MAN UAL OF DETERMINATIVE MINERALOGY WITH AN INTRODUCT I O N ON BLOW-PIPE ANALYSIS. BY GEORGE J. BRUSH, PROFESSOR OF MINERALOGY TN THE STIEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL SECOND EDITION, WITI1 CORRECTIONS. NEW YORK: JOIIN WILEY & SON, 15 ASTOR PLACE. 1875. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by GEO. J. BRUSH, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. JOHN F. TROw & SON, PRINTEII.S ANDI) FI.ECTRI.OTYI'EI$S, 205-213 ELast I2t/t.t., 1}, l YuOI'K. PREFACE. THE material in this compilation was, for the greater part, prepared almost twenty years since, by Prof. S. W. Johnson and myself as a textbook for the students in our laboratory. Circumstances prevented its publication at that timne, but it has served as the basis of a course of lectures and practical exercises annually given in the Sheffield Laboratory. The plan of instruction has been to have the student work through a course of Qualitative Blowpipe Analysis as introductory to Determinative _Mineralogy. For the latter subject we have employed von KOBELL'S Tafeln Zur Bestimmzung der Jfineralien, many of the students taking the work in the original, while others made use of either Erni's or Elderhorst's translations. These "Tables" were translated by Prof. Johnson and myself while we were students of Prof. von Kobell in 1853-4, at ~iMunich, and it was after our suggestion, in 1860, to Prof. Elderhorst, that he introduced von Kobell's " Tables" into the second edition of his "lManual," although he did not avail himself of our translation, which was then offered to him for that purpose. The "Tables " as now presented are based on the tenth German edition of von K(obell's book. Additions of new species have been made, and in many cases fuller details are given in regard to old species, and the whole material has been thrown into an entirely new shape, which it is believed will greatly facilitate the work of the student. The preparation of the Tables in this form, the idea of which was suggested to me by Prof. W. T. ROEPPER, has been performed, under my supervision, by my assistant Mr. GEORGE W. IIxwEs, who has also aided me greatly in revising the rest of the work, and in the reading of the proof-sheets. The main authorities used in the original preparation and later revision of the chapters on Blowpipe Analysis were the works of BERZELIUS and PLATTNER. The third and fourth editions of Plattner, the latter edited by Prof. RICHTER, have been chiefly consulted. The complete work of Plattner, with still later additions by Prof. Richter, has been made accessible to English reading students through an excellent translation by Prof. H. B. CORNWALL, and this cannot be too highly commended to those who desire to become fully acquainted with this important subject. iv PREFACE. In Determinative Mineralogy, besides the works of von Kobell, free use has been made of the treatises of NAUMANN and DANA, especially of the pyrognostic characters contributed by myself to the latter work. This constitutes, in accordance with the original plan of Professor Dana and myself, the Determinative Part of his System of Mineralogy. It is proposed at some future time to add to the volume methods for the deternination of minerals by their physical characters. In conclusion, I take great pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to my colleague, Prof. S. W. JoXNsoN, who has not only generously given me his share in the original work, but has constantly aided me by his advice in the revision here presented. SHEFFIELD LABORATORY OF YALE COLLEGE, NEW HAVEN, December 15, 1874. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE APPARATUS AND REAGENTS......................... 1 The mouth blowpipe....................................................... 1 Blowing................................................................. 3 Fuel, lamps................................................................ 4 The blowpipe flame........................................................ 5 Supports.................................................................. 6 Accessory apparatus........................................................ 8 Blowpipe reagents..................................'........................ 9 Wet reagents.............................................................. 12 CHAPTER II. SYSTEMATIC COURSE OF QUALITATIVE BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS............ 13 Heating in the closed tube........................................... 13 Heating in the open tube................................................... 16 Heating on charcoal....................................................... 17 Heating in the platinum forceps...................................... 9 Treatment with cobalt solution........................................... 21 USE OF FLUXES-ROASTING.................................................. 22 Fusion with borax.......................................................... 23 Fusion with salt of phosphorus.............................................. 26 Treatment with soda..................................................... 29 Formation of a hepar....................................................... 29 Reduction of metallic oxides................................................ 30 Table of reactions of earths and metallic oxides.............................. 32 CHAPTER III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS ANTD COMPOUNDS WITH CHARACTERISTIC BLOWPIPE AND OTHER REACTIONS....................... 43 Alumina, Ammonia, Antimony.............................................. 43 Arsenic........................................................................ 44 Baryta, Bismuth, Boric Acid................................................ 45 Bromine, Cadmium, Caesia.................................................. 46 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE Carbon, Carbonic Acid, Cerium, Chlorine, Chromium.......................... 47 Cobalt, Columbium, Copper................................................. 48 Didymium, Erbium, Fluorine, Glucina, Gold, Indium........................... 49 Iodine, Iron, Iridium, Lanthanum, Lead.................................... 50 Lime, Lithia, Magnesia, Manganese, Mercury, Molybdenum................... 51 Nickel, Nitrates, Osmium, Oxygen, Palladium, Phosphates............. 52 Platinum, Potassa, Rhodium, Rubidia, Ruthenium, Selenium, Silica............ 53 Silver, Soda, Strontia, Sulphur, Sulphuric Acid............................... 54 Tantalum, Tellurium, Terbia, Thallium, Thoria, Tin, Titanium................ 55 Tungsten, Uranium, Vanadium, Water, Yttria, Zinc Zirconia................... 56 CHAPTER IV. DETERMINATIVE MINIERALOGY............................................. 57 INTRODUCTION TO TABLES.................................................... 57 Lustre.................................................. 58 Scale of fusibility.......................................................... 58 Scale of hardness.......................................................... 59 Color, streak, specific gravity................................................ 59 Testing for water......................................................... 60 Decomposition by acids..................................................... 60 Gelatinization.................................................... 60 Pyro-electricity............................................................ 60 Illustrative examples of method for determination of minerals.................. 60 List of minerals for blowpipe determination................................... 62 ANALYTICAL TABLE, SHOWING GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS......... 63 List of abbreviations....................................................... 63 TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERALS.............................. 64-96 Minerals with metallic lustre............................................. 64-71 Minerals without metallic lustre...................................... 72-96 Index to minerals......................................... 97 BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS. QCTbpte' 1. APPARATUS AND REAGENTS. THE MOUTH BLOWPIPE. 1. THIs little instrument, for centuries employed only by artisans in soldering, and other operations requiring an intense heat, has more recently become an invaluable means of scientific research.* It is now of the greatest service to the chemist and mineralogist, not only for the recognition of minerals, and the detection of their ingredients, but even for the quantitative separation of several.metals from their ores.t The blowpipe serves chiefly for ascertaining the general nature of a body, by revealing some one or more of its ingredients; more rarely it helps to detect all the constituents of a very complex compound, although in but few cases is it possible by its use alone to decide that besides the substances found in a body, no others are present. The blowpipe enables us in a moment, with no other fuel than that furnished by a common lamp or candle, to produce a most intense heat. In the blowpipe flame not only are most refractory bodies (platinum) melted or volatilized, but the most opposite chemical effects (oxidation and reduction) may be produced. Almost all mineral substances may be made to manifest some characteristic phenomena under its influence, either alone or in presence of certain other substances (reagents), and their nature may be thus surely and easily detected. 2. The Common Blowpipe (Fig. 3) is a conical curved tube of brass, terminating in an orifice as large as a small needle. This simple instrument, when well constructed, answers most ordinary purposes. If used a long time without interruption, the moisture of the breath gathers in drops in the narrow part of the tube, and is finally projected into the flame. 3. In the Chemical Blowpipe a chamber is fixed near the extremity of the instrument which collects the condensed moisture. The most usual form of this * For a brief history of the use of the blowpipe, see Berzelius' work, translated by J. D. Whitney, Boston, 1845. A more complete history is found in Kopp's Geschichte der Chemie, II. 44. Braunschweig, 1844. t For Plattner's methods of assaying gold, silver, copper, lead, bismuth, tin, cobalt, nickel, and iron ores, with the help of the blowpipe, see his work cited in the preface. 1 2 TIIE MOUTII BLOWPIPE. instrument is shown in Fig. 1 (half size), in which A represents the condenser. To admit of emptying this reservoir, it is connected with the t-ibes by the ground joints b and c. The instrument is also furnished with a movable jet, a section of which, in correct dimensions, 3 is shown at D. This admits of ready cleaning without injury in case of stoppage. Berzelius recommends it Ji — to be made from solid platinum, as it then may be easily freed from the soot which is apt to collect upon it, by igniting it in the flame of a spirit lamp, whereby the impurities are burned away. Platinum jets made of foil are too thin at the point, and are thus liable to be easily damaged. Brass jets are very durable and inexpensive, and may be cleaned, not indeed by heating, but by means of a sharpened splinter of soft wood, which should be introduced for that purpose at the larger end of the jet. The internal form of the jet is not unimportant. The best shape is that of the section seen in the figure; it is such that the flame produced in using it is always well defined and conical, even when the blast is strongest. rhe jets of the blow-pipe found at the instrumentmakers' usually need enlarging at the orifice. This is conveniently done with the help of a slender threeedged drill, which may be readily made by grinding down the sides of a large needle. 4. The instrument as shown in Fig. 1, without the trumpet mouthpiece, is of the original form proposed by Gahn, and employed by Berzelius. The beginner is liable to be fatigued in using it, as it requires considerable effort to keep the lips closed about the cylindrical tube for a long time. Plattner recommends the mouthpiece shown in the figure. It is made of horn or ivory, thirty-five millimetres in its outer diameter, and particular care must be taken that it has the proper curvature, so that in placing it against the lips it may not give an unnecessary or unequal pressure. A very good mouthpiece may be made from a piece of glass tube, two inches long, and of just such diameter as fits the blowpipe tube. I6 is strongly and uni- rig. 1. formly heated for half its length in the flame of a lamp, and when quite soft is flattened between two smooth metallic surfaces, to give it the form shown in Fig. 2. The other end is cemented into the blowpipe by means of a little sealing wax. This kind of mouthpiece is free from the disagreeable taste of the brass, and when inserted between the lips it displaces them but slightly from their customary position, and causes them very little fatigue. 5. The blowpipe is usually made of brass, or preferably of German silver. The length of the instrument should be measured by the visual distance of the operator; from seven to nine inches is the ordinary length. 6. In Figs. 3 and 4 is shown how a common blowpipe may be materially improved with but little trouble. A blowpipe being selected that Fig.. gives a good flame, it is cut in two so that the wider part of the tube has a length equal to the visual distance of the operator. The narrow tube is then BLOWING. 3 reversed, and tightly fitted into the wider end of the long tube by means of a perforated cork, thus forming a reservoir for moisture, as seen at a in the figure. 7. Bansen's gas blowpipe, in which illuminating gas issues from a tubular burner which surrounds the jet of the blowpipe, is sometimes convenient for laboratory use. BLOWING. 8. In blowpipe operations it is often necessary to maintain an uninterrupted stream of air for several successive minutes. To be able to do this easily, requires some practice. It is best learned by fully distending the cheeks and breathing slowly through the nose for a time. When one is accustomed to keeping the Fig. 8. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. cheeks inflated, the mouthpiece of the blowpipe may be inserted between the lips, and the same thing repeated without attempting to blow or do more than keep the mouth full. Since the air now escapes through the blowpipe, the cheeks gradually fall together and must be again distended, yet without interrupting the outward current. This is accomplished by shutting off the communication between the mouth and the lungs by the palate, and inhaling through the nose. From the lungs thus filled the mouth is from time to time supplied, yet without any effort on the part of the muscles of the breast. A few hours' practice generally suffices to acquire the art of blowing. Beginners should keep in mind that the stream of air requires scarcely more force to produce it than results from the natural tendency of the inflated cheeks to collapse. 4 BLOWPIPE LAMnPS AN'D FFUEL. The lips should not be closed too firmly about the mouthpiece, else they are speedily fatigued. To the experienced operator continuous blowing is hardly an effort. * THE FUEL. 9. When more convenient material is not at- hand, stearine candles of good quality will answer for most purposes. Paraffine candles give a higher heat, but they soften in warm weather, and melt, and run down inconveniently. The common tallow candle may often suffice in an emergency, but requires constant snuffing. Fig. 6. ( size.) Fig. 7. (' size.) 10. A better fuel is olive or rape-seed oil burned in a lamp having a single circular wick rather more than a quarter of an inch in diameter, if the wick tube and lamp be so arranged that the charcoal and other supports used in blowpipe experiments can be brought close under the deflected flame. Fig. 5 represents the form of the blowpipe lamp proposed by Berzelius, and improved by Plattner. It is adapted for a portable blowpipe apparatus, since it is free from leakage, and capable of packing into a small space. The cistern A is of tinned sheet icon, and the wick tube and filling orifice are closed by screw caps. 11. The most convenient combustible is illuminating gas. A burner of the form given in Fig. 6 is used. It is about four inches high; the tube is flattened at the top and made a trifle lower on the left side, so that the blowpipe flame may be turned downward when necessary. A cock in the tube at the foot is useful. Such a lamp has the advantage of dispensing with all trimming and other inconveniences attendant on the use of an oil lamp. The ordinary Bunsen gas-burner (Fig. 7) is often provided with an extra tube to slip over the small gas jet in the in* Luca has described a blowpipe intended to maintain a steady stream of air with intermittent blowing, but this and other contrivances are unnecessary when the student has sufficient enterprise and patience to learn to blow the ordinary instruments, and no others wiL be likely to make much progress in blowpipe analysis. THE BLOWPIPE FLAME. 5 terior of the burner, in such a manner as to shut off the access of the air; the gas is then burned from the upper end, which is shaped as in the figure. The only objection to this lamp is, it is a little too high, although it may answer for all ordinary purposes. A simpler blowpipe gas lamp may be easily made by selecting an iron or brass tube, eight inches in length, and three-eighths of an inch in bore, bending it at a right angle at the middle, and passing it through a block, properly cut, or placing it in a mould, which is then filled with melted lead. The top of the tube is then flattened, and the proper inclination given to the orifice by filing. Fig. 8 shows a lamp thus constructed. THE BLOWPIPE FLAME. 12. When an ordinary lamp or candle is lighted, the combustion takes place only upon the outer limits of the flame, but if a stream of air is blown into the flame the combustion is transferred to the interior, is thus rendered more complete, and the flame is condensed. It is to these causes that the very intense heat of the blowpipe flame is due. When the beginner is able to maintain a steady blast for some minutes together, he may attempt the production and management of the blowpipe flame. The operator being easily seated at the table, his arm resting upon its edge, the blowpipe is lightly grasped near the water chamber, between the thumb and first and second fingers of the right hand, and its jet brought to the edge of the flame, just above the wick or tube. The blowing should be regulated so as to produce a steady flame, which will be regular and conical if the jet be well shaped. In Fig. 9 a common candle flame is represented, in which a light-blue segment, bound- Fig. 8. (W size.) ed by the line a c, and disappearing as the flame ascends, is seen at the base. The dark core of the flame f is surrounded by the illuminating portion a b c, and the thin, scarcely visible enveloi e a e c forms the outer coat of the flame. 13. Reducing Flame. While the candle is burning the stearine is slowly melted, sucked up by the wick, and vaporized. These vapors unite with the oxygen of the air and burn, upon the outer limits of the flame forming the hot coat a e c of carbonic acid and vapor of water. As the oxygen reaches no farther into the flame than the line a b c, the vapors inside this line are intensely heated out of the contact of the air, and any metallic oxide introduced into this yellow segment will, when hot, tend to part with its oxygen to the carbon and hydrocarbons of the flame. This is called the Reducing Flame (R. F.). To produce it with the blowpipe, the whole of the flame is deflected by a gentle blast, so regulated that it maintains its yellow color, and is luminous as before. The blowpipe is placed outside the flame, as shown in Fig. 10. The flame must not deposit soot upon the substance under trial, and only the extremity of the luminous part should be applied so as to envelop the assay. 6 SUPPORTS. 14. Oxidizing Flame (Fig. 11). When the jet is carried somewhat into the flame, and the blast is a little stronger, the carbon is more completely consumed; the inner blue cone, corresponding to the part a c of the candle flame, becomes sharply defined, and is surrounded by a nearly colorless envelope, corresponding to the mantle a e c, at the extremity of which metals may be intensely a...'.........\ Cr i Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. heated in contact with air, and will thus be rapidly oxidized. This is called the Oxidizing Flame (0. F.). The assay should be held as far beyond the blue point of the flame as is consistent with the temperature requisite for the most rapid oxidation, and the flame should be so managed that no luminous streaks are seen in it. A flat wick serves best for its production. The heat is most intense at the point of the blue cone, and this is accordingly used for testing the fusibility of minerals and other substances, without reference to chemical action. SUPPORTS. In blowpipe examinations the assay is supported by certain substances which are either infusible, or have the power of sustaining a high heat without changing their form. 15. Charcoal is used in many operations as a support for the assay. For most purposes any piece of well-burned charcoal that does.not snap or become fissured in the flame will suffice. The softer kinds of wood vield the most suitable material. That made from bass-wood (linden) is the best; pine and willow charcoal are also excellent. For use it is conveniently sawn into parallelopipedons, APPARATUS. 7 with faces one or' two inches in width, and three to six inches in length. The assay is best placed on the flat, smooth surface, at right angles to the rings of growth. It can be repeatedly used, the clean surface being renewed by scraping with a knife or file. 16. Cavities for the reception of the substance to be heated on charcoal may be made with the point of a knife. For some purposes, cavities may be made more nicely by means of a tube of stout tin plate, the edges of which are sharpened. The tube is made conical, has a length of three inches, its diameter at one end is three-eighths, at the other five-eighl;hs, of an inch. The end of this is applied to the surface of the coal at a considerable inclination, and the tube is revolved with a scooping motion. The excavation should be made near the edge of the charcoal, should be cup-shaped, rather shallow, quite smooth, and regular. 17. Platinum Wire is used for supporting beads of fused borax or other flux in the flame. The kind designated as N6. 27 (or jeweller's hole 12}), is the best. It is cut into pieces three inches long, and a loop made in the end. When not in use the hooked ends should be plunged into a little bottle containing dilute sulphuric acid, which dissolves away the matters that have been fused on them. Before use they should be rinsed with water and thoroughly cleaned. 18. Platinum Spoon. For a few operations a small platinum spoon of the form shown in Fig. 12, may be usefully employed. A cork or wooden handle should be adapted to it. A rectangular slip of platinum foil, which is used also for other purposes, may be made to answer for the spoon by bending up its corners and holding it in the platinum forceps. Fig. 12. 12. ( size.) 19. Platinum Forceps. For igniting fragments of minerals, forceps tipped with platinum are indispensable. Fig. 13 represents the usual form. They are made of steel or German silver. The points are opened by pressure. The fiee ends may be used as an ordinary forceps for picking up small fragments of minerals, etc.; or if of steel, for detaching pieces of specimens. Fig. 14 shows a Fig. 13. Fig. 14. simpler form of this instrument, which any jeweller can easily construct. A piece of highly elastic brass wire, No. 12, is the best material for the tongs. The platinum zips a are readily hammered out from a piece of stout wire or cut from a plate, and are riveted or, better, soldered to the brass wire with silver solder. The bend at b is intended to prevent the points from touching the table. The forceps must be slender in order not to conduct away too much heat from the assay. 20. Glass Tubes. Tubes of hard glass, free from lead, -1 to 4 inch in diameter, and four to six inches long, are indispensable. They serve for the ignition 8 IAPPARATUS. of bodies in a current of air, the rapidity of which may be regulated by varying tiLe inclillation of the tube. The substance under trial is placed in the tube about Fig. 15. an inch from the end, the tube is then held nearly horizontally, either in the flame of the lamp or of the blowpipe. The falling out of the body may be hindered by bending the tube slightly one inch from one end. The body is then placed at the bend as shown in Fig. 15, and the proper inclination given to the tube; but for most uses straight tubes are quite as good. For each new operation a clean tube must be employed. The tube usually cracks when used a second time, and should therefore be cut off at the place where a body has been ignited. Tubes are most easily cleaned by wiping them out with a slip of soft paper rolled around some slender cylinder having a rough surface to hold the paper. A small rat-tail file is excellent for this use. 21. Closed Tubes and Glass Bulb Tubes (matrasses; Fig. 16) serve for heating bodies out of contact, or with but limited access of air. They are easily made, especially the form B, which answers nearly every purpose, from the pieces which have become too short to be used as open tubes, or by heating a tube six inches long in the middle and drawing it into two parts. ACCESSORY APPARATUS. 22. An Agate Mortar with pestle (Fig. 17) is used for reducing minerals to a fine powder. It should be from two to three inches in diameter, and should be used only for grinding, never for pounding, hard bodies. jI B Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. 23. A Diamond Mortar (Fig. 18) made of cast steel and well tempered, is used for breaking up and reducigl, to a tolerably fine powder hard and refractory bodies. The fragments to be broken are placed in the bottom of the cavity; the closely fitting pestle is also placed in the hole, and is sharply struck with a small hammer. Mineirals are thus prepared for finer pulverization in the agate mortar; but the same thing may be accomplished by wrapping the assay in several folds of paper, placing it upon an anvil and striking it. BLOWPIPE REAGENTS. 9 24. Hammer. A small steel hammer such as is used by jewellers. 25. Anvil. A small parallelopipedon of hardened steel, or any convenient flat surface of steel. 26. Pliers. Cutting pliers (Fig. 19) are useful for detaching fragments from mineral specimens. 27. File. A small three-cornered file is used for cutting glass tubes. A notch is cut in one side of the tube, which is then half pulled, half broken in two. 28. Magnet. A common steel magnet, or a magnetized knife blade, serves to recognize magnetic bodies; a magnetic needle is sometimes useful for delicate determinations. 29. Lens. A magnifying glass composed of two convex lenses. 30. Watch-glasses from one to two and a half inches in diameter serve for various purposes. 31. Test-Tubes of hard glass with a suitable stand. 32. Funnels of glass one and a half to two inches in diameter. 33. Porcelain Dishes. Those with handles, called casseroles (Fig. 20), are most convenient. They are used for boiling liquids and for evaporations. Fig. 19. (X size.) Fig. 20. (4 size.) Fig. 21. (4 size.) 34. A Wash-Bottle (Fig. 21), made from a small flask, or any bottle having a mouth wide enough to receive the cork through which the tubes are passed. 35. Glass Rods, three to six inches long, rounded at each end, are used for stirrers. 36. Filters. Suitable paper is cut into circular pieces, the radius of which should be a half inch less than the side of the funnel in which it is to be placed. It is twice folded upon itself, thus forming a quadrant; this is opened so as to form a conical cup, having three thicknesses of paper on one of its sides, and one on the other. It is snugly inserted into a funnel, and moistened from the wash-bottle just previous to use. The list of appliances for blowpipe analysis may be indefinitely increased, but the simplicity of a blowpipe outfit, in rendering it non-expensive and portable, is very desirable. A little ingenuity will supply the place of much apparatus. BLOWPIPE REAGENTS. The substances employed to produce chemical changes in bodies for their recognition are termed reagents. The quantities needed are so small that it is usually 10 BLOWPIPE REAGENTS. advisable to purchase most of them; but as it is often difficult to procure reagents of proper quality, simple directions for preparing some of them, and for testing their purity, are here given. 37. Carbonate of Soda; or Soda, in blowpipe language. Either' neutral carbonate or bicarbonate may be used. To prepare it, take four or five ounces of commercial bicarbonate of soda, free from mechanical impurities, place it in a porcelain mortar, add a little distilled water, and pulverize finely. Bring it upon a large filter in a glass funnel, and allow the water. to drain off. Successive additions of water, in quantities of about one ounce, are made, until a few drops of the drainings, caught in a clean test-tube, and acidified with nitric acid, give no precipitate, nor even the faintest turbidity with a drop of clear solution of chloride of barium. The washing often requires several days, and is sometimes not complete before half of the salt has been washed away. It is thus freed from sulphuric acid, which contaminates the commercial salt. Soda that is purchased as pure should be tested for sulphur and sulphuric acid, as described in 145, before trusting its purity. The salt as thus prepared is spread out upon paper and allowed to dry. Part of it may be bottled while moist, and used in that state; but a part must be dried at a high heat, in order to expel all water. It is then pulverized and put away for use. 38. Biborate of Soda. Borax. The commercial salt is usually pure enough. Clean crystals are selected, and coarsely pulverized. For some tests, fused borax is required. To obtain this, some of the commercial salt is melted in a platinum dish, and when cool placed in a tightly stoppered bottle. 39. Phosphate of Soda and Ammonia. Salt of Phosphorus. Microcosmic Salt. The very small quantity of this substance (I oz.) needed for a great number of trials is best purchased. It may be prepared by dissolving in two parts of boiling water six parts of crystallized phosphate of soda, and one part (all the parts by weight) of white and clean sal-ammoniac, and immediately filtering while still boiling hot. The crystals that separate on cooling are freed from the chloride of sodium that adheres to them by recrystallization. Testing.It must filse on platinum wire to a colorless, perfectly transparent globule; and when oxide of copper is added, and it is again heated, it must not tinge the flame with a blue or green color. 40. Nitrate of Cobalt. Cobalt Solution. The crystals of nitrate are dissolved in ten parts of water, and filtered if necessary. For use the cobalt solution is most conveniently kept in bulbs similar to those represented in half size, in Fig. 22. The bulb A is easilv made friom a bit of glass tube. In order to fill such a bulb it is gently heated, and the tip placed beneath the surface of a solution of nitrate of cobalt in a shallow dish. When a drop of the solution has entered it is again heated, the drop is converted into steam, the tip is again immersed, and the solution will almost instantly rush into the bulb. It should not be more than two-thirds filled. To apply Fig. 22. the solution, the bulb is grasped gently in the palm of the hand, and inverted, when the expansion of the air shortly forces out a drop or more, as is required. 41. Nitrate of Potash. Clean crystals of the commercial salt are powdered. 42. Bisulphate of Potash. Equal weights of clean nitrate of potash and oil of vitriol are heated together in a porcelain dish, gently at first, afterwards more BLOWPIPE REAGENTS. 11 strongly, till the nitric acid and excess of sulphuric acid are driven off and a clear liquid remains which solidifies to an opaque mass on cooling. The salt thus obtained is pulverized, and preserved in a glass-stoppered bottle. It can also be pre. pared by heating pure sulphate of potash with an excess of sulphuric acid, until the excess is driven away and the mass solidifies on cooling. 43. Cyanide of Potassium. In nearly every case this reagent can be dispensed with, by one who has perfect command of the blowpipe, its only use being to facilitate difficult reductions. It can be procured of any photographer or druggist. 44. Iodide of Potassium. The clean crystals purchased of any druggist. 45. Sulphur. Flowers of sulphur. 46. Tin. Strips of pure tin-foil a half an inch wide and one inch long. 47. Zinc. Strips of common sheet zinc. 48. Lead. Pure lead, for detecting gold and silver by cupellation, is prepared by dissolving acetate of lead (sugar of lead) in hot water, filtering, and inserting strips of clean zinc into the solution. After five to six hours the precipitated lead should be scraped frorm the zinc in order to expose a fresh surface. When the lead is all separated, it is washed thoroughly with water, then dried by pressing between folds of blotting paper, and finally by exposure to a gentle warmth. 49. Iron. Clean wire of the thickness of a medium-sized sewing-needle. Iron in a fine state of subdivision is used for reductions in the wet way. 50. iMlagnesium. Bits of foil or wire are useful in detecting phosphoric acid. 51. Silver. A smooth silver coin, which must be freshly cleaned at the time of using. See detection of sulphur, 145. 52. Bone-Ash. A little cup of bone ashes, called a culpel, is used for the detection of silver and gold. Bones burned to whiteness are finely pulverized and reserved for these purposes. 53. Oxide of Copper. A copper cent is dissolved in nitric acid, the solution is evaporated to dryness, and the dry mass gradually heated to redness in a porcelain dish. 54. Fluoride of Calcium. Pureflzuor-spar is crushed and heated in a test tube until decrepitation ceases; it is then finely pulverized. 55. Oxalate of Nickel. The pure salt is best purchased, and when fused with borax before the blowpipe, must give a brown and not a blue glass. 56. Test Papers. A. -Blue Litmus Papers.-Digest one part of the litmus of commerce with six parts of water, and filter the solution; divide the intensely blue filtrate into two equal parts; saturate the free alkali in the one part by repeatedly stirring with a glass rod dipped in very dilute sulphuric acid, until the color of the fluid just appears red; add now the other part of the blue filtrate, pour the whole fluid into a dish, and draw strips of fine unsized paper through it: suspend these strips over threads, and leave them to dry. When dry, the paper should have a fine blue color, and may be cut in narrow strips and kept in a tight box. The moistened paper should be promptly reddened by the smallest trace of acids, and is used for their detection. When the litmus paper is reddened by a very feeble acid, it may be used for the detection of alkalies. T. Tlurmeric Paper.-Digest one part of bruised turmeric root with six parts of weak spirits of wine, filter the tincture obtained, and steep slips of fine paper in the filtrate. The dried slips must exhibit a fine yellow tint. It is turned brown by alkalies, and serves also in the recognition of boric acid, molybdic acid, and zirconia. C. Brazil-wood Papler.-Brazil-wood is boiled with water, the liquid filtered, and paper saturated with it and dried. It is used for detecting fluorine, which gives it a yellow color; it also serves to recognize alkalies, which color it violet. 12 WET REAGENTS. WET REAGENTS. 57. Water. Whenever water is used in analytical operations it should be either distilled water, or clean rain water. 53. Hydrochloric Acid. Muriatic Acid. The strong commercial acid will answer for most purposes, but it is also advisable to have some of the pure fuming acid which on evaporation leaves no residue and when diluted with water gives no milkiness on the addition of chloride of barium. 59. Sulphuric Acid concentrated, (ordinary oil of vitriol). 60. Nitric Acid, pure. It must leave no residue upon evaporation, nor give any turbidity with nitrate of silver. 61. Phosphoric Acid. The officinal concentrated solution. 62. Ammonia. It must be colorless, should leave no residue when evaporated on a watch-glass, nor should it cause the slightest turbidity in lime-water. 63. Carbonate of Ammonia. One part of the commercial salt is dissolved in four parts of water, to which one part of solution of caustic ammonia has been added. 64. Chloride of Ammonium. Select sublimed white sal-ammoniac of commerce. If it contains iron or other impurities it is dissolved in hot water, and set aside to recrystallize. The dried crystals are dissolved for use in eight parts of water. 65. Phosphate of Soda. Purify the salt of commerce by recrystallization, and dissolve one part of the pure salt in ten parts of water. 66. Oxalate of Ammonia. Dissolve commercial oxalic acid, which has been purified by recrystallization, in two parts of hot water; add caustic ammonia, or carbonate of ammonia, until the fluid begins to manifest a slight alkaline reaction; filter, and set aside to cool. The crystals that separate are allowed to drain, and the mother liquors are further evaporated to crystallization. Purify by recrystallization. Dissolve one part of the pure salt in twenty-four parts of water. 67. Potassa. Dissolve some sticks of caustic potassa in water, allow to stand, and separate the clear solution from the sediment by decantation. 68. Chloride of Barium. This salt may be purchased of any druggist. For use it is dissolved in ten parts of water. 69. Nitrate of Silver. May be procured in crystals from any druggist or photographer. 70. Bichloride of Platinum. Treat platinum filings (purified by boiling with nitric acid) with concentrated hydrochloric acid and some nitric acid, and apply a very gentle heat, adding occasionally fresh portions of nitric acid, until the platinum is completely dissolved. Evaporate the solution to dryness on a water bath, with addition of hydrochloric acid, and dissolve the residue in ten parts of water for use. It is used for detecting potassa in the presence of soda and lithia. 71. Molybdate of Ammonia. Pulverize the sulphide of molybdenum as finely as possible, and roast it in. a shallow sheet-iron or earthen dish, at a low red heat, until it turns yellow, and becomes converted into molybdic acid. It is then digested with ammonia, which extracts the molybdic acid; the solution is filtered, evaporated to dryness, and the molybdate of ammonia which is left is dissolved in water acidulated with nitric acid and kept for use. All the reagents of a well-appointed laboratory may be of occasional service in the qualitative analysis of minerals, but reagents other than the above will be but rarely needed by the student in blowpipe analysis. aUlnptcr 2. SYSTEMATIC COURSE OF QUALITATIVE BLOWHPIPE ANALYSIS. 72. THE student being provided with the necessary materials, and having acquired some skill in producing the oxidizing and reducing flames, is prepared to consider the various effects that may be produced with the blow-pipe. These reactions are classified, according to the apparatus and reagents that are used, under the eight following heads, as recommended by Plattller: A.-Heating in the closed tube. B. —Heating in the open tube. C.-Heating on charcoal. D. —Heating in the platinum forceps to test fusibility, and to observe the coloration of the flame. E.-Treatment with cobalt solution. F.-Fusion with borax. G(.-Fusion with salt of phosphorus. 1H.-Treatment with carbonate of soda. Under each of the above divisions is given, first, the method of experimenting, and, second, in tabular arrangement, the phenomena or reactions produced, which are characteristic of the substances usually subjected to blowpipe examlination. The beginner should not attempt at first to work with bodies of unknown composition, but should provide himself with some substances which are well calculated to illustrate the reactions indicated. The blowpipe lamp is placed upon a sheet of stout clean paper, so that the assay accidentally falling may not be lost. Whenever a new substance is taken for experiment, all fragments of the old should be shaken off. The assay must not be too large; in most cases the bulk of a mustard seed is enough, in the practised hand. Beginners may use a larger quantity, but as the student progresses he should aim to reduce the size of his assays to the least amount consistent with a perfect experiment, since he will be often called upon to determine minerals upon minute fragments. The closest observation will often be necessary for the detection of the reaction, and the success of the student is greatly dependent upon the accuracy of discrimination, quick comprehension, and careful manipulation which is acquired in these preliminary examinations. A.-HEATING IN THE CLOSED TUBE. 73. The body, in fragments the size of a grain of wheat, or an equivalent bulk of it, if it be in form of a powder, is placed in the bottom of a tube closed at one end; the tube is held nearly horizontal, and heated over the spirit or gas lamp, 14 HEATING IN THE CLOSED TUBE. very gently at first, and finally, if needful to intense ignition, with the aid of the blowpipe, and the successive phenomena are carefully watched as they appear. Powdered substances must be so introduced into the tube as not to soil its sides; this is accomplished by placing the powder on a narrow slip of writing paper previously folded lengthwise in the form of a trough. The tube is held horizontal, and the paper trough is inserted to its bottom; the whole is now brought into a vertical position, and the paper is carefully withdrawn. The phenomena can nearly all be produced in the simple closed tube (Fig. 16, b), and for most purposes this form is better than the bulb tube, since the object of these experiments is to heat the body out of contact with the air, and to produce changes among its constituents without the interposition of any reagents. The following phenomena may be observed: * 1. Decrepitation-Fluorite, Barite, and many other minerals. 2. Glowing-Gadolinite, etc. 3. Phosphorescence-Fluorite, Willemite, etc. 4. Change of color. The most important are here tabulated. ORIGINAL COLOR. COLOR COLORSUBSTANCE. WHILE IGNITED. AFTER COOLING. White to yellow. Brown. Yellow. Binoxide of tin. White. Yellow. White. Oxide of zinc and many of its salts. White. Yellow. Yellow. Hydrated oxide, carbonate, and other salts of lead. Blue or green. Black. Black. Hydrated oxide, carbonate, and other salts of copper. White. Dark yellow. Light yellow. Hydrated oxide, carbonate, and many salts of bismuth. White. Brown. Brown. Hydrated oxide, carbonate, and many salts of cadmium. Yellow or red. Deeper color. Original color if Most chromates. gently heated; green if strongly heated. Red. Black. Red. Sesquioxide of iron. 5. Fusion —Stibnite, Nitre, and other bodies. 6. Give off oxygen-Binoxide of Manganese, Oxide of Mercury, etc. Tested by placing a bit of charcoal in the tube, upon the assay. Heat the charcoal first, then the assay, and the charcoal will glow. 7. Become carbonized, and give a burnt odor-Amber and many organic compounds. If acid reaction, non-nitrogenous; if alkaline, nitrogenous body. 8. Give off water-All hydrates. 9. Give acid vapors-Hydrates with volatile acids. Tested by placing a blue litmus paper in the end of the tube. If the glass is etched, Fluorine. 10. Give alkaline vapors-Ammonia Salts. Tested with a piece of turmeric paper. 11. Give sublimates which condense on the cold part of the tube. * For experiments illustrating the effects to be produced in the closed tube, the following substances are given: Fluorite, Gadolinite, Oxide of Zinc, Stibnite, Oxide of Mercury, Amber, Serpentine, Nitrate of Ammonia, Pyrite, Realgar, Arsenopyrite, Selenium, Amalgam, Cinnabar, Spathic Iron. HEATING IN THE CLOSED'rUBE. 15 Either originally free, or a. A yellow sublimate.. SULPHUR. from decomposition of a sulphide. b. A sublimate, dark brown- ) SULPHIDE red, almost black when hot, O Rfeaar and OrpFment, and red or reddish yellow when ARSENIC. and other Sulph-arsenides. cold. J c. In strong heat, a sublimate OXYSULPHIDE Suphide of deposits near the assay, which im is black when hot, and brown- Or and its compounds, with redis black when o t, and brown- ANTIMONY. other metallic sulphides. red when cold. and its com2)ounds, with d. A dark red, almost black, sublimate, and odor of decaying SELENIU. arious eleides. horse-radish at open end of tube. e. Condenses in small drops, TELLURIUM. Various Tellurides. with metallic lustre. f. A black, brilliant subli- ARSENIC. Native Arsenic and mate, and garlic odor. many Arsenides. g. A gray sublimate, con- sisting (use lens) of metallic globules, which may be united by rubbing with a feather.. A black, lustress subi SULPHIDE ( Cinnabar, Vermilion, h. A black, lustreless sublir w r 1 OF minerals containing both mate, red when rubbed. omate, red) when rubbedMERCURY. Mercury and Sulphur. I 1. Perchloride of M3ercury. 2. Chloride of Lead; fuses to a yellow liquid, i. The bodyfuses, and yields partially sublimes, and becomes opaque and a sublimate, which is white - white on cooling. when cold. I 3. Antimonous Acid; fuses to yellow drops, and if air be excluded, deposits in brilliant J needles. 1. Salts of Ammonia. j. The body does not fuse, 2. Arsenous Acid; easily sublimes and conbut gives a sublimate, which is denses in octahedral crystals (lens). white when cold. 3. Protochloride of.2Jlercury; sublimate is yellow when hot. 12. The residue is magnetic-Spathic Iron, Pyrites, etc. There are some other reactions more rarely observed, particularly in the study of minerals. Osmic acid forms a sublimate of white drops, which possess a disagreeable odor. Cyanogen, when liberated, is recognized by its peculiar odor. Iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet fumes. From some of its alloys Cadmium 16 HEATING IN THE OPEN TUBE. volatilizes and condenses as a black metallic sublimate. Sulphurous acid is given off by sulphides in an amount proportionate to the oxygen which surrounds the assay, but the place for its observation is in the open tube. B.