:■<>:■>■■■ ,'• iPF3 / TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 3 9090 013 418 64 Vvebster Family Library otVetSi :r..:ry l^turMH Cummings Sclioo! of Veterinary f;/ledicin& at Ms University 200 Westbcro Road North Grafton, MA 01536 3 TALUABIiE BOOKS, PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY GRIGG & ELLIOT, No. 9 N. FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA, ^nd for Sale by Booksellers generally in the United States. The following books are particularly adapted for family read- ing, and we do hope, as our political troubles are ended for awhile, that our friends will now settle down to their " sober second thoughts," and as " knowledge is power" and " informa- tion capital," that instead of being satisfied with the periodical trash of the day, they will store their minds with something more solid, and for that purpose make a selection from the fol- lowing list: FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS, adapted to family worship, and tables for the regular reading of the Scriptures. By Rev. S. C. Winchester, A. M. 1 vol. 12mo. THE YOUNG LADIES' AND GENTLEMENS' PAR- LOUR LIBRARY, 6 vols. 32mo. These two beautiful works are particularly adapted to promote the wel- fare and happiness of the rising generation. A. UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, con- taining the Lives of the most Celebrated Characters of every age and nation. COWPER AND THOMSON'S PROSE AND POETICAL WORKS, complete in 1 vol. 8vo., including two hundred and fifty Letters, and sundry Poems of Cowper, never before published in this country; and of Thomson a new and interesting Memoir, and upwards of twenty new poems, for the first time printed from his own Manuscripts, taken from a late edition of the Aldine Poets, now publishing in London. The distinguished Professor Silliman, speaking of this edition, observes, "I am as much gratified by the elegance and fine taste of your edition, as by the noble tribute of genius and moral excellence which these delightful authors have left, for all future generations; and Cowper especially, is not less conspicuous as a true Christian moralist and teacher, than as a poet of great power and exqtiisite taste." GOLDSMITH'S ANIMATED NATURE, in 4 vols. 8vo., beautifully illustrated. "Goldsmith can never be made obsolete, while delicate genius, exquisite feeling, fine invention, the most harmonious metre, and the happiest diction are at all valued." This is a work that should be in the Library of every family, being writ- ten by one of the most talented authors in the English language. THE WORKS OF LAURENCE STERNE, in 1 vol. 8vo., with a life of the author, written by himself. 2 VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG & ELLIOT. The beauties of this author are so well known, and his errors in style and expression so few and far between, that one reads with renewed delight his delicate turns, &c. THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONTGOMERY, LAMB, AND KIRK WHITE, complete in 1 vol. 8vo. MILTON, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS' POETICAL WORKS, complete in I vol. 8vo. THE POETICAL WORKS OF MRS. REMANS, com- plete in 1 vol. 8vo. [C? This is a new and complete edition, with a splendid engraved likeness of Mrs. Hemans, on steel. "As no work in the En^rlish language can be commended with more con- fidence, it will argue bad taste in a female in this country to be without a complete edition of the writings of one who was an honor to her sex and to humanity, and whose productions, from first to last, contain no syllable calculated to call a blush to the cheek of modesty and virtue. Tiiere is, moreover, in Mrs. Hemans' poetry a moral purity, and a religious feeling, which commend it, in an especial manner, to the discriminating reader. No parent or guardian will be under the necessity of imposing restrictions with regard to the free perusal of every production emanating from this gifted woman. There breathes throughout the whole a most eminent exemp- tion from impropriety of thought or diction; and there is at times a pen- siveness of tone, a winning sadness in her more serious compositions, which tells of a soul which has been lifted from the contemplation of terrestrial things, to divine communings with beings of a purer world." LECTURES ON SCRIPTURE FACTS AND PROPHE-j CY. By W. B. Collyer, D. D. In 1 vol. 8vo. A new edition of this dis-j tinguished author's works. Few persons will rise from the perusal of thi.- book without acknowledging, that their thoughts and affections have been elevated by the fervent and pious eloquence of the writer. THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK; Or Practical Hints from a Father to his Daughter. In 1 vol. 18mo. This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the cul- ture and discipline of- the female mind, which has hitherto oeen published in this country, and the publishers are very confident, from the great demand for this invaluable little work, that ere long it will be found in the library of every young lady. SENECA'S MORALS— By way of abstract to which is added, a Discourse under the title of an Afler-Thought, by Sir Roger L'Es- trange, Knt. A new fine edition, in 1 vol. ISmo. A copy of this valuable little work should be found in every family library. MALTE-BRUN'S NEW AND ELEGANT QUARTO AT- LAS; containing forty colored maps. The Atlas is particularly adapted for Colleges, Academies, Schools, and private families. There is no work that ever was published in this country which has received more numerous and flattering recommendations. THE AMERICAN CHESTERFIELD; or " Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth, Honor, and Distinction," &c.: containing also a complete treatise on the art of Carving. " We most cordially recommend the American Chesterfield to general attention; but to young persons particularly, as one of the best works of the VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG & ELLIOT. 3 kind that has ever been published in this country. It cannot be too highly appreciated, nor its perusal be unproductive of satisfaction and usefulness." BYRON'S WORKS, complete in 1 vol. 8vo., including all his Suppressed and Attributed Poems. O" This edition has been carefully compared with the recent London edition of Mr. Murray, and made complete by the addition of more than fifty pages of poems heretofore unpublished in England. Among these there are a number that have never appeared in any American edition; and the Publishers believe they are v\^arranted in saying, that this is the viost complete, edition of Lord Byron's Poetical Worlis ever published in the United Slates. RENNET'S (Rev. John) LETTERS TO A YOUNG LA- DY, on a variety of subjects calculated to improve the heart, to form the manners, and enlighten the understanding. "That our Daughters may be as polished corners of the Temple." ilie publishers sincerely hope, {for the happiness of manJcind,) that a copy of this valuable little work will be found the companion of every young ludy, as much of the happiness of every family depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. SAY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY. A Treatise on Political Economy, or the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth. By Jean Baptiste Say. Fifth American edition, with Additional Notes, by C. C. Biddle, Esq., in 1 vol. 8vo. The editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that "he is the most popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Economy, since the time of Smith." I CARPENTER'S NEW GUIDE. Being a complete Book of Lines, for Carpentry, Joinery, &e., in 1 vol. 4to. The Theory and Practice well explained, and fully exemplified on eighty- four copperplates, including some observations, «Slc., on the strength of Timber; by Peter Nicholson. Tenlh edition. This invaluable work super- seded, on its first appearance, all existing works on the subject, and still retains its original celebrity. Every Carpenter in our country should possess a copy of this invaluable work. A TREATISE ON CATTLE, their Breeds, Management and Diseases; published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. With numerous plates. 1 vol. 8vo. This is an invaluable work to Farmers. WEEMS' L[FE OF GEN. MARION. WEKMS' LIFE OF GEN. WASHINGTON. THE IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY RELIGION: with a selection of Hymns and Prayers, adapted to Family Worship, and Tables for the regular Reading of the Scriptures. By the Rev. S. G. Winchester, A. M. The subject is one of incalculable practical importance, and is treated in a masterly manner. It contains an able, elaborate and highly instructive Essay on the obligation, nature and importance of Family Religion; and we liope, ere long, it will be found in the Library of every family. JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS. By the late William Whiston, A. M. From the last London edition, complete. As a matter of course, every family in our country lias a copy of the Holy Bible — and as the presumption is, the greater portion often consult its VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG & ELLIOT. pages, we take the liberty of saying to all those that do, that th^ purusal of the writings of Josephus will be found very interesting and instructing. All those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this invalu- able work, would do well to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the |)rincipal bookstores in the United States, by country merchants generally in the Southern and Western States. BURDER'S VILLAGE SERMONS, or 101 plain and short Discourses on the principal doctrines of the Gospel; intended for the use of families, Sunday schools, or companies assembled for religious instruction in country villages. By George Burder. To which is added, to each Ser- mon, a short Prayer, with some general prayers for families, schools, &c., at the end of the work. Complete in 1 vol. 8vo. These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the en- tire absence of controversy, and a true evangelical spirit, have gone through many and large editions, and been translated into several of the continental languages. "They have also been the honored means not only of convert- ing many individuals, but also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even into parish churches, where before it was comparatively unknown." "This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work, and when we say that it should be found in the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments and sincere wishes of all who take a deep interest in the eternal welfare of mankind. BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY OF ANIMALS, 12 colored plates. BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY OF BIRDS, 12 co- lored plates. PERSIA. A DESCRIPTION OF. By Shoberl, with 12 colored plates. These works are got up in a very superior style, and well deserve an introduction to the shelves of every family library, as they are very interest- ing, and particularly adapted to the juvenile class of readers. HIND'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY, taught on a new and easy plan, being a Treatise on all the diseases and accidents to which the Horse is liable. With considerable additions and improve- ments, adapted particularly to this country, by Thomas M. Smith, Vete- rinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society, in I vol. 12mo. MASON'S POPULAR SYSTEM OF FARRIERY; com- prising a general description of the noble and useful animal the Horse, together with the quickest and simplest mode of fattening; necessary treat- ment while undergoing excessive fatigue, or on a journey; the construction and management of stables; different marks for ascertaining the age of a Horse: also, a concise account of the diseases to which the Horse is subject; with such remedies as long experience has proved to be effectual. By Richard Mason, M. P., formerly of Surrey Co., Va. Ninth edition, with additions. To which is added, a Prize Essay on MuleSy and An Appendix containing observations and recipes for the cure of most of the common distempers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine, Dogs, &c. &c. Selected from different authors. Also, an Addenda, contain- ing Annals of the Turf, American Stud Book, Rules for Training, Racing, &c. VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG & ELLIOT. The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical value of these works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speaking of them, observes — "We cannot too highly recommend ihese books, and therefore advise every owner of a horse to obtain them." NEW SONG BOOK.— Grigg's Southern and Western Song- ster; being a choice collection of the most fashionable songs, many oi which are original, in 1 vol. 18mo. Great care was taken in the selection, to admit no song that contained, in the slightest degree, any indelicate or improper allusions, and with great propriety it may claim the title of "The Parlour Song Book or Songster." The immortal Shakspeare observes — " The man that hath not music in himself, Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils." RUSH ON THE MfND. New fine edition. This work is valuable and highly interesting for intelligent readers of every profession ; it is replete with curious and acute remarks, both medical and metaphy- sical, and deserves particular praise for the terseness of its diction. A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUO- TATIONS, which are in daily use: taken from the Latin, French, Greek, Spanish, and Italian languages; together with a copious collection of Law maxims and Law terms; translated into English, with illustrations, historical and idiomatic. Sixth American edition, corrected with additions. 1 vol. 12mo. In preparing this sixth edition for the press, care has been taken to give the work a thorough revision, to correct some errors which had before escaped notice, and to insert many additional Quotations, Law maxims and Law terms. In this state it is offered to the public in the stereotype form. This little work should find its way into every family library. CURRENCY AND BANKING. A Treatise on Currency and Banking. By Condy Raguet, LL.D. 1 vol. 12mo. This is a new and very popular work on that important subject DR. EBERLE ON DISEASES AND PHYSICAL EDU- CATION OF CHILDREN, fur family use. 1 vol. 8vo., new ed. O" This is a new edition much improved, containing a table exhibiting the doses of medicines, according to the different ages. DR. EBERLE'S PRACTICE OF MEDICINE FOR FA- MILY USE. 2 vols. 8vo. HEBER, POLLOK and CRABBE'S POETICAL WORKS complete in 1 vol. 8vo. "Among the beautiful, valuable, and interesting volumes which the enter- prise and taste of our publishers have presented to the reading community, we have seldom met with one which we have more cordially greeted and can more confidently and satisfactorily recommend, than that, embracing in a single, substantial, well bound, and handsomely printed octavo, the po- etical works of Bishop Heber, Robert Pollok, and the Rev. George Crabbe. What a constellation of poetic ardor, glowing piety, and intellectual bril- liancy! Such writers require no eulogy. Their fame is established and universal. The sublimity, pathos, and piety of all these writers, have given them a rank at once with the lovers of poetry and the friends of religion, unsurpassed perhaps by that of any other recent authors in our language. 6 VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG & ELLIOT. A more o'elightful addition could scarcely be made to the library of the gen- tleman or lady of taste and refinement. The prize poems, hymns, and miscellaneous writings of Bishop Heber, the 'Course of Time' by Pollok, and the rich, various, and splendid productions of the Rev. George Crabbe, are among the standard works, the classics of our language. To obtain and preserve them in one volume, cannot but be a desirable object to their admirers." And it is to be hoped it will be found in the library of every family. A writer in the Boston Traveller holds the following language with refer- ence to these valuable editions: Mr. Editor — I wish, without any idea of puffing, to say a word or two upon the "Library of English Poets" that is now published at Philadelphia, by Grigg & Elliot; it is certainly, taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is printed, and the reasonable price at which it is afford- ed to purchasers, the best edition of the modern British Poets that has ever been published in this country. Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, stereotyped, and accompanied with fine engravings and biographical sketches, and most of them are reprinted from Galignani's French edition. As to its value we need only mention that it contains the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, Byron, Cowper, Thom- son, Burns, Milton, Young, Scott, Moore, Coleridge, Rogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, Heber, Kirk White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Goldsmith, and other martyrs of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, and their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the day, and they deserve to be so, for they are certainly printed in a style superior to that in which we have before had the works of the English Poets. THE BEAUTIES OF HISTORY, or Examples of the Op- posite Effects of Virtue and Vice, for the use of Schools and Families, with Questions for the Examination of Students. 1 vol. 12mo., with plates. This work is introduced into our High School. It is particularly adapted for a Class Book in all our male and female Seminaries, &c. " We have received from the publishers, Messrs. Grigg & Elliot, a very neat duodecimo volume, entitled ^The Beauties of History; or. Examples of the opposite effects of Virtue and Vice, drawn from real life.' Afler a careful examination of this book, we can conscientiously recommend it to parents and teachers as a most meritorious performance. There are here collected, within a narrow compass, the most striking examples of individual virtue and vice which are spread forth on the pages of history, or are re- corded in personal biography. The noblest precepts are recommended for the guidance of youth; and in the most impressive manner is he taught to conquer tlie degrading impulses which lower the standard of the human character. We have not lately met with a volume which, in design and execution, seemed so acceptable as this. The book, moreover, is hand- somely got up, and illustrated with wood engravings." GRIMSHAW'S LADIES' LEXICON, and Parlour Com- panion; containing nearly every word in the English language, and exhi- biting the plurals of nouns and the participles of verbs, being also particu- larly adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. By William Grimshaw, Esq., author of the Gentlemen's Lexicon, «fec. THE GENTLEMEN'S LEXICON, or Pocket Dictionary; containing nearly every word in the English 1 .nguage, and exhibiting the VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG iC ELLIOT. plurals of nouns and the participles of verbs; being also particularly adapted to the use of Academies and Schools. By William Grimshaw, author of the Ladies' Lexicon, History of England, of the United States, &c. "The public are again indebted to the talents of Mr. Grimshaw, fcr the very useful books which he has called 'The Ladies' and Gentlemen's Lex- icon.' The peculiarity and advantages of these works may be collected from the following portion of the preface. 'They differ from all preceding works of the kind in this, that they exhibit the plurals of all nouns which are not formed by the mere addition of the letter S, and also the participles of every verb now generally used, and unless accompanied by a particular caut.'on. No word has been admitted which is not now of polite or popular use, and no word has been excluded which is required either in epistolary composition or conversation.'" BOOK OF POLITENESS.— The Gentleman and Lady's Book of Politeness and Propriety of Deportment. Dedicated to the Youth of both sexes. By Madame Celnart. Translated from the Sixth Paris edi- tion, enlarged and improved. Fifth American edition. School Book^. Grimshaw's History of England, Grimshaw's Questions to do. - Grimshaw's Key to do. - Grimshaw's History of Rome, Grimshaw's Questions to do. - Grimshaw's Key to do. - Grimshaw's History of the United States, Grimshaw's Questions to do. - Grimshaw's Key to do. - Grimshaw's History of Greece, Grimshaw's Questions to do. - Grimshaw's Key to do. - Grimshaw's History of France, Grimshaw's Keys and Questions to do. Grimshaw's History of Napoleon, - Grimshaw's Keys and Questions to do. Beauties of History, new ed., - The Young Gentlemen's Lexicon, - The Young Ladies' Lexicon, - Conversations on Natural Philosophy, Jones' edition, Conversations on Chemistry, Jones' edition, Malte-Brun's New College and Family Atlas, with Maps, 4to., .... Virgil Delphini, . - . - Horace Delphini, . . . - Hutchinson's Xenophon, with notes, Torrey's First Book for Children, - Torrey's Pleasing Companion, Torrey's Moral Instructor, Smiley's Table-book, Smiley's Arithmetic, . . _ Smiley's Key to do. ... 40 colored bound, stitched, stitched. bound, stitched, stitched. bound, stitched, stitched. bound, stitched, stitched. bound, stitched. bound, stitched. sheep. sheep. sheep. bound. bound. bound. bound. bound. bound. stitched. half-bound. half-bound. stitched. bound. bound. 8 VALUABLE BOOKS PUBLISHED BY GRIGG & ELLIOT. Smiley's Geography and Atlas, new edition, Murray's Exercises, 12mo. -----. half-bound. Murray's Key to do. ... a - - - half-bound. First Reading Lessons. Bentley's American Instructor. Hegewisch's Introduction to Historical Chronology. Weems' Marion. Weems' Washington. Life of General Harrison. Life of General Jackson. First Steps in Reading. A Biographical Dictionary for Schools. Medical Books. Dispensatory of the United States, by Drs. Wood and Bache, new edition, much enlarged, -- bound. Eberle's Practice of Medicine, 2 vols., new edition. Eberle's Therapeutics, 2 vols., 4th edition, - - - . bound. Eberle on Diseases and Physical Education of Children, 1 vol. O" This is a new edition much improved, containing a table exhibiting the doses of medicines, according to the different ages. Eberle's Notes for Students, new edition. Bayle and Holiard's Manual of Anatomy, .... bound. Rush on the Mind, new edition, bound. Velpeau's Treatise on Midwifery, new improved edition, by Dr. Meigs. %* The above are used as text books in the principal medical schools in the United States. *^^* All the new Medical Works received and for sale as soon as published on the most reasonable terms, JjSiJV Books. Toller on Executors, - - - - -- - - bound. Condensed English Chancery Reports, in 12 vols. 8vo. The 1st, 2d and 3d vols, of this work being out of print, we now sell as complete sets from the 4th inclusive. Russell's Chancery Reports, 1st vol. .... - bound. [Cr This volume completes Condensed Chancery Reports to the present time. Harris's Modern Entries, newly arranged by H. Davey Evans, Esq., of the Baltimore Bar, in 2 vols. Bvo. ... bound. With a very general assortment of Law Books. *^* Public, private, and social libraries, and all who purchase to sell asrain, supplied on the most reasonable terms with every article in the Book and Stationary line; including new novels, and all new works in every de. parlment of literature and science. All orders will be thankfully received and promptly attended to. THE GENTLEMAN'S NEW POCKET FARRIER, COMPRISING A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NOBLE AND USEFUL ANIMAL THE HORSE; TOGETHER WITH THE QUICKEST AND SIMPLEST MODE OF FATTENING ; NECESSARY TREAT MENT WHILE UNDERGOING EXCESSIVE FATIGUE-, OR ON A JOURNEY ; THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES ; DIFFERENT MARKS FOR ASCERTAINING THE AGE OF A HORSE. ALSO, A CONCISE ACCOUNT OF THE DISEASES TO WHICH THE HORSE IS SUBJECl WITH SUCH REMEDIES AS LONG EXPERIENCE HAS PROVED TO BE EFFECTUAL. BY RICHARD MASON, M. D. FORMERLY OF SURRY COUNTY, VIRGINIA. EIGHTH EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS. TO WHICH IS ADDED, A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES ; AND AN APPENDIX, Containing Observations and Recipes for the cure of most of the common distempers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine, Dogs, &c. &c. Selected from different authors. ALSO, AN ADDENDA, CONTAINING ANNALS OF THE TURF, AMERICAN STUD BOOK, RULES FOR TRAINING, RACING, &c. PHILADELPHIA: GRIGG & ELLIOT, No. 9 NORTH FOURTH STREET. 1841. Sf aaA i6-n Entered according to the act of Congress, in the year 1840, by JOHN GRIGG, in the clerk's office of the district court of the United States, m and for the eastern district of Pennsylvania. PRINTED BY T. K. & P. G. COtMNS, PHIL*. PREFACE, Few subjects can more justly claim the attention of the public, than that noble and useful animal, the horse ; and there are few indeed of any moment, that have met with more nefj^lect from society. Not more than one or two authors in the United States have turned their attention to this interesting subject. This neglect, in which every individual is so deeply interested, must have proceeded from the low standing in society to which the horse has been sunk by men destitute oi veracity, too often having the opportunity of dealing in those invaluable animals, committing frauds, making false statements of age, gaits, condition, &c. to the injury of those who are unfortunate enough to confide in their assertions, or to deal with them. In this little work, whose size is calculated for the pocket, I shall endeavour to guard the unsuspecting against the arts of the jockey, and to point out so plainly the difference between an elegant and a common horse a good and bad horse, a sound and an- unsound horse/ that any person may become a tolerable judge, by reading this little book with attention, however unfa- miliar the subject may have been heretofore. It is my object to be useful rather than offend, or appear learned. I shall avoid all hard names, technical terms, &;c. ; and will offer to the public the information I 1* 4' PREFACE. possess, with candour and simplicity. In a work of this nature, the claim to entire originality must be relinquished; so far from attempting it, I confess 1 have, in a few instances, made quotations from other authors, when I have found from experience they con- t'^ined matter, useful, clear, plain, and familiar for my purpose. I hope this acknowledgment will be received in place of marks of quotation. Amongst the great number of animals under the (iontrol of man, the excellent horse, unquestionably, is the most serviceable. How often do we see him the sole dependence of the poor farmer and his family, with whom he divides the morsel, shares in the toils, and by slowly turning up the soil, not only keeps them free from want, but fills the barn with plenty ! Trace him from the lowest to the highest situation, you will find him faithful, afiectionate, and no less useful. Jn every species of farming, the horse bears the principal burden, and is the means of increasing wealth and happiness. In the transportation of foreign growth and manufactures to the interior of our country, and the exportation of the produce of the United States, the faithful horse affords a speedy conveyance to and from the water's edge. For the quick communications by posts and stages, even with the most remote parts of the union, we are indebted to the horse. Even our happy republican government has been established, protected, defended, and administered, by the means and aid of these noble animals. Men of every pro- fession, must all acknowledge the benefit derived from him; indeed he has been the very spring of punctuality and attention to business of almost every description. The horse, in his nature, is mild, patient, forgiving, and affectionate. After being hard used, half starved, and unmercifully beaten, who recol- PREFACE. 5 lects ever to have seen him appear to feel the injury, pout over his scanty allovv^ance, or discover hatred towards his cruel master? View his gentleness and kindness to a sot, who has indulged too long over his glass, often bending, turning and yielding to his giddy head ; and finally, when he is prostrated in the dust, now often does the sagacious animal, when compelled to tread on him, bear lightly and tenderly ; and when loose, appear unwilling to leave the helpless drunkard ; how often on his back are we conveyed in safety at night amidst difficulties, dangers, and unfamiliar roads ? And where is the traveller that does not re- collect that when returning on his journey, and in search of his home, when a road before unnoticed, had bewildered and stopped his progress, how readily and how faithfully has the horse thrown his ears to- wards the right road, and with quickening steps dis- covered his eagerness to reach his home ? See him in the race, resolute, eager, and delighted, swelling every vein, and exerting every muscle and fibre to win the prize. Behold him in the field of battle, furious, in- trepid, and full of fire, forgetful of danger, rushing on the point of the bayonet, delighting in the glittering of arms, and panting for victory. View him in the civil and more happy circles of domestic life, in the service of the rich, the liberal, and the happy, proudly and smoothly rolling behind him the rattling chariot wheels, wdth an aspect lively, gay, and cheerful. If to an animal like this, I can be the cause of adding to his comfort, improving his condition, making him fat, relieving his pain, removing disease, and sometimes save life, I shall feel as if I had rendered a service to the community at large, and performed a part of the task assigned me. 6 PREFACE. When the reader reflects that a large volume has been written on the anatomy of the horse's foot alone, he will easily conceive my confined, embarrassed, and cramped situation; having to treat of so many differ- ent parts and subjects, within the scope of two hun- dred pages. In doing of this, it will be impossible for me to give more than the skeleton or bare outline of the interesting theme, which I hope, at some future day, will be filled up and completed by some more fortunate genius. THE AUTHOR. TABLE OF CONTENTS, TO mason's farrier. Appendix to Mason, Addenda to Mason, Age, • by feeling, Page 195 289 72 76 Breeding and raising, 29 do. do. by Broadnax 34 Blooded horse, to choose 37 Blaze or star 79 Body 81 Broken wind 98 Bots or grubs 118 Bruises ' 132 Big head 140 Blisters 153 Bleeding 157 Carriage horses 19 Castrating colts 60 Crib biting 97 Chest founder 100 Colds 150 Colic or Gripes 113 Clyster or glyster 154 Docking 59 Diseases, infectious to prev. 126 Diarrhoea or purging 151 Diabetes 152 Driving 158 Excessive fatigue 65 Eyes, good and bad 86 moon 92 Foxing 58 Fattening 63 Founder, chest 100 Founder 110 Farcy 105 Fistula 145 Fomentations 155 Galls, wind 104 Gravel in the bladder 124 in the hoofs 128 Glyster or clyster 154 Head ^. 80 Heels, narrow 101 Hoofs 85 gravel in 128 Hidebound 137 Hooks or Haws 121 Hinny and Mule 159 Infectious diseases tr> prev't. 126 Journey, treatment on Page 68 Keeping 23 Legs 82 Lampass 103 Lock Jaw 148 Lost appetite 149 Marks 78 Mane and tail 85 Moon Eyes 92 Mange 137 Mash 156 Mules 159 Narrow heels 101 Neck and shoulders 82 Nicking 48 Ostler 45 Pricking 58 Poll evil 146 Purging or Diarrhoea 151 Race horse 22 — rider 28 Horses, English mode of management. &c. 39 Ring bone 110 Saddle horse 13 Stables 46 Star or Blaze 79 Shoeing 83 Starting 93 Stumbling 95 Spavin 96 String halt 99 Splint 102 Scratches 117 Strangles 123 Stone or gravel in bladder 124 Strains 133 Staggers 134 Surfeit 138 Sore tongue 140 Saddle galls 150 Sitfasts 151 Spot a white horse 157 Treatment on a journey 68 Wind broken 98 Wind galls 104 Wounds 129 Wall's receipt 158 Yellow water 125 CONTENTS OF APPENDIX. O" The following are Numbered instead of being Paged. Alterative medicine for live stock No. 129 Astringent medicines for live stock 131 Balls and drinks, mode of giving to horses 111 Balls, cordial cough, &c. used in Veterinary practice 147 Belly, diseases of 39 Bladder, inflammation of 62 in cattle 193 Bloody urine in horses 63 Blistering 118 Sweating of Liquid 120 Bleeding 126 Blisters used in Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 138 Blood or bog spavin 89 Bloody ray (see dysentery) 196 Blown or hove in cattle 187 Blast or hove in sheep 220 Blood rot in do. 222 Bowels, inflammation of 45 Bone spavin and splints 87 Braxy or dysentery in cattle 196 in sheep - 224 Broken wind 37 Bridle sores 26 Broken knees 85 Catarrhal fever in horses 13 Capulet of the hock in do. 81 Canker or quittor in do. 106 Castration, nicking, docking and cropping 125 Castrating lambs, &c. 241 ■ swine 243 Catarrh or influenza in cattle 177 Cattle surgery 201 obstetrics 204 vermin on 209 Calves, diseases of 207 Calving 205 Chronic cough 36 and 218 Clysters used in Veterinary Medicine 143 Claveau, or sheep pox 214 Clystering 122 Condition of horses 2 Cough, chronic 36 . in sheep 218 Colic, red or enteritis No. 45 , fret or gullion 53 , in horn cattle 189 and 194 Corns in the feet of horses 101 Cracks 95 Cud, loss of 198 Cutting in feet of horses 108 Curb of the hock in horses 92 Cutting and spaying pigs 243 Daisy or turning in cattle 199 Diseases of horses, see horse Diseases in feet of horses 96 Founder 98 Contraction 99 Pumiced foot 100 Corns 101 Burning thrush 103 Sand Cracks 104 Pricks 105 Quittor and canker 106 Treads 107 Cutting 108 Diarrhoea or looseness 52 in cattle 195 Diseases of sheep 210 swine 242 Diuretic used in Veterinary Medicine 151 Diseases of horn'd cattle 173, 183 Diabetes, profuse staling or pissing evil 64 Drinks and balls, mode of ' giving in Vet. Surgery 111 Drinks in Vet. medicine 149 Dysenteric inflammation 49 Dysentery or braxy in cattle 196 in sheep 224 Dogs, diseases of 244 Asthma 245 Sore eyes 248 Cancer 249 Colic 250 Cough 251 Distemper 252 Fits 254 Inflamed bowels 255 Inflamed lungs 256 Madness 257 Worming whelps 262 Mange 263— Worms 264 CONTENTS OF APPJENDIX. Embrocations used in Ve- terinary practice No. 154 Epidemic fever or pest 15 Epilepsy 17 Eyes, horses, diseases of 18 Farcy, 74 Feet, founder of 96 Fetlock, strains of the 83 Fever in horned cattle 174 & 183 Fever medicine, used in ve- terinary practice 157 Fistulous withers 28 Firing 121 Fret, colic gripes or gullion 54 Flux, slimy, see dysentery Frontal worms in sheep 236 Fomentations in veterinary surgery 113 Founder of the feet 96 Foot stoppings for horses 166 Foul in the foot in cattle 202 Foot rot in sheep 232 Fumigations used in veteri- nary practice 157 Gall in sheep 224 Gid in do. 233 Goggles in do. 233 Glanders 71 Glanderous rot in sheep 217 Grease 93 Gravel and stone in horses 65 Gripes, colic, fret or gullion 53 Gutta serena 20 Gullion, colic, gripes or fret 53 Horses, diseases of 1 In and out of con- dition, and when diseased. 2, 3, 4 Inflammatory diseases 5 Diseases of the head 17 Neck 28 Chest 31 Skin 66 Glanders and farcy 71 Diseases of the ex- tremities 76 Diseases of the Feet 96 Hepatitis or yellows 58 Hide bound 70 Hoof Liquid for veterinary practice 162 Hove or blown in cattle 187 Horn distemper or horn ail 208 Hove blast or wind colic in sheep No. 220 Hogs, see swine Hydatids or staggers in sheep 223 Inflammatory fever in horse diseases 5 General 6 Local 7 Inflammation of the brain or phrenitis 8 Inflammatory fever in horse diseases, general 33 local 7 Influenza or catarrh fever in horses 13 Inflammation of the lungrs in horses in cattle 31 184 Inflammation, of the bowels 45 of the liver 58 in sheep 222 Incontinence of urine 63 Influenza or catarrh 177 Inflammation of the stomach in cattle 185, 189 Inflammation of the kidneys or red water 191 Inflammation of the bladder 193 Jaundice in sheep 223 Knees broken, in horses 85 Lampass or mouth disease 25 Lambs, castration of 241 diseases of 238 Liver, chronic inflammation of 58 , diseases of in horses 58 Lockjaw, in horses 11 Looseness or diarrhoea 52 Lungs, inflammation of 31 Malignant fever in horses 15 Madness, canine 257 Mange 66 in Dogs. 263 Mallenders and sallenders 84 Malignant epidemic or mur- rain in sheep 216 Megrims 17 Morfounder or catarrhal fe- ver in horses 13 Moon blindness or opthalmia 11) Mineral poison 40 Murrain or pest 15 in cattle 179 Murrain in sheep 216 |0 CONTENTS OP APPENDIX. Neck, diseases of No. 28, 30 Opthalniia or blindness 19 Ointments used for horses, cattle, sheep, &-c. by Vete- rinary practitioners 169 Obstetrics in cattle 204 Overreach or tread in the feet 107 Pest or murrain 15 Peripneumonia or inflamed lungs in sheep 217 Pendro, a disease in sheep 233 Pinning do. in do. 226 Pharmacopoeia in horses and cattle 128 Poll Evil 21 Poison, mineral 40 ' , vegetable 42 , in sheep 239 Poultices in Veter. surgery 115 Pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs 34 Physicking 123 Process 124 Pricks in the feet 105 Pumiced foot 100 Purging medicine in Veteri- nary practice 163 Puckeridge or wornals in cattle 203 Pigs, see svi^ine Quittor and canker in the feet of horses 106 Salivation 41 Sand cracks 104 Sallenders and mallenders 84 Setons 116 Scalding mixture for poll evil 165 Scouring or diarrhoea in horn- ed cattle 195 Scour in sheep 224 Scab or shab in sheep 231 Sheep, diseases of 210 Sore throat 28 Staggers in horses 9 and 43 in cattle 199 Staggers in sheep ' 233 Sturdy 17 in sheep 233 Strangles, vivos or ives 22 Stranguary or suppression of urine 63 Stone or gravel in horses No. 66 Stomach staggers 43 , inflammation of in sheep 219 Strain in the shoulder 76 , in the whirl bone 78 , in the stifle 80 , in the back sinews 81 ^, of the leg 82 , of the fetlock and cof- fin joints 83 Shoulder strains in horses 76 Splints and bone spavins 86 Spavin, blood and bog 89 Skin, diseases of in horses 65 Surfeit 67 Surgery in cattle 199 Swelled neck 30 Swine, diseases of 242 , cutting and spaying 243 Tag-belt in sheep 226 Tetanus or locked jaw in horses 11 in cattle 200 Teeth 27 Throat, diseases of 29 Thick wind or pneumonia 34 Thoroughpin or blood spavin 89 Treads or overreach in the feet lOY Ticks in sheep, to destroy 240 Turnsick, in horses 17 , in sheep 233 Urinary organs of horses, diseases of 60 Urine, suppression of 63 bloody or stranguary 63 incontinence of 63 Veterinary operations on horses 109 Veterinary Pharmacopoeia 127 Vives or ives 24 Vermin on cattle 209 Warbles 68 Warts 69 Wash medicines used by ve- terinary practitioners 167 Wind broken or pneumonia 37 Whirl bone strains 78 Worms in horses 57 in sheep 236 and 237 Wounds, treatment of 110 Wornals or puckeridge 203 CONTENTS OP APPENDIX. 11 Worm under the horn, a dis- ease in sheep, No. 233 Watery head in sheep 233 Wind colic iu do. 221 Yellows or liver complaint iVo. 58 , hot, in cattle 190 and 197 , in sheep 222 .TWK^W^, -.hV^. THE POCKET FARRIER. SADDLE HORSE. When a horse is purchased for the saddle alone, it is to be presumed he must be clear .of all defects, strike the fancy, entirely please the eye, and, from his happy symmetry and due proportion of form, stand the second beauty in the world. When this is the case, he is seldom disposed of at too high a price. — Amongst the great number of people in the United States, I am induced to believe, there are but few good judges of a horse calculated for the saddle. In- deed, they are better informed upon almost any other subject that can be mentioned. Yet the Vii'ginlans have a large number of fine horses, and are accused of devoting too much attention to that beautiful ani- mal. Among all the difficulties attending the affairs of common .ife, there is not, perhaps, a greater than that of choosing a beautiful, an elegant, or good horse. Nor will this appear strange, when we consider the number of circumstances that are to be taken into consideration, with regard to shape, size, movements, limbs, marks, eyes, colour, age, &c. 6£c. — which are so various that it would fill a volume to describe ; and indeed the best judges are often obliged to content themselves with guessing at some things, unless they have sufficient^ time to make a thorough trial. If I were asked, what were the two most beautiful objects 14 SADDLE HORSE. m nature, I would answer, that woman, lovely woman, before whose charms the soul of man bows with re- verence and submission, stands unparalleled ; next to this matchless paragon, a beautiful horse displays nature in her highest polish and greatest perfection ; his gay and cheerful appearance, proudly prancing and bounding, his elegance of shape, smoothness ol limbs, polish of skin, due proportion of form, and gracefulness of action, united to a mild, soft, faithful, and patient disposition, raise him far above the rest oi the brute creation. I shall now proceed to lay down some rules, and to give some hints, for the examina- tion of a horse previous to a purchase being made, to prevent the liberty of exaggeration, which is too fre- quently taken by dealers in those animals, and which too often terminates to the serious injury of the pur- chaser. It is to be much lamented, that men who entertain a proper idea of honour in all the common affairs of life, so soon as they become the owner of a horse, feel at liberty, without being sensible of doing violence to their morals, to knock off two or three years from his real age, and express themselves, with apparent delight, of services, gaits, and qualities, to which he never had any sort of claim or pretention ; carefully keeping a secret every vice and defect to which he is subject. I do not pretend to say this is the case with all who exchange or sell a horse, but that it has often occurred no person will deny. If a fraud can be prac- tised at all, it is sufficient reason for the inexperienced and unsuspecting to be placed on their guard. When a horse is offered for sale, I would advise the pur- chaser to ask one question, viz : Is he in all respects perfectly sound? Should a cheat be practised on you, under such circumstances, an action would lie against SADDLE HORSE. 15 the seller, and damages could be recoverable; but. be your own judge, not permitting any declaration that may be made by the seller, to alter your opinion of form, age, condition, movements, action, &:c. As the eyes of a horse are the most important organ, firsi jet him undersro a strict examination; ascertain his age, examine his figure and action; guarding yourself against beinof too much pleased or fascinated with the appearance of a new object; view his feet and legs; lariie ridg^es on the hoofs, or very flat feet, discover a horse to be subject to founder : large gouty legs, with enlarged tendons indicate strains and other injuries, examine his hind legs, with great attention, just below the hock and inside the hind knee; if there is any unnatural prominence or knot, unlike the other knee, it wears the appearance of a spavin, which renders a horse of but little value. Splint, which appears on the inside of the fore legs, and wind-galls, upon the ancles, are unpleasant to the eye, but seldom produce serious lameness ; they furnish plain proof that a horse has been serviceable, and are very seldom productive of any other injury than stiffness, as he advances in years. Ride yourself, for the purpose of trying his gaits and qualities ; as a rider accustomed to a horse, by private signs, such as manner of riding, bearing on the bit, leaning forward or backward, holding the heels close to his sides, &c. &c. &c., can make a dull horse appear gay and spirited, a wild horse gentle, a stumbler clear footed, one that is blind appear to see, and a starting horse free from that great objection, &c. &c. Before mounting him, examine his knees, to discover if they are skinned, the hair off', or scarred; those are strong symptoms of his politeness to a fault. Ride with your bridle loose over any uneven ground : if he is in the habit of stumbling, he will very readily inform you: 2* 16 SADDLE HORSE. then approach some object offensive to the sight; if he appears much alarmed, stopping suddenly, and attempting to turn round, paying but little respect to the bearing of the bridle, you may jiwlge he has been long in the habit of that bad practice. Ride him in all his different gaits, to ascertain if they are smooth, easy, and agreeable ; move him about a mile, out and back, in fully half speed; frequently stopping him suddenly to try his wind, also if he is spavined; if his wind has been injured, he will blow unnaturally ; making a loud wheezing noise, with great difficulty of breathing. While warm, ride him in cold water above the belly ; after which let him cool fifteen or twenty minutes, and if he is spavined, and has received temporary relief, by applications of any kind, the disease will make its appearance so plain, that you will discover evident marks of lameness. The spavin is often relieved for a time; and in a few instances has been permanently cured, by blistering, bathing with double distilled spirits, &c. The brisk exercise, &c. is intended to bring on a return of its effects, in case the animal should have had temporary relief from that distressing disease. Having given such hints as I am persuaded will lead to the discovery of any material defects in a horse about to be purchased, I shall now proceed to the description of a horse that I consider elegant and fil for the saddle. In order that he may have just claim to beauty and elegance, his head must be small, thin, bony, and tapering; his countenance lively and cheerful; his ears quick of action, high, erect, narrow, thin, and pomting together; his eyes kirge, round, full, and black, sparkling with cheerfulness, yet hushing his agitating passions into order and obedience ; his nostrils large SADDLE HORSE. 17 and expanded, and when in motion, disclosing a deep red colour ; his brow and forehead smooth, and, not too flat ; his nose somewhat rising, of good turn, and a little inclined to the Roman shape ; his neck long, thin, delicate, and arched, forming a beautiful grada- tion from the breast and shoulders ; his mane half the width of his neck, thin and smooth ; his shoulders high, tapering, and thrown well back ; his breast plump, full, and of moderate width; his fore legs straight, flat, sinewy, and thin ; his arms large and muscular ; his back short, and not too much swayed for strength and durability, but pretty even and straight ; his body rather round and swelling than flat, and of propor- tionable size ; his flanks plump and full, and the last rib approaching near the hip bones ; his hips and but- tocks full, round, and well covered with muscles ; his chine broad ; his tail well placed, and naturally or artificially elegant, which adds much to his figure and gay appearance ; his thighs long, from the hip to the haunch bone large and bulging with muscles ; his hocks broad, sinewy, bony, and clear of puffs ; his hind legs from the hocks short, bending a little rather than straight, flat, and sinewy ; his pasterns of moderate length, small and bony ; his hoofs cupped, small, round, and smooth ; his hind parts not tucked, but of easy turn and graceful slope ; when mounted his appearance should be bold, lofty, and majestic ; his eyes shining with intrepidity and fire ; his movements light and airy as a phantom, with a fairy step, that would scarcely break a dew drop ; his actions smooth and graceful ; his colour should suit the taste of the pur- chaser, though a mahogany bay is certainly the best colour ; his marks large, of irregular white, to light up the countenance, and at least two white legs, which will add much to his beauty — though it must be ac- 18 SADDLE HORSE. knowledged, that all parts of a horse that are white, are rnuch more tender than any other colour. When a horse is rode by any person for you to judge of his gaits, you should have him moved tow^ards you, from you, and finally by you, as you mayhav^ the oppor- tunity of discovering, if there is any turning in and out about his knees and ancles, before or behind, which is very objectionable. A well shappd horse will track as true, or his legs will follow each other in as direct a line, as the wheels of a well constructed carriage. — For him to be considered a good riding horse, he should move with ease to himself, and pass over the ground with great rapidity. Hard steps, short going, and great apparent labour, is offensive to the sight, unpleasant to the rider, and fatiguing to the horse him- self With respect to the colour of horses, people differ very widely ; a black horse, with white face and legs ; a grey, or a mahogany bay, with white marks, when well kept, are all showy colours ; but for actual service, experience has proved, that dark colours, without any white feet, are far preferable ; for who ever recollects to have seen a black, sorrel, or bay horse, with a bald face and four white legs, distinguish himself on the turf, in four mile heats? I am incHned to believe there is no first rate race horse, of that de- scription, within the United States. I have, perhaps, stated some facts relative to horse jockeys, in a manner so plain and candid, as to draw from them their displeasure. My object is not to offend, but to instruct and be useful to those who want experience on the subject, for which this little book is designed. The annexed engraving (See Frontispiece) presents my idea of an elegant saddle horse ; by a reference to CARRIAGE HORSES. 10 which, the judgment of a purchaser will not only be benefited, but meet with considerable support. ^*hO Q 04««^ CARRIAGE HORSES. .Horses intended for a carriage or draft of any description, should be from five feet to five feet four inches high; though there are many excellent and truly valuable draft horses of much smaller size. The greatest attention should be paid to their habits, temper, quality, and disposition. A horse that has been once frightened in harness, never asrain is safe for that employment. So retentive are their memories, that they do not forget an alarm of that kind during their whole lives. For the want of experience on this subject, horses that have been frightened in harness have been hitched to carriages, which too often has been the cause of the untimely death of many amiable females and helpless children. Indeed, a pair of good and well matched, gentle carriage horses, is rarely to be met with ; as so many good qualities, together with a similarity of age, colour, size, and majks, is required to make them complete and valuable. Their eyes should be good, carriage lofty, bodies proportionably large, breasts full and wide, their whole bodies heavily muscled; their heads, necks, and ears delicate; their legs large, sinewy, and bony ; their pasterns short, and their hoofs moderately large, and not too flat. They should be free from starting, stumbling, and kicking; 20 CARRIAGE HORSES. and tneir dispositions patient, gentle, and obedient. It very often happens that horses are kept together as a match, on account of their colour and similarity of marks, when no respect is paid to their difference of form, spirit, and movements, which often differ as widely as the mettled racer from the dull cart horse. When thus badly matched, they would very soon be separated by a good judge, and nothing short of necessity should ever permit them to draw together. Carriage horses should carry good tails, naturally or artificially, which adds much to their gay and elegant appearance ; presenting figures ready, apparently, to move upon the wind, whilst they are perfectly gentle and manageable. Horses of different colours, whose spirit, size, and movements are similar, are a much better m^tch in harness than those of the same colour, with three or four inches difference in height; or one dull, and the other spirited ; one young, the other old ; one fat, the other poor ; one with a bald face and white legs, the other with white legs ; or one active, and the other clumsy. I have thus taken up the time of the reader, to make him the better judge, and give him a correct idea of a bad match of carriage horses, which will assist him much in selecting those that are good. After being thoroughly satisfied about the shape, age, condition, .&c., of a pair of carriage horses you may be about to purchase, it will be necessary, in justice to yourself, to try them in harness ; though the seller will assure you they are as gentle as lambs, true as honour, and finally, the best pair of horses in the world ; although it is possible for such a statement to be a fact, I would advise that a trial should be made, and the purchaser become his own judge; for which purpose have them hitched in a carriage, and driven several times up and CARRIAGE HORSES. 21 down the steepest hill that the road may cross, which is most convenient: if they have any tricks, or are not true draft horses, it can be readily discovered: next, for the purpose of discovering if they have ever been alarmed in harness, frequently open and shut the car- riage door, also move and rattle the steps ; if they have ever been frightened in harness you will very soon be compelled to desist ; then by coming to their front, and with attention observing their ears and eyes, you will be informed to your entire satisfaction, if they are safe. Horses that have been once alarmed in harness, so soon as they hear any rattling noise behind them, begin to grow restless, sinking or squatting behind, holding the head high, snorting, fetching long breaths, moving the ears with great quickness, at the same time showing the whites of their eyes. Let me warn the reader against the purchase of such horses ; they are unfit and unsafe for the use of a family. Horses for harness, that are fiery and fretful, are very objec- tionable, and should always be avoided; but great care should be taken to distinguish between animals of this description, and those that are eager and spirited; the former begin to prance and fret the moment they are out of the stable, until they exhaust themselves with fatigue ; but the latter endeavour only to be first in the chase, or foremost in the field, and are truly valuable; possessing those qualities that resemble prudence and courage; the others, intemperate heat and rashness. Whenever carriage horses are driven, they should be moved off fifteen or twenty steps in a slow walk, without the cracking or flourishing of a whip, which IS so much the custom, and which is very frequently the cause of high tempered horses refusing to draw , after which their speed maybe quickened to whatever gait you may prefer, by the use of some kind word* 3 22 RACE HORSE. to which all horses should be accustomed. It is very much the practice with drivers to leave their horses standing in a carriage, without any person to hold them, for hours together. Having seen the worst of consequences result from this practice, (and with horses under the character of being gentle,) I would recom- mend that drivers should never give up their reins, until they are prepared with some person sufficiently strong to hold them. By using such precaution, the overturning and breaking many fine carriages, and the ruining for ever many valuable and elegant carriage horses, would be avoided. *9@Q* RACE HORSE. It is a remarkable fact, that horses run in all shapes. But most generally, those excel upon the turf, that are of the following form : head and neck thin, small, and delicate; eyes large, plump, and full of expression; nostrils wide, red, and expanded; throttle large; shoulders high, thin, and running very far back; breast plump, full, and wide ; body long, round, and rather hght than heavy; back short as possible; thighs long, large, full, and bulging; fore arm large and swelling towards his breast ; hocks broad, strong, and bony ; legs of moderate size, thin, flat, and sinewy; pasterns rather long and small, than otherwise; feet of propor- tionable size to the balance of his form; though, of the two extremes, small is the best; he should be nervous, tractable, and of good spirit, and he should be from five feet to five feet four inches high. Such a horse, well managed, kept and placed in races, will seldom fail to distinguish himself on the turf. KEEPING. 23 KEEPING. The keeping a horse for a race is attended with much trouble, and requires great attention : but is more simple than is generally believed by persons wanting experience on that subject. A large majority of grooms, even to the present day, are in the habit of giving to race horses large quanti- ties of physic, (though the number engaged in this practice has been diminished within the last ten years,) and for the sake of those very valuable animals, I hope ere long, such an injurious practice will be entirely abolished. All the medicine on earth will never give to a horse speed and bottom, that is naturally deficient in those respects ; and if he is affected at all by its use, it must operate to his disadvantage. The plainest and simplest mode of keeping horses, has proved much the best, to all who have ventured, in defiance of old opinions and customs, to use that course. When a horse is in health, the medicine ge- nerally given by grooms, has the effect of relaxing the muscles, enfeebling the system, and expanding the pores of the skin. I am clearly of opinion, that those large doses, which are so often given, never cause a horse, when running, to fetch a longer breath, braced his muscles, added to the elasticity of his tendons, in- vigorated his system, or gave him, in any way, extra powers to perform the task assigned him ; but on the contrary, are frequently the means of throwing a horse out of order, that in all probability, under dif- ferent treatment, would have proved successful, if not master on the turf: indeed, this has sometimes been proved by the change of owners, and when a good 3* 24 KEEPING. horse has fallen into the hands of one that has observed plain and simple treatment — the horse that previous to the chanije never was more than second or third best, has run with more than anticipated success. But many old and ignorant grooms who have never been benefited by experience, and all the knowledge they possess have been handed to them by persons equally ignorant with themselves, are under a belief, that unless a horse swallows a certain number of wind balls, that it is impossible he can win a race ; added to which, they are extremely superstitious, and some, even at the present day, confide in tricks and witch- craft. It is to be much regretted that a good horse snouid e^^er fall into the hands of such blockheads. The first thing necessary in the keeping a race horse is, a good log stable, about fifteen feet square : then provide a plenty of good and sweet old corn, fodder, and oats, and a sufficient quantity of clean and dry straw, to change his bed every two or three days. Most horses, when first taken up for the purpose of being kept, require bleeding ; which a groom can always be a judge of from the appearance of the ani- mal. Good cloths, girts, &c. should be provided and kept on the horse, except at the hours for rubbing, which should be regularly three times a day ; in the morning, and evening after practice, and at twelve o'clock ; for which purpose a curry-comb, brush, straw and a large woollen cloth, must be provided and well used. Good rubbing assists in putting a horse in order, and places on his skin a beautiful gloss. His legs must be washed three times a day in clear cold water, after which they must be rubbed dry with straw, and the naked hand rubbed over the ancles and pasterns, until a small degree of warmth is felt. The stable should be kept perfectly clean. KEEPING. 25 A horse should be given such practice as he is well able to bear. As those animals frequently difFer in every respect so widely from each other, it is impos- sible to lay down any rule that should govern, relative to the speed or quantity of practice necessary for horses in training. 1 will only remark, that a horse should be practised in a moderate gallop, the distance he is intended to be run, moving briskly every time he passes the stand, and for a short distance on the back of the ground : he then should be walked about a mile, and again gallopped in manner first directed. Some fleet and delicate horses require very little practice indeed ; whil^ other hardy and hard bottomed horses require and can bear verv hard practice. But the appetite of a horse is the best criterion, as relates to that subject. If a horse refuses to eat, it is an evidence that his practice is either too hard or too quick ; when he eats heartily, it is a proof that he is able to bear what is given him. When a horse is first taken into keeping, his allowance for the first two or three days, should be rather short; which should be offered four times a day. His exercise should be walking, for the first three or four days ; two or three times the distance, or round the course of his contemplated race ; after which time, his food may be increased with his exercise, and he may be regularly fed with from two quarts at a feed to four quarts. His food should be often changed and prepared thus : his hommony (Indian corn ground coarse) should be first winded, then thrown into clean water, so as to separate the part that fs nutritious from the husk and chaff; the oats should be lightly beaten in a common hommony mortar, to separate them from the hull or chaff, which may be blown off; his foddei should be stemmed whenever it is discovered he has ^tl KEEPING. too much belly. A horse never should be drawn suddenly, as nothing is more weakening. The best medicine on earth, that can be employed in keeping of a horse, to give him wind and bottom, as the grooms term it, is good and sweet food. A greater proportion of old oats, hay, or hommony, opens the bowels ; and a large proportion of fodder and oats, when prepared in the way directed, has the reverse effect; so that by using food tliat actually contains nourishment, and will certainly benefit your horse, you may place him in whatever kind of order you think proper, without using those medicines which have a certain tendency to weaken and relax him. About two mashes during the time of keeping, is very bene- ficial ; the first as soon as you commence ; the second, about eight days previous to his running; composed of one gallon of bran, one table spoonful of flour of sulphur, and one tea spoonful of saltpetre. Most grooms are in the habit of giving one, two, or three sweats, during the time of keeping ; which method of hardening the flesh I am much opposed to. If ahorse is too gross, gradually increase his exercise, which will have the desired effect. Whenever a horse has to undergo one of those sweats, he is so much weakened and relaxed, as to require at least one w^eek to recovei his strength. Should a horse, in keeping, lose his appetite, it can readily be restored, by a single inno- cent drench, composed of a quarter of an ounce of asafcetida, one table spoonful of salt^ and one quart of sassafras tea. Good food, regular feeding, moderate exercise, and strict attention to rubbing, are of much more importance and benefit to a horse in keeping, than the administering of large doses of physic, which iiis nature does not require. When a horse is well kept, he will not appear very KEEPING. 27 fat, but his flesh will be very firm and hard ; his legs and ancles must be perfectly cool, and not puffed or swelled ; his eyes should be lively, and countenance cheerful: he should possess no bad habits, but be tractable, gentle, and manageable ; his actions smooth and graceful ; he should be taught patience ; and often practised in starting around the race course, never permitting him to go off, until the word GO is given. Many advantages result in a race, to a horse, being Droperly broke in starting. After a horse has gone through his practice, and has been well rubbed, &c. &c. his feet should be stuffed, (during the time of his standing in the stable) with fresh cow manure, or clay and salt, to prevent his ancles from swelling or being heated ; his legs should be bathed once a week, with equal parts of old peach brandv and fresh butter, or sweet oil and vinegar, stewed over the fire until well mixed, and applied warm as the hand can bear it. Whenever a horse commences his brisk exercise, the under part of his ancles should be occasionally, greased, to prevent their cracking and the scratches being produced. The heels of most young horses crack, during their exercise, unless this precaution is used ; fresh butter, sweet oil, or hog's lard, answers well for that purpose. The subject of keeping horses is so extensi%^e, that to treat fully on it, would require a book at least the size of this ; the reader, therefore, must be content with the few hints and few pages I have devoted to this subject. 28 RACE RiDEU. RACE RIDER. To become a valuable and a good race rider, requires more capacity, judgment, experience, and honour, than are often found in boys in the habit of riding. And no person can be successful on the turf, unless he can place the utmost confidence in his rider ; whose in- tegrity and honour it would be advisable frequently to put to the test. Boys are sometimes so young, foolish, and destitute of principle, as to receive bribes and promises : preventing the best horse from winning, to the disgrace of all concerned, and the serious injury of his owner ; who, in such cases, never should fail to make an example of all persons engaged in the villany. A good race rider will have the pad of his saddle wet, before he mounts, to keep it firm in its place ; he will try his stirrups, and prove them long enough to raise himself about two or three inches clear of the saddle : he will then tie his bridle a length that w^ill allow his horse, when he bears him gradually and steadily, to run at his ease, without being jerked or jostled ; he should never make a false start, but come up even and go off smoothly, without fretting or causing his horse to rear ; and above all other things BREEDING. 29 strict and pointed attention should be paid to the orders given, and they rigidly adhered to. A rider should bear a little forward, steadily as possible, and without altering the attitude of his body, when whipping, pushing, or running at his ease, taking great care to remain steady in his stirrups, holding his elbows close, and his hands low. A rider, after running his heat, should never dis- mount, or give up his horse to any other person, until it is his turn to prove his weight, and is directed to come to the stand. THE BREEDING AND RAISING OF HORSES. The breeding and raising of horses, to most persons, is a very amusing and pleasing task; but it is attended with much trouble and expense, unless well managed, and then it becomes not only a subject of prolit, but is well worth the attention of any person, whose situ- ation will admit of it, for the purpose of making a fortune. The raising of cold blooded or common horses, is generally a disadvantage to any person, being neither interesting or profitable. A colt threie years old, of the above description, seldom costs the owner less than one hundred and twenty dollars; and when he makes a sale, twice out of three times that sum cannot be obtained; consequently there is a loss, independent of trouble. But colts, three or four years old, from the best stock in the United States, of large size and 4 so BREEDING. having distinguished themselves on the turf, have com- manded from one hundred to one thousand pounds ! ! By rai^^ing and running such horses, large sums of money hav been accumulated in the United States, and particularly in Virginia, where the blood, speed, and beauty of horses, are equal to any in the world. Much has been stated by English authors, on the subject of blood, form, and speed of the English horses ; particularly Dorimant, Bay Malton, Echpse, High- flyer, Matchem, Shark, Childers, &c. &c. &c. But could the blood, form, speed, and bottom, of our Ame- rican horses, Brimmer, Chanticleer, Leviathan, Virago, Surprise, Florizel, Potomac, American Eclipse, &c. &c. &c. have been contrasted with them, I am induced to believe they would have had the same claim to the page of record and superior performance. True it is, that of Flying Childers it is stated, that he run a mile in a few seconds over a minute. My regard for the life of every human being, particularly a valuable race rider, induces me to wish our horses may never perform the mile in that time, though we have several amongst us whose speed is unknown, although they were on the turf several years, contending with very fine race horses. I must confess, that for a horse to run a mile in a minute, or eighty-two and a half feet in a second, (as stated) surpasses any idea that I have entertained of the velocity that a horse was capable of. In order to raise a beautiful and good racer, a stud should be made choice of, that will be a good cross, and of the best blood; not less than five feet two, though five feet four inches high, is a preferable size. He should be well proportioned, elegantly formed, of maho- gany bay colour, and clear of all defects, particu- BREEDING. 