' Dr. JOHN S. rL'. w -.. -.l;.. 58 CONGRESS, SENATE. Don E' L -8 5E2945 i'-//".SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDP ':J ' M E S SAE ' \ t f FROM. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,,I ',- '. TRANSMITTIG A REPORT BY A COMMITTEE APPOINTED AT THE BE:QEST O _ THE PBESIDENT BY THE NATIONAL ACADEMY O SOC E SB TO CONSIDER AND REPORT UPON THE DESIRABILITY OQFE - TITUTING SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHI.IPP E ISLANDS.. FEBRUARY 7, 1905.-Read, referred to the Committee on the Philippines, ad ordered to be printed.. To the Senate and House of Representatives,:. Circumstances have placed under the coitrol of this;Goverment -' s, the Phlippine Archipelago. The islands of that group present as. ^ " - many interesting.and novel questions with respect to their ethnology,. their fauna and flora, and their geology and mineral resourcess.. any region in the. world. At my request, the NationaLAeademy of.;a ~ Sciences appointed a committee to consider and reift upon ri — the.-.; desirability of instituting scientific, explorations of he Pmhpi.'. '..: Islands. The rdport of this committee, together with the r-epor.: <-: draft of a bill providing for urveys' of the P hlippine Islands, whi, h ^ board was appointed by me, after receiving the report.of the::c i mI, ittee appointed by te National Academy of Sciences, with instr..: tions to prepare such estimates and make such suggestions as-.;-! appear to it pertinent in the circumstances, accompanies j j message.: The scientific surveys which should be- undertaken ofar b iany surveys or explorations which the government of the Phip.Islands, however completely self-suporting, could be ' te: _ j:: f' make. ~ The surveys,.while of course eneficial to the pie.fet: '. Philippine Islands, should be undertal;en-*as a 'national -.ok for 'f.i-:.' 'iformatio not -mnrely-of the. people;ofhe-Phipme es; lit -;: of the people.of:. s: cunotrny and of the world., y ':/ lP I_____ 2 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. explorations have yet been made in the archipelago, and it should be a matter of pride to the Government of the United States fully to investigate and to describe the entire region. So far as may be convenient and practical, the work of this survey should be conducted in harmony witl that of the proper bureaus of the government of the Philippines, but it should not be under the control of the authorities in the Philippine Islands. for it should be undertaken as a national work and subject to a board to be appointed by Congress or the President. The plan transmitted recommends simultaneous surveys in different branches of research. organized on a cooperative system. This would tend to completeness. avoid duplication, and render the work more economical than if the exploration were undertaken piecemeal. No such organized surveys have ever yet been attempted anywhere. but the idea is in harmnonv with modern scientific and industrial methods. I recommend. therefore, that provision be made for the appointment of a board of surveys to superintend the national surveys and explorations to be made in the Philippine Islands, and that appropriation be made from time to time to meet the necessary expenses of such investigation. It is not probable that the-survey would be completed in a less period than that of eight or ten years, but it is well that it should.be begun in the near future. The Philippine Commission and those responsible for the Philippine 'government are properly anxious that this survey should not be considered as an expense of that government, but should be carried on and treated as a national duty in the interests of science. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. THE I rHITE HousE, Febraury 7. 1905. SCIENTIFIC SURVEYS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,.Norfolk, Conn., February 12, 1903. SIR: I have the honor to transmit to you herewith the report of the committee appointed, at your request, to consider and report-upon the desirability of instituting scientific explorations of the Philippine Islands, and on the scope proper to such an undertaking. I am, sr, very respectfully, your obedient servant, ASAPH HALL, Vice-President National Academy of Sciences. The PRESIDENT. The President's request. WHITE HOUSE, Washington, December 26,1902. Mr DEAR M.R. AGASSIZ: I should like much a report from the National Academy of Sciences on the desirability of instituting scientific explorations of the Philippine Islands and on4e scope proper to such an undertaking. The SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 3 National Academy is the official scientific adviser of the Government, and I would like its cooperation in planning a comprehensive investigation of the natural resources and natural history of the islands. It will of course rest with Congress to decide the extent to which such a plan can be carried through; but I,should like, at any rate, to. have a plan formulated and to do what I 4an to have it adopted. Sincerely, yours, THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Prof. ALEXANDER AGASSIZ, President of the National Academy, Cambridge, Mass. Appointment of the committee. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Washington, D. C., January 14, 1903. DEAR SIR: In response to a letter addressed by President Roosevelt to Mr. Agassiz as president of the National Academy of Sciences, and in the absence of Mr. Agassiz from the country,' Vice-President Hall has named the following committee to formulate a plan of organization as suggested by the President: William I; Brewer, chairman; George F. Becker, C. Hart Merriam, F. V. Putnam, R. S. Woodward. This committee was named after consultation with the members of the council living in Baltimore and Washington. Very respectfully, yours, ARNOLD HAGUE, Home Secretary. Mr. WILLIAM H. BREWER, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Report of the committee. (1) NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE WORK. The committee has the honor to report as follows: The primary incentive to scientific exploration of he Philippine Islands, as of any other region, is a desire to promote the commercial and industrial welfare of the inhabitants, and this purpose should never be lost sight of. Experience shows that this end is best attained by a conprehensive investigation of facts and conditions undertaken in a broadly scientific spirit. Millions of dollars have been spent in searching for coal in regions where the rocks are far older than the coal measures.. It was the seemingly unpractical science of paleontology which put a stop to this waste and enabled geologists to outline the areas to which valuable- coal fields are limited. So, too, antiseptic surgery is an application of recondite branches of botany and chemistry. The vast benefits which the Agricultural Department and the Fish Commission have conferred upon our country are founded upon the untiring labors of zoologists, botanists, and chemists whose sole purpose was to elucidate the, truth; and long after Franklin took the first step in the science of electricity 4 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. economice applications of the knowledge acquired were almost undreamed of. In short, modern industrial development is an out-growth of, pure science, and almiost every discovery oL &cienc~e is ultimiately turre toecnoi account. Hence it would be shortsighted not. to extend to the Philippines the broad and generous spirit of research which animates the governmental scientific work of the LUnited States. The main object to be sought in planningr explorations of the Philippines is; not. to suag~est new or uniusuil subjects of study or methods of study-, hot to provid~e iagainst diuplicaition of w~ork, and to arfangefor such cooperation betwveen the ofhicers enigaged in different branches of