in 1920; Donald Gray, born in 1924. He is a member of the Detroit Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Royal Society Club of London, England, and the Nu Sigma Nu College Fraternity. In Masonry he is a member of the Zion Lodge No. 1 and King Cyrus Chapter, Detroit Commandery No. 1, Michigan Sovereign Consistory and Moslem Temple. George B. M. Seager, M.D., whose death occurred at Detroit, November 14, 1926, was one of the well known physicians and surgeons and business men of this section of Michigan, for in addition to the extensive medical practice he built up at Adrian he was also instrumental in the establishment of industrial and commercial enterprises and was prominently identified with the Michigan Mutual Liability Insurance Company at Detroit. He was born at Rome, Lenawee County, Michigan, August 19, 1867, a son of Beauman and Alice A. (Jerrels) Seager, natives of Brandon, Vermont, and Michigan, respectively. After completing the prescribed courses of study in the public schools of his native place, he spent a short time at Adrian College preparatory to enrolling in the Detroit Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1893 with the degree of doctor of medicine. For a short time thereafter, he practiced in his home town and then located at Adrian, where he maintained his home until 1916. He served as 422 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY mayor of Adrian from 1902 to 1903, was a member of the board of education for several years and served as its president from 1911 to 1916, when he resigned to come to Detroit. In addition to his medical practice, he was one of the founders of the Adrian Castings Company and connected with other industrial and commercial enterprises of that city. He came to Detroit to assume the superintendency of the hospital of the Michigan Mutual Liability Insurance Company and continued in that capacity until the time of his death. In 1898, Dr. Seager married Mary Taylor Cole, the daughter of Miner Thomas and Mary Jane (Taylor) Cole, both natives of Ohio, and to Dr. and Mrs. Seager were born two sons: Miner Cole, who studied medicine at the same college from which his father graduated; and George B. McClellan, Jr., a student of engineering at Tri-State University, Angola, Indiana. He was a member of the various Masonic bodies, maintaining his memberships at Adrian even after his removal to Detroit, and was also a member of the Michigan State and Wayne County Medical Societies, and the Ingleside Club. Politically, he was an unswerving Democrat, and his religious affiliations were maintained with the Baptist Church. He was a lover of all outdoor sports and found therein his recreation from the demands of his work. William Henry Elliott, D.D.S., has been engaged in the practice of dental surgery in Detroit for nearly a quarter of a century and is known as one of the leading men in his profession in the State of Michigan. He was born at Fenton, Michigan, April 7, 1877, the son of Thomas Franklin and Martha (Reed) Elliott, both of whom came to Michigan in the early Seventies, where the father was a pioneer in the steam laundry business. The elementary schools of Flint, Michigan, and the high school of Midland, Michigan, afforded Dr. Elliott his early education, and in 1903, he graduated from the Detroit College of Medicine with the degree of doctor of dental surgery. He immediately set himself up in practice in this city and has since continued here. He has developed a large practice that places him among the leading and successful dentists of this city, and he maintains well equipped offices in the David Whitney Building. He has been very active in the affairs of the various dental societies. In 1922 he was president of the Michigan State Dental Society and has held a similar office in the First District Dental Society. He is a Fellow of the American College of Dentistry and retains membership in the American Dental Society, Michigan State Dental Society, and the First District Dental Society, and is president of the Detroit Dental Clinic Club. He became a member of Delta Sigma Delta, college dental fraternity while he was a student at the Detroit College of Medicine. Dr. Elliott married Margaret Kent, and after her death, he married again, taking for his second wife Vera Elizabeth Staley. He has three children, William H., Jr,, Jack Douglass, and Vera Elizabeth. In social circles, Dr. Elliott is a member DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 423 of the Detroit Athletic Club and the Grosse Ile Golf & Country Club, and in Masonry, is a member of Ashlar Lodge, F. & A. M. Caspar J. Lingeman, recognized as one of the outstanding figures in Detroit real estate circles, is a native son of Detroit. Born November 16, 1887, in a rambling old brick mansion that stood not far from the city's present downtown retail center, his youthful impressions were gained during that period in which the city began to show the influence of the budding automobile industry. This, perhaps more than anything else, determined the course of Caspar J. Lingeman's career. His father, also Caspar J. Lingeman, was proprietor of an umbrella and parasol shop, which, incidentally, was founded by the grandfather of the present Caspar, who bore the same name. It was thought that the youthful Caspar would succeed to this ancestral business and carry it on along with the name. When scarcely in his teens, the death of his father threw Caspar J. Lingeman into active business life, in the inherited umbrella business. Within a few years, however, he realized that the swift development of the automobile, while sounding the knell of the parasol, brought greater opportunities of its own It was already exerting a tremendous influence on the city Growth and expansion was in evidence on every hand. The wide lawns, extensive flower gardens and old mansion homes of the former residential section were rapidly giving way to the invasion of business and apartment structures. New residential communities were arising farther out, and new residents were literally flocking to the city. The business of real estate attracted him, and in 1915, Caspar J. Lingeman sold out the umbrella business and launched actively upon a real estate career. The wisdom of his choice in so doing has been amply justified by his success in subdivision and development work. With the remembrance of the charm and beauty of atmosphere of the fine old residential sections constantly before him, his subdivision operations have always been featured by strongly protective restrictions, and the distinctive environment thus created, as well as the scope of his achievements, have won him rare distinction in his field of endeavor. His operations have included the College Park district, Dearborn, Southfield Park, Birmingham, Bloomfield Hills and the Border cities of Canada, which wide field indicates his thorough knowledge of realty values in every section of the Detroit community. Caspar J. Lingeman is president or secretary of twelve subsidiary real estate concerns, including the Cass-Lafayette Bldg. Co., and the St. Clair Heights syndicate, owners of the Bonstelle Playhouse. He is a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board, Detroit Board of Commerce, Adcraft Club, National Town and Country Club, Chateau Voyageurs and is Past Chancellor of the Detroit Council of the Knights of Columbus. He lives with his mother (formerly Christine Schulte) at 92 Farrand Avenue. Melod W. Tafelski, secretary and general manager of the Liberty Lumber & Supply Company, has been identified with that 424 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY business since 1919 and is recognized as a leader in the lumber and coal field in Detroit, where he was born July 18, 1871, the son of Thomas and Katherine (Bednarski) Tafelski. The family came to Detroit in 1869 but after twelve years here removed to Northern Michigan, where Thomas Tafelski farmed thirty-five years. Melod W. Tafelski received a parochial school education in Detroit, and when he was thirteen years of age, he joined his father on the farm, remaining there until he was twenty years of age. At that time, he returned to Detroit and was employed in a grocery store eight years thereafter, after which he spent two years in the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad, working in the transfer house at Detroit. Leaving the railroad company, he became associated with Hunton & Weeks, and during the thirteen years he continued in that work, he learned every phase of the lumber and coal business with a thoroughness that was a prognostication of his ultimate success in that field. When the company was sold to Lowrie & Robinson, he remained with the new organization for a period of five years, much of the responsibility being delegated to his able superintendency. In 1919, he was instrumental in the organization of the Liberty Lumber & Coal Company, of which he has since been secretary and manager. Combining tireless energy with a thorough knowledge of the business, Mr. Tafelski has developed the concern to large proportions. A large warehouse was erected in 1920, the mill was installed in 1925, and in 1926 the coal yard was started with the most modern equipment. The yards are admirably located on the railroad to meet the demands of the business, and Mr. Tafelski has overlooked nothing that might improve the service of his company to the people of Detroit. The name of the concern has, since its inception, become the present one of the Liberty Lumber & Supply Company. In 1896, Mr. Tafelski married Ida Livernois, daughter of Joseph Livernois, of Springwells, and a descendant of one of the French pioneer families of Detroit, and to this union have been born: Anna, who married Michael J. Chargot, of Detroit; Roman, who is in business with his father; and Violet. Mr. Tafelski is a member of the Michigan and Detroit Retail Lumber Dealers' Associations, and is also a member of the Polish National Alliance, an organization of Polish-American citizens. William L. January, lawyer and lawmaker, whose high professional standing is indicated by his connection with the leading lawyers' organizations of America, and of European countries as well, and whose efforts have constituted a noble factor in the legal development of Michigan, was born near Xenia, Greene County, Ohio, July 9, 1853, a son of George Wadman and Mary Sandifore (Garnett) January. Mr. January comes from a distinguished and interesting ancestry; the family itself is of French origin and the name was originally Janvier but was changed to the anglicized form in 1720 by the Virginia and Kentucky branches, the New England and New Orleans families retaining DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 425 to this day the French pronounciations. On the paternal line the family is traced with some detail to Pierre Janvier, a Frenchman who lived about 1620 until 1662. He belonged to the French nobility and was the last of that branch who became large land owners and who traced their ancestry to Don Janvier, the founder of the family in France, and who was a crusader to the Holy Land in 1249 A. D. under Louis IX. The founder of the family in America was one Thomas Janvier who settled in Pennsylvania in 1686. His descendants became the pioneers of Virginia, Kentucky and Ohio. The father of William L. January, George Wadman January was born in West Union, Ohio, June 13, 1810, and died on the old homestead in Greene County, October 16, 1897. On March 28, 1843, he married Miss Mary Sandifore Garnett, the daughter of Colonel Armstead Garnett, of Buckingham County, Virginia. Colonel Garnett was a wealthy planter of Virginia and his daughter was educated by private tutors and belonged to that school of innate refinement belonging to the early planters and families of Old Virginia. She died near Jamestown, Ohio, October 13, 1888, leaving three sons: Robert Perry, James Mathias and William L. William L. January, the immediate subject of this sketch, received his early education in the district and high school of his native county and in 1879 matriculated in the University of Michigan, pursuing an elective course in the literary department. He was later transferred to the law department in 1883, receiving the degree of bachelor of laws upon his graduation. During the years in the law department Mr. January formed an association which was of much value to him in starting the pursuit of his profession. This was in consequence of his position as private secretary to ex-governor Alpheus Felch, then the "Tappan professor" of law in the university. Governor Felch took a kindly interest in the young man and upon the latter's graduation presented him with a letter of recommendation which, in part, stated: "Mr. William L. January, the bearer of this note, is a graduate of the law department of the University of Michigan, where he proved himself a good student, a gentleman of exceptional moral conduct and a zealous devotee to the study of law. My acquaintance with him as a member of the faculty during his entire course in the law department enables me to give this testimony in his favor. As Mr. January is about to establish himself in the practice of his profession, probably among strangers, I take pleasure in recommending him as a gentleman entitled to confidence and regard for his intelligence and moral worth; I feel confident that his acquirements in the study of law, his ability, his persevering industry and his love for legal science will secure for him more than ordinary success in his profession." Mr. January was, in truth, "about to establish himself in the practice of his profession," but where was another matter. The State of his mother's parentage, Virginia, first came to his mind and with this in view he corresponded with Alexander Hamilton and J. Randolph Tucker of Virginia. 426 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Both of these men advised him to seek a field in the larger citieswhere his talent might find greater opportunities. Accordingly he chose Detroit, having become acquainted with the city during his university career, and after passing the examination at Ann Arbor for admission to the state bar he came here. Six months after his arrival he entered the practice alone, a status that he has maintained until the present. Mr. January had not been long in Detroit before public attention was turned in his direction; he acquired very quickly a reputation as a writer upon topics of vital interest to the citizens and their property. Later it was his pen which, attacking the proposed location of the high school building on an undesirable site on the east side of the city, caused the building to be erected at a different and better place. This is cited not as an historical fact but as an example of Mr. January's avidity, even as a new comer, in taking up the live issues of that day. From this time his clientele grew, corporations and individuals sought his counsel and his practice frequently brought him not only into the courts of his own State but into the courts of adjoining States. Recognition of his conspicuous ability came in 1896, when he was elected as a representative to the state legislature upon the Republican ticket. In the regular session of 1897 Mr. January was the first to bring forward a bill to abolish the convention and and caucus system in election to public office and the replacement of these with a primary election, which should determine the candidates as the officers are determined. Mr. January was the only member from Wayne County upon the committee on city corporations; he was chairman of the committee on state public schools and a member of the committee on appropriations. All the bills affecting the city of Detroit, with few exceptions were introduced by him, the majority of which became laws. He introduced and passed the bills protecting the Bell Isle bridge approach, making it a part of the city's parks. He also introduced a bill to allow the board of public works to contract directly for paving and repairing city streets, in order to give employment to thousands of men then out of work. This bill passed the house but failed in the senate. He also introduced and passed what is known as the "January Law," for the commencement of suits by and against voluntary unincorporated clubs and societies and for the service of process in such cases. This law excited the labor element and was declared to be a means to "end boycotts," but after the labor unions understood its legal effect they endorsed the law as a benefit to the workingman. Again, as a committeeman upon city corporations, he was able to introduce a very commendable innovation in the proceedings of the Michigan legislature by inducing it, with the committee on cities and villages as a joint committee, to go to Detroit and there in the presence of its common council hear the views the citizens desired to express for or against the proposed legislation intended to effect their city. This was a notable accomplishment of Mr. January while a member of the legislature. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 427 He likewise took an interest in the reduction of taxes and the repeal of the Michigan Central Railroad charter. The influence of Mr. January as a legislator can be well illustrated by stating that more than fifty per cent of the bills introduced by him became laws upon the statute books of the state. While gifted with oratorical ability, Mr. January wasted no time in useless debate or ornate eloquence; he spoke directly and fearlessly upon whatever question brought him to his feet and in his argument depended largely upon logical facts, clearly stated. Mr. January rendered notable service to his country in his support of the sound money campaign of 1896, his clear comprehension of the issues before the people making him a valuable advisor upon the question. He became an active worker in the campaign, delivering many enlightening addresses and also writing largely for the press in response to the public demand for authoritative information upon the subjects under discussion. His article on "University of the Street" during the sound money campaign attracted the attention of many politicians and especially Professor C. A. Kent, his old instructor, and was largely instrumental in establishing the "noonday meeting" in the then unfinished ground floor of the Majestic Building, which took hundreds of idle men off the campus and educated them against Bryan's fallacious scheme of 16 to 1. He is a member of the Detroit board of commerce and cooperates heartily in all the plans and projects of that organization. While a notable figure in the public life of Detroit, those who know Mr. January through his social relations perceive a still different side to his nature. His home life is most attractive. He was married on the 25th of May, 1886, in Shelby, Ohio, to Miss Carrie B. Brucker, daughter of Ferdinand Brucker, well known Michigan lumberman. Mr. and Mrs. January are the parents of a daughter, Marie Margueretta, who graduated under Victor Benham in the Detroit Conservatory of Music, also graduated from the Michigan Conservatory of Music and attended Oberlin College Conservatory. Later she was chosen director of music in the public schools of Delaware and Milford, that State. She married Donald S. Clements, of Phoenix, Arizona. Mr. January turns to outdoor sports for recreation and is a member of the Detroit Yacht Club. He is also identified with many organizations of social merit and others formed to stimulate scientific interest and research. He belongs to the Ohio Society of Detroit, is a member of the University of Michigan Club of Detroit, of the Bar Association of Detroit, Michigan State Bar Association, the American Bar Association of which he served seven years as a member of the general council and as vice-president, and for a number of years a member of the special committee to suggest remedies and propose laws to prevent delays and unnecessary costs in litigation in federal courts, of which committee he was chosen secretary. Mr. January is likewise connected with the International Law Association, L'Institut de Droit Compare of Brussels, and with the Loyal Legion of France, receiving mem 428 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY bership in the latter while serving in the legislature. In 1904 Mr. January was appointed by the president of the American Bar Association as a delegate from Michigan to the World's Congress of Lawyers and Jurists at St. Louis. Mr. January was also selected by the Detroit and Michigan Bar Associations to write and compile the memorial of John Marshall for the John Marshall day celebration. His biographical treatise upon the late chief justice, to whom he is distantly related, forms an authoritative work. The fact of his family relationship and close acquaintance was kept a secret from the committee who chose him to prepare the work, the chairman of which was the late Alfred Russell, nestor of the Detroit bar. When the work was completed it disclosed some theretofore unpublished stories of Justice Marshall, which came to Mr. January through his mother and close family connection, but he modestly omitted to set forth any other connection or relationship. Mr. January maintains offices in the First National Bank Building and is busily engaged in the practice of his profession and still has the same keen interest in public affairs that has manifested itself throughout his long business career. Albert Fisher. To everyone familiar with the automobile industry in the United States-and that includes nearly every person in the country-the name of Albert Fisher is associated with the development of the Fisher Body Company and also with the Standard Motor Truck Company. It is doubtful whether or not any man in the United States has contributed more to the building of automobile bodies than he. A native of Peru, Huron County, Ohio, he was born January 2, 1864, the son of Andrew and Stefana (Rimille) Fisher, and acquired his education in the schools of Norwalk, Ohio. When he was a boy, he helped his father in the blacksmith shop and after he had attained his seventeenth year he began to learn the carriage and wagon making trade. His apprenticeship was served in a shop at Norwalk, Ohio, and after that he became associated with the firm of C. P. Kimball & Company, coach builders, of Chicago, Illinois. He then followed his trade with various New England coach builders, among them being Chancy Thomas, who was considered one of the foremost men of that industry in this country. During the time he worked in Chicago and Boston, Mr. Fisher added to his mechanical skill a knowledge of engineering and drafting acquired in technical schools of those cities. Mr. Fisher later taught mechanical drawing at Brown Hall located at Woodward and Milwaukee Avenues in Detroit. It was in 1885 that Mr. Fisher located in Detroit and entered the employ of the C. R. and J. C. Wilson Carriage Company. His long experience and natural ability and training soon brought him promotion to the position of superintendent in that organization. In the year 1891 he entered the carriage and wagon making business for himself. Then when the automobile was first placed on the market he was called upon to build bodies for the new vehicles. He built the first touring car body for Henry Ford DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 429 and the first bodies for Cadillac, Dodge, Chalmers, Packard, Olds and G. M. C. trucks. Early perceiving that the building of automobile bodies would soon supplant the carriage manufacturing business, Mr. Fisher turned his abilities into the new channel and thus became a pioneer in the field with which his name is inseparably associated. His business had grown to such proportions by 1908 that the company was incorporated at that time under the name of the Fisher Body Company, of which he was the organizer, first president and general manager. Under his expert direction, the Fisher Body Company quickly arose to a commanding position in the automobile body industry. Mr. Fisher felt that he preferred to manufacture the entire product instead of just the body equipment and severed his connection with the Fisher Body Company to engage in the manufacture of motor trucks. In 1909 he became one of the organizers of the Universal Motor Truck Company, but later disposed of his interests in this concern to assist in the organization of the Standard Motor Truck Company, which took place in August, 1912. Later Mr. Fisher bought out the other shareholders in this organization and has since been the owner and president of that company. In doing this Mr. Fisher launched into one of the most difficult fields of the automotive industry, as the manufacture of motor trucks was still in its infancy, but his ability as an executive, coupled with this technical knowledge, has enabled him to make the enterprise one of the prominent concerns of its kind in the United States. Fourteen years ago many truck companies sprang up all over the country. Today, few of them remain, and the Standard Motor Truck Company is one of the leaders in this field. Standard Motor Trucks are built of the best materials obtainable and all of the units used as nationally known and advertised. While the Standard models have been made and merchandised since the inception of the company, Mr. Fisher decided in 1924 to build a line of speedy light trucks known as the Fisher models, thus identifying his name with the truck and also keeping pace with the demand for fast haulage units. More than seven hundred fifty trucks are turned out each year from the plant, which employs approximately one hundred fifty persons. As a developer of a company which is one of the substantial units in Detroit's industrial fabric, Mr. Fisher is regarded not only as an able technician, but also as one of the aggressive and resourceful business executives of the city. On July 29, 1889, was celebrated the marriage of Mr. Fisher to Mary Gangwich, of Norwalk, Ohio, and to this union were born six children, Alberta, Fred, Urban,, Raymond, Helen and Edwin. Mr. Fisher is a member of the Roman Catholic Church and also the Knights of Columbus. He maintains a membership in the Lochmoor Golf Club, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Detroit Yacht Club, and the Harmonie Society, besides being 430 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the organizer and president of the Clinton Valley Country Club. Mr. Fisher takes a keen interest in the activities of the day and is a member of the Aviation Club. William J. Norton, executive secretary of the Detroit Community Union and of the Detroit Community Fund, is a nationally known sociologist and has made a brilliant record in social service work throughout the Middle West. He was born at Whitehead Island, Penobscot Bay, Maine, April 8, 1883, the son of Horace F. and Aeseneth (Elwell) Norton, the former of whom was captain of the life saving station on that island for many years and removed to Westbrook, Maine, when their son was eight years of age. After attending the graded and high schools of Westbrook, William J. Norton completed his high school studies at Westbrook high school, in 1901, and at that time, he matriculated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, whence he graduated in 1905 with the degree of bachelor of arts. In that same year, he entered upon social service work at Brooklyn, New York, subsequently locating at Cleveland, Ohio, where he was associated with the social settlement work of the Goodrich House. After a time, he engaged in newspaper work with the Cleveland Press but returned to Goodrich House. In 1910 he became secretary of the Cleveland Department of Charities and Corrections. From 1908 to 1912, he lectured on sociological subjects at Western Reserve University, and at the present time he is a lecturer on sociology at the University of Michigan and the College of the City of Detroit. From 1912 to 1913, Mr. Norton served on the Bureau of Municipal Research at Cincinnati, Ohio, where he organized the council of social agencies and remained as secretary of that body until 1917. His work in this connection was so successful that he was brought to Detroit in that year to become director of the Associated Charities and organized the Detroit Patriotic Fund. Subsequent to that work, he became executive secretary of the Detroit Community Union and holds a similar position with the Detroit Community Fund. Upon his shoulders has devolved the duty of centralizing all social agencies in Detroit, the financing of which has grown from an annual amount of $800,000 to $3,400,000. He has been largely responsible for the present efficient operation of the social organizations participating in the fund, and his achievement stamps him as one of the leading men in the United States in the field of social service. In 1925, he was elected to the presidency of the National Conference of Social Work; he has served as president of the American Association of Community Organization and is a director of the National Information Bureau. At Cleveland, Ohio, in 1908, Mr. Norton married Effie Comstock, who is a graduate. of the University of Wisconsin and whose grandfather was the second settler at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Mrs. Norton was engaged in social work prior to her marriage and has been a constant help and inspiration to her husband in his work. They are the parents of four children: John, fifteen years old; James, aged DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 431 thirteen; Florence, who is eleven years of age; and William J., Jr., nine years old. Mr. Norton is a member of the Rotary Club, Acanthus Club, Prismatic Club, Detroit Club, and the Board of Commerce. He maintains his residence at Pleasant Ridge, where he is president of the Ferndale Board of Education. Lfuyckx Brothers is one of the prominent and long-established real estate firms of Detroit, and perhaps no concern is more widely and favorably known in that business than is this, which is a partnership of four brothers, Harry W., Edmund T., Raymond J., and William J. Luyckx. On both sides of their house, the brothers are descended from early Detroit families. Theodore A. Luyckx, the paternal grandfather of these four brothers, came to Detroit with his family in 1868 from Zundert, Holland, and here engaged in furniture making and upholstering, specializing in the manufacture of hair mattresses at a time when those articles were coming into great demand. Of such a quality were the products turned out by T. A. Luyckx that he gained an enviable reputation and had for his customers many of the most prominent people of Detroit. The business was conducted under the firm style of T. A. Luyckx & Sons, the establishment being located on Randolph street nine years and for twenty-two years on Woodward avenue betweenAdams avenue and Elizabeth street. T.A. Luyckx became the owner of real estate in Detroit, and the old home built by him more than forty years ago on Elizabeth street between John R. and Brush streets is still in the possession of the family. Jacob Hangsterfer, maternal grandfather of the Luyckx brothers, came to Ann Arbor in the early forties and became a well known confectioner of that city, where he acquired considerable downtown property in what is now the heart of the city. In 1899, William J. Luyckx, Sr., retired from active business and devoted his time to the management of his properties in Detroit. He opened several important subdivisions in and around Detroit and became known as one of the astute and aggressive realty dealers in this section. Following his death in 1918, the business has been conducted by his four sons, above named, under the firm style of Luyckx Brothers, and their subsequent operations have but served to enhance the name in the eyes of real estate dealers and the public in Detroit and Wayne County. The firm has played a constructive part in the substantial development of the city, and no organization in their field is more favorably known for its integrity, fair dealing, and farsightedness than is that of Luyckx Brothers. The brothers are also interested in various industrial and financial enterprises, and each one is recognized as one of the able business men of this city. Harry W. Luyckx married Marie; Ann Duncan, a native of Detroit, and they have two daughters, Marie Clara and Patricia Ann. Edmund T. Luyckx married Helen Aylward, of Detroit and Jackson, and to them have been born two children, Mary Ellen and Edmund T., Jr. William J. Luyckx, II, was united in marriage to Helen Purdon, of Detroit, and they have one son, William J., III. In the 432 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY activities of the Detroit Real Estate Board, they take an active and valuable part, for their long acquaintance with the realty affairs of this city makes their advice and recommendations of value in the deliberations and undertakings of that organization. All transactions of this unusual four-brother firm are conducted under the personal supervision of the brothers in order that the clients' interest may be properly protected. They are located in their own office and building in the heart of the city, on the West Grand Boulevard, between Woodward and Cass avenues, a section which they saw grow from fields and farms and today is the site of a rapidly developing central business district. Thomas S. Merrill is secretary of the General Motors Corporation. He was born at Washington, D. C., February 16, 1878, the son of Henry S. and Eliza Caroline (Pettingale) Merrill, the former of whom, deceased, was for a number of years chief of the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the latter of whom is living at Washington, D. C. Thomas S. Merrill attended the public schools of his native city, was graduated from the Corcoran Scientific School, and then took up the study of law at Columbian University at Washington, graduating in 1901 with the degree of bachelor of laws and being admitted to the bar in the District of Columbia in the same year. He also took the bar examinations in Michigan in 1913 and was admitted to practice in this state. Soon after the completion of his law studies, Mr. Merrill became disbursing and appointment clerk in the Census Bureau at Washington, continuing in that position until 1909. He resigned in that year to accept a position with the General Motors Company at New York City, and when the offices were removed to Detroit in 1911, he established his residence in this place. In 1916, he became assistant secretary of the General Motors Company and advanced to the secretaryship of the General Motors Corporation in 1917, a position which he has since held. From the time he first came to Detroit, Mr. Merrill took an active interest in promoting the industrial prosperity and importance of Detroit, and substantial recognition of his efforts in this direction came in his election to the directorate of the Board of Commerce in August, 1922, his subsequent elevation to the vice-presidency, and his election to the office of president in 1926. He has served on a number of important committees of the board, among them being those of finance, budget, building, and membership. In 1901, Mr. Merrill married Elizabeth D. Eynon, of Washington, D. C., and they have four children, Donaldson Edward, Thomas Henry, Marjory Eynon, and Richard Collins. Mr. Merrill is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, and the Detroit Boat Club. He is also a member of the Kappa Alpha college fraternity. Henry Theodore Ewald, president of the nationally known advertising concern of the Campbell-Ewald Company, has been principally responsible for developing that enterprise into one of the ten largest advertising agencies in the United States. Born in DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 433 Detroit, April 20, 1885, he is the son of Henry and Theresa (Siefart) Ewald, both of whom were born in Germany and came to Detroit more than fifty years ago, where the former died. He obtained his education in the public schools of Detroit and began his business career with the Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Company in a general clerical capacity in the ticket accountant's department. In this employment, he gained thorough knowledge of the operation of a steamship line, being advanced to the post of secretary to the general manager and then to the office of advertising manager. It was his work in this office with the navigation company that won him a national reputation for clever and original ideas in exploiting the steamship lines, for bringing to the work the knowledge of the operating end of the business as well as a landsman's keen appreciation of the dramatic element in sailing, he was enabled to present the publicity of the company in new and unique light to the traveling public and the shippers as well. After an association of ten years with the Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Company, Mr. Ewald decided that a great opportunity lay in the development of automobile advertising, for motor transportation was but then beginning to assume important proportions. Accordingly, he became assistant to the advertising manager of the Studebaker Corporation, of South Bend, Indiana, and from this work, he returned to Detroit as advertising manager for the E-M-F Company, manufacturer of automobiles, the company which was the predecessor of the present Studebaker automobile. The Campbell Advertising Service had been established in 1907, two years prior to Mr. Ewald's association with the E-M-F Company, and it had been in operation four years when Mr. Ewald resigned his position with the automobile company to become secretary of the Campbell Advertising Service, which thenceforward operated under the name of the CampbellEwald Company. Subsequently, Mr. Ewald became treasurer and general manager and assumed the presidency in 1917 after the retirement of Mr. Campbell from the firm. The company handles the advertising accounts of all the steamship companies that have headquarters in Detroit and of some of the large automobile and automobile accessory companies. He is one of the founders and past president of the Adcraft Club of Detroit, a member and former director of the Detroit Board of Commerce, and a director of the Bank of Detroit, Detroit Athletic Club, and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra Society. His prominence in the advertising field caused him to be sought as publicity director of some of the largest drives that have been conducted in Detroit, including the Detroit Liberty Loan campaigns and the recent drive of the Detroit Y. M. C. A. for $5,000,000, and his service in this connection is but indicative of the willingness with which he is ever ready to support worthy civic, social, and religious campaigns. On January 25, 1910, Mr. Ewald married Oleta Alice Stiles, and to this union have been born two children, Shirley Oleta and Henry Theo 434 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY dore, Jr., who are fifteen years and three years old, respectively. Mr. Ewald is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Rotary Club, Players Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Adcraft Club of Detroit, Advertising Club of New York, and the Alpha Delta Sigma fraternity. He is interested in Masonry as a member of Palestine Lodge, Moslem Temple, and the Detroit Commandery. James Alexander MacMillan, M.D., is one of the prominent surgeons of Detroit and is recognized as a leading proctologist and rectal surgeon of this city, where he has been engaged in the active practice of his profession for nearly thirty-five years. Born on a farm near Strathroy, Middlesex County, Ontario, April 15, 1863, he is the son of James and Margaret (Bently) MacMillan, the former of whom was of Scotch descent and the latter of Irish extraction. After attending the elementary and high schools of Strathroy, he studied at the Toronto Normal School and Toronto University, receiving the degree of bachelor of arts in 1887 and his doctorate in medicine in 1893. After a post-graduate course in hospitals of London, England, he located in Detroit in 1893 and has since been engaged in practice here. Specializing in surgery, Doctor MacMillan is one of the most skillful men in his particular branch of the medical science, and the extraordinary success he has gained in the cases that have been placed under his care has raised him to a place in the front rank of surgeons in Detroit and Michigan. He has gained considerable national prominence through his writings in medical journals of the country, and his text on intestinal surgery is recognized as an authoritative treatise on this subject. He has served as professor of clinical pathology and associate professor of therapeutics at the Detroit College of Medicine, is professor of rectal surgery in the German Polyclinic Hospital, and is clinical proctologist of Harper Hospital. He is a member of the staff of the Receiving Hospital and has also served on the staffs of Harper and Providence hospitals. He is a member of the American Medical Association and the Michigan State Medical Society, is past president of the Wayne County Medical Society, has been vice-president of the American Proctological Society, is past president of the Detroit Academy of Surgery, and retains membership in the Michigan Academy of Science and the Detroit Medical Club. In Masonry, he is a member of Ashlar Lodge No. 91, the Consistory, and the Mystic Shrine, and he is also a member of the Detroit Athletic Club and the Aviation Country Club. At Detroit, in 1897, Dr. MacMillan married Ann Romlyn Buttrick, daughter of Frank Buttrick, well known insurance man of this city, and a granddaughter of Theodore Romlyn, one of the distinguished pioneer lawyers of this city. To Dr. and Mrs. MacMillan have been born two children: Alexander Romlyn, who is a graduate of West Point Military Academy and is an instructor there; and Francis Buttrick. The younger son, Francis Buttrick, was born in Detroit, August 28, 1901, receiving a com DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 435 mon and high school education, and then matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine & Surgery, whence he graduated in 1926 with the degrees of doctor and bachelor of medicine. He is now serving his interneship in Ford Hospital, and, like his father, he is specializing in surgery. He is a member of Alpha Rho Sigma, medical fraternity. Emil Gairing, president of the Gairing Tool Company, was born at Cleveland, Ohio, June 23, 1885, the son of Adolph and Charlotte (Field) Gairing, both of whom were natives of Germany. He obtained a limited schooling in Cleveland, and when he was scarcely more than a boy, he apprenticed himself to the trade of machinist, learning every phase of the work with a thoroughness that was indicative of the success that was to be his. By the time he was nineteen years of age, he was holding the position of foreman in the tool room of the Royal Motor Car Company, and subsequent to this, he was made superintendent of the mechanical division of the Baker R. & L. Electric Motor Company, a position which he retained eight years. In 1911, Mr. Gairing organized the Eclipse Interchangeable Counterbore Company, of which he became vice-president and general manager, for it was he who invented and perfected the tool that was produced by the company and which established a new branch in the tool making industry. This tool was the first of the counterbore and spot facing tools manufactured as a specialty in the market. In 1913, Mr. Gairing came to Detroit to become manager of the factory, and in 1917, he sold his interest in the Eclipse Interchangeable Counterbore Company. In November of that year, he established the Gairing & Needham Company for the manufacture of improved core drills, counterbores, and spot facing tools, but at the end of a year, Mr. Gairing purchased the interests of his partner, changing the name of the company to that of the Gairing Tool Company. He became president of the corporation at that time with H. P. Knoble as vice-president and Albert A. Pochelon as secretary and treasurer. Through the invention and introduction to the trade of other tools of the same character, the business has grown to a point where it ranks the company as one of the leaders of its kind in the tool making industry. Many of the tools manufactured by the company are the only ones of their kind manufactured in the world, with the result that the Gairing Tool company finds a ready market for its products not only in this country but also in Japan, England, France, Italy, Germany, Canada, and other countries. For the development of this substantial unit in Detroit manufacturing life, Mr. Gairing is largely responsible, for to his inventive genius, he adds powers of administration and plant management of a high order. In 1911, Mr. Gairing married Mildred Eleen McCleave, a native of Ireland, and they have one daughter, Mary Elizabeth. Mr. Gairing is an active member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, Palestine Lodge, Carson Consistory, and Moslem Temple. 436 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY George C. Bowles, D.D.S., holds a high place among the dentists of Detroit and Michigan, where he has been continuously engaged in the practice of his profession for nearly thirty years. Born in London, England, March 2, 1868, he is the son of John and Elizabeth (Leigh) Bowles, with whom he came to London, Ontario, Canada, when he was three years of age and to Detroit when he was eight years old. Here, he obtained his early education in the public schools, and having determined upon a career in dentistry, he entered the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, now a college of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he received his degree of doctor of dental surgery in 1891. In that year, he entered upon active practice at Schenevus, Otsego County, New York, whence he removed to Niagara Falls in 1895. After practicing there three years, Dr. Bowles came to Detroit in 1898 and has since been engaged in a general practice of dentistry. Not only has he built up a large practice, but has also taken an active part in the affairs of the various dental societies, and the place he holds in the regard of his colleagues throughout the State is shown in the following extract of an article published in the Michigan State Dental Society Bulletin: "By virtue of sturdy integrity, high honor, and trustworthiness, he has been honored by having had placed in his hands the most sacred trust within the gift of his fellow dentists of Michigan. He has officiated in all the local society offices and that of the state presidency in 1916. In practically every movement seeking the betterment of the public or the advancement of his profession, Dr. Bowles has been a leading spirit. His beneficent and wise counsel has ever wielded a powerful influence in dental achievements and advancement in Michigan. He is a great reader and profound student. Modern biblical criticism has received no small part of his study during recent years." He has served on the local board of the local dental society since coming to Detroit and has filled every office of that organization. He is a former president of the First District Dental Society, is associate editor of the Michigan State Denetal Society Bulletin, and, as above noted, has been president of the Michigan State Dental Society. He has been a conspicuous figure in the affairs of the Detroit Dental Health Clinic Club and was one of the founders and a member of the advisory council of the Detroit Citizens League. In 1891, Dr. Bowles married Agnes H. Hopkins, of Spring Lake, Michigan, and they have two children, Florence E., who graduated from the University of Michigan in 1917 with the degree of bachelor of science, and George C., Jr., who won his degree of doctor of dental surgery from the University of Michigan in 1916. Dr. Bowles is a member of the Unitarian Church and has been a trustee of that body for several years. Charles Howell has been successfully engaged in the real estate and building business in Detroit since 1913. He was born in this city, December 3, 1879, his birthplace being located on Twelfth street between Michigan avenue and Baker street, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 437 he is the son of Henry and Elizabeth (Jones) Howell, both of whom came from Tixbury, England, where they were married, in 1861. The father was a building contractor and followed that business throughout the remainder of his active life, his death occurring in Detroit in 1900 in his sixty-third year and his wife dying in 1903 at the age of sixty-six years. Charles Howell attended the common schools of Detroit, and when he was but fourteen years of age, he began truck farming on a ten-acre tract of land located on Euclid street between Twelfth street and Hamilton avenue. In a short while, he was able to purchase tle property, and he engaged successfully in truck farming there until 1913. In that year, appreciating the great opportunities awaiting the aggressive business man in the real estate and building field, he set himself up in that business. His subsequent operations have placed him among the leaders in that field of endeavor, and he has been a strong factor in the development of Detroit in real estate and building lines. Operating his enterprise upon the soundest principles of business, he has ever given his attention to constructive development work in and around Detroit, and he is regarded by his associates as one of the ablest and most successful men in that field in Detroit. A brother, George, and a sister, Janet, also reside in Detroit. Frank J. Kane, who is associated in the practice of law with Thomas F. Chawke, has followed that profession in Detroit since 1922 is rapidly acquiring an enviable reputation for his work before the courts of this State. He was born at Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1897, and is the son of Patrick and Martha (Nugent) Kane, both of whom were born in Scotland. After pursuing the customary course of study in the elementary and high schools of his native city, he took a college preparatory course of two years' duration at Williston, Massachusetts. Having elected to follow the legal profession, he matriculated at the Detroit College of Law in 1917, graduating therefrom in 1921 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He then took a post-graduate course at Holy Cross College, Wooster, Massachusetts, and after a year in that institution, he returned to Detroit to enter upon the active practice of his profession. He has since been associated with Thomas F. Chawke and is regarded as one of the able and successful attorneys among the younger members of the Detroit bar. He was married September 3, 1925, to Agnes McLean, and they maintain their home in Detroit. In his political affiliation, Mr. Kane is a supporter of the Democratic party. N. Frank Hamilton, president of The William R. Hamilton Company Funeral Directors, of Detroit, was born in this city, April 11, 1874, the son of William R. and Jessie (Mitchell) Hamilton, the latter of whom was a daughter of Nicol Mitchell. He obtained his early education in the Detroit schools and began his business career in the employ of the Fletcher Hardware Company as cashier in 1891. After three years, in that position, he became associated 438 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY with his present business, became manager in 1896, owner of onethird of the stock in 1908, and president and owner of two-thirds of the stock in 1910, a position which he has since retained. On June 3, 1901, he married Louise Beck, daughter of Charles F. Beck, of Detroit, and they have three children, William R., Frances Louise, and Philip Kirkwood. The company that now bears the name of William R. Hamilton was established in 1863 by Jesse Farwell and by him operated until 1870, when George W. Latimer bought the establishment, which was located on the site of the present Fyfe shoe store until 1906. In 1884, William R. Hamilton became a partner of Mr. Latimer, the arrangement existing until the death of the latter, which occurred in 1894, at which time N. Frank Hamilton became associated with the business. In 1908, incorporation was secured under the firm style of The William R. Hamilton Company, and two years later, the senior Hamilton retired from active participation in the affairs, surrendering them to his son, N. Frank Hamilton. As above stated, the company maintained its quarters at Adams and Woodward avenue until 1906, at which time removal was made to a location adjoining the present site of the Free Press Building, and in 1917, the present magnificent funeral home at 3975 Cass avenue was occupied, representing one of the finest and most completely equipped funeral, homes in Detroit and the State of Michigan. The favor of Detroit people has been attracted to the William R. Hamilton Company through its conscientious efforts to give the best possible service, and for this condition, Mr. Hamilton is largely responsible. The firm is a member of the National Selective Morticians Association, for which it is the Detroit representative. Mr. Hamilton is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Players Club, Fine Arts Society, Detroit Boat Club, of which he is past president, and the Masonic fraternity, in whose affairs he takes an active interest at all times. Mark W. Allen, secretary and treasurer of the Mark W. Allen & Company, is prominently identified with the manufacture of perfume and toilet articles in Detroit, for he has played no small part in developing this concern into one of the important industrial enterprises of this city. He was born in Detroit, March 9, 1873, the son of Richard Webber and Sarah Jane (Sears) Allen, the families of both of whom can be traced in America to the year 1635. After attending the graded and high schools of Detroit, Mark W. Allen matriculated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at Boston, Massachusetts, after which he completed his studies at the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Upon the completion of his college education, he spent some four years in the employ of the New York, New Haven & Hartford Railway, where he remained until he became associated with others in the manufacture of cosmetics and toilet articles in Detroit. Subsequently, he became secretary and treasurer of Mark W. Allen & Company, a concern established by his father for the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 439 manufacture of perfume. As a manufacturing chemist, Mr. Allen is known to business men of Detroit as one of the leaders in his particular field, for he has developed his enterprise into one of the substantial companies of its kind in this city. Mr. Alien is also president of Standard Plastering System and a director of the Woodmere Cemetery Association. On June 5, 1905, Mr. Allen married Alice L. Maslen, of Bath, England, and they have two children, Sarah Irene and Richard Webber. Mr. Allen is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, Sons of the American Revolution, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, National Town and Country Club, Lochmoor Country Club, and Theta Xi, a college engineering fraternity, and Detroit Engineering Society. He professes the tenets of the Episcopal creed and attends the church of that body. Nelson Calvin Bigelow, successful Detroit attorney, who maintains his offices in the Ford Building, was born in Toronto, Canada, August 1, 1875, and is the son of N. Gordon and Minerva E. (Calvin) Bigelow, both of whom were Canadians by birth. The father, a lawyer, was elected to a seat in the provincial parliament and died in 1892 before his term of office was concluded. Nelson C. Bigelow graduated in 1894 from the Upper Canada college preparatory school, studied at Victoria College in 1895 and 1896, and in 1896 entered the Chicago Law School, from which he received the degree of bachelor of laws in 1899. In 1904, Mr. Bigelow entered upon the active practice of his profession in Detroit and has since been a leading member of the Wayne County bar. Careful in the preparation of his cases, brilliant as an advocate, and able in counsel, he has built up an extensive practice and is regarded as one of the most successful and able attorneys of this city. He was married January 19, 1903, to Cecile Olive Minnie Bradley, of Toronto, Ontario, and they have one daughter, Emily Olive, who was born in 1914. Mr. Bigelow attends St. Paul's Episcopal Church and supports the Republican party in political matters. Clarence William Hubbell, of the firm of Hubbell, Hartgering & Roth, is one of the foremost civil engineers of Detroit and Michigan and gained widespread attention through his work in the Philippine Islands over a period of about seven years. He was born in Cole County, Missouri, April 10, 1870, the son of John J. and Sarah M. (Huntington) Hubbell. He matriculated at the University of Michigan and graduated therefrom in 1893 with the degree of bachelor of science in civil engineering, and in 1904 he won his master's degree in civil engineering from the same institution. His record as an undergraduate student of engineering won him election to honorary engineering scholastic fraternity of Tau Beta Pi. From 1893 to 1898, Mr. Hubbell was in the employ of the Detroit board of water commissioners as chief draughtsman and in the latter year became a civil engineer with the same department, continuing in that work until 1907. His record with the Detroit board of water commissioners won him the appoint 440 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ment as assistant engineer in the construction of sewers and water mains at Manila, Philippine Islands, in 1907, and from that time until 1909, he was engaged in that work. In 1909 and 1910, he served as city engineer of the City of Manila, and in the latter year, he became chief engineer of the department of public works at Manila, remaining in that position until 1914. At that time, Mr. Hubbell returned to Detroit, where he has since been engaged in consulting engineering, and the firm of Hubbell, Hartgering & Roth with which he is associated is regarded as one of the foremost engineering organizations in the State of Michigan. From 1917 to 1922, inclusive, he was city engineer for Detroit, and since that time has been a member of the rapid transit commission. His prominence in his profession is shown in the fact that in 1924 he served on the engineering board of review for the Sanitary District of Chicago. In 1895, at Benzonia, Michigan, Mr. Hubbell married Winifred T. Waters, and to this union have been born five children, Theodore Huntington, Mary Bliss, Roger Sheldon, George Edgar, Harriet Winifred. Mr. Hubbell is actively identified with various professional organizations, among which are the American Society of Civil Engineers, the Institute of Consulting Engineers, the American Waterworks Association, Public Health Association, Detroit Engineering Society, the A. A. E., and the past president of Michigan Engineering Society. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Meadowbrook Country Club. He is a communicant of the Congregational Church. Samuel Rosenberg, of the firm of Faber and Rosenberg, was born in Detroit, August 5, 1883, a son of Elijah and Rae (Kaufman) Rosenberg, who came to Detroit from Russia in 1878. The father engaged in the wholesale jewelry business in Detroit and is still living here, while the mother died in 1916 at the age of fifty-eight years. Of the children born to this couple, six survive, they being: Samuel, whose name heads this review; Isadore 0.; Jack D.; Mrs. J. B. Brown; Mrs. Sol Gittleman, and Mrs. William A. Markus. Samuel Rosenberg attended the common schools of Detroit and then studied at the Detroit Business University in night school. When he was fifteen years of age, he secured office work with the San Telmo Cigar Company, but after six months in that employment, he went to work for his father in the office and then on the road as traveling representative. Subsequently, he became general manager of the wholesale jewelry house operated by his father and continued in that work until 1912. At that time. he entered the real estate business as salesman for the James S. Holden Realty Company. Natural sales ability and wide experience in commercial lines brought him steady promotion until he was offered the position of vice-president and general manager. Mr. Rosenberg is known as one of the prominent real estate men in Detroit, for he directs the affairs of one of the most influential realty organizations in this city. He was married December 24, 1909, to Ida B. Neal, of Boston, Massachusetts, and they have one DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 441 child, Margaret Jane. Mr. Rosenberg is a member of the Masonic fraternity, he being a Shriner, a Thirty-second Degree Scottish Rite Mason, and a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory. He is also a member of the Elks, the Masonic Country Club, and the Detroit Real Estate Board. C. A. Daymude, chief structural engineer for the city of Detroit, brings to his work extensive experience in various kinds of steel and concrete construction work and has shown himself to be one of the able men in this field in this section of the state. He was born at Westerville, Ohio, September 17, 1883, the son of James A. and Julia Ann (Miller) Daymude, both natives of the Buckeye State, the former of whom was a public school teacher. C. W. Miller, the maternal grandfather of C. A. Daymude, was an early minister of the United Brethren Church in Ohio, and was of English extraction. Because of the death of his father in 1887 leaving the mother in straitened financial circumstances, C. A. Daymude was compelled to work his way through school, so that after he completed high school in Westerville, he removed with his mother to Dayton, Ohio, where he was employed four years in the construction engineering department of the National Cash Register Company. In this way, he secured sufficient money to put himself through a civil engineering course at the Ohio Northern University, of Ada, graduating from that institution in 1906. The ensuing two years were spent in the engineering department of the United States Steel Corporation, after which he spent two years in the engineering department of the main office of the Michigan Central Railroad. He then went to Chicago to accept a position with the American Bridge Company in designing and engineering work, remaining in that work three years, and was then associated with the structural engineering department of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad and later with the structural steel designing department of the Lackawanna Bridge Company. In 1912, Mr. Daymude came to Detroit, where he became associated with the Whitehead & Kales Company, for whom he was a designer, and in the latter part of the following year, he became a member of the engineering organization of the Detroit Edison Company at Delray. Early in 1917, he became a structural engineer with that company and later in the same year was made field engineer on design and construction of power plants, a position which he held at the time he left the company on November 1, 1917. At that time, he entered the office of the Department of Buildings, City of Detroit, as concrete engineer, and subsequent to that time, he successfully passed the examination for chief structural engineer and was installed in that position, which he still retains. He is unquestionably one of the able men in this field in this section of the State, for his experience has embraced nearly every kind of structural engineering, equipping him far beyond the average for the important work which he now performs for the city. In 1913, Mr. Daymude married Mabel Drew, of Fowler 442 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ville, Michigan, and they have two children, Virginia and William Jean, who are twelve years old and three years old, respectively. Mr. Daymude is a member of various engineering societies, and is a registered civil engineer in the State of Michigan, also registered structural engineer of the State of Illinois. He belongs to the Masonic fraternity and the Masonic Country Club. Saul J. Birnkrant, senior member of the prominent law firm composed of four brothers, of whom the other three are Mark H., Michael C., and Theodore D. Birnkrant, was born in New York City, June 16, 1896, the son of Maurice and Tillie (Schelberg) Birnkrant. The parents brought their family to Detroit in 1915, and here Maurice Birnkrant engaged in the real estate business until the time of his death, which occurred in 1919. He was active in the affairs of the Shaarey Zadek temple in Detroit and was widely known for his work in this connection. Saul J. Birnkrant graduated from high school in 1912 and then became associated with his father in the real estate business, so continuing after the removal of the family to Detroit in 1915. In 1916, he began studying law at the Detroit College of Law, completing his course in 1919, but a year prior to his graduation, he had started the Detroit Legal Service Bureau. When his father died in 1919, he was left at the head of the family of ten sons and three daughters, and the responsibility that thus devolved upon his shoulders was but a spur to his ambition. Following his graduation from law college in 1919, Mr. Birnkrant became associated in practice with Harry L. Winston, an arrangement which he terminated to operate the American Guaranty Corporation until 1922. In 1920, the present law firm of which he is senior member was established in partnership with his brother, and as other brothers have completed their legal studies and entered upon practice, they have been admitted to partnership. Three brothers are now studying law at the University of Michigan, two are attending high, and in time, the nine brothers will be associated in the same legal firm, which already stands out as one of the leading combinations of its kind in Detroit. In addition to his extensive legal practice, Mr. Birnkrant is president of the Hoosier Tile & Supply Company, president of the General Land Company, and vice-president of the Equitable Discount Corporation, companies that are substantial and successful organizations in their several fields. Therefore, Mr. Birnkrant not only is recognized as an able advocate and counsel but also is known widely in commercial and financial circles of Detroit through his association with the above named enterprises. He is respected and honored in the business world and in professional circles, yet his acquaintances respect him for still another quality, the steadfast manner in which he has kept the family to* gether since the death of his father. Where others might, without discredit to themselves, have shrunk from a task so great, he has given his younger brothers and sisters every advantage, seeing to it that they received the higher education to which he felt DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 443 they were entitled. His efforts have borne full fruit, for as his brothers leave college and join the legal firm which he heads, he has the satisfaction of guiding their first steps in the practice of the profession in which they find another bond of interest. He was married on December 19, 1926, to Miss Marian Joy Kovinsky, of Pontiac, Michigan. Mr. Birnkrant is a member of the Knollwood Country Club, the Knights of Pythias, and B'nai B'rith, and the Detroit Lawyers' Club. He attends Shaarey Zadek Temple. Charles Edwin Freese, as proprietor of the Freese Insurance Agency, of Detroit, is a recognized authority in this field, in which he holds a commanding position as one of the most successful men in all branches of insurance in Detroit. His family record is indeed a proud one, for in the Hobart, Antisdel, and Freese lines, he traces his ancestry to soldiers of the Revolutionary War and belongs to one of the oldest English families in the United States. His paternal grandfather, E. W. Freese, joined the rush to California when gold was discovered there in 1849. He made his journey to the West by way of the Isthmus of Panama, which he crossed by way of the rivers and lakes in a boat he had made himself of a hollowed out log. At the time the Panama Canal was projected by the United States Government during the administration of President Roosevelt, E. W. Freese drew upon his memory to assist him in computing the amount of excavation necessary to build the waterway and submitted it to the board of engineers in charge. So accurate was this estimate that he received from the board a letter of congratulation expressing astonishment that he should be able to make such difficult computations from memory. Charles Edwin Freese was born in Michigan, October 28, 1881, two months after the death of his father, and when he was a year and a half old, his mother, Mrs. Mary (Hobart) Freese, brought him to Detroit, where he acquired his early education in the grammar schools. The circumstances of his family made it necessary that he go to work at an early age, and for nine years he was employed as a newsboy. In 1901, Mr. Freese entered the insurance business as a broker, continuing in that work until January 1, 1903, when he became a special agent in Michigan for the Travelers Insurance Company, of Hartford, Connecticut. Six months later, however, he again returned to private business, establishing his offices in the Chamber of Commerce Building. When the Dime Bank Building was completed, he leased a suite of offices there, subsequently establishing his headquarters at Hamilton Avenue and West Grand Boulevard, where they are now located. Conducting his business under the name of the Freese Insurance Agency, Mr. Freese has come to be one of the commanding figures in the insurance brokerage business in Detroit and Michigan, for his offices write more than a million dollars worth of various kinds of insurance each year, and he numbers among his clients some of the largest corporations in the United States. For his present prominence in the insurance business, 444 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Mr. Freese is alone responsible and is thus regarded as one of the most aggressive, resourceful, and well informed men in his field in this section of the country. He is also a director of other commercial and industrial corporations. Mr. Freese married Nathalie Irma Tuthill, and they have the following children: Charles Edwin, Jr., who was born August 12, 1911; Marjorie Elaine, born March 13, 1914; and Lawrence A., who was born June 16, 1920. In Masonry, Mr. Freese is a member of City of the Straits Lodge No. 452 and the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and he is also a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, Red Run Golf Club, Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Athletic Club, and the Vortex Club, of which he served as vice-president two years. He has been chairman of the insurance committee of the Detroit Credit Men's Association. Mr. Freese has been president for two years of the Detroit Association of Insurance Agents. He is president of the All Metal Products Corporation, and vice-president of the Bundy Tubing Company. Arthur H. Hill, prominent Detroit realtor, was born at Adrian, Michigan, October 13, 1890, the son of George W. and Jennie (Hoag) Hill, the former of whom has been engaged in the lumber business at Adrian for many years. He attended the elementary and high schools of his native city, graduating from the latter in 1909, and after six months' study in college, he went to Chicago, where he found employment in the freight claims department of a railroad company. For three years he was so engaged but at that time returned to Lenawee County, Michigan, to become interested in the development of a 110-acre fruit farm at Sand Lake, holding a half interest in this enterprise. The venture proved highly successful, and for a period of six years, Mr. Hill continued in that work. He then came to Detroit, where for a year he was associated with the stock and bond brokerage house of Kay & Company, and it was when he left this concern that he entered the real estate field with which he has since been prominently identified. Mr. Hill is regarded as one of the aggressive and successful realtors of Detroit who is interested in constructive development work here. On December 28, 1921, Mr. Hill married Olive Anna Baird, of Detroit, and to this union was born a son, Arthur H., Jr., and a daughter, Olivann. Mr. Hill is a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board and the Board of Commerce, and also maintains membership in the Masonic fraternity and the National Town & Country Club. He is a communicant of the First Presbyterian Church of this city. Hon. Franz C. Kuhn, the late president of the Michigan Bell Telephone Company and one-time associate and chief justice of the State Supreme Court, bore a name that is an integral part not only of the legal history of Detroit and Michigan but also of Detroit commercial activities. Born February 8, 1872, he was a son of John and Anna C. (Ullrich) Kuhn, both of whom came to Detroit from Germany, met and married here, and subsequently re DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 445 moved to Mt. Clemens where they remained. He attended the common and high schools of Mt. Clemens and then matriculated at the University of Michigan, from which he received the degrees of bachelor of science in 1893 and bachelor of laws in 1894. Soon after his admission to the bar in the latter year, he was elected circuit court commissioner of Macomb County, retiring from that office in 1896 to assume the duties of prosecuting attorney, an office to which he was twice re-elected. In 1904, he was elected probate judge, but on June 6, 1910, he resigned to accept the appointment of attorney general of Michigan from the hand of Governor Warner. The few succeeding months were sufficient to prove to the people his ability in this office, so that the Republican State Convention nominated him for attorney general on October 6, that year.. Although he was elected by a satisfactory majority at the ensuing election, still higher honors were in store for him, for in September, 1912, Governor Osborn appointed him associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Blair. Paralleling the manner in which he became attorney general, the Republican State Convention of the same year endorsed his candidacy to complete the full term of Judge Blair, and at the succeeding election, Judge Kuhn was confirmed in his judgeship. Again receiving the nomination for supreme court justice and winning the election in April, 1917, Judge Kuhn became chief justice of the court in the same year, continuing as such until he resigned from the bench on June 1, 1920. Impartial in his decisions and exercising the highest ethics of jurisprudence, Judge Kuhn was looked upon as one of the ablest men who ever wore the ermine in Michigan, and Detroit, where he made his home since July, 1913, pays homage to the memory of the man who brought such luster to her name. As president of the Michigan Bell Telephone Company, Judge Kuhn displayed a business ability on a par with his work on the bench, and he had no small part in shaping the policy of that great organization after he became its chief executive. Judge Kuhn married Mrs. Mina C. Burton, a native of Richmond, Virginia, and to them in 1911 was born a daughter, Wilhelmina. Active in Masonry, he was a member of Romeo Commandery No. 6, Knights Templar, and of Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. He was one-time grand chancellor of the Knights of Pythias in Michigan, and his other social affiliations included the University Club, University of Michigan Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Lochmoor Country Club, the Detroit Boat Club, Old Club, and Detroit Country Club. His recreation was fishing, and he also was a great student and a great reader. He died June 16, 1926. James Edwin Mead, M.D., chief surgeon of the Ford Motor Company, was born at Boston, Massachusetts, May 15, 1873, the son of John and Maggie (Doyle) Mead. The family located in Detroit in 1874, where John Mead operated the machine shop of Mead & Company and where he died July 10, 1925, at the age of 446 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY eighty-eight years. James Edwin Mead attended the elementary and high schools of Detroit and then matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine, whence he graduated in 1899 with the degree of Doctor of medicine. The ensuing year he spent as house surgeon at Harper Hospital, after which he engaged in private practice. After six months so spent, he was appointed acting assistant surgeon, United States Army, and assigned to duty in the Philippines. He served there ten months before he was commissioned captain and assistant surgeon of United States Volunteers. In 1903, Dr. Mead returned to Detroit and resumed his interrupted practice, at the same time being chief examiner for the New York Life Insurance Company. In 1910, he was appointed chief surgeon of the Ford Motor Company and has since continued in that work. As the plant grew and the needs grew correspondingly, Dr. Mead was also installed as chief of the departments of medicine and sociology. His work with the Ford organization has been a signal one indeed, for Dr. Mead has been forced to continually expand the scope of the work of his departments to keep pace with the development of the company and to meet the changing demands upon his divisions. He is thus recognized as one of the ablest medical men in Detroit, for he brings to his work not only a knowledge of his profession but also an executive ability that has made it possible for him to supervise work which stands as a model for similar departments operated by manufacturing companies in this country. From 1902 to 1914, Dr. Mead served as major and chief surgeon of the Michigan National Guard. On April 30, 1902, he married Nana Oliver, and they had two children, Alice Marian, who died in 1922 at the age of seventeen years, and James E., Jr., who is eight years of age. Dr. Mead is a member of the American Medical Association, the Wayne County Medical Society, and the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, a Fellow of the American Public Health Association, and a member of the Aviation Country Club, Dearborn Country Club, Army & Navy Club, National Town & County Club, and the Masonic fraternity, in which he is a Knights Templar of Detroit Commandery No. 1. As a member of the Highland Park Rifle Club, Dr. Mead is an enthusiastic and able marksman, and he has won the State revolver championship of the National Guard of Michigan. In riding, hunting and shooting, he finds recreation, and he is the owner of the only thoroughbred Arabian horse in Michigan at the present time. Joseph Edward Mills, Commissioner of Purchases and Supplies for the city of Detroit, was born at Greenville, Michigan, August 11, 1894, the son of Frederick A. and Adele (Narregan) Mills, both of whom are living in Detroit where the former is a merchant tailor. The second in order of birth of a family of three children, Joseph E. Mills attended the public schools of Greenville and after coming to Detroit studied accounting in the night classes at Cass Technical high school. Through the Alexander Hamilton DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 447 Institute and other correspondence schools, he studied General Business Administration, Foreign Trade, Commercial Law and Salesmanship. He was thus enabled to secure a position in the economics department of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company of New York City, and while he was so employed, he attended New York University, where he pursued courses in accounts, commerce, finance, and