31 larly spavin and blindness : and should not only have proved himself in possession of speed on the turf, but bottom also ; and should be a sure foal getter. A mare should be made choice of, not less than five feet high, with a delicate head and neck, great length of body, large belly, and above all other things, one that has proved herself, by her colts, to be a good breeder. When you commence breeding w^ith a mare of this kind, you are almost certain of raising a valuable colt. But w^hen you commence with one untried, you run a great risk of losing time and raising a horse of the 120 dollar price, unless the mare, or stock from which she originated, was first rate and remarkable for their fine colts. Indeed there appears to be the same simi- larity in the blood of horses that exist in men, as respects their good and bad qualities, shape, &c. &c. We find vice common throughout some families, while We see virtue reigning in others. One breed of horses, under every care and attention, will only raise you a coarse horse or pony; whilst good blooded horses, even half starved and under every disadvantage, will show strong marks of beauty, activity, and size ; and after winning from his master kind treatment, often becomes the champion of the turf. I have known several first rate race horses that were once plough and draft horses. A brood mare, that has produced one or two good racers, from a good cross, in all probability will, at any time produce one, when under similar advantages. When a colt is foaled early in the spring, he will be under every benefit that can be derived from size^ strength, and age ; consequently, it would be advisable to put a mare to horse at such time as would produce a colt about the fifteenth or twentieth of April. A 32 BREEDING. mare generally goes with foal eleven months and as many days as she is years old. A colt foaled in April, when three years old would have to carry no more weight in a race field than one foaled in August ; which would give to the one first foaled a difference of three months of age, and of equal blood and under similar advantages. The one first foaled ought very certainly to prove best on the turf, from three to seven years old. After your mare has been put to the horse of your choice, she should not be confined during her preg- nancy, but a house or shed about twelve feet square, should be built for the purpose of sheltering her from the rain or bad weather ; the south side of this house should be left entirely open, so that the mare might come in or go out at pleasure : and a manger and rack should be confined in it for the purpose of feeding. A good bed of straw, and that frequently changed, will add much to her comfort, and she will be induced to sleep under the shelter if the litter is kept clean. — Adjoining this house there should be a lot, enclosed with post and railing, containing from one to four acres of ground, clear of snags, grubs, and stumps ; in which the mare should be confined about two or three weeks previous to her foaling : she will then be con- venient to assistance, should any be necessary. Mares frequently produce colts at fourteen or fifteen years of age, and sometimes twenty ; but from five to twelve years of age, from experiments made, appears to be the most valuable part of a mare's life for raising colts. Experience has also proved the great advan- tage resulting to the form and size of a colt, from letting him get thin upon grass alone, two or three limes previous to his being three years old ; after which lime he may be constantly pushed as much as possible. When the dam and sire of a colt are small, it is to BREEDING. 33 be presumed a colt produced by them will make a small horse, although there may be no objection to the blood ; and if he makes a race horse, it will be of the unprofitable kind. He may be a winner at three years old; at four years old, second best; and being too small to carry weight, he never can win again. Such a horse will not command a high price with a judge of horses, as it is evident that a large horse, with the same weight, will beat a small one, when they are equal in all respects except size. Indeed, for the purpose of draft or riding, a large horse will command double the sum of a small one, which plainly proves the importance of breeding from a large stock. When a colt arrives at the age of two and a half years, it is time he should be handled, and taught the use of the bit. It is of great consequence he should be first gentled by a person who well understands the management of horses, to prevent bad habits ; as first impressions are never entirely removed from man or beast. 4 * 34 BREEDING, [The following is the mode of raising Blooded Horses, as pursued by Wm. E. Broadnax, of Brunswick County, Virginia.'\ [from the AMERICAN FARMER.] MODE OF RAISING BLOODED HORSES. " In the first place, be particular in selecting a good stock to breed from. When the mare is near foaling, let her be to herself, and if early in the season, let her have a good roomy stable to foal in; and in good weather, let her and her colt be turned into a lot, (of wheat I prefer.) Wean the colt the first of October in a stable, until it is done snickering after its dam ; then turn it in a lot ; if you have more than one, they will do best together. " Stable them at night, and turn them out in the day, except in very bad weather : force them all you can the first winter. To do this, their principal food should be cut oats moistened with a due proportion of corn meal sprinkled over and mixed with them. Most foals are apt to be too delicate ; forcing them, and keeping them warm at night, will increase the size of their limbs in proportion to the weight of their bodies. After they are one year old, they should not be kept so fat, nor yet permitted to get poor. A stud colt, which is intended to be kept as such, should be separated from other horses at a year old, and stabled of nights ; his rack and manger should be so high as to strain him a little to get food; the windows of the stable should also be high, as he will be looking out at them : by these means his shoulders will be thrown back, and his withers raised. If it be wished to increase his quar- teis, enlarge his muscles, and other material parts, keep him in the stable frequently, for several days together, which will animate him ; then turn him out in BREEDING. 35 a lot, and encourage him to run and exert himself all you can, as his parts will acquire size and strength in proportion to the use m.ade of them. " I would recommend a mare of good form and thorough blood, though she cost the most, because her colts would cost no more to raise them than those from an ordinary mare, and would probably sell for more than three or four times as much. The reason I would wean in a stable is, that in the usual way of weaning in cornfields, &c. the colts run themselves poor before they are weaned. I prefer wheat lots for mares and colts, because they like it better than any thing else, and I think it agrees better with them. I find aats made use of as above stated, not only the most healthy and best, but also the cheapest food for mares and colts. In pursuing the course which has been laid down, I obtained the following results : " I selected a mare which I knew to be of good stock, but from improper raising was only four feet six inches high, and very delicate ; The first removal from her was four feet ten inches; the second remova five feet ; the third was five feet two inches ; the fourth was five feet six inches." 3G RAISING OF COLTS. RAISING OF COLTS. \^The following answers were returned by William R. Johnson, to questions propounded by J. Marshall, of Fauquier Co. Va.^ " Senate Chamber, February 4, 1829. 1. Keep the colts in pretty good order, not too fat, until they are too years old, then break them gently. 2. Keep them in lots, it does not matter as to size, taking care not to allow them to see other horses more than possible. 3 and 4. Grass lots are best, and short grass. 5. Dry food mostly — when young, cut oats. 6. Give corn in the winter; oats in the summer; not more at a time than they eat clean. When they are once fat very light feeding is best. 7. It is not at all necessary to rub them until they are two years old. 8. Wean the colts at about six months old. Should the above answers to your questions not be sufficiently explicit, they will be with great pleasure added to. Respectfully, William R. Johnson. RACE HORSE. 37 [from the AMERICAN FARMER.] THE BLOODED HORSE. How to choose a race horse by his external appearance, and lo be a judge of his symmetry by angular demonstration. RULES. 1st. Draw a base line from the stifle joint along the bottom of the chest to the extreme point of the elbow, and to the shoulder-blade joint. 2dly. Draw a hne from the curb or hock by the hip joint above the back, to an imaginary point. 3dly. Draw another line from the point of the shoul- der, ranging with the shoulder, and passing above the back, until it intersects the line at the imaginary point. 4thly. Draw a line from the intersecting point of the shoulders, giving the same declension until it intersects the base line, 5thly. From the stifle to the point of the buttock thence to the hip joint, thence declining to the stifle. 6thly. Draw a line from the hip to the base line, right angular declension, then to the shoulder up to the chest. Vthly. Then draw a straight line, regardless of the curve of the back, to a straight line i^ntersecting at the shoulder at the beginning of the crest. 8thly. Then take a line from the point of the shoul- der, and angular degree, ranging with the shoulder- blade to the top of the crest. Othly. Then, regardless of the rising of the crest, 38 RACE iiORsi:. draw a straight line from the top of the shoulder-blade to intersect with the point of the former line. Thus the real symmetry of a grand and beautiful horse, possessed with muscular powers and strength, is formed by a right-angled triangle ; and the farther from it a race horse's form is, the less pretensions that horse has to beauty, speed, bottom, or lastingness, ability to carry weight, or activity. A thick, upright shoulder, is a very certain mark of a " stumbler," and is fit for no use whatever but the slow draft. A low coupling in the back, is a true mark of weak- ness ; it denotes want of strength, lastingness, ability to carry weight, or speed. A low loin, is a certain mark of weakness, and a weakly and washy constitution. But a rising loin, of ability to carry weight, speed, activity, and lastingness, and a good constitution, sym- metry, beauty, and muscular strength. A race horse's legs cannot be too short. A great declivity, and thin shoulders, denotes speed. A narrow breast, weakness. A horse's breast bone, formed like that of the rabbit, denotes also speed, and it is the best form for a race horse. A short, broad hock, denotes strength ; a broad stifle, well let down to the curb or hock, denotes bottom or lastingness, strength, and activity. There are not two race horses in five hundred, pro- perly formed in the knees ; which should be small, divested of superfluous appendages, and strong ; they denote activity and strength. RACE HORSE. 39 A lax, bending pastern, denotes also speed ; a long horse is preferable to a short one, because he can cover a great deal of ground, and can bear pressing better and longer. The race horse, upon the whole, whose form in general, is composed of the essential properties of the following animals, viz. the rabbit, grey hound, and ostrich — is the best. GoRWOOD. December 6, 1827. ®9* The following is the English mode of management and working of Race Horses. In the managing and working of race horses, three things are to be considered : the preparation of the horse, the conduct of the rider, and the after treatment of the horse. The preparation of a race horse for running a race is not the work of a few days, if there be any great dependence on the success. A month at least, is required to harden his muscles in training, by proper food and exercise, and to refine his wind, by clearing his body to that degree of perfec- tion that is attainable by art. It is first necessary 1o ascertain correctly the present state of the horse, as whether he be low or high in flesh ; and in either case, a proper estimate should be formed of the time and means required to bring him into true running condition. 10 RACE HORSE. If a race horse he low in Jlesh, it is necessary to )udge of the cause of such state, and to act accordingly. It is to be remarked, that spices are less to be depended on for this purpose than generous food, as malt mashes; and if any thing of the kind be used, let it be the simple cordial ball. Feed frequently, and by little at a time : while he is thus low, let his exercise be walking only, and by no means spare his water, or he will become hide-bound: carefully watch him, that full feeding may not disagree by making his heels swell, or his coat unthrifty ; and if such appearances occur, mash him and begin his scourings, otherwise abstain from physic until he is in better health. As he improves in condition, increase his exercise, but not to such a degree as to make him sweat : his food must now be the best oats and beans, with wheaten or barley bread ; the beans and oats are to be put into a bag and beaten until the hulls are all off, and then winnowed clean ; the bread instead of being chipped in the common way, is to have the crust clean off. If the horse be in goodjiesh and spirits when taken up for his month's preparation, cordials are altogether unnecessary ; and the chief business will be to give him good food, and so much exercise as will keep him in wind, without over-sweating or tiring his spirits. — When he takes larger exercise afterwards, towards the end of the month, it will be proper to have some horses in the place to run against him. This will put him upon his mettle, and the beating them will give him spirits. This, however, is t-) be cautiously observed, that he has not a bloody heat given him for ten days or a fortnight before the plate is to be run for ; and that the last heat that is given him the day before the race, must be in his clothes : this will make him run w^th greatly more vigour when stripped for the race, and feeling the RACE HORSE. 41 cold wind on every part. In the second week, the horse should have the same food and more exercise ; and in the last fortnight he must have dried oats, that have been hdled by beating ; after this jockeys wet them with the whites of eggs beaten up, and then laid out in the sun to dry ; and when dry as before, the horse is to have them : this sort of food being considered by them as very light of digestion, and very good for the creature's wind. The beans in this time should be given more sparingly, and the bread should be made of three parts wheat and one part beans, or of wheat and barley in equal parts. If he should become costive under this course, he must then have bran- water to drink, or some ale and whites of eggs beaten together ; and keep his body moist. In the last week all mashing is to be omiiled, and barley- w^ater given him in its place ; and every day, till the day before the race, he should have his fill of hay ; then he must have it given him more sparingly, that he may have time to digest it ; and in the morning of the race day, he must have a toast or two of white bread soaked in ale, and the same 'ust before he is led out of the field. This is an excel- lent method, because the two extremes of fulness and fasting are at this time to be equally avoided ; the one heating his w^ind, and the other occasioning a faintness that mav make him loose. After he has had his food, ^ 7 the litter is to be shook up, and the stable kept quiet, that he may be disturbed by nothing till he is taken out to run. In the choice of a rider for winning a race, it is necessary, as far as possible, to select one that is not only expert and able, but honest. He must have a very close seat, his knees being turned close to the saddle skirts, and held firmly there; and the toes turned inwards, so that the spurs may be turned outwards \o 5 42 RACE HORSE. the horse's belly ; his left hand governing the horse's mouth, and his right the whip. During the whole time of the race, he must take care to sit firm in the saddle, without waving or standing up in the stirrups. Some jockeys fancy the last a becoming seat ; but it is certain that all motions of this kind do really incommode the horse. In spurring the horse, it is not to be done by sticking the calves of the l^gs close to the horse's side, as if it were intended to press the wind out of his body ; but on the contrary, the toes are to be turned a little outwards, and the heels being brought in, the spurs may just be brought to touch the side. A sharp touch of this kind will be of more service toward the quicken- ing of a horse's pace, and will sooner draw blood than one of the common coarse kicks. The expert jockey will never spur his horse until there is great occasion, and the a he will avoid striking him under the fore bowels, between the shoulders and the girt ; this is the tenderest part of a horse, and a touch there is to be reserved for the greatest extremity. As to whipping the horse, it ought always to be done over the shoulder, on the near side, except in very hard running, and on the point of victory ; then the horse is to be struck on the flank with a strong jerk; for the skin is the most tender of all there, and most sensible of the lash. When a horse is whipped and spurred, and is at the top of his speed, if he clap his ears in his pole or w^hisk his tail, it is a proof that the jockey treats him hard, and then he ought to give him as much comfort as he can, by sawing the snaflle back- wards and forwards in his mouth, and by that means forcing him to open his mouth, which will give him wind, and be of great service. If there be any high wmd stirring in the time of riding, the artful jockey will let his adversary lead, holding hard behind him, RACE HORSE. 43 till he sees an opportunity of giving a loose ; yet m this case he must keep so close behind, that the other horse may keep the wind from him ; and that he, sit- ting low, may at once shelter himself under him, and assist the strength of the horse. If the wind happen to be in their back, the expert jockey is to keep directly behind the adversary, that he may have aL the advantage of the wind to blow his horse along, as it were, and at the same time intercept it in regard to his adversary. When running on level smooth ground, the jockey is to beat his horse as much as the adversary will give him leave, because the horse is naturally more in- clined to spend himself on this ground ; on the con- trary, on deep earths, he may have more liberty, as he will there spare himself. In riding up hill the horse is always to be favoured, by bearing him hard, for fear of running him out of wind; but in running down hill, if the horse's feet and shoulders will bear it, and the rider dares venture his neck, he may have a full loose. If the horse have the heels of the rest, the jockey must always spare him a little, that he may have a reserve of strength to make a push at the last post. On the jockey^ s knowing the nature of the horse that is to run against him, a great deal depends ; for by managing accordingly, great advantages are to be obtained : thus, if the opposite horse is of a hot and fiery disposition, the jockey is either to run just behind him or cheek-by-jole with him, making a noise with the whip, and by that means forcing him on faster than his rider would have him, and consequently, spending him so much the sooner ; or else keep him just before him in such a slow gallop that he may either overreach, or by 44 RACE HORSE. treading on the heels of the fore horse, endanger tumbhng over. Whatever be the ground that the adversary's horse runs worst on, the cunning jockey is to ride the most violently over ; and by this means it will often happen, that in following he either stum- bles or claps on the back sinews. The several cor- rections of the hand, the whip and the spur, are also to be observed in the adversary, and in what maimer he makes use ol them : and when it is perceived by any of the symptoms of holding down the ears, or whisking the tail, or stretching out the nose like a pig, that the horse is almost blov/n, the business is to keep him on to his speed, and he will be soon thrown out or distanced. If the horse of the opponent looks dull, it is a sign his strength fails him ; and if his flanks beat much, it is a sign that his wind begins to fail him, and his strength will soon do so too. The after management of a horse that has run, in- cludes the treatment between the heats, and the treat- ment after the race is over. After every heat, there must be dry straw and dry cloths, both linen and woollen, ready to rub him down all over, after taking off the sweat with what is called a sweat-knife ; that is, a piece of an old sword blade or some such thing. After the horse has been well rubbed, he should be chafed all over with cloths wet in common water, till the time of starting again. When it is certainly known that the horse is good at the bottom, and will stick at the mark, he should be rode every heat to the best of his performance ; and the jockey is, as much as possible, to avoid riding at any particular horse, or slaying for any, but to ride out the whole heat with the best speed he can. If, on the contrary, he has a fierv horse to ride, and one that is hard to manage, hard mouthed, and difficult to be held, he is to be started HOSTLER. 45 behind the rest of the horses with all imaginable cool- ness and gentleness ; and when he begins to ride at some command, then the jockey is to put up to the other horses ; and if they ride at their ease, and are hard held, they are to be drawn on faster ; and if it be perceived that their wind begins to rake hot, and they want a sob, the business is to keep them up to that speed ; and when they are all come within three quar- ters of a mile of the post, then is the time to push for it, and use the utmost speed in the creature's power. JVhe7i the race is over, the horse is immediately to be clothed up and rode home ; and immediately on his coming into the stable, the following drink is to be given him : Beat up the yelks of three eggs, and put them into a pint and a half of sound ale, made warm ; and let it be given with a horn. After this, he is to be rubbed well down, and the saddle-place rubbed over with warm water and vinegar, and places where the spurs have touched, with the same ; after this he should have a feed of rye bread, then a good mash, and at some time after these as much hay and oats as he will eat. His legs, after this, should be bathed some time with a mixture of vmegar and water, ' HOSTLER. No situation that a servant can be placed in, requires more activity, sobriety, strength, attention, and indus- try, than that of an hostler". And how often do we see weak, lazy, careless, crippled, and even extreme old men, worn out with age and infirmity, placed in that employment? Indeed, those are often made 5* 46 STABLES. choice of that are unable to perform labour of any description. Nothing can be more agreeable to a fatigued traveller, than to place his horse in possession of every pleasure, every comfort possible, after his having faithfully performed a hard ride, or on a journey ; which he cannot have the opportunity of doing, unless a fit person is selected for an hostler. Many fine horses and stables have been destroyed by carelessness. Hostlers that smoke pipes or segars, are unfit for that employment. STABLES. Nothing conduces more to the health of a horse, than a good and wholesome stable. It should be built upon a high, airy, and firm situation, that the horse, in bad weather, may come in and go out clean. No animal delights more in cleanliness than the horse, or to whom bad smells are more disagreeable and perni- cious. Great attention should be paid to the removal of all offensive and putrid matter, to prevent the farcy and other troublesome and distressing diseases, which frequently proceed from such neglect. A log stable is preferable to any other, on account of its admitting a free circulation of air in summer ; and by the use of slabs or straw in winter, can be made warm and com- fortable. Opposite to each stall there should be a lattice or window, with a shutter ; by which means you can, at pleasure, either welcome the cheering breeze, or bar out the threatening storm. The rack should be smooth, high, and firmly fastened to the wall ; which will prevent a horse injuring his eyes, skinning his STABLES. 47 face, and doing himself other injury when feeding. The upright pieces in a rack should be four, or four and a half inches apart, to prdVent long food from being unnecessarily wasted. The halter should never be tied to the rack, (several fine horses having been ruined by such carelesness,) but should be passed through a ring in the manger, and confined to a longer or smooth piece of wood, weighing about a pound. With a halter of this description, there is no danger of a horse's hanging, alarming, or injuring himself A stall should be four and a half or five feet wide, which will allow him to lie down with comfort. The stable floor should be planked, to mske the coat of hair show to advantage ; but a dirt floor is far preferable, when a horse is wanted for actual service : there is a mois- ture received by the hoof from the earth, which is absolutely necessary to make it tough and service- able. Either kind of stable floors should be a little raised towards the manger, to turn the urine from the stall, which produces an unpleasant smell, and (when permitted to stand a length of time) very unwhole-. some vapours. When the size of a stable is calculated for several horses, the partitions between the stalls should be neatly and smoothly planked low enough to the 'floor, to prevent the horse when lying down, getting his legs through, and high enough at top to prevent them from smelling, biting, and molesting each other. A plentiful bed of clean, dry straw affords, to a fatigued or travelling horse, as great a welcome as his food, and is as necessary in a stable as the pitchfork, curry-comb, and brush. 48 NICKINQ. NICKING. Nicking a horse has been generally believed to be attended with much difficulty, and to require great in- genuity and art to perform the operation. The nicking alone, is by far t*he easiest part, as the curing and pullying requires considerable attention and trouble. Nicking is an operation })erformed for the purpose of making a horse carry an elegant artificial tail, which adds much to his beauty and value. A horse may be finely shaped, even without fault, except carrying a bad tail, and he will not command a larger sum than one of very loose and ordinary shape elegantly nicked. One thus operated on, will have an appearance of gaiety, sprightliness, and life, which cannot be given by art in any other way ; indeed, it very Irequently happens the tail sells for one fourth the value of the horse, which argues strongly in favour of the opera- tion being performed on every tolerable likely horse, that is naturally deficient in that respect. Some are of opinion, and particularly our plain, good old farmers, who are in the habit of raising fine horses, that nicking is injurious, weakening the back, unstringing the tendons, relaxing the muscles about the hind parts, causing a horse frequently to fall and some- times to catch upoji their ancles behind, almost breaking the rider's back; in all of which they are entirely mistaken, and would readily be convinced of the fact, if they were to study the anatomy of the horse. Every tendon, muscle, nerve, artery, &c. that is separated in nicking, is always cut in docking; and we do not find it the result of experiment, that a horse with a long tail is more durable, stronger, ree V t NICKING. 49 from catching or sinking behind, than a horse thai has been docked. Nicking will never make a bad horse a good one, or a good horse a bad one. The opinion unfavourable to nicking, no doubt, has taken its rise from many delicate, v^^eak, long-legged horses being nicked for the purpose of selling them. When the operation succeeds well, the horse assumes a new appearance, being more like a dancing master than a grave digger, after which he will continue to practise his old habits of catching behind, or making a bow, although he appears as if he could glide upon the wind. This elegant tail causes them to forget this is the same tender and weak horse that was in bad habits before he was nicked ; and almost proves, without reflection, that nicking is the cause of his apparent weak- ness. Indeed if such opinions were founded on fact, all horses that had been nicked, would fall and catch behind, whenever they had to descend a small hill. I have never known an instance of a horse catching behind after being nicked, that was not in the habit previous to the operation being performed. Before I describe the operation of nicking, it may be necessary to inquire into the effect, or how the elevation of the tail is brought about. In order to do this, and judge of the operation with propriety, we must consider the tail elevated or raised by one set of muscles, ending in large tendons, and depressed or drawn down by another ; the muscles and tendons that elevate the tail, are stronger and more numerous, and nearer to the bone than those that depress it ; they are closely connected to the bones of the tail by fleshy fibres, and terminate in strong tendons at the extra mity. The tendons that throw down or depress the tail, are two in number, and may be found within a 50 NICKING. quarter of an inch of the outer sides of the tail, next to the hair. There are three arteries ; two large, on the outer side and immediately under the tendons, and one in the centre between the two nearer the bone, all running into a longitudinal direction, and decreasing in size to the extreme end. To perform the operation of nicking, it is first neces- sary the horse should be well secured, to prevent his kicking or doing other injury ; a twitch is to be put on his upper lip, but not so high as to prevent his breath- ing; a cord is to be made fast to the fetlock of one of his hind legs, thence carried forward and made fast to his fore leg above the knee, which will effectually prevent his doing injury during the operation. — \_See Plate.] Being now confined, j^ou are ready to commence the operation, w^hich chiefly consists in a transverse division of those depressing tendons of the tail, and such a position afterwards as will keep their extremi- ties again from coming into contact ; so that an inter- vening callous fills up the vacuity, and elevates, erects, and props the tail. There ai'e three different modes of nicking, all of which I will proceed to explain, giving an opportunity to any person, about to perform the operation, to make their selection. To make a horse carry an elegant tail, is attended with some uncertainty, as much depends upon the spirit, disposition, form, size of the bone of the tail, &c. &c. &LC. A horse of good spirit, tolerable shape, and a small bone in the tail, can be made to carry an elegant tail with the greatest ease ; particularly if he carried a tolerably natural tail. But a dull, leather- headed, flop-eared horse, with a remarkable large bone :n his tail, will set you a task, although you may break NICKING. M the bone in two or three places — indeed there is so much difference in horses, that some judgment must be exercised about the mode best to be adopted to the accompHshment of the object in view. Nothing can more disfigure the appearance of a horse, than to be half nicked. The form of the tail, when this unfortunately happens, departs from the simplicity of nature, and never attains the elegance of art The first mode of nicking I shall describe, is the simplest, and attended with the least trouble ; and although it succeeds well, twice out of three times, yet I think inferior to the other two I shall presently de- scribe. Being prepared with a sharp knife and a crooked piece of iron or buck's horn, for the purpose of performing the operation. 1st. Have a twitch placed upon his nose as directed in the engraving annexed. — Figure 3. 2d. With a strong rope, confine his left hind leg to his left fore leg, above the knee. — Figures 5 4^ 6. 3d. Plat the tail close and neatly, from the root to the end, clubbing or turning it over a small stick. — Figure 7. - ^ 4th. Turn the tail up, with a strong arm that can keep it firm and steady, in a direct line with his rump and back-bone. — Figure 7. 5th. With a sharp knife make an incision on each side of the tail about three inches long, in a longitu- dinal direction, about two inches from the root, and about a quarter of an inch from the outer edge of the tail, next to the hair ; so soon as you get through the skin, you will find exposed the two large tendons. 6 52 NICKING 6th. Make a second pair of incisions, similar to the first, commencing within about two inches of the termination of the first.^ 7th. Make one other pair of incisions, in length pro- portioned to the length of the tail, taking care to leave about two inches at the end. 8th. With a crooked iron or horn, take up the ten- dons at the first incision, as near the root of the tail as possible, and cut them smoothly in two. 9th. Take up the tendons at the second incision, and by using strength, draw those in the first incision out at the second. 10th. Draw those of the second out at the third incision, and cut them off" smoothly. 11th. Wash the tail in strong salt and water, and take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood, three times within a week. 12th. The horse may be turned out or used mode- rately, and should be fed on green or light food ; his tail should be washed clean, with soap and water, three or four times within a fortnight ; by which time, in all probability, he will be entirely well. A horse nicked in this way will require no pulleying, provided the tail is well strained up, with a strong arm, twice a day. The second mode of nicking is attended with more trouble than the first : but with the greatest certainty of a horse carrying an elegant tail. Having confined the horse as first directed, and prepared yourself with a sharp knife — 1st. Make an incision entirely across the under part of the horse's tail, deep enough on each side to cut in two the depressors or tendons, but shallow in the middle, and about two inches from the root of NICKING. 53 the tail. When the depressors are entirely cut in two, one end of them will suddenly draw towards the rump, and the other will slip or shoot out of the wound about half an inch, which must be cut off smoothly and even with the wound. 2d. The second incisions must be made like the first, from which they must be distant about three inches. 3d. The third incisions should be made like the second, except deeper. If any artery should be cut,, it is no cause of alarm ; as a plentiful bleeding is ot infinite service in speedily curing the tail thus operated on, and the blood is easily stopped by wrapping the tail up with a small quantity of salt, added to a handful of flour, or by placing him in the pulleys ; though from a gallon to a gallon and a half of blood would not be too much to lose. 4th. After nicking, the tail should be washed in strong salt and water, and the horse may not be pul- leyed for three or four days, at which time all blood, dirt, &c. should be carefully removed, not only from the under part of the tail, but from amongst the hair also, and should be kept clean until he is cured, which will be about three weeks ; by which time should he not be fat, his condition will be much improved. 5th. The tail should be taken out of the pulleys - every three or four days, unplatted, and washed clean with strong soap-suds. 6th. Bleed every five or six days, taking from a half to a gallon of blood at each bleeding, and if the tail appears much inflamed, bleed oftener; it will remove fever and inflammation, and cause the wounds to heal very quick. 54 NICKING. 7th. His food should be easy of digestion, light and cool, such as bran, oats, or green food of any kind. If the root of the tail should be inflamed, (which is very often the case after pulleying,) or should small biles appear, apply a little tincture of myrrh, copperas, or blue-stone water. It very often happens, that the hair in the tail of a nicked horse shows a disposition to drop, w^hich should be prevented, by washing the tail in sharp vinegar, and keeping it nice and clean with soap-suds. The matter discharged from the wounds, if permitted to remain amongst the hair for twenty-four hours, will take it off as readily as a knife. It is of very great importance to prevent this, as the best nicked horse in the world will look ugly, if he has little or no hair in his tail ; besides, it generally takes twelve months to replace it. Horses are sometimes nicked, when their blood is in a bad state, which is the cause of their tails swelling and showing marks of violent inflammation ; to remove which, it will be only necessary to bleed plentifully, and apply a poultice made of a strong decoction of red oak bark and corn meal If this operation should be performed in a season of the year when flies are troublesome, the tail and buttocks of the horse should be anointed with stur- geon's oil, which will effectually remove them. I shall now proceed to describe the third and best mode of nicking every description of horses; and which, if well attended to, will seldom or never fail to succeed. 1st. The stall, pulleys, halter, and manger, should all be prepared for the reception of a horse, previous to being nicked, as directed in the engraving pre- fixed. The pulleys {figure 2) about six or eight feet NICKING 55 apart, and about the same distance from the stable floor, over each side of the stall, and firmly fastened to the wall ; a smooth and small cord is then to be passed through each of the pulleys, and to each end must be confined two equal weights, as figure 10 ; the halter should be constructed and fastened as figure 11 ; the trough should be securely fastened to the stall or wall, to prevent its being pulled down, {figure 8,) the stall should be three or three and an half feet wide, and not deep enough to allow a horse to rub and disfigure his tail, as figure 9. 2d. The horse should be confined, as figures 5, 6, and 3, and the tail closely and neatly platted up and clubbed at the end, or turned over a small stick, and securely tied with a waxed string, as figures 7 and 4. 3d. Being provided with a sharp knife and a crook- ed piece of buck's horn, and the tail being turned up by a strong arm, in a direct line with the back bone, as before mentioned, commence the operation by mak- ing a transverse incision, immediately across the tail, one and a half inches from the root, and deep enough to separate entirely the tendons on each side of the under part of the tail, which will be found about a quarter of an inch from the hair on the outer edge ; this incision in the middle may be shallow. The large arteries lie so immediately under the tendons, that they are often wounded or separated in performing this operation, which will be a great advantage in the healing of the wounds, instead of doing injury by the loss of blood. But whenever a horse may have bled irom one to two gallons, the bleeding will readily stop by placing the tail in pulleys, or by applying a smaii quantity of flour and salt to the wound, and wrap the tail up moderately tight with a linen rag, from the root to the end. 6* 56 NICKING. 4th. Make two incisions lengthwise or longitudi- nally, (commencing about two or two and a half inches from the cross or transverse incision,) and about three inches in length, which will expose the large tendons on each side. 5th. Make two other incisions of the same kind, commencing about one inch from the second, and in length running within about two inches of the end of the tail. 6th". Make a transverse incision within half an inch of the termination of the longitudinal incisions, (or those made lengthwise,) pretty deep. 7th. With a buck's horn take up the large tendons in the second incisions, and draw the ends out of the first ; take up those in the third and draw the ends out of the second, and at the upper part of the wound cut off the tendons even and smooth. 8th. With a strong arm strain up the tail opposite the second incisions, until the bone slips or breaks ; treat the tail opposite the third incisions in the same manner — also the fourth and last, which should be made across. 9th. Wash the tail in strong salt water, and the horse may be placed in a stall, turned in a pasture, or elsewhere, for two or three days. 10th. Wash the wound and tail clean with strong soap suds, and place the horse in the pulleys, by pas- sing a small noose {Figure 1) over the stick confined in the hair, at the end of the tail — {Figure 4.) 1 1th. Take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood, each week, until he gets well ; or double the quantity should the tail be much inflamed. He should remain in the pulleys about three weeks, in order to give the new flesh time to get firm, and should be washed once NICKING. 5T a day with castile soap, so that it may be kept entirely clean. The tail should be taken out of the pulleys twice a week, the hair unplatted, and permitted to remain down all night, and the horse changed to a clean and large stall, with a good bed of straw, for the purpose of sleeping and refreshing himself. Before he is again confined, he may be rode two or three hundred yards, slow, and without being fretted. Whilst stand- ing in the pulleys, his legs should be frequently bathed with pot-liquor, in which bacon was boiled ; vinegai and sweet oil, or lard and spirits of any kind ; and a mash should be given him at least once a week, of one gallon of bran or oats, with a table spoonful of powdered brimstone, and one tea spoonful of salt- petre; not permitting him to drink for six hours after- wards. His halter should be made of substantial materials, to prevent his breaking loose whilst confined in the pulleys, pulling the hair out of the end of the tail, and doing himself other injury. A bucket of salt and water may be given twice a week during his con- finement, which will be very grateful to the taste and cooling to the system. 12th. Great pains should be taken to have the weights to the pulleys equal, in order to keep the tail in a per- pendicular direction, and prevent it from turning to either side during the time of healing; as a horse that carries his tail round to one side, instead of being elegantly nicked, is ruined. The wounds, occasionally, should be washed in blue-stone or copperas water, which will cause them to heal rapidly; the horse should have as much green and light food as he can eat, such as bran, oats, &;c. Some horses that are nicked in this way, and are pulleyed only four or five days, carry very handsome tails ; but I am of opinion, 58 PRICKING. FOXING. to ensure success, it is necessary fney should be kept in the pulleys until the wounds are perfectly well. — He®9« PRICKING. The pricking a horse has proved to be as useless an operation as it is simple, seldom or never having the desired effect; consequently the practice should be abolished. Many nicked horses fail to carry good tails ; and much less is it to be expected from a horse that is pricked. I would recommend that the operation should never be performed. — •h9@0*"-- FOXING. To fox a horse is an operation so simple, that it can be performed by almost any person. The only skill is, to select such horses as will be improved by being foxed. There is an instrument generally used for this purpose ; but the operation can be performed very correctly without it. The simplest and easiest mode is, to take a very small paint-brush, and with paint that will form a contrast to the colour of the horse, mark the ears of the shape and length you prefer ; then place on his nose a twitch ; have one of his fore DOCKING. 69 legs held up ; and with a sharp knife cut off the ears, carefully following the line which was previously made with the brush ; the skin will immediately slip down and leave the gristly part a little naked, which must be washed in salt and water once a day for about a week, after which they should be greased with a little sweet oil, fresh butter, or hog's lard, and they will get entirely well in two or three weeks. A horse with a small, thin, delicate head, will always be much im- proved by being foxed. But a horse with a fleshy, heavy, thick, or long head, will show with less advan- tage after his ears are cut off, even if he carried them extremely bad previous to the operation. ^H*9@9* DOCKING. Docking a horse is an operation so simple, as to re quire but little skill or judgment in its performance, A twitch is to be placed upon the upper lip of the horse, but not so high as to prevent his breathing, (as in the engraving for nicking, figure 3,) — one of his fore legs must be held up to prevent his kicking or doing other injury, and a waxed string must be tied very tight twice round the tail, just above the place where it is to be cut off; a large block of wood is to be placed upon his rump, and the tail turned up and laid smoothly on the block ; then, with a sharp instru- ment, you may cut the tail the length you prefer, (though horses docked short generally carry the best tails,) or after the waxed string is securely tied, take 00 CASTRATING. the tail in one hand, and a large knife (sharpened on a brick to give it a rongh edge) in the other, and with ease, at one stroke, you may cut the tail in two : then take a piece of iron, moderately hot, place a little rosin in the wound, and sear it, recollecting to cut off the waxed string two or three days afterwards, and grease the tail with a little fresh butter or sweet oil, which will cause it to heal very quickly afterwards. When a horse is docked, the same tendons, arteries, and nerves are separated, that are divided in nicking ; and it is very rare that a horse's life is endangered or lost in consequence of performing either operation. [from Loudon's encyclopedia of agriculture.] CASTRATING COLTS. The time for ca-strating or gelding of colts is usually when they are about a year old ; although this operation is frequently suspended till the second year, especially when it is intended to keep them on hand, and without employing them in labour till the following season. Parkinson disapproves of delaying this operation so long, and recommends twitching the colts, a practice well known to the ram breeders, any time after a week old, or as soon after as the testicles are come down ; and this method, he says, he has followed himself, with great success. Blaine's remarks on the subject of castration appear wor- thy of notice ; he says, when the breed is particu- CASTRATING. 61 larly good, and many considerable expectations are formed on the colt, it is always prudent to wait till twelve months: at this period, if his fore parts are correspondent wdth his hinder, proceed to castrate ; but if he be not sufficiently well up before, or his neck be too long and thin, and his shoulders spare, he will assuredly improve by being allowed to remain whole six or eight months longer. Another writer suggests for experiment, the spaying of mares, thinking they would work better, and have more wind than geldings. But he does not appear to have been aware that this is by no means a new experiment ; for Tusser, who wrote in 1562, speaks o^ gelding fillies as a common practice at that period. The main objection to this operation is not that brood mares would become scarce, as he supposes ; but that, by incapacitating tliem from breed- ing, in case of accident, and in old age, the loss in this expensive species of live stock would be greatly enhanced. An old or lame mare would then be as worthless as an old or lame gelding is at present. [The following mode of castrating colts is taken from Mr. SJtinner^s American Turf Register and Sporting Magazine.] The operator must in the first place provide himself with a strong rope, a couple of clamps for each colt, (if he intends altering more than one,) a little paste, a ball of twine or good thread, and a phial of the following mixture : R. Two tea-spoonfuls of i^ed precipitate, One do. of corrosive sublimate, to be well ground separately, and then intimately mixed. The clamp is made thus: Take a piece oi G2 CASTRATING. elder six inches long and from three quarters to one inch in diameter ; bark it, and spHt it through the middle, and having taken out the pith, cut one adjoining end of each piece with a slope, from the inside out- wards, about an inch, and notch it on the outside, as also the other end that is not sloped, that they may be securely tied together. Fill the hollows nicely with the paste, and sprinkle over it some of the mixture in phial. Then place the sloped ends together in such a manner that the other ends will be separated about an inch, and tie them by several turns of the thread in that position, thus: Every preparation being made; the colt thrown and carefully tied; the integuments of the testicles are to be laid open, the stone pulled out, and the epididy- mis separated from its adhesion to the lower end of the testicle as in the ordinary way. The cord is then caught in one of the clamps, which is pressed hard upon it, and firmly tied at the open end. When this is accomplished, the cord must be cut directly off, close to the edge of the clamp, and a little more of the above mixture should be sprinkled upon the ends exposed by the knife. After the operation is concluded, the clamps should be suffered to remain on eighteen or twenty-four hours. They may then be taken oflf by penning the colt in a confined place, and cutting the strings whicJi tie their blunt ends. Neither swelling, nor stiflfness, nor any other inconvenience follows this operation, and the animal appears, after he is relieved of the clamps, as well as ever he was. This method may, with equal efficacy, be applied to every other animal whose age or size renders the old way precarious. FATTENING. 63 FATTENING. To fatten a horse in a short space of time, has generally been considered a very great art, and at- tended with much difficulty. Some authors arc of opinion, it is necessary for a horse to swallow a certain quantity of medicine to produce the desired effect ; while others rely on an uncommon or peculiar kind of food ; but experience has proved that both opinions are erroneous, and that the few simples which I shall here recommend, together with good rubbing and a particular manner of feeding, will accomplish the fat- tening of a horse that is not a garran or extremely poor, within three or four weeks. After your stable is prepared, (as directed in pages 40 and 47,) provide a plenty of good sweet corn, hommony, oats, bran, and fodder ; also a sufficient quantity of straw to keep him with a comfortable and clean bed ; then notice the condition of the animal, for the purpose of bleeding in the neck. Should he be very poor, take from him only one quart of blood ; if in tolerable plight, two quarts —repeating the bleeding at the expiration of every eight or ten days, until he is fat. Take of flaxseed one pint, boil it to a strong tea of one quart ; take ol powdered brimstone, one table spoonful ; salt-petre, one tea spoonful ; of bran, one and a half gallons ; mix them all together, scalding the bran with the tea, form- ing a mash; which may be given every eight days : not permitting the horse to drink cold water for eight or ten hours afterwards. Take of asafcetida (which can be procured from any apothecary's shop) half an ounce ; wrap it in a clean linen rag, and nail it in the bottom of the manger where the animal is fed; at first the horse will eat unwillingly where it is placed, but in a few days he will grow remarkabl v fpnd of it. 7 64 FATTENING. When you commence kind treatment towards a horse that has been cruelly used, let it be with great caution, or you may produce a fo'under or some other injury ; those serviceable animals being too often hard used and half starved. For three or four days, allow- ance a horse you contemplate fattening, to two and a half gallons a day, six or eight bundles of fodder, or an equal quantity of hay ; after which you may keep your rack constantly full of long food, and never permit the manger to be entirely empty : taking care to change the food every day, giving the largest pro- portion of bran, viz. : — bran and hommony, bran and oats, bran and corn, bran alone, oats, corn, hommony, &c. &c. The food moistened occasionally with strong sassafras tea, produces an admirable effect ; it whets the appetite, enriches the blood, and opens the bowels. Whenever a horse is fed, all dust, sour food, &c. should be removed from his manger, which should be washed twice a week with vinegar and salt ; this kind of attention will aid the appetite and keep the manger sweet and clean. If the season of the year you undertake to fatten in, affords green food of any kind, a little about twelve o'clock would assist you much in accomplishing your object. In the bucket in which you water, throw a handful of salt, two or three times a week ; it becomes very grateful to the taste, after a few days' confinement, and will prevent his pawing and eating dirt. If the object is to fatten a horse as speedily as possible, giving to him unusual Hfe and spirits, he should not be brought out of the stable, nor even led to water. But if flesh is to be placed upon a horse to render hard service, I would recommend moderate exercise once every three days, carefully avoiding fretting or alarming him ; more in* jury may be done a horse by fretting him one day, EXCESSIVE FATIGUE. 65 than you can remove in a week by the kindest treat- ment. The hoofs should be cleaned out every morn- ing and evening, stuffed with clay and salt, or fresh cow manure, to keep the feet cool and prevent a swel- ling in the legs. A plenty of good rubbing is abso- lutely necessary for the placing of flesh speedily on a horse ; and a blanket as a covering, at any time except the summer months, will place on his coat of hair a beautiful gloss, and add much to his comfort and ap- parent value. EXCESSIVE FATIGUE. For a horse to undergo very great fatigue without injury, requires at least one week's preparation. Pre- vious to entering him on his journey, he should be fed plentifully on solid old food, such as corn, fodder, hay or oats, and smartly exercised from five to ten miles a dav. He should be well rubbed two or three times every twenty-four hours, which will very reaidily have the effect of making his flesh not only firm, but hard. I have no doubt, from the experiments I have made, that any tolerable good and active horse may be rode one hundred miles, in a pleasant long day, with- out receiving any permanent injury, by observing the treatment I shall here recommend. Experience has proved that rainy or drizzly weather is more favoura- ble to the performance of an excessive hard ride, than a day that is fair or sultry, with sunshine ; rain has the efiect of keeping him cool, suppling his limbs, of moistening and refreshing him. On the night pre- 66 EXCESSIVE FATIGUE. vious to his engaging in this laborious undertaking, feed your horse with one and a half gallon of oats, or one gallon of corn and six bundles of fodder ; in the morning feed with one quart of oats or corn only, and offer some salt and water, of which a horse is apt to drink but little early in the morning. You then set out on your journey, in such speed as is proportioned to the distance you cG\itemplate going in the day. A rider, who is compelled to perform a long journey in haste, and with certainty, in a given time, should be extremely particular in his manner of riding. He should bear lightly and steadily on his bridle and stir- rups, never jerking, checking, or stopping his horse suddenly, or change his gaits too frequently ; all these things have a tendency to weaken and fatigue a horse extremely. A good rider will more resemble the light and airy movements of a feather, than the dull and leaden gravity of a bullet ; the same horse can convey a good rider twenty miles farther in a day than he can one unskilled in this necessary and elegant accomplish- ment. After progressing about fifteen or eighteen miles, refreshment will be necessary, not only for the horse, but the rider also. You will then give him a bucket of salt and water with two handfuls of corn meal thrown therein, and one quart of oats or corn ; at twelve o'clock and at dinner time, feed and water in ihe same manner. Great care should be taken to pre- vent your horse from drinking cold pond or well water, or indulge in any inviting rivulet he may meet in his road, more than to moisten his mouth. It is a prac- tice among hostlers, when they have no particular directions, to plunge horses that are tired and heated at twelve o'clock, into cold pond water ; in preference to which I would advise that their legs should be well rubbed with about half a pint of any kind of spirits. EXCESSIVE FATIGUE. 67 Your last feed being at two o'clock, or dinner time, your horse will require nothing more until night. The day's ride being performed, turn him into a lot to cool and wallow ; after which let him be placed in a stall, on a good bed of straw. 1st. Offer him a bucket of water. 2d. Remove all dirt and dust from his legs and ancles with soap and warm water. 3d. Bathe him from his belly to his hoofs with equal parts of vinegar and spirits, to which add a little sweet oil, fresh butter, or hog's lard, stewing them all together, and make use of the mixture as warm as the hand can bear it. 4th. He must be well curried, brushed, and finally polished with a sheepskin or woollen cloth. 5th. His feet should be nicely cleaned out, and stuffed with clay and salt, or fresh cow manure. 6th. He should be fed with one gallon of old corn, or one and a half gallons of oats, and six bundles of old fodder. Your horse being now in possession of every attention and comfort you could offer him, will soon be refreshed, forget his hard service, and be again prepared, by the next morning, to obey you whither you may direct his footsteps. If you have more than one day's journey to perform with great rapidity, observe the same rules of feeding, watering, and attention, as directed for the first day, except the feed at twelve o'clock, which quantity must be doubled. Many elegant and high spirited horses have been ruined and rendered useless by per- sons wanting experience on the above subject, who were disposed to treat those faithful animals with every kindness in their power; yet being under the neces- sity of performing a long journey in a limited time, and not knowing that the will of a heated and fatigued horse should be controlled, they have permitted him to eat as much as he pleased, or when heated, to drink as much cold pond or branch water as his great thirst 68 TREATMENT ON A JOURNEY. would induce him ; "which have often been the means of producing chohc, founder, and other diseases, that too frequently prove fatal in the hands of a common farrier, to which title every hostler, blacksmith, and every blockhead of a servant, who does not even understand the currying of a horse, have pretensions. The loss of two or three quarts of blood, to a horse that has undergone excessive fatigue, will remove the soreness and stiffness of his limbs, the natural consequence of violent exertions. ■^•t*9 @ 9'**~' TREATMENT ON A JOURNEY. To perform a long journey, with comfort and ease to a horse, and satisfaction to the rider, requires some attention to the feeding, for eight or ten days previous to the setting out. A horse uncommonly fat, running late at grass, fed with unsubstantial food, such as bran, &c. or unaccustomed to exercise and fatigue, is very unfit to perform a journey on, unless prepared by being fed on old and solid food, for eight or ten days, such as corn, fodder, oats, or hay, and given moderate exercise. A horse about half fat is in the best situa- tion to bear the fatigue and labour of a journey by following the mode of treatment I shall here recom- mend. If he is only a tolerably good one, by the time he reaches his journey's end, should it last four or five Vv'eeks, his condition will be much improved, if he is not entirely fat. 1st. It is necessary to have your horse shod with a good and substantial set of shoes, TREATMENT ON A JOURNEY. 69 taking care that they fit easy, set well, and are not placed so near the inside of the foot as to cut the ankles in travelHng, which often produces stiffness, considerable swelHng of the legs, and sometimes lame- ness. 2d. Examine your saddle, valise, portmanteau, harness, &c. as the case may be, to discover if they fit with ease and comfort to your horse, taking care to let them undergo the same examination every two or three days. For a saddle to fit properly, it must be neither wide enough in the tree to slip upon the shoulders, or so narrow as to pinch or break the skin on the withers ; the bolstering or stuffing in the pannels should be adapted to the hollow spaces on each side of the back bone or spine. When thus properly fitted, a crupper will be useless. 3d. Your valise should be fastened on by passing two straps underneath two pieces con- fined to the valise pad, and through two loops at the back of the saddle; by which means it will be kept steadily in its proper place, and the rider will not be perplexed by its swinging first on one side, and then on the other, and the danger of the horse having a sore back from friction will be avoided. The only difference between the customary way of fastening a valise and the one I here recommend, is the passing straps through the loops to the back of the saddle. On the night previous to your commencing your journey, after your horse is placed on a good bed of straw, and is well rubbed, feed with two gallons of oats, or one and a half gallons of old corn and hommony, and eight or ten bundles of fodder, or a quantity of hay equal to it. In the morning feed with half a gallon of oats, after which offer a bucket of water. It is customary for horses to be watered before being fed ; but it is much better not to water them until afterwards ; a large draught of water very often 70 TREATMENT ON A JOURNEY. destroys the appetite, and makes a horse dull and sluggish for a whole day afterwards. When he is watered in this way, he seldom drinks too much, and his mouth is washed clean and is moist when he commences his journey. It also measurably destroys his incclina- tion to drink out of every stream he may cross in the road, which is so tiresome and unpleasant to a rider. Being now completely prepared for the contem- plated journey, the following rules must be strictly observed. 1st. Never permit your horse, while tra- velling, to drink cold branch, well, or pond water, or more than is necessary to wet or moisten his mouth. 2d. Every time you stop to feed, (which will be morn- ing, breakfast, and dinner tmie,) give him a bucket of water, made a little salt, with about two handfuls of corn meal stirred in it ; he will very soon grow fond of it, and indeed prefer it to any other drink ; it cools the system, relieves thirst, and contains considerable nutriment. 3d. Whenever you stop for the purpose of breakfasting, let your horse cool about ten minutes ; then feed with half a gallon of oats or corn, and two bundles of fodder, not forgetting to offer him again the water, meal, and salt. 4th. At dinner time observe the same treatment as directed at breakfast. 5th. At night (having arrived at the place you intend stopping at) have your horse turned into a lot, for the purpose of wallowing, cooling, &c. 6th. With soap and water have all dirt removed from his legs. 7th. Have him placed on a good bed of straw, then take of spirits of any kind half a pint, of vinegar half a pint, mix them together, and let his legs be rubbed with the mixture until they are dry. 8th. Let him be well curried, brushed, and rubbed with straw. 9th. Water him plentifully. 10th. Feed him with two gallons of oats, or one and a half gallons of c^rn or hommony, TREATx^ENT ON A JOURNEY. 71 and eight or ten bundles of fodder. 11th. Let his hoofs be nicely cleaned out and stuffed with fresh cow manure ; this application keeps them tough, moist, and cool. 12th. Change your food as often as possible, care- fully avoiding using any that is new, or just gathered. ( )bserve the above rules to your journey's end, except your horse should prove a great feeder, and in that case you may indulge him a little ; but the quantity 1 have here recommended, is enough for any common horse when travelling. It may not be amiss to remind the young traveller to inspect his horse's shoes once a day, and whatever appears amiss about them to have immediately rectified. It frequently happens that the skin of young horses, unaccustomed to travel, is chafed and scalded by the friction of the girth; the part, washed clean with a little soap and water, and then washed with a little salt and water, will immediately cure and toughen the skin. It often happens at little baiting places or country taverns, (met with on the road by trave-llers,) that towards the end of harvest, servants are apt to feed with green oats or wheat, in consequence of the scar- city of fodder, unless otherwise directed; food of this kind is poison to a travelling horse, and will produce a diarrhoea and extreme debility. It would be much better he should not have long food for tw^o wrecks, than to give it to him green from the field. When persons travelling are not attentive to their horses, they are frequently given mouldy oats and corn, which is productive of the worst effects ; there being but few kinds of food that can be given a horse, that will ter- minate his existence more speedily. Many of those valuable animals have been destroyed by such means, when the owners have been frequently at a loss to know with what disease or from what cause thev had died. 72 4.GE AGE. To be able to ascertain the age of a horse, with tolerable certainty, from three to nine years old, is a subject of considerable importance to every person who may have occasion to purchase. Unless we pos- sess this information, we are subject to the imposition and to become the sport of every jockey, whose vice and depravity frequently surpass those of the most untractable horse. Some judges undertake to tell the age until a horse is fifteen or twenty years old, which in my opinion is impossible ; they merely make a guess, without any rule by which they are governed, and four times out of five they labour under a mistake. If I am enabled to describe such marks and appear- ances as will make any person a judge of a horse's age, from three to nine's years old, I shall conceive I have performed a useful task, and shall be the means of preventing many impositions. Horses that have not arrived at three years of age, are unfit for use, and those that are more than nine, decrease in value with great rapidity. All that are particularly fond of horses, will always be filled with regret on viewing an elegant horse worn out with old age, yet possessing strong marks of beauty, and even former fine and graceful actions. It is to be much lamented that so beautiful an animal should so soon feel decay and be no longer useful. I shall proceed to lay down such rules for ascertaining the age of a horse, as will enable any man to speak with tolerable certainty on that subject. Every horse has six teeth above and below ; before he arrives at the age of three he sheds his two middle teeth, by the young teeth rising and shoving the old AGE. *>$ ones out of their place. When he arrives at the age of three, he sheds one more on each side of the middle teeth ; when four years old, he sheds his two corner and last of his fore teeth; between four and five he cuts his under tusks, and when five will cut his upper tusks, and have a mouth full and complete; his teeth appearing to hav-e their full growth, except the tusks, and will be even, regularly placed, and pretty much grooved on the inside, with hollows of a very dark brown colour. There is always a very plain difference between colts' and horses' teeth ; the colts' being without grooves and hollows, and never so large and strong. Some horses are without upper tusks even to the end of their lives; but this is not common. The appearance of the lower tusks, and them fully grown, is the most certain proof that the horse is five years old, even if one of his colt's teeth remains unshed. At six years old, the grooves and hol- lows in a horse's mouth begin to fill up a little, and their tusks have their full growth, with their points sharp, and a little concave or hollow on the inside. At seven years old, the grooves and hollows will be pretty well filled below, except the corner teeth, leaving where the dark brown hollows formerly were, little brown spots At eight, the whole of the hollows and grooves are filled up, and you see the appearance of what is termed smooth below. At nine years old, there very often appears a small bill to the outside corner teeth ; the point of the tusk is worn off", and the part that was concave begins to fill up and become rounding ; the squares of the middle teeth begin to disappear, and the gums leave them small and narrow at top. Dealers in horses sometimes drill or hollow the teeth with a graver, and black the hollows by using a hot iron, for the purpose of passing an old horse for a young 1'4 AGE. one, upon those who have but Httle or no experience upon the subject. But a discerning eye will readily discover the cheat, by the unnatural shape and black- ness of the hollows, the dulness and roundness of the tusks, together with the want of squares to the front teeth, and by many other visible marks, which denote the advanced age of a horse. Between nine and ten years of age, a horse generally loses the marks of the mouth, though there are a few exceptions ; as some horses retain good mouths until they are fourteen or fifteen years old, with their teeth white, even, and regular, and many other marks of freshness and vigour. But when a horse grows old, it may be discovered by these indications, which com- monly attend old age, viz.: The gums wear away and leave the roots of the teeth long and slender ; the roots grow yellow, and often brownish ; the bars of the mouth (which are always fleshy, plump, and dry, in a young horse, and form so many distinct, firm ridges,) in an old horse, are lean, smooth, and covered with sahva, with few or no ridges. The e3^es of a young horse appear plump, full, and lively; the lids with few wrinkles, the hollows above the ball small, and no gray hairs upon the brow, unless they proceed from the colour or marks of the horse. The eyes of an old horse appear sleepy, dim, and sunk, and the hds loose and very much shrivelled with large hollows and the brow gray. The countenance of a young horse is bold, gay, and lively ; while that of an old one is sad, dejected, and melancholy, unless mounted, and artificial means used to give him spirit. The chin of a horse, in my opinion, is by far the best mark to enable you to ascertain his age, inasmuch as it does not admit of the practice of those arts, by f^ AGE. 75 which the jockey so often passes off an old broken down horse for a young one. The appearance of the chin can be changed only by nature : and he who will becotne an attentive observer, will soon be convinced, that it is not more difficult to tell an old horse from a young one, by the appearance of their chins, than it is for a skilful physician to distinguish a cheek of health from one that is wasted, diseased, and superannuated. The chin of a young horse is round, full, plump, full of wrinkles, and the pores close and small ; that of a horse advanced in years, flat, wrinkled, flabby, and the pores open and large. Indeed, after some experience, together with particular attention to this mark of age, there will be but little difficulty of ascertaining, with certainty, the age of a horse from three to nine years old. I have sometimes met with travellers on the road, whom I never before had seen, and in travelling along, have told the age of their horses by their chins. An examination of the lips and nostrils of a horse, may aid, corroborate, and strengthen the opinion of age, founded on the appearance of the chin. The lips and nostrils of a young horse are smooth and free from wrinkles, while those of an old one abound in them. Were I in pursuit of truth and honour, I never should seek them in the lower class of dealers in horses or horse jockeys. Whenever they have a horse to dispose of, they assure a purchaser he possesses every desirable quality, &c. and whenever they have effected a sale, they smile at their success, and expose every vice to which the horse was addicted, to the next person they meet. The pliysiognomy of a horse wilf assist much in ascertaining his age ; but the chin is certainly the safest guide. 