- HEATING IN THE OPEN TUBE. 74. This is essentially a roasting or oxidizing process. The substance is placed in a glass tube open at both ends, at a distance of about one inch from the end, at which point a bend is sometimes made (see Fig. 15); but for most operations a straight tube is preferable. The heat should be gentle at first and only gradually raised, otherwise some bodies may volatilize without oxidizing, and give the same sublimate as when heated in a closed tube. By changing the inclination of the tube, the current of air through it nlay be increased or diminished, and the oxidation made to proceed more or less rapidly. Not too much of the substance must be taken, and if satisfactory reactions be not obtained from a fragment, it should be pulverized. Bodies which decrepitate and lose volatile ingredients by heating in a closed tube, must be finely pulverized at the outset, and introduced into the tube by means of a paper trough. A slip of moistened litmus paper should always be placed in the upper end of the tube when experimenting on an unknown substance, and when vapors begin to arise, attention should be given to their odor, and to the sublimates which condense on the inner surface of the tube. Many of the phenomena encountered in this trial are identical with those obtained in the closed tube. Only such as are peculiar or characteristic are here noticed.* 1. Odors.-a. Sulphur and sulphides in the open tube form sulphurous acid, giving the odor of burning sulphur, and reddening moistened blue litmus paper. When a reaction is not developed by heating a fragment, the powder must be employed. b. Odor of decaying horse-radish.-Selenium. Mostly sublimes. c. Odor of garlic.-Arsenic. Mostly sublimes. 2. Subliimates.-Carefully compare last section in case they are not noticed below. The sublimate itself should be heated to ascertain if it be volatile or fusible. (3letallic Arsenic a. White, crystalline (octahedral), volatile ARsENous and many Arsesublimate; formed easily at moderate heat. AcID. nides. b. White, thin sublimate, crystalline nearest ) the assay; fusible to droplets; yellowish when MOLYDIC Molybdic Acid hot, nearly colorless when cold. When the R. AcID. and Sulphide F. is directed upon it within the tube, it be- ( of olybdenum. comes blue, or even copper-red from reduction. c. Dense white smoke, and at first a mostly ANTIONOS volatile white sublimate, depositing on the upper and Most compounds side of the tube; afterward in most cases a ATIMONIC of white, non-volatile and infusible sublimate AcIDS. Antimony. gathering on the under side of the tube. J d. White smoke, and non-volatile fusible SULPHATE OF 5 Sulphide of sublimate depositing on the under side of tube. LEAD. i Lead. * Substances serving to illustrate the reactions of the open tube: Pyrite, Blende, Selenium Arsenopyrite, Molybdenite, Stibnite, Galenite, Bismuth, Tellurium, Cinnabar. HEATING ON CHARCOAL. 17 e. Fusible sublimate, dark brown when hot, OXIDE OF Most compounds lemon yellow when cold. BISMUTH. of 2Bismuth. f. A gray sublimate, fusible to colorless} TELLUROUS Native Telluridrops that solidify on cooling ACID. umr and many ( Tellurides. g. A steel-gray sublimate, the upper edge of) which appears red, and sometimes fringed with S EL Selenium and small white very volatile crystals of selenous many Selenides. acid. j h. A bright metallic sublimate, that can be Cinnabar, and gathered into a drop by sweeping it together tmMERCURY. ingom sulphides with a splinter of wood or a feather. tann sur.e of mercury. 3. Residues.-Compare table of changes in color, 73. 4. C.-HEATING ON CHARCOAL. 75. A small quantity of the substance is placed in a shallow cavity on charcoal, which is so situated that the flame of the blowpipe can be directed downward upon it, and its behavior in both flames observed. A fragment may be used, or if the substance is in the form of powder, or on account of decrepitation must be reduced to powder, it may be mixed with water to a paste and placed on the coal, and heated at first gradually, afterward, when dry, to full ignition. Much trouble is sometimes experienced in keeping the assay in its place sufficiently long to observe its behavior fully, especially when it is infusible or difficultly volatile. In such cases borax may often be employed to advantage in the following manner: The assay is held in the forceps, heated to redness, and then touched to a little grain of borax. The borax melts, and attaches itself to the body, which is now laid in the cavity so that the borax is in contact with the charcoal, and is carefully heated with the blowpipe; it usually adheres without further trouble. In the following tables are given the characteristic phenomena that belong to this section. 1. Odors should be observed immediately after a short exposure to heat. Traces of sulphuzr, selenium, and arsenic are more surely detected by their odor on charcoal, than in an open tube. a. Odor of burning sulphur.-Sulphur and sulphides. Best observed in O. F. b. Odor of decaying horse-radish.-Selenium and selenides. Treat in O. F. c. Odor of garlic.-Arsenic and its compounds. Traces are most surely recognized after momentary exposure of the assay to the R. F. 2. DeJfagration.-Nitrates, chlorates, iodates, bromates. 3. The body fuses and is absorbed by the charcoal.-The fixed alkalies and many of their salts; also hydrates of baryta and strontia, and after very long heating their carbonates and sulphates. 4. A white infusible residue remains, it may be after previous fusion, which: a. Glows brightly in O. F., indicating lime, strontia, magnesia, zirconia, zinc, and tin. b. After ignition turns moist turmeric paper brown. Baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia. c. Communicates a characteristic color to the flame. See page 20. 2 DISTANT FIROM' NEAR ASSAY. ASSAY, 01t IN IN 0. F. IN R. F. REMARKS. THIN LAYEr~S. a. SELENIUM. Steel gray; faint metallic lustre. Dark gra~y, with Volatile. YQ14tile with blue flame. Selenium fuses very easily; volatilizes- witk broWntinge of violet; Ismoke, giving the odor of decaying horse-radish. dull. ii. TELLURtIUM. White. Red or deep Volatile. Volatile with green Tellurium fuses very easily. yellow, flame. or, if selenium be present, with bhle-green flame. c. ARSENIC. White. Grayish. Volatile. Volatile, with faint blue Metallic arsenic volatilizes without fusing. Subliflame. mate is deposited quite far from assay, is very volatile, and in Rf. F. gives garlic odor. d. ANTImoNY. White. Bluish. Volatile. Volatile, with faint! Metallic antimony fuses very easily; after being greenish flame. strongly heated upon charcoal, remains red-hot for a H considerable time, and before solidifyieg becomes, surrounded with crystals of antimoroins acid. The sublimate is less volatile than that of arsenous acid. e. THALLIUM. White. Near the assay Volatile. Volatile, with intense Thallium fuses and oxidizes very easily. brown, green flame. f.SILVER. Reddish brown; when a little..................................Silver fuses. - lead and antimony are present,0 carmine red. Hot. Cold.l..BISMUTH. Dark orange Lemon yellow. Bluish white. Volatile. Volatile. Bismuth fuses very easily, hen suiphicle and yellow. chloride of bismstth are submitted to the blowpipe on charcoal they fuse, and outside of the sublimate of a) oxide is deposited a ic/ite Coatisig of 8nty.tiate or chloside of bisasauh, which is volatile in the R. F. without coloring it. A1. LEAD. Bark lemon Sulphur yellow. Bluish white. Volatile. Volatile, with azure- Lead fuses easily. When sutphide and chsloride of t~ yellow, blue flame. lead are heated B. B. on charcoal, they fuse, and de- Z4 posit a white snbliiaste of sniphate or chloride of tead outside of the coatilug of oxide. The white sub- z limate is volatile in R. F., tinging the flame bliae. i. INDIUM. Bark yellow. Yellowish white.....................Volatile, with a violet.......................... flame. i. CA.DMIUM........... ed brown. Orange yellow. Volatile. Volatile. Cadmium fuses easily, is volatile in R. F., and burns in 0. F. with dark-yellow flanue and brown susoke. T~fe charcoal exterior to thle sublimate sometimes becoises iridescent. Chloride of cadmuoiao fuses B. B., and yields outside of the sublimate of oxide a Lwhite coating of chloride that is volatile in Rt. F. k. ZINC. Yellow. White..Non-volatile, but glows Slowly volatile. Zinc fuses easily, is volatile in Rf. F., and burns in brilliantly. After moisten- 0. F. with a luminous greeuisli-white flame. Chloride lug with uaitrate of cobalt of zine fuses, is partially decomposed, and partially and strong ignition be- condenses unchanged in forni of a white sublimate conies yellowish green. oiatside of the coating of oxide. It is volatile in It. F. 5. TIN. Faint yellow. White...........Non-volatile; glows; Non-volatile; is re- Tin fuses easily, and in 0. F. becomes covered wuith with nitrat of cobalt and duced to metallic tin, oxide, which may be blown away mechanically. In ignition becomes bluish Rf. F. the fused muetal remains brilliant and the chargreen. coal is coated. Chloride of lisa behaves like chloride of zinc. In. MOLYEDENUM. Yellow; some- White. Bluish. Volatile, leaving a cop- Gives a beautiful azure This sublimate is best obtained with pulverized times crystalline, per-red stain of oxide of blue when touached for ii material. When sulphide of molybdenum is hveated molybdenum, which is moment with. the 1I. F.; B1. B. a copper-red ring surrounds the assay interior not further affected. 1continued he-at gives the to the white sublimate. Molybdenum is infusible. 1same as in 0. F. HEATING IN THE PLATINUM-POINTED FORCEPS. 19 5. Sublimates or Coatings.-The volatile metals and some of their compounds give B. B. on charcoal, more or less characteristic deposits or sublimates. These coat the charcoal at a greater or less distance from the assay, and it must be observed what color they possess both when hot and cold, as well as whether they disappear in the 0. F. and R. F., and thereby color the flame. These sublimates, which are mostly deposited on the unheated charcoal, are not to be confounded with the ash (usually white), which remains as a thin coating where the coal itself has been exposed to the blowpipe flame. Comnpounds of some of the metals must be heated in the R. F. They are then reduced to the metallic state, volatilized, and issuing from the flame are instantly reoxidized and deposited as a coating. The characters given in the tables belong to the unmixed bodies. Their detection is often difficult when they occur together, and not always certain, even to the experienced operator. a-rn (inclusive). See table on page 18. n. The sulphides (sulphates which in R. F. on charcoal become sulphides), chlorides, iodides, bromides of potassium, sodium, rubidiumn, and cesium give B. B. white sublirnates, the similar compounds of lithium grayish white, less copious sublimates, the salts themselves fusing and being absorbed by the charcoal. These sublimates volatilize in It. F., thereby tinging the flame with the color characteristic to these alkali metals: viz., potassium, rubidium, cesium, violet; sodium, yellow; lithium, purple. o. The chlorides of ammonium and antimony, and subchloride of mercury, volatilize without fusing, and yield white sublimates, which disappear in R. F. without coloring the flame. p. Chtoride of copper fuses and tinges the flame intense azure blue. By long heating it partly volatilizes in white fumes, that smell of chlorine, and coat the charcoal with three differently colored sublimates, of which the interior is dark gray, the middle is dark yellow to brown, and the outer is bluish white. In R. F. the sublimate volatilizes, tinging the flame blue. D.-IEATING IN THE PLATINUM-POINTED FORCEPS. Coloration of the Flame. 76. Several bodies may be recognized by the colors they communicate to the blowpipe flame. When the substance admits, a thin fragment may be held in the clean platinum forceps, and its point brought into the edge of the blue flame just within its apex. When the body fuses so readily that it cannot be supported in the forceps, or if it attacks platinum, it must be laid in a very shallow cavity made on a narrow piece of charcoal, and held in such a manner that the flame may be thrown across it. If the assay is infusible and decrepitates, or cannot be had in fragments, its powder is moistened to a paste with pure water (not with saliva) and spread upon the coal; it is first dried by a gentle heat and afterwards strongly ignited. Usually a coherent cake is thus obtained, which, with care, may be lifted in the forceps and its edge subjected to the flame. If a small fragment of a decrepitating mineral is taken in the forceps, and the forceps inserted into the flame in such a manner as 21) COLORATION OF THE FLAME. to strongly heat their points before the mineral is heated, it may then be slowly drawn into the flame, uniformly heated, and thus often be saved. The trial often succeeds best when the loop of a platinum wire is moistened with distilled water, touched to the powder of the assay, and then carefully heated; or if the body is easily fusible the wire may be ignited and brought rapidly in contact with it. Enough will adhere to observe if any coloration be given. Even if the substance attacks or alloys with the platinum, this method is to be recommended; it is then only needful to cut off the injured part of the wire. The utmost care must be taken that no forei matters interfere with the observation. The forceps, charcoal, or wire must be chemically clean, and must not alter the color of the flame when heated alone therein. If the assay is to be pul verized, the mortar and pestle must be thoroughly wased beforehand. The wire may be cleaned by dipping it in hydrochloic acid, or heating it therewith in a test tube, until apparently clean, and then rinsing it with distilled water. Merely by drawing a wire through the fingers, or wetting it with saliva, it receives a coating of soda enough to give a distinct though momentary yellow color to the blowpipe flame. The flame itself should be what ha been described as the oxidizing flame; it must at least be totally free from yellow streaks, and is best obtained from a slender wick like that of a candle. A brass wick-tube often tinges the flame green, especially if the fuel be oil. The assay is held just within the point of the blue flame; the coloration is observed in the exterior part of the flame, and is best seen in a darkened room, or at least in a situation shielded from the direct light of day. If the body gives no coloration or only a slight one when heated alone, it should be moistened with sulphuric acid and again heated, by which means phosphoric anI boric acids become evident; or with hydrochloric acid, which in most cases heightens the coloration given by baryta, strontia, and. copper. 1. YELLOW. -Reddish yellow. SODA in all its compounds, even when present in very small quantity. Admixtures of potash, etc., even in considerable quantities, do not in, terfere with this reaction. 2. VIOLET. -Bluish violet. POTASHi and most of its salts, phosphates, borates, and infusible silicates excepted. In presence of very little soda the reaction of both is discernible; with more soda (1 per cent.) the yellow flame predominates. The presence of lithia also masks this reaction. Silicates containing potash only, give the flame a violet color, when, besides being free from soda and lithia, they are somewhat fusible. Indium, cfesium and rubidium. also give violet flames. 3. RED. a. Purple red. LITIIA and most of its compounds. The reaction is not masked by potash, but easily by soda. b. -Red. STRONTIA and many of its compounds. The coloration is increased by moistening the already ignited assay with hydrochloric acid; is masked by much baryta. c. Yellowish red. LIME and many compounds; flame not to be confounded with that produced by strontia; is masked by much baryta. TREATMENT WITH COBALT SOLUTION. 21 4. GREEN. a. Yellowish green. BARYTA and most of its salts, silicates excepted; not masked by lime. b. Yellowish green. MOLYBDIC ACID; also oxide and srlphide of molybdenum. c. Emnerald green. COPPER and most of its salts. d. Green. TELLUROUS ACID. e. Green. THALLIUM and its salts. f Bluish green. PHOSPHORIC ACID. Many phosphates give the coloration alone; others only after their powder is moistened with sulphuric acid to a paste, and then ignited on platinum wire. The coloration is often but momentary. g. Yellowish (siskin) green. BORIC ACID. Minerals and salts are best mixed as powder with sulphuric acid, and heated on platinum wire; coloration often momentary. h. PDark green, feeble. AMMONIA SALTS. i. Whitish green, intense. METALLIC ZINC. 5. BLUE. a. Light blue. METALLIC ARSENIC, and arsenides of bases which do not themselves tinge the flame. Also arsenates, and arsenous acid. b. Greenish blue. METALLIC ANTIMONY, and the sublimate of antimonous acid, on charcoal. c. Azure blue. LEAD. The metal fused in R. F., the sublimate of oxide, also salts of lead when fused on wire, in case their acid constituent does not tinge the flame strongly. d. Azure blue. SELENIUM. e. Azure blue. CHLORIDE OF COPPER. Metallic copper, and most copper compounds after wetting with hydrochloric acid, color the flame for a short time purplish blue, afterwards green. f. Greenish blue. BROMIDE OF COPPER. After a little time, green. Fusibility. 77. The fusibility of minerals is also tested in the platinum forceps. (See scale of fusibility in Chapter IV.) As a general rule, no substances with metallic lustre should be heated in the platinum forceps, since they are apt to be injured by forming an alloy with the fused metals; but the cautious manipulator may heat any substance in the forceps without danger, by taking especial care that the fused substance does not come in contact with the forceps. 78. Many of the combinations of the alkaline earths become alkaline on heating. Such substances, if not too fusible, may be treated in the forceps, and the fragment under examination after cooling placed on a strip of moistened turmeric paper, which acquires a brownish-red color at the point of contact with the assay. E.-TREATMENT WITH COBALT SOLUTION. 79. This operation is only applicable to bodies which are nearly or quite infusible, and which, after ignition, have a white or at least a grayish color, and is always conducted in O. F. If the substance can be heated in the form of splinters or fragments, and is somewhat porous, it may be held in the platinum for. 22 USE OF FLUXES-ROASTING. ceps; the projecting extremity is moistened with the cobalt solution, then heated gradually until dry, and finally ignited as strongly as possible in 0. F. without causing fusion. Hard, compact minerals must be finely pulverized before treatment. The powder is placed in the palm of the hand and moistened with the solution of cobalt. A portion of the paste is then taken upon the loop of a platinum wire and strongly ignited in the 0. F. Certain sublimates, for example, oxides of zinc and tin, formed by beating compounds of these metals on charcoal, are treated directly with cobalt solution. By this treatment several bodies, especially alumina, magnesia, and oxide of zinc, assume characteristic colors. The tints of blue, red and black that appear before strong ignition are merely due to the drying or decomposition of the nitrate of cobalt, and are not to be regarded. The color of the assay thus treated must be examined by daylight. Minerals, and salts which fuse to a colorles glass, yield with cobalt solution the smalt-blue color which is characteristic of cobalt. A blue inusible mas ony, indicates alumina. The cobalt solution should be rather dilute, and if needful, successive portions added until decisive results are obtained. This reagent serves to detect alumina, magnesia, etc., infallibly when they are in the pure state, and also in many of their combinations; but in various minerals the result is masked by other ingredients. 80. The colors thus obtained are given in the following table: 1. Brown or brick red-Baryta, under fusion and while hot. 2. Flesh red-Magnesia, tantalic acid, after cooling. 3. Violet-Zirconia (dirty violet); phosphate and arsenate of magnesia (fuse). 4. -Blue-Alumina, silica (faint). 5. Green-Oxide of zinc (yellowish green), oxide of tin (bluish green), titanic acid (yellowish green), columbic acid (dirty green), antimonic acid (dirty dark green). 6. Gray-Strontia, lime, glucina (bluish gray). It sometimes happens that the ash of the charcoal itself acquires a new color by ignition with this reagent. We have occasionally observed a greenishi-yellow color thus produced. The operator has to assure himself that the ash of the coal he uses gives no deceptive reaction with nitrate of cobalt. Use of Fluxes-Roasting. 81. Borax as well as salt of phosphorus exerts a very powerful solvent action when fused with metallic oxides, forming, in many cases, highly colored glasses, which are exceedingly characteristic. These salts are therefore very important reagents in blowpipe analysis; but it must always be remembered that the colors noted in the following tables are those given by the oxides, and where the preliminary examination has shown the substance to contain sulphur or arsenic in comnbination it is indispensable before going further to remove these elements, and convert the metals into oxides by roasting. 82. Roasting. The operation of roasting is performed as follows: The finely pulverized substance is placed in a quite shallow cavity on charcoal, pressed with a pestle or knife-blade into a thin layer, and heated for some time, only to dull redness, with the extreme point of the flame. When the odor of sulphurous acid ceases to be perceptible the assay is brought into the R. F., where. by the sulphates and arsenates that may have been formed in the 0. F. are reduced, FUSION WITH BORAX. 23. and arsenic is more or less driven off. When no more arsenical odors are evolved the treatment in 0. F. is repeated, and these operations are alternately continued until the assay is odorless in both flames. The heat should be quite moderate, so that the body does not fuse; if it fuses, it must be removed to the agate mortar and freshly pulverized. When the roasting has been well conducted the residue is pulverulent, and of uniform appearance throughout. When much arsenic is present it is best to heat the body previously in the open glass tube. Bodies containing selenium, tellurium, and antimony, if free from sulphur and arsenic, usually require no roasting, as the former substances, unlike the latter, do not interfere with the reactions about to be described. F.-FUSION WITH BORAX. 83. Treatment with Borax in 0. F. The fusion with borax is usually effected on the platinum wire. The clean loop is heated to redness and dipped in borax powder, and the adhering particles are heated until fused to a clear and colorless glass, or bead; this bead, while still hot, is brought in contact with a very little of the assay, and heated therewith in the 0. F. It is to be observed whether the body dissolves readily or slowly, quietly or with effervescence; and when solution has been effected, the bead is to be held before the eye, against the light, and its color, when hot and cold, is to be noted, as well as whether its transparency is disturbed while cooling. Beads should not be looked at against the light of the gas or candle, since by such lights the colors are much modified. The phenomena of color vary in intensity, and to a certain degree in kind, according to the quantity of substance dissolved in the bead. The manifestation of opacity on cooling depends also upon the quantity of material contained in the flux, and indeed only occurs when a certain amount has been added. It is therefore necessary to begin by dissolving a little of the assay, and after noting the result, more may be cautiously added at several intervals, until the operator is satisfied. If, by using too much of the assay, a bead has been obtained, so deeply colored that it is difficult to decide what the color is, it may be flattened in the forceps, or drawn out by a platinum wire while still hot; or most of the hot bead may be thrown off with a sudden jerk, and the remaining portion diluted with more borax. If the operator be in doubt as to the nature of the color he has obtained, he should view it through a lens, or compare it with some known color, obtained by fusing the appropriate pure metallic oxide in another borax bead. Care must be taken finally to guard against deception arising from reflections from colored surfaces near the operator. 84. Flaming. The alkaline earths, and some other bodies, dissolve in borax, forming beads which, at a certain stage of saturation, are clear, and remain so when coldl, but which, if heated slowly and gently in the R. F., especially with an intermittent flame, become opaque and enamel-like. The application of the intermittent gflame is called fJaminng. In most cases the bodies, which at a certain degree of saturation are made opaque by flaming, become so without flaming when the saturation is carried a little farther. 85. Treatment with Borax in R. F. After observing the behavior of a body in the 0. F., it is subjected to the R. F., which must, however, be so managed that no soot deposits on the bead. After blowing a little time the bead is allowed to cool, and its color, both when hot and cold, is observed. It may sometimes be needful to add more of the assay, and repeat the heating. In case no effect be pro 24 FUSION WITH BORX. duced, or if metallic globules appear, which may often alloy with the platinum (whereby the loop is spoiled), the bead is jerked off into a clean dish, placed in a shallow cavity on charcoal, and further submitted to the R. F. for one or two minutes. In this way reductions are easily accomplished that scarcely succeed on the wire. While the bead is still glowing it is grasped in the clean pincers, flattened, and slightly lifted from the charcoal. It is thus suddenly cooled, whereby oxidation, that might occur were the bead left to cool slowly, is preented, and at the same time it is brought into a good position for examining its color.i In special cases reduction is still further aided by help of metallic tin. A bit of tin-foil is laid in contact with the bead, and the two are fused toether for a few moments in the R. F. The tin oxidizes at the expense of the higher oxide present, reducing the same to a lower oxide, while the oxide of tin formed, dissolves the borax, without interfering with the color produced by the reduced assay. 86. With Borax in 0. F. are yielded1. COLORLESS BEADS BY TEMPERATUBI. Silica, alumina, oxide of tin, baryta, strontia, Hot lime, magnesia, glucina, yttria, zirconia Hot ~~~~~~~~~~become op)aque white and thoria, oxides of lanthanum and silver, i Cold. tantalic, columbic, and tellurous acids: o. Titanic, tungstic, molybdic, and antinionic acids, oxides of indium, zinc cadmium when slightly saturated. lead, and bismuth: 2. YELLOW BEADS BY Titni, ungti, ndmolybdic acids, when strongly saturated; colorTitanic, tugstic, andless when ~cold, but opaque by oxides of zinc and cadmium: flaming. Oxides of lead and bismuth, antimo- when strongly saturated; colorHot. nous acid: less when cold. IOxides of cerium, uranium, and iron: when feebly saturated; paler on I ~~~~~~~~~~~cooling. Oxide of chromium: when feebly saturated; yellowish green when cold. I~Vanadic acid: greenish when cold. 3. RED To BROWN BEADS BY'Oxide of cerium: yellow on cooling; opaque by flaming. " didymiura; rose colored; the same when cold. Hot. "c iron: yellow when cold.. Hot. cc uranium: yellow on cooling; opaque yellow by flaming. cc' chromium: yellowish green when cold. cc iron containing manganese: yellowish red on cooling. Oxide of nickel (red brown to brown): violet when hot. Cold. "c manganese: (violet red) violet when hot. j " nickel containing cobalt: (with little cobalt, violet brown) violet when hot. FUSION WITH BORAX. 25 4. VIOLET (AMETHYSTINE) BEADS BY Oxide of nickel: red brown to brown on cooling. " manganese: violet red on cooling. Hot. " nickel containing cobalt: passes into brown on cooling; if much ~Hot. cobalt be present, it remains violet. cobalt containing manganese: on cooling, like the nickel t ~mixture. 5. BLUE BEADS BY Hot.-Oxide of cobalt: unchanged on cooling. Cold.-Oxide of copper (when highly saturated greenish blue): green when hot. 6. GREEN BEADS BY Oxide of copper: blue after cooling, or greenish blue when highly satuI rated. I Oxide of iron containing cobalt: ) According to the degree of saturation Hot. o copper [ and the relative proportions of the. copper * ironp oxides to each other, the green co~" " e " lnickel: lor changes on cooling into pale J green, blue, or yellow. Cold Oxide of chromium (yellowish green): yellow to red when hot. Cold. Vanadic acid (greenish): yellow when hot. 87. With Borax in R. F. are given1. COLORLESS BEADS BY (Silica, alumina, oxide of tin, baryta, strontia, whenstronglysaturated; lime, magnesia, glucina, yttria, zirconia,.......''<.'>.' ~ ecome opaque Dy namthora, o ox deoflanthanum, oxide of ceri- become opaque by flamHot um, tantalhc acid: J g. and Oxide of didymium, oxide of manganese, the latter often takes a faint Cold. rose color on cooling: Columbic acid: when used in small quantity. Oxides of silver, zinc, cadmium, lead, bis- ) after long heating; gray muth, and nickel; antimonous and tellu- if heated but a short rous acids: time. Hot. Oxide of copper: becomes opaque red on cooling, if highly saturated. 2. YELLOW TO BROWN BEADS BY (Titanic acid (yellow to brown): when strongly saturated; become enamel blue by flaming. Hot. Tungstic acid (yellow to dark yellow): brownish when cold. Molybdic acid (brown to black and opaque). Vanadic acid (brownish): chrome green when cold. 3. BLUE BEAD BY Hot. Oxide of cobalt: unchanged on cooling. 26 FUSION WITH SALT OF PHOSPHORUS. 4. GREEN BEADS BY Oxide of iron (yellowish or bottle green): especially when cold. Hot " uranium (yellowish green): when highly saturated; becomes and black by flaming. Cold. " chromium (pale to dark emerald green): according to degree of saturation. Cold. Vanadic acid (chrome green): brownish, when hot. 5. GRAY OR TURBID BEADS, THE TURBIDITY OFTEN APPEARING DURING THE HEATING BY Oxides of silver, zinc, cadmium, lead, bis- when heated a short time; Cold muth, and nickel, antimonous and tel- by longer blowing become Cold. 3I lurous acids: ) colorless. Columbic acid: when highly saturated. 6. RED BEADS BY Cold. j Oxide of copper (opaque) if highly saturated, or with tin on charcoal. Sesquioxide of didymium (rose color). G.-FUSION WITH SALT OF PHOSPHORUS. 88. The general rules given for fusion with borax apply here. The salt of phosphorus when first heated fuses in its crystal water, and is so fluid that it easily falls from the platinum loop. If, however, a small quantity be first fused upon the wire until it ceases boiling, then the additional quantity needed will adhere without difficulty. The bead is best placed over the blowpipe flame, as the ascending vapors that are driven from the salt buoy up the bead and keep it from falling. In general the behavior of the various bodies is quite similar to that with borax; there are, however, characteristic differences, as the table shows. Salt of phosphorus is especially useful in the detection of silica. Most silicates, when added to a bead of it and heated, are decomposed. The bases dissolve in the flux without interfering withl its transparency (unless the substance is in too large quantity), while the silica, being almost insoluble, floats as a translucent yet distinct cloud in the bead. It is best observed when the bead is hot. If the alkaline earths be present, the bead becomes opaque on cooling, but this does not interfere with the test. It must be borne in mind, however, that silica is soluble, though but slightly, in salt of phosphorus, and small quantities may, therefore, be easily overlooked. Also that some silicates, especially those of ahlunina and zirconia, are with difficulty decomposed by it. When phosphate of soda and ammonia is subjected to the action of heat, the ammonia escapes with the water of crystallization, and the readily fusible metaphosphate of soda is left behind. This is a powerful solvent, and its action is juite analogous to that of biborate of soda. 89. With Salt of Phosphorus in 0. F. are given FUSION WITH SALT OF PHOSPHORUS. 27 1. COLORLESS BEADS BY uSilica (very slightly soluble). Alumina, oxide of tin (difficultly soluble). Baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia, ) when strongly saturated; be. glucina, yttria zirconia, toria, ox- come opaque white by flamlanthan, tellurous acid: ing. Tantalic, columbic, titanic, tngstic, ) when not too highly saturated; and atimonous acids, oxides of otherwise yellowish to yellow zinc, cadmium, lead, and bismuth: ) and colorless only after cooling. 2. YELLOW BEADS BY [Tantaliccoli. tung- when slightly saturated, but colstic and antixlonic acids oxides of when d. I orless when cold. lead, zinc, cadmium and bismuth: 5 Oxide of silver (yellowish) when cold, opalescent. Hot. Oxides of iron and cerium when slightly saturated; become colorless on cooling (strongly saturated are red when hot, and yellow when cold). Oxide of uranium: yellowish green when cold. Vanadic acid (dark yellow): paler on cooling. Cold. Oxide of nickel: reddish when hot. 3. RED BEADS BY r Oxides of iron and cerium: when highly saturated; becomes yellow after cooling. HIo t. Oxide of didymium: rose color when saturated. cc nickel (reddish): yellow when cold. " chromium (reddish): emerald green when cold. 4. VIOLET (AMETHYSTINE) BEAD BY Hot. Oxide of manganese (brown violet): pale red violet when cold. 5. BLUE BEADS BY Hot. Oxide of cobalt: color unchanged on cooling. Cold. ~ c" copper (when strongly saturated greenish blue): green w~hen hot. 6. GIREEN BEADS B-Y Oxide of copper: blue'when cold (when strongly saturated, greenisl blue). Molybdic acid (yellowish green): paler on cooling Oxide of iron containing cobalt. I According to the degree of saturaHlot. j4 c opr tion, and the relative proportions cc copperio. ~-of the oxides to each other, the " copper " iron.coorchncs n ooin it I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~jpale green, blue, or yellow. Cold. Oxd fuaim(yellowish green): yellow when hot. ccd chromium (emerald green): reddish when hot. FUSION WITH SALT OF PHOSPHORUS. 90. With Salt of Phosphorus in R. F. are given 1. COLORLESS BEADS BY Silica (very slightly soluble). Alumina and oxide of zinc (difficultly soluble). Baryta, strontia, lime, magnesia, glucina, when strongly satuyttria, zirconia, thoria, oxide of lantha- H-ot num:rated become opaqus h num: ad Oxides of cerium, didymium, and manganese. Oxides of silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, lead, bismuth, tantalic, antimonous, and tellu- terlog at rous acids: [ Oxide of nickel (especially on charcoal). 2. YELLOW TO RED BEADS BY (Oxide of iron (yellow to red): when cooling at first greenish, then reddish. Titanic acid (yellow): violet on cooling. Hot. Columbic acid (violet brown): particularly on charcoal. ] Vanadic acid (brownish): chrome green after cooling. Titanic acid containing iron. 1 (Yellow): when cold, brown (blood) Tungstic " " red [ Columbic" " " (brown red): dark yellow when cold. 3. VIOLET (AMETHYSTINE) BEADS BY Cold. Columbic acid (when highly saturated): faint dirty-blue when hot. jTitanic acid (even by moderate saturation): yellow when hot. 4. BLUE BEADS BY (Oxide of cobalt: same when hot. Cold. Tungstic acid: brownish when hot. (Columbic acid (when very strongly saturated): dirty blue when hot. 5. GREEN BEADS BY (Oxide of uranium: yellowish green when hot. co. d. JMolybdic acid: dirty green when hot. V anadic acid: brownish when hot. Oxide of chromium: reddish when hot. 6. GRAY OR TURBID BEADS, THE TURBIDITY OFTEN APPEARING DURING THE HEATING BY (Oxides of silver, zinc, cadmium, in.- )Reaction best obtained on Cold. -~diumn, lead, bismuth, and nickel, anti- charcoal. After long blow(monous and tellurous acids: )ing become colorless. P7. RED BEADS BY Oxide of copper (opaque) when strongly saturated, or by aid of tin on Cold..~charcoal. (Sesquioxide of Didymium (rose colored). TREATMENT WITH SODA. 29.-TREATMENT WITH SODA. 91. No attempt is here made to tabulate the phenomena that may arise ill the treatment of bodies B. B. with carbonate of soda. These phenomena have either been described in the foreoin tables (sublimation), or are somewhat uncertain in their production, especially by the beginner (formation of glass with silicates), or finally, are of a general nature (reduction of metallic oxides). We therefore translate substantially what Plattner has written under this head. According to the nature of the assay, it may either fuse together with or dissolve in soda, as when containing earths or fixed acid; or a metallic reduction may occur if the assay consist of reducible metallic oxides. 92. Fusibility with Soda (0. F.). A large number of bodies have the property to unite with soda at a high temperature, and to give partly fusible, partly infusible, compounds. The fusible bodies are, however, few in number: principally silica, titanic acid, tungstic acid, and molybdic acid. When the fusion takes place on charcoal, silica and titanic acid both unite with the soda under effervescence to clear beads. The silicate of soda remains transparent after cooling if no excess of soda be present, but the titanate of soda becomes crystalline and opaque. Molybdic and tungstic acids also combine with soda with effervescence, but the compounds are absorbed by the charcoal. Besides these acids, the salts of baryta and strontia are fusible with soda, but the mass is absorbed by the coal. Most salts of lime fuse indeed with soda, but when the acids they contain are stronger than carbonic acid, they are decomposed; the resulting salt of soda penetrates the coal, while the lime remains as a white mass on the surface. In trying the fusibility of a body with soda, one proceeds in the following manner: If the body be in form of powder, it is mixed in the palm of the hand with soda, by means of a moistened knife-blade, to a coherent mass; if the assay be a splinter or fragment, and does not decrepitate, the moistened soda is spread upon it; if it decrepitates it must be pulverized. In both cases the assay is placed in a shallow cavity on charcoal, gently heated until thoroughly dry, and thereupon intensely ignited in the 0. F. If a fragment has been used, the soda is commonly absorbed by the coal as it first fuses; but if the assay be soluble in it, it appears again and attacks the body with effervescence, and presently fuses with it to a globule. ITf too little soda be used in the treatment of a body soluble in this reagent, a portion of the assay remains undissolved, and surrounded by a clear glass; if too much soda has been emp loyed, the glass will become opaque on cooling. It is therefore advisable to add the soda in successive small quantities, and observe the changes thus produced. JMany bodies, especially silicates, which are themselves dQfflcultly fusible, although their bases are infutsible, dissolve in a little soda to a clear glass, but with more soda they form, a slaggy or in~fusible mass. If the assay be insoluble in soda, but decomposable by it, the operator will see that it gradually swells up and changes its appearance, though it does not fuse to a globule. If this be the case with an assay used in the state of powder, it may not be certain that it is actually insoluble, because too little soda may have been used; the mass must therefore be heated with a new portion of soda, or even with a second or third addition. When this appearance, of decomposition occurs with a fragment of mineral, the same body must also be heated with soda in time state of powder. If the assay is both insoluble and undecomposable, the soda is absorbed by the charcoal and the body is left on the surface unchanged, whether applied as a, fragment or in powder. 93. Formation of a Hepar (R. F.). The higher sulphides of the alkalies 30 REDUCTION OF METALLIC OXIDES WITH SODA. have long been known by the name of Hepar sulphuris (liver of sulphur), since they possess a liver-brown color. When soda is fused on charcoal in the R. F. with any compound of sulphur (sulphide or sulphate), sulphide of sodium is produced, and if much sulphur was present in the assay the fused mass will show the characteristic color of hepar. Whether or not the mass possess this color, whether it remain on the surface of the coal or be absorbed by it, it is only necessary to place it on a freshly scraped surface of silver (or to cut out the coal into which it has sunk, and put it on the silver), and then add a drop of water, in order after a few moments to recognize the slightest trace of SULPHUR by the production of a yellow or even black stain of sulphide of silver. Illuminating gas commonly contains sulphur-compounds, and when this test for sulphur is employed with gas for fuel, the soda should always be fused first on coal and tested before adding the assay. If sulphur should prove to be present the test must be made with a candle or oilflame. 94. Reduction of Metallic Oxides (R. F.). The fusion of certain oxides with soda on charcoal in R. F. furnishes a most ready and delicate means of detecting their presence in minerals and salts. Some metallic oxides are reduced to the metallic state by heating alone in R. F. when pure, but with difficulty or not at all when mixed or combined with other bodies; by addition of soda, however, the reduction is easy. There are other oxides that alone are unaltered, but by fusion with soda are reduced to the metallic state. If the oxide of lead, for example, is fused with soda, there is no difficulty in recognizing the metallic lead, which will be found in globules on the surface of the charcoal. Oxide of iron yields, however, metallic iron which cannot be fused, and the fusible metals often escape the eye when present in small quantity. The operator must therefore employ the method of Gahn, as follows. The finely pulverized substance is mixed with soda and a drop of water to a paste, which is laid in a cavity on charcoal, and strongly heated in the R. F. The soda commonly sinks into the charcoal; more is added at intervals, until the assay has nearly or completely disappeared in the pores of the coal. A drop or two of water is now put upon the place, and all those parts of the coal near the cavity which have absorbed the assay are cut out into the agate mortar, and pulverized with addition of water to a fine powder. The water is now carefully decanted, or the mortar is held beneath the surface of water contained in a clean bowl, and gently moved to and fro, so that the coal dust is washed away from any metallic particles that may be in the mortar. By careful washing even the smallest quantity of copper, tin, or lead may be seen remaining in the mortar in the shape of flattened globules. If the metal be infusible or brittle, it will be found as a heavy, lustrous powder. The nature of the metal can be determined by its physical properties; or the particles may be dissolved in boyrax or salt of phosphorus, and tested as already described. Often the sublimate that is deposited about the assay will give a clue to the kind of metal under examination. Iron, cobalt, and nickel are obtained as metallic powder which is lifted by the magnet (best tried under water). Copper is recognized by its red color; Tin and Lead flatten under the pestle; Bismuth and Antimony are brittle, and present themselves as powder. Besides these metals, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Tellurium, Indium, Zinc, and Cadmium, and the noble metals, are also reduced by treatment with soda. Antimony, Tellurium, Bismuth, Indium, Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium volatilize partly or completely, and yield characteristic sublimates. Zinc and Cadmium usually volatilize entirely. Arsenic and Mercury are also reduced, but must be heated with soda in a tube, in order to collect the sublimates, which are metallic arsenic and mercury. TREATMENT WITH SODA. 31 When several metals are together, they usually form an alloy. Copper and iron are, however, obtained distinct. If the assay contained arsenate of cobalt or nickel, fusible metallic globules are obtained, which are always brittle from presence of arsenic. The reactions with borax and salt of phosphorus must be the final resort, and it may happen that only the experienced operator will be able to make out satisfactorily the nature of a metallic mixture, such as may result from a reduction with soda. PLATTNER directs attention to the three following points, as needful to be carefully attended to in successfu!ly conducting the operation in question: 1. The operator must keep the assay a sufficiently long time exposed to the action of a strong R. F. 2. In cutting out and pulverizing the fused mass, and in washing the same, the greatest care must be exercised that no metallic particles be lost; and, 3. The remaining metal, whether in form of scales, grains, or powder, must be examined with help of a lens, and tested by means of the magnet, and if needful by fluxes (borax and salt of phosphorus). To acquire skill in the detection of copper and tin by reduction with soda (it is most applicable for finding small quantities of these metals especially), the beginner should practise with mixtures of a copper ore or salt with increasing quantities of feldspar or some other body free from metallic oxides. One or two per cent. of tin, and much less copper, can be detected in the quantity usually employed for blowpipe assays. 