general business administration. After a course in Emerson Institute in general efficiency work, he was associated with the Emerson engineers for a year until the outbreak of the World War. At that time, he went to Washington in 1918, and working under Major W. C. Harkness, assisted in the organization of the loading section of the production division of the Ordnance Department, making charts for the loading operations of the entire country. He had charge of the statistics of the loading division, each group in the country reporting to him by telephone each morning, so that the shipments and distribution of the entire country centered at his desk. Following the cessation of hostilities, he returned to the Emerson Engineers, and after another year in this work, he became associated with Major P. S. Russell, general manager of the St. Louis branch of the Packard Motor Car Company, as general service manager, taking up that work January 1, 1920, and continuing until the business was sold into a distributorship in 1923. He then came to the Detroit Packard factory service division and traveled the east and southeastern States, advising and assisting distributorship and dealers in proper operation of their service divisions. Subsequently, he was placed in charge of the service department of the Detroit branch of the Packard Motor Car Company and was also engaged in the various manufacturing departments of the Chalmers and Hudson plants. On April 15, 1926, he was appointed commissioner of purchases and supplies for the City of Detroit and has since retained that position. He is recognized as one of the able men in his field in Detroit and has produced a new era of efficiency in the department with which he is now associated. On December 21, 1921, he married Rosary Claire Foss, of Buffalo, New York, and to this union has been born one daughter, Betty Lou, and the family home is maintained on Lawrence Avenue. John Gillespie, manufacturer, insurance broker, and real estate dealer of Detroit, is one of the outstanding figures in the business circles of this city, for he is prominently identified with many important industrial and commercial ventures that have added much to the prestige of Detroit. Born at Chicopee, Massachusetts, November 3, 1877, he is the son of George and Agnes (Adams) Gillespie and secured his education in the schools of his native city. As an office boy in the employ of the Ames Sword Company, he began his career in 1890 and continued with that concern until 1899. His ability and energy influenced his employers to recommend him for a position with the Armstrong Regalia Company, of Detroit, and in 1899, he came to Detroit to take up his duties with 448 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY that corporation. In 1904, he set himself up in the same business under the name of the Detroit Regalia Company, shortly afterward consolidating his company with the Morgan, Puhl & Morris Company, of this city. When the company thus formed was sold in 1908 to the Henderson-Ames Company, of Kalamazoo, Michigan, Mr. Gillespie turned to the retail automobile business. In 1910, he was appointed water commissioner of Detroit by Mayor Philip Breitmeyer. His administration of this office is one of the high lights of his career, for appreciative of the fact that he was but a servant of the people and a custodian of their property, he bent every effort to perfecting the water system and to remedy the defects that had caused many complaints prior to his taking over the duties of water commissioner. He continued in this office until May 17, 1913, when he resigned to assume the duties of police commissioner by appointment from the hand of Mayor Oscar B. Marx. Perhaps the most fitting tribute to his work in this capacity is found in the mayor's acceptance of his resignation on September 30, 1916, in which he said, "In leaving my cabinet at this time I want you to know that I fully appreciate the many constructive acts of your administration and I wish you to feel that I shall always carry with me the firmest belief in your integrity and loyalty." Upon relinquishing the office of police commissioner, Mr. Gillespie entered the surety bond business as president of Gillespie & Suliburk, Incorporated, one of the well known and successful concerns of its kind in Detroit. Also in the same year, Mr. Gillespie became associated with the Peerless Portland Cement Company, the only Portland cement factory in Detroit and one of the oldest in Michigan. The plant has an annual capacity of 2,000,000 barrels of Portland cement. The enterprise represents one of the substantial and successful industrial ventures of this section of Michigan, and as secretary and treasurer of the company, Mr. Gillespie has contributed much to its development. Mr. Gillespie was at one time the owner of the property now occupied by the Fort Shelby Hotel, and when that hostelry was erected, he was instrumental in the formation of the company and became one of the owners. He has since disposed of his interests in that company as well as in the Fort Shelby Garage, in which he was heavily interested. Mr. Gillespie is also a director of the Southern Surety Company, of Des Moines, Iowa, On April 21, 1910, Mr. Gillespie married Hazel K. Horton, of Detroit, and to this union have been born two sons, John Philip and Robert Horton. Mrs. Gillespie is a descendant of an early French family of Detroit, her mother, Julia C. Grangier, having been born on Orleans street in that section of the city which was once taken up by the farms of the early French settlers at Detroit. Mr. Gillespie is a member of the National Portland Cement Association, the Detroit Board of Commerce, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Oakland Hills Golf and Country Club, Redford Country Club, St. Clair River Country Club, and the National Town and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 449 Country Club, of which he is a life member. He is active in Masonry, being a member of Friendship Lodge, King Cyrus Chapter, Michigan Sovereign Consistory, Damascus Commandery, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. George E. Gledhill, salesman and manager fo the L. G. Gorton Company, was born in this city, February 7, 1876, the son of Edwin and Sally (Miller) Gledhill, natives of England and Canada, respectively. The father came to New York from his native land and subsequently located in Canada, where he married. He then came to Detroit where he was employed by the Michigan Central Railroad for many years, dying here in 1922. George E. Gledhill obtained his education in the Detroit public schools and the Detroit Business University, and his first position was as messenger in the Citizens Savings Bank. By close application and ability, he worked his way up through the various departments of that organization and then became a member of the Dime Savings Bank organization, for whom he opened the Broadway branch in 1916. He remained as manager of that branch for only a short time, for he was offered the managership of the L. G. Gorton Company, with which he has since been actively identified. Mr. Gledhill is a prominent man in his field and has a wide acquaintance among the financial men of Detroit, for he is recognized as one of the able and successful men in the investment securities, stocks, and bonds business of Detroit. Mr. Gledhill married Blanche Charlesworth, who was born in Olney, Illinois. In Masonry, Mr. Gledhill is a member of Palestine Lodge and the Detroit Commandery, and he is also a member of the Masonic Country Club and a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Lewis G. Gorton has been prominently identified with the stock and bond brokerage business in Detroit for more than a quarter of a century and is widely recognized as one of the successful and influential men in this field here. He was born at Waterloo, Michigan, November 18, 1859, the son of Aaron T. and Mary Ann (Paddock) Gorton, and is a direct descendant in the paternal line of Samuel Gorton, of Rhode Island. He graduated from the Normal College at Ypsilanti, Michigan, in 1879, and won the degree of master of science from the South Dakota Agricultural College. Following his graduation from the Normal College, he taught science in the high school until 1882, when he became an instructor at the Michigan Military Academy. From 1883 to 1885, he was principal of the Duffield School, of Detroit, and from the latter year until 1893, he was principal of the Bishop school. From that year and until 1897, he was president of the Michigan Agricultural College at Lansing, and when he retired from that office, he became general agent for lower Michigan for the New York Life Insurance Company. In 1901, he engaged in the stock and bond brokerage business for himself and has since been engaged in that work under the firm style of Lewis G. Gorton Company. He has long occupied a commanding position in 450 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY that field and is an influential figure in the financial circles of Detroit. He has served three years as president of the Detroit Stock Exchange and has been treasurer of that body. He is also a director of the Guaranty Trust Company. In June, 1883, Mr. Gorton married Laura Russell, and to this union was born one son, Guy R. Mr. Gorton is a member of the Noontide Club, Rotary Club, Board of Commerce, Detroit Athletic Club, and the Masonic Country Club, and he has advanced to the Thirty-third Degree in Scottish Rite Masonry. William John Grffin, one of the foremost corporation lawyers in Detoit, was born on a farm near Blissfield, Michigan, April 29, 1880, the son of Charles and Mary A. (Probert) Griffin. He was taken to England by his parents when he was a youth and attended the grammar schools of Warwickshire, attending high school at Blissfield, Michigan, and Ann Arbor after the return to the United States. Following his graduation from the Ann Arbor high school in 1901, he matriculated in the law school of the University of Michigan, from which he was graduated in 1905 with the degree of bachelor of laws. Following his admission to practice at the bar, he located in Detroit, where he became associated with Wade Millis and John J. Jackson until January 1, 1906, when the firm was superseded by that of Millis, Culver, Griffin & Lacy. Upon the withdrawal of Mr. Culver on January 1, 1912, the firm style became that of Millis, Griffin & Lacy, an arrangement that existed until Mr. Lacy was appointed circuit judge, at which time the firm became Millis, Griffin, Seely & Streeter. In 1923, Mr. Griffin retired from the partnership and has since been engaged in practice alone, specializing in corporation and bankruptcy law, in which branch of the legal profession he is an acknowledged leader, building up a practice that stamps him indisputably as one of the most successful lawyers of the city. He has served as counsel for the Detroit Credit Men's Association for several years. On April 29, 1914, Mr. Griffin married Effie M. Staley, daughter of the late Emanuel Staley, and both he and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Mr. Griffin is a member of the American, Michigan State, and Detroit Bar associations, the Lawyers' Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Birmingham Golf Club, Detroit Board of Commerce, the board of the Highland Park City Hospital and Highland Park Exchange Club. He is actively interested in the affairs of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, has served as trustee, secretary, and treasurer of the Arnold Home, and was an alternate director of the legal advisory board of Highland Park during the World War. Mr. Griffin also maintains membership in the Masonic fraternity, being a member of Highland Park Lodge. Archibald Nelson Goddard, president of the prominent tool manufacturing concern, Goddard & Goddard Company, of Detroit, was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, November 28, 1872, the son of Emmons A. and Mary (Muzzy) Goddard. On both sides of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 451 his house, he is of English descent, the family ancestry being traceable to the sixteenth century in England. The first of the name to settle in this country was William Goddard, who came to the colonies in 1666 soon after the great fire of London, the trials of which he had survived. The Muzzy family was represented in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, and the records show that one of the first men to fall at the Battle of Lexington was a Muzzy. For generations, the two families have produced able mechanics and manufacturers, so that the influence of heredity may be reckoned in the successful career of Archibald N. Goddard. One of the earliest shops for manufacturing calico printing and paper mill machinery in this country was established at Worcester, Massachusetts, by the paternal grandfather of A. N. Goddard under the firm name of Goddard & Howe, predecessor of the present firm of Rice, Barton & Fales; and when the grandson of this pioneer manufacturer in his boyhood days saw the name on the old factory building, he was inspired with the ambition to see his own name over a machine shop. The maternal grandfather of A. N. Goddard operated a blacksmith shop, and it was under the supervision of Mr. Muzzy that Ichabod Washburn, donor of the Washburn shops at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, received his seven years training as an apprentice without pay, as was the custom in those days. His "freedom suit", given him when he had completed his apprenticeship, was made of homespun cloth by Mrs. Muzzy, the maternal grandmother of Mr. Goddard. Archibald N. Goddard obtained his early education in the public schools of his native place and then matriculated at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, from which he graduated with the degree of bachelor of science in 1899. For a short time thereafter, he was associated with the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company at their Pueblo plant. After his return to the East, he was associated with the Lorain Steel Company in Ohio. He was then called back to the shops at Worcester, Massachusetts, where he had served as machinist to assume the position of assistant superintendent for the Morgan Construction Company, manufacturers of rolling mill machinery. For a period of twelve years, Mr. Goddard continued with that organization, resigning to accept the superintendency of the Union Twist Drill Company at Athol, Massachusetts, where he remained four years. At that time, Mr. Goddard came to Detroit to take a position with a firm designing special machinery for the production of small tools. In 1917, Mr. Goddard organized the firm of Goddard & Goddard Company for the purpose of manufacturing milling cutters. With the advent of his company, Mr. Goddard also began a critical study of the cutting action of tools, approaching the subject from an engineering standpoint, and this resulted in many new developments in the styles of milling cutters, which so increased the productive capacity of this class of tools that his designs have been adopted by practically all the manufacturers of milling cutters today. The slogan, "Tools that Go & Go" (made up 452 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of the first two letters of the component parts of the firm name), has helped to market their tools in practically every State in the Union and some foreign countries. A great number of the foremost manufacturing concerns of the country are today using "Tools that Go & Go." On August 1, 1900, Mr. Goddard married Mary Goddard, a native of Worcester, Massachusetts, and to this union have been born four children, as follows: Eloise 0., who is a graduate in architecture of the University of Michigan; Miriam, who is a graduate of the same university and is interested in arts and crafts; Emmons Archibald, who is a graduate of Purdue University in the mechanical engineering course and at present employed by General Electric Company of Schenectady, New York; and Lewis, who is a junior in architecture at the University of Michigan. Mr. Goddard is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Detroit Engineering Society, the Birmingham Golf Club and was a trustee of the North Woodward Avenue Congregational Church. Anthony Grosfield, by virtue of his activities in the real estate and insurance business in Detroit over a period covering forty years, is perhaps the best and most favorably known man in that field of endeavor in this city. His birth occurred in Westphalia, Germany, January 4, 1843, he being a son of Theodore and Franziska (Grobbel) Grosfield, and in the schools and college of his native city, he acquired his education. He began his career as a clerk in a general store, but unwilling, like many of his countrymen, to undergo the compulsory military training in his country and being of military age that prevented him from securing a passport to the United States, he contrived to get passage on a cattle boat to Hull, England, whence he came to the United States aboard the historic steamship, "Great Eastern," the voyage consuming thirteen days. He landed at New York on July 13, 1863, and almost immediately went to work at the Government munitions plant at Cold Springs, New York, which was then supplying ammunition and ordnance for the Union forces, for the Civil War was then in progress. He received wages of a dollar and a quarter per day, and after a year in this employment, he went to Collinsville, Connecticut, where he took up the trade of grinding and polishing edged tools. In 1866, Mr. Grosfield went to Richmond, Virginia, to see some of the battlefields of the war, and then went to Baltimore, Maryland, in search of work. Failing in that attempt, he went to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and then to Detroit, arriving here in July, 1866. Here, he became a clerk in the grocery store of Patrick McMahon, whose store was located at the southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Twenty-third Street, the same site that is today occupied by Mr. Grosfield's business block. After he had been engaged in this work a few months, the father and family of Mr. Grosfield came to Detroit from Germany, at which time he and his father purchased the grocery business of Mr. McMahon, which was conducted for several years thereafter under DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 453 the name of Grosfield & Company. In 1871, Mr. Grosfield purchased the entire property and continued as sole proprietor until 1882, in which year he disposed of his stock of groceries and continued the enterprise as a hardware establishment until 1887. In the latter year, Mr. Grosfield sold out and entered the real estate and insurance business. Two years later he joined Peter Schulte in the buying, selling, and platting of real estate on a large scale and also in building operations. The two men became leaders in the platting of subdivisions, prominent among their early operations being the platting of the Retreat tract on the west side, from which they donated to the city the right of way for West Grand Boulevard from Michigan Avenue to the Michigan Central Railroad tracks. From 1892 to 1910, Mr. Grosfield was senior member of the firm of Grosfield & Scanlon, his partner, Matthew Scanlon, being a well known real estate operator. In 1910, Mr. Grosfield retired from this firm to continue alone. To such proportions has he developed the business that it was incorporated in January, 1926, with the five sons of Mr. Grosfield as officers of the concern, they being as follows: John A., vice-president; Frank A., who had been associated with the Wayne County & Home Savings Bank twenty-four years, secretary and treasurer; and Charles P., Frederick A., and Arthur A. On November 14, 1871, he married Elizabeth Vogt, of Detroit, and to this union were born six sons, of whom the above named five are the survivors. The Grosfield organization, with a capital of half a million dollars, is unquestionably one of the leading real estate and insurance companies in the city of Detroit, and as the entrepeneur who has raised the company to the forefront of the business, Mr. Grosfield stands out as one of the most successful and able men in that field. He has ever taken a deep interest in the civic affairs of Detroit, and as a staunch Democrat, he represented the former ninth ward in the common council in 1874 when the office carried no salary. He was elected to the board of estimates in 1886, and he has served four years as a member of the board of education. In 1889, he was elected to represent the third senatorial district in the state legislature and served in that office until 1900, making a record as a legislator that is a brilliant milestone in his long career in the service of the people. As an active member of the Detroit Real Estate Board and the Detroit Board of Commerce, Mr. Grosfield has taken a conspicuous part in the activities of those bodies, bringing to their deliberations and projects a long acquaintance with Detroit business conditions that make his counsel highly valued by those organizations. Frank C. Hossie, president of the General Manufacturing Company, of Detroit, a concern that builds power straightening and forcing presses, was born at Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, December 16, 1884, the son of Andrew and Margaret (Mowbray) Hossie, both of whom are now living at Sarnia. He obtained his early education in the common and high schools of his native city and 454 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY augmented this preparation by studying courses in a correspondence school. He apprenticed himself to the trade of machinist and gained a broad and comprehensive knowledge of foundry and machine work by following his trade in machine shops at Galt, Ontario, Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and Plainsfield, New Jersey. In 1905, he located at Detroit, where he engaged in tool designing and drafting work with the Roe-Stephens Manufacturing Company and subsequently with the Penberthy Injector Company. In 1907, he became a tool designer in the employ of the Gray Motor Corporation, becoming superintendent of the plant in 1909. In 1912, Mr. Hossie went to the Packard Motor Car Company as division superintendent in charge of the tool rooms, tool designing, and machinery repair departments. The following year, however, he became secretary and treasurer of the J. R. Stone Tool & Supply Company, with which he was associated for nearly five years. In January, 1918, Mr. Hossie left the Stone organization to become president and general manager of the General Manufacturing Company, a position he has since occupied. The concern specializes in the manufacture of flexible power presses and machine tools, and by selling through dealers, the company distributes its products throughout the United States. As the active head of the company, Mr. Hossie is recognized as one of the leading manufacturers in his field in Detroit, for he has been largely instrumental in developing the enterprise to its present proportions. That he has been able so to do, is due directly to his tireless energy coupled with sound knowledge of manufacturing methods and business administration. In 1908, Mr. Hossie married Mabel G. McGoldrick, a native of St. Marys, Ontario, Canada, and to this union has been born one child, Blanche M. Mr. Hossie is a member of the Employers' Association, the Michigan Manufacturers' Association, the Masonic Country Club, and the Detroit Yacht Club, and in Masonry, he is a member of Palestine Lodge, the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Frederic A. Tilton, a resident partner of the firm of Haskins & Sells, certified public accountants of New York, is one of the prominent men in the field of accounting and auditing in Detroit, where he has been located since 1909. He is descended from an old New England family, his grandfather, David Tilton, serving in the War of 1812 and coming from his native New Hampshire to the Western Reserve, later being stationed at Fort Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Alfred Tilton, father of Frederic A., was born in Canada, located in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1840, and married Mary Ann Rieley, and to this union were born four children: Frederic A., whose name heads this review; Lulie P., of Detroit; Mrs. Fred A. Dibble, of West Nyack, New York, and George A., of Miami, Florida. Frederic A. Tilton was born at Cleveland, Ohio, July 10, 1876, and obtained his early education in the Walton grammar and West high schools of that city. He studied three years at the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 455 Western Reserve University, leaving that institution in 1899. Between 1899 and 1902 Mr. Tilton was obtaining experience in business connections in Cleveland, and the following year, he went to New York to become assistant auditor of the Erie Railroad. In 1905, he returned to Cleveland to join the forces of the Audit Company, which then maintained offices in the Chamber of Commerce Building, and it was in this work that he gained his first knowledge of the business of public accountant. In 1909, Mr. Tilton came to Detroit to enterthe publicaccounting department of the Security Trust Company and continued with that organization until May 1, 1915. At that time, he became a member of the firm of Hollis, Tilton & Porte~ which was organized to succeed R. T. Hollis & Company, chartered accountants. On August 1, 1921, the business of the the firm was consolidated with that internationally known firm of Haskins & Sells, of New York, and Mr. Tlilton, as did the other members of that firm, became a resident partner of that enterprise, the offices being maintained in the First National Bank Building In 1910, Mr. Tilton passed the examination for the degree of certified public accountant. In this connection, he is a member of the American Institute of Accountants, of which he has served as a member of the council, has filled all offices in the Michigan Association of Certified Public Accountants, and has served twelve years as a member of the State Board of Accountants, of which he served more than six years as chairman. In 1902, Mr. Tilton married Josephine G. Brady, and there is one daughter, Constance Elizabeth. Following the death of his first wife in 1917, Mr. Tilton was married, November 26, 1919, to Rena W. Wright, of Detroit. Mr. Tilton is a member of the Red Run Golf Club, Aviation Country Club, the Wedgewood Hunting Club, and the Board of Commerce. He is active in Masonry as a member of Corinthian Lodge No. 241, F. & A. M., the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Chester Burge Emerson, D.D., pastor of the North Woodward Avenue Congregational Church, is one of the prominent ministers of Detroit. He comes of a family that has long played a conspicuous part in American life, for one of that name was a governor of Massachusetts in colonial days and another, Ralph Waldo Emerson, was an outstanding figure in American letters. A son of John A. and Abbie Jane (Emerson) Emerson, he was born at Haverhill, Massachusetts, July 28, 1882. He graduated from the Farmington, New Hampshire, high school in 1900 and then matriculated at Bowdoin College, from which he received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1904. Having elected to enter the ministry, he entered the Union Theological Seminary by which he was awarded the degree of bachelor of divinity in 1909. In 1919, he received his doctorate in divinity from Bowdoin College. In 1909, after completing his studies at the theological seminary, Dr. Emerson was ordained a minister in the Congregational faith and was 456 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY assigned in that year to the pastorate of the First Parish, Saco, Maine, where he remained until 1913. His career during those four years was an exceptionally brilliant one, and he became widely known for his oratorical ability and the sermons he preached. In 1913 he was called to take charge of the North Woodward Church, of Detroit, where he has since remained. His career in this city has been a fulfillment of the promise found in his work as pastor of the First Parish in Saco, Maine, and today Doctor Emerson is known as one of the leading ministers in his church. A constant student and traveler, he has preached in prominent English Congregational churches, and in 1925, he preached a sermon at Washington, D. C., which was delivered before President Coolidge. He is a tireless worker for the improvement of civic affairs, and his eloquence in behalf of measures designed to promote the welfare of the citizens has been no inconsiderable weight in favor of such proposals. In 1917-18, Doctor Emerson served in France with the Y. M. C. A. and was also chaplain of General Hospital No. 34. He is a member of the executive committee of the State Board of Congregational Churches and has been president since 1919 of the board of trustees of the Michigan Conference. In 1925, he was elected moderator of the State Conference, is a member of the executive committee of the Council on Missions of the National Council of Congregational Churches, is an overseer of Bowdoin College, a member of the board of directors of the Chicago Theological Seminary, a trustee of Hampton Institute, a trustee of Olivet College, a director of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and a member of the Arts and Crafts Society, Fine Arts Society, Art Founders Society, of Detroit. Active in Masonry, Doctor Emerson is a Knights Templar and a Shriner and has received the Thirty-third Degree in Scottish Rite from the Grand Council of Athens, Greece. He also retains membership in the Detroit Club, Detroit Athletic Club, and the Alpha Delta Phi Club, of New York. Charles T. Kingston, president of the Detroit Forging Company, is one of the successful and prominent men in his field in Detroit, where he was born August 25, 1879, the son of Thomas and Mary (O'Neil) Kingston, both of whom are natives of Detroit and now reside in this city. Thomas Kingston, grandfather of Charles T., came to Detroit in the early days and engaged in the cartage business which he subsequently sold to E. Ferguson and which is known today as the E. Ferguson Cartage Company. He built a house at Eighth Street and Abbott Avenue, a part of which is still standing. Thomas Kingston, his son and the father of Charles T., engaged in the hotel business for many years in Detroit and is now associated with the Detroit Forging Company. Charles T. Kingston attended the common and high schools of Detroit, after which he pursued a mechanical course at the Detroit Business University. He began his career in the employ of John Brennan & Company, manufacturers of steam boilers, tanks, and separators, and he applied himself to this work with such energy and ability DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 457 that he was steadily advanced in the company until he occupied the position of vice-president and general manager. He retained his position there until 1916, when he organized the Great Lakes Drop Forge Company, of which he became president, and to the upbuilding of which he has contributed much energy and foresight. In 1924, this company bought out and combined with the Detroit Forging Company, keeping the name of the latter organization which had been in operation in Detroit more than fifty years and had established an excellent reputation. The present Detroit Forging Company does all kinds of forging for the automotive industry and lately has branched out into an extensive airplane business. Its president, Mr. Kingston, is widely known in club circles and is a member of many societies, belonging to the Detroit Board of Commerce, American Institute of Drop Forgers, the Society of Automotive Engineers, the Purchasing Agents' Association, of which he was an organizer and first president, and in which he holds an honorary life membership. He also is a member of the Founders Society of the Detroit Museum of Art, the Cosmopolitan Club, Board of Commerce, National Town & Country Club, and the Detroit Union League Club. Fraternally, he is Past Master of Oriental Lodge No. 240 of the Masons, in which he has filled all the lower chairs, and is past Most Wise Master of Mt. Olivet Chapter of Rose Croix, past Sovereign Prince of Carson Council, Princes of Jerusalem of Michigan Sovereign Consistory, 32nd degree Mason, and belongs to Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. In connection with his Masonic interests, he is serving as a director of the Masonic Country Club. In 1901, he married Estella Hatt, a native of Detroit, and they have three children: Estella J., now Mrs. Edward B. Farrar, who is a graduate of the Teachers College of Detroit and a former teacher in the Detroit schools; Marian Charlotte, a graduate of Glendale College and of the State Normal School at Ypsilanti; and Charles T., Jr., who is attending Howe Military School. The Kingstons are members of the Temple Baptist Church of which Mr. Kingston may truly be said to be a pillar. He has served as Sunday school superintendent ten years, on the board of trustees a like period, was chairman of the board of trustees of the Eighteenth Street Baptist Church when he was but twenty-one years of age, and was active in retiring the church mortgage at that time. At present, he is president of the Baptist Children's Home at Thirteen Mile road, for which a new building is being completed. Thomas Malcolm Hart, M.D., has been engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery in Detroit for more than a quarter of a century and is the surgeon in charge of the Hart Hospital at No. 2836 Trumbull Avenue, Detroit. He was born at Shanty Bay, Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada, July 14, 1871, the son of Thomas and Jane (Flaherty) Hart, both natives of that province and descendants, respectively, of English and Irish parents. Isaac 458 D.ETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Hart, grandfather of Doctor Hart, came from England to settle in the Ontario forests, where he cleared and developed several hundred acres of fine farms where the family remained. Thomas M. Hart received his early education in the schools of Simcoe County and pursued his academic studies at Barrie Collegiate Institute, Barrie, Ontario, after which he matriculated at Trinity College, Toronto, from which he received his doctorate in medicine in 1897. He was also named a master in surgery and a Fellow of Trinity Medical College. In May, 1897, Dr. Hart entered upon the practice of his profession at New Richmond, St. Croix County, Wisconsin, but in 1898, he located in Detroit, where he has since been successfully engaged in the practice of his profession. As his practice grew, he felt that additional facilities were needed, and in 1920, he established the Hart Hospital on Trumbull Avenue, the institution being equipped with the most modern appliances for the treatment of all kinds of medical and surgical cases. Doctor Hart has gained a wide reputation in his profession and is regarded as one of the successful men in his field. On May 1, 1927, he opened offices on the seventh floor of the Maccabee Building. He is a member of the American Medical Association and the Michigan State and Wayne County Medical societies. He first married Catherine A. Gayland, and to this union was born a daughter, Elizabeth Jane, and for his second wife, Doctor Hart took Muriel Corwin. They have one son, Corwin James. Doctor Hart is a Thirty-second degree Mason and a noble of the Mystic Shrine, is a member of the Masonic Country Club and the Detroit Yacht Club, and is a communicant of the Episcopalian faith. Clarence Llewellyn Ayres, president of the American Life Insurance Company, of Detroit, was born near Decatur, Adams County, Indiana, the son of Nathan and Sarah (Chapman) Ayres, and obtained his education in the rural schools of his native community. Until he was fourteen years of age, he remained on the home farm and at a relatively early age entered the life insurance field, meanwhile studying law until he was admitted to practice at the Indiana bar in 1898. He continued in the insurance business, however, and in 1901 came to Detroit to assume the duties of manager of the local office of an insurance company. After six years spent in this capacity, he determined upon the organization of an insurance company here, the resulting concern being the Northern Assurance Company of Michigan. Mr. Ayres became president and manager of the enterprise, and due to his knowledge of the business, his executive ability, and aggressive policies, the company grew rapidly, so that the company now conducts its operations in twenty-one states of the country. In 1921, the name was changed to the present one of the American Life Insurance Company, Mr. Ayres remaining as president. In 1917, the Baldwin property at the northwest corner of Fort Street and Cass Avenue was purchased to house the home office of the company. But in 1926 this property was sold and they purchased the Union DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 459 Trust Building on Griswold Street which they will occupy as soon as the Union Trust Company move into their new location. Mr. Ayres' first wife was Rose Irwin, who died leaving two sons: Dale Byron, who was born at Decatur, Indiana, March 15, 1899, is a graduate in law of the University of Michigan, and is now in business with his father; and Robert Merritt, who was born at Decatur, Indiana, June 2, 1900, graduated from the law school of the University of Michigan, and is now manager of the Hooper-Holmes Service at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In 1915, Mr. Ayres married Ida Davidson, of Detroit, and to this union has been born one daughter, Constance. In professional circles, Mr. Ayres is a member of the Detroit Life Underwriters' Association, the Pontiac Life Underwriters' Association and the American Life Convention, he being one of the five members of the executive committee of that organization which includes one hundred and fifty-two United States Life Insurance companies in its membership. He is also a member of the Lochmoor Golf Club, National Town & Country Club, and the Grosse Pointe Yacht Club. He retains membership in the Knights of Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Masonic fraternity. In the last named order, he is a member of Corinthian Lodge, F. & A. M.; King Cyrus Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Monroe Council, R. S. M.; Damacus Commandery, Knights Templar; Michigan Sovereign Consistory; and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Robert C. Restrick, president of the Restrick Lumber Company, has been associated with that enterprise since 1904 and is thus regarded as one of the successful and influential lumbermen of Detroit. He was born in this city, September 12, 1885, the son of Charles W. and Jane (Cowie) Restrick, both of whom are deceased, the former having been of English ancestry and the latter of Scotch descent. Charles W. Restrick was born at Otterville, Ontario, Canada, December 6, 1856, the son of Charles W. and Jane (Tanner) Restrick, received his education in the schools of England, and came to Detroit in 1872, where he began his business career with the banking house of William D. Morton Company. After another four-year period as teller of the Peoples Savings Bank, he organized the Restrick Lumber Company in 1884, the enterprise being incorporated under that name in 1908. He continued as president of the concern from its incorporation until the time of his death, which occurred in March, 1920. He laid the substantial groundwork for the growth of a company that became a leader in its field, and to his son, he imparted those sound principles of business administration that have enabled Robert C. Restrick to carry on the business with marked success. On October 12, 1882, Charles W. Restrick married Jane Cowie, the daughter of William Cowie, of Detroit, and to this union were born four children: Robert C., whose name heads this review; Edna H., who married Cecil R. Evans; William C., who is vice-president of the Restrick Lumber Company; and Helen Christine, the wife of 460 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY George H. Howenstein. During his life, Mr. Restrick was a member of the Detroit Builders' & Traders' Exchange and the Detroit Board of Commerce, and his social affiliations were with the Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Curling Club, Ingleside Club, Fellowcraft Club, and Detroit Athletic Club. As a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church, he served as an elder and trustee of that body. Robert C. Restrick attended the Detroit public schools and then studied at the Detroit University School, from which he graduated as a member of the class of 1904. He immediately entered the lumber business with his father in a minor capacity in order that he might work up through the various departments and learn thoroughly the workings of the business from every angle. In 1909, when the business was incorporated, he was elected secretary and treasurer and held that position until the death of his father, when he assumed the duties of president. In the operations of the company since, 1909, and particularly since his elevation to the presidency, Mr. Restrick has played a conspicuous part and is known to the business men of Detroit as an able and astute executive. In 1910, he was united in marriage to Marian Dunlap, and they have three children, Robert C., Jr., Jean, and Charles W. Mr. Restrick is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Golf Club, and the Pine Lake Country Club, and in the affairs of the Detroit Board of Commerce and the United States Chamber of Commerce, of which he is a member, he takes an active interest. He is a member of the various Masonic bodies, including the Palestine Lodge, the Detroit Commandery No. 1 of the Knights Templar and the Shrine. Like his father, Mr. Restrick is a member of Westminster Presbyterian Church and is a trustee of that organization. Charles C. Leadbetter, president of the Lake Homes Realty Company, of Detroit, was born at Saginaw, Michigan, March 13, 1876, the son of John Roscoe and Elvira E. (Phillips) Leadbetter, the former of whom came from Oldtown, Maine, in 1840 to become one of the pioneer lumbermen of the Saginaw Valley and the latter of whom died when Charles C. Leadbetter was nine years of age. The Leadbetter family originated in England, the first of that name to establish his line in America coming from Leads, England. After receiving a common and high school education, Charles C. Leadbetter matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1898 with the degree of doctor of dental surgery. This profession, however, he never practiced, for soon after his graduation, he took up the study of mining engineering and qualified for the position of foreman in reclamation and hydraulic work, and his experience included various sorts of construction jobs in several parts of the United States. In 1917, he became associated with the Ford Motor Company as efficiency engineer and was instrumental in inaugurating several important changes in the operations carried on at the Ford plants. During the war, the Ford plant turned out eagle boats for submarine patrol work, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 461 manufactured Liberty motors, and the River Rouge plant of the company was started. The jigs and fixtures for these various jobs were designed by Mr. Leadbetter, and his work in this connection won him considerable prominence in engineering lines. In 1921, Mr. Leadbetter determined to devote his entire attention to the real estate business in Detroit and the vicinity, and from a small beginning, he has developed one of the large real estate organizations in the city. He opened a club and resort development at Orion Lake, Oakland County, that promises to be the largest venture of its kind in Michigan. Located at the northeast limits of the Village of Orion, the tract of land being developed by Mr. Leadbetter embraces approximately two thirds of the shore line of the lake, includes the Bunny-Run Country Club in which every resident must hold membership, and is intersected by many artificial waterways. The excellent bathing beach and the modern golf course are among the many attractions offered to the buyer, and the success with which the enterprise has been met shows the foresight and astute business sense possessed by Mr. Leadbetter. The property is handled by the Lake Homes Realty Company, of which Mr. Leadbetter has been president since its inception. In 1908, he married Ella M. Tangney, of Kenilworth, Ontario, Canada, and they have two children, Charles Austin and Katherine Grace. Mrs. Leadbetter attends St. Agnes' Church and is interested in the affairs of the parish. Charles A. Miacauley, state agent for Michigan for the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, is one of the prominent insurance men in Detroit and Michigan. He was born in Detroit, February 25, 1878, the son of William T. and Margaret H. Macauley, and studied in the Detroit public schools until 1892. In that year, removed to Oxford, Ohio, where he continued his education in the public schools of that place and in the Miami University Preparatory school at Oxford, Ohio. In 1894, he matriculated at Miami University and studied there until 1896. At that time, he began his business career as a messenger in the employ of the B. & O. S. W. Railway freight department at Cincinnati, Ohio. He then spent a year as a clerk in the Bank of Brookston, Brookston, Indiana, and in 1898 became associated with Williams & Flickinger, state agents for Indiana for the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. In this work, he gained such success that in November, 1906, he was appointed supervisor of agents in Indiana under State Agent E. E. Flickinger. By the same company, he was made general agent for Central Illinois with headquarters at Peoria in July, 1909. His conduct of this responsible position was but a reflection of the ability and initiative that had brought him thus far in the insurance business, and in February, 1913, he was appointed state agent for Michigan for the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. He has since retained that office and has come to be recognized as one of the conspicuously successful life insurance executives in Detroit and Michigan. In 1898, Mr. Macauley married Anne DeVere 462 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Clarke, the daughter of Dr. Thompson DeVere and Rosalie Elizabeth Clarke, of Pensacola, Florida, and who was a student at Oxford College, Oxford, Ohio, at the time of her marriage. To Mr. and Mrs. Macauley have been born four children: Dorothy, Warren T., M. Jeanne, and Alan P. Mr. Macauley is a member of the various Masonic bodies, including Scottish Rite and Chapter and the Mystic Shrine, was director of the Marion and Commercial clubs, of Indianapolis, in 1906-1907, served as president of the general council of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity in 1922-24, was one of the organizers of the Detroit Union League Club in 1922, serving as its president from 1922 to 1926, and also maintains membership in the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Automobile Club, Detroit Yacht Club, Detroit Masonic Country Club, Detroit Board of Commerce, the Detroit Life Underwriters Association, and the Inter Fraternity Club, New York City. Hugh Wilfred Leitch, president of the Grace Harbor Lumber Company, of Detroit, is known as one of the successful business men in his field in this city. John Leitch, father of Hugh Wilfred was born in Canada, September 12, 1846, the son of Scotch parents who were born at Argyleshire, Scotland, and came to Ontario, Canada. John Leitch engaged in the lumber business in Canada until he came to Detroit in 1895 to become associated with the Grace Harbor Lumber Company, one of the oldest and most favorably known concerns of its kind in Michigan. He became treasurer of the concern and was elected president in 1918, holding that office until the time of his death, which occurred August 23, 1926. He married Mary (Cunningham) Leitch a native of Scotland, and to them were born three sons: Hugh Wilfred, whose name heads this review; John Tilson, vice-president and general manager of the Grace Harbor Lumber Company, who married Clara Hess and has two children, Dorothy and Wilton; and Roy Gibson, treasurer of the Grace Harbor Lumber Company. Hugh Wilfred Leitch was born in Canada and taught school there for a time prior to his advent into Detroit business life. He entered the Grace Harbor Lumber Company and advanced steadily in that organization until he was chosen president, the position which he now holds. The Grace Harbor Lumber Company takes its name from the fact that the company owned approximately 40,000 acres of timber land at Grace, Presque Isle County, Michigan, where a splendid harbor makes it possible for the concern to reduce shipping costs to a minimum. Though it originally dealt in lumber in wholesale quantities, it has since entered the retail field, and at the present time, four lumber yards are maintained, representing one of the most substantial and reliable lumber organizations in Detroit and Michigan. In 1897, Mr. Leitch married Blanche Noble, and they have one daughter, Helene, who is the wife of Gordon Nudy, of London, Ontario. Neville C. Foss, president of the Ryan Sales Engineering Company, of Detroit, was born at Fairchild, Wisconsin, July 11, 1889, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 463 the son of Edward and Harriette M. (Arnold) Foss, both dead, the former of whom was engaged in railroad work during his lifetime. After graduating from the Fairchild high school, Mr. Foss pursued a course in a business college at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and then entered the employ of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, working in various capacities with that company during the ensuing ten years. He accepted the position of storekeeper from the Ann Arbor Railway, being stationed at Owosso, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio, in that capacity. During the period of Governmental administration of the railroads, he became assistant purchasing agent for a combination of five rail lines, after which he spent three years as purchasing agent for the Grand Trunk lines in the United States. On July 1, 1921, he joined Ellis W. Ryan and others in the formation of the Ryan Sales Engineering company at Detroit. Mr. Ryan became president of the company, but when he resigned in 1924 to attend to other interests at Connersville, Indiana, Mr. Foss was elected president to succeed him, since retaining that position. On July 1, 1916, Mr. Foss married Florence A. Mack, of Owosso, Michigan, and they have three children, Mack, Neville, and Willard, aged eight years, six years, and three years, respectively. Mr. Foss is a member of the various Masonic bodies and the Oakland Hills Country Club, the Detroit Athletic Club and the Town & Country Club. Charles Niemetta, pioneer builder of stag hotels in Detroit, was born in this city, June 14, 1880. His parents were Anthony and Catherine Niemetta, who were born in Prague, Austria, and immigrated to the United States in 1868. His career began when he accepted a job at the old Barclay Hotel at the corner of Farmer and Barclay Avenues, Detroit, and he continued to work there until 1895, when he was employed by the Colonial hotel at Mt. Clemens, Michigan. While he was with the Colonial Hotel, Mr. Niemetta brought to bear his hotel experience with the result that he left there in 1910 having held the position of manager and assistant secretary and treasurer. In that year, he took charge of the Resthaven Hotel, Waukesha, Wisconsin. In 1913, he leased the Marietta Hotel on Randolph Street, Detroit, opposite the Harmonie Hall, and later leased twenty other apartment buildings and hotels in Detroit. In 1919, he sold the leases and erected the Niemetta Stag Apartment Building at No. 2325 Cass Avenue, a building that has 125 rooms. In 1921, he built a second apartment building, called the Piquette, which is located at No. 66 Piquette Avenue and has 150 rooms. At the time it was erected, the Piquette held the record of being the largest revenue producer per cubic foot of space, on the investment, of any building constructed in Detroit up to that time. On October 1, 1927, a 250-room addition was completed to this property giving a total capacity of 400 rooms. Mr. Niemetta is one of the pioneer builders of moderate priced stag apartment buildings in Detroit and owns numerous pieces of downtown real estate. He has one of the finest homes in Mt. Clemens on the 464 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY banks of the Clinton River, where he makes his residence the year around. On June 22, 1902, he was married to Blanche V. Hodge, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and to this union have been born four children, Mary C., Carol E., Phyllis R., and Charles, Jr. Mr. Niemetta is a member of the Mt. Clemens Rotary Club and the Masonic fraternity and is a leader in civic affairs of that community. Harold S. Baker, treasurer of the F. G. Van Dyke Realty company, of Detroit, was born in this city, March 7, 1888, the son of Hibbard and Lola (Butterfield) Baker, and obtained his early education in the elementary and Eastern high schools of this city. After pursuing further studies in New York State, he entered the automobile business in 1916, but when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, he enlisted in the First Illinois Cavalry. Subsequently, he was sent to the Officers Training Camp at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and was then assigned to duty with the 36th Division with the rank of first lieutenant. He was honorably discharged from the army at the close of the war, and now holds the commission of lieutenant colonel of the 328th Field Artillery. Following his release from military service, he returned to Detroit and became associated with Frank S. Van Dyke forming the corporation of Frank S. Van Dyke & Company, in which company he holds the position of secretary and treasurer. He is a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board and is recognized as an able and influential executive in real estate circles and has done much to merit the universal commendation that is his. On July 23, 1921, he married Phyllis Kean, the daughter of Lewis Kean and the granddaughter of Michael D. Kean, and he and his wife are well known in Detroit social circles. Mr. Baker is a member of the Detroit Racquet Club, and as a communicant of the Presbyterian Church, he attends the Jefferson Avenue Church of that body here. In political matters he supports the Republican party. Edmund A. Morris, president of the Detroit Lead Pipe Works, is one of the successful and influential industrial executives of Detroit, for he has been actively identified with the present business for approximately fifty-one years. A son of Robert and Mary (Darling) Morris, he was born in Detroit, November 17, 1857, and attended the public schools of this city, graduating from the high school in June, 1873. He then pursued a course of study at the Detroit Business University, which he completed in May, 1874, and on June 7, 1876, he went to work as an office boy with the firm of J. N. Raymond & Company, which was succeeded in 1879 by Samuel Ferguson, for whom Mr. Morris acted as general manager until 1883. In that year, the Detroit Lead Pipe Works was organized and Mr. Morris became secretary and treasurer of the company at that time, continuing in that capacity for a period of thirty-seven years. He became president, July 1, 1920, to succeed Mr. Ferguson and has since retained that office. Mr. Morris is known to the industrial men of Detroit as one of the ablest executives in his field, for he has been an important figure in the devel DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 465 opment of the Detroit Lead Pipe Works, which ranks as one of the important concerns of its kind in this city. Mr. Morris is also secretary and treasurer of the Riverdale Park company, which handles subdivisions in the Bloomfield Hills section. On September 8, 1880, Mr. Morris married Ida S. Hall, and to them were born two sons and a daughter: Samuel Ferguson, who was educated at the University of Michigan and the Franklin Institute in Germany, was commissioned first lieutenant in the Gas and Flame Division in the World War, and is engaged in Real Estate business; Montrose, who died in 1914 and had been educated at St. John's Military Academy, Manlius, New York, and at Hobart University; and Hazel, who is the wife of William B. Roberson, of New York. Mr. Morris served two terms as president of the Central Supply Association, an organization including jobbers and manufacturers of plumbing and heating supplies in the Middle West, his re-eiection being the first instance of such an honor accorded any president of the organization. He is a Knight Templar in Masonry, being a member of Damascus Commandery No. 42. Residence Bloomfield Manor, Birmingham, Michigan. Joseph M. Crotser, president and treasurer of the Crotser Lumber & Fuel Company, was born at Kingsley, Michigan, April 13, 1886, the son of Joseph 0. and Ella (Snyder) Crotser. He began his education in the public schools of his native city, and when he had graduated from the high school, he pursued a course of study at Ferris Institute, Big Rapids, Michigan. With this preparation, he matriculated at the University of Michigan, whence he graduated in 1910 with the degree of bachelor of arts. Following his graduation from the university, he went to work for his father in the logging camps and mills, learning these phases of the lumber business with a thoroughness that assured future success. In 1914 was organized the McIvor-Crotser Lumber Company, capitalized at $50,000, with Joseph O. Crotser as president, Joseph M. Crotser as vice-president, and Mr. McIvor as secretary and treasurer. When Mr. McIvor sold his interests in 1917, Joseph M. Crotser became secretary and treasurer and Frank C. Dussell became vice-president, the firm name at that time being changed to the present one of the Crotser Lumber & Fuel Company. By this arrangement, Joseph M. Crotser became the manager of the business, and under his direction, the business of the company grew to such proportions that an increase in the capitalization became necessary in 1920, and in March, that year, the capital stock was increased to $200,000. The company handles lumber, finishings, and fuel, both wholesale and retail, and the yards are located at 10421 Grand River Avenue. No lumber concern in Detroit enjoys a higher reputation among contractors, builders, and business men than does the Crotser Lumber & Fuel Company, and that such is a fact is due primarily to the efforts and ability of Mr. Crotser, who has displayed executive powers and initiative of the highest order in the conduct of his affairs. June 12, 1912, Mr. Crotser married Maude Lawlor, daugh 466 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ter of Henry and Anna Lawlor, and to them, in June, 1913, was born a son, Joseph, and on December 31, 1923, a son Frank. Mr. Croster is a member of various Masonic bodies, and the Masonic Country Club, Aviation Country Club and Plum Hollow Golf Club, and is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce. Mr. Crotser's father died December 25, 1925. Abraham Andrews, of the fruit and produce concern of Andrews Brothers, is one of the successful men in Detroit in that field of endeavor, for the company has developed into one of national scope and is regarded as one of the leading institutions of its kind'in the United States. He was born in Zahleh, Syria, July 12, 1881, the son of Hanna and Ameenie Andrews, both natives of the same city, and when he was thirteen years of age, he came to the United States with his brother, Charles. Landing at New York, they made their way to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and to Huntington, W. Va., where they started a small fruit stand, continuing in this work five years. In 1899, the brothers established themselves in the wholesale produce business at Cambridge, Ohio, and by close application to the demands of their business they were enabled to expand, placing a second establishment at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Still the business grew and a start was made in Detroit, the firm name then becoming that of Andrews Brothers Company, Incorporated. Though the business was started in a small way, the company has grown to be one of the largest fruit handling houses in the country. The branches of the company are located in Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Cleveland, while agents are maintained in nearly every large city of the United States. Approximately twenty thousand cars of fruit and vegetables are handled annually by the concern, and to supply their customers with the best quality of fruits obtainable, Andrews Brothers operate extensive fruit ranches in California. The Detroit branch was established in 1916 by Abraham Andrews, who has been principally responsible for the development of the enterprise into one of the leading fruit establishments in this section of the country. He is president of the Andrews Vineyard Corporation, president and chairman of the board of the Detroit Fruit Auction Company, and a director in various other fruit handling concerns. In 1901, he married Ada Farris, and to this union have been born four daughters and two sons, one of whom, Mitchel, is associated with his father in business. Abraham Andrews now operates the Detroit house with his brother, Samuel Andrews; and Samuel takes care of most of the sales made through the Detroit branch. Rhe O. Tague, well known Detroit lawyer who maintains offices in the Buhl building, has been practicing in this city since 1923 and is regarded as one of the successful attorneys of Detroit. He was born at Constantine, Michigan, December 29, 1888, the son of Orville L. and Sarah (Hirst) Tague, the former of whom was a native of New York State and the latter of Constantine. James Tague, grandfather of Rhe 0., was married at Madison, New York, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 467 to Charlotte Wilson, a granddaughter of James Wilson, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and in 1848, three years after his marriage, he came to Constantine, Michigan, where he built the home in 1849 in which he lived until the time of his death, which occurred in 1914. Elijah Hirst, the maternal grandfather of Rhe O. Tague, came from Yorkshire, England, to settle in St. Joseph County, Michigan, in 1855. Rhe O. Tague attended the elementary and high schools of Constantine, graduating from the latter institution in 1908, and then entered the Michigan State Normal School, from which he graduated in 1916 with the degree of bachelor of pedagogy. In 1917, he was instructor in chemistry and athletic coach at Castle Heights Military Academy, continuing in that work until he engaged in war work at the Nitro, West Virginia, plant of the Hercules Products Company, manufacturers of explosives. Following the cessation of hostilities, Mr. Tague returned to Michigan and took up the study of law at the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of bachelor of laws in 1923. He was admitted to the bar in that year and entered upon the active practice of his profession in Detroit at that time. He has gained notable success in the handling of his cases before the state courts and is attracting wide attention among his colleagues. Mr. Tague was married April 1, 1916, to Olga M. Wright. He is a member of the Masonic order, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Knights of Pythias. Albert H. Tune, president of the Cadillac Casket Company, has been engaged in that business for nearly fifteen years and has been a contributing factor in the development of that corporation into one of the important industrial ventures of its kind in this section of the state. Born at Ingersoll, Oxford County, Ontario Canada, in 1872, he is the son of George and Sarah (Petinger) Tune, the former of whom was a butcher and was a native of England, he and his wife both dying at Ingersoll. He obtained his early education in the schools of his native city, and when he was sixteen years of age, he came to Detroit and entered the employ of Keen & Young as an upholsterer, the firm being a prominent one in its day and being located at Cass Avenue and Congress Street. Subsequently, he worked as an upholsterer at Buffalo and in other cities, after which he became associated with the Milwaukee Casket Company. He then came to Detroit and worked as a casket trimmer for the Detroit Metallic Casket Company and was also engaged in the upholstering and trimming of some of the early automobiles manufactured in Detroit. For a time thereafter, he was located at Mt. Clemens, Michigan, and then returned to Detroit to work with the Michigan Casket Company. He left this concern to engage in automobile work for three years, after which he returned to the Michigan Casket Company. During this time, he met William L. McLachlan with whom, in 1913, he established the Cadillac Casket Company. Starting in a small way, the enterprise has enjoyed a steady growth so that incorporation became necessary to handle 468 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY more efficiently the increasing volume of business. On July 26, 1918, the concern began its corporate existence with Mr. Tune as president, a position which he has since retained. The plant at No. 2370 Wabash Avenue is equipped in the most modern and efficient way, and approximately thirty-five persons are employed in the factory. Mr. Tune, through his association with the enterprise, is regarded as one of the able executives in his field in this section of the State, for he has been largely responsible for developing the company to its present proportions. On March 14, 1894, he was married to Mary Frances Nicols, of Detroit, and they have one son, Harold Noble, who is associated in business with his father. Mr. Tune is a vestryman of St. Peter's Episcopal Church and has also served as senior warden of that body. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity including the Shrine, the Masonic Country Club, and the Rotary Club. Thomas E. Dolan, who has been general superintendent of the Department of Welfare for nearly a quarter of a century, is remarkable not only for the excellent administration of his department during that time but also for his elasticity of ideas that permits him to change his methods and theories to conform to the most recent developments in welfare work. A native of Pinckney, Livingston County, Michigan, he was born there April 14, 1869, a son of William and Ellen (McNamara) Dolan, the latter of whom was a sister of James A. McNamara. The first representative of the Dolan family to come to this country was Thomas B. Dolan, who, because of his patriotic views that were in opposition to the existing government of Ireland, found it expedient to leave the land of his birth and come to the United States. Here Thomas Dolan bought a farm in Washtenaw County, Michigan, where he lived until his death, which occurred when he was in his ninety-third year. His son, William Dolan, was born in 1835, a short time after the arrival of his father in this country, and was reared to manhood on the home farm. He subsequently removed to Pinckney, Michigan, where he became one of the most prominent merchants of that community, where he lived until the time of his death in 1884. His wife, Mrs. Ellen Dolan, is still living, having attained the age of eighty-four years. Thomas E. Dolan, one of seven children born to his parents, attended the graded and high schools of Pinckney and then pursued a course at Normal College, after which he attended the Cleary Business College. Upon the completion of his studies, he returned to Pinckney to work in his father's store, but believing in the opportunities awaiting a young man in Detroit, he came to this city in 1890 where he first found employment with a wholesale drygoods firm. He gave up the work in a short time to go to work in the meat business with the company owned by Thomas Barlum, whose wife was a sister of Mrs. Ellen Dolan. In 1891, Thomas E. Dolan began his connection with the poor commission first as a clerk, then as chief clerk, and next as assistant superintendent. So signal was his DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 469 work in the last named capacity that when it became necessary to appoint a successor to Superintendent John F. Martin 1902, Mr. Dolan was offered the position. He accepted the offer and since that year has administered the duties of that responsible position of the people's trust. The improvements, changes, and general progress of the department since that time have been in large measure due to the efforts of the superintendent, and it is significant and indicative of the ability of Mr. Dolan that he continues in the work after a period of twenty-four years have elapsed. In few positions can the true character, the integrity, and ability of a man be put to a more exacting test than in one of public trust, and that Mr. Dolan retains his office after nearly a quarter of a century in the work is the highest possible praise and endorsement of the character of the man and of the policies he has pursued in the conduct of his office. His wife, who died in 1923, was Anna Gallagher of one of the pioneer families of Dexter, Michigan, and to Mr. and Mrs. Dolan were born two children, Russell, who is now an investigator with the Social Service Department, and Margaret, now Mrs. W. E. Brennen. Mr. Dolan is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, the Detroit Yacht Club and the St. Clair Country Club. He is active in the local affairs of the Republican party and serves on various committees. Charles F. Hemans is one of the well known of the younger attorneys of Detroit who is rapidly rising to a high place in his profession in this city. Lawton T. Hemans, his father, was born at Collamer, Onondaga County, New York, November 4, 1864, the son of a blacksmith, and when he was eleven months old, his family came to Michigan to settle on a farm in Oneida Township, Eaton County, Michigan. After three years on the farm, the father returned to his trade of blacksmith and located at Mason, Michigan, subsequently returning to farm work near Mason. Lawton T. Hemans worked on the home farm and attended the district schools until he was sixteen years of age, at which time he entered the public schools of Eaton Rapids, working there for his board while he continued his studies. He graduated from the high school in 1884 and thereafter taught school until 1887. In 1886, he began the study of law under the able preceptorship of Judge Huntington, of Mason, who turned over his law library to the young student. In the fall of 1887, he entered the law college of the University of Michigan, and when he had completed his course there, he was elected circuit court commissioner of Ingham County, opening his first office at Mason. In 1889, he went into partnership with John M. Corbin, of Eaton Rapids, an arrangement that continued until 1890 until the firm style of Corbin & Hemans. Returning to Mason in the latter year, he purchased the law library of Huntington & Henderson and engaged in the practice of law in that city, being recognized as one of the able attorneys of that section of the State. In 1891, running on the Democratic ticket, he was elected mayor of Mason, the youngest chief city executive at that time in the State, 470 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and though he was renominated by his party the following year, he was defeated at the polls. In 1897, he was elected to represent the second ward of Mason in the common council and in 1899 was again elected mayor of that city. In 1889, at Onondaga, Ingham County, Michigan, he married Minnie P. Hill, the daughter of William J. Hill, and to this union was born one son, Charles F., whose name heads this review. Charles F. Hemans was born at Mason, Michigan, April 12, 1896, and attended the elementary and high schools of his native city, graduating from the high school in 1914. In that year, he matriculated at the University of Michigan but gave up his studies to enlist in the army when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917. From private in the Depot Brigade, he rose to the rank of second lieutenant in the Quartermaster Corps and was assigned to duty at Camp Sherman, where he remained until he was discharged after the armistice. His war service concluded, he resumed the study of law at the Detroit College of Law, graduating therefrom in 1920 with the degree of bachelor of laws. Following his admission to the bar, he entered upon the practice of his profession at Eaton Rapids, Michigan, where he continued until 1922. He was a candidate of the Democratic party for prosecuting attorney in that year, but following his defeat at the polls, he removed to Howell, Michigan, where he practiced in partnership with Frank Shields until 1924. While he was a resident of that city, he was chairman of the Democratic County Central Committee and was alternate delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1924. Coming to Detroit in that year, Mr. Hemans has since been engaged in the practice of his profession here and has come to be recognized as one of the able and aggressive attorneys of this city among the younger members of the Wayne County bar. He maintains offices in the First National Bank Building and has developed a large and lucrative practice. On January 29, 1920, Mr. Hemans married Burdell Welch, of Chillicothe, Ohio, and to them on September 10, 1925, was born a daughter, Marilyn. Mr. Hemans is president and treasurer of the United Builders' Holding Company, an important commercial and financial venture of this city. He is active in fraternal circles as a member of the Masonic order and the Knights of Pythias, and he also retains membership in the Chi Phi college social fraternity and the Delta Theta Phi professional legal fraternity. Uno S. Heggblom, Detroit attorney, who occupies a place among the leaders in his profession, was born at Manistique, Michigan, March 21, 1898, the son of John and Christina (Nordgord) Heggblom, both of whom were born in Finland of Swedish parents. Ancestors of Mr. Heggblom on both sides of his house served in the Swedish army under Gutavus Adolphus and Charles XII and were given estates in Finland, then a province of Sweden, as a reward for their services. In 1868, Joseph Heggblom, grandfather of Uno S., came to the United States with his family when John Heggblom was but two years of age and established his home DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 471 in San Francisco. He served in the United States Navy and lost his life in the San Francisco earthquake. John Heggblom, father of Uno S., was a pioneer lumberman of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, following that business for forty years and was also actively interested in National Conventions for the Promotion of Temperance. He and his wife are still living. Uno S. Heggblom obtained his early education in the elementary and high schools of Manistique, and following his graduation from the latter institution, he passed the civil service examinations and worked in the postoffice for a time. When the United States was drawn into the World War on the side of the Allies, he entered service as quartermaster aboard the U. S. S. Search. Mr. Heggblom prepared himself for his profession by studying at the Detroit College of Law, from which he received the degree of bachelor of laws, and at the University of Detroit, where he won the degree of master of laws. He also took special work at the Detroit Teachers College and at the Detroit Institute of Technology and at the College of the City of Detroit. With this excellent preparation, he entered upon the practice of his profession, and the manner in which he has won for himself an unquestioned place among the leading attorneys of the city shows him to be an advocate and counsel of the highest ability. He has attracted a wide clientele from among the prominent business men of this city. He is president of several important enterprises of this city. Mr. Heggblom has taken an active concern in State and national politics. He has twice been a candidate in the primaries for the Republican nomination for election to represent the Thirteenth District in Congress, but though making an excellent showing, was defeated in the attempts. From 1919 to 1922, he served as a member of the faculty of the Detroit College of Law, and since resigning as librarian of that college has been in the active practice of his profession. On July 15, 1925, he married Miss Sima Soderbeck, of Manistique, Michigan, and Helen Constance is the only child born to this union. Mr. Heggblom attends the Bethlehem Lutheran Church and in 1926 was president of the Lutheran Brotherhood. Frederick T. Witmire, attorney for the Employers Liability Assurance Corporation, was born at Ypsilanti, Michigan, July 1, 1885, the son of George and Gertrude (Geise) Witmire, both of whom were born in Michigan of German parentage. George Witmire, the father, was born near Ypsilanti in 1852 and his wife in 1856, the former spending his entire life there except the period between 1891 and 1899 when he operated the hotel at Belleville, Michigan. There are four children in the family, as follows: Frank, of Ypsilanti; Anthony J.; Frederick T., and Leo J. Frederick T. Witmire obtained his early education in the graded and high schools of Ypsilanti, graduating from the latter institution in 1905, and then matriculated at the University of Michigan, whence he graduated in 1908 with the degree of bachelor of laws. Desiring further study in his profession, he came to Detroit to 472 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY spend a year and a half in study in the offices of Bowen, Douglas, Whiting & Murfin, after which he was two years with the legal firm of Angell, Bodman & Turner, an organization that was handling the legal work of the Employers Liability Assurance Corporation. The business of this insurance company grew to such proportions that in 1911 Mr. Witmire was made direct representative of the company. Since that time, the American Employers Insurance Company and the Employers Fire Insurance Company have been organized in conjunction with the liability corporation and are organized into what is known as the Employers Group, a company that is the oldest of its kind in the world. Mr. Witmire is counsel for the corporation and is superintendent of adjustments and losses in Michigan. On September 9, 1911, Mr. Witmire married Mary Agnes McLaughlin, of Iron Mountain, Michigan, and they have two adopted children, Ruth and Jack. He is a member of the Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Athletic Club, University of Michigan Club, and the Gridiron Club. As a member of the Democratic party, he has taken an active interest in the affairs of that organization and was the nominee of his party for election to the State Senate. DeLancy C. Haven, prominent Detroit attorney, has been engaged in the practice of that profession since 1922 and has won the name of being one of the leaders among the younger members of the Detroit bar. He was born in this city, on the corner of Lawton and Stanley Avenues, September 4, 1900, and is the son of DeLancy C. and Lillian (Brady) Haven, the latter of whom was born in Detroit of Irish parentage and the former in the east. The father came to Detroit when he