- ' CONTENTS - - A REVELATION OF THE FILIPIN-OS-... i '"LLUS.A.TED BY 130 PICTURES SHbtG. THE: TYPES OF PEOPLE, THEIR MANERWOF FEN AND $. INDUSTRIES, THEIR COUNTRY.-AND R-ESOURCES '.-.' Soe Lesso i Geography. By Edwad Atkison....,.. "The2:. -E,... -,.,.,;i. ' ' aoa '.- -,- * **:-'..... ';,e,y P idb the Natibionad ogra c Soiet,'., '.- - -Hubbard:-Memoi al 'il - ',. ' ''..- '....-W '. 'ash.gton, 1 - C. '., C.: -".:.'': '.. -.... — - -.: -,. ' n:. —N t?",. e-. S A, t -thePoteit N,. DtOi a i iE O;..E,77,z;r~Gap~h~ ~ dwr~tLl( [AJFi MA3L Eli:A1P@1Thnl I7 IASALiL-ij AN ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY, published by the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. All editorial communications should be addressed to the Editor of the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. Business communications should be addressed to the National Geographic Society. 25 CENTS A NUMBER; $2.50 A YEAR Editor: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR Associate Editors GENERAL A. W. GREELY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Chief Signal Officer, U. S. Army Washington, D. C. W J McGEE DAVID T. DAY Chief, Department of Anthropology Chief of the Division of Mineral and Ethnology, Louisiana Pur- Resources, U. S. Geological Survey chase Exposition C; HART MERRIAM AL:tFRED H. BROOKS Chief of the Biological Survey, U. S. U.. Geological Survey Department of Agriculture A:.TGELO HEILPRIN WILLIS L. MOORE Academy of Natural Sciences, PhilaChief of the Weather Bureau;. S. delphia Department of Agriculture R. D. SALISBURY O. H. TITTMANN ~ University of Chicago Superintendent of the U. S. C0asst and Geodetic Survey. K. GILBERT N U. S. Geological Survey O. P. AUSTIN Chief of the Bureau of Statisti'cs, Department of Commerce And ALEXANDBR McADIE Labor Professor of Meteorology, U. S. Weather Bureau, San Francisco DAVID G. PAIRCHILD Agricultural Explorer of the Depart. ALMON GUNNESON ment of Agriculture President St. Lawrence University Hubbard Memorial Hall, Washington, D. C. VOL. XVI, No. 4 WASHINGTON APRIL, I905 TIS li~JI111I"GE[__;-(G190GRATIMRC A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS THE SURPRISING AND EXCEEDIN(GLY GRATIFYIN(; CONDITION OF THMR I]I)-CATION, INTELI I(;ENCE, AND ABILITY REVEA.LED BY THE FIRST CENSUS O1 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, AND THE ULNEXPECTED M.AGNITUDE OF THEIR RESOURCES ANI) POSSIBILITY FOR DEVELOPIMENT T/ie /l//o.'Iig' articl/ is a u'inmma r o1/ l e r/iort of t/ie C (nss o/ f ' / ili/ppi/nc Isla ds J., i n,. / d M/.ssiirs n/ ir' (;iaJtiiit/ an,/ I licor ]I. 0()n/mstad,. issistanlt lDiictiors, li /cz is Plbl/isicd th/e ni/ted S'ta/s /Burezau o/ t/he (wluis -s 1/pri/l S'. 7/lz' ri-ort i ak Ju le /za /, haanisominc:z'ol/ais, comprisi'ng about,5ioo /pa pa'es aZ ld ol/tziilllninl, 2 S')( / illS'st tiS aiLd 9y miaps a)Zi co L oe/OI diag'ramZ s. It ';' vzs the/ mot /omp re/'/li'n' alnd ab/h descrz7iplion o/ the/ poi//c and,ciorap/l' ol' the '/s/ands t//iat hali ltc appearedi. _ t iortilzlznat/ly //i cdt'io/ln -,'as limiltea/d 'or lack oal fuiis tso / ooo /e o -'s, -h/iic/i re i i/ia s/'d eein e/bore -/pub/fifaioat. 7liazro zuh the cour/is' of' (;doira J. / ).S n.,Xcr, l)i'iclor, tle \z / 'alal ( jeogra/hi c./aga ine 5u/ii//she/'s teli pSrincipa/ rcsz/t/s t/ /he' (nsus, aid a/so a large nuizber J 'the ex ceeding/' / e'ait/(iul piz/Dii- s ''it//i ~ '/h '.i' / t/i report is il//lst/'a/ed. T HE details of the census of the Plhilippile Islands will undouLtedly surprise us all, for the report shows that the condition of the Filipinos is mtuch superior from every point of view, in education, almbition, capacity, and possessions, than has been gelnerally supposed. T'he census was taken in March, 1903, and is the first systematic collection of Filipino facts that has been mIade. As it was directed bv conservative men, there can be no question that the statements reported are correct. The work was under the general supervision of General J. P. Sanger. Director, and Messrs Hellrv Gannett and Victor H. Olintead, Assistant Directors, who iha(l made such a success of the American censuses of Cuba and Porto Rico. These three gentlemen. with the cooperation of Governor Taft, have perfor;ned anl achievemlent of which we may justly be proud. The word census in the Philippines was originally the synonvm of everything repulsive, for all that it meant to the natives was a basis for more taxation. Through the tactful diplomacy of General Sanger, however, the feeling of the Filipinos was completely changed, and all of them seem 140 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE to have joined in competition to see who could most help the work. But though eager to help, the Filipinos had to be trained for the work, and this required more tact and time. Then no accurate maps were to be had, so that, everything considered, the census was a most difficult undertaking, and its completion within the allotted two years reflects great credit on the Directors. The principal object of the census, as stated in the act of Congress, was to secure statistics of population and a general knowledge of social conditions as a basis for the establishment of a Philippine Legislature, which the law directs shall convene two years after the publication of the reports of the census. This Legislature is to consist of two housesthe Philippine Commission and the Philippine Assembly. CENSI' S WAS TAKEN BY FI,IPINOS The.provincial governors were appointed supervisors of the census, and under their direction the enumeration was taken. They had assembled in Manila several months before the task was begun and were there instructed as to their duties. In the execution of the field work and tile preliminary examination of the schedules 7.627 persons were engaged, and of this number I S1 were Americans, i Japanese, 6 Chinese, anl 7,502 Filipinos: —so that it may be said, in all sincerity, that it was a Filipino census of the Philippine Islands. Of the 7,502 natives employed 40 were women, who fully sustained the opinion of Archbishop Nozaleda that "the Filipino women are better than the men in every way." This was the first attempt on the part of any tropical people in modern times to make an enumeration of themselves. The margin of error in the number of civilized Filipinos, Chinese, and other foreigners, probably does not exceed a fraction of i per cent. It was feared *s - that quite a large number would try to avoid the enumeration; but except in a few instances there is no evidence of such an intention. On the contrary, several remote and obscure barrios or sitios which were not found in the original lists prepared by the supervisors, and which had been overlooked, apparently, sent runners to notify the census officials that they had not been enumerated. On account of the absence of welldefined boundaries between municipalities and barrios, some apprehension 3was felt as to a duplicate enumeration, but this was obviated by posting a printed notice of the enumeration on every house, boat, or other place occupied as a dwelling, which was not removed until the census was at an end. INDI)STRItES AWAITING DEVEIOPMENT Amoing the changes to be made will be, probably, the introduction of the American mutle and the substitution of American cattle for the Indian humped cattle. That cattle-raiing may become a profitable industry there is no questi6n, as there are large areas of grazing land suitable for cattle ranches, and horses, lnules, and cattle thrive in the climate of the Philippines. Statistics show that the great agricul-tural wealth of the country is in the cultivation of sugar, hemp, tobacco, and coffee. Tobacco of fine quality is raised in the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela. and when carefully handled and thoroughly cured makes excellent cigars and cigarettes. The poverty of the average tobacco-grower, however, compels him to dispose of his crop before it is ready for use, and this,together with the crude methods observed in handling it, has given to Manila cigars a bad reputation among tobacco connoisseurs. When the tobacco-growers are able to hold their crops long enough and to resort to careful and scientific methods in its cultivation and preparation, the best Manila I A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 1 4 1 cigars will compare favorably with the best Habana cigars. No estimate can be made at this time of the productiveness of the islands in hemp, inasmuch as it grows wild as well as under cultivation, and there are many acres of wild hemp which have never been touched; moreover, the methods employed in stripping hemp are of the crudest kind. This valuable crop and its full development merely await the influence of American invention and capital. As compared with the total area of the islands, the amount of land under cultivation is small, but it should be remembered that the islands of Mindoro, Paragua. and Mindanao,which are among the largest of the group, are very little cultivated. Again, the methods followed, including the implements in use, are most crude, and something better must be substituted before the yield will equal the production of intelligent American farmers. Rotation in the crops, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers are almost unknown, nature receiving but little aid from artificial means.* THE HEALTHFULNESS OF THE ISLANDS No better illustration of the salubrity and healthfulness of the climate of the Philippine Islands could be given than that afforded by the health report of the army, both in war and peace. This shows conclusively that, under the intelligent management of our medical staff and the care bestowed on the soldiers by their regimental and company officers, men who are in good health when they arrive in the Philippines, and who observe the health rules laid down for their guidance, are, on the whole, as nearly immune from disease as within the territory of the United States. The statistics of the Surgeon General of the Army show that for the calendar year * See "Progress in the Philippines," pp. II6- 18, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, March, I905. 