tile s-cientihic,urvevs as will Insure ripid. satisfactory., and econoimical p)rogress i'lii noble contr ibution to humain knowledge. Since the I itt ttsi naged in the first serious attemnpt to develop an An-lo-Saxon civilization in the Tropios and amiong a non-Aryan peo01)11 it III-,I not be 'umiis to caill aittention to the efftet on the enfiirhteuiiient iiid culture of the IFilipinos which systei-n aticallv uindertikni -;cmentfihc su;irveys mnuit inev itablx prodnce. Such explorations will be i pincticaii lessoni in the application and value of learnling. J _(2) iRESOURCES (IF- TilE ISLANDIS. The Ihillippinle Islaiids forml an extremle lilrtion of one of the miost interes~t~ifi area-, in thec world, v-iz. Malaysia. The archipelago lies along the edgre of the great amid permnanent abyss of the Pacific Ocean, foriiiingr the last bulwvark of the Asiatic continient toward the southeast. TIllis geographical poitionI. half W-av between Japan and Australia. with the China- Sea on. one si(lc, and~the Pacific on the other, is mnost favorable to the develolniocnt (If a great cammierce, which indeed. the Philippine Iliands oiice enjoyed. Thle archypehg~o has not always been selparated from Borneo, Java, Sumnatra. and the P enimnsula oif Malacca: on the contrary, land connlectiolis throur-homit this area existed at various times in-its geological history. It is also(' pmobablle thiat at, one timae Luzon and Formnosa were emonnected. 1T11 isl inds, themiselves have undergone many geological vicilssitude~ still indicatedl In part by the belts of extilict and active volcanoes which imitersect themi. G'old veins. sel mnimgly (If very ancienit origin, are widely distributed iii the islands, though no0 great gold field is known to exist there, and thcre lie somed valutable copp~er (leposits. The Philippines contaiii also jinpolrtant (IC" ~its of minieral fuel similar to the so-called "coals iiof Japan aild YBo"rneo-a gooti quality of lignite-upon which mucho of the industrial developmnent of the islands must depemid. It is well known that the fertility of the Philippines is astonishingly great. This i's due primarily to a favorable admixtolre of i'arious ignleohis rocks with limestones and sandstones. In the mo1ist' and equable cliiiate 16 the archipelago the rocks are rapidly converted into soil, while the absence of cold and drought results in a vigorous growth of roots. which protects the soil as soon as formned from- ralpid erosion by the heavy rains. One evidence of the fertility of the land is the presence of superb hard-wood forests. These have been estimated to cover at least a third of the area of the islands, or, say, 40,000 square miles, and they include nearly 200-spe SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 5 cies of valuable timber trees. All tropical crops will grow in the Philippines, while that very important plant (Musa textilis) which yields the so-called "manila hemp" flourishes best in the archipelago. sJhe resources of the islands have been very imperfectly developed; indeed, under Spanish rule attempts at industrial progress usually met with disfavor. After the establishment of -a wellordered peace, the first step in progress must be the accumulation and dissemination of accurate and systematic information. (3) NEED OF COORDINATION. In order rapidly and economically to provide the information desired it is essential that the various branches of the work should be coordinated, for thev are to a considerable extent interdependent. For example, topographical maps, which are an indispensable preliminarv to geological mapping. are also required for planning highways. for military purposes. for the land office, for the bureau of forestry, and for other ends. It will be necessary in the Philippines, as elsewhere, to map some regions on a larger scale than others. Simple relations between the 'several scales used should be maintained, as is done in -the topographical mapping of the United States. In selecting the scale for any region the uses to which the map is to be put should be well considered and the survey made with an amount of detail adequate to.the use in view. A naval station, an army post. or the location of a posible canal should be surveyed in greater detail than would- elsewhere suffice. It seems entirely practicable to foresee the probable development of a system of highways. since these are largely controlled by natural conditions, and there is no reason why the development of means of communication should not be taken into consideration in the original surveys. The mapping of each area should thus be undertaken on such a scale as will suffice for the several purposes to which the govern? ment expects to apply the maps. Similarly, geological work should be done not merely.with a view to elucidating the physical and biological history of the archipelago, or even to describing the mineral resources of the islands; the origin of soils, the occurrence of road metal, and the facilities for or the obstacles to the cutting of canals, tunnels, or roads should be systematically reported upon from a geological point of view. Indeed it is manifest that assistance can and should be rendered by each branch of a complete survey to one or more coordinate branches. For this reason a plan of cooperation will be suggested somewhat later. (4) SCOPE OF INcuIRY. The subjects which it is advisable' fr the government to investigate in the Philippines may be grouped as-follows: Coast and geodetic work and marine/hydrography. Land topography, including surveys uind classification of the public lands. Geology and mineral resources. Botany. Problems of forestry.; Zoology. Anthropology. S1 CIENTIFIC EXPLORATBIONS OF THE PHILiPPINE ISLANDS. All of these subjects mnay be embraced tinder the general term s-cientific explorations,-" and their study mnay be carried to a satisfactory degree of conipletiln in a few y-ears.:Seyerail other hules of inquirY are omitted from the e-numeration, althougoh. they also are of great importance in the economic developmi'ent of the isl-Bands. They are chiefly, of local interest, and are areyadministrative, butit are per manent. in character.- They include ineteorolo-v s-anitatioui the study of -animal parasites, insect pests. and the fim-gus disea~es of plants, as, well as sylvicultural and admtinistrative foirestr and the establishment of agricultural experimnent stations and of zoolo00ic'l aimd botanical gYardens. These lines of investigration hav e alreadx been initiated and more or less fuilly provided for bvm the civil goviermient of the Philippine Islands. The scientific 'sirvevs woufld niaturalb- cooperate as far -as possible with the insular Seientific bure ins. to the great advantage of both. TIhese severail bi'anchec~ of the inquiry wvill furnish contributions to human know le( ow. the i1TOi)011 ince of which will probably stand in the follbori 1r order: Zoology- 'tnt hropologvy. botany. forestry. geology. COAST(1 A ND) GEODETIC WORiK, Thle first step to be taken in. the survey of t le Philippines is the e-!tablishiintii of reogrralphiical s-tations and a primary triangulation. The position of Manila observatory is. of coiirse. well khown. and m-any o)their p-outs loive doubtles~s been w\ell determined, but the accuraIcy of exi~-tingi determinations should he checked and the netw'ork co"mpletedl. -The land area of the archipelago is not large-only a1bout 120.000 squpare tniles-bitt because of its distribtition in several huindred islands: the area to 1)0 triatigulated is far larger. The inipoitt aice of nanirie hyclrogfraphy requires no emphasis fttrthier thanr to recall the iccidents amod disasters which have occurred in the Philippine I-Inel,-nce the Americamn occupation for lack of aideqtiate szurveyvs and chatry It seetins etmtnently desirable that as fast as the. trianctiglaiton is iftdhcientlN Imd atvaced. a survey should be mad11(e of thle VeIryN extensive '-hore line of the inrchipelago by a corps of tuariiie hyldrogrinphers. IThes ean determine better than topographers the atnount of drettil elesitrable in the line common to land and marine surveys. The line so determ-ined should be accepted by both. CoTp'. and frotn it. the Ih dinoriphers should work seaward and the topol —aphiens itdatul Thle In drooiaphers will mneet -with especial difficumlties on account of the inniuderable coral reefs in the Philippine w\ater. 1001 mnay also have trotible with recent utplifts, such as are allegYed toi have takien p11ce wNithin. a few years in the island of -Para-Ilia. Tbh(te atrid elsewNherc bench mnarks shotuld be established. The Coas-t amul Geodetic Stirv\eN has aliread-~ begttn wiork in the Philip1p ines. It lums occupied 2S well-elistributted astrotmomical stationiz. all in telegraphic couiitntimication with Manila, commenced a considleraible tiumuber of. -harbor surveyvs, and initiated tidal observations it numerous p~oinits. It. has also planned more extensive operations~. 