95. For convenience of reference is added here a tabular view, translated from Plattner, of the behavior of the earths and metallic oxides when treated successively, (1) alone on charcoal or in the platinum forceps; (2) with borax, and (3) with salt of phosphorus on platinum wire; (4) with soda, and (5) with cobalt solution; the special reactions of the alkalies will be given under appropriate heads in the next chapter. In the table the sign 0, given under some of the heads, indicates that no reaction is observed with the substance. TABLE SHOWING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE EARTHS, AND METALLIC OXIDES BEFORE THE BLOWPIPE. Behavior alone, on Charcoal, andWihSlofP spruonla Eartb.. Behavio the Platinum fon harcpals. ands. With Borax on Platinum Wire. to P r With Soda on Charcoal With Solution of Cobalt in 0. F. tl in the Platinum forceps. ~~~~tinum Wire. 0 As hydrate fuses, boils, and intu- The carbonate is soluble with ef- As with Borax. Fuses together with soda, and is Fuses to a pale brown or brownish mesces, congeals on the surface, fervescence to a clear glass, absorbed by the charcoal. red giobule; on cooling loses W and then is absorbed by the which by a certain addition color, and on exposure to the v coal. As carbonate, fuses easily may be made opaque by flam- atmosphere falls into a light- ~ Baryta arya to a clear glass, which becomes ing. At a greater saturation be- gray powder. ]enamel wh:te oil cooling. After comes opaque of itself. a repeated fusion it boils and spirts, becomes caustic and is absorbed by the coal. Heated in the forceps, tinges the flame yellowish green. The hydrate behaves like that of As Baryta. As Baryta. Caustic strontia is insoluble. The'Sinters, and assumes a black or H barvta. The carbonate fuses oni carbonate, mixed with an equal dark-gray color. coal only on the finest edges, volume of soda, fuses to a clear C and throws out cauliflower-like glass, which becomes milk Strontia ramifications which emit a bril- white on cooling. In stronger liant light, and tinge the I. F. heat the glass boils, the earth faintly red; they also react alka- becomes caustic, and is absorbed line with turmineric paper. Heat- by the coal. ed in the forceps, the flame is tinged purple red.;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Caustic lime neither fuses nor is Easily soluble to a clear glass, that Soluble in large quantity (carbon- Insoluble; the soda is absorbed by Is perfectly infusible, and becomes altered. The carbonate be- may be made opaque by flaming. ate with effervescence) to a clear the coal, and leaves the lime on gray. comes caustic, of whiter color, The carbonate dissolves with glass, which when considerably the surface. Lime glows brightly, acquires alka- effervescence. A larger addi- saturated may be made opaque line reaction, and if a fragment tion gives a clear glass, which by flaming. When fully satuCa. be thus heated, it falls to pow- while cooling becomes crystal- rated, the clear glass becomes der upon moistening with water. line and clouded, but never so milk-white on cooling. Heated in the forceps, the outer milk-white as is the case with flame acquires a faint-red color. baryta and strontia. The carbonate is decomposed: As lime, but is not so strongly Dissolves easily (the carbonate As Lime. After long ignition assumesa pale Mansa glows and acquires an alkaline crystalline, with effervescence) to a clear flesh-red color, that must be obs Mansa reaction, glass, which by flaming becomes served when the assay is cold. lhg opaque, and when fully saturat- Phosphate and arsenate of ed turns milk-white ou cooling, magnesia fuse and acquire a violet-red, color. coUnchanged. Slowly soluble to a clear glass, Slowly dissolves to a clear glass, Intumesces slightly, forms an After strong ignition becomes which does not become opaque, that remains clear. With too infusible compound, and the beautifully blue, best observed Aluimina, either by flaming, or after corn- large an addition the undissolv- excess of soda is absorbed by when the assay is cold. plate saturation, by cooling, ad portion is rendered isemi- the coal. When added as a fine powder in transparent. ~~~~~u ~~~~~~large quantity, a glass results that is not clear, but on cooling becomes crystalline on the sur_______________________ face, and is hardly fusible. Gcna Unchansged. Soluble in large quantity to a clear As with Borax. Insoluble. Acquires a pale bluish-green col. glass, that becomes inilk-white or. Be ~~~~~~~~~by flaming or when saturated, by simple cooling. Yttria. Y and.Unchanged. As Glucina. As Glucina. Insoluble. 0 T erbia. Tr t -Erbia The yellow oxide becomes of a Dissolves slowly to a clear color- As with Borax. Insoluble. t lighter color in R. F.. and ac- lass glass, which turns milk- 0 j ~ quires a transparent appear- white by flaming, or after satu- 0_ ance. ration by mere cooling. Zirconia Infusible. As prepared from sul- As Glucina. Dissolves more slowly than in Insoluble. Assumes a dirty violet color. phate, glows more intensely Borax, and more readily yields0 Zr than any other substance, an opaque glass. Unchanged. Soluble to small extent, forming a As with Borax. Insoluble. t Thoria clear glass, which when fully saturated becomes mnilk-white on ~~~~h ~~~~~cooling; but if it remains clear 0 Tb ~~~~~~~~~after cooling, cannot be made opaque by flaming. Unchanged. Slowly soluble to a clear, difficult- To a very small degree solable to With not too Mruch soda, soluble With little cobalt solution becomes Silica ~~~~~~~ly fusible glass, that cannot be a clear glass. The undissolved with effervescence to a clear faint bluish in color. With more silica ~~~~~~~~~made opaque by flaming. portion becomes semi-transpar- glass, solution is black or dark gray. ant. The thinnest edges may, however, be fused by skilful blowing ___________________________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~to a reddish-blue glass. Metallic OxMetallicio- Behavior alone, on Charcoal, etc. With Borax on Platinum Wire. With Salt of Phosphorus on Pla- With Soda on Coal. Witn Solution of Cobalt in 0. F. ides &Acids etc. With Borax on Platinum Wire. tinum Wire. 0. F. Volatilizes, and mostly de 0. F. Largely soluble to a clear 0. F. Soluble with boiling to a On charcoal in both flames very If the sublimate formed on charposits around the heated point. glass, which is yellowish while clear glass, which while hot easily reducible, but the metal coal when ignited in 0. F. is R. F. Is reduced and volatilized; hot, but becomes colorless on appears only faintly yellow. is immediately volatilized, and heated after moistening with partly deposits again. A green- cooling. On charcoal the dis- R. F. On charcoal the saturated covers the coal with a white de- solution of cobalt it is partly ish-blue tinge is communicated solved acid may be almost com- glass is at first made turbid, but posit of oxide of antimony. volatilized, but another part reto the outer flame. pletely expelled from the bead, afterwards becomes clear from mains, and after cooling is seen so that tin manifests no reduc- the volatilization of the anti- to have acquired a dirty, darkAntimon- ing action as below. mony. With tin the glass be- green color. ous acid B. F. The glass which has been comes gray on cooling, but clear ~~~~~~~... ~exposed but a short time to the again on continued blowing. Sb O. F. on charcoal becomes gray- The gray turbidity is caused by ish and turbid from separation of tin when only very little antiparticles of metallic antimony. monous acid is dissolved in the By continued blowing these glass. volatilize, and the glass becomes clear. With tin the glass is made gray to black, according O as it is less or more saturated. Arsenous Volatilizes below a red heat. On charcoal is reduced, evolving Acid vapors of arsenic, which may be A... recognized by their garlic odor. 0 As __ _ _ O. F. On platinum foil fuses easily O. F. Easily soluble to a clear yel- 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear yel- On charcoal is immediately reducto a dark-brown mass.'which is low glass, which with a small low glass, which is colorless ed to metallic bismuth. pale yellow when cold. quantity is colorless when cold. when cold. With a large quanOn charcoal in both flames it is re- With a larger quantity the glass tity of oxide, the glass can be ducedtometallicbismnuth,which is yellowish red when hot, but made opaque by flaming, and Oxide of gradually volatilizes, depositing while cooling becomes yellow, with still more it becomes B3ismuth on the support an inner coating and is opaline when cold. opaque by cooling. of yellow oxide, and an outer R. F. On charcoal the glass is at R. F. On coal, especially with help it white one of carbonate of bis- first gray and turbid, then the of tin, the glass so changes 0 muth. In R. F. these sublimates oxide is reduced to metal with that when hot it appears clear disappear without tinging the effervescence, and the bead be- and colorless, but on cooling beflame. comes clear. The reduction oc- comes dark gray and opaque. curs more promptly by addition of tin. 0. F. On platinum foil unchang 0. F. Soluble in very large quan- 0. F. Largely soluble, forming a 0. F. Insoluble. ed. tity to a clear yellowish glass, clear glass, which with a large R. F. On charcoal is immediately R. F. On charcoal disappears and which is almost colorless when quantity is yellowish when hot, reduced. The metal volatilizes condenses on the surroundlW!1 cold. When strongly saturated but colorless when cold. A sat- and deposits reddish-brown ard Oxide of coal as a redaish-brown to dark- the glass maybe made milk-white urated glass is milk-white when dark-yellow oxide on the supCadmium yellow powder, the color of by flaming; very strongly satura- cold. port; exteriorly the sublimate is which is best seen when cold. ted it becomes opaque by cooling. R. F. The dissolved oxide is slow- iridescent. Cd The exterior parts of the subli- 2?. F. On charcoal the glass boils, ly and imperfectly reduced on mate are iridescent, like the tail the cadmium is reduced, but charcoal, yielding a slight subof a peacock. immediately volatilizes andl limate of yellow oxide on the coats the support with dark yel- surrounding charcoal. Tin falow oxide. cilitates the reduction. *. _ *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In 0. F. the protoxide is changed 0. F Soluble to a dark yellow to 0. F. As with Borax: the color. Insoluble. The soda passes into into sesquioxide, which is not red glass (like oxide of iron); however, completely disappearn the coal; the sesquioxide is conBesquiox- altered in R. F. on cooling, however, the bead is on cooling. verted into protoxide, and reide of yellow. At a certain saturation R. F. The glass is colorless both mains on the surface, of a light- Cerium the glass may be made opaque by when hot and cold (distingulish- gray color. flaming; by greater saturation es cerium from iron). No degree;.. it becomes opaque on cooling. of saturation causes the glass to Be IR.F. The yellow glass is rendered become opaque on cooling. colorless. A highly saturated glass becomes enamel white and crystalline. Unalterable in either flame. ). F. Dissolves slowly, but with 0. F. Soluble to a clear glass, 0. F. Soluble on platinum wire to intense color. In small quanti- which is red while hot; on cool- a dark brownish-green glass, ty gives a glass which is yellow ing becomes dirty green, and which becomes opaque yellow when hot (chromic acid) and finally assumes a beautiful green on cooling (chromnic acid). yellowish green when cold; in color. R.F. The glass is opaque and green larger quantity dark red while B. F. As in 0. F.; the colors ap- (oxide) when cold. On charcoal Sesquiox- hot, yellow while cooling, and pear somewhat darker; the it cannot be reduced to metal; ide of when entirely cold tine yellow- same with tin. it remains as green oxide on the Chromium ish green. surface of the charcoal, while 0 R. F. With little chrome oxide the soda is absorbed. the glass is a beautiful green, both when hot and cold; on a larger addition it becomes darker, or pure emerald green. Treatment with tin causes no change. 0. F. Becomes yellow on heating, 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. Soluble in large quantity 0. F. With about an equal vol- While hot appears gray, on coolbut white again on cooling, colorless glass, which when to a clear glass that is yellow ume of soda, fuses with effer-ing becomes dirty green. If the without further change. stronly saturated may be made while hot, but colorless when vescence. With a larger quantity heat be too strong, the assay R. F. As in 0. F. turbid by flaming. When very cold. The lower oxide gives a of soda it is absorbed by the sinters; and after cooling, the strongly saturated grows turbid greenish blue glass, which be- charcoal. portions that have been most on cooling. comes colorless on long blow- R. F. As in 0. F. The acid can- strongly heated are of a dark R. F. The opaline glass from 0. F. ing. not be reduced to metal. gray color. Columbin is nchanged, but with the R. F. With a large quantity the Acid lower oxide of columbium be- glass is brown; addition of sul-..~~ ~ ~ ".~ ~ ~comes clear again, and when phate of iron makes it blood red. vCb~~~~~~ ~the latter is added in larger The lower oxide gives a fine quantity the glass loses its trans- blue, becoming brown on charparenc and assumes a bluish- coal, and with addition of sulgray color. In still greater phate of iron gives a blood-red quantity the glass is bluish gray color. and quite opaque when cold. 0. F. Unchanged. 0. F. The oxide of cobalt possesses 0. F. As with Borax: with equal O.F. Onplatinum wire dissolvesin Oxide of R. F. Shrinks together somewhat, very great coloring power. The quantity of oxide the color is not very slight quantity to a transCobalt and without fusing is reduced glass is smalt blue both when quite so deep as with borax, es- parent, pale, rose-red mass, that to metal, which is lifted by a hot and cold. When strongly pecially after cooling. becomes gray on cooling. Co magnet, and when rubbed in a saturated the color is so deep as R. F. As in 0. F. B. F. On charcoal reduced to a mortar assumes metallic lustre. to appear black. gray magnetic powder, which is CO R. F. As in 0. F. made lustrous by rubbing. Metallic Ox- With Salt ~~~~~~~~~~of Phosphorus on Pla- WihSdonCa.itSluonfCbltn0.F Metallic 0x- Behavior alone, on Charcoal, etc. With Borax on Platinum Wire. With Salt of Phsou on Pla- With Soda on Coal. With Solution of Cobalt in 0. F. ides & Acids ttinurn Wire. 0. F. Fuses to a black globule, 0. F. A small quantity gives the 0. F. The colors are the same as 0. F. On platinum wire soluble to which on charcoal soon spreads glass a green color while hot, with borax, but less intense; a clear green glass, which loses out, and is reduced to metal on which changes to blue on cool- viz.: green to dark or opaque its color and becomes opaque on its under surface. ing. A larger quantity gives a green when hot, and blue or cooling. R. F. Isreduced at atemperature glass, which when hot is dark greenish blue when cold, ac- B. F. On charcoal is easily reducbelow the fusing point of me- green to opaque, and on cooling cording to the degree of satura- ed to metallic copper, which tallic copper. The reduced por- becomes greenish blue. tion. fuses to globules in a strong Oxide of tions have the metallic lustre of R. F. At a certain saturation theR. F. A pretty strongly saturated heat. Copper copper, but as soon as the blow- glass soon becomes colorless; on glass becomes dark green; and 0 ing is interrupted, the surface cooling, however, becomes red on cooling, at the moment of soCu oxidizes, and becomes brown or and opaque (suboxide). On lidification, opaque brown red black. By stronger heat the re- charcoal the copper may be re- (suboxide). If the glass conduced metal fuses to globules. duced and separated so that the tains but little oxide of copper glass becomes colorless after in solution, and be treated with cooling. On charcoal with tin tin on charcoal, it is colorless easi y made brownish red from while hot, but becomes opaque formation of suboxide of copper. red on cooling.O Oxide of 0. F. Infusible. 0. F. Soluble to a rose red colored As with Borax, but more difficult- Insoluble. The soda is absorbed Didymium R. F. Loses its brown color and glass, which is unchanged in I. ly insoluble. by the charcoal, leaving on its becomes gray. F. surface the oxide with a gray ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Di ~~~~~~~~~~~~color. Oxide of Ignited in either flame, is convert- 0. F. Is reduced without dissolv- As with Borax. As with Borax; the soda, however, Gold ed into metal which is easily ing, and on charcoal may be is absorbed by the charcoal... fusible to globules. fused to globules. Au R. 1. As with 0. F. ~ 0. F. Becomes dark yellow when 0. F. Dissolves to a clear glass, As with Borax; but'the glass when 0. F. Insoluble. heated, and lighter again on feebly yellow while hot, color- treated with tin on charcoal R. F. Is reduced on coal, and the Oxide of cooling. Infusible. less when cold, and cloudy becomesgrayandturbid oncool- metal volatilizes in part, coatIndium R. F. Gradually reduced and when much is added. ing. ing the coal with oxide, and volatilized, coating the coal and R. F. Unchanged. On coal is re- partly remains in the flux in al- 0 In coloring the outer flame violet. duced; volatilized, coats the most silver-white grains. coal, and colors the flame violet, which is perceptible notwithstanding the soda. Oxide of, IrOxidiume of Is reduced by ignition, but the 0. F. Is reduced without dissolv- As with Borax. As with Borax; the soda passes metallic particles cannot be ing, but no globules can be ob-into the charcoal. Ir fused. tained. R. F. As with 0. F. 0. F. Unchanged. 0. F. In small quantity yields a' 0. F. With a certain quantity of'0. F. Insoluble. R. F. Becomes black and mag- glass which is yellow when hot, oxide, the hot glass is yellowish!l?. F. On charcoal is reduced, and netic (proto-sesquioxide). and colorless when cold; with red; upon cool ing becomes first by pulverization and washing more oxide the glass. is red when yellow, then greenish, and final- the metal is obtained as a gray hot, and yellow when cold; ly colorless. With a very large magnetic powder. with still more the hot glass is quantity, the hot glass is dark dark red, and when cold is dark red; on cooling it becomes Besquloxide ~~~~~~~yellow, brownish-red, then dirty green. esuofiron R. F. The glass is bottle green When cold it is brownish red. of Iron ~~~~~~~(proto-sesquioxide). On charcoal The colors disappear sooner by j~~~~~e ~~~with tin, is at first bottle green, cooling than those of the borax0 then vitriol green (protoxide). glass. R. F. With little oxide the color is not altered; with more it is red when hot, and on cooling first yellow, then greenish, and finally reddish. On charcoal with tin the glass becomes green and finally colorless on cooling.'Unchanged. 0. F. Soluble to a clear colorless As with Borax Insoluble. The soda pass~es into Oxyd of glass, which at a certain satura- the charcoal, and the oxide reLantha- tion can be made opaque white mains behind as a gray powder. num, by flaming, and more strongly0 saturated becomes opaque by La cooling. R. F. As in 0. F. Red lead heated on platinum-foil 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. As with Borax; more oxide 0. F. On platinum wire easily blackens, and. by gentle ignition yellow glass, which is colorless is necessary, however, to pro- soluble to a clear glass, which is is converted into yellow oxide; on cooling, is rendered opaque duce a glass which is yellow yellow and opaque when cold. more strongly heated this oxide by flaming at a certain grade of while hot. R. F. On charcoal immediately fuses to a yellow glass. On saturation, and still more highly R. F. The glass containing oxide reduced to metallic lead, which charcoal in 0. F. and R. F. is saturated becomes opaque and becomes grayish and turbid on coats the charcoal with yellow Oxide of immediately reduced to metallic enamel yellow on cooling, charcoal. With a large dose of oxide when further heated. Lead lead, which gradually volatilizes R. F. The glass containing oxide oxide, the charcoal is coated o by continued heating, and coy- spreads itself out upon charcoal with a yellow sublimate. Adib ers the charcoal with a yellow and becom es turbid; by contin- dition of tin makes the glass deposit of oxide of lead, beyond ned blowitig the oxide is reduced more turbiid, but it is never which a thin white coating of with effervescence to metallic entirely opaque. carbonate of lead is formed, lead, and the glass becomes These coatings disappear when clear. heated in R. F., tinging the flame azure blue. 0. F. Infusible. The higher ox- 0. F. Colors intensely. The hot 0. F. The glass requires much 0. F. On platinum wire slightly ides are converted by strong ig- glass is amethys-tine red, on oxide before it becomes colored, soluble to a clear green mass, nition into reddish-brown proto- cooling becomes, violet red; with When hot it is brown violet, on which becomes opaque and blusesquioxide, yielding oxygen. too large quantity the glass be-'cooling it becomes reddish vio- ish green on cooling (manganate Oxide of R. F. As in 0. F. comes opaque, and appears let. The glass cannot be rend-'of sods). Manganese black, unless flattened, or drawn ered opaque by a large addition. B. F. Cannot he reduced on charinto threads. When the glass contains too lit- coal; the soda is absorbed and0 B. Ff. The colored glass becomes tle manganese to color it, the the manganese remains behind colorless (protoxide). If the amethyst tint is developed by as oxide. glass is deeply colored, the re- bringing the hot bead in contact diiction succeeds best on char- with a grain of nitre. coal, especially with addition of R. F. The colored glass speedily tin, becomes colorless. Metallic Ox-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~it WithaSatoofPPhsphorusoniPla With Soda on Coal. With Solution of Cobalt in 0. F. ids&AisBehavior alone, on Charcoal, etc. Wihiorxtnhlainmalr.tinum Wiophreson Is immediately reduced and vola- Heated in closed tube (as well tilized. alone) it is reduced, and condenses in the cold pasts of the Oxide of tube as a grayish metallic subMercury. limate, which may be united to globules by rubbing with a 0 J~~~~~~~~g ~~~~~~~0 0, feather, or better by cutting off kg ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~the part of the tnbe containing the sublimate, placing it in a test tube with a little dilute hydrochloric acid, and boiling the latter. 0. F. Fuses with a brown color and 0. F. Easily and largely soluble to 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. On platinum wire fuses with volatilizes, condensing on the a clear glass, which appears yel- glass, which with a moderate effervescence to a clear glass, surrounding charcoal in form of low while hot, but is colorless quantity of the assay is yellow which becomes m-ilk-white on 0 a yellow sublimate, which near- when cold. With a very large green when hot, and almost cooling. est the assay consists of small quantity the glass is dark yel- colorless when cold. On char- R. F. On charcoal fusion with crystals. The sublimate is low to dark red when hot, and coal the glass becomes dark effervescence first occurs; the white (the crystals colorless) opaline or opaque bluish gray green in consequence of reduc- fused mass is then absorbed by Moydc when cold. Interior to this de- when cold. tion. the support, and most of the Acd posit is seen best when cold a R. F. The strongly saturnted glass Rf. F. The glass from 0. F. be- molybdic acid is reduced to thin, non-volatile, dark copper- becomes brown or even opaque. comes dark dirty green; onl metal, which may be separated 0 Mo red enating of oxide of mnolybde- Iu a good flame, oxide of molyb- cooling, however. line green as a steel-gray powder by washko nunm. The white coating touched denuin separates in the form of similar to chromium; on coal tug. with the It. F. becomes of a deep black flocks, which are very per- the same. With tin, the greeun azure-blue color. ceptible in the then yellowish color becomes somewhat darker. Rf. F. Mostly absorbed by the glass, when the latter is flatcharcoal, and is reduced to me- tensed. tallic molybdenum, which msay be obtained by washing as a gray powder. 1 na 0. F. Unchanged. 0. F. Colors intensely. In small 0. F. Dissolves to a reddish glass. 0. F. Insoluble. Rf. F. On charcoal is reduced to quantity it colors the hot glass which becomes yellow on cool- Bf. F. On charcoal easily reduced metal. The coherent metal lie violet, which becomes pale red log; with larger quantity the to small brilliant metallic parpowder cannot be fused; strong- brown on cooling; with larger hot glass is brownish red, and ticles, which are highly magly rubbed in the mortar it as- quantities these colors are dark- becomes reddish yellow on cool- netic. minmes a metallic lustre, and is er. ing. Oxide of highly magnetic. ii. F. The glass from 0. F. be- 1R. F. The glass from 0. F. is unalNickel comes gray and turbid from tered on platinum wire. OnG separation of metallic nickel, charcoal with tin, all the nickel NI ~~~~~~~~~~~By long blowing the nietallic is reduced after continued blowparticles cohere and leave the ing, and the glass becomes glass colorless. On charcoal the colorless. redaction proceeds more rapidly, especially on addition of tin, which fuses with the nickel to _______________________ a globule. _____________________ ________________________ 0. F. Is converted into osimb Is easily reduced to an infusible acid, which volatilizes,, yielding metallic powder, which may be no sublimate, but giving valpors obtained pure by washing.'Oxide of which have a very penetrating kOsmium. and pungent odor, and attack 0 0 the eyes. Os Rf. F. Is- reduced to a dark-browvn infusible powder (metallic osmium), which may easily be oxidized again to osmic acid. Oxide of Is reduced on ignition, but the 0. F. Is reduced, without dissolv- As with Borax. Insoluble. The soda is absorbed Paldu.metallic particles cannot be fus- lug in the flux. The metallic by the charcoal, leaving the Paldu.ed together, particles cannot be united to a Palladium behind as an infusi- 0 Pd globule even on charcoal, his powder. 1B. F. As in 0. F. Oxides of Platinum lRhodium -As Palladium. As Palladium. As Palladium., As Palladium.0 and IRutheniuin Easily reduced to metallic silver, 0. F. Is partly dissolved, and 0. F. Both the oxide and the Is immediately reduced; fuses to which fuses to globules. partly reduced to metal. The metal yield a yellowish glass, metallic globules, while the soda t glass on cooling becomes opaline A highly saturated bea-d appears is absorbed by the charcoal. Oxide of or milk-white, according to the opaline on cooling; its color is Silver degree of saturation, yellow by transmitted daylight, o Bf. F. The glass from 0. F. be- and red by candle-light. ig ~~~~~~~~~comes at first gray from sepa- if. F. As with Borax. ration of metal, then clear and colorless,, all the silver separating and fusing to a globule. Is unchanged, except in color be- 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. Largely soluble to a clear 0. F. Mixed with a little more After long ignition appears light comning faintly yellow when glass, which at a certain satura- glass, which if very highly satu- than an equal volume of soda, gray; on cooling, however, beTantalic hot, and white again on cooling. tion'is yellowish when hot, be- rated is yellowish when hot, and it fuses on charcoal with offer- comes pale red, like magnesia. Acid, comes colorless on cooling, and becomes colorless on cooling. vesceuce to a bead, but soon If it is inot quite free from alkali may he made turbid by flaming. Rf. F. The glass from 0. F. is un- spreads out on the coal and it sinters, and becomes bluish Ta ~~~~~~~~At a greater degree of satura-. changed. with more soda it passes into black. tion becomes enamel white on the charcoal. cooling. Bf. F. As in 0, F. No reduction ________ R~~~~~~~~. F. As in 0. F. to metal takes place. Metallic Ox- Beairaoe nCacaec ihBrxo ltnmWr. With Salt of Phosphorus on Pla- With Soda on Coal. With Solution of Cobalt in 0. F. 0 ides & Acids Beairaoe nCacaec ihBrxo ltnmWr.tinum Wire. 0. F. Fuses, and is reduced with 0. F. Soluble to a clear colorless As with Borax. On platinum wire soluble to a Imetal volatilizes, however, im- separation of metal lic tellurium comes whiite on cooling. On Tellurous mediately, and a white coating when heated on charcoal. caca ti eue n oa Acd of tellurous acid deposits on the Rf. F. The clear glass from 0. F. tilized with the formation of a Acd support. The edges of the sub- heated on coal becomes first caigo elru cd Ilirnate have commonly a red or grsy and finally colorless, all caigo elru cd Te dark yellow color, the tellurium being reduced B. F. As in 0. F. The outer and volatilized and coating flame is tinged bluish green. the coal with telluroua acid. 0. F. The protoxide of tin takes 0. F. Very slowly soluble in small 0. F. Very slowly soluble in small 0. F. On platinum wire unites Assumes a bluish-green color, ~ fire and burns like tinder, and quantity to a clear colorless quantity to a clear colorless with soda with effervescence, to which must be observed after passes into binoxide. Tfhe bin- glass, which remains clear aft1er glass, that remains clear on a swollen infusible mass, the assay is perfectly cold. oxide glows strongly, and while cooling, and is not made turbid cooling. Bf. F. On charcoal is reduced to hot appears yellowish; on cool- by flaming. A bead saturated Rf. F. The glass from 0. F. is not metallic tin. lug, however, becomes dirty with oxide, allowed to become altered, either on platinum wire Binoxide of yellowish white, perfectly cold, and then heated or on charcoal. Tin R. F. By long blowing the oxide to gentle ignition, becomes turmay be reduced to metallic tin, bid, loses its round form, and Sn with formation of a slight sub- manifests indistinct crystallizalimate of oxide, which coats the tion. charcoal very near the assay. Bf. F. A glass that is not saturated suffers no change. On charcoal, from a bead containing much oxide, a portion may be reduced. In both flames becomes yellow 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. On charcoal soluble with Assumes a yellowish-green color, when heated; on cooling re- glass. The glass is yellow while glass, which when containing eff ervescence to a dark-yellow similar to oxide of zinc, but lem sumes its white color. Is not hot, colorless when cold, and much of the substance is yellow glass, which on cooling crystal- fine. otherwise changed. may be rendered turbid by while hot, and colorless on cool- lizes with production of so much flaming, if it contains a large iug. heat that the globule becomes Titanic ~~~~~~~quantity of the assay. When Rf. F. The glass from 0. F. is yel- again of itself white hot. When Tcidai the glass contains a very large low while hot, but on cooling fully cold the glass is white or Acid ~~~~~~~~~~quantity, it becomes opaque reddens, and assumes finally a grayish. white on cooling, beautiful violet color. If the Rf. F. As in 0. F. No reduction TI ~~~~~~~~~R.'F. Bissolved in small quantity assay contains iron, the glass to metal can be accomplished. the glass is yellow, with more on cooling becouses brown it becomes dark yellow to brown, yellow to brown red. On A saturated gla~ss may be made charcoal with tin the glass enamel blue by flaming. becomes violet, if not too much iron be present. 0. F. Unchanged, unless in very 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear 0. F. Easily soluble to a clear O.F. On platinum wire dissolves to intense heat, when, as in colorless glass. Added in pretty colorless glass, which when a clear dark-yellow glass, which?. F., it becomes black, being re- large quantity it appears yellow highly saturated is yellow while on cooling becomes crystalline, duced to tungstic oxide, but does while hot. With more of the sub- hot. and opaque white or yellowish. not fuse. stance the bead may be made R. F. The glass from 0. F. soon R. F. With a little soda on charenamel-like by flaming, and becomes dirty green while hot, coal may be reduced to metallic with a still larger quantity it but isblue when cold; by longer tungsten; with more soda the becomes opaque white on cool- blowing itis bluish green when assay is absorbed into the charing. cold. On charcoal, especially coal, and yellow or brown tungsTungstic B. F. The glass containing but with tin, it becomes dark green. tate of soda having a metallic Acid. little tungstic acid is unaltered If the assay contain iron, the hot lustre is obtained. ~~~~~~~~... ~in R. F., but as the quantity is glass on platinum wire is yellow, W increased, the bead acquires a and on cooling becomes brown yellow or dark-yellow color, and to blood red, like ferriferous on cooling becomes yellowish- titanic acid. This glass bebrown (oxide). The same re- comes blue when treated on actions succeed on charcoal with charcoal with tin, except when less of the substance. Tin dar- the content of iron is too large. kens the color of the glass when not too mnuch tungsten is present. 0. F. Infusible, but is converted 0. F. Behavior like that of oxide 0. F. Soluble to a clear yellow 0. F. Insoluble. With little soda into dark yellowish-green oxide. of iron, but the colors are less glass, that becomes yellowish- shows signs of fusion; with R. F. Becomes black passing into deep. When very strongly sat- green on cooling. more soda the mass becomes protoxide. urated. the glass may be made R. F. The glass from 0. F. be- yellowish-brown; with still more Sesquioxide enamel yellow by flaming. comes dirty green; on cooling, of the reagent, the assay peneof Urani- R. F. Gives the same colors as however, is fine green (proto- trates the charcoal. um oxide of iron. The green.glass sesquioxide). With tin on char- R. F. As in 0. F. No reduction ~~~~~~~... ~at a certain saturation may be coal the green color becomes occurs. YU. rendered black by flaming, but darker (protoxide). becomes neither enamel-like nor crystalline. With tin on charcoal the glass becomes darkgreen (protoxide). Fusible. The portions in contact 0. F. Soluble to a clear glass, 0. F.* Soluble to a clear glass, Fuses with soda, and is absorbed with the charcoal are reduced, which is colorless with a small which when the quantity is not by the charcoal. Vanadic and pass into the support; the quantity, with more appears too small, has a dark-yellow Acid, remainder assumes tihe color and yellow. and on cooling becomes color while hot, and on cooling lustre of graphite, being con- greenish yellow. becomes pale yellow. verted into a lower oxide of R. F. The glass from 0. F. is R. F. As with Borax. vanadium. brownish while hot, and on cooling becomes fine chrome green (oxide). L0 Wr.With Salt of Phosphorus on Pla- Wt oa~C~. Wt ouino oati.F Metallic Ox- Behavior aione, on Charcoal, and With Borax on Platinum tn Wire.us on Pla- With Soda on Coal With Solution of Cobalt in 0.. des, & Acids in the Platinum Tongs. 0. F. Becomes yellow on heating, 0. F. Easily and largely soluble As with Borax. 0. F. Insoluble. Assumes a fine yellowish-green but resumes its white color when to a clear glass, which while hot R. F. On charcoal is reduced. color, best observed when cold. cold. It is;infusible, and glows is yellowish, on cooling becomes The metal, however, volatilizes vividly on strong ignition. colorless. When considerably immediately, and if the heat be R. F. Gradually reduces and dis- saturated may be made opaque strong, burns with a bright appears; the metal volatilizing by flaming, and when more greenish-white flame, while the Oxide of and re-oxidizing is for the highly saturated becomes charcoal is coated with oxide. Zinc. greater part deposited as oxide opaque on cooling. on the charcoal, forming a coat-R. F. The saturated glass when Zn ing which is yellow while hot, first heated becomes turbid and and white when cold. grayish (separation of a part of the oxide), by longer blowing is rendered clear again. On charcoal the oxide is gradually reduced, the metal volatilizes and deposits as oxide on the sur- O rounding parts of the support. 0 ~ bi ~... _. _.....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ zo tapptr 3. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS WITH THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC BLOWPIPE AND OTHER REACTIONS EMPLOYED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SPECIES. 96. Alumina. The only characteristic blowpipe reaction is the blue color it assumes when ignited with cobalt solution. It may be thus detected in most Rminerals of which it is a large ingredient, provided they are infusible and do not contain too large a quantity of colored metallic oxides, or of magncsia. Very hard minerals, like corundum, must be finely pulverized (79). From acid solutions, when neutralized with ammonia, alumina is thrown down as a flocculent white precipitate. 97. Ammonia. The slight green tinge that salts of ammonia impart to the blowpipe flame (76) is too faint and uncharacteristic to serve for their detection. Ammonia is recognized by its well-known odor. The body to be tested is mixed with dry soda, the mixture placed in a closed glass tube, and gently heated, when the ammonia is evolved in the gaseous state, and may easily be recognized b its characteristic odor, as well as by the alkaline reaction it gives with reddened litmus and with turmeric paper. It must be borne in mind that organic substances containing nitrogen yield ammonia when ignited with soda. 98. Antimony. 1. Is almost invariably recognized by its characteristic sublimates. The body should be tested first in the open tube (74, 2, C); afterward, and generally in case of metallic compounds, on charcoal (75, 5, d). 2. Where antimony is combined with bismuth and lead, it is best detected by treating the substance with fused boric acid on charcoal, in such a manner that the flux is covered with the blue flame, and the metallic globule lies at its side partly out of the flame. The oxides of lead and bismuth are absorbed by the boric acid, and the charcoal becomes coated with a sublimate, which, when the blowing has not been too strong, consists of oxide of antimony, entirely free froln the oxides of lead and bismuth. 3. A small quantity of antimony, combined with copper or with other metals which retain it strongly, may volatilize so slowly that no sublilnate forms on the charcoal.'Under these circumstances, the alloy is heated in 0. F. with a bead of salt of phosphorus, -until the latter has dissolved a part of the antimony. The glass is then removed to a clean place on the charcoal and treated with tin in IR. F. If the glass becomes turbid and black, antimony is indicated. Bismuth, however, gives the same reaction. 4. In examining sulphide of lead for antimony, compare 118, 2. 5. Coaipounds of antimony and arsenic, heated for a short time in the open tube, yield a mixture of crystals of arsenous acid and amorphous antimonous acid. A small amount of antimony mixed with sulphide of arsenic is detected by gently heating the dry mixture in a closed tube; the snlphide of arsenic volatilizes, while the dark-colored sulphide of antimony mostly remains where the assay was placed. The tube is then cut off between the two sulphides, and the sulphide of 44 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND CO]POUNDS. antimony is transferred to an open tube and tested as usual. When the quantity is extremely small the tube is crushed, and the fragments with adhering suphide are introduced into the open tube. 99. Arsenic. 1. The testing in open tube (74, 2, a), closed tube (73, 11f), and on charcoal (75, 5, c), usually lead to its detection. Arsenous and arsenic acids and their salts, as well as the sulphides of arsenic, are examined by pulverizing and placing them in a glass bulb, covering them with six times their weight of a dry mixture of equal parts of cyanide of potassium and carbonate of soda. The bulb should not be more than half filled with the mixture (Fig. 23). It is first gently heated; if moisture is given of it is removed by inserting a piece or roll of bibulous paper. It is again gently wared, and if necessary wiped out with paper, and the operation reeated until the mixture is perfectly dry. Finally, the bulb is heated strongly for some minutes in the spirit-lamp or blowpipe flame; a mirror of metallic arsenic deposits in the cool part of the tube. If the tube be cut off between the mirror and the sealed end by notching with a file and breaking, and the mirror be heated in the spirit-lamp, the arsenical odor will then be perceptible. Fig. 23. Fig. 24. 2. Arsenous acid can also be detected by introducing the assay into a closed glass tube drawn out to a small diameter (Fig. 24), and inserting a splinter of charcoal above it. The charcoal is first heated and then the assay; the arsenous acid is reduced as it passes over the hot charcoal and is deposited as in the previous case as a metallic mirror. 3. The higher arsenides, when treated in the open tnbe, yield a sublimate of arsenous acid,7 but the lower arsenides of nickel, cobalt, and iron do not part with their arsenic at a high temiperature, even in the presence of reducing agents; and for its detection in these cases Plattner recommends the following method: Mix the finely divided assay with five times its weight of nitrate of potassa, and heat as intensely as possible in a platinum spoon. The metals are thus oxidized, and the arsenic becomes arsenic acid. The spoon with the fusion is now boiled with water, until it is as far as possible dissolved. The liquid containing all the arsenic as arsenate of potash is decanted or filtered from the insoluble metallic oxides, and, 1. Evaporated with addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid (enough to expel all nitric acid) to dryness in a porcelain capsule; the residue is pulverized, mixed with cyanidle of potassium and carbonate of soda, and heated as just described; or, 2. It is made slightly acid by acetic acid and boiled to expel any carbonic acid, and a crystal of pure nitrate of silver added, when a reddish-brown precipitate of arsenate of silver will be formed. 4. A small amount of arsenic in the presence of much sulphur is often difficult CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. 45 to detect by its odor on charcoal. In such cases it is best to mix the assay with an excess of carbonate of soda, which will retain the sulphur, and the arsenical fumes can then be easily recognized. 100. Baryta. All the salts of baryta except silicates yield the characteristic yellowish-green coloration of the flame. When observed through copper-green glass the baryta flame appears bluish green.'* Green.* In Harmotome and Brewsterite baryta is detected by dissolving the finely pulverized mineral in pure hydrochloric acid with aid of heat, filtering the solution and adding dilute sulphuric acid; a white precipitate of sulphate of baryta is formed, which may be collected upon a filter, washed, and then examined for the coloration of the flame. Strontia may interfere with the baryta reaction. The presence of the sulphate of baryta with the sulphate of strontia can be detected by fusing the mixture with three or four parts of chloride of calcium in a platinum spoon, and boiling the fused mass with water. If a cloudiness is produced, by adding to the clear dilute solution a few drops of chromate of potassa the presence of baryta is indicated. Strontia is only precipitated from the concentrated solution (Chapman). 101. Bismuth. 1. Bismuth is detected by the characteristic lemon or orange yellow sublimates which it and its compounds give when treated alone or with soda O charcoal in I. F. (75 5, g). The presence of other easily oxidizable metals may make this reaction uncertain; the wet way must then be resorted to, and for this purpose the pulverized compound is digested for some time with hot nitric acid, the liquid poured off from any undissolved matters, or if necessary filtered, then evaporated almost to dryness, and the concentrated liquid poured into a test-tube half filled with water. If bismuth be present, a white precipitate of basic nitrate is formed, which maybe collected on a filter, washed with pure water, and examined on charcoal. If the precipitate be small, it should be gathered into the apex of the filter; the latter is then dried, the part containing the precipitate torn off, and tested on charcoal. 2. If a compound of bismuth be treated with a mixture of equal parts of iodide of potassium and sulphur, and fused B. B. on charcoal, a beautiful red sublimate of the iodide of bismuth will be deposited.f 3. In the presence of lead and antimony bismuth can be detected in the following manner: The mixture of the three oxides is added to an equal volume of sulphur and treated in a cavity upon charcoal with li. F.; the oxides are thus converted into sulphides. The assay is thene placed upon a fiat coal and treated with the 0. F. and iR. F. until the antimonial fumes have nearly ceased. The residue is placed in a mortar and pulverized, and mixed with an equal volume of a mixture of one part of iodide of potassium and five of sulphur; it is then heated in an open glass tube, and if bismuth be present, a distinct red sublimate of iodide of bismuth will be deposited a short distance above the yellow sublimate of lead. The sublimate of iodine which is liable to be deposited higher up the tube must not be -confounded with the bismuth sublimatest See also 98, 3. 102. 1. Boric (boracic) acid is recognized by the intense yellowish-green color it or its compounds with fluorine communicate to the flame. This color is given to the outer flame by most borates, provided they do not contain an ingredient which of itself tinges the flame. * The strips of colored glass alluded to in this chapter are such as are used for colored glass windows, a cobalt-blue glass, a green. glass colored either with oxide of copper or iron, and a red glass colored with red oxide of copper. Strips 3 x 6 inches are a convenient size. t Von Kobell. Journal fiir Praktische Chemie (2), III. (1871), 469. t Cornwall. Am. Chemist, March, 1872. ~6 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. 2. Borate of soda alone tinges the flame pure yellow, but if it be moistened with sulphuric acid or mixed with bisulphate of potash, boric acid is set free, and the green color is instantly produced. 3. Silicates in which the above methods fail to indicate the boric acid, are reduced to a fine powder, the assay mixed with its own bulk of pulverized fluor-spar, and three times its bulk of bisulphate of potash; the whole is moistened to a paste, a portion of which is taken on a platinum loop, and at first gently heated to dry it, then more intensely in the edge of the blue flame. At the instant of fusion the green coloration appears, but is usually only momentary, so that the observer must direut his attention closely to the assay during the ignition. 