1902 the number of soldiers constantly sick in the United States was 5.33 per cent of the command, and in 1903, 4.85 per cent; in the Philippines, for the same period, the percentage of constantly sick was 6.88 and 6.62, respectively, an average difference of 1.66 per cent. That long exposure to the climate is enervating there can be no doubt, but the effect is easily avoided by periodical changes to a colder climate. This has been conclusively proven by the old Scotch,' English, and other white residents of the islands, who, after a residence of over forty years, broken by such removals, enjoy excellent health. Formerly^-it was necessary to take a sea voyage in order to find relief, but with the completion of the electric railroad at Baguio, in the province of Benguet, this will no longer be needful, as.the climate at that altitude will affor"the requisite change. TEACHING THE PEOPI,E TO TAKE CARE OF THEIR HEALTH Nothing that has been done by the Insular government deserves more comniendation or reflects more credit on the administration than the measures taken to arrest and stamp out cholera, bubonic plague, and smallpox, to prevent the spread of leprosy, and to teach the natives how to guard against the dread diseases, tuberculosis, dysentery, and malarial fever. Only those acquainted with the native character and the insanitary conditions formerly prevailing everywhere, and particularly in Manila, can fully appreciate what has been done or that many years must pass before a majority of the native population will recognize the benefit of medical treatment and adopt sanitary rules. On the other hand, a large part of the population has already been benefited, and the experience thus gained is sure to be influential. A serious feature in the mortality 1 4.2 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE aninon- the natives is the large uleath rate amiong y oung children, and thi~s cani ha rdis he charged to the climate. As is wa ell known ai large proportion of Filipito 'avomnen are nnab~le to nnrse their children. As a resnlt, the children liegin to euatsolid food long before they can (ligest it, aid cholera infanttim or coitiilsions end their lives. It is not diffietilt to predict the resnlt when babies tlirce oir fonr mionths of age are g-iven rice, and even baaianas amii mnang-oes, as a regular iliet. A propagaiida aiiioiig the wvomieni laviiig" for its oliject their instruction inI the care of infants, is iiecessarv, aitu it is understood has been attempted, buit as yet has iiot becoiie general. As to the oilier data, t~le conispicnoiis facts are the eiitire absetice of hiospitals except iii a few large cities, the existciuce of bit twelve pubillic libraries with 4.(1) i voliiiies: the great prep~oiideraince of cborchies, the smnall ntimber of niewspaes and the coiiiparatively small iiimber of paupers antI criminals. Labor and wvages are bnrning quieq-2 tbits,, amd a g-reat deal hi,~s been said and writteii to denionstrate the lazy, habits of the Filipinos and the sworthless cliaracter of their iniannnal labor.- These stricttires tiisti illy begiii ainil end with unfavorable coiipasrisoiis betwecit Filipinlos and Chinese, Aiiiricaiis, or oilier foreiglit hopuptlations. There are two sdsto this verv interesting auth important quiestinn, -td through the efforts of Governor Ti ft, the Philippine Coimntission, and the arnti it has beenti made perfectly platin to unprejudiced persons that the Filipino hias greater intelligence and Capacity thiani lie has beeni given cretlit for. What the Filipinos iieed in order to demonstrate their capacity as laborers is a fair opportnnity tinder reasonable coniditions, not as rivals of the Chinese or other people, bitt of each othier, as is the r~ide in theU Uniteth States,wliere, f China mnen were permitted to enter unrestrictedly into competition with American labor. the value of wages would soon redIitee the average American laborer to a.state of poverty. If Americanilabor carntiot coitpete stICCeSSftilV With Clline.Se labor, it shonlel not be expected of Filipiiio labor, and the Filipino should not lie jIIndgeil by suIch aI stanihard. The socalleil aversion of the Filipino to labor is tnot believed to he so entirely natnral aiiol Iinstinctive as it is the restult of causes to sshichu veryr little reference is nsniallv made. This habits of ceitetries, although artificially acqutired, niay well lie mistaketi ini any people for itatoral traits. TI'itus. the abuse of the Filipinos throughoit the first two hundred v-ears of their experieiice with the early colonists, the ass 1iduous anhl ceaseless efforts of their teachers to humble their pride, stifle their aitbitiot, anth ittpress eupoii them the dominitanti race, and the titter hopeIless;n es s ot~ aiiy kinid of egnality wxith thieti have ito donbt hiad their effect III catisitig itidifference,_ shiftlessness, and recklessness. It iiiav be said that the Filipinos art-. genierallv subordinate to lawfnil authoritvy that, titder conipetent offlulers, thexmIIake excellent soldiers, and will in the course of titite, it is believed, itake good citizens InI fact, it is tnot too mluchi to expect that, tinder this gutiehaice of a free, jast, and generocus gos-ernment, the establishmiietit of more rapid and freeuieiit titeatis of conmitniulatioti, wvherebv they cait be bronghit into more frequetiei conltact with each oilier a-nd with the genieral spreadl of edncation, this tribal distinctuons sshich nosw exist wsill gradually disappear aiid the Filipiiio.~will becoite a nutteroets atid homogeneous Englishspeaking race, exceeding iii intelligence atid capacity all other people of the tropics. DOitCKING; 11t1'ROVENIFiNTS AT MANIL.A The tiecessity for railroads connecting the rich agricohitiral regions with A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 143 the principal seaports is strongly emphasized by the great lack of docks and wharves throughout the islands. But few ports have (locks at which an interisland steamer can unload, and consequently every pound of freight and all passengers must be landed in small boats. One of the great drawbacks to the commerce of the Philippines has been the lack of dock facilities in the harbor of Manila for ocean going ships. As a result, all vessels exceeding 15 feet draft must be lightered while lying at anchor some distance from the wharves and at considerable expense, more especially during the prevalence of the rainy season, when frequent typhoons inter~rupt the work of loading and unloading. This great obstacle to commerce will soon disappear, however, through the foresight of the Philippine Commission in making ample appropriations for the improvement of the Pasig River and the construction of an artificial harbor south of and adjoining the entrance to the river, with wharves capable of receiving and discharging at all seasons the largest sea-going vessels. These improvements, which are to be completed by June 30, I905, at a cost of about $4,000,000, will make Manila one of the great ports of the orient. Direct trade with the United States will then be the rule and not, as in the past, the exception. Manila will become a great mercantile depot and point of distribution of American and foreign merchandise of all kinds, destined for either the Philippines, China, or other points. The development of the abundant coal deposits in the Philippines, with the harbor improvements above referred to, will make Manila the chief coaling port in the East, surpassing Nagasaki in this respect, for the coal is of a quality equal to that of Japan and the coaling facilities of Manila will be much superior to those of the Japanese city. The commercial importance of Manila will be come still more apparent when the Panama Canal is completed. USE OF LIQUOR AND TOBACCO The value of manufactured tobacco far exceeds any other industrial product, liquors and other beverages come next, and the two combined make 38.5 per cent of the value of all manufactured products. It should not be inferred from this that the Filipinos use these articles in excess, or that intemperance prevails, for, while nearly the entire population use liquor and tobacco in some form, they do so in great moderation. That the state of manufactures in the Philippines is what it is should occasion no surprise when we review the colonial system of government which generally prevailed for so many centuries. Under this system the Filipinos received but little enzouragement to engage in industrial pursuits, and manufactures were not developed. The capital invested in manufactures exceeds $20,000,000. IMPROVEMENTS IN THE LAW COURTS Many important and salutary changes have been made by the Insular government. Stenographers and typewriters have been substituted for longhand writers in the courts. The Spanish colonial judiciary as it existed in the Philippines at the time of American occupation has been transformed into a system under which, says Chief Justice C. S. Arellano in the chapter on ' The Judiciary," ' we have a more simple code of civil and criminal procedure, following American methods, and an avoidance of the great delays which previously existed in the disposal of cases and criminals. In fact, delay is now more a question of a sufficient number of judges than, as formerly, of voluminous and abstruse forms and of petty interlocutory appeals or other means of obstructing and arresting the course of justice." 144 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE The successive steps taken in changing the judicial system are of great interest, and illustrate in a conspicuous manner the adaptability of American legal institutions to the greatest of our new possessions. Until January i,. 9o6, Spanish will be the official language of all the courts, and after that English; meanwhile the supreme court and courts of first instance may in any case order a duplicate record of a case in the English language whenever, in the opinion of the court, the public convenience and the interest of the litigant parties will be promoted thereby. This is a fortunate settlement of a difficult question, and is equally fair to the English and Spanish speaking lawyers, besides preventing the resentment which would have followed had English been forcibly imposed on the people by operation of law. iEXPLORATION IS IN PROGRESS,,.ultlhough Spain had jurisdiction over these islands for more than three centuries, little topographic information had been acquired regarding them, except such as was of a very general character. The coasts were badly mapped and in m any places are now, known to have been miles out of position. The coast charts, made from Spanish surveys, are so inaccurate as to be, on the whole, worse than useless to mariners, while of the interior of the larger islands little was known except what could be seen from the sea. Many maps of the archi'pelago have been published embodying the knowledge which had been acquired both during the days of the Spanish jurisdiction and in more recent times,but they are all very much of the same character. Since American occupation much exploration and surveying have been done. Wherever military operations have extended, surveys have been made and maps prepared. In this way there have been produced maps covering a large part of Luzon, including the entire cen tral portion of that island. Maps have been made of several of the Visayan Islands. The operations against the Malanao Moros have resulted in a map of Lake Lanao and its surroundings in Mindanao. The island of Jolo has been mapped. V The great work of charting the coasts and harbors of the Philippines was commenced three years ago by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey,working