1)TOPOGiiAPHY. Topogripblmi work in tlieiiiountainous and wooded pmortions of the Philipphies will be extremnely diffictilt. thme vegetation being so dense SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 7 as to form an almost complete obstacle to vision and to free locomotion. However, in various portions of the archipelago. extensive open plains exist which can be rapidly mapped. It will probably be found that the native Filipinos will readily adapt themselves to topographical work, and, as they are extraordinarilv agile. they will be of great assistance in the mountains and the forests. It is in the highest degree desirable that the surveys and subdivisions of the public lands should be committed to a topographical corps, such as that of the Geological Survey, as has been done, for example, in the Indian Territory. The topographical maps should show forest areas, but the discrimination f agricultural and mineral lands is not contemplated. As has been already noted, the scales employed should answer to the prospective uses to which the topographical maps a'e to be applied. (T) GEOLOGY. The geological problems to be solved are numerous. The economic question of greatest moment is the stratigraphy of the coal-bearing Eocene formation, which is most extensively developed in southeastern Luzon (Albay and Sorsogon) and the island of Cebu. It is probable. but not certain, that the coal deposits of Mindanao belong to the same period. The Eocene has been much disturbed and considerably faulted, so that its study will be a somewhat serious task. The coral reefs, volcanoes. and earthquakes will necessarily also demand the attention of geologists. The dense vegetation of the Tropics offers great obstacles to the study o! geology, and in the Philippines the lack of roads will also delav the work. There is, however, one set of exposures which are admirable and of vast extent. as well as readily accessible by proper means. It has been estimated that there are over 11.000 miiles of seacoast. without counting minor indentations, and along most of this line the rocks are exposed by wave action. The study of the geology of the country will probably proceed most rapidly if begun from boats along these coasts, and in beginning geological work on any of the smaller islands it will probably be expedient, as well as most economical, first to circumnavigate the island in steamn launches, mapping the exposures with care. With the information thus obtained it will be comparatively easy to extend the surveys into the interior. The geological formations of the East Indies. including Malaysia, are as yet imperfectly correlated with those of Europe. The distance separating these two regions is so great. and the intervening land mass with its peculiar lountain: systems is so immense, as easily to account for extreme differences in fossil remains rendering it difficult to correlate the two systems. On the other hand, in America, where the mountains anl coasts have a southerly trend, formations can be followed -from the Temperate Zone into the Tropics with no great difficulty, and a definite correlation has thus been obtained. Hence it is advisable that the geologists, and especially the paleontologists. who may be sent to the Philippines, should have familiarized themselves with the geology of the marine strata of the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. In some respects 8 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS <~F THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. knowledge of the reology( of the Tropics is of more importance in the elucidation of the earth'.l histolr than that of the Temperate Zone. (Clnmatic co()llitiOlli. alo1ng the equator mus11t always have been 11ore elquable than in the Te'llerate Zone. and the development of life m-1ust hav-e beenll le]-s affectcld 1b changes in local conditions. -ence lliar' tle cqllator. if anywhere,. will be found evidence of variatioii. in the clillate (of the earth as a whole in earlier geological tilles, variation- -luc a- nay have been due to changes in solar lemnatioil or0 in t1le c('mll])position of the earth's atmosphere. Attletioll 1- alreadlv been ealled to the fact that geologists should systemanlticall' lel a.-istatll(ce ill the study of -oils and in the developilellt of a -v'-tle11 )f lliI'Liwavs. (,) Zo(t,.(i(. AND BOT.\NY. The P illippile- lIavel 1o, l(eell ali attractive field for the student of 1n:ltlrl li- i tor. adl(l o0111' of the llo,-t 1illportanlt theories respecting the ori in. dli-tribittion. arid coloration of animals and plants have 1r-llte(! fl1 -tudie- in tliis rleiol. It was chiefly fron observaitionli of tli(e il((ect- oif the arc.llipelago that Wallace discovered the law of Inatural se(lecticn- inltll(pelelettly of I)arwin, who had not tlen pll li-l1ed hisi Ori-'gil o)f Sl)c(i(e.. 1ult the fatna and flora are still ve(r itll)erf(ctlv kown. Field work in ornithology has beeni more tlioroua-h t!han~ in tlhe otlIr lines: lievertheless several of 'the larg(r' i-lald- lhave le(n 01oy1 li'lltly explored. and some of the sm1iallelr ol(-te not at all. A -1mall colliection of Ilammals mlade by a bird collect(l il olI Motut D)a1ia. iln Iroltlhern Luzon. comlprising only such:1( (ci(- as were tll t t( liiiii le br the b tenatives.-contained hallf a dol(, ile oelieri(c rlao'l)ps. T'lis may' be taken as a promise,f wliat will le-learnlldl l wIlen li t nl}lee(roi, lofty mloutntains of the ]arger i-ladlls,Ire.-y-teliiatitcally explloedl. IIeretofore Imost of the iattiral-li-tor- wo(,; ] la- 1,(',Ce alo!l tll —(o:iat anid laraier rivers. In futlure tlhe( o-lt r)1lom-itir andt ilol,oltallt field. and also the most difficult so fari l - ilad t. ci-: anre (a(icer-lned. it in the highlands of tle inteli(;. Tlhe faallll of tle Ph'llllll)l)il- - ( icllellxI in o'ligi anld heteroogIeeo'i(t- il (li araicter. It on-itt: - of tY le- o(riginally derived in part fl'oml t1111' -tl, i (Bon(o. l,. alll- tl ie,A1olt(cas) and in plart from tlhe ('north (E IF(orllo-la a(d,oulltll;aLtelrn (Chlila)': lwnct, it is iiot surprisill tliat the aill-il.11 a1id(1 plaIlt- of ('(etaill i-1lallN l diflfef widely fro111 those of otlile i-lands. It is ill)ot'tan:t thatt tlhe fauna anid flora of each island be -tudlied il detail. all tltat the zoological work include namn als. bilds. r(ptil,i. l)atrachlials. fishes. ils,'ets, anid nmrine illverteb()llte-: alnd tlhat tlie littlalic'all w\\o(k illclude. bsides svstelmtiati botallt. thle stut-lv alnd idclttificlation of tie foo(l plauts, fibel' plants, alcilledic('i l planits ul.,el1 b)v tle native' trilt:-. I, eaclcl of tllhs.e (lepaltant lle t- tlh work should 1e( ui(l;,r a trained llatllralint,. c(()llmetelit to -Ilpeli-'\ie tlie field worlk. make the necessawm techlilcal st(ldies. atlil pril)iare thle repolrt relating to his ownl special