4. As in the above trials copper and phosphoric acid may be mistaken for boric acid; it is sometimes best to use Rose's test with turmeric paper. To the solution of any borate hydrochloric acid is added until the liquid gives a distinct acid reaction (till blue litmus is reddened by it); a strip of turmeric paper is half immersed in the solution for some time, and the paper dried at a getle heat (not over 212 F.). The smallest trace of boric aVid gives the immersed portion of the paper a reddish-orange color. Silicates are fused with carbonate of soda in a platinum spoon, the mass is boiled with water until it is as far as possible dissolved, the solution is then supersaturated with hydrochloric acid, and tested as above. The orange or reddish-orange color thus produced must not be confounded with that communicated to turmeric paper st. By alkaline solutions. 2d. By acid solutions of zirconia (159). 3d. By moderately stron hydrochloric acid. 5. If alcohol is poured over a borate with the addition of a sufficient quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid to liberate the boric acid, and the alcohol kindled, the flame, particularly on the edges, appears of a very distinct yellowish-gren color, especially upon stirring, and upon heating the alcoholic mixture. 103. Bromine. 1. When bromides are added to a bead of salt of phosphorus which has previously been saturated with oxide of copper, and the blowing continued, the bead becomes surrounded with a beautiful blue flame inclining, to green on the edges, and this color continues so long as any bromine remains. As these reactions may be confounded with those given by chlorine, Berzelius recommends fusing the subst~ance under examination with dry bisulphate of potash in a glass bulb. If a metallic bromide is present, bromine and sulphurous acid are set free, and the glass bulb becomes filled with a yellow vapor of bromine, which, although mixed with sulphurous acid, may be distinctly recognized by its characteristic odor. As a confirmatory test, if moistened starch or starch paper be exposed to these vapors yellow bromide of starch will be formed. 2. If a soluble bromide be placed upon a piece of clean silver along with a fragment of sulphate of copper or sulphate of iron, the silver becomes almost immediately coated with a. black stain. 104. Cadmium. This metal can only be detected as oxide, as it is volatilized at a comparatively low temperature. The substance for examination in a pulverized state is heated in the Ri. F. on charcoal, whereby metallic cadmiumi is volatilized, and immediately on coming in contact with the atmosphere is converted into oxide which gives the characteristic coating on coal (75, 5,j) Should the substance contain not more than one per cent. of cadmiumi, as for instance in many zinc ores, it is best to mix the powder with soda and heat carefully in the mR F., when the coal near the assay becomes coated with a sublimate of oxide of cadmium before any sublimate of zinc is formed, cadmium being much more volatile than zinc. Caesia. This rare alkali imparts a beautiful violet to the blowpipe flame, and when mixed with potassa and rubidia can only be distinguished by the employment of the spectroscope. CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. 47 105. Carbon an Carbonic Acid. 1. Carbon in the form of diamond or of graphite, disappears when heated for some time B. B.; the former leaves no residue, the latter generally more or less of a red ash. Fused with nitrate of potassa, carbon detonates, forming carbonate of potassa. Carbonates effervesce when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid; a few require to be pulverized, and in some cases heat is necessary before the effervescence * takes place. 2. Some carbonates lose their carbonic acid by simply heating in the closed tube; in these cases it may e detected by inserting a strip of moistened litmus paper in the tube, when the blue color will be changed to red, but on drying the original blue color will be restored. 3. Organic substances, except oxalates and formates, decompose in the closed tube, yielding a burnt odor, and usually oily products. Anthracite gives off moisture, but no empyreuatic oil. (See Coal, in the tables, chapter iv.) 106. Cerium. When in ombination with other earths, cerium cannot with certainty be detected B.B. In most silicates where it, with lanthanum and didymiu, occurs in considerable quantity, it may be readily detected after separation of silica and precipitation by ammonia, by treating the washed ammonia precipitate with oxalic acid, which dissolves out iron with alumina, leaving the cerium earths as insoluble oxalates; this residue when washed and ignited gives a cinnamon-brown powder, which is the characteristic color of sesquioxyd of cerium. 107. Chlorine. 1. Chlorides like bromides, may be detected by adding a Ismall portion of them to a bead of salt of phosphorus which has previously been saturated with oxide of copper; the bead becomes instantly surrounded with a beautiful and intense purplish-blue flame, without any of the tinge of the green which is observed in examining a bromide. 2. The soluble chlorides give the same reaction a.s described under bromine with sulphate of iron and copper on a silver plate. 3. INitrate of silver produces, even in highly dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid or metallic chlorides, white curdy precipitates of chloride of silver, which upon exposure to the light change first to violet and then to black. 108. Chromium. 1. Chromium is detected by the emerald-green color which its compounds impart to the borax and salt of phosphorus beads. Chromium must not be confounded with vana dium, which gives the same reactions in R. F., but differs by yielding a yellow bead with salt of phosphorus in 0. F., which flux never acquires other than a green color from chromium. 2. Minerals containing but little oxide of chromium associated with other metals which color the fluxes, are best treated by fusing on platinum wire or in a platinum. spoon with a mixture of equal parts of soda and nitre. The mass is heated for some time in 0. F., whereby chromic acid is formed. The fusion is dissolved in water, and the solution poured off from the residue; to this solution a drop or two of acetic acid, and afterward a crystal of acetate of lead, are added, when a lemonyellow precipitate of chromate of lead is formed. This may be collected on a filter, washed, and tested with borax and salt of phosphorus. 3. A mineral which contains a small amount of chromium, and is not decomposed by nitre, is fused with one and a half times its volume of soda and three-fourths its volume, of borax to a clear bead; this is pulverized, dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness, dissolved in water; the residue of silica filtered off; the protochloride of iron changed to sesquichloride by boiling with a few drops of * Care must be taken not to confound minerals which contain a carbonate as an impurity with pure carbonates. If the substance under examination be a pure carbonate it can be completely dissolved in nitric acid, and effervescence will continue so long as any portion remains undissolved. 48 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. nitric acid, and the chromium, alumina, iron, etc., precipitated with ammonia. The precipitate is collected, and tested as above. 109. Cobalt. 1. In most cases can be recognized by the characteristic blue bead it gives in both flames with borax. This color is variously modified by other metals. 2. Should iron be present, the glass will appear green while hot, and blue when cold. If the substance contains copper or nickel, the cobalt-blue color can hardly be perceived, and the bead must be treated on charcoal, with tin in R. F., until it becomes transparent, and effervescence has ceased. The copper and nickel will be reduced to the metallic state, and the class will have a perfectly pure blue color. 3. Compounds of cobalt with arsenic, and arsenides of other metals, when fused upon charcoal untfil arsenic fumes cease to be given off; then treated with borax in R. F., give, when freed from iron, a pure smalt-blue color; if iron be present it will be oxidized before the cobalt, and the bead will have a bottle-green color. The metallic globule is then treated with a fresh quantity of borax, and this operation is repeated until the bead gives a pure cobalt reaction. In testing metallic nickel for cobalt it is necessary to combine the nickel with arsenic, which may be done by mixing the finely divided nickel with metallic arsenic, placing it in a depression in the charcoal, and fusing in R. F. The fused globule is then tested with borax, as just described in case of an arsenide. The volatile metals in combination are recognized by their sublimates on charcoal. 110. Columbium. If a mineral which contains columbic acid be powdered and fused with bisulphate of potassa, the fused mass powdered and dissolved in water, the columbic acid, and tantalic acid if present, will be insoluble; while the bases and titanic acid, if present, will be dissolved, and can be thus separated. The residue is treated with sulphide of ammonium, to free it from tungstic acid and oxide of tin, if these be present, and after filtration and thorough washing it is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove traces of iron. The residue is treated with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids,'With the addition of metallic zinc. If only a tantalate be present, no coloration ensues, or but a slight one. If a columbate is'~similarly treated, the separated columbic acid rapidly assumes a blue color, which gradually fades, and finally becomes brown. 1M. Copper. 1. The green color which most copper compounds give to the blowpipe flame, and the reactions of its oxides with the fluxes, render its presence easily detected. The production of a red bead with salt of phosphorus in IR. F. is rendered more certain by the treatment of the bead on charcoal with a small amount of tin. 2. Copper may also be detected by saturating a salt of phosphorus bead with the substance containing it, and adding chloride of sodium, when the bead will color the flame beautifully blue, owing to the formation of chloride of copper. Many minerals give this reaction by simply moistening in hydrochloric acid and exposing in the platinum forceps to the flame; silicates should be first pulverized, moistened with hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness in a porcelain capsule; then made into a paste with water, and heated on platinum wire. 3. In case the copper is combined with nickel, cobalt, iron, and arsenic, the greater part of the cobalt and iron may be separated by treating with borax on charcoal. The remaining metallic globule'is fused with a small quantity of pure lead, and then boric acid is added; this last dissolves the lead and the rest of the cobalt and iron, while most of the arsenic is volatilized. The cupriferous nickel globule, which still may contain a little arsenic, is treated with salt of phosphorus in 0. F.; the bead obtained will be dark green while hot and clear green when cold. This last green is caused by a mixture of the yellow of oxide of nickel and the blue of oxide of copper. CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. 49 4. According to Guericke,* a very delicate test for copper is to mix the substance under examination intimately with chloride of silver, and fuse on iron wire; in this manner the smallest quantity of copper may be detected by the blue color imparted to the flame. 112. Didymium. See p. 36. 113. Erbium. See Yttria. 114. Fluorine. 1. Hydrofluoric acid imparts to Brazil-wood paper a strawyellow color. Silicates containing even a small quantity of fluorine, when heated in the closed tube, give off hydrofluo-silicic acid; this is decomposed into silicie acid, which is deposited near the assay and hydrofluoric acid, which passes off, and the latter may be detected by inserting a strip of moistened Brazil-wood paper at the open end of the tube. 2. When fluorides are heated in a glass tube with bisulphate of potash, hydrofluoric acid is given off. This etches the tube immediately above the assay, and gives the reactions with Brazil-wood paper just mentioned. 3. The best method for the detection of fluorine in all cases is to mix the assay with previously fused salt of phosphorus, and heat in the open tube in such a manner that the flame passes into the end of the tube. In this way hydrofluoric acid is formed; it may be recognized by its peculiar pungent odor and its corrosive action on the inner surface of the glass tube, rendering it opaque and lustreless at the points where moisture has condensed. For a confirmatory test the reaction with Brazil-wood paper may be employed. As the heat required in this experiment is so great that the glass tube often becomes soft and unmanageable, it has been recommended to use a piece of platinum foil rolled together and inserted into the end of the glass tube, as in Fig. 25. FIG. 25. The substance to be tested is placed with the flux upon the projecting part of the foil, and the flame directed as before. 115. Glucina gives no reactions which admit of being determined B. B. with certainty (see page 33). It is not of frequent occurrence, being only found in combination with silica and alumina. 116. Gold may usually be recognized by its physical characters. It is separated from the easily volatile metals by simple heating on charcoal in 0. F. If associated with copper or silver, it must be fused with a large excess of metallic lead and subjected to cupellation (see 142). The copper becomes absorbed and passes off with the lead, while the silver remains alloyed with the gold. If the globule is quite yellow it is proof that but little silver is present; it is then to be tested with salt of phosphorus to prove the presence of silver, which after fusion will impart an opaline appearance to the cool bead. If it be more of a silver color, the amount of gold will be small, and in order to prove its presence the globule must be digested with hot nitric acid in a test-tube or porcelain capsule; the silver is thus dissolved, and the gold remains in a fine powder or as a spongy mass. If this powder be washed and fused with borax on charcoal it will yield a globule of metallic gold. In combination with infusible metals, such as platinum, iridium, palladium, and rhodium, the alloy obtained B. B. is less fusible. For their separation the wet reagents must be employed. 117. Indium. Colors the flame beautiful violet. (See table, p. 36.) *Pharm. Centralblatt, 1855; 195. 4 50 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. 118. Iodine. 1. Iodides, added to a bead of salt of phosphorus which has proeviously been saturated with oxide of copper, tinge the outer flame an intense emerald-green color. (Compare bromine and chlorine, 103, 107). 2. Iodides, like bromides, are decomposed by fusion with bisulphate of potash; free iodine is liberated, and may be distinguished by its characteristic violet color and its disagreeable odor. If an iodide be added to a mixture of carbonate of lime and caustic lime, then intimately mixed with a small quantity of chloride of mercury and heated in a closed tube, iodide of mercury will be sublimed; this is easily recognized by its first yellow and then red-yellow color. It is best to draw the tube out to a narrow neck a short distance from the assay, and for the success of the experiment it is necessary that all the substances employed be perfectly free from moisture. This test is said to be even more delicate than the starch test, which is used in the wet way. 119. 1. Iron is distinguished by the characteristic color its oxides impart to borax and salt of phosphorus, as well as by its compounds yielding a magnetic powder with soda on charcoal. (See treatment with soda, 94.) 2. In the presence of easily reducible metals, such as lead, tin, bismuth, antimony, or zinc, iron may be detected by treating the assay with borax and charcoal in R. F., until everything except the iron has been reduced, when the borax glass will have a bottle-green color. If the substance contains much tin, or if the bottle-green glass is fused with tin-foil in R. F., the iron becomes entirely reduced to protoxide, and the bead has a pure vitriol-green color. 3. In case the substance contains cobalt, nickel, and copper, the two latter will be reduced by the tin, while the cobalt will color the bead blue. To detect the iron it is only necessary to heat a portion of the blue bead, with addition of fresh borax, on platinum wire in 0. F.; the bead will be green while hot and blue on cooling. 4. To distinguish the presence of protoxide of iron in minerals, Chapman recommends the following method: —" A small quantity of black oxide of copper is dissolved in a bead of borax and platinum wire so as to form a glass which exhibits, on cooling, a decided blue color. To this the test-substance in the form of powder is added and the whole is exposed for a few seconds, or until the testmatter begins to dissolve, to the point of the blue flame. If the substance contain protoxide of iron it will be converted into sesquioxide at the expense of some of the oxygen of the copper compound, and opaque red streaks and spots of red oxide of copper will appear in the glass, as the latter cools. If only sesquioxide of iron is present, the glass on cooling will remain transparent, and will exhibit a bluish-green color. 120. Iridium. (See p. 36.) 121. Lanthanum. (See page 37.) 122. Lead. 1. Compounds of lead give globules of metallic lead when heated with soda on charcoal B. B. It is recognized by its physical properties, as well as the characteristic coating it gives upon the coal (75, 5, h). The coating is modified by the presence of various other volatile metals. In the presence of zinc, the characteristic color of the lead coating is recognized on cooling, since the oxide of zinc becomes white. In the presence of bismuth, the oxide of which often obscures the lead, it is detected by heating the sublimate in the R. F., when the flame will be tinged with the azure-blue color which is characteristic of lead in the absence of selenium. The presence of selenium in such eases is evident from its odor. 2. Combinations of sulphide of lead with other metallic sulphides are tested for lead by treating in the R. F. either alone, or with borax to separate iron; and the lead is recognized by its coating. In such combinations the oxide of lead is sur CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. 51 rounded by a white coat of sulphate of lead, which renders the presence of small amounts of antimony uncertain. The safest way under such circumstances is to mix the powder of the substance with soda, which retains the sulphur; this mixture, when treated in the R. F., gives the pure lead coat, and if antimony is present it is detected by its white sublimate beyond the sublimate of oxide of lead. 3. In solutions of the salts of lead, sulphuric acid gives a white precipitate of the sulphate of lead, which is nearly insoluble in water and dilute acids. It is best to add a considerable excess of dilute sulphuric acid, evaporate the solution on a water-bath, and add water to the residue, when delicate tests are to be made in the wet way. 123. Lime. Lime imparts a characteristic yellowish-red color to the flame. When observed through copper-green glass the lime flame appears siskin-green; with cobalt-blue glass it is pale greenish-gray, and is almost entirely obscured. Many lime salts react alkaline to test papers after ignition. It is distinguished from baryta and strontia in the wet way, by the fact that sulphuric acid gives no precipitate in dilute hydrochloric solutions. Sulphuric acid gives a precipitate in the concentrated solution which distinguishes it from magnesia. 124. Lithia. The red color which pure lithia salts give to the flame is more or less modified or entirely obscured when mixed with other substances. Seen through green glass the lithia flame appears orange colored, with red glass is colored deep red, but with cobalt glass of sufficient thickness the flame is invisible. Silicates containing only a little lithia scarcely color the flame red; but if the pulverized mineral be mixed with one part of fluor-spar and one and one-half of bisulphate of potash, the whole made into a paste with a little water and exposed on platinum wire to the point of the blue flame, the outer flame will be colored distinctly red. Chapman has proved that the lithia flame, unlike strontia, is not obscured by the presence of baryta. He suggests fusing lithia minerals with chloride of barium; the phosphate, triphylite, when thus treated gives a beautiful crimson color. 125. Magnesia is recognized by its reaction with nitrate of cobalt (80, 2). In combination with other earths, the wet way must be employed for its detection. Sulphuric acid does not produce a precipitate in its concentrated solution. 126. Manganese. The reactions of manganese with the fluxes are so peculiar and delicate that it may be recognized even when it exists in the smallest quantity, and in the presence of almost every other substance. The soda test in 0. F. on platinum wire is the most delicate. If a reaction be not obtained with soda alone, a small fragment of nitre should be added to the assay, and the mass again heated. When testing substances which do not dissolve readily in soda it is well to add a little borax to the bead, and this also makes the test much more delicate (Chapman). 127. Mercury and amalgams give a sublimate of metallic mercury when heated in a closed tube. Compounds of mercury heated in a closed tube with soda yield metallic mercury, which condenses on the tube above the assay. When a gray sublimate is obtained, without distinct metallic globules, the part of the tube coated with it is cut off and boiled in a test tube with a little dilute hydrochloric acid; by this treatment the mercury collects into shining globules. In case mercury exists in so small a quantity that the sublimed metal is not perceptible, it may be detected by inserting a piece of gold-leaf held on the end of an iron wire into the tube, just above the assay; on heating, the mercury is volatilized and unites with the gold, giving it a white color. 128. Molybdenum. The sublimate which molybdic acid gives on charcoal (75, 5, mn) and its reactions with borax and salt of phosphorus serve to distinguish it in most instances. 52 ALPHABETIC AL LIST OF ELE[MENTS AND COMPOUNDS. When it is present in small quantity, particularly when associated with copper and tin, as in some furnace products, it is necessary to have recourse to the wet way. The solution of a mineral containing molybdenum in hydrochloric acid, or the hydrochloric solution of the fusion with nitre and soda of an insoluble substance, when boiled with tinfoil is colored dark blue by the separated molybdate of molybdenum (compare Tungstic Acid, 153). Molybdic a.id can also be recognized by heating the finely pulverized substance in a porcelain dish with concentrated sulphuric acid, and then adding alcohol. The fluid when cold acquires a fine azure-blh e color, especially upon the sides of the dish. 129. Nickel may be recognized by the color its oxide imparts to borax and salt of phosphorus, together with its easy reduction to the metallic state in R. F. Arsenical compounds of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper are treated with glass of borax (see Cobalt, 109). When the borax is no longer colored blue from cobalt, but acquires a brown color, which is violet when hot, the metallic globule is separated from the borax, and treated with salt of phosphorus in 0. F. If copper as well as nickel be present in the assay, the glass thus obtained will be green both while hot and cold; treated with tin on charcoal it will become red and opaque on cooling. A. small quantity of nickel occurring in cobalt compounds cannot always be detected by the foregoing method. In such cases Plattner recommends saturating one, or if necessary several borax beads with the substance on platinum wire. The beads are then fused on charcoal in R. F. with from 50 to 80 milligrammes (0.75 to 1 grain) of fine gold; the oxide of nickel, together with a small portion of the cobalt, is reduced to the metallic state and unites with the gold. The metallic globule is then freed from the flux and treated on charcoal in 0. F. with salt of phosphorus. The bead itself will be colored blue, as cobalt is easier oxidized than nickel, or perhaps if a little nickel be also oxidized it will be dark violet while hot and dirty green on cooling; in both cases the globule is separat, d from the flux and treated with a new portion of salt of phosphorus. If the original bead with borax was not too saturated, this second bead with salt of phosphorus will be of a pure nickel color. Should copper as well as nickel be present in the gold globule, the salt of phosphorus bead will be green while hot, and retain its green color on cooling; treated with tin in R. F. as before described, the bead will become red. 130. Nitrates. When nitrates are fused in a glass tube with bisulphate of potash, dark reddish-yellow nitrous fumes are evolved. The color is best observed by looking lengthwise through the tube held against a white ground. All nitrates detonate when heated on charcoal; those of the alkalies and alkaline earths detonate violently, and are converted into carbonates. 131. Osmium. See p. 39. 132. Oxygen. Oxygen is evolved from some compounds by simple ignition. The substance under examination is placed in a closed tube with a bit of charcoal above it, the charcoal is first brought to ignition, and then the substance is heated, when, on liberation of oxygen, the ignited splinter of coal will glow with increased brilliancy. 133. Palladium. See p. 39. 134. Phosphates. 1. The green color (76, 4,f) which phosphates give to the flame serves in many cases for their detection. This coloration is heightened by the addition of a drop of concentrated sulphuric acid, but is rendered unsatisfactory in the presence of other substances giving a green flame. 2. If a pulverized phosphate is fused in a closed tube with a bit of metallic magnesium or sodium, the phosphoric acid will be reduced, and if the fused mass on cooling is moistened with water, phosphoretted hydrogen will be given off, recognizable by its characteristic disagreeable odor. CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. 53 3. When a few drops of neutral or acid solution containing phosphoric acid are poured into a test tube filled to the depth of an inch with a solution of molybdate of ammonia with nitric acid, there is formed in the cold or after a short time a pulverulent yellow precipitate of phospho-molybdate of ammonia. The reaction is hastened by very gently warming, care being taken not to heat above blood heat. A yellow coloration of the fluid must not be regarded as proof of the presence of phosphoric acid, since silicic acid produces a strong coloration, but it does not give a precipitate. Arsenic acid gives the same reaction. 135. Platinum. See p. 39. 136. Potassa may often be detected by the violet color it communicates to the flame. In presence of otheF bodies that tinge the flame, especially soda and lithia, this reaction is masked. The potash flame when observed through cobalt-blue glass * appears purple, and may thus be easily detected even in the presence of lithia and soda. With green glass it is colored azure blue, and with red glass deep red. In presence of soda, potassa may be recognized by fusing borax with addition of a small quantity of boric acid on platinum wire, then adding enough oxide of nickel t to make the glass brown when cold; the substance is dissolved in the bead thus obtained; if potassa be present it will be of a beautiful blue color on cooling. With soda alone a brown bead will be obtained. For the detection of potash in compound substances it is often necessary to have recourse to the wet way. Bichloride of platinum produces in the neutral and acid solutions of the salts of potassa a yellow crystalline heavy precipitate of the platinchloride of potassium. Very dilute solutions are not precipitated by this reagent, hence they should be evaporated before testing; or better, evaporate to dryness after addition of the reagent and then dissolve the residue in alcohol, in which the platinchloride is insoluble. 137. Rhodium. See p. 39. 138. Rubidia. This rare alkali gives B. B. a violet flame, and when mixed with caesia and potassa can only be distinguished by spectroscopic examination. 139. Ruthenium. See p. 39. 140. Selenium. The reaction for selenium on charcoal (75, 5, a) is so characteristic that the slightest traces of it can thus be detected. Selenites and selenates are reduced to selenides on charcoal in R. F. with the characteristic odor of selenium. 141. Silica. 1. When silica is heated with soda, a clear glass is obtained if the soda be not in excess. This reaction distinguishes silica from the earths; silica may, however, contain alumina and still fuse with soda to a clear glass. In most silicates the silica may be detected by help of salt of phosphorus (see p. 26). The experiment should be performed with a small fragment, from which the bases will be dissolved, while the skeleton of silica will maintain the same form as the original assay and float about in the bead. Only when a fragment is unaffected the powder is used, but when thus tested the result is less satisfactory. 2. When a finely powdered silicate is fused with an excess of carbonate of soda, the resulting mass dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid, and evaporated to dryness, the silica is rendered insoluble; and on moistening the residue with strong hydrochloric acid, and dissolving in hot water, the silica will remain behind, and can be separated from the bases if desired. 3. Most of the hydrous silicates, and many which are anhydrous, but which con* The blue glass should be of sufficient thickness to entirely obscure a lithia flame; there is no objection to using two or three thicknesses of glass if necessary. f Oxalate or carbonate of nickel (emerald nickel) may be employed. It must be free from cobalt (not give a blue glass with borax). 54 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND COMWPOUNDS. tain an excess of base, are decomposed by strong hydrochloric acid; the bases then unite with the hydrochloric acid, while the silica separates either as a gelatinous hydrate, or as a non-gelatinous powder. 142. Silver. Silver is recognized by its physical characters as well as by the brown coating it gives when heated on charcoal in 0. F. When associated with volatile and easily oxidable metals, it may be separated by heating on charcoal in 0. F. If the silver be associated with a large quantity of lead or bismuth, it is best to subject it to cupellation. The following process serves for the detection of silver in most argentiferous minerals: The substance is mixed with its own bulk of borax glass and an excess of pure lead (except in cases where lead or its oxide already exists, as in litharge, miniurn, cerusite, etc.), the mixture is placed in a cylindrical cavity in the charcoal, and fused in R. F. The flame should at first be directed entirely upon the borax glass; after the earthy substances have been dissolved and the metallic particles united into one globule, this globule is subjected for a short time to the 0. F., thereby separating such volatile and easily oxidizable substances as may be present. The remaining globule containing a large excess of lead and all the silver, together with the larger portion of the nickel and copper, is then separated from the flux and subjected to cupellation. For this purpose finely pulverized bone-ash is mixed with a small quantity of soda, and made into a stiff paste with water. This paste is placed in a circular cavity in charcoal, half an inch in diameter and one quarter inch deep, and the surface of it made concave and smooth by pressing it with an agate pestle or other suitable convex surface. This cupel is now carefully exposed to a gentle heat till perfectly dry. The lead globule, freed from all adhering flux, is placed upon the cupel, and treated in 0. F. Should much nickel or copper be present, an infusible coating is formed which prevents the desired oxidation; this may be counteracted by the further addition of a small quantity of pure lead. The blast is kept up until all traces of lead have become oxidized; this is indicated by the cessation of the rainbow-colors of the oxide of lead which play over the surface of the button. WVhen the quantity of litharge that is formed in the process of cupellation is large, the globule of silver, still containing lead, may be removed to a fresh cupel and there refined. The instant when the last traces of lead disappear can then be more readily perceived; this point is indicated by the sudden brightening of the globule. The remaining metal, when free from gold, has a silver-white color. It may be tested for gold as described under that metal. 143. Soda. Soda is readily distinguished even in compound substances by the ~intense yellow color it imparts to the outer blowpipe flame. The soda flame is invisible when observed through cobalt-blue glass and red glass; with green glass it is orange colored. Soda is not precipitated from solution by bichloride of platinum. 144. Strontia. The crimson color imparted to the outer flame serves in most instances for the detection of strontia and its salts. In the presence of lime this reaction is less characteristic, and a small amount of soda obscures it altogether. The color is intensified by moistening with hydrochloric acid. When the strontia flame is observed through cobalt glass it appears of a pale purple to rose-red color, through green glass it is orange, and with red glass it has a deep red color. After ignition its salts give an alkaline reaction on test paper, and it is distinguished from lime, which also gives a red flame, in that its dilute solutions are precipitated after some time by sulphuric acid. 145. Sulphur. Sulphuric Acid. Free sulphur fuses and sublimes; on charcoal burns with a blue flame, forming sulphurous acid. The higher sulphides give off sullhur when heated in a closed tube; the neutral sulphides and sub-sul CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS. 4 55 phides give off sulphurous acid when heated in an open tube. The sulphurous acid may be detected by its odor or by its reddening and bleaching action on a strip of moistened blue litmus paper. Small quantities of sulphides and the sulphur in sulphates may be detected by fusing with two or three parts of soda on charcoal in ItR. F. In using this test it should be kept in mind that illuminating gas often contains sulphur; where this is the case a candle or lamp flame should be used (see 93). The sulphur is hereby converted into sulphide of sodium, which, placed on a clean silver surface and moistened with water, causes a brownish or black stain on the silver. In the presence of selenium this reaction cannot be used. The soda used for the detection of sulphur should always be tested by itself for sulphur, which is a common impurity, and if it give the reaction, it should be treated as described on page 30. The solution of a sulphate in hydrochloric acid gives a precipitate of the sulphate of baryta, on addition of chloride of barium. The following is a delicate* test for sulphides in the wet way. An amount of the assay powder that can be taken upon the point of the knife is mixed with a like volume of iron powder (ferrzum alcoholisatum of the apothecary), the mixture placed in a cylinder of glass two and a half inches long and about an inch in diameter, and hydrochloric acid is poured upon it (one volume concentrated acid and one volume.water). A strip of filter paper, which has been moistened with acetate of lead and again dried, is placed beneath the cork that fits the tube, which is then closed, the paper projecting from the tube a short distance. In about one minute the color of the paper is observed, and the glass shaken if necessary. If sulphur be present the paper will be blackened by the formation of the sulphide of lead. 146. Tantalum. See Columbium, 110. 147. Tellurium. 1. Teliurides heated in the open glass tube, give a white or grayish sublimate, fusible B. B. into colorless or nearly colorless drops. On charcoal they give a white coating, and color the R. F. green. 2. When a substance containing tellurium is triturated with soda and charcoal dust and fised in a closed tube, then allowed to cool, and a little hot water dropped into the tube, the water assumes a beautiful purple color from the dissolved telluride of sodium. 3. Tellurium compounds when gently heated in a matrass with much concentrated sulphuric acid, impart to it a purple color, which disappears on the addition of water, while a blackish-gray precipitate is formed. 148. Terbia. See Yttria. 149. Thallium. Colors the flame intensely green. (See p. 18.) 150. Thoria, gives no reactions which permit its determination with certainty. 151. Tin. In the metallic state, tin is easily distinguished by its physical characters and its reactions in 0. and R. F. on charcoal (75, 5, 1). Sulphides containing tin must be roasted, and the roasted mass treated with a mixture of soda and borax - in ItR. F.; the product is metallic tin, which can be further tested on charcoal. Oxides containing tin are best treated with soda or cyanide of potassium on charcoal; if much iron is present borax should be added. When tin and some of its compounds are treated with nitric acid, oxide of tin separates as a white precipitate, which can be separated and tested as above. 152. Titanium. 1. The violet color given by titanic acid with salt of phosphorus in R. F. serves in most cases for its detection. In the presence of iron the violet color first appears when the bead is treated with tin in R. F. on charcoal. 2. If a substance containing titanium is fused with carbonate of soda, and the 56 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS. resulting mass dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and then heated with tin or zinc, the titanic acid is reduced to sesquioxide of titanium, coloring the liquid violet, and finally the violet hydrated sesquioxide separates. When the fusion of a substance with six or eight parts of bisulphate of potassa is dissolved in a very little water, the clear solution decanted from the insoluble residue and a few drops of nitric acid and five or six volumes of water added, titanic acid if present will separate on boiling as a white precipitate. 153. Tungsten. Tungstic acid gives a blue color with salt of phosphorus in R. F.; with much iron the bead becomes dark red, but treated on charcoal in IR. F., with tin it gives a blue color. When a tungstate is fused with carbonate of soda and treated with hydrochloric acid and zinc as above (see Titanic Acid), a fine blue color is obtained. Tungstic acid is insoluble in acids; hence if a tungstate like scheelite is decomposed by acids, the tungstic acid separates as a yellow powder. 154. Uranium. The reaction with phosphorus salt serves in most instances for its detection. 155. Vanadium. In the absence of other colored metallic oxides, vanadium may be detected by borax and salt of phosphorus; it may be distinguished from chromium by the color which it gives to salt of phosphorus in the 0. F. 156. Water. Water may be detected by heating the assay in a matrass or closed tube, care being taken to free the tube from all moisture before inserting the assay. If a substance contains hygroscopic water, or if it be a soluble hydrous salt, the water is almost immediately given off and condenses in the upper part of the tube in distinct drops. Insoluble substances containing water require to be heated somewhat higher. See further under examination in the closed tube, 73. 157. Yttria. (Erbia and Terbia.) For the detection of these rare earths recourse must be had to analysis in the wet way. 158. Zinc. The reactions of this metal on charcoal, together with the green color which the oxide gives with cobalt solution, allow of its being detected when it exists in considerable quantity-and even in extremely small quantities, if it be not associated with other metals whose reactions are such as mask those given by the zinc. If a small quantity of zinc be associated with large quantities of lead, bismuth, or antimony, it is with difficulty detected. If a mixture of different metallic oxides be fused with a mixture of two parts soda and one to one and a half parts borax, zinc will be volatilized, and in the moment of coming in contact with the air, is oxidized and gives a coating on the coal. If the substance contain a large amount of lead, this is also oxidized and coats the coal, but on moistening with cobalt solution and heating in 0. F., the lead coating is reduced by the charcoal, and the zinc coating becomes green on cooling. If the quantity of zinc is ext cmiiely small, it is best to moisten the coal with cobalt solution before heating the assay. In the presence of tin and antimony it is almost impossible to detect small quantities of zinc B. B. 159. Zirconia. This earth as usually obtained gives out an exceedingly brilliant light when heated B. B. A dilute hydrochloric acid solution of zirconia, or of minerals containing zirconia, imparts an orange-yellow color to turmeric paper when it is moistened with the solution. TABLES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MIINERAL SPECIES BY MEANS OF SIMPLE CIIEMICAL EXPERIMENTS IN THE WVET AND DRY WAY. TRANSLATED FROM THE TENTH EDITION OF FRANZ VON KOBELL S "TAFELN ZUR BESTIMMUNG DER MINERALIEN. Introduction to the ['ables. THE object of the following Tables is to facilitate the determination of mineral species. By means of a few simple experiments before the blowpipe and in the wet way, the mineral is quickly limited to a group of a few species; among the members of this group the mineral is distinguished by other trials, and when from these various experiments the mineral species is finally decided upon, the conclusion is confirmed or corrected by reference to the physical characteristics given in the columns upon the right, and further confirmatory evidence may, if necessary, be obtained by reference to a treatise on mineralogy. An acquaintance with the use of the blowpipe, such as is gained by the study of the preceding pages, and with the manner of performing the simplest operations of solution and precipitation, is all that is necessary in making the requisite trials. It is hoped that this little work will be of service to chemists, miners, and others, who though not making mineralogy a special study, yet have occasion to decide upon the names of minerals. The Tables are so constructed that it is necessary to follow them through from the beginning, comparing the characteristics of each group and division with those of the specimen in hand. A trial of fusibility, a fusion with soda, heating the pulverized substance with acid, and a few pl)ecipitations, usually lead to the desired object, when the order of the Tables is strictly followed, and the experiments are made with proper care. The method which has been adopted in the arrangement of these Tables will be comprehended at a glance. The minerals are arranged in two great groups, metallic and non-metallic, under which heads are various classes, divisions, subdivisions and sections, the more general ones being placed upon the left, until finally we reach more specific characters, followed by the names of the species, in the middle of the page, while the remaining columns are devoted to the confirmatory evidence of color, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, specific gravity, fusibility, and crystalline form. In a few cases these physical characteristics are the distinguishing features of the species, but generally the mineral will be recognized by its blowpipe and chemical reactions, and the student is strongly advised to make these primary, since the chemical composition of the minerals is what is desired to * This chapter includes, essentially, all the material contained in the tenth edition of Professor Von Kobell's Tables, but an entirely different mode of arrangement is here given, with much additional matter. The tabular form in which the minerals are arranged was suggested by Professor W. T. Roepper, of Bethlehem, Pa., who kindly permitted me to consult a manuscript translation made by him from one of the earlier editions of Von Kobell, in which a similar arrangement is employed. The Tables here presented, while following the general idea of Professor Roepper as to tabulation, have been worked up independently, and contain new features which it is hoped will be of service to the student. 58 INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES be known, and naming minerals from their color or other physical properties often leads to serious errors, especially with inexperienced observers, and these alone need the caution, since the experienced person well knows the impossibility of always recognizing minerals from the evidence of sight. It is thought by this arrangement of the Tables that riore definite ideas of the groupings of minerals will be gained by the student, and that he will more readily comprehend which are the general and which the specific reactions of the smaller divisions. Almost all the established mineral species are included, but for the sake of convenience, their relative importance, or frequency of occurrence, or facility of detormination, has been indicated arbitrarily by the size of the type in which the name of the species is printed. An attempt has been made, as far as possible, so to arrange the groups and divisions, that such errors of observation as are likely to be made, shall not prevent one from arriving at a correct conclusion. Since some minerals occur in one variety with metallic, and in others with non-metallic lustre, and since the fusibility of a mineral often varies, or may be underrated or overrated by the experimenter, and since the constituent elements of some mineral species are not constant, such are found under both or all of the divisions to which they might be assigned. The following general directions may serve to assist in the use of the Tables:-Lustre. Under the head of metallic lustre only those minerals are included which are perfectly opaque. To determine this a fine splinter or thin edge should be held between the eye and the light, or fine fragments should be placed upon a white plate, when, if the slightest translucency is observed, it is included under C" non-metallic." It is evident that opacity alone does not make metallic lustre, but that the mineral must also possess the lustre which suggests it to be metallic, and must not grind to an earthy powder as do some non-metallic minerals which otherwise might be called metallic. In this, as in many other determlinations, good judgment in the operator will be constantly required. IFusibility. For determining the fusibility of minerals, the following scale is employed: Scale of Fusibility. 