in cooperation with the Philippine government, and progress is being made in the preparation of accurate and trustworthy charts of these dangerous coasts. THtE IS,.LANDS ARE OF VOLCANIC ORIGIN The entire archipelago is mountainous or hilly. In the islands of Luzon, Negros. and Mindanao are broad plains and level valleys, but in general there is comparatively little level land. Tropic vegetation e-xtends high up on the slopes and covers the lesser mountains and hills. Thus the ruggedness of a mountain region is softened into rounded outlines. The mountain scenery is everywhere beautiful, but rarely appeals to the eye with the element of grandeur. The archipelago is, for the most part, of volcanic origin. It contains twelve volcanoes which have been in eruption within historic times, and scores which are extinct or quiescent. Most of the surface of the islands is floored with volcanic rocks and ash. In northern Luzon there are, however, large areas underlain by metamorphic rocks, granites, schists, and the like; and several islands, notably Cebu and Bohol, are covered with a veneer of coral limestone. The occurrence of these coral limestones of very recent disposition, at various places in the archipelago and at great altitudes, as in Benguet province.at a height above sea of 5,000 feet, shows that great oscillations of level have occurred at times geologically very recent. Of these oscillations there are other abundant evidences in the existence of A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS lakes and marshes, waterfalls, and elevated beach lines, showing that the whole archipelago is in a condition of unrest.. THE COASTLINE IS GREATER THAN THAT OF THE UNITED STATES The coasts of the archipelago are forthe most part intricate; -how intricate may be realized from the statement that these islands, with an area of about 15,000 square miles, have a coast line more fhan double the length of that of the main body of the United States. They are in part the result of volcanic action and in part the work of coral animals. Vulcanism has brought up the land from great depths in the form of thousands of large and small islands, fringed with coral reefs, some of which have been brought to the surface, while others lie immediately below it. With such a broken coast, harbors of one sort or another are numerous. Most of them are of sufficient depth to admit large vessels, but are so difficult and dangerous of entrance, owing to the reefs which obstruct them and to the absence of lights, channel buoys, range stakes, and accurate charts, as to be of little value except to those who know them well. Owing to the alternating character of the winds which prevail throughout most of the archipalago, the northeast -trade wind from October to June and the southwest wind during the rest of the year, many, if not most, of the harbors furnish shelter during only a part of the year. All the principal islands andl groups of islands have harbors for the largest vessels in all kinds of weather at all seasons, except the island of Bohol, which has no harbors, and there are many harbors which are safe only according to the season of the year. THE EQUATORIAL CURRENT, TIDES, AND RIVERS The dominating feature of the currents in the islands is the great equa torial current, which, sweeping across the Pacific from east to west in a broad belt, divides east of these islands. The northern portion, which farther north is known as the Japan current, sends numerous streams through the passages among the islands, thus forming a complicated system of currents almost impossible of description. The system is still further complicated by surface drifts, set in motion by the southwest wind in the summer and fall, making currents in various directions among the islands at different times of the year. Tides in the archipelago are exceedingly irregular, differing greatly in ditferent places, owing to the directions in which tidal waves move, and differing also greatly at different times o 'the month. For details regarding the - erence should be made to the sa rections prepared by the United - Coast and Geodetic Survey. There are few rivers in the Philippine Islands, the Cagayan of northern Luzon, the Rio Grande de MIindanao, anl the Augusan of Mindanao being othe only three which can be classed as large streams. These, which are in approximately the same class, have a length exceeding 200 miles, and owning to the abundance of precipitation carry large volumes of water even during the low stage. The Pampanga River of central Luzon is nearly as large, and this is followed in magnitude by the Ango of central Luzon and the A rbra in the northern part of thesame island. Probably there are no other streams in the islands-which exceed ioO miles in length. 3,141 ISLANDS Mr G. R. Putnam, in charge of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the Philippine Islands, at the instance of the Director of the Census, made a count and measurement of all the islands and islets comprised in this archipelago, including everything, however small, which at high-tide appeared as a separate island. The total number 146 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE thus enumerated by him was 3,141, and are listed in tables; of these 1,66S were listed by n ame, while 1,473 are, so far as known, without names. The number found is nearly twice as great as heretofore known; as more accurate charts of the archipelago are made, it is believed the number will be increased. AREA F0 THE ISLANDS The total area of the islands i I 15,026 square miles. There are two islands with areas exceeding Io,ooo square miles each, namely, Luzon with 40,969 and Mindanao with 36,292. There are 9 islands each of which has an area of more than r,ooo square miles and less than Io,ooo.. There are 20 between Ioo and,00oo square miles, 73 between o1 and Ioo square miles. and 262 between I and io square miles. The remaining number, 2,775, or seven-eighths of all, have areas less than a square mile each. VERY FEW MIAMIMATIA The fauna most closely resembles that of the neighboring Malayan Islands, but at the same time shows certain remarkable differences from them. Thus there are' very few nimalmalia in comparison with the number in Borneo and Java. Thtre are but two species of monkeys, but three representatives of the carnivora, and of the deer tribe but six species.. Small rodents are very scarce except in the large seaports, while, on the other hand, there are at least 30 species of bats. There are no large mammalia except the carabao, a few of which are still found wild, and the timarau or antelope buffalo of Mindoro. Altogether there are but 23 species of terrestrial nmailmals known on the islands. Not only does the fauna of the Philippine Islands differ in certain marked respects from that of the adjacent islands of the East India archipelago, but the' different islands of the Philippines differ among themselves in their fauna. The timarau is found only in Mlindoro, por cupines are found only in Paragua and in the Calamianes Islands, and there are numerous species of animals which have been found only in certain parts of the archipelago, -GRE'AT VARIETY OF BIRDS Such peculiarities of distribution of land animals may be explained easily, but it is not so easy to explain similar facts concerning the distribution of birds. Paragua and the Calamianes Islands possess -several species which are not found elsewhere in the archipelago, but which are similar to species found in Borneo. Of the 286 species of birds found in Luzon 5 1 at least are not known to occur outside of that island. The avifauna of Samar and Leyte contains 22 species not found elsewhere, and similarly in Mindanao and Basilan are found 7 species peculiar to those islands. One of the most striking cases, however, is that of Cebu, which, although a near neighbor to Negros on one side and Bohol on the other, contains 9 species of birds not found elsewhere. The total number of species of land birds known is a little over 300, a larger number than in Java; of these many are game birds, such as snipe, plover, quail, duck, and geese. In spite of this richness of species there are many important genera found in the other Malay Islands which are not represented here, while on the other hand more than two-thirds of the Philippine species are peculiar to that group of islands. These facts strongly emphasize the isolation of the archipelago. THE FORESTS The forests of the archipelago are of wide extent and embrace a great variety of woods, many of them highly valuable. Woods suitable for the finest cabinetwork, for veneering, and for artistic purposes, and also woods adapted to ship or house building and other economic uses, are found in great abundance. There A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 147 are. also many gutta-percha, India-rubber, and other gum-producing trees, dye and medicinal woods and plants, and other forest growths, most of which are mentioned in connection with the subject of agriculture. The enormous extent and wide range of usefulness of Philippine forest products will render them, under the careful management and conservation provided for by law, second only to agricultural products as a source of insular wealth and prosperity. The number of different kinds of trees is not known, but the report of the chief of the Philippine Forestry Bureau for I902 shows that 747 species of wood were brought to the market during the year ending June 30, I902. The number of useful woods is undoubtedly larger than the number marketed, and in addition the forests contain many trees the woods of which are not used for domestic or economic purposes. Summarizing the information at hand, it appears that approximately 70 per cent of the area of the archipelago. or 80,000 square miles, is forested. The forested area was estimated by Fernando Castro in I890 at about 48, 1 2,920 acres, or 75,150 square miles. This estimate includes all the woodland, public and private, and amounts to 66 per cent of the total area. An official estimate made in 1876 gave an area of about 80,0oo square miles. WEALTH OF TIMBER Little is known concerning the stand of timber per acre. The Forestry Bureau has made careful examinations at several places in the islands and has measured sample acres containing more than Io,ooo cubic feet, or Ioo,ooo board feet, per acre, and it reports large areas of virgin forest, of ivhich the average stand is 7,000 cubic feet per acre. It is probable, however, that this is much above the average of the wooded area of the islands; still enough is known to hazard the conjecture that the average stand of timber in the. islands may exceed 2,oco cubic feet per acre. If this estimate of average stand is not excessive, the amount of timber in the archipelago is in the neighborhood of,ooo,ooo nmillion feet B. M., or more than double the amount in the States of Oregon and Washington together. The