8 70 AGE. [from the AMERICAN FARMER.] AGE BY FEELING. A wonderful discovery recently made in an old Horse^s age ! I " ' Tis to the pen and press we mortals owe, All we believe, and almost all we know." Since the age of that noble animal, the horse, after a certain period of life, (that is to say) after the marks in his incisors and cuspidati are entirely obliterated, to be able to ascertain his age, with any tolerable degree of certainty, appears to the generality of " liorse age judges" to be a subject of very much uncertainty. I now take the liberty of laying before the public, through the medium of your paper, an infallible method, (subject to very few exceptions) of ascertaining it in such a manner, after a horse loses his marks, or after he arrives to the age of nine years or over ; so that any person concerned in horses, even of the meanest capacity, may not be imposed upon in a horse's age, from nine years of age and over, more than three years at farthest, until the animal arrives at the age ot twenty years and upwards, by just feeling the sub- maxillary hone, or the hone of the lower jaw. This method I discovered, by making many ana- tomical observations on the skulls of dead horses and repeated dissections. In order, therefore, to elucidate the above, I must in the first place beg leave to remark ; tha the submaxillary bone, or the lower jaw bone AGE. 77 of all young horses, about four or five years of age, immediately above the bifurcation, is invariably thick and very round at the bottom ; the cavity of said bone being very sQiall, contains a good deal of marrow^, and generally continues in this state until the animal arrives at that period which is generally termed an "aged horse," or until the animal acquires his full size in height or thickness; or according to sporting language, is completely furnished, w^ith very little variation. But after this period, the cavity as aforesai-d becomes larger, and more marrovt^ is contained therein. Hence the submaxillary bone becomes thinner and sharper a little above the bifurcation. This indehble mark may always be observed in a small degree in horses above eight years of age ; but at nine years old it is still more perceptible. It continues growing a little thinner and sharper at the bottom until twelve years of age. From thence until fifteen, it is still thinner, and about as sharp as the back of a case knife near the handle. From this period until the ages 18, 19, 20, and upwards, it is exceedingly so ; and is as sharp, in many subjects, as the dull edge of that instrument. RULES. 1st. Put your three fingers about half an inch or an inch immediately above the bifurcation, and grasp the submaxillary bone, or the lower jaw bone. If it is thick at the sides, and very round indeed at the bottom, the animal is most certainly under nine years of age. 2d. If the bone is not very thick, and it is per- ceivably not very round at the bottom, he is from mne to twelve years old, and so on. From twelve to fifteen, the bone is sharper at bottom, and thinner at the 78 MARKS. sides, the bottom is generally as sharp as the back of a case knife; and from 15 to 18, 19, 20, and upwards, without many exceptions, the bone, when divested of its integuments, is as sharp as the dull edge of that instrument. 3d. Allowances must always be made between heavy, large western or wagon horses, or carnage horses, and fine blooded ones. By practising and strictly attending to the above rules, upon all descrip- tions of horses, the performer in a little time will become very accurate in the accompHshment of his desires, more especially if he attentively observes the lower jaw bone of dead horses " — "•«©9«<— MARKS. Perhaps there is no subject to be found, that admits of a greater diversity of opinion, than the form and number of marks necessary to constitute the beauty of a horse. Many white marks, when of irregular shape, and handsomely placed, give to a handsome horse a gay and sprightly appearance, lightening up the coun- tenance, and forming a beautiful contrast to his colour. Indeed, marks are sometimes so irregularly and fanci- fully placed, as not only to please, but to delight most persons who are judges on this subject; while others of such regular, common, and unbecoming shape, and so unnaturally placed as to be unfavourable to beauty and have a tendency to disfigure the animal they are BLAZE OR STAR. 79 intended to beautify ; such as a face blazed large, high, and regular, like an ox ; .the two fore legs white above the knees, and no white behind ; one white leg to the knee, behind on the right ; one fore leg white to the knee before on the left : a bald face and no white legs : a dim blaze, commencing with an awkward star, end- ing wth a snip on the one side, &c. &c. A horse witliDut marks, always has a deadness in his aspect — and one w^ell marked, always appears the more beautiful for it. But it must be acknowledged, bv every person of experience, that a horse with white feet, is much more tender than one without them. Even in cases of lameness not proceeding from acci- dent, nine times out of ten, if a horse has a white foot, that will be the one that will first fail him. White feet are also more subject to the scratches and other diseases, than those of different colours, and a very remarkable fact exists, that I never have seen or heard, in my life, of a first rate four mile heat racer, that had a bald face and white legs to the knees. White marks add to the beauty of a horse, but les sen his services. «e®o* BLAZE OR STAR. When we have a pair of horses that match well in every respect, except that one has a Llaze or star in the face, it becomes very interesting and important to know how to make their faces match, and to give 8* BO HEAD. them blazes or stars precisely alike. This may be done in the following manner: — Number 1. — Take a razor and shave off the hair the form and size you wish the blaze or star to be made : then take a small quantity of oil of vitriol, and with a feather anoint the part once, which will be quite suffi- cient. After the application of the vitriol, the part will become a little sore and inflamed ; which may be readily removed and healed up, by washing the sore with copperas water. Great care should be used to prevent the vitriol from getting on clothes, as it will entirely destroy them. Number 2. — Take a piece of oznaburgs the size you want the blaze or star: spread it with warm pitch and apply it to the horse's face : let it remain two or three days, by which time it will bring off the hair clean, and make the part a little tender ; then take of elixir vitriol a small quantity ; then anoint the part two or three times ; or, of a very common weed called as- mart, a small handful, bruise it and add to it about a gill of water, use it as a wash until the face gets well, when the hair will grow out entirely white. i9@9* HEAD. The head of a horse should be small, bony, thin, and delicate ; his jaws wide apart, yet thin ; his throttle large and arched; his ears long, thin, narrow, high and pointing together ; his eyes prominent, large, and BODY. 81 full, of a dark cinnamon or black colour, bright, lively, and shining ; his nostrils wide, red, and expanded ; his mouth and lips thin, small, and plump ; his chin full, sharp, and delicate ; his face rather of a Roman order than straight, with irregular white, either in a star or blaze, to give expression and light up the countenance. BODY. The body of a horse should be large, in proportion to the balance of his frame, compact, round, and swel- ling; his flanks plump and full ; and his last or small- est rib, approaching near the hip bone, which is never placed too near the point of the shoulders ; the back should be very short, smooth, and nearly even, neither swayed nor humped ; the hips wide apart, full, round, and even wdth the body. A horse with a light flat body, open and gaunt about the flanks, with high spirit, long legs, (fee. is unfit for any purpose, except for show ; and that not for more than two or three hours ; for his rider, after that time, as well as every spectator, will discover him sinking under fatigue, and completely giving up. 82 i^ECK AND SHOULDERS. — LEGS. NECK AND SHOULDERS. The neck of a horse should be long, thin, and deli- cate (indeed they are never too long or too delicate) growing deeper from the joining of the head to the shoulders ; the upper edge should form the half of an arch, gradually falling in height and shape from the head to the shoulders ; the mane should be thin, smooth, and in length half the width of the neck. — The shoulders of a horse should be thin, high, and thrown very far back ; for experience has proved, that those with low shoulders and high rumps, although they may have many good parts, can never show to ad van tage, and seldom make good saddle or race horses. —Hte^o^ LEGS. The fore legs of a horse should bear a just propoi- tion to his size ; the arms large, long, and full ; the legs bony, flat, and sinewy ; the pasterns rather long than otherwise, and tolerably straight. Small lean arms, a bending back or trembling of the knees, bow legs, small and round legs, extremely delicate back sinews, or those unnaturally large, indicate weakness or some injury, and should be avoided. The hind parts of a ho^se, from the hip bone to the hock, should be of great length ; the thighs and muscles should be full, large, and bulging ; the hock broad, sinewy, and SHOEING. 83 Strong ; the hind legs flat, smooth, bony, and full of sinew, clear of knots, and rather crooked in the hock than straight ; the pasterns of moderate length, small and rather straight than otherwise. The horse should be neither knock-kneed or bow-legged, or his feet turned in or out; as a horse thus shaped, moves ugly, and never can be sure footed. — m9@0« SHOEING. Diseases are sometimes produced in the feet, from which a horse is never again free during his life ; it is therefore important that a valuable horse should not be placed in the hands of every blockhead who pleases to call himself a horse shoer, but entrusted only to persons of known skill. For a horse to be well shod, the hoof should be pared with a buttress, (instead of giving in to the cruel and injurious practice of burning this foot with a red hot shoe until it fits,) smooth and level, to a reasonable size; the frog should be nicely trimmed, in shape a little convex, rather lower than the foot ; the shoes should be made of good and tough iron, and precisely the shape of the hoof after being trimmed, not so wide between the heels as to show on the out- side, or so narrow as to cramp the foot, and produce narrow heels, (which is a very troublesome disease.) The nails should be made of old horseshoes, or some other tough iron, with small heads, and drove regular, smooth, and even; not high enough to reach the 84 SHOEING. quick, yet with hold sufficient to confine the shoe thre*. or four months. The points of the nails should be formed into neat and small clinches, and should be well driven up Some taste may be displayed in the rasping and shaping the hoof, after the shoe is confined. When it is left more sharp than flat around at the toe, it adds much to its beauty and neat appearance. When a horse is well shod, if water is poured upon the bottom of his foot, it will not pass between the hoof and the shoe. A smith, who resided in Williams- burg, in the year 1804, was in the habit of shoeing in this exact and elegant style. Shoes for draft horses, that have seldom occasion to go out of a walk, should be heavy, strong, and with high heels, and pointed at the toe with steel. Horse shoeing is what every worker of iron, who has acquired the name of a blacksmith, pretends to be well skilled in ; but there are few indeed in possession of sufficient knowledge on that subject, to make it safe to place under their care a horse of value, for the purpose of being shod. To perform this operation correctly, and without present or future injury, requires not only good skill and judgment, but a thorough acquaintance with the anatomy of a horse's foot, which is a know- ledge but few of our blacksmiths are in possession of, and is the cause of so many horses being rendered useless. Almost all the diseases in the feet, are, more or less, the result of bad shoeing, by wounding muscles, veins, nerves, or arteries in this way. HOOFS. MANE AND TAIL. 85^ HOOFS. The hoofs of a horse should be proportioned to his size ; of a dark colour, smooth, tough, and nearly round ; not too flat nor too upright, and the bottom hollow. White hoofs are much more tender than any other colour, nor do they retain or bear a shoe so well. One that is flat, turning up at the toe or full, of ridges, or flat and pumiced on the under side, strongly indicates founder or other injury. If the hair lie smooth at the top of the hoof, it is an evidence of its being good, should there be nothing unnatural in its shape ; but if the hair stands up and appears rough, and the flesh sw^elled a little beyond the circle of the hoof, it is a proof the foot is in some way diseased and a ring bone may be apprehended. — H*e@9« MANE AND TAIL. The mane and tail of a horse, when the hair is even, smooth, long, and well proportioned, adds much to the beauty, boldness, and majesty of his figure. Great judgment and taste may be displayed in the trimming and proportioning those two ornaments. A very large horse, even if elegant, appears mean an(l trifling if you attach to him a httle rat tail ; one very small with a monstrous long, bushy tail ; or a square, narrow hipped, lathy horse, with a small bob tail, only serves 80 EYES. to point out his imperfections, and attach to his ap- pearance an idea of insignificance and meanness. One with a remarkably long body, with a thin switch bob tail, bears no better proportion than the legs and thighs of a dwarf to the head and body. A large horse, roached and bobbed, never shows to advantage, as the appearance of the riding horse is given up, and the round and snug appearance of the nimble footed pony can never be attained. For a horse to look well with a bob tail, he should be plump, round, full, and com- pact ; but all tails that are full of hair, show to much more advantage than those that are thin and frizzled. Previous to a tail's being trimmed, great respect should be paid to the shape and proportion of the horse, and the tail should be made an equal propor- tionable part. The manes of all horses, except ponies, should be long, smooth, and reaching at least half way down the neek ; nothing can more disfigure him than a short frizzled mane : it even alters, apparently, the shape of the neck, and when once in this situation, it will take twelve months to grow of proper length. The mane of a horse may be combed two or three times a day, as a thin mane looks well ; but his tail, if well proportioned and elegant, should not be combed oftener than twice a week. GOOD AND BAD EYES. The eye is an organ of more use and more value than any that belongs to the horse, and should always undergo an examination by a purchaser with the EYES. 87 greatest attention and minuteness. Nothing can more affect his value than the want of vision ; as any elegant horse, that vi^ould readily command in cash tw^o hundred dollars, if blind, in all probability, would be well sold at fifty dollars, which plainly proves the necessity and importance of using on this subject the greatest caution. To give a full description of the anatomy of a horse's eye, would take up more room and time than can at present be devoted to this topic: the reader must be content with a description of those parts most familiar and most important. The eye is the organ of sight, whereby the ideas of all outward objects are represented to the common sensory ; its form is a convex globular, covered by its proper lids, and enclosed within an orbit or socket: the eyelids preserve the eye from dust or external injury, and an expansion of the muscles and skin, the inner membrane being of an exquisite contexture, that it may in no manner hurt or impair the surface of the eye: their edges have a cartilaginous or gristly rim, by which they are so fitted as to meet close together at pressure ; the orbit or cavity in which the eye is situated, is lined with a very pliable, loose fat, which is not only easy to the eye in its various motions, but serves to keep it sufficiently moist, as the lacliamalial glands, seated in the outer corner of the eye, serve to moisten its surface, or wash off' any dust or dirt that may happen to get into it: at the inner corner of the eye, next the nose, is a carbuncle, which some are of opinion is placed to keep that corner of the eye from being entirely closed, that any tears or gummy matter may be discharged even in time of sleep, or into the punctua lachamalia^ which are httle holes for the 9 88 EYES. purpose of carrying off any superfluous moisture or tears into the nose: the eye has four coats or mem- branes, and three humours ; the first membrane is called tunika adnata, and covers all that part of the eye that in a man appears white, but in a horse is variegated with streaks and spots of brown, and being reflected back, lines the inside of the eyelids, and by that inver- sion becomes the means to prevent motes, dust, small flies, or any extraneous matter getting behind the eye- ball into the orbit, which would be extremely danger- ous : this coat is full of blood vessels, which appear in little red streaks on the human eye when inflamed, and when there is but little white in the eyes of horses, they appear fiery, and the eyelids, when opened and turned back, look red : the second coat has its forepart very strong and transparent, like horn, and is therefore called the cornea ; and the other part, which is opaque and dark, is called the schlerotis : under the cornea lies the iris, which in a horse inclines to cinnamon colour : the middle of this membrane, or coat, is perforated for the admission of the rays of light, and is called the pupil : under the iris lies the processes ciliares, which go off in little rays, and in a sound eye are plainly to be seen. As often as these processes contract, they dilate the pupil, which may always be observed in places where the light is small ; but in a strong light, the circular fibres of the iris act as a sphincter muscle, and lessen the size of the pupil ; and therefore a dilated and wide pupil, in a strong light, is generally an evidence of a bad eye. Under the schlerotis lies the choroides, which is the third coat of the eye : in men it is of a dusky brown, but in horses the greater part of this coat is white; which enables them to see bodies of all colours better than men m the night, as white reflects all colours. EYES. 89 But horses and other animals that feed on grass, have some parts of this membrane of a hght green, which enables them to see with little light, and makes grass an object that they can discern with greatest strength, and therefore it is sometimes called tunicia uvea^ from its resembling the colour of a grape. The inner- most or fourth coat is called the membrana retina, which is only an expansion of the optic nerve upon the choroides, and encompasseth the glossy humour like a net. By the continuation of the rays of light upon the fine filaments of this membrane, all the external images are conveyed by the optic nerves to the brain. Within the coats of the eye are seated the three humours that chiefly compose the eyeball ; the first is the aqueous or watery humour, which lies foremost and seems chiefly as a proper medium to preserve the crystalline humours from injuries in case of wounds, bruises, or any other external cause. Behind the aqueous humour lies the crystalline lens, in a very firm membrane called arena, being like a spider's web — its use is to refract the rays of light that pass through it, so that all the rays proceeding from the same point of any object, being first refracted on the cornea, may be united on the retina- — the vitreous humour lies behind the crystalline, being con- cave on its foreside to make a convenient lodgement for the crystaUine, and its hinder part convex agreeable to the globular form of the eye, upon which the tunica retina and choroides are spread: this humour pos- sesses a space larger than the other two, and being of a hue like a light coloured green glass, is a proper medium, not only to keep the crystalHne Jiumour and the retina at a proper distance from each other, but by its colour to prevent the rays o^ light falling too for- 90 EYES. cibly upon the latter, which might weaken or impair the sight. The eyes of horses differ so widely in their appear- ance, that the best judges will be sometimes mistaken as to their power of vision ; but I shall here recom- mend such modes of examination as will rarely de- ceive, having already described that organ fully, when in its most perfect state. For the purpose of making a fair trial of a horse^s eyes, that you suspect to be bad, and to ascertain their quality, 1st. Have him confined in a dark stable about fif- teen minutes, then led hastily out into a strong light : if he winks fast, wrinkles his brows, throwing his head up as if desirous of receiving more light, and moves his ears backwards and forwards slowly, in an unmeaning manner, his eyes are not good. 2d. If his eyes appear sunk, with the lids shrivelled or very much swelled, it is a proof they have received an injury. 3d. If the ball of the eye appears covered with a film, or the remains of one about the corners, with the pupil large and light coloured, without occasionally contracting with a look wild and vacant, his eyes are diseased. 4th. if he can be rode against a tree or any other object which he should avoid, and which should alarm him, his eyes are bad. 5th. If when moved he lifts his feet high and awk- wardly, and appears not to know where he is about to place them, you may immediately conclude he is blind. 6th. If when rode over small gullies or old corn ground, he blunders much, and requires the constant attention of the rider to guide him, his eyes are not good. EYES. 91 7th. If you shake your hand near his eyes in sucli a manner that he cannot feel the wind from it, and he pays no attention to it, by winking quick, and moving his ears, liis eyes are such as should not be made choice of. 8th. If at night, when you approach him with a candle, and the pupil of his eye looks large, of a light blue colour, without having near its middle, and on the upper part, little rough spots, of a dark brown colour, resembling moss, or if the pupil contains large white opaque lumps, the horse is either blind or occasionally subject to blindness, and should be avoided by a purchaser. The eyes of some horses are very subject to films, ^vhich have been sometimes removed by large bleed- ngs, or the use of double refined loaf sugar, or glass bottle, powdered. Eyes thus affected are much to be dreaded, as it is very difficult to discover them. One hard ride will make a horse blind; and one large bleeding will remove the film. To detect such eyes, examine minutely the corners, as the film leaves those parts of the eye last, and will appear there, when it has been removed from the middle of the eye for several days. The eyes of a horse are never too large, but very frequently too small ; and when shaped like a pig's, are neither durable nor handsome, and form a serious objection. The wall or white eyes are truly valuable, being much hardier and less subject to disease than eyes of any other description ; for who ever recollects to have seen a horse blind, or even with diseased eyes, that had wall eyes ? and unquestionably they can see better in the night than a horse without them. 9* 92 EYES. The eyes of a horse should be large, round, full, lively, dark coloured, clear, and shining, that you may see far into them ; and when moving, but little of the white should appear. Dealers in those animals are very apt to endeavour to lead a purchaser from any defect he by chance may discover about a horse, to some part without fault, or some of his best parts ; and as to eyes, speak of them as if they were of little or no consequence. Purchasers should always be on their guard when dealing with men that possess so much artifice and cunning. —»t9^9* MOON EYES. We sometimes observe the eyes of a horse to change colour, and to vary in appearance monthly. Eyes thus affected, are called moon eyes, from the prevailing opinion that the affection increases or decreases with the course of the moon ; insomuch that in the full moon the eyes are muddy, discharging a thin ichorous water so sharp as sometimes to excoriate the skin, and at new moon clear up again. At first appearance of this disease, the eyes are much swelled, and very often shut, and the whole eyeball of a muddy brown; the veins of the temple, and near the eyes, appear remark- ably full of blood, and both eyes are seldom affected at the same time. Large bleedings, and the eyes washed frequently in cold water, give temporary relief; but this disease is the forerunner of a cataract, which seldom admits of a cure ; the cases generally end in blindness of one, if not both eyes. STARTING 93 The eyes of horses are very frequently wounded and injured by blows, flies, accidents, &c. which can always be distinguished from diseased eyes by a proper examination. To perform a cure, when thus injured, wash them three or four times a day in clean, cold spring water, after which repeat the washing, adding a small quantity of sugar of lead to the water, when the eye gets strong enough to open of its own accord, in the light. Should a film appear on the surface, (which is absolutely necessary, if the eye has received a wound, before it can heal,) take of double refined loaf sugar, or glass bottle powdered to a fine dust, a small quantity in the end of a quill ; blow it in the eye affected, every third morning for a week : bleed at least three times within the week, taking about half a gallon of blood at each bleeding ; if the horse is not disposed to go blind, the cure will in a short time be completed. -~h9Q9^— STARTING. Horses, as wed as men, sometimes acquiie bad habits, of which they can but seldom divest themselves. Starting is one among the worst habits a horse can possess, and has a tendency to reduce his value at least one fourth, in consequence of endangering the life of any person who may back him. A^good rider has sometimes been thrown by his horse in starting, that would have defied his agility in any other way. A rider never can guard against a starting horse, as he gives no notice of his intentions, by the moving oi 91 STARTING. his ears, eyes, manner of going, &c. as they generally do in rearing, jumping, kicking, sullenness, and such vices. Some few horses are broke of starting by mild means, others by cruel treatment ; but whoever engages in it, at least runs the risk of breaking his own neck before his object is accomplished. A horse subject to starting, labours under an ocular deception, or rather an optic defect, seeing nothing perfectly, or in proper shape or colour ; and can as easily make a scare-crow of a little bush or chunk, that may happen to lay in his road, as the most frightful object that could meet his sight. To ascertain that a horse starts, is very easy indeed. Mount him yourself, ride first slow, and then fast, towards and by such objects as are offensive to the eye, and you will readily discover if he possesses that bad habit. Some horses that are free from this objection, will notice particularly all objects they meet, and may sidle a little ; but a starting horse, on approaching any object that may displease him, whether frightful or not, will either suddenly spring from one side of the road to the other, jump back, or when going in a full gallop, stop suddenly, turn round, and run in an opposite direction from the one he was going. Such horses are neither agreeable or safe for any kind of service. STUMBLING. 95 STUMBLING. The stumbling of a horse may be either natural or produced by accidents, such as spUnt, wind galls, sinew strains, shoulder sprains, withers injured, &:c. &c. but whether produced by accident or natural defect, cannot be remedied. All horses, and particu- larly those that go well, stumble more or less ; but there is a very wide distinction between a light tip or touch on the foot, and a stumble that will bring a horse and sometimes his rider flat in the dirt. Horses given to this practice, are very much lessened in value, and can never be rode by any person aware of his bad quality, without being in pain, dreading every time he lifts his feet, that all will be prostrated in the dust. To ascertain if a horse stumbles, 1st. Examine well his knees, to discover if they are scarred, or the hair knocked off. 2d. Take him amongst uneven ground, small gullies, or old corn ground, and let him be rode with the bridle hanging slack upon his neck, in all the different gaits he has been accustomed to, and if he is in the habit of stumbling, he will very soon make a sufficient number of low bows to convince you of the fact. 3d. When a horse stumbles and immediately springs off, appearing alarmed, it is a proof that he is an old oftender, and is under the apprehension of having one other flogging added to the great number he had, no doubt, received for the same fault. Such a horse 1 consider unsafe, and therefore cannot recommend him to purchasers ; he being not so good, even for a slow draft, as one possessing more activity. 96 SPAVIN. SPAVIN. A SPAVINED horse may be considered as one com- pletely ruined, for a permanent cure can rarely be effected, if attempted, even on its first appearance. The spavin is a lump, knot, or swelling, on the inside of the hock, below the joint, that benumbs the limbs, and destroys the free use of the hind legs. It causes a horse to be extremely lame, and to experience, apparently, very excruciating pain. In the purchase of a horse, great respect should be paid to his bringing up his hind parts well, as a spavined horse never makes a full step with the leg affected ; also to the shape of his hocks, in order to discover if there is any knot or unnatural prominence about the joint, which is an evidence of the spavin. When a horse is thus diseased, he is unfit for any kind of service, even the meanest drudgery, being in constant pain, and unable to perform. Horses sometimes have the spavin, when there is no lump apparent near the joint, the disease being seated in the joint. To detect such spavin, and to prevent a cunning fellow (who may have given the animal rest, blistered and bathed the part with double distilled spirits, and formed a temporary relief,) from imposing on a purchaser, have the horse rode in three quarters speed, about one mile out and back, occasionally fretting, cracking, and drawing him up suddenly and short ; after which let him be rode in cold water up to the belly ; then p^ace him in a stall without interruption, for about half an hour, by which time he will be perfectly cool ; then have him led out, and moved gently; if he has received a temporary CRIB BITING. 97 cure of the spavin, he will show lameness. A blister of Spanish flies applied to the part aflfected (after shaving off" the hair) with a bath of strong spirits or vinegar, and a week's rest, will frequently suspend the lameness produced by the spavin for a time, but a radical cure may not be expected. .MH4^e4M~ CRIB BITING. Crib Biting is one amongst the number of bad habits to which some horses are addicted. It consists in his catching hold of the manger, grunting and sucking in wind, until he is almost ready to burst. To discover this vice, it is only necessary to have a horse fed: whenever they eat, at least one half of his victuals is wasted, by their catching hold of the manger, grunting, straining, and swallowing large quantities of wind every two or three mouthfuls, which produces the cholic and other distressing diseases. Whenever this very bad habit is acquired, it is practised as long as the animal lives. Many experi- ments and fruitless attempts have been made to remedy it, but without success. An elegant horse, when once he becomes a crib biter, is reduced in value to little or nothing. He always looks hollow, jaded, and delicate, and is incapable of rendering service in any situation 98 BROKEN WIND. BROKEN WIND Broken Wind is one amongst the number ol incurable diseases to which the horse is subject. When affected with this disease, he is disagreeable to his rider, and is of but little value, however beautiful or elegant he may be in his appearance. All the boasted pretensions of farriers to cure, are vain and frivolous, since their utmost skill, now and then, can only palliate the symptoms, and mitigate their violence. It is easy to discover a broken winded horse. By giving him a little brisk exercise, he will draw up his flanks and drop them suddenly, breathe with great difficulty, and make a disagreeable wheezing noise. The seat of the disease appears, from dissection, to be in the lungs ; the heart and lungs being found of twice their natural size, which prevents their performing their office with ease, in the action of respiration. Broken wind is sometimes produced in a horse by excessive fatigue, heavy drafts, sudden changes from heat to cold, and other cruel treatment. It would be advisable to dispose of such horses at any price, as they are not worth their feeding. This complaint, I believe, does not admit of perfect cure: but by much care may be greatly relieved. The food should be compact and nutritious, such as corn and old hay. Carrots are excellent in this case, as are paismps and beet roots, probably on account of the saccharine matter they contain. I have heard that molasses has been given in the water (which should be in very small quantities) with very great .«;'.iccess. Some have used tar water ; others praise STRING HALT. 99 the effects of lime water; but the greatest dependence should be in very sparing supplies of substantial food. The exercise ought to be regular, but never beyond a walking pace. If the symptomatic cough should be troublesome, take away about three quarts of blood every other day. -»h0@9««>- STRING HALT. The string halt affects horses in their hind legs, and consists in a false action or involuntary use of a muscle, which twitches one of the legs almost up to the belly, and sometimes both. The string halt is produced by a muscle being over strained, or a violent blow on the hind parts. Good rubbing, and baths of warm vinegar and sweet oil, afford momentary relief, but a permanent cure may not be expected. A horse thus injured, is incapable of faithfully performing a journey, although he may be rode four or five miles without appearing to sink with fatigue. Such a horse is very objectionable, being uneasy to the rider, and must give pain to every peison who is in the habit of seeing him rode. 10 100 CHEST FOUNDER. CHEST FOUNDER. The chest founder appears to be a disease but little understood by farriers in general ; they are, however, not backward in offering many remedies, and speak of some with much confidence, when they propose performing a cure. But experience has proved, beyond the possibility of a doubt, that the chest founder is one of those dreadful diseases to which the horse is subject, that admits of no cure. I can here be of more use, by speaking of its seat, and describing its symptoms to a purchaser, than by pretending there exists, for that disease, a specific medicine, or propose its use to the owner of such an unfortunate animal. The chest founder is sometimes produced by violent exercise on a full stomach, and drinking large quan- tities of cold branch water ; by the use of mouldy bran, corn, or oats, or by eating large quantities oi green food, such as oats, wheat, peas, &c. while per- forming hard labour. From dissection, it appears that the seat of the disease is in the lungs ; the heart and liver are also considerably enlarged, insomuch that there is not room for them to perform their office with ease. The liver, lungs, diaphragm, and surrounding parts, are all covered with large brown spots, and are much inflamed. A horse that is chest foundered, will straddle or stake with his fore legs, showing an unwillingness to bring his feet together; and if they are placed near each other, he will not permit them to remain so for a minute. Indeed they are frequently twelve oi NARROW HEELS. 101 eighteen inches apart, which is caused by a fuhiess, and continual uneasiness about the chest : the cavity being too small to contain the lungs, &c. in their enlarged situation with ease. The hind legs are free from the palsied appearance of those before, and it is not difficult to distinguish it from a common founder, as it is wanting in all its symptoms, except the stiff and numbed appearance of the legs. Large bleedings and half an ounce of aloes, given internally in a ball, have sometimes afforded momen- tary relief No effectual remedy has yet been dis- covered. A horse labouring under this disease, is worth but little more than his board, as he is unable to bear fatigue, or undergo severe service. ^te^o*- NARROW HEELS, Is a disease that often produces lameness without the master of the horse knowing from what cause it proceeds ; often examining his legs, cleaning his hoofs, paring the frogs of his feet, &c. &c. without paying any respect to the shape of the horse's heels, which are always close together and unaturally shaped. A horse with narrow heels is unfit to travel, as he is tender footed, and goes cramped, short, and is al- ways subject to lameness, more or less. Narrow heels is the eifect of shoes being permitted to remain on a horse that is not used, for three or four 102 SPLINT. months, which cause the heels to grow together, pinch- ing and confining the coronet. The cure is simple, though tedious. Have his shoes taken off and his feet cut down as small as possible, without injuring the quick ; then turn him out upon a marsh or low ground, where his hoofs may be con- stantly moist for three or four months, and his heels will expand, his hoofs again assume their natural shape, and the horse will be fit for any kind of service. ^9* SPLINT. The splint is a hard lump or excrescence that grows upon the fore legs of a horse between the fetlock and the knee. It is unpleasant to the eye, but seldom does injury, unless situated on the back of the leg and im- mediately under the large tendons, in which case lameness is always produced, and the cure rendered difficult. When the splint is situated in the usual place, and grows so large as to be unfavourable to beauty — to remove it, bathe the part with hot vinegar twice a day, and have the knot or splint rubbed with a smooth round stick, after bathing for ten or fifteen minutes ; by the expiration of a week the knot will perceptibly decrease in size, and finally, in a short time will disappear. — But should such means not have the desired effect, shave off the hair over the lump, and apply a blister of Spanish flies, which in a short time will effectually remove it. LAMP ASS. 1 03 The splint, when first making its appearance, will cause a horse to limp a little: and, as he advances in years, may stiffen him, and cause him to stumble. But I have never known any serious injury to result from such an excrescence, unless placed beneath the large tendons. ®9* LAMPASS. All young horses are subject to the lam pass, and some suffer extremely before it is discovered. It is a swelling or enlarging of the gums on the inside of the upper jaw : the growth is sometimes so luxuriant as to prevent a horse from eating with any comfort. The cure is simple; and after being per- formed, a horse will improve in his condition with great rapidity. Take a hot iron, flat, sharp, and a little crooked at the end, burn the lam pass out just below the level of the teeth, using great care to prevent the hot iron from bearing or resting upon the teeth. After the operation is performed, the horse should be given a little bran or meal, with a small quantity of salt in it. Some farriers have recommended cutting for the lampass, which only gives momentary relief, and would require the same operation to be performed every three or four months ; but when it is once burnt out, it never again makes its appearance. 10* 104 WIND GALLS. WIND GALLS. Wind Galls are spongy and flatulent humours, that make their appearance on both sides of the legs, just above the pastern joint or fetlock. It is seldom that a horse is found entirely clear of them, particularly about the hind legs, if he be much used. They are produced by hard usage, strains, bruises, &c. &c. of the back sinews or the sheath that covers them, which by being over-stretched, have some of their fibres ruptured ; whence probably may ooze out the fluid which is commonly found with the included air. When wind galls make their first appearance, they are easily cured by a bath and bandage. Boil red oak bark to a strong decoction, add some sharp vinegar and a little alum, let the parts be fomented twice a day, warm as the hand can be held in it ; then take a woollen cloth, dip it in the bath, and bind the ancle up, tight as possible, without giving pain to the horse. Should this method not succeed, after a thorough trial, the swelled or pufled parts may be opened with a sharp knife ; but blistering with flies is less dangerous, and generally attended with equal success. Wind galls give to a horse a gouty and clumsy appearance ; but I have never known lameness pro- duced by them, or any other injury, except that of stiffening his legs as he advances in years. They furnish strong proof that the animal has rendered much service. PARCY. 105 FARCY. The farcy is a contagious disease among horses, and is more to be dreaded than any malady to which they are subject. It sometimes makes its appearance on a particular part, while at other times it spreads its horrid ravages through the whole system. It may be found in the neighbourhood of each blood vessel, following the track of the veins, and when inveterate, appears to thicken their coats and integuments. Its characteristics are a fulness and hardness of the veins, a number of small lumps or buds on the limbs or lower parts of the body, which at first appearance are hard, but soon turn into soft blisters, and which (when broken) discharge an oily or bloody ichor, and turn into foul, spreading ulcers. In some horses it appears in the head only, in others near the external jugular or plate veins, inside the fore arms, on the hind parts, near the large veins inside the thighs, about the pasterns, and parti- cularly about the knees of the horse, which are fre- cfuently swelled until they appear deformed. The poison of the farcy appears to be slow in its operation, as a horse will frequently linger and dwindle away for six or nine months, and the ulcers increase in number and size, until the flesh appears almost dis- posed to fall from the bones, before life is destroyed. The appetite of a horse thus diseased is generally good to the last, but his hair looks dead, arid his eyes sad and desponding. The farcy, in its first stage, readily admits of a cure ; but after running on a horse for a length oi time, 1 06 FARCY. and the absorbents or lymphatics about the ulcers become inflamed from an absorption of poisonous mat- ter, the cure is rendered extremely difficult. Whenever the farcy rises on the spine, it shows great malignancy, and is considered dangerous, parti- cularly to horses that are fat, and full of blood. When it is general in the system, as is sometimes the case, it rises on several parts of the body at once, forming many large and foul ulcers, causing a profuse running of greenish corrupted matter from both nostrils, and soon terminates the existence of the animal by general mortification. In the lov^er limbs the farcy sometimes remains concealed for a great length of time, and makes so slow a progress that it is often mistaken for a wound, or some other disease. A single bud will sometimes appear opposite the pastern joint, and run upwards in an uneven and knotty form ; and unless some steps are taken to check its progress, it will slowly steal upon the animal until it becomes general in the sys- tem, and finally centres in the lungs ; shortly after which a gangrene ensues, and the horse is unburdened of a life that is not only painful to himself, but to all that behold him. To eftect a cure . in this distressing disease, in its first stage bleed three times the first week, taking half a gallon of blood at each bleeding, feed principally on bran, oats, or any food easily digested, and the long food green, (if to be had ;) remove all filth from or about the stable, taking care to keep it neat and clean afterwards ; give three mashes a week, of bran, scalded with sassafras tea, one table spoonful of powdered brimstone, and one tea spoonful of saltpetre, (not per- FARCY. 107 mitting the horse to drink for six hours afterwards,) take half an ounce of asafoetida, which can be pro- cured in any apothecary's shop ; wrap it in a clean linen rag, and nail it in the bottom of the manger in which he is fed ; all his drink must be equal quantities of sassafras boiled in water to a strong decoction, and half an ounce of asafoetida should be placed in his watering bucket in the same manner as directed for the manger; the buds or ulcers should be washed once a day with blue-stone or copperas water, and if the knees or ancles are swelled, spread on a piece of buck- skin mercurial ointment, and bind them up as tight as possible without giving pain. The second week bleed twice, taking half a gallon of blood each bleeding, if the horse is in tolerable order ; or if poor, only half the quantity; give the same number of mashes as directed for the first week, also the same drink, taking care to renew the asafoetida in the man- ger and bucket, should it be sufficiently exhausted to require it. The third week bleed but once, taking one quart of blood ; in other respects observe the same treatment as directed for the first and second weeks. The horse should be moderately exercised about a mile, twice a day, and occasionally should be offered a little hom- mony, as a change of food, to keep up his appetite. By the time your attentions for the third week expire, if the disease is only local, it will not only be removed, but the plight of the horse will be much improved. When the farcy make its appearance epidemically, the cure is rendered difficult, and w^ll require the aid of more active medicine. Prepare and give to a horse 108 FARCY. thus diseased, a ball, every night for a week, com- posed of twenty-five grains of calomel, a quarter of an ounce of powdered fennel seed, a small quantity of syrup of any kind, and as much crumb of loaf bread as will make a ball about the size of an English walnut; all buds or ulcers should be washed clean in blue-stone water, after which they should be well rubbed around with mercurial ointment once a day ; a narrow pitch plaster should be laid on at the joining of the head and neck, in the direction of the throat latch, for the purpose of taking off the hair, which will happen in two or three days; after which, a lump of mercu- rial ointment, about the size of a hickory nut, must be rubbed on the naked part, amongst the large glands of the throat, until it is entirely absorbed, every night and morning, until the expiration of the week ; added to which, the treatment generally may be the same as before recommended in the more simple stage of the farcy, with these exceptions ; — the drink should never be cold, but the air taken off, or milk warm ; the mashes without sulphur, during the week the balls are given, as the sulphur counteracts the eifects of the calomel and ointment; he should not be bled, and great care should be used to prevent his getting wet, and catching cold in any way while under the course of physic. At the expiration of the first week, stop with the balls and ointment for a week, adding sulphur to the mashes, as directed in the first stage of farcy. At the expiration of the second week, stop with the sulphur, and again commence with the balls and ointment. Go on in this manner, continuing to change the medicine each week, until the cure is performed. FARCY. ] 09 It may sometimes happen that a horse's mouth will become sore before the expiration of a week, when taking the balls and using the ointment. Whenever this is discovered, stop with the balls, and add sulphur to the mashes, which will readily remove the soreness about the mouth. The farcy is so contagious that it often destroys horses of every description upon a plantation, and leaves the plough of industry standing still in the far- mer's field. Not long since, a gentlemen in the county of Sussex, lost upwards of forty horses by this fatal disease, without being able to save one. For the Denefit of those who have more than one horse, I would recommend the use of asafbetida in the manger, watering bucket, and to the bridle bit, to prevent the farcy from dealing out destruction to their whole stock. I have made a fair experiment with this simple preventive, by placing a horse violently affected with it, and which fell a victim to it, in the same stable with one in health, without any ill consequences resulting from their contiguous situation. The farcy has visited several farms within the United States, with effects so dreadful, as not only to desti'oy every one of the species, without respect to age, but even occupied in triumph the walks and resting places of its prey. Nor could the disease be diverted from its stand, or completely eradicated, until stables, shelters, pens, litter, straw, &c. &c. were entirely consumed and reduced to ashes. 110 RINGBONE. FOUNDER. RING BONE. The ring bone partakes of the nature of the spavin, and frequently proceeds from the same cause. It makes its appearance on the lower part of the pastern, and sometimes immediately opposite the coffin joint. It is a hard and bony substance, and generally reaches half way round the ancle, which gives to the ancle an unnatural appearance, and causes the horse to go stiff and lame. Its name has proceeded from its resem- blance to a ring. It seldom admits of a cure, conse- quently a horse diseased with it is worth but little. When the ring bone first makes its appearance, blisters of flies have sometimes been employed with success. But after growing to full size, and remaining some length of time, to offer a remedy would be de- ceitful and presumptuous. Remedy. — A strong preparation of corrosive subli- mate added to Spanish flies and Venice turpentine, and mixed with hog's lard, will often dissolve a ring bone, &c. ^^^9^9* FOUNDER. The injury sustained by horses, called founder, is sometimes the effect of the cruelty of his master, and at other times brought on by injudicious treatment ; but it most frequently produced by carelessness, or FOUNDER. Ill a want of knowledge of the treatment necessary to those excellent animals on a journey. Although the horse is endowed with the strength and powers of the lion, yet he seldom exerts either to the prejudice of his master. On the contrary, he shares with him in his labours, and seems to participate with him in his pleasures. Generous and persevering, he gives up his whole powers to the service of his master; and though bold and intrepid, he represses the natural fire and vivacity of his temper, and not only yields to the hand, but seems to consult the inclination of his rider. But it must continue to be a matter of regret to every feeling mind, that these excellent qualities should be so often shamefully abused in the most unnecessary exertions ; and the honest labours of this noble animal thrown away in the ungrateful task of accomplishing the purposes of an unfeeling folly, or lavished in grati- fying the expectations of an intemperate moment. A horse may be foundered by excessive hard rides, permitting him to plunge deep into cold water, while hot and sweating, and drinking his fill of cold pond water, eating large quantities of new corn and fodder, and then briskly exercised ; over feeding with bran alone whilst performing hard labour, drinking plenti- fully at every branch in travelling, feeding with more than a horse can eat after being half starved, violent exercise on a full belly, or not permitting a horse who has travelled in a hot sun all day, to cool thoroughly, before he is given as much as he can eat, drink, &c. Symptoms of a Founder. — The symptoms that indi- cate an approaching founder, are so few and so common, that the most ignorant persons will rarely be 11 112 FOUNDER. mistaken. Great heat about the legs, pasterns, and ears, a soreness in the feet, together with a stiffness so great in all his limbs that the animal frequently refuses to move, unless force is used ; his flanks and lower part of his belly draws up, his hide becomes bound or tight, his legs thrown a little more forward than in his usual or natural position ; a constant thirst, and very often a considerable swelling of the ancles, &c. &c. Remedy for a Founder. — So soon as you are con- vinced that your horse is foundered, take from his neck vein at least one gallon of blood ; give a drench of one quart strong sassafras tea, one table spoonful of saltpetre, and a quarter of an ounce of asafoetida, and do not permit him to drink for five or six hours ; at the expiration of which time, should he not be evidently better, repeat the bleeding, taking half a gallon of blood, and give another drench: at night offer him some bran or oats, scalded with sassafras tea, and if it can be procured, let him have green food, fresh from the field, for it has the happy effect of opening the bowels, and cooling the system : his feet should be nicely cleaned out, and stuffed with fresh cow manure: his drink should be at least one half sassafras tea, with a small handful of salt thrown therein. By the morning, should the horse be better, nothing further is necessary, only being careful not to over feed him. But should there be no change for the better, tie a small cord just above his knees, and with a lancet or fleam bleed in a vein that runs around the coronet, just above the hoof; take from each [eg a pint of blood: give a pound of salts dissolved in three half pints of water, in form of a drench ; keep his feet stuffed with fresh cow manure, and bathe his legs with COLIC OR GRIPES. 1 J 3 equal parts of sharp vinegar, spirits and sweet oil or lard. By attention to these directions, in two or three days the horse will again be fit for service. A horse in this unpleasant situation requires great attention. Whenever they are foundered, they search for a bank of manure to stand on, which should al- ways be prevented, as its heat increases the fever. Horses slightly foundered, have sometimes been cured in a few hours, by standing them in pond water or mud, or by bleeding in the mouth, but those reme- dies are uncertain, and are not so much to be relied on as those first recommended. A foundered horse is generally very much reduced in flesh, before a cure is effected ; and is alwavs more subject to founder afterwards. Large ridges on the hoofs, or a turning up of the feet, are strong indications of old founders or other injuries. •mhO@0« COLIC OR GRIPES. The colic is a disease to which the horse is very subject ; and as often proves fatal, in consequence of improper treatment, as any disease attendant on that animal. It may be produced by improper feeding, watering, or riding, and sometimes by a want of energy in the stomach and bowels, occasioning a spasmodic con- striction of the intestines, and a confinement of air. Some horses are naturally disposed to cohc, while 114 COLIC OR GRIPES. Others, even with improper treatment, are seldom or never attacked with that dangerous disease. The pangs of the colic appear so excruciating, and all the symptoms so violent, as to alarm, generally, those unaccustomed to it, and cause them to be appre- hensive of dangerous consequences ; but by using the remedies I shall here offer, the cure will be made easy, and the animal speedily relieved from this painful situation. Symptoms. — The symptoms of the colic commence with great restlessness and uneasiness in the horse's manner of standing, frequently pawing, voids sm^all quantities of excrement, and makes many fruitless attempts to stale : kicks his belly with his hind legs : often looks round to his flanks, groaning, expressive of the pain he feels : lies down, rolls, gets up again, and sometimes for a moment, appears to find rehef. But the pain soon returns with double violence : his ears are generally cold, and he often sweats about the flanks and shoulders : his body swelled, and he fre- quently shows a disposition to lay down in great haste. A Table for distinguishing between the Colic or Gripes, and in- fiammation of the Bowels of Horses, by the symptoms that mark the character of each. Spasmodic or Flatulent Colic. Inflajnmation of the Bowels. 1. Pulse natural, though some- 1. Pulse very quick and small. times a little lower. (1) (2) 2. The horse lies down and 2. He lies down and suddenly rolls upon his back. rises up again, seldom rolling upon his back. 3. The legs and ears are gene- 3. Legs and ears generally rally warm. cold. 4. Attacks suddenly, is never 4. In general , attacks gradual, preceded, and seldom accompa- ly, is commonly preceded, and niei by any symptoms of fever, always accompanied by symp- toms of fever. 5. There are frequently short 5. No intermissions can be ob. inttrmissions served. COLIC OR GRIPES. 115 (1) Pulse Natural — When in health, the pulsa-' tions or strokes are from thirty-six to forty in a minute ; tliose of large, heavy horses being slower than those of the smaller ; and those of old ones, slower than those of young animals. When either are just oft* a quick pace, the strokes increase in number; as they do if he be alarmed or animated, by the familiar cry of the hounds. . (2) Pidse very quick and small — Fever, if the simple or common kind, usually increases the pulsations to double the healthy number. As the fever increases in violence, and particularly in cases of inflammation of the bowels, the pulse beats still higher, and reaches to a hundred in a minute, or more. To ascertain either- state, the attendant should apply the points of his fingers gently to the artery which lies nearest the surface. Some prefer consulting the temporal artery, which is situated about an inch and a half backward from the corner of the eye. Others again, and they are the greater number, think it best to feel it underneath the edge of the jaw bone, where the facial artery passes on under the skin only to the side of the face. In either case, too great pressure would stop the pulsation altogether; though by so trying the artery against the iaw bone, will prove whether it be in such a rigid state of excitement as attends high fever; or elastic and springy, slipping readily from under the finger, as it does when health prevails, and the strokes follow each other regularly. The presence of high fetter is further indi- cated by a kind of twang, or vibration, given by the pulse against the finger points, resembling much such as would be felt w^ere we to take hold of a distended whip cord or wire between the fingers and cause it vo vibrate like a ficidlestring, sharplv Whereas, in 11 * 116 COLIC OR GRIPES. health, a swell is felt in the vibration, as if the string were made of soft materials, and less straitened. Languid or slow pulse ^ and scarcely perceptible in some of th>3 beats or strokes, indicates lowness of spirits, debility, or being used up : if this languor be felt at intervals only, a few strokes being very quick, and then again a few very slow, this indicates low fever, in which bleeding would do no harm, &c. — \_A. Turf. R. h9@9«~- WOUNDS. A WOUND is generally defined a separation of the parts in any member of the animal body by some instrument. In all fresh wounds made by cutting instruments, there is nothing more required than bring- ing the lips of the wound into contact, by sewing a bandage, provided the part will allow of it. For wounds of the hips, or other prominent parts, and across some of the large muscles, the stitches are apt to burst by the horse's lying down and getting up in the stall. In such cases the lips of the wound should not be brought close together — one stitch is enough 130 WOUNDS. for a wound two inches long, but in large wounds they should be an inch or more apart. Should the wound bleed much from an artery's being divided, it will be necessary to secure it by pas- sing a crooked needle underneath, and tying it with a waxed thread ; but if the artery cannot be got at in this way, apply a small quantity of flour and salt to the mouth of the bleeding vessel, which will very soon have the desired effect. Care should be taken to keep it there, by proper compress or bandage, until a scar, scabp or crust is formed, otherwise it will elude your expectations, and frequently alarm you Avith fresh bleedings. After the lips of the wound are brought together, by this needle or bandage, it needs only to be covered with rags, dipped in spirits of any kind, or spirits of turpentine, and a little lint placed lightly within the edges of the wound, taking great care to keep it entirely clean, with strong soap suds, and as free from motion as possible. Whenever a wound be- comes much swelled or inflamed, or discovers marks of mortification, frequent bleedings and the applica- tion of a red oak poultice or mush, will have a won- derful effect. Should the wound be disposed to heal very rapidly, and turn out what is termed proud flesh, by washing it with a little blue-stone water, it will, in a very short time, shut in, and the wound entirely heal. The cure of most wounds is effected by the simplest methods, and it is often of much more consequence to know how to dress a wound, than what to dress it with, and in this consists the chief art of this branch of surgery ; for the most eminent in that profession have long discovered that a variety of ointments, salves, and grease, are unnecessary in the cures of most wounds and sores, and they have accordingly WOUNDS. 131 discarded the greatest part formerly in repute for that purpose ; repeated observations having taught them, that after digestion, or after healthy matter is formed, nature is disposed to heal up the wound fast enough herself. Some respect should be paid to the diet of a horse, as bran, oats, and green food keep the bow^els open, and are free from that heat which the use of corn and fodder will produce in the system. I will here offer a few more simples that have proved beneficial in the cure of wounds, sores, &c. The first operation necessary in all sores, wounds, &c. about a horse is, to remove all dirt, matter or extraneous bodies, with strong soap suds, after which. No. 1. Take of spirits, half a pint ; alum, one ounce ; honey, one gill ; mix them well together, and wash the wound night and morning. No. 2. Take of copperas, two ounces ; clean water, one quart ; wash the wound or sore twice a day. No. 3. Take of sugar of lead, a quarter of an ounce ; fair water, one quart ; use it twice a day. No. 4. Take spirits of turpentine and wet the wound once a day. No. 5. Take of blue-stone, a quarter of an ounce ; fair water, one quart ; wash the wound every morning. Punctured wounds, from thorns or other accidents, are generally of the most painful kind, and require great attention ; a bread and milk poultice, or a mush made by boiling red oak bark to a strong decoction, beating the bark very fine and throwing in as much corn meal as will make it of proper consistency, should be applied until healthy matter appears, to gether with fomentations : after which, to effect a speedy cure, use any of the above remedies recom- mended. 132 BRUISES. Wounds in the feet, from shoeing, nails, thorns, of other accidents, are generally attended with much trouble, and are often productive of very fatal conse- quences when neglected. Such wounds should have old dirt, grit, &c. carefully removed with warm greasy water ; after which, take of bees-wax, tar, and sweet oil, equal parts ; stew them well together, and fill the wound, hot as the horse can bear it without expe- riencing pain ; then pour on a little warm pitch, to prevent grit and dirt getting to the wound, and to pro- tect the foot, while sore and tender, from the hard ground. -»He@e* BRUISES. Bruises proceed from external injury, and when no remedy is employed, are sometimes attended with violent inflammation, and after bursting and discharg- ing large quantities of matter, of a dark red colour and extremely offensive smell, often terminate in a mortification, which soon puts a period to the life of the animal. Take of vinegar, one quart; laudanum, half an ounce ; sugar of lead, quarter of an ounce ; mix them well together, and apply it to the bruise three or four times a day ; if the part bruised will admit of it, apply a flannel doubled and wet with the mixture, which will be the means of keeping the bruise continually moist. If by this method the swelling does not subside, apply STRAINS. 133 a poultice made of a strong decoction of red oak bark and meal, once a day, until the swelling abates ; but in bruises that cannot, by these means, be dispersed, and by pressing with the finger you discover that mat- ter is formed, then the shortest way is, to open the skin and allow the bruise to discharge its contents : after which it will heal in a very short time, by keeping it entirely clean with soap suds alone. Bat after dis- charging the matter, if the w^ound should appear rotten and of dark colour, indicating mortification, together with any very considerable inflammation, bleed plen- tifully ; feed on bran, oats, long green food, or light food of any kind, and again apply the red oak poul- tice, which will very soon cure the inflammation, cleanse and alter the appearance of the wound. After which, any of the simples recommended for w^ounds, may be employed in speedily healing. .M«lS^9*H— STRAINS. Strains, in whatever part of the horse, either pro- duced from running, slips, blows, or hard riding, are the relaxing, over-stretching or breaking ihe muscles or tendinous fibres. A strain, unless uncommonly bad, may be cured in a short time, by applying the following remedies : ' ^ Number 1. Take of sharp vinegar, one pint; spirit, of any kind, half a pint; camphor, one ounce; mix them well together and bathe the part injured twice a 134 STAGGERS. day; a piece of fiannel wet with the mixture and wrap- ped around the part, will be very beneficial ; take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood. No. 2. Take of opodeldoc (which can be procured from any apothecary's shop) a piece the size of a mar- ble, and rub it on the strained part with the naked hand until the hand becomes dry, twice a day : should the injured part resist both these remedies, you may conclude the injury is a very serious one, which nothing but time can relieve, and the horse must be turned out upon grass a sufficient lei^th of time for nature herself to perform the great operation. ^9^9* STAGGERS. \ r The staggers is a very common as well as a very fatal disease among horses of all ages: though young horses are more subject to it than those advanced in years. Many various opinions have been offered to the public, and some with much confidence, relative to the origin and seat of this disease. But few, if any, as yet, have investigated the subject with correctness. The staggers, in my opinion, are produced by per- mitting a horse to feed on grass in the spring and fall, late at night and early in the morning ; for early in the morning and late in the evening, the fields and pastures are covered with a poisonous web, which is spun and spread upon the grass by a small spider. So rapidly, so industriously does this little insect work, STAGGERS. 135 that in the space of one night, not a blade or spire of grass has been left untouched. This web, catching the dew-drops on its bosom, causes the fields in the morn- ing to glisten and sparkle as if covered with a thin sheet of ice. A horse that feeds upon a pasture in this situation must, of course, collect large quantities of this web and dew, and very often the spider itself. They act upon the horse, producing delirium, giddi- ness, apoplexy, and sometimes death. The lungs appear to be the principal seat of this disease ; for in cases of dissection they have been found much en- larged, and covered wdth large brown spots ; smell very offensively, and have some appearance of mor tification. The large quantity of poison taken into the stomach acts upon its nerves, and the sympathy that exists be- tween that organ and the large nerves of the head, accounts for the dull, giddy, and dejected countenance of the animal, and has induced many to believe the staggers was confined to that part alone. The poison is then removed from the stomach by the activity of the lymphatic and absorbent vessels, thrown into the circulation of the blood, diffused over every part of the system, and finally carried by the arteries into the lungs, through which all the blood in the body of a horse passes many times in an hour, and undergoes a change. Sometimes a determination of blood to the head takes place, which generally ends fatally, pro- ducing a furious delirium, the horse throwing himself about with great violence, making it dangerous for any person to venture near him. Symptoms. — The symptoms of the staggers are a drowsiness, eyes inflamed, half shut, and full of tears, the appetite bad, the disposition to sleep gradually increased, feebleness, a continual hanging of the head 13 136 STAGGERS. or resting it on the manger, rearing, falling, and lying in a state of insensibility, walking a small circle for a considerable length of time, the ears hot, with a burn- ing fever, &c. &c. &c. Remedy. — Take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood, three times in a week ; take of sassafras tea, three half pints ; plantain juice, half a pint ; asafoeti- da, half an ounce ; saltpetre, one tea spoonful ; mix and give them as a drench three mornings in a week ; give an injection composed of one pint of meal, two quarts of water, one quart of molasses and one spoon- ful of hog's lard ; let the horse be moderately exer- cised, and whenever he is standing should be well rubbed ; give a mash twice a week, composed of one gallon of bran, one table spoonful of sulphur, one tea spoonful of saltpetre, one quart of boiling sassafras tea, and a eighth of an ounce of asafcetida, not per- miting the horse to drink cold water for six hours afterwards. Should he be much mended by this treat- ment, nothing more will be necessary, except feeding him on bran, or light food of any kind ; but should he appear to receive no benefit from these attentions, in four or five days, take of calomel, twenty-five grains ; of opium, two drachms; camphor, two drachms; powdered fennel-seed, one drachm ; of syrup, of any kind, a sufficient quantity to make the ingredients into a ball, which may be given every morning for four or five days, by which time the horse will get well if his disease will admit of a cure. Horses that are confined in a stable never have the staggers ; consequently it would be advisable for every person, whose situation will admit of it, to con- fine their horses, particularly at night, during the spring and fall months. MANGE — HIDE BOUND. 