line. The chie f ol ijict of tlie work liould be a complete anid authoritative report on tlie fatlla all(1 flora of the islands. comprising descriptionis of all tle sp)cie-. with a statelment. of their geographical trains. This will hale to a liattllral classification of the islands ac . SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 9 cordiiig to the origin of the fauna and their relationship to one another and to those of adjacent b-lands. Attempts thus to group the islands have been made.hv- Wallace. S teere, Worcester, and others, but as yet the fauna and flora, are too little 'known to admit of final j udgment. ()FORESTaY. The subject of forestry in tile Philippines is one whlich is both of dleep scientific interest and of great' im-po rtance in the econonmic developme-rlt of the islands. A. lcral btireaiu of forestry- has already been instituted bv the Philippine Cousii~ss~ion, and this will undotibtedly be a lpermaueit orgo'ilzation. It ii ill be' needed to protect. control, and foster tia extremeiv valuiable'timber resources of the islands, and it is already doing (rood work. There are, however, certain fulldarnental facts and refati6n, in coiliection wvith the fores'ts whicil can be ascertained onub by a tiorogi-l scientific investigation, which is beyond tile scope of the local buireaii. These studies can be completed within a few~ ears. wi tl tile, certainty tilat the knowledge obtained vII b)0 of lasti~ng benefit to tile local buireatt of forestry, aild the inves-ti gation of the se -uhects properly el~eongs to a scientific surveyOf the archipelago. Suich 5ithjeet~, are the sylviculturial organization of the forest- lperimlicity of growth1 ill tropical -tree~; processes of seed bearin-i. seed (litribtlltion. 1l( 111 germination; growtil amnd competition ill early life: tile inltllience of niloistuire alnd temperatuire on the tropical fore-zt. a nd the infltience of tile forest on moisture and temiperature. While fore-try i-. -trictly sp)eaking. a branch of botany, its methods alre imecuiliar aimdl it wvill h: (expedient to treat it as a sepmirate branch of tile scieiltific sutrveys. (10)).Ni THRiPOLOGY. Althiotigli little is kmmioi of the arciimeology and ethliioiogv of the IPhilippinles. tilere are sutlficitilt rea-onis for believing, that iii these two closelv related lile-s ot re-earcil ficts of tile greatest impiortance will be discovered in the archipelamo liideed it is probable that in -;0titiheastern Asia or ill the adjacneit i11~Uiar regrions. the reulaills of fossil iinam vill be fouild. Tlie (l~cove iv of bones of 1)dh~ecanit/ropli8 eivcttts, tilat stranige ape-like 111111 or man-like ape. in tile Pliocene formnat ion (of tile island oIt Java leads to the (expect~atioii tihat systematic research in the deposits niamrkiing tile beginning of the Qtiaternary period in the Pililippine~ will yield, the reainals and probabi) the works of nian. aind thtis thio0v light on the subject of early mia in A-sia. The- siallalinaount of arcllmological research thtis far acconmplishled in the islands has alreatdy revealed evidetmee of an apparently, aboriginal i)eople differing from the Neg itos. This Negrito race of tile islands. wvith its closest affinities on the Mfalay P~eninsula and the Andamana Islanlds. offers a problem of exceedling imlterest and scieiltific inmportailce. Where did this Negrito lace originate? Is it a (distillet priu-Otive type that has persisted in the oumtlyinlg regioins of the Asiatic Continent, or is it a differentiated branch of a widely extended primitive race or species of man? These and other im~portanit questions may not improbably be answered by anl exteilded anthropological surve6 of the Philip'Pines. 10().CIENTFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE P'HI-LIPPINE ISLANDS. Linguistic studies of the widest scope should be pursued on the islands. The ilnthls and folk-lore of the various tribes should receive the attention llnow dema(nded by the requirements 6of science. Collections of arch;.eol(gical material also should be secured as a means ofstluldVilig tile ca'.rl. status of man on the islands. and the effect that the later intrusions hlave had on the aboriginal peoples ought to be ascertailied by a l thorough study of the custol'i. art.-. and mental cllracteristics of tihe many and diversified tribes. Knowle(dge of tlliee matters is essential in order tlitt tlhe proper mIethod of (lealing waitlh the natives may be determine(l. Thle honor,f thle 'lited Stalet den'inlds tlhat every mleasll be takdln to avoid listaksc-; of ignilani('lc ill dealing with the vast and( relatively helpless iopulaiti(ol of tlle istll(Is. This first attempt of the United States to brill alicll rai(e of tle Tropics into the fold of Anglo-Saxon.,iiliz atiol slIolld le g1lli(led b str1ictlv scientific data anld principles. Tlhis lccessitattes. irst. tolioougil knlo\wledge of the peoples to be;ssistedl. and then lneluvilll'(es w\\ Iilic accord witli tleir various customs and( their clapabilities. ()Onl a tolioroughly scientific anthropological sur\ve caln p)'vide tlie in formlnationn required for the attailnncnt of enligteiinen(iit and liiniate results. (11) COLLECTIONS AND TIIEIR 'IISl'OSIT'ION. Eaclh sec'ial -1'\rve should cooperate as far as practicable with Otlier 'bralches o'f tI(e se'rvice in the collection of specimlens. and be readyt to affordl tliemi all factilities not incomp)atible with its own,fficielnc v. Tlhe sl)ecills (collecte(d will be tlie property of the United States. 1'l'Te jliist seris,. in(cluidintg all type specimneii, should be deposited in lile Unlited States N atiomlall Museulll. A sleri(- of duplicates should le depo(s4ited in-a local mullselum in tle Pliilippiies. such nulselum to be de'l(ignao'te(d )v the Plilippiiie Commlissiont. Other duplicates, if there he an \. slhouild be distributed to uach leading nu-leuml desiring collectiilis of this clharacter. a1s b) reasoi of permanlenlt endlowmnents aire able 1)r1'(]rl( t1( care for iand preseile the slecimens. (12) com -M STU') A.\T.: ''t:)1 1iN D.\iJAC('NT ISLANDS. 'or tlie lpuls-'O-e of thle (oltemplll)ateI siNrveys Malavsia as a whole coiistitlutes a'coll\(ieiient geological and biological provxince. A very' large aniouint of valtablt scientific investigation lhas been accomplished ill otilier )potionls of Malaysia. particularly by Dutch geologists aid mnat ualuistls. S(,oie of tlhe (iuestions arising ill the Philippines catn not be,satiifactorilv settled without comparison of the occ1rreinces ill tilie archipelaglo wit'l those in adjacent islands. Hence this (coirmllittee is of olinion tliat general permission should be~ gratlitedl to tlie scientific su(rve\ s of the Ptlilippine Islands to send observers. fro'ii tine to tile ailld for brief periods. to neighboring islands for tlie pur)poe oif making comlparative studies. Great saving of tiliie and irreat illlrease ill eflici(en(y would result from such a provisioii. ( 13) ADMIl N STRIATIO()N. The scientific history of thle United States during the last fifty '(years d(lelmostrates the va-le1 of unification and svstematic organiza SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 11 tion in such survevs as are contemplated in this report. The State geological surveys were manned by able and industrious observers, but there was a lack of units of method and a lack of unity of aim, which made it nearly impossible to correlate their results. No one familiar with the subject will question the statement that the country as well as the science of geology has profited by the extension of the United States Geological Survey over the entire country. The national scientific blreauls have. laborioulsly and after long experience, developed methods of work anid staffs of assistants whtch are at least equal to any in the world. To develop in the Philippines a separate set of similar bureaus wolld require much time and loss of