was a boy and became a battalion chief in the fire department, holding that position at the time of his death in 1901. He was the inventor of the Haven brake, used on fire apparatus. One of two children born to his parents, DeLancy C. Haven attended the Detroit public schools and while attending preparatory school he enlisted at the age of seventeen in the United States Navy for service in the World War and was assigned to duty with the transport Huron. After receiving his discharge in 1919, he returned to Detroit and took up the study of law at the University of Detroit, from which he graduated in 1922 with the degree of bachelor of laws. In that year he was admitted to the bar and went into practice for himself. He has since developef a large and lucrative practice and has come to be regarded as one of the successful and able attorneys now practicing before the Wayne County bar. He has gained notable success in the handling of his cases before the courts and is known for the sound quality of his advice as counsel. He is a member of the Detroit Yacht Club, Detroit Museum of Art Founders Society, Detroit Union League Club, Detroit Turnverein, the American Legion, and the Delta Theta Phi fraternity. Through the paternal line, he traces his ancestry to the Connecticut veterans of the Revolutionary War and thus holds membership in the Sons of the Ameri DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 473 can Revolution. In addition to his legal practice, he is president of the Electric Advertising Service and secretary and treasurer of the Wallace Drake Industries, as well as being a director in a number of well known corporations. Charles F. Brown, of the Thompson-Brown Realty Company, of Detroit, was born March 22, 1893, on a farm near Wichita, Kansas, the son of Adam F. and Emma V. (Moore) Brown, both natives of Ohio, who removed to Kansas, to Colorado in 1894, and to a farm south of Alpena, Michigan, in 1901, where they lived until 1923, then moving to a farm at Pinckney, near Ann Arbor. The father was born in 1862 and his wife in 1863. Charles F. Brown, who has one brother, Roy S., of Detroit, obtaining his early education in the schools of Colorado and Michigan and then graduated in due course. In 1911, he began teaching school in Alcona County, Michigan and remained in charge of a district four years, after which he was employed as a traveling salesman until 1917. In that year, he came to Detroit and engaged in the real estate business in the employ of various leading realty companies in this city, gaining thereby an excellent knowledge of property values and realty operations. He then went into the business for himself and in 1920 became vice-president of the Heiden Realty Company. In that position he continued until 1925, when he became vice-president and treasurer of the ThompsonBrown Corporation that was organized in that year. He has since been identified with that organization and holds a high place among the real estate men of this city. The Thompson-Brown Corporation is known to the people of Detroit for its extensive and constructive development in the Southfield section, where it controls some of the most successful subdivision property to be placed on the market. Mr. Brown is vice-president of the Southfield Improvement Association. He is active in Masonry as a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine, and he is also a member of the Odd Fellows, Masonic Country Club, Union League Club, National Town & Country Club, Boulevard Shrine Club, and the Detroit Real Estate Board, in the affairs of which he takes a valued part. Mr. Brown is also vice-president of H. S. Thompson & Sons, still further strengthening his claim to the name of being a prominent and influential business man of this city. On February 3, 1917, he was united in marriage to Gladys Francis English and they have one son, Charles Douglas, who was born on December 1, 1919. James J. Spillane, successfully engaged in the practice of law in Detroit, with offices at 1205 First National Bank Building, was born in Hartford, Connecticut, September 6, 1882, a son of Michael J. and Mary (Goss) Spillane, both of whom were natives of Ireland. James J. acquired his early education in the parochial and high schools of his native place and when a young man became apprenticed to the trade of pattern maker. In 1911 he came to 474 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Detroit and followed his trade for a time. Deciding upon the practice of law he entered the Detroit College of Law graduating in 1915 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He immediately opened an office in Detroit and engaged in practice until the spring of 1917 when he entered the World War. Subordinating all interests to that of patriotism, Mr. Spillane entered the service with the war camp commission and continued to give his attention to this phase of war work until the armistice was signed. Thereafter he organized and conducted work in connection with the Near East Relief service as Michigan director until March, 1923, when he again resumed the practice of law. In March, 1923, he became assistant United States District Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan and in this capacity continued his service until May, 1925. Since then he has given his attention to private practice, the greater part of which is federal work. Mr. Spillane married Lucy F. McGrath, and they are the parents of two daughters, Dorothy F. and Leona E. Mr. Spillane is a Republican in politics and a Knight Templar Mason. Alfred J. Seeler has the artistic talent, the technical skill and the constructive achievement that mark him as one of the representative architects in the city of Detroit, where he has been engaged in the practice of his profession since 1912 and where he is now a member of the firm of Jagerst & Seeler, in which his coadjutor is Joseph A. Jagerst and the offices of which are established in the Ford Building. Mr. Seeler was born in the historic old city of Frankfurt, Germany, on the river Oder, in the year 1876, and in his native land he received the best of educational advantages, including those of the University of Berlin and the University of Dresden, in which latter he was graduated as an architect, in 1899. Thereafter he gave three and one-half years of service as an architect for the German government, with assignments in the kingdom of Saxony. In 1903 he came to the United States, and in New York City he was for a time employed in professional service by the Milliken Brothers Steel Company. He next became associated with the famous architectural firm of D. H. Burnham & Company, of Chicago and New York, with which he continued his connection until 1907, when he established his residence in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he was for a time retained as architect for the Hengels Company and then engaged in the work of his profession in an independent way. He remained in Milwaukee until 1912, when he came to Detroit, where, after having been employed one year by G. A. Mueller, he formed a professional partnership with Norman Feldman, the firm of Feldman & Seeler having continued operations until 1917, and Mr. Seeler having then formed a partnership with Henry Kohner, under the title of Kohner & Seeler. This alliance was severed in 1894, and in the work of his profession Mr. Seeler has since been associated with Joseph A. Jagerst. The firm controls a substantial and important business and by it have been designed a number of specially fine buildings DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 475 in Detroit, including Holy Cross, St. Thomas and Trumbull Avenue Presbyterian churches, the Ambassador and Dawn theaters and a goodly number of high-grade business and residence structures. He and his family have their attractive suburban home at Royal Oak, Oakland County. In 1910 was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Seeler to Miss Cecilia Lohagen, of Milwaukee, and their children are five fine sons. Harry C. Clarke, president of the Crescent Electric Company, of Detroit, was born in London, England, March 1, 1885, the son of T. W. and Marian Clarke. His parents came to the United States in 1888 and located on a farm in Kansas, where they remained four years, removing at that time to Barry, Illinois, where T. W. Clarke was a farmer. In 1899, the family settled at Ypsilanti, Michigan. Harry C. Clarke obtained his early education in the schools of Barry, Illinois, and when his family moved to Ypsilanti, he secured employment on an Ypsilanti newspaper, continuing in that work until he was seventeen years of age. At that time, he went to work in the electrical construction department of the old Washtenaw Light & Power Company and was engaged in that work some two years. Thereafter, until 1904, he was with the construction department of the Michigan Telephone Company and then came to Detroit, where he was employed by various construction companies in the ensuing two years. He then became associated with Frank C. Teal, a wholesale dealer in electrical supplies, and remained in that work until March 1, 1916. At that time, he became president of the Crescent Electric Company, which was organized by him, and his subsequent association with that business has been very successful, for he has developed the concern to a place among the leaders in its field. The credit for this development is given almost entirely to Mr. Clarke, for bringing a wide experience in electrical work to his office as president he has been in a position to shape his business to the market with a facility that has guaranteed his success. On January 4, 1919, he married Ethel Deubel, of Ypsilanti, and they have one son, Edwin Deubel. Mr. Clarke is a member of the various Masonic bodies and the Plum Hollow Country Club. During the World War he served in the Air Service of the United States Army. In addition to his electric business, Mr. Clarke is a director of the Michigan Tank & Galvanizing Company, one of the substantial concerns of its kind in Detroit. Edgar William Heinrich, president of the Michigan Tent & Awning Company, has been the head of that concern since its inception in 1908, and in the twenty years that have elapsed since that time, he has developed his enterprise into one of the largest companies of its kind in the Middle West. William Kremer, maternal grandfather of Edgar W. Heinrich, was born in Germany, March 25, 1822, and because a friend, Peter Henkel, came to the United States, he sailed for this country, landing here in July, 1845, after a voyage of forty-two days. His wife, Catherine (Kramer) 476 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Kremer, was born in Germany, April 18, 1825, and came to the United States in September, 1846, the voyage occupying a period of forty-six days. William Kremer was a pioneer farmer and carpenter of Detroit. He wished to purchase property two blocks west of the city hall, but his wife refused to sanction the transaction because the land was all covered with brush; accordingly their home was established at No. 182 Fort Street, East, where Edgar W. Heinrich was subsequently born. Their daughter married Theodore L. Heinrich, and to this union was born a son, whose name heads this review. Edgar W. Heinrich attended the Detroit public schools, and when he was still young, he entered the employ of Charles P. Seider Tent & Awning Company. To this work he applied himself with all the energy and ability of which he was capable, and when he was twenty-one years of age, he went into business for himself, making awnings in a small barn at No. 131 Stanton Avenue, his equipment being two old sewing machines. For two years, he continued in the same place, but as business came to him and the equipment increased, he was forced to seek larger quarters, which he found at the corner of Cherry Street and Trumbull Avenue. From that time forward, his business grew rapidly, and after five years had elapsed, he removed his plant to No. 1751 Lysander Street, where he was located five years more. At that time he built and occupied his present fine building at No. 1926-32 Canfield Avenue, West, at Grand River, the plant standing as one of the most completely equipped of its kind in the country. The Michigan Tent & Awning Company was organized under that name in 1908, and under the careful management of Mr. Heinrich it has grown to be one of the largest enterprises of its kind in the Middle West. For his achievement in developing a company that figures so prominently in the commercial life of the city, Mr. Heinrich is recognized as one of the aggressive and resourceful executives of this city. In 1909, Mr. Heinrich married Eva Smith, daughter of Bernard Smith, of Detroit, and to them has been born one daughter, Winifred Mary. Mr. Heinrich is a member of the National Tent & Awning Association, in whose affairs he takes an active and prominent part. He is also a member of The Island Country Club at Grosse Ille, and of the Detroit Yacht Club, finding in cruising and motor boat racing one of the chief means of recreation and amusement. He is a member of Detroit Lodge No. 34 of the Elks, the Knights of Columbus, and the Cosmopolitan Club. Gilbert Willson Lee, president of the wholesale grocery company, Lee & Cady, an organization which is the largest of its kind in Michigan and one of the foremost in the United States, and that such is the case, is due largely to the efforts and business genius of Mr. Lee, who has been prominently identified with the wholesale grocery trade in Detroit since 1885. Born in Romeo, Macomb County, Michigan, the son of Nathan H. and Amelia (Peck) Lee, both natives of New York State, he graduated from the Romeo DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 477 high school in 1879 and came to Detroit that year, securing a clerkship with the firm of George C. Wetherbee & Company, wholesale dealers in wooden and willow ware. When that company was incorporated in 1882, Mr. Lee became a stockholder and a travelsalesman for the new organization. One of the principal wholesale grocery houses in Detroit at that time was D. D. Mallory & Company, and in 1885, Mr. Lee formed a partnership with Ward L. Andrus to buy out the Michigan business of that concern, thus making the first step toward the great establishment of the present Lee & Cady. In 1892, the company was succeeded by Lee & Cady, and in 1907 came the incorporation of the enterprise under the same name. Mr. Lee became president of the company at that time, and has since retained that office. As executive head of the company, Mr. Lee has been largely responsible for the development that has brought it to a premier place in the wholesale grocery field in the Middle West. He has established branches throughout Michigan. Lee & Cady is not the only enterprise in which Mr. Lee is interested. In 1898, he was instrumental in the organization of the Peninsular Sugar Refining Company, manufacturers of beet sugar, the factory being located at Caro, Michigan, and the second to be built in Michigan. Mr. Lee became president of that corporation and continued in that office until 1906, when the company was merged with five other concerns to form the Michigan Sugar Company, Mr. Lee becoming vicepresident and director of the new company thus formed. Mr. Lee is director of the First National Bank, of Detroit, a director of the First National Company, director of the Paige-Detroit Motor Car Company, and a director and vice-president of the Hammond Building Company. He is also financially interested in other enterprises of importance in the industrial and commercial life of Detroit. From 1899 to 1901, Mr. Lee served as president of the Michigan Wholesale Grocers' Association. Mr. Lee has been twice married, his first wife having been Sara Hammond, daughter of the late George Hammond, prominent Detroit business man. They became the parents of one son, George Hammond Lee, born in September, 1887, and who died in October, 1912. Mrs. Lee died October 7, 1892. In 1896, Mr. Lee married Harriet Norton, daughter of the late John D. Norton, a banker of Pontiac, Michigan, and to this union, on June 15, 1899, was born a son, Norton Dorman. The son received his early education in the Detroit University School and the Hill School and enlisted in the United States Navy in 1918, receiving his training at Pelham Bay, New York. He was assigned to the naval unit at Princeton University, and after the signing of the armistice, he matriculated at the University of Michigan. He left the university to join his father in business, but within two weeks, on November 2, 1921, he met his death in an accident. At his farm, Blind Brook, located in the Bloomfield Hills district, Mr. Lee spends much of his time, finding enjoyment in golfing and riding. He is an extensive traveler and makes fre 478 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY quent trips to other countries of the world. He is an attendant of Christ Church and takes active interest in the affairs of that organization. Mr. Lee is also a member of the Detroit Club, Country Club of Detroit, Yondotega Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Grosse Pointe Club, Grosse Pointe Riding & Hunt Club, Bloomfield Open Hunt Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Bankers' Club, the Sankaty Head Golf Club, of Siasconset, Massachusetts, and Midweek Country Club, Pasadena, California. Adonijah J. Youmans, a successful and influential real estate man in the city of Detroit, is the proprietor of his own company. He has developed an organization that ranks among the leaders in its field. Born at St. Joseph, Illinois, February 28, 1898, he is the son of Benjamin Franklin and Ella (Bowers) Youmans, the former of whom was born in Ohio and came to Illinois with his parents, where he was a stockraiser until the time of his death, which. occurred in 1917 at the age of fifty-eight years, the wife dying in 1902 at the age of forty-two years. Benjamin F. Youmans was active in the Republican politics of his county, serving as township supervisor, township treasurer, member of the school board, and a member of the Republican County Central Committee. One of a family of three children, Adonijah J. Youmans attended the public schools of his native community and then pursued a course of study at the McKendree College. His career in the business world was begun as a salesman with various Chicago companies, and he finally became associated in a similar capacity with Morgan Sash & Door Company, by which organization he was transferred to Detroit in 1919. It was not long after his advent to this city, however, that he entered the real estate field in the employ of the Frishkorn Realty Company and was subsequently connected with the Lieber & Norton Company, continuing with the latter organization until March, 1924. In that month, he organized A. J. Youmans & Company to engage in the real estate business, and in the three years the company has been in operation it has risen to a commanding position in the realty field. Real estate holdings aggregating more than a million dollars in value are in the hands of the company, which is carrying on extensive subdivision and development work throughout the Detroit environs. Mr. Youmans, through his achievement in building up an enterprise of extensive proportions, is regarded as one of the ablest men in his field in Detroit, a reputation that is given substantiation by the size of the company which he heads. He is director in various land companies, is an officer of the Marquette Park Association, and holds membership in the Detroit Board of Commerce. On September 14, 1918, he married Lillian Gowdy, a native of Canfield, Illinois, and to this union have been born three children, Ruth, Charles, and Leland. Mr. Youmans is a member of the various Masonic bodies and attends the Methodist Episcopal Church. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 479 E. J. Lieber, vice-president and treasurer of the Lieber-Norton Corporation, of Detroit, Michigan, was born at Osage City, Kansas, in May, 1886, to George and Elizabeth (Gilman) Lieber. The father, coming to the United States from Germany when only sixteen years of age, capitalized every opportunity that came his way. He and his wife, a native of Missouri, live in Detroit. Their son, E. J. Lieber, w sagiven the advantage of a thorough education. He was graduated from the Osage City high school, after which he enrolled in the University of Kansas, receiving a degree of bachelor of science from that institution in 1911. Wishing to put his educational training to the practical test as quickly as possible he became identified with the Goldsborough Engineering Company of Denver, Colorado, in the capacity of office engineer. He remained at this work until 1914 when he was employed by the Sante Fe Railway as assistant engineer of the middle division. Receiving a degree of master of sanitary and municipal engineering from the University of Michigan in 1917, Mr. Lieber became engineer in charge of construction for the city of Highland Park, Michigan. During 1918 and the year following he was engineer in charge of transportation of railroads and surveys and subsequently became government engineer at Muscle Shoals, for which work he received special citation for merit by a certificate from the United States Government. It was upon the completion of this piece of work that he entered the brokerage field and formed the organization of the Lieber-Norton, Inc., becoming its vicepresident and treasurer. Lieber-Norton, Inc., has been very successful, and since January 1, 1924, that firm has sold and controlled $10,675,000 worth of property. They have their own engineering department, legal department, and construction department. Gaylord W. Norton, president of Lieber-Norton Corporation which has managed the platting and sales of thirteen subdivisions in Detroit, Michigan, since 1922, claims Lake City, Michigan, for his birthplace. He was born April 11, 1892, to Edwin F. aridl Nettie (Davis) Norton, who reside now at Howard City, Michigan. The father, a native of London, England, came to the United States when he was eighteen years old. He is enjoying his fifty-eighth year now, as is his wife who was born at Lowell, Michigan. Their son, Gaylord, was educated in the schools of Howard City, and upon the completion of his high school course he went into the railroad business, following in the vocational footsteps of his father. His first work was that of telegraph operator and train dispatcher. Mr. Norton finally decided to step out of this work and go into the real estate business, which he did in Detroit in 1914. Over a period of six years he was identified with various realtors gaining a fund of information concerning the business interests of Detroit. In 1920 he went into business for himself under the name of Castle & Norton. Two years later he founded the company identified now as Lieber & Norton, which he serves 480 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY as president. Mr. Norton is married to Violet Munn, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John.Munn, of Hancock, Michigan, and a graduate of the University of Michigan. The father is engaged in the mining business and the mother is dead. Mr. and Mrs. Norton have one son whom they have named Gaylord John. Mr. Norton keeps pace with the business progress of Detroit by identification with a number of civic movements. He is a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board. Fraternally he is associated with the Masonic lodge and the Knights of Pythias, and enjoys a wide social acquaintance as a member of the Masonic Country and Oakland Hills Country clubs and of the National Town and Country Club of which he is a life member. Mr. Norton's hobby is golf. H. J. Maxwell Grylls. The science and art of architecture has in Detroit a talented and successful exponent in the person of Mr. Grylls, who has here maintained high standing as an architect during the past quarter of a century and who is a member of the representative firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, with office headquarters in the Marquette Building. This progressive firm of architects and engineers has been concerned in the designing and erecting of many of the high-grade and modern buildings in Detroit, among which may be mentioned the following: The Fyfe building, the new office building of the Edison company, the Ernest Kern store building, the new Ford building, the J. L. Hudson stores, the Recreation building, the Gregory, Mayer & Thom building, the Saturday night building, the Buhl building, the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, the Players Theater, the Grosse Pointe Country Club, the building of the municipal courts, the Edson Moore building, the Orpheum Theater, main building and pumping station of the Detroit waterworks; all of the factory buildings of the Dodge Brothers Motor Company, the Diamond Manufacturing Company's building, the buildings of the Buhl Stamping Company, the buildings of the Fisher motor body plants, all buildings for the Detroit United Railways, the Maxwell motor plant, the factory of the Detroit Gear & Machine Company, an addition to the local Statler Hotel, all work for the Crowley, Milner & Company, the First Church of Christ, Scientist, the Central Methodist Church, the parish house of Grace Episcopal Church, the Woman's Exchange building, and the splendid residences of John Dodge, Ogden Ellis, W. J. Gray, Jr., James Flynn, and W. R. Kales. The firm has done also a large amount of important service outside of Detroit, including the laying out of the city of Marysville, the designing of the Pease Memorial Auditorium and the Administraiton building, Ypsilanti; the chemical laboratory building of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, as well as the club house of the university's Ferry athletic field. Mr. Grylls was born in England, March 8, 1865, and was sixteen years of age when, in 1881, he came to the United States. In Detroit he took a position in the office of W. E. Brown, then a leading architect of this city, with whom he was associated during the period of 1883 - DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 481 1885. He then became connected with William Scott & Company and his effective work resulted in his being admitted to partnership in the business in 1889, when the title of the firm was changed to John Scott & Company. His advancement in his chosen profession was the result of technical ability and artistic talent, as well as executive power, and in 1904 he formed a partnership with Roland Gies. In 1906 the firm of Grylls & Gies was dissolved, and since that year Mr. Grylls has been one of the constituent principals in the representative firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, recognized as one of the foremost in the Michigan metropolis. Mr. Grylls gives his political allegiance to the Republican party, and as a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church he is now serving as senior warden of the parish of the Church of the Messiah, besides being an honored member of the Diocesan Church Club, He is a fellow of the American Institute of Architects, the Detroit Chapter, A. I. A., and the Michigan Society of Architects, and is a member of the official board of the Society of Arts & Crafts. His basic Masonic affiliation is with Corinthian Lodge, A. F. & A. M., and in the Scottish Rite of the time-honored fraternity he has received the Thirty-second Degree, besides which he is a noble of Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Mr. Grylls has membership in representative social organizations of the Michigan metropolis, including the Detroit Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Country Club, Witenagemote Club, National Town & Country Club, and the Players Club. On the 4th of October, 1893, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Grylls to Miss Mary Field, of Detroit, and the children of this union are four sons. Humphry M. K., eldest of the sons, was graduated in the University of Michigan, as was also R. Gerveys F., the next younger son, and the other sons are M. Miles, and John R. J., both of whom likewise have been afforded the advantages of the University of Michigan. April 6, 1917, the day that marked the nation's entry into the World War, Humphry M. K. Grylls enlisted in the Naval Reserve, and in this arm of the service he won the rank of junior lieutenant, he being now a resident of Hammond, Indiana. R. Gerveys F., the second son, gained commission as a first lieutenant in the aviation corps of the United States Army, and in his overseas service he was accredited with the capture of one German airplane and also won a citation. William F. Verner, president of the National Development & Construction Company and secretary and treasurer of Verner, Wilhelm & Molby, architects and engineers, is a national authority on heating and ventilating engineering and mechanical engineering in this country. The Verner family, which originally spelled its name Werner, is of Saxon origin and was established in Illinois, where William F. Verner was born in Grundy County, June 24, 1883, the son of Augustus and Relefe L. (Woodward) Verner. He graduated from the Ottawa, Illinois, high school and then matriculated at Purdue University, whence he graduated in 1906 with the de 482 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY gree of bachelor of science in mechanical engineering. He secured a position as draughtsman in the elevating and conveying department of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company, of Columbus, Ohio, and spent a year in the designing of systems for the handling of materials. In 1906-07, he was transferred to the estimating department to make the preliminary drawings and estimates preparatory to the submitting of proposals. He left his position during a business slump of 1907 and in that year was manual training instructor in the high school at Niagara Falls, New York, after which he returned to Columbus as designer of special cars and skips for the Kilbourne & Jacobs Company. In 1910, Mr. Verner came to the University of Michigan as instructor in descriptive geometry, drawing, and mechanics and in a short while was shifted to the mechanical engineering department to teach machine design, theory of heat engines, thermo-dynamics, mechanical handling of materials, crane design, valve gears, heating and ventilation, steam engine and steam boiler design, and power plant design, continuing in that work from 1908 to 1917. During the period between 1910 and 1913, Mr. Verner was also associated with Professors Colley, Riggs and Anderson as consulting engineer in valuation and investigation work. From 1913 to 1914, he performed experimental work for Smith, Hinchman & Grylls, engineers and architects, of Detroit. In 1917, Mr. Verner resigned his position on the engineering faculty of the University of Michigan to become associated with the firm of Esselstyn, Murphy & Hanford, engineers and architects, and while he was with that organization, he had supervision of the Lincoln Motor Company's Detroit plant. The following year he became plant engineer at the River Rouge plant of the Ford Motor Company in the construction of two complete blast furnaces, two blocks of coke ovens, one foundry, a machine shop, and a power house. His work in this respect was so noteworthy that when he became a member of the engineering firm of Verner, Wilhelm & Molby in 1920, he had gained a name in the engineering profession that brought him a large practice. He is thus regarded as one of the successful mechanical engineers in Detroit and has gained a nationwide reputation for his research work in heating and ventilating engineering. He has read papers before the American Society of Heating & Ventilating Engineers and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was president of the Detroit section of the A. S. H. & V. E. in 1919. At Columbus, Ohio, April 14, 1909, Mr. Verner married Maude N. Howard, and to this union has been born three daughters, Maude, Ann, and Jane. Mr. Verner is a member of the Ann Arbor Golf Club, the Masonic fraternity, and the Barton Hills Country Club, of which he is treasurer. He attends the Methodist Episcopal Church and supports the Republican party in political matters. William H. Ball, who has recently entered the real estate business in Detroit as a member of the firm of W. H. Ball Land Company, was associated with the coal and coke business for a period DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 483 of forty-two years and is perhaps best known in this city for his work in the development of the Solvay Process Company of Detroit, an industry that has become one of the leaders in its field in the United States. He was born in Buffalo, New York, August 23, 1863, the son of John N. and Virginia (Hathaway) Ball, natives of New York and Virginia, respectively. The father was a member of the firm of Hart, Ball & Hart, builders of steam engines. and was actively identified with that organization until the time of his death, which occurred in 1869. William H. Ball graduated from the Buffalo high school in 1883 and began his career in the employ of the Merchants Bank of Buffalo, but after a short time spent as a clerk with that concern, he became associated with the Pennsylvania Coal Company. He also became coal and coke agent of the Solvay Process Company in Detroit, after removing to Detroit, where he was placed in charge of the coal and coke department of the Solvay Process Company and affiliated companies. With the exception of seven years when he was located at Syracuse, New York, Mr. Ball has lived in Detroit since 1897. When he severed his connection with the Solvay organization in 1921, Mr. Ball concluded a period of forty-two consecutive years in the coal and coke business, and he is favorably known to students of industrial conditions in Detroit. In 1925 Mr. Ball incorporated the firm of the W. H. Ball Land Company to engage in the real estate business, and the success he has met in this new field of endeavor is indicative of the executive ability he possesses, permitting him to make an unqualified success of a business venture within the space of two years. Mr. Ball was married in 1890, and his social affiliations are maintained with the Detroit Club, Grosse Pointe Country Club, Buffalo Club, and the Detroit Athletic Club, of which he was a charter member. He is also a member of the various Masonic bodies and his daily life is exemplary of the teachings of that fraternity. Samuel H. Rubiner, treasurer of the First National Company, of Detroit, has worked his way to the position he now holds by a display of energy and initiative that stamps him as one of the able and influential financial men in this city. A native of Grand Rapids, this State, he was born October 30, 1900, the son of the late Abraham and Mary (Shetzer) Rubiner, the former of whom was a rabbi of the Hebrew Church, who died here on July 24, 1924. Samuel H. Rubiner attended the public schools and the Bishop Union school in the acquirement of his early education, and after pursuing a course of study at the Detroit Business University, he entered the Central high school, from which he graduated in 1918. He pursued further studies in the Detroit College of Law while he was working and was graduated in 1921, being admitted to the bar in the autumn of the same year. No sooner had he completed his high school education than he went to work at the First Old Detroit National Bank as office boy, but his energy and ability so attracted the favorable attention of his employers that he received 484 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY rapid advancement, becoming cashier of the bond department in 1919. When the First National Company was organized in that same year, Mr. Rubiner was offered the position of cashier. Here again he demonstrated a fidelity and aggressiveness that brought him to the position of assistant treasurer and finally to that of treasurer in 1923. He has come to be known as one of the able bankers of this city due to his phenomenal rise in financial circles, and the place he holds in the regard of his business associates is shown by the fact that in 1926 he was elected president of the Detroit chapter of the American Institute of Banking and is the representative here for the national chapter and a member of various committees of the institute. He was married June 15, 1926, to Dorothy Frank, the daughter of Harry and Rebecca Frank. Mr. Rubiner is a member of the Masonic order, Redford Country Club, Lawyers Club, Phoenix Club, and the Phi Sigma Epsilon legal fraternity. He attends the Shaarey Zedek Temple. Ralph Austin MacMullan, secretary of the General Builders' Association, of Detroit, has been prominently identified with the building trades of Detroit since 1915 and has done much to improve the condition of the laborers in this and the manufacturing field here by interesting the industrial employers in the fact that satisfied workmen make for increased efficiency and excellence in the work they perform. He was born at Fort Wayne, Indiana, February 28, 1893, the son of Henry and Carrie (Chapman) MacMullan, both of whom are now living in the Garden City section of Detroit. The family originated in Scotland, was then established in Ireland, and from that country came Henry MacMullan to the United States in 1850 to take up Government land located on the Wabash Railroad near Hand Station. His son, Henry, the father of Ralph Austin MacMullan, was born in Detroit, where he now makes his home. Ralph A. MacMullan received his early education in the elementary and high schools, although he was forced by circumstances to leave school before he had graduated from the high school, and then went to work, being employed in the succeeding years in such jobs as running an elevator, printing, and the like. In March, 1914, Mr. MacMullen first became associated with the building construction field when he entered the employ of the F. W. Dodge Corporation in construction reporting service, and in November, 1915, he was sent to Detroit to take charge of production in this city. In August, 1919, he formed a connection with Smith, Hinchman & Grylls but gave up this work early in 1920 to assume the secretaryship of the Mason Contractors Association, a position which he retained until 1922, when he became secretary of the General Builders' Association. Not only has he been an important factor in the achievements of this organization but he has also taken an active part in the betterment of working conditions and in the training of labor. He has ever been a strong proponent of recognizing the potentialities of the apprentice and of securing him the training and preferment to which he is right DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 485 fully entitled. As a member of the Exchange Club, Mr. MacMullan is director of the Citizens Committee and has devoted much time to the prevention of accidents to construction workers. He has served on the National Safety Council as chairman of the committees of Construction Section, and as chairman of the Construction Division of the Detroit Industrial Safety Council. In 1914, Mr. MacMullan married Emily E. Lathers, a native of Inkster and a descendant of one of the pioneer families of that section of Wayne County, and to this union have been born five children, as follows: Roberta E.; Ralph Austin, Jr.; Francis C.; Charlotte L., and Donald D. In Masonry, Mr. MacMullan is a member of Lawn Lodge No. 815 at Chicago. He and his family are members of the East Nankin Presbyterian Church of Inkster, and he has served as trustee of that body. Walter Seymour Gurd, president of the Walter S. Gurd Company, is one of the leading men in the field of accounting and auditing in Detroit. He was born at Bristol, England, November 26, 1871, and is a descendant of the Gurds of Dorsetshire and the Seymours of Devonshire, his parents having been Robert and Jane (Maurice) Gurd. When he was but twelve years of age, so rapid had been his progress in his studies, he passed the examination in the College of Preceptors at Bristol, his previous schooling having been obtained at All Saints College, Clifton, England. He studied accounting in his native land and had gained wide experience in that field before he came to this country. In November, 1903, Mr. Gurd came to the United States and located at Detroit, where he has since been engaged in the field of accounting and auditing. Within a short time after his arrival here, he established the Walter S. Gurd Company, which has since become known as one of the leading concerns of its kind in Detroit and this section of Michigan. He was admitted to fellowship in the Corporation of Accountants of Great Britain on November 9, 1910, having passed the degree examination in 1903, and is a certified public accountant of the State of Michigan. On June 10, 1906, Mr. Gurd was united in marriage to Edith Elmira Granger, of Berlin Township, St. Clair County, Michigan. He is a member of the Canadian Club, the English Speaking Union, honorary member of Company D, 125th Infantry, National Guard, and is past grand president of the Michigan body of the American order of Sons of St. George. During the progress of the World War, he took a prominent part in the war activities, being president of the Detroit auxiliary to the Canadian patriotic fund, secretary of the British Recruiting committee of Detroit, and secretary of the Allies Relief Committee of Detroit, and following the entrance of the United States into that great conflict, he was tireless in his efforts to promote the success of the various war drives and measures as they applied to Detroit. He is a member of the advisory council of the British and Canadian Patriotic Society and is a trustee of the British-American War Veterans Association. 486 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Lorne W. Weber, attorney and councellor-at-law in Detroit, was born at Stratford, Ontario, Canada, December 1, 1883, the son of George and Nancy (Funk) Weber. The father was born in Canada, married there, and came to Huron, Michigan, in 1893, giving up his previous occupation of farming to engage in the lumber and saw mill business in the thumb district of this state. He died in 1922 at the age of seventy-six years. One of two sons born to his parents, Lorne W. Weber attended the elementary and high schools in the thumb district, and from 1902 to 1907, he studied at the Michigan State Normal School, pursuing special studies at the University of Chicago during the vacation months. During this time, too, he taught school, for he was principal at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, from 1905 to 1907, and spent two years previously, 1904 to 1905, as superintendent of schools at Wolverine, Michigan. In 1917 he came to Detroit to study at the Detroit College of Law, and when he had graduated from that institution, he taught school for a time in the public schools of Detroit. In 1912, he went to Saginaw, this State, and entered upon the active practice of his profession. The following year, however, he returned to Detroit to take charge of the Detroit Law Library, but with the lapse of a year, he entered upon the general practice in which he has since been engaged. He is widely and favorably known among his professional confreres and has built up an extensive practice that shows him to be one of the successful and able attorneys of this city. Since 1913 he has been instructor of Private Corporation law at the Detroit College of Law and has gained an excellent name for his work in this connection. He was married December 27, 1909, to Harriett J. Schluchter, of Detroit, and they have two children, Ellen and Lorne W., Jr. Mr. Weber is a member of the lodge and Shrine in Masonry and also retains membership with the Lawyers Club, the Canopus Club, the National Town & Country Club and the Masonic Country Club. Edwin B. Kelly, president of Kelly, Halla & Peacock, is one of the most prominent figures in insurance circles in Detroit, for he has directed the affairs of the present concern since 1923 and has been instrumental in developing it into a leading insurance agency in this section of the State. Born at Big Rapids, Michigan, September 5, 1890, he is the son of Thomas and Martha (McCord) Kelly, both of whom were born in Canada and came to the United States in 1880. The father was a railroad engineer by vocation and died in 1898. Edwin B. Kelly attended the elementary and high schools of Big Rapids and then took up the study of pharmacy at the Ferris Institute in the same city, completing his course in 1913. Since the year 1906, Mr. Kelly had come to Detroit during the summer months to work, and when he had completed his work in pharmacy at the institute, it was but natural that he should seek success in this city. For four months after his advent to Detroit, he was employed at the Northwestern Pharmacy but gave up the work to become associated with the Detroit Insurance Agency, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 487 maintaining his connection with that organization until 1919. During the time the United States was engaged in war with Germany, Mr. Kelly served in the Navy with the commission of ensign, and following his discharge, he returned to Detroit to resume his old place with the Detroit Insurance Agency. Within a short time, however, he relinquished his position to become a partner in the insurance and finance organization of Hare & Kelly. In 1923, Mr. Kelly became president of Kelly, Halla & Peacock, which has won a commanding position in the insurance brokerage business in Detroit, and as a result of his association with this enterprise, Mr. Kelly is regarded as one of the well informed and able men in this field in this city. He is also president of the Detroit Fleet Owners, Inc. On June 29, 1920, he married Madeline O'Brien, a native of Canada, and they have one child, Edith Elizabeth, who was born in 1923. Mr. Kelly has attained the Fourth Degree in the Knights of Columbus, and is a member of the Oakland Hills Country Club. His political support is given to the Republican party. Frank Denison Crissman, secretary and treasurer of the Crissman-Grandy Realty Company, of Detroit, is descended of pioneer settlers of Michigan and traces his ancestry on both sides of his house to men who fought in the Revolutionary War. The Crissman family, of Dutch origin, was established in this country in 1750, and the great grandfather of Frank D. Crissman served with the Continental Army in the war for American independence, as did Jeremiah Parish, the maternal great grandfather of Frank D. Crissman. Charles C. Crissman, father of Frank D., was born at Blairstown, New Jersey, November 10, 1820, and came to Michigan with his father in 1833, the latter purchasing a 600-acre tract of land from the Government in Macomb County and paying one dollar and a quarter per acre. When Grandfather Benjamin Crissman settled in Macomb County, Washington township, in 1833, he passed through the small town of Detroit, which then had a population of only two thousand, desiring to get out on the plains where he could farm and raise wheat. The old homestead was thirty miles north of Detroit and he would come into town by oxteam to get their grist, which consumed nearly a week's time. He had a large family of six sons and one daughter. The father remained on this land and farmed until the time of his death, which occurred January 15, 1901. He married Laura Parish, who was born on October 19, 1829, and came with her parents to Addison Township, Oakland County, Michigan, in the early forties. She died October 31, 1886. Frank D. Crissman obtained his early education in the district schools of Macomb County, where he was born October 5, 1861. He attended the Romeo high school, after which he entered Hillsdale College in 1883 and while there was associated with the Phi Delta Theta Greek letter fraternity, and later pursued a special course at the University of Michigan in music and German. He worked his way through college and aided 488 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY his finances by tallying lumber during his vacation months from 1883 to 1886. He then engaged in the hardware business under the firm name of Crissman & Crissman at Alpena, Michigan, until 1892, in which year he set himself up in the music business making a specialty of selling pianos and organs. After a short time in this mercantile field, however, in 1896 he entered organization work for the Independent Telephone Company at Alpena, Michigan, and the Valley Telephone Company of Bay City, Saginaw and Flint, this State, and later in Ohio. Subsequently, he was associated with the Automatic Telephone Company at New Bedford, Massachusetts, until 1900, when he entered the stock and bond business with a Boston house, continuing in this work until 1908. The following year witnessed his return to Michigan, where he established himself in the real estate business at Flint and engaged successfully in that work until 1913, the year in which his wife died. At that time, he came to Detroit, but it was not until 1919 that he became identified with the real estate operations in this city. In that year, he became vice-president of the Ford Reserve Realty Company and was a conspicuous figure in the operations of that company until 1924, when he became secretary and treasurer of the Crissman-Grandy Realty Company which he organized in that year. He has since retained this connection and is known as one of the prominent and successful men in realty development work in this city. It was Mr. Crissman who was chief inspector for all trades in the interior construction of the General Motors building at Detroit, so that he possesses not only an excellent knowledge of property values in Detroit but is also thoroughly familiar with building methods. He was married October 25, 1899, to Emily Mae Wilcox, who was born in Oakland County, October 17, 1870, and died August 20, 1912, their one son, Charles E. Crissman being born March 24, 1904. He later, on November 27, 1913, married Marie C. Cronenwett, of Detroit, Michigan. Mr. Crissman has attained the Thirty-second Degree in Scottish Rite Masonry, is also a member of Knights Templar and Mystic Shrine orders and takes an active interest in the affairs of that order. William H. Turner has been prominently identified with the activities of the Detroit bar since 1888 and is regarded as one of the leading attorneys of this city. Born at Fort Wayne, Indiana, February 17, 1863, he is the son of Harvey K. and Harriett Turner, natives of New York State and Pennsylvania, respectively. The father was born in 1839 and settled on a farm near Fort Wayne in 1856, following that vocation until the time of his death, which occurred in 1915. A Democrat in politics, he served as county commissioner and ever took an active part in the civic affairs of his community. William H. Turner attended the rural schools until he was seventeen years of age, at which time he entered the Fort Wayne College Preparatory School, completing his studies there in 1882. He then came to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he studied at the high school until his graduation therefrom in 1885, and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 489 having elected to follow the legal profession, he matriculated at the University of Michigan, from which he received his degree of bachelor of laws in 1888. He was admitted to the bar in November of that year and entered upon the practice of his profession in Detroit at that time. In 1895, he was appointed assistant prosecuting attorney of Wayne County under Allan H. Frazer and continued in that position until Mr. Frazer retired from office in 1901. Since that time, Mr. Turner has been engaged in a general practice alone. In the regard of his colleagues, he stands out as an advocate and counsel of the highest attainments, and during his forty years of practice here, he has appeared in some of the most important litigation that has come before the courts of the State. On November 9, 1900, Mr. Turner married Annie W. Caskey, the daughter of Samuel G. Caskey, who was associated for many years with the A. C. McGraw Company, of Detroit. Mr. and Mrs. Turner have three sons, Samuel C., who graduated from Yale University in 1923, Harvey, and William C. A communicant of the Presbyterian Church, Mr. Turner has long been a member of the Fort Street Church of that denomination and has been a trustee and treasurer of that body for the past twenty years. Mr. Turner is a member of the various Masonic bodies, the Knights of Pythias, Ingleside Club, and the Old Club. M. L. Prentis. In a country so given to motor transportation as the United States, the name of the General Motors Corporation is a familiar one even to the smallest child as the builder of the Buick, Oakland, Pontiac, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Oldsmobile and La Salle automobiles and as the owner of large subsidiary organizations that go to make up the mighty fabric of the corporation. Yet relatively few men even in industrial circles know those men who keep this great corporation together by their untiring efforts. One of these men is M. L. Prentis, treasurer of the General Motors Corporation since 1919 and one of the outstanding men in his field in the country. He was born at Kowno, Lithuania, July 15, 1886, the son of Samuel and Hannah (Selman) Prentis. The family came to the United States when he was an infant and located at St. Louis, Missouri, where the father engaged in the tobacco business until the time of his death. M. L. Prentis pursued the customary elementary and high school curricula in the public schools of St. Louis, and following his completion of that requirement, he studied finance accounting at the Jones Commercial College. From 1904 to 1911, he was associated with the Laclede Gas Light Company, of St. Louis, as general accountant and auditor, and his work in this capacity won for him the position of chief accountant with the General Motors Corporation in 1911. Possessed of limitless energy, great ability, and a thorough knowledge of his work, he advanced steadily in the organization through the offices of auditor and comptroller until he was elected treasurer in 1919, an office which he has since retained. Mr. Prentis' career needs no further elaboration, for the fact that he is a high official in one of the most 490 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY influential corporations in the United States is sufficient eulogy for his qualities as a business man. In 1914, he married Anna Steinberg, daughter of Jacob Steinberg, a well known clothing merchant of Detroit, and to this union were born four children: Helen Vera, Jewell Doris, Beverly Jean, Barbara Hope. Mr. Prentis is a member of the Redford Country Club and the Phoenix Club, and in Masonry, he has attained the Thirty-second Degree in the Scottish Rite, as well as being a member of Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. George B. Yerkes, of the law firm of Yerkes, Simons & Goddard, is a member of one of the pioneer families of Michigan and has long been prominently identified with the business and political life of Detroit and with the law profession in this city. The family is of Welsh origin, Anthony Yerkes coming from that country to Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1695. Successive family migrations took the name of Yerkes to West Moreland, now a part of Philadelphia, and to Romulus, New York, whence came the great grandfather of George B. Yerkes in 1826 to pre-empt land in Oakland County, Michigan, William Yerkes, grandfather of George B., settling there at the same time. This homestead is still in the possession of the family. On this farm at Novi, Oakland County, was born Robert Yerkes in 1828, who, as the husband of Sarah (Holmes) Yerkes, became the father of four sons, as follows: George B., whose name heads this record; William H. and Donald P., who are both residing at Northville, Wayne County, Michigan; and Robert C., who was president and general manager of the Globe Furniture Company, Ltd., for many years and now resides in New Mexico. George B. Yerkes began his educational career in the schools of Wayne County, Michigan, graduated from the Ypsilanti, Michigan, State Normal School in 1885, and received the degree of bachelor of laws from the University of Michigan with the class of 1888. In that year, Mr. Yerkes entered upon the active practice of his profession and in 1890 became a member of the firm of Haug & Yerkes, an arrangement that existed until 1907, when he became a member of Merriam, Yerkes & Simons. Following the retirement of Mr. Merriam from the firm to assume the duties of general counsel for the Pere Marquette Railroad, the present firm of Yerkes, Simons & Goddard was established. In 1908-09, he served as prosecuting attorney, was a member of the board of estimates and president of that body in 1900, and has served as president of the board of health and as a member of the Republican State Central Committee. In addition to his extensive legal duties, Mr. Yerkes is vice-president and a director of the Fidelity Trust Company and a director of the Burton Abstract & Title Company. In 1891, Mr. Yerkes married Jennie Butterfield, a native of Indiana, and to this union was born a son, Robert George, who married Mildred, the daughter of Charles E. Yerkes, son of Charles T. Yerkes, who installed the subway system at London, England, and donated the Yerkes Observatory, of Williams Bay, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 491 Wisconsin, to the University of Chicago. Robert G. Yerkes graduated from the literary department of the University of Michigan in 1921 and received his degree of bachelor of laws from the same institution in 1925, since which time he has been associated with his father in practice. Mr. Yerkes is a member of Union Lodge No. 3 and Peninsular Chapter No. 16 in Masonry, and he also holds membership in the Detroit Club, Detroit Golf Club, Meadowbrook Country Club, and the Players Club. Alfred T. Lerchen has long taken a part in the banking affairs of Detroit. Born in this city, November 5, 1880, he is the son of Edward Henry and Matilda (Roe) Lerchen, natives of Detroit and England, respectively. John Lerchen, grandfather of Alfred T.. was one of the pioneers of Detroit. Alfred T. Lerchen received his early education in the Barstow School of Detroit, and though his schooling stopped when he had completed the elementary grades, he has ever been a keen student of men and affairs. In 1898, he began his business career in the employ of the Commercial National Bank and continued with that bank and its successors until 1916. At that time, he was offered the management of the credit department of the Merchants National Bank later becoming one of its vice-presidents. This office he retained until 1924. Since his retirement from the bank, he has devoted his time to the care of his own property, and he is now completing the erection of a large apartment house on the north side of West Grand Boulevard between Lawton and Linwood avenues. This apartment building will be one of the most modern and beautifully equipped residential houses of its kind when it is completed. In 1904, Mr. Lerchen married Emma A. Walz, daughter of William Walz, of Detroit, and a descendant of one of the early families of this city, and to Mr. and Mrs. Lerchen have been born two children: Alfred William, who died in infancy, and Mary Louise. Mr. Lerchen is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Kiwanis Club, Detroit Riding & Hunt Club, and the St. Clair Country Club. Cameron Beach Waterman, president of the automobile and tractor accessories establishment of the Waterman Corporation, is known as one of the successful manufacturers in Detroit, for he has been actively identified with the industrial life of this municipality for the past twenty years. Joshua W. Waterman, paternal grandfather of Cameron B., came to Detroit in 1840 and was a member of the first fire commission of the city in whose civic affairs he ever took an active part. He gave the Waterman gymnasium to the University of Michigan. Eben C. Beach, maternal grandfather of Cameron B. Waterman, located in Detroit in 1860. Cameron Beach Waterman was born in Detroit, the son of Cameron D. and Elizabeth Hall (Beach) Waterman, and received a public and high school education here. He entered Yale University and received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1901. In 1904, he graduated from the law school of Yale University, was admitted to the bar of the State of Connecticut, and was admitted to practice in the United 492 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY States courts. Returning to Detroit, he was associated with James Whittemore, patent attorney, until 1907, and in that year, Mr. Waterman established the Waterman Marine Motor Company for the manufacture of a detachable outboard motor for rowboats which was designed and patented by him, the motor being the first of its kind ever placed on the market in the United States. He disposed of his interests in this enterprise when the World War broke out in order that he might serve with the Signal Corps and Air Service at Washington, being commissioned captain and then major. He served ten months in France as chief of transportation in the Air Service. In 1920, after his return to Detroit, Mr. Waterman bought the Standard Pattern Works, which was reorganized in 1923 as the Standard Service Tool Company, manufacturing special tools invented and patented by Mr. Waterman, who was president of the concern. In 1925, he organized the Waterman corporation for the manufacture of accessories for automobiles and tractors, and so rapidly has the business grown since that time, that the products of the company are distributed throughout those parts of the world where automobiles and tractors are used. For his achievement in developing a substantial enterprise in so short a time, Mr. Waterman is regarded as one of the able and aggressive industrial executives of Detroit. In 1904, he married Lois F. Miller, of Pittsburgh, and they have three children: Mary Elizabeth, who married Ralph Farwell, of Chicago; Cameron; and Reuben Miller, the last two of whom are attending the Hotchkiss School at Lakeville, Connecticut. Mr. Waterman is active in the club life of Detroit as a member of the Yale clubs of Detroit and New York, Detroit Club, Grosse Pointe Club, University Club, Yondotega Club, Union League Club, Army & Navy Club, Huron Mountain Club, Country Club, Grosse Pointe Hunt Club, and the Old Club. He is an elder of the Grosse Pointe Memorial Church and is actively interested in the affairs of that body. Charles Gauss, wholesale tobacconist of Detroit, is one of the prominent business men of this city, for he has not only developed one of the leading wholesale tobacco houses in this city but is also interested in many of the largest and most influential banks and industrial concerns of this section. He was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, April 29, 1875, the son of Christoph and Louisa (Fass) Gauss, and was educated in the public schools of his native land. His father came to the United States when he was a young man, but returned to Germany after becoming a citizen of this country. In 1891, Charles Gauss came to the United States, with his older brother Fred, who was born in Detroit, Charles Gauss was sixteen years of age. By hard study, the boy taught himself the English language in a short while, and his advent into the tobacco business was made in a small way, for he sold candy and tobacco in a small store. As the venture prospered, however, Mr. Gauss laid aside his money with a view to establishing himself in the wholesale tobacco business, and about five years before the opening of this DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 493 century, he launched his project. Exercising the same care and applying himself with the same energy, Mr. Gauss saw his business grow until it stands today as one of the largest and best known companies in its field. In 1911, the present fine building at No. 2155-59 Grand River Avenue was erected, representing one of the finest wholesale tobacco warehouses in Detroit. Keenly appreciative of the opportunities awaiting the aggressive business man in other fields of endeavor, Mr. Gauss has ever been on the alert to promote the organization and development of enterprises calculated to increase the industrial and commercial prestige of his city. He has become the owner of extensive real estate in addition to owning his own home in LaSalle Gardens and giving a beautiful residence to each of his three children. Mr. Gauss was one of the organizers of the Merchants National Bank and is also interested in the following enterprises: The Scotten-Dillon Company, tobacco manufacturers, Peoples State Bank, Ford Motor Company, Wayne County & Home Savings, Highland Park State Bank, Detroit Savings Bank, Bank of Detroit, Peninsular State Bank, Commonwealth Federal Bank, First State Bank, First National Bank, Reo Motor Car Company, Detroit Creamery Company, Paige-Detroit Motor Car Company, Eureka Vacuum Cleaner Company, Guaranty Trust Company, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Company, Highland Park Trust Company, and the Peninsular State Bank of Highland Park. Due to his connection with these various industrial and financial enterprises, the advice of Mr. Gauss is widely sought in the deliberations of the Detroit Board of Commerce, of which he is an active member. In 1896, Mr. Gauss married Margaret Strehler, of Detroit, and to this union have been born three children, as follows: Calvin, who is associated in business with his father and married Charlotte Petton, by whom he has three children; Hazel Amelia, who married Charles H. Lewis, of the same company, and has one child; and Marion Elizabeth. Mr. Gauss is a trustee and secretary and treasurer of the Trinity German Lutheran Church, the oldest German Lutheran church in Detroit. As a director of the Lutheran Home for Old People, of Monroe, Michigan, he takes a particular interest in the welfare of that institution, and he it was who donated $50,000 for the erection of the chapel at that home. Mr. Gauss is also a member of Detroit Athletic Club, the Harmonie Society and the Grosse Ile Golf Club. In December, 1927, he was elected on the Board of Directors of the Guarantee Trust Company of Detroit. Charles William Leech, senior member of the Charles W. Leech Lumber Company, has been engaged in the lumber business in Detroit since 1890 and is thus regarded as one of the foremost men engaged in this work in this section of the county. He was born at Newboro, Ontario, Canada, March 11, 1856, the son of Robert and Ann (Barber) Leech, the family locating in Detroit in 1879. Charles W. Leech received his education in the elementary school of Gorrie, Ontario, and the high school at Brantford, that 494 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY province, and for a short time after his graduation from the latter institution, he was engaged in the merchandizing business, operating a notions and men's furnishings store. In 1890, Mr. Leech became associated with William Roche under the name of Leech, Roche & Company to engage in the lumber business, and for seventeen years the partnership existed, becoming known as one of the prominent and successful lumber concerns in the city. From 1890 to 1907, the yards were located on Twenty-fourth Street at the Michigan Central Railroad, and the present location at No. 4086 Michigan avenue has been occupied since that time. Following the death of William Roche in 1907, the company was reorganized under the firm style of the Charles W. Leech Lumber Company, the interests of William Roche being taken over by W. Herbert Grigg and Bert Hanna. The firm deals in hardwoods in wholesale and retail quantities, and perhaps no organization is more favorably known in this connection than is the Charles W. Leech Lumber Company. For the development of this enterprise into one of the substantial companies of Detroit, Mr. Leech is largely responsible and is thus regarded as one of the able and resourceful executives of this city. In 1894, Mr. Leech married Anna Jackson, a native of Bluevale, Ontario, Canada, and to this union have been born six children: Charles Grant, who served in France with Harper Hospital Unit No. 17; Gertrude, who is a graduate of Albion College and the University of Michigan, married A. B. Bliss, and is now residing in California; Virgil, who is a graduate of the Northwestern University, was in the Air Service in the World War, married Mary Kennicott and has one son, Charles Kennicott, and is now in business with his father; Frederick C., who is a graduate of the University of Michigan is also in business with his father; Dorothy who is a student at Albion College; and Anna Jean, who is attending Central high school. Mr. Leech is a member of the National Hardwood Lumber Dealers' Association, Board of Commerce, and the Aviation Country Club. As a member of the Grand River Avenue Methodist Episcopal Church, he has been a trustee and president of the board of that body for many years. He is a member of the Council of Churches of this city, is president of the Endowment Fund commission of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is a director of the Chelsea Old Peoples Home. He is a member of the Citizens League and is identified with the Goodwill Industries, of Detroit. John Kaminski, prominent attorney of Detroit and lighting commissioner of this city, was born in West Prussia, August 14, 1870; the son of Constantine and Pauline (Lewandowski) Kaminski, both natives of that country who came to the United States in 1884 and settled in Detroit. For six months after his arrival in Detroit, the father worked on the Ford farm, which was owned by the father of Henry Ford, and then engaged in carpentering and later the grocery business, in which he continued until his retirement from active life a few years ago. The wife died February 11, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 495 1921, in her seventy-fourth year. John Kaminski, the only child born to his parents, began his education in the schools of his native land and then attended a private school after coming to Detroit. For a time after he had completed his studies, he was employed in a wood working machine factory in this city, but not finding the work to his liking, he became associated with his father in the grocery business. In 1898, he passed the examination for mail carrier and continued in the employ of the Government pntil 1911. While he was so engaged, he spent his spare hours in the study of law at the Detroit College of Law and in the night classes of the Young Men's Christian Association. In 1912, he completed his studies for the legal profession at the Detroit College of Law and was admitted to the bar. In that year, he set himself up in a general practice and has come to be regarded as one of the able and successful attorneys now practicing before the Wayne County bar. He was one of the organizers of the Citizens Bank of Hamtramck, of which he is now a director, and was one of the organizers of the Polish Daily Record, which is the leading journal of its kind in Detroit. A fitting recognition of his ability was accorded him in 1926, when Mayor Smith appointed him Lighting Commissioner for the city of Detroit, a position which he now occupies. Mr. Kaminski was married January 30, 1894, to Josephine Ciganek, of Detroit, she being the daughter of Albert Ciganek, who was the fourth to bring his family from West Prussia to Detroit. Mr. and Mrs.,Kaminski have become the parents of these four children: Eleanor, who was born in 1897; Anna, who was born in 1898; Rose, born in 1900; and Edmond, who was born July 2, 1902, and graduated from the University of Detroit as a member of the class of 1922. Mr. Kaminski is a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Loyal Order of Moose, and the Woodmen of the World. He is affiiliated with the Detroit Board of Commerce, and in professional circles, he maintains membership in the Michigan State Bar Association and the Detroit Lawyers Club. He and his family attend the Roman Catholic Church and take a deep interest in the affairs of that organization. Mr. Kaminski has ever been an active proponent of those measures calculated to promote the welfare of his community, and it was his work in this connection that influenced his selection by Mayor Smith for the position of lighting commissioner. On August 23, 1927, he was appointed by the Governor of the State a member of the commission to collect, arrange, index and compile the general laws of the state. Charles Lane, D.D.S., has been engaged in the practice of dentistry in Detroit since 1911 and has come to be recognized as one of the leading men in his profession in this city. He was born at Goderich, Ontario, Canada, March 28, 1884, the son of William and Johannah (Stewart) Lane, the latter of whom is dead and the former of whom has been treasurer of Huron County, Ontario, for thirty-six years, maintaining his home at Goderich. Charles Lane obtained his early education in the schools of his native city and 496 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY began the study of dentistry at the Royal College of Dental Surgeons at Toronto. He completed his studies in the Chicago College of Dental Surgery in 1909, receiving his degree of doctor of dental surgery at that time. In the same year, he located in Detroit, where he has since been engaged in practice. Adhering to the highest ethics of his profession and possessing exceptional skill in his work, he has attracted wide attention and has developed a lucrative practice, with the result that he is unquestionably one of the foremost dental surgeons of Detroit. He has devoted much time to keeping dentistry upon a high plane and is widely known in the State and the county for his efforts in this direction. He has been chairman of Program and Arrangements of the Michigan State Dental Society, has been secretary four years and president of the First District Dental Society, and has served as president of the Full Denture Section of the International Dental Congress and chairman of the Full Denture and Crown and Bridge Section of the National Society. He has been a member of the council of the National Society of Denture Prosthetists and has been president of that organization. As a member of the Detroit Dental Clinic, he was chairman of the Full Denture Section and a member of the Crown and Bridge Section. In 1912, Doctor Lane married Irene Grace Acheson, a native of Goderich, Ontario, and they have five children, Margaret Irene, William Acheson, Katherine Louise, Mary Elizabeth, and Dorothy Jean. Doctor Lane is a member of the Ingleside Club and Xi Psi Phi fraternity, he being editor of the Michigan page of the national journal of that organization, expresident of the national alumni association, and chairman of the board of directors at the time the fraternity house was secured at Ann Arbor. Richard Harfst, of the firm of Hastings & Harfst, distributors of the Hupmobile motor car in Michigan, was born in Detroit, August 10, 1882, the son of August R. and Henrietta (Mahnke) Harfst, both of whom came to Detroit in 1881, where August R. Harfst followed the business of mason contractor until the time of his death in 1889 at the age of thirty-six years. Richard Harfst attended the elementary and high schools of Detroit, and after taking a short night business course, he went to work as an elevator boy with the Burnham-Stoepel Company and then stock boy, continuing with this concern three years. He then became a messenger for the State Savings Bank, winning steady promotion by his energy and fidelity until he was made a branch manager, a position which he retained until 1912. In that year, he became secretary to W. C. Leland, and when that automobile company was sold to Ford as the Lincoln Motor Car Company in 1917, he remained with the new organization as assistant to Mr. Collins, the new president of the company. He continued in this capacity until 1919, when he became associated with the sales department as district sales manager for the central district. After a year in this work, he spent six months in the executive offices of General DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 497 Motors Corporation at New York City, and when Mr. Zimmerschied became president of Chevrolet, Mr. Harfst was his assistant until June, 1921. In that year, Mr. Harfst returned to Detroit to assume management of the Detroit branch of the Cadillac sales organization. In 1925, he organized the Metropolitan Trust Company, of Highland Park, and served as executive and vice-president of that institution until March, 1926 (and is still director and vicepresident), when he bought a half interest in the firm holding the state franchise for the Hupmobile Company, and was associated with that enterprise until June 1, 1927. In August, 1927, he became general manager of the Detroit Automobile Club. He is also a director of the Industrial Morris Plan Bank, of Detroit. On September 24, 1906, Mr. Harfst married Ida Hiscke, of Detroit, and they have one son, Richard David. Mr. Harfst is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Boat Club, Forest Lake Golf Club, Players Club, and the Rotary Club, of which he was president in 1924-25. He is active in Masonic circles and is a communicant of the Baptist Church. William S. Brownell, M.D., specializing in urology, is one of the leading members of the medical profession in Detroit, where he has been continuously engaged in practice since 1899. He was born at Utica, Macomb County, Michigan, May 14, 1868, the son of Dr. William and Jane Elizabeth (Scudder) Brownell, the former of whom was born in Oakland County, Michigan, in 1831. George Brownell, grandfather of William S., came from New York State to settle in Oakland County in the late twenties and lived there throughout the remainder of his life. Dr. William Brownell, father of William S., taught school in Oakland County and then studied medicine at the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in 1852. Returning to his native county, he practiced there until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he became surgeon of the 2nd Michigan Cavalry with the rank of major. His fellow officers presented him with a watch in 1864 in recognition of his signal service as regimental surgeon. Upon the cessation of hostilities and his discharge from the army, he settled at Utica, Macomb County, Michigan, where he continued to practice until the time of his death, which occurred in 1884. Withal he was a noted surgeon of his day, he was, nevertheless, the typical country doctor who was loved and respected throughout his community. A staunch Democrat, he was active in the affairs of that party and was twice elected on that ticket to the State Legislature, serving one term as speaker of the House of Representatives. He was also deeply interested in educational matters and was director of the schools of Utica for several years. Of the two children surviving of this family, Kate Grant Brownell still resides on the home farm at Utica. Dr. William S. Brownell graduated from the Utica high school in 1887 and then matriculated at the University of Michigan, where he received the degree of bachelor of science in 1889. Wishing to follow in his father's footsteps in the profession of medi 498 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY cine, he entered the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery, from which he received his doctorate in medicine in 1892. The first two years of his active career in his chosen profession he spent at Utica, after which he returned to Detroit for a short time and then located at Rochester, Michigan, where