1. Stibite (antimony glance). i Fusible in the flame of a candle, in. large fragments. 2. N~~atroit e... Fusible in the flame of a candle, in 2. Natrolite....................... i Fusible in the fragments. * small fragments. 3. Almandine Garnet (alumina-iroln- Infusible in the candle flame, but easily fusible B.B., even in somewhat large garnet......................... ~~~garnet.(e t ~ pieces. 4. Actinolite.......................Fusible B.B., in rather fine splinters. 5. Orthoclase..................... Fusible B.B., in finer splinters. 6. Bronzite.{..................... B.B. becomes rounded only on the finest points and thinnest edges. Splinters of these minerals are kept ready for use, and in determinations their fusibility is compared with that of like splinters of the assay. The evidence of fusion is the rounding of sharp edges. It should be remembered that some minerals swell up before the blowpipe but do not fuse, and other phenomena take place which without careful observation might be mistaken for fusion. Only the O. F. should be used, since some substances, which are infusible in the 0. F. are easily fusible in the R. F., on accounit of the reduction of some of their oxides to a lower:fusible state. Ilard'ness.-In testing hardness, the scale proposed by Mohs, and almost universally adopted, is here employed. FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SPECIES. 59 Scale of Hardness. 1. Talc. 3. Calcite. 5. Apatite. 7. Quartz. 9. Corundum. 2. Gypsum. 4. Fluorite. 6. Feldspar. 8. Topaz. 10. Diamond. The scale represents the crystallized varieties of the minerals mentioned. The hardness of a mineral is found by finding what numbers will scratch, and what are scratched by the mineral to be tested. Thus, if a mineral will not scratch apatite, but will scratch fluorite, it is of a hardness between 4 and 5; or if the mineral is scratched by apatite and not by fluorite, it is of a like hardness. Sharp corners must be used in scratching, and particular care should be taken in this as in all other cases, that impurities do not come in to modify the result; thus a grain of sand in some of the iml)ure varieties of galena, if it happen to come upon the corner which is used, would make the mineral appear quite hard, and without proper caution many such errors will be made. Color. —Great care must be taken in forming any conclusions from the color of minerals. In minerals of metallic lustre, the color is generally constant, and often very characteristic, in some of the non-metallic species the same is true; but experience will teach how greatly the coloys of non-metallic minerals vary, and varieties are constantly found differing in color from all that were previously known. Hence, especially in non-metallic minerals, the color which is givern should only be regarded as an aid or suggestion in the determination. Streak.-The streak of a mineral is tested by scratching it with a knife or file, or better, if not too hard, it may be drawn across a piece of unglazed porcelain, and the color of the mark which it leaves behind observed. fSpeciJc Gravity.-Considerable skill can be gained by noticing the comparative weight of minerals held in the hand, and though no accurate determination can thus be made, the column giving specific gravity can be used in the field, as designating whether minerals are heavy or light. F6r accurate determinations, the apparatus, described in the foot-note below,* gives very quick results and in * The specific gravity of minerals is easily taken by means of an instrument devised by Prof. Jolly. See Fig. 26. This consists of a graduated strip of looking-glass set in a vertical rod (A) properly supC, ported. A steel or brass wire in the form of a spiral is suspended from a, and bears upon its lower end the two pans, c and d. The spring can be placed at any desired height by elevating the smaller rod (C), as shown in the figure. The pan d is suspended in water in the glass, which rests upon the sliding support B. At m is a signal which serves as a mark for the stretching of the spiral. The reading 0 I is taken by bringing the mark and the image of the mark in the mirror scale to a level. The scale d being in the water, the position of the mark m is taken = x. A fragment of the mineral, weighing __ i-C from one to five grammes, is now placed in c, the support B moved.. downward till the instrument again comes to rest, the scale d being still in the water, and the position of the mark in again taken- y..3.. Then y-x = weight in air. The fragment is now transferred to d and the position of m again noted =z. Then y-z = loss of weight in water. Divide weight in air by loss of weight in water and we have the specific gravity. As the weight is not absolute, the manner in which the scale is graduated is of little importance if it be regular, and hence the apparatus is easily constructed. This spring balance is known in, ____~.Germany as the Federwage, and is furnished by Mechaniker Berberich: in Munich, for nine florins. FIG. 26. 60 INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES most cases with advantage, can be made to replace the ordinary chemical balance. Testing for WTater. — In order to detect water, a fragment of the assay is placed in the bottom of the closed glass-tube or matrass and heated strongly. Water, if present, condenses in drops on the cold part of the tube. A trace of moisture will be found by heating almost any mineral in this way; a little practice enables one to decide whether or not the mineral is actually hydrous. Decrepitating minerals may be enveloped in a piece of copper foil, and thus placed in the tube and heated. Decomposition by Acids.-In testing whether a mineral be decomposable by hydrochloric acid, it must first be pulverized as finely as possible in a mortar, and then gently boiled with tolerably concentrated acid for ten minutes or more, unless the solution is sooner completed. The digestion is carried on in a small glass flask, a large test tube, or a casserole. In cases where the fact of the decomposition is not evident to the eye, by the formation of a jelly, disappearance of the powder or other effects, the acid must be separated by decantation or filtration from the residue, ammonia or carbonate of soda added in excess, and then a few drops of phosphate of soda. When both these reagents give no precipitate, or cause but a few flocks to appear, the mineral may be pronounced nearly or quite undecomposable. The production of a decided precipitate is evidence that it has been decomposed. Gelatinization. When silicates are decomposed by hydrochloric acid, the silica sometimes separates in the pulverulent condition, when the mineral is said to be soluble in acid with the separation of silica without forming a jelly; sometimes the silica separates from the bases in its soluble condition, and then when the solution is boiled nearly to dryness, it will have the consistency and appearance of jelly. Such minerals are said to gelatinize with hydrochloric acid. Many silicates not appreciably attacked by acids gelatinize after they have been previously ignited, as for example garnet, vesuvian, etc. Several splinters or little pieces of the assay are fused or strongly ignited, then pulverized and boiled in a test tube with rather dilute acid; on evaporating the solution gelatinous lumps will be seen in the remainder; or after standing some time' (twelve hours) an evident fixed jelly will be found. After adding water, and stirring with a glass rod, the solution may be tested for bases if desired. Other silicates, which gelatinize with acids or are easily decomposed, will not gelatinize or are but little affected by hydrochloric acid after ignition. Pyro-electricity. Some minerals when heated become electric, and have the power of attracting light substances. Light fibres of wool or cotton, or a deer's hair held between the fingers, may be used to test this property. The methods for all the other commonly recurring reactions will be found under their proper heads in the preceding chapters. In seeking the name of a mineral it is necessary always to begin with the first group and proceed in regular order to those following; for it often happens that a mineral belonging to one group has also the characters of the succeeding ones, while the minerals of the latter divisions may not show the reactions of the earlier groups. The same rule is of the greatest importance in the distinctions between subdivisions and species. Upon page 63 is given a summary of the classification-this is merely introduced to save turning the pages, and to give a more definite view of the larger subdivisions. The method of using the table is best learned by some examples, first, without the use of the general classification. Aluminite. It is not metallic, turning over the pages which are headed minerals with FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SPECIES. 61 metallic lustre, we come on page 72, to the minerals without metallic lustre, to which group our mineral belongs. Looking now in the column on the left we see A.-B.B. easily volatile or combustible, which our mineral is not; looking along this column there follows B.-B.B. fusible from 1-5, etc. Our mineral is infusible; turning over to page 89 we come to C —infusible or fusible above 5. Looking in the next column we see that the members of DIVISION 1 are characterized by giving a blue color when moistened with cobalt solution and ignited; the mineral upon trial is found to belong here. This group is seen to be divided into two sections; in the minerals of the one water is present, in the other it is absent. By heating the specimen in a closed glass tube it yields much water; it mnust, therefore, be sought in section a. The minerals of the first sub-section give, on fusion with soda, a sulphuret which blackens silver, and since the assay gives this reaction it belongs here. Of the minerals which belong to this sub-section, the first is insoluble In hydrochloric acid and the others are not; on trial the powder of the mineral easily dissolves and it is, therefore, aluminite. Looking now in the columns on the right the determination may be substantiated by a comparison with the physical properties there tabulated. The chemical constituents and generally the formulas of the minerals are given, and should always be noted, so as to fix in the mind the composition of the various species. The formula for aluminite is;i1' + 9fI. In our examination we have detected all three of its ingredients: the alumina by the blue color with nitrate of cobalt; the sulphuric acid by the fusion with soda, and the water in the closed tube; but when in the determination of a species all the constituents are not determined, those who possess the requisite knowledge can, if desirable, detect the remaining substances by the ordinary methods of mineral analysis. An example showing the use of the general classification will now be given. _Bornite (variegated copper). Looking at the classification on page 63 the metallic lustre of the mineral places it under I. It is not a malleable metal. It is fusible and therefore belongs under A. B.B. it gives no odor of arsenic or selenium; gives no white coating which colors the R.F. or other reaction for tellurium, gives no fumes of antimony, but gives the reactions for sulphur, mentioned in division 5, and hence belongs to this division. We are now referred to page 67 on which this division is seen divided off in the second column. Looking now in the third column, it is not malleable, it gives no reaction for manganese, its streak is not red, it gives no globule of lead with charcoal (turn to next page), but moistened with hydrochloric acid it gives to the flame the blue color of chloride of copper, and it forms a sky-blue or green solution with nitric acid, which becomes deep violet-blue on addition of an excess of ammonia; of the minerals which give this color the first give a bismuth reaction, on trial the assay does not, but it fuses to a brittle steel-gray magnetic globule, it hence belongs among these minerals. It has not the brass-yellow color of the first three minerals but has the variegated shades of the next, and is therefore bornite. The ordinary varieties of mineral coal are included in the tables (see page 96). It hardly need be again remarked, that only pure and homogeneous material will give satisfactory reactions for the determination of minerals. If it is believed that the material being tested is not pure, regard must be paid to the impurity, and the reaction judged of accordingly; as, for example, many specimens of wollastonite (tabular spar) effervesce in acids, and after ignition impart a brownish red color to moistened turmeric paper. These qualities do not belong to the pure 62 INTRODUCTION TO THE TABLES. mineral, but come from an admixture of calcite. Too great haste should not be exercised in deciding upon the name of a mineral, since oftentimes the difficulties in the way of an accurate determination can only be overcome by long and careful labor. On beginning the study of determinative mineralogy, it is best to examine known species, until confidence is gained in one's ability and accuracy. The following minerals are given by Von Kobell to- his students; when these have all been determined, the student will be prepared to determine any mineral which can be distinguished by this method:Aluminite, Lapis-lazuli, Alunite, Lievrite, Anhydrite, Lepidolite, Antimony-Glance, Limonite, Apophyllite, Magnesite, Argentite, Magnetite, Arsenopyrite, Malachite, Atacamite, Manganite, Barite, Molybdenite, Borax, N atrolite, Bornite, Niccolite, Bournonite, Orpiment, Calamine, Pectolite, Calcite, Psilomelane, Cassiterite, Pyrite, Celestite, Pyrolusite, Cerussite, Pyromorphite, Chalcopyrite, Pyrrhotite, Chalcocite, Realgar, Cinnabar, Scheelite, Cobaltite, Snlaltite, Cryolite, Smithsonite, Cuprite, Siderite, Datolite, Sphalerite, Diallogite, Strontianlte, Dolomite, Talc, Fluorite, Witherite, Galenite, Wolfram, Glaucodote, Wollastonite, Gypsum, Wulfenite. Hematite, (Page 63) ANALYTICAL TABLE SIOWING GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF iMIINERALS. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXT OF THE TABLES. Amorph.. Amorphous. 0. F......Oxidizing flame. B. B......Before the Blowpipe. p. c.......Per cent. Div......Division. B. F......Reducing flame. Fib.......Fibrous S......Sulphur. F. Fus....Fusibility. Sp. Gr.... Specific gravity. Gran...... Granular. Stalac..... Stalactitic. H......... Hardness. I..........Isometric. HC1......Hydrochloric acid. II.......Tetragonal. Infus......Infusible. III.......Hexagonal KI........ Iodide of potassium. IV........ Orthorhombic. Mass...... Massive. V........Monoclinic. n.........Near. VI........ Triclinie. 63 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. 63. —MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. PA( c) Soluble in hydrochloric acid, forming a jelly, or with the separation of silica......77 (Of those minerals whose lustre may be doubtful, only such are here included as are perfectly opaque on the thinnest edges.) d) Only slightly acted upon by hydrochloric acid................................. 78 The native malleable metals and mercury are easily distinguished from others (see p. 64). 6. Not belonging to the foregoing divisions................................................... 79 The remaining minerals form the following groups. Part II.-B. B. with soda on charcoal give NO metallic globule, or fused alone in R. F. do not A.-Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatile. become magnetic. PAGE 1. B. B. on charcoal give the strong garlic odor of arsenic...................................... 64 1. B. B. after fusion and continued heating on charcoal or in the forceps have an alkaline reac2. B. B. on charcoal or heated in an open glass-tube give the strong horse-radish odor of selenium. 65 tion; and change the color of moistened turmeric paper to red-brown*.................... 0 8. B. B. on charcoal give a white coating which colors the. F. green and greenish-blue. In a a) Easily and completely soluble in water...................................... 0 small test-tube, gently heated with much concentrated sulphuric acid, impart to the acid abIlstyledifctysoueinwer.......... hyacinth-red color, which upon addition of water disappears, and a black gray precipitate of tellurium is thrown down.............................................................. 66 2. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, some also in water, without a perceptible residue; the solution is 4. B. B. on charcoal, or in the open glass-tube, give dense antimony fumes...................... 66 not gelatinized by evaporation...................................... 3. Soluble in hydrochloric acid~ forming a stiff jelly upon evaporation....................................................... $3 6. B. B. with soda give a sulphur reaction, or placed in the open glass-tube give sulphurous acid. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, forming a stiff jelly upon evaporation. which reddens a strip of moistened blue litmus paper placed in the end; but do not give the a) B. B. in the closed tube give water.....................83 reactions of the preceding divisions.................................................... 67 reactions of the preceding divisions. 67 ~~~~~~~b) B. B. in the closed tube give no water or but traces...............84 6. Not belonging to the foregoing divisions................................................... 69. Soluble ) B. B. i n hydroch loric acid, lea ing a residue ive o a o forming a perfec rt tracjelly.........8 B.-Infusible or fusible above 5, and non-volatile. a) B. B. in the closed tube give water.............................. 85 b) B. B. in the closed tube give no water or but traces............................ 86 I. B. B. in 0. F. give to the borax bead the amethystine red of manganese......................70 1. i. g th o b t a yn d a5... Slightly attacked by hydrochloric acid, and B: B. give a deep amethystine color (manganese) 2. B. B. on charcoal after long heating in R. F. become magnetic..............................70 to the borax bead.................................................87 3. Not included in the foregoing divisions.................................................... 71 6. Not belonging to the foregoing divisions...................................... 87 C. —Infusible or fusible above 5. II.-MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. C.-Infusible or fusible above 5. A.-B. B. easily volatile or combustible.72 1. First ignited B. B., then moistened with cobalt solution, and again ignited assume a beautiful..................................... blue color (alumina).................................................................. 89 B.-B. B. fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile, or only partially volatile. a) B. B. in the closed tube give water........................................... 89 b) B. B. in the closed tube give no water or but tra c e s...............90 Part I.-B. B. with soda on charcoal give a metallic globule, or fused alone in R. F. become b) B. B. in the closed tube give no water or but traces. magnetic. 2. Moistened with cobalt solution and ignited B. B. assume a green color (zinc)................... 91 1. B. B. with soda on charcoal give a globule of silver.........................72 3. After ignition B. B. have an alkaline reaction and change the color of moistened turmeric 2. B. B. with soda on charcoal give a globule of lpaper to red-brown...................................................................91 2. B. B. with soda on charcoal give a globule of lead...................... 4. Nearly or perfectly soluble in hydrochloric or nitric acid without gelatinizing or leaving a con3. Moistened with hydrochloric acid give a beautiful blue color to the blowpipe flame, and give siderable residue of silica............9..........2 with nitric acid a solution which, on addition of an excess of ammonia, becomes violet-blue (copper)...........................74 5. Gelatinize with hydrochloric acid, or are decomposed with the separation of silica.............oardempsdwtthi 93.op cer............................................................................74,~~, ~a) B. B. in the closed tube give water...................................... 93 a) B. B. on charcoal evolve a strong arsenical odor..........a) B..........................9,_~~~~) B. B. in the closed tube give no water or but traces...............94 b) B. B. on charcoal evolve no arsenical odor..b) B. B. in the closed tube give no water or but traces.4 4. B. B. impart a beautiful sapphire-blue color to a borax bead (cobalt)......................... 76 6. Not belonging to the foregoing divisions......................................94 1i. B. B. fused in the forceps or on charcoal in R. F. give a black or gray magnetic mass, but do a) Hardness under 7..94 not give the reactions of the preceding divisions........................................ 76 b) Hardn ess 7 or above 7..................................... 96 a) During fusion evolve a strong arsenical odor................................... 76 b) Soluble in hydrochloric acid without leaving a perceptible residue, and without e[ * Kenngott has shown that many silicates and other compounds before and after fusion have an alkaline reaction when Soluble hydrochlriccid wihout leaviga pe rcetbewthey laced upon turmeric paper in the form of puw.r and moistened with water; but they do not show this reaction when gelatinizing............................................................... 76 in fragments. (Page 64) MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. NATIVE METALS. A. Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatile. DIVISION 1 (in part). 64 I. MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 64 Cleavage or H:ard- S.G.Fsblt.tytli General characters. Specific characters. Species. Composition. Color.* Streak. Fracture. hessF. rati. B. B., on charcoal, a With sulphur and iodide of potassium gives Alone, a red coating (bismuth), and leaves a glo- Maldonite. Au3Bi. Pinkish-white. Cubical. 1.5-2 8.2-9.7 E asily. I. (?) bismuth coating. bule of gold. Soluble in nitric acid; the di1 The precipitate becomes violet-gray on exlute solution gives a precipi-!posureto light. White. White. 2.5 10.5 2.-2.5 I. ate with hydrochloric acid.to light. Have more or less the color of Only soluble in aqua-regia without a residue. GOLD. Au. Yellow. Yellow. 2.5 19.3 2.5-3 I., gold.,.,'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~Pale yellow to2. 1.-55253 L Decomposed by aqua-regia with separation whie yellowto 0 ~~~~Electrum. Au + Ag. 2. 5 1.51.5.5- L of AgCl. white. Q;~ Of a copper-red color. Moistened with hydrochloric acid colors 0. Copper. Cu Copper-red. Copper-red. 3. F. sky-blue. Easily fusible; soluble in nitric acid; the ~ Give a lead coating on coal. solution gives a heavy precipitate with Lead. Pb Lead-gray. Lead-gray. 1.5 11.4 1.. sulphuric acid. Infusible. Insoluble in hydiro-'il chloric acid; soluble in aqua- Insoluble in nitric acid. PLATINUM. Pt(Ir,IRh,PdFe). Steel-gray. Light-gray. 4.-4.5 16-19 Infus. I. regia. Soluble in nitric acid. Palladium. Pd. Steel-gray. Steel-gray. 4.5-5. 11.5 Infus. I. Attracted by the magnet. Infusible. Soluble in hydrochloric acid. IRON. Fe(Ni, etc.). Iron-gray. Octahedral. 4.5 7.5 1. Compare the malleable minerals, Ilessite, Div. 3, p. 66; and Argentite, Div. 5, p. 67. Fluid. MERCURlY. Hg. White. B. B. volatile without fusion. Gives in the closed tube a metallic sublimate. ARSENIC. As. Tin-white. Tin-white. Granular. 3.5 6. Vol. III. Very fusible., gradually volatilizes; gives no Veryfusible, graualyvoatlizs;g Dufrenoysite. 2PbS + AsS3. Lead-gray. Brown. Basal. 3. 5.5 copper -reaction. [a iy V With soda on coal give a glo- c3_,~ bule of lead. Soluble in ni- Decrepitates strongly. Sartorite. PbS + AsS3. Lead-gray. Brown. Basal. 3. tric acid, with separation of ~ sulphate of lead. Jordanite. PbAs S. Lead-gray. Black. Prismatic. Easily. IV. In the nitric solution, hydrochloric acid gives POLYBASITE. 9(Ag, eu)S + (Sb, As)S'. Iron-black. Iron-black. jUneven. 2.3 6.25 Easiy. IV. a heavy precipitate of AgCl. _.... (U ~ Fused B.B., and then moistened With S and KI, gives on coal a red subi- lionite. CUBiAs,9bS. Iron-black. Iron-black. with hydrochloric acid color mate (bismuth)..... o the flame blue (chloride of Z 0 copper). A nitric solution is Easily cleavable; the others are not. ENARGITE. 3GuS + AsS5. Iron-black. Grayish-black. Prismatic. 3. ~ ~ rendered blue by ammonia. In the nitric solution, ammonia gives a redin solution, Tenn~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~Gantt. ~ —'~ —3.5 —4 4.5 1.5 L. A dish-brown precipitate (iron). 0 __ Same reaction for iron. Epigenite. Cu,FeAsS. Steel-gray. Black. Granular. 3.5 Easily. IV. Gives no precipitate o ith ammonia. Binnite. 3-euS + AsS1. Steel-gray. Cherry-red. Brittle. 4.5 4.4 Easily. I. Gives no sulphur reaction. DOMEYKITE. Cu6As. Tin-white. Blackish. Brittle. 3.5 L'~8~ Compare Tetrahedrite, Same. Algodonite. Cu'"As. Steel-gray. Bronze. Tough. 4. Lpi9. 67. Same. WIWITNEYITE. Cui'As. Bronze. Bronze. iHacky. 3.5-8.38Easily.-Massive. The concentrated solution is rendered tur- Alloclasite. 2CoS'~CoAs+4BiAs. Steel-gray. Black. Rhombic. 4.5 6 bid by addition of water (bismuth). Give to the borax bead a sap- ~MLTT (ao.-omi~ phire-blue color. Gives metallic arsenic alt (CoFeNi)As. Tin-white. Gray-black. Octahedral. 5.5 6 As above. Skutterudite. Co'As3. Gray-white. Cubic. 6. *The color of metallic minerals must be observed on a fresh fracture, as many of them change and become tarnished anad dull on exposure to air and light. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ail.. (Page 65) MINEIRALS WITH METALLIC LUSTIE. A. Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatle. Divisiox 1 (continued). DvIsio.N 2. 65 I. MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 65 Cleavage or Hard- ICrystallizaGeneral Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Streak. Fracture. ness. Sp. r. Fusibiliy. tn. Gives metallic arsenic in the closed tube. The dilute solution gives precipitate with Glaucodot. (Co,Fe)S2+ (Co,Fe,)As. Gray-white. Black. Rhombic. 5. 6. Easily. IV. chloride of barium of BaO S03. I As above. Glaucopyrite Fe,Go,Cu,Sb,As,S. Gray-white. Gray-black. _4.5 7.18 Easily. IV. Give to the borax bead a sap- ______ ___ _________ phire-blue color. Gives no arsenic in closed tube. Dilute so- COBALTITE lution gives a precipitate with chloride of (cobalt- CoS5+ CoAs. Red-white. Gray-black. Cubic. 5.5 6. Easily.. barium of BaO S03. glance). agCompare Bismuth, frequently associated with cobalt ores, Div. 6, page 69. NicCOITE Of a copper-red color. (copper- Ni2As. Copper-red. Brown-black. Uneven. 5 —5.5 7.4 Easily. III. nickel). Gives in the closed tube a sublimate of me- Rlammelsberg- NiAs. Tin-white. Gray-black. 5.5 7. Easily. V. tallic arsenic. ite. When dissolved in aqua-regia In the dilute nitric solution chloride of a-Gersdorffite form an aua-regi I the dilute nitric solution; chloride of ba- (nickel- NiS2 +NiAs2. Gray-white. Gray-black. 5.5 5.6 —6.9 Easily. I. " $ apple-green solution; ~rium gives a heavy precipitate. _ ___ ___glance)._ with ammonia in excess the glance). solution becomes sapphire- Gives a red-brown precipitate with excess of Chathamite Gray-black. Granular. I. blue ammonia (iron). (var. Smaltite),CoFeAs. Gray-white. Gray-black. Granular. {d)~~ b lGives antimony fumes, and a sulphur reac- Corynite. NiS2 Ni(AsSb). Gry-white. Black. Uneven. 4.55 6. Easily.. Cs P~~ ~tion with soda on coal. ________ __ry-ht. Baknen 4_-5 — 6-__ 0 ~~~ ~As above. Wolfachite. NiS2 + Ni(As, Sb). Silver-white. Black. 5.5 6.37 Easily. IV. Compare Ullmannite, Div. 4, p. 67. Gives sulphur reaction in open tube, soluble in nitric acid, with separation of sulphur; ArsenopyriteA In the closed tube give metallic in solution ammoniagives a reddish-brown (Mispickel). ok arsenic, and then fuse, and precipitate (iron). after long heating become Gives only a slight sulphur reaction. In LLINGITE magnetic. closed tube, after arsenic is driven off, (Leucopyrite).FeAs. Silver-white.. r4 re ~~~~fuses with great difficulty. _____ Sle-ht Gabc o v Comp. Bismuth, Div. 6, p. 4~t~ ~ 69; Antimony, Div. 4, p. 66; Pyrargyrite, Div. 1, p. 72; Geocronite, Div. 4, p. 66; all sometimes containing arsenic. 2~~ ~~~~ ~B. B. volatile without fusion; with soda Lehrbachite. Pb,Hg,Se. Lead-gray. Black. Granular. 2. 7.8 Vo assive. upon charcoal yields metallic lead. With soda in a matrass give B. B. fuses and then volatilizes. Gives no Tiemannite Hg,Se. Lead-gray. Black. Granular. 2.5 7.2 Easily. Massive. metallic mercury. lead. Gives a reaction for sulphur, in open tube or Guadalcazar6HgSe + ZnS. Iron-black. Black. Compact. 2. 7.15 i; ~ ~~~~~~~~~~on charcoal. ite. ig nS r-bak ~ Mostly volatile without fusion, coats the coal at first with a B. B. with soda yields with difficulty lead metallic gray, then white, globules, the nitric solution gives a pre- Clausthalite. PbSe. Lead-gray. Gray-black. Cubic. 2.5 7.-8. 4 9~ then greenish-yellow subli- cipitate with sulphuric acid. mate..5 Give with borax a pure silver B. B. fuses easily: inO. F., quietly; in R. F,. Iron-black. Black. Cubic. 2.5 8. Easily. I. globule. with intumescence. Solution in nitric acid gives a heavy precip- Eucairite. UAg,)Se. Lead-gray Shining. Granular. Easily. Massive itate, with hydrochEloariteci Agl. (6euAg,)Se. Lead-gray. Shining. Granular. itate with hydrochloric acid (AgC1). B. B. on charcoal fuse to globules, which after moistening Nitric solution gives a precipitate with sul- Zorgite. (Pb,Gu,)Se. Lead-gray. Dark-gray. Granular. 2.5 7.5 Easily. with HC1 color the flame phuric acid (PbO,O03). azure-blue. The nitric solution is not precipitated by Berzelianite. uSe. Silver-white. Shining. Soft. assive. either sulphuric or hydrochloric acid. u e il-wt Si n g __'_asv Contains 18 per cent. of thallium; colors Crookesite. (uTAg,)Se. Lead-gray. 2.5 6.9 Easily. Massive the flame strongly green..-6______________Lagy2 6 (Page 66) MINERALS WITH METAILLIC LUSTRE. A. Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatile. DIVISION 3. DIvisioN 4 (in part). 66 I. M{INERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 66 I ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cleavage and Htard< ~ I General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Streak. Clavage nd -tl *aa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~Fracture. ness. S.G. Fsilt. tion.'~ ~ Wholly volatile; fuses easily; Burns with a greenish flame. Soluble in Tellurium Te. Tin-white. Tin-white. Hexagonal. 2.-2.5 6. ~ ~.~ ~ I fumes strongly. nitric acid. i~ t The solution gives a heav.~ precip. with su~lt — e.i Wholly soluble in nitric acid. Altaite. Pb, Te. Tin-white. Tin-white. Cubic. 3.-3.5 8. phuric acid. Soft but not malleable. B.B. with soda gives globule of silver; mal-.eaa [ IHessite. A gTe. _____ea___d-_______________r ________y.aG.__5_ leable. ~ Soluble in nitric acid withthe Solution gives, with hydrochloric acid, a MKiillerite ISoluble in nitric acid with the B.r. assiylly. 2. separation of gold. precip. of AgC1, and with sulphuric acid, (sylvanite con- (Ag,Au,Pb)Te3. Brass-yellow. of PbO,SO'. taining lead). O~5 n On charcoal, with sulphur and ~ ~ [ iodide of potassium, gives a Fuses easily to a brittle silver-white globule. BiTe3, or Bi(Te, S, Se)3 Steel-gray. Basal. 1.5-2. 7. B red sublimate (bismuth).IE. Gives after a little blowing the selenium odor. Joseite. Bi., Te, S, Se. Black-gray. Basal. 1.5-2. 7. -~o After long heating gives amalle- Sylvanite Aa.- Soluble in aqua-regia, with separation of c able metallic globule. Incom- (graphic tellu- (AgAu)Te'. Steel-gray. Steel-gray. Prismatic. 1.5-2. 8. Easily. -Z'ZZclrideofsive. P'~? pletely soluble in nitric acid. chlorium).' C r Same reactions (contains more silver). Petzite. AuTe + 3AgTe. Iron-black. Iron-black. 2.5 9. Easily. IV.,, u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ > Q Q ~: ~Heated with strong sulphuric Q ~ Nagyagite ON t Q acid gives a hyacinth-red or Soluble in aqua-regia; in the solution Basal-o. 1.-1.57. Easily. II. ~ brownish - yellow solution; gives a precipitate (lead). telliu),..... tellurium). ~'l not a pure red like preceding. o. Compare Aikinite, Div. 5, p. 68. Tin-white. B. B. takes fire and continues to o burn without further heating, and becomes ANTIMONY. Sb. Tin-white. Tin-white. Perfect. 3.5 6.2 1. IIL covered with white needles of oxide of antimony. When pulverized and treated with caustic (antiWhenStibite Lanti-L ead do s4eel-' potassa is rapidly colored ochre-yellow, and mony-glancee. gy 4. 1. 2V. for the most part dissolved. gra. Gives in nitric acid a partial solution of a skyV ~~~~~~~~~~blue color; this, with sulphuric acid, yields a white precipitate of sulphate of lead, and BOURiONITE. 3(eu,Pb)S + SbS3. Steel-gray. Iron-black. 2.5-3. 5.8 1. IV. is rendered violet-blue on addition of an excess of N 11,0._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _'~ ~' Same reaction, but the aqua-regia solution is Stylotypite'S SbS Iron-black. Iron-black. 3. 4... 0 B. B. are nearly or completely not precipitated by sulphuric acid. Irn-lg) ~ 3. volatile in a continued blast. Oxidized by nitric acid to a white powder, Jamesonite. 2PbS + 5bL Jamesoite. PbS + bS.3.Lead-gray. Basal. 2 — 3. 5.6. I. Z { imparting no color to the acid. _.... *Same as Jamesonite, not cleavable. Zinkenite. PbS + SbS3. Lead-gray. 3.-3.5 5.3 1IV As above. Boulangerite. 3PbS + SbS. Lead-gray. 2.5 —-3. 5.9 1 I. As above (sometimes contains arsenic). GEOCRONITE. 5PbS + (SbAs)S. Lead-gray. Granular. 2.-3. 6. As above. Plagionite. Pb, S, Sb._ Lead-gray. 2.5. _5.41. V. As above. Meneghinite. 4PbS, SbS3. Lead-gray. 2.5 6.3 V. Fused with sulphur and iodide of potassium Kobelite. 3PbS ~ (Bi, Sb)St. gives a bismuth reaction. __________________S_____Lad-ray Soft. 6_ Compare Galenite, Div. 5, p. 67. (Page 67) MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. A. Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatile. DIVISION 4 (continued). DIVISION 5 (in part). 67 I. MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 67 Cleavage and Htard- CrystallizaGeneral Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Streak. Fracture n. Gr. eusibility. ts.i Dyscrasite Gives no sulphur reaction. (antimonial Ag'Sb. Silver-white. Silver-white. Basal. 3.5-4. 9.6 1.5 IV. silver). _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B. B. give with a mixture of Gives sulphur reaction. The partial nitric FREIBERGITE borax and soda a malleable solution yields with excess of ammonia (silver tetrahe- Cu,Ag,SbS. Steel-gray. Gray. 3.5 4.8 I. silver-bead, and the nitric a violet-blue color (copper). drite). solution yields with hydro-. chloric acid a precipitate of _ _ _ chloride of silver. Gives sulphur reaction, but no blue with STEPHANITE. i5AgS + SbS3. Iron-black. Black. 2.5 6.26 IV. SkgSSb. am m o n ia.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ CIz~ ~As above. Miargyrite. lAgS + SbS,. Iron-black. Cherry-red. 2.5 5.2 1. V. As above; the nitric solution gives a precip- Brogniardite. 2(PbAg)S + Sb, S. Black-gray. 3. 5.9 Easily. I. d(bA) b 3 lc-ry. aily. I. itate of sulphate of lead with SO3..Fl~ ~~~O Same. Freieslebenite 5(Pb, A g)S + 2SbS3. Steel-gray. Gray. Prismatic. 2.-2.5 6-Easy. V. Hete inagastb it Compare Pyrargyrite. Div. 1. p. 72.'z Heated in a glass tube with The nitric solution is rendered blue by ex-SAIOLITE. CuHgSbS. Iron-black. Red-brown. z ~ soda gives a sublimate of fCUg, Sb, S. Iron-black. ia3.5 1.5 0 Qe ~~~~~~~cess of ammonia. 3 q mercury. The nitric solution gives no precipitate with r-4 Give with soda on charcoal hydrochloric acid, but usually gives reac-Tetrahedrite. 4(euS) + SbS3. Lead-gray. Dark-gray. 3.5 4.55.1 1.5 I. 11 tions for iron and zinc. after long heating a globule;Z of copper. Za 1 of copper. Very closely resembling the above in blow- Cacsit(antimonial- CuS + SbS3. Lead-gray. Black. Prismatic. 3.5 4.8 1. IV. - pipe reactions is the rare copper. copper). 0 Gives no sulphur reaction in open tube; difficultly fusible; but little acted on by hy- Breithauptite. Ni2Sb. Copper-red. Red-brown. 5.5 7.5 3. III. drochloric acid; completely dissolved by Give after long heating on aqua-regia. charcoal a magnetic glob- Easily dissolved in hydrochloric acid, with BERTHIERITE FeS + SbS3. Steel-gray. 2.-3. 4.2 IV. o~ ~ule. disengagement of sulphuretted hydrogen. CD I I I~~~~~Easily fusible; hydrochloric acid has little effect; aqua-regia dissolves it with sepa- Ullmannite. NiS2 + NiSb. Steel-gray. 5.5 6.3 3. I. ration of sulphur. _ %1n~~~~~ ~The nitric solution is colored blue by excess Jalpaite (var. Malleable, can be cut with a of ammonia; moistened with HC1 colors of Argent- (Ag,-u,)S. Gray-black. Gray-black. Malleable. 2.5 6.8 Easily. L?. knife like lead. In the nitric the flame blue. ite). solution hydrochloric acid Does not give the above reactions; with ARGENTITE,t3.52 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~D AgS. ~~~~~~~~Gray-black. Gray-black. Malleable. 2.5.;Z gives a heavy precipitate of soda gives a globule of silver. (silver-glance)..1.~ chloride of silver.rs only in crystall form fro argenn'ON~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~S 1e Differs only in crystaline form fromart Acanthite. g. Gray-black. Gray-black. Malleable. 2.5 7.2 IV. Q Q. tite. The roasted minerals give with The powder is leek-green. Alabandite. MnS. Iron-black. Green. Cubic. 3.5 4. 3. I i borax a violet bead in O. F. (manganese). ~ Ei~~~ (manganese). The powder is broBnish-red. oawerite. ]NS". Brown-black. Brown-red. 4. 3.46 3. I. a coe tb gie mtli Many varieties have a gray to black color,!2? Streak red; mixed with soda in a closked tube gives metaic n but the streak is red. a The rare Cinnabar. Hgs Red. Red. Perfect. 2.5 8.9 E ~~ ~1~~~ - ~sdtc Metacinnabarite is amorphous HgS; has mercury. a black streak, H —3; G —7.72. Easily soluble in nitric acid, with separa-Galenite (ga-PbS Lead-gr ra. Cubic. 2.5 7.5 B. B. w. ith soda on coal gives tion of S. and PbOSO~. The nitric solu- lena). a lead-globule and covers the tion gives no blue with ammonia. Z.! coal with a yellow coat (oxide. of lead). Z] Cupropumbite and Iluascolite are rer-t 60?B ~~spectively cupriferous and zinciferous varieties of galena. (Page 68) MINEIRALS WITH METALLIC LUSTltE. A. Fusible from 1 —5, or easily volatile. DIVISION 5 (continued). 68 I. MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 68 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Streak. Cleavage or Hard- Crystalliza Fracture. ness. Sp. Gr. Fusibility. tion. Wittichenite With sulphur and io-Gives with soda on coal a globule of copper. (cupreous- 3-uS + BiS'. Steel-gr ay. Black. 3.5 4.6-5. Easiy. IV. 4 0 dide of potassium __bismuth)................. o -~ on coal give a red In the nitric solution sulphuric acid gives a Aikinite. 3(feuPb)S + BiS'. Lead-gray. 14-4 sublimate of the io- precipitate of PbOSO-. 2.2.5 6.7 1 IV. 0 C dide of bismuth. Gives with soda on coal a strongly magnetic hestrated ntric Grunauite. Bi, Ni, Cu Fe, S. Steel-gray.'Dark-gray.Ocherl4.51]asy.I.,.-I The saturated nitricOcaerl45 sli ir r. globule containing nickel. o P solution is rendered..... 1~ turbid by additionSame as Aikinite. Chiviatite. 2(Aeu,Pb)S + 3BiS'.'Lead-gray. Q of wt eruS m e as W i ti h e it.y_ _ad d ition_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _I_ __ of water. Same as Wittichenite. Emplecbite. LuS + BIS3. Tin-white. Easily. IV. Chalcopyrite Brass-yellow color. (copper py- -euS + FeS + FeS2. Brass-yellow. Green-black. Uneven. 3.5 4.3 2. II. ____________________________ rites). _____________ _______rites). iBrass-yellow color; cleavage cubic. Cubanite. euS + FeS + 3FeS'. Bronze-yellow.!Red-bronze. Cubic. 4. 4.1 Easily. I. Brass-yellow color; the fresh fracture tar- Barnhardtite. 26aS + FeS + FeS2. Bronze-yellow. Gray-black. 3.5 4.5 Easily. Massive. Fusetonishes to a golden-yellow in 24 hours. Fuse00'~C- copp-red tto-yelow and intermediate gray magnetic glob- Color cop per-red to yellow and inter ediate Bornite (vari- Copper-red,:5~~~~~~~ ~~shades; is called variegated copper; in the ules. s o egated cop- ((u,Fe)S. yellow, Black. 3. ~ ~~' nitric solution sulphuric acid gives' no preper). purple. Z2 4 ~ cipitate. 4-D ~.~ fResembles bornite, but in the nitric solution n. e sulphuric acid gives a precipitate of sul- Castillite. eun Pb Fe Ag, Zn, S Copper-red. Black. Foliated. 3. ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~phate of lead..... Z ~~~~~~~~The nitric solution gives with ItC1 a heavy Stromeyerite. (euAg)S. Steel-gray. Gray. 2.5-3. 6 precipitate of AgCl. o ~ ~a ~ B. B. in 0. F. alone on coal yields a globule.halcocite of copper. Soluble in nitric acid with (copper C-uS. Steel-gray. Gray. Conchoidal. 2.5-3. LO ~~~~Give none of the above 1 Gieno2sef te aoveseparation of sulphur. glance)...... reactions. Pq 16 iz, 0 Gives by itself no metallic malleable globule -z ~Soluble in nitric acid, with separation of Seu Fe Sn Zn S o sulphur and binoxide of tin. (tin pyrites). 0 _ Compare [etrahedrite, Div. 4, p. 67. - t 41 B. B. partially reduced to silver; the partial %) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pinchbecknitric solution gives a heavy precipitate of Sternbergite. AgFe,S. brown. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~brown. chloride of silver with HC1. Z The roasted mineral gives to the borax bead a sapphire-blue color. Soluble in nitric LINNAEITE. 2(Co,Ni)S + CoS%. Steel gray. Black-gray. 5.5 4.9 Easily. L acid, forming a rose-red solution. Gives like reactions, but also, when moistened with hydrochloric acid, imparts a blue Carrollite. 2(Gu,Co)S+CoS2. Tin-white. Gray. 5.5 4.85 Easily. I color to the flame. ~ The partial nitric solution is not The roasted mineral gives to the borax bead MrLIERITE' blue. B. B. fuse to magne- the violet color while hot, reddish-brown (capillary py- NiS. Bronze-yellow Bright. 3.-3.5 5.6 Easily. III. tic beads. when cold, of nickel; gives no sulphur in Y the closed tube. rites). [ O As above, but gives sulphur in the closed tube. Beyrichite. 3NiS + 2NiS2. Lead-gray. 3.-3.5 4.7 Easily. III.? Magnetic before fusion; color pinchbeckbrown. Reacts for nickel. brown. React for nickel.Pentlandite. N~i,Fe, S. BrneyloIBrown. 3.5 —4. 4.6 Esi.I Give only the reaction for iron. Magnetic Pyrrhotite before fusion, gives but little sulphur in the (magnetic py-[6FeS + FeS'. Bronze-yellow Black-gray. Basal. 4. 4.5 Ea sily. III. closed tube. rites). Gives only the reactions of iron; not magnetic before fusion. Gives sulphur in the Pyrite (iron FeS% Brass-yellow. Brown-black. 6.-6.5 4.9 Easily. I. closed tube. pyrites)........... ~~~~Marcasite o Same as for pyrite; can be distinguished only (whiteir e Pale-yellow to (bfitete iron py-FeS.. Black-gray. 6. by crystalline form. its.wte (Page 69) MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. A. Fusible from 1-5, or easily volatile. DIVISIoN 5 (concluded). DivisioN 6. 69 I. MINERALS WITII METALLIC LUSTRE. 69 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Coposition. Color. reak. Clevae or rd- r. usibility Fracture. hess. r ich. 0 a I jB. B. fuses in R. F. with effervescence, giv- BIsMUTuHINIWith sulphur and iodide of po- |ing a globule of bismuth, and a bismuth ITE (bismut' BiS3. Lead-gray. Gray. Prismatic. 2. 6.4 IV. xo X } tassium give, on coal, a red coating on coal. Soluble in nitric acid. glance). ~ pi sublimate of iodide of bis-lAs above, but gives a precipitate of sulphate Chiviatite. i(*u,Pb)S+3BiS3. Lead-gray. Gray. Foliated. 16.92. muth. of lead with sulphuric acid. R _ Compare Bismuth, below._ B. B. in a matrass yield me- Easily soluble in nitric acid. Amalgam. XgHg' and AgHg2. Silver-white. Gray. 3. 13.7-14 1. I tallic mercury and leave a spongy mass of silver. Yields less mercury in the closed tube. Arquerite. Ng5Hg. Silver-white. Gray. Malleable. | 110.8 I. Fused with sulphur and iodide In the open glass-tube gives almost no fumes, of potassium, coats the coal and the metal becomes surrounded with with a red sublimate of iodide fused oxide, which is dark-brown when. Bi. Reddish-white White. Basa of bismuth. hot, and yellow when cold. d | Colors the borax bead cobalt- Heated with phosphoric acid gives a violet abdioite. MnCoFeCuO. Black. Metallic.8 3. Stalact. blue. solution (manganese). greasy streak. -4 Scaly, O Difficultly fusible. Heated in cherry-red. Hematite Steel-g Red. brous, 5.5-6.55. Infus. R. F. becomes magnetic. (spece. black. fibrous, 5.5-6.5 5.. i~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Sra,(pclrio compact. With soda on charcoal easily |N Compare Cuprite and lMelaconite, Div. reduced to metallic copper. 3, p. 75, sometimes with metallic lustre. Magnetite 0o~ | * |Generally fusible above 5. (magnetic PFetIe. Iron-black. Black. Octahedral. 5.5-6.5 4.9-5.2 5. L! Magnetic before heating. iron). Gelatinize with hydrochloric acid. Some- HORTONOLITE l. (Fe,Mg, iIn)Si. Yellow-black. Dirty-white. Prismatic. 6.5 3.9 4. IV. o I a I | times magnetic from associated magnetite. FAYALITE. Fe2Si. Black. Brown. Prismatic. 6.5 4.1 Z h, b.i.Boiled down with phosphoric acid gives a The ue powder, boiled with beautiful blue syrup (tungsten). The blue * aqua-regia,gradually assumes syrup is changed to violet by addition of WOLFMITE (~nFe)W. Black. Black. Prismatic. 5.5 7.3 A a yellowish color. nitric acid (manganese).'~ m~t1- Compare Rhodonite, Div. 5, p. 87, sometimes altered to a black metallic hyWith borax in 0. F. give an drous silicate; }Ylipsteinite, Div. 4, p. 85; { amethystine bead. and Psilomelane, Div. 1, p. 70, which in some varieties is fusible. Easily fusible, swells up but slightly. (See ILVAITE. Fe,Pe,da,lfIn, Si. Black. Black. 5.5-6. 3.8-4. 2.5 Gelatinize perfectly with hydro- Div. 5, p. 78.) chloric acid. Easily fusible, swells up strongly. (See Div. ALLANITE.;l, e,La,Di,'e, Oa, i. Brown-black. Gray. 5.5-6. 3.-4.2 2. 