time. Nor would employmnent in such bureaus be attractive; for prolonged service in the Tropics is so trying to most constitutions that the number of competent men willing to accept permanent positionsthere will probably not exceed the delmand of the insular administrative bureaus, to which reference has been made in a preceding paragraph. On the other hand. there seems no essential difficulty in embracing this area. like any other territory of the United States, in the fields occupied by existing national bureaus. Members of these organizations would be willing to be detailed for two or three years to so interesting a region as the Philippine Islands with the prospect of resuming duty at home. In order to secure coopleration and to preserve due proportions betweell the various surveys under the charge of the national bureaus, to arrange for suitable forms of publication of'reports, prepare estimates, recommend legislation, determine upon the. system of measurements, and to settle other questions of common interest, there must be frequent consultations in Washington between the representatives of the various branches of the work. For this purpose it is suggested that a board of Philippine surveys be created and put in charge of the work. It is manifestly of the utmost importance that such a board should be composed exclusively of eminent scientific experts, who alone are competent to direct the work. For administrative reasons it is essential that the board should consist of officers selected from the national scientific bureaus, and in the opinion of the committee these should be: Superintendent of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Director of United States Geological Survey. Chief of United States Biological Survey. Botanist of United States Department of Agriculture. Chief of Bureau of Forestry. Chief of Scientific Staff of Fish Commission. Chief of Bureau of American Ethnology. From these members one should be appointed chairman by the President, with the consent of the Senate, and the chairman should report to the President. There are precedents for such an organization in the Smithsonian Institution and in the boards of commissioners appointed to represent the Government at various expositions. The chief necessary expense of such a board would be a ves moderate sumn for clerical assistance, but it would probably be-expedient and econonlical for the board to employ an officer, to be stationed at Manila. to perform fulctions analogous to those of quartermaster and commissaiy for all field parties, which will have many material wants in commnon. 12. SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. While the methods of work and the selection of men should be left to the chiefs of the national scientific bureaus. viz. the members of the Board of Philippine Surveys, much latitude must be allowed the officers in charge of field work in so remote and exceptional a region as the Philipl)ine Islands. (On the other hand. if these officers are left entirely to their ownl j(ldglnent as to areas in which work is to be done in any given season and as to the amount of detail requisite there will be danger of lack of harmony ill the results and delay in Ili plrogress of the work. To insure cooperation and to avoid duplication ill tlhe field work the following plan is suggested: Let a scientific council be created in thle Philippine Islands, pre-:ided over by a member of the Philippine Commission, to consist of tlhe chief field offlicers of the several scielltilic bureaus present in the idlands. as follows: ()lie -geolesisl. desigin:ted Iby the Sulperitendent of the Coast Survey. Onie 'lrldr..:liel^. dtsig.iinite(t 1by the Sulplrintend(ent (if the Coast Sutlrv(ey. )lie toprnplhli'er. Id<siln;itted ly thie Direltor (if tile (olooi;icial Survey. (-)lie.reolc)i;. (desig iteld Iy tlie ilre(tor of tie (;eologviial Survey. One zi,,}h isiti (le.igliimtvl by tile 'hitef ov f tdil(- lilgicl S11 1'vey. (11i( lbotanist. designaiitd lby tile iota;ilit,,f tile lDepalrtmlelit of Ag.ricul01(i' fl'orester'l'. l('sigili;ltedl 1by thie Chief of tils( I111'ri;111 of l"e'r ty.t'. O1e;iutiliroplull'ist, ve'si.rnlatetld 1iy the iir f the il'eall of Am.Ierican l'tlililghy. -- Withl whlom should ble a-z-ociated one officer of Eirgimleers. United States Arlllv. ald(l olie IIava1l olficer. Let tllis council lMeet once each year. for exampul1lle. to0war( the close of the rainy seasol.- and decide. inI tlhe int(ersts of the Philippilline sutrveys s a whole. wlhat areas each Iure,(al sha-ll tale 1i) (ili ring the en-uinl hseasoli and with what degire( of detail. It is believedl that such a council would deal satisfactorilv with all matters which mnig'ht come before it without lack of d1 te regard to tlhc expert opinions of the chief officers affected. In case of li-satis-fact ion. however, an appeal miiiight be allowed to the,ov(rlior-,giee.iral. 'lihe iiidiig's of the council shiould be regularIy reported to lie l Board of Philippline Stlrviey iin —Washiiington. ( 14 ).I1 IOM AIMY.\ ANI NAVY. Except at tlie largest towns. it is seldom p)ossible il thie Philippines to obltai clothiig or food.uch as Amnericans are aIccuitomied to. and trallspoitationi facilitie.S are very limited. For this reason it is i(ecomimnlililed thai tlhe officers (of thie scientific surveys be granted perumission to p1urchase sulplies al military depots. such as army posts and liaval vessels. and to avail themselves of opportunities o0 transportatioll onl vess,(ls attached to either service when such accomllodation can lbe affordmed without d(etrimient to tle Inilitarlv service. (l.",) COST AND TIME. Tlli.d comillittee i, Iiot ill a positiml to offer estiiiiatei, of the cost of Philippine smrveys. These could be easily furnished by the chief officers of the various scientific bureaus. It is believed, however,. that with a moderate ntumber of parties ill each branchi, unHer the system SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 13 of cooperation recommended in this report, nearly all the work of exploration outlined above would be completed in a period of ten years, including charts. topographical maps, and geological maps. (16) ORDER OF IMPORTANCE. Should it be impracticable to organize the entire system of surveys simultaneously, it is recommended that they receive attention in the following order: Coast and geodetic work and marine hydrography. Land topography, including surveys and classification of the public lands. Geology and mineral resources. Botany. Systematic forestry. Zoology. Anthropology. This report was adopted by the committee on February 7, 1903. WILLIAMA H. BREWER, Chairman. GEORGE F. BECKiER, Secretary. C. HART IERRIAM. F. W. PUTNTNAM. R. S. WOODWARD. PLANS, ESTIMATES, LEGISLATION, AND ADMINISTRATION. At the meeting of the Board of Scientific Surveys on June 18, 1903, the report of the committee on plan and organization, as amended by the board, was ordered to be printed, together with the detailed estimates. for the use of the board. (Secretary's minute.) Board of Scientific Surreys of the Philippine Islands. [Constituted by the President March 9,1903.].CHARLES D. WALiCOTTreairman. BARTON W\. EVERMAXNN. W. H. HOLMES. C. HART MEBRIAM. (IFFORD PINCHOT. 0. H. T1TTMANN. FREDERICK V. COVILLE, Secretary. GENERAL PLAN. The United States has undertaken to develop an Anglo-Saxon cvilization among a non-Aryan tropical race, the first serious attempt of the kind in the history of the world. Experience shows that the moral, commercial, and industrial welfare of a race, by which its civilization is largely measured, is fundamentally subserved by a com 14 S(IENTIFI( EXPL(RA'TIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. prehensive ilvestigation of facts by scientific methods. The funds of the Philippinie rgoverlllent at presellt are. and presumably for sev*eral years will be. needed fol purposes of actual government, so that only a small amoullt call i e expended for scientific investigation, and even that Il)ol 1)p1olem11ls inmllediately connected with governmental adnilmistration. It i.s, lanled to con(ldict for ten years, in cooperation with the Philippine (ConIlission, a series of survevs to cover work not now done by the lPhililppine goverinment and beyond its means. l)but at the samle time contril)lltol to tthe solution of the problems with which it is confronted. 