137 MANGE. The mange in horses is a disease of the skin, which is generally rough, thick, and full of wrinkles, espe- cially about the mane, tail, and thighs, and the little hair that remains on these parts stands up very much like bristles. The ears and eye-brows are sometimes attacked, and in a short time are left quite naked. The mange is an infectious disease : indeed so much so, that if a horse is carried into a stable where one that is mangy has been in the habit of standing, he will be almost certain to take the infection, unless the litter has been removed and the stable properly cleansed and aired. Proper attention will make the cure easy. Remedy. — Take of powdered brimstone and hog's iard an equal quantity, mix them well together and anoint the part affected twice a day, bleed plentifully and give two or three mashes (composed of bran, sul- phor, saltpetre, and sassafras) within a week, by which time a cure will be performed. A clean stable and nice bed of straw will aid much in accomplishing the object in view. HIDE BOUND. A HORSE is said to be hide bound when his skin will not slip under the pressure of the hand, but sticks as fast to the ribs as if it was glued. 138 SURFEIT. Horses are sometimes hide bound in consequence of feeling the effects of some violent disease, and it is often a bad symptom ; but generally, this tightness of the skin proceeds from poverty, cruel usage, and sometimes from worms. The first thing necessary for performing a care is, to offer better treatment to the animal, giving him plenty of light food, such as bran, oats, &c. and a clean stable with fresh litter. Then take from the neck vein half a gallon of blood; at night give a mash com- posed of one gallon of bran, scalded with sassafras tea ; one table spoonful flour of sulphur or powdered brim- stone, and one tea spoonful of saltpetre ; not permitting him to drink for six hours afterwards. On the second day, at twelve o'clock, take of cop- peras, two table spoonfuls ; of warm sassafras tea, one quart ; saltpetre, one tea spoonful ; mix and give them as a drench. Have the horse well rubbed, and in a few days he will be entirely relieved. ® SURFEIT. The surfeit is a common disease among horses that have been cruelly or injudiciously treated. Sudden changes from heat to cold, plunging deep into cold water and drinking plentifully after being excessively hard rode, unsound food, being turned from a warm and comfortable stable out into the cold air, night dews, &c. &c. often produce surfeit. SURFEIT. CT'.' 139 Symptoms. — The surfeit first makes its appearance with many fine and small lumps under the skin, a partial falling off of the hair, and a constant itching : at length a great number of scabs are formed, and some small ulcers, and unless some remedy is em- ployed, the whole coat of hair falls off and the horse becomes covered with scabs: the hair in the mane and tail will be nearly rubbed off, and the little remain- ing will stand erect. Ramedy. — Take from the neck vein on the. first and fourth days of the week, half a gallon of blood ; give a mash of one gallon of bran, one table spoonful of sulphur, one tea spoonful of saltpetre, and a quart of hot sassafras tea, well mixed together, three times within a week, not permitting him to drink for six hours whenever a mash is taken. Give three drenches within the week, composed of one quart of sassafras tea, and one tea spoonful of salt- petre, each. . Change the horse's litter frequently •, keep his stable clean, and do not permit him to get wet. Take of hog's lard and sulphur, equal parts, mix them and anoint the horse where the surfeit appears worse, once a day ; and by the expiration of a week, if the horse is not entirely well, he will be much bene- fited, and nothing more will be necessary, except giv- ing him food that is light and easily digested, and observe towards him kind treatment. 13* 140 SORE TONGUE. BIG HEAD. SORE TONGUE. ""Take four ounces sugar of lead, four do. bole am- moniac, eight do. alum, burned. The whole to be put in three quarts of good vinegar, and the horse's mouth washed or swabbed two or three times a day, keeping the bit out of the mouth. The above is enough for six horses. 1 [from the AMERICAN FARMER.] BIG HEAD. I HAVE noticed several essays in your valuable paper, the " American Farmer," on the subject of " big head in norses" and as I have never seen any description of this disease, or any cure recommended, I will endeavour to communicate what my limited experience on that subject has taught me : About twelve years ago the disease made its ap- pearance in this neighbourhood, and before a remedy was found out, many losses were sustained, by the death of the horses which were diseased. One of my neighbours lost horses to the value of six or seven thousand dollars, among them some of the best blood- ed mares and colts. I lost one only, and the first and only one, a brood mare, which had it about that time. Various appHcations were made to cure it, such as driving in spirits of turpentine by rubbing the parts affected, and holding a red hot iron near the place ; BXQ HEAD.. 141 burning, bruising, and cutting, were also resorted to, but in every case that I saw or heard of, the disease terminated in the death of the animal. At length white arsenic was recommended, but by whom it was first discovered, I am ignorant. I had occasion, about four years ago, to try it on a fine Archy mare, then in foal by Archy ; she was affected on both sides of the face, and I succeeded in curing her : she produced a horse colt, whilst she was under the operation of the arsenic. At about two years old the colt was affected on one side of the face. I had recourse to the arsenic, and completely eradicated the disorder, leaving only a slight scar, though the mucus membrane of the nostril was so much injured as to cause a difficulty of breath- ing through it. The mare was still more affected, as both nostrils were nearly closed, and her head con- tinued to be much larger than before she was taken with the disease, though generally in good order, and occasiojially worked. She has, however, produced three fine colts since, none of which has as yet been aflfected with the big head. I designed to have trained her first colt, but in consequence of the affection of his nostril, I declined the idea. He is now four years old, enjoying fine health, and possessing great vigour as a stallion. I am thus particular in detailing the cha- racter of the animals who have been cured, that it may be seen how little horses are affected by the dis- ease after it has been cured. I have known the arsenic exhibited in at least twenty cases, in all of which it effected a cure, and I think I can say, that it is an infallible remedy. I will now endeavour to describe the disease, and the recipe. Symptoms — Loss of appetite, a drooping of the head and a disinclination to move about — a slight 142 BIG HEAD. wiseping from the eye on the side affected- — in a short time a local swelling appears on the side of the face in ^ a direct line between the eye and nostril, which on M being pressed hard with the finger causes the animal fl to wince, and by rubbing it gently with the hand, appears to give ease to him — an enlargement of the jaw bone, and a considerable decline in flesh. I have not discovered that the disease is attended with fever ; if it is suffered to run long, it causes an affection of the joints — they become puffed, as if inflated with wind, and in a short time those swellings become filled with pus, and ultimately break, and a discharge of purulent matter issues from the joints, and the animal falls, to rise no more without help. It is supposed to be infec- tious only in this last state of the disease. Cure. — As soon as the swelling on the side of the face appears, take a piece of white arsenic about the size of a common field pea, (or about six or eight grains pulverized and wrapped in fine paper, of a size only sufficient to contain it,) make an incision in the skin, immediately over the hard tumour, insert the arsenic (or the paper containing it,) and with a needle and thread make one suture or stitch, tie the ends of the thread in a hard knot, bleed the horse, and turn him out alone in a good pasture, or if it is cold weather, put him in a stable, removed from other horses, and feed him on light food — in a few days the effects of the arsenic will be discoverable by a considerable swelling of the head, nose, and face, which will increase until the power of the arsenic is exhausted — if both sides of the face are operated on at the same time, ihe head will swell to an enormous size — in about a month, or six weeks, the arsenic will have developed its efficacy by the appearance of a circular piece oi BIG HEAD. 143 skin, and the porous bone of the face which extends as far as the seat of the disease, or the influence of the arsenic on the affected part; this circular develop- ment extends as far as the affected part only, and is quite callous and nearly detached from the sound skin, leaving the wholesome flesh in its natural state. In a month or six weeks longer, this circular part becomes entirely detached on its periphery from the sound skin, and adheres to the side of the face by a few slight integuments about its centre, which soon decays, (or it may be cut off,) and the diseased parts drop out in a mass, leaving a hideous wound ; then may be seen the porous bone of the face, resembling honey- comb, which soon becomes covered with sound flesh and skin : the wound may be soon healed by using common applications, though I have made use of what we farmers in the country call pot liquor, as a wash, and anointing the place with an ointment made by bruising the leaves of the common poke-weed, {Phy- tolacca decandra) and extracting the juice by pressure, and stewing it in hog's lard, or of the Jamestown weed, or thorn apple, (datura stramonium) prepared in the same way. These applications may be made use of with advantage as soon as it is discovered that the parts begin to separate. If the weather be warm it may be necessary to anoint the parts with a mixture of common tar and hog's lard, or the juice of elder stewed in hog's lard, in order to keep away the blow fly, which will be attracted to the parts by the offen- siveness of the scent emitted. It cannot be expected that a horse which has thus been operated upon, will regain the beauty of his head, particularly if he be an old horse, or has been affected on both sides of the face, or the disease has been suffered to run too long 144 BIG HEAD. before applying the remedy : this is evidenced by the appearance of my mare. 1 suffered the disease to run too long, because I was fearful that the arsenic might mjure the foal, but was induced to risk it rather than lose the mare : the stallion on the contrary, exhibits the effects of it in but a slight degree. It may be proper to remark, that a less quantity of arsenic will answer for a colt than for an old horse ; and that it ought to be inserted as high up on the face as the seat of the disease will admit of; perhaps on the upper edge of the swelled part will answer the same end. Another remedy has been communicated to me, which is much more simple ; and if it be a remedy, certainly possesses great advantages over the one on which I have been treating. I have never known it tried, but I am induced to believe that it is a remedy, both from its analogy to the arsenic, and from the authority from which I derived my information. It is this : Instead of the arsenic, take half a pint of strong ashes, (hickory I suppose,) put them into a tin cup, (of about a pint measure,) smaller at the mouth than at the bottom, say about one and a half inches at the mouth in diameter ; fill the cup or pot with water, and let it boil for half an hour, or until the water has been evaporated, or absorbed by the ashes, cord the horse's nose in the usual way, or otherwise confine him, in order that he may be still, and apply the mouth of the cup to the part affected, with the ashes quite hot and nearly dry, having previously covered it with a thin cloth to prevent the ashes from coming in contact with the. skin of the horse, and hold it in that position until the heat has subsided, when it may be removed : in a day or two the parts will exhibit a gluey exudation, which will disappear in the course of a week, leaving FISTULA. 145 an inconsiderable sore like a burn, which may be soon cured by treating it as such. It may be necessary in some cases to make the second apphcation. The horse may be used as usual at the time, and when the wound heals up, scarcely any scar will remain. Or, Take blood from the neck vein and bathe the swelled parts with spirits of turpentine once or twice a week, rubbing it in with a hard brush until you dis- cover the swelling is stopped : the lumps always remain, but as they cease to grow the horse gets better. Or, Give stramonium (Jamestown or Jimeson weed) in doses of one drachm, mixed with his feed for several days, then turning him out for two or three months. — *»y of cure. It may be produced by a suppression of perspiration or by an increased secretion of bile. The following ball (No. 1.) generally gives relief, but should it not have the desired effect. No. 2 may be employed. " v No 1. Take of sue. aloes, six drachms; Castile soap, four drachms; and syrup enough to form the ball 14* 152 DIABETES. V No. 2. Take of opium, one drachm ; antimony, three drachms ; powdered ginger, two drachms ; and syrup enough, of any kind, to form a ball. It will benefit a horse very much by keeping him warmly clothed while labouring under this disease. _»te^9* . . DIABETES. A Diabetes is a profuse staling or a constant dis- charge of water ; it is attended with great weakness, loss of flesh and appetite, with every appearance ot decay and approaching dissolution. It is frequently the result of old disorders, surfeits, excessive hard rides, &c. &c. A horse of a delicate and weak constitution is extremely difficult to cure, as he soon loses flesh and appetite, his hair becomes rough, his eyes weak, sad, and dejected, and in a very short time he is unfit for any kind of labour. But if the following remedies are employed, when the disease first makes its appearance, if the horse possesses a tolerable good constitution, the cure, by proper atten- tion, can be rendered almost certain. Remedy. — No. 1. Take of opium, one drachm ; asafoetida, two drachms ; powdered ginger, two ditto ; red oak bark, powdered, one ounce ; syrup of any kind, a sufficient quantity to make two balls for one dose^ which must be repeated three times within a week, and the horse must not be permitted to drink an unusual quantity of water. A little salt thrown into that he is permitted to use, will be found very beneficial. BLISTERS. , 153 No. 2. Take of red wine, one pint ; water, one pint ; gum Arabic, one ounce ; mix and give them as a drench three times within a week. No. 3. Take of salts of hartshorn, three drachms ; opium, one drachm ; powdered ginger, two drachms ; liquorice, half an ounce ; syrup, of any kind, a suffi- cient quantity to make the ingredients into two balls, which may be given twice within a week. Nourish- ing food, moderate exercise, and a clean, wholesome stable will assist much in effecting a cure. — wt9@9<«*~ BLISTERS. Previous to the application of a blister to any part of a horse, the hair should either be shaved or cut off as close as possible ; the blistering ointment should be regularly spread with a warm knife on a stout piece of oznaburgs ; and during the operation of the blister, the horse should be tied short to prevent his biting the part or doing other injury. Blister — No. 1. Take of Spanish flies half an ounce, oil turpentine one ounce, hog's lard four ounces ; mix them well and the blister is ready for use. No. 2 — Take of tar, four ounces ; vitriolic acid two drachms, oil of origanum, half an ounce ; hog's lard, two ounces ; Spanish flies, two ounces. . This bliste? is excellent for the spavin. J 54 CLYSTERS. CLYSTER OR GLYSTER. As clysters very often are the means of saving horses' lives, I shall here recommend the best and sim- plest mode of administering them. Take a large bladder, cut off the neck and soften it in warm w^ater, take a pew^ter pipe, common reed, or any other smooth tube, nine or ten inches long and not more than an inch in diameter ; the clyster must then be poured through a funnel into the bag, and securely tied around one end of the tube ; the other must be made perfectly smooth and rounding, well oiled, and introduced into the anus several inches ; the liquid in the bladder must be forced through the tube by pressure with the hand. — When a clyster is given, a horse should be placed with his head down hill, and if he refuses to stand, a twitch should be put upon his nose. Glysters are of three kinds — opening, anodyne, and nourishing. For the first purpose take a gallon of warm water, with from half a pound to a pound of common salt dissolved in it ; to which add four or five ounces of olive or linseed oil. For the second, take two drachms of solid opium, dissolve them, or rather mix them well with about half a pint of warm water, and add from a quart to three pints of Indian meal or wheat flour gruel. For the third purpose, rich broths, wheat flour gruel, and other nourishing fluids are recommended. With respect to the first kind of glysters, it may be observed that gruel is com- monly preferred to warm water ; but according to my experience, the latter does just as well as the former As to the second, tincture of opium may be substitu- FOMENTATIONS. 1 55 ted for solid opium, and is by some preferred to it, but the quantity should not exceed two ounces, on account of the spirit in which this opium is dissolved. The third kind of glyster is required only in lock-jaw, or in diseases of the throat which prevent swallowing, and in these its utility seems to be very questionable. As soon as the glyster has been injected, the tail should hp kept close to the fundament for a few minutes to prevent its being too hastily returned. This is parti- cularly necessary when the anodyne clyster is em- ployed. The pipe must be oiled or greased before it is introduced, and if its passage be obstructed by hard dung lodged in the gut, the hand should be gradually introduced in order to remove it. — Heg)9« FOMENTATIONS. Fomentations are generally made of bitter herbs, such as wormwood, camomile, mullen, bay leaves, sutherwood, life-everlasting, &c. &c. boiled in water to a strong decoction, strained off, and applied with large woollen cloths, hot as the animal can bear it that it is intended to benefit. The efficacy of fomentations often depends on the length of time they are employed, and their being frequently repeated. Poultice. — The following mixtures will be found useful as a poultice : No 1. Take of bran, one quart ; of sharp vine- gar (scalding hot) half a pint ; hog's lard, one table spoonful — mix them for use. 156 MASH. No. 2. Take of red oak bark a sufficiency to boil to one quart of strong decoction ; take of Indian meal, a sufficient quantity to form the poultice. No. 3. Take of sharp vinegar, half a pint ; of meal one quart; of hog's lard, two table spoonfuls ; pour a sufficient quantity of boiling water to form it into a mash, when it will be ready for use. — misQd*"— MASH. A MASH is generally given to a horse for the. pur- pose of cooling the system, opening the bowels, and for disguising different kinds of medicines which may be necessary to be administered ; w^hich if given in any other way, would be attended with trouble and difficulty, and would not be productive of effects so salutary. Mash. — No. 1. Take of bran one gallon, sassafras tea (scalding hot) one quart, powdered brimstone one table spoonful, saltpetre one tea spoonful. No. 2. Take of oats one gallon, flour sulphur one table spoonful, saltpetre one tea spoonful, boiling water one quart. No. 3. Take of bran one gallon, salts (glauber) four ounces, sulphur one table spoonful, sassafras tea (scalding hot) one quart — let them be well mixed and given milk warm, not permitting the horse to drink cold water for six hours afterwards. BLEEDING. TO SPOT A WHITE HORSE. J 5*7 BLEEDING. The bleeding of a horse is so common and simple, that but little instruction can be necessary for the per- formance of the operation. The blood should always be caught in some vessel for the purpose of judging of its quantity and quality ; if after it has coagulated a light buff coloured jelly forms the surface, it is an evi- dence of the inflammatory state of the blood. Blooa drawn from a healthy horse very soon coagulates and appears Hke a uniformly red jelly, with a small quantity of fluid, resembling water, floating on the surface. * consists of two parts — the red jelly (termed crassa- mentum) and the water 'or serum; the former may be separated into two parts by washing the red globules and coagulable lymph. Bleeding is extremely beneficial in many diseases ; and with safety from one quart to one and a half gal Ions may be taken at one time. — >H9 @ 944>— TO SPOT A WHITE HORSE WITH BLACK SPOTS. Take htharage, three ounces; quick hme, six ounces; beat it fine and mix it together : put it into a pan and pour a sharp ley over it; then boil it and you will have a fat substance swim on top, with which anoint the horse in such places as you design to have black, and it will turn to the colour immediately. 15S DRIVING. TRIBUTE TO THE HORSE. It has the same effect in changing hair that is red into a black colour, with only this difference, viz. : — Take an equal quantity of lime and litharage, and instead of boiling it w^ith ley, boil it only with fresh water ; what swims at top, is fit for use and will an- swer your expectation ; what hairs you anoint with it in the evening, will be black the next morning. DRIVING. It may be generally remarked, that men who drive fast have swift horses ; not that they drive fast because they have swift horses, but because fast driving makes horses swift. Ar horse may commonly be trained to a dull and heavy, or to an airy and fleet gait. Nature unquestionably does much ; but education does far more towards producing the great difference in the speed of horses, than most men are willing to allow. Horses are more frequently injured by driving them beyond their habitual pace, than beyond their native power. The best direction for the education of horses is, " drive /<25^ and stop often" -»»©©©«—• A TRIBUTE TO THE HORSE. JOHN wall's recipe. Take half a pound of saltpetre, half a pound- of alum, and half a pound of alum salt ; pulverize and mix them well together, and every eight days give him a table spoonful in his food ; his coat, flesh, and spirits will soon reward his master for his care. MULE AND HINNY, HYBRIDS OF THE HORSE AND ASS. The mule is the hybrid produce of an ass with a mare ; having a large clumsy head, long erect ears, a short mane, and a thin tail. The hinny is the hybrid produce between the she- ass and a stallion ; the head is long and thin, the ears are like those of a horse, the mane is short, and the tail is well filled with hair. The hinny is much less common than the mule, because, being less hardy and useful tlian the other, he is never cultivated. The mule, commonly so called, is much valued for the saddle, and for drawing carnages in Spain, Portu- gal, Italy, and the East, and in the w^armer parts of America. In those countries where great attention is paid to the breed, it is as tall as the horse, exceedingly w^ell-limbed, but not so handsome, especially about the head and tail. These animals are mostly sterile ; some, indeed, have thought that they are altogether incapable of producing their kind ; but some few instances have occurred, in w^hich female mules have had foals, and in which even the male has impregnated females both of the ass and horse species, though such instances are exceedingly rare. The mules made use of in the southern parts of Europe, are now brought to an astonishing perfection as well as great size. They are usually black, strong, 15 160 MULES. well-limbed, and large, being mostly bred out of fine Spanish mares. They are sometimes fifteen or six- teen hands high, and the best of them worth forty or fifty pounds. No creatures are so proper for large burdens, and none so sure footed. They are much stronger for draft than our horses, and are often as thick set as our dray horses, and will travel several months together, with six or eight hundred weight upon their backs. Some think it surprising that these animals are not more propagated here, as they are so much hardier and stronger than horses, less subject to diseases, and capable of living and w^orking to twice the age of a horse. Those that are bred in cold coun- tries are more hardy and fit for labour than those brea in hot ; and those which are light made are fitter for riding than horses, as to the walk and trot ; but they are apt to gallop rough ; though these do it much less than the short-made ones. The general complaint made against them is, that they kick and are stubborn; but this is owing to neglect in breeding them, for they are as gentle as horses, in countries where they are bred with proper care. In the breeding of mules, mares that are of a very large breed and well made, should be employed. They should be young, full of life, large barrelled, but sm ailed limbed, with a moderate sized head, and a good forehead. It is found of advantage to have the foals from the time of their being dropped often handled, to make them gentle : it prevents their hurt- ing themselves by skittishness and sudden frights ; and they are much easier broken at the proper age, and become docile and harmless, having nothing of' that viciousness which is so commonly complained of in these animals. They may be broken at three years MULES. 161 old, but should never be permitted to do much hard work till four, as they are thus secured from being hurt by hard labour, till they have acquired strength enough to bear it w^ithout injury. An expert breeder of these animals found, that feeding them too well while young, though it made them very fat, was far from being any advantage to them ; as it was not only incurring a much larger expense than was any way necessary, but also made them wonderfully nice and delicate in their appetites ever after, and also by increasing their weight of flesh, rendered them more subject to strains and hurts in their morning gambols. He therefore contented himself with giving them food enough to prevent their losing flesh, and to keep up their growth without palling their appetites with deli- cacies, or making them over fat ; he also took care to defend them from the injuries of the weather by allow- ing them stable room, and good litter to sleep on, besides causing them every day to be well rubbed down, with a hard wisp of straw, by an active groom. This was scarcely ever omitted, particularly in cold, raw, wet weather, when they were least inclined to exercise themselves. When three years old, mules are proper for use. The shoe for the mule is for the fore foot very simi- lar to that which farriers call the bar shoe. It is very wide and large, especially at the toe, where it some- times projects four inches and upwards beyond the hoof This excess is given it with a view to enlarge the basis of the foot, which is in general exceedingly narrow in this animal. The shoe for thg hind feet is open at the heels like a horse's shoe; but is lengthened at the toe like the preceding one. Mules are, how- ever, by no means invariably shod in this manner; h 1G2 MULES. is not unusual to shoe them either Hke horses or asses, as they approach the one or the other in size or work required. [from the AMERICAN FARMER.] PRIZE ESSAY. [The premium of a silver cup, of thirty dollars value, offered hy Robert Oliver, Esq. to the auther of the best essay on the natural history of the Mule, and its value for the general purposes of agri- culture, in comparison with horses, was awarded by a committ©55, appointed by the Trustees of the Maryland Agricultural Socie'.jr^ to the author of the following essay.] A DISSERTATION ON THE MULE, With the view of promoting an improvement in the breed, and of demonstrating the utility of employing him as a substitute fot the horse, in the labours of husbandry, canals, ^c. By Samuel Wyllys Pomeroy. •' Opinion is the queen of the world — it gives motion to the springs, and direction to the wheels of power." John Quincy Adams. " Knowledge is power." — Bacon. Soon after the accession of Charles III. to the crown of Spain, his subjects were prohibited by a severe edict, from wearing Jiajjped hats and long cloaks ; which caused an insurrection that obHged him to flee from Madrid, after witnessing the massacre of nearly one hundred of his Walloon guards ; and might have terminated in a revolution, but for a speedy revoca- tion of the edict and banishment of his ministers. An eminent writer introduces the history of the occur- rence, bv observing, that " it is easier to conquer half MULES. 163 the world than to subdue a single prejudice or error, most nations having a superstitious attachment to those habitudes which they derive from their ancestors, that s'eem to come along with them into the world, and with which they were nursed and brought up." Perhaps it may be deemed by many quite as vision- ary or absurd to attempt an introduction of the mule as a substitute for the horse, for the purposes of agri- culture and hackney employments, as was the project of the Spanish monarch for compelling his subjects to wear the Fi^ench costume, to the exclusion of one they had been so long accustomed to look upon " as a dis- tinction which was the birth-right of every true Spa- niard ;" and as we may suppose, so congenial to the indolent habits for which that nation had long been proverbial. It must be acknowledged that there are serious> though I trust in this age of improvement, not insur- mountable impediments ; for we have to combat not only hereditary prejudices, or to speak more correctly, such as have proceeded from a deficiency of means and want of knowledge, to develope the valuable pro- perties and to subdue propensities of a contrary cha- racter in this hybrid race, but we are met at the threshold by the same species of pride which the Spaniards manifested in regard to their costume, founded on the enthusiastic, I may almost say super- stitious, attachment to the horse. • It is believed that a vast portion of our fellow citizens, and I may with propriety add the people oi Great Britain, from whom we have derived some inveterate prejudices as well as those illustrious exam- ples that have had such a powerful influence in leading our country to the high destinies that await her, do not 15* 164 MULES. consider that a 7nule, especially a well bred one, would be in himself and in their view, one of the best formed and most distinguished of animals, if they had never seen a horse ; they must admit, however, that he holds the second rank instead of the first, and it is principally from this circumstance that so little atten- tion has been paid to him in both countries. Com- parison is the chief cause of his degradation — they look at and give their opinions not of himself, but comparatively with the horse. They seem not aware that he is a mule — that he has all the qualities of his nature, all the gifts attached to the connecting and final link of two distinct species, and think only of the figure and qualities of the horse which are wanting in him, and that he ought not to have ; for he possesses those of more intrinsic value, which the supreme Author of nature has denied to both of his parents. There are few subjects of animated nature that have engaged the attention of the most eminent naturalists, more than the genus Equus, to which the horse and ass, with their hybrid oiFspring, are assigned. Lin- ncBus, with a view to establish, by new arguments, his doctrine, or theory of the sexual system of plants, which SpaUanzani had attempted to overturn, illus- trated their generation by pursuing the chain of nature from the animal to the vegetable kingdom ; and has taken prominent examples from the two difierent pro- ductions of mules. He says, " from the mare and male ass proceeds the mule, properly so called, which in its nature, that is, in its medullary substance, nervous system, and what Malpighi calls the keel, {carina,) hoitom in sportsmen's language, is latent in, and derived from the mare. But in its cortical substance and outward form, in its mane and tail, resembles MULES. 1G5 the ass. Between the female ass and the horse, the other kind of mule is engendered, whose nature or medullary substance, resembles that of the ass : but its outward form and cortical structure, or vascular system that of the horse."* The latter kind was called Hinnus by the ancients, hence the modern name Hinny, They were not held in much estimation by the Romans, according to Pliny, who describes them as difficult to manage, and so slow that little service could be derived from them. Bnffon has noticed this animal, which he says " is smaller than the mule, as it preserves the diminutive stature of the ass." Hinnys were seldom propagated ; but it is said that a number have lately been bred in Spain, probably in consequence of the destruction of mares in the peninsular war, and are represented of good size, and more beautiful than the mule : that is, they resemble the horse much more. I understand a few have been bred upon the Spanish Main, no doubt from a similar cause that led to the system in Spain ; and if my information is correct, some have been recently shipped to the West India Islands, but are by no means esteemed so hardy, or valuable for service, as mules. Notwithstanding mules have a disposition to propa- gate, there have been but two or three well authenti- cated instances recorded of their having bred; and those productions were considered monsters. Biiffon was indefatigable in his researches on the subject : and although he admits that it is possible for both males * See " A Dissertation on the Sexes of Plants," by Sir Charles Linnseus — read before the Imperial Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburgh, Sept. 6, 1760, and which obtained the premium of one hundred ducats. 166 MULES. and females to propagate, he is confident that their parents are of a species distinct from each other. He says " the ass is not a horse degenerated," as some had supposed, " he is neither a stranger, an intruder, nor a bastard ; he has, hke other animals, his family, his species, and his rank ; his blood is pure and untainted, and although his race is less noble, yet it is equally good, equally ancient as that of the horse." This pro- found naturalist continues a very minute and eloquent comparison between the horse and ass ; some of his expressions I have taken the liberty to apply to the inule and the horse in a preceding paragraph. It may promote the object in view to enter exten- sively upon the history of the ass ; and we commence with the supposition, that when rnen became so far civilized as to have burdens to carry, or required to be carried themselves, this animal was the first domesti- cated for that purpose — and it is reasonable to infer that those of the least spirit and most tractable, v/ere put in requisition in the first instance ; when by breed- ing in and in, without any care in the selection of sire or dam, became in process of time degenerated to a very inferior grade. Be this as it may, it is an unques- tionable fact that different races of the ass now exist, possessing properties as distinct as are found in the species of camel. For instance, the Bactrian or single hunched camel, called the dromedary, by far the most numerous race, being lightly formed, exhibits great activity, and is able to traverse vast tracts with the speed of a high mettled race horse. The Arabian camel, with two protuberances on his back, is con- siderably larger, of much stronger form, travels at a pace seldom exceeding three miles an hour, and is capable of conveying such burdens, that the Arabs MULES. 107 style him, emphatically, the ship of the desert; yet they are of the same species — a cross between them breed and constitute another variety, which multiply, and according to BufFon, have the most vigour, and are preferred to all others. Ancient writers recognise three or four distinct varieties of the ass. According to the learned Dr Harris, four different races are indicated in the origi- nal Hebrew scriptures, viz : Para, Chamor, Aton, and Oriid.'^ The wild ass {Para) was a native of Arabia, De- serta, and those countries which formed the great Babylonian empire. They are now found in Southern Tartary, in the mountainous districts and saline plains of Persia — are migratory in large herds, visiting in winter the Northern parts of India, and said to be so fleet that no horse can overtake them in the chase. — This race is frequently alluded to by the inspired poets and prophets ; and afford similies diametrically opposite to those drawn from the domestic race. The sublime description of the former in the book of Job, exhibits such a contrast, that I trust its insertion in this place will not be deemed improper. *' Who from the forest ass his collar broke, And manumized his shoulders from the yoke ? W^ild tenant of the waste, I sent him there Among the shrubs, to breathe in freedom's air. * See the "Natural History of the Bible, by Thaddeus Mason Harris, D. D. 1 vol. 8vo. Wells & Lilly, Boston." A work I woulo earnestly recommend to those readers of the s&cred volume wht are desirous to be better acquainted with many illusions to sub- jects of natural history, founded on their nature, habits, and cha- racteristic qualities, developing beautiful similies, which would otherwise lie concealed — and enabling them to judge more cor rectly of the propriety of such allusions. 168 MULES. Swift as an arrow in his speed he flies ; Sees from afar the smoky city rise ; Scorns the throng'd street, where slavery drags her load, The loud voic'd driver and his urging goad : Where e'er the mountain waves its lofty wood, A boundless range, he seeks his verdant food." ScotVs Version. We find, that at a very early period of sacred his- tory, the common domestic ass (Chamor^ was em- ployed in all the menial labours of a patriarchal family, while a nobler and more estimable animal (Aton) was destined to carry the patriarchs, the well born ; and those on whom marks of distinction were to be con- ferred. They constituted an important item in a schedule of the pastoral wealth of those times ; of course attracted particular attention and care. David we are told, had an officer, apparently of high dignity, appointed expressly to superintend his stud of high bred asses, or Atonoth. There was another race that has been mentioned by Aristotle, and by Theophrastus, whom Phny quotes, which they denominated the wild mules that hred (hemi-o7ios,) and were found in Cappadocia and Africa. There can be but little doubt but this is the Hemionus or wild mule of the Mongalian Tartars, so particu- larly described by professor Pallas ; and that it is not a hybrid, but actually of the species of ass resembling a mule.* This race is identified by Dr. Harris with the Orud of scripture. The wild ass of Northern and Western Africa, whose flesh was so much admired by the Roman epi- * Herodotus says, that in the army of Xerxes, which invaded Greece, there were " chariots of war drawn by wild asses" M. Larcher, a celebrated commentator, renders them zehres in his French translation, which he supports from Oppian, lib. 3. v. 183. Bu* it is now well known that the zebra is of a species entirely MULES. 1 69 cures, may, I believe, be ranked as another distinct race. Adanson, a French naturalist, who visited the river Senegal, more than half a century ago, describes those brought from the interior by the Moors, as so . essentially different from any he had seen in Europe, (probably those of Spain, Savoy, or parts of France adjoining,) it Vi^as with difficulty he could recognise them to be the same species — neither do they answer the description of the wild ass of Asia, of which we have been speaking. But his account of them corres- ponds with the diminutive domestic race introduced from Africa, particularly those from Senegal and the Cape de Verd Islands ; and from which the small race now in Europe and in this country, may with great probability claim their origin. The Arabian ass, like the horse of that country, is considered as the most estimable of his species — and there are strong reasons for concluding that he is descended from the Hebrew Aton, so highly valued by Abraham and by the patriarchs, judges, and kings, at subsequent periods of sacred history ; and that the same race has been preserved in the ancient land of Uz, in some degree of purity to the present time. Indeed, there can be but little doubt on the subject, if we admit the fact, that the habits, manners, and pur- suits of the descendants of Ishmael have continued, with scarcely an iota of variation, from the day they took rank among the nations of the earth. The position is greatly strengthened by the information I distinct from the ass ; and BufFon asserts that none were ever dis. covered out of Africa, and there only in the southern hemisphere. It is therefore highly probable, that those alluded -to were tho hemi- onus, which are described as much larger than the wild ass, and nearer the size and form of the zebra. See Beloe's Herodotus, Polymnia, chap. 86. 170 MULES received some years since from an intelligent traveller of undoubted veracity, who had visited Arabia on the south-western side of the peninsula to Mocha ; and on the eastern, as far as the mouth of the Tigris. He represented the superior race of asses of that country as most beautiful — of perfect symmetry, great spirit, activity, and vigour. He had seen those that could not be purchased for less than four or jive thousand dollars — an enormous price, considering the value of money among those people.* I understand from him, that the Arabs were as tenacious of preserving the pedigrees of their horses, as the most careful breeder for the turf in England — and not less so of their asses. The descent of some of them they trace to those in the train of the queen of Sheba, when she visited Solomon — as they also do that of their horses to the numerous stud of that wise and gallant king. Dr. Harris supposes the wild ass {Para) to be the Onager of the ancients ; and that the Atou was of a different kind. My impressions coincide with the opinion of the learned divine — but may not writers of different periods have confounded the wild ass with the Aton in their representations of the Onager? for it is not improbable, but that the Aton was of the most improved breed known, produced from crosses of a choice selection of the domestic, the wild ass, and the Hemionus, or wild mule — w^hich last Professor Pallas recommends to complete the perfection of the species. This supposition is supported by Buffon, who infers *Neibuhr remarks, " there are two sorts of assos in Arabia; the smaller or lazy ass, as little valued there as in Euorpe ; and a large and high spirited breed, which are greatly valued, and sell at a very liigJi price ; I preferred them to horses.' See Neibuhr's travels in Arabia. MULES. 171 as a certain fact, that by a cross of the remotest of diflerent races of the ass, the most beautiful produc- tions are obtained. Mules were in use and highly esteemed at a remote period of antiquity ; and are mentioned in scripture as of importance in the equipage of princes. Hero- dotus, who is styled the father of profane history, fre- quently speaks of them ; and it is known that they were introduced in the chariot races at the Olympic games in the seventieth Olympiad, about five hun- dred years before Christ. The Romans well knew their value. Pliny informs us, from Varro, that Q. Axius, a Roman senator, paid four hundred thousand sersterces, upwards of thirteen thousand dollars, for a male ass, for the propagation of mules. And he says further, that the profit of a female ass in breeding stock for the same purpose, was estimated in Celte- beria, now the kingdom of Valencia in Spain, at a Hke sum. We may infer from a passage in Tacitus, and in Plutarch's life of lAIarius, that mules were ge- nerally employed to transport the baggage of the Ro- man armies ; and that it is not improbable the superior officers rode those of a high grade, having their horses led except when they engaged an enemy. It seems that the dilletanti of Rome held them in great estima- tion, as we are informed that the mules of Nero and Poppea were shod with gold and silver — not plates, as iron shoes are now formed, but the whole hoof en- closed. Columella, who in the reign of the Emperer Claudius, published the most valuable treatise on the husbandry and economy of the Romans that has been handed down to us, has given very particular directions for breeding asses and mules. He was a native of Cadiz, 16 172 MULES. and owned estates in Spain, where it appears that the finest mules were then bred. As it is not requisite to pursue our history of the mule any farther among the ancients, we shall drop their appellation of ??z«Ze diudi female ass, and adopt the modern one of Jack and Jennet. Spain has continued to support the reputation for a superior race of mules to the present period : and it is probable, that the Arabian breed of Jacks were intro- duced by the Moors, when they held possession of that fine country, which, by crosses and the effects of climate and soil, have formed two valuable races, which we shall notice in the sequel. The Portuguese race have been generally considered as differing but little from the Spanish ; those, however, that have come within my view appear evidently inferior. It was not until near the close of the sixteenth century, that coaches were used in France ; before which, it is said, the nobles rode to court, parliament, &c. on mules, that were brought from the vicinity of the Alps and Pyrenees. They were usually black, of large size, well made, and mostly bred from fine Spanish mares. Savoy has long been noted for an excellent breed of mules. None very extraordinary are found in Italy : those used by the Velterino, are strong and of a respec^table size, but of a sluggish and debased spirit. Very little can be said of those animals in Great Britain. The Catholic prelates brought over a number of superb mules, prior to the Reformation, but in the reign of Elizabeth so little was known of them, that a writer of that period says, " in Devon- shire some were produced by a Jack brought from France, and were knocked on the head by the people, who viewed them as monsters." A superior race of mules were bred in Flanders from Jacks introduced by MULES. 173 the Spanish monarchs while they held dominion in that country. Fifty of them were brought to England by the Duke of Cumberland, presented him by the Empress Queen, and from their beautiful appearance, engaged the attention of a few individuals ; but the spirit soon subsided, notwithstanding those who bred and used them were warm in praise of their utility. Among a voluminous mass of treatises on agricul- ture and rural economy, published in that country for near a centmy past, scarce a line can be found devoted to the mule ; except by Dr. iVnderson, who, in his " Recreations in Agriculture," has made a few judi- cious remarks on the subject. In Sir George Staunton's account of Lord Macart- ney's embassy to China, we are told that mules are valued in that economical empire at a much higher price than horses. In our own country, prior to the war of the revolution, a few Jacks of an ordinary kind were imported ; a small number of mules bred ; and all exported to the West Ind»:es. I have reference to New England, as I am not aware that any attention was paid to the system in the middle, or Southern States, though it is not improbable that some valuable mules may have been raised by the farmers and plan- ters for their own use. When peace took place, the price of mules in the West Indies excited attention to the breeding of them, which was principally confined to Connecticut ; and several cargoes of the small race of Jacks were imported from the Cape de Verd Islands, and St. Michael's, one of the Azores. It should be observed, that the exportation of Jacks from Spam or any of her colonies, was strictly prohibited, and continued to be until after the peninsular war. — There might have been, however, a few smuggled, 174 MULES. from the Spanish part of Hispaniola into Cape Fran- cois, and from thence introduced, but they were vastly inferior to the Spanish Jacks. From this miserable stock a system of breeding mules commenced, the best calculated to deteriorate any race of animals that has been, or could be devised, since their creation. The purchaser of a Jack when about to commence mule dealer, made little inquiry concerning him but of his capacity to propagate a mule. He placed him in a district where there was the greatest number of mares of qualities so inferior that their colts would not com- pensate their owners for the expense of taking them to a horse, and contracted to purchase their mules at four months old. Those are kept in herds, with pre- carious shelter in winter, having ample opportunities afforded them, to mature and transfer that propensity for kicking, which seems at first merely playful, into an habitual means of defencCj to be exercised when the biped or any other race of animals approach them. In this kicking seminary they remain two years, and are then driven to market. At subsequent periods, a few Jacks of higher grades were procured, from which a small number of good sized mules were bred, and a few of them broke. The breed of Jacks have some- what improved, and mule dealers are now located in most of the New England States and some parts of New York. But the svstem as above detailed, with few exceptions, has continued ; and it is from such a race of Jacks and such a system of breeding and management, that the mules have been produced, with which the farmers and planters of Maryland, Virginia, and the Southern States, have been supplied from New England ; and such have furnished a criterion for a great portion of our countrymen to form an estimate of the value and properties of this degraded animal.. MULES. 175 [t affords great pleasure to be enabled, for a short time at least, to pursue our investigations in a higher sphere. Several of mv friends who had viewed the Jacks and mules, at Mount Vernon, in the life time of Ge- neral Washington, gave such glowing descriptions ol them, and understanding that part of that stock was inherited by George W. P. Custis, Esq. I was induced to address a few queries to him on this subject ; this gentleman with his characteristic urbanity, very promptly furnished replies, with liberty to make such use of them as I pleased, and I cannot do better than to transcribe them from a letter received about three vears since. Mr. Custis observes: ft " The Royal Gift and Knight of Malta, were sent to General Washington about the year 1787 — the Gift with a Jennet a present from the King of Spain ; and said to have been selected from the royal stud. The Knight I believe was from the Marquis de Lafayette, and shipped from Marseilles. The Gift was a huge and ill shapen Jack, near sixteen hands high, very large head, clumsy hmbs, and to all appearance httle calculated for active service ; he was of a grey colour, probably not young when imported, and died at Mount Vernon but little valued for his mules, which were unwieldly and dull. The Knight was of a mo- derate size, clean limbed, great activity, the fire and ferocity of a tiger, a dark brow^n, nearly black colour, white belly and muzzle ; could only be managed by one groom, and that always at considerable personal risk. He lived to a great age, and was so infirm to- wards the last as to require lifting. He died on my estate in New Kent, in the State of Virginia, about 1802 or 1803. His mules w^ere all active, spirited, 16 * 176 " MULES. and serviceable ; and from stout mares attained con- si'derable size. " General Washington bred a favourite Jack called Compound, from the cross of Spanish and Maltese. The Knight upon the imported Spanish Jennet. This Jack was a very superior animal ; very long bodied, well set, with all the qualities of the Knight, and the weight of the Spanish. He was sire of some of the finest mules at Mount Vernon, and died from accident. The General bred mules from his best coach mares, and found the value of the mule to bear a just propor- tion to the value of the dam. Four mules sold at the sale of his effects, for upwards of ^800 : and two more pairs at upwards of 8400 each pair ; one pair of these mules were nearly sixteen hands high. The only Jacks I know of at present, of the genuine Mount Vernon stock, are, one sold by me to Judge Johnson, of South Carolina, for five hundred dollars, at two years old; one given by me to WilHam Fitzhugh, Esq. of Ravensworth, and one which I believe is pos- sessed by my uncle, Geore Calvert, Esq. of Rivers- dale. " The Jack purchased by Judge Johnson, I have understood, has a very high reputation in the South. "Upon losing my groom (Peter) who was the first and last groom to the Mount Vernon Jacks, I parted with my stock. " There are many Jacks that have come into the country of late years, but of their value and proper- ties I am unable to speak, though I rather presume they are generally small, and only fitted to get mules for the cotton cultivation in the light lands of the South. Some very fine mules are raised about Hagerstown, Maryland, from Jacks of the old breed ; they are bred from stout wagon mares. MULES. 17"^ " As to my opinion of the value of mules, I shall always appear extravagant. I have scarce a horse on my estates for agricultural purposes, nor would I ac cept of one as a gift, (except for road wagons,) of which I have no need, as my property lies on navigable water. Nothing ever was so good as mules for the uses of this, our southern country ; they live longer, eat less, and above all, are better suited to our slaves, than any other animal could possibly be: their strength, patient endurance of privation and hardships, slender pasturage, exposure — and in short, all those ills to which animals are subject where slaves are their masters, give to mules a decided preference in all the agricultural States of the South. " I do not know of any being trained to the pur- poses of pleasure carriages. They are often ridden, and go pleasantly, with great surety of foot. I have no doubt but that in time, they will generally be used for carriages, and would particularly suit mail coaches ; they are very swift, and have great durability in travelling." The Knight of Malta, mentioned by Mr. Custis, was unquestionably the first Maltese Jack ever brought to the United States. The second came in the frio^ate Constitution, on her return I think, from her first cruise in the Mediterranean ; and I have understood was sold in the district of Columbia, or one of the adjoining States. Since that time a number have been intro- duced by officers of the navy from Malta, and the large Spanish breed from Minorca and Majorca. From the Mount Vernon and those stocks, some fine mules have been bred in the middle States, and probably farther South. A few valuable Maltese Jacks have been imported in merchant ships. 178 MULES. The impressions received, when on a visit to the West Indies in my youth, by observing, on the sugar plantations, the severe labour performed by mules in cane mills, induced me when I commenced farming, to purchase the first well broke mule I could light on ; and notwithstanding he was so small as to require a vehicle and harness constructed purposely for him, his services were found so valuable, and the economy of using those animals so evident, that I was stimulated to great exertions for procui'ing several others of larger size ; in this I succeeded, after great difficulty, to such an extent, as to have had more labour per- formed by them on farm and road, for thirty years past, than any pesron I presume, in New England ; and every day's experience has served to fortify my conviction of the superior utility of the mule over the horse, for all the purposes for which I have proposed him as a candidate. And it should be considered, that those I have used were of an ordinary breed, vastly inferior to such as may be easily produced in our country, by attention to the introduction of a suitable race of Jacks, and a proper system of breeding and management. The question occurs, how is this to be effected ? I will premise, that there exists a strong analogy between three varieties of the horse, and those of the domestic ass, considered the most valuable. We have the Arabian, the hunter, and the stout cart-horse. There is the heavy Spanish Jack, with long slouching ears, which Mr. Custis has described, that answers to the cart-horse ; another Spanish breed called the Anda- lusian, with ears shorter and erect, of tolerable size, plenty of bone, active, more spirited, and answering to the hunter. Then comes the Arabian Jack, with ears always erect, of a delicate form, fine hmbs, and full of fire and spirit. Judicious crosses from these MULES. 1 79 varieties, will be required to produce such kind of mules as may be wanted for general purposes. From the small Jack of African origin, with a list down his back and shoulders, are bred a small race of mules, by far the most hardy of any. With attention to selection in breeding the Jacks, with, perhaps, a dash of some cross of the foregoing description, a stock ot mules may be produced, preferg.ble to all others for the light lands and cotton culture of the middle and Southern States. To procure any number of Arabian Jacks from their native country, is hardly practicable at the pre- sent time. Egypt has been celebrated by Sonnini and other trav^ellers, for superb Jacks of the Arabian breed, which probably has been often improved by those introduced by the pilgrims from Mecca. I ap- prehend no great difficulty in obtaining them from that country. There is, however, no question but the Maltese Jacks are of the Arabian race, more or less degenerated. The most of those brought to this country that I have seen, were selected on account of their size, and had been used to the draught. I should recommend the selection of those that are esteemed most suitable for the saddle, as likely to possess greater purity of blood. A Jack of this kind, was a number of years since imported from Gibraltar, that had been selected by a British officer at Malta ; and very much resembled the Knight of Malta described by Mr. Custis. I found upon a careful examination, that he differed but little from the description I had heard and read of the true Arabian race ; indeed I could dis- cover some prominent points and maj'ks, that agreed with those found by professor Pallas to belong to the Hemionus or wild mule of Mono:alia. From this Jack have bred a stock, out of a large Spanish Jennet oi 180 liiULES. the Andalusian breed, that correspond very minutely with Mr. Custis's description of Compound bred by General Washington, and also a mule, that now, not three years old, stands fifteen hands, and has other points of great promise. Such have been the ravages of war and anarchy in Spain for a long time past, that the fine race of Jacks that country once possessed have become almost ex- tinct. In Majorca, and probably some part of the coast of Spain opposite, the large breed may be ob- tained ; and there formerly was a superior race in Andalusia, which it is hoped have been preserved. — Crosses on one of these breeds bv the Arabian or Mai- tcse, I consider indispensable to furnish a race of Jacks for the production of the most desirable mules, uniting the weight and bone of one, with the spirit and vigour of the other, although their height will in a great mea- sure depend on the mares, yet if sired by full blooded Maltese Jacks, their limbs are too slender and their pasterns too long for heavy draught ; but for the saddle, especially from blood mares, they are admira- ble, and out of stout mares suitable for light carriages. My attention has been but lately directed to breed- ing mules ; and those intended only for my own use. The system adopted is to halter them at four months, and have the males emasculated before six months old, which has great influence on their future conduct, aud is attended with much less hazard and trouble, than if delayed until they are one or two years old, as is the general practice. If they are treated gently and fed occasionally out of the hand, with corn, potatoes, &c. they soon become attached ; and when they find that " every man's hand is not agahist them," will have no propensity to direct their heels against him, and soon forget they have the power. In winter they should MULES. 181 be tied up in separate stalls, and often rubbed down. By such treatment there is not more danger of having a vicious mule than a vicious horse ; and I am deci- dedly of opinion, that a high spirited mule so managed and well broke, will not jeopardize the lives or limbs of men, women, or children by any means so much as a high spirited horse, however well he may have been trained. The longevity of the mule has become so proverbial, that a purchaser seldom inquires his age. Pliny gives an account of one, taken from Grecian history, that was eighty years old; and though past labour, followed others, that w^ere carrying materials to build the temple of Minerva, at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them ; which so pleased the people, that they ordered he should have free egress to the grain market. Dr. Rees mentions two that were seventy years old in England. I saw myself in the West Indies a mule perform his task in a cane-mill, that his owner assured me was forty years old. I now own a mare mule twenty-five years old, that I have had in constant work twenty-one years, and can discover no diminution in her powers ; she has within a year past often taken upwards of a ton weight in a wagon to Boston, a distance of more than five miles. A gentleman in my neighbourhood has owned a very large mule about fourteen years, that cannot be less than twenty-eight years old. He informed me a few days since, that he could not perceive the least failure in him, and would not exchange him for any farm horse in the country. And I am just informed, from a source entitled to perfect confidence, that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent agriculturist, near Centre ville, on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, owns a mule that is 182 ' MULES. thirty-five years old, as capable of labour as at any former period. The great Roman naturalist, in one of the most beautiful passages of his elaborate history of nature, observes that " the earth is constantly teased more to furnish the luxuries of man than his necessities."* — We can have no doubt but that the remark applied with great justice to the habits of the Romans in the time of Pliny ; and I am m.uc'h mistaken if ample proofs cannot be adduced, that it will lose none of its force or truth, at this present period, in all northern climates, or any section of the United States where the horse is employed for agriculture as well as for pleasure. Far be it from me, however, to disparage this noble animal ; on the contrary, I feel a strong attachment for him, and at the same time a full convic- tion, that the substitution of the mule, for the purposes before stated, as extensively as may be consistent with the requisite production of each species, will have the effect of restorins: the horse to the station from which he has been degraded, and place him as in former ages, upon a more dignified footing, an object of ac- knowledged luxury ; and thereby introduce a more * " It is the earth that, like a kind mother receives us at our birth, and sustains us when born. It is this alone, of all the ele- ments around us, that is never found an enemy to man. The body of waters deluge him with rains, oppress him with hail, and drown him with inundations ; the air rushes on in storms, prepares the tempest, or lights up the volcano ; but the earth, gentle and indul- gent, ever subservient to the wants of man, spreads his walks with flowers, and his table with plenty ; returns with interest every good committed to her care, and though she produces the poison, she still supplies the antidote, though constantly teased more to furnish the luxuries of man, than his necessities, yet even to the last, she continues her kind indulgence, and when life is over, she piously hides his remains in her bosom." Pliny's Natural History, Booh II. Chap. 63. MULES. 183 correct system of breeding and management, in which our countrymen are so generally deficient, consequently more perfect animals and such an advance in the price of them, that will afford the farmer what he is now a stranger to — such remuneration as will make his brood mares a profitable species of stock. And it is obvious that tha system will be followed by an improvement in the breed of mules, in the same ratio as the miserable race of scrub mares, which are now consuming the profits of agriculture, shall become extinct, -Jt^oes not appear that the horse was employed by the ancients for any purpose of husbandry. The ox and ass drew the plough and the wain, and performed all kinds of drudgery until after the feudal system was established in Europe, when the numerous retainers of the feudal lords, who held their lands by the tenure of performing knight's service, found themselves under the necessity of making the horses they were obliged to keep, contribute towards their support in the culti- vation. From this time I believe, we may date, and from this cause may be attributed the introduction of the horse for the purposes of agriculture. Since that period, the history of Europe is little else than the annals of war and. its preparations; and no material for that scourge, except the deluded human victims, seems more necessary than the horse — accordingly we find that throughout the whole country, from the Rhine or the Seine, to beyond the Danube and Vistula, which has been the principal arena, the system of agriculture has embraced, extensively, the breeding of horses of diflferent grades and forms adapted to the several uses in war. Indeed whole provinces were appropriated almost exclusively to the rearing those animals for disposal to the different combatants ; and it must be 17 184 MULES. obvious, that their general use in husbandry, at tho same time, would follow as a necessary consequence. It cannot be expected therefore, but that the Dutch and Germans who have emigrated to our country, should bring with them such strong predilections for the horse, which have continued with most of their descendants, especially in those sections where com- munities of that respectable and industrious portion of our population have been located. In Great Britain, to the causes which have produced the effects described on the continent, may be added the insular position of the United Kingdoms, vulnerable from numberless and distant points, the horse has been considered, in connexion with the unconquerable spirit of the nation, as one of the most efficient means of repelling inva- sion: a circumstance that would of itself be sufficient to account for the over-weaning attachment to this animal. But identified as his services have been for a long period, with the convenience, sports, and recrea- tions, of all ranks and classes, and the science of breeding and training, forming a characteristic feature, it could not excite surprise, if the approach of that terrible spectre famine, should produce little or no effect in the reduction of the number. And although some of the most distinguished characters in the nation, eminent for their practical knowledge in rural econ- omy, have been for half a century advocating the substitution of the ox for the purposes of agriculture, and demonstrating the feasibility, economy, and vast saving of food, yet it is said the number of labouring oxen have lately diminished and horses increased. Five millions of the latter are now supposed to subsist in the United Kingdom, and two-thirds employed in husbandry — consuming, at a moderate estimate, the I MXJLES. 185 product of twenty millions of highly cultivated acres !* And what is the consequence ? consumption follows so close upon supply, that at every season of harvest, let the preceding one be never so abundant, fast sailing vessels are found in the various ports, with their anchors atrip, to convey intelligence of the result, to all parts of the world where a surplus of bread corn is grown — exciting such an interest in our own country, that the farmer on the shores of Erie and Ontario, and on the banks of the Ohio, may be seen reading bulletins of British weather — the rain and sunshine of every day in August and the two following months — often within thirty days after the time of their publication in London or Liverpool. Can it be supposed that in a countrj^ where an attachment to the horse borders so nearly upon infatuation, that the question of the utility of the mule as a substitute, would be seriously agitated, or engage scarce a momentary investigation ? In no country is the mule better adapted to all the purposes of husbandry, for which the horse is used, than in every section of our own. And it would be highly desirable to be able to exhibit a calculation ot the actual saving, in dollars and cents, by his employ- ment — but unfortunately no correct data can be had. And as I consider such calculations, unless founded upon experimental facts, and those multiplied, to be as " tinkling cymbals," I shall merely submit a desultory * Mr. Pitt, in an able " Essay on the consumption of corn,", published by the Board of Agriculture, in 1806, estimates that each draught horse, employed on roads, canals, and mines, in pleasure carriages of all descriptions, and carts in cities, consume the average product of four acres for oats and beans, and three acres for hay. It is stated in the same essay, that " the aggregate ©f oats imported into England {only) for twenty years, ending in 1797, amounted to the enormous quantity of 8,655,046 quarters'^ — upwards of sixty-nine millions of bushels .' 