he continued to practice some five years. In 1899, Doctor Brownell established his home and offices in Detroit and has since been engaged in practice here. Though he first conducted a general practice of medicine and surgery, the constantly growing demands of his clientele made it necessary for him to specialize in urology, which he has done of late years. In this particular branch of the medical profession, he is an acknowledged leader in Detroit. When the United States declared war on Germany, Doctor Brownell was commissioned captain and sent to the officers' training camp at Fort Reilly, Kansas, and after completing the course there, he was assigned to the University of Iowa as chief medical officer, and on November 11, 1918, he was transferred to Camp McClellan, Anniston, Alabama, where he remained until his discharge from the army. Doctor Brownell has served on the staff of the Florence Crittenden Home two years. He was elected a first class member by inheritance of the Loyal Legion of the United States of America, an organization made up of officers and sons of offiicers of the Civil War. Wilbur J. B. Thomas is one of the better known insurance men in Detroit, being president and general manager of The Union Agency, Inc. He was born in Detroit, June 20, 1890, the son of John B. and Minnie R. (McGrath) Thomas, the former of whom was born December 8, 1856, in Shrewsbury, England. John Thomas, the paternal grandfather of Wilbur J. B., was a direct descendant of the Baldwyns of the time of Charles I, and a solicitor of Shrewsbury for twenty-five years. He came to the United States, settling in Canandagua, New York, in 1858, the wife and son following in 1860. He was closely associated with Governor Clark of New York State before the Civil War, after the war moving to Kentucky and finally to Detroit in 1879, since which time (forty-eight years) John B. Thomas has been continuously associated with the Calvert Lithographing Company. Joseph McGrath, the maternal grandfather of Wilbur J. B. Thomas, was a native of the north of Ireland, and his wife, Jean Andrew, the daughter of a rich Scotch landowner. They came to the United States in 1838, settling in Philadelphia but moving to Detroit in 1843, where the grandfather was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Wilbur J. B. Thomas attended the Irving and Central high schools. After graduating from high school he took a course in shipbuilding and marine engineering at New York. Returning to Detroit, he entered in turn the surveying division of the Michigan Central Railroad and the tool engineering divisions of the Studebaker Corporation and the Cadillac Motor Car Company. In 1912 he became chief engineer of the Century Electric Car Company until in 1917 he entered the insurance field, applying his engineering training par DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 499 ticularly in the direction of fire and accident prevention. In 1918 he organized The Union Agency, Inc., which has rapidly taken a position among the leaders in fire, casualty and marine insurance. On August 8, 1914, Mr. Thomas married Julia K. Horton, whose family dates back many years into Detroit's early history. They have one child, Juliet Jean. Mr. Thomas is a member of City of the Straits Lodge No. 452, F. & A. M., the Detroit Yacht Club, Western Golf and Country Club and the Exchange Club. His hobbies are golf and boats. Edward Britton Manville is one of the most prominent men in the music circles of Detroit, for he has gained a wide reputation as an organist and conductor of various musical organizations in this city. A son of Henry Lampson and Estelle Blackman (Wilson) Manville, he was born at New Haven, Connecticut, December 25, 1879, and obtained his preparatory education in the elementary and Hillhouse high schools of his native city. From 1897 to 1900, he was a student at Yale University and studied at the Guilmant Organ School, of New York, in 1902-03. His training in the piano was secured under the direction of Professor S. S. Sanford and Frederick Lamond, his organ work under the able preceptorship of Dr. Harry B. Jepson and Dr. William C. Carl, and his work in composition with Dr. Horatio W. Parker and W. R. Heddon. It was with such excellent training and guidance that he developed his natural musical talents, and the thorough grounding he thus received in the fundamentals of his music has been a contributing factor to his success and prominence in musical circles. In 1897-98, he was organist and director of music at the Grace Episcopal Church, of New Haven, Connecticut, held a similar position at the First Congregational Church, of South Norwalk, Connecticut, from 1898 to 1905, and was with the First Baptist Church, of Franklin, Pennsylvania, from 1905 to 1912. In the latter year, Mr. Manville came to Detroit to assume the duties of organist and director of music at the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church, holding that position until 1917. In 1919, he became associated with the Woodward Avenue Presbyterian Church and has since been identified with that organization. In 1920, Mr. Manville received the degree of doctor of music. He is conductor of the Haydn Oratorio Society and held a similar position with the Schubert Club of Detroit from 1914 to 1917. From 1907 to 1909, he was a member of the faculty of the Pennsylvania College of Music, of Meadville, Pennsylvania, and from 1909 to 1911, he was an instructor at the Franklin Conservatory of Music. Obviously, then, by training and experience, Mr. Manville may well be considered a leader in the musical circles of Detroit, for he has been largely responsible for the high place occupied by the Detroit Institute of Musical Art, proving himself to possess both the talents of a musician and the business judgment of a commercial executive. On August 26, 1912, he married Eunice K. Hallett, of Oil City, Pennsylvania, and to them has been born one daughter, Margaret Jane. Mr. Manville 500 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY was associated with the Michigan Conservatory of Music in 1913 -14 and began his association with the Detroit Institute of Musical Art in the latter year, becoming president in 1922. When the World War broke out, Mr. Manville entered an officers' training camp and received the commission of first lieutenant of infantry on November 26, 1917. From January, 1918, to April, 1919, he served in France, where he was instructor at Officers' Specialist Centre Longres and later saw duty with the 119th Infantry Machine Gun Company, with which he participated in the Somme offense and the Ypres-Lys salient. He was discharged from the army April 12, 1919, and immediately returned to Detroit. He became the first commander of the Barker Post of the American Legion when that unit was organized. He is a member of the Michigan Music Teachers' Association, of which he was president in 1926-27, a Fellow of the American Guild of Organists, and dean of the Michigan Chapter in 1916. He also retains membership in the Army & Navy, and Bohemian Clubs, and in Masonry he is a member of the Scottish Rite, in which he has attained the Thirtysecond Degree, and the Mystic Shrine. He is a communicant of the Presbyterian Church. George Worthington House, prominent and successful business man of Detroit, was born in this city, July 31, 1872, the son of William Corlett and Julia (Adams) House, and obtained his education in the public schools of this city. When he was fourteen years of age, he began his active career in the employ of James A. Jones, an insurance broker, after which he worked for eight years for the Riverside Storage & Cartage Company. The ensuing two years he spent as a clerk for the Michigan Peninsular Car Company. In 1895 he became sales agent for various concerns and, later, for a number of the largest independent steel mills of the country. For many years Mr. House was known in manufacturing circles as one of the ablest men engaged in his particular field, and the thirty years or more during which he was thus engaged, witnessed the rise of his business to one of the most substantial and influential of its kind in Detroit. Mr. House retired from active business in 1924, but is still identified with the business world in some large real estate transactions, and in an active interest in the progress and growth of Detroit. On December 2, 1902, he married Mrs. Mary Louise Chase, of Kalamazoo, Michigan, who died March 2, 1909, leaving a daughter, Suzanne Louise House. Mr. House is a member of the Detroit Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club and the Bloomfield Open Hunt. He is a communicant of the Episcopal Church. John E. Roth, president and treasurer of the Roth Land Company, is a scion of a pioneer family of Detroit on both sides of his house, for his maternal grandparents were born in Scotland and Ireland and located in Detroit at an early date and his paternal grandfather was born in Germany and came to Detroit when he was sixteen years of age. The grandfather, a blacksmith by trade, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 501 established his shop on Gratiot Avenue and was in charge of the forgings made for the early Detroit waterworks. William F. and Mary (Hume) Roth, the parents of John E., reared a family of five children, of whom William F., Jr., and John E. Roth are the only survivors. The father was born in Detroit in 1857 and was associated with the engine department of the Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Company for many years. John E. Roth, born October 17, 1887, obtained a common school education, and after working for four years and attending the Detroit Technical Institute two years, he entered the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in electrical engineering in 1912. For three years thereafter, he was employed by W. E. Wood in construction work on the plant of the Dodge Brothers Motor Car Company, after which he was engaged in the construction of concrete bridges and sidewalks for himself until the outbreak of the World War. At that time, he entered the 107th Engineers, 32nd Division, and was made master engineer on January 1, 1918. He received the commission of second lieutenant and was promoted to first lieutenant at the famous battle of Chateau Thierry. He was commissioned captain on March 18, 1919. Following his discharge from the army, he returned to Detroit and resumed his bridge building work until 1923, when he organized the Roth Land Company for the building of small homes. Supplying a decided need of the city by its operations, the company is recognized as one of the contributing factors to the constructive development of the city, and Mr. Roth through his association with the company, is regarded as one of the successful and influential men in that field. He is vice-president and treasurer of the Roth Brothers, Inc. On July 25, 1917, he married Grace I. Marquedant, and they are the parents of four children, Elizabeth Jane, John E., Jr., Robert M. and Thomas F. Active in Masonry, he is a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory and the Moslem of the Mystic Shrine and has attained the Thirtysecond Degree in the Scottish Rite. He is also a member of the Detroit Real Estate Board. William F. Roth, Jr., who is associated in business with his brother, was born August 19, 1896. He attended the elementary and high schools of Detroit, and following his graduation from the latter institution, he studied at the Michigan Military Academy. He entered the United States Army when the World War broke out and was assigned to duty with the 120th Machine Gun Battalion of the 32nd Division, being promoted to sergeant and subsequently receiving the commission of second lieutenant. He was gassed in action and was sent to the hospital, being discharged after he was released therefrom. Returning to Detroit, he entered the Detroit College of Law, from which he received the degree of bachelor of laws in 1923. During the time he studied at that institution, he was associated with his brother, John E., in the contracting and building business. At the present time, he is president of the general contracting and building firm of Roth Brothers, Inc., and is secretary of the Roth Land Company. 502 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY He is known as an able business man and has worked hand in hand with his brother for the success that has attended their combined efforts in the real estate and building field. After his discharge from the service, he was athletic director at the South Western high school. He was married June 10, 1920, to Clara E. Murray, and they have three children, Jack, Bill, and Marilyn. Like his brother, he is a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory and the Moslem Temple of the Shrine in Masonry and also retains membership in the Masonic Country Club and the Detroit Real Estate Board. Frank S. Manger, deceased, was, during the many years that he lived in Detroit, a prominent figure in the commercial and real estate circles of the city, for in his social and business life he perpetuated the best American principles inherited from a long line of residents of this country. On the paternal and maternal sides of the house, he traced his ancestry to the Mungers who were among the passengers on one of the first vessels to land on the shores of Connecticut and descendants of whom participated in all the colonial wars and in the Revolutionary War. On the wife's side, he could point with pride to the fact that the first representatives of the family came to America as soldiers in the army of the French general, Lafayette. Surely, with such a heritage, it could only be expected that Frank S. Munger should be a representative American, possessing those virtues of personal rectitude and business integrity that brought him to the fore in commercial Detroit. Born at Dundee, Michigan, November 10, 1850, he was a son of Elijah D. and Mary P. (Simons) Munger and received the usual common and high school education of his time in the public schools of his native place. In 1869, having completed his education, he engaged in the retail dry goods business at Manchester, Michigan, and though he was as successful as the size of the community permitted, he was satisfied that a larger city presented a more favorable field for advancement to the ambitious man than did Manchester. Accordingly, he came to Detroit in 1872 where he entered the employ of the wholesale drygoods establishment of Edson, Moore & Company. So apparent was his ability, his willingness to work, and his determination to better his circumstances that in 1888 he was made a member of the firm, continuing his association with that company until 1909. By this time, he had acquired extensive pieces of real estate in Detroit, and that he might better attend the increased demands of his real property, he severed his connections with Edson, Moore & Company in 1909. Thereafter, he devoted his entire attention to his real estate, continuing so until the time of his death, which occurred June 28, 1925. In 1874, two years after his arrival in this city, he married Fannie A. Caverley, a daughter of a sea captain and vessel owner who came here in 1835. The death of Mr. Munger removed from among Detroit citizens one of the city's most enterprising and respected men; his business ability needs no commentary here, for that he is favor DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 5.03 ably remembered among executives in all branches of activity is sufficient evidence of his accomplishments in that direction; that he is affectionately remembered by a bereaved family attests the character of the man in private life. He and his wife were the parents of two children, Frank and Helena, the latter of whom married Nathan G. Leakey and has one daughter, Frances Caverley Leakey. Frank Munger attended the public schools of Detroit, being a member of the first graduating class of the old Central high schools, and then for several years was associated with Edson Moore & Company. For several years past, however, he has been successfully engaged in the real estate business, a work in which he has won to the front in the extent of his business and in the regard of his associates. He married Julia Weber, the daughter of H. C. Weber, and they are the parents of one son, Frank Weber Munger. Stephen A. Majewski, mayor of the city of Hamtramck, is one of the most capable and popular men who has ever held that office, for many of the progressive movements on foot in Hamtramck today owe their being to his farsighted and aggressive efforts in promoting them. He was born at Dobrzyn, Poland, January 14, 1896, the son of John and Julia (Jankowski) Majewski, the former of whom died in New York State in 1915 and the latter of whom is now living at Hamtramck. The family came to the United States in 1903 and settled at Schenectady, New York, where Stephen A. Majewski attended the parochial schools. From 1911 to 1913, he was a student at St. Mary's College, Orchard Lake, Michigan, after which he returned to New York to study engineering at Union College. The death of his father in 1915 forced him to go to work to support himself, and at that time, he secured employment in a factory. In 1917, he secured a position as page in the New York Assembly, spending his spare time in the study of law. He was graduated in law in 1919, admitted to practice at the bar, and was connected for a time with a law firm at Syracuse, New York. In 1920, he came to Detroit, was admitted to practice at the Michigan bar, and entered upon the active practice of his profession in Hamtramck. He won immediate success in his work, and in 1921 he was elected justice of the peace for Hamtramck Township. When the village was chartered as a city the following year, he was again elected justice of the peace, which office he held until 1925. His conduct of his position of public trust made him a popular and respected man in his community, for the people realized that he was a man of the highest character and the strictest integrity. Thus, at the city elections of 1926, he became mayor by a gratifying majority, and his subsequent administration of that office has been not only of credit to himself but also of benefit to the people of the city. In 1922, he was elected to membership on the school board, was chosen secretary the following year, and is still serving in that capacity. Through his personal solicitation, a thorough survey of the Hamtramck schools was made and Mr. M. R. Keyworth, who 504 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY was formerly superintendent of schools at Hastings, Michigan, became superintendent of the schools to supervise the installation of the changes that are making the schools of the city on a par with any in the state. Mr. Majewski has been exceedingly active in promoting the welfare of the city and the people, and it is his ambition to place the Polish people at the head of the list of desirable immigrants. He points with pride to the fact that in Hamtramck, a city with an overwhelming Polish-American population, eightyfive per cent of the people own their own homes and that a larger percentage of the population of the city attends the night classes in the schools than in Detroit. He maintains that Polish immigrants to this country make excellent citizens, and perhaps he has no stronger argument in substantiation of this than he has in his own career. In 1922, Mr. Majewski married Veronica Adamski, who was born in Calumet, Michigan, of parents who came to this state in 1840. Mr. Majewski has served for three years as chairman of the Hamtramck chapter of the American Red Cross, and he is also member of the Hamtramck Rotary Club and of the Christmas Fund Committee. He and his wife are members of the Catholic Church and take an active interest in the affairs of that organization. William Hillger, president of the William Hillger Real Estate Company, is one of the most successful and influential realty men in Detroit, where he was born, May 1, 1869, the son of John and Katherine (Faust) Hillger. His parents came to the United States in 1852 and settled on a farm outside Detroit at what is now Montclair and Hamilton avenues. The family home was maintained here many years, and the father died in 1916 at the age of eightynine years and his wife in 1913, they having been the parents of eight children. William Hillger, after attending the schools of Grosse Pointe, set out to make his own way in the world when he was eleven years of age. He subsequently became a salesman and won steady promotion through various positions of responsibility. In 1901, Mr. Hillger was elected to the common council from the seventeenth ward, and during the ten years he spent in this office, he served on many important committees and was instrumental in inaugurating and carrying through laws and ordinances that proved of great benefit to the city. In 1904, Mr. Hillger organized the William Hillger Real Estate Company, of which he has since been the proprietor. His subsequent operations in the real estate have been extensive, for he has opened up many subdivisions and has handled property for Charles Bewick, Joseph Berry, James Holden, Albert Stevens, the Hendrie Company, and others. He has placed eighteen subdivisions on the east side of Detroit on the market and is a director of the Hillger Land Company, Taylor Park Land Company, Leonard, Hillger Land Company, Hendrie & Hillger Land Company, Gaukler Point Land Company, Lake St. Clair Land Company, and the Pfeiffer-Hillger Land Company. Obviously, Mr. Hillger has been a conspicuous factor in the development of the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 505 eastern parts of Detroit, for his operations have been conducted on such an extensive scale as to make him one of the important dealers in East Side real estate. Illustrative of the development that has taken place in Detroit is the fact that the ninety-acre farm where Mr. Hillger was born was sold for three thousand dollars, and when Mr. Hillger handled this same property a few years ago, he realized approximately one million five hundred thousand dollars as total market price for the property. In 1901, Mr. Hillger married Alice Bloomfield, of Chicago, and they have two children, Lucille and Virginia. Mr. Hillger is a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church, and though he is a Democrat in state and national politics, he is independent in local affairs of government. Arthur T. Waterfall, executive vice-president of Dodge Brothers, Inc., and a director of its various subsidiary corporations, is known as one of the most successful men engaged in the automobile industry in America, and perhaps no man is given more credit for the development of the city transportation system along comprehensive and efficient lines than is Mr. Waterfall. His parents, John Buxton and Phoebe Wheeler (Robinson) Waterfall, were born in England and came to the United States in 1856, returning to their native land after a short sojourn here. In 1866, they again came to the United States, this time locating permanently at Detroit in 1866. Arthur T. Waterfall was born in Detroit, January 26, 1870, and here attended the public schools, his education being supplemented by extensive travels abroad. He began his career with the Russell Wheel & Foundry Company, and during the twenty-six years he was so engaged, he rose to the position of general superintendent, retaining that office from 1904 to 1912. In May, 1912, he was chosen traffic commissioner of the Detroit Board of Commerce at the request of a committee of citizens to conduct a survey of Detroit's transportation conditions with a view to making them equal to the rapid growth of the city, enjoying the full co-operation of the business interests and railroads. His work has resulted in the present efficient transportation in Detroit and has served to make Mr. Waterfall an authority on city transportation in this country. He was also concerned with the handling of freight and passengers on the railroads, and his solutions in this regard have caused him to be sought throughout the country as an adviser on similar problems. Retiring from this position in 1916, Mr. Waterfall became associated with Dodge Brothers and took over the duties of assistant general manager in July, 1920, and the following year witnessed his election to the directorate of that organization with the title of vice-president. As executive vice-president of the corporation, Mr. Waterfall is a conspicuous figure in the automobile business in the United States. He has been president of the Michigan Manufacturers' Association, a director of the Union Trust Company, of Detroit, and an official in various other financial corporations in Detroit and elsewhere. He has been director of the Bureau of Governmental Re 506 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY search, chairman of the Mayor's Traffic Committee, and third deputy police commissioner for Detroit. In 1895, Mr. Waterfall married Crystal F. Rueger, a native of Detroit, and they have one son, Thornton Edward, who graduated from the University of Michigan in 1926 and is president of T. E. Waterfall, Incorporated, of Springfield, Illinois. Mr. Waterfall has been president of the Detroit Traffic Club, president and director of the Detroit Athletic Club, and a member of the Oakland Hills Country Club, Detroit Club, Old Club, Union League Club, Congressional Country Club at Washington, D. C., and Toledo Club. Ephraim M. Holmes, president and manager of the Consumers Ice & Creamery Company, is one of the leading men in that field in the Middle West, for within the space of but a few years, he has developed his enterprise into one of the important ventures of its kind in this section of the country. Born on a farm near Cadiz, Harrison County, Ohio, August 31, 1874, he is the son of George T. and Julia (McCleary) Holmes. The paternal grandfather of Ephraim M. Holmes came from Scotland to settle on a farm in Harrison County, Ohio, which became the birthplace of George T. Holmes in 1850 and of Ephraim T. George T. Holmes was a farmer and general merchant, continuing in that vocation until the time of his death, which occurred in 1923. The mother is still living. One of a family of five children, Ephraim M. Holmes completed high school when he was sixteen years of age, and at that time ran away from home to go to Horton, Kansas. Though he had no knowledge of bookkeeping, he secured such a position with the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad in charge of the fuel department and held that position for seven years. He then entered the employ of Swift & Company at St. Joseph, Missouri, having charge of the billing department for the company's business throughout the entire world, but after two years in that work, he went to Pond Creek, Oklahoma, where he engaged successfully in the hardware and implement business for two years, selling the enterprise at that time. He then went to Canada, homesteaded land, and raised grain, at the same time helping in railroad survey work. In 1906, Mr. Holmes located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as financial manager for the Crescent Creamery Company, which later became the Quaker Creamery Company and was one of the largest organizations of its kind in the country. Mr. Holmes became manager and secretary of the company when it became the Quaker Creamery Company, under which name he and C. Steele organized the business after purchasing the stock of the old Crescent organization. Disposing of his interests in that enterprise in 1919, Mr. Holmes came to Detroit in 1919 and organized the Consumers Ice & Creamery Company in 1921, of which he has since been president and manager. Under the able direction of Mr. Holmes the company has grown to such proportions that it is known as one of the largest in this section of the country, and a new plant has been completed that has an annual capacity of a million gallons of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 507 ice cream and a daily capacity of two hundred and forty tons of ice. The plant is equipped in the most modern and efficient way, no plant in the country being equipped in a more up-to-date manner than this. As the organizer and developer of the business, Mr. Holmes has gained an enviable reputation among business men as an executive, for his achievement in placing the Consumers Ice & Creamery Company among the leaders in its field in six years is sufficient testimonial to his ability along these lines. On August 31, 1899, he married Myrtle French, of Kansas, and they have one daughter, Myrtle F. Mr. Holmes is a York and a Scottish Rite Mason and a Shriner, and is also a member of the Detroit Museum of Arts Society, Board of Commerce, the Aviation Country Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, and the Birch Hill Country Club, of which he is a director. Adolph G. Studer, M.D., has been general secretary of the Detroit Young Men's Christian Association for nearly a quarter of a century, and it is he who has been the guiding genius of the great development that has taken place in that organization since the opening of the century. A native of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, he was born August 18, 1868, the son of William S. and Margaret (Von Weinmann) Studer. He began his education in the elementary, high, and normal schools of his native city, and then matriculated at McGill University. After a period of study there, he came to Detroit, studying two years in the Detroit College of Medicine and winning his degree of doctor of medicine from the Detroit Homeopathic College in 1893. The first year of his active practice was spent in New Mexico. In 1890, Doctor Studer had first become identified with the work of the Young Men's Christian Association at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and he came to Detroit in 1891 to continue in that field here while he attended medical college. After he had practiced medicine in New Mexico for the year following his graduation, he returned to the work of the Y. M. C. A. in this city, and since 1903, he has been general secretary of the Detroit Y. M. C. A. The organization of the work of the association along its varied lines, the establishment of branches, and the stimulation of physical, moral, and spiritual development in the young men have all fallen upon his shoulders, and the manner in which he has discharged the arduous duties of his position has brought him nationwide recognition for his work in the association. He was selected in 1918 by the National War Work Council to make a journey through the Near East to determine the conditions existing there as a result of the war. From January to June, 1919, he traveled through Roumania, Turkey, Serbia, Armenia, Greece, and other countries, and the report which he made at the conclusion of his trip is regarded as a masterpiece of its kind, for he neglected nothing that might throw light on the post-war conditions of that section of the world and might aid the council which he represented in seeking the aid which it desired in alleviating suffering in those unfortunate countries. On July 6, 1893, Doctor Studer married 508 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Fannie M. Buick, of Detroit, and they have two children, Eliot William, who died of influenza in 1918 at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, and Ruth Buick. In his professional affiliations, Mr. Studer is a member of the Detroit and Michigan State Homeopathic Societies and the Alumni Association of the Detroit Homeopathic College. He has ever been an interested and active member of the various Masonic bodies, belonging to the Detroit Commandery of the Knights Templar. He is also a member of the Detroit Boat Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, Oakland Hills Golf Club, and the Detroit Athletic Club. He is a memb.er of the Detroit Board of Commerce, cooperating in every movement of that organization for the development and welfare of the city, and in religious matters he is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Joseph Stanley Leszynski, M.D., has been engaged in the practice of medicine and surgery in Detroit since the conclusion of his military service during the World War, and he has come to be recognized as one of the able medical men of this city. He was born at Harbor Beach, Michigan, June 14, 1891, the son of Joseph J. and Margaret (Carroll) Leszynski. The grandfather of Doctor Leszynski came to Detroit from Poland in the early Fifties, and Joseph J. Leszynski, father of Joseph S., was born at River Rouge, Michigan, and later settled at Harbor Beach, where he and his wife now maintain their home. Joseph S. Leszynski acquired his public school school education in the elementary and high schools of Harbor Beach, and having elected to follow the medical profession, he matriculated at the University of Michigan, whence he graduated in 1917 with the degree of doctor of medicine. The United States having entered the World War that same spring, he became assistant surgeon with the Medical Department of the Naval Reserve Corps, serving with that organization until the cessation of hostilities. Following his discharge from the navy, he came to Detroit and has since been engaged in the active practice of his profession in this city. Doctor Leszynski maintains his offices at No. 8101 West Jefferson Avenue and 1515 David Whitney Building, and he has developed a large and lucrative practice in that section of Detroit. In 1917, he married Terasa Hesse, the daughter of Frank Hesse, of Detroit, and to this union has been born one daughter, Jane. Doctor Leszynski is a member of the Wayne County Medical Society, the Michigan State Medical Society, and the American Medical Association. He also holds membership in the Knights of Columbus, the Pine Lake Country Club, and is a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church. Richard Thomas Kettlewell, president and treasurer of the Kettlewell Company, was born on a farm in Middlesex County, Canada, May 13, 1878, the son of George and Fannie (Larkin) Kettlewell, both natives of Canada, the former of whom died at Walkerville, Ontario, in 1919, and the latter of whom is now living at Windsor, Ontario. Richard T. Kettlewell received his education in the schools of his native county and graduated from high DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 509 school at Strathroy. For a short time thereafter, he worked on the home farm, but when he was twenty-one years of age, he came to Detroit, where he learned the trade of pattern maker. While he was employed in the shops, he spent his spare hours in studying engineering courses with the International Correspondence School. He then became associated with the Ford Motor Car Company when that concern had its inception, he being the fourth man on the Ford payroll, and the ensuing three years were spent with that organization. He then was employed by various companies in Detroit, so that he gained a thorough knowledge of all kinds of manufacturing. Thus, when he established his own company in 1908, he was possessed of wide experience that promised success for the venture he had undertaken. The concern grew steadily and rapidly, and though he had but a small shop and a capital of two hundred and fifty dollars when the business was started, such prosperity was found that in 1913 the present site at No. 3429 East Jefferson Avenue was purchased and the present building erected thereon. The Kettlewell Company gives employment to more than 150 persons and performs much experimental work for Detroit manufacturing companies. The concern is thus recognized as one of the leading enterprises of its kind in the city, and as the president and treasurer of the company, Mr. Kettlewell is known as one of the able and aggressive executives of Detroit. On June 3, 1903, Mr. Kettlewell married Maud Wickens, a native of Canada, and they have three children, Eleanor, Grace, and Richard Earl. Mr. Kettlewell is a member of the Employers' Association, the Board of Commerce, the Society of Automobile Engineers, Detroit Yacht Club, and the Masonic Country Club. He is active in Masonry, holding membership in Detroit Lodge No. 2, the Commandery, Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. The Kettlewell Company owes its existence and present proportions entirely to the efforts of Mr. Kettlewell, for he has ever turned out work of a quality that has found wide favor among the Detroit manufacturers, and his executive ability has assured a substantial basis for the operation of the concern at all times. Previously the firm went under the name of The Michigan Pattern and Machine Works, but on July 1, 1927, was changed to the Kettlewell Company and is now the leading pattern and die company Robert L. Schorr, M.D., prominent and successful physician and surgeon of Detroit, was born near Millersburg, Ohio, April 12, 1873, the son of George and Barbara (Henes) Schorr, the latter of whom died in 1887 and was the first to be cremated in the Detroit crematorium and the first to be cremated in the northwestern part of the United States. George Schorr was a well known merchant of Millersburg, Ohio, where he died in 1880. Orphaned at the age of fourteen years, Robert L. Schorr came to Detroit and attended the Detroit Union Baptist school and the Detroit high school. When he had completed his public school training, he took up the study of pharmacy, but after a time, he gave up this study in favor 510 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of the profession of medicine, to study which he matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine & Surgery, whence he graduated in 1893 with his doctorate in medicine. He served his interneship in a Detroit hospital and then established himself in a general practice here. The succeeding years have witnessed his rise to a commanding position among his professional colleagues, for he is reckoned one of the able and successful physicians and surgeons of Detroit, for his has been a brilliant record of achievement covering a period of nearly thirty-five years. On August 23, 1905, Doctor Schorr married Mabel Leonard, the daughter of Dr. C. Henri Leonard, of Detroit, and to this union were born three children, Robert William, George Lincoln, and Mabel Cornelia. In his professional affiliations, Doctor Schorr is a member of the American Medical Association and the Michigan State and Wayne County Medical societies. He is active in Masonry as a member of Palestine Lodge, Chapter, Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine, and he also retains membership in the Ingleside Club. He is a director of the Evergreen Cemetery Association and the Michigan Crematorium Association, and in religious matters, he professes the tenets of the Protestant Episcopal creed. James Joy Miller, vice-president and general manager of the Leonard Warehouses and vice-president of the Detroit Storage Company, is one of the leading men in the storage and warehouse business in Detroit. A native of this city, he is the son of James Gardner and Anna (Savage) Miller, both of whom are dead. James Gardner Miller came to Detroit when he was about twenty-four years of age, and after graduating from the University of Michigan with the degree of bachelor of laws, engaged in the practice of his profession in the law office of Mr. James F. Joy, continuing this association for many years until his death. He was known as one of the foremost attorneys practicing before the Wayne County bar and was counsel in some of the important litigation that occurred in Detroit and Michigan during that time. James Joy Miller attended the common and Central high schools of Detroit and then matriculated at the University of Michigan, where he studied civil engineering. Upon the conclusion of his college work, he became associated with various engineering concerns of Detroit, and continued successfully in that work until 1911, when he became a member of the Leonard Warehouses organization. Possessed of exceptional executive ability, he quickly rose to the position of vice-president and general manager of the concern, and to the duties of that position he added those of vice-president and general manager of the Detroit Storage Company. The two enterprises are undisputed leaders in their field in Detroit, and in the development of these concerns, Mr. Miller has played a conspicuous part, winning the name of being one of the aggressive and successful business men of this city. In 1911, Mr. Miller married Edith Leonard, daughter of Henry J. Leonard, and they have two children, Henry Leonard and Janet Adams. Mr. Miller is a member of the National DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 511 Furniture Warehouse Association, Rotary Club, Detroit Athletic Club, National Town & Country Club, and the Grosse Ile Golf & Country Club, and in Masonry, he is a member of the City of the Straits Lodge No. 452. He and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal Church. George Thomas Hunter, president and manager of the Michigan Cartage & Storage Company, is a prominent business man of Detroit and a member of one of the pioneer families of this city. Born in Detroit, August 18, 1872, he is the son of James and Mary (Barley) Hunter, both of whom were natives of England and came to the United States in 1863. In the same year, James Hunter became the representative at Detroit for the Sheddon Company, Limited, of Canada, and remained at the head of the Detroit branch of this cartage concern until 1898, when he bought out the business and organized the Sheddon Cartage Company with a capital stock of $100,000. From July, 1898, to 1906, the company operated under the same name, but in the latter year the name of the Michigan Cartage Company was adopted, prevailing until 1918. George T. Hunter received a public school education, and after taking a course at Goldsmith's Business University in Detroit, he entered the employ of the Grand Trunk Railroad, where he continued three years. He then went into business with his father in the cartage business, and when the senior Hunter retired in 1918 at the age of eightyeight years, George T. Hunter reorganized the concern, increased the capital stock, and changed the firm style to that of the Michigan Cartage & Storage Company, under which the concern operates today. Mr. Hunter has been president and manager of the enterprise since its reorganization in 1918, and that the company is a model of its kind and has been developed to large proportions, is due entirely to the administration of Mr. Hunter, for he has expanded the facilities of the company to keep pace with the great growth of Detroit that was inaugurated with the war period. He has placed in effect a system that has been widely adopted by other enterprises engaged in the same work, so that Mr. Hunter is recognized as one of the aggressive, resourceful, and farsighted executives of Detroit. On September 9, 1903, Mr. Hunter married Jennie Elizabeth Wilson, a daughter of Thomas Wilson, of Detroit, and to them on December 15, 1915, was born a daughter, Jane Elizabeth. He served many years as president of the Detroit Cartage Association, which was organized by James Hunter who became its first president. Mr. Hunter is a member of the Blue Lodge, Consistory, and Shrine in Masonry, and is also a member of the Masonic Country Club, Detroit Athletic Club, and the National Town & Country Club, of which he is a charter member. John Hugh Webster, one of the most successful druggists of Detroit, was born in Windsor, Canada, September 22, 1879, the son of Richard H. and Anna (Willy) Webster. The father, who was engaged in the baking business in Detroit for thirty years, was born in New York City and died at the age of sixty-one years, and 512 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the mother died when John Hugh Webster was four years of age. After graduating from public school, John H. Webster entered the employ of Parke, Davis & Company and was connected with that concern ten years. His association with this pharmaceutical company instilled in him the desire to study pharmacy, and to this end he matriculated at the School of Pharmacy of the Detroit College of Medicine, graduating in 1906. The ensuing two years were spent in the employ of R. A. Carmichael. In 1909, Mr. Webster went into the drug business for himself, opening his first store at No. 933 Champlain Street, but six years in this location necessitated a move to larger quarters to accommodate the growing needs of the business. Accordingly, he secured space in the Garden Court Apartment building at No. 2900 East Jefferson Avenue, where he now conducts one of the most modern and completely stocked pharmacies in Detroit. That Mr. Webster has been more than moderately successful in his enterprise is shown in the fact that he is a director of the Mutual Drug Company, the largest concern of its kind in the United States with its home office at Cleveland, Ohio, and one of the Nyal Drug Company, of Detroit. His high position among retail pharmicists of the city and state brought him the election to the presidency of the Michigan State Pharmacists Association in 1916 and to a similar office of the National Association of Retail Druggists in 1924. In 1925, he was elected to the Board of Education for a six-year term, for he takes a deep interest in the educational development of Detroit and is a strong proponent of progressive methods in public school work. Mr. Webster was united in marriage, May 31, 1905, to May M. Elliott, who was born in London, England, and sailed for the United States with her parents when she was two years old, her father dying at sea. Mr. and Mrs. Webster have two sons, John Elliott, who is a student at the University of Michigan and is seventeen years of age, and Richard Hugh, who is eight years old. Mr. Webster is a member of Oriental Chapter No. 240 in Masonry and of the Board of Commerce, in the projects of which he co-operates wholeheartedly. Oswald R. Bromley, traffic manager for the Michigan Central Railroad, was born in Detroit, August 22, 1884, the son of Henry B. and Ada (Fayram) Bromley, the former of whom was born in New Haven, Connecticut, and the latter at Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Henry B. Bromley was the inventor of Bromley's Index of Plats, which is still used by the city of Detroit, and was connected with the assessor's office many years. He died in Detroit, January 5, 1917, at the age of sixty-two years, his wife having died December 20, 1892. They were the parents of Oswald R. Bromley, whose name heads this review; Mrs. Ethel Middlewood, of Farmington, Michigan, and Mrs. Fred A. Stewart, of this city. Oswald R. Bromley attended the Hubbard and Webster grammar schools and the Western high school of Detroit, after which he became a clerk in the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad. He left the em DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 513 ploy of this company to become associated with the Detroit United Railways at Detroit, Northville, and Flint, he being local representative of the company at the two latter cities. Returning to Detroit, Mr. Bromley again became one of the Michigan Central organization, working in the local freight office for a period of three years. He was then associated for a short period with the Ann Arbor Railroad and the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton Railroad, after which, in 1908, he returned to the employ of the Michigan Central with a position in the freight traffic department. After holding various positions in this department, he was appointed division freight agent for the Michigan Central at Grand Rapids, Michigan, on June 1, 1915, retaining that position until May 31, 1918, when he was promoted to the post of assistant general freight agent, in charge of the coal and ore traffic at Detroit. On July 15, 1918, he was appointed senior assistant general freight agent, and on March 1, 1920, the day following the termination of Federal control of railroads, Mr. Bromley was appointed general freight agent for the Michigan Central and the Chicago, Kalazamoo & Saginaw railroads, and the Mackinac Transportation Company, with headquarters at Detroit. September 1, 1924, Mr. Bromley was appointed freight traffic manager of these companies and on February 1, 1928, was appointed traffic manager. He is regarded as one of the prominent and influential men in the country in his field and is a recognized authority on the handling of railroad traffic. On June 25, 1904, Mr. Bromley married Miss Bessie L. Brown, the daughter of Frank A. Brown, of Northville, Wayne County, Michigan, and to this union, in 1909, was born a daughter, Virginia J. Mr. Bromley is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club of Detroit, Meadowbrook Country Club, Traffic Clubs of Detroit and Chicago, the American Association of Freight Traffic Officers, New York Central Lines' Square Club, Izaak Walton League, Noontide Club, Michigan Central Pioneers Association, Michigan Traffic Golf Association, National Freight Traffic Golf Association. He takes an active interest in the affairs of the Detroit Board of Commerce, and in fraternal circles, he is a member of Palestine Lodge, F. & A. M. No. 357, Palestine Chapter, R. A. M. No. 159, Monroe Council, R. S. M. No. 1 and Detroit Commandery, Knights Templar No. 1. He is a Republican in politics but has never sought public office. James Flinthan Deimling, chief engineer of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1867, the son of Francis C. and Mary (Lovell) Deimling. Through the paternal line, he is a descendant of an old German family that was established in this country in 1782, and on the maternal side of the house, he is descended of English ancestors who settled in Virginia during the colonial period of our history. After receiving his early education in the elementary and high schools of his native city, Mr. Deimling entered railroad work when he was but seventeen years, being employed in the construction of the Missouri Pacific Railroad in Southeastern Kansas. From 1886 to 1890, he 514 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY was so employed, and in the latter year, he came to Grand Rapids, Michigan, to become employed in the engineering department of the Chicago & West Michigan Railroad, which now forms a part of the Pere Marquette system, and the construction of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad that is now a portion of the same system. In 1897, he became an engineer in the employ of the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company, at Marquette, Michigan, continuing there until he joined the Pere Marquette organization in 1904. He was appointed assistant engineer with the Michigan Central Railroad in 1912. Subsequently, he was promoted to the rank of chief engineer of this road. He is a member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and of the American Railway Engineering Association. In 1908, Mr. Deimling married Gertrude Schultz, a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mr. Deimling and his wife maintain their residence in Ypsilanti, and it is there that Mr. Deimling holds membership in the various Masonic bodies, including the Blue Lodge, Chapter, and Commandery. He is also a member of the Washtenaw Country Club. He and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal Church at Ypsilanti. Edwin L. Jennings, Jr., general agent for the Michigan Central Railroad, has held that responsible position since 1922 and is a prominent figure in railroad circles of the Middle West by virtue of the position he holds. He was born at Mayville, Tuscola County, Michigan, June 18, 1892, the son of Edwin L. and Sarah L. (Fralick) Jennings, both of whom were natives of England and are now dead. He obtained his early education in the elementary and high schools of Mayville, and in 1909, he became a telegraph operator with the Detroit & Mackinac Railroad in Northern Michigan. During the ensuing eight years, he was assigned to several stations with this company and then entered the employ of the Rock Island Railroad, remaining with that company a year in various positions in the West. In 1917, Mr. Jennings became associated with the Michigan Central Railroad, and here his evident ability and capacity for hard work brought him rapid advancement. He was holding the position of agent at Lansing, Michigan, when he was appointed general agent for the road, coming to Detroit to take over the duties of that office in 1922. His subsequent work in that position has shown him to be a man of exceptional ability in his field, and he is widely known in railway transportation circles in Michigan and the Middle West. In 1913, Mr. Jennings married Eleanor Irene Seymour, a native of Turner, Arenac County, Michigan. Mr. Jennings takes an active part in the affairs of the Detroit Rotary Club, is a member of the Detroit Traffic Club and the Lansing Lodge of Elks No. 196, and is active in Masonry as a member of the Capitol Lodge No. 36 at Lansing and Monroe Council No. 1, R.S.M. Carl Albert Riebling, general baggage, agent for the Michigan Central Railroad Company, has been associated with railway transportation work for more than nineteen years and has held his present position since May 1, 1919. He is the son of Frederick and DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 515 Emily (Eichhorn) Riebling, both of whom were born at Port Huron, Michigan, of German ancestry and the latter of whom is the daughter of Charles Eichhorn, an early cigar manufacturer and the maker of the famous "Old Firm" cigar. Carl A. Riebling was born at Port Huron, Michigan, January 17, 1894, and obtained his educational advantages in the public schools of that place and in business college. On January 31, 1909, he became a stenographer in the employ of the Grand Trunk Railway and, in June, 1910, became secretary to the master car builder of the same road. In June, 1911, he took up the duties of night ticket agent at Port Huron for the Grand Trunk continuing in that work until February, 1912, at which time he retired from railroad work until May of the same year. In the latter month, he became assistant chief clerk in the passenger department of the Michigan Central Railroad at Detroit, retaining that position until March 1, 1913. On that date, he assumed the duties of chief clerk of the same department, spending five years in that position. From March 1, 1918, to May 1, 1919, he was assistant general baggage agent for the Michigan Central, and on the latter date, he was advanced to the position which he now holds of general baggage agent. Mr. Riebling is widely known in railway circles, and his work with the Michigan Central Railroad has won him recognition as one of the able department heads in his field. In 1920, Mr. Riebling married Vera Bower, daughter of the late George F. Bower, a prominent contractor and hardware merchant of Jackson, Michigan. Herbert T. and Albert Riebling and Mrs. W. Scott Foster, the brothers and sister of Mr. Riebling, are now living in Detroit. Charles A. Kanter, vice-president of the Griswold First State Bank, comes of one of the early families of Detroit that has long played a conspicuous part in commercial and financial circles of this city. The first of that name to locate in Detroit was Edward Kanter, grandfather of Charles A., who was born in the kingdom of Prussia, Germany, and came to the United States when he was but twenty years of age. Even at that date, the American Fur Company, organized by the genius of John Jacob Astor, was engaged extensively in the fur trade in this section of the country, and in 1845, soon after his arrival in this country, Edward Kanter was sent to Mackinac Island as agent for this company. There he remained until 1852, when he came to Detroit to follow the retail grocery business for a short time thereafter, his store being located at No. 18 Cadillac Square. He then established himself in the business of ship chandler at the foot of Woodward Avenue, and it was while he was so engaged that he saw the opportunity of buying vessels and engaging in navigation work. By so doing, he acquired a considerable fleet of vessels, whose successful operations made him one of the leading capitalists of Michigan. In 1853, Edward Kanter established the private banking firm of E. Kanter & Company on West Lamed Street near Griswold Street, and subsequently, he organized the German-American Bank, of which he was 516 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY president many years and which was the predecessors of the First State Bank of Detroit, it being reincorporated under that name in 1917. Evidently, then, he was a powerful figure in the commercial and financial development of Detroit and may well be reckoned one of the upbuilders of this community. The parents of Charles A. Kanter were Henry Louis and Marie L. (Carmichael) Kanter, the former of whom was long identified with the banking interests of Detroit and was a well known figure in industrial circles, for his business affairs covered a wide range of enterprises. Charles A. Kanter began his education in the Detroit schools, graduated from Williams College, and also holds an engineering degree from the University of Michigan. Following the conclusion of his university training, he became the manager of the Kanter estate. As manager of the estate, he was the administrator of considerable downtown real estate, and when he came to the bank, he was placed in charge of the realty operations of that institution. During the World War, he served with the commission of captain in the inspection division for artillery ammunition, and immediately following the war, he served as a member of the claims board in Canada. Russell L. Stoddard is president of the Stoddard-Dick Company, which controls in the city of Detroit a substantial and prosperous contracting business and also figures as distributors for the building tile manufactured by the National Fire Proofing Company. The offices of this concern were established in the Penobscot Building until March 1, 1925, when removal was made to the present quarters, on the sixth floor of the R. L. Polk Building. Mr. Stoddard now has sole control of the business, as he purchased the interest of his associate, William E. Dick, on May 1, 1925. Mr. Stoddard was born in Toledo, Ohio, in 1889, and about one year later his parents, Louis N. and Lura B. Stoddard, established their home in Detroit, both having been born in Ohio. Louis N. Stoddard was long identified with the government lighthouse service on the Great Lakes system, and he and his wife now reside in Seattle, Washington, where he is living virtually retired, the one other child likewise being a son, George. In the public schools of Detroit the student application of Russell L. Stoddard culminated when he was graduated in the Central high school, in 1907. Thereafter he completed a thorough engineering course in the University of Michigan, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1913. During the ensuing year he was employed as an engineer with the contracting firm of Bryan & Detwilder, of Detroit, and he next passed six months as sales engineer for the firm of C. H. Little & Company. After two and one-half years of subsequent service as local sales engineer for the National Fire Proofing Company, he was advanced to the position of manager of the company's Michigan business. This executive office he retained from 1916 until 1920, and he then resigned and became associated with William E. Dick in organizing the Stoddard-Dick Company, of which he has since continued the executive head and of the business of which he DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 517 is now the sole owner, as previously stated in this context. The concern represents in the Metropolitan area a number of leading building material dealers and manufacturers, and also does an important contracting business in connection with building construction service. Mr. Stoddard is an active member of the Detroit Builders Exchange, is affiliated with the Delta Tau Delta college fraternity, and has membership in the Detroit Boat Club, the Canopus Club, the Detroit Athletic Club, and the Meadowbrook Country Club. He and his wife are communicants of Grace Church, Protestant Episcopal. In the year 1913 was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Stoddard to Miss Bessie A. Warren, daughter of James E. Warren, of Detroit, and the one child of this union is a daughter, Jean. Perry A. Fellows, city engineer for Detroit, was born at Homer, Michigan, November 27, 1882, the son of Eugene and Alice (Harrington) Fellows, natives of New York and Michigan, respectively. The father, a descendant of the earliest Massachusetts colonists, was born in Genessee County, New York State, and came to Michigan with his parents when he was a boy. He engaged in the lumbering and saw mill business when he attained man's estate and was associated with various lumber concerns at Homer and in the northern part of the State, subsequently removing to Albion, Michigan. The Harrington family was a prominent one of Lexington, Massachusetts, and the maternal grandparents of Perry A. Fellows came to the Wolverine State in a covered wagon, the principal means of overland travel in those days. Perry A. Fellows attended the elementary schools of Elmira, Michigan, and the high school at Homer, graduating from the latter institution in 1900. He then attended Albion College two years, after which he took up the study of civil engineering at the University of Michigan, whence he graduated in 1906. In that year, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, to work with the Pennsylvania Railroad on the lines west of Pittsburgh and was subsequently assistant engineer engaged in design and construction of harbor improvements and other structures for the Central of Georgia Railroad for a period of five years. After another year in similar engineering work with the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, he became superintendent and acting general manager for the Winnsboro Granite Corporation, of Winnsboro, South Carolina, the largest monumental granite quarry in the world at that time. He continued in that position until 1915, when he returned to the University of Michigan to pursue further studies, receiving his master's degree in 1916, having taken special economic and business administration courses. He then served as an instructor in structural engineering at the University of Michigan and in 1917, he came to Detroit to become mechanical superintendent and consulting engineer for Frederick Stearns and Company, and this position he retained until he was appointed city engineer of Detroit June 1, 1925. At the time of this appointment he was serving as a member of the Mayor's Special Committee on 518 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Sewage Disposal and had previously been a member of the Port Development Committee of the Board of Commerce. During the time he was an instructor at the University of Michigan, Mr. Fellows made the preliminary drawings and surveys for the Belle Isle bridge. His subsequent work in the engineering department of the city has shown him to be one of the able men in the municipal engineering work that has devolved upon him. He is also vice-president and a director of the Franklin Investment Company. On December 22, 1919, he married Gladys Culver, the daughter of Frank W. Culver, of Albion, Michigan, and they have three sons, Philip Wesley, Lawrence Perry and Frank Harrington. Mr. Fellows is a member of the Detroit Engineering Society, the American Society for Municipal Improvement, the American Society of Civil Engineers, formerly president of the Detroit Chapter of the Society of Industrial Engineers, of which he is now national vice-president, member of the Exchange Club, Union League, Detroit representative of Engineering Foundation, Councillor for Associated Technical Societies and author of several articles on management problems. He is also a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and Kappa Sigma fraternity. Charles Henry Schroeder was one of the leading shoe merchants of Detroit and Michigan, for as president and treasurer of the R & H Shoe Company, he developed an organization that was one of the leading retail shoe houses in the larger cities of this part of the State. He was born August 10, 1864, at Woodville, Ohio, whither his parents, Henry and Sophia (Degmeyer) Schroeder, had come from their native Germany, and in the public schools of that city he obtained his early education. Since his grandfather and father were shoemakers, it was but natural that the boy should turn to the same occupation, and following the death of his mother when he was eleven years of age, Charles Henry Schroeder learned the trade at his father's bench. Later, he went to Toledo, where he worked in a store while he attended school, so that from the time he was twelve years of age, he made his own way in the world. He gained a thorough knowledge of the retail shoe business working for various concerns of that sprt, and in 1890, the year of his marriage to Emma Kinker, of Toledo, he opened a shoe store of his own on Broadway, that city, subsequently removing it to new quarters on St. Clair Street. In 1904, he came to Detroit to purchase a store at No. 220 Randolph Street, which he operated for several years. At that time, he bought the R & H Shoe Company, then located at the corner of Randolph and Macomb streets, and later he moved the establishment to new and larger quarters on Gratiot Avenue. Though he developed the enterprise into one of the large and influential retail shoe houses in Detroit, Mr. Schroeder was not content to limit the scope of his operations to one city, for he located stores in Lansing, Pontiac, and Saginaw. He was noted among business men for the manner in which he anticipated the demands of his trade, and in this foresighted policy is found 67W~~~~~~~,, I DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 519 the key to his success. Considering his handicap of being crippled by loss of a limb in early life, it is surely a credit to him that he reached the top in his line of endeavor. He was accounted one of the leading men in the shoe business in the State, and the substantial organization that he developed is a monument to the ability and close application of its late president and treasurer. He and his wife became the parents of three daughters, Elizabeth, Charlotte, and Lucile, the first named of whom is the wife of Dr. Glen L. Coan, of Wyandotte, Michigan. Mr. Schroeder died January 14, 1927. During the World War, he was actively interested in promoting the success of the various Liberty Loan drives in Detroit and Wayne County and gave unstintingly of his time and money to the furtherance of these projects that made possible a successful prosecution of the war. He was a member of the various Masonic bodies, having attained the Thirty-third Degree in the Scottish Rite, and he also maintained membership in the Mystic Shrine, the Detroit Harmonie Society, Detroit Yacht Club, and the Detroit Board of Commerce. Herman J. Fetz. Few men were more popular or more widely known throughout the gigantic motor industry of Detroit than the late Herman J. Fetz, for, although he became identified with the industry so recently as 1918, his genial personality and his innate ability won for him almost immediate recognition as a man of assured future. That death should have closed his career in the very prime of life was a blow that cost not only his family, but his business associates as well, dearly. Mr. Fetz was born at Petoskey, Michigan, May 6, 1884, the son of Baltazer and Anna (Schlosser) Fetz, both natives of Germany. Recognizing early in life that America afforded greater opportunity for freedom and financial success than his Fatherland, Baltazer Fetz came to the United States at the age of fourteen year, and so well did he like his adopted country that he took out citizenship papers at the earliest possible age, twenty-one years. He became one of the solid citizens of Petoskey, where he operated the old City Hotel for many years. The son, Herman J. Fetz, received his education in St. Francis School and the Petoskey high school, and when the days of his schooling terminated, his first venture in the business world took him to Grand Rapids where he engaged in the dry cleaning business with his brother. After continuing this enterprise some time he decided to return to Petoskey, which he did. Back in his home town once more, he conducted a tailoring establishment until 1918, prospering in the undertaking. In the latter year, however, sensing the enormous opportunities which were to be found in the automobile world for one who could recognize an opportunity when he saw it and act upon it with energy, he went to Detroit. In this mecca of the industry he took a position with the Ford Motor Company where his genius for organization and efficiency was accorded almost instant recognition. Although only then in his middle thirties and a comparative newcomer, he was given exceptional lati 520 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tude for exercising his talents by the Ford company, and established a salvage department which reclaimed thousands of dollars worth of materials which would otherwise have been wasted. Becoming manager of this department, he carried on the salvage work of the Ford company until December, 1926, when he resigned to accept the important and responsible position of purchasing agent for the Hudson Motor Car Company. Taking up his duties on January 1, 1927, he was already demonstrating the wisdom of the Hudson executives in choosing him for the post when an untimely death cut short his brilliant career. Mr. Fetz was always a devotee of outdoors sports and socially was a charter member of the Petoskey Lodge of Elks. In 1912 he was united in marriage with Katherine Beach, the daughter of Richard W. and Maria (Bobay) Beach. Richard Beach was a son of Joseph P. Beach and a grandson of Ahira Beach, the Beach family being one of the oldest in the United States, three Beach brothers having come to America from Thetford, England, three years after the landing of the Mayflower at Plymouth. Mrs. Fetz's mother, Maria(Bobay)Beach, was a daughter of Theodore Bobay, who was born in France. Mrs. Beach was prominently identified with educational problems in Charlevoix County, Michigan, where she served as county commissioner of schools. To Mr. and Mrs. Fetz one daughter, Frances, was born, who lives with her mother. She and her mother are proud of the untarnished name her father had made for himself in their adopted city of Detroit. Benjamin F. Mulford was one of the foremost attorneys of Detroit, and at the time of his death, June 3, 1925, he was an official in ten business and manufacturing firms of this city. Born in New Jersey in 1879, he was the son of Samuel C. and Mary A. (Reilly) Mulford, the former a native of England and the latter of Detroit. He received his education in the public schools of his native State and of Detroit, his stepfather, Arthur W. Findley, having brought his family to the City of the Straits when young Mulford was but a boy. He began his career selling newspapers to help support his widowed mother, and while he was so employed, he attended the night classes of the Detroit College of Law, whence he graduated with the class of 1903. He was admitted to the bar the same year and immediately embarked upon the active practice of his profession. Five years later, he formed a partnership with George G. Prentis, an association that was maintained until 1921, when the firm of Prentis, Mulford, Pugh & Fitch was established. He attracted wide attention for his work before the bar of the city and state and was engaged in some of the important litigation in the courts of Detroit and Michigan. As an authority on corporation law, his services were widely sought by business enterprises of various kinds, with the result that he became actively identified with the operations of ten concerns as an officer in those companies. Not only was his legal reputation of the highest, but also was his eminence in the world of business unimpeachable. Active in Ma DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 521 sonry, he was past master of Oriental lodge, an honorary member of Perfection lodge, and a member of King Cyrus chapter and the Knights Templar at Detroit. He was also a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Oakland Hills Country Club, Wilderness Club, the Michigan and Detroit Bar associations, and the Lawyers Club. He was senior warden of St. Alban's Protestant Episcopal Church and was one of the board of managers of the Detroit Y. M. C. A. Mr. Mulford married Mabel C. Warner, the daughter of Cecil and Susan E. (Griffith) Warner, natives of Michigan. Mr. Mulford was an ardent follower of outdoor sports and was particularly interested in golf, tennis, and swimming in which he found his recreation. James Monroe Cooper, M. D., was one of the leading specialists in diseases of the eye, ear, nose, and throat in Detroit, his practice covering a period of seventeen years in this city that placed him among the foremost medical men in his particular field of the science. He was born at Francisville, Michigan, May 13, 1877, and was the son of Edmond L. and Ada (Clark) Cooper, natives of Grass Lake and Leslie, Michigan, respectively. In 1896, he completed his public school studies in the Grass Lake high school and the ensuing three years were spent in Detroit as a stenographer. He then matriculated in the medical school of the University of Michigan, whence he graduated with his doctorate in medicine in the class of 1903. At that time he was appointed to membership on the Typhoid Commission under Doctor Vaughn and continued in this work until 1904, when he went to New York to take postgraduate work and to act as house surgeon in the eye and ear hospital of DQctor Knapp. In August, 1906, he returned to Michigan and embarked upon the active practice of his profession at Detroit, specializing in diseases of the eye, ear, nose, and throat. His skill and the success he won with the cases that were placed under his care attracted to him a large clientele that firmly established him among the most successful men in his field in Detroit. In the year in which he initiated his practice here, Doctor Cooper married Mattie Craft, the daughter of Sanford D. and Addie B. (Finch) Craft, natives of Indiana and New York, respectively, their home now being maintained at Grass Lake, where they have been established for many years. To Doctor and Mrs. Cooper were born three sons, Edmond L., Sanford L., and James Monroe, Jr. Doctor Cooper died December 30, 1923, at a time when his powers were at their best, and in his death the medical fraternity of Detroit sustained an irreparable loss. Doctor Cooper turned to radio as a hobby and long before that means of reception had caught the popular fancy, he had constructed a receiving set for himself to increase his knowledge of and pleasure in the science. He was a member of the Westminster Presbyterian Church, and in political matters, he supported the Republican party. William Harper Speaker. Business men of Detroit will instantly associate this name with that of the Speaker-Hines Print 522 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY ing Company, which had its inception in 1884 in a small way under the experienced direction of the late William Harper Speaker. The family name was originally spelled Spyker, for it was from Holland that the first representative of the family came to America to settle in Pennsylvania, where was born Levi Speaker, the father of William H. Luther Speaker followed the westward trend of migration and settled on a farm near Lima, Ohio, where he married Mary Ellen Osman Speaker-Bresler, a native of the Buckeye State, who died at age of eighty-seven. She was born February 22, 1833, and died on her birthday, and where, on September 3, 1854, was born William Harper Speaker. The father, head of a family though he was, entered the Union Army for service in the Civil War and died a captive amid the horrors of the notorious Andersonville prison. The mother removed with her children to Lima, where, in 1863, William H. Speaker, a lad of nine, began his lifelong association with the printing business in the employ of the Lima Gazette. The ensuing ten years brought him a thorough and general knowledge of the printer's craft as only the printers of that day learned it and laid the substantial foundation for the success that was to follow. In 1873, he accepted a position with the Fort Wayne Gazette, Fort Wayne, Indiana, and after eleven months so spent, he went to the Times, of Manistee, Michigan, where he continued until 1876. In the latter year, he entered the employ of Marder-Luce & Company, of Chicago, the immediate predecessor of the American Type Foundry Company of today. His work in this capacity brought him no small distinction as an authority on type specimen books, and for a period of eight years he remained with that company. A land boom in North Dakota attracted him to that State in 1883, and at Jamestown he established and published the Jamestown Daily Capital. He sold the enterprise late in the autumn of the same year and came to Detroit, where in February, 1884, he purchased the Richard Doran Printing Company, the name of which he changed to that of the Speaker Printing Company. The business began in a small way, letter heads and cards forming the bulk of the business for a time. William HI. Speaker, however, was a man who knew his trade as few did, and with the demonstrable excellence of his work coupled with his aggressiveness in acquiring accounts, the company entered upon a period of steady growth that has not ceased. During the early, hard months, Mr. Speaker found an eager and able assistant in his wife, and they two worked side by side to lay the firm footing for the great organization as it exists today. The first establishment was located at No. 120 Griswold Street. In 1886 removal was made to the Butterfield Building on Lamed Street, in 1892 to Nos. 33-35 Lamed Street, West, in 1902 to Nos. 71-73 Shelby Street, and in 1909 to the present location at Nos. 14648 Lamed Street, East. Each change to new and larger quarters had been necessitated by the growing demands upon the company for its services, and the organization stands today as a monument to the efforts of William H. Speaker, who lived to see DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 523 the work of the company sought throughout the Middle West. In 1907, Edward N. Hines was taken into partnership, and the firm name of Speaker-Hines Printing Company was adopted. Until the time of his death, Mr. Speaker occupied the position of president, and Mr. Hines, who learned the trade under the tutelage of Mr. Speaker, was secretary and treasurer, he having entered the employ of the company in 1889. In many ways, Mr. Speaker pioneered developments in printing methods in Detroit, notable among them being the production of artistic catalog covers and color printing. He was strong in his opposition to the dictates of the printers' unions on the matter of wages, for he believed that it lay solely within the jurisdiction of the employer to pay his employes according to their several capacities. That he was just in his viewpoint is indicated by the fact that he retained men in his plant for as long as forty years. With a long and fruitful career behind him, he retired from active business when, on May 1, 1925, he sold his interests to Mr. Hines, but it was not given him to enjoy for long the rest so richly deserved, for his death came soon after. His character as an employer and business man may best be shown in this extract of a tribute written of him at the time of his death by a former employe: "Bill Speaker was a humane employer; he knew and felt the feelings of those who labored and he never forgot that he, too, was once a laborer. He was an unconscious leader, a wise counselor, and a real friend. Always approachable, ever ready to listen, his judgment was ever tempered by mercy. His genial manner made him beloved by all who came in contact with him. Were all men's judgment and sense of fairness toward their fellow men as was his, the world would have had little need for labor unions, fraternal orders, and kindred organizations. In his quiet way he scattered many flowers in the pathway of life of those less fortunate. This was his creed and the world little knows of his many personal acts of kindness." On July 8, 1884, Mr. Speaker married Katherine Edington, daughter of William and Jane (Robinson) Edington, of Manistee, Michigan, the father having been born in Oneida, Scotland, and the mother in Slindon, England. Mr. and Mrs. Speaker were members of the Metropolitan Methodist Episcopal Church, while Mr. Speaker was a member of the National Typothetae Association and the Detroit Branch of that organization, the Ingleside Club, Detroit Curling Club, and the Ohio Society of Detroit. In the hey-day of the popularity of the bicycle, when the Detroit Wheelman Club occupied the place now held by the Detroit Automobile Club, Mr. Speaker became a charter member of the organization and served as president of the society. In this capacity, he was an active campaigner for good roads. He was intensely interested in all outdoor sports and found his greatest enjoyment in fishing. In Masonry, he was a member of Ashlar Lodge, Peninsular Chapter, and Monroe Council, and he also retained membership in the Knights of Pythias. 