stumpage value of the above timber to the government, at a:n average of three cents gold per cubic foot, is not far from three billion dollars, and it is easy to foresee that when the lumber industry reaches any considerable magnitude the receipts from it will form no inconsiderable part of the income of the government. The- islands are well supplied with streams having sufficient volure of water for floating logs. Most of these can be made good driving streams by a little work in the way of:removing snags and sand bars. It must be remembered, however, that most of the timber in the Philippines is too heavy to float, and that the logs must be buoyed by bamboo poles. It may be discovered, when logging operations on a large scale are instituted, that logging railways will be more economical than driving the logs in the streams. Logging is carried on at present on a small scale and with very primitive appliances. The logs are dragged out of the woods by carabaos to the railroad or to the streams, down which they are floated by the aid of the bamboo. EXCELLENT COAL IN ABUNDANCE Unless all indications are deceptive, the mineral wealth of the Philippine Islands is very great. rCoal, of Tertiary age, of widely differing qualities, from lignite so soft and impure as to be practically worthless up to that equal in steam capacity to the best Japanese coal, is found scattered widely over the archipelago. Indeed, there are few provinces in which it has not been found. Many of the prospects which on the sur 148 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE face appear almost worthless, owing to weathering, may, with depth, develop into a better quality. Gold also is very widely distributed, but thus far the veins and placrs are poor and cannot be worked at a profit under present conditioni of transportation and labor. Valuable deposits of copper and iron have been discovered, and in years past have been worked to a limited extent. Indications of asphaltum and petroleum have also been discovered, yet the mineral production of the islands was in 1903 practically nothing. Coal is now being mined on Batan Island by the United States, which has leased a tract of coal land, for the supply of the army transports. Analyses show that it equals the best Japanese coal. Some is also mined by private parties. It is altogether probable that in the near future the Philippine Islands will produce not only enough coal for their own supply, but may furnish coal for a large part of the commerce of the Pacific-a fact of prime importance in determining the course of that commerce. Gold has been mined for centuries by the Igorots in Lepanto-Bontoc and Benguet, both from veins and placers. The total output has been small, as both classes of deposit are of low grade, but the Igorot is contented with low wages, especially if he is working for himself. Since American occupation this mountain range has been prospected by Americans and several hundred claims have been located. Little work has been done on them, and it is not believed that an\\deposits likely to prove profitable /un{ r present conditions of labor and ptr ortation have been discovered. PPARENTLY THE ISL.ANDS HAVE ENOUGH GOOD IRON ORES TO BUILD UP EXTENSIVE MANUFACTORIES The deposit of iron ore in Angat and neighboring parts of Bulacan province appears to be extensive and rich. The ore is hematite and magnetite, principally the latter, and runs from 50 per cent to 63 per cent of metallic iron. The deposits extend over a belt 40 miles in length, varying greatly in breadth, lying on the west slope of the range which forms the eastern portion of the province. The ore was mined to a small extent during the Spanish domination, but without financial success. Little prospecting of the deposits in place has been made, the ore having been taken mainly from boulders on the surface. It was smelted with charcoal in small, crude blast furnaces. This property has been examined and reported on by the mining bureau of the Insular government, and it appears probable that it may be made of great value to the archipelago, not only rendering it independent of the rest of the world in matter of pig iron, but it may build up extensive manufactories of iron and steel in these islands. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS The most important commercial product of the islands is abaca, or Manila hemp. This is indigenous to all provinces, but the fiber is unlike the hemp of other tropical countries, and is found only in the Philippine Islands. The value of the exportations of this product exceeded nineteen millions,of dollars in I902, or was two-thirds of the value of all exports. Nearly all of this material is shipped in the raw state to Europe and America for manufacture into cordage. Although a large area was devoted to the cultivation of hemp, much of the product that was exported was gathered wild. The exportation of the dried kernel of the cocoanut, known as copra, is steadily increasing, and promises to become of great commercial importance. The value of the exports of copra and cocoanutsfor I902 was$2,701,783. The cocoanut palm flourishes luxuriously in A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 149 the Philippines, and when its products are systematically harvested it is a source of unfailing revenue and prcfit, supplying several by-products of commercial value. The demand for rice throughout the archipelago far exceeds the domestic supply, and it will probably be necessary to continue to import it indefinitely, as the cultivation of hemp and other products is much more profitable. It is probable that the cultivation of cacao, from which the chocolate is derived, is likely to greatly increase and become one of the principal producing products of the islands, as the cacao of the Philippine Islands is superior to that grown anywhere else in the world. THE POPULATION The total population of the Philippine archipelago on March 2, I903, was 7,635,426. Of this number 6,987,686 enjoyed a considerable degree of civilization, while the remainder, 647,740, consisted of wild people. There were 14,271 white, 8,I35 being Americans and 42,097 yellow, of whom 92I were Japanese and 41,035 Chinese. Of the eight civilized tribes the largest is that of the Visayans, who occupy most of the Islands lying between Luzon and Mindanao, and form nearly one-half of the entire civilized population. Tagalogs occupy the provinces in the vicinity of Manila. They rank second, with a little more than one-fifth of the civilized people, and the Ilocanos rank third, with approximately one-eighth. The civilized people, with the exception of those of foreign birth, were practically all adherents of the Catholic church, while of the peoples here classified as wild a large proportion, probably more than two-fifths, were Mohammedans in religion and were well known in the islands as Moros. The remaining three-fifths belonged to various tribes, differing from one another in degrees of barbarism. With the exception of the Negritos and the people of foreign birth, all the inhabitants of these islands are believed to be Malays. The people of the Malay race constitute most of the inhabitants of the Malay peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, CeF ebes, and other associated islands, together with the Philippines. The total number of Malays is somewhere in the neighborhood of 4o,ooo,oco, of which over 2%o000,000, or three-fourths, are found in Java, most of the remainder being in the Philippine Islands. INCREASE IN POPULATION RAPID At the beginning of the century Java had a little more than double the population of the Philippine archipelago. At the end of the century it had four times as many people. The cause of this is not easy to determine So far as known, the people of Java have been quite as subject to epidemics and diseases as the people of the Philippines, and there is no apparent reason for the more rapid growth. The average annual rate of increase of the Philippines in the last half century has exceeded that of all the countries of the world, with the exception of the United States, Russia,-and Japan, and has equaled that of Denmark. It was nearly three times as large as that of British India and Spain, nearly six times as large as that of France, and yet it was less than halt as great as that of the United States. SURPRISING ABILITY TO READ AND WRITE Literacy among the people of the Philippines means the ability to read and write in any language-English, Spanish, or a Malay tongue. Since, in all probability, less than io per cent of the people of the islands can speak Spanish or English, the fact is unquestionable that the majority of the people reported as literate can read and write only the native tongues. This is a result of the 150 THE NATIOnAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE polic- of the friars, who, from motives of their own, discouraged the learning of Spanish- by the natives in order that thet' mlitghlt act as intermediaries between tlhl people and the civil authorities', and thus retain their influence over their chbges. A little less than one-third of the Filipino Imales of voting age are able to read and write. There were I, 6,9 25 males who were able to read,constitutinl 47 per cent of all miales to years of age and over. In other words. nearly one-half of the males could read. The number of females al)le to read was I,049,509, or 42 per cent of all the females io years of-age and over, a proportion considerably less than of males. Of all those who could read, nmales constituted 5. 