5, p. 78.) Gray. 5.5-6. 3.|With soda easily reduced tol |Plattnerite. pb. Iron-black. Brown. 9.3 metallic lead. When fused with soda, digested with water and filtered, a green solution is obtained, which neutralized with HC1 gives a light-colored precipitate. Samarskite. b Fe bark red| hbPe,,r. Velvet-black. 5.5-6. 5.6 I. If the latter is digested with strong HC1, and boiled with tin, then diluted c5.5-6. 5. brow with a like volume of water, it gives a clear sapphire-blue solution. (Page 70) MINERALS WITIt MIETALLIC LUSTRE. B. Infusible or fusible above 5, and non-vo4ltile. DIvISION 1. DivisioN 2. 70 I. MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 70 Cleavage or Hard r. rystatliGeneral Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Sreak.r. Fracture.ak.sp. zation. Moistened with HCI colors the outer flame beautifully blue (chloride of copper). ~ With hydrochloric acid evolve BRAUNITE. 2 A[n2_in + Mn i. Brown-black. Black. 6.5 4. 7 ~ chlorine. Contain little or no Color brownish-black.....Chestnutw~~~~~t~. Basal. 5. —5. 4.7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II.'- ~a water. Hausmannite. In~:iMn. Brown-black. brown. Basal. 5. Color iron-black to steel-gray. Pyrolusite. Mn. Iron-black. Black. 2.-S. 4.82 IV. Prismatic cleavage very perfect. MANGANITE. MIA[. Steel-gray. Red-brown. Prismatic. 4. 4.3 IV. a Yields much water in the closed In the hydrochloric solution sulphuric acid tube. generally yields a white precipitate of sul- PSILOM0ELANE Mn,]la,fI. Black. Brown-black. 5.-6. 3.7-4.7 Amorph. 1.a phate of baryta. ~ Compare Franklinite Div. 2, below. Haauerite and Alabandite, Div. 5, p. 67. 0 Decrepitates, and gives much water in the Turgite (hy- Reds l R. Fibrous, closed tube. dro-hematite). ReeshbakIe.compact. 5. Streak always cherry-red. Hematite e.Scaly, 0,RdihbakRd fibrous. 6. —6.5 4.5 —5.3 III. Slowly soluble in hyrdrochloric acid. frn ________Re_ fcompact. 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(specular iron) cmat With soda gives the manganese reaction, and on coal in R. F. gives a faint yellow Franklinite. ( Pu,]VlnnFe) (]n,{ne). Iron-black. Reddish - I. -. Magnetic without heating Q (sometimes but slightly). Strongly magnetic, does not give above re-MagnetiteI 14lz Mgntie. PeFe Iron-black. iBlack. Octahedral. 5.5-65.~. o IQ With salt of phosphorus in actions. Difficultly fusible. r4, R. F. give a bottle-green glass, which fades on cool- In the solution after the oxidation of the ing. protoxide of iron with chlorate of potash Jacobsite. (Mn,Mg) (4n,Ve). Black. Black-brown. 6. 4.75 and its precipitation with an excess of amZ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 11 a monia, phosphate of soda gives a precipitate of the ammonio-phosphate of magne- Magnesio- 6 ra, M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~lg e. Black. Black. sia in the filtrate. Jacobsite gives a strong ferrite. manganese reaction. - Compare 3fenacccanite, below. _-_ The fine powder boiled with by- More easily decomposed by treating first with drochloric acid, filtered, and sulphuric acid and evaporating to dryness, Menaccanite (Ti Fe),O. Black. Black. 5.-6. 4.5-5. II r the filtrate boiled with tin- and then treating with HCI and tin-foil. (Titanic iron). foil, gradually assumes a ~ 1utile, Anatase and Arkansite somebeautiful blbre or violet color. times become magnetic after long heating. Streak ochre- yellow (some- Limonite Fibrous, times has a sub-metallic Much water in the closed tube. (brown hema- Pe~[th. Brown. Yellow. compact, 5.-5.5 3.6-4. lustre). tite). earthy. 0 Comp. S&derite and Blende, Div. 4, p. 92, sometimes with metallic lustre; also the minerals of the following section, especially Chromite. (Page 71) MINXERALS WITHI METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Infusible or fusible above 5, and non-volatile. DIVISION 3. 71 I. MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTRE. 71 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Streak. Cleavage or Hard- | CrystallizaFracture. ness. Impart a beautiful emeraldgreen color to the beads of Sometimes strongly magnetic; only slightly Chromite FeBr. Iron-black. Brown. Uneven. 5.5 4.3 I. borax and salt of phospho- attacked by hydrochloric acid. (chromic iron) rus when cold. t Compare Cassiterite, which with soda on coal is reduced to metallic tin. B. B. in forceps colors the flame light-green, on charcoal with soda gives a sulphur re- Molybdenite. MoS2. Blue-gray. Greenish. Foliated. 1.-1.5 4.6 V.? 0 i. Very soft; soil the fingers. action, and gives coating of molybdic acid. 0n~ I~~~~~~~ ODoes not give the above, but deflagrates Graphite. C. Iron-black. Black. Foliated. 1.-2. 2. III. 3.r; with nitre, affording carbonate of potassa. Give to the salt of phosphorusbead the violet color of titanic Crystallizes in cubes. Perofskite. aTi. bl toGray5.5 14.3 acid. o a PI E If Compare Rutile and Brookite, Div. 6, n_ I p. 95, sometilnes with metallic lustre. a}. e Fused in a matrass with nitre _C | a evolves the peculiar odor of Not perceptibly attacke y orax, IRIDOSMINE. Ir Os Rd,Ru. Tin-white. Gray. 6.-7. 19.3 —21.1 III.:2 ~oxide of osmium. phosphorus, or nitro-hydrochloric acid. B. B. immediately changes its color to yel- Yttrotantalite a,,,eaw toGrayishonchoidal. 17 IV 0 o o ~~~~~~low or white. black.'2 The powder fused with bi-sulphate of pot-.. ash, then boiled with HC1, and filtered antalite. PeMn Ta Sn Black. Brown-black. Brittle. 6.57.-. IV. Slightly attacked by acids, and the liquid evaporated with addition_ of tin-foil, it assulnes a beautiful blue. color, which rapidly fades, and gradually COLUMBITE. Pe,Mn Cb, Ta, Sn. Black. Red-black. Brittle. 6. 5.4-6.5 IV. disappears upon addition of water. Gives like reactions. Fergusonite. Y,Fe,U,0b. Black. Pale-brown. Conchoidal. 5.5 —6. 5.8 II. Z Compare Polycrase, Div. 4, p. 93; s_ Echynite, Div. 6, p. 95. Mostly soluble in nitric acid to With salt of phosphorus in R. F. a green a yellow fluid, from which bead, becoming yellow in O. F. URANTNITE Brownish- Conchoidal, 6.4 ammonia throws down a sul- Evaporated with phosphoric acid gives an (pitch-blende). black, uneven. phur-yellow precipitate. emerald-green solution.. 4.. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Page 72) MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. A. Easily volatile or combustible. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 1. 72 II. MINERALS WITIIOUT METALLIC LUSTRE.* 72 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- Sp. Gr. Fusibility. Crystalliza. Fracture. ness. tion B. B. burns with a blue flame, Of a yellow color when impure or mixed Sulphur yelemitting the odor of sulphu- impre or mixedsSulphur. S. Sulpwhur - yel- CSonchoidal. |Resinous. 1.5 —2. 5|2. Easily. IV. rous acid. with earthy substances, gray or brown. Fuse readily and volatilize, and Color aurora-red. Realgar. AsS. Aurora-red. Conchoidal. Resinous. 1.5-2. 3.5 Easily. V. B. B. on coal with soda in R. F. give off arsenical fumes. Color lemon-yellow. Orpiment. AsS, Lemon-yellow Foliated. Pearly.. 5-2. 13.48 Easily. IV. Heated in a closed tube give a Occurs in thin plates with perfect cleavage.Claudetite (ar- White. Prismatic. Pearly. 2.5 3.8 IV. crystalline sublimate. B. B. senous acid). with soda on coal give the ColorArsenolite (aro strong garlic odor. o osenus acid). O Dissolve mostly in HC1 with the evolution of c, I |sulphuretted hydrogen. Heated with pot- KERMESITE. b + 2SbS Cherry-red. Basal. Adamantine. 4.5 V. -: Easily fusible and volatile, cov- ash solution the powder becomes yellow. P lering the coal with a white Easily soluble in HC1, without evolution of VALENTINITE' Sb. White. Prismatic. Adamantine. 2.5. 5.56 I. IV. sublimate (oxide of anti- gas.__Unchanged.by potash. __ _ __rismatic. Adamatine. _ _ _ > mony). Insoluble in water. gas. Unchanged by potasie Sae mony) Insolubleiwater. -- reactions asValentinite; differs only SENARINIONSame as Valentinite; in cyti fTITE. Sb. White. Octahedral. Adamantine. 2.-2.5 5.22 I. in crystalline form. TITE. Volatilize with dense white Volatile without fusion, its solution gives no SAL AMmIONI- I. r4 P9 Ifumes; soluble in water. precipitate with chloride of barium. AC. HC. White, yellow. Treated with potash solu- Volatile with fusion, its solution gives a White, gray, tion give an ammoniacal heavy precipitate with chloride of barium |Mascagnite. NH,OS +. yellow.gray, Vitreous. 2. 1.7 VoL IV. odor. (sulphate of baryta). yellow. Streak red. Gives a reaction for sulphurous Cinnaar. HgS. Red. Hexagonal. Adamantine. 2-2.5 9. Vo III. With soda in the closed glass- acid in the open glass-tube. tube give a sublimate of me- Streak white. In the nitric solution nitrate tallic mercury. of silver gives a heavy precipitate of the Calomel. Hg2CI. Gray-white. Adamantine. 1.5 6.5 Vol. II. chloride of silver. Partly volatile; with soda on Deposits a lead-coating on charcoal. Cotunnite. PbC. Yellow-white. Adamantine. 2. 5.2 Easily. IV. coal gives lead globules. See also mineral coals in the appendix. PROUSTITE B. B. on coal gives an arsenical odor. (light-red sil- 3AgS + AsS3. Cochineal-red. Conchoidal. Adamantine. 2.5 5.5 III oi |o |I I | lver ore). a, co 0 ~~~~~~B. B. on coal gives a white sublimate of oxide PYDark - red to ( d rStreae red. d. B on c(d a r k- e d AgSred to Conchoidal. Adamantine. 2.5 5.8 1. III. ~ Streak red, of antimony. black. silver ore). Same reactions as Proustite, but easily disc7 1 t h tinguished by its orange-yellow color and Xanthoconite. Ag, As, S. Pomegranate- Adamantine. 2. 5. III. CZ ~' ~ 1,streak. | 0! z n t 3 Compare Miargyrite, Div. 4, page 67. h, t M In a closed tube, with bisulphate of potassa, LcO e,' > gives off hydrochloric acid vapors, fuses to CERARGYB- Resinous adal a pale hyacinth-red globule, becomes yel- ITE. mgCL Pearl-gray. antine. ~ioi z 1 b e a |low when cold. o Ma llal In closed tube, with bisulphate of potassa, I alleable and sectile. gives off iodine vapors, fuses to a very lodyrite. AgI. Lemon-yellow. Basal. Adamantine. 1.5 5.7 I. III. eD.< dark, almost black globule. Pqr;l R3In a closed tube, with bisulphate of potassa, Bromyrite. AgBr. Greenish-yel- Adamantine. 2.-3. 5.8-6. I. I gives off bromine vapors, fuses to an in- low. tense garnet-red globule, becoming yellow Embolite. Green to dark-Adamantine..5 5.8 I. I. connection with ohrcaatrindtrmnno-ealcier scewhen cold. Iis, Ag(ColBr). Gryellow. Adamantine. it-.5 5.3* In minerals without metallic lustre there is frequently a wide range of color in a single species (for example, in Tourmaline and many other species, it varies from colorless to block); this property, therefore, can generally he used only as confirmatory in connection with other characters in determining non-metallic mineral species. The streak in this group is generally paler than the color of mineral, and in a large majority of nou-metallic minerals it is very nearly white. (Page 73) MINEEPALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a maanetfc mass wtith soda. DIVISION 2 (in part). 73 II. MIINERALS WITHIOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 73 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- Fsibilit Crystalli ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fatr. p. r..usbil _ Fracture. ness. zation. Fused in a salt of phosphorus bead which B. B. on charcoal give coatings has been saturated with oxide of copper, Nadorite. SbPbOCl. Brown-yellow. Resinous. 3. 7.02 IV. of lead and antimony. colors the flame blue (chloride of copper). _ _ _ _ _ __ Bite Rsou_ Gives water in the closed tube. BINDIETMITE. PbSbOb + 4. Brown-yellow.Brittle. Resinous. 4. 4.7 Amorp. Fused in forceps in R.F. crystallizes on cool- I ing. (Like Pyromorphite.) MIMETITE. 3Pbbs + PbCl. Yellow-brown. Resinous. 3 5 71 B. B. on charcoal give arsen- A variety of Mimetite containing phosphate ical odors. of lime; gives the reaction for phosphoric Itedyphane. (Pb, Oa)'(XTs,lP)+PbCl. White. Adamantine. 3.5-4. 5.45 I. III. acid. 0; The cold nitric solution gives Not easily reduced to lead on coal, but fuses with molybdate of ammoni a gic omorph- brown yello$w prcipitate (phos- tplainly crystalline; es the chlorine reac Pr 3Pb + PbCl. White, brwnBrittle. Resinous. 3.5-4..5-7.1 1.5 III. a yellow precipitate (phos-it.gen Imparts to the borax bead an emerald-green Dc phomS [ l ecolor, whieh in O.F. becomes light olive- een (bRed.Greasy. 3-4. 5. green, then yellow, and finally colorless. oxene). I,J. * v |.Imparts to the borax bead an emerald-green CROCOITE P4 oor color, which is constant in both flames. (chromate of PbOr. Hyacinth-red. Prismatic. Vitreous. 2.5-3. 6. 1.5 V. Color red. Streak orang~e. lead). ___________ oojAs above. Streak brick-re ed. Pbr. Hyacinth-red. Perfect. Resinous. 3.-3.5 5.7 V 54 0~~~~~~~~~~~ p.0 ~~~~~~~~~~chroite. o Gives with borax a yellow glass, which 30si o lo, which e Minium. Pb e co Red. Dull. 2.-3... gn comes colorless on cooling. Mnu _|d____ ci%~~~~ l S With soda gives the reaction for sulphur. ------ C~olor azure-blue. Heatedwith nitric acid sulphate of lead Linarite. Pb +. Azure-blue. Prismatic. Vitreous. 2.5 5.4Easily.. __ _____ ____ separates. Gives water in closed tube. The solution gives with nitrate of silver a Phosgenite. PbC+ PbCl. White. 3 cleavages. Adamantine. 3. 6.2Easily II. Sprecipitate of AgCl. Phce ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~Genico0 The partial solution gives with nitrate of. GreenPsh - B per- Adamantine. 2.5 6.3-7. Easily. V. baryta a precipitate of BaOSO.. Lacnarked. P +feetb. w esto. ye- f. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~ ~~low -gray. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Da issolve m nitric acid with - ch ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ireouse to. 0. ~, s effervescence. Not affected by the above reagents Cerusswite la White. Conchoidal itr35 o. 0 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~.(white lead).__________________adamantine.3. 64 EaiyIV e;. { I~~~The same as lanarkite, but is orthorhombic Leadhillite. PbS + 3Pb. White, yellow- Prismatic. Pearly to 2.5 6.3 1.5 V. coin crystallization. gray. resinous. iThe same as lanarkite, but is hexagonaPb+3PbC. White, yellow- Basal. Resinous. (rhombohedral) Su sannite. Basal. Resinous. v 2.5 6.5 1. IL Soluble in nitric acid without Prismatic cleavagevery perfect. Mendipite. PbC1+ 2Pb. Colorless-white Prismatic. Pearly. 2.5 7-7.1 |Easily. IIV l effervescenue. The solutions give heavy preci- Crystals tabular, cleavage imperflet. wMatlockite. PbCl+Pb. G tow ye- Bperfect. impitates with nitrate of silver. [Difficultly soluble in nitric acid. B. with soda easily reduced with the for- Anglesite. PbS. White. Conchoidal. Adamantine. 3. 6.1-6.3 1.5 IV Difficultly _solubeinnitricacid mation of a sulphide. ____________ ____________________ ____________ ___Azureblue._Prismaic._Vitreous Dishsolesarainohydofchloric aci Heated on platinum-foil with a drop or two | with separation of PbCI to a ostrong sulphuric acid until copious Wulfenite greenish solution, which, di-.fumes escape and allowed to cool then (Molybdate Pbio. White-red, luted with water and agitated ee p, a e l n ola generally ctahedra Resinous. 3. 6.9 ss with tin-foil assumies a blue b e on ultramarine- of lead.) ellow. i Decomposed by sulphuric acid, With salt of phosphorus gives in OF. a I leaving a lemon-yellow resi- colorless glass, which in R. F. becomes Stolzite. Pbw. Brown, yellow Resinous. 3. 7.92. II. due. The acid is not colored.i blue on cooling. to red. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I. (Page 74) MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a magnetic mass with soda. DIViSION 2 (concluded). DIvisION 3 (in part). 74 IT. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. General Characters. Specific Characters. Species CompositionC Cleavage or LrCti SpecifiCharaters.peiesompoi.Color. Lustre. -ard- Sp. Gr. Fusibility. tion. Fracture. ness. The color is not changed in O. F.; the others Backinine Vauquelinite. C~u.Br b Backish to[ Adamantine 2.5-3. 5. E become yellow or colorless. olive-green. resinons. B~ B. with borax in R. F.The nitric solution gives a precipitate or Brown or yelB. B. with borax in R. F-triiywhntaeofslr. Vanadinite. P'O5+-Lbl eios.53. rd-renIturbidity with nitrate of silver.losh'~ i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~owish. give an emerald-green bead. ~ Alcohol added to the con- Does not give the above reactions. B. B. on Dechenite (va- Yellowish-red centrated hydrochloric charcoal with soda gives a zinc coating. f iety Eusyn- (lPb,n)VO5. or ochreyel Dull. 3.5 5.6 Easily. Stalac. solution gives an emer-c Z aid-green color. Much like vauquelinite. The nitric solution Laxmannite > a gives with molybdate of ammonia a yellow (Phospho- Pbu r oPistachio nt Vitreous. 3. 5.7CEsl.' 8 precipitate (phosphoric acid). chromite). olive-green. Same as vanadinite: differs in crystalline Descloizite. Pb2VO5. Olive-brown to 5.8.. - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ fo rm,._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ black. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Compare Plumbogummite, Div. 1, p. 89, ___ ea Fusesto, a blc agei Decrepitates and yields much water in the,___ Z~~~lzsag.- tbe.Chenevixite. (Fe, 0u3)21\S + 3~1. Dark-green. 4.5 3.3() aiy Msie 2 ~~~slag. closed tube.,asy.Msie a "'S'. [ The nitric solution gives with sulphuric acid a In the closed tube gives off water and be- Grass to black-yie. Bay~dnit. (lPb, Cu)4~s + 2AI.45.& precipitate of sulphate comes black. ish-green. 0 ~~~~~of lead. - 0 B. B. fused in the forceps In the matrass gives little water (4 per cent.). OLIVENITE. + blackish~ raitdb. Oieleek-Soeimsh f-Aa nte3. 41-4.4 2.IV. a z A crystallize on cooling in brous. to vitreous. green. C8;: maitdnasses, covered with prismatic crystals..Dr lih,.~In the matrass gives more water (7 per cent.). Clinoclasite. Ou3is + 3OUI{. Basal. Pearly to 2.5-3 4.19' Q ~- green. vitreous. -o ~Soluble in ammonia, with separation of car-.f0 bonate of lime mechanically mixed with Tri Cp- + 2u + 7. er Basal. t-2. 3.06 per froth). ~~~~gris green. 11.4 ~~~~~~~~~~the mineral. 0 ~ ~~ B. B. in matrass decrepi- temnrl e rt) rsgen F-. - Chalcophyl- f.Eeadga cd.- tate strongly and give Soluble in ammonia without residue. hu.s _ 5ouh + 7 py-s Basal. Pearly. a2 2.5 ~=aa -h ~ much water.. lite. green. Pistachio to The fused assay has an alkaline reaction. Conichalcite. Ou, Oa PI.XS i~sVol)I e me ral1d - 4.5 4.12 Esl. Msie 4-1 _______________ __________________________ ________ ______________ green. a a) Does not decrepitate in maa ~'~,~ trass; assumes a smalt- Loses 22 per cent. on ignition; soluble in am- Liroconite.ky-blue to ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~iooie CU:Klls,. Vitreous. 2-2.5 2.9asy.. blue color when gently monia with the separation of white flocks.' s green. a ~- heated. a Loses 19 per cent, on ignition. Euchroite. lOu".s + WIuf + 611. Leek to emer- Prismatic. Vitreous. 3.5-4 3.39 2 v ald-green. IV. a_ aid-green. Emerald to Pive no ne of eabovei-e-Loses 13 per cent. on ignition. Comwallite. 0u9As + 20u.1 + 31. verdi gris- Amorphous. 4.5 4.16 aigreen. (Page 75) MINERALS WITHOUT IMIETALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a magnetic mass zoith soda. DIVISION 3 (concluded). 75 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 75 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. CompositionColor. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard-. Cusib ilio n Fracture. ness. Leek-, black-,l I Gives much water in closed tube, and forms Atacamite. 3CuJ[ + LekC-, blac-P, 4[.2 Atacamite. Cu, Cl~ft. olive-,emer- Prismatic. Vitreous. 35Fusible. IV. OD ~~~~~~~~a gray sublimate. 13. 14.5 Color the flame blue with- aid-green. out previous moistening ry t s with HC1. The nitrice the same reactions. Tallingite. 4Ouf + Cu,CI,. Blue to green. 3.5 (?) Fusible. Massive. solution yields a precipitate of chloride of silver with nitrate of Sulphuric acid gives a precipitate of sul-Percylite. Percyite. Pb CuCiOI:I. Sky-blue. 12.5 I silver. phate of lead. a Yields no water in the closed tube. Nantokite. Cu2C1. White. __________________ ~ Compare Atlasite, below. Readily soluble in water; the others are not. (Blue vit- Cu'S + 511. Sky-blue. 2.5 2.2 >' 14~~~~~~~~~~ ~not. Z 1_ __ _ riol). ~ B. Insoluble in water. The nitric solution gives B. with soda give a a white precipitate with nitrate of baryta. B Ealy IV P4 ~ ~ sulphuret which on mois- In the open tube gives no odor of sulphur- 2 -1 ~z Ce tening blackens silver. ous acid. green. o nzl' Heated in 0. F. burns and emits the odor of ovellite CuS I n d i g o-blue- Bl 5-2 146'4 sulphurous acid. black. aa. [i.~ ~HResembles Brochantite, and has 16 per cent. ___________________ of water. Brochantite has but 12. Langite. OuS + 30u~ fT. Greenish-blue. 12.5_3 3.5 of water. Brochant~ite has but; 12. (Id 1~ The concentrated HCl solution gives a whiteCpie(e ~.C i d Othda. Erh, 3-.Esl.I E'e precipitate of subchloride of copper on cu. Cochineal-red. Octahedral. a.3 —4. 6. addition of water. O a in acids. The hydrochloric solution gives no precipi- Melaconite Black to 11~~~~~~~~~~~ 4. y Al~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~etallic to tate with water (sometimes effervesces (black copper Cu. brownish- ealto. s 9 with acids on account of impurities). ore). black.earthy. ly. Gives much water in closed tube. Color t grMalachite. ug + C. mer-Fibrous. Silkytoearthy3-5-4. 3.8. V. green. ald-green.' " ~ ~ Dissolve in nitric acid with As above. Color blue. Azurite. 20u0 + gufl. Blue. Vitreous. 4. 3.7 o 0 effervescence giving off D cu. carbonic acid. Gives with soda a zinc-coating on charcoal. Aurichalcite. Ou,zn, g,]ft. Bluish-green. Pearly. 2. Acicular _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~Iecua The nitric solution gives with nitrate of Atlasite. gugnC Celandine to Vitreous-silky 3-4. 3.85 silver a precipitate of chloride of silver. emerald-green rk pi~~ Easily adquietly soluble Loses 7 per cent, of water on ignition. Libethenite. Ousjs ~ Oufl.Dr oie Resinous. 14. 3.7 2 V in nitric; the solutions green. _ give with molybdate of Loses 14 per cent. of water on ignition P- P ~ 2guA + fT. Dark-green. Vitreous. 4.5-5. 4.2 ammonia a yellow preci- ACHITE. pitate of phospho-molybdate of ammonia. Loses 10 per cent. of water on ignition. Tagilite. C113P + ufI ~ 2R. Verdigris to Vitreous. 3.-4. 4. V. emerald-green _. The nitric solution has a yelloish -reencolor, ~. i yellowish - green c olor, The solution gives, when warmed with mo- Grass-leek. i and gives, with an excess ofamm-lybdate of ammonia, a yellow precipitate. Torbernite. 2' + ~u + 7~t. apple to emer- Micaceous. Pearly. 2-2.5 3.5 of ammonia, a bluish-.5I. green precipitate, and a Perfect basal cleavage. ald-green. gree pecipit~ate, ada!1-4 a~3 blue solution. The powder mixed with soda and the mass frused, then boiled with water the solution obtained acidified with HCl and then boiled down, the!Volborthite. CuV,. le-greeto Basal Pearly. 3.-3.5 3.5..I. fluid becomes emerald-green, and when diluted with water, sky-blue. e e 9 I 7 I I I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (Page 76) MINERALS WITHOUT MIETALLIC LUSTIRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a magnetic mnass'with sa. DIvisioN 4. DivisioN 5 (in part). II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 76 Cleavage or ad GnrlCaatr.~ Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Lustre. ta r'Fsibiy.UsaiFracture. ness. B. B. in matrass yields ]ERYTHIIITE.."~ j8'CrimsonPimi.Pery Z~e much water and becomes In HC1 soluble to a rose-red solution. ERTT1T, + 8f[. Prismatic. Pearly. 1.5 —2.5 2.94 (cobalt-bloom). peach-red. ~~ ~ ~ sinalt-blue. Fuses with difficulty, col- Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with evolution Hreterogenite. OCo,CuIe i aed-i3. ly' ors the flame -reen. Heterogenite. 0,Co~~~u,-Fe~ni1 Blacka-r3d ~ ~ ors the flame green. of chlorine. brown. AnnabergiteThe iCi and nitric soiu- Ammonia gives a green precipitate, which is dissolved in an excess to a sapphire-blue (always con Ni'Xs + 811. Apple-green. Earthy. Soft.. V. tions have a green color. solution.rtains a little 0 tions have a green color, solution, cobalt). Fuse easily B. B. to mag- Yellow to red2 netic beads. The color Amorphous. Pitticite. Te,'As,'S,. d I., 3.1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~dish-brown. o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.h. of the pulverized miner- ~ als are quickly changed Pharmacoside-3es + e. Green-red- Cubic. Crystallization isometric. rite + Fe1 1211. to reddish-brown by a rite. brown, yellow..CZsolution of caustic pot-b Leek-green to 354. aiy V ash. Crystallization orthorhombic. SCORODITE. e"eAs + 4113.b_ y ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~brown. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Arsenioside-,Brownish-yel- Sly.2. aiy n Fibrous, with silky lustre. Color brownish-yellow —9 p. c. water, raVe UR Sl. l _ _ __ 3_8 Mostly in water. Apple -green to Viteu. 2. 2. Mostly soluble in water. With excess of ammonia gives a blue solu- Morenosite. Mi ~711. buhreous 2_ 2_ Z3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oeoie blish-reous. soluble tion. Sometimes contains arsenic. Gives much -water (3 p. c.) Soluble in strong IIC1 with evolution of in the closed tube, and col- chlorine. Soluble in phosphoric acid to a Rabdionite. Ou, ne, o,fI. Black. Soft. 2.8 3. ors the borax-bead blue. violet fluid. =a Gives antimonial fumes onin t 5, 11. ~E charcoal. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gives water in t he closed tub e. Stibioferrite. Fee,,S Black. 2.5sFuse 0~~~ G ives littl e or no water in the closed tube. P ettkoite.'Pe, Fee'. Ochr-el5 t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e'S.Bak I.F fs pre l to __ _ __Perfectly soluble in water. _ _ M __A _Tore d. 2.5 2. I'rE (copperas) F' —7~ Z ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ochre-yellow B. B. swell'up and in the Soluble in water, leaving a yellow residue. Bo-yog04-e'e'2-52['~R. F. fuse perfectly to a o~~~~~~~ a Q0 magnetic slag. The so- ( Roemerite. + e'+ 12. Yellowish-2.75 2.1 lutions give with chlorideI b r o w n. _ —---— _o n of barium a heavy preci- Same reactions as Botryogen. Their pow- COQUIMBITE. Fe 2.5 2. 4-1 pitate of sulphate of ha- ders are immediately turned brownish- low. ryta, and with ammonia red by solution of potassa. Jarosite. (f(,Na)S + 4PeS +-9A. Ochre-yellow. 3. 3.2 a greenish precipitate, IQ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ a a which in the air changes.. White to pl to brownish-red; all ex- i Fibroferrite. re'S5+ 27f11. paleFib -LI ~ brownish-red, allyellow. cept Pettkoite, give much _ -------- water in the closed tube. rCOrIAPITE. 18. SuPearly. 1.5 2.1 e +_________ 1 8____________. _ low. Insoluble in water; powders yellow. Raimondite. Fe2S3 ~ 7A. Honey- to P III. ochre-yellow. Carphosiderit~ F e,'S,I. Straw-yellow. Resinous. 4. 2.5 Mass. Characterized by its color and octahedral otr Black darkytallization Voltaite. Fe'S+FeS+ 2411. green._Resinous. Soluble in heated H w ifficultly fusible; becomes by heating black Siderite Ash-gray to Rhombohe- Pearly-vitre- 4. 3.6-3.9 4.5 III. Soluble in heated ItC1 with FC eff ervescence. and magnetic. -(spathic-iron)., --- brownish-red. dral. ous. effervescneadmpagnetic. ispathie-iron). e. page ~ Compare Alesitite, D~iv. 4, page 92. (Page 77) MINERALS WITHOUT ]IMETALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 5 (continued). ~~~~77 r~~II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 77 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- srytza Fracture. ness. The nitric solution gives with molybdate of am- Gives water in the closed tube. Hureaulite. (Ateis o Vitreous. 5. 3edfi mo~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~(niaa ellwpecp-___________+________ ______{ih-elw Vitreous. 5. 3.2 Easily. V. to monia a yellow precipi~ tate. Moistened with.8 sulphuric acid color the Gives the reaction for fluorine when fused Clearable in ~t9+ I~l(~i=~, ln)Brownzish-'flame bluish-green (phos- in the closed tube with bisulphate of po- TRIPLITE. +RFl.(=e, hree di- esious. 5. 3.6 IV. flame ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~lS bluish-greenepho) three di- Resinous. 5.. V K~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n black. - phoric acid). tassa. rections. With borax in O.F. dis- Flesh-red to d)~~ solve to an amethystine Distinguished from triplite by its color. Sarcopside. In,fpe,e, Fl,. lavender- Silky. 4. 3.7 1.5 V. (?) glass (manganese). blue. 0 Gives the above phosphoric acid reaction with molvbdate of ammonia. With borax gives the manganese reaction, S The blowpipe flame is but not so plainly as the minerals of the TRIPIU YLITE. (Fe,nLi) Greenish-gray, Perfect. Resinous. 5. 3.54 a C colored purple-red in preceding section. bluish, etc. streaks (lithia). J_ _ _!' Gives the above phosphoric acid reaction with molybdate of ammonia. 11) i 3V2 + 2 2~ + 32. ndylo, Bite eios. 2.03 aiy The solution with chloride of barium yields a heavy precipitate of Diadochite. brw2eS 31. ron. -. po 0! { sulphate of baryta. brown. phous. o 0 Different Give the above phosphoric 1ea5-2iree Give teabove p phorc Loses 28 per cent. of water on ignition. Vivianite. e'P + 8. shades of Perfect. Pearlyvitre.52. 2.6 V. acid reaction with mo- blue. ous. lybdate of ammonia. __ 0 8 Moistened with sulphuric Loses 10 per cent, on ignition. DUFRENITE. e +3 Dark leek Radiated. Silky. 3.5-4. 3.3 Easily. IV. ~l Iacid the flame is colored, green. 0.C o pale-green. Easily fusi- Reddish- Wx.3 5 ble. The borax- glassose19 per cent. on ignition. Borickite. (Ve,Ca')'P~+15i. R. Easily. Mass. TeboraxoWaxy. 3.5 2.7gaiyb ~cd CQ shows only the reactions, rz shows only the reactions1. Brownish yel-Fibrous, ra- Silky. 3-4. 3.38'U Z for iron. Loses 33 per cent. on ignition. Cacoxenite. Fe+ 12 (with Fl). low. diated. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rwihyl-Fbru, raorio. low. diated. Ilra r....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t Hyacinth-red, Metallic 2.87 Easily.'~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~oitd 2. 2. 87Eaiy J' Compare Beraunite. Beraunite. Pe,J,f. reddish- Fopearly. _ _ brown. 0 9, Hematite Foliated Streak cherry-red. Generally fusible above 5. (Specular- e. Red to red- brous, Dull to bril- 6-6.5 4.5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(pclr I~e fibrous, liant metallic. __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ ___ iron).E dish-black. compact. In a matrass yields water, E'4 a * and with HC1 forms a Fuses with slight puffing to a black glass. Cronstedite. Pen,[g,Fe,i f. Raven-black. Basal. Vitreous. 3.5 3.35 Easily. I perfect jelly. -. i~ STILPNlOAIE- Bronze-yello =i~o STILPNOR~E- 1Bronze-yell wadiated, Pearly to sub- 3. 2.76 Easily. R3' E ~ ~ X ~Radiated, sometimes foliated. LANE (Chal- Fe,1e.l, g, Bire. to greenish-a 2.76 Eaiy codite). gray. compact. metallic. 4' gray. = = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Leek-green, -- ~ntemtasyedwlMicaceous. Voigtite. leje,ieg, i,f. Leek-green, Micaceous. Pearly. 2.5 2.91 Easily. EIn the matrass yield wa-_ __cs yellow. a ter, and are decomposed Leek-green to by HC1 without gelatin- Massive. Ekmannite. Fe, Fe-, Mg, gi,. blck. Greasy. ~: ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~black. C4 r I izing. Dark-green to aMassive. Euralite. Ai 1eFe g 2.5 2.62 Easily. ~l,~eFeMg, Si,~I black. 0m'ij~~~ ~Sometimes gelatinizes, sometimes does not. Palagonite.,e,Mg, a, a, K, I Yellow-red, Vitreous, 45..8-7 Easily.;3`~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 8~~i. black. greasy. (Page 78) MINERALS TITIIOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield ca neta7 or a gzagyetic mnass wcith soda. DIVISION 5 (continued). 78 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 78 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Fractue Lustre. Hard- f Fusibilityr. ation. Cleavagre orSper.Crsall Intumesces slightly; decrepitates slightly; ILVAITE. (t'+ ~ e)!i3. ~l= Gray to iron- 5.5-6. 4. 2.5 fuses quietly to a black magnetic bend. Fe. s. black. Swells much and fuses easily to a bulky CF~ Give little or no water in brown or black glass. After separation'4 the closed tube; with of SiO2 from the H111 solution, ammoHC1 they gelatinize. Not Ma gives a precipitate which dissolve Pitch-brown Pitchy to res- 556 342 Irs In Pitch-brown Pitchy to res-e,-1,e,~i. toblak.illUS ~ y cleavable. in oxalic acid, leaving a white resi- ALLANrTE. Oa, Pe Fel Pe tobac.iou.due, which ignited, treated 4ith dilute 0% HC1 to separate carbonate of lime, and again ignited, gives a brick-red mass a_ (Ce). 3 F~~~~~~~~~~~~~ B " ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Dark-green Two cleav4 d 9 Magnetic. FAYALrTE. FeSi. brown to nResinous. 6.5 4. Easily. IV. b t ages at 90'. 0 9 _ black. an a -4 Decomposed by phosphoric acid the jelly.HoRTONO Yellow to Three P4 S 0 immediately becomes violet when treated LITE. dark-yellow Resinous. 6.5 3.9 IV. Crystalline and cleavable; with nitric acid. _ green. _ _ _ _ gelatinize perfectly. rd, ro a Same reaction. Knebelite. (Fe,NMn)'Si. brown to 6.5 4.1 q black. 0 Q 0 Dark-green to Rectangu - teu. 6 4 if V ou Gives with soda a sublimate of oxide of zinc. Roepperite. (F,,Vitreous. 6. 4. i~iff. IV. do ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~black. lar. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Q - Brown to Q Mixed with salt of phosphorus and oxide of Brown to ii 4 Pyrosmalite MinFe,;i~c~l lcih Bsl ery. 10 a a Decomposed with separa- copper tinges the flame green (chlorine). gb -P42 4' tion of Silica without,g 0 g gelatinizing. F=2. The HC1 solution, boiled with tin, is colored Astrophyllite. nBronze-yel- icaceous. Pearly. 3 3. 4' q0 violet (titanic acid). low. D Tl.Decomposed easilyiby.HCa a ecomsleevingd a residue of sil- LEPIDOME- (R3 )2i Dark-green toMicaceous. ES ilavin a re of sil- Occurs in granular scaly masses. LANE. bla=c MiMegAVtluf. e.3. fl a k e s._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o In some varieties formsi ALLOCHROITE -e an imperfect jelly with Not cleavable easily fusible. (iron lime Greasy. 7. to black. oC1. garnet). Fuse with difficulty; after Amorlong heating become Amorphous. Gillingite. Fe MnPe Brownish- Dull. 3. 3.04p ~, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~black.poa IS 3 a: magnetic. Decomposed by HC1 without forming 2.4 a jelly. Give water inFibrous. Xylotile. e,,I, i. Wood-brown. Fibrous. Silky. pri.i ~ matrass.'S.O Compare Limonite, Div. 4, p. 92. d Tinges the flame purple- Very perfectly cleavable in one direction Lepi do ite. eKi, Si, Fgray-white. __________ _________ ___ _______________ ~~ red (lithia). (micaceous). R o sepidolte e -e r eiFd, Micaceous. Vitreous. 2.5-3. 2.8-. 22. V;-n red (lithia). (micaceous).grywie a Rtose-red ~ Imparts a violet color to Some specimens contain enough iron to be- Rhodonite. l1n~i. brownish- Perfect. Vitreous. 5.5-6.5 3.61 2.5 VI. the borax bead, come magnetic. red. 0' Boiled with phosphoric acid give a blue syf Decomposed by aqua-regia rup; with soda and nitre on platinum foil WOLFRAM. (Fe, Mn)WV. Black. Prismatic. Sub-metallic. 5.-5.5 7.1 with separation of a give the bluish-green manganese reaction. s yellow powder (tungstic Same reactions. Megabasite. (Nin, 1e) W. Brown. Prismatic. Sub-metallic. /3.5-~. 6.4-6.9 Easily. V. acid). Same reactions, contains no iron. Hulbnerite. ManW. Brown-red. Prismatic. Adamantine. 4.5 7.1V. - Fuses quietly at 3. Gela- Almandine- i, —. Red or brownes Not easily cleavable. (JFe+hVitreous. 7.-7.5. 3.7-4. 1 tinizes after fusion, easilyred (Pagre 79) MINEIRALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTIIE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. I. Yield a metal or a magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 5 (concluded). DivIsioN 6. 79 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 79 Cleavage or Hard- Crystalliza General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Fracture. Lustr e Sp. Gr. Fusibility. taizon Its | O | Fused with soda, and then dissolved in HC1 3* -i3 + 3 rl0~~ and treated with ammonia to separate iron, Si tei. D a r k greenO Fuse quietly to a black the filtrate gives with oxalate of ammonia Bab gtnt aFe, n. black. 9. * shining glass. a heavy precipitate (lime). Pa Red-brown to Cleavable at 0 ai d ||Giveseno. e(Pe, ofa)intre' + 2s. blackish- angle of Vitreous. 6. 3.4 2. V. I_________ __r____|__| Compare Augite, Div. 6, p. 88.' ~' o~reen to a( R e ~ Easily fusible (1.7-2) with Gives water in the closed tube. Crocidolite. FeIg, Na, i,. Green to lav-Fibrous. Silky. 4. 3.2 Easily. strong intumescence and ender-blue. escape of gas bubbles to Yields no water in a matrass. ARFVEDSON e,e,na,Si. Black. angle123Vitreous. 6 3.4 ~ P5~ a black glass. ITE. angle 123'. PQ Q 0, "o O'Fuses at 3 without swelling. Gives water in Occurs in loosely granular masses, or filling Glauconite e leMg,, Deep-olive to. 1. o | 2 a ling. Gives water in cavities in rocks. (Green earth). sea-green. matrass. ce a ~' Compare Amphibole 0 |e Rc e S Div. 6, p. 88, Tourmaline, Div. 6, p. 87. Compare Lep idomelane, Subdivision G, p. 78. Easily soluble in H, B. B. on charcoal fuses, fumes, and is abyielding a colorless solu- s w S u 1 p h u r - 41 |< e Fusorbed. In R. F.is with heffer- ismutite. elo yel-| ruisiy tion, which becomes blue gives a bead which when cold is beautifully olybdie. o. orange, yel- Silky, earthy. 12. 4.5 | (ismuth) a Comp re pur WithR salt of phosphorus gives a green bead Pucherite. iivo. R i s Basal. |Vitreousil IV. on agitation with tin- low. p.82.green. E~.~ foil.. Dark hairGelatinizes perfectly with HC1. Eulytite. Bi'8ia. brown to Resinous. 4.5 6.1 Easily. ite, Div. 6, p 69; Ayellow. Fuste and Lepidoh elane, Div. 5_Does not gelatinize; dissolves with effer-78. iodide of potassium on Bismutite. Bsi,. Dull. 4.-4.5 68-l. vescencelow. C4 n ~ sublimate on the coal 4 $ (bismuth). 59 1 With salt of phosphorus gives a green bead Pucherite. RVO'. Reddish- Basal. Vitreous 4. 5.91 p. 82. - Compare Samarskite, Div. 6, p. 69; Allanite and Lepidomielane, Div. 5, p. 78. (Page 80) MIINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUTSTtE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 1 (in part). 80 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 80 Cleavgero Lustre. flr- Sp..Gr. Fusibility. Crystalli. QGeneral Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Freacture. nessustreatiar. Fracture. ness.zain Fused on platinum wire colors the flame violet. In the solution bichloride of pla- Nitre. fz. Nitre. kil~~~. White. Vitreous. 2. 19 aiy V tinum produces a yellow crystalline pre~b B. B. on charcoal defla- cipitate. J grate strongly. Fused on platinum wire colors the flame strongly yellow. Bichloride of platinum SODA NITRE. NaI9. White. Vitreous. 1.5-2 2.2 Easily. III. produces no precipitate. ] Rapidly effioresces on exposure to the air Natron. a + f. Gray-white. Earthy. 1.5 1.4l. V In a matrass yield much and changes to thermonatrite. water; the aqueous sou lutions react alkaline, Effloresces. ttea ~ft. Gray-white. 1.5 1.5-1.6 IV. 0~~~~~~~~~~~~Eioecs trite.Eaiy -> ~ and effervesce on addii. 8 tion of an acid.253.2' Does not alter on exposure. TRONA. +4. Gray-white.-y The solution gives a white precipitate with soda. Ignited and treated with cobalt EPSOMITE (ep- Ig+ Colorless-7. Vitreous. 2.25 1.EaiyI. solution yields a flesh-red mass (50 per som salt). white. 0 Z, cent. water)..o.~ ~ With soda yields a white precipitate. Ignit- KALINIT ed and treated with cobalt solution yields E 3 24A. White. Vitreous. 2.25 1.75 Easily. (potash alum). ~. a blue mass.i; 0 ~ ~ { In the concentrated solution bichloride of r_4 z) " ~~~~~~~~~~~~Aphthitalite. I'. White. Vitreous. 3.Eaiy o 0 Z platinum yields a yellow precipitate. 11.73!IV. TNot affected by the above reagents; yields MIRABILITE White. nTh aqeous solkaione doesNa Of.Vteu. 1521, o ) not react alkaline' does water in the closed tube. (glauber salt). ~a'+10 ft. rd = not effervesce with acids. Not affected by the above reagents; yields Thenardite. White. Vitreous. 2.-3. 2.i C Chloride of barium gives no water in the closed tube. an abundant white pre- Yellow-white, LO u abundant white pre- ~~~~~~~~Like epsomite-14 per cent. water. Loeweite. ~(Mg,NIa)S+Aq. Ylo-htVitreous. 2.5 2.37 Esly I cipitate of sulphate of er o ieend. w baryta, which is insoluble in acids. Like epsomite-13 per cent. water. Kieserite. gSWhite. Dull. 2.5.1 0 o White, orange- Easily. V Like epsomite-21.5 per cent. water. Bloedite. (Mg,Na)'S + 2[[. red V. ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~red. Colorless to Like epsomite but does not effloresce in air. Simonyite. (Mg, Ra)'S + 2f-. blue-green, 2.5 2.24 il. V. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ y e llo w. _ _ _ _,__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Like epsomite-loses 26.8 water when heated P.... E V. to 133~ C. ___ _ g__, Yield no precipitates in the aqueous solutions with Yields a heavy precipitate with bichloride of Sylvite. KOL Colorless to Cubic. Vitreous. 2. 1.9 chloride of barium or platinum, white. alkalies; with nitrate of! silver yield a heavy precipitate of chloride of Yields no precipitate with bichloride of pla- Halite C r d C r 15 s I. silver; the reaction is tinut. (common salt). pumple. not alkaline,.'_,_ Moistened with strong sul- Reaction alkaline; does not effervesce with phuric acid gives a green acids; bubbles, swells up, and fuses to a Borax. NaB32 + 10f. Gray-white. Vitreous. 2.5 1.Easily. flame (boric acid). clear bead B. B. (Page 81) MINERALS WITIIOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 1 (concluded). 81 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 81 Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- Sp. Gr. Fusibility. tioan General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. ractue Lustre ess. Hri. Fusibility=1. Alone colors Gives much water in closed tube; partially the flame yellow; mois- soluble in hot water; the solution is alka- ULEXITE. tened with strong sul- ULEXITE. 1~~~~~~~a, Ca,'B lA. White. Fibrous. iSilk y 1. 1.65 tened with strong sul- line. (Gives boric acid reaction with sul- phuric acid colors the flame green (boric acid). phuric acid and alcohol.) _ Vitreous,, Gives much water in the closed tube. Gay-lussite. Na Ca + 5. White.s 2.-3. 1.99V. pearly. __ _ The dilute solution gives a heavy precipitate Soluble in dilute hydro- with sulphuric acid; fused in the forceps, Witherite. ]~aO. White-gray. Vitreous. 3.5 4.3 chloric acid with effer- colors the flame green. vescence. The HC1 solution gives a precipitate with Leek-green to Leek-green to ~~S~~~ ~ammonia (phosphate of lime). The nitric Staffelite. aIC. green-yel- 4. 3.13 talact a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~31 Stafflact. O~~~~~~~o ~~~solution, warmed with molybdate of am- low. 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~low. ___________ _ ~monia, gives a yellow precipitate. _ CZ-4 t:~ t In closed tube yields much water. Gypsum. CaS f. Colorless, In 3 direc-Sil In3 gray-white. tions. Silky, vitreous. 2. 2.3 2.5-3 V. gray-white. ticns.V'' Quietly soluble in much..... hydrochloric acid; the Yields little water in the closed tube. In its Q Vi aYellow to2. solution gives with chlo- solution bichloride of platinum gives a yel- POLYvALITE. + bri + ck- + r. Vitreous. 2.5 2.77 ON Z2 l brick-red. 5 ride of barium an abun- low precipitate. Partially soluble in water. o' dant precipitate (BaO Yields no water, and is not precipitated by 0. ~ SO3). The solution neu- bichloride of platinum. Partially soluble GLATJBRITE. INa + CaY Vitreous. 2.5 2.7.. tralized by ammonia in water, gray. gives with oxalate of.? gives Yields no water; does not precipitate by Colorless 4 aremorea a precipltate o. Perfect in3 ammoniaaprecipitate of bichloride of platinum; insoluble in wa- Anhydrite. CaS. white-blue, di Vitreous. 3.5 2.9 0 g oxalate of lime. > tuni c 1 ter. red. 4. x Compare Celestite, below, which in fine ____ ____ powder is slightly acted on by acids.. e.:0 ame yellow- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~All colors, h~~~~~~~ o ~Fused in the forceps colors the flame yellow- Barite. peVitreous. 2 IV. " Allcolors, Ba~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~]aS.1 wh-Iitreos 25-3. yellowI Very little acted upon by ish-green. white - yellow,.5-3.54.5 to~~~~~~~ ~ blue.3.I HC1. B. B. with soda give a sulphur reaction. Colorless, Basal, perE ~ a white, blue. feet. gieasupu recio.Fused in the forceps colors the flame red. Clsie r.wie le et ____ 0Heated on charcoal evolves...... 2 Easily. V. 4k.k~~a aYields water in a matrass. Pharmacolite. as +. White-gray. Vitreous. 2-2.5 2.7 an arsenical odor. o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V~~~~~~hite-ry VtrouBs.l la (Z) ~~~Easily fusible in the flame of a candle. Cryolite. 3NaF + A12F. White to Basal per- Vitreous. 2.5 3. 1. 1V.? P4 er ~~~(F =1.) ______ __________ black. fect. In the closed tube decrepitates and generally Fluorite CaF. A colors. Octahedral. Vitreous. 4. 3.18 3. I. phosphoresces. (fluor spar).;a When fused with.isulphate of potassa ih Same as cryolite (occurs in granular masses). Chiolite. 3NaF1 + 2A1F13. Snow-white. 4. 2.72 I. I. ~ phate of potassa in aI matrass, yield vapors of The same, but in closed tube yields water, PACIHNOLITE Colorless- Vitreous. 2.5-4. 2.75 Easily. V. hydrofluoric acid, which which has a strongly acid reaction. (Tomsenolite) 3(CaNa)F os F.+2H white. ____. corrode the glass. Yields no water in the closed tube. Arksutite. 2(Ca,Na)F1+ A1lF1. White. Vitreous. 2.5 3.1 Easily. Mass. Yields no water in the closed tube. Chodneffite. 2NaF+ AF13. White. 4. 3. Easily.. Yields water in the closed tube. Gearksutite. 2CaF1 + AiF13+4i. White. Earthy. 2. Effervesces with concen-B. B. immediately becomes white and opa- CACRIITE trated hydrochloric acid; que; fuses at 2.5 with intumescenee to a CA(neCr nephe- l.White, pink, 5.-6. 2.5 2.5 I (nea nehe- Il,0 a, 1a, 0, S i. gryylo Hexagonal. Vitreous. 5. —6. 2.5 2.Il the solution when eva- white blistered glass, which placed on tur- lite). gray-yellow. porated gelatinizes. merle paper gives an alkaline reaction. (Page 82) MINERALS WITHIOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass with 8oda. DIVIsioN 2 (in part) 82 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 82 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavae Lustre. Hard- CrystalliFracture. Lustre. ness. Sp. Gr. Fosibility. Fuses easily; with strong sulphuric acid it gives off hydrofluoric acid, which corrodes Durangite. AKl, e, lVIn,1a,Li,As, F1. Orange-red. Prismatic. Vitreous. 