524 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY John Kelsey, whose death occurred January 19, 1927, held a place in the industrial life of Detroit that stamped him as one of the most successful manufacturers and one of the true upbuilders of the city where he spent his life, for he was the founder and the president of the Kelsey Wheel Company, one of,the greatest organizations of its kind in the United States. He was born on Lamed Street, Detroit, March 15, 1866, a son of John Thomas and Jessie (Brabyn) Van Stan, and took the name of Kelsey after his widowed mother married Frank Kelsey. His father, John T. Van Stan, served in the Civil War with a Minnesota regiment as lieutenant and quartermaster, fighting for the preservation of the Union despite his Virginian birth. John Kelsey attended and graduated at age of fourteen from the old Jefferson School and later studied in a business college, but his educational advantages were limited. His first job was with the paper firm of Cornwell, Price & Company, where he received a dollar a week to start. When he was eighteen years of age, he joined a boyhood friend, Albert V. McClure, and Warren G. Vinton in the organization of Kelsey, McClure & Company for the manufacture of hardwood products, a venture that proved successful from the time of its inception. In 1898, he allied himself with the H. J. Herbert Company under the firm style of the Kelsey-Herbert Company to engage in the manufacture of toilet articles in ebony and other hard woods and continued as secretary and treasurer of that concern until 1911. With the automobile coming into prominence, he became interested in a project to manufacture and market a spring wheel for automotive vehicles, but the enterprise proved to be the one unsuccessful business venture to which Mr. Kelsey set his hand. Upon the advice of Henry Ford, he abandoned the spring wheel company to undertake the manufacture of wood wheels for automobiles, for he possessed an excellent knowledge of woods and their industrial uses. With William A. Ducharme and six other Detroit men, he organized the Kelsey Wheel Company in 1907 with a capitalization of $300,000. For a long time, the company made all the artillery type wheels used by the Ford Motor Company. Subsequently, the company took up the manufacture of wheels for larger cars, the Cadillac Motor Car Company being the first automobile concern to adopt the Kelsey wheels as standard equipment, and that company still employs the Kelsey products in building its cars. By 1915 the business of the company had grown to such proportions that the Kelsey Wheel Company was reincorporated for $13,000,000 that year and for $16,000,000 the following year. Throughout his association with the concern, Mr. Kelsey was president and was largely responsible for the development of the enterprise into one of the largest industrial units in Detroit's history. The great fortune which he amassed was but a means by which he could aid less fortunate persons, so that he will be remembered as one of the unselfish philanthropists of Detroit. He was known to leave a meeting of bankers in order that he might visit an unfortunate family 4 7 I DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 525 that had been brought to his attention, and his associations of this kind were broad and enduring, for he was a friend to all and was deeply interested in the welfare of those friends. Baseball held for him a consuming interest throughout his life and nothing affected him more deeply than did the recent scandals in professional baseball leagues. When he was a lad of fourteen years, he displayed a pitching ability that brought him membership in the old Amateur Athletic Association, and as success came to him in the business world, he became one of the strongest supporters of the association, which was subsequently reorganized as the Detroit Athletic Club. He was known to pay "dues" to the amount of $7,000 a year to the old organization, an amount nearly equal to the total dues paid by the other members of the club. He played baseball every year up to the last summer preceding his death, and his interest was extended to the professional league baseball in 1919 when he purchased the stock of the Detroit Tigers in partnership with Frank J. Navin and Walter 0. Briggs. He was the second president of the Detroit Athletic Club and was chairman of the committee in charge of erecting the present clubhouse. He financed the Grosse Ile Golf Club, one of the finest in the Detroit region, and was a member of the Country Club of Detroit, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Detroit Club, Old Club, Detroit Automobile Club, the Audubon Society, and the Board of Commerce. He was also a member of the old Detroit Light Guard, one of the famous old militia organizations of this city. In fraternal circles, he was a member of the Palestine Lodge of Masons, and in politics he was an unswerving Republican. In 1893, he married Margaret Dallas, the daughter of John and Catherine A. (Kerr) Dallas, the former of whom was a native of Aberdeen, Scotland, and the latter of Nova Scotia. To Mr. and Mrs. Kelsey were born two children, Dallas Sherrill and Virginia Elizabeth, the former of whom has entered the business started by his father and is now learning it from the ground up. Ernest R. Warner was one of the prominent restaurant and merchandise brokerage men in Detroit, where he made his home since 1882. He was born at Canton, New York, May 21, 1860, and was the son of Tichner and Sophia (Ames) Warner. His educational advantages were secured in the common and high schools of his native city, and his career was begun as a news agent on a railroad. In 1882, he came to Detroit, and having determined to enter the restaurant business, he secured a job at the Swan restaurant in order that he might learn every detail of the field in which he expected to engage. After a few years, he opened his first establishment at the corner of Third and Jefferson avenues opposite the Michigan Central Railroad station. This enterprise he conducted successfully until the present Union depot was erected, at which time he bought the restaurant rights for that station. Subsequent to that, he opened another restaurant in the Masonic Temple and conducted the venture successfully for some time. He 526 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY gave up that work, however, to accept a position as deputy collector of internal revenue and continued in that office for a period of eighteen years. Again he determined to go into business for himself, selecting the field of merchandise brokerage for his operations. His extensive knowledge of standard market prices gained in the restaurant business rendered inevitable his success in the new work, and he continued in that line of endeavor with constantly mounting success until his career was cut short by death, November 6, 1927. Mr. Warner was known as one of the aggressive and able men among the merchandise brokers of Detroit and was highly regarded for the business acumen that brought him to a leading place in Detroit commercial circles. Though he never sought office, he took an active part in the local affairs of the Republican party and was chairman of the Republican committee for a number of years. During the World War, he played a conspicuous part in promoting the success of the various drives for Government loans and the Red Cross and other social service funds. He attended the Protestant Episcopal Church and had attained the Thirty-second degree in Scottish Rite Masonry, he having been a member of Zion Lodge, Damascus Commandery, and the Shrine. For a time he held membership in the Exchange Club. In 1891, Mr. Warner married Harriett Doolittle, the daughter of John N. and Eliza (Smith) Doolittle, both of New York State, and they became the parents of two daughters, Kathryn, who married Norman Saunders, and Eloise, who married George A. Gregg and died in 1919, leaving one daughter, Virginia Eloise. Mrs. Warner survives her husband and maintains her home at No. 323 King Avenue, Detroit. Archie A. McPherson had attained the position of cashier and vice-president of the Bank of Detroit several years prior to the time of his death, which occurred October 14, 1927, and was accounted one of the able bank cashiers in this part of the country. A native of Detroit, he was born May 26, 1889, the son of George and Addie (Bare) McPherson, the former of whom was an early shoe merchant of Detroit and died here in January, 1917, and the latter of whom was of French descent. Archie A. McPherson obtained his early education in the public schools of Detroit, and when he had completed the eleventh grade at the Central high school, he gave up his schooling to accept a position as clerk in the employ of the First National Bank of Detroit, work in which he continued three years. When the Dodge Company was organized, he became office manager for that automobile manufactory and retained that position until 1917. In that year, he resigned his position in the hope that he might enter the army for service in the World War, but faulty eyesight and heart trouble caused his rejection. Disappointed in this attempt, he became traveling auditor for the Acme White Lead & Color Company, employment that took him to all of the company's branches in the West during the the year he spent in this work. He was next associated with the ARCHIIE A. MCPHIERSON I DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 527 Diamond Power Specialty Company as office manager for a period of two years, after which he spent a year at Pontiac, Michigan, as assistant to Mr. Tinsman, of the Oakland Division of General Motors. Leaving that position in 1921, Mr. McPherson became assistant cashier of the Bank of Detroit. Such was his ability that he was elevated to cashier in 1923 and was elected a vice-president of the institution in 1925, offices which he held at the time of his death. He was widely known in banking circles, was a member of the Bankers Club of Detroit, and sat on the board of governors of the American Institute of Banking in 1926. In all outdoor sports, he found his recreation and relief from the cares of business. He attended Christ Church and was a Republican in politics. In 1919, Mr. McPherson married Florence Zender, a daughter of Edward and Theresa (DeBuel) Zender, both of whom were born in Detroit. Henry Zender, grandfather of Mrs. McPherson, came to Detroit from his native Switzerland and bought a tract of land which is now included within the city limits of Detroit and Zender Place was named for him. Edward Zender was a gardener by vocation. To Mr. and Mrs. McPherson was born one son, Archie A., Jr. Everett Eugene Needels was one of the successfu real estate men of Detroit, for though his association with that field here was comparatively short in duration he had gained a reputation for integrity and genuine ability before death closed a career so brilliantly commenced. A son of George W. and Emma (Everett) Needels, both natives of Ohio, he was born at Columbus Grove, Ohio, July 8, 1898, and obtained his early education in the public schools of Toledo, Ohio. He then matriculated at Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, and during the World War, he was lieutenant of infantry in the S. A. T. C. at that institution until January, 1919. Following his graduation at that time, he entered the employ of the Burr-Patterson Company, manufacturing jewelers, and continued with that organization through a period of five years. It was at this juncture that he came to Detroit to become a member of the real estate firm of the George W. Needels Company, with which he was associated until the time of his death, which occurred March 16, 1925, as the result of an operation. At that time, the publication "Fraternity Life" spoke of him as follows: "Possessed of a personality that can be best described as magnetic, he drew people to him in everything he ever undertook, and by virtue of his remarkable vitality, he accomplished more in his few short years than many people do in a lifetime. If friends are a form of wealth, then 'Gene' was immensely wealthy." On June 9, 1920, he married Dorothy Fisher, the daughter of Arthur and Evangeline (Patterson) Fisher, both of whom were born in New York State, resided in Ohio for a time, and came to Detroit in 1897. Mr. and Mrs. Needels became the parents of two daughters Betty Jean and Barbara Ellen. Mr. Needels was a member of the 528 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Masonic order, and while he was a student at Ohio Wesleyan University, he was initiated into Gamma chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity. John Bornman was one of the leaders in the printing business in Detroit for many years, for in the firm of John Bornman & Son he built up an organization that ranks among the largest concerns of its kind in Detroit and Michigan. Born at Speckswinkle, Hesse, Germany, August 7, 1835, he was the son of Dietrich and Elizabeth (Immel) Bornman and came with his parents to Detroit when he was but two years of age. He obtained his education in the public schools and began his career as a newspaper carrier for the old Advertiser, his route taking him across vacant lots that are now occupied by some of the largest buildings in the city. After his graduation from the Beacon public school, he became an apprentice in the composing rooms of the Advertiser and subsequently followed the vocation of compositor at the plant of O. S. Gulley & Company. His pronounced excellence in his craft and close attention to the demands of his work brought him a junior partnership eleven years later, at which time the firm adopted the style of the Gulley-Bornman Company. Following the death of Mr. Gulley, the present name of John Bornman & Son was assumed. As head of this organization, John Bornman continued until the time of his death on January 7, 1926, and to his knowledge of his trade and business ability is largely attributable the development of the company to its present high place among printing establishments in Detroit and this section of Michigan. Coming to Detroit as he did at a time when the sight of Indians on Woodward Avenue was not uncommon and seeing the first steamboat to ply the Detroit River, John Bornman acquired a passionate interest in the progress of his city in social and civic matters. He was active in the foundation and work of the Protestant Home for Orphans and Old People, was a charter member of St. John's German Evangelical Church, and was instrumental in the formation of the Benevolent society of that church. He was trustee of his church, treasurer of the German Protestant Orphans' Home, and served the city as a member of the City Plan and Improvement Commission. He was a charter member of the Detroit Board of Commerce and the Michigan Council and in political allegiance, he was a staunch Republican. The firm of John Bornman & Son, which was located for many years at Bates and Lamed streets and was moved in 1912 to a modern building at Fort Street and Second Boulevard, is now operated by Charles F. Bornman, a son. On December 12, 1861, John Bornman married Anna Martha Holstein, the daughter of George Holstein, who came from his native Germany to farm at Casco, Michigan. To Mr. and Mrs. Bornman were born these children: Elizabeth, the widow of Carl Toelle who was an organist at St. John's Evangelical Church, Detroit, and later at Tonawanda, New York, until the time of his death, April 17, 1895, Charles F., married Myrtus Daniels DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 529 and has one daughter, Dorothy, the wife of William Vass; and one son Frederick D. John Bornman died January 7, 1926, and his wife, April 10, 1921. Arnold L. Jacoby, M.D., though he died in the forty-first year of his age, had attained a place of national prominence in the field of psychiatry during the sixteen years that marked his active practice in the medical profession. He was born at Chicago, Illinois, February 17, 1886, a son of Andrew L. and Hester A. (Graham) Jacoby, and when he had completed the prescribed course of study in the public schools of that city, he matriculated at the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of bachelor of arts in 1907. He then took up the study of medicine at the same institution and graduated with his doctorate in medicine in 1910, after which he spent a year at the Naval Medical school, Washington, D. C. He was rated an assistant surgeon in the navy at the time he entered the latter school and continued in that capacity until 1912, although he continued to maintain his touch with the naval affairs through his association with the United State Naval Reserve Force until 1919, having progressed through the various grades to that of commander prior to his discharge. When he went into practice for himself, he became associated with the State Hospital service of Illinois, and from 1915 to 1917, he was first assistant physician at the State Psychopathic Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan. When war impended with Germany, he reentered active service as psychiatrist of the naval station at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where he remained throughout the course of the war. Following the cessation of hostilities and his consequent discharge from the service, he returned to his former position at Ann Arbor. On April 1, 1921, he was appointed director of the psychopathic clinic of the Recorder's court of Detroit. His notable efforts in this work won him the chair of psychiatry at the Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery in 1923 and the directorship of the neuro-psychiatric clinic of Harper Hospital the following year. An ardent proponent of more thorough investigation into and treatment of individual cases in criminal affairs, he was one of the pioneers in a movement that is rapidly receiving more universal endorsement from courts and lawyers. Doctor Jacoby was signally honored by appointment to membership on the American Psychiatric Association's committee of ten to draft plans for the revision of laws relative to the expert testimony of psychiatrists in court. He was a member of the executive council of the same association and its secretary as well as being a member of the American, Michigan State, and Wayne County Medical Societies, the Phi Rho Sigma medical fraternity, His success as director of the psychopathic clinic of the Recorder's court was signal, particularly when it is considered that at the outset he met with some opposition on the part of some of the judges, but so conclusive were the results he obtained that the scope of the work was substantially broadened and the staff of assistants enlarged. Little more than an experiment at its inception, 530 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY the clinic attracted nation-wide attention under the direction of Doctor Jacoby and has been the model for the establishment of similar clinics in other large cities. At the time of his death, he was working upon a book that was to deal with the criminal mind in a comprehensive manner, and none was better fitted to perform such a work than he. In addition to the above named societies of which he was a valued member, Doctor Jacoby was also affiliated with the Detroit Society of Psychiatry and Neurology, American Orthopsychiatric Association of which he was secretary, the Central Neuro-Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for the study of the feeble minded. On April 30, 1927, while the great work which he had instituted was barely gaining momentum, Doctor Jacoby died, his memorial being found in his great contribution to the study of psychiatry to which he devoted his life. On April 1, 1911, he married Alma May Montgomery, a daughter of Archibald and Catherine (MacGee) Montgomery, both of whom were natives of Sterling, Ontario, and to Doctor and Mrs. Jacoby were born three children, Jack M., Richard A., and William. Bruce Goodfellow, whose death occurred September 3, 1927, was one of the leading business men of Detroit, and his career is exemplary of the success that may come to a man through close application and concentration upon the work in hand. A son of Archibald Goodfellow, he was born at Smith Falls, Ontario, October 6, 1850, and received his education in the public schools of his native place. In 1870, he came to Detroit with his parents and at that time entered the employ of the leading clothing house of C. R. Mabley & Company. Believing that advancement awaited him in this work, he applied himself with such diligence that he eventually rose to the position of manager of the furnishings department, and in this capacity he continued until the death of Mr. Mablev. As a young man, he formed a close friendship with T. L. Hudson, an employe of the same company, the latter establishing the J. L. Hudson Company of today, and when Mr. Mabley died, Mr. Goodfellow was called upon to manage the enterprise until the Mabley estate was settled and passed into the hands of his heirs. Mr. Goodfellow became identified with the Central American Commercial Company, of Detroit, in the capacity of general manager, the company devoted to the marketing of its own bananas grown in Honduras. This work frequently carried him to the company's plantations in that country and as a result he was well informed upon Central American affairs. His efforts in the various commercial enterprises with which he was associated made him known in Detroit and this section of the State as one of the able business executives of the Middle West, and business circles of Detroit felt a distinct loss when he was claimed by death in his seventy-seventh year. He interested himself actively in the affairs of the city, and during the administration of Mayor Hazen S. Pingree, he served two terms as fire commissioner. In 1884, Mr. Goodfellow married Martha Jane (Juby) Davey, the widow of EDWIN DENBY DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 531 Thomas Davey, by whom she had had one daughter, Mary Aurillia Davey, the wife of Robert F. Medbury, of Detroit, and they are the parents of one daughter, Hazel Frances, who married Clarence Zewadski. Mr. Goodfellow and wife attended Westminster Church and took an active interest in the affairs of that body, Mr. Goodfellow being a past president of the St. Andrew's Society. Following his retirement from business, Mr. Goodfellew interested himself greatly in Masonic matters. He was a past potentate of Moslem Shrine and in the Scottish Rite was a member of Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar. Edwin Denby, Secretary of the Navy during the administration of President Harding, needs no introduction to the people of Detroit, for he has made a record in his practice before the courts and in the service of the people in Congress and as a cabinet member that ranks him among the leading citizens of the city and State. A native of Evansville, Indiana, he was born February 18, 1870, a son of Charles and Martha (Fitch) Denby. He left the Evansville high school in 1885 to accompany his father to China and spent nearly a decade in that country, to which his father was minister from the United States. In June, 1887, he began a period of seven years' service with the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs service. Upon his return to the United States to matriculate at the University of Michigan, and in 1896, following his graduation and admission to the bar, he set himself up in practice in Detroit. He won success from the first, and in 1907, he became a member of the firm of Chamberlain, May, Denby & Webster, a legal combination that has written Michigan legal history. In addition to his law practice, Mr. Denby was one of the organizers and a director of the National Bank of Commerce and of the Hupp and Federal automobile companies of this city, organizations that are regarded as leaders in their field in Detroit. The example of Mr. Denby in the military service of his country is a shining one for the youth of this city. He served with the armed forces of the United States in the Spanish-American War, and when war was declared upon Germany in 1917, he again sought to bear arms in defense of his country. Though he was three years above the maximum age limit, he secured special permission to enlist in the Marine Corps as a private. His knowledge of military matters and ability in that direction brought him steady promotion, so that he received his corporal's stripes in June, 1917, and his sergeant's warrant in August of the same year. He was honorably discharged as an enlisted man in order that he might re-enter the Marine Corps with the commission of second lieutenant in January, 1918. Within the month, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, was elevated to a captaincy in a short while, and received his majority in December, 1918. Until July, 1918, he was stationed at Paris Island, South Carolina, as personnel officer and was ordered to France at that time to act as observer for the Marines. He returned to the United States on October 26, 1918, and was placed on the inactive list in 532 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY January, 1919, although he remained in South Carolina until the succeeding April. He returned to Detroit at that time to resume practice. In 1921, he was appointed Secretary of the Navy by President Harding and served in that high position until March 10, 1924, when he resigned to re-enter the practice of law in Detroit. In 1902, Mr. Denby was elected to represent Wayne County in the State Legislature, and his excellent record in that office brought him the election to Congress from the first district, serving in the House from 1905 to 1911. Throughout his public career, as well as in his legal practice, Mr. Denby has shown himself to be possessed of unimpeachable integrity and ability of the highest order, and no man is better known to the Republican politics of Michigan than is he. On March 18, 1911, Mr. Denby was united in marriage to Marion Bartlett Thurber, of Detroit, and they have two children, Edwin, Jr., and Marion. He is a Thirty-third degree Mason and a member of Oriental Lodge of that order, the Phi Delta Phi fraternity, Detroit Club, Detroit Country Club, University Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Athletic Club, and the Chateau Voyageurs. He was president of the Detroit Zoological Society and is a member and former president of the Detroit Board of Commerce. In professional circles, he is a member of the American Bar Association, Michigan State Bar Association, the Bar Association of the City of Detroit, and the Lawyers Club of Detroit. Roy D. Chapin. In the history of the automobile industry, the name of Roy D. Chapin, chairman of the board of the Hudson Motor Car Company, stands as one of the conspicuous builders of a means of transportation whose rise has eclipsed by its rapidity any similar undertaking recorded in history. One of the first to appreciate the ultimate importance of automotive transportation, one of the first to devote his life to the development thereof, one of the first to apply progressive sales methods to the exploitation of automobiles, he is acknowledged to be a commanding figure in the industry to which he has contributed so largely. Born at Lansing, Michigan, February 23, 1880, he is the son of Edward Cornelius and Ella (King) Chapin, the former of whom was a prominent lawyer and a son of Seth S. Chapin, an early minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Michigan. He obtained his early education in Lansing and studied two years at the University of Michigan, and in February, 1901, he left school to begin a career in automobile building that has no parallel in the industry. At that time he came to Detroit, and to R. E. Olds himself, he applied for a job in the new Olds plant in this city, being hired as demonstrator at a salary of thirty-five dollars per month. With an absorbing interest in automobiles, he threw himself into the work with an energy that attracted the favorable attention of his employer, and in 1904 he was made the first sales manager of the Olds Company having previously occupied the positions of tester and repair department superintendent. In the latter of those two positions, Mr. Chapin had traveled throughout the United States, and it was his DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 533 contact with the dealers and their problems that enabled him to formulate the sales policies which he used with noteworthy success when he became sales manager of the Olds organization. Keenly appreciative of the faith that had been placed in him, he overlooked no opportunity to better sales conditions and methods, and to this end he made a careful study of the system employed by the National Cash Register Company of Dayton, Ohio, a concern which then boasted the most efficient sales organization in the country. From his experience and observations he compiled the first sales manual for the automobile salesmen under him, this manual being the first seen by the industry for its particular use. In 1906, Mr. Chapin resigned from the Olds Company to join Howard E. Coffin, former Olds engineer, E. R. Thomas, F. O. Bezner, and J. J. Brady in the organization of the Thomas-Detroit Company. So satisfactory was the new Thomas-Detroit product that the first year's output of 506 cars was sold before the machines left the factory. The ThomasDetroit automobile sold for nearly $3,000, but the officers and directors realized that there was a good field for the introduction of a cheaper car. In 1907, therefore, Hugh Chalmers became associated with the company, and in that year the Chalmers-Detroit, selling for $1,500, was placed on the market. Such was the success of the car that a subsidiary company was formed with Roscoe B. Jackson in charge of development and with J. L. Hudson, for whom the new car was named, as president of the new Hudson Motor Car Company. After the car became established in its field, a change was made in the organization, so that Roy D. Chapin became president of the company and J. L. Hudson became chairman of the board of directors. Mr. Chapin and his associates purchased control of the Hudson Motor Car Company in January, 1910, at which time Mr. Chapin assumed the presidency. Subsequently, he became chairman of the board, a position which he retains today. No car is more favorably known to the people of the United States than the Hudson, and its companion car, Essex, and that such is the case is due in large measure to the aggressive and farsighted policies employed by Mr. Chapin in directing the affairs of the company. It is but natural that Mr. Chapin should take an active interest in the vital matter of highway improvement, and in this field he is recognized as one of the leading authorities in the country. He has made a deep study of roads in this country and abroad, and during the World War, he was called to Washington to head the Highway Transport Committee of the Council of National Defense. Under his direction, the committee inaugurated a program of intensive highway use during the war that was noteworthy for its comprehensive scope. He was one of the organizers and vice-president of the Lincoln Highway Association, and in educational work pertaining to highway engineering and transportation, he is a prominent figure as a member of the Highway Educational Board. He is one of the active and influential members of the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce in whose affairs he has taken a 534 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY leading part for many years. At the present writing he is president of that organization. Mr. Chapin is deeply interested in the civic affairs of Detroit, being an officer in the Detroit Symphony society and a director of the Detroit Community Fund. He is a director of the First National Bank and the Guardian Trust Company. In 1914, Mr. Chapin married Inez Tiedeman, and he and his wife maintain their home in Grosse Pointe Farms. He is a member of the Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Country Club of Detroit, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Club, Grosse Pointe Hunt Club, Grosse Pointe Club, University Club, all of Detroit, the Metropolitan Club, and Chevy Chase Country Club of Washington, D. C., the Ogelthorpe Club, Savannah Golf Club of Savannah, Georgia, the Bohemian Club of San Francisco and the Metropolitan and Recess Clubs of New York City. Ella M. Clark Bishop (Mrs. Jerome H. Bishop), women's club and welfare worker, was born near Wyandotte, Michigan, June 27, 1856, daughter of Isaac Swain and Lydia (Case) Clark and a direct descendant of Watrous Clark of Norwich, Connecticut, an ensign in the war of the revolution. Her grandfather, Nathaniel Case, of Rochester, New York, served as a colonel in the War of 1812; built a section of the Erie Canal and became a pioneer settler in Michigan. Her paternal grandfather, John Clark, son of Watrous, was an active participant in the War of 1812 and captain of a troop called Saugerties Rangers. The Clark family during her childhood spent their summers at Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin. There Isaac and his brother, Charles, had charge of the extensive fisheries owned by their stepbrother, John P. Clark, who gave Clark Park to the city of Detroit and for whom Clark Avenue is named. Ella Clark Bishop was graduated with the first class of the Wyandotte high school, her prospective husband then being superintendent of schools at Wyandotte. She subsequently attended the Female Seminary at Kalamazoo, Michigan, now extinct. Following her marriage, Mrs. Bishop maintained periodically a winter home in Detroit, where she early entered with zeal into the club, social welfare and humanitarian movements of the day. She was practically a charter member of the Twentieth Century Club, of Detroit, which was organized by her friends, and where she read many papers. She was an early member of the board of the Protestant Orphan Asylum. She was a member in Detroit of the Louisa St. Clair chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, the Daughters of 1812, the Historic Memorials Society and the Women's City Club. At Wyandotte she was one of the organizers of the Tuesday Study Club and the Gateway Garden Club and a member of the Browning Club, a leader in the social and civic life of the city. During the World War she was indefatigable in civilian activities and the Wyandotte chapter of the Red Cross was organized in her home. With Mr. Bishop she was the donor of the handsome edifice of the Wyandotte Congregational Church. She had a never-failing interest in all civic organizations. Mrs. Bishop was animated with a spirit of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 535 loving kindness. She had a reassuring word for the afflicted and a keen sense of humor that saved many otherwise tense situations. Buoyantly hopeful and with an abiding faith in struggling humanity she rose above the problems of life and met each confident that every problem would adjust itself. A prominent social leader, Mrs. Bishop was possessed with a sympathy so broad and an understanding so deep she could appreciate finer qualities in every individual, regardless of social distinction. She was truly a democratic woman, with a kindly word for all. Mrs. Bishop's charity expressed itself in constructive deeds, encouraging words, and sustaining friendships. She was sympathetic, witty, joyous, thoughtful of everybody but herself, and her courtesy was not a thing of etiquette but the natural expression of her nature. She was married December 20, 1876, to Jerome H. Bishop, manufacturing furrier, now retired; he survives her. They had four children: Jerome H., Jr., a retired capitalist, of Pasadena, California, who served in an officers' training camp during the World War; Della, of Wyandotte; Mabel, married to Albert H. Gilmer, professor of dramatic literature at Tufts College, Massachusetts; and Clark W., a realtor, of Wyandotte. Mrs. Bishop died in Detroit, Michigan, March 8, 1926. The following is one of the many tributes which appeared in the papers at that time: "Few women have lived in Wyandotte and left a sweeter memory than Ella M. Bishop. For more than forty years this woman was a worker and a leader in the social, civic, and religious circles of Wyandotte. Any movement that meant the betterment of her city appealed to the heart and mind of Ella M. Bishop. She never was happier than when engaged in some labor of love to make life a bit happier for others, less fortunate than herself. In these noble works of charity she was ably aided by Jerome H. Bishop, her husband. May Wyandotte come to know many more women of her type. Her children said of her, 'She taught us how to live and she showed us how to die.'" Jerome Halland Bishop, formerly mayor of Wyandotte and prominent manufacturer of that city, is now living retired in that rapidly growing community where he has been a leader in industrial and commercial circles since he came here in 1871. A son of William and Betsey (Stearns) Bishop, he is a descendant of Richard Bishop, of Ipswich, England, who came to America with Governor Endicott in 1628 and founded the settlement of Old Salem, Massachusetts, eight years after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. His mother, Betsey Stearns Bishop, was a daughter of Zabina and Betsey (Jerome) Stearns, the latter of whom was the only daughter of five children born to Aaron Jerome. One of the sons of Aaron Jerome also bore the name of Aaron and had three sons of his own, by name, Leonard, Lawrence, and Addison, all three of whom settled in New York City and established the family there. Mrs. George Cornwallis West, of England, daughter of Leonard Jerome, first married Lord Randolph Churchill and then George Cornwallis West after the death of her first husband. She, 536 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY as well as William Travers Jerome, former district attorney of New York City, is a second cousin of Jerome H. Bishop, the subject of this review. The famous Jerome family was established in this country by Timothy Jerome, who was a native of the Isle of Wight and came to America between 1694 and 1713, settling at Wallingford, Connecticut. Jerome Halland Bishop was born in Jefferson County, New York, September 3, 1846, and his schooling consisted of three years in a private school at Redwood, New York. When he was fifteen years of age, he began teaching school, a profession which he followed until 1875 except for three years' business experience. He came to Wyandotte in 1871, became the first superintendent of schools, and graduated the first senior class. In 1875, he resigned as superintendent of the Wyandotte schools to engage in the manufacture of rugs, mats, and men's furs, and so successful was the enterprise that he opened a branch at Sandwich, Ontario, a few years later. The years proved his ability as a business man, for his company became the largest of its kind in the United States and its products were known as the best obtainable in their line. A 75 percent drop in the price of furs within a month after the opening of the World War in August, 1914, caused Mr. Bishop to give up the manufacturing concern of which he had been the head for forty years and he tore down his factory buildings and sold the site to the city to be used as a park. Mr. Bishop, as owner of both sides of a considerable part of Van Alstyne Avenue, refused several offers that would have permitted the railroad to lay tracks there, but he preferred to pay heavier freight expenses and keep the waterfront clear of railroads, to the benefit of the community in which he lived. The public spiritedness of the man won him election to several offices of public trust, for he was mayor of Wyandotte in 1885-86 and from 1905-07. In 1885-86, he was instrumental in bringing five factories to the city, and during the same time, while he was president of the board of education, he organized the public library, into whose treasury he paid each year an amount equal to that raised by taxation for library purposes in Wyandotte. His second administration as mayor, from 1905-07, witnessed the paving of Biddle Avenue, laying of many miles of sewers, curbing, and grading of other streets, and the laying out of Superior Boulevard. During this time, too, the double track of the Detroit United Railways was laid, and these three years saw a lower tax rate in spite of the improvements than had prevailed in Wyandotte for some time. He has been greatly interested in church work, having been Sunday school superintendent of the Presbyterian Church for twenty years and the same officer with the Congregational Church for fifteen years. In 1902, he built the Congregational Church and presented it to the organization. Mr. Bishop is a Thirty-second Degree Mason and a member of the National Town and Country Club, Sons of the American Revolution, and Society of the Cincinnati, composed of descendants of officers of Washington's army. For two years, he was a member of the board DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 537 of control of Ionia State prison, and he was also Michigan's presidential elector for William Howard Taft, and for several years was trustee of Olivet College. Albert Pochelon, as proprietor of the L. Bemb Floral Company, is known to thousands of Detroiters as one of the most successful florists the city has ever known, but as the secretary of the Florists' Telegraph Delivery Association, he is known as one of the leading florists not only of this city but of the country as well. During the period of nearly fifteen years that he has served as secretary of that world-wide organization, Mr. Pochelon stands pre-eminent among those who have fostered the infant association until it reached its present mammoth proportions, for it has been under his guidance more than under the care of any other man that the association has grown. Albert Pochelon was the only child of Anton and Louise (Kenngott) Pochelon and was born March 7, 1874, in Wurttemberg, Germany. In the schools of his native country, he pursued a course in modern languages and science, upon the completion of which he entered the employ of a dress trimming firm in Saxony whose laces and similar goods found an international market. The tales of American buyers of the opportunities to be found in the United States imbued the young man with the desire to come to this country. He persuaded his mother, now Mrs. Bemb, to come with him to the New World, and in 1893, he and his mother with her children by her second marriage sailed for the United States, Mrs. Bemb and the younger children locating in Detroit. Albert Pochelon went to Chicago and found employment in various capacities at the World's Columbian Exposition then being held at the Illinois metropolis. On July 4, 1894, Mr. Pochelon went to New York, where for a year and a half he was employed in an architect's office. During this time, his mother had opened a flower stall in the old Central market, but so rapidly did her business grow that within a few months she was compelled to seek larger quarters. A residence at No. 815 Bates Street was then purchased for the home of the business, and in November, 1895, Albert Pochelon came to Detroit to assist his mother in the management of the flower business. The following year, he became the active head of the company of which he succeeded to ownership following his mother's death in 1900. To say that the L. Bemb Floral Company is unexcelled by any similar firm in the United States is far from overstating the facts, for Mr. Pochelon has built up an organization that none can surpass and few can equal. That his prominence in the business was of more than local fame is attested by the fact that he became secretary of the above mentioned Florists' Telegraph Delivery Association when it was formed in 1912. No more concrete evidence of his artistic taste and of his managerial ability can be found, however, than in the present building of the company that is located at the same Bates Street site selected upon the removal from the Central market. Here in 1913 was erected a four-story building of fireproof construction, the 538 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY front section of which includes the main office and sales room with a conservatory above. The garage and delivery room are located in the rear of the main floor display room, while on the second floor overlooking the grand staircase is Mr. Pochelon's studio, the epitome of his artistry in the work to which he has applied himself for more than thirty years. Automatic elevators increase the efficiency of the establishment, and upon the two upper floors of the building were located the work rooms where the floral pieces and decorations were made. In 1924-25 on this site was erected a sixstory building to take care of his increasing business, while the two top floors are used exclusively for housing the offices of the Florists' Telegraph Delivery Association. But Mr. Pochelon has not confined himself solely to the business management of the concern; to the creation of fitting floral pieces and to floral decorating of all kinds, he has given close study, the results of which are best seen in the national prominence of the man whose work is the admiration of the public and of florists throughout the country. Mr. Pochelon has bent every effort in making it possible for the people of Detroit to secure through his establishment everything in the way of floral decorations, and here again is found a reason for the commercial prominence of the company in Detroit. Perhaps few organizations are as universally used and as little known about as the Florists' Telegeraph Delivery Association, established in 1912 to handle flower deliveries throughout the world, with the individual florists assuming the responsibility of the collection and payment of bills. The organization has meant much to the florists of the country and of the world, for it has served not only to increase their business but to insure the goodwill of the customers wishing the delivery of fresh cut flowers at distant points. The transactions of the association during 1912, the first year of its existence, amounted to approximately $50,000, while for the fifteenth year of the association's life, Mr. Pochelon anticipates transactions well in excess of $5,000,000. That the business of the organization is now a hundred times larger than it was at its inception, and this, too, within the short span of a decade and a half, is principally due to the work of Mr. Pochelon who, as secretary, has managed the central offices of the association that are located in Detroit since the beginning of the organization. His marked ability as an executive, his energy as an entrepeneur are no more noticeable than in his administration of the affairs of the Florists' Telegraph Delivery Association, and for this reason, the business interests of Detroit owe him an undying debt of gratitude. The affairs of the association are modelled along the lines of those employed in bank clearing houses, and a magazine, the Florists' Telegraph Delivery News, is maintained by the organization and distributed to every member. In May, June, and July, 1926, Mr. Pochelon toured European countries in the interest of the Florists' Telegraph Delivery Association, forming marts in many countries for the organization. He was presented with a Lincoln sedan by the entire membership of the Flor DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 539 ists' Telegraph Delivery Association at their annual business meeting, September 21-25, 1926, at a luncheon given at Rainbow Gardens, Chicago. On November 21, 1904, Albert Pochelon married Miss Julia Weitzmann, of Detroit, and to them have been born five children as follows: Albert, Jr., born November 16, 1905; Julius, October 28, 1907; Emma Louise, August 23, 1909; William, June 12, 1911; and Norma, September 12, 1912. Mr. Pochelon is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, the Board of Commerce. He is one of the leading members of the Detroit Florists' Club, the Society of American Florists, and in fraternal circles, of the Knights of the Maccabees and the Turners. Further eulogy of the work of Mr. Pochelon would be futile in the light of the achievements that have been his, but Detroit and the nation are rich in the possession of such a citizen who has done so much to bring the name of this city before the people of the world. Charles F. Backus, president of the printing and book binding concern of The Richmond & Backus Company, of Detroit. has held that position since 1897. A son of Frederick H. A. Backus, he was born in Detroit, Michigan, July 30, 1862, and was educated in the Detroit German-American Seminary and Philo M. Patterson's school for boys, one of the best known private schools of that time. In 1879, when he was sixteen years of age, Mr. Backus left school to learn the trade of printer and bookbinder with Richmond & Backus, a firm of which his father was a member. He continued with that company until 1882, when he became a clerk in the employ of the Detroit Metal & Heating Works, but when Richmond & Backus was incorporated in 1885, he returned to that concern to assume the duties of secretary and treasurer, his father being elected president of the company. Upon the death of his father in 1897, he was chosen to succeed his parent in that office and has since held that position. He also was instrumental in the organization of the Peninsular Printing & Publishing Company in 1889, a concern that was subsequently consolidated with the Richmond & Backus Company. Mr. Backus has developed his company into one of the most successful and influential printing and binding establishments in Detroit, and the great prosperity that has come to the enterprise during the past three decades is directly attributable to the managerial ability and aggressive methods of Mr. Backus in the conduct of his affairs. He was appointed by Governor Pingree to the post of trustee of the Northern Michigan Asylum, of Traverse City, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of George A. Hart, of Manistee, whose term expired in January, 1899. In 1910, he was appointed by Governor Chase Osburn as member of the Board of Ionia State Hospital for Insane at Ionia. He was chairman of the board and acted as superintendent for eight months. In June, 1886, Mr. Backus was united in marriage to Louise C. Goebel, daughter of Col. August Goebel, of Detroit, and Mr. and Mrs. Backus have five children: Adele G.; Christine D.; Carl F., deceased; Margaret L., and Ralph H. Mr. Backus is a member of Union Lodge No. 3, F. & A. M.; Peninsular Chapter 540 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY No. 16, Royal Arch Masons; Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar; Moslem Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. Carl F., a second lieutenant in the flying service, was killed at Issoire, France, in 1918. Rev. Maximilian Gannas has been in charge of St. Stanislaus' Church, at Wyandotte, since 1923, and during that time, he has won his way into the hearts of his parishioners because of his sympathetic understanding of their joys and sorrows. He is likewise respected by them for the competent manner in which he has administered the affairs of the growing parish, and the substantial condition of the church and school is in large measure due to the ability he has displayed in this dirction. A son of Valitine and Cecilia Gannas, he was born at Gniezno, Posen, Poland, October 2, 1881, and received his early education in the schools of the Province of Posen and Galicia, Poland. After coming to the United States he studied for the priesthood. He pursued his theological studies to successful completion and was ordained by Right Rev. Bishop Kelley on June 17, 1911. Following his ordination, he was instructor in the Polish Seminary at Orchard Lake, Michigan, where he remained for a period of six years. In 1917, he was sent to Ford City, and on December 23, 1919, he was sent to Our Lady of Mt. Carmel. At that church he remained until October 15, 1921, when he was ordered to organize St. Andrew's parish in Detroit, from which he resigned May 9, 1923, and took charge of his present parish, and built a modern and magnificent school and rectory. St. Stanislaus' parish was established in 1914 by Rev. Alexander Conus and administered to the spiritual needs of some seventy-two families, but the twelve years that followed were busy ones for the parish priests, so that today the parish boasts two hundred and fifty families and an enrollment of four hundred and fifty children in the parochial school, which is in charge of the Sisters of St. Francis, of Sylvania, Ohio. Able as Reverend Gannas has shown himself to be in handling the affairs of his parish, not the least of his accomplishments was the erection of St. Andrew's church in the remarkable time of fifteen working days, and that he secured the erection of the church within so short a time shows him to be a man of resourcefulness and initiative in the execution of the temporal affairs of his pastorate. On September 18, 1926, after the above was written, he was transferred to St. Josaphat's Parish, 691 East Canfield Street, Detroit. Robert Herndon, president of the Robert Herndon Company, one of the prominent real estate concerns of Detroit, was born at York, South Carolina, December 14, 1890, the son of Robert J. and Mary (Fant) Herndon, the former of whom, now sixty-nine years old, is a banker of York and the latter of whom died at the age of forty-five years. Joseph Johnston Herndon, grandfather of Robert, crossed the mountains on horseback and took up land in South Carolina: The Henry family, of which Robert Herndon is a descendant, came from England to occupy a crown grant of twentyfive thousand acres of land in South Carolina, and the old homestead, known as "Henry's Knob," is still standing and is located L.000 9 - b I DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 541 some ten miles from the battle ground of King's Mountain. Two members of the Henry family served in the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War, and during the battle of King's Mountain, Mrs. Henry, the great grandmother of Robert Herndon, carried water to the wounded of both armies, impressing her slaves for this same humanitarian work. An oak tree, to which were hung two British spies and which is still known as "Hangman's Tree," is standing on the Henry plantation at the present time. Mrs. Mary Fant Herndon, mother of Robert, was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution and a state delegate from South Carolina. Robert Herndon acquired his early education at the Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina, but when he was twenty years old, he gave up his college career to go to California, where he engaged in the real estate business eight years at Los Angeles. At that time, he came to Jackson, Michigan, to become manager for the realty firm of McCuen-Reynolds Company, remaining in that work three years. In January, 1919, Mr. Herndon became associated with the Hannan Real Estate Exchange, of Detroit, and continued with that organization until July, 1923. Those four years were the formative ones of his career in Detroit, for he gained a thorough knowledge of realty values and conditions that assured him success. In 1923, then, well acquainted with the properties in which he proposed to deal, Mr. Herndon organized his present company, and such was the success that attended his efforts that the concern did business in 1925 amounting to five million dollars. No greater proof than this can be offered in substantiation of the statement that he is one of the influential and aggressive business men of Detroit. During the World War, he served in the United States Army Air Service. Mr. Herndon owns 15,000 acres of land in Presque Isle County adjoining the State Forest Reserve and has converted the tract of land into a game preserve. Capers Island, located off the coast of South Carolina and about six miles in circumference, is also owned by Mr. Herndon, in addition to much Detroit, Pontiac, and Dearborn property. In 1922, Mr. Herndon married Della Blanche Girardin, of Detroit. She is a descendant of the Girardin who came to Detroit with Cadillac and is a daughter of John and Edith Girardin, who died when she was an infant. Mrs. Herndon was reared by her uncle, James L. Higgins, who is living in the old homestead on Cass Avenue, he having attained the age of eighty-four years. Mr. Herndon is president of the Dearborn Hills Golf Club and a director of the Aviation Country Club. At his home in Dearborn, located on the river just west of the Henry Ford estate, Mr. Herndon raises English setters, in the breeding of which he has found not only a hobby, but a good name for the excellence of dogs he raises. Mr. Herndon built the first public golf course in the Detroit district in connection with, and in promotion of suburban homesite developments. In addition to city and suburban development he is Michigan's leading resort developer. Robert Keating Davis was one of the foremost industrial men in Detroit for a quarter of a century. He was born at Bridgeport, 542 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Connecticut, September 2, 1881, a son of Robert and Margaret (Keating) Davis, and when he was two years old he was brought to Detroit by his parents, the father here becoming identified with the Farrand-Votey Organ Company. The boy obtained his early education in the schools of this city but gave up his schooling to become a page at the state capitol during the administration of Governor Pingree. It was this work which gave him the opportunity to equip himself for secretarial positions and such a one he secured with the State Tax Commission. Later he became associated with the Bitulithic Paving Company, at the same time holding the position as manager of the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company, where his success was so outstanding that he was given the managership of the Detroit Reduction Company. With this organization he continued for more than twenty years, and the growth and development of this enterprise was largely due to the manner in which he discharged his duties, his ability stamping him as one of the leading industrial executives and plant managers in a city which is noted for its high degree of plant efficiency. He was still engaged in that work when his career was interrupted by death, March 28, 1927. His acknowledged ability as an organizer won him appointment, during the World War, as special agent of the adjutant-general's office in charge of the draft in the Detroit district. He was instrumental in expediting the transportation of thousands of drafted men to military camps, and he worked out a more satisfactory method for the handling of deferred classification, and under his direction scores of raids were engineered for roundups of slackers. He also organized the Citizens' Police Reserve, over two thousand citizen volunteers were enrolled in the organization. In 1901, Mr. Davis married Edna MacFall, the daughter of John and Jennie (Arndt) MacFall, both natives of Detroit, where the former was a well known business man. To Mr. and Mrs. Davis was born one duaghter, Margaret, who married Kenneth Moe. Robert K. Davis was a member of the Detroit Yacht Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Lansing Country and City Clubs, the Beech Grove Golf Clubs, the Red Run Golf Glub, the Players' Club and Detroit Engineering Society. He attended Grace Episcopal Church and supported the Republican party in politics. In the growing of flowers, Mr. Davis found his hobby, and his home was noted for the beautiful plants and shrubbery with which he planted his grounds. Frank P. Darin, Detroit attorney, represents Wayne County in the State Legislature for the second time and is chairman of the Wayne County delegation to the State Legislature. He was born September 22, 1899, at Venice, Italy, while his parents, Victor E. and Rose M. (Pagnetto) Darin, were abroad. They were both American citizens, natives of Italy, and residents of Yuma, Arizona, and returned to this city after the birth of their son. The father first located in Arizona to work in the mines, continuing there until 1902, when he went to work in the iron mines at Hurley, Wisconsin. Subsequently, he was employed in the coal DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 543 mines at Piney Fork, Ohio, until 1904, in which year he came to Delray, Wayne County, to work with the Solvay Process Company. Frank P. Darin attended the McMullen grammar school and the Northwestern high school of Detroit, and on August 26, 1917, he enlisted in the navy, being stationed first at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station and then at Newport, Rhode Island, where he saw service with the destroyer squadron as gunner's mate. He is now a member of the Naval Reserves with the commission of ensign. Following the conclusion of his military service, he resumed his interrupted studies at the University of Detroit, whence he graduated in 1921 with the degree of bachelor of laws. In 1919, he had been chief clerk of the naval and marine division in General John Bersey's office, and he worked his way through college by working as a criminal investigator with the sheriff's office. Following his graduation, Mr. Darin entered upon the practice of his profession at River Rouge, where he was elected judge of the municipal court to fill a vacancy in the spring of i923. Thereafter, he practiced law until 1924, when he was elected to represent his district of Wayne County in the State Legislature, and was re-elected in 1926, being the youngest member of that body during both terms. In that position he has made a conspicuous record as chairman of the powerful judiciary committee of the House of Representatives. He is a strong proponent of all conservation methods and introduced the Inter Super Highway Act, the Port District Act, and the act affecting the courts on the change of procedure. On January 1, 1925, Mr. Darin was appointed legal adviser to Sheriff George Walters, a position from which he recently resigned. April 1, 1927, he was appointed corporation counsel for the city of River Rouge, resigning April 3, 1928. Mr. Darin was married September 21, 1925, to Marie Di Iseppo, of Loggio, Italy, at Buffalo, New York, and they maintain their home in River Rouge. Mr. Darin is a member of the American Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and the Delta Theta Phi legal fraternity. In Masonry, he has attained the Thirty-second Degree in the Scottish Rite, is a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and belongs to the Shrine. He is also a member of the Independent Order of Foresters, and the Island Country Club. He is affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and as a lover of all sports, he finds his recreation in participating therein. Paul H. King, one of the two referees in bankruptcy for the Eastern District of Michigan, has filled this responsible position for over eight years and is regarded as one of the most able men who has ever held that office. A native of Arapahoe, Nebraska, he was born August 22, 1879, the son of Dr. John S. and Agnes A. King. The father was born in Rochester, New York, and practiced medicine and surgery in Chicago for many years, subsequently practicing in Nebraska and Iowa and finally Minnesota, where he died in 1891. The mother had been a school teacher, and her death occurred at Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1911. Paul H. King attended the 544 DETROIT AND. WAYNE COUNTY public schools of South Omaha, Nebraska; Wadena, Minnesota; and Dowagiac, Michigan, but because of the death of his father when he was twelve years of age, he became the main support of his mother and sister, so that it was with considerable difficulty that he managed to complete his education at the Dowagiac high school, from which he graduated in 1898. During the legislative sessions of 1893 and 1895, he had been a page in the Minnesota House of Representatives, and in 1897, he was appointed a page in the Michigan Senate. He attracted favorable attention while he was so employed, being appointed assistant secretary of the senate in 1901, and during the sessions of 1903, 1905, and 1907 was journal clerk of the House of Representatives at Lansing and chief clerk in 1909-11. From 1901 to 1905, he spent the time intervening between the legislative session as private secretary to the Secretary of State. During these years, Mr. King had applied himself diligently to the study of law, and on April 15, 1904, he was admitted to the bar by the State Board of Law Examiners with the highest standing in a class of twenty-three candidates. Since his admission to the bar, Mr. King has been engaged in the active practice of his profession at Lansing and Detroit. In 1906, he was named as one of the compilers of the Index to the Compiled Laws of 1897, and in 1907-08, was secretary of the Michigan Constitutional convention. He served as secretary of the Townsend senatorial campaign committee in 1910 and secretary of the Republican State Central committee in the same year and in 1911. In the latter year, Mr. King took up the duties of secretary to Benjamin S. Hanchett, president and general manager of the Grand Rapids Railway Company, a position which he retained until 1914. He became assistant secretary-treasurer of the Grand Rapids, Holland & Chicago Railroad in 1914, and in the same year, was appointed operating receiver of the Pere Marquette Railroad. His association with this work in the succeeding period of three years was of such a brilliant nature that he brought the railway out of seemingly hopeless bankruptcy to a substantial position where reorganization became possible, and today, because of the work of Mr. King during that crisis, the Pere Marquette stands as one of the substantial railway enterprises of this section of the United States. In June, 1917, with the country preparing to send an army to France, Mr. King became director of the first Red Cross war fund campaign conducted in Michigan, the quota of $3,000,000 being oversubscribed by a million dollars. From October of the same year until March, 1918, Mr. King was director of publicity for the Michigan Red Cross, was a member of the state publicity committee for the second Liberty Loan campaign, and had charge of a division in the first patriotic fund drive in the city of Detroit. From November 20, 1917, to March 25, 1918, he served as a member of the charter commission for Detroit, being chairman of the committee on arrangement and phraseology and making the original draft of the charter that is in force today. He was also a member of the public utilities committee of the commission. From March 4, 1918, to August 27, that year, he was chairman of the DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 545 executive committee of the Newberry senatorial committee and from September 25 to November 5, 1918, was director of campaign for the Republican State Central Committee. On April 10, 1919, Mr. King was appointed referee in bankruptcy for the Eastern District of Michigan, and during the eight years that have elapsed since he took office, he has taken a leading part in the improvement of bankruptcy practice and administration in this district and in the country. In 1926, he organized and was the first president of the National Association of Referees in Bankruptcy, and is now chairman of the Committee on Uniformity of Practice of that organization. On August 27, 1919, he became state chairman of the Roosevelt Memorial Association, conducting a campaign that raised more than one hundred thousand dollars in small contributions, an amount that placed Michigan second only to New York in the drive. Mr. King is a director of the Metropolitan Trust Company, and the Commonwealth Commercial State Savings Bank. On January 29, 1910, Mr. King married Sarah A. Bidwell, of Lapeer, Michigan, and they have four children: Martha, who was born at Lansing, in 1911; Sarah, born in Detroit, in 1913; Elizabeth, born in Detroit, in 1917; and Pauline, born in Detroit, in 1921. In Masonry, Mr. King is a member of Lansing Lodge No. 33, F. & A. M.; Lansing Chapter No. 9, R.A.M.; Monroe Council No. 1, R. S. M.; Detroit Commandery No. 1, Knights Templar;; DeWitt Clinton Consistory, Grand Rapids; and Moslem Temple, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. Mr. King is a member of the Lawyers' Club, the Detroit Bar Association, the Michigan Bar Association, the American Bar Association, is member of the board of trustee and chairmain of the finance committee of the North Woodward Avenue Congregational Church, a director of the Y. M. C. A. Chairman of the Wayne County chapter of the Michigan Society of Crippled Children, secretary and treasurer of the Michigan Society for Crippled Children, and a director of the International Society for Crippled Children. In 1923, Mr. King served as president of the Detroit Rotary Club; he has served as district governor of the Rotary International, and as a director of Rotary International. In 1924, he was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the presidency of the Rotary International, and is now a member of the extension committee, his area being that of the United States. He is also a director and vice-president of the Union League Club, of Michigan. Cleveland Thurber, who is associated with the well-known legal firm of Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone, is regarded as one fo the most prominent of the younger attorneys of Detroit, where he has been engaged in the practice of his profession since 1922. Henry T. Thurber, his father, was born in Monroe, Michigan, April 28, 1853, the son of Judge Jefferson G. and Mary Bartlett (Gerrish) Thurber, both natives of New Hampshire, the former of whom served as speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives and was also state senator. Henry T. Thurber graduated from the Monroe high school as valedictorian of the class of 1870 and from the University of Michigan in 1874 with the degree of 546 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY bachelor of arts. He then came to Detroit to begin his law studies in the offices of Moore & Griffin, completing them with Griffin & Dickinson, of which firm he became a member after his admission to the bar. He continued with Griffin, Dickinson, Thurber & Hosmer until 1885, when the retirement of Griffin in that year and the election of Mr. Hosmer to the bench of the Wayne County Circuit Court in 1887 reduced the firm to three members, Dickinson, Thurber & Stevenson. In 1896, following the retirement of Mr. Stevenson from the partnership, the firm became that of Dickinson & Thurber, with the Hon. Don M. Dickinson as senior partner. Mr. Thurber was unquestionably one of the most prominent lawyers of Michigan and this section of the country during his long and active career before the bar which was so abruptly terminated by death in 1907. He was deeply interested in the civic affairs of his city, and as a strong supporter of the Democratic party, he was appointed private secretary to President Grover Cleveland, March 4, 1893 and retained that position during his administration. In 1880, he married Elizabeth B. Croul, the daughter of William H. Croul, of this city, and to this union were born five children: Donald Dickinson, Marian B., Henry T., Jr., Elizabeth, and Cleveland, whose name heads this review. Cleveland Thurber was born in Washington, D. C., April 12, 1896, and obtained his preparatory education in the Detroit University school. He matriculated at Williams College, where he won the degree of bachelor of arts, and when the United States entered the World War in 1917, he enlisted as a private, entered an officers' training camp and was commissioned first lieutenant of infantry. He served in France in this branch of the service, and following his discharge in 1919, he entered the Harvard Law school, from which he graduated in 1922 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He then became associated with the legal firm of Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone, with which he has since been identified, and in the five years that succeeded his entrance into active practice, he has won an enviable reputation among the members of the Wayne County Bar. On September 20, 1924, he married Marie Louise Palms, daughter of Francis F. Palms, and to them on September 2, 1925, was born a son, Cleveland, Jr. Mr. Thurber is a member of the Detroit Country Club, Grosse Pointe Club, the University Club, and the Kappa Alpha, college social fraternity. In religious matters, he is affiliated with the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church. Richard Stephen Gehlert has been a leader in the wholesale coffee business in Detroit, where he has been engaged in that work in this city since 1901. He was born at East Saginaw, Michigan, January 13, 1867, the son of John G. and Louise (Karrer) Gehlert, both of whom were born in Prussia and came to the United States in 1849 during the revolution that swept their country in that year. After spending a short time in Detroit, John G. Gehlert removed with his family to East Saginaw, where he became a pioneer in the hardware business. Richard S. Gehlert acquired his education in the schools of Saginaw, Detroit, and Germany, whither his parents DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 547 returned for an extended visit during his boyhood. When he was eleven years of age, he peddled tinware through the country at Saginaw, driving a team and wagon, and also worked for his father in the hardware store. He was given a complete printing outfit when he was still a boy, and with this equipment, he ran a weekly newspaper named the Truant, and his success in this venture, in which he performed all the work himself, secured him a place on the Bloomington Leader, a newspaper of Bloomington, Illinois. Returning to Michigan, Mr. Gehlert engaged in the coffee, tea, and spice business in 1888, subsequently going to New York City, where he was first associated with Packard, Thomas & Company, and later with Eppens, Smith & Wiemann. In 1895, Mr. Gehlert returned to Detroit to accept a position as manager of the manufacturing department of Phelps-Brace & Company, superintending the erection of a new factory for that company and adding many new products to the extensive line of that concern. In 1901, Mr. Gehlert interested W. J. Gould in the business and with him organized the firm of Gould & Gehlert to engage in the wholesale coffee business. The present location at No. 408 West Jefferson Avenue was leased at that time, and the new company erected thereon a thoroughly modern coffee house. Mr. Gould died within a year after the inception of the enterprise, and in 1903, the firm style was changed to that of the Gehlert Coffee Company, the company being superseded in 1920 by R. S. Gehlert & Company, a partnership consisting of Mr. Gehlert and his son, and of which Mr. Gehlert is the executive head. Standing as one of the pioneer coffee houses of Detroit, the business is recognized as one of the substantial units in the Detroit commercial structure, and the credit for developing an enterprise of such proportions is directly attributable to the untiring efforts of Mr. Gehlert. R. S. Gehlert & Company buys green coffee from South America, and other countries, and in the plant at Detroit, the coffee is milled, roasted, and packed for the market. Blends of widely appreciated excellence have been developed by the company, and among the large customers of this concern are numbered most of the jobbers and wholesale grocers of Michigan and Indiana and some of the largest and most prominent hotels and clubs in the country. Mr. Gehlert has been a prominent figure in Great Lakes navigation circles. He was a member of the Detroit Light Guards, and shortly before the World War, he was made commander of the United States Power Squadron, and assisted on maintaining the school of navigation on the Detroit River. Under his supervision six hundred boys, naval recruits, received their fundamental knowledge of navigation, many of the students receiving high ratings in the service for their proficiency in this field. Mr. Gehlert was one of the dollar-a-year men and was discharged from service in September, 1922. He is a memher of the Old Veterans' Chapter of the Detroit Light Guard. At Detroit in 1890, Mr. Gehlert married Matilda Altenbrand, and to this union were born two children: Ethel, who married Edwin Rohrbach, of St. Louis; and Richard S., Jr., who is in business with 548 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY his father and married Ellen Beers, daughter of Edward J. Beers and granddaughter of Peter Myle, by whom he has a son and a daughter. Mr. Gehlert is a member of the Board of Commerce, Detroit Yacht Club, the Detroit Caterers' Club, and in Masonry, a veteran member of Palestine Lodge. He is commander in the United States Power Squadron, and in religious matters, he is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Harold W. Holmes, president of the Colonial Brick Company and president of the H. W. Holmes Corporation, was born in Detroit January 19, 1884, son of William Lane Holmes and Emma Wheeler Holmes. His early education was obtained in the Detroit public schools and the Detroit School for Boys. In 1901 he matriculated in Cornell University in the College of Arts. The following year he entered the University of Michigan in the Department of Engineering, graduating with the degree of bachelor of science in mechanical engineering in 1906. Upon the completion of his university course he became associated with his father and was sales manager and later general manager of the Puritan Brick Company, which company had developed brick plants at Hamden, Ohio, and had its office in Detroit. He held his connection as general manager of this company until 1916. During this time also he became interested in the American Face Brick Association, which is the national association of face brick manufacturers. He