5 percent and females 47.5 per cent. The nulmber of males who could both read and write was 73,564, or 29.8 per celnt of the male population io years of age and over. The iniumber of feniales who could both read and write was only a little inore than- one third as great, },)ilg 26-,0.24, or only 10.7 per cent of the females io years of ageand over. Fromn the above it appears that, while nearly two-thirds of the mIales who were taught to read were taught to write, only abotut one-foutrth- of the females rteceived an equal degree of education. Far less attention evidently has been paid to the education of women in the Philippines than to that of men. Inl the 1.liited States, Cuba, and Porto Rico literacy, b)y3 which is meant the ability to both read and write, was somewhat lower amloncg feimales than among mlalesthat is, a slightly larger proportion of those who were taught to read were also taugrht to write anmong malesthan among fellmales-but the proportion there was only a fraction'of that which prevailed inl the Philippines. The number of males reported as havincg received superior education was 59.o020o, or 2.4 per cent of those io years of age and osver, and of the feminales 17,607, or seve-l-tenths of I per cent. Elucation aimong males was thus nearlv three and a half times as great as among females. The most literate tribe of the provinlces is the Pampangan, 48.4 per cent of whose males of voting age were able to read and write. Next to the Pampangans are the Tagalogs, with 43. r per cent, while the lowest are the Visasans, with onlyv 32.2 per cent. Measured by the proportion having superior education, the Tagalogs are easily first, followed by the Palgasinanes and Zambalans, vwhile the Visavaus are still at the foot of the column. TIHE F I,II'PINO IS AMBIBITIOUS TO IEARN According to Hon. WV. H. Taft, Secretary of W'ar and formerly Governor of the Philippine Islands, the " go per cent of the Christian Filipinos wxho do not speak Spanish are really Christians. They are capable of education, and they have no caste or arbitrary customs which prevent their development along the lines of Christian civilization. Theare imerely in a state of Christian pupilage; they are imitative; they are glad to bh educated, glad to study some language other than their ownl, and glad to follow European and American ideals. They differ utterly in these respects from the East Indiars, from the Malays of Java, and the Malays of the Straits Settlements, and thus nmake our problemn different from and vastly easier than that of England and Holland." EDII'CATION IN TIHE PHILIPPINES At the date of the census-tllere were 2,962 schools in the archipelago, an average of three for each municipality. Of these, 55 per cent were public, about 33 per cent were private, and the remainder were under the control of the Roman Catholic Church. Of the total enrollmient 6 per cent were reported for the primary schools. Thlere are but two institutions devoted to higher education. A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 151 Five per cent of the civilized population of the Philippine Islands are enrolled in the schools. This proportion is only a little over one-fourth of that for the United States, but it represents practically a two years' growth, as the school system may be said to have commenced with American occupation. One-sixth of all children of school age are enrolled, and three-fourths of that number are in the public schools. The attendance is 62.5 per cent of the enrollment as compared with 70 per cent in the United States. Boys constitute three-fifths of the pupils in the Philippines, while in the United States the schools are almost equally divided as to sex. Six thousand teachers are employed, four-fifths of whom are Filipinos receiving an average annual salary of $I25.02. The average public-school teacher has charge of 73 pupils, while in the United States the number is 36. Of the 3,46r school buildings, the majority of which are public, approximately one-third are built of durable materials. There is great need of additional school facilities and better buildings and equipment, and there is a general demand for an increase in the number of American teachers. THE USE OF ENGLISH IN THE SCHOOLS Although the study of English has met with some opposition, this opposition is diminishing. Eleven per cent of the pupils throughout the archipelago are reported as understanding the language, and this may be regarded as very satisfactory progress for the short space of two years. In Manila there are 2r night schools, with an -enrollment of more than 4,000 adults, who are engaged in acquiring the English language. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, about $I,5oo,ooo were expended for educational purposes.* * See " Educating the Filipinos." NATIONAL GIOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, January, I905, pp. 46-49 I)ENSITY OF POPULATION The density of population of the islands, as a whole, was 67 per square mile; that of Java was not less than 553, or more than eight times as great; that of the main body of the United States was 26, and that of the State of Indiana, which most nearly approached that of the Philippines, was 70 per square mile. The most densely populated of the provinces, Ilocos Sur (on the-west central coast of Luzon), had 398 inhabitants to a square mile. This was slightly exceeded by Rhode Island among the States, with 407, but in turn it exceeded Massachusetts, the second most densely populated, which had 349. Near this state in density were Cebtr, with 337, and Pangasinan, with 334, to a square mile. These three were the only provinces with more than 300 inhabitants to a square mile. Luzon is the largest island, with an area of more than 35 per cent of the whole archipelago and a population almost exactly one-half that of all. Mindanao, the second in rank, has an area of 31 per cent of that of the archipelago, while its population was only 7 per cent. These two islands together contain twothirds of the area and 56 per cent of all the people. As a rule, the density increases as the size of the island diminishes. This is due to the fact that the population in large part is a seaboard population, no less than 65 per cent of it living in municipalities bordering on the coast. Perhaps a fairer measure of the density of the population throughout a large part of the archipelago- at least would be to divide the population by the length of the coast line. Nearly two-thirds of the Christian population, 65 per cent, live on or near the seacoast, and 35 per cent live inland. THE PEOPLE LIVE IN VILLAGES There are in the Philippine Islands about 13,400 barrios, which may be re 52 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE garded as the equivalent of villages. The average size of a barrio or village in the Philippine Islands is 500 people. CHARACTER 01 THE HOUSES The streets, as a rule, are not paved, and the roads generally are in poor conditioni, especially in the rainy season. For potable water, except in Manila, reliance is placed on wells and cisterns, and very little attention has ever been paid to sanitation. The houses of people of means are built of stone, brick,'or wood, and their homes are provided with all available comforts. But it is safe to say that nine-tenths of the houses in the I'hilippines are built of bamboo, thatched with nipa, cogon, or other grasses, and are admirably adapted to the clinate and to the condition of the occupants. Owing to their long subjugation to friar and civil power, all parts of the islands have received a similar grade of culture. A town in the Cagayan Valley presents the same style of architecture, the same_surrounding barrios, has the same kind of stores and sinilarly dressed people as a Christian nunicipality on the Island of Mindanao. In spite, however, of these facts the population has remained separated into practically the original tribes or groups, each speaking a different idiom and feeling strongly its separateness from the other. TIlE TRIBES DO NOT MIX WITI EACH OTHER An examination of the nap showing the distribution of the tribes or people's of the Philippine Islands shows that, generally speaking, the various tribes have kept very closely to themselves. To show how closely, it may be said that, after eliminating from consideration the municipalities in the provinces of Benguet and Lepa-to-Bontoc and those of the comandancias, in I79 municipalities eve4ry male 2 I years and over was of one Christian tribe, while 94 towns contained only one person different from the prevailing tribe. In 620 municipalities, or nearly two-thirds of all, at least 99 per cent of the men were of one tribe, and in 820 at least go per cent were of one tribe. There is one tribe, and one only, which seems to possess a migratory, colonizing disposition; that is the Ilocano, and even they, whenever they have invaded the territory of other tribes, have mixed with them very little, forming villages by themselves. THE AVERAGE AGE OF THE FILIPINO Of the total native population of 6,93I,54S, 3,443,816 were males and 3,487,732 were females, the proportions between the sexes being 49.7 per cent males and 50.3 per cent females. The average age of the people of the Philippine Islands is 23.9 years. This is 2.4 years less than the average age of the people of the United States, which is 26.3 years, and is greater than that of the negroes in the United States, 23.2 years. The average age of the brown people in the Philippines was 23.8 years, a trifle less than that of the total population. The average age of the Chinese was 33.4 years, much less than that of the same people in the United States, which was 40 years. The average age of the white people in the Philippines was 30.3 years. THE FILIPINO FAMILY Although the Filipino families have been diminished in size by insurrections and cholera, the average family consists of 4.7 persons, and this is still about equal to that of the United States. The largest families are found among the Cagayan and Visayan tribes, and the snallest among the Ilocanos. About one-sixth of thp population is comprised in families"of 5 members. Families of 8, 9, and to persons form in each case a smaller proportion of the population than do families of similar size in the United States, Porto Rico, and Cuba; I I I I I - IE1II 1 / IV V I P CP 4.i.J r.' o.Irrnce ) I' oo NorF.mN Itrr r.' I I 1 F I I. P 111rrrrr of0.r1 r4 'A' II Prrrrr Irrrrrrr f Ai rar (I Io,% 1I II, "yI \. I % I, I I I I \ IA,, N, I,, A L " AII I;A,I, I I I N " I I:I.1. 11 I, )I I " I A H:I d. I,, -A I )! 0 ~i - '' I~ __ I I 1 r- -w- l - I j, J, a - * L I I q vf -,1 i.<,..'. I-V 1UPI It N I- It R A %I- AN I- I'll Es I I"t \II,. 111:,.%I\, I I I I it I A., IA,% I-j, I. ~re. ar5 c i -. ~'~ a r. I r r~;" 4,.c~' - V,-f::r~ r 'v r 4 -. "~ isiiSLli :r -~: JBgALTI; I' eu -------— r;~rz1711r: fi~ ~~IL?L. ~~gJs- IQi9FB t,, irt 3 p;i-~ c, B;h POO I- 1.1 9 1- I1 -.0 - Zlzi \ I I fir V, * I! - I * fFIR~ c -e "i..1r. srREE11 3 AIW\gi I. I\ I - - r I I 'It" W —, VT w" -o r ],. (. i N.t.NJI t A t ( I.1',[ -. ]{I.%tl' V 'I(l I.. " Il~(J~ 'I,1' 'it) T"lIN. I I N IN' 1.' ', I )''I]N, ]~ 1 I II. I'I,",, ' I I I I A \I I.,,-\i ]t Ni],~ %,'I'l I,'-I.]-.]). i aI- 1 3 I,,% I N, '- ~. 1~ ~ A I,. Ii,;., t. _ IE Iw 'S-.,\ i I I I 1. 5. COLLECTION OF DEAN C. WORCESTER. 1. MAG(;INDANAO IMO)KO-WIFE OF CHIEF ALI. 2. IM)KO() WOMEN OF t PPER ('C.L.A. ZAIMBANGA. 3. I)ATO AND BRID)E. 4. MORO)S OF I.AKE l.ANAO(. MISNDANA(. J.().LO MO()), ADI'.T MALE. (159) I 6c) I.. ~. - I ~~i -~~ ~;......... i ~r:::*.. -.~,~ pC:~ '4. I r~'~ -~ ~.. r ~~-~ ~~- ~;P': r~ ' ~ "'~" -'"'..;i -:-.-.r L::-~ —~ - -~ "~~ '~ -Y.-~~ -"L r —CL.-~ ( i61) 1. 1. 4. ~. COLLECTON OF DEAN C. WORCESTER. 1..),.1. '.114 1d I\. MFETIIl 0TII':T1 3T 1'0 1.N; il IN.3.. IN ' 1 1.3'..'E. '-,)IT'l ' 33)M AN. 11 33}. 34 N \03 3 33I '. I P %,]I I ''i.t. '-. 33,3 3 0 333.;. 3ll3(T B 3.. 1. 3, 33l3:3' F.ATHE IA.DA (.iITERI. 5. 3uo ol0 T %.%ARRtI1t) I h1.N 01ll 3.- E I 162 COLLECTION OF OEAN C. WORCESTER. 4, ';II. I'f:I.WTA Nli; 'ITT{"N GIN. = ( 163 4b 1 NI k,.. b:ki~m tN " -1 B t\At E. ' 110-, ),;. H AD11'TE, E AS o wNn.4.,I{~n IN F4N-LEAF (ISTI'E. N MAYONIAl.IG'T. YOVNI; WoIAAN.( i64 1. NATIVE WI)MAN WITH SEI;RIToI BITTIR (REMONT'ADWfl. 