186 MULES, comparison between the mule and the horse, derived from such facts as my own experience, and information from authentic sources, will justify the assumption of. From what has been stated respecting the longevity of the mule, I think it may be fairly assumed, that he does not deteriorate more rapidly after twenty years of age, than the horse after ten, allowing the same extent of work and similar treatment to each. The contrast in the mule's freedom from malady or disease, compared with the horse, is not less striking. Arthur Young, during his tour in Ireland, was informed that a gentleman had lost several fine mules by feeding them on wheat straw cut — and I have been informed that a mule dealer, in the western part of New York, attributed the loss of a number of young mules, in a severe winter, when his hay was exhausted, to feeding them exclusively on cut straw and Indian corn meal. In no other instance have I ever heard or known of a mule being attacked with any disorder or complaint, except two or three cases of inflammation of the intes- tines, caused by gross neglect in permitting them to remain exposed to cold and wet, when in a high state of perspiration after severe labour, and drinking to excess of cold water. From his light frame and more cautious movements, the mule is less subject to casualties than the horse. Indeed, it is not improbable, but a farmer may work the same team of mules above twenty years and never be presented with a farrier's bill, or find it necessary to exercise the art himself Sir John Sinclair, in his " Reports on the Agricul- ture of Scotland," remarks that " if the whole period of a horse's labour be fifteen years, the first six may be equal in value to that of the remaining nine : there- fore, a horse of ten years old after working six years MULES. ' 187 may he worth half his original value." He estimates the annual decline of a horse to be equal to fifty per ceHt. on his price every six years, and supposes one out of twenty-live that are regularly employed in agricul- ture, to die every year : constituting a charge of four per cent, per annum for insurance against diseases and accidents. He considers five acres of land, of medium quality, necessary for the maintenance of each horse, and the annual expense, including harness, shoeing, farriery, insurance, and decline in value, allowing him to cost two hundred dollars, to exceed that sum about five per cent, which is the only difference between the estimate of this illustrious and accurate agriculturist, and that of a respectable committee of the Farmers' Society of Barnwell district, South Carolina, who, in a report published in the Charleston Courier, of 23.d of February last, state, that " the annual expense oi keeping a horse is equal to his value !" The same committee also state, that " at four years old a horse will seldom sell for more than the expense of rearing him." That " the superiority of the mule over the horse, had long been appreciated by some of their most judicious planters — that two mules could be raised at less expense than one horse — that a mule is fit for service at an earlier period, if of sufficient size — will perform as much labour, and if attended to when first put to work, his gait and habits may be formed to suit the taste of the owner." This report may be con- sidered a most valuable document, emanating as it does, from enlightened />?'ac^zca/ farmers and planters, in a section of country where we may suppose a horse can be maintained cheaper than in Maryland or any State farther North. ] am convinced that the small breed of mules will consume less in proportion to the labour they are 17* 188 MULES, capable of performing, than the large race, bi>t I shall confine the comparison to the latter — those that stand from fourteen and a half to risinsr of fifteen hands, and equal to any labour that a horse is usually put to. From repeated experiments in the course of two win- ters, I found that three mules of this description, that were constantly at work, consumed about the same quantity of hay, and only one fourth the provender that was given to two middling sized coach horses moderately worked. And from many years' attentive observation, I am led to believe that a large sized mule will not require more than three-fifths to two-thirds the food to keep him in good order, that will be necessary for a horse performing the same extent of labour. Although a mule will work and endure on such mean and hard fare, that a horse would soon give out upon, he has an equal relish for that which is good ; and it is strict economy to indulge him, for no animal wih pay better for extra keep, by extra work. But if by hard fare, or hard work, he is reduced to a skeleton, two or three weeks' rest and good keeping will put him in flesh and high condition for labour. I have witnessed several such examples with subjects twenty years old ; so much cannot be said of a horse at that age. The expense of shoeing a mule the year round, does not amount to more than one-third that of a horse, his hoofs being harder, more horny, and so slow in their growth, the shoes require no removal, and hold on till worn out — and the wear, from the lightness of the animal, is much less. In answer to the charge generally prevalent against the mule, that he is "vicious, stubborn and slow," I vun assert, that out of about twentv that have been employed on my estate, at different periods during a course of thirty years, and those picked up chiefly on MULES. 189 account of their size and spirit, wherever they could be found, one only had any vicious propensities, and those might have been subdued by proper management when young. I have always found them truer pullers and quicker travellers with a load, than horses. Their vision and hearing is much more accurate. I have used them in my family carriage, in a gig, and under the saddle: and have never known one to start or run from any object or noise : a fault in the horse that continually causes the maiming and death of numbers of human beings. The mule is more steady in his draught and less likely to waste his strength than the horse: hence more suitable to work with oxen; and as he walks faster, will habituate them to a quicker gait. — But for none of the purposes of agriculture does his superiority appear more conspicuous than plouglnng among crops, his feet being smaller and follow each other so much more in a line, that he seldom treads down the ridges or crops. The facility of instructing him to obey implicitly the voice of his driver or the ploughman, is astonishing. The best ploughed tillage land 1 ever saw, I have had performed by two mules tandem, without lines or driver. There is one plausible objection often urged against the mule, that " on deep soils and deep roads, his feet being so much smaller than those of the horse, sink farther in ; but it should be considered that he can extricate them with as much greater facility. Few can be ignorant of the capacity of the mule to endure labour in a temperature of heat that would be destructive to the horse, who have any knowledge of the preference for him merely on that account, in the VV est Indies, and in the Southern States. It is full time to bring our comparison to a close, which I shall do by assuming the position, that the IDO MULES. farmer who substitutes mules for horses, will have this portion of his animal labour performed, with the expense of one spire of grass instead of two ; which may be equal, so far, to making " two spires grow where one grew before." For although a large sized mule will consume somewhat more than half the food necessary for the horse, as has been observed, yet if we take into account the saving in expense of shoeing, farriery, and insurance against diseases and accidents, we may safely affirm, that a clear saving of one half can be fully substantiated. But in addition to this, the mule farmer may calculate, with tolerable certainty, upon the continuation of his capital for thirty years : whereas the horse farmer at the expiration oi fifteen years, must look to his crops, to his acres, or a bank, for the renewal of his — or perhaps, what is worse, he must commence horse jockey at an early period. The intense interest with which the public mind is at present occupied on the subject of canals now in operation and progress, encourages me to offer the mule as an important auxiliary in the economy of their management ; as I trust, it will not be denied, that on the cheapness of transportation on them, depends their utiUty as well as profit to the stockholders. The mule seems so peculiarly adapted for the labour on canals, that compared with the horse, he may be considered almost equal to a locomotive power engine. Among the advantages we have enumerated respecting his use in husbandry, the most of which are applicable to canal labour, that of the much greater security from diseases and casualties, which must necessarily require a great number of supernumerary horses, to prevent interrup- tion in the line of passage, is not the least important, nor is the very trifling expense at which the mule can be supported during the winter months, as he will bear MULES. 191 being taken off his feed till the boats are about to be launched in the spring, and in a few days can be made fit for efficient duty — while a horse will require at least half feed if he does nothing, or must be fed high for some time before he can resume the labour that will be demanded of him. The same advantages may be derived by his employment on railways. In a communication published in the Utica Observer, the 16th of May, inst. by Henry Seymour, Esq. one of the canal commissioners of New York, it is stated that a packet boat on the Erie Canal, requires a team of three horses to tow sixteen miles, going eighty miles in the twenty-four hours, including stoppages and detention at locks ; the relays demanding fifteen horses for each nautical day. If it takes five days for a boat to be towed from Lake Erie to the Hudson, seventy-five horses will be required. I am not certain but it may be done in a less time, but as there must always be supernumeraries kept, we shall be within bounds to estimate that number. In the same communication the expense of each horse is estimated at fifty cents per day, I presume for subsistence only, without reference to interest or deterioration of capital, for the object of the estimate seems merely to show a comparison between the packet boats and freight boats, on a ques- tion of profit and loss: as it is remarked that "many contingent expenses might be added to both." Taking this data, it will cost thirty- five dollars per day for the horse subsistence of a single packet boat. The freight boats require two, and allowing for the time occupied in taking in and discharging their cargoes, with the other necessary detentions, average forty miles per day — which being double the time of the packet boats, although they may not require the same number of relays, the expense cannot materially differ. From 192 MULES. these premises we may conclude, that for every boat navigating the grand Erie Canal, there must be ex- pended three hundred and seventy-jive dollars for the subsistence of the horses, each time they tow her from the Lake to the Hudson and back.* Now, if this can be done as effectually by mules for one half this sum, and with an extension of capital free of interest, fifteen years longer than that vested in horses, the aggregate of this immense saving will appear by ascertaining the number of boats at the present time on the canal. But this is out of my power, and I should, perhaps, lead the reader nearer the verge of incredulity, were I to offer my prediction what that number will be thirty years hence, the ordinary period of a mule's labour, and which will then be some years less than a single century since the prime mover and gwai^dian of this stupendous undertaking, the present Governor (De Witt Clinton) of New York, first saw the light of Heaven. I cannot resist an impulse to exhibit the mule in one other point of view. For the movement of machinery, the employment of this animal, when judiciously selected, has met with a most decided preference, in comparison with the horse, independent of the eco- nomy in using him. And if we consider the rapid and probably progressive increase of labour-saving machines, in every department where they can be made subservient to the requirements of society, it is * This estimate (three hundred and seventy-jive dollars) is the maximum of expense for subsistence and other items, supposing the whole number of horses should be required for one boat ; but they will unquestionably be employed for a succession of other boats. And should all the relays perform a tour on the line every day, the minimum of expense would be seventy-five dollars for each boat. Facts derived from further information may enable us to fix the medium MULES. 193 evident that there will be a corresponding aemand for animal power, as well as for that more potent, derived from the elements ; and although tne latter may vastly predominate, yet should the horse be employed, and his increase for other purposes continue, as it now does in the ratio of population, the number, at no very distant period, may become as alarming in our own, as it is at present in our mother country. And not- withstanding we may feel secure, from the extent of our territory and extreme diversity of soil and climate, but, above all, from being in possession of Indian corn — the golden fleece found by our "pilgrim fathers," when they first landed on these shores ; yet such peculiar advantages may not insure us against the visitations of one of the most distressing calamities that a feeling community can possibly be subjected to. Brighton, Mass. May 27, 1825. APPENDIX TO MASON'S FARRIER; CONTAINING OBSERVATIONS AND RECEIPTS FOR THE CURE OF MOST OF THE COMMON DISTEMPERS, INCIDENT TO HORIS£S, OXEW, COWS, CAIiVES, SH£EP, LAMBS, SWI]V£, DOGS, &c. &c. SELECTED FROM VARIOUS AUTHORS. 18 ■:f^,^V.-' APPENDIX. *>9@9^ im^ OF THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 1. The diseases of the horse are as numerous and as important as his complicated structure and the artifi- cial state of his present mode of life would lead one to expect. Until of late the treatment of these diseases was confined to the hands of ignorant farriers, presumptuous grooms, or shoeing smiths ; and the fate of the animals was commensurate with the wretched treatment they were subjected to. The establishment 198 DISEASES OF HORSES. of a school for the veterinary art, has disseminated an improved practice, and spread improved practitioners throughout the country ; and we would earnestly re- commend an application to one of established reputa- tion in all cases of difficulty and danger. But as it is not always that such a one is within reach, to enable the agriculturalist to have in his own hands the means of informing himself, or to being a check to others, w^e submit a concise view of the diseases of the head, neck, trunk, and extremities, preceded by some general observations. GENERAL REMARKS On the Healthy and Diseased State of the Hor&e. 2. Condition of Horses. — Being in condition, in stable language, signifies not only perfect health internally, but such an appear- ance externally, as the philosopher would call unnatural, or at least artificial : while the amateur considers it as an essential requi- site to the other qualities of the horse. This external condition is denoted by a sleek, short, shining coat, with a degree of flesh neither bordering on fatness nor emaciation. Even in this sense of the term, condition must be varied according to the uses of the animal. In the cart horse, provided there be a sleekness of coat, looseness of hide, sound wind, freedom from grease or swelled legs, with good digestion ; a fulness and rotundity of bulk, instead of detracting from his beauty or impeding his exertions, will add to the one and assist the other. In the coach horse, the hackney, the hunter, and the racer, a different condition is expected, varying in diflferent degrees from that of the cart horse. In both cart horse and racer, it is equally necessary that the various internal organs should be in a state to act uninterruptedly for the benefit of the whole ; but in addition to this, it is necessary to the racer, that the greatest possible quantity of animal fibres should be condensed into the smallest possible bulk, and that the absorption of all useless fat and other interstitial matter should be promoted by every possible means, as essentially necessary to unite lightness of body with full strength and elasticity. It is in the attempts to produce such a state in its full perfection, that all the secrets of training consist: but whether a total departure from natural rules, by DISEASES OF HORSES. 199 unnatural heat, deprivation of light, stimulating food, restraint from water, and excessive clothing, are best calculated to promote it, admits of much doubt ; and it is to be observed that the dawn of reason and science appears to be shining through the crevices of these darkened casements ; for even at Newmarket the system has lately much relaxed from its artificial rigor. 3. To bring a horse into condition, not only should the purposes he is intended for be taken into account, but also his previous state. If he be taken up from grass with much flesh on him, it is evident that what is required is to remove the soft instertitial mat- ter it may be supposed he has gained by green food, and to replace it by hard flesh ; and also to produce a sleekness of coat and beauty of appearance. To accomplish these ends, the horse should be accustomed to clothing and the full heat of the stable by degrees only ; and also by degrees only to the meditated change of food ; which is best done by mashes. ' In two or three days a mild dose of physic may be given, during all which moderate exercise only should be allowed, as walking, but which may be continued two hours at a time. After the physic has set, begin to dress his coat, increase his exercise and his food, and accustom him to an increase of warmth. In four or five days time again mash him for two days and give a second dose of physic, a little stronger than the first. (123) After this still further increase his warmth, his exercise, and his food, by which his belly will be taken up, his flesh will harden and his coat begin to fall. A third dose of physic or urine \ialls, &c. are only necessary in the training of hunters, &c. and even in these, a gradual increase of exercise, rather long continued than violent, with proper food, will effect the end, if not so quickly, more beneficially to the animal. To bring a lean horse into condi. lion, a somewhat different plan should be pursued. If from grass, still mash hira for a day or two, by no means stint him in his water, and with his mash let oats be also soaked. If oats be speared or malted, it will produce flesh sooner. But even here, give the horse moderate walking exercise, and if he be not too much reduced, add a mild dose of physic to prevent his heels flying, or his getting hide-bound by the increased food ; but if great emaciation forbid the physic, give him nightly an alterative. (Vet. Pharm. 129, No. 1.) As his appearance improves, gradually harden his food and increase his exercise. 4. Diseased condition of horses. What has been already said relates to that alteration from one state to another, neither being an 18* 200 DISEASES OP HORSES, unhealthy one, which custom has rendered necessary ; thus a man in training for running or fighting, and a man out of training, are both considered equally healthy. But there are circumstances that produce a morbid state of condition different from all these. It is common to hear persons say " my horse is sadly out of condition, and I cannot tell either what is the matter with him, or how to get him into better case." Various are the causes that may produce this: a sudden alteration of the food, or temperature, or of habits altogether, may become a cause. Removing a horse from grass to a heated stable, full feeding, and hard exercise, will often do it : therefore these changes should always be gradual. Bad food, as mow-burnt hay, musty oats, beans, &.C., likewise mineral waters, fcul air, &c., are frequent causes. Diabetes, or profuse staling, is often brought on by these means, and the condition of the horse becomes greatly reduced. It is requisite, therefore, to enquire whether any of these errors are in existence, and to immediately remove them : but it often happens that the stomach has become relaxed and the hide become bound ; neither of which readily remove, even though the original evil may be amended. When the relaxed stomach has produced lampas, treat the mouth as described under that disease (25,) but the stomach itself must be principally attended to. — First mash and give a dose of physic ; after it has s«!t, commence the treatment, if the horse be of a full habit, by moderate bleeding and a nightly alterative. (Vet. Pharm. 129, No, 1 or 2.) Buf if he be not in full, but in low flesh, commence by a daily tonic, (Vet. Pharm. 130, No. 1 or 2,) which will gradu- ally remove the swelling within the mouth, and loosen the hide. A sudden cold applied to the skm often brings on a want of con- dition with surfeit. In which case, bleeding, with nightly altera- tive, (Vet. Pharm. 129, No. 1 or 2,) with or without an assistant dose of physic, as the habits of the horse may require, constitute the proper treatment. Worms form another cause of morbid con- dition which are to be removed as described (57.) Excessive fatigue is also productive of a bad state of condition, which often proves very obstinate. Turning out to very good grass is the quickest cure, and when that is impracticable, soiling in the stable, or feeding with carrots, parsnips, beet root, &c. will be food restora- tives ; as medicines give tonics daily. (Vet. Pharm. 130, No. 1 or 2.) It will be only necessary to add, that in considering the state of a horse's condition, the effect is apt to be mistaken for the cause, and the symptoms for the disease. Hide-bound and lampas are not in themselves any thing more than effects, or symptoms ; the former being commonly, and the latter always dependent on a deranged msEASES of Hoiig^S. 20 1 state of tlie stomach : both are therefore to be treated accordingly. Exactly the same will apply to all the other symptoms of morbid condition. IiLJlammatory Diseases of the Horse. 5. The injlammatory diseases of the horse are nu- merous, but his fevers are few ; a febrile state being generally brought on by the inflammation of some important organ. Inflammation may be considered as general or diffused, and local or confined, and both seem to arise from an affection of the blood vessels, and perhaps from a peculiar state of the blood itself. 6. General or diffused inflammation constitutes fever or extensive inflammatory affection, and appears to consist in an increased action of the heart and arte- ries, accompanied v^^ith an increase of heat. In some instances where the fever is purely symptomatic, and dependent on the inflammation of some important organ, as the lungs, or the intestines, the circulation appears retarded rather than increased, from interrup- tion arising to its passage through the heart. 7. Local or confined infiammation is also dependent on an affection of the blood vessels, but confined prin- cipally to the blood vessels of the part affected. It is betokened by redness in the skin, tumour or swelling, heat and tenderness, with pain. Inflammations, both diffused and local, are brought on by excitements, such as over feeding, excessive heat, reaction produced aftei cold, and the reaction produced by inordinate exertion. Those more exterior, arise from injuries, the appli- cation of improper substances, &:c. Inflammations terminate in various wavs ; but it is to be remarked, that in consequence of the very large circulatoiy system of the horse, his febrile aflfections rage higher, 202 DISEASES OF HORSES. and terminate sooner tnan in man. The usual ter- mination of inflammatory affections in the horse, are by resolution, effusion, suppuration, and gangrene. Scirrhus is not at all a common termination of inflam- mation in the horse. 8. Inflammation of the brain, (phrentis) brain fever, pkrensy fever, staggers, mad and sleepy. There are few diseases more likely to be mistaken by inexperienced farriers than this ; it is not to be wondered at, therefore, if indifferent persons should be led into error by it. It appears in two forms, a violent frantic one, and a sleepy lethargic one ; and the latter appearance is also common to a disease, not dependent as this is, on idiopathic inflammation of the brain ; but on a paralytic affection of the stomach, and thence it is called stomach staggers. This latter affection, however, may be distinguished from the former by attending to the colour of the eye- lids, nose linings, mouth, &.c. which in stomach staggers are usually more yellow than red ; whereas in sleepy staggers, they are more red than yellow. Inflammation of the brain shews itself in general cases by disinclination to food and motion, drowsiness, accompanied by a heaviness and closing of the eyelids, with moisture and red- ness of them ; and also of the linings of the mouth and nose. Sometimes these symptoms increase, until the horse becomes comatose, and after a few frightful struggles, sinks to rise no more. la these cases the pulse is apt to be oppressed instead of in- creased. But most frequently after the first stages he becomes furious, plunges about, and is vicious to himself and others, ap- proaching to a state of madness, in which state he continues till he sinks from his own exertions, when he rises again to renew his violence. 9. The cause of staggers may be various: the immediate are either an original accumulation of blood within the brain, or the translation of the inflammation of some organ to the brain : as a remote cause is often brought on by too full feeding, without suf- ficient exercise, and particularly in horses at one time working very hard, and at another suflfered to remain inactive; but which horses, whether used or not, are equally fed. Sudden cold, vio- lence, &c. may bring it on. 10 The treatment of staggers should be begun by abstracting a \Qrj large quantity of blood promptly, by opening both jugulars, DISEASES OF HORSES. 203 and letting the horse bleed to the amount of ten or even twelve quarts ; repeating the same until the delirium ceases. After the first bleedmg, back rake, throw up a laxative clyster, {Vet Pharm. 143.) blister the head, promote a current of free air in tlie stable, and treat altogether as directed under other febrile in- fections. 11. Locl'ed jaw, stag-evil, or tetanus, arises from cold, excessive fatigue, sometimes perhaps from worms, but more often from a wound of some part, as pricks in shoeing, &c. Such wound is seldom in a recent state ; but after two or three weeks continuance, sometimes after it has healed even : it follows docking, gelding and nicking frequently; and is preceded by a flabby unhealthy state of the wound. It appears as an affection of the brain, which transmits its morbid irritation, particularly to the nerves attached to muscles, by which they become cramped, or may be considered as in a high state of action, giving the horse a peculiar look of energy, as though immediately stopped from full speed ; with his nostrils extended, his head raised, and his nose carried forward ; his legs straddle wide, and his tail is cocked and quivers, as after violent exercise. The jaws will now be found, if not closed, yet nearly so, when he is called jaw set. 12. The treatment is not often successful, but, however, it is sufficiently frequent that it is so, to deserve the utmost attention. Blaine informs us that enotmous bleedings have succeeded ; but he places his principal dependence on the application of cold by means of ice, or of constant dashing with cold water, with an active blister applied the whole length of the spine. Balls of camphor and opium, to the amount of two drachms each, may be given every three hours. If any room remain in the mouth, the ball may be passed up by means of a stick, or it may be given as a drink by means of a syringe, and even when the mouth is entirely closed, he informs us we may give a drink by the nostrils. Moor- croft used cold also. Fearon, on the contrary, has experienced benefit from a bath, heated to ninety degrees, and kept at that temperature for three hours. White recommends camphor and opium ; Wilkinson of Newcastle, has been very successful by keeping up heat and stimulus over the skin in general, by means of newly stripped sheep skins put on hot. Perhaps if the body were previously rubbed with oil of turpentine one part, and common oil two parts, it might assist Wilkinson's plan. When locked iaw arises from nicking, it might be prudent for a veterinary 204 DISEASES OF HORSES. surgeon to dissect down on the nerves of the tail, and divide them ; and when from nicking, it would be advisablts to cut off another portion of the tail, which practices in both instances would afford a moderate chance of saving the animal. It is necessary further to remark, that it is of great consequence that the bowels be kept free from faeces, by raking and clysters. With regard to the latter they are very important in this disease, as a medium, commonly the only one, of giving support. A horse has been kept alive on nourishing clysters alone, for seven or eight days. (^Vet. Pharm. 145.) 13. Catarrhal fever, epidemic catarrh, influenza, distemper, cold^ morfoundering, ^c. These names apply to one common disease, which often in rainy, variable seasons appears as an epidemic, and affects thousands of horses at once. It is observed to be par- ticularly prevalent in this form in the spring of some years, more than of others. It is not contagious like the more malignant form, but is brought on as an epidemic by the same causes being applied to nearly all subjects alike ; which are alterations of heat with cold, moisture, and dryness, &c. In crowded cities and large towns, it is more prevalent than in more open situations, and it i's more frequently found in the young than in aged horses. Where it does not exist as an epidemic, it is brought on by an accidental cold taken. It is of great consequence to distinguish it from pure inflammation of the lungs, with which it is very apt to be con- founded ; and which mistake is often a fatal one, from the treat- ment being in some essential particulars different. Inflammation of the lungs commences by a short cough, without much other disturbance to the health, than the pain it gives the horse to cough, but which is often so considerable as to make him stamp his feet while coughing. If a horse in the distemper coughs early, it is not a hollow, harsh sounding, and distressing cough of this kind — if he expresses uneasiness, it is principally from a sore throat, which is very common in distemper, but by no means common in pneumonia. The sore throat in distemper gives the horse a dis- position to refuse his food, or he chews it and lets the quid fall witnout swallowing it. He refuses water, particularly if it be placed on the ground ; his cough is quick, short, and usually sounds more moist than harsh and dry; but though common, this is not invariably the ease ; his eyes are heavy and moist, his breathing is quickened, and his ears and legs are alternately hot and cold. His nose on looking into it is redder than usual, and sometimes his glands, as well submaxillary or jaw glands, as his parotid or DISEASES OF HORSES. 205 vives are tumefied. On the second or third day, excessive weakness comes on ; the cough becomes more painful, the pulse is quick- ened, and the nose begins to run. After which the horse either runs off tlie disease by this suppuration, or it goes on to destroy him by the height of the fever, and degree of weakness produced, or by suffocation from water in the chest. Now and then, although recovery takes place, an obstinate cough is left ; and in a few cases the disease terminates in glanders. 14. The treatment may in some cases be cut very short ; for as in almost every instance a shivering fit begins the disease, so when many horses are in a stable, and the disease is very prevalent, those who have not been attacked should be watched, and the moment such an attack does take place, give of sweet spirit of nitre, or when not at hand of spirit of hartshorn, an ounce, in a pint of sound ale. Exercise the horse briskly, then well hand rub him, clothe him warmly; and it is more than probable that the disease will be cut short. But should it proceed, or should the disease have gone on unobserved to the appearance of the symp. torn detailed, begin by bleeding moderately, if the horse be not already weak ; or if there have not appeared the running of matter from the nose. If there have, the bleeding had better be dispensed with, unless the fever appear, from the quick full pulse and red. ness of the inner surface of the nostrils and eyelids, to be still eo considerable as to require it ; in which case we must not be deterred from one moderate bleeding ; and which, if the febrile S3niiptoms do not abate, may be even repeated. It will, however, in general cases, be advisable to avoid bleeding after the second day of the attack, or after the running has appeared from the nose, or after considerable weakness has come on. In all cases a very cool temperature is essentially requisite ; hot stables, or hot clothing are very pernicious, but particularly the former. A hood is not improper over the head, because it encourages the running to make an early appearance ; and for this reason a warm mash may advantageously be hung round the neck three or four times a day. Before the running commences, give night and morning, the fever powder (Vet. Pharm. 157, No. 1 or 2.) in a mash or drink ; after the running has come on, or as soon as the weakness has become considerable, give night and morning either of the fever drinks. (Vet. Pharm. 158, No. 3 or 4.) Malt mashes, when the weakness is great, are proper; at other times, bran mashes with plenty of chilled water are best. To relieve the throat, rub the outside with mild liquid plaster, (Vet. Pharm. 142,) and if the ■weather be warm enough to allow it, two or three hours turninr 206 DISEASES OF HORSES. out in a field each day is proper. Green meat in the stable, when it can be procured, should likewise be given. 15. Malignant epidemic, murrain, or pest. Now and then the dis- temper or influenza assumes a character of uncommon malignance, which is happily not frequent here, but not unfrequent in conti- nental countries, sweeping off a third of the horses and kine, without any means being found sufficient to arrest its progress. In these cases it is found highly contagious, attacking almost all the horses as well as cattle within its sphere of action, or which communicate with each other. Dr. Layard, and Osmer, English writers of established reputation, noticed the appearances of this disease long ago ; and their descriptions are not different from the milder kind noticed (13) but in degree. The throat is intensely sore, and the mouth ulcerated ; the glands of the head swell, and sometimes these and other parts suppurate and burst. The matter from the nose is bloody, and the stench intolerable; the weakness is also peculiarly great, and shows itself early. 16. The treatment recommended by Blaine is the early use of malt mashes ; even ale is indispensable. Green meat should be allowed, and a very cool stall is necessary, having a free commu. nication with the open air. As medicine, tliree doses are necessary, every day, of the malignant epidemic fever drink, (Vet. Ph. 160.; half a pint of yeast with a pint of ale has been given, with good effect, three times a day ; also, to prevent the infection from spread- ing, fumigate the stables and all the outhouses with the preventive fumigation. {Vet. Ph. 161.) Diseases of the Head. 17. Epilepsy, megrims, sturdy, or turnsick, are epileptic attacks of greater or less violence, and which are apt to be confounded with the accidental strangulation that sometimes takes place from a collar too tight, or from driving a horse hard up hill, &lc. The epileptic fit makes its appearance by a sudden stop ; if the horse be in action he shakes his head, looks wild and irresolute, but after some time proceeds ; when more violent, he suddenly falls down, is convulsed, dungs and stales insensibly, and remains some time before he recovers. This disease, like staggers, is generally the consequence of two full a habit ; and is, therefore, best relieved by bleeding, and a more moderate diet ; and, where it is convenient, a run at grass should be allowed to alter the habit. 18. The diseases of the horse^s eyes are not numerous, but they arc very destructive. The principal are opthalmia and gutta Serena. DISEASES OF HORSES. 207 19. The opthalmia, lunatic, or moon-blindness, is a very peculiar disease among horses, affecting their eyes generally about their full growth, but sometimes later, and seldom earlier. It is but little known among mules and asses, and unknown in oxen and sheep. It does not, however, appear to be a disease natural to the horse, as wild, or even horses subjected to artificial restraints are not observed subject to it. But among others, it is become so common as to have the tendency handed down in the breed ; the progeny of some stallions being more prone to it than others.— It is often very sudden in its attack, the eyelids being found swelled and almost closed to avoid the light ; they are also very red within, and the haw is half drawn over the surface ; the tears flow down the face perpetually, and the whole head is hot ; now and then these appearances come on gradually. The suddenness of the attack makes the complaint to be attributed to accident, as blows, hay seeds within the eye, &c. and it is frequently difficult to get the owner of such a horse to believe that a constitutional attack, as it usually is, can come on so suddenly. Sometimes as it comes on, so it goes off as quickly, the eye from being opaque and milky, in twenty four hours becoming clear and almost well. When such an attack has taken place, even if nothing be done, the horse sooner or later amends, and the eye or eyes, for it is sometimes one and sometimes both that are so attacked, become again clear and well, and remain so an indefinite period, from five or six weeks to as many months. Another attack, however, sooner or later follows, to which others succeed, each leaving increased milkiness on the outer coats, and some dimness within the pupil, either speck- like or diffused ; and finally the horse becomes blind from cataract. When one eye goes blind totally before the other, it is often a means of preventing the future attack on the ren:iaining one ; which has given rise to a custom of putting out one eye to save the other, and which has succeeded. As this is a constitutional disease, brought on by artificial habits, as over exertion, close unhealthy confinement, and heating food ; so it is clear the abstrac- tion of all these are necessary to remove the complaint, and to prevent a recurrence ; but particularly the close, dark, and unven- tilated state of the stable should be attended to, as well as Ihe removal of the litter, which retains the volatile alkali of the urine, and irritates the eyes most injuriously. The food should be mild and cooling, and the exercise moderate but long continued. Under the height of the attack, however, rest is advisable, with moderate light, which may be still further moderated by keeping over the eye or eyes a thick cloth, wet with goulard water. {Vet. Ph. 154.) Sometimes one quarter of vinegar to three quarters of water has 19 208 DISEASES OF HORSES. been found a useful application, and which ever is used, the eyes and eyebrows should be kept continually wet with it, which by exciting evaporation will keep the part cool. A seton may be introduced under the eye or jaw. In some cases, blistering the forehead or cheek is found useful ; but in every instance bleeding is proper, which should be repeated until the disease lessens When the horse is very full and gross, physic and alteratives assist the cure. When blistering is used in any part near the eye, the greatest care is requisite to prevent the blistering matter from being rubbed into it. 20. Gutta Serena or glass eyes, so called from the peculiar glassy appearance of the eye, arise from a paralysis of the optic nerve. As the eye is not materially altered in appearance, a horse often becomes blind without its being noticed, until his cautious stepping, quick motion of his ears, &c. give notice of the case. — On examination it will be found that the pupil remains dilated, however great the light, and the eye is irrecoverably lost. In the veiy early stages, blisters to the forehead and stimulants to the eyes, (as white vitriol a drachm, water four ounces,) may be tried, but with faint hopes of success. 21. Poll-evil. This complaint commonly requires the attend- ance of an experienced practitioner — but the prevention is often in the power of owners and others about horses, and to this point we shall particularly direct their attention. Poll-evil is commonly the effect of accident. Repeated small blows of the manger, or continued pressure from hanging back on the halter, «fec. will, if not remedied, produce swelling at the nape of the neck, with some tenderness. In this early state, if the collar be removed and the part be kept continually wet with vinegar and water, the swelling will often disperse — but if, in spite of this, it proceeds to suppuration, let a vent be made for the matter by a seton [116] so that it may readily flow out. Introduce nothing healing, but encourage a free discharge, and it may heal at once. When such is not the issue, the disease attacks the ligaments ; sinuses form, and the matter burrows under the skin and muscles, when a seton must be introduced from the opening above and should be brought out at the bottom ; the seton should be then daily wetted with the liquid blister. (Vet. Pharm. 141.) Should this plan fail, escharotics will be required in the form of scalding mixture. (Vet. Pharm. 165.) 22. Strangles, vives or ives. This disease has been likened to the human measles, because it usually attacks every horse, and DISEASES OF HORSES. 209 most of them at a young period, between three and five years ; it is fortunate when it attacks colts at grass, as it seldom occasions inconvenience, and which has led some persons into error by turning their horses out as soon as attacked ; but it is not found that stabled horses, thus turned out, pass through the disease more mildly, but the contrary, except the disease exists under its mildest form. White has conjectured that colts breeding the strangles while at grass, are afterwards exempt from glanders, but this wants confirmation. Prosser has also affirmed, that inoculation by the matter of strangles, is good, because it mitigates the complaint, and renders the horse not liable to any future attack ; but the practice has never gained ground : when strangles occurs in the stable, and now and then in the field, it proves a severe disease, and shows itself under the appearance of a cold, with cough, sore throat, and swelling of the glands under the jaw, or behind and under the ears. Some times there is not much external swelling, and the tumours break inwardly, and nature effects a cure ; at others they break outwardly, and the disease runs off that way, and some times the swellings disperse either by nature or art, which breeders think unfavourable, as they suppose it renders the animal liable to a future attack ; but many so treated, pass the remainder of their lives without more affection. 23. The treatment of Strangles. When the swelling lingers, and neither comes forward or recedes, poultices are preferable to fomentations, which, by leaving the horse wet, promote evapora tion and produce cold. Peal recommends blistering the part, as the best means of promoting suppuration. The horse should be kept very cool, and bran mashes with warm water should be his principal support, unless the complaint lasts long, and produces much weakness, when malt mashes should be substituted ; bleeding is only advisable when the early symptoms are violent, as heaving at the flanks, extreme soreness of throat, with much swelling around it, and considerable cough, in which case bleeding, and fever medi- cines are proper. 24. Vives, or ives, is supposed to be a relic of the latter com plaint, and it does appear now and then that after the strangles, the parotid or vive glands do remain enlarged [24,] which occasions the disease in question, resolution may be attempted by mercurial fiic- tions, suppuration should be avoided, otherwise the^ gland may be destro3'^ed. 25. Diseases of the mouth, lampass. All horses, but particularly verv young ones, are liable to enlargement of the rugae or ridges 810 DISEASES OF HORSES. of the palate, dependent not on any local disease confined to tne part itself, but occasionally by an affection of the whole passage of the mouth, throat, and stomach. It is usual to attend to the part only, which is sacrificed or burnt to little purpose, when a mild dose of physic, or gentle alteratives, would prove more certain expedi- ents ; to which may be added rubbing the part with bay salt, or with vinegar. 26. Bridle sores. When the bit in colt breaking, or in hard pulling horses, has hurt the bars, care is requisite to prevent the bone becoming carious. Touch daily with eegyptiacum, and cover the bit with leather, unless total rest can be allowed. 27. The teeth, which present themselves on the lower parts of the jaws, are the incisive and canine. The two front incisives are properly called nippers or gatherers. The two next adjoining separators or middle teeth, and the outer, the corners ; but it would be more indefinite to say the first, second, and third inci- sives, beginning at the corner. Tusks or tushes occupy a part of the intermediate space between the incisive and grinding teeth. — The teeth, as criteria of age, will be seen by reference to Mason, (page 72.) % The teeth of the horse are the hardest and most compact bones of the body. There are usually forty of them in the horse, and there are thirty-six in the mare ; in which latter, the tushes are usually wanting. In anatomical language, they are divided into incisoreSy cuspidati, and molar es, or according to the language of farriers and horsemen, into twelve nippers, four tushes, and twenty- four grinders, which numbers are equally divided between the two jaws. The teeth are received into indentations or sockets between the bony plates of the jaw, called alveoli, by cone-like roots. The bodies of the teeth are principally composed of two substances, one of the nature of common bone, giving bulk and form, and one of extreme hardness, placed in man and carnivorous animals wholly without the teeth to give strength and durability : but the horse and other granivroae, the latter particularly, is placed in the grinderss, m perpendicular plates, within the body of the teeth ; by which contrivance, a rough grinding surface is kept up ; for the mere bony parts wearing faster than the lamellae of enamel, it follows | that ridges remain to triturate the vegetable matter that passes be Iween the teeth. f There are two sets of teeth, a temporaneons or milk set, and a permanent or adult set, in which wise provision, man and most DISEASES OF HORSES. 211 brutes participate. The miik set are some of them, as the molars, apparent at birth ; there being usually six grinders in each jaw, three on each side in the new born foal, and which number of this set is never increased. The nippers begin to appear soon after birth, and follow a regular order of succession, until the animal is three or four months old ; at which time he begins to require support from herbage as well as milk. The temporaneous set re- ■ciove gradually one after another ; had they all been displaced at he same time, or even had several of them fallen out together, tlie mimal must have suffered great inconvenience, and perhaps have icen starved. This removal, which commences at the age of two ^ears and a half, and is completed between the fourth and fifth /■ear, is effected by" the action of the absorbents on their fangs, and Appears to be occasioned by the stimulus of the pressure received from the growing teeth under them. For although these two sets appear with an interval of some years between them ; yet the rudi- ments of both are formed at nearly the same period, and both sets may be thus seen in a dissected jaw. Regulated by the stimulus of necessity, as soon as the temporaneous set falls out, the perma- nent appears : and that such appearance follows the necessity, is evident ; for a premature or accidental removal of the colts' teeth is soon followed by the appearance of the others. Dealers and breeders aware of this, draw the milk teeth to make their colts appear as horses. It was necessary there should be two sets of teeth, for as they grow slowly in proportion to the jaws, so had there been but one only, the disproportion of growth between the teeth and jaws must have separated them. The forms of the teeth vary more than their structure. The inci ' sive or nippers are round, which is favourable for the pressure they undergo ; the upper more so than the lower. On the upper surface a hollow is seen in the young tooth, w^hich, not extending through the whole substance, naturally wears out with the wear of the tooth ; and as a considerable degree of regularity occurs in this wearing away in all horses, it has gradually settled into the generaJ criterion of age. The nippers are not all of them exactly similar ; the corner teeth differ most in being exactly triangular, and in having an interval wall or side, which does not become level with the rest until long after the others. The cuspidate tusks or tushes are permanent, appearing at about five years, or rather earlier ; those in the front jaw are usually nearer the nippers than those below. Each pre- sents a slight curve, which follows the direction of all the canine or pugnatory teeth of other mammalia. The pointed extremity wears away by age, leaving merely a buttoned process, which may 19* 212 DISEASES OF HOUSES. serve as a guide to the age, when the horse is suspected to be bishoped, as it is called, from a man of that name who was peculiarly dexterous in imitating on old teeth the distinctive cavity of youth. The molar or grinding teeth are stronger in the upper than in the lower jaw ; which was necessary, as they form the fixed point in the process of grinding. The upper surface presents nearly a long square, indented from the alteration of the enamel with the bony portions ; and as the interior or upper teeth hang over the posterior, so the ridges of the one set are received into the depressions of the other. Wear of the teeth. The teeth, in a state of nature, would probably present a surface opposed to each other for mastication to the latest period of the most practised life ; but the removal of the animal from moist food to that which is hard and dry, must occasion an unnatural wear in those organs ; and hence, although the teeth of the horse, even in a domesticated state, are not subject to the caries of the human ; yet the grinders are liable to become thus injured by continued exertion. In the young or adult horse, the upper and under grinders do not meet each other horizontally ; on the con- trary, they have naturally an inclination obliquely inwards, and those of the upper jaw present small spaces between each other, while those of the lower are more continuous : by which means as the food, but particularly as interrupted portions, as grain, become ground, they fall into the mouth to be replaced under the grinding surface, if necessary, by the joint action of the tongue and muscles of the cheek. This arrangement becomes in a great measure frus- trated in old horses, by the superior wear of the inner surface of the upper grinders, as well as by the general misapplication of the surfaces of both upper and under teeth, by constant attrition when worn down to the gums nearly. The unfortunate animal feels sensible of this, and endeavours to remedy it by throwing the wear on the outer edge, by an inclination of the lower jaw and of the head in general ; and which is so particular in its appearance as to engage the attention of the by-standers. This defect may be in a considerable degree remedied by casting the animal, and having opened and wedged the mouth so as to keep it so, with a well tem- pered concave file to i-emove the inequality as much as may be. When the defect is considerable, and the horse is mild and quiet, it is better to file the inequalities every day, which will gradually but effectually wear them down. It however happens, that the inclina- tion thus to wear is commonly resumed, and gradually the same loss of nutriment takes place ; in which case, soft moist food, as carrots, mashes, soiling, or grazing, must be substituted for harder DISEASES OF HORSES. 213 substances, and if corn be actually necessary, let it be bruised. Whenever an old horse betrays symptoms of want of condition, or weakness and emaciation, that neither his mode of feeding nor his ratio of work will account for, and particularly if whole grains should be found in his dung, his teeth should be examined care- fully. This undue wearing of the teeth occasions another evil often, which is ulceration of the cheeks, by reason of the projecting ragged surface of the uneven teeth, which can only be remedied by the removal of such portions. These projecting portions are called by farriers, wolve's teeth. Diseases of the Neck. 28. Fistulous withers are brought on usually by pressure from a saddle with too low or narrow a tree, and what has been said both with regard to prevention and cure on the subject of poll-evil, ap- plies here also. (116.) I 29. Sore throat is common to horses in colds, in influenzas, and in strangles. (13, 22.) In every case, the horse finds great difficulty in reaching every thing that stretches his neck downwards or up- wards, his water therefore should be held to him, and his hay should be pulled for him ; omission of these services greatly aggravates the sufferings of horses labouring under sore throat. 30. Swelled Neck. A very serious swelling sometnnes follows on bleeding with a rusty or poisoned lancet, or fleam, and some- times from causes not apparent. (126.) The Chest. 31. InJlam7nation of the lungs, is a disease to which the horse is peculiarly Uable, as we might a priori suspect, from the vast dimensions of his circulatory system, and the vast alteration from a natural state to which we subject him, and thereby increase his pul- monary circulation. 32. The causes are these deviations remotely, but the immediate attack is generally brought on by sudden cold, acting on a heated surface, and thus it is that knackers, and collar makers in frosty weather expect a glut of horses that die from this disease. Hard riding is a very common cause, and high feeding also ; it often commences slowly ; a hard dry cough has been slightly noticea, but 214 DISEASES OF HORSES. occasioning no alarm for two or three days ; gradually, however, the cough appears to give the horse- pain; he occasionally shivers and liis ears and feet feel colder than the rest of his body, he heaves at the flanks, and the lining of his nose is inflamed, and his eyelids also ; the appetite now becomes affected and although there is not much apparent pain, except when the horse coughs ; yet there is much anxiety of countenance present. The pulse is usually small, but quick ; if in this state the horse be taken out and exercised quickly, it is almost always fatal to liim ; it likewise happens that this complaint is sometimes mistaken for distemper, and from a fear of profuse bleeding, the only remedy that is to be depended on, is omitted, and the horse is lost. At the veterinary college, in these cases, a small dose of aloes is given every six hours, and after being bled and rowellcd, the horse is turned out in the open air; and it is afilrmed that many recover from this treatment. Certain it is, that the stable in which a horse is placed in this disease can hardly be too cool ; but when entirely turned out, his feet and legs cannot conveniently be hand-rubbed, or bandaged up to promote circula- tion ; neither can we blister a horse when turned out, so conve- niently ; and on blistering we depend as the second source of cure. 33. The treatment is to be commenced by attempts at lessening the action of the arterial system by early and large bleedings, as seven or eight quarts from a large horse, and which should be re- peated in five or six hours if he be not relieved in his breathing. Immediately rub into the brisket, on the chest, and behind the fore legs, the blister. (Vet. Pha. 138, No. 1.) Give half a dose of physic, and assist it by mashes and warm water, which if not readily taken, horn down. Back-rake also, and throw up the laxative clyster. (Vet. Pha. 143.) Avoid all exercise, clothe moderately, allow a free circulation of cool air through the stable, and rub the legs frequently, and when not under this process, keep them bandaged up to the knees, with hay bands, or woollen cloths. The terminations of this complaint are various. It is not uncommon for the horse to appear better, to eat and to drink, and to excite every hope of a perfect recovery ; but on some sudden exertion he falls down and expires. On examination after death, it is found that effusion of a large quantity of serous fluid has taken place in the chest. 34. ThicJc wind is another termination of pneumonia by leaving the bronchial passages charged with coagulated blood. Moderate exercise and soiling in the stable with mild mercurial physic, form the best modes of treatment, but it frequently happens that tlie cough resists all these, and terminates in broken wind. DISEASES OF HORSES. 215 35. Roaring is also a termination of pneumonia, in which case the lungs are not affected, but congealed blood, under the name of coagulable lymph, remains in the trachea or windpipe, and obstructs the free passage of the air ; by means of which the roaring noise is made. It is in vain to expect a cure : blistering the throat some, times slightly relieves it. 36. Chronic cough is also a termination of pneu7nonia, and ap- pears dependent on a peculiar irritability the disease leaves in the bronchial passages, which are found afterwards incapable of bearing any sudden alteration of temperature ; thus horses Avith this kind of cough are excited to it as soon as the stable door opens, and by every exertion, by drinking, by eating, and in fact by any thing that alters the situation of the body, or is new to the part. But besides pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs producing it, it is often brought on likewise by gross feeding, which, weakening the stomach, impoverishes the blood, and thus injures the lungs which are fed by that blood. Worms also by the same means are a cause of chronic cough. It is thus that we expect to derive benefit by mediums acting on the stomach. Green food is often found useful, but particularly carrots. The hay should be excellent in quality and small in quantity ; and it will be found that soiling in the stable, but particularly a course of carrots, forms a better plan of treatment than turning out. If worms be suspected, treat as under that head. [57.] FormulaB of chronic cough balls are seen in tho Vet. Pkartn. [148.] 37. Broken wind is also sometimes brought on by pneumonia, and sometimes by occult causes. It is often occasioned by over exer- tion after full meals, in which the lungs become permanently weakened, perhaps ruptured in their air cells. Inexperienced per- sons find some difficulty in detecting broken wind from other chest affections, as chronic cough, occasional colds, &c. &c. 38. Criteria of broken wind. The cough which accompanies broken wind, is a short, deep, hollow, grunting noise, and the short grunting expiration is peculiarly excited by turning a horse quickly round, striking him smartly with a stick at the same time, which often produces a deep sound without the cough ; and which is so significant as never to be mistaken when once heard and attended to : but the principal peculiarity arises from the beating of the flanks, which operate rather by three efforts than two as usual. In the first, the air is drawn in, in the usual manner, and the flanka fill up as in common ; but in the next, the falling of the flanks is 216 DISEASES OF HORSES. by no means natural, for it is not done by a gradual sinking of the sides, but it takes place at once, with a kind of a jerk, as though the horse were sighing ; and then a third effort takes place by a more slow drawing up of the muscles of the belly and flanks, to press out the remaining air. Broken wind destroys the fecundity of the mare, and hence argues permanent alteration of structure ; it is also always incurable, but horses may be rendered very useful that have it, by feeding them very nutritiously, but with food much condensed in bulk. Little hay should be allowed, and that little should be wet ; water in any other way should be given but spa- ringly, for which they are however very greedy ; from which circum- stance, as well as that they are peculiarly flatulent, we learn, that the vitiation of the lungs is either aggravated by the deranged state of the digestive organs ; or, which is more probable, that the diges- live powers become weakened from the state of the lungs. 39. Diseases of the belly. Inflamed stomach seldom attacks the horse as an idiopathic affection, but it is not unfrequent for the stomach to become inflamed by mineral poison as well as rendered inert by vegetable ones. 40. Mineral poisons inflame the stomach acutely, and produce excessive distress, and cold sweats; the animal lies down, rolls, gets up again, looks short round to his ribs, stamps with his fore feet, and his pulse beats quick and short. When arsenic or corro- sive sublimate have occasioned the malady, a viscid mucus distils from the nose and mouth, and the breath is foetid. When copper in the form of vitriolic salts, or verdigris has been given, to the foregoing symptoms are usually added ineffectual attempts to vomit. Immediately after the poison is discovered, pour down two ounces of sulphuretted potash, in a quart of water ; or in the absence of that, an ounce of common potash in the same qu>antity of water : or, when no better substitute is at hand, even strong soap suds are advisable. Mineral poisons have also another mode of acting, and are often received into the constitution, neither by design to do mischief, nor by mistake, but are purposely given as remedies.— In this way, both mercury and arsenic are frequently given for worms, glanders, farcy, &c. in daily doses, which, when even of considerable magnitude, occasion for many days no inconvenience ; all at once, however, the constitution becomes fully saturated with the poison, and although before diff'used throughout the blood, it now appears to return and act on the stomach to the great surprise of the owner. In these cases the symptoms are not usually so Violent as in the former instance, but they are equally fatal. A DISEASES OF HORSES. 217 similar treatment with the one already prescribed is necessary, and as soon as tiie first symptoms are abated, give laxatives. In all these cases large quantities of linseed tea should be horned down, the back should be raked and clysters thrown up, blood should also be taken away plentifully. As a preventive to this latter mode of poisoning, whenever mineral agents are used, it is prudent every five or six days to stop a while, and then recommence, by which the constitution will part with the previous quantity. 41. Salivation is also another mode of poisonings and though not equally injurious to the stomach, it often proves distressing, and sometimes fatal. Whenever, therefore, mercurials are given, care- fully watch the gums, and as soon as they look red, and the horse quids his hay, give him a mild purge instead of his mercurial. 42. Vegetable poisons also inflame the stomach, but by no means in an equal degree with the mineral poisons, nor is it supposed that it is the inflammation they raise that proves destructive, but by an effect communicated through the stomach to the nervous system. Digitalis purpurea or foxglove, taxus baccata or yew, ananthe crocata or water dropwort, cicuta virosa or water hemlock, phellan- drium aquaticum or water parsley, conium maculatum or common hemlock, are all poisonous in a high degree to horses, and may be taken accidentally by the animal as food, or given injudiciously as medicine. Nicotiana, or tobacco, and the vegetable acid of vinegar, are also poisonous, and are sometimes productive of injurious con- sequences by over-doses, when intended as remedies. It is little known that a pint of strong vinegar has destroyed a horse. As we cannot remove the matters from the stomach, we must endeavour to neutralize their effects, by acids and demulcents, as oil, butter, &LC. Thus, when narcotics have been taken, a drachm of sul- phuric acid or oil of vitriol may be given in a quart of ale ; or six ounces of vinegar, with six of gin, and a quart of ale, may be tried. 43. Stomach staggers. This peculiar complaint, which is even yet but little understood, appears dependent on a particular state of stomach, acting on particular foods ; and not on what is taken in, acting on the stomach, as was supposed by Coleman, White, and others. From later communications of White, he also now ap- pears to consider it as originating in " a particular state of stomach." Blaine appears always to have characterized it as "a specific inflam- mation of the stomach." It appears among horses of every descrip- tion, and at grass as well as in the stable, and there is reason to think it epidemic, as it is prevalent in some seasons more than 218 DISEASES OF HORSES. m others. It may, perhaps, be regarded now ana then as enaemic also; under which circumstance it appears confined to low wet situations, where long marshy grass is abundant, and where noxious aquatic plants mix themselves with the grasses. When it occurs at grass, the horse is found stupidly dull, or asleep with his head resting against something. This has occasioned the disease to be called the sleepy staggers, and it has often been confounded with the phrenitis or inflammation of the brain. (8.) In the stable the horse dozes, and rests his head in the manger ; he then walks up and falls to eating, which he continues to do until the distention of the stomach becomes enormous ; for the peculiarity of the com- plaint consists in the total stop that is put to digestion, and the uneasy feel of the distension consequent to such indigestion appears to deceive the horse, and by a morbid excitement to force him to take in more. In this way he continues eating until the distention prevents the return of the blood from the head, and the animal dies apoplectic, or his stomach bursts with over-distention. More fre- quently, however, the stomach becomes flabby, inert, and paralytic, and after death presents marks of inflammation towards the pylorus. 44. The treatment. When recovery has taken place, it has occurred only when the disease has been very mild, and has been assisted by stimulating the stomach into action by purgatives, at once active and invigorating, as an ounce of aloes dissolved in a half pint of gin. When a horse of extreme value is attacked, croton oil might be tried to the amount of 20 or 25 drops in two ounces of tincture of aloes. Warm water in small quantities, or mixed with common salt should be frequently passed down. Remove every eatable, rake, clyster, and hand rub ; and if the determination to the head be extreme, bleed — otherwise avoid it. 45. Injlammation of the bowels, enteritis, or red colic, is a very distinct disease from the gripes, gullion, or fret, with which it is, however, very apt to be confounded to the destruction of many horses. The peritoneal inflammation of the bowels, the one here treated on, is an affection of their outer covering. 46. The causes are various. It is not unfrequently brought on by a sudden translation of cold after great heats, as swimming during hunting, or from the removal of a horse from grass at once into lieated stables, clothing and hard food ; neglected gripes, or long continued costiveness, excessive riding, and the immediate drinking of cold water, liave brought it on. It begins by restlessness, loss of appetite, some uneasiness ; the mouth is hot and dry, the inne/ DISEASES OF HORSES. 219 membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyelids are often redder than natural. As the disease advances, the pain, before not violent, now increases so as to force the horse to lie down and rise again freqirently ; and when very violent, he kicks at his belly, or looks round at his sides, pawing his litter very frequently. The pulse is usually small, quick, or hard ; sometimes it is more full and smaU, but always hard. Breathing is quickened, the extremities are alternately hot and cold, but continue longer cold than hot ; and the animal is costive ; sometimes pain may force away a few har- dened balls of fcEces, but the principal contents are retained. Blaine has given the distinguishing features between this disease and colic, under which head we have stated them. 47. The treatment must be active and immediate, or a fatal ter- mination mr-y be expected. Begin by abstracting a considerable quantity of blood ; from a large horse to the amount of 7 or 8 quarts ; proceed to back-rake, throw up a large clyster of warm gruel. Give by the mouth, a pint of castor oil, mixed by the means of the yelk of two eggs, with half a pint of broth or gruel. Or, give olive oil instead, following it up in half an hour by a gruel drench in which six ounces of Epsom salts liave been dissolved. A sheep skin, im- mediately as it is removed from the sheep, may be applied to the belly, which should first be well rubbed with the stronger liquid blister. {Vet. Pha. 141.) In four hours repeat the bleeding, if con- siderable improvement have not taken place, and if the bowels be not unloaded, give more oil, and clyster frequently, having first back-raked. Avoid exercise ; first hand-rub, and afterwards wrap up the extremities to the knees. As a clear passage for the dung is found, the symptoms mitigate, and the animal slowly recovers ; but he must be fed at first very sparingly. 