was a director of this association for a number of years and in 1915 he served as its president. In 1916 he formed, with Mr. Frederick C. Solms, the Colonial Brick Company and has since served as its president. In 1913, in addition to his brick connection, he became vice-president of the Detroit Tool Company, which was later known as the Detroit Machine Tool Company, and 'in 1916 became president and general manager of this company. The work of this company consisted of the development and building of machine tools-particularly in the development of what became known as the centerless grinder and which is acknowledged to be one of the outstanding machine tool developments of recent years. Mr. Holmes was responsible for the working out of many of the features of this novel machine and holds a number of patents for this work. Upon the entrance of the United States into the World War, he served for some time with the Production Division of the Ordnance Department, in charge of various plants which had contracts for the government. Later he entered the Coast Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, receiving a commission as first lieutenant upon completing a course in heavy artillery work. Returning after the war, he resumed his activities with the Colonial Brick Company and the Detroit Machine Tool Company. In 1927, he formed the H. W. Holmes Corporation to do industrial engineering. In addition to his connection with the Colonial Brick Company and the H. W. Holmes Corporation, Mr. Holmes is president of the Detroit Machine Tool Company, the Seneca Electric Welder Corporation, and treasurer of Rolfe C. Spinning, Inc. Mr. Holmes was married June 17, 1920, at Richmond, Virginia, to Susie Edwina Starke, daughter of Edwin DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 549 Douglas Starke, who was born in 1849 and died in 1911, and Susie Dingess, who was born in 1861 and died in 1898. Mrs. Holmes' great-great-grandfather, Colonel John Starke, was born in Virginia, in 1742, and was a colonel in the Revolutionary War, both he and his father, also John Starke, being members of the Committee of Safety of Hanover County, Virginia. The Holmes family is of Anglo-Saxon stock, one of the family being an officer in the army of Oliver Cromwell and being given a castle in Tipperary County, Ireland, by the Lord Protector, where was founded the village of Holmes Grove. Richard Holmes, the last of the family to reside there, came to America in 1840 and became a farmer in Huron County, Ontario, Canada. Matthew Holmes, his son, was born at Holmes Grove, Ireland, and was reared to manhood in Huron County, Ontario, coming with his family to Birmingham, Michigan, in 1865, where he farmed until 1878, at which time he came to Detroit. His wife, Martha (Lane) Holmes, died in 1887. William Lane, the great-grandfather of Harold W. Holmes, was a native of Tipperary County, Ireland, and came to America about the same time as the above mentioned Richard Holmes, and became a successful farmer of Thornhill, Ontario, Canada. One of his brothers became a member of the Canadian Parliament and other members of the family were active in public and industrial affairs. William Lane Holmes, father of Harold W. Holmes, and son of Matthew and Martha (Lane) Holmes, was born in 1859 and was but six years of age at the time his family settled at Birmingham, Michigan, the schools of which city he attended, graduating from the high school in 1875. In the same year he came to Detroit and entered the employ of J. M. Arnold & Company, stationers. From that year until his death in 1915 he was very active in real estate and industrial developments in Detroit. He was married April 27, 1881, to Emma Lucy Wheeler and their oldest child was Harold W. Holmes. Emma Lucy Wheeler was the daughter of Aaron Wheeler and Lucy J. Landon who moved to Michigan about 1867 from Jamestown, New York, taking up land in Gratiot County. Aaron Wheeler was born in 1821 and died in 1896. He was of English and Welsh descent. Lucy J. Landon was born in 1828 and died in 1910. She was descended from English ancestors who moved to this country at a very early date, her great-grandfather, David Landon, having been born in Connecticut in 1718. Harold W. Holmes is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Society of Automotive Engineers, the Detroit Engineering Society, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Tennis Club, Detroit Golf Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Lochmoor Club, Old Club, The Players, Fine Arts Society, North American Athletic Club, Chateau Voyageurs, Cornell Club of Michigan, Detroit Real Estate Board, Detroit Museum of Arts, Founders Society, the National Geographic Society, Phi Gamma Delta Club. Nathan D. Metzger, attorney and counsellor-at-law with offices in the First National Bank building, was born in Detroit, July 4, 550 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 1897, the son of Moses and Johanna H. (Meier) Metzger, the former of whom was a prominent hardware and crockery merchant of Detroit for more than thirty years and died in 1917. There were two sons in the family, Dr. Harry C. Metzger, and Nathan D. Metzger. Nathan D. attended the elementary and Washington Normal schools and graduated in June, 1911; he graduated from the Cass Technical High School in June, 1913, and later the Central High School in 1916, then matriculated at the Detroit College of Law, from which he graduated in 1919 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He was admitted to the bar in the same year and immediately set himself up in practice. An able advocate and counsel, he has developed a large and lucrative practice and is recognized by his professional confreres as one of the leading young atttorneys of this city. In 1923, he married Ruth Cohn, a native of Detroit and a daughter of I. Cohn, prominent clothing manufacturer of this city. Mr. Metzger is a member of the Detroit Bar Association and the Lawyers' Club. In fraternal circles, he is a member of Perfection Lodge No. 486, the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and the Shrine in Masonry and was elected Noble Grand, Detroit Lodge No. 128, I.O. O. F., for year 1925, and was elected and served as District Deputy Master for year 1926-27. He was also elected and served as Worthy Patron for three successive years, 1919-1922, of Purity Chapter No. 359, 0. E. S. He belongs to the Elks, Knights of Pythias, and the Woodmen. He also retains membership in the B'nai B'rith Club, the knollwood Country Club, and the Shaarey Zedek Congregation. Milton Tate Watson, D. D. S., one of the outstanding men of his profession, was born on a farm in Washtenaw County Michigan, January 16, 1872, the son of Tate and Harriett E. (Sellers) Watson. He acquired his elementary and high school education in Dexter, and Jackson, Michigan. He matriculated at the University of Michigan from which he graduated with the degree of doctor of dental surgery in 1893. He began practice in Bay City, this State, and has ever enjoyed a successful practice. He has taken several post graduate courses, specializing in orthodontia, a subject he taught in the Angle School of Orthodontia, in St. Louis, Missouri, just prior to his coming to Detroit. It was in 1901 that Doctor Watson established himself in special practice in this city where he rapidly attained a commanding position. He is regarded as a pioneer in the field of advanced orthodontia. From 1906 to 1918 he was instructor of orthodontia in the dental department of the University of Michigan. In 1895, Doctor Watson married Genevieve Cherrington Ryan, who is descended of an old family of Morgantown, West Virginia, and they maintain their home in Detroit. Doctor Watson is a member of the American Society of Orthodontists, which he twice served as president and secretary and treasurer; the Detroit, Michigan, and National Dental Societies; the Wayne County Medical Society; the Second District Dental Society of New York, of which he is an honorary member; and the European Orthodontological Society, of which he is also DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 551' an honorary member. Doctor Watson has written extensively on orthodontic subjects, his papers contributing much to the advancement of the science in which he is most interested. He is also a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Lochmoor Country Club, Detroit Golf Club, the Pine Lake Country Club, and the Delta Sigma Delta fraternity. Doctor Watson retired from practice September 1, 1927. Louis Lang is a prominent figure in Detroit commercial circles, for as treasurer of the Michigan Steam Laundry, he heads a concern that has continued under one management and one name longer than any other laundry in this city. Born at Wurttemberg, Germany, May 14, 1845, a son of John George and Marguerite (Zobel) Lang, he was brought to America when he was a child of two years, the arduous trip across the Atlantic being marred by the death of a brother of Louis Lang shortly after the arrival here, a sunstroke on the voyage having been the cause of the boy's death. For a short time after being admitted to the United States, the family was at Buffalo but came to Detroit in 1850. John G. Lang had learned the trade of dyer in his native Germany, and after the years of study in various countries required of apprentices, he was admitted to the Master Dyers' Guild. It was only to be expected, then, that he should follow the trade in the United States which he had so painstakingly learned in Europe, and the direct cause of the removal of the family from Buffalo to Detroit was that the water here was best adapted to his uses in the dyeing of cotton and wool. If any equalled him, certain it is that none surpassed John Lang in the dyeing of cloth, a process that then entailed hand work exclusively, and one of the heavy wood blocks used by him in the printing of fabrics is still in the possession of the family. The Lang family was a prominent one in the kingdom of Wurttemberg before the days of the empire and the ascendancy of the ruling house of Prussia, and the Inn of the Evergreens that still stands in the South German province was once owned by the grandfather of Louis Lang. John George Lang died during the terrible cholera epidemic that swept this part of the state in 1854, and with his passing went one of Detroit's pioneer craftsmen in expert dyeing. Louis Lang, after obtaining his education, first worked as a parcel boy with F. Buhl & Company, of this city, receiving two dollars a week for his work, and later he became a clerk with the same organization. In 1866, he left the Buhl store to become a fur buyer for the Martin Bates Company, a competitor of the famed Hudson's Bay Company. In this work he traveled throughout the United States and Canada, buying furs from dealers. During the twenty years that he was engaged in this work he was known by those connected with the fur trade as an expert on furs, and in this connection he says that once a dealer was compelled to bury a consignment of furs to keep them from being stolen by marauding Indians, although the furs were ruined by moisture when they returned for them in the spring. By this time, however, Mr. Lang was ready to go into business for himself, and in 1886, he came to Detroit and started the 552 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Michigan Steam Laundry, which he has continued to operate since that time. As above mentioned, the laundry is the oldest one in the city that has continued under one management and one name. The thirty-seven years that have elapsed since Mr. Lang has conducted the laundry business in Detroit have been eminently successful ones, and Mr. Lang is known throughout the business circles of the city as one of the talented executives connected with laundry work. When the company was started, the plant was located on Randolph Street near Congress street, but after fifteen years in that location, the present building at No. 2539-43 Grand River Avenue was erected. In 1869, Mr. Lang married Nettie Dean, a native of Detroit. Mrs. Lang died in 1871, leaving one daughter, Nettie Dean Lang, who is now a teacher at the Central high school. For his second wife, Mr. Lang married Annie Landreth, of Niagara Falls, New York, who died in 1919. By his second marriage, Mr. Lang had five children, as follows: William E., secretary and manager of the Michigan Steam Laundry, who married Gertrude Bagg, of a pioneer Detroit family, and has one son, Louis Bagg Lang; Louis L., president of the Michigan Steam Laundry, who married Lula Land, daughter of James Land, of Detroit, and has one daughter, Dorothy; Otto James, who married Helen, the daughter of Joy Miller, of Detroit, and has two children, James Gordon, and John; Marguerite, the wife of Hugh K. Desmond, who has one son, Hugh Lang; and Lillian, the deceased wife of Arthur W. Hollar, who left one son, Arthur William, Jr. James P. Cummiskey, successful coal operator of Detroit, was born in this city, January 28, 1872, the son of James and Elizabeth (Loney) Cummiskey, and acquired his education in the public schools and private schools of Detroit. In 1888, when he was sixteen years of age, he entered the coal business as an employee of 0. W. Shipman, by whom he was employed until July 1, 1902, a period of fourteen years. By that time, Mr. Cummiskey had accumulated sufficient capital to engage in business for himself, and in that year he set himself up in the coal business, in which he had gained such excellent experience. From its inception the enterprise was an unqualified success, and as he made more money, Mr. Cummiskey cast about for other likely investments in the same field. The result has been that he is heavily interested in several large coal mining and shipping concerns and has come to be recognized as one of the influential business men of Detroit. He is president and treasurer of the Ohio & Michigan Coal Company, of which he previously served as treasurer and general manager. He is president of the Big Creek Coal Company and the Black Hawk Colliery Company, of Big Creek, Logan County, West Virginia, president of the Michigan & West Virginia Land and Mining Company, which has large holdings in coal and timber lands in West Virginia, and a director of the Marsh Fork Coal Company, of West Virginia, a concern operating three mines of large capacity. Mr. Cummiskey has been equally alert in availing himself of business opportunities in Detroit, for he is the owner of extensive real estate DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 553 properties and is interested in banking and manufacturing enterprises of various kinds. At Detroit, November 22, 1904, Mr. Cummiskey was united in marriage to Edna Common, of this city, and to this union have been born four sons. Mr. Cummiskey is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, and the Knights of Columbus, in whose affairs he takes an active part. He is president of the B. & C. Land Company and of the North Detroit Land Company; is treasurer and vicepresident of the Clinton Hills Land Company and is a director of the Greater Detroit and North Eastern Land companies, and of the Guaranty Trust Company. Percy J. Farrell. When death, on January 1, 1927, claimed Percy J. Farrell, Detroit was robbed of one of its ablest and most highly respected citizens. A well-rounded man, honorable and courageous, the city owed no small measure of its growth to his faith in its future and the energy he brought to the tasks he set himself, which in every instance redounded to the material prosperity of the citizenry. Almost his entire life was spent in Detroit, for he was but six months old when brought by his parents Charles I. and Maria (Essex) Farrell, from Corunna, Canada, where he was born March 1, 1863. Charles and Miria Farrell, natives, respectively, of Ireland and England, came to Canada when they were in their youth, and when their son Percy was but six months old, came to Detroit, where Charles Farrell became head of the Canada Malt Company, achieved success and was recognized as one of Detroit's prominent citizens. Percy Farrell was given the advantages of the public schools in Detroit, and early in life became associated with his father in business, and his early experience also included six months as bookkeeper for the Homes Savings Bank of Detroit, where he gained a valuable insight into financial methods and operations. From 1890 to 1894 he resided at Southport, North Carolina, and, having a penchant for journalism, was editor of the Southport Leader during his stay in that city. Returning to Detroit, he soon entered the offices of Russell & Campbell, attorneys, taking charge of the real estate interests of that firm with such marked ability that he maintained the association until his death. Seeing the need for a company which could build homes for the large and swiftly increasing numbers of working people whom the automobile industry was attracting to Detroit, Mr. Farrell organized and became president of the Home Construction Company, in 1912. The methods of scrupulous honesty followed by this company under the guidance of Mr. Farrell, and the policy of giving value for money received placed the company in an enviable position as one of the leaders in this kind of work in the city. Mr. Farrell was fond of outdoor, sports, particularly fishing, and was a social leader in the city. He was a member of the Birmingham Golf Club and a charter member of the Fellow Craft and the Detroit Tennis Clubs. He was of a deeply religious nature and was a charter member of the North Woodward Congregational Church, of which he was also a trustee and life deacon. In 554 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY politics he was a staunch Republican. In 1888 he married Agnes Stevens, a daughter of Enoch B. and Elizabeth (Larminie) Stevens, the former of whom was a native of Maine and the latter of Ireland. To Mr. and Mrs. Farrell two daughters were born, Ethel E., now living at home with her mother, and Dortha, who died in infancy. Mrs. Farrell has always been prominent in social and political affairs, she and her husband having been prominently identified with the organization of the Ingleside Club, a social organization of upper Woodward Avenue. The Farrells also played an important part in the development of the Pingree Avenue district. Mrs. Farrell, always an ardent advocate of the right of women to vote, devoted a great deal of time to the cause of women's suffrage,and her efforts in this work found suitable recognition in her election as president for two years of the Michigan Equal Suffrage Association. John C. Goss, president of the J. C. Goss Company of Detroit, manufacturers of tents and awnings, was born in Barnstable, England, May 15, 1848, a son of John C. and Susanna (Ridd) Goss. He acquired his education in the public schools of England and served an apprenticeship of seven years to the trade of sailmaking in Bristol, England. He came to Detroit in 1871 and followed the trade in the employ of others until 1877, when he organized the J. C. Goss Company, of which he is president and manager. A complete line of goods is carried and they manufacture tents and awnings on a large scale, their products finding ready sale in all parts of the United States. At Bristol, England, in 1871, Mr. Goss married Mary Jane Allen, and they became the parents of four children: Nina Louise, the wife of William Rickel; Claudia, deceased; Joseph Charles, and Leslie A. Mr. Goss is a Republican in politics and at one time served as school inspector, and has always taken a keen interest in all projects that had to do with the welfare of the city. His religious faith is that of the Methodist Church. He is a thirtysecond degree Mason and belongs to the Shrine. He also belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Elks, and the United Commercial Travelers. Captain Joseph C. Goss, an officer of the J. C. Goss Company, was born in Detroit April 17, 1881, a son of John C. and Mary J. (Allen) Goss, mentioned on other pages of this volume. He was educated in the public schools and Gutchess College and later took a course in mechanical engineering at the Y. M. C. A. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American War he had been a member of the state militia of Michigan, and as most of these men had enlisted for service he volunteered, but was rejected on account of his being not old enough for active service. He joined the Naval Reserves and served three years on the old Yantic, from 1901 until 1903, inclusive. He then returned to Detroit and associated with his father in business until the United States entered the World War, when he was asked to apply for a commission. He made application for appointment in the Quartermaster Corps, U. S. R., for a captaincy, and was so appointed and commissioned a captain in DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 555 the Quartermaster Corps. In June, 1917, he entered active service at Philadelphia. He was transferred to Baltimore and was made government inspector there of canvas goods and uniforms. In September, 1918, he was ordered overseas and went to France, being located in the advanced sector at Camp Du Valdahon, Doubs. There he held the position of depot quartermaster, camp quartermaster and post quartermaster. His duty was not only to assemble and ship army supplies, but to convoy them to the army, as well. He evacuated that camp with the headquarters troops, April 29, 1919, and was sent to Brest as adjutant of the 177th Provisional Battalion. On June 30, 1919, the 177th Battalion was ordered to the United States to take passage on the S. S. Pretoria, and they landed at Hoboken, New Jersey, July 12, 1919. Since returning home, Captain Goss has been engaged in the business that formerly claimed his attention. In 1903, Captain Goss married Marcia Grace Sherman and they have two children, Claudia May and Joseph Charles. Captain Goss is a member of the Masonic fraternity, belonging to Zion Lodge, F. & A. M., and to the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and Moslem Shrine. George Luther Beecher was one of the leading business men and public-spirited citizens of Michigan, where he made his home for more than three-quarters of a century, owner of a railroad, rich mines, and many large business affairs of America. His father, Luther Beecher, was born in Connecticut and came to Detroit to engage as an importer and dealer in carpets in 1838, soon acquiring what was then considered a large fortune. He was a large importer of Oriental rugs and was also prominently identified with the hotel business as the lessee for ninety-nine years of the famous old Biddle House. Characteristically foresighted was his plan to drill a tunnel under the Detroit River, and though it remained for later years to see such a project carried through for the railroads, the incident is an index to clear vision that marked his conduct in business affairs and public matters. George Luther Beecher, the son, was born at Detroit, May 1, 1848, attended the public and high schools of this city, and graduated from college at Schenectady, New York. His business career was devoted to the handling of his extensive property interests in Detroit and Marquette, and like his father he earned the name of being one of the astute and able men in the commercial and business circles of the City of the Straits. His death occurred April 22, 1925, in his seventy-seventh year. On January 12, 1872, George Luther Beecher married Fanny Isabelle Peckham, the daughter of Isaac H. Peckham, who was born in Rhode Island in August, 1811, and died January 28, 1895, the mother having been born in Connecticut in March, 1812, and having died February 24, 1892. To Mr. and Mrs. Beecher were born ten children, of whom six are still living, as follows: Luther Henry, born at Marquette, Michigan, May 1, 1873, and died in Detroit, November 13, 1895; Lizzie Bella, May 24, 1874, and died January 17, 1875, at Port Burwell, Ontario; Florence Bella, born Sep 556 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tember 1, 1876, and died October 1, 1877, at Detroit; Charles Herbert, who was born December 31, 1876, at Detroit, attended the Orchard Lake Military Academy, resides at Pueblo, Colorado, and has a son, George Herbert, who was born in 1913; Frank Edward, who was born in Detroit, March 27, 1880; George Albert, of Detroit, who was born at Negaunee, Michigan, September 3, 1883, is married, and has three daughters, Caroline, Barbara, and Elizabeth, of Birmingham, England; Grace Louise (Beecher) Moore, who was born at Negaunee, Michigan, March 15, 1885, and has three children who are mentioned below: Fred S., of Detroit, living with his mother; William Robert, who was also born at Negaunee, December 1, 1891, is married, and has one son, William Robert, Jr.; and Fanny Isabella, who was born at Detroit, June 5, 1895, and died February 8, 1896. Mrs. Grace Beecher Moore resides at Hamilton Court, London, Ontario, and has these children: William Beecher, born September 16, 1908; Grace Beecher, born July 4, 1911; and Isabella Peckham, born January 29, 1913. Richard Henry Fyfe, the proprietor of what is believed to be the largest retail shoe establishment in the United States if not in the world, has been identified with the business life of Detroit for more than sixty-two years. He was born at Oak Orchard, Orleans County, New York, January 5, 1839, the son of Claudius L. and Abigail (Gilbert) Fyfe, by whom he was brought to Michigan when he was an infant. The ancestry of the family is traceable to John Fiffe, of Fifeshire, Scotland, whose son, John Fyfe, was the first one of the family to spell his name in this way and who established the family in America. John Fyfe obtained an excellent education in his native land, came to this country in 1775, and settled near Boston, Massachusetts, at Sudbury, enlisting in a Massachusetts regiment with which he served during the early part of the Revolutionary War. On February 1, 1786, he married Elizabeth Strong, a descendant of John Strong the founder of Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1730, the Strong family being a prominent one in the early history of this country. Shortly after his marriage, John Fyfe removed with his bride to Salisbury, Addison County, Vermont, becoming one of the first settlers of that district where he resided until the time of his death, which occurred Jannuary 1, 1813, his widow surviving until November, 1836. Of the four sons and three daughters born to this couple, Claudius L. Fyfe was the youngest, he being born in Addison County, Vermont, January 3, 1798. At Brandon, Vermont, April 6, 1825, he married Abigail Gilbert, whose parents were pioneers of Genesee County, New York. He farmed in Vermont until 1830, when he located at Knowlesville, Orleans County, New York, later residing at Chautauqua, New York. In 1837, he brought his family to Michigan, and though he soon after returned to New York, he again came to Michigan to settle at Litchfield, near Hillsdale, where his death occurred in 1881, his wife dying in 1848. He conducted a tannery at Hillsdale. The only son of a family of six children was Richard Henry Fyfe, who attended the public schools of Litchfield, Michi I V. ch-,Ol lb - \-#. s DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 557 gan, until he was eleven years of age, but when he had attained that age, he was forced to support himself, due to the fact that his father had suffered financial reverses. He became a clerk in the drug store of E. B. Booth at Kalamazoo and subsequently held a similar position with Mott Brothers, druggists of Hillsdale, Michigan. In 1857, he came to Detroit and secured a position as clerk in the shoe store of T. K. Adams, remaining in that work six years, and after some time spent in the employ of the retail shoe house of Rucker & Morgan, he went into business for himself on February 4, 1865. He purchased the shoe store of C. C. Tyler & Company, the successors of his former employer, T. K. Adams. So rapidly did his trade grow in the ensuing decade that Mr. Fyfe erected a five-story building at No. 101 Woodward Avenue in 1875. The shoe store of A. R. Morgan at No. 106 Woodward Avenue was bought by Mr. Fyfe in 1881 and operated by him as a branch until the entire business was removed to No. 183-85 Woodward Avenue in 1885. The firm adopted the name of R. H. Fyfe & Company in 1875, a style that has since obtained. The business enjoyed a steady growth under the careful and astute management of Mr. Fyfe, and in 1918, the erection of the present building at Adams street and Woodward Avenue was begun, it being completed and occupied the following year. Including ten floors, two basements, and four mezzanines, the present home of R. H. Fyfe & Company stands as perhaps the largest retail shoe store in the United States, and the credit for this advance is due entirely to Mr. Fyfe, who is unquestionably one of the most aggressive and substantial business men of Detroit. He was instrumental in the reorganization of the Citizens Savings Bank in 1890, served as its vice-president until 1898, and was then president twelve years until the institution was merged with the Dime Savings Bank, of which he is now a director. He was a trustee of the Michigan Medical College for a number of years and assisted in effecting the consolidation of that school with the Detroit College of Medicine, of which he has served as trustee for many years. He has also become interested in realty development in and around Detroit and has been uniformly successful in these investments. For a number of years, he has served on the Detroit Lighting Commission, being president of that body at the time the present plant was erected. His deep interest in civic affairs influenced him to become a member of the Detroit Municipal League, of which he was president for some time, accomplishing much good along commercial and industrial lines for the city. On October 27, 1868, Mr. Fyfe married Lucretia Albee Rice, daughter of Abraham W. Rice, of Marlboro, Middlesex County, Massachusetts. Prior to her death, which occurred January 1, 1917, Mrs. Fyfe was active in church and charitable work. She was State vice-regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution and was regent of the Detroit chapter of that organization. She was vice-president of the Thompson Old Ladies' Home and was an honorary member and secretary of the governing board of the Protestant Orphans' Home. She was presi 558 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY dent of the Michigan section of the Mount Vernon Society, which preserved the home of Washington, and was president of the Michigan and Detroit organizations of the Colonial Dames. Mr. Fyfe is a member of the local chapter of the New England Society and the Sons of the American Revolution, serving a term as president of the former and as president of the latter in 1908. As a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, he has exerted a marked influence in the achievements of that body, and he is a member of the Detroit Club, Detroit Athletic Club, the Old Club of Detroit, and the Aviation Club. Austin Church, president of the Trenton State Bank, is one of the well-known men of Wayne County and nationally known as a manufacturer. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, December 15, 1871, the son of Elihu Dwight and Helen Victoria (Cooke) Church, the former of whom was born at Rochester, New York, and the latter born of English parentage in this country. The Church family is traceable to early colonial days in Massachusetts and Connecticut, and Elihu Dwight Church, father of Austin, was associated with Church & Company and later with Church & Dwight as president, a company that was known prominently even many years ago, as the manufacturer of the famous Arm & Hammer brand of soda, the company having been established by Austin Church, grandfather of him whose name heads this review. The name of Dwight became connected with the company when the grandfather took into partnership with him John Dwight, his brother-in-law. Austin Church attended the public schools of Brooklyn, New York, studied at the Stevens Preparatory School, and then matriculated at the Stevens Institute of Tiechnology, whence he graduated in mechanical engineering in 1895. At that time he came toWayne County. Mr. Church is also president of the Trenton State Bank and has won a high place in financial circles because of his successful management of the affairs of that institution. He is also president of the Church Land Company. On April 26, 1899, Mr. Church married Harriett Isabella Smith, of Wyandotte, Michigan, a daughter of William Smith, a pioneer of that section of the county. To Mr. and Mrs. Church have been born two children, Helen Louise and Austin Dwight. Mr. Church is a member of the Detroit Club, Old Club and the Detroit Boat Club. In yachting Mr. Church finds his chief recreation and interest aside from the cares of his business, and has gained considerable fame for his work in the development of fine yachts. He maintains a beautiful home on Detroit River, at Trenton. John R. Valois, mayor of River Rouge, has the distinction of having been elected chief executive of this large and growing municipality when only thirty-two years of age. Mr. Valois was born at Point Edward, Ontario, Canada, September 18, 1894, the son of Benjamin and Drucilla (McBride) Valois, both natives of Canada, who came to River Rouge in 1906 and both are now deceased. John R. Valois received his early education in Canada, later in the West DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 559 ern high school of Detroit. He spent ten years working at the printer's trade or until the United States entered the World War, when he served with the 364th Infantry in Belgium and in France was commissioned second lieutenant. Returning from the war he engaged in real estate business and graduated from the River Rouge high school in 1922 and received the degree of bachelor of laws from the University of Detroit in 1923. He then was elected and served four years as municipal judge at River Rouge and in 1927 became its chief magistrate, a position he fills with credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituents. Mr. Valois married Marie Nusko, a native of River Rouge, a daughter of Isador and Frances (Burke) Nusko. Mr. Valois is a Mason, belonging to the Blue Lodge at Wyandotte, Michigan Sovereign Consistory and Moslem Temple of the Shrine. He is also a member of the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Elks and Detroit Typographical Union. In politics he is a Republican. Henry Otis, president and general manager of the Detroit Lumber Company, comes of a pioneer Wayne County family, for his great grandfather, Asa H. Otis, settled here in 1829 on land located at the intersection of the old Plymouth and Snyder roads. Asa H. Otis held local public offices, was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1835, and as a member of the first state legislature secured the charter and built the plank road known as the Plymouth road. His son, Amos Otis, farmed the same tract of land as Asa H. Otis, was a township officer, and was prominent in his section of the county. The family ancestry is traceable to John Otis, who located in this country in 1630 and some of whose descendants fought in the Revolutionary War. Henry Otis, whose name heads this review, was born on a farm in Greenfield Township, Wayne County, August 26, 1875, the son of Albert and Mary Ann (Wayson) Otis, the former of whom is now living in Detroit and the latter of whom is dead. After receiving an education in the Detroit public schools, he entered the employ of the J. L. Hudson Company, and when he left that concrn at the end of ten years, he was holding the position of cashier. He was then associated with the Detroit National and Citizens Savings Banks, but after three years in banking work, he became associated with the Detroit Lumber Company, with which he has since been actively identified. He became president of the company in 1925 after serving many years as vice-president and general manager. The company was established in 1899 by Edwin L. Thompson and Colonel Frank J. Hecker, and as the city has developed, the company has expanded its facilities to keep abreast of the growth in business. During his twenty-four years with the Detroit Lumber Company, Mr. Otis has played an important part in developing the company to its present proportions, and it is today one of the most substantial retail lumber businesses in Detroit. He is known as one of the able business men in the city, and in addition to his lumber interests, he is a director of the Wolverine Stone Company. In 1899, Mr. Otis was united in marriage to Alice Edma Green, a native 560 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of Detroit. Mr. Otis is a member of the National Retail Lumber Dealers' Association, the Builders and Traders Exchange, of which he was president in 1914; the Detroit Athletic Club, and the Detroit Riding and Hunt Club. In Masonry, he is a member of Palestine Lodge, King Cyrus Chapter, and Detroit Commandery, of which he is past commander. Me is a member of St. Peter's Episcopal Church, of which he is the senior warden. His residence is at 2036 Boston Boulevard West. Edgar J. Bullard, chairman of the board of directors of Modern Woodmen of America, is one of the prominent figures in fraternal insurance circles in the United States, for he has served on the directorate of that organization since 1917 and has been chairman of the board since 1925. He was born at Fowler, Michigan, June 1, 1872, the son of John and Melvina (Baldwin) Bullard, who came to Michigan from Olcott, New York, in April, 1864, settling on a farm in Bengal Township, Clinton County, and later removing to St. Johns and still later to Fowler. John Bullard, a son of John and Catherine (Perrine) Bullard, was born at Lyons, New York, September 2, 1834, and died at Fowler, Michigan, December 19, 1880. He married, October 13, 1861, Melvina, the daughter of William and Jane (Dutcher) Baldwin, who was born at Jamestown, New York, August 5, 1841, and died at Owosso, Michigan, April 13, 1925. Left fatherless when he was eight years of age, Edgar J. Bullard was thrown upon his own resources when he was a boy, and thus it was that he early learned the lessons of hard work and thrift that have brought him to his present high position in the business world. By working during his vacation months and in spare hours, he managed to secure a public school education, and as the son of a carpenter, he possessed such natural ability with tools that within a few years he became skilled in several lines of work. He earned his first money by selling the Detroit News in Fowler and he also worked part time driving the horse that furnished power for the local grain elevator. His succeeding years were filled with employment "wooding up" the old wood-burning locomotives of the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railroad, as a farm hand, grain elevator employe, freight handler, carpenter, painter, and blacksmith. When he was sixteen years old, he became a clerk in a drug and general store at Fowler at a salary of ten dollars per month, and in the following spring, he drove a grocer's wagon in the country, selling to the farmers and buying their butter and eggs. During the winters, he clerked in the store, and his work in the country and in the store made of him a good mixer, so that when he was eighteen years old, he began selling nursery stock and building and loan association shares, a work in which he won notable success. In 1896, after six years as a salesman, he accepted a position with John Hicks, of St. Johns, Michigan, managing an extensive grain, produce, and coal business there until 1903. In that year, he began his long and successful career with the Modern Woodmen of America as manager for Michigan. His record as a citizen in St. Johns is so notable as to be worthy of recital. He DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 561 became a member of various fraternal organizations and soon took a leading part in the affairs of the local chapters, and though he was a Democrat in politics, the almost solidly Republican front in St. Johns did not deter him from seeking office. Such was his standing in the community that he was nominated on the Democratic ticket for mayor in 1902 and was elected to that office by a gratifying majority, the first Democratic mayor the city had elected in twenty years of corporate existence. He was re-elected the following year, but refused further political favors at the conclusion of that term. However, he felt it is his duty as a citizen to accept the presidency of the board of public works in 1907, 1908, and 1909, making a brilliant record in that position. So that he might better serve the interests of the Woodmen in Michigan, Mr. Bullard removed to Detroit in 1909, and his subsequent record as state manager won him election to the directorate of the order in 1917. In July, 1925, he became chairman of the board and still retains that office. During the World War. Mr. Bullard was appointed by Governor Sleeper to the chairmanship of the quota committee of the Michigan War Preparedness Board, and he also served on the patriotic fund committee and the Michigan Community Council commission. An eloquent and forceful speaker, he made many speeches during the war period and gained wide recognition for his ability in this direction. Mr. Bullard is also interested in several important industrial and commercial enterprises, so that his business genius is proved by the catholicity of its scope. In 1915, he undertook the development of a summer colony in the Thumb District which he named Broken Rocks, becoming treasurer of the Broken Rocks Land Company and president of the Broken Rocks Association. He has succeeded in developing a beautiful and exclusive summer resort colony, the venture stamping him as an able and aggressive entrepeneur. At Maple Rapids, Michigan, October 16, 1900, Mr. Bullard married Mary Elizabeth Newton, of that village, and they have two children: George Newton, who was born June 3, 1902, and is manager of the Municipal Department of the Fourth and First National Company, of Nashville, Tennessee; and Mary Elizabeth, who was born December 9, 1905, and was married on January 2, 1925, to David Crosby Clark, of Bad Axe, Michigan. They have one child, David Crosby Clark, Jr., born August 14, 1926. In addition to his affiliation with fraternal insurance societies, Mr. Bullard is active in Masonry, he being a member of Ashlar Lodge, F. & A. M.; King Cyrus Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Monroe Council, and St. John's Commandery in the York Rite, and Moslem Temple of the Mystic Shrine. Herman W. Schmeman. Left fatherless at the age of five years so that he was forced to sell newspapers on the streets of Detroit to help support himself, Herman W. Schmeman is known as the founder and head of one of the largest fire insurance agencies in the state of Michigan and has attained an enviable place among insurance men of this city. He is a self-made man in the truest sense of the word and is exemplary of that close application and tireless 562 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY energy that characterizes the American business man. He was born in Detroit, February 24, 1878, the son of Herman and Marie (Runde) Schmeman, both of whom are dead. One of a family of four children, he was but five years of age at the time of his father's death in 1883, and to support himself and contribute to that of the family, he began selling newspapers, attending the public schools whenever possible. Even as a newsboy he displayed those qualities that brought him subsequent success in the insurance business, for speaking of that time, he said, "I built up a business all of my own from the very day I started. It covered a considerable territory and many customers. I ran this business from the start on a strictly business basis. Mother kept a set of books for me and my cash had to balance every day. I turned in to her a daily report of my receipts and expenditures and each week she furnished me with an accurate list of the outstanding accounts." He was a charter member of the Newsboys' Association, which was organized in the Eighties, and because of his membership in this organization, he was offered an opportunity which proved of great benefit to him. The Caton Business College offered a three months' scholarship to a member of the Association who was to be chosen by the directors of the Newsboys' Association, and upon young Schmeman, who was then fourteen years of age, fell their choice. Since his father had been a graduate of the University of Heidelberg, and his mother was equally well educated. Herman Schmeman and his mother were overjoyed at the opportunity thus given him to study bookkeeping. By dint of stern economy, the boy was able to complete the course by an additional three months added to the period embraced by the scholarship. When he sought a position as bookkeeper, however, he found that he was too young, and as a result, he worked at various jobs, mostly as elevator operator, until he was seventeen years of age. At that time, he secured a position such as he sought with an insurance agency, and during the ten years he spent in that capacity, he made it a point to learn everything possible about the insurance business. He gave up his work as bookkeeper to enter the same field for himself and has developed one of the large and influential agencies in Detroit. He has also become prominent in real estate circles as a large scale investor, his offices being maintained in the Farwell building. Mr. Schmeman is known in music circles as the conductor of Schmeman's concert band, an organization which had its inception about 1889 as the newsboys' band of the Newsboys' Association. It became known as one of the best juvenile bands in the country, made two trips to the World's Fair at Chicago in 1893, and accompanied the Michigan delegation to Washington in March, 1897, to attend the first inaugural of President McKinley. In 1898, the band was made a part of the Detroit Light Guard and subsequently became the regimental band of the First Regiment, Michigan National Guard, during which time Mr. Schmeman was cornetist and principal musician. In 1906, the band was reorganized as Schmeman's Military band and has been the official municipal band of Detroit for the past twenty years. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 563 It was the first band in the country to broadcast over the radio, and during the summer season, it gives thirteen concerts a week in the various city parks. Mr. Schmeman has always been active in promoting the sale of newspapers by former newsboys at Christmas in the raising of a fund for the poor children of Detroit. His successful efforts in that direction brought him the post of treasurer for life of the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund. On January 23, 1901, Mr. Schmeman married Elvine Robitoy, of Detroit, and to them have been born five children: Herman W., Jr., Edward J., George J., Philip N., and Elvine. In Masonry, Mr. Schmeman is a member of Palestine Lodge, King Cyrus Chapter, Detroit Commandery No. 1 of the Knights Templar, and the Mystic Shrine, and he is also a member of the Masonic Country Club, the National Town and Country Club, the Harmonie Society, the Detroit Social Turnverein, the Detroit Board of Commerce, and the Detroit Association of Insurance Agents. Philip A. Callahan, D.D.S., successful dentist of Detroit, has won his way to a high place in that profession through a display of initiative and energy throughout his career that is exemplary in its singleness of purpose. Born at Las Vegas, New Mexico, April 9, 1897, he is the son of Philip A. and Mary Jane (Slack) Callahan, the former of whom came from his native Ireland to the United States in his nineteenth year, was a pioneer bridge builder for the Santa Fe Railroad in New Mexico, and died in 1903 at the age of thirty-five years. The only boy in a family of five children when his father died, it became necessary for young Philip Callahan to work during his spare hours, and after he had completed the eighth grade in common schools at Las Vegas, New Mexico, he began his high school career at the preparatory school of the University of Texas, Fort Worth. This he followed by a year in the Las Vegas high school and the Santa Monica, California, high school, through all of which he worked his way. He then entered Oklahoma University in 1914 to take a pre-law course, but changed his plans so that he might study dentistry. After a year at the University of Michigan in the study of this profession, his funds gave out, and for a time he was auditor at the Northern Engineering Works, of Detroit, and was engaged in that work when the United States declared war on Germany in 1917. Enlisting in the navy, he was the organizer and director of the Detroit Naval band, which subsequently became the Fourth Detachment of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station band that was gathered together under the leadership of John Philip Sousa. When his war service was concluded, Dr. Callahan matriculated at the Colorado College of Dental Surgery, whence he graduated in 1920 with the degree of doctor of dental surgery. At that time, Dr. Callahan returned to Detroit to enter upon the active practice of his profession and has come to be known as one of the able and successful men in that work. On June 9, 1918, he married Edna M. Harris, of Detroit, and they have three children: Phyllis Jane, who was born at Denver, Colorado, March 27, 1920; Shirley Jeanne, who was born in Detroit, 564 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY July 25, 1923; and John Philip, born July 23, 1927. Doctor Callahan takes an active interest in the civic affairs of Detroit and in 1925 was elected to a seat in the common council. He is president of the East Side Lions Club and was a delegate to the international convention of that organization in 1926. He is a constant worker for the improvement of the city and holds membership in the Mack Avenue Business Men's Association, Gratiot Avenue Business Men's Association, Jefferson Avenue Business Men's Association, and the Charlevoix Business Men's Association. He is past grand master of the Odd Fellows and is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, American Legion, Universal Club, and the Detroit Union League Club. John Parshall Antisdel has been one of the prominent attorneys of Detroit for nearly a quarter of a century and was born here, January 31, 1861, the son of John Francis and Sarah Jane (Parshall) Antisdel. On both sides of his house he is descended from early Colonial and Revolutionary stock. The Antisdel family is traced to Lancashire, England, whence came Lawrence Antisdel to America about 1700 when he was a lad of ten or twelve years. According to existing records he was located at Norwich, Connecticut, in 1731. John Parshall Antisdel is also a descendant of Captain Lion Gardiner, who was born in England in 1599 and took service as an engineer with the Prince of Orange in the Netherlands. On August 11, 1635, he with his wife and servant and eleven men, embarked at London on a twenty-five ton vessel, the Bachilor, and arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, November 28, 1635. Captain Gardiner commanded the fort at Saybrook during the Pequot War. In the maternal line, Mr. Antisdel traces his ancestry to Jonathan and Jemima (Knapp) Parshall, the former of whom served in the Revolutionary War with the Second Regiment of New York Militia, he having enlisted from Ulster County, New York. Their son, James Parshall, was born on Long Island, September 26, 1762, and died at Palmyra, New York, March 24, 1826, his wife having been Elizabeth Todd, a native of Little Britain, New York. Joseph Parshall, son of James and Elizabeth (Todd) Parshall, was born May 8, 1791, and died at Waterford, Michigan, February 17, 1867. He was a volunteer soldier of the War of 1812, and at Palmyra, New York, May 2, 1816, he married Clarissa Moon, who was born at Rutland, Vermont, December 28, 1795, and died at Detroit, July 2, 1887. Their daughter, Sara Jane Parshall, was born at Palmyra, New York, February 21, 1832, and married John Francis Antisdel at Detroit, June 6, 1855. John Francis Antisdel was born in Paris, Oneida County, New York, June 15, 1829, and when he was six years of age he came with his parents to Michigan, settling with them near Brooklyn, Jackson County. As the second child and the oldest son in a family of eight children, he became the head of the family when the father died in 1850. He accordingly came to Detroit and secured a position as clerk in a hotel, and in 1857 he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, James Parshall, to operate the Finney Hotel, which was located at the southeast DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 565 corner of Gratiot and Woodward avenues. After a prosperous year so spent, he became the proprietor of the Railroad Hotel, located on the present site of the Detroit Opera House. This he developed into one of the valuable hotel properties of the city, selling out the enterprise for $50,000, an amount that was then considered a large price. With the proceeds of this sale he purchased the Blindberry Hotel at the corner of Michigan and Washington avenues on the site of the present Book-Cadillac Hotel, and after remodeling the building he opened it as the Antisdel House. Subsequently he became proprietor of the Biddle House, then one of the largest and finest hotels in the state of Michigan. Since he had by then acquired a comfortable fortune, John F. Antidel retired from business with the intention of passing the remainder of his years at the family home on Jefferson Avenue. His career of hard work had unfitted him for a retired life and he, accordingly, leased the Newhall House in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the finest hotel in the state at that time. He continued as proprietor of that hotel until 1884, when, a part of his fortune having been swept away in the panic of 1873, he leased the Frazer House, in Bay City, Michigan, which he operated until 1894. Returning to Detroit in that year, he secured a lease on the Mettewas Hotel, a summer resort establishment at Kingsville, Ontario, Canada, and in charge of this business he remained until his death, which occurred May 16, 1900. He was a man of sterling character and his genial nature won for him many friends. His wife, Sarah Jane (Parshall) Antisdel, survived him and lived until April 3, 1912. She was a woman of noble character and great charm of manner. John Francis Antisdel and his wife became the parents of seven children, of whom four lived to maturity; James Francis, born April 29, 1856, and died May 21, 1916; John Parshall, whose name heads this review; Ella Marie, and Minnie Blanche. John Parshall Antisdel spent the greater part of his boyhood in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and there attended the public schools, and after returning to Michigan with his parents, he entered the Detroit College of Law in 1900, graduating therefrom in June, 1903, as valedictorian of his class with the degree of bachelor of laws. Prior to that time he had been associated with his father and brother in the operation of the Frazer House at Bay City and the Mettewas Hotel at Kingsville, Ontario, but since his admission to the bar he has devoted himself exclusively to the practice of his profession. He has attracted a large clientele and is known as one of the successful and able attorneys of this city. He is a member of the Detroit, Michigan State and American Bar Associations. During the World War he served on the legal advisory board, was a fourminute man and a speaker for the Red Cross, was chairman of the board of instruction of draft board No. 1, and performed volunteer work in recruiting, and was active in the conduct of the Liberty Loan drives in Detroit and Wayne County. He is a member of the Lawyers' Club, the Sons of the American Revolution, and the Board of Commerce and in religious matters is a member of the First Baptist Church of Detroit. 566 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Sidney Trowbridge Miller is a name familiar to all Detroiters, for he is not only one of the foremost attorneys in the state of Michigan but is also a scion of one of the pioneer families of this state. Dan Bramble Miller, his grandfather, settled at Monroe, Michigan, in the middle twenties, and in 1827, he shipped to the East two hundred barrels of flour, constituting the first export of this product to be made from the Michigan Territory. Charles Christopher Trowbridge, maternal grandfather of Sidney T. Miller, is reckoned one of the founders and upbuilders of Michigan. He came to Detroit in 1820 aboard the Walk-in-the-Water, the first steamboat to ply the Great Lakes. As he was proficient in French and set himself to learn the various dialects of the Michigan Indians, he was particularly well fitted for the position of secretary to Governor Cass, and in this capacity he took a valuable part in the treaty negotiations that marked the administration of Cass as territorial governor of the state. Charles C. Trowbridge died at Detroit in 1883, and his memory is commemorated in the name of Trowbridge street, this city. His daughter, Katherine, became the mother of Sidney T. Miller. Sidney David Miller, father of Sidney T., was born at Monroe in 1830, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Detroit, in 1852. He gained a high place in the practice of his profession and was retained by many of the leading corporations of the city as their counsel. While he won material success, he was not unmindful of his duty as a citizen, and for a period of twenty-three years he was a member of the board of police commissioners, during most of which time he was president of the board. As a member of the board of education for many years, he took an active part in the establishment of the Detroit public library, the foundation of the Detroit Museum of Art, and the securing to the city of Belle Isle park. Sidney Trowbridge Miller was born on Jefferson Avenue, Detroit, January 4, 1864, and received his early education in the public schools of this city. Later, he attended Brown Academy and then Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, whence he was graduated with the degree of bachelor of arts, the same institution granting him the degree of doctor of laws in 1923. Three years later he won the degree of master of arts from the same institution, and in 1919 he was elected a member of the board of trustees of that school. When he had completed his course at Trinity College, Mr. Miller took up the study of law under the able preceptorship of his father, work which he supplemented by a course in the law school of Harvard university. He was admitted to practice in 1887 after passing the bar examination before the Supreme Court and subsequently won the right to practice before the Federal courts. Following in the footsteps of his father, Mr. Miller rose to a leading place among the members of the legal profession in Detroit and Michigan, so that his services as counsel were sought by many large companies of various kinds. Mr. Miller was thrice elected president of the Detroit Bar Association and also served as vice-president of the American Bar Association and of the Michigan State Bar Association. While he was DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 567 president of the Detroit Bar Association, Mr. Miller inaugurated the movement which resulted in the establishment of the law library, which now includes more than 21,000 volumes of various kinds. In appreciation of his efforts in their behalf, the members of the association tendered Mr. Miller a banquet in February, 1917, that is remembered as one of the noteworthy occasions of its kind in Detroit. Mr. Miller is a director and general counsel of the Detroit Savings Bank, the Wyandotte Savings Bank, the Detroit Trust Company, the United States Radiator Corporation, and he is counsel in Michigan for several large insurance companies which are nationally known. He was also president of the Detroit College of Medicine for many years, a fact which alone indicates his versatile accomplishments as perhaps his association with no other enterprise does. He was long active in the affairs of the local chapter of the American Red Cross, and when the United States entered the World War, he proved to be one of the ablest men in the formation of the State committee authorized by Governor Sleeper. He worked throughout the state in organizing the work of the Red Cross, for he was chairman of the State Red Cross committee and was director of the Red Cross for Michigan. The State, largely through the efforts of Mr. Miller in organizing chapters in the various cities and counties, earned the name of being one of the few units that operated entirely without outside aid. On November 20, 1889, at Hartford, Connecticut, Mr. Miller was united in marriage to Lucy T. Robinson, and to them were born two children, Sidney Trowbridge, Jr., a prominent attorney of Detroit, and Elizabeth Trumbull, who married General William Mitchell, formerly of the United States Army Air Service. During the World War, the son served in France with an artillery regiment and the daughter went to France to engage in Y. W. C. A. work. Mr. Miller is a member of the Detroit Club, Yondotega Club, University Club, Racquet Club, Detroit Boat Club, and Delta Psi fraternity. He has served as a member of the board of commissioners of the public library. He holds membership in the Detroit Board of Commerce, and on both sides of his house he is eligible to membership in the Sons of American Revolution and the Society of Colonial Wars, in the affairs of both of which he takes an active interest. Ronald N. Holsaple, superintendent of the Michigan AntiSaloon League, was born in Allen County, Indiana, April 11, 1876, the son of John E. and Mary E. (Cline) Holsaple. The father was born in Ohio and later removed to Allen County, Indiana, where he was married. When Ronald N. Holsaple was nine years of age, his family removed to Cass County, Michigan, where John E. Holsaple studied for the ministry, to which he was ordained in the Evangelical Church in 1890. He continued to preach at various charges in this state until the time of his death in 1908, his service in the ministry being characterized by a deep interest in civic and political affairs as well as by his ability as a pastor. Of the three children born to him and his wife, John Elmer Holsaple is dead and the daughter is now Mrs. Fred Hanes, of Nashville, Michigan. Ronald 568 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY N. Holsaple obtained his early education in the public schools of the various cities in which his father was stationed and then attended Northwestern College, Naperville, Illinois, from 1896 to 1898, inclusive. Even before he had finished school, he was taken into the Michigan Conference and was licensed to preach on his twenty-first birthday. His first charge was the Evangelical Church at Litchfield, Michigan, where he was to receive an annual salary of $150 and was paid $151.50. He then went to Petoskey, Michigan, where he became assistant pastor on a circuit of five churches, and continued in that work one year. At this time, he made a trip to Jamestown, New York, and there was invited to preach in the Congregational Church, where, upon the solicitation of the congregation he remained three years as pastor. He then returned to the Michigan Conference of the Evangelical Church and became circuit pastor at Ogden, Michigan, and two churches in Ohio, continuing in that work three years. For a like period, he was assigned to a pastorate at Traverse City, Michigan, which he relinquished to accept in 1907 the position of assistant superintendent of the AntiSaloon League in Michigan. In July, 1911, he was made superintendent of the League for South Dakota, where he conducted a campaign that made the state dry. Upon the successful conclusion of his work in South Dakota, Mr. Holsaple was superintendent of the League's work in Iowa from September 1, 1917, to 1923. In the latter year, he was transferred to Michigan and has since discharged the duties of that office. Mr. Holsaple is recognized as a man of ability and aggressiveness and has done much to strengthen the position of the League in Michigan. On May 11, 1899, he married Gertrude Anna Perry, of Jamestown, New York, and they have three children, John Roland Neal, of Des Moines, Iowa; Robert Earl, of Detroit; and Helen. the wife of Mr. L. E. Wallis, of Chicago. Mr. Holsaple is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, the Laymen's International Club, and the Wannamaker Upper Room Luncheon Club. Politically, he is a supporter of the Republican party. The McMillan Family has been prominently identified with the business interests of Detroit for a period of seventy-five years. James McMillan, United States Senator from Michigan, and one of the most prominent men who ever lived in Detroit, was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, March 12, 1838, a son of William and Grace (McMeikan) McMillan. James McMillan attended the the grammar schools of his native place and at the age of fourteen withdrew from school to follow his natural inclination for a business career. He spent four years in a hardware establishment in Hamilton learning the business and at the age of seventeen he came to Detroit. A short time later he became purchasing agent for the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railroad. The gift of handling men was born in James McMillan and he was always able to work with others to accomplish results in such a way as to have all associated with him participate in the reward. He went through life helping others at the same time advancing himself materially. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 569 In the Sixties he began building freight cars and from a small beginning this enterprise grew to be the largest in Detroit, becoming the American Car & Foundry Company, one of the greatest manufacturing concerns in the country. He became manager of the company and under his guidance it put forth important branches such as the Detroit Car Wheel Company, the Detroit Iron Furnace Company, the Baugh Steam Forge Company and the Detroit Pipe & Foundry Company. One successful undertaking leading to another equally as successful, James McMillan became the head of more than two score subsidiary organizations including the presidency of the Detroit Shipbuilding Company, the Detroit Dry Dock Company, and the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company. He was the principal factor in several lake transportation companies, the building of the international bridge, Sault Ste. Marie and the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railway across the Upper Peninsula. Engrossed as he was in his many business transactions he was never at a loss for time to devote to public interests, and his gifts to public and private charities always were liberal and proportionate to his means. The Grace Hospital of Detroit, the Chemical Library at Albion College, McMillan Hall and the McMillan Shakespeare Library of the University of Michigan and the T'epper collection of insects at the Agricultural College are among his more conspicuous benefactions. In 1889, at the age of fifty-one he entered the senate of the United States, where he was instrumental in securing the passage of many important measures. On such subjects as lake transportation and business propositions generally his knowledge was relied upon by his colleagues. He served as chairman of the committee of the District of Columbia, and to him is due the revival of interest in the proper development in our nation's capital, and for twelve years he gave of his time, thought and money into the placing in good order of the District of Columbia. The park next to the Soldiers' Home in Washington, D. C., is called McMillan Park in honor of Senator McMillan, and is but a small recognition of the debt of gratitude which the people of the United States owe to their earnest and distinguished servant. He died suddenly at his summer home in Manchester, Massachusetts, August 11, 1902. William C. McMillan, son of Senator McMillan, was born in Detroit, March 1, 1861, and was educated in the Detroit public schools and later entered Yale University from which he was graduated with the degree of bachelor of arts in 1884. Following his graduation he returned to Detroit and took a most important part in the affairs of the city until his death. In 1892 he was instrumental in effecting a consolidation of the Michigan and Peninsular Car companies and was elected one of the two managing directors. A list of the various offices he held in connection with the financial and manufacturing interests of Detroit is an index of his influence in this city. He was director and chairman of the executive committee of the Union Trust Company and a director of the First National Bank, State Savings Bank, the Detroit Dry Dock Company, the Detroit Gas Company, and was president and 570 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY general manager of the Detroit & Cleveland Navigation Company, beside holding directorship in many other corporations and manufacturing concerns. He married Miss Marie Louise Thayer, daughter of Frank N. Thayer, of Boston. They had two children, Doris and James Thayer McMillan, who now represents the McMillan interests in Detroit. James H. Pound is perhaps the best known and most successful, criminal, general and all round lawyer in Detroit, and Michigan. Born in Detroit, August 27, 1852, he is the son of James H. and Eleanor (McGinnity) Pound, natives of Dover, England, and County Armagh, Irleand, respectively. James H. Pound, Sr., came to the United States when he was a boy in his 'teens, working as a machinist, and later becoming superintendent of a division of the Detroit Bridge & Iron Works in Detroit, and Eleanor McGinnity came to the United States with her parents in 1844, locating at Detroit. Their son, James H. Pound, graduated from the Detroit public schools when he was fourteen years of age, and then studied at the Houghton school and the University of Michigan, from which he received the degree of bachelor of laws in 1873, the period between his public school and college educations being spent as a machinist apprentice for four years and as machinist for a year and a half, under his father, at the Detroit Bridge & Iron Works. He was admitted to practice at the bar, soon after receiving his degree from the university, and at that time opened law offices in Detroit. Devoting himself to the difficult field of criminal law, Mr. Pound has won signal success before the state and county bars. He has been attorney for the defense in more than forty-seven murder trials, and though some of his clients were convicted, not one has died in the penitentiary, and in three cases Mr. Pound secured revision of the decisions before the Supreme Court and reversal of the first. When President Theodore Roosevelt brought suit against the editor of the Iron Ore, a newspaper of Ishpeming, Michigan, Mr. Pound was selected to prosecute the suit for damages for defamation of character of the president. He won a notable victory in this case, which drew the eyes of the nation during the progress of the hearing. Mr. Pound's position among the members of the legal fraternity has caused his appointment as Friend of the Court more than one hundred times, and in this office he has performed work of the greatest benefit to all concerned. A strong supporter of the Democratic party, Mr. Pound was elected on that ticket to the office of circuit court commissioner in 1876. On two other occasions, he was the nominee of his party for election to the office of circuit court judge, losing by only six votes, at one balloting, and he also received the nomination for Congress, three times, and for mayor at two or three elections. Mr. Pound married Jessie E. Page, the daughter of Douglas M. and Elizabeth (Post) Page, the former of whom, a Detroit contractor, served in the Civil War with the 24th Michigan Infantry, participating in the Battle of Gettysburg and all the movements and engagements of the Peninsular campaign. To Mr. and Mrs. Pound was born one son, Percy 4, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 571 Douglas, who entered the University of Michigan, but when he was nineteen years of age, he was drowned in attempting to save the members of a canoe party from drowning in the Detroit River. Mr. Pound is past master of the Detroit Lodge of Masons, F. & A. M., and he and his wife are communicants of St. John's Episcopal Church. Frank J. Navin, president of the Detroit Baseball Club and vice-president of the American League, has been a leading figure in the national sport for nearly a quarter of a century, and it was through his efforts that the Detroit Tigers rose from a mediocre second division team to one of the powerful units of the American League. His parents, Thomas and Eliza (Crotty) Navin, were both natives of Ireland, the father coming to America at an early age to ply his trade of carpenter and later to work for the Lake Shore Railroad thirty-five years, his death occurring in Detroit in 1887. Of the nine children born to this couple, only Frank J. survives. Frank J. Navin was born at Adrian, Michigan, April 18, 1871, and acquired his early education in the public schools of that place. After completing a course of study in a Detroit business college, he secured a clerical position with the National Life Insurance Company under Samuel F. Angus, and while he was so employed, he attended the Detroit College of Law, from which he graduated in 1897. It was his employer, Mr. Angus, who then owned the Detroit baseball club, and because the owner was dissatisfied with his investment, Mr. Navin saw the opportunity to acquire ownership of the club. To this end, Frank J. Navin enlisted the aid of William H. Yawkey, with the result that the two formed a partnership and purchased the Detroit Baseball Club in 1903 from Mr. Angus. With the club franchise in hand, the new owners set about the task of bringing about the reorganization of the club along lines that would place it among the leaders in the league, and four years after he had purchased part of the franchise, Frank J. Navin saw his club bring the American League pennant to Detroit and repeat the feat the two succeeding years. Coincident with the phenomenal work of his team, Mr. Navin was recognized as a power in baseball, for he and Mr. Yawkey, working side by side, had, within the span of four years, made the enterprise a highly successful business proposition, and as such it has remained. The old Bennett Park, for years the traditional home of the Tigers, gave way in 1912 to the imposing concrete and steel stadium at Michigan and Trumbull avenues that become Navin Field by popular vote. In 1919, Mr. Navin was elected to the vice-presidency of the American League, crowning with appropriate recognition the achievements of the leader of the Detroit Tigers. Business men of Detroit know him, also, as director of Merchants National of Detroit and he was vice-president of the Michigan Steel Tube Products Company, in the affairs of which he has played an influential part for a number of years. On November 21, 1899, Mr. Navin was united in marriage with Grace 572 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY M. Shaw, the daughter of Charles and Minnie (Moore) Shaw, of Detroit. Mr. Navin is a member of the Detroit Yacht Club, Bloomfield Hills Hunt & Riding Club, Detroit Hunt & Riding Club, Rotary Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, Bloomfield Hills Golf Club, Detroit Automobile Club, the Knights of Columbus, Town & Country Club, and the Detroit Board of Commerce. William Stephen Gonne, M.D., is one of the leading eye, ear, nose, and throat specialists in Detroit and has been engaged in practice here since the conclusion of his service with the Medical Corps during the World War. He was born at Chatham, Ontario, Canada, November 26, 1893, and is the son of Frank A. and Harriet Victoria (White) Gonne, both of whom died in Detroit in 1925. The Gonne family is of French origin, but many generations ago, it was established in Ireland and England, whence the first of that name to locate in this country came to Vermont, he being the great grandfather of Dr. Gonne. In 1897, the parents of Dr. Gonne brought him to Detroit, where Frank A. Gonne was first identified with the wholesale grocery house of Phelps & Brace, then with the collar manufacturing concern of the Norris Company as sales manager, and for himself as manufacturer's agent during the last ten years of his life. William Stephen Gonne attended the Tilden grammar school and the Central high school in the acquirement of his preparatory education, and in 1915 he graduated from the literary department of the University of Michigan, winning his doctorate in medicine from the same institution in 1917. At graduation he was the only man in his class elected to Sigma Xi, an honorary scholastic fraternity in medicine. At that time, he entered the Medical Corps of the army for service in the World War and was one of these selected to take the prescribed course at the Army Medical School in Washington, D. C., a training that was vouchsafed comparatively few medical officers in the army during those times. On finishing the course he was assigned to Camp Custer for four months, then attached to the British Army in England, serving at Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley for eight months, followed by base hospital work in France for five months. He returned to the United States with Base Hospital No. 113. Returning to Detroit upon the conclusion of his military service, Dr. Gonne served as interne at Harper Hospital as resident interne in eye,.ear, nose, and throat, and he has since kept in close touch with that institution where he takes the hospital cases that are placed under his care. For six years, he has been a member of the staff of the Children's Hospital and has served on the staff of the Michigan Mutual Hospital in industrial eye cases. Since 1919, he has been associated in practice with Drs. H. J. Hartz and H. J. Begle, specializing in diseases of the eye, ear, nose, and throat. In his field, he is recognized as a leader in this city and has already developed a large practice. He is a member of the American Medical Association and the Michigan State and Wayne county Medical societies and the Nu Sigma Nu medical fraternity. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 573 In 1924, Dr. Gonne married Marion R. Morton, the daughter of Robert M. Morton, of whom more may be found elsewhere in this volume, and to this union has been born one son, William Stephen, Jr. Dr. Gonne maintains membership in the Kiwanis Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Tennis Club, University Club, Pine Lake Country Club. Dr. Gonne has his offices on the sixth floor of the David Whitney Building and has recently taken as an associate Dr. Wadsworth Warren, Jr. Robert McGregor Morton, president of Robert M. Morton, Incorporated, is a successful business man of Detroit because he evolved a new idea of service to working people and put the idea into effect in a manner that won the approbation of the people and success for himself. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, January 21, 1869, the son of Robert and Marion (Riddell) Morton, both of whom were of Scotch descent. In 1877, the family came to Detroit, where subsequently were established the Morton Bakeries, a concern that had its inception when Mrs. Morton started baking bread for a few friends and neighbors. The Morton Bakeries grew to occupy a commanding position in the industry in Detroit, and after he had acquired his education in the public schools of Detroit, Robert McGregor Morton became associated with the bakery business. Under the careful tutelage of his father, he learned every phase of the baking trade with a thoroughness that was exemplary, and when the concern was purchased by the General Baking Company, he was retained to manage the bakery with which he had been so long associated. He also established a baking enterprise for himself, and it was through the operations of this company that he came upon the idea to put up box lunches for working people. The lunches met with instant favor on the part of working men and women, and the Robert M. Morton, Inc., today sells thousands of the Ideal box lunches in factories and shops throughout the city. Adherence to an ideal and fair dealing has made the enterprise a highly sucsessful one, and Mr. Morton is thus regarded as one of the aggressive and resourceful business men of the city. In 1890, Mr. Morton married Mattie B. Ruthruff, daughter of William Ruthruff, in honor of whom the Ruthruff school is named. The Ruthruff family was established in Michigan at an early date, for the first of that name to locate here took up land near Ann Arbor in 1836. To Mr. and Mrs. Morton have been born two children, Marion M., who married Dr. William S. Gonne, of whom more may be found on other pages of this work, and Helene D., who married Walter D. Chanter, secretary and treasurer of Robert M. Morton, Inc. Mr. Morton is a member of Ashlar Lodge No. 91, F. & A. M., the Detroit Golf Club, and the Detroit Athletic Club. E. F. Fisher, M.D., is one of the well known physicians and surgeons of Michigan, with offices at Dearborn. A descendant of a pioneer Wayne County family, he was born in this county, October 31, 1876, the son of George and Alice (Breward) Fisher, the 574 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY former of whom was born in this county and died in 1899 at the age of sixty-three years. Christian Fisher, the grandfather of Dr. E. F. Fisher, was born in New York State in 1805 and settled on a farm in Wayne County in 1825, remaining there throughout the remainder of his life. George Fisher was born on that farm, served in the Union army in the Civil War, and returned to farming after that conflict, later following the trade of carpenter. He and his wife reared a family of five children, E. F., William, Alice, Emma, and Mary. E. F. Fisher attended the elementary and high schools of Wayne, Michigan, graduating from the latter in 1893 and thereafter taught school until 1902. He then played professional baseball with teams of Utica, Rockford, and Muskegon in order that he might get enough money to finance his college career. With this aim accomplished, he matriculated at the Detroit College of Medicine and graduated therefrom with the degree of doctor of medicine in 1906. In that year, he went to Wyoming as surgeon for a copper mining company, and while residing in Wyoming he served one term in the lower house of the State Legislature. He returned to Michigan to engage in a general practice, was surgeon for the Ford Motor Company during the time tractors were manufactured in Dearborn, and in 1912-13, he studied post graduate courses in obstetrics in the famous medical college of the University of Vienna, Austria. Since that time, he has been engaged in the practice of his profession at Dearborn and is reckoned one of the most successful and influential physicians and surgeons in that section of the county. Possessed of a keen interest in civic affairs, the people of his community elected him president of the village, an office in which he served from 1922 to 1926. He has long been a member of the Dearborn school board and has been president of that body since 1917. In addition to his extensive medical practice, Doctor Fisher is president of the City Drug Company. On August 5, 1898, he was united in marriage to Cora E. Sears, the daughter of George and Oretta Sears, pioneer residents of Wayne County, and to this union have been born three children, Milton, Lolita, and Annette. Doctor Fisher is a member of the various Masonic bodies and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Clarence Hirshman Enggass, president of the Enggass Jewelry Company, is head of a concern that has been established in Detroit for more than sixty years, occupying an unrivalled place among the leaders in the jewelry business. He was born in Detroit in 1883, the son of Adolph and Barbara (Hirshman) Enggass, the latter of whom was the daughter of Morris Hirshman, an early clothing merchant of Detroit. Adolph Enggass was born in Germany and came to the United States when he was a boy, locating first at Buffalo, New York, and in Detroit in 1863. Two years later, or in 1865, he established the jewelry house known for many years as the Adolph Enggass Jewelry Company, Incorporated. His death occurred in 1908. In 1923 Clarence H. Enggass became. president, and Maurice A. Enggass was elected vice-president and treasurer. The first location of the business was at the corner of / ty DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 575 Griswold Street and Jefferson Avenue, the building that housed the first offices of the First National Bank, the site having been that of Fort Pontchartrain in the early days of the existence of Detroit. Since that time the business has been moved to various locations, the move to the present store at No. 223 Monroe Avenue being made in 1925. Clarence H. Enggass, president of the company, attended the Cass school and the old Central high school, graduating from the latter in 1903, at which time he went to work in his father's store, meanwhile studying nights at the Detroit Business University. Under the careful tutelage of his parent, he acquired an excellent knowledge of the business, so that by the time he was nineteen years of age, Clarence H. Enggass was already shouldering an important part of the business. When he was twenty-one years old, he was elected secretary of the corporation, and succeeded to the presidency in 1923, as above noted. In addition to the jewelry business, Mr. Enggass has turned his attention to other fields with equal success, he being president of the Mill Road Land Company, president of the Pontiac Investment Company, and a director of the Quarten Road Land Company. He is a director of the Redford County Club, a member of the Phoenix Club, member of the Grill Club, and a director of the Temple Beth El congregation and chairman of its cemetery board. In 1912, he married Helen Schloss Strasburger, a granddaughter of Emanuel Schloss, of Schloss Brothers, an early clothing establishment in Detroit, and to Mr. and Mrs. Enggass has been born one child, Robert Clarence. Maurice A. Enggass, vice-president and treasurer of the Enggass Jewelry Company, graduated from the Central high school and studied at the University of Michigan one year. Like his brother, he began his association with the jewelry business when he was scarcely more than a boy, so that when the time came for him to assume official duties with the enterprise, he was fully equipped to do so. During 1926 'he was vice-president of the Retail Merchants Association, and is still a director and treasurer of the Provident Loan & Savings Company, a director of the Men's Club of Temple Beth El, and a director of the Hebrew Free Loan Association. He is a Mason, and his other business connections include the presidency of the Coolidge Highway Land Company and the vice-presidency of the Mill Road Land Company. He married Helen Schoenbrun, of Chicago, and they have one daughter, Barbara. Wallace W. Sperry, prominent banker and business man, was one of the influential figures in financial and commercial circles in this section of the State. He was born at Bay City, Michigan, January 5, 1875, the son of LaVaile P. and Ada S. (Stewart) Sperry, the former of whom was born in New York State in 1848 and the latter in Scotland in 1849, the father dying in 1915. LaVaile P. Sperry came to Detroit in 1871 and entered the employ of the wholesale grocery house of Lee & Cady as a salesman and continued in this work throughout his active career. His widow survives him. Wallace W. Sperry attended the common and high 576 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY schools and then matriculated at Olivet college, from which he was graduated in due course. He then turned his attention to the banking business and subsequently became associated with the First National Bank of Detroit with which he was prominently identified for a period of eight years. In 1924, he formed a connection with the Musgrave, Smith, Sperry Company, maintaining his relations with that organization until the time of his death, which occurred January 16, 1925. During the Spanish-American War, Mr. Sperry served in the army at the front in the same company with Judge Charles Bartlett, was twice wounded, and later served in China during the Boxer uprising. He was regarded as an able financier and occupied a leading place among the bankers of the State, and no less conspicuous was his ability in business affairs as shown in his work with the tire company. On August 12, 1912, Mr. Sperry married Charlotte Knodell, the daughter of John H. and Marie (Singelyn) Knodell, the former of whom was born at Cleveland, Ohio, May 4, 1856, and died April 7, 1918, and the latter of whom was born in Detroit, November 21, 1866, and died January 7, 1920. The father of Mrs. Sperry came to Detroit in 1884 and subsequently became vice-president of the furniture manufacturing establishment of Posselius Brothers. Mr. Sperry had attained the Thirty-second Degree in Masonry, having been a member of Detroit Commandery No. 1 and the Mystic Shrine, and he also maintained membership in the Masonic Country Club, Detroit Aviation Club, and Detroit Yacht Club. William T. Lane was one of the prominent figures in Detroit transportation circles and public life during a period of years that witnessed his rise to a position among the leading men in his field in this section of the state. A native of Detroit, he was born December 2, 1868, a son of Maurice and Margaret (Ryan) Lane, both of whom were natives of Ireland, the former of whom engaged in railroad work in the early days in this country. He obtained his early education in the graded and high schools of this city and then pursued a course of study at Detroit College, upon the conclusion of which he began his active career. He became associated with the Detroit United Railways, and such was his ability that he was made superintendent of the Pontiac division of that company. Subsequently, he was installed as superintendent of construction between Mt. Clemens and Port Huron for the same railway and continued in this work until 1900. His death occurred May 15, 1925, Mr. Lane was also a conspicuous figure in the public life of Detroit, for he served as superintendent of Belle Isle park and also held a position in the office of the city assessor until the time of his death. In politics, he was a member of the Democratic party and was influential in the affairs of the party in Detroit and Wayne County. Fraternally, he was a member of the Knights of Columbus and of the Knights of Equity. On April 28, 1895, Mr. Lane married Ida Martin, the daughter of John F. and Anna (Ellis) Martin, the former of whom was born in Buffalo, New York, May 5, 1843, and died August 15, 1902, and the latter of whom was born in Berlin, I F I CAPTAIN MARTIN SWAIN DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 577 Germany, May 8, 1844, and is still living. John F. Martin was superintendent of the poor of Wayne County and was well known for his work in that connection. To Mr. and Mrs. Lane were born two children, Edward Martin, born February 4, 1897, and Margaret Lane, born July 15, 1902. Mr. Lane was a member of St. Rose Catholic church. His daughter, Margaret, married Herbert Sullivan, and has one daughter, Patricia. Edward Martin Lane married Margaret Shartell and has three children, Shirley, William and Maryann. Captain Martin Swain was known to all shipping men on the Great Lakes, for he made a record in salvaging vessels which will be remembered as. one of the outstanding achievements in the marine annals of the Lakes. His parents, Martin and Lottie (Fowler) Swain, were natives, respectively, of Yorkshire, England, and Ireland and came to the United States shortly after their marriage. Captain Martin Swain was born at Marine City, Michigan, March 4, 1843, and due to the death of his mother when he was an infant, he was sent to live with Abram Smith, of Sombra, Ontario, where he remained until he was ten years of age. Because it was necessary for him to cut wood and drive a team to earn his room and board, the boy found little opportunity to attend school. In 1857, he began his career on the lakes as a deck hand on the tug Bruce commanded by Captain Whipple. Later, he became a waiter on the Grand Trunk car ferry Union at 14 years of age, plying between Detroit and Windsor, and worked on various vessels until 1863. In that year, he went from Oswego to New York City, where he shipped as able seaman aboard the brigantine Timothy Fields, engaged in the coastwise trade between Philadelphia and Bangor, Maine. Subsequent berths took him to Queenstown, Naples, Greenock, Liverpool, and finally Quebec and West Indies. Returning to the Great Lakes, he went aboard the steamer Sam Ward at Buffalo as seaman, receiving wages of five dollars per day. In the spring of 1865, he shipped on the little schooner Favorite out of Marine City, Capt. Thomas Pringle, master, and in 1867, after serving on other vessels, he became mate of the tug Dispatch, commanded by Capt. S. B. Grummond, of Detroit, his elevation to the command of the tug coming within the month. He remained in this command until 1871, towing barges between Bay City, Port Austin, Toledo, and Cleveland, and was then given command of the tug I. U. Masters. In 1873, J. R. Gillette, manager of the Masters and other vessels operated by H. N. Strong, presented him with a gold watch in recognition of his services, and in July, 1874, after commanding several other tugs, he was transferred to the Sweepstakes from the Satellite. His new ship was reckoned one of the largest and most powerful tugs of its day, and it was with this vessel that Captain Swain towed seven grain laden vessels at once, a feat that was the subject of a well known marine painting. Perhaps no man was more widely known for his activities in salvaging lake vessels than was Captain Swain, for during his twenty-five years as tug master he salvaged 358 vessels of all 578 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY kinds valued at approximately $75,000,000. His last command was the wrecker Favorite, with which he performed many noteworthy exploits in the marine annals of Detroit, raising the first iron steamer ever raised in the Great Lakes. He retired from the service and maintained his residence at Detroit until the time of his death, which occurred April 23, 1925. On January 31, 1882, Captain Swain married Emma Clara Knight, of Chatham, Ontario. Captain Swain was not only perhaps the best known captain on the lakes, but no doubt the best loved, for he never had an enemy. He was an honorable, trustworthy man, who made lasting friends everywhere, and his old associates and friends all speak of him in the most loving terms. His untarnished name is revered by his widow. Edward G. Villerot was engaged independently in the grocery business in Detroit for thirty years and was recognized as one of the most successful men in the retail trade in this city. Born on a farm in Wayne County, Michigan, November 5, 1852, he was the son of Xavier and Celestine (Duponce) Villerot, both of whom were born in France and settled in this county at an early date to become pioneer farmers of this section of the state. After obtaining a public school education, later Edward G. Villerot engaged in the grocery business with Henry Boinay on corner of Ash and National avenues for thirteen years. He then engaged in the grocery business for himself and continued until 1897. In that year, he opened a store at National Avenue and Myrtle Street, Detroit, and continued the enterprise in the same location until his retirement from active business life in 1917. During the years he was so engaged, he rose to a leading place among the retail grocers of the city and was regarded as one of the most successful men in that field. On January 25, 1877, he married Adele Boinay, a daughter of Joseph and Mary Ann (Henin) Boinay, the former of whom was born in Switzerland, March 25, 1817, and died in 1918 and the latter of whom was born in the same country in 1821 and died in 1889. To Mr. and Mrs. Villerot were born three children: Henry Edward, born May 2, 1885; Adele Louise, who was born October 20, 1888; and Celina Ida, who was born August 24, 1891. Edward G. Villerot died October 22, 1924, and is survived by his widow and three children. He was a life-long Democrat, a member of the Catholic Church, and of the C. M. B. A. when that order was in force. His favorite recreations were bowling and fishing. His daughter Adele Louise, married J. L. Hunt and has two children, Richard J. and Mary Louise. Celina Ida, married Charles C. Walling and they have three children: Charles Jr., Celiha Marion, and Richard and Xavier. Thomas Francis O'Leary was prominently identified with the lithographing business in Detroit for more than three decades and spent another period of ten years in the automobile business, winning a reputation for integrity and ability in commercial circles that placed him among the leading executives of the city. A native of Detroit, he was born in November, 1858, the son of James and THOMAS F. O'LEARY oe DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 579 Johanna (Sharkey) O'Leary, both of whom were born in Ireland and the former of whom was a mechanic in the employ of the Brennan Boiler Company until the time of his death in April, 1886. In the public schools of Detroit, Thomas F. O'Leary obtained his early education, and after working in various capacities, he entered the lithographing business. For a period of twenty-seven years he continued in this field, developing his business into one of the leaders in its field in Detroit. He retired from this work in 1917 to join his son, Max, in the automobile business. They acquired the Ford agency at Woodward and Lothrop avenues, and the concern operated under the name of the son, as it does today. During the ten years which he spent in this field, Mr. O'Leary demonstrated anew his genius for organization and sales promotion work that brought him to the front in the lithographing business above mentioned, and he continued his association with the new enterprise until the time of his death, which occurred February 1, 1927. On October 22, 1882, he married Mary Owen, the daughter of Charles and Eliza (Miller) Owen, the former of whom was born in Ohio, June 8, 1825, the son of Tubal Owen, a native of New York State, and died February 8, 1905, while Eliza (Miller) Owen, who was born on Dickinson Island, Michigan, January 30, 1830, died May 30, 1869. Silas Miller, an ancestor of Mrs. O'Leary, served in the War of 1812, and his brother, John, was cited for bravery in that war, which is a matter of official record. The Owen family was very prominent in the development of St. Clair County, and Mrs. O'Leary is justly proud of her lineage, for her father, Charles Owen, was one of the first three settlers in Algonac, St. Clair County. To Mr. and Mrs. O'Leary three children were born, as follows: Thomas F., Jr., who married Irene Coughlan and is now a resident of Chicago; Max, who is proprietor of the Ford agency at Woodward and Lothrop avenues; and Helen, who is a teacher in Cass High School in Detroit. Max O'Leary was in the aviation branch of the military service during the World War, receiving his mechanical training in aviation work at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and was later stationed at Waco, Texas, with the rank of lieutenant. He married Minta Oneletta and they have five children: Max, Jr., James O., Patricia, Thomas III, and Maureen. Mr. Thomas F. O'Leary, Sr., was a life-long Democrat, but never sought public office, having been quiet and unassuming and a great home lover. Frederick Marion Odena was one of the best known drug salesmen in the country, for as the pioneer salesman for Parke, Davis & Company he represented the concern in nearly every large city of the United States during the formative period of the enterprise which has become the largest manufacturer of pharmaceuticals in the world. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, October 3, 1841, and his father died when he was an infant. His mother, Mrs. Louise (Marion) Odena, who was born in France, in 1811, removed with her son and daughter to Atlanta, Georgia, shortly after the death of her husband and there died in 1853. Fred M. Odena was reared by his aunt, Josephine Marion, at Atlanta, and 580 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY after General Sherman captured the city in the Civil War, Mr. Odena accompanied his aunt to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he studied in a school of pharmacy, and assisted in the drug store of W. J. M. Gordon. After his graduation from that institution he entered the wholesale drug business as shipping clerk and continued with the W. J. M. Gordon Drug Company and later with manufacturers of glycerine in different positions for fourteen years. After his marriage in 1878 he returned to Atlanta and soon thereafter entered the employ of Merrill Thorp & Lloyd for one year, and then he came to Detroit to assist in the organization of Parke, Davis & Company. For this concern he became the first salesman and sales manager, and upon his shoulders fell the burden of finding a market for the products of the company. He selected Texas as the scene of his first efforts in this direction, and there he called upon the drug trade and visited physicians whom he told of the high quality of his company's products. His success was almost phenomenal, for possessed of an excellent knowledge of the laboratory side of the business and of the retail end as well, he was equipped far beyond the average man for the work in which he was engaged. His success in sales work became proverbial throughout the United States, and during the forty-nine years he was associated with the company, he gained the largest volume of sales of any man in the employ of the company. Upon one occasion, he sold goods to the Myers Drug Company, of St. Louis, Missouri, amounting in value to $5,320, a figure that is indicative of the salesmanship for which he was so widely noted. He continued an uninterrupted association with Parke, Davis & Company until the time of his death, which occurred October 20, 1927. On July 30, 1878, Mr. Odena married Amanda E. Eggleton, the daughter of Thomas and Martha (McDaniel) Eggleton, the latter of whom was of Scotch descent and the former of whom was a son of English parents and was born in Baltimore, Maryland, while his mother was on a visit to this country. Thomas Eggleton came to this country and became a prominent attorney of Lynchburg, Ohio. To Mr. and Mrs. Odena were born two children, Frederick M., Jr., and Ethel Adele. Mr. Odena was a charter member of Holy Rosary Church and was a communicant of that body for twenty-seven years. For the last twelve years of his life, he attended St. Agnes' Church, and he was a member of the Catholic Holy Name Society and the Goodfellow Club. In politics, he was a strong supporter of the Democratic party. Frederick M. Odena, Jr., attended the Tilden School, the University of Detroit, and Notre Dame University, having studied engineering at the last named institution. He was in charge as consulting engineer of the building of the Detroit River tunnel and is a well known figure in engineering circles of the city. He married Rose S. Charlton and they have one son, Frederick Warren, who is a photographer, of Detroit. Rockwell P. Clancy, ex-secretary and treasurer of the Realty Development Corporation, of Detroit, was born at Naini Tal, India, July 28, 1888, the son of William Rockwell and Charlotte (Force) DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 581 Clancy, the former of whom was born at Nappanee, Canada, became a Methodist Episcopal minister at Jackson, Michigan, and after his marriage in 1880 went to India as district superintendent at Muttra. Following the death of his mother when he was three years of age, Rockwell P. Clancy was sent back to the States and was reared by his paternal grandparents at Albion, Michigan, where he attended the public schools. He graduated from the high school in 1906 and from Albion College with the degree of bachelor of arts in 1912. For a year thereafter, he was a reporter with the City Press Association, of Chicago, and in the latter part of 1913, he moved to Detroit, where he spent three years with the H. A. Jones Realty Company. Thereafter, he was manager of the National Building & Construction Company until 1917, when he entered the Canadian army as sergeant major of the Second Ontario Regiment. Subsequently, he became a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, and following his discharge from the army, he returned to Detroit to join three other men in the organization of the Realty Development Corporation, of which he has since been secretary and treasurer. Mr. Clancy is regarded as one of the influential and substantial executives in Detroit realty circles, for he was prominently identified with the Realty Development Corporation until he resigned on September 1, 1926. On April 1, 1927, he established a real estate business of his own with offices in the First National Bank building, and specializes in border city properties and the development of subdivisions. He is vice-president of the South Windsor Homes Building Company, which is incorporated with a capitalization of $100,000, and which was organized for the purpose of building homes on Mr. Clancy's and adjacent properties. On October 20, 1917, Mr. Clancy married Louise M. Breitenbach, daughter of Meyer Breitenbach, a prominent attorney of Detroit. Mrs. Clancy is a well known writer, among her best known works being those entitled "Christine of the Young Heart," and "You're Young But Once." She has served as president of the Detroit Women Writers' Club and takes a leading part in literary circles of the city. Mr. Clancy is a York and Scottish Rite Mason, holding membership in Damascus Commandery, Sojourners Chapter, Michigan Sovereign Consistory, and the Shrine. He is president of the South Windsor Improvement association, a member of the Oakland Hills Country Club, and was secretary for two years and president in 1923 of the Delta Tau Delta Club of Detroit college social fraternity. Francis John Walsh Maguire, M.D., was born in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, February 16, 1868, a son of Patrick J. and Margaret (Walsh) Maguire, both of whom were natives of Canada, the father being a real estate man of Hamilton. Doctor Maguire was educated in the public schools of Hamilton and in Grace Seminary in Montreal. He later entered St. Lawrence College in Montreal from which he graduated in 1888 with the degree of bachelor of science. Having determined upon the practice of medicine as a 582 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY life work he came to Detroit and matriculated in the Detroit College of Medicine from which he received the degree of doctor of medicine. For two years following his graduation he was house physician at the Marine Hospital in Detroit and since then his has been an independent career in the practice of medicine. His progress along medical lines has been continuous, and he has taken post graduate work in London, Paris, Edinburgh and Vienna, so that his constantly broadening knowledge has given him notable power in the practice of his profession. He specializes in surgery and diagnoses and is considered an authority along those lines. He is a member of the Surgical Staff of Providence Hospital, and has served as attending physician and surgeon of St. Mary's Hospital and as chief surgeon of the Home Sanitarium and the Aetna Life Insurance Company. Aside from his professional interests he has been president of the Detroit Garment Manufacturing Company. The major part of his time has been given to the practice of his profession. Doctor Maguire is well known throughout the country as an author, having prepared many articles of interest to his colleagues and contemporaries. These include "The New Dietic and Injection Method of Treating Typhoid Fever," with a report of 138 consecutive cases successfully treated in the last ten years. Another paper that attracted much interest was his treatise on "Intestinal Obstruction and Paralysis of the Bowels Following Laparotomy." Others were "On the Cure of Miscarriage to Our Amercan Women with Suggestions in the Way of Remedy," "The Use of Rubber Gloves as an Aid to Prophylaxis in Obstetrics." This was an original article on the use of rubber gloves, the adoption of which has been credited with having saved the lives of thousands of women over the world. Doctor Maguire's dropper and his diagnostic sound have received the thoughtful consideration of the profession in all parts of the country, and his pronounced ability is attested by all who have investigated his methods. He has also done research work for the removal of goiters by absorption. January 10, 1897, Doctor Maguire married Miss Mignon E. Bossett, of Detroit. Doctor Maguire is a member of the Catholic Church and affiliates with the Knights of Columbus. He is a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, The New York Society of Detroit, and the Detroit Athletic Club. He is a member of the Wayne County and Michigan Medical Societies and the American Medical Association, and is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons. John Stevenson has long been a prominent figure in the commercial and public life of Detroit, for he has not only been highly successful in those business ventures to which he has set his hand but also has been a valued servant of the people in the state legislature and the city council, on which body he is now serving. Born at Lochwinnoch, Renfordshire, Scotland, April 22, 1854, he is the son of John and Jean (McMillan) Stevenson, the former of whom was born in that country in 1833 and the latter of whom was born at Argyle, Scotland, in 1838. The father was a blacksmith by trade and from 1870 to 1876 was superintendent of the Blair Iron Works DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 583 at Dairy, Scotland. In the latter year, he brought his family to the United States and settled on a farm in Lapeer County, Michigan, where he remained until his death, which occurred in 1913, his wife dying there in 1906. He was active in the public affairs of his county and served as justice of the peace. He and his family reared a family of five children, of whom these four survive: John, whose name heads this review; Mrs. Sheppard; Mrs. Fleming; and Alex, all of Detroit. John Stevenson was educated in the schools of his native land, and when he was twelve years of age, he successfully passed the examination for assistant school teacher and was so engaged until he was sixteen years of age. At that time, he came to Detroit at the urging of his relative, William Livingstone, who was formerly president of the Dime Savings Bank. He was given work by Mr. Livingstone and at the same time pursued a course of study in the Bryant & Stratton Business College. Until 1884, he was employed as a bookkeeper in the tug and transportation company operated by his relative, and in that year, he bought out Mr. Livingstone and continued in the business as Stevenson and Marsh until 1890, when he bought out his partner. Thereafter, he operated his transportation business as sole proprietor until 1920, when he disposed of his interests to enter the garage business, conducting the Indian Village garage until 1924. As notable as has been his success in his business career, the public life of Mr. Stevenson has been equally noteworthy and commendatory. He has served six terms in the state legislature, from 1909-11', 1915-17, and 1921-23, and the manner in which he discharged the duties of this office won him the approbation of his constituents and honor for himself. He was elected to a seat on the city council in 1924 and has since served in that capacity, making a record that is no less noteworthy in its way than his career in the council, for he is a strong proponent of all measures calculated to promote the public weal. On April 7, 1880, he married Helen Downie, the daughter of James Downie, of Lapeer County, and they have one daughter, Mrs. George McLean. Mr. Stevenson has been a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks for many years and is a member of the St. Andrew Society and the Presbyterian Church, whose creed he professes. Leo Martin Butzel, a native Detroiter, attorney of the firm of Stevenson, Butzel, Eaman & Long, is one of the foremost corporation lawyers of Detroit and has long played a conspicuous part in the financial life of this city, for he is a director of some of the influential institutions of this kind and has been no inconsiderable factor in the operations of those organizations. He comes of a family that has been identified with the development of Detroit, for his grandfather came here from Germany in the early forties. His father, a well known citizen of Detroit was engaged in the wholesale dry goods business many years under the firm name of Heineman, Butzel & Co. A son of Martin and Betty (Biswanger) Butzel, both of whom were born in the Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, but came in their youth to the United States. Leo M. Butzel began his education in the public (Cass) school, of Detroit, 584 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and received from the University of Michigan in 1894 the degree of bachelor of philosophy. The ensuing two years he spent in the study of law at the same university and graduated with the degree of bachelor of laws in 1896. In that same year, he entered upon the active practice of his profession with the firm of Dickinson, Thurber & Stevenson and became a member of the firm of Stevenson & Butzel in 1898. Until 1902, this arrangement continued but at that time others were admitted to partnership to form the combination of Stevenson, Carpenter, Butzel & Backus, which was known as one of the successful influential legal firms of Detroit for more than twenty years. Subsequent changes have resulted in the present name of Stevenson, (Deceased) Butzel, Eaman & Long. An expert in commercial and corporation law, Mr. Butzel has become prominently identified with financial, railroad and automobile interests of a national scope and has been sought as counsel by some of the most influential men in these fields. During the grand jury investigations of 1925, Mr. Butzel rendered a valuable service (refusing compensation) as special counsel for the city. He was was one of the organizers and the first president of the First National Company, of which he is now a director, was formerly a director of the Wayne County & Home Savings Bank, and is a director of the First National Bank, Security Trust Company, Investment Trust Company of America, Bankers' Trust Company, Industrial Morris Plan Bank, Detroit Sulphite Pulp & Paper Company, Bohn Foundry & Aluminum Company, Michigan Smelting & Refining Company, the Standard Accident Company, Kelsey Wheel Company. He is also the attorney for the Detroit News. In 1903, Mr. Butzel was united in marriage to Carolyn Heavenrich, and to them have been born three children, Martin L., a student in Harvard Law School; Sally M.; and Ruth B. Mr. Butzel is a member of the American and New York Bar association and the Michigan State and Wayne County Bar associations. He is trustee of the Children's Hospital and has served for years as park commissioner of Mackinac Island. In the social circles of Detroit, he is a member of the Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Detroit Golf Club, Detroit Motor Boat Club, Detroit Yacht Club, and the Redford Country Club, having been president of the last named organization. He also maintains membership in the Lotus Club of New York. Mr. Butzel is a member of Temple Beth El in Detroit. Frederick A. Hubel, whose death occurred at his home in Detroit on March 7, 1927, gained nationwide recognition as the first American manufacturer of medicinal capsules. It has been written of him that he should be remembered with gratitude by his fellow citizens, particularly the "younger" generation, for he was in a very real sense their benefactor. He led no forlorn hopes, carried no messages to Garcia, swam no Hellesponts, captured no machine gun nests single-handed, dynamited no enemy forts, and torpedoed no enemy transports. He did nothing startling or outrageous, nothing to bring him great publicity and popular acclaim as a hero. He was merely the first American to make use of the gela 41, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 585 tine capsule as a container and disguiser of drugs with a disagreeable taste and odor. He made the taking of nauseous, though necessary medicines, if not a pleasure, at least not a hardship for one hundred million fellow travelers in a pain-filled world. Mr. Hubel was born January 1, 1846, at Noerdlingen, Bavaria, the son of John and Lisette (Moetzel) Hubel, who emigrated to America in 1852, locating at St. Clair, Michigan, where he engaged in the grocery business. The son, Frederick, received his early education in the public schools of St. Clair, and at the age of sixteen come to Detroit, where he became an apprentice in a prescription drug store. A year later he went to Ann Arbor and entered the high school there, preparatory to attending the university. However, he overtaxed his strength in study, with the result that his health failed, forcing him to quit school. For the next four and one-half years he was employed in a sheet metal works, and then resumed his work in Ann Arbor. He took a special chemistry course at the University of Michigan, completing his course in June, 1873. He thereupon came to Detroit to engage in the manufacture of perfumes and extracts, but a friend of his soon showed him a small capsule manufactured in Europe, enclosing medicine of a disagreeable taste and odor. Mr. Hubel determined immediately to make them by hand, and in the first year of this work, 1874, with the aid of a boy, he made 150,000 of them. In the following year he made the first machine for the manufacture of capsules, and as time went on, he perfected his machinery, and his business grew so rapidly that in 1881 he built a factory at the corner of Fourth and Abbott streets, which still stands. The capacity of this factory was a million capsules a day, and the entire output was sold to Parke, Davis & Company. In 1901, he sold his plant to Parke, Davis & Company and retired from active business. His favorite hobby was the cultivation of rare plants and shrubbery. He was a member of the Ingleside Club, and for many years was a trustee of the North Woodward Congregational Church. In 1878 he married Camilla Scholes, daughter of Richard G. and Esther (Marshall) Scholes, the former of whom was born in Ireland, while the latter was a native of Canada. Mrs. Hubel's parents came to Detroit in 1860, and here the father engaged in the shoe business. Mr. and Mrs. Hubel became the parents of six children, as follows: Frederick C., who lives in Highland Park, Michigan, married Anne Jonas and has one daughter, Camilla Helene; Jesse H., living at Sandwich, Ontario, Canada, married Elsie Hunter and has two children, Joan Elizabeth and David Hunter; Gertrude, Camilla and Lisette, all at home, and Mrs. Maude Suhlke, of Detroit. A. W. Wallace, president of the A. W. Wallace Company, was born in Detroit, August 23, 1890, the son of Patrick and Amelia Wallace, the former a native of Ireland and the latter born in Detroit. The father came to Detroit in 1872, and was engaged in the plumbing and steam-fitting business, and is now deceased, while his wife still resides in Detroit. A. W. Wallace acquired his edu 586 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY cation in the schools of Detroit, and as a young man found employment with the Detroit Shipbuilding Company. Later he was employed by the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, and still later by the J. L. Hudson Company. Having a financial turn of mind, he entered the investment banking business under H. W. Noble. In 1915 he organized his own company, and since that time has built up a large and profitable business, with offices at 1521-29 First National Bank Building. He married Miss Edna B. Hoetger of Detroit, a daughter of J. C. and Augusta Hoetger, residents of this city, her father being a superintendent with the Detroit-Edison Company. Mr. and Mrs. Wallace have two children, Shirley and Sally. Mr. Wallace is a member of the Masons, the Detroit Athletic Club, Bloomfield Hills, Oakland Hills, Lochmoor, Essex and Pine Lake Country Clubs, the Tam O'Shanter Golf Club and the Board of Commerce. Dr. Hugo A. Fruend, one of the prominent physicians of Detroit, was born in this city December 6, 1881, the only child of Adolph and Henrietta N. Freund. He attended the public schools of Detroit, graduating from high school in 1900 at the age of eighteen. He immediately entered the University of Michigan, taking the six-year combined literary-medical course, graduating from the literary department with the degree of A. B. in 1903, and from the department of medicine in 1905. During the following two years he was first assistant to Dr. George Dock in the department of internal medicine, where he taught Physical Diagnosis and Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. During the summer of 1907 he gave the post-graduate course in Internal Medicine at the University Hospital at Ann Arbor. He entered upon the practice of medicine in Detroit in 1907, and in 1910 was appointed to the staff of Harper Hospital in Detroit, as junior attending physician in Internal Medicine. The years of 1911 and 1912 were spent at Munich and Berlin, pursuing studies, particularly in the clinic of Professor Frederick Muller. In 1916 he was made Associate Attending Physician to Harper Hospital. In 1917 he was appointed a member of the Detroit Board of Health, in which capacity he has served continuously since that time, through the appointments of six different mayors of the city of Detroit, and at the present time is president of the Detroit Board of Health. In 1928 he was appointed Senior Attending Physician at Harper Hospital as chief of the department of internal medicine. He is also a member of the staffs of the Michigan Hospital for Children and Receiving Hospital as consulting physician. During the World War he was in the service in the Medical Corps at Fort Benjamin Harrison, after which he served at times as contract surgeon at Camp Custer. Dr. Freund was married November 9, 1909, to Hortense Goldsmith of Ligonier, Indiana, and they are the parents of two daughters and a son. John Ford, whose death occurred September 27, 1927, was a prominent figure in the dairy and real estate business in Wayne County and was also well known in financial circles. He was born JOSEPEI T. RADIGER DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 587 in what is now Fordson City, February 4, 1865, a son of William and Mary (Litigot) Ford. He acquired his education in the public schools and Goldsmith's Business College, Detroit, Michigan, and being of an agricultural turn of mind, he was for many years engaged in the dairy business, developing one of the large concerns in the county. During these years he took a prominent part in the political life of the township, for he served as school treasurer from 1893 to 1920, and served in nearly all of the township offices, and was justice of the peace for twelve years. When Springwells was incorporated as the city of Fordson, Mr. Ford became president of the council, a position he held at the time of his death. Of late years he had given his attention to extensive real estate operations. He also became one of the founders of the Wayne County and Home Savings Bank of Fordson, and as a director of that institution was influential in the administration of the affairs of that concern. April 10, 1895, Mr. Ford married Mary J. Ward, a daughter of William Ward, who was one of the pioneers to take up land from the government. Mr. and Mrs. Ford became the parents of three children, Robert W., Clarence W. and Ethel Martha. Mr. Ford was prominently identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows for thirty-five years. Joseph T. Radiger, veteran of the Civil War and railroad man, who died October 9, 1927, was born at Montreal, Canada, December 14, 1845, and was the son of John and Ellen (Willis Radiger. The family moved to New York state when he was but sixteen years of age, and within a short time young Joseph Radiger went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he enlisted in Company H, Fifth Ohio Infantry, for service in the Civil War. He served with this orzanization in the many battles in which it participated, including Sherman's March to the Sea. Following the conclusion of his enlistment, he returned to the North for a leave period, and on August 29, 1864, re-enlisted at Wooster, Ohio, in the company of Captain Drake. At Livingston, South Carolina, February 4, 1865, he was taken prisoner and confined in the notorious Libby prison, from which he was released on parole, June 21, 1865. Upon his return to the North, he was mustered out of the service at Camp Chase, Ohio, June 27 of the same year. He then rejoined his family in New York and engaged in railroad work, with what is now the Grand Trunk Western railroad, and it was his association with this company that brought him to Detroit, whither his parents removed soon after the close of the war. He continued to make this city his home during the remainder of his life. Retiring from railroad work, Mr. Radiger became associated with the Detroit Casket Company, continuing his connection with that organization for some fourteen years, so that he was known as an able and prominent business man of the city where he had made his home for more than sixty years. He was a member of Fairbanks Post G. A. R., and was a communicant of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1871 he married Lucy Neail, the daughter of John and Catherine (Joy) Neail, both of whom were natives of Dublin, Ireland, and to 588 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Mr. and Mrs. Radiger were born these children: Mary Louise, who is the wife of W. D. Love, of Detroit; Catherine Jane, who married T. P. Tracey, and has four children, Margaret Louise, Raymond Neail, Lucy Catherine and John Michael; John Bernard, who married Elizabeth Sullivan, has six children, Joseph T., Mary Elizabeth, Lucy Jane, John B., Jr., Patrick James, and Frederick W., and married Bess Kunkle after the death of his first wife in 1923; Thomas Edward, deceased; Margaret Ellen, the wife of John M. Kelleher, who has one daughter, Mary Jane Mason, by a former marriage; and Joseph Frederick, who married Ethel Watt. Mary Jane Mason married John C. Thompson and has two sons, John Joseph and William Dane. Dr. John Lee, a well-known physician of Detroit, was born on Cass Avenue, in this city, February 13, 1869, a son of John and Catherine (Doran) Lee, the former a native of Canada, while the latter was born in Detroit, and both are now deceased. The father was for many years engaged in the wholesale grocery business. Doctor Lee attended the Cass public and high school and later the Detroit College of Medicine. Upon his twenty-first birthday he entered upon the practice of his profession. For a year and fifteen months he had charge of the down-town branch of Harper Hospital, the first branch hospital in the city. He is a member of the staffs of St. Mary's, and formerly of Providence Hospitals, and for thirteen years has been senior physician at St. Mary's. Doctor Lee belongs to the Detroit, Wayne County and Michigan Medical Societies, the American Medical Association, and is a Fellow in the American College of Physicians and Surgeons. During the Spanish-American War he served in the 32nd Michigan regiment through appointment of Governor Pingree, as assistant surgeon with the rank of Captain. Doctor Lee married Rose Campros, a native of Pennsylvania, and they have become the parents of nine children, eight of whom are living. E. B. Wilhelm, president of Verner, Wilhelm & Molby, was born at Highland, Michigan, February 18, 1886, a son of E. B. and Carrie (Patchin) Wilhelm, both of whom were natives of New York, the former born at Conesus and the latter at Wayland. The parents came to Michigan in 1884 and located at Highland, Oakland County, where the father engaged in mercantile pursuits, owning the store, mill, lumber yard and pickle factory. He continued in business there until 1895, when he returned to New York, and later served as treasurer of Livingston County. He and his wife now live retired at Geneseo, New York. The son spent his boyhood days at Highland, Michigan, and on a farm in New York State. He acquired his early education in the public schools and later attended Rensselaer Polytechnic at Troy, New York, graduating from that institution with the degree of civil engineer in 1908. In that year he came to Detroit, where he became municipal engineer at Redford, specializing in layout and development of Grand Lawn cemetery. He was thus engaged until the United States entered the World War, when, on April 6, 1917, he enlisted as DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 589 Captain of Engineers, and in December, 1918, he was promoted to Major of Engineers. For eighteen months he was engaged in training Engineer Officer candidates and the training of Engineer troops. After returning from the war he entered the employ of the Ford Motor Company, becoming superintendent of mechanical construction and maintenance at the River Rouge plant, a position he held until 1921, when he came to Detroit and established himself as E. B. Wilhelm, Architecture and Engineering. Later partners were added, and the firm is now Verner, Wilhelm & Molby, and that they are successful is attested by the fact that they are among the leaders in their line of endeavor. Mr. Wilhelm married Ina M. Maitrott, a native of Oakland County, Michigan, a daughter of William and Jennie (Simmons) Maitrott, the former of whom is deceased while the latter is still living. Mr. and Mrs. Wilhelm are the parents of two children, Warren M. and Eugene B. III. Mr. Wilhelm is a member of the Masons, the Sojourners and the Exchange Club, and in politics is a Republican. Frank G. VanDyke, president of Frank G. VanDyke and Company, Realtors, was born in Detroit, March 1, 1884, the son of George W. and Fannie (Perley) Van Dyke, both of whom are deceased. The grandfather of Frank G. VanDyke was James A. VanDyke, a native of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, who came to Detroit in 1835 and became one of the most prominent lawyers of Michigan. He was a member of the firm of VanDyke & Emmons, served as city attorney, county attorney, member of the city council, and in 1847 was elected mayor. He was attorney for the Michigan Central railroad and gained fame as a distinguished member of the legal profession in Michigan. He married Elizabeth Desnoyers, a daughter of Peter J. Desnoyers, Michigan's first treasurer, and a descendant of the family of that name who accompanied the French explorer, Cadillac, the founder of Detroit. The Rt. Rev. Msgr. Ernest VanDyke, who for more than fifty years was pastor of St. Aloysius Church, was a son of James A. VanDyke. Frank G. was educated by private tutor and at Notre Dame University. In 1908 he entered the real estate field at Detroit, and his firm is among the leaders in that field of endeavor. Mr. VanDyke married Catherine Semmes, of Memphis, Tennessee, and their three children are George S., M. Katrina and Joseph Semmes. Mr. VanDyke is a communicant of the Catholic Church and belongs to the Sons of the American Revolution. He also holds membership in the Detroit Country Club and the Detroit Racket Club. Edmund J. McLean, assistant secretary of the Ancient Order of Gleaners, was born in Saginaw, Michigan, October 9, 1880, the son of John J. and Minnie (Shepherd) McLean. The parents are natives of Michigan, the father being engaged in agricultural pursuits throughout his active career, and both are now living retired in Saginaw. Edmund J. acquired his education in the public schools and at Ferris Institute. Nearly twenty years ago, while the headquarters of the Gleaners were located at Caro, Michigan, he accepted a clerical position with them and came with them when 590 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY they moved to Detroit, where their Temple is located at 5705 Woodward Avenue. For the past eight years Mr. McLean has held the position of assistant secretary, and his life record has been in keeping with the beneficent spirit of the society. Mr. McLean married Miss Rose Petoskey, who is also a native of Michigan, a daughter of Joseph and Augusta (Motschall) Petoskey. Mr. and Mrs. McLean have become the parents of three children, Eldon, Harriett and Evelyn. The family reside at 2718 Philadelphia Avenue, West. Walter J. Davie, president of the Walter J. Davie Real Estate Company, is one of the well-known real estate operators in the State of Michigan. Mr. Davie has had twenty-four years experience in real estate, covering activity on the Pacific coast for the past eleven years, and in and around Detroit. Prior to entering the real estate business he was a civil engineer. He was born in Lawrence, Mass., March 25, 1883. Mr. Davie is a member of Tam O'Shanter Club, Aviation Club, Union League Club, Elks' Club, and a member of the National Advisory Board, and a life member of the Old Colony Club. He is also a member of Chateau Voyaguer's Club, and is interested in civic enterprise in general. Leonard L. Szymanski has gained strong vantage ground as one of the representative members of the Detroit bar and as a loyal and public-spirited citizen of the Michigan metropolis, where he has precedence as one of the leading Polish lawyers of Wayne County and where he controls a large and important general practice, with office in the Hammond building. Mr. Szymanski was born at Lopieno, Poland, October 21, 1883, and is a son of Ludwik F. and Louisa (Skarbinski) Szymanski, who same to the United States in 1888 and established the family home in Detroit, the son Leonard L., of this review, having been five years of age at the time and having been reared and educated in this city, where he attended the parochial school of St. Casimir's Catholic Church, and later continued his studies in St. Joseph's Commercial College and Polish Seminary. Under the administration of Max Koch, city treasurer of Detroit, Mr. Szymanski served as a clerk in the office of the city treasurer during a period of five years. He thus provided for his own support and also accumulated the surplus fund that enabled him to follow the course of his ambition by entering the Detroit College of Law. In this institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1912, and his admission to the bar was virtually coincident with his reception of the degree of bachelor of laws. His first law office was established in the Home Bank building, whence he later removed to his present quarters in suite No. 409 of the Hammond building. Mr. Szymanski has proved his resourcefulness in connection with both civil and criminal law, and has made a record of successful achievement in his chosen profession. He has appeared in many important cases in the various courts, and the victories he has won have gained for him standing as one of the able and representative members of the Detroit bar. He is a stalwart advocate and supporter of the principles of the LUDWIK F. SZYMANSKI DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 591 Republican party and has been influential in its affairs in his home city and county, besides which he served as an alternate delegate from Michigan to the Republican national convention of 1920. His civic loyalty was constructively manifested in his efficient service as a member of the city charter commission of Detroit. He has membership in the Detroit Bar association, the Michigan State Bar association and the Lawyers' club, of Detroit, besides being a member of representative Polish societies in his home community. He and his family are communicants of the Catholic Church. On the 29th of September, 1915, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Szymanski to Miss Jennie F. Bruski, and the three children of this union are two daughters and a son: Jean and Dorothy and Leonard L., Jr. Ludwik F. Szymanski, who has made his home on Twentythird Street, Detroit, for forty years, was born in Posen, Germany, June 22, 1860, a son of Frank and Antoinette Szymanski. He was reared and educated in his native place, and as a young man learned the trade of brick mason. In 1888 he determined to try his fortunes in the new world, and came to America that year, coming to Detroit, where he has since made his home. He worked at his trade a short time, when he secured employment with the Michigan Car & Foundry Company, a position he held for fifteen years. For twenty-four years he has been secretary of the Polish Roman Catholic Union, taking a deep interest in the welfare of Detroit residents of Polish birth. Mr. Szymanski was married in his native land to Miss Louisa Skarbinski, who was born August 19, 1860, and they have become the parents of nine children, all of whom are living and have taken places of merit in the civic life of Detroit. Leonard L. is an attorney; Anthony is chief clerk in the office of city treasurer; Theodore is a deputy sheriff; Joseph is in business; Walter is chief clerk in office of city clerk; Stanley is employed with the Detroit Free Press; Frank is assistant prosecuting attorney Wanda, who married Edward J. Olson, and Edwin, at home. Mr. Szymanski is an active member of the Catholic Church, a communican't of St. Casimir's parish, serving as usher to the congregation and vitally interested in all the affairs of the organization. In politics he is a Republican. William A. Ratigan, realtor and director of the land economics (real estate) division of the University of Detroit School of Commerce and Finance, and lecturer in appraising, was born November 26, 1882, at 71 Sherman Street, Detroit, Michigan. As he was a first son, relatives quarrelled over hi's given names at the bedside of his mother. So the baptism could take place on time, she compromised by calling him William, after his father; Anthony, after his maternal grandfather, Anton Michenfelder; and Patrick, after his paternal grand-father, Patrick Ratigan. Patrick Ratigan came to Detroit from the village of Roscommon on the Riven Shannon, among the bogs, not very far from the Giant's Causeway. Some Englishman has written a novel about a "Peter Ratigan" of Roscommon. The book of Irish genealogy contains the Ratigan coat 592 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY of-arms, a castle tower with lions couchant, a gloved hand with open palm above the battlements, and the whole surmounted by a coronet. The legend of the family is "Turris fortis mihi est Deus", which translated is "God is my strong battlement". Patrick Ratigan came over in 1849, the year of the "big wind", the California gold rush, and the fever ships of Quebec. Scattered over the country today are branches of his family, distinguished merchants of Boston, a judge of Worcester, a priest in Brooklyn, a warden at Ossining, a capitalist in Philadelphia, a well-known politician in Chicago, a contractor in St. Louis, and a veternarian in New Orleans, among others. Like so many Irish, he came into Detroit down the Wabash, swinging a pick and shovel to the song of "Drill you terriers, drill". Later came a saloon on Michigan Avenue which was the neighborhood headquarters for Irish immigrants. Patrick Ratigan brought many an Irish champion to Detroit to play in the handball court and gallery at the rear of his place of business. However, when the Michigan Central railroad constructed a round-house on the site of the present city hall at Woodward and Michigan avenues, it is said that he swore that he would not keep a high-class saloon in a low-class railroad neighborhood. He purchased some acreage on the old River Road (now Jefferson Avenue, West) opposite the principal entrance to a government reservation, which at the time of the Civil War became Fort Wayne.. Here he conducted a general stbore similar to the crossroads emporiums of country towns which were the predecessors of the modern department store. It included the usual meat market, men and women's furnishings, shoe store, and the inevitable saloon. In some ways Patrick Ratigan was the banker for the post. No athletic event was complete without his contributing the prize-a keg of beer consumed on the spot by winner and loser alike. He also was one of the first west side land developers. One of the first subdivisions is still on the plat books as the "Ratigan" subdivision. Patrick Ratigan's eldest son, William P. Ratigan, was born on May 11, 1856, at the southwest corner of the River Road and Junction Avenue, close to the old copper and brass smelting works, the MacMillan iron works and the ship-yards at the foot of Clark Street. It was a picturesque old house, and the yard ran down to the river bank opposite Assumption College, founded before the American Revolution by the Jesuits. Opposite the homestead was the splendid home of the future Admiral Winterhalter. On the old spinet, brought from County Cavan by Ellen McAdam Ratigan, was said the first mass, which commemorated the beginning of the Redemptorist Parish, with its huge buildings, now at the corner of Junction Avenue and Dix Avenue. In the great church recently torn down, over the high altar, was a stained glass window of St. Patrick donated by the Ratigan family. Beneath were the names, Patrick and Ellen Ratigan. It is said that jealous neighbors asserted that this stained glass window with the names beneath was one of the best advertisements of any merchant in Detroit's early history. Patrick Ratigan's daughter, Winifred Rat DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 593 igan, was the first principal of Bellefontaine School. Mary and Alice also were for many years teachers in Detroit's public school system. Miss Alice Ratigan for many years has been the national secretary of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Anton Michenfelder also came to Detroit before the Civil War, and like his Bavarian ancestors, was a brewer by trade. He built one of Detroit's first breweries at the corner of Sherman and Rivard streets. It was the nucleus of the much larger brewery later known as Goebel's. That was the heart of the German district down to modern times. The neighborhood was noted for its lovely trees, chiefly maples, its church spires and its friendly gardens, like Arbeiter Hall, Tinnette's, the Turn Verein, Germania, etc. William A. Ratigan was born in the big mansard-roofed house of 'the superintendent of his grandfather's brewery. He grew up among the families of Detroit's most distinguished German ancestry, the Koenigs, the Haass, the Ludwigs, the Noeckers, the Lingemans, the Schmidts, the Martzs, the Darmstaetters, etc. He lived at 71 Sherman Street until his grandfather and father sold the brewery to an English syndicate early in the 90's. They then moved to 237 Russell Street, just around the corner. Here he played ball in the alley paved with cobble stones, and broke the windows of the old French Church. He went to sleep on summer nights to the music of the band in the Arbeiter grove, a block away. He coasted his sled down the hill (Detroilt has a few hills like those of Russell Street between Catherine and Sherman), and cheered when the first street-cars of Hazen Pingree's municipal enterprise first gave service on Catherine and Sherman streets. After selling his interest in the brewery An'ton Michenfelder moved to his country estate, which was just beyond the car line on Gratiot and Mt. Elliott avenues. Here at Bellevue and Gratiot avenues he built a huge frame house with a tower, a billiard room, a chapel where mass by the Capuchins was said by special permission of the Pope. Here was an orchard, a vegetable garden, a pasture for cows and a chicken run. The stables were immense for those days, as Anton Michenfelder was proud of showing his trotter's heels in the cutter racing on Cass Avenue. Here was a bowling alley in the open, a big back porch for dancing, and here was that hospitality where friends and relatives to the number of forty frequently gathered around the great dining-room table. When the Michigan Central belt line condemned a right-of-way through his property, Mr. Michenfelder sold his farm in a rage, and bought the northwest corner of Gratiot Avenue and the Grand Boulevard, where his daughter, the wife of Dr. Charles A. Lenhard, still lives. One of the earliest daguerreotypes taken in Detroit was that of Mr. Ratigan's mother, Mary Michenfelder, who was a leader in Detroit's inner East Side society, and who, with Mrs. Eugene Van Antwerp, Mrs. Caspar Lingeman, Mrs. John Rabaut, Mrs. Adolph Kuhn and Mrs. Jacob Hock, organized many fetes for charity, resulting in enterprises such as the first new wing of St. Mary's Hospital, the initial endowment of the old Providence Hospital on An 594 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY toine Street, the building of St. Mary's church, etc. Mary Michenfelder (Mrs. William P. Ratigan) was the mother of nine children, of which William A. Ratigan was the eldest. Although the family was divided in their allegiance to the several Catholic churches in their neighborhood, the choice of five churches being within less than a mile's radius of their home (the Belgian Church at Antoine and Catherine streets, St. Joseph's at Orleans and Jay streets, St. Mary's at Antoine and Monroe, the French Church at Congress and Dubois, and the Jesuits' at Jefferson and Antoine), even as a very small boy William A. Ratigan gave all his allegiance to SS. Peter and Paul's (Jesuit) church and school. In three years he made the six grades of the primary school. Later he attended the academic department of the old Detroit College, and had as a lay teacher George Monaghan and numerous classmates who have since distinguished themselves. Meanwhile, Mr. Ratigan's father built the Walkerville brewery for Hiram Walker. He then purchased Anton Pulte's wholesale grocery, on Farmer Street between Bates Street and Monroe Avenue. When the new municipal electric lines were run down Farmer Street this location was ruined. Mr. Ratigan, Sr., was one of the first to conceive the chain store idea, because of his brewery experience. He even visioned the manufacturing end of the business, with factories in the rural districts for canning fruit, etc. However, his day could not be expected to dream that the cash and carry principle would be accepted by the American householder. Hence in the black days of 1892 and 1893 his grocery business went under with so many others. Mr. Ratigan, Sr., later conducted a wholesale and retail liquor business in the Cadillac Square district, and just before his retirement for the Stroh interests on Gratiot Avenue. In 1896 William A. Ratigan, when fourteen years old, got a job on the Detroit Tribune during the summer vacation. How much the influence of his family helped him to his first job is problematical, but here he daily observed the giants of those days, Baker, Snow, Whitely, Van Zandt, etc., and got that taste for journalism which he has never lost. Many years later, he and Reverend Fr. Edwin F. Copus, S.J., founded one of the first schools of journalism in America at Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. That autumn M'r. Ratigan enrolled in St. Mary's College, St. Mary's, Kansas. His companions were Edward Miner, son of Judge Miner, Joseph T. Schiappacasse, Joseph Nagel, William Dillon, and other well-known Detroiters. This is the school which has graduated many other Detroit business men, including the Finns and the Grahams. At St. Mary's, Mr. Ratigan won championships in handball and tennis, but only made the scrubs on the 'varsity, which often defeated Kansas, Iowa, and other noted teams. He was an editor of the Dial, the college magazine, and active in dramatics and oratory. He earned his way through college by acting as correspondent for several metropolitan newspapers, and covered this section of Kansas. His biggest stories were occasioned by the devastating floods of the River Kaw. Instead of graduating at St. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 595 Mary's in 1900, Mr. Ratigan entered the normal school of St. Louis University, which he attended for four years. In 1904 he entered the post graduate school, and studied science and philosophy for three years. He continued further historical and literary studies at St. Louis from 1912 to 1915. He also attended the summer schools of that university at Beulah and Waupaca, Wisconsin. From 1905 to 1909 he was instructor of English and the classics at Marquette University, Milwaukee. It is a coincidence that while Mr. Ratigan was at St. Louis and Marquette universities, modern football was materially assisted to its present status by Ed Cochems of St. Louis, and William Juneau of Marquette. The former was the originator of the forward pass. St. Louis defeated Illinois and other great schools. Marquette made a notable record, including four ties with Notre Dame, even when the latter had defeated Michigan. Mr. Ratigan was assistant to the director of athletics at Marquette. While in college he had always been interested in journalism, oratory and dramatics. In St. Louis a relative, Joseph Doyle, was a building contractor and one of the first housewreckers. Newspaper work, teaching, and now building and real estate were Mr. Ratigan's chief interests. After a serious illness in 1915, due to his final post graduate studies in St. Louis University, from which he had received bachelor and master of arts degrees, Mr. Ratigan returned to Detroit on Christmas Eve, 1915. After recuperating, in March of that year he applied to Phil Reid, managing editor of the Detroit Free Press, for a job, and began work under Bert Walker as city editor, having as his associates such great reporters as Henry A. Weitschat and Henry Plass. He covered well-known beats, including police headquarters, the city hall and the county building. He wrote a series of articles which urged Oscar B. Marx, the mayor of Detroit, to establish a port of Detroit and to extend the municipal market system. In June, 1916, while talking to M. Marx, Clara Kimball Young and Alice Brady, guests of honor at the Screen Actors' Ball in Arcadia auditorium, Mr. Ratigan was introduced to three sisters, one of whom was Madeline Elinore, daughter of Bernard Goode, who had been an assistant postmaster general under President Cleveland. Mr. Goode had helped make political history in Detroit as secretary of Judge Shipman. He was also active politically under Don M. Dickinson. Mrs. Goode was, before her marriage, Elizabeth Beatty Ames, of distinguished B'ritish ancestry, both Irish and English. Miss Goode and Mr. Ratigan were married on September 23, 1916. Just before his wedding Mr. Ratigan signed a contract to teach for the Board of Education at Eastern High School. While at Eastern he avoided school politics, especially the Bishop controversy. Power, rather than knowledge, was always his ideal in education. While at Eastern he produced in Greek style his own translation of the Antigone of Sophocles, the first play dealing with the conflicting relations of church and state. During the summer he sold real estate in the Detroit Golf Club section. When America declared war, he was refused admission to several branches of the service 596 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY and resumed newspaper work as an editorial writer of the Detroit News. Subjects on which he wrote were the conservation of the food supply (he was a member of David E. Heineman's food administration), espionage work in connection with the Department of Justice, and sabotage prosecutions with the Army and Navy representatives in Detroit. He was a Four Minute Man and participated in all the Liberty Loan drives. When the war ended, Mr. Ratigan became sales promotion manager of the Braun Lumber Corporation. His interest in advertising resulted in his appointment as director of one of the first advertising schools conducted under the auspices of the Adcraft Club, of which he is one of the founders. This is the present Adcraft Club, the direct descendant of the famous Adcraft Club, of which the originals were such friends as Henry Ewald, Richard Cohen, Charles Voelker, Harvey Campbell, Verne Tucker, and others. Mr. Ratigan originated the Braun advertising, of which Oliver Kemp's riverman shooting the rapids on the key log was considered of unusual interest. Just as his Irish grandfather, Patrick Ratigan, had contributed to the founding of the Church of the Holy Redeemer, and his German grandfather, Anton Michenfelder, to St. Mary's, the Capuchins, and to St. Anthony's, William A. Ratigan was active in assisting Jos. A. Braun to found the Augustinian church on Davison Avenue, and a church in Birmingham. While with the Braun Lumber Corporation Mr. Ratigan formed and was president of the Davison Avenue Improvement association, which obtained many reforms in the district known as Hell's Half Acre, a neglected workmen's area east of Highland Park and north of Hamtramck. In 1921, Guy S. Greene, president of the Hannan Real Estate Exchange, appointed Mr. Ratigan manager of the brokerage department of that firm. In December, 1922, he went into business for himself at 1111 Majestic Building. His offices are now at 217 Majestic Building, facing the Campus Martius. While still with the Hannan company he was asked, in September, 1922, by John A. Russell, dean of the School of Commerce and Finance of the University of Detroit, to start a class in real estate salesmanship at the university. With the publication of a two-year real estate course by the National Association of Real Estate Boards on December 31, 1922, Mr. Ratigan prevailed on the regent of the school, Rev. Fr. Henry W. Otting, S.J., to open a complete course in land economics in both the day and the night school of the university. As director of this division of the university, Mr. Ratigan has been assisted by prominent realtors, engineers, architects, lawyers and bankers, many of whose lectures have been reprinted in the national journals of real estate and property management, or reprinted in metropolitan newspapers throughout the country. It is Mr. Ratigan's intention to resign active work in education at the end of the 1927 -1928 school year because of the increase in his own professional work, especially appraising. Mr. Ratigan, in 1922, was also instrumental in directing the attention of the University of Detroit to a section of the city which has always been dear to him. This dis DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 597 trict resembles the Forest Park section of St. Louis and the location of Washington University. He was the first to take the great builder of the present university, Rev. Fr. John P. McNichols, S.J., to the Palmer Park and Detroit Golf Club area at Woodward Avenue and the Six Mile Road, and assisted in locating the new university at the intersection of the Six Mile Road and Livernois Avenue. Mr. Ratigan himself lives in this section, at 18,436 Parkside Avenue, his home overlooking the Detroit Golf Club just below Palmer Woods and Sherwood Forest. He has three daughters, Ruth, Carolyn and Mary Jane. For two terms Mr. Ratigan was president of the brokerage division of the Detroit Real Estate Board, and his activities are now centered completely about his own profession as real estate consultant, and especially the service of appraising lands and buildings, and the activities of the Detroit Real Estate Board. His ambition is to further real estate education by research work conducted by students of the University of Michigan and; the University of Detroit, and to initiate legislation which will demand a written test before applicants are given real estate brokers' licenses in the State of Michigan. His library of pamphlets, books and manuscripts on land economics and other real estate allied sciences is considered one of the finest in America. Mr. Ratigan is the author of several books and pamphlets dealing with education, the theatre and the building industry, and real estate. As the church, the school, the theatre and the newspaper have always been Mr. Ratigan's most beloved institutions, it is a coincidence that his principal clients represent each of these, the most important factors in the upbuilding of civilization. Raymond Sisson, M. D., a representative physician and surgeon of the younger generation in the city of Detroit, where he maintains his office at 753 David Whitney Building, was born in Syracuse, New York, May 28, 1897, and is a son of Bernard F. and Ellen Sisson. In the high school of his native city Dr. Sisson was graduated in 1914, and in that year he was matriculated in the University of Syracuse, his graduation in this institution having occurred in 1918 and he having received the degree of bachelor of science. He then entered the medical department of the same university, was therein graduated as a member of the class of 1922, and after thus receiving his degree of doctor of medicine he came, in the spring of that year, to Detroit, where he gave a year of service as an interne in the Ford Hospital, in which he gained valuable clinical experience. He next passed six months in service at the Lenox Hospital in New York City, and thereafter he passed twenty-two months in the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, in the city of Boston, for the purpose of gaining experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and irregularities of the eye. In March, 1925, Dr. Sisson returned to Detroit, where he has since continued in successful practice as an eye specialist, besides which he is serving as an assisting surgeon in Harper Hospital and the Children's Hospital and St. Mary's Hospital. The Doctor is an active member of the Detroit Medical Society, the Wayne County 598 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Medical Society and the American Medical association. His religious faith is that of the Catholic Church and he is affiliated with the Alpha Kappa Kappa college fraternity. In June, 1924, was solemnized the marriage of Dr. Sisson to Miss Marjorie Mack, daughter of Joseph Mack, who is a prominent representative of the real estate business in Detroit. Dr. and Mrs. Sisson maintain their home on Quarton road, in the beautiful Bloomfield suburban district of Detroit, and they are popular figures in the representative younger social circles of the Michigan metropolis. H. C. Pugh, secretary, treasurer and general manager of the Cooper-Pugh Real Estate Company, was born at Latty, Ohio, August 18, 1882. Due to the death of his mother when he was eighteen months old, and of his father at the age of five years, he was reared in the home of his grandfather in Toledo, Ohio, where he received his education in the public schools. His first work was as cash boy for W. L. Milner at a salary of a dollar and a half a week. He next apprenticed himself to the trade of tinsmith, continuing therein about two years. The next four years found him working as a machinist for the Consolidated Manufacturing Company, and with the expiration of that time he became associated with the Jewell Tea Company at Toledo, Ohio. From the beginning of his association with this organization he displayed such initiative and ability that he won steady advancement, becoming manager of the branch at Flint, Michigan, in 1915-1916, and manager of the Detroit branch in 1917. By the time Mr. Pugh resigned his position as manager of the Detroit branch of the Jewell Tea Company, he had developed the enterprise into the largest division of the company. His residence in Detroit, however, convinced him that greater opportunities for advancement lay in the real estate business here, and in 1920 he left the tea company to become a salesman for the B. F. Mortenson Real Estate Company. Here again he was highly successful, subsequently being installed in the position of sales manager, work in which he continued until March, 1924. when he resigned to become secretary, treasurer and general manager of the Cooper-Pugh Realty Company. His subsequent operations as manager of this concern have more than justified his opinion that real estate business presented a promising field of endeavor. He has thus become one of the well-known realtors of Detroit through his work in this connection. In 1905 Mr. Pugh married Miss Helen McKinley, and they have one son, Norman. Joseph Boyer, chairman of the board of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company, has attained a high position among Detroit's business men, and a man whose activities in business and financial circles have been an important factor in wonderful growth made by this city during the last twenty-five years. Mr. Boyer was born on a farm about thirty miles east of Toronto, Canada, September 19, 1848, a son of David and Modlany (Brown) Boyer, both natives of Canada, and were farming people. The son spent his boyhood days on the farm and attended the public schools such as were to be found in that section in that day. At the age of eighteen he became apprenticed to the machinists' trade and applied himself until DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 599 he had learned the work. As a journeyman machinist he worked at his trade in Canada until he was twenty-one years old, when he decided to try his fortunes in the states. Mr. Boyer went to California, reaching there soon after the completion of the Union Pacific railroad, the first transcontinental line to be built. After a few months in California we next find him in St. Louis, where he worked at his trade and eventually went into business for himself, becoming the owner of a small machine shop on Dickson Street. It is interesting to note that it was in this shop, through the kindness of Mr. Boyer, it was made possible for Mr. William Seward Burroughs, then a struggling inventor in practically indigent circumstances, to proceed with experimental work which brought ott the adding machine which has been developed into the Burroughs Adding Machine of today. It is equally interesting to note that in this same shop two great industries had their inception-the Burroughs Adding Machine and the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company, both of which have a world-wide reputation, and today represent a capital of many millions. Like the experiences of many big industries, they passed through their periods of adversity, and at one time a few thousand dollars would have bought both of them. Mr. Boyer built up a successful business in St. Louis, where he organized the Boyer Machine Company, manufacturing and placing on the market the celebrated Boyer Pneumatic Hammer, of which he was the inventor. The tool became at once a standard in the industrial world, and rapidly found a place in all manufacturing centers all over the globe. Mr. Boyer continued to reside in St. Louis until 1900, when he came to Detroit. He had personally perfected the invention of several types of pneumatic tools, and it was to facilitate the manufacture and sale of these that he decided on Detroit as a new location for his business. December 31, 1901, the Boyer Machine Company was merged into the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Company, one of the leading industries of its kind in the country. In January, 1905, Mr. Boyer became president of the Burroughs Adding Machine Company at the time of its organization, and remained at its head until 1920, when he became chairman of the board. While Mr. Boyer possesses marked mechanical talent, and has acquired extraordinary prestige as an inventor, it has been the force of his initiative and administrative, as well as his great executive ability, that has brought him and his industries to their present position of prominence in the business world. His interests are varied and extensive, and included in them are several highly successful projects that have been developed during the period of Detroit's remarkable industrial growth. Mr. Boyer is a Republican in politics, but has never sought nor desired public office. In St. Louis he married Clara A. Libby, and they became the parents of eight children, George W., Frank H., Pearl, Myron L., Ruby C., Lotta E., Gertrude and Joseph, Jr. Mr. Boyer belongs to the Detroit Board of Commerce, Detroit, Bloomfield Hills, Country, Old, Golf, Prismatics, Turtle Lake and North Channel Fishing Clubs. 