1. YOVIIE MAN (EHEIONTAImm.. AI[Ri (KEMONTAD11) 4. NATIVE MAN' WITH NEAH ITO 1,0l IRENIWITAIQ). A. VIHE WR hID). E. WOMAN (UAAIIAN). (165 ) WL_ N 1i i. It I I I ItI E I I.1 I/ l6 - I -- - - I 1 ~ -siss I I i 3 z E z z r c: z -e -= j: -i C~; L cr I.I~ e L I :r i -- i~~% z;1. z -e i~ F. 3 4 r: r X 4 ~-I j c 169 -'s., L-; I. t - -: ' l ''', 7u) I, - I.I-.. t 6" - " ~ 17 - - -1 "'g~.. i..."I. /I'_.-. ' —^ _, 1. Il.lIi.I1 -1RI 1'1I 11 Ii' p 0-.F 2 4( t,,:<S, "tl 1111: E II)\1I1N ' 1 Il.IITI l II:' I 1111 1I'11 1 1'1'1\1-' \:. I' N,. El- R: %FT II\ I '. 1111, XI.\l I'\ I\ElI: R. R111I1-'I\. i. II Xl F I EVA \'I/,.\% \. 1 1.\I,1 I..'I i. I i,,;[:II. OB I73 f.~ifE::*i"SLI4MP ~'e i " ij~ J;:m~~rs;r I I.. i...i.-. l-..l................ CO I FI I 'll F G. m. PUTN, AM. ] T 'IYA'I.'AI. I.'lt. 1.1 '[',,N l.. I~ V.1 1 ' I I.L~Il. ill.' t 1i l' D If; 2.', k. ". I V1.,I'1 ' I q' ~It-. & 'i1.1, I.I N I/i,.1 |I:. I l.",1)1N'I.,.1.,1 NI. 1 V'.IA <IR,\ ItA. F'I-.IL 1 A V1 11 A 'Y. - "r 17 f I;Y'. - * a 1. NW M II,,I., ' I It, I P.,PP P, INI ~ P 2. NwP', 1'112T dIII ' 11 1; (IIPP %\ 1111 II'I t\ Id'.:~. 'II\1I P, "-\I 111 I %i, II I11.12CTI R. 42P vi ll/AI .. i. CO -2ECTIO, OF DEA, C. ll' RCESTER. 1. (, I 1 I,\\ II,, FA 11, - -I. \ I, Nk F.1 II\,, W.'ll I NI of ~Nl \ -:;. 'r I\.,I I k 1 (1 F!: I ~ IA\,, I I \- ~ IF l T I\ IIIII,IU 17i6 i i 5 CO-LECTIO OF DEA" C. ~ORCESTER.. M (\ O )(ANO. 2..IA,.i I.,AN.lNI'. MENT. I>,LAN F' l t ' N. ERT. 1 l i \ r TI SI' 'I IiERFAE liE AA, M I. LEI.;;. IANT F II]E',T TREE 'F.NIINIAN I, ALII', H. IkT [ I' 1. BI T'rIIESF:,., F 'rTI N. 1. 1'tt. IIt'A I.;7. rl':F, FERN.' IIN I1.. IE.i'Fl 6. NI(JF WAT'I' IITAIWEIR. III 1.A1,L El'E..EL, m ()FS IENITl A. -..lE 1V; 1.I1'. . V.I K, 1. M ll.I %K I I ~I -! I h 1 I I I vII, I I," IN 11 1. III FI I 1 11.1 1 A I- ' VI I _ - -- 1).,. mw. 11 --- —-,. x - I -.LI T m 88 I.. -- I --- - i r 17 2!.1 X Vl - zz i... _x; Inr < ~f Si _ l-/9 --- c-. 1791 !;;., -; W, 1, z Z " - -, - -;, —., -,;V:r --, -, F l-. Fr I I II ~1 1 I, - 11 ), I., -' I -I I,.. I~ - IIII I I --. -~ II..N I I 1 P 1:! 11 \ 11 \ I 1"11, I I II 11 - I. I, 11. - in ' Al NV A —.: -7 - I - -: - '.. - -.. -4 I ". '-, - -, I 7, ', I j' I - i., I, i I u ~ TI V -A 1 A M BI "' I'lI I ~ l1\ 1 1 VI F' II T1 It 11I I, 11 1. ~ ',1.1 11 IS A A 1 CC",LE CIIOI 0F DEA11 C. 11ORCESTER.NJ % \ I, A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS - 185 this indicates that, although the proportion of population under 20 is unusually large in the Philippines, large families are not as numerous there as in other countries. PROPORTION OF BABIES The population under i year of age numbered I67,9o5. This was 2.4 per cent of the total population. For comparison we have a similar proportion in Porto Rico of 2.7 per cent; in the United States, 2.5 per cent, and in Cuba, I. 5 per cent. The low proportion in Cuba was supposed to be due to the disturbed conditions in the island prior to the taking of the census. Similar causes doubtless accounted for the small proportion of this class in the Philippines. The children under 5 years numbered 1,054,096, which was I5.I per cent of the total population. The same class in the United States formed 12. I per cent; in Porto Rico, I5.8 per cent, and in Cuba, 8.3 per cent. The number under io years of age was 2,OI4, 60,- or 28.8 per cent of the total population. The same class in the United States formed 23.8 per cent; in Porto Rico, 30.9 per cent, and in Cuba, 22.7 per cent. The number of children between 5 and i7-that is, of school age —was 2,137,397, or 30.6 per cent of the population. The proportion of school children in Porto Rico was 32.8 per cent, a little greater, while, on the other hand, that in the United States was 28.3 per cent, or slightly less. PROPORTION OF ADULTS Persons between 20 and 29 were in smaller proportions in the Philippines than in either the United States, Cuba, or Porto Rico. Between 30 and 39 years, 40 and 49, and 50 and 59 there were larger proportions in the Philippine Islands than in Porto Rico, but smaller proportions than in either the United States or Cuba. Between 60 and 69 the proportion was greater than in Cuba or in Porto Rico, but less than in the United States. Between 80 and 89 and at more advanced ages the proportions in the Philippine Islands exceeded those of either of the three countries used in comparison. In the Philippine Islands no fewer than 3,553 persons were reported as being more than too years of age. It is not probable that a Filipino ever reached that age, or that many have exceeded the age of 80 years. To test the question, several hundred of these cases of reported great age were returned to the supervisors of the census with instructions to have the cases investigated thoroughly, and, if possible, the ages verified by reference to the baptismal certificates. Owing to the destruction of records during the recent insurrection, it was possible to obtain this evidence in only a very few cases, but in every such case the reported age was reduced greatly. The average reduction in all such cases was from o16 years to 83 years-that is to say, the true-age was about fbur-fifths the reported age. THE MARRIED STATE Of the total male population of the Philippines 58.6 per cent were reported as single, and of the-female 54.J per cent. These proportions also were slightly less than in the United States, which were for males 6o.6 per cent and for females 55. per cent. As in Cuba and Porto Rico, the married may be divided into two classes, those legally married and those living together by mutual consent, or, as they will be spoken of hereafter, consensually married. The legally married numbered 2,314,583, constituting 33.1 per _cent of the entire population, a proportion somewhat less than the United States, where it was 36.5 per cent. It formed a strong contrast with the proportion in Cuba, which was only x5.7 per cent, or less than half as great a 186 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE proportion. The number consensually married was 233,670, forming only 3.3 per cent of the population. This class was in the Philippines much smaller proportionally than in Cuba, where it formed no less than 8.4 per cent of the population. Adding together the legally and consensually married, the proportion of all married persons in the Philippines became 36.4 per cent of the population, or about the same as in the United States, while in Cuba the legally and consensually married together formed only 24. i per cent of the population.TiJe proportion of married in the Philippines, including those legally and consensulall united, is greater than in Japan, Germany, Austria, Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, United Kingdom. Argentina, Cuba, and Porto Rico, but less than in British India, where infant marriages are so prevalent, and in the United States. It is rather extraordinary that seven-tenths of all the prostitutes reported in the islands were from foreign lands, which speaks volumes for the chastity of the Filipinos. THE \WORKERS The occupations of the Filipinos are few in number and present little variety. There is little cooperative work, very little use of machines, and little specialization of function. A majority of the male Filipinos farm on a small scale, those living near the coast alternating that occupation with fishing. Most of the women who were returned as having occupations were spinners and weavers, weaving in their homes on hand looms the beautiful, delicate jusi, pina, and sinan1ayz. They weave also 'hats and mats of the finest quality, all this work beingdone in a small way as a household occupation, alternating with the duties of housekeeping. With this introduction the reader will be prepared for the statement that a large proportion of the people, much larger than in the United States or in almost any other country, were reported as engaged in gainful occupations. Indeed, out of a civilized population of 6,987,686 in the Philippine Islands no less than 3,037,880, or 43.5 per cent, were in this class, as compared with 36.3 per cent in the United States, 33. [ per cent in Porto Rico, and 39.6 per cent in Cuba. THE SURPRISING NUIMBER OF WOMEN WORKERS This excessive proportion was, however, due to the large number of women workers, namely I,025,287, as is shown by the lollowing table, in which the proportions of wage-earners among the males and the females are given for the above four countries: Country. Male. i Female. Philippine Islands......... 57.6 29.4 United States............ 58.7 1 2.8 Porto Rico........ i 56.9 9.9 Cuba........... 68.2 i. 8.8 From 'he above table it appears that the proportion of women engaged in gainful occupations in the Philippines was more than double that of the United States, three times that of Porto Rico, and.more than three times that of Cuba, while the proportion of working males was about equal to that in the United States and Porto Rico and less than in Cuba. This remarkable showing is in part explained by the fact that o large proportion of the women assist in supplying the family exchequer by spinning and weaving and to a less extent by working in the fields. Persons not engaged in gainful occupations include women engaged in housework, children at school, and other dependents. Farn:ers and farm laborers constitute more than two-fifths of all-who are en A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS I87 gaged in gainful occupations. A much smaller proportion are engaged in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, while the number in professional service is exceedingly small, forming less than one per cent of the entire number gainfully employed. Among the Filipinos themselves there are 1,326 physicians, 676 priests, and 727 lawyers. Nearly one-half of the Chinese wage-earners are merchants or salesmen. Of the foreign or white population a small proportion is engaged in agriculture, but most of them are found in the trades and professions. The following table shows the proportion of the wage-earners in each age group to the total population, and with it, for comparison, corresponding figures from the census of 1899 for Cuba and Porto Rico. Philip- Porto Age period. pine Cuha.P Rico. Islands...................... not increased rapidly. I' has taken nearly sixty years to double in number, and is now only four times as great as at the beginning of the century, while in that time the population of the United States has multiplied fifteen times. 