48. Inflammation of the inner surface of the intestines is, in some measure, different from the former, which is rather an affection of their outer covering ; whereas this is usually confined to their villous surface, and may be brought on by superpurgation from over-strong physic, or from mineral acids being taken in, particularly mercu- rials, which often exert more influence on the bowels than on the stomach. It differs from the former in the symptoms being genei-- ally accompanied with purging ; neither is there usually so much pain or uneasiness present, nor such cold extremities, but where from the violence of the inflammation these symptoms are present, bleeding to the amount of three or four quarts is a proper pre- liminary, but can hardly be with propriety continued. The same Btimulants to the outside of the belly should be used as in the last 20 220 DISEASES OF HORSES. disease ; but here clothing is recommended as well as warmth in the stable, as also hand-rubbing to keep up the circulation of the extremities. Give astringent drink (Vet. Pha. 131, No. 1 or 2.) with a pint of boiled starch every three hours, and give the same by clyster with two quarts of pot liquor, or tripe liquor, free from salt. 49. Dysenteric inflammation of the horse^s bowels is happily not very common, but now and then appears, and is then called by farriers, molten grease ; they mistaking the morbid secretion from the intestines, for the fat of the body melted down and passing off thus. But dysentery is a peculiar inflammation of the mucous sur- face of the intestines, not contagious as in the human, nor epidemic, nor exhibiting a putrid tendency ; but is peculiarly confined to a diseased increase in the mucous secretions, yet very different from simple diarrhoea, which is a mere increase in the peristaltic motion, by which the common aliments are quickly passed through the intestines, and ejected in a liquid form by an increase in their watery secretion. Whereas in the dysentery of the horse, the mucous of the intestines separates from them in large quantities ; and comes away with the dung surrounding it ; but when it does not pass in this way it appears in membranous films like sodden leather, or in stringy evacuations, like morsels of fat floating in water ; sometimes there is a little bloody appearance. The usual symptoms of fever are always present, but not in a very high degree. 50. The causes are cold, over-riding, and not unfrequently acrid substances within the intestines : change of food has occa- sioned it. 51. The treatment. In the first stages bleed considerably, and give as the first internal remedy six ounces of castor oil, which will amend the foecal evacuations considerably, afterwards administer the following; poiodered ipecacuanha, a drachm; poxodered opium, a scruple ; liquid arrowroot, eight ounces. Should this not check the evacuation, and should it continue as mucous as at first, again give castor oil, and then follow it up by either of the drinks directed for the cure of scouring or looseness. (Vet. Pha. 131.) 52. Diarrhoea or looseness. This complaint originates in an in creased peristaltic motion of the intestines, with an increase of their watery secretion, and is distinguished from dysentery by th" j>urging being complete from the first, and seldom occasioning much fever or disturbance in tlie general healthy unless exceedingly vio- DISEASES OF HORSES. 221 lent. The stools are merely solutions of the aliment, and unmixed with membranous films as in dysentery or molten grease. It some- times succeeds to over strong physic, at others the food enters into new combinations, and forms a purge. Some horses have their bowels constitutionally weak, as lank-sided small carcassed ones, where the mechanical pressure hurries the contents forwards. Salt mashes and sea water will purge horses violently sometimes. It is always proper to encourage warmth in the skin, and to change the food. The change should be generally from one more moist to one less so, as beans, &c. Barley will sometimes stop looseness ; malt usually increases it. Buckwheat is often a check to habitual diar- rhoea. Efficacious astringents will be found in the (Vet. Pha. 131.) Repeat either of these night and morning. Give but little water and that little warm. 53. Colic, flatulent or spasmodic, called also gripes, fret, or gut- lion, is an important, because a frequent, disease, and because it frequently destroys either quickly by its irritation, or by its de- generating into the red or inflammatory colic, when improperly treated or long continued. It is usually very sudden in its attack. 54. The causes of colic are not always apparent. It is sometimes occasioned by intestinal stones, which accumulate to a great size, remaining for years in the cells of the colon, until some accidental displacement occasions an interruption to the peristaltic motion. Cold in its various forms is a parent of colic ; but under the form of cold water given when a horse is hot, it is most common. In some horses it is so frequent as to become a cbnstitusional ap- pendage. 55. The distinguishing marlcs between colic and injlammation of the bowels are gained, according to Blaine, by attending to the following circumstances. In gripes the horse has violent fits of pain, but they remit, and he has intervals of ease. The pain in red colic is more uniform and less violent. In gripes the pulse is, in general, natural ; in red colic it is quicker than natural, and com- n: only small. The extremities are not usually cold in gripes; in red colic they usually are. In gripes, the horse attempts to roll on his back, which in red colic he seldom does. There are no marks of fever with gripes, as red eyelids, inflamed nostrils, &c. but m red colic they are always present. When the complaint has con- tinued some hours it is always proper to bleed to prevent its ending in. inflammation : bleeding in the mouth is quite useless. Back • rake, and throw up clysters of warm water, one after another as 222 DISEASES OF HORSES. fast as possible, which often overcomes the irritation. La Fosse recommends a curious remedy, but as it can always be obtained, and has the sanction of long experience, it may be tried. An onion is pounded and mixed up with some powdered savin ; in default of which, use powdered ginger. This is to be introduced up the rec- tum as high as possible, and the horse is to be then moved briskly about. An onion put up the fundament whole, has long been a domestic remedy. The following is recommended by Blaine : spirit of vitriolic ether, an ounce; •powdered opium, one drachm; oil of turpentine, three ounces; warm ale, a pint. He also recommends the following more simple remedy as always at hand : the expressed juice of two or three large onions ; comjuon gin, common oil, of each half a pint; mix and give. White recommends a pint of brandy, or of gin, with water, as an excellent carminative. Clark, who has expressly written on gripes, extols the virtues of a mixture thus made ; which, if it have the qualities he attributes to it, and which there is no reason to doubt, no agriculturalist, coach, or post master ehould be without it : pimento berry, called also allspice, ground fine, half a pound; spirits of wine, and of water, of each a pint and a half; infuse these together, and keep it for use. Give a quarter of a pint every hour until full relief is obtained ; hand-rubbing, wisping, or fomenting the bowels with hot water at the time. 56. Inflammation of the intestines from icoiinds in the belli/ fre- quently occurs ; and these injuries may happen in leaping over hedges or pale gates, or may be inflicted by the horn of a cow. Sometimes the strong tendinous covering of the belly is ruptured, while the skin remains entire : the gut then protrudes and forces out the skin into a tumour. The first thing to be done is to put the gut back, taking care at the same time, otherwise extensive inflammation follows, to remove any dirt or other matter that may be sticking to it ; for which purpose, should it be found necessary, it may be washed with warm water, but with nothing stronger. If the gut cannot be returned, from its being full of air, and the opening in the belly be too small to put it back again, such opening may be carefully enlarged to the necessary size. But if the animal can be thrown upon his back conveniently, a great deal may be done tnat cannot otherwise be accomplished; after the gut is returned, the skin only should be stitched up, and a cushion of several folds of old linen and tow being placed on the wound, it should be kept in its situation by means of a wide bandage rolled round the body, and carefully secured. The animal should then be copiously bled, and have his bowels emptied by clysters. The only food he should oe allowed is grass, or bran mashes, and that only in moderate DISEASES OF HORSES. 223 quantity. When the distention of the intestines wholly prevents their return, it would be prudent to puncture them with a very fine instrument, and thus to sufFer the air to escape, which, although subjecting the horse to the risk of inflammation, is better than the certainty of death by having the intestines protruded. 57. Worms of horses are found, as bots, in the stomach, but which as they attach themselves to the hard insensible part of that organ seldom do harm. Clark fancifully supposes they do good, and devises means for furnishing them when not in existence. The hoi is the larva of the oestrus equi, a fly which deposits its eggs on parts of the horse himself, from whence \hey pass into the stomach by being licked off. Certain it is they get there, are hatched, and there remain hanging to the coats of it by two tentaculae, receiving the juices of the masticated food as nutriment. After a considerable time they make their way out by the anus, drop on the ground, and are first transformed into the chrysalids, and afterwards into parent flies. When bots fix themselves on the sensible portion of the stomach, they may do harm ; but no medicine that we know of will destroy them. The teres or large round worm sometimes occasions mischief, when it exists in great numbers, such as a starting coat, binding of the hide, irregular appetite, and clammy mouth. The best remedy is the spigelia marylandica or Indian pink, in daily doses of half an ounce. Taenia are not common in the horse ; now and then they exist, and are best combatted by weekly doses of oil of turpentine, three ounces at a time, mixed by means of the yelk of an egg with half a pint of ale. The ascaris or thread worms, are best removed by mercurial purgatives. The existence of worms may be known by the appearance of a yellow matter under the tail, and by the disposition the horse has to rub his fundament. Blaine recommends the following vermifuge : powdered arsenic, eight grains; pewter or tin finely scraped ; Venice turpentine, half an ounce ; make into a ball and give every morning. He also recom- mends salt to be given daily with the food, which agrees with our own experience as one of the best vermifuges known. It is a fact acknowledged by the residents along the sea-coast, that horses troubled with worms will often voluntarily drink largely of sea water, and thus cure themselves. 58. The diseases of the liver are acute inflammation or hepatitis, and chronic inflammation or yellows. Hepatitis is the acute inflam- mation of this organ, which like the lungs, stomach, and intestmes, may spontaneously take on the aflTection. The symptoms are not unlike those which attend red colic, but with less violence. If it 20* 224 DISEASES OF HORSES. be not however arrested, the termination will be equally fatal. About the third day the whites of the eyes turn yellow and the mouth also. Bleeding, blistering, and purgatives form the method of cure as practised in red colic. 59. Chronic inflammation or yellows. The liver of horses is less complex than that of any other animals, and is therefore not very liable to disease ; indeed some authors affirm that the horse is never affected with jaundice, but that the yellowness of skin is a mere stomach affection : this is, however, erroneous, and not only does the liver become hardened and thickened occasionally, but the bile becomes diseased, and is thrown out in that state by the blood over the body. If fever be present, bleed, but if the symptoms present no token of active inflammation, give each night, ten grains of calomel, and every ten days, work it off with a mild dose of physic. It is, however, necessary to remark ; that it is not every yellowness of the skin that betokens either an acute or chronic inflammation of the liver. It is the property of every serious inflammation of any of the miportant organs of the chest and belly, to communicate a portion of the evil to the other organs immediately in conjunction with the liver : thus an affection of the stomach or intestines, of the mflammatory kind, very often occasions redness of the membranes of the nose, eyelids, tfec. &i,c. 60. Diseases of tTie urinary organs. Inflammation of the kidneys, is an idiopathic affection, not one of frequent occurrence ; but as brought on by injuries, such as over-riding, heavy loads, or violent diuretics, it is not unfrequent : when idiopathic, it may be the effect either of cold, heating food, or a translation of some other inflam- mation, in which cases it comes on suddenly, and assumes the same febrile appearances that other intestine inflammations produce ; but there is not often great apparent pain, but a frequent inclination to stale, the quantity made being so small as almost to amount to a stoppage of urine, which is less or more complete as one or both kidneys are affected. What little urine is made, is also at first very thick, and then bloody. When the disease is the effect of external injury, the urine is not so scanty, but is more bloody; and this symptom precedes the other. There is usually much pain and stiffness about the loins, and we learn from Blaine, that a swelling and a paralytic affection of the hind leg of the side of the affected kidney, sometimes is a feature in the complaint. To distinguish this inliammation from that of the neck or body of the bladder, with which it may be confounded, the same author recommends that the hand be passed up the rectum, when if the affection belong: DISEASES OF HORSES. 225 to the kidneys, the bladder, whether full or empty, will not be hotter than usual ; but the contrary occurs when any part of the bladder is tlie seat of the disease. 61. The treatment must be active, and m most respects similar to what has been recommended for red colic, as regards bleeding, emptying the bowels, and endeavouring to lessen the arterial action by bleeding; but here we must carefully abstain from irritating the kidneys by diuretics internally, or blisters externally. A newly srtipped sheep skin placed over the loins, or active fomentations of hot water, are the only sources of counter irritation that are proper ; neither should diluting liquors be pressed, on account of the dis tention they occasion, but no evil can arise from clystering. 62. Inflammation of the bladder. When the body of the bladder becomes inflamed, there is frequent staling from the very first attack ; but when the neck of the bladder is the seat of the evil, the squeezing out of a few drops will only take place when the bladder has become filled, which may bo known by passing the hand up the rectum. The treatment will be alike in both cases, and is the same as recommended for the last affection. It must be evident, that warm, mild, and frequent clystering, must here be peculiarly advisable. 63. Stranguary or suppression of urine; incontinence of urine ; bloody urine. Stranguary may arise from an injury done to the kidneys, or to the bladder, by strains, or by the absorption of irri- tating matters. In these cases, bleed if there be fever, and if not merely give the horse absolute rest ; mash him, give gruel, and warm his water for drink. Bloody urine should be treated in the same way ; some horses have such a natural or acquired weakness of the kidneys, as to stale blood with their urine on every occasion of over exertion : the means frequently iised for relief, are such as aggravate the complaint, and indeed are often the occasion of it, which are diuretics. Strong diuretics injure horses more than strong physic, and benefit them less than any other of the popular means made use of. In retentions of urine, but particularly in cases of bloody urine, they are absolutely improper. 64. Diabetes, profuse staling, or pissing evil. This disease is- more frequently forced on the horse, by long continued diuretics, or from a similar effect brought on by kiln-dried oats, mow-burnt hay, or some green vegetables, than acquired from constitutional indisposition. The horse first stales often, and profusely, he then becomes v/eak and faint, and .sweats on any exertion. If it be at all 226 DISEASES OF HORSES. constitutional, his hide is bound from the beginning, and his urine will have a sweet taste ; but if his appetite were good and his coat sleek, bright, and elastic, when the urine was first observed to be immoderate, the evil arises from some fault in the feeding, clothing, exercise, or other management of the horse. Examine into these matters, particularly into the food, and next the water. Inquire whether diuretics have been given, under an erroneous supposition of increasing the condition, and alter what may be amiss. If this do not remove the complaint, try the following, after Blaine's direc- tions : liver of sulphur, two drachms; uva ur si, four drachms; oak bark, one ounce ; catechu, half an ounce ; alum, half a drachm; give as a daily drink in a pint of water. 65. Stone or gravel. Calculous concretions are not uncommon in the large intestines of horses, where they grow sometimes to an enormous size, lodged in one of the cells usually, and where they occasion but little inconvenience, except a displacement occurs, when serious evils, as colic, inflammation, or total stoppage, follow. In the bladder, stone is very seldom found ; and there is reason to believe, that though gravel is a common term in the farrier's list, that it seldom if ever occurs ; injuries of the kidneys and bladder being usually mistaken for it. Diseases of the Skin. 66. Mange is a contagious disease, not uncommon among low bred and badly kept horses, but which is seldom generated in those properly managed. When it is the effect of impoverished blood, a different course of feeding must be substituted, not heating, but cooling, though generous ; as carrots, speared oats, malt mashes, stable soiling, &c. When it arises in full fed horses, bleed twice, lower the feeding, substituting for corn, soiling, carrots, or bran mashes. Give a nightly alterative, {Vet. Pharm. 129, No. 1 or 2) and dress with either of the mange dressings. (Vet. Pharm. 171.) After a cure has been effected, carefully clean all the apartments with soap and water. 67. Surfeit will now and then degenerate into mange, but more generally it is brought on by a fulness of habit, acted on by sudden transitions from cold to heat, or heat to cold : it is likewise not unfrequently the consequence of over-fatigue. If it show a dispo- sition to spread, and the skin become scaly and scurfy, treat as under mange ; otherwise treat as directed under want of condition. (4) 68. Warbles are of the nature of surfeit in many instances, in others they are brought on by the pressure of the saddle, which y DISEASES OF HORSES, 227 either suppurate and burst, or become indolent and remain under the name of sitfasts. In the early state, bathe tliem with cham- ber-ley or vinegar : If they proceed to suppuration, refrain, and when they neither go back or come forward, put on a pitch plaster, and if this do not promote suppuration, let the sitfast be dissected out. 69. Warts are common to old horses, and had better be put up with unless they be situated in some very inconvenient or con- spicuous part. In this case tie a thread tightly around the root, and the wart will drop off, or it may be cut off. Blaine recom- mends the following, when warts are too numerous to be so removed: crude sal ammoniac, two drachms; powdered savin, one ounce ; lard, an ounce and a half. 70. Hide hound is a state of the shin, where the interstitial matter between that and the fleshy pannicle is not in a state to allow of its pliancy and elasticity. The binding down of the hide thus closely, acts on the hair, which it protrudes in a contrary direction to its naturally inclined position ; and thus a staring coat usually accompanies hide binding. In considering the subject of condition (4) we have seen that it is not a disease of itself, but is in every instance a symptom only. Glanders and Farcy. 71. The glanders is the opprobrium medicorum, for hitherto no - attempts have succeeded in the cure of more than a few cases. By some peculiar anomaly in the constitution of the horse, although conclusive proofs are not wanting that this and farcy are modi- fications of one disease, and can each generate the other ; yet the one is incurable, while the other is cured every day. When glan- ders has been cured, the time and labour necessary to accomplish the end has swallowed up the value of the horse ; and has also, in many supposed instances of cure, left the animal liable to future attacks which have occurred. The experiments on glanders, pur- sued at the veterinary college and by White of Exeter, have thrown great light on the disease itself, its causes, connexions, and con- sequences ; but have done little more. From these we are led to conclude, that glanders will produce farcy, and that farcy can pro- duce glanders. That glanders is highly infectious, and that such infection may be received by the stomach, or by the skin when it is at all abraded or sore : and it is also probable that it is received by the noses of horses being rubbed against each other. White's experiments go to prove that the air of a glandered stable is not 228 DISEASES OF HORSES. infectious ; but this matter is by no means certain, and should not be depended on without a greater body of evidence. 72. The marks of glanders are a discharge of purulent matter from ulcers situated in one or both nostrils, more often from tlie left than the right. This discharge soon becomes glairy, thick, and white-of-egg-like : it afterwards shows bloody streaks, and is foetid. The glands of the jaw of the alFected side, called the kernels, swell from an absorption of the virus or poison, and as they exist or do not exist, or as they adhere tQ the bone or are detached from it, so some prognosis is vainly attempted by farriers, with regard to tlie disease ; for in some few cases these glands are not at all affected, and in a great many they are not bound down by the affection of the jaw. As there are many diseases which excite a secretion of matter from the nose, and whicli is kept up a considerahle time ; sc it is not always easy to detect glanders in its early stages. Stran- gles and violent colds, keep up a discharge from the nostrils for weeks sometimes. In such cases a criterion may be drawn from the existence of ulceration within the nose, whenever the disease has become confirmed. These glanderous chancres are to be seen on opening the nostril a little way up the cavity, sometimes immediately opposed to the opening of the nostril ; but a solitary chancre should not determine the judgment. The health often continues good, and sometimes the condition also, until hectic takes place from absorp tion, and the lungs participate, when death soon closes the scene. 73. Tke treatment of glanders, it has been already stated, is so uncertain that it is hardly worth the attempt ; however, when the extreme value of the horse or the love of experiment leads to it, it may be regarded as fixed by experience, that nothing but a long com-se of internal remedies, drawn from the mineral acids, can effect it. These have been tried in their endless variety : White recom- mends the mildest preparations of mercury, (Ethiops mineral ; under the conviction that the more acrid preparations disturb the powers of the constitution so much, as to destroy as effectually as the disease. At the veterinary college the sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) has been long in use. Others have used the sulphates of iron and zinc. Clark recommends the daily administration of a drink or ball, composed of the following ingredients : sulphite oj zinc, 15 grains; powdered cantharides, 7 grains; powdered all- spice, 15 grains; of which he gives one or two extraordinary proofs of utility. 74. The farcy is a disease more easily cured than the glanders^ of which our daily experience convmces us ; farcy, or farcin, attacks DISEASES OP HORSES. 229 under distinct forms, one of which affects the lymphatics of the skin, and is called the hud or button farcy ; the other is principally con- fined to the hind legs, which it affects by large indurations, attended with heat and tenderness. A mere dropsical accumulation of water m the legs sometimes receives the name of water farcy ; but this has no connexion whatever with the true disease in question : farcy is very contagious, and is gained from either the matter of farcy or from that of glanders. 75. Treatment of farcy. The distended lymphatics or buds may often be traced to one sore, which was the originally inoculated part, and in these cases the destruction of this sore, and that of all the farcied buds, will frequently at once cure the disease, which is here purely local. But when the disease has proceeded further, the virus must be destroyed through the medium of the stomach ; although even in these cases, the cure is rendered more speedy and certain, destroying all the diseased buds, by caustic or by cautery Perhaps no mode is better than the dividing them with a sharp firing iron ; or if deeper seated, by opening each with a lancet, and touching the inner surface with lapis infernalis. The various mineral acida may any of them be tried as internal remedies with confidence ; even losing sight of the necessity of watching their effects narrowly, and as soon as any derangement of the health appears, to desisi from their use ; oxmuriate of quicksilver (corrosive sublimate) may be given in daily doses of fifteen grains; oxide of arsenic may also be given in similar doses. The subacetate of copper (verdigris) may also be tried, often with great advantage, in doses of a drachm daily. Blaine joins these preparations, and strongly recommends the following : oxmuriate of quicksilver, oxide of arsenic, subacetate of copper, of each eight grains; sublimate of copper, one scruple; make into a ball and give every morning, carefully watching the effects, and if it be found to occasion distress, divide, and give half, night and morning. The same author professes to have received great benefit from the use of the following: expressed juice of clevers, or goose-grass, a strong decoction ofhempseed and sassafras, of each six ounces ; to be given after the ball. It remains to say, that whatever treatment is pursued will be rendered doubly effica- cious if green meat be procured, and the horse be fed wholly on it ; provided the bowels will bear such food ; but if the medicines gripe, by being joined with green food, add to the diet bean-meal. When green meat cannot be procured, carrots usually can ; and when they cannot, still potatoes may be boiled, or the oats may be speared or malted. As a proof of the beneficial effects of green meat, a horse, so bad with farcy as to be entirely despaired of, was drawn 230 DISEASES OF HORSES. into a Held of tares, and nothing more was done to him, nor further notice taken of him, although so ill as to be unable to rise from the ground when drawn there. By the time he had eaten all the tares within his reach, he was enabled to struggle for more; and finally he rose to extend his reach, and perfectly recovered. Diseases of me Extremities. 76. Shoulder strains ^ are very rare ; most of the lameness attributed to the shoulder belong to other parts, and particularly to the feet. Out of one hundred and twenty cases of lameness before, Blaine found that three only arose from ligamentary or muscular exten- sion of the shoulder, or rather of the abductor and sustaining muscles: when shoulder strain does happen, it is commonly the consequence of some slip, by which the arm is forced violently forwards. It is less to be wondered at than at first seems probable, that farriers mistake foot lameness for shoulder strains, when we reflect that a contracted foot occasions inaction, and favouring of the limb; which thus w^astes the muscles of the shoulder. Seeing that one shoulder is smaller than the other, the evil is attributed to that, and it is pegged, blistered, sw^am, and fired, to the torture of the animal and the increase of the foot's contraction by the confinement. In real shoulder strains, the toe is drafrofed aloncr the s^round while in motion ; at rest it is planted forward, but resting on the point of the toe. When the lameness is in the foot, the horse points his foot forward also, but he does so with the whole limb unbent, and the foot flat. These diflerences are highly necessary to be attended to, as well as the peculiar dif- ficulty there is in moving down hill, which he does with reluctance, and by swinging his leg round to avoid flexing it. This lameness may be further brought to the test by lifting up the fore leg considerably, which DISEASES OF HORSES. 231 if the evil be in the shoulder, will give evident pain. The muscles between the fore legs are likewise tumi- fied and tender in these cases. 77. The treatment consists, when it is recent, in bleeding in the plate vein, rowelling in the chest, and fomenting with hot water two or three times a day. When the heat and tenderness have subsided, first bathe daily with the astringent wash for strains {Vet. Pha. 134, No. 1) for a week; and afterwards, if necessary, proce-ed to blister in the usual manner. 78. Strain in the whirl bone. This important joint is sometimes strained, or its ligaments and muscles unnaturally extended, from a greater force being applied to them tlian their structure is able to bear, or their power to resist; a la^sion takes place of some of their fibrillae, or in lesser injuries their elasticity is injured by being put on the stretch beyond their power of returning- In all such cases, the parts react, and inflammation follows; by which heat, tender- ness, and swelling ensue. 79. Treatment. The first indication is the same in this as in all ligamentary strains, which is to moderate the inflammation by fomentations, &c. &c., and when that has subsided, to endeavour by astringents and bracers to restore the tone of the parts ; after which, if any swelling remains, from the extravasated blood be- coming organised, to promote its absorptions by mercurial frictions, and blistering. This applies to all strains, and will direct the treatment therefore of that of strain in the articulation of the thiffh with the body also. 80. Strain in the stijlcy is treated in the same manner. 81. Strain or clap in the back sinews. This is generally an injury done to the sheaths of the tendons, or of the ligaments which bind them down. In very aggravated cases, it sometimes occurs that even the tendons themselves are extended beyond their capacity. The heat, swelling, and tenderness, are first to be combatted by fomentations, and if this be extreme, bleed also, and give a dose of physic. Next proceed to poultice with saturnine applications, until the heat and swelling are reduced : then use tipnics, astringent wash, {Vet. Pha. 134, No. 1 or 2,) bandage and exercise very carefully. If swelling remain after heat, pain, and lameness are past ; or when lameness only remains, after all heat is gone, pro ceed to blister mildly twice In all cases of iigaraentary extension 21 232 DISEASES OF HORSES. when the heat has subsided, the part may be considered as in a state of atony; and bandages judiciously applied are then proper, par ticularly during the day. 82. Rupture of the tendons and ligaments of the leg. Tt is very seldom that the tendons themselves are ruptured, but the suspensory ligaments are more often so, and the evil is called breaking down. It is usually very sudden, and the fetlock is brought almost to the ground. A perfect cure is seldom obtained ; but the inflammation should be moderated by the means already described, and the heels should be raised. A laced stocking or firm bandage, when the inflammation has subsided, is necessary ; and firing is often prudent as a permanent bandage. 83. Strains of the ligaments of the fetlock and coffin joints often occur, and may always be distinguished by the heat, tenderness, and swelling. Treat as already described. In all strains of the leg, attended with inflammation, a goulard poultice is a convenient and useful application. The goulard water should be mixed with bran, and a worsted stocking being drawn over the foot, and up the leg, it is first tied around the foot ; the poultice is then put in, and the stocking fastened around the leg above the injury (115.) 84. Mallenders and sallenders are scurfy, scabby eruptions, af- fecting the back of the knee, and ply to the hock ; common only in coarse, low bred, and in cart horses. Wash with soft soap every day, after which anoint with an unguent formed of equal parts of mercurial ointment, tar, and Turner's cerate. 85. Broken Knees. The usual cases of broken knees are referalsle to wounds in general ; and the treatment of them in no wise differs therefrom, with this caution, that here it is more immediatelv necessary, both for appearance and safety, that if any flap of skin hang apart, to cut it off, or the wound will heal with rugosed edges. But when the joint of the knee is broken into by the violence of the injury, it becomes of a very different nature, and is known first by the extreme lameness and swelling that occur ; and next by the escape of a slippery mucus not unlike the white of an egg. If this continue to escape, violent inflammation follows, and either the horse or the joint are lost by it. Farriers are apt to attempt to stop the flow of the joint oil, as it is called, by oil of vitriol, or other escharotics, which treatment is usually followed by the most disas- trous consequences. It is however, necessary to stop the immediate flow, by other means ; Ine best of which if by a fine budding-iron DISEASES OP HORSES. 233 heated. Should the laceration be considerable, this cannot be done ; but the treatment must then consist of saturnine poultices, bleeding, low diet, and the other anti-febrile remedies, until the swelling has subsided, when apply the astringent paste recommended by Clarke, made of pipe clay and alum, every day, but by no means introduce any escharotics. On the subject of broken knees, a prejudice prevails, that a horse that has once broken his knees, is more liable to fall again than a horse that has not before fallen down ; but unless the knee be injured so as to become stiff by such accident, the supposi- tion is wholly erroneous. Horses fall as often by treading on sharp stones when they have corns, as they do by stumbling ; and as corns sometimes come on rapidly by pressure, so such a horse becomes afterwards liable to trip, and this gives rise to the opinion formed, hat when once he has been down he will ever after be- liable to it. 86. Splints and bone spavin. The former are usually situated on the inner side of the canon or shank before — and as they are situated, so they are more or less injurious. When buried, as it were, witliin the tendons or back sinews, they are very apt to lame the horse seriously ; but when situated on the plain bone, unless they are very large, they seldom do much injury. If a splint be early attended to, it is seldom difficult to remove. Blaine recom- mends the swelling to be rubbed night and morning for five or six Cays, with a drachm of mercurial ointment, rubbing it well in ; after which to apply a blister, and at the end of a fortnight or three weeks to apply another. In very bad cases he recommends firing in the lozenge form. 87. Bone spavin is an exostosis of the hock bones, the treatment of which in no wise differs from that of splint ; except that as a spavin in general is more injurious than a splint, so it is more necessary to commence the treatment early, and to continue it energetically. It also unfortunately happens, that from the com- plexity of structure on the hock, spavin is not so easily removed as splint, and more usually requires the application of firing. ■ 88. Ring bone is of the same nature, being an exostosis or bony 3ircle, formed around the coronet, the treatment of which is the «ame with splint and spavin. 89. Blood spavin, bog spavin, and thoroughpin, are all of them originally of the nature of wind galls, and are nothing more than enlargements of the brusal capsules described in the anatomy as surrounding tendons, ligaments, and bones, to furnish them with 234 DISEASES OF HORSES. the lubricating medium. By over exertion or hard work these brusal bags become extended, and their contents increased, and distended into puffy swellings in the hock, called, when on the ply, bog spavin. The pressure of this sometimes occasions a varicose state of the superficial vein, which passes directly over it on the inner side of the hock, and which enlargement then receives the name of blood spavin. When the brusal enlargement extends through the hock, it is called thoroughpin. When it is situated below in the burs® of the flexor tendons, near the fetlock joint, it receives tlie name of wind gall. 90. The treatment in all these cases must be similar in principle, and consists in lessening the distended sac — not as was formerly practised to the destruction of the horse often, by letting out the contents of these wind gaHs ; but by strengthening the sides of the tumours by stimulants or by pressure. The more active stimulants are the liquid blister, {Vet. Pkarm. 141,) milder ones are found in the astringent wash. {Vet. Pha. 134, No. 1.) Bandages assist greatly, when well applied to the part, and in desperate cases firing has been resorted to, which is nothing more than a more violent stimu- lant and a more permanent bandage. 91. Capulet is a bursal enlargement of the point of the hock, and is to be treated by friction, astringents and bandage. 92. Curh is an inflammation of the ligaments at the back of the hock, and is usually removed by astringents. {Vet. Pha. 134.) When it does not give way to these, the sweating liquid blister may be applied. {Vet. Pha. 142.) 93. Cracks and grease may be considered as modifications of ono and the same affection, and are commonly brought on by some neglect in all horses ; but when they occur in any but the thick- heeled low bred animals, they are invariably so. Over feeding or under feeding, but much more frequently the former, will bring it on. A very frequent cause of it is the practice of washing the legs of horses and suffering them to dry of themselves. In every case without exception, washing the legs should be avoided, unless they be rubbed perfectly dry afterwards. When horses have long hairs about their heels, and are washed and then left wet, the evil must be doubled ; as the evaporation going on, cools and chills the heels, and thus produces a species of chilblain ; and we well know how difficult these are to heal when broken. Cracks in the heels very often occur in horses removed too suddenly into full keep from pre- VI ous straw or grass, or from these to a hot stable ; which by the heat DISEASES OF HORSES. 235 and moisture of the litter, occasions a determination of blood, and humours to the legs, and they break out into cracks or scabs, from which issue a bloody ichor, or a more thick matter. Between the sores the hair stares and gets pen feathered, and the horse finds difficulty and pain in moving. 94. The treatment must depend on the state in which the animal is at the present. If there be reason to suspect the horse to be full and foul, bleed, lower his food, soil him in the stable ; or mash and give him a mild dose of physic. But when some mismanagement is the sole cause, remove that, and if the case be a severe one, by means of an old stocking drawn over the foot, bury the whole heel in a poultice, made of scraped carrots or turnips ; which will subdue the irritation and bring the parts into a state to bear the application of the astringent paste, (Vet. Pha, 136, No. 2,) or if more con- venient, of the astringent wash, (Vet. Pha. 134, No. 1 or 2.) Mode- rate exercise should be continued, and the heels carefully cleaned from dirt by soft soap and water on each return therefrom ; after which, always again apply the astringent. 95. Ch-ease is nothing more than an aggravated state of the same affection, tthd. is more common to the hind than the fore legs. Coarse fleshy legged horses are peculiarly prone to the affection from the great accumulation that takes place in their legs ; and from the difficulty that the capillaries find in carrying the increased quantity of lymph upwards. In these, long stable confinement should be avoided, and when that is impossible, it should be coun- teracted by exercise frequently and judiciously administered. Many cart horses never go out but to work ; they often work three days incessantly, or nearly so ; and they perhaps rest two days entirely. Can it be wondered at, that the change occasions swelling, acting on the weakness and exhaustion of previous fatigue, and could not this be avoided by turning out for an hour, or walking for half an hour night and morning ? stable soiling should be used ; bleeding and physicking also in very bad cases ; and when the inflammation and irritation or soreness are great, the poultices recommended for cracks, should be applied until these circumstances are removed ; when commence the use of some of the astringents recommended. (Vet. Pharm. 134.) White has stated two remarkable cases of grease cured by the application of corrosive sublimate in the form of a wash, as of two drachms of sublimate to ten ounces of water ; increasing it to three drachms if the pain occasioned by the first be not too considerable. Blaine says that the cliyers or goose grass has been known to be of great service in bad cases of grease—half 21* 236 DISEASES OF HORSES. a pint of the expressed juice to be given daily as a drmk ; and a poultice of the herb to be applied to the heels. In some cases of long standing when the running has ceased, a thickened state of the limb remains ; which is best removed by firing, and which like- wise is a preventive to a return. Diseases of the Feet. 96. Founder of the feet is of two kinds, an acute and a chronic. Acute founder is a disease that, until lately, was less understood than almost any other. After a very severe day's work, or when very much heated, if a horse get a sudden chill by standing in snow or cold water, it is not uncommon for him to be seized with universal stiffness, and every symptom of great fever. Such a horse is said to be body foundered. By degrees, however, it is observed that the animal has an extreme disinclination to remain on his feet ; from whence it will appear that the whole of them are affected, when the horse draws his hind feet under him, his fore only are affected, and when he draws his fore feet under him his hinder feet are the seat of the complaint ; but which is seldom the case. On feeling the feet they will be found intensely hot, and the pastern arteries beat with great violence. After a few days, unless the disease abate, a separation of the hoofs from the coronet takes place, and at last they fall entirely off. 97. The treatment. At the commencement of the disease bleed largely, as well by the neck as from the toe of each affected foot, by paring, until the blood flows freely. After which immerse each foot in a goulard poultice (115,) give the fever powder or drink, (Vet. Pha. 157 «fe 158,) litter up to the belly ; and if amendment do not take place, renew the bleedings, and blister round the pasterns. 98. Chronic founder, contraction or fever in the feet. The arti- ficial life that horses lead, subjects them to many diseases ; one of the principal of which is that of contracted feet. Blaine considers a neglect of sufficient paring of the hoof, the application of artificial heat from hot stables, and hot litter, the deprivation of natural moisture, constitutional liability, and the existence of thrushes, as among the principal causes of this evil. It is more common amoHg blood horses, than to others, and he observes, that dark chesnuts are of all others most prone to it. 99 The treatment of contraction in the feet. It is better to pre- vent, than to be under the necessity of attempting to cure the evil. DISEASES OF HORSES. 237 Prevention may be practised by avoiding the acting causes. As soon as at all suspected to be likely to occur; keep the hoofs pared low ; never suffer the horse to stand on litter, nor allow the stable to be too hot : feed moderately, and never allow the horse to go without daily exercise ; whatever increases the general fulness of habit flies to the feet. Above all, keep the feet moist by means of wet cloths tied closely around the coronet, falling over the whole hoof, but not extending beyond the edge. Then moisten repeatedly, and stop the feet (166) every night. When contraction has already taken place, many plans have been recommended ; as jointed shoes, by Coleman, Clark, and others, but it is not found that mechanical expansion in this way produces permanent benefit. The most effectual mode is to obviate all previous causes of contraction ; and then to thin the hoofs around the heels from each quarter so thin as to be able to produce an impression by means of the thumb ; in fact, to remove so much of the horn as is consistent w^ith safety, from the coronet downwards. It is also prudent to put in a score or two from above downwards, drawn a quarter of an inch deep on each side towards the front of the hoof; but whether this be done or not, the front of the hoof should be rasped thin about an inch in width ; by which means a hinge is formed, which operates most advanta- geously in opening the heels. After this is done, tips should be put on, and the horse should be turned out to grass, where he should remain three months, by which time the new formed heels will have reached the ground, and will bear a shoe. 100. The pumiced foot is a very common consequence of acute founder, in which the elasticity of the laminae becoming destroyed the support of the coffin bone is removed, and it rests wholly on- the sole, which it gradually sinks from a concave to a convex surface, drawing with it the front of the hoof inwards. In weak, broad heavy feet, this evil comes on sometimes without founder; the treatment can only be palliative, a wide webbed shoe exactly fitted to the foot, without at all pressing on it, prevents the lameness consequent to the disease, a shoe exactly the contrary to this has been tried in some cases with benefit, the form of which has been one with a web so narrow as only to cover the crust, but so thick as to remove the feet from accidental pressure. In other cases, no shoe answers so well as a strong bar shoe. 101. Corns are most troublesome aliments, to which horses are very liable, and which injure and ruin thousands ; they are wholly accidental ; no horse having any peculiar tendency to them, but being always brought on them by some improper pressure, usually 238 DISEASES OP HORSES. of the shoe, or from something getting between the shoe and the horny heel, A shoe too long worn is a very common cause, and a still more frequent one is the clubbing the heels of the shoe ; neither is it necessary to the production of corns that the shoe itself should press on the sole ; but they are equally produced when the outer horn of the heels or of the bars, is the immediate offending part rendered so by two luxuriant growth, by unequnl wear, or by secondary pressure from the shoe, or by gravel working in. It is the fleshy sole itself that is bruised, from which a speck of extra- vasated blood follows, and if not immediately relieved it gathers, or the part becomes habitually defective, and instead of forming healthy horn, it always afterwards forms a spongy substance of extreme sensibility, and thus always is liable to produce pain and lameness when exposed to pressure. 102. The treatment of corns is seldom difficult or unsuccessful at their first appearance, but afterwards it can be only palliative. Blaine directs that by means of a fine drawing knife every portion of diseased horn should be pared away, and the extravasation under- neath likewise. Having done this, he advises to introduce some butter of antimony into the opening, to place over this some tow, which should be kept in its place by means of a splint. If any contraction of the heels be present it will materially assist the cure to lower them, and to thin the hoof a little around the quarters, and afterwards to put on a shoe without heels opposed to the corn, or a shoe chambered opposite the weak part : or a bar shoe may be applied so framed as completely to leave the heel untouched. Intro- duce the butter of antimony once or twice more, with the interval of two days between, and then turn the horse out to grass ; in about six weeks time the foot will be sound. The treatment of corns, when of long standing, does not materially differ : for although they are never wholly eradicated, they may be rendered but little troublesome. The diseased part must be carefully pared out at each shoeing, and such a shoe put on as will completely free the heel from pressure. 103. Running thrush is always a dangerous disease, and few errors in horse management are more glaring than the common one of supposing they are necessary to carry off humours. If less food, more exercise, cool stables, and dry standings, were substituted to correct the fulness, instead of thrushes, which invariably contract the feet whenever they continue any length of time, it would save many valuable horses. To the cure, begin by cleaning out all the fissures of the frog from loose ragged hern, and then introduce to DISEASES OF HORSES. 239 the bottom of the sinuses, by means of a thin piece of wood, somo of the thrush paste {Vet. Pharm. 133,) smeared on tow, which will enable it to be held within the cleft, especially if it be guarded by splints of wood passed under the shoe ; renew the dressing daily ; turning out to grass may be practised to great advantage for thrushes by this mode of dressing. 104. Sand cracks are fissures in the hoofs, commonly of those before, and usually towards the inner, but now and then towards the outer quarter also, from above downwards : from the crack, a little oozing of blood or moisture is seen ; and the sensible parts underneath getting between the edges of horn, being pressed on, lame the horse. White recommends to fire the fissure crossways, so as to destroy the connection between the divided and undivided parts of the hoof. 105. Pricks or punctures of the feet are often very serious evils, either when received by nails in shoeing, or by one picked up in the road, &c. The danger arises from inflammation, which is always great from any injury done to the sensible and viscular parts within the foot. This inflammation quickly proceeds to suppuration ; and the matter is apt to make its way upwards, unless it find a ready vent below. When it does not break out at the coronet, it will often penetrate under the sole, and finally disease the bones, lij^^a- ments, or cartilages, and produce quitter. It is very seldom that a horse is pricked in shoeing, but that the smith is aware of it by the peculiarity of the feel on the hammer, and by the flinching of the animal. At such times were he to immediately draw the nail a little, enlarge the opening, and introduce some spirit within the puncture, nothing would occur ; but on the contrary, he sends the horse home to avoid trouble, who, the next, or following day, is found lame, with his foot hot, if the nail be not driven too near the sensible laminae, it will only require to be removed to free the horse from his evil ; but if it have been driven through, and have wounded them, then suppuration ensues, and on examining the foot by the pincers when the shoe is removed, he will flinch at the pressure on the diseased part. It is probable, on the removal of the shoe that matter will at once flow out at the immediate nail hole, if not, the drawing knife will soon detect the injury. If the heat be great, and instead of matter, bloody dark ichor flows out, wrap the fqot up in a poul lice ; but if healthy matter flows out this will not be necessary , sometimes it is requisite to detach all the horn that is underrun by the matter. But when the injury has not proceeded to this extent, apply over the part a pledget of tow steeped in friar's balsam ; tack 240 DISEASES OF HORSES. on the shoe lightly, and retain the dressing by means of splints, which are thin pieces of wood passed under the shoe ; repeat the dressing daily, and avoid moisture, which would encourage quittor A nail picked up on the road, and which passes through the sole below or through the frog, is to be treated in the same manner, and also when the matter breaks out at the coronet ; but when a nail is picked up and penetrates the coffin joint, which is known by the synovia or joint oil appearing, such opening should be immediately stopped by paring towards the wounded joint, and then applying a heated budding-iron, not to the capsular ligament itself, but to the skin immediately near it ; if this be inconvenient, put a pledget dipped in a little butter of antimony, just within the opening, but do not press it into the cavity of the joint : if this be insufficient to stop the flow, but more particularly if the original wound be pene- trated to the bone, it is probable that the bone itself will become in some measure diseased, which is known by the rough grating felt at the point of the probe when passed. In this case, enlarge the opening so as to be able to scrape the diseased bone away. Brvises of the sole, from whatever cause, will all fall under some of these points of view, according as the case may be. 106. Quittor and canker are the consequences of these injuries, when neglected, or originally extensive. In these cases either the bones, ligaments, or cartilages, or all, become diseased ; and a cure can only be obtained by removing the diseased parts by the knife or by caustic. 107. Treads, over-reach, ^c. A wound on the coronet is not uncommon from one foot being placed on the other ; or the hinder foot may strike it, &c. First wipe away the dirt, and remove any loose edges that cannot unite ; avoid washing, unless stones and dirt are suspected to be within, and bind up, having first placed over the wound a pledget of lint or tow moistened with balsamic tincture, or tincture of myrrh, or of aloes 6lc. Over-reaching, or over-stepping, is often an injury done to tne fetlock joint before, b}' the hinder foot, or to the back sinew higher up. Sometimes it is simply a violent bruise, at others the laceration is extensive, in which case treat as a tread ; and when no laceration has taken place treat as a bruise or strain. 108. Cutting is a defect to which some horses are liable from their form, as when they turn their toes out, or have bent legs. Others cut only when they are lean, which brings their legs nearer trgpther. Weak horses cut because they cross their legs when VETERINARY OPERATIONS. 241 'atigued, and young unfurnished horses cut at youthful periods and gfrow out of it afterwards. The part in which a foot interferes with the opposed limb is very different. When it strikes the shank high up it is called speedy-cut^ and is best remedied by wearing knee boots or rollers. When it is at th© fetlock the cutting is at the side, or rather backward, according to circumstances. Some horses cut by the side of the shoe, others by the hoof at the quarters ; and some by the point of the heels. It is to be remarked, that it is better to put up with the evil of cutting, than to do as is too frequently done, which is, to pare away the hoof until it excites contraction. The shoe may be feather edged, or may be set a little within the cutting quarter ; but by no means alter the size or form of the hoofs them- selves, and particularly avoid taking liberties of this kind with the fore feet. Boots or rollers, are but little trouble to put on, and when not buckled too tight never injure : whereas to allow a horse to continue to cut produces a callus, and often throws the animal down. _MHe@9'M<— VETERINARY OPERATIONS. 109. The general practises to be here enumerated are chiefly the treatment of wounds, the application of fomentations, setons, blisters, clysters, and physicking, and the operation of castrating, nicking, bleeding, &c. Treatment of Wounds. 110. A wound must be treated in some measure according to the part of the horse's body in which it happens : but there are some principles to be observed alike in all horse surgery. There are likewise a few, which, as they differ from the principles of human surgery, should be first noticed, and which should guide the prac- tice of those who might be misled by analogy. The wounds ot horses, however carefully brought together and confined in their situation, as well as shut out from the stimulus of Ihe external air, are seldom disposed to unite at once, or as it is called in surgical language, by the first intention. It is always, therefore, necessary to expect the suppurative process ; but as the adhesive inflammation 242 VETERINARY OPERATIONS. does now and then occur, we should never wash with water er other liquids a mere laceration, if no foreign matter, as dirt, &.c. be suspected to be lodged within it, still less should we stuff it with candle or tents of any kind. On the contrary, it should be care- fully and smoothly brought together, and simply bound up in its own blood ; and if it do not wholly unite at once, and by the first intention, perhaps some portion of it may ; and at all events, its future progress will be more natural, and the disfiguration less than when stuffed with tents, tow, &c. or irritated with heating oils or spirits. When an extensively lacerated wound takes place it is common, and it is often necessary to insert sutures, or stitches, into the lips of the wound : and here we have to notice another considerable variation from the principles of human inflammation, which is, that these stitches in the horse, ox, and dog, soon ulcerate out, seldom remaining longer than the third or fourth day at far- thest. It therefore is the more necessary to be careful, that by perfect rest, and the appropriation of good bandages we secure the wound from distortion. In this we may be assisted by strips of sticking plaster, made with diachylon and pitch ; but these strips should be guarded from touching the wound itself by means of lint or tow first put over it. When in addition to laceration in a wound, there is a destruction of substance, then the caution of washing will not apply, as it will be necessary to bathe with some warming spirit, as, tincture of myrrh, tincture of aloes, or friar's balsam, to assist in restoring the life of the part, and in preventing mortification- Bleeding must be stopped by pressure and astringents, as powdered alum; when it is very considerable the vessel from whence the blood comes must be taken up. When great inflammation follows wounds or bruises, counteract it bybleeding, a cooling temperature, opening medicines, and continual fomentations to the part itself. Balls and Drinks. 111. Mode of giving a ball. Back the horse in his stall, and being elevated on a stool, (not a bucket turned upside down,) gently draw the tongue out of the mouth, so as to prevent its rising to resist the passage of the hand : the tongue should however not be laid hold of alone, but it should be held firmly by the fingers of tlie left hand against the jaw. The ball previously oiled should be taken into the right hand, which should be squeezed into as narrow a shape as possible, must be passed up close to the roof of the mouth, and the ball placed on the root of the tongue, when both hands being withdrawn, it will readily pass down. This mode is much preferable, when a person is at all handy, to using a balling iron. VETERINARY OPERATIONS. 243 112. Mode of giving a drink. Exactly the same process is pur sued, except that a horn holding the liquid matter is forced up the mouth ; the passage being raised beyond the level line, the liquid is poured out from the larger end of the horn, and when the tongue is loosened it is swallowed. Clark, however, ingeniously proposes to substitute the smaller end of the horn, the larger being closed, by which, he says, the horn can be forced up the mouth between the teeth, and poured farther back so as to ensure its not returning. Fomentations and Poultices. 113. Fomentations are very commonly recommended of various herbs, as rime, chamomile, St. John's wort, wormwood, bay leaves, &c. but the principal virtue is to be found in warmth and moisture, which unload the vessels ; but this warmth ought not to be too con- siderable, except when the inflammation is within, as in inflamed bowels. Here we foment to stimulate the skin, and cannot foment too hot ; but when we do it at once to an inflamed part, it ought not to be more than of blood heat ; and it should be continued long, and when removed the part should be dried or covered, or cold may be taken, and the inflammation increased instead of diminished. Ano- dyne fomentations are made of poppy heads and of tobacco, and are frequently of great use. 114. The method of applying fomentations is conveniently done by means of two large woollen cloths wrung out of the heated liquors ; as one is cooling the other should be ready to be applied. 115. Poultices act in the same way as fomentations in allaying irritation and inflammation ; but are in other respects more conve nient because they act continually. It is an error to suppose that poultices, to be beneficial, should be very hot ; however hot they may be applied, they soon become of the temperature of the sur- rounding parts. When poultices are applied to the extremities, a stocking, as has been before stated, is a convenient luethod of appli- cation. When it is drawn over the leg and bound around the lower part of the hoof, or of the pastern, or otherwise, the matter of the poultice may be put within, and it may be then kept in its situation, if high up on the extremity, by means of tape fastened to one part of it, and passed over tlie withers or back to the other side, and again fastened to the stocking. In this way, also, loose bandages may be retained from slipping. Cold poultices are often useful in the inflammations arising from strains, &c. In these cases bran and goulard water form a convenient medium ; but when the poul 22 244 VETERINARY OPERATIONS. tice is necessarily hot, a little linseed meal added to the bran wil render it adhesive, and give it consistence. It is a very necessary caution in this, as in every instance where bandages are wanted around the extremities, to have them broad, and only so tight as to secure the matters contained, as in a poultice, or as in common bandaging. It is often supposed that " as strong as a horse," de- notes that nothing can be too strong for him, nor any means too violent to hurt him. The horse, on the contrary, is one of the most tender animals alive : and a string tied very tight round the leg would occasion first a falling off of the hoof, next a mortification of the rest of the limb, and lastly the death of the animal ; and all this as certainly as though he were shot with a bullet through ine head. Setons and Rowels, 116. Setons are often useful in keeping up a drain to draw what are termed humours from parts ; or by their irritations on one part, they lessen the nifiammation in another part not very remote, as when applied to the cheek for ophthalmia or inflamed eyes. They also in the same way lessen old swellings by exciting absorption. Another useful action they have is to make a dependent or conve- nient orifice for the escape of lodged matter : thus a seton passed from the upper part of the opening of pole evil, through the upper part ot the integuments of the neck, as low as the sinuses run, will often ettect a cure without further application. The same with fistu- lous withers, wnich sometimes run under the shoulder blade, and appear at the arm point ; in which case a blunt seton needle, of sufticient length to be passed down to that point, and to be then cut down upon, will form the only efl[icient mode of treatment. Setons may be passed in domestic farriery, with a common packing needle and a skein of thread, or piece of tape : but in professional farriery they are made by a proper needle armed with tape or lamp cotton, or skeins of thread or silk smeared over with digestive ointment. When the seton needle is removed, the ends of the tape should be joined together, or otherwise netted, to prevent them from coming out. 117. Roioels in their intention act as setons, and as irritating a larger surface, so when a general drain is required they act better ; SIS in case of grease, &c. but when their action is confined to a part only, setons are more convenient. Any person may apply a rowel by making an incision in the loose skin about an inch separating with the finger its adherence around, and then inserting in the VETERINARY OPERATIONS. 245 opening a piece of round leather, with a hole in the middle, smeared with a blistering ointment. Then plug the opening with tow, and in three days, when the suppuration has begun, remove it. The rowel leather is afterwards to be daily removed and cleaned. Blistering and Firing. 118. Blistering answers the same purposes as setons, and is prac- tised by first cutting or shaving the hair from the part, when the blistering ointment (Vet. Pha. 138.) should be well rubbed in for ten minutes, or a quarter of an hour. Some of the ointment after the rubbing may be smeared over the part. The head of the horse should now be tied up to prevent his gnawing or licking. If a neck cradle be at hand, it may also for safety be put on ; in which the head may be let down the third day. 119. A neck cradle for blistered horses is very convenient for other occasions also, when the mouth is to be kept from licking or biting other parts ; or to keep other parts from being rubbed against the head. It is of very simple construction, and may be made by a dozen pieces of wood of about an inch and half diameter, as old broom handles, &c. These bored at each end admit a rope to pass through ; and as each is passed on, a knot may be tied to the upper part of the pieces of the cradle, two inches apart ; and those which form the lower part, four inches ; by which means the neck will be fitted by the cradle when it is put ©n ; and the horse will be pre- vented from bending his head to lick or gnaw parts to be protected. When the lower parts of the legs, particularly the hinder, required blistering, it is necessary to bear in mind that in gross full horses, particularly in autumn, grease is very apt to follow blistering ; and almost certainly if the back of the heels below the fetlock be blis- tered. First, therefore, smear this part over with lard or suet, and afterwards avoid touching it with the ointment. After blistering in summer, the horse is often turned out before the blistered parts are quite sound ; in this case guard them from flies by some kind Ox covering, or they may become fly-blown : and likewise on the fourth or fifth day rub into the blistered part some oil or lard to prevent the skin from cracking. 120. Sioeating or liquid blisters, (Vet. Pha. 142,) are only more gentle stimulants, which are daily applied to produce the same effects on a diseased part without removing the hair. Of course less activity is expected ; yet as the action is repeated, they are often more beneficial even than blistering itself; as in old strains and stiffnesses. 246 VETERINARY OPERATIONS. 121. Firing, as requiring the assistance of an experienoed prac titioner, we shall not describe ; it will be prudent only to point out that it is a more active mode of blistering ; and that it acts very powerfully as a stimulant, not only while its effects last as blisters do, but also after its escharotic effect is over, by its pressure ; and in this way it is that it operates so favourably in bony exostosis, as splints and spavins ; and in this way it is so useful in old ligamentary weaknesses ; because by lessening the dilatability of the skin it becomes a continual bandage to the part. Clystering and Physicking. 122. Clystering should always be preceded by back-raking, which consists in oiling one hand and arm, and passing them up the fun- dament, and by that means to remove all the dung balls that can be reached. The large pewter syringe for clystering, is neither a useful or safe machine. A much better consists in a turned box pipe, to which may be attached a large pig or ox bladder, by which four or five quarts of liquid can be administered at one time. (Vet. Pharm. 134, to 146.) The pipe should be previously oiled, by which means it passes more easily : the liquor should then be steadily pressed up ; and when the pipe is removed, the tail should be held down over the fundament a little to prevent the return of the clyster. In some cases of a spasmodic nature, as gripes and locked jaw, great force is made by the bowels to return the clyster, and nothing but con- tinued pressure over the fundament can enable it to be retained. Clysters not only act in relaxing the bowels, but they may be used as means of nutriment when it cannot be taken by the mouth ; as in locked jaw, wounds of the mouth, throat, &c. ^c. In locked jaw, it was observed by Gibson, that he kept a horse alive many days by clysters alone ; and by clysters also, many medicines may be given more conveniently than by the mouth. 