5. 4. glass. Gives an amethystine bead with salt of phos- Chondrarsen- 3.JEsily.~Gra. phorus (oxide of manganese). ite. MnIs + 2jf. Ylord3 Give arsenical fumes on Gives a green bead with salt of phosphorus__ charcoal. (oxide of uranium; with S + KI gives a red Walpurgite.'Wi,a-,,ellow. Scaly. Adamantine. 5. sublimate on charcoal (iodide of bismuth). __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gives a green bead with salt of phosphorus, Trgrie 5s 201.Lmnylo aua.33V but no reaction for bismuth.__________ but no reactionfor bismuth.lrogenrie.:G As2 + 20I:. Lemon-yellow Tabular. 3.3 V Violet to Gives on charcoal a coating of oxide of zinc. Adamite. i nlAs +tnl.o Distinct. Vitreous. 3.5 4.3 honey-yellow. Soluble in water. Colors the borax bead violet when Gives much water (40 p. c.) in the clo sed r.te Red to yellow- wite. I borax bead violet when ~F'c auseedte. 1lg~ Redtoellow Distinct. Vitreous. 2.-2.5 1.89 Easily. IV. hot (oxide of manganese) tube __-T-7 —.......~~~Tscherigte... Moistened with a potash or soda solution Colorless to with~~~~~~ (a~mmonia NiO~ +24. CorlstoVitreous. 1. —2. 1.50 I. Soluble in water. Give a gives an odor of ammonia. (alm)n + 1 + 24ff. white. sulphur reaction with alum) _ soda on charcoal. Fuse After fusion moistened with nitrate of! when first heated, and cobalt and again ignited becomes blue Alunogen. AlV' + 18f1. Yellow, red- Silky. 1.5-2. 1.7 white. swell up to an infusible (alumina), mass. After fusion moistened with nitrate of co-Goslarite (zinc White Prsai. balt and again ignited becomes green vitriol). White. Prismatic. Vitreous. nc -n2.~5 1.9 _____________ (oxide of zinc). Treated with caustic potk ash or soda gives the odor Gives much water in a matrass. STIUVITE. (N40 ) 121. Yellow to Basal. of~0, ammonia~+'. Vbrown-white.reous. 1.7 Easily. IV. t: of ammonia. 0 ~~~~~~~~~~Imparts a violet color to the hot borax bead 2usxr.. o 0 ~ 0 Imparts a violet color to the hot borax bead Sussexite. (Mn, Mg)2' + I1. Gray-white. Fibrous. Silky. 3. 3.42 2. (oxide of manganese). Soluble in water. Sassolite Yellow to __(Soluble in water.a. _ _ _h Scaly. Pearly. 1. 1.48 1. VI. t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~(boric acid). It''white-. B.B. fuse easily with in- Insoluble in water, gives 26 p. c. water on Hydroboracite Ca']4+ Mg3'14 + 1811. White. Foliated. 2. 1.9. tumescence, and color ignition. Foiated. 2. 1.9 —2. Eas i ly. Fib o us the flame green (boric acid). Give the boric Gives little or no water. BORACITE. 3+ JJgC. White, gray-Vitreous. 4.5-7. 2.9 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~green. phuri acid reaction with sul-... phuric acid and alcohol. Like Hydroboracite, but contains only 7p. C. Szaibelyite. 31M4g'B51 + 4]f. White-yellow. 3-4. 3.Easily. Like Hydroboracite. Its nitric solution gives a yellow precipitate with molybdate Lilneburgite. 2(Mfg,1I)6+f-kfg'-h-7A[. of ammonia. Compare Borax, Div. I., p. 80. _ — t~ Give with borax a violet'~ Compare Allabardite and Hauerte, bead (manganese.) which give off sulphuretted hydrogen _ when treated with HC1. (See Div. 5, p. 67.) [__ Fuses at 3. -3.5 with bubbling; soluble in Wagnerite. 2i(fgs3Pq(MgNa)F1. Yellow. Vitreous. 5.5 3.07 3.5 V. dilute hydrochloric acid. M~oisten.ed wi.th strong sul- I h-lsdu~ s e h ~Ke pMois wit str sul In the closed tube phosphoresces with a Kjerulfine. 211g'P+CaFl. Pale-red. Greasy. 4.-5. 3.15 3. V. flame pale bluish-green. faint whit.... The nitric solutions give Fuses quietly at 5; insoluble in dilute hy Sea-green, with molybdate of am- drochloric acid. Apatite. 0a3P+-Ca(C1Fl). blue, yellow, Vitreous. 5. 2.9-3.2 4.5-S. III. monia a yellow precipi- red, white. tate (phospho-molybdate Reacts like apatite, but also gives much Brushite. Yellow-white. Perfect. Pearly- 2.-2.5 2.2 of ammonia). water in the closed tube (26 per cent.). __3____' ______-~__I___-_-___I _ellowhite. P e rfect. vitreous. Same as above. Water —18 per cent. Isoclasite. 0a'P+Ng1441 Snow-white. Perfect. 1.5 2.9 vitreous. (Page 83) MIINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass'with soda. DIVISION 2 (concluded). DivisioN 3 (in part). 83 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 83 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- CrystllizaColor. ~~Lustre. ~as-ISp. Gr. Fusib lity. in Fracture. ness. Soluble with difficulty in strong acids. Fused Fuse at 2, coloring the with bisulphate of potassa evolves hydro-1 (Lila)3A4 with Fuse t f2,coloring: the'Green, gray- Cleavable at Fs ato, fluoric acid. The nitric solution gives a Amblygonite. part of the 0 replaced Vireen ga Ce O~~~~~ Vitreous. 6. IVI.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~wie.100 flame purple-red (lithia). yellow precipitate with molybdate of am- by Fl. u o Phosphoresce with a monia. z ~~ light-blue light. z l b A like mineral, with 4 per cent. of water. Cleavable at ~< ~ I-IEBRONITE. Gray-white. Vitreous. 6.VI..______ _ ~Gives a pure lithia flame. 105H. P4, With salt of phosphorus in Fuses with ease in the matrass. The soluZ O.F. give a yellow glass tion in HCi has a yellow color, and gives Autunite. Ri~2+Oaf{+7I!. Lemon to sul-Basal. Pearly. 2.-2.5.1.5 IV. 0 which in R. F. becomes with ammonia a yellowish precipitate. phur-yellow. green (. Compare orbernite. Div. 3, p. 75. White. P-4 In matrass gives little water. B. B. fuses to a clear The dilute acid solution colors turmeric paper Datolite. Colorless, Cd Ils.tngn h lm ed(oi cd.Datolite. (OaAa,f,' ) Si. white-green, Vitreous. 5.5 3.. $5 glass, tinging the flame red (boric acid' yellow-red. green. The dilute HC1 solution o 1Z gives with sulphuric acid o gewhuhia Prismatic cleavage perfect. Edingtonite. AlRa,9ifi1. White-pink. Prismatic. Vitreous. 4.5 2.7 Easily. II. 0 a precipitate of the sul-Prismatic cleavage perfect. 4)~~~.-phate of baryta.'4 [ Fuses quietly at 2, without Fue quswellng orintumescnce, Carbonate of ammonia produces little or no (5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~] P4 C- Q ~swelling or intumescence, to a clear transparent precipitate in the HC1 solution, after the NATROLITE. a,l,iWhite to red. Vitreous. 5.5 2.25 2. IV. aFtglacss alumina has been separated by ammonia. n p,'4 Fuses with intumescence. *z In the HCl solution chloco bka rd f aiu roue ride of barium produces Ittnerite. Al, a, ia,', S, Si. Ash-gray. Vitreous. 5.5 2.4 Easily. I. ge a precipitate. (BaOSO3.) Fuses to a voluminous frothy shining slag, s - =which in R.F. further fuses to a vesicular Prismatic. O u~~~~~ U SCOLECITE. Cs~~~~~~~~~~~O,;f~l~j,~i~~ White. Prismatic. Vitreous. 5.5 2.2 V.t slightly transparent globule; becomes elec0 o.~ ~ u"~~' ~~ ~ ~tric on heating. Sometimes curls up in Fuses, emitting air-bubbles to a white trans- LAUMONTITE. a, l,, White-gray,ly. 3.5 2.3 Easily. V,fi P. red.e ________ _ _Prismatic. Pearly.__.__.3 _Easily. worm-like forms on fu- lucent enamel. amor-red. 5 F4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rd'~ ~~~~~ sion. s Pi~ e~~ sion. ~ Fuses with difficulty on the edges worming Chalomor- Sila,,. ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ aA0 White. Glassy. 5. 25 I like scolecite. phite. Resembles scolecite, but is not pyroelectric. Mesolite. t(ala)A13, i, 31. White. Fibrous. Silky. 5. 2.3 Easily. Resembles scolecite, but is not pyroelectric. Thomsonite. (adaNa), Al, 2'i,2 2jI. White. Prismatic. Vitreous. 5. 2.35 2 IV. ~[ I ~~Often decrepitates. Found in rectangularterminated crystals. Often in twins con- Phillipsite.,,. White (red). Vitreous. 4.-4.5 Fuse at 3 with slight in- sisting of 3 or 4 crystals united around aa)4i tumescence. common axis. Usually has the appearance of the square Gismondite. Al a i. Bluish-white, ______________________________octahedron. __white. Splendent. 4.5 26 Easily. IV..{ Compare okenite, capophyllite, analcite, belonging to the next section. (Page 84) M1INERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTPE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass wvith soda.'DIVISIoN 3 (concluded). 84 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. HardFracture. ness. zation. ~ Compare datolte of previous section..... j Heated with hydrochloric acid evolves sul- Helvite. (22n,3e)q-~]fe)'"ii+k~Wax or honey- Resinous. 6.-6.5 3.2 3. I. phuretted hydrogen; not cleavable. MnS. yellow. Give with borax in 0. F. B. B. with soda on charcoal a slight coating Danalite M Vitreous. 5.5-6. 3. an* amethystine glass of zinc. Heated with HC1 evolves HS. +I~ZnS. gray. (oxide of manganese). 3...... C Compare Willemite, P'Gives off no sulphuretted hydrogen. Per-T Reddish91. fect cleavage in one direction. brown, ash- Vitreous. 6. 4. 3.5 IV. gray. Color sky-blue. Fuses with difficulty at 4.5 Dodecahe-Vitreous. 5.5-6. 2.5 4.5 I. to a white glass. Iauynite. (~_a _+ _}_l__Si' _ dral. o ~ With soda on charcoal giveColor sky-blue. Gives off sulphuretted hy Azure-blue. Vitreous. 5.-5.5 2. Lapis-Lazuli. O~a,~aAlFe, s,9i. With soda on charcoal give drogen when treated with HC1. Azure-blu e. Vitreous. 5. —5.5__.4_3._I. a sulphur reaction. Fuses quietly at 4.5. Mostly crystallized in r ~ Nositc. (~Na3 + l2 i~ + ~Ta'S. Gray to black. Vitreous. 5.5 2.3 4 5I rhombic dodecahedrons. Ve5 25 Fuses at 3 with intumescence. Massive 3. Massive. Scolopsite. Al, Ca, ~a,'S,Cl, Si, [. Grayish-y Z 0 4.. granular. white. ~., _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o in 0 Fused with a bead of salt Fuses to an opaque pistachio-green bead. -k of phosphorus which o ~.~ ~ of phosphorus which In the dilute HC1 solution turmeric paper Rose to brownhas been saturated with 2. 2. 2. -oieocpetn assumes an orange color (reaction for zir- (2( Pa,Na,Fe)' + ~Zr) Si' red..);1 oxide of copper, tingecoi. ~ the flame blue (chloride 0.~. of copper). In the nitric W solution nitrate of silver Fuses to a clear colorless glass. SODALITE. +Al)2~i3 + N l l 2 SL (~Naa + l iNa blue, yellow- Vitreous. 5.5-6. 2.3 3.5-4. o zn Z s ~ gives a precipitate of the C wie. chloride of silver.....white_;~~.Fuses with intumescence to a vesicular glass which cannot be perfectly rounded by Meionite. (!(CaNa)'~ Al)2Si3. white. LO ~~~~ (~C' ) +lf3 ~ white. fusion. Fuses quietly. After the separation of the alumina by an excess of ammonia, gives a Melilite(Hum- (a(Ca,Mg,Na)i+ ~(' l, White, yellow, a 3 1 ~~~~~~Basal. Vitreous. 5. 2.95 3 I In the hydrochloric acid copious precipitate with oxalate of animo- boldtilite). Fe))i3 brown. solution, after separa- nia. Occurs in square and octagonal prisms. _e))__ i_' tion of the silica, ammo- Does not give the above reaction with oxalate.. ~ ~ ]~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NEPIIELITE Colorless and H eaoa.Vitreous to nia gives a precipitate. of ammonia. Found massive and in hexa- VNar,l Pei.eous 5.5-6. 2.6 3.5 I. gonal prisms. Fuses without intumescence. (Elaeolite). green-red. i - Compare Cancrinite, Div. 1, p. 81. Behaves like melilit but is less fusible.Barsowite Behaves like melilite, but is less fusible. (var. Anorth-. a,MgAl,Pe,9i. White. Granular. Vitreous. 5.5-6. 2.7 F=4. ite)..... In the hydrochloric solution, after separation of WOLLASTON. Ca~~~k ~White-gray. Basal. Vitreous. 4.5 —5. 2.9 4.5 V. the silica, ammonia gives Fuses quietly to a colorless translucent glass. ITE. littleornoprecipitate, but carbonate of ammonia causes a copious sep-_ aration of carbonate of M Compare Pectolite, Div. 4, p. 85. lime.,...4.Ta.. Also compare the difficultly fusible minerals Gehlenite, D)iv. 5, p. 94; Tackylite, Div. 4, p. 86; and Willemite, Div. 2, p. 91. (Page 85) MINERALS, WITHIOUT 3METALLIC LUSTRE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 4 (in part). 85 II. IINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 85 Qeneral Characters. ~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~Cleavage or HEard- ]Crystal~liGeneral Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Fracture.avage Lustre. p. r. Fuibility. zation. Fracture. Ltr. ness. SpGr Fuiltyzaon With borax gives the ame- Treated with HC1 evolves chlorine, and silica, Dark liver- Dull to subthystine,color of man- separates as a slimy powder. Gives 9 per Klipsteinite. n,n, it. brown to metallic. 5-5.5.. ganese. cent. of water on ignition. black. _ ___ Fuses with slight intumescence to a white enamel-like glass. Yields but little water. PECTOLITE. (a+ White to gray. Fibrous. Silky. 5. 2.7 2. V. After fusion gelatinizes perfectly with Easily decomposed by 1C1, hydrochloric acid. the silica separating in Fuses at 1.5; colors the flame violet (pot- Colorless, Vitreous e gelatinous lumps. After ash); yields much water; after fusion is APOPHYLLITE (~(Ca,K)+qL-)2i + fI+i white, rose- Basal. pearly. the separation of the but slightly attacked by acids. but slightly attacked by acids. red, yellow. silica, the solution gives W ith ammonia no or only Fuses at 2.5 —,, with frothing to a milkslight precipitate. white glass; yields much water; after Okenite. A 1 I White. Fibrous. Pearly. 4.5-5. 2.3 Easily. V.?:0 i ~~~~fusion but slightly attacked by acids. 0P~~~~ -Compare Xonaltite and Sepiolite, Div. > x_ _ _ _ _ _ 5, p. 93. Decomposed by HC1 like the preceding. After B. B. at first becomes opaque, but fuses Colorless to the separation of the quietly to a clear glass. Occurs usually in ANALCITE. Xil, l'a, Si4 white, gray, Not cleav- Vitreous. 5.-5.5 28 2.5 I. silica the solution gives trapezohedrons and cubes. green, yel- able. with ammonia a copious low, red. 0"h Z precipitate. 0 49 s The dilute HC1 solution w o ~~giveswith sulphuric acid Fuses at 3 with intumescene. (Contains Brewsterite. Yellowish Prismatic. Pearly vit- 5. 2.45 3. V. a white precipitate 13 p. c. of water.) white to gray. reous. (DaS). ~ Compare Ilarmotome, p. 87. Z> Z V 0 ~~~Yields but little water (4.3 per cent.). The Preh3ite. daz, (, e, St,. Apple to oil Basal.2.9. I. 0 0;t Prehnite. aIla (Xi, Fe), iP, 115. Basal. Vitreous. 6.-6.5 ie o 3 others give from 15 to 20 per cent. green, white. d am Distinguished by its rhombohedral crystalli- CIEABAZ ITE.~rWhite, flesh-ie. B.~ B. swell up more or less istinguished by its rhombohedral treous.. —5..1 Di~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f Ill.WA1~ an fuse with c zattr- Zation and imperfect cleavage.. red. 4 and fuse with contor- -______________________________________at___________ ___________isy r tions to enamel- like Perfectly cleavable in one direction. Ortho- Cal hite, yellow- Prismatic. Pearly vit-.54. 2.6 2.2.5 IV. J STILBITE. Ca,49,ioA. masses. In the solu- rhombic. B.B. intumesces strongly. red. reous. tion from which the Perfectly cleavable in one direction. Monosilica has been separated clinic. Lustre very pearly on one face. HEULANDITE. Oa, Al, Si6 White-red. Clinodiag- Pearly vit- 3.5-4. 2.2 2.-2.5 V. White-~~onl. reou. ammonia produces apre- B. B. intumeseses strongly.onl. reous. cipitate..-. 5 6. cipitate. One perfect cleavage. Intumescence less. Hypostilbite. (N:a, a),;1,4Si.ft I White. Fibrous. Vitreous. 3.5-4. 2.2 Easily. Fuses with scarcely any intumescence. Mordenite. (ia, 0a),Xl, i0,%M White. Concretion- Silky. 5. 2.08 Easily. ________________ ary. Fuses at 3.5 —4with intumescence; not 612.Ri~~~~ Fus~c esatab3.54wt (Wtuescece not. Chonicrite. l, Ig,Oa, Si,I. White-yellow. Silky. 2.5-3. 2.9.54 cleavable._(Water — 9p.c.) Fuses quietly at 4.; cleavable in one direc- Pyrosclerite (j(Mg,Fe)3 + ~(Il,r))' Apple to em- Micaceous. Pearly. 3. 2.74 4. V.? tion. (Water 11 p. c.) ______ ia+3ft. erald-green. Exfoliates in worm-like forms. Vermiculite.,e,, t. Brown-yellow. Micaceous. Pearly. 1.5 2.75 VI.? These minerals, the hardExfoliates prodigiously. JEFFERISITE. kg,Fe,Xl,9i,. Brown-yellow. Micaceous. Pearly. 1.5 2.3 IV. These minerals, the hardness of which is not Swells up; fuses with difficulty. (Water -= Jollyte. (4(1e, +g)3 + ]~l)18i3+ Brown. 3. 2.61 Difficult. morph. above 3, are softer than 13 p. c.) 4R_ the other minerals of Swells up and fuses to a white enam errite.lgFelXii. Greenish yel- Micaceous. Pearly. 1.5 2.3 this division. (Water = 21 p. c.) Kerriteo. kgPealow. (Water =1 p.c.) Selupadfuses ~o rwnt gass. Maconitc.nl~,m~~:_ Fuses with difficulty to a white enamel. Willcoxite. kNa, Mg,I'e, X1,iA. Gray. Micaceous. Pearly. 1.5 Water -4_p._c.) _______________ _____ Exfoliates slightly; fuses with difficulty to a brown-yellow blebby mass. (Water = Dudleyite. Na,Mg,3e,X1, Si,. Bronze. Micaceous. Pearly. 13 p.c.) (Page 86) MINERIALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTIE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass zwzth sod PIvIsioN 4 (concluded). 86 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Lustre. SPl Fracture. ness. Fuses quietly at 3. to a milk-white globule. The dilute HC1 solution colors turmericCatapleiite.!r,Na,Oa,Si,t. Yellow-brown. Prismatic. Vitreous. 6. 2.8 paper orange-yellow (zirconia). i H-=-4. —-4.5. Cleavable. Fuses at first with intumescence, then ~i quietly at 2.5-3. to a yellow-brown R glass. With salt of phosphorus in the Mosandrite. Ce,0a,Na,TiS, t. Reddish- Prismatic. Resinous. 4.92.95 reducing flame gives a violet color (titanic brown..8 __________________ acid)., _ ------ Absorbs water with avidity. (IT 10 p. C.) SEPIOLITE. [g2Si"+ 2f. Gray-white. Dull. 2.-2.5 Q0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 Difficultly fusible (F=5.) W~~~~~~~~~~~~~~h-ite, yellow, G e s. ~2 5? Difficultly fusible (F=5.) Does not absorb water. (Water = 20 p. c.) DEWEYLITE. v1g,Si,lf. rel Greasy. 3. 2.2 Fuses at 2.5 to an opaque Yields but little water. The hydrochloric laC ck Rshinou gas. 2I52fr black hinin glass Dif-solution gives with ammonia a heavy Sordavalite. dJFe, Mqg, Si,et. Gray-black. Resinous. 2.5 ficultly decomposed by rs hydrochloric acid. greenish-gray precipitate.' f Compare Pectol6te, Chonicrite and Prehnite of the preceding subdivision. o Z% u o! Compare Laci8-lazuli, Generally gelatinizes. Color, sky-blue. s Div. 3, p. 84..... o Q ~Fuses easily in the candle flame, and B. B., Micaeous; also scalymas- with intumescence to a gray enamel giv- Cryophyllite. iBlack, green Micaceous. Pearly. 2.5 2.91 sive. ing a lithia-flame. r t Fuses easily to a black The silica separates as gelatinous lumps. Tachylite. O,, r, Vitreous. 6.5 2.6 slag. black. A sla. ____________________Fuses quietly. Difficultly decomposed; the a Fuses quietly. Difficultly decomposed; the Schorlomite. FeCa Ti Si. Black. Vitreous. 7-7.5 3.83 The HC1 solution evapor- silica separates as a slimy powder. 7. —-__.5 -f atuedswit additionet Fuses with much effervescence. Easily decomposed, the silica separating in gela- Tscheffkinite. Ce,Fe Ti, Si. Black. Vitreous. 5.-5.5 4.5 Easily. L color (titanic acid). tinous lumps. Fuse with intumescence at Whegaitr a ft 2:5 to a white vesicular Cleavable in two directions. (Seapolite). l greasy. 0 r~~wic Saoit) led ren.rsmtc glass, which cannot easily be further fused. ~ Compare Meionite, Div. 3, p. 84. e. The silica separates in I flocks; the acid solution The solution colors turmeric paper orangewhen boiled with tin be- yellow (zirconia reaction). Easily fusible Wdhlerite. Ja,Na, Zr, b,Si. Yellow-brown. Prismatic. Vitreous. 5.5 3.41 i-4 comes beautifully blue at 3 to a light-green, much-blistered glass. (Columbium reaction)..8 Fusibility - 3.5. Often striated, and shows LABRADORITE White, gray- Angle 94'. Vitreous. 6. 2.7 3.5 VI. 4 Cleaves in two directions beautiful play of colors. brown, green. _ with an angle of 94~. Fusibility -- 4.5. Gelatinizes with acids. Colorless, Two equal Vitreous. 6.-7. 2.74 Fusibility 4.5. Gelatinizes with acids. Anorthite. Oa~i+l-i.w white, gray. cleavages.Gives the chlorine reaction Dtcosommite aK, NaCl,,1,9i. Colorless. Vitreous. 6. 2.6 with oxide of copper. Difficultly fusible. 6,_______...... [ Compare Grossularite, Sphene and Danburite, Div. 6, p. 87; also Tephroite, Div. 3, p. 84. (Page 87) MINERALS WITHOUT MiETALLIC LUSTLE. B. Fusible from 1-5, and non-volatile. II. Yield no metal or magnetic mass with soda. DIVISION 5. DIVISION 6 (in part). 87 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 87 I~ General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. CompCleavage or Hard- Crstai-. t-~~~~~~~~~~"~~pe. Gepsiinera Colraractctu. Lustre. uetr. Sp. Gr. Fusibility. zrtoni o t: ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Fracture. ness. Gives water in the matrass. Found in fibrous radiated masses. Carpholite. Straw-yellow. Stellate,Silky. 5.5.5 2.9 __________________________________________________________ ___________________ ___________ fibrous. Silky. 5.-5.5 2.9 8.5fbVs -o~~~~~~~~~~~ SPESrSARTITE ~ Fuses quietly at 3. Cleavage indistinct, sometimes dodecahedral. (manganese ((ne))i Brownish-red. Vitreous. 7. 4.2 3. I. e oaY-~ ~~~~~~ ComnpareLabi-adorite,_Div._4,_p._86. __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ )2i. White-ash Fuses to a whitc or yellow slag. ZOITE. (JOa:+ J(M, Fe) Prismatic. Vitreous. 6.-6.5 3.-IV. __ardess —6.5. Fuse withl_ gray. _ swelling and iutumes- Gray, pitZ:) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gray, pistacence to a slaggy mass. Epidote (PisThey gelatinize with Fuses to a black or dark-brown slag. pa'idte)(Pi brown-yelC acids after fusion. o Ganta(int e +JR2. Whtered ownhelo ~ ~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~lo w._ _ ___ Fuses quietly at 3 (grossular) to 4.5 (pyrope). Gar W i Vitreous. 6.5 —7.5 3.24T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ____________________ part). ___________-brown, black. dral.____ ________ H Hardness, 6.5-75 Gela-.. Vesuvianite Brown-green, tinize with intumescence-at 3. ( Cai+~(I~l,14~e))2Si3. Brown-green, Vitreous. 6.5 3.3-3.4 II. tinize with acids after!Fuses with intumescence at 3. __oae)___'+_('le__i_ yellow, blue._ 0 0 ~~~) fusion. > 0 fusion.Resembles grossular (but does not gelatinize Monzonite. 4, after fusion). _ _ e _aaiGray-green. Vitreous. 6.- -— 3. _ —--- _ass. o ____________ ______afr f in Includes many varieties, from the colorless 0 Hardness 6. Cleavable at diopside and white malacoite to black Rgi, sometimes Colorless, Hardness 6. Cleavable at augite; light-colored varieties fuse to a (i~:,~)(iXi)~-white, gray, 7 e9~ iros white glass, while the dark give a black Pyroxene. 1 — 930, breous, g r e e, glass. The species is recognized by the IgI and black. cleavage and habit of crystal, the variety a b lake. only by experience. Fusds to a white glass. Tremolite. (Ca, Mg) i. White. Pearly, vitre-5.5 -2.9-3.1 3.5 00 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ous. Finely fibrous with fibres easily separable. Asbestus. White. Fibrous. Silky. Hardness 5.5. Cleavable Fuses to a black or green glass. Actinolite. (On MgFe)9i. brown 124030 and Vitreous. at an angle of 1240. 55030. As above under pyroxene. The species ineludes tremolite, asbestus, actinolite, and Amphibole many darker colored varieties. Can be (H ornblende). 5530, Vitreous.. recognized by the cleavage, but the varieties can only be learned by experience. Fuses at 4. Exfoliates, and yields water in a Occurs in thin short fibrous layers. Giimbelite. I, k, Si,. Green-white. Fibrous. Pearly. matrass. Wilsonite Fuses at 2. Gives water in Fuses with intumescence to a white glass. (alt'd Scapo-lKMgSi. White to red.s at Dull. 3. 2.7 a matrass. right angles. lite). Fuse with swelling up, at Characterized by an intense vitreous lustre. OBSIDIAN. 3.5-4. to a vesicular Characterized by a strong fatty lustre. PITCHSToNE. white glass or enamel. SCi, Fe, Ca, S[g, ]k, White, gray, Break with They are amorphous, Ch aracterized by a mother-of-pearl lustre;PARLSTONE. a. green, yellow, sharp edges. 6. 2.2volcanic products, and sometimes yields water. black. Conchoidal. are not homogeneous. Characterized by a vesicular froth-like struc- PUMICE. ture. (Page 89) MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 1 (in part). 89 II. MINERALS WITHtOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 89 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. HadBi.G.Cytlia Fracture. ness. tion. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid. (13 p. c. Alunite. KS+ 3iKlsg ~ Oft. White-gray. Basal. Vitreous. 3.5-.26I. water.) Easily soluble in hydrochloric acid. (47 p. c. Alu nite. W ith soda on coal water.)sul___________ ___ ___ ___ __ ___ _W hite _ ___ __ _D ull.__ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _.B..becomes black, burns and falls to Pissophanite. leFSe t. t to olive-green. Vitreous. 1.5 1.6 pieces. ________ _WieI ____y._ { Like aluminite. (37 p. c. water.) Felsobanyite. Ai'2 + 9oft. White-yellow. Perfect. Pearly. 1.5 Compare Kalijiite, T'scherrnigite, and _____________________________ Alunogen,_which are soluble in water. WithBsoda on coal gives a glo-. B. puffs up and half melts without becom Plumbogum- Al Pb - ft White~reddish-yellow, Resinous. 4.-S.14.8 Withsod on oalgive a lo-ing fluid. The solution gives with molyb- Pubgm b f.Wierdihylo eios. bule of lead, ~date of ammonia a yellow precipitate. mie'''gryren With soda on coal gives a zinc Soluble in hydrochloric acid, forming aoer.Clain coating.(electric cala- ni + ft. Corles hite yoe- Prismatic. Vitreous. 4.5 — 3.9 I ifet jelly. mine.) low, green, aes Contains 27 p. c. of water. +e 12f with Fl W Radiated. Pearly..5 C__ brown. biae, green. and Contains 40 p. c. of water. Evansite. Klumbog m - -lP15~11. White.,Vitreous. 3.5-4e1. Deep 3.-3en,5gr2.5 Contains 24 p. c. of water. Peganite. AP ~ 6 II. white.Vit___________________Resous. 3.-. 4. ~' bule of lead. ing fluid. The solution gives ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~wih mlb ite.~ Give the phosphoric acid reac- - 4) ~~tion when fused with magne- Contains 29 p. c. of water. Fischerite. APlP + 814. Grass to olive-green. ______Vitreous. 5. 24 V t>.4 siu ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~Clminte coe ue(e 0 su in hecsedteubei(see Contains 4 p. c. of water. Berlinite. lpe ss White-gray-red. Vitreous. 6. a Mostly soluble in caustic po- Green, yellow, g r a y - Vitreous. 5. - It.________________________ __ Contains 27 p. c. of water. ZpwIte. tassa, also if to this solution.,4 - an excess of nitric acid is ~~ a.~~ added, ~and some molybdate Contains 6 p. c. of water. Trolete. Al + *Al ft. -Pale-green. ________Vitreous._____ ____ ________ 5-n S of ammonia, a yellow preci- Contains 24 p. c. of water. Sphaerite. M5lP2 ~161-1. Gray-red._____Viros 4. 23 0 P pitate is th~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~rown, bduore n. piaeistrwndw. Contains 23 p. c. of water. Redondite. Fe,;Al, iP, ft. Gray-yellow. Dull. ~ 3.5 2.Msie Contains 12 p. c. of water. Amphithalite. A a,PIL Milk-white. Contains 12 p. c. of water. Tavistockit- a-4_____ _ 3ff. White. Pearly. ~ tion when fused with magne- Contains 21 p. c. of water. Coeruleolac- P. Milk-white to blue. Uneven. Vitreous. 5. gO _____________________ _______________________________ tite.________ peltc.)e prety H 3.(ar42White, blue, yellow, rtl Resinous, 3 18 mrh ~~~g P.~~eltnie pefcl.c.(Wtr4 LLPAE A +1.green. ______vitreous. ___ Q* ~~~~~~Has a lamellar structure. H =- 4. (Water Samoie. APi3~+ 1014 hte ryylo. Resinous. 14.5 1.Stlc Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with th separtion o gela-Very soft. H = 1-2. (Water= 16 p. c.) Halloysite. AlKj2 ~ 3f.Whtga, ren Waxy. 1.-2.2 tinous silica. yellow, red. Very soft. H = 1-2. (Water 331 p. c.) Collyrite. Air~i + 9ff.Wht. Glimmering. 1.-2 2.Amrh Fused in a closed tube with b-Gvswater in the closed tube, which reacts Vitreous. 4.5 25I sulphate of potassa gives Givesfrfuoie Ralstonite. AlCaMg,Fl,ll. Colorless-whit'e. fluorine reaction. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Easily soluble in caustic potassa. Hardness = 2.5-3. Water 341 p. c. GIBBSITE. Aft.White, yellow, red.' Dull. 2.5-. 2.IL Water = 15 p. c. H = 6.5. DIASPOIRE. AlIft.'Wie ry ronVteu,'.5-. 3.IV blue, green. pearly. Very easily cleavable in one direction. Water = 13 p. c. H = wa-25. KBolinite. A I-P + 2~ff. White, gray, brown. Pearly. 1.2 2.5 s iv. Water = lp. c. H = 1. Occurs in scales. Pholerite. p l~i3 4ft. White, gray, red. Pearly. 1 (Page 90) MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 1 (concluded). 90 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 90 Cleavage or Hard- CrystallizaGeneral Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Fracture. Lustre. ness. Sp Gr. tion. Tough; can be cut into chips; imperfectly Cimolite. 2i+3t. White, gray, red. Dull. Soft. 2.2 Amorph. decomposed by sulphuric acid. EUsuatlly am~orphouss, clay-like or Unctuous. Forms a pasty mass with water. Clay. xl, Sif. All colors. Dull. Soft. Aorph chalky. o Compare Kaolinite and S Pholerite, above; Kaolinite VWater = 35 p. c. Falls to pieces in water. Schrotterite. W;AlSi3+ 30. White-green. Resinous. 3.5 2. 0 forms the basis of most clays. Water = 25 p. c. Falls to pieces in water. iMiloschite. (Il, r)Si + 31. Blue-green. 2.13' Compare Lazulite, Svan-. bergite, Pyrophyllite, Seybertie, Myelin, and Agalmatolite of the following section, o which give a little water in the matrass. The partial nitric solution gives a reaction for phosphoric acid with molybdate of Svanbergite. l,a, a,,S,. Yellow, or yellowish- Vitreous. 5. 3.3 III With soda on coal give a sul- ammonia. brown. phur reaction. Gives no phosphoric acid. Alumian. I;Sl. White. Vitreous. 2.-3. 2.74 Colors the flame green when B. B. swells, loses its blue color, and falls moistened with sulphuric acid into small pieces. Not acted upon by LAZULITE. lP + (lg, Fe)t. Azure-blue. Vitreous. 5.-6. 3V. and ignited. acids._ -. | 0 | With soda on coal gives a zinc Gelatinizes perfectly with hydrochloric acid. Willemite. ZnSgi. Colorless, brown, yel- Vitreo-re- 5 3. 2 III. coating. low, red, green. sinous. The micaceous variety swells up B. B. into mki3 ad fan-like forms. Compact or slaty varieties Pyrophyllite. l, Si3+. White, gray, green. caly. Pearly o I $; Q ~~~~~~~~do not exfoliate. ~ I Y Very soft. H = 1. —3. Unaltered B. B.; unacted upon by acids. Agalmatolite. Il, K, Si, ft. White, gray, green. Massive. Dull. 2.-2.5 2.8 Massive. _ o Zt Q... EW. Somewhat decomposed by acids. Myelin. i1, Si. Yellow-red, white. Dull. 2. 2.5 Like pyrophyllite. Westanite. Al,Si, f. Brick-red. 2.5 Radiated The folie are very elastic. Not acted upon M uscovite. rl ea, Sic. N f Gray, white, brown, Micaceous. Pearly. 2. 2.8-3. IV. O by sulphuric acid. green. Very distinctly foliated. Not so cleavable;V folite. not elastdic; deco SEYBERTITE.;l,Pe, 11g, Ca, i, fH. Yellow-red, brown. Foliated. Pearly. 4.5 IV. _____________ _ ~posed by sulphuric acid. Fused in the open tube with salt of phos- Colorlesswhite, blue, Basal. Vitreous.. 3.5 IV. TOPAZ. XI, Si Fl. Colorless, whiteP blue, Basal. phorus gives the fluorine reaction. green, yellow. Fused with a mixture of bisulphate of po- RUBELLITE.O o Q I Itassa and fluor spar gives a green flame (var. tourma-. l, Li,Na,K,Mn, BSi, Violet, rose-red. Vitreous. 7.5 3. III (boric acid). Pyroelectric. line). Fl. z,.l Decomposed in a bead of salt of phosphorus leaving a skeleton of silica. Cleavable in Andalusite. White, gray, yellow- Prismatic. Vitreous. 7.5 3.2 IV. two directions at 91 red. |' |Not affected by acids. Decomposed like the preceding. In bladed Blue white ay, Prismatic. Vitreous, 3.6 VI. crystals. Cleavage very perfect at 106. Cyanite., w5.-hie g r7.r 3l green, black, pearly. 0 I | ICommonly fibrous. Decomposed like the FIBROLITE. White, brown, green, Prismatic. Vitreous. 7. g{Fd~~~~ ~preceding. red. |rq~ ~ > | | |Slowly but perfectly soluble in salt of phos- Corundu. L White, gray, blue, allHRhombohe- Vitreous. III. phorus; very hard; H = 9. colors. dral. ] a | [ (Slowly but perfectly soluble in salt of phos- C IRYso- ]le3;l. Asparagus to emeraldphorus. II = 8.5. BERYL. green. Vitreous. 8.5 E 0 Compare Spinel and Bery!, p. 96. Leucite, the hardness of which is not above 6, and Cassiterite, which gives globules of tin with soda, sometimes give blue with nitrate of cobalt. Quartz gives a lighter blue, with an inclination toward red. (Page 91) MINIERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LSTRE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 2. DIVISION 3. 91 II. MIlNERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 91 Itl Cleavage or Hnrd- Cryst~llizae General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Lustre. Sp. Gr. ti Fracture. ness. tion. 6 HYDROZINGCGives much water in the closed tube. H N-ZnO + 2ZnIaI. White, gray, yellow. Dull. 2.2.5 3.7 F: CITE. ~ Dissolve in hydrochloric acid CITE. u c~ with effervescence. Gives little or no water in the closed tube. Smithsonite. ZnC. White, gray, green, Vitreous. 5. 4.4 III. ~;: Ut3 b lue, yellow, red. 82 + fl. White, Prismatic.s i Viteous. 5. t~ ~ ~ ~~~3 Gives much water in the closed tube. Calamine. Zn2i +. White, g ray, green, Vitreous. 5. 3.5 IV. ~~~~~~~LP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~blue, yellow, red. With hydrochloric acid form a Pyroelectric. P perfect jelly. Vitreo-resinGives no water in the closed tube. Willemite. Zni. (often with Mn). White, gray, brown, 5. 4.I. 4o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~green, yellow, red. ous. Compare Goslarite, Sphalerite, and Caissiterite.. Dissolves easily and quietly in hydrochloric Brucite. Mgl. White, gray, green. Basal. Pearly. 2.5 2.35 III. acid. As above, gives a strong manganese reaction Pyrochroite. (Mn,Mg)Hf. White to bronze. Basal. Pearly. 2.5 with borax. _____ o Effervesces in hot HC1; the concentrated HYDROMAGGive much water in the closed HYDROUAG-,Gie mcwaeintecodsolution gives no precipitate with sulphuric 3(MgC + ) - 1IgI. White. Silky-dull. 3. 2I N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ESITE. 0 tube. acid. Hydrodolo- Yellow, gray, green, Vireous. 2.5 (O.mig +fte. Vitreous. i 2. J mite. g)white. Effervesce in hot HC1; the concentrated -_ o solutions give a precipitate with sulphuric Predazzite. 2(,aO + M1g1. White to gray-white. Vitreous. 3.5 2.63 acid.__ 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~Pencatite. ad+MgfI. Blue-gray. Vitreous. 3. Effervesce and are soluble in Usually shows a distinct rhombohedral a Colorless, white, and Rhombohe- Vitreous.12.-2. III. Calc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~itre ou.3.[.-. i cold dilute acid; the dilute cleavage. of all tints. dral. solution gives no precipitate Colorless, white, yel- Vitreous. 3.5-4..9-3. IV. with sulphuric acid; but the Is not cleavable. B. B. falls to pieces. Aragonite. CaC.lore, be Vteu 3 Cr3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~9 ~~~~~~~~low, red, blue. ~ ~ ~ strong solution does.: s Compare Strontianite, below. ~S~ ~~~3 ~ ~The concentrated solution gives with sulWhite, gray, brown, Rhombohe- Vitreous ~% ~~~~~~phuric acid a precipitate of sulphate of Dolomite. gC + aC. White, gray, brownhombohe- Vitreous 4. 2.8etc. dral. to pearly. lime. ~ Effervesce and are soluble in Effe c and ae oluble iThe concentrated solution gives no precipi- g. White, yellow, gray, Rhombohe- Vitreous. 3.5 —4. 3-3. hot but not in cold dilute Magnesite. N iros 9i hy drochloric acid. ltetate with sulphuric acid. brown, green. dral. hydrochloric acid.__________________________________ 12~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 3] Compare Siderite and Ditallogite, Div. 4, p. 92. Compare also the two following minerals. a Effervesce and dissolve in cold Imparts to the flame a bright-red color. Strontianite. r. White, gray, yellow, Prismatic.'Vitreous. 3. S$ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~green. P i m t c.- -. 7:V dilute hydrochloric acid; the green. very dilute solution gives a W g y precipitate with sulphuric Imparts to the flame a yellowish-green color. Barytocalcite. a + White, gray, yellow, Prismatic. Vitreous. 4V. acid. green. Z- Compare Yttrocerite, also Talc and Miuscovite, which sometimes have an alkaline reaction after fusion. (Page 92) MIINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 4 (in part). 92 II. MINERALS WITHOUT A METALLIC LUSTIIE. General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Colors the flame carmine-red With salt of phosphorus gives reactions for Lihnpoit Al,30P CoBus-lc.Dull. 3..-. (lithia). copper and cobalt. h LBuH. With soda on coal easily re- Yields little or no water in the closed tube. Cervantite. SbO3, SbO5. Yellowish. Pearly. 4 duced to metallic antimony,7fed5prcetofwe. dnced givetometa antimonyt Yields S per cent, of water. Stibiconite. SbO4+ H. Yellow-red to white. Pearly. 4 and give the antimony coat-, ___4. __ __ — __ __-. __ __.5__ __ _.2'8___ __'_ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ass._ __ __ _ ___ ing. Yields 15 per cent. of water. Volgerite. SbO5 + 5T1. White. Pulverulent Dull. 6 Mass. ZARATiT E B. B. becomes magnetic, with borax gives ZARAT.T (Emerald- NiC + 21if1I+ 4141. Emerald-green. Vitreous. 3. —3.25'2.6 the nickel reaction. nickel).. B. B. does not become magnetic. In 0. F. DIALLOGITE colors the bead intensely violet (manga- (Rhodochro- MnC. Rose-red, gray, brown. dm1.h early.I nese). site) _____________________ ________________dral. pearly. B. B. become magntc Inn the soluton after separatio ma eticon with ammonia, Yellowish-white,gray, Rhombohe- Vitreous, I MESTITE. 2_Sg0-t-e0. 4.-5335I. aftersepartion f theiron ith amonla ME~rITE. Mg~ +FeC.brown. dral. pearly. Soluble in heated hydrochloric gives a heavy crystalline precipitate withb acid with effervescence (car- phosphate of soda.... B. B. becomes'magnetic; with borax gives 3idei ~ bonic acid)., with boraxe] FeC. (with Mn, a,. mg.) Vshrerah e-. only the reactions for iron, red. dral. Like Siderite, but after separation of the iron by ammonia gives a heavy precipitate ANKERITE. CaC + (Mg,Fe,Mn)C. White, gray, red, dm1 Vitreous. 3 dral. with oxalate of ammonia. 0 Yields much water in matrass; does not become magnetic. Effervesces at first and Hydrotalcite.,X1,Mg,1-1. White. Basal. Pearly. 2 then dissolves quietly. _ __ Slowly soluble in HC11; the not too acid solution gives with oxalic acid a white preci- Parisitc. (Ce,La,IDi)C +~h(Ca, Ce).B Browia-ellow. Basal. Resinous. 4 pitate which on ignition becomes brick-red Fl. o (oxide of cerium). - _ Compare Smithsonite, Div. 2, p. 91. Streak yellow, usually crystalline. Water Gttte Dark-red, brown,: 10 per cent. Prismatell. black. - m e isllii.c5.Su5.5e4.34l tHeated in R. F. become black Streak yellow, not crystalline. Water Dull to sub- o 3-6jLimonite. Fe~-H3. Brown-yellow, black. and magnetic; quietly but 144) per cent. metallic. difficultly soluble in H111. Tui-gite (Hy- — 55t Brown-black. Dull to sub-5. 4.1-4.6 Streak red. Water - 5.3 per cent. ldro-hematite). e-. metallic. Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ ----- - Compare tzema-tte, Div. 2, page 70. — _ B. B. with soda deposits the brownish-redl..eenckiteOrange to honey-yel-Prismatic. Adamantine. 3-3.5 III In the open tube give sulphur- G~~~~reenoekite. C:S. Pimtc dmnie coating of oxide of cadmium. lw In the open tube give sulphur- caigooxdofamu.Cd.low. __________ Z ous acid. B. B. with soda give a sulphur reaction. B. B. with soda on charcoal gives a coating (Zn Fe)S. White, yellow, green, Dodecahe- Resinous. of oxide of zinc. (Blende). brown, black. dral. _ -, giv a suphur eactin. ofoxide of zinc. (Bed)........_____________________________________ On charcoal with soda gives a coating, of Zicte n, colored by manga- Orange-yellow to deep- Bsl dmnie -..8 II %) oxide of zinc. Zincite. nese. red. ~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~Basal. Adamantine.4 4 With borax give an amethys- o fz. _WA___.. n.____tine bead (manganese). WAD (Bog Gives much water in the closed tube. Gray, dull-black. Dull. manganese): t. With borax give a deep blue With soda on platinum wire gives a man- WAD (var. As -n (o If. -.1D-3. bead (cobalt). ganese reaction. bolite). With salt of phosphorus in O.F. The nitric solution gives a heavy precipitate.. give a yellow bead, which in with nitrate of baryta. i, Yl S It.F. becomes deep green URANINITE (uranium). Gives no precipitate with nitrate of baryta. Gray, brown, black. Resinous. 5. 5 6.4-8. Gzve nopreep~tte wth itrae o barta.(Pitch blende). Colors the flame green, and The nitric solution gives a yellow precipitate when moistened with hydro- with molybdate of ammonia (phosphoric Turquois. Al,nu, Pill. Sky-blue to green. Dull...6-2.8 chlorie acid colors the flame acid). In the closed tube much water. blue (copper).I (Page.93) MINERIALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTLE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 4 (concluded). DIVISION 5 (in part). 93 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 9 Cleavage or Lsr. Hr- SG.Cytli aGeneral Characters. Th ery Specific Characters. prcpj Species. Composition. Color. Lrctrestssrztin Th eryneutral solution gives aprci-wtebu ~ Moistened wit sulphuric acid tate with oxalate of ammonia (oxalate of Apatite. Ca3Pii~JCaCl Fl). ClreswhtbuVitreous. 5. 32II color the flamepaegen lime).' yellow, green. ___________ Give the phosphoric acid re- Fused with soda the mass treated with'a action when fused -with mag- water, and filtered, the residue dissolved Ylocoerd r2' nesium in the closed tube. in little 1101 the solution gives with oxalic Monazite. Oe, tahi Thi. brw. Basal. Resinous. 5-55.2V T, he nitric solutions give a acid a precipitate which ignited becomes i'a precipitate with molybdate of brick red (oxide of cerium). ______ ______________________ ammonia (phosphoric acid). After fusion becomes magnetic. Difficultly ~' 4 Yellow-brown to fused with bisulphate of soluble in 1101. Chlrnt.'brownish-black.Viros 45-.31IV Fuse wit bislphae ofpotassa, the mass dissolved inFeN r -talc5 dilute hydrochloric acid and Th iut cdsouincoostumrcPoyrs (o 7Black. Sub-ealc5.0548-1 1V 2 l blewihtngieadep paper orange-yellow (zirconia). lyminigte).'' blue solution._______________________ _________ _________ _____ _________ ____ ___ Gives reaction for the oxide of cerium. (See Fluocerite. CeFl ~ Ce2F13. Ylotl-e.Wa. 4-.47 II W ith bisulphate of potassa, or Mo a ie ab v.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ strong sulphuric acid, give Evolves carbonic acid when treated with Bastunst. -___________________ 4~ the reaction for hydrofluoric acids. (ilamartite) CeFl+ 2(0eLa)C. Wax-yellow. Distinct. Greasy. 4..3 I. acid. Like fluocerite; but has an imperfect cleav- Ytrcrt.WaC,)L htgabu.'eak, vit0 ________ __________________________ age in two directions. Yttrocrite___________ hite,_____blue.reous. 4s 34 0 With hydrochloric acid forms a perfect jelly.Dots. ui f.Eeadgen Rhombohe-Viros 5. 33I. __________ _________ __________ ___ _____ ____p____ __________I draV itreous.____ Fusedt with soda on charcoal (Water = 11 per cent.) Emerald-green._________d______ effervece andyield aglobulDecomposed without gelatinization. (Water Chrysocolla. Niigi + 2ft. Blue to green. Vitreous. 2.-.. offercp er. d y ed a l b l 20 per cent.)__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -. ~~~~~~~~~~As above. (Water 16 per cent.) Cyanochalcite. Ou l~,i l. Azure-blue. Dull. 4.5 27 o Color yellow; after separation 0 ~~~of the silica, the solution gives with ammonia a sill- Water 121 per cent. In acicular crystals. Uranotil. (' a, ~,f.Lmnylo.Vteu.39 V phur-yellow precipitate (3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ Color white; massive; very After separation of the silica ammonia gives2.Z hard.1 no precipitate, but oxalate of ammonia Xonaltite. 4t0a~i + ft. White-gray. throws down oxalate of lime. The not too acid solution gives a precipitate ~ ~Gelatinize with hydrochloric with oxalic acid which becomes brick-red CERtITE. ResianoAius.f. heryre, loe acidon ignition.______.__________ bonReius 55 49 ______4_________ Does not gelatinize after ignition. Thorite. ThSi~ 1fH. Orange, brown-black. Resinous. 45-. -54 I'a" Ive otebrxbanbt Yields much water in closed tube. B. B. Wolchornsko- rXie 4., 0. F. and R. F. an emerald- blackens. ite.,Mg,S9i,I1. Blue, grass-green. Dull. 2.-..23 mrh'a green color (chromium). __________s_________ ~ X~ib borx inOF. gves avio-In closed tube blackens and gives much:Gnht. NgS~t Apple to emerald- Rsnu. 34. mrh;4 let bead, becoming red-brown water. green.g i f. esnos. 3.e' on cooling (nickel.) water.______________green.__________ In the solution, after precipitation of the oxide of iron by ammonia, phosphate of Xylotile. Ve,img,'e, i, ft. Wood-brown to green. Asbestiform Glimmering. 24 Fb After long heating in R. F. be- -soda gives a precipita~te (magnesia). _______ ____________________ S come magnetic. ~~~~~~Gives only reactions for iron. Chloropal. (Pe,iTe) Si3 + 412ft. Psahogentye-Earthy. 2.5-452 as 42 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~low. a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Compare (}idinffite. Div. S, p. 78.___________________________ __________________ Gelat~inizes with hydrochloric acid. Very SEPIOLITE Mg2i2f.Wteylowrd.Dl2.-51. Mas Moistened with cobalt solution light; absorbs water. B. B. shrivels up.'(Meerschaum)._____________________________________ B.B. become pink. ~~Greasy f eel; does not adhere to the tongue. CEJROLITE. mg,S~i,ft. iGreen. yelw ht.Conachoidal. Resinous 2.-.23Mas ______________________.1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~yllw wie.S (Page 94) MINLRALS WITHOUT METALLICLSTHE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIvisIoN 5 (concluded). DivisioN 6 (in part). 94 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 94 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- Sp. Gr. CrytallzaFracture. ness. tion. Serpentine; varies in color from white to a> > |black; structure massive or compact, fibrous and foliated. Ordinarily it is green, compact, and has a dull greasy 2Iggi i+ MgI2, with a White, gray varinous, foun lrhite. gray, v sfound lustre. Retinalite is a variety with a res- small amount of e, shades of oil-green, Touh. eay, inous lustre; porcellophite is soft, white, Serpentine. and frequently col- apple-green, yellow, inous, silky,. Decomposed by hydrochloric, dull and earthy; bowenite is hard, com- ored green by iron, red and black. o acid without gelatinizing. pact and apple-green; bastite is foliated nickel or chromium. and eathy.,o Loses on ignition 12-13 per with a bronzy lustre; marmnolite is thin-fo-.fl cent. water. liated and pearly; picrolite is columnar or Pi coarsely fibrous; chrysolite is fine fibrous. Micaceous, with flexible ut not eatic Penninite. 8(g )9Si,12. Green, gray, red. Foliated. Pearly. 2.5 2.7 III. laminie. dS a- I *S I leCompare pro-chlorite, ripidolite and deless _t I g I I si/te. p. 95. |De Crystalline foliated. lMonradite eSiI. Yellow. Vitreous. 6. 3.27 Granular Decomposed like the preced-ystalline foliated. (Pyroxene). gSi,.. ingVery soft, with a soapy-feel. e Neolite. lSi. Green. Silky. 