600 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Labadie Brothers & Company, of Wyandotte, Michigan, dealers in coal and builders' supplies, is one of the leading concerns of its kind in Wayne County. The business was established in 1915 by two brothers, Ernest B. and Alvin G., who also are proprietors of the Riverside Fuel and Supply Company, of Ecorse, and the Lincoln Park Fuel and Supply Company, of Lincoln Park. On both paternal and maternal sides, Labadie Brothers are descended from early French families in Wayne County. Their father, Antoine Labadie, was born in Wayne County, became a farmer and later a contractor, but the last twenty years of his life he had lived retired at his home in Wyandotte. He was active in the ranks of the Democratic party, held various township offices, and for fifty-one consecutive years was treasurer of school district No. 1, Ecorse Township. He died in November, 1927. His father, also named Antoine, was born in this county, the name being perpetuated in Wyandotte by one of its streets being named Antoine. The mother of the Labadie brothers bore the maiden name of Beaubein, a native of Wayne County, who still resides at the old home in Wyandotte. She is a descendant of the family of that name who were among the very early ones to settle in Detroit, where we again findd a Beaubein Street, named in honor of this family. Ernest B. Labadie was born in Wyandotte in 11886, educated here, and has become one of its successful business men. He married Helen Dole and is the father of nine children. He was a member of the village board of Ford for a period of ten years, and in Wyandotte served four years as councilman. Alvin G. Labadie was born in this city October 20, 1893. He was educated in the public schools of his native city and spent four years in the employ of the Michigan Alkali Company before joining his brother in the establishment of their present business. During the World War he served one year in France and a year in the United States as a member of the 310th Signal Corps. He is unmarried and resides with his mother. Joseph Mack, owner of the Insurance Exchange Building, was engaged in the printing business for many years and attained a position of unquestioned leadership in that field throughout this section of the country. He was born near Peterboro, Canada, December 1, 1868, and is the son of John and Agnes (Hamilton) Mack. He attended the public schools of Lindsay, Ontario, until he was twelve years of age, when he began working in the office of the Canadian Post of that city. He learned the fundamentals of the printing trade in that office, and later went to Toronto, where he found employment with the commercial printing house of James Murray & Company, and, subsequently, with Bingham & Webber. He returned to Lindsay to work on the Victoria Warder. and then went to Ottawa as an employe in the government printing bureau. During these years he utilized his spare hours to give himself the educational advantages he had been denied in schools, and though he prepared himself to enter McGill University, he never matriculated at that institution. In 1892 he came to Detroit, where, because of DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 601 the business depression of the panic period, he found it virtually impossible to find employment. For a short time, however, he was with the Schober Printing Company, and was connected with the Detroit Publishing Company for a somewhat longer period. Eventually Mr. Mack joined C. H. Rule in the establishment of a printing business under the firm style of Rule & Mack, and became sole owner of the enterprise in November, 1901, changing the name to that of the Joseph Mack Printing House, Incorporated. He determined to make his organization pre-eminent in the commercial printing field in Detroit, and gathered about him a personnel of exceptional ability in turning out catalogs and sales literature. He discovered at the outset that many of the automobile manufacturers were having such work done for them in other cities, believing that Detroit possessed no plant large enough to handle such large orders. Mr. Mack bent every effort toward acquiring his share of that work, and was so successful that he became one of the largest printers of automobile literature of various kinds in the country. As the business increased, the plant facilities of the company were enlarged to meet the demand until the company erected its own building at John R. and Elizabeth streets. Having developed one of the largest printing houses in this section of the country, Mr. Mack was regarded as one of the ablest and most influential business executives in Detroit. Recently he sold out his business and invested in the Insurance Exchange Building, to the affairs of which he has since given his attention. In 1891, Mr. Mack married Catherine M. McCann, of Whitby, Ontario, and to them were born five children, as follows: Nelson Joseph, who died at the age of eighteen years; Thomas Henry, Kathryn H., Florence Marjorie and Eleanor. In addition to the above mentioned interests, Mr. Mack is a director of the National Bank of Commerce and is a well-known figure in real estate investment and development fields. He is a member of the Detroit Club, Detroit Athletic Club, Detroit Golf Club, Country Club, Bloomfield Hills Country Club, Pine Lake Country Club, Detroit Boat Club, Detroit Adcraft Club, Detroit Automobile Club, and the Oakland Hills Country Club, the last named of which he founded and developed into one of the best known social organizations of its kind in the Detroit region. F. Orla Varey is carrying on the work of his father in the architectural field in Detroit, and is recognized as one of the most prominent and gifted men in architectural design now practicing in this city. He was born in Detroit, July 1'1, 1886, the son of Freeman N. and Mary L. (Baer) Varney, the former of whom was born in Corinth, New York, in 1857, died in Detroit in 1914, and was well known here as one of the outstanding men of the city. In 1888, Almond C. Varney, uncle of F. Orla Varney, came to Detroit, and was joined three years later in business by Freeman N. Varley. The brothers, under the firm style of Varney & Varney, became known as one of the ablest architectural firms of Detroit, and many of the important buildings of the early day 602. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY were designed on the draughting tables of this combination. In January, 1911, Almond C. Varney retired from the firm to become associated with F. J. Winter, and it was at that time that F. Orla Varney went into partnership with his father, the arrangement continuing until the death of the latter on November 4, 1914. Since that time Mr. Varney has continued alone, earning an enviable reputation for the beauty of design and practical nature of the buildings that have come from his office. When he began his career, he had entertained the idea of becoming a painter, and thus it is that he is able to incorporate into his work the purest examples of artistic design, combined with the practical layout that have caused his services to be widely sought. On July 28, 1908, he married Fay Hubbard, the daughter of Dr. Charles W. Hubbard, a well-known Detroiter. Mr. Varney is a member of the American Institute of Architects and the Michigan Society of Architects, of which he has served as treasurer. Charles London Arnold, Ph.D., will be remembered as one of the most gifted and able priests of the Protestant Episcopal church who ever worked among the people of Detroit, for he combined with brilliant oratorical powers and unselfish philanthropic spirit a genius for organization and executive ability that made him a marked influence upon the affairs of his church in the Diocese of Michigan. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky, October 14, 1854, and was the son of James Patterson and Emma (Tanner) Arnold. The father, an expert machinist, was engaged in the manufacture of rope and bagging for cotton baling, and conducted a highly successful business until the outbreak of the war destroyed his market, with the resultant failure of the business and the loss of a considerable fortune. The educational prospects of the son suffered a severe blow by this misfortune, and from the time he was fourteen years of age he labored against the handicap in his struggle to secure a college education. He often remarked, in later life, that he would never have succeeded had it not been for the stern discipline, self-imposed, which he endured during that formative period. Jubilee Preparatory school and Racine college furnished the preparation for his entrance into Hobart college, Geneva, New York, and in June, 1875, he graduated from college as valedictorian of his class. He took a post graduate course in 1875 and 1876 and also studied for a time at the Delancy Divinity school. During the time he spent at Hobart college, he came under the influence of Dr. Stephen Perry, then rector of Trinity church, Geneva, New York, and it was at the urging of Dr. Perry, who had become Bishop of Iowa in the interim, that Mr. Arnold subsequently determined to enter the ministry. Still holding to his original intention of preparing himself for the legal profession, Mr. Arnold returned to Louisville in 1876, but financial reverses soon forced him to forego his studies. In September, 1876, he accepted a position as superintendent of schools in Tidioute, Pennsylvania, in the oil region of the Keystone State. His second year in that office was signalized by the establishment in the public schools of manual DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 603 training, the plan for which was laid before the county institute, assembled at Warren, Pennsylvania, by Mr. Arnold. Out of this plan grew the Tidioute chair factory, which is still in existence. In 1880, he was appointed superintendent of schools at Kittanning, Pennsylvania, and the period of eight years in which he was engaged in school work, he continued his studies in law, and in the summer of 1884 he was admitted to practice. As a native of Kentucky and, therefore, a staunch Democrat, he was induced to accept the editorship of the Democratic Review at Warsaw, New York, a position that brought him prominently before the people of that section of the state in the campaign of Grover Cleveland, in whose interests he stumped Western New York, where he displayed his wonderful powers in oratory. He was also chairman of the senatorial convention held at Batavia, New York. When, in the spring of 1886, Dr. Arnold went West to edit and publish a newspaper at Wilton, Iowa, the great turning point in his career was reached, for again he came directly under the influence of Bishop Perry of Iowa, the man who had been rector of Trinity church, Geneva, New York, when Dr. Arnold was attending Hobart college. Upon the insistence of Bishop Perry, Dr. Arnold entered upon his studies for the ministry at Davenport, Iowa, becoming professor of Latin and Greek at Griswold college and holding the same chair at Berkeley Divinity school at a salary of forty dollars per month. He and his family were able to eke out a bare existence during this time. On November 7, 1886, he was ordained deacon at the cathedral at Davenport, and the following Ash Wednesday saw him take up his duties by special permission from the bishop as minister in charge of a parish at Galena, Illinois, and on All Saints Day, May 18, 1887, he was ordained priest at Davenport. In November, 1887, he left his Galena charge to assume the rectorate of St. Paul's, Wilmington, North Carolina, where he won notable success in building a new church and otherwise reorganizing what had been considered an almost dead parish. He performed great work throughout the diocese in rejuvenating old parishes. St. Stephen's church, Goldsboro, North Carolina, claimed him in November, 1890, but after six months he answered the third urgent plea to take charge of St. Peter's church, Detroit, where he began his duties as rector September 6, 1891. St. Peter's, with less than 200 communicants, then stood eighth in size in Detroit, but largely through the brilliance of Dr. Arnold as a preacher and organizer, it attained third place. He clung to his missionary work during the years he remained at St. Peter's, and among the churches he revived was the little Episcopal church at Dearborn which had been closed for more than twenty years. He was instrumental in the establishment of several missions that have become large and flourishing parishes. One of his notable works was that of bringing into the fold the Trinity reformed Episcopal churches, and at the request of the bishop of the diocese, he prepared a brief to present to the general convention whereby all reformed churches should come back to the mother church. Mr. James E. Scripps, the donor of Trinity Reformed Epis 604 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY copal church, and others turned to Dr. Arnold when they sought to return to the church. He returned-to North Carolina several times to conduct missions, preached often in the Canadian border cities, and held a mission at St. Matthew's church, Brooklyn, New York, that was said to be one of the outstanding occasions of its kind ever held in that city. The sixteen years that marked his incumbency as rector of St. Peter's witnessed the rebuilding of the church three times. He was chosen the third arbitrator in settling the strike at the Pingree & Smith shoe factory, and; his ability as a speaker made him a valued guest at conventions and banquets. He was chosen with C. M. Burton and George B. Catlin to compile the historical section of the program for the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of Detroit. He took an active interest in the Visiting Nurse Associiation of Detroit, of which he was one of the founders an'd of which he was elected the first president, holding office for six years, he being the only man in the United States to be so honored. He assisted in the founding of the Michigan Children's Home, and was engaged in other philanthropic projects of various kinds. In 1907, he resigned the rectorate of St. Peter's in order that he might give his entire attention to the direction of the Arnold Homes for aged men and women which he had previously established and of which more is told below. In 191'1, he took temporary charge of St. Stephen's parish to put it again on a firm footing, and in 1916 united it with a strong mission, remaining in charge of the church until 1917. During the illness of the rector of Trinity church, Dr. Arnold discharged the duties of that position as associate rector, and on October 14, 1924, administered his last rite as a clergyman of the Episcopal church when he officiated at the marriage of the youngest of three sisters, the two older of whom had been married by him. Ash Wednesday, February 25, 1925, marked the death of Dr. Arnold on the thirty-eighth anniversary of his ordination to the prieslthood of the Episcopal church, and in memory of their beloved pastor, the former members of St. Peter's have erected a memorial chapel to him at Michigan and Trumbull avenues. Dr. Arnold was a member of the Detroit Board of Commerce, the Masonic fraternity, in which he had attained the Thirtysecond Degree, the American Historical association, the American Archaelogical society, the Medico-Legal society, the Theta Delta Chi fraternity, and the Michigan Authors' association. He was a charter member of the last named organization and served as its president for six years. In addition to many poems, Dr. Arnold was the author of a volume entitled "Cosmos the Soul and God," and at the time of his death had nearly completed his last book, "The Life Beyond." On December 3, 1875, at Geneva, New York, Dr. Arnold married' Lurana M. Richardson, who was born at Meadville, Pennsylvania, December 19, 1857, the daughter of Rev. Chester Chever and Ann Eliza (Rabell) Richardson, and was reared in that city. Her father was born at LeRoy, New York, of English parentage, and her mother was also of English extraction and was born in the same state. Dr. and Mrs. Arnold became the parents DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 605 of one daughter, Mabel Edna, who is now manager of Arnold Home for the Aged, and who married John T. Thompson, a grocer and former councilman of Detroit. Of the works for which Rev. Charles London Arnold was so justly famous, none was of a more worthwhile and appealing nature than the establishment and development of the Arnold Home for aged men and women, for whom places might not be readily found in other institutions, and that the work was recognized as a distinct help to the city is shown in the fact that the home has the support of the Community Chest. The Arnold Home had its inception in December, 1899, when about a half dozen aged people for whom Dr. Arnold had been caring in different parts of the parish were brought together in the former residence of the Episcopal bishop at No. 226 Fort street, West. Within a month after the change was made, the accommodations of the establishment had been taken, and in January, 1901, the Arnold Home for the Aged and Hospital for Incurables was incorporated under the laws of Michigan, fifteen men of high standing in the city serving on the first board of trustees. Faced with the need of greater space, the home secured in May, 1902, the use of the residence of the late governor, Henry P. Baldwin, at Cass Avenue and Fort Street, where some seventy-five persons were housed. Prior to this time, the corporation had been the beneficiary to the amount of $6,000 by the will of the late Mrs. Hanna Titus, and in May, 1901, a residence had been purchased at No. 114 Selden Avenue as a home for aged ladies. Accommodations for twenty women were thus provided, and additions in the following year and subsequent years raised the number to eighty. The leasing of the Baldwin property in November, 1908, forced a removal of the home for men to the residence of the late Peter Henkel at No. 706 West Fort Street, where only forty persons could be housed. More than $2,000 was spent to make the building habitable, and, when the sale of the property in 1916 by the Henkel Estate rendered another move necessary, Dr. Arnold urged the board of trustees to purchase a permanent home. Though the Detroit Journal came to the assistance of Dr. Arnold, and $16,000 was raised for the purpose, the money was not enough to purchase outright the property at No. 15270 Grand River Avenue. The deficit was made up by placing mortgages on the Selden home and the one on Grand River Avenue. The added expenses worked no small hardship on the institution, and to the aid of Dr. Arnold came the people of Detroit. It was through the efforts of Dr. Arnold that the board eventually purchased a ten-acre tract of land on Seven Mile Road just west of the Southfield Road, where ground will be broken early in 1929 for the erection of an institution for the care of 200 of both sexes and a hospital for incurables and the care of cancer patients. The present home for women is located at No. 456 Selden Avenue, has rooms for eighty women and a large dining room and kitchens, and is under the management of Mrs. Mabel Arnold Thompson, the daughter of the founder. The present home for men is located at No. 15270 Grand River Avenue, as stated above. The Arnold Home is en 606 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY tirely free of debt and self-supporting, although they receive a small donation from the Community Chest, and the present board of trustees is composed of Davie B. Duffield, president; N. J. Dessert, vice-president; Ralph S. Moore, secretary; R. T. Cudmore, treasurer, and Dr. Louis Maire, Albert Spitler and Mabel Arnold Thompson. William Livingstone, shipping merchant, publisher and banker, was born at Dundas, Ont., Canada, January 21, 1844, son of William and Helen (Stevenson) Livingstone. His father, a native of Greenock, Scotland, was a shipbuilder on the Clyde. The son received his education in public schools, and at the age of sixteen became an apprentice machinist, working in the railway shops of Detroit. At the age of twenty-one, together with his father, under the firm name of Livingstone and Company, they rented a warehouse at the foot of Randolph Street, and started in the commission and shipping business, specializing in the handling of flour, chartering vessels for freight service, and operating small vessels in which they carried on along-shore trade. One of the enterprises was the gathering of cordwood along the Huron shore which was brought to Detroit and sold to the many woodyards of the city which then supplied fuel for the residents. Livingstone and Company carried on a prosperous business from 1866 to 1873. That memorable panic year caught them and thousands of others unprepared, and swept away all their accumulation of profits. But William Livingstone, Jr. had already demonstrated certain qualities of courage, enterprise and dependability which had attracted attention. In 1880 he organized the Michigan Navigation Company and became its treasurer and general manager. Eight years later the Percheron Navigation Company was also organized by him, and he undertook the active management of this corporation along with his other shipping interests. The first composite vessels of wood and steel were built by these firms, and were forerunners of the all-steel freight vessels of the present day. He did more perhaps than any other one man for the development of commerce on the Great Lakes. Himself a premier figure in merchant shipping, he participated actively in every big waterways movement. Waterways for which he helped to obtain improvement opened the rich grain fields and ore mines of the Northwest. At the time of his death he was serving his twenty-third year as president of the Lake Carriers' Association. When the era of 600-foot freighters began on the Great Lakes in 1905, he started to fight for the elimination of the treacherous Limekiln Crossing in the lower Detroit River. Two years later Congress authorized an artificial cut and it was called the Livingstone Channel. He brought about the construction of two of the newest and largest locks in St. Mary's River at Sault Ste. Marie, through which fifty million tons of freight were being carried yearly at his death; a volume of traffic greater than that which passes through the Panama Canal. Among the conspicuous achievements of Mr. Livingstone was his part in World War times, when he enlisted the support of the Lake Carriers' Association in ./ 4~ I DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 607 keeping ships moving in the Great Lakes during the winter months. As the winter of 1917 brought cold waves that threatened to close up the river and harbors with ice, steps were taken to commandeer vessels for ice-breaking. The 130-mile distance from Port Huron to the Southeast Shoal in Lake Erie was kept open by the icebreakers and a total of 107 vessels were thus helped through the ice. Perhaps no civil service rendered the Government during the war period was of greater value to the country than this, for ore boats had to get through to supply iron for the vast quantities of munitions which were being manufactured. Mr. Livingstone was also General Chairman of the Liberty Loan Committee at Detroit throughout the war period. In 1884 he became actively interested in the organization of the Dime Savings Bank, Detroit, to encourage thrift among small depositors. Upon the death of Mr. Cutcheon, in 1900, Mr. Livingstone was elected to succeed: him in the presidency and continued in that office until the time of his death. He was chiefly instrumental in developing it from small beginnings to its present position; at the time of his death its resources were exceeded by but three other banks in the city. In 1910 he was elected as chairman of the Executive Council of the American Bankers' Association. He served in this capacity for two years, when he became its president. He was also president of the Detroit Clearing House Association for many years and Chairman of its Board from 1915; past president of the Bankers' Club of Detroit and also the Michigan Bankers' Association. Despite these important connections he had found time to become an acknowledged leader in politics. In 1875 he had been elected to the Michigan House of Representatives and a single term at Lansing was sufficient to qualify him for State leadership. President Arthur appointed him United States Collector of Customs at Detroit. He was executive chairman of the Republican National Convention of 1896, serving as chairman of the Michigan delegation there. For six years he was a member of the Detroit Park and Boulevards Commission, of which he was president the last three years. For several years Mr. Livingstone published the Detroit Journal, an evening daily of high standing, and the leading Republican newspaper of Michigan. In 1900 he published a history of the Republican Party, in two volumes. Mr. Livingstone was as active in his religious, social, political and fraternal life as he was in business. He was for many years an active worker of the First Presbyterian church, of all Masonic bodies of the York and Scottish rites, Past Eminent Commander of the Detroit Commandlery of Knights Templars, and a 33rd degree Mason of the Consistory; also past president of St. Andrews' Society and a member of the following clubs: Detroit Club, Old Club, Detroit Athletic, Country, Detroit Bankers', Detroit Golf, Detroit Automobile, Auto Club of Pine Lake, Press Club of New York, and the Union Club of Cleveland. He was a man of vigorous physique and military bearing, and until the time of his death he worked six full days every week. He was more alert and active than many men half his age. A natural pref 608 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY erence for the simple life accounted for his longevity. He had no hard and fast rules for living. He believed, however, that preparation beats inspiration, and he held that the man who rises to an emergency is the man who has fitted himself to do so by years of labor and study and work. He did not believe so much in genius as in training, and he held that none could expect to win out in the world of affairs without self-denial, self-improvement and selfapplied observation, and that natural ability, even when accompanied by the spirit to win, is never sufficient. From youth up he fought a good fight, fought it energetically, skillfully, honorably and joyously. At his death he was a real general of finance, of big business; a veteran commander of forces of progress which he had been materially instrumental in marshalling. He touched life with a singular completeness, and wherever he touched it he made himself felt. As a designer of great constructive enterprises in the maritime and financial fields, he was a major force. He both planned great matters and led them. He saw big things in a big way, and what he did for the development of Great Lakes commerce and shipping would alone give him a place as one of the chief instrumentalities in the development of our inland waterways. For sixty-five out of his eighty-one years he was aggressively engaged in the upbuilding of Detroit, and to the last he not only kept pace with the City of the Straits, but occasionally he set the pace himself, which was a great achievement for any man. He saw Detroit become the "Fourth City", and he played no little part in that upward march of its population which pushed other cities, no less strategically located, behindl it. The fact that he confessed a preference for the simple ways of living in no sense meant that he lacked the social instinct. He was the friend and the comrade of all sorts and conditions of people, and he was equally at home along the water front or in the drawing room. Positive, aggressive, sometimes blunt, he was nevertheless an object of genuine and deep affection for many thousands. He made a sharp impress upon all with whom he came in contact. The vivid play of his imagination and the pungency of his speech made him the subject of many a merry, affectionate anecdote and legend, and as a man of heart, who understood and loved his fellows, he continually touched deeper responsive notes. He was married in 1865 to Susan Ralston, daughter of Robert Downie, of Detroit, Michigan. During a life of nearly sixty years together, Mrs. Livingstone was her husband's closest confidant and companion in his many wide-spread activities. Her death preceded his by only three months. They had eight children: William Allan, deceased 1924; Margaret, wife of James C. Scott, of Pittsburgh; Helen Edith; Susan Alice; Robert Bruce, owner Detroit Publishing Co.; Florence Mildred, wife of John R. Odell; Seabourn Rome, president, Livingstone & Company, and T. W. Palmer Livingstone, president of the Dime Savings Bank, all of Detroit. Mr. Livingstone was actively engaged in business up to the very day of his death, which occurred on the 17th of October, 1925. DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 609 Frank A. O'Boyle, attorney, was born at Coral, Michigan, July 4, 1888, the son of George and Harriet (Holcomb) O'Boyle. He received his preliminary education in the public schools of Howard City and then attended the Michigan State Normal College at Ypsilanti, and later Albion College. Mr. O'Boyle holds the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts. For seven years he was engaged in teaching in the Detroit schools, after which he entered the Detroit College of Law, graduating with the degree of LL.B., immediately after which he entered upon the practice of his profession and is one of Detroit's most successful lawyers. He is noted as an orator and writer and has published many works on ethics. He married Alma M. Salliotte, of Ecorse, Michigan, and has two children, Marion Alma and Frank A., Junior. Mr. O'Boyle is one of the founders and a director of the Down River State Bank, and is also a member of the Island Country Club of Grosse Isle, Detroit Union League Club, Detroit Bar Association, Lawyers' Club and Cadillac Athletic Club. He is vice-president of the American Pelinite Company, of Ohio and New York, and trustee for the Detroit Uniflow Motor Company of Detroit. Harley Green Higbie, treasurer of the Hugo Scherer Estate, Inc., and an official of several important industrial and financial enterprises of Detroit, was born at Chicago, Illinois, August 20, 1892, the son of Nathan B. and Corda (Terwilliger) Higbie, natives of New York State and Chicago, respectively. The father is associated with Swift & Company, for many years being an official of that company, and prominent in other business and financial circles of Chicago. He and his wife became the parents of five children, as follows: Geraldine W., the wife of P. B. Palmer, Jr., a clothing manufacturer of Chicago; Carlton M., of the firm of Keane, Higbie & Company, of Detroit; Harley Green; N. Bradley, Jr., and Willis Terwilliger. Harley G. Higbie attended the Harvard school and the University high school of Chicago and then attended the University of Wisconsin. He then entered the army, receiving the commission of second lieutenant in the Air Service and being assigned to Gerstner Field, Lake Charles, Louisiana, and to Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas. Following his discharge from the army in January, 1919, he came to Detroit with Keane, Higbie & Company, investment bankers of this city and New York. In 1923 he became treasurer of the Hugo Scherer Estate, Incorporated, a position which he has since retained. He is also secretary of the St. Clair-Athol Rubber Company, treasurer of the Detroit Forging Company, a director of the Guardian Trust Company, and a director of the Woodward Avenue Improvement Ass'n. His activities as an official and director of these important companies stamp him as one of the successful and able executives of this city. In 1923, he married Dorothy Scherer, daughter of Hugo Scherer, of whom more may be found on other pages of this work, and to this union have been born two sons, Harley Green, Jr., and Hugo Scherer. Mr. Higbie is a member of the 610 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Detroit Club, Country Club of Detroit, Grosse Pointe Club, University Club, Detroit Racquet and Curling Club, Old Club, National Town and Country Club, Union League Club, Bankers' Club of Detroit, Mid-Day Club of Chicago, the Chi Psi fraternity, and the Chi Psi Club of New York. Fred Wilson Haines was born in Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada, December 11, 1880, the son of John R. and Essie (Wilson) Haines, the former of whom, a well known carriage manufacturer, is dead, and the latter of whom is now living in Detroit. The family located in Detroit when Fred W. Haines was but four years of age, and thus it was that he received his early education in the elementary and high schools of this city. He began his business career in the employ of the Detroit Edison Company, and; at the same time he attended the night classes held at the Y. M. C. A., where he fitted himself to become an electrical contractor, a field of endeavor which he entered in 1898. He built up a successful business in this field, specializing in factory light and power equipment installation. In 1907, appreciating the future of the automobile industry, Mr. Haines organized the Regal Motor Car Company, of which he was president and general manager. This company was developed into one of the substantial industrial ventures of Detroit, and for years, one of the well known automobile enterprises of the country. In 1917, when the United States entered the World War, Mr. Haines disposed of his interest in the Regal company and became interested in the construction and operation of several munition plants in this section of the country. Followig the signing of the armistice, Mr. Haines returned to Detroit, where he has since been engaged in general finance and investment work. In 1905, Mr. Haines married Golda M. Hart, who was born at Logansport, Indiana, and they have one child, Marion A. Haines. Mr. Haines is a member of the Detroit Athletic Club, Beach Grove Country Club, and also the Masonic fraternity, the last of which includes the Zion Lodge and the Shrine. He maintains a summer home on the Detroit River, and in boating and other water sports he finds his recreation and enjoyment. Charles Vliet Taylor was one of the conspicuous figures in the carriage manufacturing business in this section of Michigan for many years as proprietor of the Taylor Carriage Company of Pontiac. He was born in Oakland County, Michigan, May 15, 1848, a son of William and Ann (Axford) Taylor, both of whom were natives of New Jersey and settled on a farm in Oakland County. On his mother's side, Charles V. Taylor traced his ancestry to a soldier of the Continental Army, andi thus held membership in the Sons of the American Revolution. He obtained his early education in the public schools and then pursued a course of study in a business college at Flint, Michigan. Returning to his native county, he later became engaged in contract work at Pontiac, and later became identified with the Pontiac Carriage Company. Of this enterprise he acquired ownership and changed the name to Taylor Carriage Company, a concern which he developed DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 611 into one of the leading companies of its kind in this part of Michigan. The advent and popularity of the automobile wrought an inevitable decline in the carriage building industry, and following the trend of the times, Mr. Taylor abandoned the manufacture of carriages in 1905 to engage in the manufacture of automobile tops. In 1910 he retired from active business and moved to Detroit, where he maintained his home until the time of his death, which occurred February 15, 1926. Mr. Taylor was a member of the Masonic fraternity and supported the Democratic party in politics. On October 8, 1891, he married Margaret Wilson, the daughter of John and Margaret (Storie) Wilson, natives of Scotland, the former having been born in 1822 and died in 1878, and the latter having been born in 1832 and died in 1888. John Wilson, father of Mrs. Taylor, was a carriage builder by trade. To Mr. and Mrs. Taylor were born three children, John Wilson, James Morrison and Margaret Ann, who married Maurice E. Hammond. John Wilson Taylor, who served in the World War with the Ninth Infantry, Second Division, is now a salesman for the Clark Equipment Company. James Morrison, a graduate of the University of Michigan, enlisted in the French Army in 1917, and later returned to the United States to serve with the Eighty-eighth Infantry with the commission of second lieutenant. Mr. and Mrs. Hammond have two children, Charles Taylor and James Ward. Edward McGrew Heermans, who was at the head of the public relations department of the Union Trust Company at the time of his death, October 30, 1925, was one of the well known men in that work in this part of Michigan. A son of Francis and Sarah Martha (McGrew) Heermans, he was born at Kingwood, West Virginia, where he received his early education in the public schools. After graduating from Ohio Wesleyan University as a member of the class of 1893, he took up journalism, beginning this work with a newspaper at Morgantown, West Virginia. During the Roosevelt campaign for the presidency he toured the country in the interests of that great man, and was so engaged during the Bryan campaign. Subsequently he became a member of the editorial staff of the Minneapolis, Minnesota, Tribune, and was engaged in publicity work in that city. In 1921, Mr. Heermans came to Detroit to become associated with the Detroit Journal, and when that newspaper was sold he accepted a position as assistant secretary of the Detroit Real Estate Board. He resigned the latter position to establish the public relations department of the Union Trust Company and remained as director of that department until the time of his death. Though the work was a distinct innovation in trust company activities, its success was instantaneous and far reaching in its effects, and to the efforts of Mr. Heermans alone is attributable the great important work of that department. His reportorial work had supplied him with an understanding of humlan nature that is vouchsafed few men, and he was thus able to lay the cornerstone for the establishment of a department whose benefits to the company are now indispensable. On June 25, 1918, he married Clara Vorce, of Ypsilanti, Michigan, a daughter of 612 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY Edwin and Catherine (Finch) Vorce, the former of whom was born in Ellery, New York, and the latter a native of Rensselaer county of that State. Edwin Vorce come to Michigan in 1865 and became prominently identified with banking and real estate interests in Ypsilanti. Mr. and Mrs. Heermans became the parents of one daughter, Martha Mae. Mr. Heermans was a member of the Minneapolis Athletic Club, the Minneapolis Club and the Rotary Club. He attended the Methodist church, and in politics was a Republican. Donald S. Kiskadden was born in Detroit, Michigan, June 25, 1888, a son of Dr. Harry S. and Sarah Josephine (White) Kiskadden. The father was born in Upper Sandusky, Ohio, graduated from the Illinois College of Physicians and Surgeons, and soon after this, in 1886, came to Detroit, where he practiced his profession until his death. The mother was born in Richmond, Indiana, and was a graduate of Earlham College. She and her husband were killed in an automobile accident September 2, 1918. The Kiskadden family is descended from Scotch Presbyterian stock, and the first ancestor to come to America was Alex Kiskadden, grandfather of Donald S., who came from Scotland when he was a boy. Donald S. was educated in Central High School of Detroit and the University of Michigan. He graduated from the latter institution in the literary department in 1911 and from the law department in 1913. He then entered the law office of Allen Frazer, a prominent attorney of Detroit, and engaged in the practice of law until 1915, when he became connected with the legal department of the Ford Motor Company. He had advanced to the position of assistant general attorney with this company when, in 1919, he resigned. He then joined C. Harold Wills and John R. Lee and became vice-president and general manager of the Marysville Land Company at Marysville, Michigan. He continued here until 1922, when he became associated with the Buhl Land Company of Detroit, today holding the position of vice-president and general manager of this important concern. Mr. Kiskaddlen married Miss Janet Morrison Marker, a graduate of Liggett school, who was born in Detroit, a daughter of Dr. John J. and Ann (Morrison) Marker. Mr. and Mrs. Kiskadden have a daughter named Sarah Ann. The parents of Mrs. Kiskadden were both natives of Wayne County. Her father was a graduate of the University of Michigan, and while there, achieved signal honors as an athlete. Later he was a member of the famous Detroit Athletic Club amateur baseball team which held the world championship. For thirty-two years Dr. John J. Marker was medical superintendent of the hospital at Eloise until his death by automobile accident, September 2, 1920, two years to a day from the accident that caused the death of Dr. Kiskadden and his wife. Donald S. Kiskadden is a member of the First Congregational church and in politics is a Republican. While in college he was a member of Delta Epsilon and Phi Delta Phi. He holds membership in Masons, Player's Club, Savoyard Club, Oakland Hills Country Club and St. Clair Country Club. HENRY SCHLEE DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 613 Victor H. Herbert, of the prominent Detroit investment house of Toepel-Herbert & Company, was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, July 10, 1895, the son of Dr. L. H. and Eugenia Herbert, both of whom removed to Detroit in 1904. Of the two children, J. Joseph Herbert resides at Manistee, Michigan. Victor H. Herbert attended the Detroit public schools, graduating from the high school in 1912, and then entered the University of Michigan, whence he graduated as a member of the class of 1917, receiving his diploma in April of that year in order that he might enter an officers' training camp. He was commissioned an4d served in infantry and artillery, being discharged with the rank of captain. Upon his return to Detroit after his discharge, he became associated with William A. Neer & Company in the capacity of manager of the unlisted bonds department, continuing in that position until 1921. In that year he allied himself with B. Dansard & Company as manager, and in 1924 he joined Walter G. Toepel in the organization of their present company to engage in the investment and securities business. They have succeeded in making their concern one of the leaders of its kind in Detroit, and Mr. Herbert is adcounted to be one of the able and successful men in this field here. On March 3, 1925, he married Kathryn Myers, and they have one son, Victor H., Jr. Mr. Herbert is a member of the Aviation Country Club, University of Michigan Club, Army and Navy Club. In addition to his investment business, Mr. Herbert is secretary and a director of the Atlas Metal Products Company, secretary and a director of the Fort Shelby Garage Company, and is interested in several other important corporations in Detroit. Henry Schlee was one of the well known men in manufacturing circles in Detroit for many years, and the name of Schlee has been a prominent one in this city for more than half a century. His parents were landed gentry of Bavaria, Germany, the estate on which he was born still being in the possession of the family. Henry Schlee was born in Bernstein, Bavaria, Germany, July 15, 1859, and was brought to the Unitedi States and direct to Detroit in 1870. He obtained his education in the district schools of Wayne County and then apprenticed himself to the trade of moulder in the employ of the Standard Engineering Company, a concern with which he remained for nineteen years. For a time thereafter he was in the employ of the Ford Motor Company, leaving that company upon his retirement from active life. His long experience and, thorough training in his trade made Mr. Schllee one of the able shopmen of the city, and he was w;idely known among manufacturing men for his excellence in this direction. He was a member of St. Alban's Episcopal church of Highland Park, and of the American Insurance Union. His death occurred September 28, 1921. In 1880, Mr. Schlee married Eva Katherine Zinnbauer, the daughter of John and Mary (Denk) Zinnbauer, the former of whom was born in Regensburg, Germany, and the latter in Ansbach, Bavaria, Germany. The parents of Mrs. Schlee met aboard' ship on their way to the United States in 614 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 1865, and were married in Detroit, where John Zinnbauer engaged in the tanning business. To Mr. and Mrs. Schlee were born eight children, of whom seven are still living: Sylvia Marie, a teacher in the Monier school, Detroit; Rena Barbara; Andrew George; Edward Frederick; Harry George; Dewey Sampson, and Earl Hazen. Wesley Jacob, the sixth in the order of birth, died in infancy. Andrew G. Schlee, a graduate of Ann Arbor in 1908 in mechanical engineering, served in the World War as a member of Troup 110, 85th Division Supply Train, having gone to the officers' training camp at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, and overseas in 1917. He was adjutant to Major Stowell at Camp Custer, and was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant when he went overseas. Illness and the consequent inability to carry on his duties prevented further promotion, and when he returned to Detroit after an honorable discharge from the army in 1919, he married his nurse, Isabelle Wilson. Edward F. Schlee attended Wesleyan College at Middletown, Connecticut, and served in the transport service in the World War. In an attempt to better the record for the fastest trip around the world, being in the Waco Air Service in Detroit, the first air taxi service in the city, he and his pilot hopped off by airplane from Harbor Grace, Newfoundland, on August 27, 1927, which runway he had built himself, and which is still used for take-off on all Atlantic flights. Their first landing was made at Croyden, England, the following day, the first leg of their flight being 2,350 miles long. Thence by way of Munich, Belgrade, Constantinople, Bunder Abbas, Karachi, Allahabad, Calcutta, Rangoon, and Hongkong, the fliers arrived in Japan, where the trip had to be called off because of public opinion. Dewey S. was preparing to enter the army when the armistice was signed. Harry G. was connected with the aircraft work of Ford Motor Company during the World War. Earl Hazen Schlee was at Purdue University during the World War and joined the officers' reserve corps. These sons are all owners of the Waco Oil Company, which was established and developed by them into one of the important concerns of'its kind. Charles H. Campbell, attorney, was born in Detroit, June 18, 1858, a son of James V. and Cornelius (Hotchkiss) Campbell. The father, who was an eminent jurist of Michigan, was born at Buffalo, New York, February 25, 1823. He was of Scotch descent and could trace his ancestry back to the historic Campbell clan of Scotland. Duncan Campbell, his great-grandfather, was an officer in a Highland regiment and was the founder of the branch of the family in America. He settled along the Hudson river, in the eastern part of New York, and there continued to reside until his death. His son, Thomas Campbell, was for many years an influential citizen of Ulster County, New York. Henry M. Campbell, the father of Judge Campbell, was born in Ulster County, New York, September 10, 1873. In early manhood he removed to Buffalo, then but a village, and his patriotic spirit was manifest by his service to his country in the War of 1812 as captain of a company DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 615 of artillery. He was married in 1812 to Miss Lois Bushnell, a member of an old New England family. Leaving his bride in Buffalo, he was absent with his command at the time that village was burned by the British in 1813. His own home was destroyed and his wife and her kinsfolk found refuge in the neighboring forests. With a record for efficiency and gallantry in the war, Captain Campbell returned to Buffalo, where he became a prominent business man. For some time he served as judge of the Erie County court, but in 1826 he left Buffalo and took up his residence in Detroit. He became a successful merchant in Michigan, and later engaged in the real estate business with a substantial measure of success, although he subsequently suffered severe financial reverses. His prominence in public affairs was continued in his adopted city and he was called upon to serve as associate justice of the county courts and filled the offices of county supervisor, city alderman, director of the poor and other positions of public trust. He was also president of one of the early banking institutions of the city. He and his wife were prominent members of the old St. Paul's parish, the first branch of the Protestant Episcopal church in Detroit. He became senior warden of the vestry and held that place until his death in 1842, while his wife passed away in 1876. James V. Campbell was brought by his parents to Detroit when but three years of age and he resided in this city until the time of his death. He attended the local public schools and later became a student in a college at Flushing, Long Island, from which he was graduated in 1841 with the degree of A. B. On his return to Detroit he took up the study of law in the office of Douglas & Walker and was admitted to the bar in 1844, when twentyone years of age. He at once became a partner of his preceptors, who were at that time leading members of the bar of the State. For thirteen years Mr. Campbell was engaged in successful private practice at Detroit, and in that time gained a reputation as one of the ablest attorneys of the local bar, representing many important interests in both the state and federal courts. Early in his career he had been appointed secretary to the board of regents of the University of Michigan, a position which he held for several years. In 1857 Mr. Campbell was elected one of the four justices of the reorganized Supreme Court of Michigan, his associates being many years older than he, and by successive re-elections the judge was continued on the same bench until his death thirty-three years later. The following tribute to his ability as a lawyer and jurist was paid by Hon. Charles A. Kent, who was long associated with the Judge as a member of the faculty of the law department of the State University: "Judge Campbell had great learning, not only in the American and English cases and textbooks, including admiralty law, but also in the history of our institutions, local as well as general. He knew much of Roman law and the law of nations and of early French customs, and something of other continental laws. He was remarkably free from political bias or fear of public opinion or subservience to any temporary wave of public 616 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY passion. The trust in his absolute integrity of motive was absolutely perfect. He was very independent in his opinions. He had a very strong sense of the justice of a case and was very reluctant to yield his views of justice to the opinions of courts, or to any precedents. He wished to decide every case that appeared to him to be right, but he never manifested that love of arbitrary power, that disposition to have one's own way at all hazards, which is natural to almost all human beings, and appears occasionally on the bench. He had great faith in the people and in popular institutions, and in all the great maxims and traditions of the common law, but he had not the slightest trace of the demagogue. He had strong prejudices, but they were generally good prejudices, of a kind necessary to stability of character in the best men. He had no subtle theories or much refined, abstruse reasoning. In all of his opinions he appeared to have chiefly the view the effect of the decision on what he thought the merit of the case before him. I think he seldom made a decision likely to strike the average mind as unjust. Perhaps the largest bar meeting ever held in Detroit attested the shock of his sudden death and the universal feeling that a great and good man, a learned and upright judge had passed away. His memory is lovingly cherished by all who knew him. His fame as a judge will depend, on the number and importance of the legal principles established in his opinion. His life is a worthy model for imitation by all lawyers who would be governed by the highest ideals in private and public life." Though Judge Campbell was prominent in many affairs outside of his profession, his best work was done as a jurist. His opinions as a justice of the Supreme Court appear in the State reports from the fifth to the seventy-ninth volumes, and the opinions thus credited to him number about three thousand. This record is in itself an important part of the history of Michigan and is evidence of the patient and conscientious labors of a noble man and an honest and able jurist. In 1876 Judge Campbell published a volume of several hundred pages, entitled 'Outlines of the Political History of Michigan." He also contributed articles to law magazines and was called upon to deliver addresses on various public occasions. When the law department of the University of Michigan was established in 1858, Judge Campbell was called to the Marshall professorship in that department and served as a member of the university faculty for a quarter of a century. The law department of the university now ranks as one of the best law schools in America, and its upbuilding during earlier years was in many ways influenced and promoted' by Judge Campbell. In 1866 the University of Michigan conferred upon Judge Campbell its first honorary degree of Doctor of Laws-a unique distinction. His interest in educational matters never ceased, and from 1854 to 1858 he served as a member of the Detroit board of education, while one of Detroit's public schools now bears his name. In the early days Judge Campbell was a member of the Young Men's Society of Detroit, and this literary and social organization, of which he was president in 1848, DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 617 formed the nucleus of the present fine public library. In 1880, when the library was placed under the control of the board of commissioners, Judge Campbell was made president of that body. In politics Judge Campbell was a Republican, having supported the party from 1856 until the time of his demise, but was never active in political matters. He was for many years a liberal supporter and an active worker in the Episcopal church of Detroit, serving as a vestryman of St. Paul's parish, and for more than thirty years was secretary of the standing committee of the diocese of Michigan. On the 9th of November, 1849, Judge Campbell was united in marriage to Miss Cornelia Hotchkiss, who was born in Oneida County, New York, August 17, 1823, and was a representative of an old New England family. Her death occurred in Detroit, May 2, 1888. Of their children, six reached adult age and four are now living: Henry M., a lawyer of this city; James V. Campbell, Jr., born in Detroit, July 8, 1856, was a stock broker and died in September, 1894; Cornelia Lois is still a resident of this city; Douglas H., born September 16, 1859, graduated from the University of Michigan and later received the degree of doctor of philosophy. He studied in Germany and took the chair of botany in the University of Indiana in 1888, while in 1891 he was called to the chair of botany at the Leland Stanford University of California; Edward D., the youngest son, was born September 8, 1843. He was graduated from the State University in 1885, and became a member of the faculty as director of the chemical laboratory. Charles H. Campbell attended the public schools of his native city and afterward entered the University of Michigan, in which he won the bachelor of philosophy degree as a graduate of the class of 1880. Having prepared for the bar, he first engaged in practice in connection with Alfred Russell, having been licensed as an attorney in Michigan in 1882. The following year he joined the firm of Russell & Campbell, which through successive stages became Campbell, Bulkley & Ledyard. For many years Mr. Campbell was recognized as one of the most eminent representatives of the Michigan bar, his course being marked by that steady advancement which is the outcome of close application, thorough study and analytical reasoning. He was of the Episcopalian faith and is a trustee of St. Luke's Hospital and also a trustee of the Mariner's church. His political endorsement was given to the Republican party, and he kept thoroughly informed concerning vital political problems. Along professional lines his membership was with the Detroit, Michigan State and American Bar Associations. He was widely known in club circles in this city and elsewhere, having belonged to the Lawyers', Detroit, Yondotega, University, Detroit Boat and Country Clubs of Detroit, the University Club of New York City, the Delta Kappa Epsilon Club, also of New York, and to the National Geographic Society. His deep interest in Detroit's welfare and upbuilding was long manifest in his active cooperation with the Board of Commerce, and in March, 1920, he was elected to the presidency of that association, whose thoroughly 618 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY organized efforts have been a most potent force in the upbuilding of the city. While traveling in England in the fall of 1927, Mr. Campbell met with an accident which resulted in his death November 18, 1927. John Dallas Harger. Nearly forty years of practice before the Wayne County bar established the late John Dallas Harger among the leading lawyers of this city. A native of Farmington, Oakland County, Michigan, he was born October 12, 1866, the son of Oscar S. and Anna J. (Dallas) Harger, the former of whom was born in New York State, June 5, 1832. Oscar S. Harger came to Michigan in 1833 with his father, John D. Harger, the latter buying and clearing government land. Oscar S. came to Detroit in 1890 to become assistant superintendent of the Detroit Sanitary Company, was later admitted to the bar, and practiced in Detroit until his retirement, when he located at Northville, this county. He and his wife became the parents of two children, John Dallas Harger and Elizabeth M., who married Judge John B. Teagan. John Dallas Harger was educated in the district schools of Oakland County and at the Farmington high school, and after pursuing a course of study in the Michigan State Normal school at Ypsilanti, he entered the University of Michigan, whence he graduated in 1889 with the degree of bachelor of laws. He was admitted to the bar in the same year and entered upon the practice of his profession in Detroit, being associated two years with George X. M. Collier. Leaving the offices of Collier, he practiced in partnership with John B. Teagan until the latter retired. Thereafter, until the time of his death in February, 1928, Mr. Harger was associated with James Swan, building up a large and lucrative practice that placed him among the most successful and able lawyers of Detroit. On December 18, 1895, he married Stella E. Chamberlain, of Farmington, Michigan, and they became the parents of two children, Mildred A., who married E. D. Vining, and one child who died. Mr. Harger was Supreme Chief of the Knights of the Golden Eagle in 1906-7, was Past Chancellor of Damon Lodge No. 3, Knights of Pythias, and was a communicant of the Grosse Pointe Presbyterian church. Daniel Joseph Healy, proprietor of D. J. Healy Shops at 1426 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, was born in Queenstown, Ireland, August 11, 1862, a son of Daniel Joseph and Mary (O'Flynn) Healy. The father was a merchant in Queenstown, owning two stores, one of which is still in the possession of the family. The elder Healy died there at the age of thirty-four. The mother died in Detroit at the age of eighty-four. When the son was eight years of age he accompanied his mother to America and the home was established at Toronto, Canada. When he was eleven years old he quit school and found employment in the office of Hughes Brothers, importers, with whom he remained three years. One of his treasured possessions is a recommendation for honesty and industry signed by his first employers. He next found employment with the District Telegraph and Telephone Company, and he Q~~~A~ DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 619 helped install the first telephone in the city of Toronto. In 1880, he came to Detroit to learn the art of coloring under Coutellier, the Parisian dyer, with whom he remained: two years. He then engaged in the dyeing business for himself. It was in 1886 that he established himself in his present enterprise, and for forty years has done business in the same block. His present store building, six stories in height, was erected by him in 1911, and here are to be found the latest fashions and fine art goods, much of their products being imported from foreign countries, and find ready sale among the best people of Detroit. Ten branch stores are maintained in the city. Mr. Healy married Mary Kennedy, of Detroit, and unto them the following children have been born: Daniel Joseph, Jr., Emeline, Gertrude, Sylvester, Leonard, Helen, Edwin and Mary. The family are communicants of the Catholic church, and in politics Mr. Healy assumes an independent attitude. He holds membership in the Detroit Golf Club, the Birmingham Golf Club and the Detroit Athletic Club. Charles Beecher Warren, former ambassador to Japan from the United States, is a native son of Michigan and one of the leading lawyers, not only of Detroit and Michigan but also of the nation. He has been a member of the Detroit bar for nearly thirty-five years. He was born at Bay City, April 10, 1870, the son of Robert L. and Caroline (Beecher) Warren. His father, Robert L. Warren, was born and reared at Flint, Michigan, and educated at the University of Michigan. Robert L. Warren played a prominent part in the development of the Saginaw Valley, and he established one of the first daily newspapers, the Saginaw Daily Enterprise, in that,district. He also founded the Bay City Journal. Through the editorial columns of these newspapers he promoted the interests of the valley and wielded a strong influence in the upbuilding of that section of the state. He was president of the board of trustees for the Michigan School for the deaf at Flint for many years, and he represented the Second District of Michigan at the Republican National convention in 1908. His death occurred at Ann Arbor in 1916, where he had published newspapers for many years. Charles Beecher Warren took his college preparatory work at Albion college, and following his admission, he was elected president of the freshman class. In his sophomore year, he was made manager of the college newspaper. In 1889, he entered the junior class at the University of Michigan where he specialized in the study of history and constitutional law. It was his class which established the university literary publication, "The Inlander," and Mr. Warren was chosen at its first editor-in-chief. He was graduated in 1891 with honors and the degree of bachelor of philosophy and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Following his graduation he came to Detroit to enter the law offices of Dickinson, Thurber & Stevenson, where he read law under the direction of Don M. Dickinson while he also attended the Detroit College of Law, from which he was graduated in 1893. Following his admission to the bar he continued his connection with the legal firm of Dickinson, Thurber 620 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY & Stevenson, soon developing into a very sucessful trial lawyer. In 1897, he was admitted to partnership under the firm style of Dickinson, Warren & Warren. In 1900 he became associated with John C. Shaw in the firm of Shaw, Warren & Cady. Following the death of Mr. Shaw, the firm became Warren, Cady & Ladd. FQr a number of years, Justice Claudius B. Grant of the Supreme Court of Michigan, was associated with this firm as counsel. The legal firm has undergone several changes of personnel and its present style is Warren, Hill & Hamblen. It ranks as one of the foremost legal firms of this part of the country. Mr. Warren's brilliant record as a practicing attorney and counsellor attracted nation-wide attention, with the result that in 1896, when he was but twenty-six years of age, he was appointed to the position of associate counsel for the Government of the United States before the Joint High Commission before which the hearing of the celebrated! Behring Sea case was presented for a judicial determination of the respective rights of the United States and Great Britain, which had long been in controversy. His service in that case gained for him increased national reputation as a lawyer. In 1900, President Roosevelt appointed him to act as one of the attorneys for the United States Government in the historic "Fisheries" dispute of long standing. The question as to the respective rights of Great Britain in the fishing district of the North Atlantic off the coasts of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland had been disputed for more than one hundred years and had been the cause of occasional friction between the two governments. A joint high commission met at Washington in 1899 but failed to arrive at any decision. A new treaty drawn in 1909 referred the matter to the Hague Tribunal which met June 1, 1910, and made a judicial decision on September 7, following. Mr. Warren was one of those chosen to present the cause of the United States and argued it with such ability as to win the commendation of his associates. Mr. Warren has served as counsel for many of the important corporations and business interests of Detroit, and his ability as a counsellor led to his election to the directorate of Old Detroit National bank, now merged into the First National, The American Exchange National bank, the National Bank of Commerce, the Detroit Stove Works, and the Union Trust Company. Upon the entrance of the United States in the World War on April 19, 1917, Mr. Warren offered his services and was commissioned a major in the Reserve Corps. He was the first reserve officer of this corps to be called to active service. In February, 1918, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and to the rank of colonel in the following July. He served as chief of staff under Major-General Enoch H. Crowder, who was provost marshal general during the recruiting of the national army and levying of the draft. In that capacity Mr. Warren was called upon to interpret the government regulations and the selective service law, and so well did he acquit himself that he was awarded the distinguished service medal. Of equal value was the report of his chief, Gen. Crowder, which DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 621 follows: "Colonel Warren entered military service as a major in the Reserve Corps, Judge Advocate General's department on April 27, 1917, but he was regularly commissioned on May 3, 1917; promoted to Lieutenant Colonel on February 13, 1918; promoted to Colonel on July 19, 1918; assigned to the Provost Marshal General's Department, April 27, 1917 to November 31, 1918, being the only officer on continuous duty in this office from its organization. He has rendered the administration of the selective draft many notable services, the enumeration of which is not possible at this time. It is proper, however, to note his very signal service in the preparation of the first regulations under the Selective Service law. It was a lawyer's task to interpret, in the form of regulations, the large delegation of authority to the President of that law and he brought to the task ability of the highest order, and especially a sane judgment which was of the greatest value in adapting the execution of the law to the legal sense of our people. From December 1, 1918 to February 3, 1919, assigned to special service abroad under orders of the Chief of Staff, dated November 20, 1918, and special orders of the Provost Marshal General, dated November 22, 1918. With the consent of the Provost Marshal General and upon request of the American Mission to negotiate peace, to the Secretary of War, dated January 7, 1919, reported to American mission in Paris and served for a short time as legal advisor. While in France, investigated compulsory Military System of France and upon his return filed a report thereon, and also under the direction of the Provost Marshal General and at the request of the Department of State co-operated with the Ambassador of the United States in Paris concerning the exemption of American Nationals in France from compulsory military service under the laws of France. (Signed) E. H. Crowder, Major General-Provost Marshal General." Prior to the entrance of the United States into the War Mr. Warren was exceedingly active in the war charity work extended to the belligerents of Europe, receiving French, Belgian, and Serbian decorations for his part in this great humanitarian work. In June, 1921, he was appointed ambassador to Japan from the United States and took up his duties at Tokio in the following September. Having completed a satisfactory adjustment of the vexed questions at issue he resigned his post and returned home. Mr. Warren had succeeded in a very important diplomatic mission which developed out of the Washington Conference for a reduction of the naval armament in a pact which was to be carried out through a pact between the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy, and Japan. The people of Japan were divided by a general misunderstanding because a considerable portion of them regarded the disarmament proposal as a cunning device for weakening their power as a nation. An anti-American movement developed in Tokio and even the ministers of the imperial cabinet were divided. Mr. Warren's mission was to explain the purposes of the disarmament pact and he did this so convincingly that the entire Japanese cabinet resigned. A new 622 DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY cabinet was formed under Admiral Kato, as prime minister, who was pledged to the execution of the Washington agreement and as a result Japan entered the pact. His special mission accomplished, Mr. Warren resigned and returned home because he did not care to continue on in the routine of ambassadorial work. For several years Mexico had been a storm center of revolution and disorder. Several attempts had been made to embroil the government of the United States and force an intervention. The personal safety and property rights of American residents in Mexico had been rendered insecure and the two governments had become involved in a complex of misunderstanding. Mr. Warren was sent to Mexico as a special envoy of the United States to bring about a better understanding and so well did he succeed that he was made ambassador but, having effected the purpose for which he had been sent to Mexico, he again resigned and returned home. These two ambassadorial missions were tasks calling for unusual qualities of tact and wisdom. Mr. Warren was chosen in 1912 to represent the state of Michigan on the national committee of the Republican party and was at once elected a member of the executive committee and chairman of the sub-committee which revised the procedure of the party organization and the representation from the southern states for future national conventions. He served for eight years on that committee and then refused election for further service. He was nominated by President Coolidge for the position of attorney-general in his cabinet. At this time the Senate desired the appointment of Senator Charles L. McNary to that cabinet post, because he was the proponent and chief advocate of the McNaryHaughen bill for farm relief. President Coolidge was opposed to the measure and later, after its passage, he had the courage to veto it, regardless of its political consequences to himself. Because of this conflict of purposes the Senate refused to confirm the appointment of MTr. Warren and, later, President Coolidge named, as a compromise candidate John G. Sargent, of Vermont, and the appointment was confirmed by the Senate. At home in Detroit, during the first years of the World War Mr. Warren was president of the Detroit Board of Commerce in 1914 and 1915. In that office, he performed notable work in the promotion of the transformation and development of local industries to meet the unprecedented demand of the allied powers for American products. On December 2, 1902, Mr. Warren was married to Miss Helen Wetmore, daughter of the late Charles Wetmore of Detroit, and they are now the parents of four children: Wetmore, born November 17, 1903; Charles B., Jr., born July 4, 1906; Robert, born July 17, 1907, and John Buel, born May 4, 1914. Mr. Warren is a member of the Detroit club, the Country club of Detroit, the Yondotega club, University club, Detroit Athletic club, Grosse Pointe club, Bloomfield Hills Country club, Grosse Pointe Hunt club, Huron Mountain club, and the Chevy Chase and Metropolitan clubs of Washington, D. C., also the University club of New York city. In 1916, the University of Michigan conferred upon him the degree of mas DETROIT AND WAYNE COUNTY 623 ter of arts and Albion college conferred upon him the honorary degree of doctor of laws in 1924. Mr. Warren was the first ambassador of the United States to be appointed; from Michigan. Among his diplomatic predecessors from Michigan were Gen. Lewis Cass, minister to France under President Jackson; Thomas W. Palmer, minister to Spain, under President Harrison; G. V. N. Lothrop, minister to Russia under President Cleveland; and William E. Quinby, minister to the Netherlands under President Cleveland. 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