123. Physicking of horses. It is equally an error to refrain altogether from giving horses physic, as it is to give it on every occasion, as some do. Neither is it necessary for horses to be bled and physicked every spring and autumn, if they be in perfect health, and the less so, as at this time they are generally weak and faint from the change going on in their coats — nor is it always necessary to give to horses physic when they come from grass or a straw yard ; provided the change from the one state to the other be very moderately brought about. But on such a removal, it certainly expedites all the phenomena of condition, (2) and such horses are less likely to fall to pieces, as it is termed afterwards. (3.) In various morbid states physic is particularly useful, as in worms, hide bound, VETERINARY OPERATIONS. 247 trom too full a habit, &c. &c. It is not advisable to physic horses in either very cold or very warm weather. Strong physic is always hurtful ; all that physic can do is as well operated by a mild as by a strong dose, with infinitely less hazard. Ne horse should be physicked whose bowels have not been previously prepared by mashing for two days at least before. By these means the physic will work kindly, and a moderate quantity only is requisite. Most of the articles put into the purging balls for horses, to assist the aloes, are useless. Jalap will not purge a horse, nor rhubarb either. Aloes are the only proper drug to be depended on for this purpose, and of all the varieties of aloes the socotorine and Cape are the best. (Vet. Pha.lG3.) Barbadoes aloes are also not improper, but are thouo-ht more rough than the socotorine. For formulos of purging balls, see Vet. Pha. (163.) Blaine gives the following as the process : 124. Physicking process. The horse having fasted an hour or two in the morning from food, but having had his water as usual, give him his purge, and two hours after offer him a little chilled, but not warm water, as is often done, by which horses are disgusted from taking any ; it may be here remarked that in this particular much error is frequently committed. Many horses will drink water with the chill taken off, provided it be perfectly clean, and do not smell of smoke from the fire, kettle or sauce-pan ; but few, very few, will drink warm or hot water ; and still fewer, if it be in the least degree greasy or smoky. After the ball has been given two hours, a warm bran mash may be offered, and a very little hay. He should have walking exercise as usual moderately clothed ; and altogether he should be kept rather warmer than usual. At noon mash again, and give a little hay, which should be repeated at night, giving him at intervals chilled water. On the following morning the physic may be expected to work ; which if it do briskly, keep the horse quiet ; but should it not move his bowels, or only relax them, walk him quietly half an hour, which will probably have the desired effect. Continue to give mashes and warm water, repeating them every two or three hours to support him. When physic gripes a horse, give a clyster of warm water, and hand rub the belly, as well as walk him out. If the griping prove severe, give him four ounces of gin in half a pint of strong ale, which will soon relieve him. On the next day the physic will probably set, but should it continue to work him severely, pour down some boiled starch"; and if this fail, turn to the directions under diarrhoea. (52.) The horse should return to his usual habits of feeding and full exercise by degrees; and if more than one dose is to be given, a week should intervene . It ia often requisite to make the second and third doses rather stronger 22*= 248 VETERINARY OPERATIONS. than the first. A very mild dose of physic is likewise often given to horses while at grass in very warm weather, and without any injury. When worms, or skin foulness are present, and mercuria. physic is deemed necessary, it is better to give two drachms Oi calomel in a mash the previous night, than to put it into the pur ging ball. Castration, Nicking, Docking, <^-c. 125. The operations of castration, docking, nicking, aud that of cropping, (which is seldom practised,) all require the assistance of a veterinary surgeon ; and it is only necessary to remark of them, that the after treatment must be the same as in all other wounds. To avoid irritation, to preserve a cool temperature and a moderate diet; and if active febrile symptoms make their appearance, to obviate them by bleeding, &.c. &.c. It likewise is proper to direct the attention of the agriculturist who attends to these matters him- self, that the moment the wound following any of these operations looks otherwise than healthy, locked jaw is to be feared, and no time should be lost in seeking the best assistance that can be obtained. (11.) See Mason, p. 148. Bleeding, 126. Bleeding is a very common, and to the horse a very impor- tant operation, because his inflammatory diseases, on account of the great strength of his arterial system, run to a fatal termination very soon and can only be checked in the rapidity of their progress by abstracting blood, which diminishes the momentum of circulation. Bleeding is more particularly important in the inflammatory dis- eases of the horse ; because we cannot, as in the human, lower the circulation by readily nauseating the stomach. Bleeding also lessens irritation, particularly in the young and plethoric, or those of full habit: hence we bleed in spasms of the bowels, in locked ja.w, &c. with good effect. Bleeding is general or topical. General as from the neck, when we mean to lessen the general momentum. Topical when we bleed from a particular part, as the eye, the plate vein, the toe, &c. Most expert practitioners use a large lancet to bleed with ; and when the habit of using it is acquired, it is by far the best instrument, particularly for superficial veins where a blow might earry tlie fleam through the vessel. In common hands the fleam as the more general instrument is best adapted to the usual cases requiring the agriculturists notice. Care should, however, be taken not to strike it with vehemence, and the hair being first wetted and smoothed down, it should be pressed close between the hairs, so THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA. 249 that its progress may not be impeded by them. A ligature should be first passed round the neck, and a hand held over the eye, unless the operator be very expert, when the use of the fingers will dispense with the ligature. The quantity of blood taken is usually too small. In inflammatory diseases, a large horse, particularly in the early stage of a complaint, will bear to lose eight or ten quarts : and half the quantity may be taken away two or three times afterwards, if the violence of the symptoms seem to require it; and the blood should be drawn in a large stream to do all the good it is capable of. After the bleeding is finished introduce a sharp pin, and avoid drawing the skin away from the vein while pinning, which lets the blood escape between the vein and skin ; wrap round a piece of tow or hemp, and next day remove the pin, which might otherwise inflame the neck. In drawing blood let it always be measured ; letting it fall on the ground prevents the ascertaining the quantity ; it also prevents any observation on the state of the blood ; which if it form itself into a cup-like cavity on its surface, and exhibit a tough yellow crust over this cavity it betokens an inflammatory state of blood that will require further bleedings, unless the weak- ness forbid. After the bleeding, it now and then happens from rusty lancets, too violent a stroke with the blood stick, or from drawing away the skin too much, while pinning up, that the orifice inflames and hardens, and ichor is seen to ooze out between its edges. Immediately after this is discovered, recourse must be had to an able veterinary surgeon, or the horse will lose the vein, and perhaps his life. THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA. 127. The foWow'mg formuIcB for veterinary practice have been compiled from the works of the most eminent veterinary writers of the present day, as Blaine, Clark, Laurence, Peel, White, &c. ; and we can from our own experience also, confidently recommend the selec- tion to the notice of agriculturists, and the owners of horses in general. It would be prudent for such as have many horses, and particularly for such as live at a distance from the assistance of an able veterinarian, to keep the more necessary articles by them in case of emergence : some venders of horse drugs keep 250 THE VETERINARY PHARMACOP(EIA. veteiinary medicine chests : and where the compo- sitions can be depended on, and the uncompounded drugs are genuine and good, one of these is a most convenient appendage to every stable. 128. The veterinary pharmacopoeia for oxen, calves, and sheep has been included in the arrangement.' Where any speciality occurs, or w^here distinct recipes are requisite, they have been carefully noticed ; it will therefore only be necessary to be kept in mind, that with the exception of acrid substances, as mineral acids, &c. which no cattle can bear with equal impu- nity with the horse ; the remedies prescribed require about the following proportions : A large ox will bear the proportions of a moderate sized horse ; a moderate sized cow something less ; a calf about a third of the quantity ; and a sheep about a quarter, or at most a third of the proportions directed for the cow. It is also to be remarked, that the degrees in strength in the different recipes, are usually regulated by their numbers, the mildest standing first. 129. Alteratives. 1. Levigated antimony, 2 drachms. Cream of tartar, Flour of sulphur, each half an ounce. 2. Cream of tartar. Nitre, of each half an ounce. 3. JEthiop's mineral. Levigated antimony. Powdered resin, each three drachms. Give in a mash, or in oats and bran, a little wetted, every night, or make into a ball with honey. 130. Tonic Alteratives. 1. Gentian, Aloes, Ginger, Blue vitriol, in powder, of each 1 drachm, Oak bark in powder, 6 drachms. 2. Winter's bark in powder, three drachms. Green vitriol, do. one and a half drachms. Gentian, do. three drachms. Make either of these into a ball with honey, and give every morning. 3. White vitriol, 1 drachm, Ginger or pimento, ground, two drachms. Powdered quassia half an ounce, Ale 8 ounces. Mix and give as a drink. THE VETERINRY PHARMACOPCEIA, 251 4. Arsenic, 10 grains, Oatmeal, 1 ounce. Mix and give in a mash, or moistened oats nightly. 131. Astringent Mixtures for Diarrhoea, Lax or Scouring. 1. Powdered ipecacuanha, one drachm, Do. opium, half a drachm, Prepared chalk, 2 ounces, Boiled starch, 1 pint. 2. Suet 4 ounces, boiled in Milk, 8 ounces. Boiled starch, 6 ounces. Powdered alum, 1 drachm. The following has been very strongly recommended in some cases, for the lax of horses and cattle. 3. Glauber's salts 2 ounces, Epsom do. 1 ounce, Green vitriol 4 grains. Gruel, half a pint. When the lax or scouring at all approaches to dysentery or molten grease, the following drink should be first given. 4. Castor oil, 4 ounces, Glauber's salts, dissolved, two ounces. Powdered rhubarb, half a drachm. Powdered opium, 4 grains. Gruel, 1 pint. 132. Astringent halls foi Dia- betes or pissing evil. Catechu, [Japan earth] half an ounce, Alum powdered, half a drachm. Sugar of lead, 10 grains, Conserve of roses, to make a ball. 133. Astringent paste for thrush, foot-rot, foul in the foot, ^-c. Prepared calamine. Verdigris, of each half an ounce, White vitriol. Alum, of each half a drachm, Tar, 3 ounces : mix. 134. Astringent washes for cracks in the heels, wounds, ^c, 1. Sugar of lead, 2 drachms. White vitriol, 1 drachm, Strong infusion of oak, or elm bark, 1 pint: mix. 2. Green vitriol, 1 drachm, Infusion of galls, half a pint, Mix and w^ash the parts three times a day. 135. Powder for Cracks, ^c. 3. Prepared calamine, 1 ounce, Fuller's earth, powdered. Pipe clay, do. of each 2 ounces, Mix and put within gauze, and dab the moist surfaces of the sores frequently. 136. Astringent Paste for Grease. 1. Prepared calamine, Tutty, powdered. Charcoal, do. of each 2 ounces, Yeast enough to make a paste. 2. To the above, if more strength be required, add of alum and ver- digris each a drachm. 137. Astringent Wash for do, 3. Corrosive sublimate, 2 drachms, Spirit of wine or brandy 1 ounce. Soft vfater, 10 ounces. Rub the subPimate in a mor- tar with the spirit till dissolved, then add the water. This is a strong preparation, and has often proved successful in very bad 252 THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA. cases of grease, which have re- sisted all the usual remedies. 138. Blisters. 1. A general one. Cantharides powdered, 2 ounces, Venice turpentine, do. Resin, do. Palm oil or lord, 2 lbs. Melt the three latter articles, ogether, and when not too hot tir in the Spanish flies. 2. i39. A strong cheap blister, but notp-oper to be used in fevers or injlammations, as of the lungs, bowels, tj-c. Euphorbium powdered, 1 ounce. Oil of vitriol, 2 scruples, Spanish flies, 6 ounces, Palm oil or lard. Resin, of each one pound, Oil of turpentine, 3 ounces. Melt the resin with the lard OT palm oil. Having previously- mixed the oil of vitriol with an ounce of water gradually, as gradually add this mixture to the melted mass ; which again set on a very slow fire for ten minutes more : afterwards remove the whole, and when beginning to cool, add the powders previously mixed together. 3. 140. A mercurial blister, for splints, spavins, and ring bones. Of either of the above, 4 ounces. Corrosive sublimate finely pow- dered, half a drachm. 4. 141. Strong liquid blister. Spanish flies, in gross powder, 1 ounce. Oil of origanum, 2 drachms, Oil of turpentine, 4 ounces, Olive oil, 2 ounces. Steep the flies in the turpentine three weeks, strain off and add the oil 5. 142. Mild liquid or sweating blister. Of the above one ounce, Olive oil or goose grease, one and a half ounces. 143. Clyster)^- 1. A laxative one. Thin gruel or broth, 5 quarts, Epsom or common salts 6 ozs. 144. Clyster for Gripes. Mash two moderate sized onions, Pour over them oil of turpenf ne« 2 ounces. Capsicum or pepper, half an oz Thin gruel, 4 quarts. 145. Nutritious Clyster. 3. Thick gruel, three quarts. Strong sound ale, one quart. Or 4. Strong broth, 2 quarts, Thickened milk, 2 quarts. 146. Astringent Clyster. 5. Tripe liquor or suet boiled in milk, three pints. Thick starch, 2 pints, Laudanum, half an ounce^ Or 6. Alum whey, one quart. Boiled starch, two quarts. 147. Cordial Balls. Gentian pov/dered, 4 ounces, Ginger do. 2 ounces, Coriander seeds do. 4 ounces, Caraway do. 4 ounces. Oil of aniseed, quarter of an oz Make into a mass with honey, treacle or lard, and give an ounce and a half for a dose. 148. Chronic Cough Balls. 1. Calomel 1 scruple, THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA. 253 Gum ammoniacum, Horse radish, of each 2 drachms, Balsam of Tolu, Squills, each one drachm. Beat all together, and make into a ball with honey, and give «very morning fasting. 149. Drink for the same. 2. Tar water, Lime water, of each half a pint. Tincture of squills, half an oz. 150. Powder for the same. 3. Tartar emetic, 2 drachms, Powdered foxglove, half a drachm. Powdered squill, half a drachm. Calomel, one scruple, Nitre 3 drachms. Give every night in a malt mash. 151. Diuretic Balls. Resin, yellow, 1 pound, Nitre half a pound. Horse turpentine, half a pound. Yellow soap, quarter of a pound. Melt the resin, soap, and tur- pentine over a slow fire ; when cooling add the nitre. For a strong dose, an ounce and a half, for a mild one an ounce. It should be kept in mind, that mild diuretics are always equal to what is required ; and that strong diuretics are always hurtful. 152. Diuretic Powders. Yellow resin, powdered, 4 ozs. Nitre, ditto, 8 ounces. Cream of tartar, do. 4 ounces. Dose — 6, 8, or 10 drs. nightly, which some horses will readily eat in a mash. 153. Urine Drink Glauber's salts, two ounces, Nitre, 6 drachms. Dissolve in a pint of warm water. 154. Emhrocati&ns — cooling for inflammations. 1. Goulard's extract, half an ounce, Spirit of wine or brandy 1 ounce. Soft water, 1 quart. 2. Mindererus spirit, 4 ounces, Water, 12 ounces. 155. For Strains. Bay salt, bruised, half a pound. Crude sal ammoniac, 2 ounces, Sugar of lead, quarter of an oz Vinegar one pint and a half, Water, one pint. 156. For the Eyes. 1. Sugar of lead, 1 drachm, White vitriol, 2 scruples, Water, 1 pint. 2. Brandy, 1 ounce. Infusion of ^raen tea, 4 ounces Tincture of opium, 2 drachms. Infusion of red roses, 4 ounces 3. Rose water, 6 ounces, Mindererus spirit, 3 ounces. 4. Corrosive sublimate, 4 grains. Alcohol, 1 ounce. Lime water, 1 pint. 5. Alum, powdered, 1 drachm. Calomel, half a drachm. Mix and insert a little at one corner of the eye. The custom of blowing it in alarms the horse. 157 Fever Powders. i: Tartar emetic, 2 drachms, Nitre, 5 drachms. 2. Antimo lial powder, 2 drachms. 254 THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPCEIA. Cream of tartar, Nitre, of each four drachms. 158. Fever Drink. 3. Sweet spirit of nitre, 1 ounce, Mindererus spirit, 6 ounces. Water, 4 ounces. 159. Epidemic Fever Drink. 4. Sweet spirit of nitre, 1 ounce. Simple oxymel, G ounces, Tartar emetic, 3 drachms. 160 Malignant Epidemic Fever. 5. Simple oxymel, Mindererus spirit. Beer yeast, of each 4 ounces. Sweet spirit of nitre, 1 ounce. 161. Fumigations for purifying infected stables, sheds, ^c. Manganese, 2 ounces. Common salt, do. Oil of vitriol, 3 ounces, Water, 1 ounce. Put the mixed manganese and salt into a bason ; then, having before mixed the vitriol and wa- ter very gradually, pour them by means of tongs, or any thing that will enable you to stand at a sufficient distance, on the ar- ticles in the bason gradually. As soon as the fumes rise, retire and shut up the door close. 162. Hoof Liquid. Oil of turpentine, 4 ounces. Tar, 4 ounces. Whale oil, 8 ounces. This softens and toughens the hoofs extremely, v^^hen brushed over them night and morning. 163. Purging Medicines. Balls — very mild. Aloes, powdered, 6 drachms, Oil of turpentine, 1 drachm- Mild. Aloes, powdered, 8 drachms. Oil of turpentine, 1 drachm. Strong. Aloes, pow^dered, 10 drachms, Oil of turpentine, 1 drachm. The aloes may be beaten with treacle to a mass, adding, during the beating, the oil of turpen- tine. All spices, cream of tar- tar, oil of tartar, jalap, &c. are useless, and often hurtful addi- tions. 164. Liquid Purge. Epsom salts, dissolved, 8 ozs. Castor oil, 4 ounces. Watery tincture of aloes, 8 ozs. Mix — The watery tincture of aloes is made by iDcating pow- dered aloes with the yelk of egg, adding water by degrees ; by these means half an ounce of aloes may be suspended in 8 ounces of water, and such a purge is useful when a ball can- not be got down, as in partial locked jaw. 165. Scalding Mixture for Poll Evil. Corrosive sublimate, finely pow- dered, 1 drachm. Yellow basilicon, 4 ounces. 166. Foot Stoppings. Horse and cow dung, each about 2 pounds. Tar, half a pound. 167. Wash for coring out, de- stroying fungus, or proud fesh, ^c. ^c. Lunar caustic one drachm, Water, 2 ounces. 168. Wash for Mange. Corrosive sublimate, 2 drachms, Spirit of wine or brandy, 1 oz. Decoction of tobacco, Do. of white helebore, of each 1 pint THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA. 255 Dissolve the mercury in the spirit, and then add the decoc- tions. 169. Ointments for healing. 1. Turner's cerate, two ounces. White vitriol powdered, half a drachm. Lard, 4 ounces. 170. For Digesting. 2. Turner's cerate, two ounces, White vitriol, 1 drachm, Yellow basilicon, 5 ounces. 171. For Mange. Sulphur vivum, 8 ounces, Arsenic in powder, 2 drachms, Mercurial ointment, 2 ounces, Turpentine, 2 ounces, Lard, 8 ounces. Mix, and dress with every morning. 172. For Scab or Shab in Sheep, Mallenders and Sellenders in Horses, and foul blotches and eruptions in cattle in general. Camphor, 1 drachm. Sugar of lead, half a drachm, Mercurial ointment 1 ounce. m- OF THE DISEASES OF HORNED CATTLE. 173. Cattle are subject to some very dangerous dis^ eases, but as their life is less artificial, and their struc- ture less complex, they are not liable to the variety of ahments which affect the horse. The general pathology of the horse and ox being little different, the funda- mental rules for veterinary practice, and the requisite medicines, when not particularized, will be found in the Veterinary Pharmacopoeia, already given. (126.) 174. Mild fever, pantas or pantasia. Cattle sometimes appear affected with heat, redness of the nostrils and eyelids ; they refuse food, are dull, evacuate and stale with difficulty ; and the urine is high coloured. These symptoms are often aggravated every other day, giving it the appearance of intermittent affection. The com- plaint is often brought on by over driving in very hot weather, occa- sionally by pushing their fattening process too fast. If there be no appearance of malignancy, and the heaving be considerable, bleed, and give half an ounce of nitre in a drink night and morning ; bu\ unless the weather be cold do not house the animal. 175. Inflammatory fever is called among farriers, cow-leeches, and graziers, by the various names of black quarter, joint felon, DISEASES OF CATTLE. 257 quarter evil, quarter ill, showing of blood, joint murrain, striking in of the blood, «fec. Various causes may bring this on. It is some, times epidemic, and at others it seems occasioned by a sudden change from low to very full keeping. Over driving has brought it on. No age is exempt from it, but the young oftener have it than the mature. Its inflammatory stage continues but a few days, and shows itself by a dull hdavy countenance, red eyes and eyelids : the nostrils are also red, and a slight mucus flows from them. Tha pulse is peculiarly quick ; the animal is sometimes stupid, at others watchful, particularly at first ; and in some instances irritable.— The appetite is usually entirely lost at the end of the second day, and the dung and urine either stop altogether, or the one is hard and the other is red. About the third day a critical deposit takes place, which terminates the inflammatory action : and it is to the various parts on which this occurs, that the disease receives its various names. The deposit is, however, sometimes universal, in the form of a bloody suffiision throughout the v/hole skin, In others, swellings from the joints, or on the back or belly ; and in fact, no part is exempt from their attack. Sometimes the animal swells generally or partially, and the air being suffused under the skin, crackles to the feel. After any of these appearances have come on, the disease assumes a very malignant type, and is highly contagious. 176. Treatmentof inflammatory fever. Before the critical abscess form, or at the very outset of the disease, bleed liberally, and purge also : give likewise a fever drink (158.) If, however, the disease be not attended to, in this early stage, carefully abstain from bleeding or even purging: but instead, throw up clysters of warm water and salt to empty the bowels, and in other respects treat as detailed under malignant epidemic. (15.) It may be added, that four drachms of muriatic acid, in three pints of oak bark decoction, given twice a day, has proved useful. The swellings themselves may be washed with warm vinegar both before and after they burst. 177. Catarrh or influenza in cattle, also known by the name of felon, IS only a more mild form of the next disease. Even in this mild form it is sometimes epidemic, or prevalent among numbers; or endemical by being local. Very stormy wet weather, chan^ina frequently, and greatly also in its temperature, are common causes! We have seen it brought on by change of food from good to bad , and from too close pasturage. It first appears by a defluxion from the nose ; the nostrils and the eyelids are red ; the anmial heaves, IS tucked up m the flanks, and on the third day he loses the cud. 258 DISEASES OF CATTLE. There is a distressing and painful cough, and not unfrequently a sore throat also, in which case the beast almost invariably hoids down his head. The treatment does not at all differ from that directed under the same disease in horses (13.) Bleeding only the first two days, carefully sheltering, but in an open airy place, lit- tering well up, 178. The malignant epidemic influenza is popularly called mitr- ain or pest ; and has at various times made terrible havoc among cattle. Ancient history affords ample proof of its long existence, and by the accounts handed down, it does not seem to have varied its types materially. In 1757 it visited Britain, producing extreme fatality among the kine. From 1710 to 1714 it continued to rage on the continent with unabated fury, (Lancisiss Disputatio His- torica de Bovilla Peste.) The years 1730 and 1731, and from 1744 to 1746, witnp«sed its attack, and produced many written descrip- tions of it, among which stands pre-eminent tliat of Sauvages, the celebrated professor of medicine, at Montpelier. The British visi- tation of the malady in 1757, elicited an excellent work from the pen of Dr. Layard, a physician of liondon, which was afterwards trans- lated into several languages. 179. Symptoms of the murrain. Dr. Layard describes it as com- mencing by a difficulty of swallowing, and itching of the ears, shaking of the head, with excessive weakness and staggering gait ; which occasions a continual desire to lie down. A sanious foetid discharge invariably appears from the nostrils, and eyes also. — The cough was frequent and urgent. Fever, exacerbiating, par- ticularly at night, when it usually produced quickened pulse. — There was constant scouring of green foetid dung after the first two days, which tainted every thing around, even the breath, per- spiration, and urine were highly foetid. Little tumours or boils were very commonly felt under the skin, and if about the seventh or ninth day these eruptions become larger, and boils or buboes appear with lessened discharge of faeces, they proved critical and the animal often recovered ; but if on the contrary, the scouring continued, and the breath became cold, and the mouth dark in colour, he inlorms VIS mortality followed. Sauvages describes the murrain as showing itself by trembling, cold shivers, nose execrated with an acid dis- charge from it ; purging after the first two days, but previous to which there was often costiveness. Great tenderness about the spine and withers was also a characteristic, with emphysema, or a blowing up of the skin by air discharged underneath it. DISEASES OF CATTLE. 259 180. Dissections of those that have died of this disei&se, accordippr to Sauvages, have shown marks of great intlammauon, and of a great putrid tendency ; but the solid parts seldom ran into gan- grene. The fluid secretions however, always were sufficiently dissolved and broken down by putridity. The paunch, he says, was usually filled v/ith undigested matter, and the other stomachs hio-lily inflamed: the gall bladder was also commonly distended, with acrid thick brown bile. Goelich, who likewise dissected these subjects, describes the gall as particularly profuse and in- tolerably foetid. According to him, the whole alimentary canal, from the mouth to the anus was execrated ; and Lancisi, contrary to Sauvages, found the viscera of the chest and belly, in some cases sphacelated and gangrenous. Gazola describes the murrain as accompanied with pustulous sores; and so great was the putrid tendency, that even the milk, before it dried up, which it usually did before the fourth day, became foetid. 181. The treatment of the murrain. In the very early stages, all eminent authors recommend bleeding ; but which should not only be confined to the very early periods, as to the two first days ; but also to such subjects as by their previous health and condition can aear it. The animals should be placed in an open airy place ; the litter should be frequently renewed ; and the place itself should be fumigated with the preventative fumigation. (161.) It has been - recommended to burn green boughs with pitch as a substitute ; even charcoal fires occasionally carried around the place would be useful. Dr. Layard advises the body to be washed with aromatic herbs in water ; but vinegar would have been better. In early stages, saline purgatives, as from ten to twenty ounces of Epsom salts are to be invariably used. If the scouring have already come on, still, however, purge; but with only half the quantity; an arti- ficial purge will carry off the morbid bile ; and if excessive weakness do not come on, the same may be advantageously repeated. Setons are also recommended in the dewlap. When abscess appear, they may be opened, and their contents discharged, washing the wound with brandy or vinegar, if putrid sloughing takes place. The em- physematous swellings or cracklings, may also be opened, and the air discharged. Tlie other essentials of medical treatment, as detailed under malignant epidemic among horses, is here applicable in every particular. When recovery takes place, it is usually a very slow process, and requires care to prevent oth^r diseases super- vening. The animal should continue to be housed, and neither exposed to sun or wind for some time, and the feeding should be nutritious. Tlie following infallible cure of the bloody murrain in 23* 260 DISEASES OF CATTLE. cattle, was given by Mr. Jones, of Gloucester county, Va. to Mr. Benjamin Harrison, of Charles City County, Va. — " A quart of the infusion of cedar berries, (containing about half a pint of the ber- ries) was given at a time, and in nearly every case the good effects were almost instantaneous : a considerable discharge from the bladder and bowels followed, and in five or ten minutes time, the animal began to eat. In nineteen cases out of twenty a perfect cure was effected. It may be necessary to repeat the drench four or five times." 182. The prevention of the murrain, or the prevention of its spreading, in many respects is even more important than its medical treatment. Where it has already appeared, all the out-buildings, but particularly the ox-lodges or stalls, should be daily fumigated with the preventive fumigation (161 ;) and, even the whole of the infected districts should have f\-equent fires of green wood made in the open air, and every such district should be put under rigorous quarantine. The cattle on every farm should be carefelly examined three or four times every day, and the moment one is found to droop, he should be removed to a distance from the others. In very bad weather, while it is prevalent, the healthy cattle should be housed, and particularly well fed ; and their pastures should also be changed. The bodies of those who die o»f the disease should be buried with their skins on, very deep in the earth, and quick lime should be strewed over them. — Prevention — Mr. Wm. Minge, (of James River, Va.) recommends the u se of a mixture of clay, salt, (in the common proportion for slock) tar and powdered brimstone. For fifty head, one gallon of tar and half a pound of brimstone, per week, put in a trough to which the cattle had free access. The disease, it appears, is endemic in Virginia, particularly in the districts bor dering on tide water. 183. Phrenzy fever, or inflammation of the brain, called also cough, now and then, but by no means frequently, attacks cattle The symptoms differ but little from those which attack horses.- The treatment must be exactly similar. 184. Inflammation of the lungs occasionally occurs in cattle, in which also the symptoms, progress, and proper treatment, are similar to those detailed under that head in horse pathology (31.) 185. Inflammation of the stomach sometimes occurs from poison- ous matters ; and in such cases, when the nature of the poison is discovered, the treatment detailed under poison in horse pathology DISEASES OF CATTLE. 20 I must be pursued. But there is a species of indigestion, to which cattle are liable in the spring, from eating voraciously of the young sprouts of wood ; to which some woods are more conducive than others. The symptoms are heat, thirst, costiveness, lessened urine, quick and hard pulse, with heat and redness in the mouth and nose ; the belly is hard and painful, and the stools, when they appear, are covered with glare. When the mouth and nose discharge a serous fluid, the animal usually dies. 186. Treatment. Bleed at first, open the bowels by saline pur. gative?3 (164.) After this give large quantities of nitrated water, and clyster also largely. 187. The hove or blown in cattle is also an inflammatory aflTec- tion of the paunch, ending in paralysis and rupture of its substance. From the frequency of its occurrence, it has become a subject of investigation with almost every rational grazier, and a particular matter of inquiry with every agricultural body ; from whence it is now very successfully treated by the usual attendants on cattle, when skilful ; but when otherwise, it usually proves fatal. It is observed to be more frequent in warm weather and when the grass is wet. When either oxen, cows, or sheep, meet with any food they are particularly fond of, or of which they have been long deprived, as potatoes, turnips, the different grasses, particularly red clover ; they eat greedily, and forget to lie down to ruminate ; by which means the first stomach or paunch, becomes so distended aa to be incapable of expelling its contents. From this inflammation follows, and fermentation begins to take place : a large quantity ol air is let loose, which still adds to the distention, till the stomach either bursts, or by its pressure on the diaphragm, the animal is suffocated. Tliis situation of the beast is known by the uneasiness and general swelling of the abdomen ; with the circumstances of the animal being found with such food, or the presumption that i* has met with it. 188. Treatment. There are three modes of relieving the com- plaint, which may be adverted to according to the degree of distention, and length of time it has existed. These are internal medicines ; the introduction of a probang of some kind into the paunch by the throat : and the puncturing it by the sides. Dr. Whyatt of Edinburgh, is said to have cured eighteen out of twenty hoved cows, by giving a pint of gin to each. Oil, by condensing the air, has been successfully tried. Any other substance also, that has a strong power of absorbing air, may be advantageously given, 262 DISEASES OF CATTLE. Common salt and water, made strongly saline, is a usual country remedy. New milk, with a proportion of tar equal to one-sixth of the milk, is highly spoken of. A strong solution of prepared am- monia in water often brings off a great quantity of air, and relieves the anim'il. Any of these internal remedies may be made use of when the hoven has recently taken place, and is not in a violent degree. But when otherwise, the introduction of an instrument is proper, and is now very generally resorted to. The one principally in use is a species of probang, invented by Dr. Munro, of Edinburgh Another consisting of a cane of six feet in length, and of con siderable diameter, having a bulbous knob of wood, has been invented by Eager, which is a more simple machine, but hardly so effica- cious. It is probable that in cases of emergency, even the larger end of a common cart whip, dexterously used, might answer the end. But by far the best instrument for relieving hoven cattle, as well as for clystering them, is Read's enema apparatus, which is alike applicable to horses, cattle, and dogs. It consists of a syringe, to which tubes of different kinds are applied, according to the pur- pose, and the kind of animal to be operated upon. There is a long flexible tube for giving an enema to horses and cattle, and a smaller one for dogs. To relieve hoven bullocks eifectually, it is necessary not only to free the stomach from an accumulation of gas, but from the fermenting pultaceous mixture which generates it ; for this pur- pose a tube is applied to the extremity of the syringe, and then passed into the animal's stomach, through the mouth, and being put in action, the offending matter is discharged by a side opening When the same operation is performed on sheep, a smaller tube is made use of. The characteristic excellency of Read's instrument, is, that there is no limit to the quantity of fluid that may not be injected or extracted. The same syringe is used for extracting poison from the stomach of man, for smoking insects, extinguishing- fires, and syringing fruit trees. The introduction of any of these instruments may be effected by the help of an assistant, who should hold tiie horn of the animal by one hand and the dividing cartilage of the nose with the other; while the operator himself, taking the tongue in his left hand, employs his right in skilfully and carefully introducing the instrument; the assistant bringing the head and neck into such an attitude as to make the passage nearly straight,, which will greatly facilitate the operation. But when no instru- ments can be procured, or as cases may occur when indeed it is not advisable to try them, as when the disease has existed a considerable time, or the animal has become outrageous, or the stomach so much distended with air that there is danger of immediate suffocation or bursting : m these instances the puncture of the maw must be DISEASES OF CATTLE. 263 instantly performed, which is called launching. This may be done with the greatest ease ; midway between the illium or haunch bone, and the last rib of the left side, to wliich the paunch inclines ; a sharp pen-knife is frequently used, and persons in veterinary prac- tice should always keep a long trochar ; which will be found much the most efficacious, and by far the most safe, as it permits the air escaping certainly and quickly, at the same time that it prevents its entrance into the cavity of the abdomen, which would occasion an equal distention. As soon as the air is perfectly evacuated, and the paunch resumes its office, the trochar may be removed ; and in what- ever way it is done, the wound should be carefully closed with sticking plaster or other adhesive matter. It is necessary to observe, that this operation is so safe, that whenever a medical assistant cannot be obtained, no person should hesitate a moment about doing it himself. After relief has been affi)rded, a stimulant drink may yet be very properly given, such as half a pint of common gin ; or one ounce of spirit of hartshorn in a pint of ale ; or two ounces of spirit of turpentine in ale, may any of them be used as an assistant stimulus. When also the cud is again chewed, still some relaxation of the digestive organs may remain ; at first, therefore, feed spar- ingly and give for a few mornings a tonic. [130 No. 1.] 189. Inflammation of the bowels, or red colic, is by no means unknown in cattle pathology ; the symptoms of which do not differ from those common to the horse, and the treatment also, is in every respect the same. C45.) 190. Inflammation of the liver, or hot yellows, sometimes occur, in which case, in addition to the symptoms detailed under hepatitis in the horse (58,) there is, from the presence of systic bile in the ox, a more determined yellowness of the eye-lids, mouth, and nostrils ; the treatment must be similar. (58.) 191. Inflammation of the kidnies, called red water, by the cow- leeches, is not uncommon among cattle, and is perhaps dependent on the lobulated form of these parts in them. The animal to the other symptoms of fever, adds stiffness behind, and often straddles, but always shrinks on being pinched across the loins, where fre- quently increased heat is felt, the urine is sometimes scanty, and now and then increased in quantity, but it is always first red, then purple, and afterwards brown or black, when a fatal termination may be prognosticated. The treatment has been fully detailed under nephritis in the horse pathology, (60) and which consists in plentiful oleedings, &.c. but carefully abstaining from the use of diuretics, as advised by ignorant cow-leeches 264 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 192. Black water is only the aggravated and latter stages of the above 193. luflammatiGn of the bladder also now and then occurs, and in no wise differs from the cystisis of the horse, in consequences and treatment. (62.) 194. The colics of cattle, arise from different causes; they are subject to a spasmodic colic, not unlike that of horses, and which is removed by the same means. (53.) Costiveness also brings on a colic in them, called clue bound, fardel bound, &c. which often ends in red colic, unless early removed ; the treatment of this'we have fully detailed. (55.) Another colic is accompanied with relaxation of bowels. 195. Diarrhoea, scouring, or scouring cow, is common in cattle, and is brought on by exposure to rain, improper change of food, over driving, and other violences. It is essentially necessary that the animals be taken under cover, kept warm and dry, and have nutritious food allowed them. The medical treatment has been detailed. (52.) 196. Dysentery or braxy, bloody ray, and slimy flux, differs from simple scouring, in a greater degree of fever attending it, and in its being an inflammation of a particular kind, and part of the intes- tines. It is frequently dependent on a vitiated putrid state of the bile, brought on by over driving in hot weather, low damp pastures in autumn, &c. The discharge is characterized by its bad smell, and by the mucous stringy patches in it, and also by its heat and smoking when voided ; all which are very different from the mere discharge of the aliments in a state of solution in diarrhoea, and which differences should be carefully marked to distinguish the one from the other ; treat as under dysentery in the horse, (49.) 197. Yellows. When active fever is not present, and yet cattle are very dull, with great yellowness of eyelids, nostrils, &c. it arises from some biliary obstruction, to which oxen and cows are more liable than horses, from their being furnished with a gall bladder : it is a more common complaint in some of the cold pro- vinces on the continent, where they are housed and stall fed all the year round, than it is in England. The treatment is the same as detailed for chronic inflammation of the liver in horses (59) adding in every instance to it, a change of pasturage, and if convenient, into salt marshes, which will alone often effect a cure DISEASES OF CATTLE. 265 198. Loss of the cud. This enters the list of most cow-leeches* diseases, but is less a disease than a symptom of some other atfec- tion ; indeed it is evident that any attack sufficient to destroy the appetite will generally occasion the loss of the cud. It is possible, however, that an occasional local affection or paralysis of the paunch may occur, particularly when it is distended with unhealthy sub- stances, as acorns, crabs, the tops of some of the woody shrubs, «fcc. The treatment in such cases consists in stimulating the stomach by tonics, as aloes, pepper, and gin mixed; though these, as liquids may not enter the stomach in common cases, yet in this disease or impaired action of the rumen, they will readily enter there. 199. Staggers, daisy or turning, are sometimes the consequences of over feeding, particularly when from low keeping, cattle are suddenly removed to better pasturage. Treat with bleeding and purging. 200. Tetanus, or locked jaw, now and then attacks cattle, in which case it presents the same appearances and requires the same treat- ment as in horses. (11.) 201. Cattle surgery is in no respect different from that in prac tice among horses, the wounds are treated in the same manner. Goring with the horns will sometimes penetrate the cavity of the belly, and let out the intestines ; the treatment of which is the same as in the horse. (56.) Strains, bruises, &c. are also to be treated like these of horses. 202. Foul in the foot. This occasionally comes on of itself, but is more often the effect of accident : cleanse it well and keep it from dirt: — apply the foot paste. (166.) 203. Wornals, or puckeridge, are tumours on the backs of cattle occasioned by a dipterous insect which punctures their skin, and deposits its eggs in each puncture. When the eggs are hatched, and the larvae or maggots are arrived at their full size, they make their way out, and leave a large hole in the hide, to prevent which the destruction of the egg should be attempted by nipping the tumour, or thrusting in a hot wire. 204. Cattle obstetrics are not very varied ; you,ng cows of very full habits have sometimes a super-abundant secretion of milk before calving, which produces fever and heat ; sometimes from cold taken ; the same will occur after calving also : in either case, give mild dry food, or hay ; bathe the udder also with vinegar and water ; in some 4 266 DISEASES OP CATTLE. cases, warm fomentations do best. If the fever run high, treat as under fever in horse pathology. 205. The process of calving is usually performed without diffi. culty; sometimes, however, cross presentations take place, and sometimes a constriction of parts prevents the natural passage of the calf. To act properly on these occasions, great patience is required, and much mildness ; many cows have been lost by brutal pulling ; we have seen all the men and boys of a farm mustered to pull at a rope affixed about a calf, partly protruded, which, when it was thus brought away, was forced to be killed, and the mother soon died also from the protrusion of parts this bruta? force brought with the calf. A steady, moderate pull, during the throes of the animal, will assist much ; having first directed the attention to the situatioiA of the calf, and that the presentation is such as not to obstruct its progress ; if it does, the calf must be forced back, and turned or placed aright. 206. JVhethering, or retention of the after-birth or burden. It sometimes happens that this is retained ; for which no better remedy has been hitherto discovered than warm clothing and drenching with ale, administered as a forcer. 207. The diseases of calves are principally confined to a species of convulsions which now and then attacks them, and which some- times arises from worms, and at others fVom cold. When the first cause operates, it is then relieved by giving a mild aloetic purge, or in default of that, a mild dose of oil of turpentine, as half an ounce night and morning. In the second, wrap.up the animal warm, and drench with ale and laudanum a drachm. Calves are also very subject to diarrhoea or scouring, which will readily yield to the usual medicines. (131.) 208. Horn distemper or horn ail. A disorder incident to horned cattle, by which the internal substance of the horn (commonly called the pith, which is the spongy part of the bone) wastes away, &c. This disorder may be known by a dullness in the countenance, a sluggish motion, want of appetite, a desire to lie down frequently, shake their head and appear dizzy, &c. To be sure of this disease, take a small gimblet and perforate the horn 2 or 3 inches above the head : if it is hollow and no blood follows, it is the hollow horn ; This distemper is generally brought on by poverty, &c. Bore each horn at the upper and lower side that the drain may have vent, and administer at least two or three doses of salts or DISEASES OP CATTLE. 267 some gentle purgative ; inject into the horn strong vinegar and cam. phorated spirits of salt and vinegar : this will cleanse the horn and effect a cure. Sawing off the horn is sometimes performed, but the above receipt is preferable. 209. Vermin on cattle. It is found that a strong decoction of tobacco washed over a beast infected with vermin will generally drive them away. It sometimes will make the beast very sick for a short time. But a better remedy is to mix a plenty of strong Scotch snuff" in train oil, and rub the back and neck of the creature with it ; which will effectually kill or drive away all vermin from a quadruped. Salt — Let it be remembered, when given to animals, enables the farmer to increase his live stock and keep them in health ; hence it ought freely to be given to sheep and cattle of every description ; but, to imitate nature, it should be previously dissolved and then mixed with pure fine clay in a mass, which is to be placed under a shelter so that the animals may lap it at pleasure. 24 268 DISEASES OF SHEEP. THE DISEASES OF SHEEP. 210. The diseases of sheep are numerous ; for these animals are now so highly cultivated that they may be regarded in some respects as artificial machines : and thus, as a natural consequence, they are subject to a variety of artificial defects and maladies. 211. The rot is a popular term among shepherds, and includes within its range diseases widely different. We shall not therefore follow the custom of treating the different rots of sheep together ; but we shall allow them to fall in the natural order, according to the plan pursued with the diseases of oxen. 212. The inflammatory and putrid fever, popularly known by the names higham striking or blood striking, does not differ materially from the same disease in oxen and cows : and is in sheep also some- times epidemic ; appearing by panting, dullness, watery mucus from the nose and eyes, and great redness of all such parts as are usually white. 213. The red water. The inflammatory fever sometimes resolves itself into an universal secretion of serum throughout all the cavi- ties ; in which case after a few days, the lymph tinged witli blood will come away from the nose and mouth in large quantities. Some- times after death the bloody serum is found suffused throughout the skin as in the blood striking of skins. DISEASES OF SHEEP. 269 214. The claveau or sheep pox is also another variety of this dis- ease, in Avhich it takes on a pustular form. About the third day small variolfe appear : sometimes they are rather blotches than pus- tules. The weakness is usually extreme, and the putridity great. Tliis form of the disease is seldom seen with us ; but it is still known on the continent, where the pastures are very poor and low, and the general keeping meagre. 215. The treatment of all tliese in no wise differs from that di- rccted under the inflammatory putrid fever of the ox. The doses of medicines being about a third of what is directed for them. 216. Malignant epidemic or murrain. Sometimes an epidemic prevails which greatly resembles the murrain of oxen ; in appear- ances, termination, and treatment it resembles malignant epidemic of oxen. (178.) 217. Peripneumonia or inflamed lungs, rising of the lights, glan- derous rot, hose, ^c. These terms are all modifications of an in- flamed state of the viscera of the chest, caught by undue exposure, bad pasturage, and often from over driving. The cough, trem- blings, the redness of the eyes and nostrils, and the distillation of a fluid from them, with the heavings and hot breath, are all simi- lar to those which characterize pneumonia or rising of the lights in oxen. We remember to have seen the disease strongly marked in the February of 1808, on a farm in the neighbourhood of Streat- ham ; where eleven sheep were attacked almost together, after a very stormy night. They were first affected by a loss of appetite ; next with a fixed steadfast look, which was common to every one After this, they reeled about, fell backwards and became convulsed. When seen, five were almost dead, whose internal appearances fully confirmed the nature of the disease. The rest recovered by bleeding and drenching, with drenches composed of nitre and tar- tar emetic. Sometimes the symptoms of pneumonia do not kill immediately, but degenerate into an ulceration of the lungs ; which is then called the glanderous rot. This stage is always fatal : the others may, by early attention, be combatted by judicious treat- ment, as detailed under the same disease in oxen. 218. A chronic cough in sheep, when not symptomatic of rot, is always cured by a change of pasturage, particularly into a salt mash. 219. Ivfiammation of the stomach occurs from various causes. A 270 DISEASES OF SHEEP. common one arises from eating noxious veg that mad dogs, from their heat and fever, are solicitous for water, and lap it eagerly. When the dumb kind exists in its full force, dogs cannot swallow what they attempt to lap ; but still they will plunge their heads in it, and appear to feel relief by it : but in no instance out of many hundreds, did he ever discover the smallest aversion to it. He lays very great stress on the noise made by rabid dogs, which he says is neither a bark nor a howl, but a tone compounded of both. It has been said by some that this disorder is occasioned by heat or bad food, and by others that it never arises from any other cause but the bite. Accordingly this malady is rare in the northern parts of Turkey, more rare in the southern parts of that empire, and totally unknown under the burning sky of Egypt. At Aleppo, where these animals perish in great numbers for want of water and food, and by the heat of the climate, this disorder was never known. In other parts of Africa and in the hottest zone in America, dosfs are ne- •"er attacked with madness. Blaine knows of no instance of the complaint being cured, although he has tried to their fullest extent, DISEASES OF DOGS. 285 the popular remedies of profuse bleedings, strong mercurial and ar- senical doses, vinegar, partial drowning, night shade, water plan- tain, &-C. he therefore recommends the attention to be principally directed towards the prevention of the malady. 260. The ineventive treatment of rabies or madness, is according to Blaine, always an easy process in the human subject, from the immediate part bitten, being easily detected ; in which case the removal of the part by excision or cautery is an effectual remedy. But unfortunate for the agriculturist, it is not easy to detect the bitten parts in cattle, nor in dogs ; and it would be therefore most desirable if a certain internal preventive were generally known. Dr. Mead's powder, the Ormskirk powder, sea bathing, and many other nostrums are deservedly in disrepute : while a few country remedies, but little known beyond their immediate precincts, have maintained some character. Conceiving that these must all pos- sess some ingredient in common, he was at pains to discover it ; and which he appears to have realized by obtaining among others the compositions of Webb's Watford drink. In this mixture, which is detailed below, he considers the active ingredient to be the buxus or box, which has been known as a prophylactic as long as the times of Hippocrates and Celsus, who both mention it. The reci- pe detailed below has been administered to nearly three hundred animals of different kinds, as horses, cows, sheep, swine and dogs : and appears to have succeeded in nineteen out of every twenty cases where it was fairly taken and kept on the stomach. It appears also equally efficacious in the human subject ; in which case he advises the extirpation of the bitten parts also. The box preven- tive is thus directed to be prepared: — Take of the fresh leaves of the tree-box, two ounces ; of the fresh leaves of rue, two ounces; of sage, half an ounce; chop these fine and boil in a pint of water to half a pint ; strain carefully, and press out the liquor very firmly ; put back the ingredients into a pint of milk, and boil again to half a pint ; strain as before ; mix both liquors, which forms 'three do- ses for a human subject. Double this quantity is proper for a horse or cow. Two-thirds of the quantity is sufficient for a large dog; half for a middling sized, and one-third for a small dog. Three do- ses are sufficient, giving each subsequent morning fasting, the quan- tity directed being that which forms these three doses. As it some- times produces strong effects on dogs, it may be proper to begiii with a small dose, but in the case of dogs we hold it always pru- dent to increase the dose till the effects are evident, by the sick- ness, panting, and uneasiness of the dog. In the human s^ibject where this remedy appears equally efficacious, we have never wic- nessed any unpleasant or artive effects, neither are such obp-iyrvea 286 DISEASES OF DOGS. in cattle of any kind. About forty human persons have taken this remedy, and in every instance it has succeeded equally as with ani- mals : but candor obliges us to noti'ce that in a considerable pro- portion of these, other means were used, as the actual or potential cautery : but in all the animals other means were purposely omit- ted. That this remedy therefore has a preventive quality, is un- questionable, and now perfectly established ; for there was not tho smallest doubt of the animals mentioned either having been bitten, or of the dog being mad who bit them, as great pains were in every instance taken to ascertain these points. 261. To prevent canine madness. Pliny recommends worming of dogs ; and from his time to the present it has had, most de- servedly says Daniel its advocates. He tells us, that he had various opportunities of proving the usefulness of this practice, and re- commends its general introduction. The fact, however, is, that taking out the worm has nothing to do with annihilating the dis- order, although it will most certainly hinder the dog seized with it from doing any hurt to man or beast. A late author asserts, he had three dogs that were wormed, bit by mad dogs at three se- veral periods, yet notwithstanding they all died mad — they did not bite, nor do any mischief, that being determined to make a full experiment, he shut one of the mad dogs up in a kennel, and put to him a dog he did not value — the mad dog often run at the other to bite him, but his tongue was so swelled that he could not make his teeth meet ; the dog was kept in the kennel until the mad one died, and was purposely preserved for two years af- terwards, to note the^effect, but he never ailed any thing, although no remedies were applied to check any infection that might have been received from the contact of the dog. The writer has had various opportunities of proving the usefulness of worming, and inserts three of the most striking instances, under the hope of in- ducing its general practice. A terrier-bitch went mad, that was kept in a kennel with forty couple of hounds ; not a single hound was bitten, nor was she seen to offer to bite. The bitch being of a peculiar sort, every attention was paid to the gradations of the disease (which were extremely rapid) minutely noted ; the hy. drophobia was fast approaching before she was separated from the hounds, and she died the second day after ; at first warm milk was placed before her, which she attempted to lap, but the throat refused its functions ; from this period she never tried to eat or drink, seldom rose up, or even moved, the tongue swelled very much, and long before her death the jaws were distended by it. A spaniel was observed to be seized by a strange dog, and was uit in the lip ; the servant who ran up to part them narrowly es- DISEASES OF DOGS. 287 caped, as the dog twice flew at him ; a few minutes after the dog had quitted the yard, the people who had pursued, gave no- tice of the dog's madness, who had made terrible havoc in a course of ten miles from whence he had set off. The spaniel was a great favourite, liad medicine applied, and every precaution ta- ken ; upon the fourteenth day he appeared to loathe his food, and his eyes looked unusually heavy : the day following he endeavored to lap milk, but could swallow none ; from that time the tongue began to swell : he moved but seldom and on the third day he died ; for many hours previous to his death, the tongue was so enlarged, that the fangs or canine teetli could not meet each other by up- wards of an inch. The hounds were some years after parted with, and were sold in lots : a madness broke out in the kennel of the gentleman who purchased many of them, and although several of these hounds were bitten and went mad, only one of them ever attempted to bite, and that was a hound from the Duke of Port- land's, who in the operation of worming had the worm broke by his struggling, and was so troublesome that one half of it was suf. fered to remain ; the others all died with symptoms similar to the terrier and spaniel, viz : a violent swelling of the tongue, and a stupor rendering them nearly motionless, and both which symp- toms seemed to increase with the disease. The idea that worming prevents a dog from receiving the infection when bitten should be exploded ; but the foregoing show how far it may be recommended for the restriction of a malady horrid in its effects, where a human being is concerned, and which to the sportsman and farmer are at- tended with such dangerous and expensive consequences. Blaine on the contrary, asserts, that the practice of worming is wholly useless and founded in error ; and that the existence of any thing like a worm under the tongue is incontestibly proved to be false ; and that what has been taken for it, is merely a deep ligature of the skin, placed there to restrain the tongue in its motions. He also observes, that the pendulous state of the tongue in what is called dumb madness, with the existence of a partial paralysis of the under jaw, which they could not bite, having happened to dogs previously wormed, has made the inability to be attributed to this source, but wliich is wholly an accidental circumstance ; and hap- pens equally to the wormed and unwormed dog, 262. The worming of whelps is performed with a lancet, to slit the thin skin which immediately covers the worm ; a small awl is then to be introduced under the centre of the worm to raise it up ; tiie farther end of the worm will with very little force make its appearance, and with a cloth taking hold of that end, the other will be drawn out easily ; care should be taken that the whole of 288 DISEA.SES OF DOGS. the worm comes away without breaking, and it rarely breaks un- less cut into by the lancet, or wounded by the awl. 263, Mange. This is a very frequent disease in dogs, and is an affection of the skin, either caught by contagion, or generated by the animal. The scabby mange breaks out in blotches along t'he back and neck and is common to Newfoundland dogs, terriers, pointers, and spaniels, and is the most contagious. The euro should be begun by removing the first exciting cause, if remova- ble, such as filth or poverty ; or, as more general the contrary (for both will equally produce it,) too full living. Then an ap- plication should be made to the parts, consisting of sulphur and sal ammoniac : tar lime water will also assist. When there is much heat and itching, bleed and purge. Mercurials sometimes assist, but they should be used with caution ; dogs do not bear them well. Or, fresh butter, free from salt, quarter of a pound ; red precipitate, one ounce ; Venice turpentine, one ounce : mix the whole well to- gether, and put it into a pot for use, rub it on the parts affected morning and evening, keep your dog tied up, and keep him warm and dry for some days. 264. Worms. Dogs suffer very much from worms, which as in most animals, so in them are of several kinds : but the effects pro- duced are nearly similar. In dogs having the worms the coat gen- erally stares ; the appetite is ravenous though the animal frequently does not thrive ; the breath smells, and the stools are singular, sometimes loose and slimy, and at others hard and dry ; but the most evil they produce is occasional fits, or sometimes a continued state of convulsion, in which the animal lingers sometime and then dies ; the fits they produce are sometimes of the violent kind ; at others they exhibit a more stupid character, the dog being senseless and going round continually. The cure consists while in this state, in active purgatives joined with opium, and the warm bath ; any rough substance given internally, acts as a vermifuge to prevent the recurrence. ADDENDA. ANNALS OF THE TURF, AND AMERICAN STUD BOOK, RULES OF TRAINING, RACING, &c. RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED TO THE AMATEUR, SPORTSMAN, AND BREEDER OF THE A]TI£RI€A]¥ TURF HORI§£. EDITOR'S PREFACE. The Publisher of the following work, with a view to an extension of its value, and to bestow on posterity a list of some of our most celebrated blood horses and mares, as well as those that have been imported, has added, with all the care the object so well merits, an American Stud Book, that such as may wish to breed from a particular stock, may trace the pedigree, in a way more satisfactory than vague report. The pub- lisher thankfully acknowledges, that he is much in- debted for information derived from the "American Farmer^'' and '''•American Turf Register, ^^ edited by J. S. Skinner, Esq. of Baltimore, to which works he confidently refers such of his readers as may wish fur- ther information as to the performance of many of the stud herein noticed, as well as for other particulars, perhaps too numerous for insertion in a small volume. The pubUsher will not deny, that errors may una- voidably occur in a work of this sort; but he offers it with a confidence, nevertheless, that it contains a greater number of pedigrees of blooded horses, than has been ever before published in our country ; and that it will be considered, at least, as meriting the con- sideration which should attach to a work, possibly proving an introduction to a complete Stud Book. ANNALS OF THE TURF. llespectfuUy inscribed to the Amateur^ Sporisma?i, and Breeder' of the American Turf Horse, Annals of the Turf. — " The transcendent consequence of tlie liorse to man in every possible stage of human existence, has been fciie invariable theme of writers on the subject from the earliest records of time. Indeed it is impossible to conceive any other, out of the vast variety of animals destined by nature to human use, which can, with the least prospect of success, dispute with the favourite horse the palm of his master's predilection and attachment. It is an attachment of a truly rational nature, and to a most worthy ohjecL Tlie very idea of being supported at ease by an auxiliary and borrowed animal power, and of being safely borne from place to place, at will, v/ith a pleasant and gentle motion, or with the rapidity of lightning, must have impressed the mind of the first dis- coverers of the mighty benefits of the horse, with ineffable delight. Such sentiments and feelings respecting this noble animal have been constantly entertained and handed down to us from the earliest ages. The general beauty, the harmony of proportion, the stateli- ness and delicacy of the superior species of tliis paragon of brute animals, could not fail of inspiring admiration in the breasts even of savao-a and untutored men. Time and the improving faculties of man, gradually developed the various uses aud qualifications of the horse. Endowed by mature with a portion of intellect, with a generous pliability of disposition and fortitude of heart, with vast and energetic bodily powers, lie was found capable of bearing a sort of social part in all the pleasures and labours of man. lie was associated with his master in the pleasures of the journey and the chase ; he shares willingly and v/ith ardour in the dangers of the martial field ; and with a steady prowess partook in the humble labours of cultivating the soil for mutual subsistence. By the most illustrious nations of either ancient or modti'n times, the horse has ever been esteemed of the higliest worth and consequence, and treated with a distinction and attendance befitting his rank as t!ie first of domestic animals, approximating in society and .service to human nature. It is amono- the most savage and debased tribes of men only, that the breed, condition, and comforts of this noble ani- mal have been neglected." This quotation from a very splendid English work on the blood horse, is no less just in sentiment than beautiful in language. It is proposed to treat of the value of the blood horse to our common stocks, and of the various uses to which his conformation adapts him. It has at every period been fashionaljle with a certain class of moralists, who were more rigid than correct, to decry llio sports of the turf; and, further, to contend that the breed of horses having received all the improvement of which it is susceptible, from the blood horse, the further propagation of the latter is useless ; they 2G 292 ANNALS OE THE TURF. would further have horse racing abolished, and the horses applied generally as stallions. But the use which these sort of reasoners would propose to derive from the racing breed, would soon destroy itself. They do not consider that in racing the necessity for thor- ough blood, is obvious and imperative, and such is a sure ground of its preservation. Were the sports of the turf to be abandoned, that unerring test, by which to ascertain the purity of the blood, and the other requisite qualities of the race horse, would be lost, and consequently, that glorious and matchless species, the thorough bred courser, would in no great length of time, become extinct among us — and with him all his noble and valuable properties, and his place be supplied by a gross, ill-shaped, or spider legged mongrel, which would insure the degeneration of the whole race. I would ask, is not a cross of the blood horse upon the common stock in- dispensable to insure us light footed and quick fnoving saddle hor- ses ? Where do we go for the parade or cavalry horse if it is not the blooded stock, or to those highly imbued with that blood ? Did not the speed and wind of the cavalry horses of Colonels Lee and Washington, during the revolutionary war, give those commanders a decided superiority over the enemy in the kind of warfare they waged, where celerity of movement was all important ? and were not those horses procured in Maryland and Virginia, and partook of the best racing blood of those states? The value of the blood, or southern horse, from their ability to carry high -weights, was strongly exemplified in the wars of the ancients ; as they rode to war in heavy armour, and always selected and preferred for this purpose their highest bred horses, which were also frequently covered, like their riders, in heavy armour. In former times in England, their hunters were only half bred horses, but later observations and expe- rience have fully convinced them that only those that are thorough bred (notwithstanding the popular clamour of their deficiency in bone) are adequate in speed, strength, and durability, to long and severe chases with fleet hounds, particularly over a deep country, and that they will always break down any horses of an opposite description that may be brought into the field. The value of the racing blood when crossed upon the common cart breed is also apparent in making them superior in the plough and wagon, provided they have the requisite size, arising from quicker action and a better wind particularly in the long hot days of summer. There is the same difference of motion between the racer and the common bred horse as between a coach and a cart. It is moreover a fact, although not generally knovv^n, that no other horses are capable of carrying with expedition such heavy weights ; and were "a thirty stone plate (420 lbs.) to be given, and the dis- tance made fifty miles, it would be everlastingly won by the thor- ough bred horse. There is only one way in which a bred horse would be beat at high weights ; it would be (to' use a queer phrase,) to make it a stand still race ; in that case, I would back a cart horse ; I think he would beat a racer by hours." The strength of the race horse, and his ability to carry high weights, arise from the solidity of his bones, the close texture of his fibres, the bulk and substance of his tendons, and from his whole ANNALS or THE TiJRF. 