'The cause for this is the epidemics, such as cholera, plague, and smallpox, especially the first, which periodically sweep over the islands and in a single year wipe out the gains of the preceding two or-three years. So the population has grown by a series of regular and rather rapid accretions, succeeded by sudden and great losses. Thus the cholera epidemic of 1879 must have destroyed 400,000 lives, equivalent, approximately, to the normal increase in three years. The cholera epidemic of i88( and I890 was not so severe, its victims numbering in the two years about 260,000, while that of the year 1902 must have destroyed over 200,000 people. The death rate for the year 1902, 63.3 per thousand, was just about double the normal, and was in large part due to the prevalence of cholera. Other things, such as the loss of crops through locusts, the loss of carabao, and the after effects of the insurrection, by which the constitutions of those affected by it were undermined, through hardship, exposure, and want of food, probably contributed. THE CAUSE OF DEATH The smallest proportion of deaths occurred in the cool season (November to February). In the warm season (March to June) there occurred 28.4 per cent, and in the wet season (July to October) not less than 47. per cent. Of all the deaths that occurred in the Philippine Islands in the year 1902, 31I out of every thousand, or nearly onethird, were caused by Asiatic cholera. The large death rate from. this source may be regarded as extraordinary. It was not so, however, with the fatality from malarial fevers, which are always prevalent in the islands, and probably ~ io to 14 years.......... 6.8 15 to 24 years........ 66.9 25 to 34 years....... 72.4 35 to 44 years.........74.3 45 to 54 years........ 72.5 55 to 64 years..... 65.8 65 years and over...... 42 7 24.6 52.5 58 5 60.4 60.3 59.5 52.0 EXCESS OF BIRTHS OVER DEATHS IS LARGE The average excess of births over deaths in the Philippine Islands for the last 25 years is 8.8 per thousand, but excluding the cholera years (1879, 1889, and 890), when the death rate exceeded the birth rate, it'was 17 per thousand per year. This is higher than that of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway, Japan, Italy, and Germany, but slightly less than that of the United States. It is many times that of France and Ireland and double that of Switzerland. Yet with this great excess of births over deaths, the population has 188 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE little more so during this year than in preceding years. The deaths from this cause constituted 26.8 per cent of all the deaths, or somewhat more than onefourth. These two causes, cholera and malarial fevers, caused nearly threefifths of all deaths. Dysentery and diarrhea together caused 69 out of each thousand deaths, and was third in rank of fatality. The fourth disease in fatality was tuberculosis, whose victims numbered 66 out of every thousand, and the victims of smallpox, which -4ged in many parts of the islands during the year, were nearly as numerous, numbering 34 out of each thousand. The victims of beri-beri, a disease which is peculiar to the brown and yellow people, due probably to insufficient nutrition, numbered 13 out of every thousand, and diseases of the stomach caused 12 deaths per.thonsand. No other disease caused as much as i per cent of all the deaths. Puerperal septicemia, bronchitis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, croup, and meningitis each had a few victims, but in each case less than i per cent. CONTRAST WITH THE UNITED STATES These figures are in strong contrast with those which prevail in the United States. In that country the most fatal of all diseases is commonly tuberculosis, which is usually credited with a little over one-tenth of the deaths. Next to that is pneumonia, in a nearly equal proportion. This latter is well-nigh unknown in the Philippines, its 'victims numbering in I902 only one in a thousand of the deaths. In the United States dysentery and diarrhea together carried off about 4.4 per cent, only two-thirds the proportion in the Philippines, which was 6.9 per cent, while. heart disease, which is almost unknown in the Philippines,caused 6.7 per cent of all deaths in the United States. Typhoid fever is vastly more prevalent and deadly in the United States than in the Philippines, its vic tims numbering 3.4 per cent of all deaths in the United States, while in the'archi'pelago the number was trifling. It is much the same with meningitis, which in the United States carried off 2.5 per cent. Malarial fevers, prevalent as they are in some parts of the United States, are seldom fatal there, only 1.4 per cent of all the deaths being due to this cause. Kidney diseases, old age, apoplexy, and many other diseases which claim numerous victims in the United States were either unknown in the Philippines or claimed very few victims. THE AVERAGE FILIPINO FARM IS VERY SMAI,L Nearly half the parcels of occupied lands are less than one hectar (2.471 acres) in size, while thousands of tracts, one fifth of the total number, contain less than,075 square feet. These small parcels of land, many of them no larger than ordinary kitchen gardens in the United States, are resided upon by, cultivated by, and contribute materially to the subsistence of their owners or occupants, and the presentation of agricultural statistics for the Philippines would be extremely faulty and incomplete were they not included. The people of the Philippines are extremely gregarious; the isolated farmhouse, so familiar in rural sections throughout the United States, is practically unknown in these islands, whose inhabitants almost -universally live in communities and largely subsist on such products of the soil as can be cultivated or gathered from wild growths in the immediate vicinity of their dwelling places. This custom of herding together is not due alone to the social, company-lcving disposition of the people. It has been rendered necessary by the ladronism and the raids of Moros that prevailed throughout the islands for centuries.. This has been one of the greatest obstacles in the way of agricultural de A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 1 89 velopment and is in a large degree the cause of the numerous small land holdings. Another reason is the great productiveness of the soil and the variety of crops that can be raised on a small piece of land. The average size of all farms in the Philippines is only 346.8 ares-equivalent to 8.57 acres, In the United States the average size of all farms is shown by the census of I9oo to have been. 146.6 acres, making a ratio as to size of about 17 to I. VAST EXTENT OF UNUSED LAND The spaces of land between their villages are as a rule unpopulated, and these intervening tracts, frequently of great extent, are almost wholly uncultivated and practically unused, except in a limited way for grazing purposes or in the utilization of such wild growths of fruits, vegetables, or fiber plants as they produce. MOST OF THE FARMERS OWN =THE LAND In the archipelago, as a whole, by far the largest proportion of the 815,453 Christian farmers own the land they cultivate, while tenants who pay a share of products as rental come next in order numerically; tenants who pay their rent in cash, while not comparatively numerous, exceed the combined numbers of those who are designated as "labor tenants" and the occupants of land who pay no rent. A comparison of the Philippine statistics relating to tenure with those given in the United States census reports for 1900 shows that the percentage of owners is much larger in the islands than in the United States. More than four-fifths (80.8 per cent) of Philippine farms are cultivated by their owners. The great majority of individual holdings, regardless of tenure, are of small areas-88.9 per cent containing less than 5 hectares, 70.4 per cent less than 2, 49.8 per cent less than I, and 21.7 per cent less than o.35 of a hectare. PAUPERISM UNKNOrN Pauperism is almost unknown among the people of the islands, their wants being few and easily supplied. Little clothing is required, and the simple food upon which the masses of the people subsist, consisting mainly of rice, fruit, and fish, can, as a rule, be had with little exertion. The few who, from old age or accident, are unable to provide-these necessaries for themselves are usually taken care of by relatives or friends. The total number of paupers in the archipelago, exclusive of Manila, on December 31, I902, was but 478, or less than i in each io,ooo of the inhabitants. This may be contrasted with the corresponding proportion in theUnited States, viz, 12 per io,ooo. PROPORTION OF -CRIMINALS SMALL The number of criminals in confinement December 3I, I902, in the Philippines was less than 8 in each Io,ooo of population. In the United States in 1890 there were about 13 in each Io,ooo ofthe inhabitants. Considering the unsettled condition of affairs in the island during the six years prior to the census, the showing is not only favorable, but remarkable, and indicates that the Filipinos as a race are not especially disposed toward crime. The most common crimes are ladronism, theft, assault, and murder. The causes are traceable to the ravages of the war, to the poverty and unrest which followed, accentuated by the subsequent failure of crops and loss of farm animals. In the majority of the provinces crime is said to be decreasing. In most of the provinces reporting, the convicts are employed on public work, such as the building and repairing of roads and bridges. In a few of the provinces it has not been found ex I 19o THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE pedient to do this, and they are employed in the prison in petty manufactures, such as making chairs, baskets, hats, rope, etc. THEY ARE PROVING THENISELVES GOOD WORKMEN A report made to Governor Taft November 4, I902, by J. B. Aleshire, major and quartermaster, United States Army, in charge of army transport service at Manila, clearly demonstrates the availability of native labor and strongly refutes the frequently expressed idea that such labor cannot be profitably employed. His report shows that upward of 1,800 Filipino laborers, skilled and unskilled, were on the pay-rolls of the Quartermaster's Department, a large proportion of whom were given regular and almost continuous employment. About 450 of the employees were engaged as launch and lighter officers and crews and were rated as unskilled, having been principally engaged in the handling of coal, freight, baggage, forage, etc. Major Aleshire says: "Chinese labor was formerly employed for the handling of coal, but has been abandoned and replaced by Filipino labor, which by practical tests during several months averaged more tons per day per man and at a much lower rate per ton. ''The attendance of the Filipino la-borer has been and is excellent. They do not absent themselves after Sundays, holidays, or fiestas, nor during such days should they be notified in advance they will be required to work. Their Jhysical strength is much improved, and they are capable of doing as much and as hard work as any laborer we have in the orient." Governor Taft, in referring to the labor question in an address at Manila, said: ''I know the disposition of most Americans here is to open the doors and let in the Chinese, so that we may have Chinese cheap labor in the islands, but I am emphatically