1The expen)-e of the surveys, it is proposed, shall be borne In- the [-nited States. as a conitribution not only to the \welfare of tlle Pllilil pille pe)ole but to tle world's prIogress in scientific inquiry. )01 TLIMNE (1' WORK. M.\RINi: I YD)0R((iA.\iiY AND (iEI)DEiSY. Ill(' w'li pl)rl)oiedl inll arin hy drography and geodesy in the Pifliplpinle is to Ilael;c a trigoiilometric aiid hyldrograpllic survey, and a topograpl)lhic >uII'rv of tile coast. inclulding the requisite astroinomical dt-ernlmilatios. t to chart tllie waters and map tlie coa.ts. to observe tlle tides. to analyze tllhel. to ectabllisli benclh marks for levels, and to let ermini tlhe lirection of'tlie Ilaglletic lleedle ind1 investigate the,.,laws (overx min tlhe clhan(ges to 'which it is isubject, for tle purpose of lprdic tion. Tlie infolrmation thus collated would be utilized in the publicatioo of tide table,. guides to lmarinlrs. called Coast Pilots,'and warlnings of dangers and aids to navigation issued at frequent intervals in Notices fo Mariners. The worlk c(ld1 be done to the best advantale in conjunction with thle slurve of similar character, but much less extensive and i1ore immlediately required for purposes of comlrcle and defellse. now being carried on by the Coast aind Geodetic Su11v ill cil jullctionl wvithl the Phililppine Commission. TOPOGRAI1PHY. The proposed slrvey covers the preparation of topographic maps of the land area of the Philippines-about 75 per cent onl a scale of 1 to 2; 0.00. about 20 per cent on a scale of 2 miles to the inch, and about 5 per cent on a scale of 1 nile to the inch. These maps would Ie used by tlhe Phililpine surveys as a base for the platting of the geolohgical formationls. diflerent forest types, and distribution of the iiative races, and for similar objects. In addition to the innluneralile uses of topographic maps to the public generglvy. it is probable that the Philippine government would find it economical and effective to have its land-subdivision surveys made in conjunction with the topographic suirveys. GEOLOGY. The work il geology covers the preparation of geological maps and reports. They would show the geological history of the Philippines, would be an important aid to the development of the coal gold, copper, and other mineral resources of the islands, and would render much assistance to the Philippine government in its investigation of SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS (OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 15 the extent and usefulness of tile different types of agricultural soils. In connection with the proposed system of public highways the -- geological investigations would give valuable general information in the matter of location of roads and the possible supply of road material. FORESTR'. The object of the proposed forest work il the Philippines is to ascertain, describe, and map the various forest types which the islands contain, preparatory to their use in practical forestry; to ascertain how the forest reproduces itself under natural conditions and how natural reproduction is affected by human agencies; to discover the relation of Philippine forests to temperature. moisture, precipitation, and the run-off of water in the streams, and, in general, to ascertain and make accessible the fundamental facts upon which forest management is necessarily based. Such a survey would establish a sound and broad basis of facts which would be of daily assistance to the insular bureau of forestry in dealing with great economic problems concerning what is at present the most important available resource of the islands. BOTANY. The object of the plroposed botanical work is to prodlce a report in which all the plants of the Philippine Islands will be described, and their geographical extent, abundance, native names, and uses recorded. Such a report would furnish a great fund of scientific infornation to botanists the world over and w ould be of fundamental importance to the bureau of agriculture and the bureau of forestry of the Philippine government. It would aid materially hi facilitating the development and utilization of the plant resources of the islands. ZOOLOGY. The pl)rpose of the zoological work in the Philippines is to prepare an authoritative, colnprehensive account of the mammnals. birds, reptiles. fishes, insects, and aquatic invertebrates ascertained to occur in the islands, with a description of each species and a statement of its geographic range. Special attention should be paid to the fishes. A careful study should be made of their distribution, abundance, spawning habits. food, and enemies, and of all other questions that would aid the Philippine government in protecting the fisheries resources of the islands and in extending their utilization. ANTHROPOLOGY. The main ethnological field of the Philippines is the study of two of the four great races of man ini a manner similar to that {n which the Bureau of American Ethnology has studied a third of these races in North America. The work should cover the. physical,,ilental, linguistic, social, religious, aesthetic, and industrial development of the many primitive Philippine tribes. Collections illustrating their culture should be made before those changes take place which will 16 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. inevitably follow Arherican occupation and industrial development. Many l)ractical questions are involved, such as the geographic distribution and resources of the various tribes. and their requirements as to goverlmient, education. and industrial utilization. In these matletr tle 1roposed survey will be of material assistance to the Philippi)e l over m'ent bureau of non-Christian tribes. DETAILED ETIRIMAT''ES.a IMARINE HiYDRO(GRAPHY AND GEODESY. Initial expenses-8: snmall vessels ~. --- —-------------—. Annual expenses: Expenses of four smlall vessels aI.s:;,>.( each --- ——. Repairs of same --------------------------------—. Instruments ~-....__ __-, --- —-------— ~ ---- —. Tidlal survey 'Ill( bench mnarkl.-......~_~..__.. Sullr'veys u1;lll ---------------------— ~ --- —----- One head surveyor ----— __. --- —----—.. --- —-— _. Eight assistants on ships. at.$2.4', --------------—. Eight assistants on shore. at.Si1.S- ---------------—. Two drafts.men. at $1,800~ ---—. --- —------------- Eight draftsmen. at $800 ----------- - —. Two compters.;t $1.8.00~ ~-___ -__-__.___ ---- __-_-. Two (conl)lters. at.S00(. --- —-------------—. --- —--- Two clerk;. at.;l.~)0.'. --- —.____.........-__-._ ~ Twvo nautiical,X]perts. at $1.~sl-) ---—. --- —-.~ --- -.To tl -— __ --- —-_, ___ ----— _. ---.-_ --- —-— __. TOPORAPH Y. One head topo();rallr_ e ---. --- —-------------------------- Subsistence --—. --- —-----------------— _____-______ Outfit. native hlp). local traveling expenses. and cleric helpl ------------------—......... One.draftsinmai ----— n -----------.- -.- - Subsistence~ ---------------- -__ ---._-_-_ — ___~.~. -__._ --- — $250; 000 __ $120, 000 -- 10, 000 _- 10,000 6,000 __ 30, 000 4,000 _19, 200 _ 14,'400 _ 3.600 _ 6,400 - 3, 600 __ 1,600 __ 2,400 _ 3, 600 234, 800 ---- _ --- 484, _ 4,000 \ 730, al. 2, 000 _ 1,800 730 6, 730 9 30Q Three field parties. at $20.550........................_..._Expenses of each party: On(e topoglrapher ----— _ _-_ —.... --- $2,400 'uTwo assistant. topographers. a $1.S( -- 3- 3, 600 One levelhan. --------------------— _-__- 1,600 One rodman (native) -----— _ —__ -- _ 600 Subsistence (5 men, at S7o) -----— _-____ 3, 650 In'strumemnts.first year) --— _ —___ —.... 