12. 2.7 Fibrous. 1" water in closed tube.'r Palsb — -- 2.') I|Pearly lustre; perfect cleavage in one direc- SEYBERTITE. 1g,Ca,Al,1e,i, Yellow, copper-red, Foliated Perly, sub- 4. — 3.-3.1 IV. tion. reddish-brown. metallic. B. B. swells up and oftenglows with a bright Blackish-green to light; strongly heated becomes grayish- Gadolinite.,Ce,e, e,. Vitreous. 6.5-7. 44.5 IV green. bak -P With salt of phosphorus gives the fluorine ondrodite.hite red, yellow, Vitreous res5 ~~ P ~~reaction. brown, green. inous. 0 Decomposed by hydrochloric Fusible in very thin splinters; does not ite. ((a + Gray-white does not ~(0a,.'g"g)~ +.}('f~lFe)) Gray-white. R.esious. X acid with the formation of a swell. ite ey Infusible. Chrysolite (Mg, e)2i. Olive-green. Prismatic. Vitreous. 7. 13.3-3.5 IV. (olivine).. j. After precipitation of the iron by ammonia, gives a precipitate with oxalate of ammo- onticellite. (Ca+ g)Si. White-gray. Prismatic. Vitreous. 5.-5.5 3. —3.2 IV.,r kb t t i |nia (lime). Fusibility:5. c1__ Compare Roepperite. p. 78. l Decomposed by hydrochloric Perfect cleavage in one direction. Forsterite. White-gray. Prismatic. Vitreous. 6.-7. 3.2-3.3 IV. c acid with separation of gela- Compare Morradi te, L-W —nous~ Compare iMonra~dite 2eolNte, and SeyoD~~ | m tinous silica. bette above. bertite above. t Decomposed without forming a Generally crystallizes in trapezohedrons. LEUCITE. lKi + lSi3. White-gray. Vitreous. 5.5 2.4 I. e' jelly. _i l i. Wi e ga iru 5 —4 Decomposed by strong sulphuric acid (optic Biotite. (~(kMg,K)' + j(Al,Ve) )1 Green-black. Foliated. Splendent. 2.5 3. III. IC, I 1 axial angle not exceeding 5~). Si. Not decomposed by strong sulphuric acid Muscovite. Al. White, gray, brown, Foliated. Pearly. 2.5 3. IV. (optic axial angle 44~-78~). Msvgreen, yellow, red. t t Micaceous; foliselastic. aivelike niuscovite (optic axial angle 1090~-MARGARITE. (CaNa)Si + Al;i ~iii. White, gray, yellow, Foliated. Pearly. 3.5 —4.5 2.99 IV. Micaceous; folise elastic. Give 122) no epalge9MARGARITE. (Oa, _pa)ki + ff..i q- __. little or no water in the I IV_. z R I closed tube. Soft. t —1.-2.5. Decomposed by sulphuric acid (optic axial Phlogopite. ((gYelow, red, white. Foliated. Pearly. angle 3~-20~, rarely less than 5)). 0s o I U I Decomposed by sulphuric acid (optic charac- MARGARO- Muscovite+. White-gray. Foliated. Pearly. 2.5 28 IV. F I I ters like muscovite). DITE. Like muscovite; when decomposed by soda o the hydrochloric solution gives a precipi- Oellacherite. 13a, K,Mg,;Al, Si, IT. White, gray. Foliated. Pearly. _________________________ tate with sulphuric acid (baryta). o I IGives little water in closed tube (not always foliated); has a When foliated the folie are not elastic. Talc. SIgc'is5+2H. White, apple to dark-Foliated Pearly..7 IV. greasy feel. Soft. green. compact (Page 95) HFINERALS WITIHOUT 3IETALLIC LUSTIIE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 6 (continued). 95 II. MINERALS WITHOUT MIETALLIC LUSTRE. 95 General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. Cleavage or Lustre. Hard- CrystailiFructure. zation. B. B. whitens and fuses on edges to a gray- RIPIDOLITE. MIgAil, Si3, [. Shades of green to Foliated. Splendent, 2.5 2.7 V. yellow enamel. red,. pearly. Becomes black and magnetic. PROCIILORITE (7 (M3\)3 + Al)Si + Green-black. Foliated. Pearly. 1-2. 2.7-2.9 III 1 ~H. Micaceous, the foliss usually Occurs with short fibrous structure; can be not elastic. Give much water Delessite. byydocloiaelSi. Dark olive-green. 1-2 f.9 in the closed tube. Decom- decomposed by hydrochloric acid. posed by sulphuric a c i d. ~~~~~Leuchtenberg-.,~.. posed by sulphuric acid. (2Like ripidolite. L t r 3_ s i + l1l. White. Basal. Pearly. 2.5 2.65 III. Like ripidolite. ite.Often gives reactions for p_.T (, 19 i _i Like ripidolite. Often gives reactions for PENNINITE. 8(Sl i,12. Green, gray, red. Basal. Pearly. 2.5 2.7 III. chromium. Easily distinguished by its hardness. CILoRIToD. ((F.,Mg)+ Jl)Si + Gray, green, black. Basal. Vitreous. Ct ~ A rygenO ~ITk. n)a. Vitreous. 5. —6. 3.5 3. V. With salt of phosphorus give 29 See wolchonskoite, Div. 5, p. 93, and an emerald-green bead. chromite, Div. 3, p. 71. With soda on coal reduced to Its high specific gravity is very noticeable. Cassiterite. n. Brownblack antie. Brown-black. 6i.-7. 6.4- -71 I. metallic tin, and dull. Moistened with sulphuric acid colors the Warwickite. Mg,Fe,Ti,'. Brown-black. Prismatic. Sub-metallic. 34. 3.4 V.? flame green (boric acid). Fused with carbonate of soda a4c f or with bisulphate of potash, Prismatic cleavage. Rutile. Ri. ed, brown, yellow, Prismatic. Adaantine. 6.5 4.2 II. ci ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~black. V dissolved in hydrochloric acid black. _ anboiledithinthe solu- Octahedral cleavage. ocTAER Blue, brown, red, Octahedral. Adamantine. 5.5 3.8-3.9 II. 0 42 9 and boiled with tin, O~~~~~~~~CTAIIIEDRITET. Q tion becomes violet (titanic{ black. aacid). BComp are Scheelite,-OOIE. Yellow, red, brown, Adamantine. 5.5-6. 3.9.2 V..o BO O cd.XCmaeSheITeNo cleavage. 5.5(Ti. b.9.tn ~ p. 87. black.__________________ _______ ____________ _______ _lc: ________ W i- Compare perofskite, Div. 3, p. 71... The residue from the solution in water disFused with carbonate of soda, solved in HC1 colors turmeric paper orange- 2Eschynite. Zr, e, e, Ob, Ti. Black. Resinous. 5.6. V. lr usect wnmh carbonate of sodla, I]''-1 o) disle in hdolri yellow (zirconia). B. B. swells up. o0 dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and boiled with tin, the: B. B. unchanged. Euxenite. f,,Y ei, CbTa. Brown-black. Brilliant. 6.5 4.9 IV. 4 solution becomes violet (ti- _ tanic acid). Found in octahedrons. Pyrochlore. Ca,Ce, Cb. Brown-red. Vitreous. 5.5 4.3 Gives water in the matrass. Mlostly soluble in caustic potassa; hydrated With soda fuses with effer- silica is precipitated by addition of suiT- OPAL. i. Colorless, milk-white, Vitreous. 6.-6.5 2-2.3 Amorph. vescence to a clear klass. cient chloride of ammonium. yellow, brown, red. Mo~~~~~~~~isentd cih slorideo ammoium Moistened with sulphuric acid Difficultly soluble in phosphorus salt to a (,CeP., own, red. Prismatic. Resius. 4.. 4.5 I. colors the flame light-green. colorless glass. Xenotie.ellow, brown, red. Prismatic. Resinous. f C0aompare Lazulte; p. 90. __ _ _ __ With phosphorus salt gives in Decomposed by nitric acid, leaving a yellow White, brown, yellow, O. F. a colorless bead, which residue of tungstic acid, which is soluble Scheelite. WiaW. red. Vitreous. in R. F., or better with tin in alkalies. on charcoal, becomes.blue on charcoal, becomes blue Soluble in alkalies; not affected by nitric Tngstite. Yellow. Dull. (when cold). Tungstite. W.Y lo. Du. acid; occurs in soft earthy masses. Amorphous. Gives much water S olle. Bmor~~hous. Gives much water ~~~~Beauxite. ('~l,~e)~~. White, brown, red. Dull. 2.55 in closed tube. Soluble in sulphuric acid. Beauxite. hite, brown, red. Dull. _ _ _- Compare Kaolinite. Div. 1, p. 89. Cleavable in two directions at 93~; the clea- White, gray, green, Metalloidal..5 3. IV. EN~STATITE. Sig PiMai. letalloidal. 5. 3. I. vage surfaces show pearly lustre. brown. Cleavable. Cleavable in two directions, 124~~; fainter ANTHrOPHYLleSi + 3qg~i. Brown, gray, green. Prismatic. Silky. 5.5 IV. lustre than enstatite LgTE. Much like enstatite; on charcoal yields a HYPERS- blac 93 I magnetic mass.' THENE. magnetic mass. THENE M~~~(3~g,Fe)~i. Brown, green, blc.3. Metalloidal. 5 —6. 13.39 IV. Compare Childrenite, Div.4, p. 93; and Orthoclase and Hycalophane, Div. 6, p. 88. Also Staurolite, p. 96. (Page 96) MIIEITALS WITHIOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. C. Infusible or fusible above 5. DIVISION 6 (concluded). 3MINIEIAL COAL. 96 II. MINERALS WITHOUT METALLIC LUSTRE. 96 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Cevg rLsr. Hr. Sl.G.Crsalz General Characters. Specific Characters. Species. Composition. Color. ractuvaor Lustre. rd p. r Crystalliza |Compare Cassiterite,Rutile, and opal which are very near 7 in hardness. _ _ Pulverized and fused with bo- B B b blkh but cools Ouvarovite +1 G rax, colors the bead emerald- ecomes lacs green, to (chrome gar- (~ as. +ir)Si3 Emerald Green. Vitreous. 7.5 3.5 I. ra, o or t e b e d m ra d r gi al c lo,n e )._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o r i g i n a l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ o l o r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ green (Chromium). _ ___ clr net). ____ B. B., infusible and unaltered. (Rock crystal, rose quartz amethyst, chalce- C o 1 o r 1 es s, white, With soda fuses, with effer- dony, agate. jasper, flint, etc., are varieties I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~Quartz. t.smoky, yellow, red, Conchoid~.lir o s. II LO CDl jvescence to a clear glass of quartz. Y'ridymite is a hexagonal form Q r and all colors I C D, I (when pure). of silica with a specific gravity of 2.2-2.3. 1 ll l >:7...*iVitreous-e.3. I. I I IH = 7. Do not fse to a cerDifficultly fusible. F. - 5-5.5. IOLE (gFe)il'2Si Blue. Vitreous. 7. 2.6 IV. lr~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ V~~~~~~~~~~~~it reons-re- 3. -. 8)I= ~ | glass with soda. Infusible. Staurolite. {l,Pe,I'e, Ig, Si. Brown, red, black. sinous.'~. XO......... a *_~ ct~ ~~ t ~~~~~~~ >B. B. becomes colorless. Fused with soda, ll e S 8: I'~ 2> | o ~and the fusion dissolved in hydrochloric ZIRCN. olorless, red-gray, Adamantine7.5 4.4-4.6 II. acid, the dilute acid solution colors turme- brown. o ~ z ~|;| ric paper orange-yellow (zirconia)._ _ _|_ _; I m 3.5.B. IB. becomesmilkwhite. Hexagonal prisms, Beryl. e 1)Si3 Colorless, pink, blue- Vitreous. 7.5 —. 2.-2.7 III Ht- 7.5 t =.. with basal cleavage. _ yellow and green. __ B B. becomes wt milk white. MonoclniEuclase. (3+ oue3+ l)i IUntain-green-blue, Prismatic. Vitreous. 7.5 3.1 V. prisms, with right-angled cleavage. 6 6e6lwhite.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~B B. u~-]inehangyed. —Hexagonal prisms and O |aB. B. unchan. H g clena pisms and Phenacite. BeSgi. Colorless, yellow-red. Conchoidal. Vitreous. 7.5-8. 3. II. I t- 8. Gives with salt ofB. B. the yellow varieties become rose-red, Colorless, white, yel- phosphorus in open tube the crystallizes in prisms with perfect basal TOPAZ. ISi, Fl. olow, rless, witeye- Basal. Vitreous. 8. 35 IV. fluorine reaction. cleavage. lI ble p__ink._ With soda and borax on charcoal gives a GAINITE (zinc (Zn MSg),(']l1e). Green, black. Conchoidal. Vitreous. 7.5.-8. 4.4-4.9 I H = 7.5-8. Occurs generally coating of'oxide of zinc. spinel). 3- 1 in octahedrons. ] ||1__-| | Soluble when pulverized in a bead of salt of Spinel. (Mg, Fe),(l, e). Red, blue, green, yel Conchoidal Vitreous.. 3. —41 I phosphorus,. low brown and black. _ oodl.. —. H 1 0. Characterized by its hardness. Diamond. C. Colorless to black. Octahedral. Adamantine 0. 3.5-3.6 I. MINERAL COAL. The native hydrocarbons are, for the most part, mixtures more analogous to rocks than rue mineral species, and no attempt is made to classify them here, other than to state a few facts in regard to some varieties of mineral-coal, as given by Von obell. General Characters. Specific Characters. Variety. Composition. Color. Streak. Lustre. Hard- Sp. Gr. fless. In closed tube yields a little water, and very little tarry product. Doles not take fire in a lamp B. B. burns with a feeble flame without Anthracite. C 80-94 p. c. Black. Black. Brilliant. 2.-2.5 1.3 —1.7 flame. fusing, leaving little ash; boiled with,[. [potash solution gives to it no color. Take fire in a lamp flame and Imparts but little color to potash solution. Bituminous 50-85 p. c. residue on Black. Rin burn ith a deep yello flame, ad The powder boiled with ether imparts to coal ignition Black. Resinous..2-13 bur wtha ee yllw laeit scarcely anycolor._cal._ignition giving an empyreumatic odor.it ca ely any color. |- * _ *_ _ B. B. in glass tube give drops Imparts little color to potash solution. The of tar or oil. Air dried Broowrb powder boiled with ether imparts to it coal (Lignite) contains fre- a wine or brown-red color; very fusi- Asphaltum. C, H,O. Brown-black. Brown. Resinous.1.-.8 quently from 15 to 20 p. c., or ble; flows in the flame of a candle like wax. II more of water, which it loses Dull- resinwhen dried at 1100 C. Imparts to potash solution a brown color. Brown coal. Very variable. Brown-black. Brown. Ous..~~~~~~ I I I ou. INDEX TO MINERALS IN CHAPTER IV. PAGE PAGE Abichite = Clinoclasite........... 74 Antimony-bloom = Kermesite......... 72 Acanthite............................ 67 Antozonite = Fluorite................ 81 Acmite.......................... 79 Apatite.......................8...2, 93 Actinolite.......................... 88 Aphthitalite................... 80 Adamite........................... 82 Apophyllite................. 85 Aegyrine - n. Pyroxene............... 88 Aqua-marine = Beryl................. 96 Aeschynite........................... 95 Ardoxene = Dechenite................. 73 Agalmatolite.......................... 90 Aragonite............................ 91 Agate = Quartz....................... 96 Arfvedsonite......................... 79 Aikinite.......................... 68 Argentite............................ 67 Alabandite........................ 67 Arkansite = Brookite................ 95 Albite........................ 8... 88 Arksutite............................ 81 Algodonite........................... 64 Arquerite.......................... 69 Allanite....69, 78 Arsenic.............................. 64 Allochroite................ 78 Arseniosiderite....................... 76 Alloclasite............................ 64 Arsenolite............................ 72 Allophane........................ 89 Arsenomelane -- Dufrenoysite.......... 64 Almandite, Almandine garnet......... 78 Arsenopyrite = Mispickel............... 65 Altaite.......................... 66 Arsenous acid........................ 72 Alumian......................... 90 Asbestus............................. 88 Aluminite........................... 89 Asbolan, Asbolite.................. 92 Alunite............................ 89 Asperolite = Chrysocolla.......... 93 Alunogen............................ 82 Asphaltum.......................... 96 Amalgam............................ 69 Astrophyllite....................... 78 Amblygonite......................... 83 Atacamite............ 75 Amethyst = Quartz.................. 96 Atlasite........................... 75 Amianthus Asbestus................ 88 Augite = Pyroxene................... 88 Ammonia alum....................... 82 Aurichalcite........................... 75 Amphibole...................... 88 Automolite = Gahnite................ 96 Amphithalite...................... 89 Autunite............................. 83 Analcime, Analcite............. 85 Axinite....,........................ 87 Anatase = Octahedrite.............. 95 Azurite.............................. 75 Andalusite........................ 90 Anglesite............................ 73 Babingtonite................... 79 Anhydrite.......... 81 Barite...................8....... 81 Ankerite............................ 92 Barnhardtite.........................'68 Annabergite....................... 76 Barsowite........................... 84 Anorthite........................... 86 Barytocalcite......................... 91 Anthophyllite....................... 95 Bastnisite.......................... 93 Anthracite......................... 96 Bastite = Serpentine................. 94 Antigorite = Serpentine............... 94 Batrachite = -Monticellite............. 94 Antimonial Copper.................... 67 Bauxite = Beauxite................ 95 Antimonial Silver................. 67 Bayldonite......................... 74 Antimonnickel = Breithauptite......... 67 Beauxite........................... 95 Antimony........................... 66 Belonite = Aikinite................. 68 Antimony-glance = Stibnite........... 66 Beraunite...... 77 98 INDEX TO MINERALS. PAGE PAGK Berlnite............................ 89 Cerite............................... 93 Berthierite.67................. 67 Cerolite.......................... 93 Beryl.............................. 9 Cerussite......................... 73 Berzelianite, Berzeline................ 65 Cervantite........................... 92 Beyrichite.......................... 68 Chabazite............................ 85 Bindheimite................... 73 Chalcanthite....... 75 Binnite............................... 64 Chalcedony = Quartz.......... 96 Biotite.............................. 94 Chalcocite............. 68 Bismuth............................. 69 Chalcodite................... 77 Bismuth-glance..................... 69 Chalcolite = Torbernite............... 75 Bismuthinite....................... 69 Chalcomorphite...................... 83 Bismutite...................... 79 Chalcophyllite.............a....... 74 Black Copper Ore.................... 75 Chalcopyrite......................... 68 Black Jack Blende................. 92 Chalcostibite............ 67 Black Lead Graphite.71 Chathamite.......................... 65 Blende.............................. 92 Chenevixite......................... 74 Bloedite........................... 0 Chiastolite = Andalusite........... 9C Blue Malachite = Azurite............. 75 Childrenite........................... 93 Blue Vitriol...................... 70, 75 Chiolite............................ 81 Bog-Iron Ore - Limonite...9......... 92 Chiviatite................ 68, 69 Bog MVanganese....................70, 92 Chloanthite Smaltite............ 64 Boltonite - Forsterite................ 94 Chlorite............................. 95 Boracite........................... 82 Chloritoid........................... 95 Borax............................. 0 Chloropal........................... 93 Boric Acid............................ 2 Chodneffite..........................81 Borickite.......................... 77 Chonicrite............................ $5 Bornite............................. 68 Chondrarsenite....................... 82 Borocalcite, Boronatrocalcite - Ulexite 81 Chondrodite.............9. Botryogen........................... 76 Chrome-Garnet......................96 Boulangerite......................... 66 Chromic iron........................71 Bournonite..................... 66 Chromite............................ 71 Bowenite - Serpentine................ 94 Chrysoberyl.......................... 90 Braunit............................. 70 Chrysocolla......................93 Breithauptite....................... 67 Chrysolite............................ 94 Brewsterite.......................... 85 Chrysotile Serpentine... 94 Brochantite.......................... 75 Cimolite............................. 90 Bromyrite.......................... 72 Cinnabar.................67, 72 Brongniartine - Glauberite....... 81 Claudetite........................... 72 Prongniardite.................. 67 Clausthalite.......................... 65 Bronzite - Hypersthene..... 95 Clay................................. 90 Brookite............................. 95 Clinoclasite.......................... 74 Brown Coal.......................... 96 Clintonite -- Seybertite............... 90 Brown Hematite...................... 70 Coal................................. 96 Brown Spar - Dolomite.............. 91 Cobalt-bloom......................... 76 Brucite............................. 91 Cobaltite. Cobalt-glance............... 65 Brushite............................ 2 Cobaltspeiss - Smaltite............... 64 Buratite = Aurichalcite............... 75 Coeruleolactite....................... 89 Collyrite......................... 89 Cacoxenite........................... 77 Columbite.............. 71.. 7.. Calamine......................... 89, 91 Comptonite = Thomsonite........... 83 Calcareous Spar = Calcite............. 91 Conichalcite........................ 74 Calcite.............................. 91 Cookeite............................87 Calomel................... 72 Copiapite.......................... 76 Carpholite........................... 87 Copper.............................. 64 Cancrinite............8... 1 antimonial....................67 Carphosiderite........................ 76 black -= Melaconite.......... 75 Carrollite...... 68 blue = Azurite................ Castillite........................... 68 gray = Chalcocite.......... 68 Cassiterite........................... 95 green — Malachite......... 75 Castor = Petalite..................... 87 indigo - Covellite.........75 Catapleiite.......................... 86 purple Bornite.............. 68 Celestine, Celestite.... 81 red —Cuprite.................. 75 Cerargyrite........................... 72 variegated Bornite.......... 68 Cerasine =- Phosgenite....73 - vitreous = Chalcocite.........68 INDEX TO MIINERALS. 99 PAGE P&GE Copper-froth......................... 74 Emerald-Nickel = Zaratite......... 92 Copper-glance............... 68 Emplectite........................... 68 Copper-mica = Chalcophyllite......... 74 Emerylite _ Margarite.............. 87, 94 Copper-nickel................... 65 Enargite............................ 64 Copper-pyrites....................... 68 Enstatite........................... 95 Copperas............................. 76 Epidote............................. 88 Coquimbite.......................... 76 Epigenite.......................... 64 Cordierite = Iolite.... 96 Epsomite = Epsom Salt............. 80 Cornwallite................ 74 Erinite.............................. 74 Corundum........................... 90 Erythrite............................ 76 Corynite..................... 65 Euchroite............................ 74 Cotunnite.................. 72 Eucairite.......................... 6.5 Covellite............................ 75 Eucolite = Eudialyte............ 84 Crednerite........................... 70 Euclase............................ 96 Crocidolite........................... 79 Eudialyte........................ 84 Crocoite, Crocoisite.............. 73 Eulytite............................. 79 Cronstedite.......................... 77 Enphyllite........................ 87 Crookesite........................... 65 Euralite..... 77 Cryolite............................. 81 Eusynchite = Dechenite...........73, 74 Cryophyllite........................ 86 Euxeni e.......................... 95 Cubanite............................ 68 Evansite.................. 89 Cupreous Bismuth................ 68 Cuprite........................... 75 Fahlerz = Tetrahedrite............... 67 Cuproplumbite = n. Galenite...... 67 Fauserite......................... 82 Cyanite............................ 90 Fayalite........... 69, 78 Cyanochalcite........................ 93 Feldspar, common = Orthoclase....... 88 potash - Orthoclase......... 88 Danalite............................. 84 soda = Albite............ 88 Danburite......................... 87 Felsobanyite.................... 9 Datolite............................. 83 Ferberite = Wolfram................ ('9 Davyn = Nephilite.................... 84 Fergusonite....................... 71 Dechenite...................... 73, 74 Fibroferrite................... 76 Delessite.................... 95 Fibrolite........................... 90 Descloizite..................... 74 Fischerite...........,..... 89 Deweylite......................... 86 Flint = Quartz...................... 96 Diadochite............... 77 Fluocerite........................ 93 Diallage = Pyroxene................. 88 Fluorite, Fluor-spar......... 81 Diallogite.............................'9 Forsterite.................. 94 Diamond............................ 96 Franklinite....................... 70 Dianite = Columbite.................. 71 Freibergite......................... 67 Diaspore....................... 89 Freieslebenite...................... 67 Dichroite = Iolite.................. 96 Diopside = Pyroxene................ 88 Gadolinite.......................... 94 Dioptase.... 93 Gahnite............................ 96 Disterrite Seybertite.............. 90 Galena, Galenite............ 67 Disthene = Cyanite................ 90 Garnet.......... 78, 87, 88, 96 Dolomite................. 91 Gaylussite......................... 81 Domeykite................. 64 Gearksutite.......................... 8 Dudleyite.......................... 85 Gehlenite............................ 94 Dufrenite........................... 77 Genthite............................. 93 Dufrenoysite......................... 64 Geocronite........................... 66 Durangite........................... 82 Gersdorffite........................... 5 Dyscrasite................... 67 Gibbsite...................... 89 Dysluite = Galenite.................. 96 Gillingite............................ 73 Gismondit.......................... 88 Earthy Cobalt = Asbolan............ 92 Glaserite = Aphthitalite.............. 80 Edingtonite.......................... 83 Glauberite........................... 81 Ehlite = Pseudomalachite............. 84 Glauber-salt.................. 80 Ekmannite........................... 77 Glaucodote.................... 65 Elaeolite............................. 84 Glaucolite = Wernerite... 86 Electric Calamine..................89, 91 Glauconite............................ 79 Electrum......................... 64 Glaucopyrite..............65 Embolite................... 72 Gdthite....................... 92 Emerald = Beryl.................... 96 Gold.............................. 64 100 INDEX TO MINERALS. PAGE PAGE Goslarite.......................... 82 Iron Carbonate = Siderite..........76, 92 Grammatite -Tremolite.......... 88 chromic................ 71 Graphite..71........ lime-garnet...................... 78 Green earth, Green-sand........... 79 magnetic........................ 69 Lead ore = Pyromorphite........ 73 - olivine = Fayalite............... 78 Greenockite....................... 92 -pyrites.................... 68 Grossularite.................. 88 - specular = Hematite............. 70 Griinauite............................ 68 titanic........................... 70 Guadalcazarite........................ 65 Iserine = Titanic-iron................. 70 Guarinite.......... 87 Isoclasite............................. 82 G-iimbelite.......................... 88 Ittnerite..... 83 Gymnite = Deweylite..... 86 Ivaarite = Schorlomite................ 86 Gypsum......................... 81 Jacobsite............................. 70 Halite............................... 80 Jalpaite..................... 67 Halloysite.......................... 89 Jamesonite........................... 66 Hamartite........................... 93 Jarosite.............................. 76 Harmotome.......................... 87 Jasper = Quartz..................... 96 Hauerite............................. 67 Jefferisite.................... 85 Hausmannite......................... 70 Jeffersonite = Pyroxene............... 88 Hauynite............................ 84 Jollyte............................ 85 Heavy-Spar = Barite................. 81 Jordanite......... 64 Hebetine = Willemite...............90, 91 Joseite............................... 66 Hebronite...................... 83 Hedenbergite = Pyroxene............. 88 KIimmererite - Penninite.... 94, 95 Hedyphane....... 73 Kainite Picromerite............... 80 Helvite............................... 84 Kalaite = Turquois............. 92 Hematite.............. 69, 70, 77 Kalinite.............................. 80 Hematite brown = Limonite........70, 92 Kaolinite........................89 Hessite............................... 66 Keilhauite..................... 87 Heterogenite......................... 76 Keramnohalite = Alunogen............. 82 Heulandite.................. 85 Kermesite..................... 72 Homichline = Barnhardtite............ 68 Kerolite = Cerolite................... 93 Hornblende.......................... 88 Kerrite............................... 85 Horn-silver = Cerargyrite.......... 72 Kibdelophane Titanic iron.......... 70 Hortonolite...............69, 78 Kieserite................ 80 Howlite.............................. 87 Kilbrickenite = Geocronite........... 66 Huascolite = n. Galenite.............. 67 Kjerulfine............................ 82 Hiibnerite............................ 78 Klaprotholite = n. Wittichenite........ 68 Humboldtilite........................ 84 Klipsteinite......... 85 Hureaulite........................... 77 Knebelite........................... 78 Hyalite = Opal....................... 95 Kobellite............................. 66 Hyalophane.......................... 88 Kotschubeit = Ripidolite.............. 95 Hyalosiderite - n. Chrysolite.......... 94 Kraurite = Dufrenite................ 77 Hyacinth = Zircon.................... 96 Krcittonite - Gahnite................. 96 Hydrargillite - Gibbsite............... 89 Hydroboracite........................ 82 Labradorite........................ 86 Hydrodolomite........... 91 Lanarkite............................ 73 Hydrohematite............... 70, 92 Langite.............................. 75 Hydromagnesite...................... 91 Lapis-lazuli...................... 84 Hydromagnocalcite - Hydrodolomite... 91 Laumontite........................... 83 Hydrotalcite.......................... 92 Laxmannite.......................... 74 Hydrozincite......................... 91 Lazulite.............................. 90 Hypersthene.......................... 95 Lead.................................64 Hypostilbite......................... 85 black -- Graphite................ 71 Hystatite = Titanic Iron............. 70 blue - Galenite................. 67 chromate....................... 73 Idocrase....................... 88 green = Pyromorphite...........73 Ilmenite = Titanic Iron............... 70 -- red............................. 73 Ilvaite................... 69, 78 white = Cerussite............... odite, Iodyrite................... 72 yellow =Wulfenite............. Iolite............................... 96 Leadhillite......................... Iridosmine........................ 71 Lehrbachite.......................... Iron................................ 64 Lepidocrocite = Gdthite............... 93 rINDEX TO MINERALS. 101 PAGE PAGE Lepidolite........................ 78, 87 Millerite................. 68 Lepidomelane....................... 78 Miloschite........................... 90 Leuchtenbergite.............. 95 Mimetite, Mimetesite............ 73 Leucite.............................. 94 Minium........................... 73 Leucopyrite........................ 65 Mirabilite........................ 80 Leucophane, Leucophanite...... 87 Mispickel.......... 65 Libethenite........................... 75 Molybdate of lead.................... 73 Lievrite = Ilvaite............. 69, 78 Molybdenite....................... 71 Lignite.............................. 96 Molybdite................... 79 Limonite..................70, 92 Monazite............................ 93 Linarite.............................. 73 Monradite........................ 94 Linnaeite........................... 68 Monrolite = Fibrolite................ 90 Liparite - Fluorite.................. 81 Montebrasite = Hebronite......... 83 Liroconite.................. 74 Monticellite.......................... 94 Lithia mica - Lepidolite.............. 78 Monzonite........................... 88 Lithiophorite................ 92 Mordenite........................... 85 Loelingite........................... 65 Morenosite........................... 76 Loeweite............................ 80 Moroxite = Apatite............... 82, 93 Lidneburgite......................... 82 Mosandrite.......................... 86 Lunnite = Pseudomalachite........... 75 Miillerite........................ 66 Muscovite........................90, 94 Maconite............................. 85 Myargyrite........................... 67 Magnesia native = Brucite........... 91 Myeline............................ 90 Mag'nesioferrite...................... 70 Mysorine = n. Malachite............. 75 Magnesite....................... 91 Mlagnetite, Magnetic iron...........69, 70 Nadorite...... 73 Magnetic-pyrites..................... 68 Nagyagite...... 66 Magnoferrite................ 70 Nacrite = Kaolinite.................. 89 Malachite............................ 75 Nantokite........................ 75 Malacolite - Pyroxene............... 88 Nasturane - Pitchblende...........71, 92 Maldonite........................ 64 Natrolite........................... 83 Manganepidote = Piedmontite........ 87 Natron........................... 80 Manganese-garnet.................... 87 Naumannite....................... 65 Manganese-spar............., 87 Nemalite = Brucite,............... 91 Manganite............................ 70 Neolite........................... 94 Marcasite............................ 68 Nephelite......,...... 84 Margarite.................... 87, 94 N'ephrite = compact Tremolite........ 88 Margarodite.......................... 94 Newjanskite -- Iridosmme......... 71 BIarmnatite - Blende.................. 92 Niccolite................. 65 Marmolite = Serpentine.............. 94 Nickel antimonial = Ullmannite...... 67 Mascagnite........................... 72 arsenical -Niccolite........ 65 Masonite _ Chloritoid................ 95 emerald - Zaratite............ 92 Matlockite.............. 73 Nickel-glance................ 65 Meerschaum = Sepiolite...........86, 93 Nickel-gymnite = Genthite........... 93 Megabasite....................... 78 Nickel-vitriol = Morenosite... 76 Meionite.................... 84 Nickeline = Niccolite............ 65 elaconite.......................... 75 Nickel-ochre = Annabergite....... 38 Melanterite....................... 76 Niobite = Columbite.................. 71 Melilite.............................. 84 Nitratine = Soda nitre............... 80 Menaccanite................ 70 Nitre................................ 80 MIendipite........................... 73 1 Nontronite = Chloropal..... 93 MIeneghinite.......................... 66 Nosite............................... 84 Mercury.......................... 64 Nuttalite = Scapolite............ 86 Mesitine-spar -= Mesitite.9.......... 92 Mesolite................. 83 Obsidian............................ 88 Metacinnabarite................. 67 Octahedrite.......................... 95 Metaxite = Serpentine............... 94 Oellacherite......................... 94 MIicrosom mite...................... 86 Okenite............................ 85 3Miargyrite...................... 67 Oligoclase............................ 88 Mica, common =- Muscovite........90, 94 Olivenite............................ 74 -- iron = Lepidomelane............ 78 Olivine = Chrysolite........ 94 lithia Iepidolite..............78, 87 Opal..... 95 - magnesian = Phlogopite......... 94 Ophite = Serpentine................. 94 — magnesia-iron Biotite......... 94 Orangite = Thorite.......... 93 102 INDEX TO MINMERAIS. PAGE PAGE Orpim ent............................ 72 Pumice.............................. 88 Orthite = Allanite................69, 78 Pyrargyrite.......................... 72 Orthoclase............................. 88 Py...............................rite.68 Ouvarovite.......................... 96 Pyrites arsenical Mispickel......... 65 - Capillary Millerite........ 68 Pachnolite..............................81 Cockscomb - Marcasite........ 68 Palagonite........................... 77 - Copper....................... 68 Palladium........................... 64 - iron.......................... 68 Parisite............................. 9 magnetic.................. 68 Pastreite n. Jarosite.................. 76 tin............ 68 Pearlstone........................... 88 --- whi e-iron.................... 68 Pearl-spar - Dolomite................ 91 Pyrochlore.......................... 95 Pectolite............................ 85 Pyrochroite.......................... 91 Peganite............................. 89 Pyrolusite........................... 70 Pencatite............................ 91 Pyromeline - Morenosite............. 76 Pennine, Penninite............. 94, 95 Pyromorphite....................... 73 Pentlandite.......................... 68 Pyrope - Garnet..................... 88 Percylite........................... 75 Pyrophyllite......................... 90 Peridote - Chrysolite................94 Pyrosclerite.......................... 85 Perofskite........................... 71 Pyrosmialite.......................... 78 Petalite............................. 87 Pyrostibite -- Kermesite.............. 72 Pettkoite............................ 76 Pyroxene............................ 88 Petzite n. Hessite.................... 66 Pyrrhotite........................... 68 Pharmacolite........................ 81 Pharmacosiderite..................... 76 Quartz......................... 96 Phenacite............................ 96 Quicksilver, native................... 64 Phillipsite........................... 83 QuLicksilverfahlerz - Spaniolite........ 67 Phlogopite.......................... 94 Phonicite, Phoenicochroite........... 73 Rabdionite................... 69, 76 Pholerite............................. 89 Raimondite.......................... 76 Phosgenite.......................... 73 Ralstonite........................... 89 Phosphochromite.................... 74 Rammelsbergite...................... 65 Phosphorite = Apatite.............82, 93. Raphanosmite - Zorgite.............. 65 Phosphorochalcite = Pseudomalachite. 75 Realgar............................ 72 Picrolite - Serpentine............... 94 Redondite........................... 89 Picromerite.......................... 80 Red antimony - Kermesite........... 72 Piedmontite.......................... 87 Red copper ore - Cuprite............ 75 Picrophyll n. Pyroxene............... 88 Red iron ore - Hematite............. 70 Picrosmine n. Pyroxene.............. 88 Red silver ore -- Pyrargyrite, Proustite 72 Pissophanite, Pissophane.............. 89 Red zinc ore Zincite............... 92 Pistacite............................ 88 Retinalite - Serpentine............. 94 Pitchblende........................71, 92 Rhodochrosite....................... 92 Pitchstone........................... 88 Rhodonite........................ 78 87 Pitticite............................. 76 Richterite - Pyroxene............... 88 Plagionite........................... 66 Rionite.............................. 64 Platinum........................... 64 Ripidolite........................... 95 Plattnerite.......................... 69 Rock-crystal = Quartz................ 96 Pleonaste - Spinel.................. 96 Rtimerite............................. 76 Plumibogummite..................... 89 Rdpperite.......................... 78 Polianite = Pyrolusite................ 70 R')ttisite - Genthite................. 93 Polybasite........................... 64 Rubellite........................... 90 Polycrase............................ 93 Ruby copper - Cuprite.............. 75 Polyhalite........................... 81 -- silver = Proustite.............. 72 Pol mignite......................... 93 - zinc -= zincite................. 92 Polytelite n. Tetrahedrite............. 67 Ruby - Corundum.................. 90 Porcellop)hite = Serpentine........... 94 Rutile............................... 95 Potash alum......................... 80 Predazzite........................... 91 Sal-ammoniac........................ 72 Prehlnite............................ 85 Salt................................. 80 Prochlorite.......................... 95 Samarskite.......................... 69 Proustite............................ 72 Samoite............................ 80 Pseudomalachite..................... 75 Sapphire = Corundum................ 99 Psilomelane.......................... 70 Sarcopside........................... 77 Pucherite............................ 79 Sartorite............................ 64 INDEX TO MINERALS. 103 PAGE PAGE Sassolite............................ 82 Struvite............................ 82 Saynite = — Griunauite................. 68 i Stylotypite..........................66 Scapolite Wernerite................ 86 Sulphur.............................72 Scheelite.......87, 95 Susannite.......................... 73 Schillerspar Serpentine............ 94 Sussexite...........................82 Schorlomite......................... 86 Svanbergite.......................... 90 Schr(tterite........................ 90 Sylvanite............................ 66 Schwatzite Spaniolite.......... 67 Sylvite............................ 80 Scolecite............................ 83 Szaibe]yite........................... 82 Scopopite...84 Scoropite....................... Tachylite.......... 86 Scoro(,ite............................ Tagilite............................ Seladonite -- Glauconite... Tae............................... 5 Senarrnontite,....... 72 Talc..................... 94 aepiolite......................... 86, 93 Tallingi lci............... 67 Serpentine........ 94...Tanluentlite.............................. 768 Seybertite.. 90 94 Tatite........................ 71 Siderite.9 Tl................................. 76, 92 T iu...6 Si(leroschisolite Cronstedite........................ 7766 Siegenite Linnaeite................ 68.................... 66 Sillimanite = Fibrolite................ 90 E graphici................... 66 Siveertite.........................90,.. Silver.. 64 T'nrte ieaontite..75 -- brittle - Stephanite............ 67 Tnortlite............................. 71) dark red............72 Texasite Zaratite....................... 92 - glance..............- --.... — 67 Tephroite........................... 84 --- horn Cerargyrite.. 72 Tetradymite.. 66....... light ^ red.. 72 Tetraheclrite........................ 67 lihed............. 2 The-nardite.. 80 -- tetrahedrite.........67.. Thenarite.......................... Sieonyite........80................. 80 Sismondine =Chloritoid. Thopyllite..................... 87 Thomsenolite............ 81 Sisserskite = Iridosmrine.. 71 Thoinsonite........................ 83 Skutterudite......................... 64 Thorite.............................. 93 Sinaltite............................... 64 Smithsonite.. 91 Thraulite - Gllingite................. 78 Soda nitre................ 80 Tiemannite................................. 64 Sodalite...................84 Tin pyrites - Stannite..68 Sordawalite............86 - stone -- Cassiterite................ 95 @ 1 * —---.......Tinkal =Borax.80 Spaniolite...........................67 Tia r................ 0 Spathic-iron = Siderite.. 76 Titanic Iron.......................... 70 Specular iron.......................... 77 Titanite............................. 87 Speikobalt Smaltite..............96................. Spessarite........................... 87 Torbernite... 75 Spearite...........................8 7 Tourmalite........................... 87 Sphalerite.. — 92 Tryemolite......88....... Sphene................ 87 Tridymite.......................... 96 Spihenoclase n. Mellilite.......... 7 Triphane Spodumene... 8 7 Spel..96 Triphylite....77................... Spodumene.......................... 87 Triplite.... 77 Traerit............................. 82 Staffelte.................. 8 rt.... 8 Stannllite........ 68 Trolleite....89....................... 8 Stassfurthite Boracite -—.-. —- 82 Trona.......... 80 Stauroite... T 90- scheffkinite......................... 86 Steatite Talc....................... 94 Tschermakite........................ 88 Sternbergte....................... 68 Tungstite.........95 Stibl ite-Stionyite............................ 95 Stiblite Stibiconite.................92 Turgoite..70, 92 Stibiconite.. 92 Turquois............................. 2 Stibnite................66 Tyrolite................ 74 Stibioferrite........................ 76 Ulexite.............................. 81 Stilbite.............................. 85 Ullmannite.......................... 67 Stilpnomelane........................ 77 Uranite -- Torbernite................. 75 Stolzite.............................. 73 Uraninite......................... 71, 92 Stroganowite n. Scapolite.............86 Uranotile............................ 93 Stromeyerite............................. 68 Uranpecherz = Uraninite.......... 71, 92 Strontianite................... 91 I Uwarowite = Ouvarovite...................... 96 104 INDEX TO MINERALS. PAGE PAGE Valentinite........................... 72 Worthite = Fibrolite................. 90 Vanadinite........................... 74 Wolchonskoite........................ 93 Vauquelinite......................... 74 Wolfachite........................... 65 Vermiculite.......................... 85 Wolfram, Wolframnite................... 69, 78 Vesuvianite.......................... 88 Wollastonite.......................... 84 Vitriol blue -- Chalcanthite........... 75 Wulfenite........................... 73 green Copperas............. 76 white Goslarite............. 82 Xanthoconite......................... 72 Vivianite............................ 77 Xanthophyllite - Seybertite.......90, 94 Volknerite -- Iydrotalcite............ 92 Xenotime............................ 95 Voigtite.............................. 77 Xonaltite........................... 93 Volborthite.......................... 75 Xylotile..................... 78, 93 Volgerite............................ 92 Voltaite............................. 76 Yellow copper ore = Chalcopyrite.... 68 lead ore - Wulenite........ 73 Wad................................ 92 Yttrotantalite........................ 71 Wagnerite............................ 82 Yttrocerite.......................... 93 Walpurgite........................... 82 Yttrotitanite......................... 87 Warwickite.......................... 95 Wavellite............................ 89 Zaratite.............................. 92 Wernerite............................ 86 Zepharovichite....................... 89 Westanite............................ 90 Zincblende --- Sphalerite.............. 92 White Iron-pyrites - Marcasite...... 68 Zincbloom - Hydrozincite......... 91 White lead........................... 73 Zincite.............................. 92 White vitriol =- Goslarite........ 82 Zinc-spinel........................... 96 Whitneyite........................... 64 Zinc-vitriol.......................... 82 Willcoxite..................8.......... 85 Zinkenite............. 66 Willemite.................. 90, 91 Zippeite............................. 92 Wilsonite............................ 88 Zircon............................... 96 Witherite................. 81 Zoisite............................... 88 Wittichite, Wittichenite............... 68 Zorgite.............................. 65 Wohlerite............................ 86 Zwieselite = Triplite............... 77