opposed to the general policy of admitting the Chinese, first, because the Filipinos have the strongest opinion that it will be for their detriment, and, second, because I believe the history of the Straits Settlements shows that it will not be for their prosperity as distinguished from the material prosperity of the islands. I am opposed to admitting any Chinese labor until it shall be made to appear that the great works of construction which are essential in the islands cannot be carried on satisfactorily with Filipino labor." The rates of wages which have prevailed since American occupation, while low as compared with wages in the United States, have been substantially double those paid under Spanish dominion. THE FILIPINO IS A NATURAL,-BORN FISHERMAN Fish forms one of the principal items of food of the Filipino people, and a large proportion of the people are fishermen. Fish are caught by various devices. In favorable situations the shores are lined in the shallow waters with traps, weirs, or corrals built of bamboo, and in them a large part of. the catch is made. Nets and seines of various patterns are also extensively used, as.well as the ordinary hook and line, and in some localities the spear. The markets of Manila are always bountifully supplied with fresh fish of many varieties and of fine flavor, and the fisheries in the vicinity which supply the city are said to be highly remunerative. The same is true at other centers of population throughout the Philippines. It appears from the statements of the supervisors that about nine-tenths of the people of the islands use fish as their principal flesh diet. The average family consumes in the neighborhood of 800 pounds of fish per annum. A REVELATION OF THE FILIPINOS 191 The total annual consumption of fish rocks at a depth of water of 6, 8, or Io in the islands approximates half a mill- feet, are also secured by the Moros and ion long tons. In this industry there sold to the Chinos, who recognize ten are employed, during a part or all of classes, for which they pay from 8 to 80 their time, the estimated number of pesos per picul." 19000oo persons and 28,000 boats. PHILIPPINE TRADE PEARL FISHERIES Philippine trade was opened to the Fishing for mother-of-pearl shells, world in 1834. The value of imports and incidentally for pearls, is carried for 1902 was $33,342. 66, of exports on to some extent in the waters of the $28,671,904. Commerce with foreign Sulu archipelago. The instruments countries is carried on mostly in vessels used in this industry are, for the most bearing the British and German flags. part, crude and of small effectiveness, The number of ports and subports open though there are a few shell-fishing out- to commerce has trebled since American fits equipped with modern diving appa- occupation began. ratus-helmet, waterproof suit, pump, etc. The shells are plentiful and valu- OTHER NOTABLE FEATURES OF THE able, and pearls are frequently found, sometimes very fine ones of high value. The preceding pages give a summary The industry is said to be extremely of the more important geographic inprofitable, and is believed to be capable formation contained in the Census Reof great enlargement. The investment port, being drawn principally from the of comparatively small capital will, it is introduction by General Sanger, and said, yield large returns under intelli- from the chapters on Geography, Pop-gent and businesslike management. ulation, and Mortality by Mr Henry Captain H. R. Hickock, United States Gannett. Army, the supervisor of census for the The report contains two important district of Siassi, gives the following in- chapters describing the characteristics teresting account of Moro fishing for of the civilized and non-civilized tribes. sharks, sea worms, shells, and pearls in Every supervisor was instructed to make the southern seas: special note and record of the customs, "All of the Moros are fishermen to a character, and life of the people with greater or less extent. Shark fishing is whom he was brought in contact. The done- by trolling in deep water with principal parts of these reports are pubabout 40 or 50 feet of line. After a lished, supplemented by extracts from shark is hooked he is first tired out and the speeches of Governor Taft and. travthen drawn up to the boat and killed elers in the islands, so that for the first with a spear. The tails and fins are time we have a very complete and comthen cut off and traded to the Chinos, prehensive description of every tribe. by whom they are then shipped to The following chapters also are speChina. cially important: The History of the " The tail and fins of a shark will aver- Islands, by a member of the Philippine age about io pounds in weight. The Commission, T. H. Pardo de Tavera, Chino traders recognize two grades of which is the first good history of the this article, for which they pay-45 and Filipinos that has been written and 125 pesos respectively per picul of 137 published in the English language by a pounds. Filipino, The Judiciary, by Chief Jus"Sea worms, which are muscular, tice C. S. Arrelano and Assistant Justice gelatinous animals, living attached to Torres; Population, by David P. Bar 192 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE rows; Mr Barrows, as a result of his special study of the people, has greatly reduced the number of tribes into which the Filipinos are usually divided; the admirable discussion of the Climate of the Philippines, by Jose Algue, Director of the Philippine Weather Bureau, and of the Volcanoes and Seismic Centers, by M. Saderro Maso, Assistant Director of the Philippine Weather Bureau; and a series of articles on the agricultural products and possibilities of the Philippines. Another valuable feature of the report is the large numbcr of colored maps and diagrams which picture in-graphic form the facts obtained by the census. Among these may be mentioned a colored map of the Philippines, 21 by 32 inches; a contour map; maps showing the distribution of forests; the mean annual temperature; the mean annual rainfall, which shows that the rainfall on the eastern coast is more than double what it is on the we'stern coast; the density of population; the distribution of civilized and wild tribes. This map is particularly valuable, as it is the first attempt to show the geographic distribution of the-eight civilized tribes and COMMANDER PEARY'S NEW VESSEL THE steamship which has been especially built for Commander Peary's Arctic expedition was launched on March 23. Mr Peary appropriately named her Roosevelt, in acknowledgment of the great interest taken by the President in polar work. The vessel is described as a ' threemasted fore - and - aft schooner- rigged steamship, with auxiliary sail power." Her principal dimensions are: Length over all, i82 feet; beam, 35.5 feet; depth, 16.3 feet; mean draft with stores, 17 feet; gross tonnage, 614 tons, and estimated displacement about 1,500. Her model is similar to modern-built steam whalers, but rather more sharp, the sixteen wild tribes; the areas invaded by cholera in 1902 and 1903; the distribution of tobacco, cotton, copra, etc. Mr W. S. Rossiter, who designed the typography and arranged the illustrations, merits public congratulations for the exceeding good taste and artistic appearance of the volumes. He has introduced an innovation into government publications. The Philippine reports are bound in brown buckram, stamped in silver, and bear the seal of the Insular government. They are printed in handsome type, on laid antique paper, and the illustrations are well grouped and beautifully printed. Consequently the volumes do -ont- wear that ugly, forbidding aspect 'which makes the usual government publication, however worthy, sink into speedy oblivion. It does not-cost any more to publish reports in an attractive and presentable form, and it is far more satisfactory to the public and but justice to the author. It is unfortunate the edition of the work is so small, for every public and school library in the United States ought to have at least one set. GILBERT H. GROSVENOR. the particular features being her long, high, raking bow, overhanging stern, and general wedge shape at the sides, in order that she may be lifted freeif nipped in the ice. The steamship was built of white oak, the frames being treble and close together, with double planking, making the walls from 24 to 30 inches thick. The keel is i6 inches thick, but false keels and keelsons form a backbone projecting 6 feet under the entire length of the vessel. The bow is backed by 12 feet of solid dead wood. Her engine and boilers will develop I,000 to 1,500 horse-power. Her cost when ready for sea will be $ ioo,ooo. The funds for the vessel's construction were supplied by the Peary Arctic Club of New York. -:.; ~ A-,d' WE MAKE THE HALFTONE PLATES FOR THIS MAGAZINE GATCHEL & MANNING ILLUSTRATORS AND ENGRAVERS 27-41 SOUTH SIXTH STREET PHILADELPHIA PA. BACK VOLUMES FOR SALE We have on hand a few copies of complete back volumes which may be obtained at the following prices: VI VI VI V V ol. 3, 1891... 5.10 Vol. 9, 1898... 2. ol. 6, 1893 4.0 V. 11, 1900... 2. Vol. 12, 1901.. 2.1 ol. 6,1894-5.. 4.20 Vol 13,1902 Vol. 13,1 902. 2.1.7,1896... 3.25 Vol. 14, 1903... 2. ol. 8,1897... 3.00 Vol. 15, 1904... 2.1 National Geographic Magazine, Hubbard Memorial Hall WASHINGTON, D. 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' ' Paris:t _ = L. ~;~1:~.1Ti% ~C"; 1,3:I ~~ ~;: ~ C -~~ '.. : ~ ~-. ~~ ~ -; -;~ltc's9'~ CC —':~~: r r~.~. t r '~ X `": ~ b i ' '' - -r...,:~~r ~5 ~) r~l SPECIAL pIAPS PUBLISHED BY T',HE NA.TION OEOIORAPHIC SOCIETY - Map of Manchuria and Korea (3x 42 incs).. Prepared under the direction of the War peartnent.. Map of t.il ippines inches 3 f:eet);.'. - - Pcred nder the directin of the War Deparm.;: p '.:of South Africa- (46x33 inches). repared unider the direction of the War Depart t.i, ma* o rotthasten China (36x28 incb). Prepared under the direction of the War Depautmet. -t Map of A:aska i.(s-642 s).. '.Prepred the dirctio *f the U. S. Geologicl Surrey.. —.. Map Show XinAan boundary Award (12zx12 inches). -- ^ - P pare.d in'i, ththe U.ion of te US. Coast and eodetic SIUi:-.; A Seris of Twelve Maps on the Alaskan Boundirr D p:-:t. '; Prepared nnder the directio of Hon. John W. Poster, ez4eet. ft. Chart of the World on A tors Pijetion (4 27. ':.. Prepared under the direc*t. of the Hydrographic; Office. *-. Map-ofCua 8x7 inches).. - -.; Prepared under he direction of Robert T. Hill A Series of Twenty-fir FupagaO C ts, showin storm t ac methods of weather foreastg. Prepared ind hinhe direction iof Dr. Willis L. Moore, Chief.S. W her i., Panorama of the.Wrang ll Mountain Alaska. - -;:. scores of.t-.; Stso Delaware 7. - i f r wuyItivo C s ts T' NAMTO ONl AriHuba i- 1W gdI,;.-^*'',*..^ MHr'wnyleCt~~fc1!'". **^^^ ~r ~"L: ~i 1-~ Sf*1 '~7:~ j:' Ii v..i ~~ ~~~ ~:.I 1 -`~ c.-~.~~~~t;' 5.~1.:-i -1?~ 1 II -~Ei -.:. t '',