1.200 Outfit. native help. and traveling expenses - 7, 500 20, 550 20. 550.. —_- 61,650 Total_ - -— ___ _ --- —----- 70,910 a These estimates have been drawn up by the secretary of the board from data furnjshed, first. by the. report of the committee on biological work; second. by discussion of estimates at meetings of the board; third, by subsequent conference with individual members. SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDIS. 17 GEOLOGY. One head geologist_ —. --- ------------- ---- $4,000 Subsistence._ --- —- --- ------------------ 730 Outfit, native help, and local traveling expenses,-. ---- 2,000 Four field parties, at $8,760 _ _ __ __ —L_ 3 Expenses of the four parties: First. second, and third partiesOne geologist — _. _- ______ --- —----- $3,000 One assistant geologist --- —_ -- -- 1, 800 Subsistence (2 men, at $730)-__-__-__ 1,460 Outfit, native help. and traveling expenses --------— __ --- — -- 2,500 8,760 Fourth partyOne paleontologist --- —------------- 3, 00 One assistant paleontologist__ ------- 1,800 Subsistence (2 men, at $730)-_______- 1,460 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses — ____ ------------- 2,500 8, 760 One draftsman-__ __-_-_.- -—....___ ---_ ___-__- 1,800 Two clerks. at $1,200 ___ -------—. --- ----- _ 2,400 Subsistence (3 men. at $730) —_ --- —_ _ ----_ — ---- 2,190 $6,730 15,040 6,390 Instruments and freight ______________________ --- —------ 2,500 Charter of 2 boats for coast work, at $2,500 --- —------------------- 5,000 Total -__ --- —----— ___ --- —----- -- - 55, 60 FORESTRY. One head forester -- __ —__ — ___ ----_ ------- 4,000 Subsistence __ ___ --- ——;_ _______ ___ --- —------ 730, Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical assistance --------- -------------- 2,000 6, 730 Expenses of the three parties: First partyOne forester __-_______ --- —-- $2,400 One assistant-forester ____ --- —-- 1,800 One assistant forester ------— __ _. 1,400 Subsistence (3 men, at $730) ------ 2,190 Outfit, native help. and traveling ex-: penses --- ------------- 2,360 10,150 Second and third partiesOne assistant forester ------- -- - 1,800 One assistant forester- -----— _ __ — _ 1. 400 Subsistence (2 men, at $730) — __ —.__- 1. 460 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses — _ --- —----------- -— _ \1,460 6,120 Total --- —-------- -- - - 29,120 BOTANY. One head botanist___________________ --- - — _ _ __- 4, 000 Subsistence -- _____ _ --- —-------------- 730 Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, abd clerical assistance -— _ ---____ ____- _ ------ 2,000 ----- 16,730 S. Doc. 145, 58-3-2 \ A. - 18 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Four field parties (2 at $6,600, 1 at $6,600, 1 at $2,500) ------ ----- $21, 700 Expenses of the four parties: First and second partiesOne botanist ------------------------- $2, 400 One aid -------------------------- 1,200 Subsistence (2 men, at $730) --- —-- - 1,460 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses — _ —.-_- -------------- 1,540, 600 Third partyOne assistant botanist --- —------------ 1.800 One aid ---. --- —------— _ __. 1,200 Subsistence (2 men, at $730)__ --- —--- 1,460 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses — __ --- —---------------- 1. 540 6,000 Fourth partyOne aid _ --- —------------------- 1,200 Subsistence __-_______ ____ --- —---- 730 Outfit, native help. and traveling expenses ---— _ --------------- 570 2,500 Total — ----------------------------- 28,430 LAND ZOOLOGY. One head zoologist -...- ------------------------- $4, 000 Subsistence ---------------------------------- 730 Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical assistance ----- ---- --------- ------ 2,000 6, 730 Land vertebrates (nmammals, birds, reptiles), two field parties: (one at $9,100; one at $7,100)- --.... --- —------- 16,200 Expenses of the two parties: First partyOne vertebrate zoologist_ --- —--------- - $2,400 One assistant vertebrate zoologist___ ------— _ 1, 800 One aid --- — ---- ______ —__ ___ --- —— _ 1,200 Subsistence (3 men at $730) -— __ ---___- 2,190 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses —_- 1, 510 9,100 Second partyOne vertebrate zoologist __ --- —-----— __ -— _ _ 2,400 One assistant vertebrate zoologist -------— __ 1. 800 Subsistence (2 men at $730) ---- _ --- —__ 1,460 Outfit. native help. and traveling expenses_____ 1,440 7,100 Entomology: One entomologist ----------------------------------- 2,400 One assistant entomologist -------------------— ____- 1,800 One aid. --- —-------- ----------—.- ----- 1,200 Subsistence (3 men at $730) ____ --- —_ --------- 2,190 Outfit, native help. and traveling expenses — ___ ---__- 1. 410 9,000 Total -— _ --- — ---------------- _ — - 31,930 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 19 AQUATIC ZOOLOGY. One head ichthyologist __-, __________ --- —---- ___ $4,000 Subsistence _ —____ --- —---— _ -------- 730 Outfit, native help. local traveling expenses, and clerical assistance -- ----------------------------------- 2,000 - $6,730 Three field parties (2, at $8,920; 1, at $8,320) - __ ___ --- —-- 26,160 Expenses of the three parties: First partyOne aquatic invertebrate zoologist-__ __- __. _ 2,400 One assistant ichthyologist —___ --- —----- 1,800 One aid __-__ __-______ _________ --- 1,200 Subsistence (3 men, at $730) - -------- 2,190 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses — 1,330 8,920 Seconld partyOne ichthyologist_______ --- —----- ---- 2,400 One assistant aquatic zoologist --- —------ 1,800 One aid ----------------- -------- 1,200 Subsistence (3 men, at $730)-____ _ 2,190 -Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses-____ 1,330 8,920 Third partyOne assistant zoologist -__ --- —-______ - 1,800 One artist _____ --- —--— ___ _ ---- - 1,800 One aid __ ----_ — ___- -____ __ ---- - 1,200 Subsistence (3 men, at $730)-__ --- — _ 2,190 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses_ --- 1,330 8,320 Total — _ __ — ------- __ __ - --- --- 32, 890 ANTHBOPOLOGY. One head ethnologist ___ --- —-— _ —_______- - 4,000 Subsistence --------- ------ ----------------- 730 Outfit, native help, local traveling expenses, and clerical assistance____ --- __ --- —----------- 2, 000 6,730 Three field parties, at $7,160____ _______ ------- -— ___- 21,480 'Expenses of each of the three parties: One ethonologist -— _ --- —— _- -— _ $2,400 One assistant ethnologist ---_ --- -__ 1, 800 Subsistence (2 men, at $730)- ---— __ 1,460 Outfit, native help, and traveling expenses' 1,500 7,160 Total —_-__ _ _ -—..-. --- —- 28,210 SUMMARY. Marine hydrography and geodesy --- —-— __ ---- _ _ --- —--- 484,800 Topography -_____ _____ --- —----—. _-__-_ --- _ 70,910 Geology _ ---___ ________ --- —------------- - 55, 60 Forestry ----------— ______ — ________ --- —------- 2, 120 Botany —.________ _________ _ _______ --- —--------- 28,430 Zoology: Land -— ___ --- —----— _ --- —--------- $31,930 Aquatic _____ --- —-..__._____________ ---- 32,890 64,820 Anthropology.-____________ --- —--------------- 28,210 Total___ _____ --- —-------------- -_________ _ - 761,950 1 2) SCIENTIFIC EXPL(ORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. L. EGISLATION..\ ILL to lpoviilde for iurveys of the 'hi}ilppine Islands. /(;t einacted )I/ t/flic cito' anid Hoesi of Repre-setatives of the. I,ited State; of A. mccica;In C( on.(pe' as.sembled. That the President be authorized and requeste(l to causte surveys of the Philippine Islauds to be made, as herein provided. in addition to and in furtherance of such survey:e aind investigations:as have already been authorized by Congr-..s or by tlhe Philippine Commission. - The Pres '.t. may1 catlse to be transferred or detailed for this service persol. xrom the Federal classified service. and he may cause to be employed such other persons as may be necessary: Provided, That the persons so trallsferred. detailed. or employed shall be entitled to the same leave of abseiice as persons in the Philippine civil service. The Presiddent shall appoint froiii the Federal civil service a board of Philippine surveys. consisting of seveii menbers and a chairman (selected from tlhe seven meinllbers or ill addition to the seven-qnelmlers. as the I'resideiit may deeim expedient), all menll of recognized,ciei'ntific standing and a(lillinistrative experielce. serving without additionlal 'olllpelIsatill. who. (coo)peratiill(r ith the P'hilippine (Co01 -li issiMl. shnlai slipervi'se di. ir ct.111 d coodillatl tlie surveys hereil providedl fol. a;rrani'{ge for sitable piillication of results,. authorize ithe nieces.sarv expenditure by tlhe blreauts to which the respective slrveys are gerlmalllle (of ioneiavs, w\lichl 1imal be al)propriated by Congress iI pu1llrsualllce of tlllhs act. alldl slbllilit t tlhe President annuiall. - transmission to Congrelss. reoilti of pr(ugri.uss and of expenditires a 1l e st illates for thle pi)r'sec(lt ioln of tl(e wNuork., lFor all l)urpIos(is l'(ie.e-saitry to (carlr olit tlhe irovisiols of thislt t tlie followilg soii is;ire li'ele al)proplriatid(l ouit of any lonievs in the Tre'asuirv of thle Ilited Stite-ts lut ot l-herwise allpropriated, to t)e ine(ieiately availlable;idl t( re(iiain availabl)e until expended: ProTha.d. Ihiat Io a(ldvtuce o(f ni( ney shall be ioiade to a chief of field plarty Illider tilis appropriation uoiless he shall give bond in such sui,,;a.i tile(' Scretalry of tlie Treasiry may reqiuire. Mlarline Ilodr:o(graply and geod-esy: For all expenses iie'essary for.I trigioioliietric ai(d hlydrographic survey and a topographic survey of.tl (coast. icluidiiing the requisite astronomical determinations. c'liirtig (lie w ater. nil)lpping the coasts, observing the tides, analyzig tl Them. establishing benciih marks foi levels, and determiniing the dirl(ctioni of the magnetic iieedle and investigating the law- gov(rliing hlie changes to which it is subject for the puirpose of prediction. the informationi thus collated to be utilized in the publicatioll of tide tal)les. gitideis to mariners called "Coast Pilots," and warnings of dantigers ain aids to inavigation issued at frequent intervals in Notices to Mariiers,. fotiur hundred and eighty-five thousand dollars. Topography: For all expeiises necessary for the preparation of topographic maps of the land area of the Philippine Islands, suitable for use by the Philippine surveys. as a base for platting the geological formations. different types of forests. distribution of the native ra(es, and similar objects. a.s well as for public uses generally. seventyone thousand dollars. Geology': For all expenses necessary for the preparation of geological maps and reports showing the geologic!a history of the Philip SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 21 pine Islands and furnishing a geological basis for the development of the coal, gold. copper. and other mineral resources of the islands, fifty-six thousand dollars. Forestry: For all expenses necessary for an investigation of the basic facts of forest life-and production in the Philippine Islands, including the mapping and description of forests and' forest types, the study of silviculture and forest reproduction. the relation of the forest to humlllan life and to temperature. moisture, rainfall, and stream flow. thirty thousand dollars. Botany: Fdr all expenses necessary for botanical exploration and the preparation of a report in which the plants of the Philippine Islands shall be described, and their geographical extent, abundance, native narnes, and uses recorded, twenty-eight thousand dollars. Zoology: For all expenses necessary for zoological exploration and the preparation of an authoritative fauna of the region, a comprehensive, systematic work containing descriptions of all the mammals. birds, reptiles. insects, fishes, and aquatic invertebrates ascertained to occur in the islands, with a statement of the geographic range of each species; and for a study of the distribution, abundance, spawning habits, food, and enemies of Philippine fishes. and other questions relating to the fisheries resources of the islands, sixty-five thousand dollars, of which not more than thirty-two thousand dollars shall be used foraland zoology. Anthropology: For all expenses necessary for the study of the geographical distribution of the various primitive Philippine tribes and their physical, mental, linguistic, social, religious, aesthetic, and industrial developmenlt. and for making collections illustrating their culture, twenty-eight thousand dollars. The board is also authorized to charge against the several appropriations. in due proportion, such expenses for quarters. clerical assistance, and other administrative expenses as nmay e indispensable to the exercise of its functions..AMI N ISTRATIVE MfEMORANI)A. A representative of the present board should go to the islands before the final report is made to the President. to discuss the plans and organization with the members of the Philippine Commission and secure their approval. The field work of each of the surveys should be in immediate charge of a responsible officer trained in the corresponding field of research. The head field officers of the various surveys, with such cooperation among themselves regarding transportation, location. and sequence of work. and joint field operations as sound administration may require or permit, should pperate under the direction of individual members of the board. The plans of individual members of the board, after approval by the whole board, should be referred back to the same- members for execution. The board should appoint members of the scientific force and administrative or executive einloyees, this power to be delegated by them, if deemed advisable, to the individual members; the clerks and nonscientific assistants to be appointed in the Philippine Islands, for 22 SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATIONS OF TH'E PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. service there, by the head field officers of the various surveys, such appointnents to be reported to the board. The head field officers of the various surveys, in the preparation of recommendations to be submitted yearly to their chiefs in the board, should consult with the officers of the insular government who are carrying on related lines of work. A representative of the board should inspect annually the work of tile surveys and consult with the Philippine Commission regarding future operations. and a copy of the plans finally determined upon for the following vear's work should be filed with the Commission. Should the Philippine Commission make appropriations for any work to be carried out under the direction of the board, the yearly plans for such work. in execution of the general plan approved by the Commission at the outset, should also be subject to the Commission's approval. " The Phili)ppine Comlnlission, the War Department, and the Navy Department should be requested to extend to those engaged in the various lrvevs the same privileges relative to transportation, supplies. aid miedical attendance that are held by persons in the Philippine service. The Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries should be asked to assent to a plan of cooperation which will involve the use of the Albatross in marine zoological work. J The results of the surveys should be published ultimately in a series of volumes constituting the final report of the board, but meanwhile the board should authorize the issue, through existing channels of publication, of any results needed by the Philippine Commission or otherwise required for immediate use. 0 I..