293 peculiar conformation. His superior speed and endurance originate from his obliquely placed shoulders, depth in the girth, deep oval quarters, broad fillets, pliable sinews, and from the superior duc- tility and elasticity of his muscular appendages. It is also from the blood horse that we acquire fineness of skin and hair, symmetry and regularity of proportions, elegance and grandeur. As a proof of the latter qualities, the highest dressed horses of the ancient emperors are invariably of the highest cast of Arabian or Southern blood. The object of the preceding remarks was to show the impolicy of discouraging the sports of the turf, as being the indispensable test by which to try the purity of our blooded stock, and the only certain means of insuring its preservation ; that the thorough bred horse was beyond all question, the most useful species of the whole genus, since he was applicable to every possible purpose of labour in which horses are used, either for the saddle, for war, parade, hunting, the road or quick draught, and even for the laborious ser- vices of the wagon and plough. It now only remains to make some remarks (as connected with the above t©pics) on tlie standing and prospects of future patronage which the sports of the turf have in England and this country. It is an undeniable fact that the high degree of improvement to which the blood of stock horses in Eng- land have attained, is mainly owing to the liberal and weighty pa- tronage which has invariably been extended to the sports of the turf in that country ; it is patronised as a national anuisement by the royal favour and munificence, and directly encouraged by the most distinguished nobility and gentry ; by men who are ranked as her chief statesmen. The decline of this sport has fi-equcntly been predicted in that country, particularly at unfortunate periods of war and distress ; but it has been steadily maintained for more than a century, with few or no fluctuations, and is at this time in a high state of prosperity. Never were so many thorough bred stallions kept in England as at present — never was New Market, Epsom, or Doncaster, better attended than at the late meetings. The numbei of blood horses annually exported from England is unusually great, and to her, Russia, France, Austria, and the United States of America, the East and West Indies, have been long indebted for their most valuable stocks. In Virginia the sports of the turf have been revived and are ex- tending over the state with great spirit, and are infusing into her citizens a due sense of their importance in giving value to the race horse. Virginia has long held a pre-eminence over every other state in the Union in raising fine horses — and it is mainly to be attributed to the passion for this fascinating and rational amuse- ment, to the steady encouragement given to it at all times, both during adverse and prosperous tirnes, since the state had its foun- dation in a colony. To her the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, have always looked for a supply of blooded stallions ; to her they still are indebted as well as the new states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, &c. Let then Virginia maintain and in. crease this celebrity, by adopting all means which are calculated to promote so laudable a distinction. Let her place and extend the 2y4 ANNALS OF THE TURF. sports of the turf on the most liberal and equitable basis, and let her, in order to give increased value to her racing stock, speedirly pub- lish a Stud. Book. Origin and progressive improvement of the race horse. It cannot but be an interesting task to inquire into the origin of the turf horse, and to ascertain the means by which he has been brought to his present high state of perfection. The English writers main tain the theory, that the horse genus was supposed to have consist- ed originally of tv/o grand divisions or species : the silken-haired, flat, and fine bone courser, and the full bodied, coarse, and rough- haired steed, adapted to draught and themore laborious purposes. From these two original species may fairly be derived all those numerous varieties which we at this day witness in different parts of the world. Soil and climate most undoubtedly have considerable effects, through a long course of ages, in producing varieties of form, colour, character, and properties. The largest horses are generally found to be the production of the rich low lands of the temperate climates, abounding in rich and succulent food. The fine skinned, with elegant symmetry, dry and solid bones, large tendons, and the highest degree of muscular energy, in fact, bearing the general characteristics of the blood horse, are bred under warm and southern skies, upon a dry soil, on the hills of the desert. The hypothesis is entertained, that Arabia is the native or breeding country of the courser, and that part of Europe, formerly denomil nated the Netherlands, or Low Countries, the original soil of the large draught horse. Other writers, however, contend, that all horses are derived from the same single primitive species, and that varieties are purely accidental and the effects of varying soil and climate. This opinion, however specious, is not sanctioned by facts and experience in allowing full force to the arguments derived from the effect of soil and climate, yet it is equally true there are certain landmarks and boundaries of specific character, in both the animal and vegetable creation, which nature will never permit to be passed. No length of time or naturalization upon the marshy soil of Bel- gium, it may safely be pronounced, would be sufl^icient to transform the high bred, silken and bounding courser of Arabia, into the coarse, blulF and fixed horse of the former country ; nor would the sojournment of the latter, during any number of ages, in the south, have the effect of endowing him with these peculiar properties of body, which distinguish the aboriginal southern horse. The inter- change just supposed, would no doubt have the effect of increasing the bulk of the courser and reducing that of the draft horse ; but the natural characteristics of each, would remain unassailable by any other medium than that of intercopulation through which we know from experience they may be merged, and in effect an- nihilated. Arabia Deserta is allowed to be the breeding country of the purest and highest bred racers ; that is to say, possessed in the highest de- gree of those qualities which distinguish the species ; and tiiese are sleekness and flexibilivy of the skin, and general symmetry from the liead to the lowest extremities. The eye full and shining, the head ANNaij* Ol' THE TURF. 295 joined, not abruptly, but to a curved extremity of the neck ; the shoulders capacious, deep or counter, and declining considerably into the waist ; the quarters deep, and the fore arms and tliighs long-, hirge and nmscular, with a considerable curve of the latter; the leg-s flat and clean, with the tendon or sinew large and distinct; the l>asterns moderately long, the feet somewhat deep, the substance of the hoof fine, like that of the deer ; in size not large, seldom ex- ceeding or reaching the height of fifteen hands. It is in the mountainous country, among the Bedouin Arabs, that the blood and charactcrislic properties of this species of the horse, has been preserved pure and uncontaminated by any alien mixture or cross, as they pretend, for more than two thousand years. It is well known that the English race horse was originally bred from the Arabian, Barb, and Turkish stocks, and contains in his veins nearly an equal admixture of the blood of each. The Bar- bary horses were generally smaller than the Arabians, but carried more depth of carcase. Their most prominent points are, ears handsome and w^ell placed ; forehand fine and long, and rising boldly out of the Avithers ; main and tail thinly haired ; with lean .small head ; withers fine and high, loins short and straight, flanks and ribs round and full, wuth good sized barrel ; tail placed high ; haunches strong and elastic ; thighs well turned ; legs clean ; si- news detached from the shank ; pastern too long and binding ; foot good and sound ; of all colours, but grey the most common. They are bred upon a similar soil and sprung from the desert like the Arabians, of which they are generally deemed a variety. In goodness of temper and docility these horses resemble the former, and are said to be very sure footed ; generally cold tempered and slow, requiring to be roused and animated, on which they will discover great vigour, wind and speed, being in their gallop great stridors, Tbe Turkish horses resembled the Barbs, and were said to be handsome, elegantly formed, full of spirit, possessing fine hair, boft ekins, good speed, but more particularly remarkable for their un- failing wind, enabling them to undergo much labour and fatigue. It is a curious physical question, that the Arabian, Barb,, and Turkish horses, should, only in particular individuals, have proved valuable foal getters, and that these properties should be denied to the generality of them, and that the whole of them should eo soon be laid aside. Out of the vast number of these foreign horses imported into England in early times, but very few of them estab- lished their characters as the propagators of high formed racers : and it may be assumed as a fact, that for some more than half a century past, not a solitary Arabian, Barb, or Turkish stallion has been used in England ; or if used at all, were found to be utterly worthless. England soon discovered that from her fine climate and soil, she had obtained in size, form and speed, every quality which the best models of the original foreign breeding countries could aflbrd to her, it is true she had to resort to the Arabians and Barbs for a foundation ; but as soon as the stock arising from them had been suificiently acclunated and diffused through the country, she found 26* Ai96 AiSNALS OF TJiE TURF. it safest to rely upon them for all those qualities which they them selves had acquired from their foreign progenitors. The early English breeders found the Araljian stock to consti- tute an excellent cross upon the Barb and Turk, as from the Ara- bian blood was acquired speed, stoutness and stride from the Barb, length and height from the Turk. But of all the foreign stallions imported into England in early times, the fame of the two great Arabians, the Darley and Godol- phin, has swallowed up tliat of all the rest ; and the best English horses for nearly a century past, have been either deeply imbued in their blood, or entirely deriA^ed from it. They have produced stock of vast size, bone and substance, and at the same time en • dowed with such extraordinary and before unheard of powers of speed and continuance, as to render it probable that individuals of them have reached nature's ultimate point of perfection. The descendants of these Arabians have rendered the English courser superior to all the others, not only in the race, where indeed he has long excelled, but as a breeding stock. To such of my readers as are unacquainted with the history of that justly celebrated horse, the Godolphin Arabian, the following - particulars of him may not be unacceptable. He was in colour a brown bay, somewhat mottled on the buttocks and crest, but with no white excepting the oif heel behind ; about fifteen hands high, with good bone and substance. The fame of the Godolphin Ara- bian was greatly increased by the famous picture which was taken of him by the immortal Stubbs, and which sold at his sale for 246 guineas. This portrait of the Godolphin is doubtless an admirable piece ; it represents his crest as exceedingly large, swelling and elevated, his neck elegantly curved at the sitting on of the head, and his muzzle very fine. He had considerable length ; his ca- pacious shoulders were in the true declining position, and of every part materially contributary to action, nature had allowed him an ample measure : add to this, there is in his whole appear- ance, the express image of a wild animal, such as we may sup- pose the horse of the desert. Certainly the horse was no beauty, but with his peculiar and interesting figure before me, I cannot , help wondering, that it should not occur to his noble proprietor, a true sportsman as he was, that the Arabian might be worthy of a trial as a stallion. This horse was imported by Mr. Coke into England, and it was strongly suspected that he was stolen, as no pedigree was obtained with him, or the least item given, as to the country where he was bred ; the only notice given, was, that he was foaled in 1724. Mr. Coke gave him to Mr. Williams, keeper^ of the St. James' Coffee House, who presented him to the Earl of Godolphin. In this noble lords' stud he was kept as a teazer to Hobgoblin, during the years 1730 and 1731, when that stallion re- fusing to cover Roxana, she was covered by the Arabian, the pro- duce of which was Lath, not only a very elegant and beautiful horse, but, in the general opinion, the best which had appeared on the turf since Flying Childers. The Arabian served for the re-- mainder of his life in the same stud, producing a yearly succession of prodigies of the species. He died in the year 1753, in his 29th ANNALS OF THE TURF. 297 year, and was decently buried, and cakes and ale were given at the funeral of his flesh. The followin^g famous horses, some of which were of great size and powers, besides many others with a great number of capital racing and brood mares, descended from the Go- dolpliin Arabian, viz : Lath, Cade, Regulus, Babram, Blank, Dis- mal, Bajazet, Tamerlane, Tarquin, Phoenix, Slug, Blossom, Dor- mouse, Skewball, Sultan, Old England, Noble, the Gower Stal- lion, Godolphin Colt, Cripple, Entrance. Mr. Darley, of a sporting family in Yorkshire, being a mercan- tile agent in the Levant, and belonging to a hunting club at Alep- po, made interest to purchase a horse, one of the most valuable ever hnported in England, and which fully established the worth of the Arabian stock. He was a bay horse, his near foot before, with his two hind feet white, with a blaze in his face, and about fifteen hands high; he was imported into England in the year 1703, then four years of age. The Darley Arabian, (for such he was called,) got Flying Chil- ders, Bartlett's Childers, Almanzor, Whitclegs, Cupid, Brisk, Dee. dalus, Skipjack, Manika, Aleppo, Bully Rock, Whistlejacket, &c. This horse had not that variety of mares which annually pour- ed in upon the Godolphin Arabian, indeed he covered very few except those of Mr. Darley his proprietor — ^but from these sprung the largest and speediest race horses which were ever known. — Flying Childers and Eclipse, the swiftest beyond a doi^bt of all quadrupeds, were the son and great grand son of this Arabian, from which, also, through Childers and Blaze, descended Samp- son, the strongest horse that ever raced before or since his time ; and from Sampson was descended Bay Malton, who ran at York four miles in seven minutes forty-three and a half seconds, being seven and a half seconds less than it was ever done before over the same course. On crossing, breeding and rearing the Turf Horse. The subject of crossing is one of the most important which has ever engaged the attention of the breeder or amateur, and it is still left in doubt whether we ought to adhere to remote crossing in propagating the race horse, or that we may successively breed " in and in," viz. putting horses and mares together of the same family. All that we can do is to disclose the facts whiclvthat unerring guide, experience, has established, and the exceptions to the rule which those facts have pointed out to us. Crossing, or intermix- ing the blood of different racing breeds, has ever prevailed upon the turf, and experience has proven it to be a rational practice, when adopted with the view of an interchange of the requisite qualifications, external or internal ; such as the union of speed and bottom, slenderness and substance, short and long shapes. Experience tells us that the greatest success has ever attended those breeders and that the most valuable stock has resulted there- from, who have adhered to remote crosses. The finest running and highest formed horses that have appeared in England were bred from the union of two distinct stocks, the Herod and Eclipse. The former stock was invariably remarkable for stoutness and lasting- ness, the latter for speed and by the union of these opposite 298 ANNALS OF THE TURF. qualities (whereby a remote cross was taken up,) a stock was ob- -tained in which was blended a sufficiency of the requisite quali- ties of both to make first rate running horses. There w^as another distinct stock in England, which crossed well upon the Herod and Eclipse branches ; I allude to the Matchem or Godolphin Arabian Stock ; and it may here be remarked, that there has not been in England a first rate running horse on the turf for the last 70 years, without more or less blood of this valuable horse. How- ever necessary a remote cross may be considered, yet exceptions have arisen to it as a rule, as some of the most distingui-shed horses in England were bred considerably in and in — Flying Childers for instance, considered the fleetest horse in the world. Old Fox, also a celebrated racer and valuable stallion, had an affinity of blood in his pedigree, as well as other high formed racers and stallions. But these exceptions arose in Great Britain in her early days of breed- ing, when that country was enriched by the importation of par- ticular Barb, Turk, and Arabian horses that had peculiar and ex- traordinary properties as stock getters, as their immediate descen- dants constituted the best racers of those days, and demonstrated that the character of the English race horse had attained its utmost perfection at that early date. At a later period, but little success had attended the effi^rts of those who have bred in and in. The Earl of Egreniont has occa- sionally tried it, as well as Lord Derby (the owner of Sir Peter Teazle,) but with little encouragement. Still the British writers are divided on the subject : Morland, in his treatise on the gene- alogy of the English blood horse, expressly says, that incestuous crosses should be avoided, viz : putting horses and mares together of the same class ; while on the other hand Lawrence, in his splendid work on the " History and delineation of the Race Horse," makes the following remark of an opposite tendency : " An adhe- rence to the practice (of remote crossing) cannot be held indispen- sably necessary on any sound theory ; nor need any disadvantage be apprehended from coupling horses and mares of the same breed or family, even the nearest relative, upon the principles above and hereafter laid down. I have often heard of, and indeed seen, mis- erable legged and spindled stock resulting from such a course, but other very visible causes existed for the result. " According to the adage, " like produces like," we ought to follow form and qualifixation ; and if a brother and sister, or father and daughter excel in those respects all others within our reach, we ought to enjoin them with good expectations, for aught I know to the end of the chapter : and the prejudiced fear of adopting this practice, has often led our breeders into the error of adopting an inferior form from the presumed necessity of a cross." The present remarks are peculiarly applicable to the breeders of the race horse in Virginia, for they are at this very time making the experiment of breeding " in and in," or from the same family of horses, as it is well known that all the turf horses now and for the last ten years past, produced in that state, are pf the " Sir Archy stock." It were to be wished that there was a greater variety of the race blood m that state to give breeders a wider field for selection ; a descendan* ANNALS OF THE TURF. 20J) of Medley or Citizen would cross well upon the present numerous stock of Sir Arcliy, and it would perhaps have been a fortunate cir- cumstance, could the celebrated horse Pocolet, (who was bred and raised in Virginia,) have been retained in that state. The subject of breeding is the next which claims our attention. The business of breeding is divided into the systematic and chance medley; the formation of regular studs and observing some fixed principles, characterize the former ; while the latter is a kind of random affair, common to the whole country where foals are raised for a man's pleasure or convenience, for which no extra pre- parations are made, or much reflection bestowed, further than to make use of any mare that may chance to be in possession, and of any horse which the vicinity affords or custom may present. In the formation of studs, the object generally had in view is breeding for the turf, and one of the first principles is to breed from no stallions unless they be thorough bred ; in plain terms, both their sires and dams must be of the purest of the Turkish, Barb or Arabian coursers exclusively, and this must be tested in an authentic pedigree, throughout whatever number of descents or crosses.* The^rood mare should be equally pure or thorough bred, and par- ticular attention should be paid to her form, as one of the prime causes of failure of most breeders is confining their attention solely to the horse, without paying sufficient attention to the form of the mare, and permitting fashionable blood and the supposed necessity of a cross to have too decided a preference to correctness of shape. To constitute a thorough bred animal, and to assure the attainment of every desired quality or perfection, both the male and female ought to possess it. Experience has proven the correctness of tlie principle that " like produces like ;" acting upon this principle, we have the best assurances to expect success from a junction of the best shapes or the greater number of. good points we can combine, both in the horse and the mare, from sucli junction the average will be favourable, true form will result from the union of true form in both sire and dam ; and the next general result will be, that every horse sufficiently well formed, and furnished in the material points, will excel either in speed or continuance, or will possess an advan- tageous mixture of both. Blood is blood, but form is superiority. In rearhig of turf horses, the following principles are recom- mended by the most successful breeders : the land to be dry and sound, the harder the better, provided it be fertile : irregularity of surface a recommendation. Fresh springs or streams, shade and shelter, and extensive range. Sufficient number of inclosures, both for each species, which it is necessary to keep apart, and to prevent too great a number of any being crowded together. Houses *There is a practice in Virginia and North Carolina, in giving the pedi gree of a stallion, to name only one or two crosses, particularly on the dam'? side, and then pronounce liim " the finest bred horse in the world." Wlio can pronounce on a horse's good or bad blood unless we know the whole of it ? He may Dace to the common diay breed of tlie country for aught we know. 300 ANNALS OF THE TURF. or sheds in the mclosures ; soft and sweet herbage for tlie colts and milk mares ; and finally a very liberal allowance of land in propor- tion to the stock, that there may be not only ample grazing in the grass season, but an equally ample quantity of provisions of the requisite kind during the winter. A firm, dry, and hard soil, will have a correspondmg effect upon the feet, limbs, and tendinous system of horses bred upon it ; as will a dr}'^, clear and elastic air upon their wind, animal spirits and general habit. Such are the advantages enjoyed by the horses of the mountain and the desert ; but these advantages are greatly en- hanced in a country v/here abundant herbage and moderate tem- perature are superadded. All breeders concur in the propriety of keeping colts well the first and second winters ; for colts from the best shaped parents will degenerate upon insufficient nourishment, and be stinted from the palsying effects of damp and cold in the winter, if a comfortable and general shelter is not allowed them. Good keeping and warmth, during the first and second years, is indispensable, in order to invi- gorate the circulation of the animal's blood, to expand his frame, to plump up and enlarge his muscles, to encourage the growth of his bones, and to impart to them that solidity and strength which pre- serves them in the right line of symmetry. It must be interesting to the amateur, the sportsman, and the breeder, to give a correct, though concise account of the most dis- tinguished turf stock of blood horses, which existed in Virginia between the years 1750 and 1790, a period more remarkable for fine horses, than perhaps any other, either prior or subsequent to that lime. It was during this period that " races were established almost at every town and considerable place in Virginia : when the inhabi- tants, almost to a man, were devoted to this fascinating and rational amusement : when all ranks and denominations were fond of horses, especially those of the race breed ; when gentlemen of fortune ex- ))ended large sums on their stud, sparing no pains or trouble in importing the best stock, and improving the breed by judicious cross- iiig." The effects of the revolutionary war put a stop to the spirit of racing until about the year 1790, when it began to revive, and under the most promising auspices as regarded the breed of turf horses, for just at that time or a little previous, the capital stallion Old Medley was imported, who contributed his full share to the reputation of the racing stock, whose value had been before so well established. Previous to the year 1800, but little degeneracy had taken place either in the purity of the blood, the form or perform- ances of the Virginia race horse ; and in searching for the causes of a change for the worse, after this period, the most prominent one was the injudicious importation of inferior stallions from England. About the period of time last mentioned. Colonel Hoomes and many others, availing themselves of the passion for racing, inundated Virginia with imported stallions, bought up frequently at low prices m England, having little reputation there, and of less approved blood, thereby greatly contaminating the tried and approved stocks which had long and eminently distinguished themselves for theii ANNALS OF THE TURF. 301 feats on the turf, their services under the saddle, and as vakiable cavalry horses during the revolutionary war. In recommending renewed efforts to the Virginians, for the further improvement and preservation of their stock of blood horses, the necessity and im- portance of the immediate publication of a Stud Book (and of a Racing Calendar hereafter) cannot be overlooked. It is the wish of the writer, that the tendency of this, and the fol- lowing pages, may excite a spirit and a desire for such a work, by showing that there are valuable materials extant, only requiring diligence and zeal to bring them to light, capable of being made up into a valuable publication on this subject. The want of such a work as a Stud Book, is now lamentably seen and felt in Virginia, where few pedigrees of any particular stock can be traced far back, before they are lost in the mazes of uncertainty and conjecture. It may safely be asserted that the stock of horses in Virginia never can arrive to that degree of improvement and perfection, and more particularly high value as to price, they otherwise would do, unless a record of this kind is published and preserved, to be resorted to for a correct knowledge of their blood. In breeding for the turf and selling turf horses, blood is every thing ; as it has been found that particular strains or pedigrees of horses of this class, are re- markable for their speed and bottom, while others are miserably defective in these essential qualities of the race horse. A Stud Book and Racing Calendar will be a standing record, always ena- bling us to avoid the bad, and to cherish those particular strains of horses, that have established their good qualities for the turf. How has Virginia been injured in her racing stock by some particular stallions, bred in that state ? Potomac, for instance, who, although they raced it well, yet being badly bred, propagated an inferior race of horses. Let me therefore, emphatically remind the breeder of the i*ace horse to use great particularity and caution as to the stallions from which he breeds ; examine well into their pedigrees, and to the qualities of the stock from which they are descended ; as an expe- rience of more than a century in England has pro\''en the fact, that where a stallion has been stained with an inferior or " dunghill" cross, however remote in his pedigree, it is certain to lurk out and exhibit itself in his progeny, no matter how well he may have raced it himself. We should breed back as much as possible upon the good old stocks of Jolly Roger, Janus, Morton's Traveller, Fearnought, and Medley, of which I propose to give a particular account in the suc- ceeding pages. It has been well for us that the importation of stallions from England has long since ceased, and I hope never to see it revived again. The sod of the Beacon course (four miles and upwards) is now too little trod by the English race horse : short faces with light weights are now too common^ the consequences are, that their stock of blood horses are rapidly losing that stamina and inherent goodness of constitution or stoutness, which enabled them in former days to carry high weights, and to support frequent and hard running. Fifteen or twenty years ago, the Virgmiana bred altogether from imported English stallions, and at that time 302 ANNALS OF THE TURF. also, there were more sportsmen on the turf; yet we have at this day better race horses, under less patronage, from American bred stallions, than at that day. Does not this prove that by adhering to our own stock, and breeding from large highly formed, full blooded stallions, that our turf horses will soon equal or exceed any in the world ? and as our race stock is considered stronger and more active, it will be found advisable to breed them for the saddle, plough or wagon. Jolly Roger, was the first horse that gave distinction to the racing stock of Virginia. His performances on the English turf, and that of his pedigree, are recorded in the name of "Roger of the Vale." After he was imported into this country he took the name by which he is now known ; he was foaled in 1741, and commenced covering in Virginia about the year 1748. He was got by Roundhead, who was by Flying Childers, who was by the Darley Arabian. The dam of Roundhead was the famous "plate" mare Roxana by the Bald Galloway, the dam of the celebrated racers and stallions Lath and Cade by the Godolphin Arabian. The dam of Jolly Roger was got by Mr. Croft's famous horse Partner, the best racer and stallion of his day, his grandam by Woodcock — Croft's Bay Barb; Makeless ; Brimmer ; Son of Dodsworth ; Burton Barb mare. Jolly Roger got many fine racers, stallions and brood mares, and is a favourite cross in the pedigree of the Virginia bred turf horse, and very justly too. Jolly Roger got Spanking Roger, out of the imported mare Jen- ny Dismal, and Longsdale out of an imported Monkey mare. Janus was a chesnut horse, foaled in England in 1746, and got by Janus, a bay hort;e foaled in 1738, full brother to Blank and Old England, being got by the Godolphin Arabian out of the fa- mous ' Little Hartley mare' by Bartlett's Childers, son of the Dar- ley Arabian. Janus was imported into Virginia by Mr. Mordecai Booth, of Gloucester county, Va. in the year 1752 ; his dam was got by old Fox, [whose name stood eminent in the English pedigree,] his grandam by the Bald Galloway. Although Janus partook of every cross in his pedigree calcula, ted for the distance turf horse, yet his stock were more remarka, ble for speed than bottom. Janus, from his shoulders back, was considered the most perfect formed horse ever seen in Virginia, by the most skilful connoisseurs ; he was remarkable for roundness of contour, strength of articulation, and indicating great powers ajid stamina in his whole conformation. His stock partook of these qualities in an eminent degree, and for thirty or forty years they were considered as a ' peculiar stock,' as they invariably exhibited even in the third and fourth genera- tions from the old horse, the same compactness of for^n, strength and power. The Janus stock have exceeded all others in the Uni- ted States for speed, durability and general uniformity of good form ; and ujore good saddle and harness horses have sprung from them than from any other stock. ANNALS OF THE TURF. 303 Celer was justly considered as the best son of old Janus, as he propagated a stock equal in every quality to those of the stock begotten by his sire. He was bred by Mr. Mead of Virginia, and foaled in 1774, and died in 1802, aged 28 years. As the pedigree on his dam's side is not generally known, I will l.*>r.> give it. The dam of Celer was g'^t by the imported horse Aristotle, a brown bay, finely formed, full 15 hands high, bred by Mr. Bladen and got by the Cullen Arabian, his dam by Crab, his grandam by Hobgoblin, great grandam by the Godolphin Arabian, out of a famous mare called White Cheeks. Morton's imported horse Traveller contributed in an eminent degree to the improvement of the turf stock of horses in Virginia He was a bay horse, foaled about the year 1748, and was a cover- ing stallion at Richmond court house, Va. as early as the year 1754 He was bred by Mr. Crofts, at Raby in Yorkshire (who was the for tuuate breeder and owner of some of the first horses in England) and was got by his famous horse Partner, who was a grandson of the Byerly Turk, and was himself the grandsire of King Herod. The dam of Traveller was by Bloody Buttocks (an Arabian) Grey, liound ; Makeless ; Brimmer ; Place's White Turk ; Dodsworth ; Layton Barb mare. Morton's Traveller was bred from the bes* running stock in England in that day : the famous Wetherington mare v/as full sister to Traveller ; she bred Shepherd's Crab and other capital racers. Morton^s Traveller got Tryall and Yorick out of Blazella, im- ported, and Burwell's Traveller out of a Janus and Lycurgus ; al- so Lloyd's Traveller out of a Jenny Cameron, and Tristam Shandy out of a Janus, Ariel full brother to Partner, and Partner out of colonel Tasker's imported mare Selima. Partner was the best son of Morton's Traveller, proving to be not only a fine race horse, but a valuable stallion. He was foaled about the year 1755. Partner got Rockingham out of Nelson's im- ported mare Blossom, and Fitz Partner out of the dam of Celer and the celebrated horse Mark Anthony. Mark Anthony^ s dam was by Othello, (a son of Mr. Parton's capi- tal English horse Crab) his grandam the imported mare Moll Bra- zons : she was sired by Spark, who v/as imported to this country by Governor Ogle, of Maryland, and was given to him by Lord Baltimore, who received him from Frederick, Prince of Wales. Mark Anthony was foaled about the year 1763, and did not ex- ceed fifteen hands in height, and was a horse of beauty and intrin- sic value, whether viewed as a racer or stallion. In the former character he was not excelled by any horse of his day, being '* remarkable for his swiftness," having at the same time good wind, enabling him to run four miles heats in good form. In the latter character he stood deservedly celebrated, and propagated a stock which were held in the highest estimation for their various valu- able qualities, whether for the turf, the saddle or the harness. — Mark Anthony got Collector out of a Centinel, and Monarch out of a thorough bred mare, and Romulus out of a Valiant. 27 304 ANNALS OF THE TURF. YoricJc got Pilgrim out of a little Davie, and Bucephalus out of a Careless, and Junius out of an Othello. BurwelVs Traveller got Southall's Traveller out of an imported mare, and Camillus out of a Fearnought mare. Lloyd's Traveller got Leonidas out of a Morton's Traveller mare. Junius got Spangloss out of a Jolly Roger mare. Fearnought holds the first claim prior to the day of Medley, and is therefore entitled to the palm in preference to any stallion that had preceded him in giving the Virginia turf stock a standing equal to that of any running stock in the world. The blood which flow- ed in the veins of old Fearnought must have been peculiarly rich in those qualities that make up the conformation of the race horse, as not only the whole stock got by Fearnought run w^ell, but also his sons and his grandsons were remarkable for generally getting good running stock. There was also strength and stamina univer- sally pervading the Fearnought stock, to which may be added good size, that made them the best distance horses of their day. The fact is that the Fearnoughts run well all distances, and the old horse stood higher than any other horse on the continent for get- ting racers ; and he got more of them than any other — he also was the sire of more fine stallions than any other horse of his day. Old Fearnought was bred by William Warren of FiUgland, and foaled in the year 1755. He came out of Mr. Warren's fine brood mare ' Silvertail,' and was got by Regulus the best son of the Go- dolphin Arabian. Regulus, when six years old, won eight King's plates. He never was beat, being very superior to any horse of his day. Silvertail the dam of Fearnought, was foaled in 1738, and got by Heneage's Whitenose ; her dam by Rattle — Uarley's Arabian — the old Child mare, got by Sir Thomas Gresley's bay Arabian out of Mr. Cook's Vixen, who was got by the Helmsly Turk, out of a Royal Barb mare. Fearnought was imported into this country by Col. Jn. Baylor, who advertised him in the year 1765, as "a bright bay, 15 hands 3 inches high, remarkably strong and active, and the full brother to the late Mr. Warren's invincible horse Careless." Old Fear- nought died in the fall of 1776, at the age of 21 years. Among other capital stallions and racers, he got the following, viz : — Nonpareil, out of a Janus mare. Nimrod, out of a Partner. America, out of a Jolly Roger. Regulus out of the imported mare Jenny Dismal. Godolphin, full brother to Regulus. Shakspeare, out of an imported Cub mare. Gallant, out of a Stateley mare. Shakspeare, out of an imported Shakspeare mare. Apollo, out of an imported Cullin Arabian mare. Harris's Eclipse, out of Baylor's imported Shakspeare mare. Laurel, out of a Fearnought. Matchless, out of Sober John. King Herod, ovit of an Othello. ANNALS OF THE TURF. ^05 Whynot, out of an Othello. Dandridge's Fearnought, out of- Symmes' Wildair, out of a Jolly Roger, who p^roved to be tho best son of old Fearnought. Wildair got — . ^ Commutation, out of a Yorick mare. Highflyer, out of a Yorick mare. Chanticleer, out of a Pantaloon mare. Chanticleer, the best son of Wildair, got — Magog, out of a Wildair. Prestley, [full sister to Magog,] the dam of Wilkes' Madison Cornelia, the dam of Mr. Randolph's Gracchus. The stock of old Medley may justly be ranked as among the most /emarkable and valuable that have ever signalized themselves on a Virginia race course. This stock of horses lacked nothing but size to have made the best racers in the world ; and yet their want of size was not manifested on the turf: as their ability to carry weight exceeded that of any other stock ; they were also remarka- ble for good wind or bottom, for fine limbs and good eyes, than other race of horses that have been bred in Virginia. These quali- ties resulted in this stock [and were more peculiar to them than to any other,] from the close proximity of the points of the hips to the shoulder, from the uncommon solidity of their bones, the close tex- ture of their sinews, and the bulk and substance of their tendons, which always enabled them to carry the highest weights, and to endure the greatest stress on their bodily powers. To these quali- ties may be added their uncommon purity of blood, derived from their sire old Medley, who was one of the purest blooded horses ever bred in England. Gimcrack the sire of Medley, was one of the most remarkable horses of his day in England. He was a grey, and called the " lit- tle grey horse Gimcrack," foaled in 1760, got by Cripple, a son of the 'Godolphin Arabian. Gimcrack was one of the severest running and hardest bottomed horses that ever ran in England ; although small, yet his ability to carry weight was very great, for he frequently gave the odds as high as 28 pounds, and he con- tinued on the turf until 11 years of age, thereby showing his un- common hardiness of constitution and firmness of limbs which he richly transmitted into the veins of Medley. Gimcrack at four years old won seven 501. plates, 4 miles ; also in 1765, at 4 miles, 50/ ; also 1000 guineas, 250 guineas forfeit. He beat the Duke of Cumberland's Drone, 4 miles for 500 guineas, giving him 21 lbs. In 1766 he was sent to France, and in 1767 returned to England, and won in that year, four 501. plates, 5 miles. In 1768, two 50Z. plates and the silver bowl. He beat Mr. Vernon's Barber for 300 guineas giving him 28 lbs. in 1770. He beat Lord Rockingham's Tacho for 3000 guineas, giving him 28 lbs ; also Lord Rockingham's Pilgrim for the whip and 200 guineas, the whip equal to the gui- neas. Gimcrack was then 10 years of age. Earl Grosvenor had two portraits taken of Gimcrack. That of Gimcrack preparing to start is reckoned excellent of its kind. The two portraits, it is said, represent this horse in different shades of grey ; the iron 306 ANNALS OF THE TURP. grey of his youth, and the hoary white of his old age. Gimcrack had acquired such fame and celebrity that his last proprietor lefl him a length of time at Tattersal's for the inspection of the public. The dam of Medley was Arminda, by Snap, (full sister to Papil- lon, the dam of Sir Peter Teazle, the best in England.) Medley acquired his beautiful symmetry and proportions from Snap, who was a horse of great beauty and justness of proportion, strong, vigorous, and muscular, and was upon an equality as a racer, if not superior to any horse of his time. Medley was imported to this country by Malcomb Hart, in the year 1785. Among many other distinguished racers and stallions, Medley got the following, viz : Boxer, out of a Fearnought mare. Opernico, out of a Lindsey Arabian mare. Quicksilver, out of a Wildair. Young Medley, out of a Blue and all Black. Melzar, out of a Wildair. Lamplighter, out of a Longsdale. Fitz-Medley, out of a Dandridge Fearnought mare. Gimcrack, out of an Ariel. Bellair, out of a Yorick. Bellair may justly be distinguished as the best son of old Medley, not only as being upon an equality as a racer, but as having got more fine stallions, racers, and brood mares, and as being decidedly the best bred son of his distinguished sire. Bellair partook of the best blood that has been highly valued in Virginia, viz: of Morton's Tra\^eller through Yorick, Fearnought, Partner, ?vl ark Anthony, «fcc. Colonel Tasker's famous running mare Selima, that was the dam of Partner, was the groat grandam of Bellair ; and I will here take occasion to correct an error in the pedigree of this celebrated mare, as it has prevailed for more than thirty years in all the published pedigrees which I have seen of Bellair. Col. Tasker's Selima, is represented to have come out of a mare called Snap Dragon, by Snap ; this is a manifest error : the Godolphin Arabian, who sired Selima, died in 1753; Snap was foaled in 1750 and did not com- mence covering until 6 years old, hence the first Snap mares were not foaled till 1757, 4 years after the Godolphin was dead. Col. Tasker's Selima was bred by Lord Godolphin, and came out of a mare by Old Fox, that was the dam of Daphne, and also of the celebrated running horse Weasel, that was the property of Lord Rockingham ; the grandam of Seliuia by Flying Childers,— Make- less—Taffolet Barb— Natural Barb mare. I would urge upon the breeders of the Virginia Turf Horse to take in, in their different crosses, as much of the blood of old Med- ley and Bellair as possible, to give their stock firm limbs, very much needed at this time, as the Virginia race horses of the present day train off the turf too early. The following letter appropriate to the present subject, is from that eminent breeder and sportsman Col. John Tayloc, formerly of Mount Airy, Virginia, now of Washington City. ♦' In reply to your favour, I shall be happy if any information I am able to give you in regard to old Medley, and such of his stock ANNALS OF THE TURF. 307 as I nave owned, can be of service to you. Old Medley was im- ported to this country about the year 1785, was owned by Mr. Mal- comb Hart, and stood at Hanover Court House. He was one of the most beautiful horses I ever saw. I cannot at this remote period pretend to describe him further than he was a grey horse of the finest proportions and not more than 14 1-2 to 15 hands high. I have always esteemed him one of the best horses ever imported into the United States, and concur with you in opinion that his stock is decidedly the best we have had. His colts were the best racers of" their day, although they were generally small ; but their limbs were remarkably fine, and they were distinguished for their ability to carry weight. I owned some of the best of his colts. Bcllair and Calypso I bred ; Grey Diomed and Quicksilver, I purchased from the profits which I realized from their successful performances on the turf. I have reason to hold Medley in grateful remembrance. " As respects Bellair, he was strong built and rather stout, good eyes and remarkable fine bony legs : rather above fifteen hands. I do not think his bottom was surpassed by any horse on record ; if ever he locked his antagonist I felt confident of success. Whep he ran with Mr. Randolph's Gimcrack, he was in excessive bad order, after a long journey, in bad weather, from Maryland, — ■ they ran tbree 4 mile heats, in each of which Bellair mended, and was not beat far. I refused 500 guineas for him immediately after the race. " I concur with you respecting the old Virginia stock, which should not be lost." Having given an account of Col. Tasker's imported mare Selima, it may not here be improper to add that of Carter Braxton's im- ported mare Kitty Fisher : as those two mares bred more fine stock in Virginia than any other imported mares brought to this country; it being well known to the sportsmen and breeders for the turf, that some of the highest formed racers and stallions bred in that State were descended from those two mares. Kitty Fisher was a gray mare foaled in 1755, and imported by Carter Braxton in the fall of 1759. She was bought by Mr. Brax- ton, at New Market, England, in the spring of 1759, being then the property of the Marquis of Granby, and stood at the time en gaged in a sweepstake for 3600Z. for three years old fillies ; but the Marquis being abroad with the British armies, he was allowed to withdraw himself from his racing engagements, and directed all his running stock to be sold. At the sale she was purchased as above and sent over to this country. She was got by Cade, (one of the finest sons of the Godolphin Arabian) her dam by the Cullen Ara- bian, out of the famous mare Bald Charlotte. (Bald Charlotte was a high bred mare, of the finest form and winner of King's plates.) Kitty Fislier was trained in this country and run, and won easily several matches. It is peculiarly pleasing to recur to those periods in Virginia, when the blooded horse held such a high place in the estimation of the people; when men the most distinguished for their wealtli, their talents or patriotism, were seen vying with each other who 27* 308 ANNALS OF THE TURF should import the finest blood horse$ or mares from England, oi raise them from those already imported. It was tlie object of the writer, in the preceding pages, to call up those periods to review, and give an account of the most valuable stallions and mares, from which the Virginia stock were bred during those times, hoping it will serve to animate the breeders of the present day, and stimulate them to emulate their ancestors in their zeal and success in rearing "the blood horse. Justice, a chesnut horse, fifteen hands high, was bred by Wm. Manby, of Gloucestershire, England, and got by Regulus out of the Bolton Sweepstakes. Justice covered in Prince George county, Virginia, in 1761. Othello, a beautiful bla,ck, fifteen hands high, very strong was got by Mr. Panton's Crab, in England, out of the Duke of Somer- set's favorite brood mare. Othello covered in Virginia, on James' River, in 1761, and was a most capital stallion. He got Selim and the dam of Mark Anthony. Crawford, a fine dapple grey, 15 hands high, was bred by his royal highness the Duke of Cumberland, and got by his Arabian. Covered in Virginia in 1762. Juniper, a fine bay, 15 hands one inch high, foaled in 1752, was got by Babraham, one of the best sons of the Godolphin Arabian. The dam of Juniper by the Stamford Turk, &-c. Juniper covered in Charles City, Va. in 1762, and was an excellent stallion. He is a remote cross in the Virginia pedigree. Ranter, a beautiful bay, 15 hands high, foaled in 1755, imported into Virginia in 1762, by Wm. S. Wadman. He was got by Dimple, a son of the Godolphin Arabian ; the dam of Ranter by old Crab, Bloody Buttocks, &,c. Ranter stood in Stafford County, Va. in 1753, and is an old cross in our pedigrees. Aristotle, brown bay, 15 hands high, got by the Cullen Arabian, his dam by old Crab, &c. Aristotle was one of the finest and highest formed horses imported into Virginia in h'is day; he pro- pagated a most valuable stock for the time he lived, having died shortly after coming into Virginia. He stood at Berkely, Charles City county, in 1761. Bucephalus, brown bay, 15 1-2 hands high, foaled in 1758, was got by Sir Matthew Wetherton's horse Locust, his dam by Old Cade, Partner, &c. Bucephalus was a very strong horse, and stood at Tappahannock, Va. in 1765. David, a bay horse, 15 hands high, well made, very active, and descended from the best stock in England. Stood in Virginia in 1765. Dotterell, a high formed horse, 15 1-2 hands high, a powerful strong boned horse, was got by Changeling, his dam by a son of Winn's Arabian, &c. Changeling was one of the finest horses in England of his day. Dotterell stood in Westmoreland county, Va. in 1766. Merry Tom, a beautiful bay, 4 feet 11 inches high, he was got by Regulus, ('jne of the best sons of the Godolphin Arabian,) his 'Jam by Locust, a son of Crab, his grandam by a son of Flying ANNALS OF THE TURF. 309 Childers, &c. In 1762, he won 200 guineas sweepstakes at Ricli- mond ; in 1753, he won 50Z. at Durham, and the noblemen and gentlemen's subscription at Cupar, in Scotland. Merry Tom stood in Prince George county, in 1767 ; he was the sire of the noted horse Smiling Tom. Sterling, a fine dapple grey, foaled in 1762, was got by the Bell- size Arabian, (which Mr. J. Simpson offered 1500 guineas for,) out of Mr. Simpson's Snake mare; she was got by Snake, a son of the Lister Turk, out of the Duke of Cumberland's famous mare, the dam of Cato. Sterling traces down to the famous old mare bred by Mr. Crofts at Raby, in Yorkshire, and sold to the Duke of Cleveland. Sterling was a very fine horse, and became famous as a valuable foal getter. He was owned by Wm. Evans, and stood in Surry county, Va. in 1768. He did not exceed 15 1-2 hands in height. Lath, a bay horse, 15 hands one inch high, strong and bony, was got by Shepherd's Crab, his dam by Lath, a son of the Godolphin Arabian, &c. Lath was landed in this country in 1768, and won that year the 50/. weight for age plate, at New Market, on long Island. In 1769 he won the Jockey Club purse of 100/ at Phila- delphia, beating the then best running horses in that State and from Maryland. In 1770, he also won the lOOZ. plate at the same place. In 1771, he won the 100/. plate at New Market, and never was beat but once, when he ran out of condition. Lath was de- scended from the most valuable blood in England, and contributed in an eminent degree to the improvement of the stock of horses of his day. Whirligig, was a dark bay 15 hands high, and was imported from England^in the year 1773. He was got by Lord Portmore's bay horse Captain, (a son of young Cartouch,) his dam by the Devon- shire Blacklegs, son of Flying Childers, &c. In April 1769, when this fine horse was rising six years old, his owner received forfeit of 1000 guineas from Rapid ; the same year he beat Volunteer, for 200 guineas. In October 1770, he beat Warwickshire Wag for 100 guineas ; and the same year he beat Atrides for 100 guineas, &c. Whirligig stood to mares in Halifax county, N. C. in the year 1777. Sclim. This beautiful and valuable stallion was a dark bay, a little rising 15 hands high, was got by Othello, (commonly called Black and all Black,) whose sire was old Crab. The dam of Selira was a beautiful mare of that name, got by the Godolphin Arabian, and full sister to the celebrated horse Babrahain of England. Se- Urn was a tried and approved racer, and a stallion of deserved celebrity. He stood in Virginia from the year 1770 to 1780, and propagated a valuable race of horses. A retrospect of the older stallions of Virginia," evinces the im- portant fact that they did not exceed from 15 to 15 1-2 hands in height ; and yet Virginia in those days had a stock of horses equal to any in the world. They were remarkable for substance or fine stamina. This stock of horses was the immediate descendants of the best Arabian, Barb, or Turkish blood which had been earljr 310 ANNALS OF THE TURF. imported into England from Oriental countries, and has exhibited a degeneracy as to substauce or stamina, in proportion as it has been removed from this elder foreign blood. The above stallions were the descendants of Oriental stock, as well as Janus and Fearnought, [who were the grandsons of the Godolphin Arabian.] During the days of those horses and their offspring, Virginia was famed for her line saddle horses, and their weights on the turf was 144 lbs. for aged horses : now it is pro- verbial that the blood horse of Virginia rarely produces a fine sad- dle horse, nor have they a single turf horse capable of running four miles in good time with their former weight. All their good races are now made by young horses carrying light weight, say from 90 to 103 lbs. The same retrospect of the English stock discloses the same facts : Lawrence remarks, that a " retrospect seems to evince great .superiority in the foreign horses of former times, many of the best English racers in these days, being the immediate descendants, on both sides, of Arabs, Barbs, or Turks, or their sires and dams. That union of substance and action, v.-hich was to be met with in for mer days, has been of late years still more scarce." As evidence of the correctness of Lawrence's opinion, it may be adduced that the established weights on the English turf, in former days were increased to 168 lbs. and it was during this pe- riod that their horses continued to improve both in substance and speed, and notwithstanding the great weight of 168 lbs. they had to carry, they ran four miles from 7 minutes 30 seconds to 7 min- utes 50 seconds. From the days of Eclipse, the weights were gra- dually reduced, and have been brought down to 119 lbs. and on no track exceeding 133 lbs. Yet there is not a racer now in England able to run his distance in as good time as they were in former days with their high weights. The present rage for breeding horses to a great height should not be so much attended to as obtaining the requisite substance, and from the above list we see that from 15 to 15 1-2 hands in height, has combined with it that necessary union of substance and action which enabled the horses in former times to run in such fine form and carry such high weights. The most obvious way to insure this desirable substance or stamina in our stock, is to increase the weights of the turf to the old standard, and not to permit colts to start in public until four years old. The great su- periority of the elder English race horses is in part to be attribu- ted to the favorable circumstance of their not having started in public until five or six years old. This delay has the obvious fa- vorable effect of enabling the bulk and substance of their limbs and inferior joints to become strong in proportion to their weight, and their whole tendinous system consolidated and firm. Flying Chil ders. Bay Bolton, Brocklesby, Betty, Bonny Black, Buckhunter, the famous Carlisle gelding, Eclipse, and a great number of others, dix. not race in public until five v.nd six years old ; and they were racers of the highest eminence for performance and heavy weight, of any on record in the English annals of the turf. ANNALS OF THE TURF. 311 The first step towards an American Stud B®ok or collecting an account of our blood horses, is to ascertain the number of stal- lions imported from England, with their pedigrees annexed, be- cause it is to the importation of horses and mares from that king, dom, that we are indebted not only for the foundation of our stock of Turf Horses, but for their present value. There is not a pedigree of a single blood horse or mare in this country, but what goes in every cross directly or remotely back to English stock. i I TtHt,tM-TtHtiilf 1 Amsmi©A STUD BOOK. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. A. ABELINO, g. c. by Dragon, dam Celerrima. 1804. John Hoomes. ACQUITTAL, by Timoleon, dam (dam of Bolivar) by Sir Hal, &c. William Wynne. ACTEON, ch. h. by Daodridge's Feainought, dam [by imp'd] Fearnought, gr. dam by imp'd Jolly Roger, out of an imp'd mare, &c. Chesterfield, Va. 1712. Thos. Woolridge. . ch. c. by Kosciusko, dam Artless. 1829. S. Carolina. Harrison. \CTIVE, by Chatam, dam Shepherdess, [by imp^d] Slim. ADAMANT, b. h. by Boxer, dam by Lindsay's Arabian, g. dam by Oscar, out of Kitty Fisher. 1799. Nicholas Wynne. ADELLNE, b. f by Henry, dam by Old Oscar, g. dam the Maid of Nor- thumberland, &c. New Jersey. J. Vandike. br. m. by Spread Eagle— Whistle Jacket— Rockingham — Old Cub, &c. 1806. -^oli" Tayloe. Young, by Topgallant, dam Adeline by Spread Eagle. 1809. John Tayloe. ADELA, b. i. by Ratlei, dam young Adeline. Dr. Irvine. ADELAIDE, b. f. by Thornton's Ratler, dam Desdemona by Miner Es- cape, &LC. ADRIA, b. f by Pacific, dam Oceana. 1831. J. Southall. ADMIRAL NELSON, [imp'd] b. h. by John Bull, dam Olivia, by Justice — Cypher, &.c. Foaled 1795. William Lightfoot. AFRICAN, bl. h. by Careless, dam by Lloyd's Traveller, gr. dam by Othello. ^ ^.^ Flatbush. 1788. A. Giles. AGNES, or the Thrift mare, by Bellair, dam by Wildair, gr. dam by Fearnought, &c. -^ William Thrift. b. m. by Sir Solomon, (by Tickle Toby,) her dam \ouiig Romp, by Duroc, g. dam Romp, by [imp'd] Messenger. 1822. . • ^6" Coles 28 316 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. AGRICOLA, bl. h. by Highflyer, dam by [imp^d] Dove, gr. dam Emery's noted running mare. Chesterfield, Va. Reuben Short. AGRIPPA, g. h. by tlie Winter Arabian, dam by Harrison's Pretender, (who was by Hyde's [imp''d'] Pretender,) g. dam by {imp^d) Dio- mede, &c. Kentucky. R. J. Breckenridge. AJAX, (See Kill Devil.) ALFRED SIR, (See Sir Alfred.) ALARICUS, by Haskin's Americas, dam (Henderson's) Young Medley, g. dam, by Thornton's Wildair, &,c. ALEXANDER, \imp'd] was bred by Sir William Wynne, Bart, got by Lord Grosvenor's Old Alexander, (son of Eclipse) his dam Sweet- brier, g. dam out of Monimia's dam, who was by Alcides, her dam by Crab, out of Snap's dam, &c. Virginia. Wm. Smalley. [/mp'JJ got by Champion, dam Countess, &c. Claverick, New- York, 1797. ■ gr. c. by Old Pacolet, dam Jenny Riland. [by imp''d] Bedford, dam Imp'd mare Drone, &c. Col. Piatt. ALEXANDRIA, sor. m. [byimp^d] Alexander, dam Black Maria by Shark. 1811. J- Tayloe. [lmp''d] was by Alexander, her dam by Woodpecker, g. dam by Phlegon, out of Lord Egremont's Highflyer mare, &c. Foaled, 1796. John Hoonies. ALBEMARLE, by Dioraede, dam Penelope, by Shark— Indian Queen by Pilgrim, &c. ALDERMAN, [Imp''d] got by PotSos, dam Lady Bolingbrooke, by Squir- rell, Cypron, the dam of king Herod, &,c. John Banks. Mare, dk. b. by Alderman, dam by Clockfast, out of a Wil- dair mare. 1799. J. Wickham. ALARM, [imp'd] br. m. by Thunderbolt, dam Tadora, &c. ALABAMA PACOLET, (see Pacolet Alabama.) ALBERT, by Americus, dam by Wildair, (by Fearnought,) g. dam by Vampire, g. g. dam by [Imp''d] Kitty Fisher. 1798. Robert Saunders. ALCIDES, b. c. by Galatin, dam Clio, [by Imp'd] Whip. Richard A. Rapley. ALFRETTA, ch. f. by Christian's Hotspur, (by Timoleon,) dam Lady Al- fred, by old Sir Alfred. 1331. Hugh Campbell. ALGERINA, b. f. by Jones' Arabian dam Equa. P. Wallis. ALIDA, ch. f by Bagdad, dam Nancy Nichol, [by Imp'd] Eagle, her dam by Little Wonder, &,c. W. W. (^LIERKER, a. g. by Old Sir Hal, dam by Wonder, her g. dam by Bellair, g. g. dam by Medley, &c. Wm. D. Taylor. \LICE, gr. f. by Henry, dam Spirtmistress. Queens Cy. New-York, 1829. Thos. Pearsall. \LICE GRAY, gr. f by Brilliant, dam by Sir Archy. Foaled, 1829. Thomas Snowden, Jun. ALL AKROK A, b.ra. by Telegraph, dam Crazy Jane by Sky Scraper. Lewis Berkley. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 317 ALL TRUMPS, s. m. by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp^d'] Jack Andrews. Richard Adams. ALL WORTHY, b. c. by Aratus, dam Miss Gatewood. ALKNOMAC, ch. c. by Kosciusko, dam by Buzzard, g. dam [by Tmp^d] Speculator, &,e. Kentucky. Ed. M. Blackburn. ALZIRA, by Archduke, dam by Bedford, g. dam by Pollyphemus, g. g. dam by Sloe out of Celesta. Wm. Garnett. AMANDA, by Grey Diomede, dam Amanda by Bedford. Powhatan, Va. Wade Mosby. b. m. by Bedford, dam by Old Cade, g. dam by Col. Hick- man's Independence, (by Fearnought,) out of Dolly Fine, &c. Pur- chased by J. Hoomes. J. Broaddus. -Duroc, b. m. by Duroc, dam by Sir Solomon, g. dam [Jot/jV] Trumpetta, &c. 1827. AMAZON, by Dictator, dam Statira by Percy, g. dam Homespun by Rom- ulus. 1800. Wade Hampton. AMAZONIA, b. m. by Tecumseh— Sir Harry— Celer, &c. Nash. Cy. N. C. 1815. Nath. Ward. AMAGAZA, b. m. [by Imp^d] Chance, da-m by Carolinian — Chanticleer -- Flimnap — Fearnought — Old Janus, &,c. AMERICAN ECLIPSE, (or New-York,) s. h. by Duroc, dam Miller's Damsel, (by Messenger,) g. dam [Imp^d] Pot8os mare by Eclipse, &c. Dosiris, Long Island, N. Y. Foaled, 1814. C. W. Van Ranst. AMERICA or GIP'T, ch. h. by Old Fearnought, dam by Jolly Roger, g. dam by Dabster. Bred by Ralph Wormley, 1775. Augustin Miller, ch. s. h. by Smiling Tom out of a Blooded mare. York Town, Va. 1777. -b. m. by Sir Peter, dam Diana by Americus. AMERICUS, [by Imp'd] Shark, dam by Wildair, (by Fearnought,) g. dam by Vampire, out of Braxton's Kitty Fisher. King and Queen, Va. 1798. John Hoskins. [by Imp''d] Fearnought, dam [Lnp^d] Blossom. AMY ROBSART, ch. f. by Gracchus, dam Lady Bunbury. J. Randolph. ANASTATIA, b. m. by Tom Tough, dam by Hoskins' Americus, g. dam by Boxer, &c. ANDREW JACKSON, b. h. by Virginian, dam by Sir Arthur, g. dam by Florizell. ANDROMACHE, by Old Cub, her dam by Sweeper, g. dam Clarissa, [by Tmp''d] Ranger. Washington, 1808. Wm. Thornton. ANGEI JNA, b. f [by Imp*d] Norris' Paymaster, dam Shrewsberry Nan by Bajazett. Cecil Cy. Maryland, 1795. Th. M. Forraan. ANNA, b. f by Truxton, dam Dido by Coeur de Lion. 1810. ANNETTE, by Old Shark, dam by Rockingham, g. dam by Galatin. Lewis Willis. ANTOINETTE, b. f by Marshal Ney, dam Camilla by f imoieon. Raleigh, N. C. 1830. C. Manly. ANVIL, [by Imp'd] Cormorant, dam by Bellair, gr. dam an [Imp^d] maie. Landon Cartel-. 818 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. INVELINA, [Imp'i] b. m. Presented by Mr. O'Kelly in 1799 to Col. J. Tayloe, she was by Anvil out of O'Kelly's famous mare Augusta by Eclipse. Sold Col. Alston of S.Carolina. iPOLLO, dk. b. h. by Old Fearnought, dam Spotswood's [Imp'd] CuHen Arabian mare. 1777. Richard Elliott. VPPARITION, [/mp'cZ] b. c. by Spectre, dam young CranJoerry, (bred by Earl Grovesnor,) by Thunderbolt out of Cranberry, by Sir Peter, &c. [Imp''d] into New-York. ARABIAN Lindsay's or Ranger, presented by the Emperor of Morocco to the captain of an English vessel, and landed in the West Indies • there he broke three of his legs, and was made a present to a gentle- man from Connecticut, where he went by the name of Ranger. Captain Lindsay was sent by General Lee, in 1777-8, who purchased him and brought him to Virginia. See American Farmer, vol. ?, page 223. • Jones'. A dapple grey 15 hands high, black legs, mane and tail. Selected in Tunis by Major Stith, American Consul there, and purchased for Commodore Jacob Jones of the United States Navy. See American Farmer, vol. 10. page 127. -Selim, g. h. presented by Murad Bey to the late Gen. Sir P' Abercrombie, and after his death he became the j^roperty of Com- modore Barron, of whom he was purchased, and afterwards sold and carried to Kentucky. 1815. John Tayloe. Winter's. Was captured during the last war, (1814,) then one year old, by the privateer Grampus, of Balthnore, on board the brig Doris, his Majesty's transport. No. 650, on his passage from Senegal in Africa, to Portsmouth, England, and was intended as a present for the then Prince Regent, late king of England. This horse was sold, and purchased by E. J. Winter, member of Con- gress, from the State of New- York. This Arabian is now white, and about four feet nine inches high. -Bagdad. Was purchased by George Barclay, Esq. of New York, from Hassana de Gris, Minister to England from Tripoli, who imported him to England, as a horse of the purest Arabian blood .- he was purchased by a Company in Nashville, Tennessee, for $8,000. 1823. BussoRA. [Imp'd] from the land of Job, for which S4,000 was paid. Stood at New- York. Ballesteros, dk. br. formerly the property of Ferdinand King of Spain, and still bears the Royal Mark. When the French Army got possession of Madrid, the steed belonging to the King ot Spain, was taken by the Spanish nobles, carried to Cadiz and there sold. Amongst others was young Ballesteros— he became the pro- perty of Richard S. Hackley, Esq. Consul at that place, who dis josed of him to Captain Singleton, of Philadelphia, who brought nm to this country, and sold hiin to Thomas Guy of Richmond, Va. je got some colts in the State of Delaware. Broad Rock, Va. 1816. William Ball. Arabarb, bl. [Imp'd] by Col. Lear, a large strong horse. well proportioned but not handsome ; he was the sire of the dam of Fairfax. Qqi Lear. ARABIA, bl. h. by Old Janus, from a blood mare by an [Imp'd] Horse' Cumberland Cy. Va. 1777. Thomas Moody. Felix, ch. m. by Arab, dam by Shylock. Thomas T Tabb. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 319 ARAB, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Bet Bounce, by Sir Harry. Brunswick C}'. Va. 1829. ARATUS, b. h. by Director, dam (Star's dam) by Sir Harry, g. dam by Sattram, &,c. (dead.) J. J. Harrison. ARABELLA, br. f. by Arab, dam by Virginian, g. dam by Old Sir Archy. 1827. by Dare Devil, dam a Clockfast mare. Richmond, 1823. Samuel McCraw. ARCHER, llmp'd.} A bay horse got by Flagergill, dam sister to Crassus, by Eclipse, Young Cade, Rib, Partner, Greyhound, &c. Virginia, 1802. T. Reeves. ARCH DUKE, r/7/?;jV.] A brown bay got by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Ho- ratio by Old Eclipse — Countless by Blank. Richmond, 1803. John Banks. ARCHIBALD, [/m/i'Jj bred by the Duke of Hamilton, and foaled in 1801. He was got by Walnut son of Highflyer, his dam the bay Javelin mare, her dam Young Flora, sister to Spadille by Highflyer, &,c. William Smalley. ARCH DUCHESS, by Sir Archy, dam Duchess. (Blind.) John Randolph. ARCHY SIR, (Benehans) by Old Sir Archy, dam by Eagle, gr. dam [by Imp''d] Druid, g. g. dam by Old Mark Anthony. [Neal's] by Old Sir Archy, dam Virginia. J. Jackson. Mi.\iKiN, b. f. by Sir Archy, dam Young Minikin. John Randolph. Grey, t^See Grey Archy.) ARIADNE, [by Imp''d\ Citizen, dam by Blank. Col. Holcombe. by Bedford, dam Mambrino. J. Hoomes. by Ball's Florizelle, dam Thunderclap, (bred by Mr. Wick- ham, Richmond,) g. dam Ariadne, by Bedford. ARIEL, b. f by Young Contention, dam Kitty [by Lnp^d] Whip. Georgia, 1830. Charles A. Rudd. — (brother to Partner,) by Morton's Traveller, dam Col. Task- er's Sejima, &;c. Richmond Cy. Va. 1754. (or Eriel,) by American Eclipse, dam Empress by Financier. l5v Old Tanner, dam by Galloway's Selim, g. dam an \Imp'd.\ Maryland, 1782. ARIETTA, b. m. by Virginian, dam by Shylock. ARION, ch. h, by Polyphemus, dam Leeds, gr. dam by Traveller out of [jTm/f'dj mare Pocahontas. Spencer Ball. ARISTOTLE, [/w/>'tZ] b. h. by the Cullen Arabian, his dam by Old (Jrab, g. dam by Hobgoblin, Godolphin Arabian, &c. Charles City Cy. Va. 1764. Hodgkin. b. m. by Aristotle, dam an \Imfd\ mare fiom Lord Cullen's Stud. ARMINDA, by Medley, dam by Bolton, gr. dam Sally Wright by Yorick. 1790. J. Hoomes. ARIMINNA, bv Brimmer, dam Peyton Randolph's Lovely Lass, &c. ARRAKOOKER, hnfd'\ br. by Drone, out of a Chatsworth mare, her dam by Engineer — Drone by Herod. Foaled, 1789. Imported by Dr. Tate. 28* 1 320 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. ARRAKOOKRESS, ch. m. by Arrakooker, dam Young Hope by Bio- mede, &c. ARTLESS, b. m. by a son of [I?np''d] Bedford, dam a Ratth de Cashe by Terror, he by Janus, «tc. S. Carolina, 1809. Harrison. ASPACIA, gr. m. by Bellair, dam Polly Peachem. 1795. J. Tayloe. ASSIDUOUS, \by Imp'd] Wonder, dam by American Eagle. ATLAS, b. h. [by Imp'd] Ranter, dam [by Imp''d] Lansdale out of an Imported mare. Ball. Cy. 1787. M.Nestor. ATLANTIC, (bred by T. B. Hill,) by Archy, dam by Phoenix. (Broke down young.) ATALANTA, ch. f by Old Slouch, dam Brilliant mare. South Carolina, 1791. Wm. Alston. — — b. m. by Hart's [Imp''d\ Medley, dam Pink by Old Mark An- thony, g. dam by Jolly Roger, &,c. 1787. James Blick. -by Sir Harry, dam by Melzar son of Medley, (fee. by Dictator, dam Duchess by Hero, &c. by Lindsay's Arabian, dam Kitty Fisher by Regulus. b. f. by Roanoake, dam Young Minikin, &-c. J. Randolph. ATT ALUS, b. c. by Pacotaligo, dam Miss Crawler by Crawler— Melzar, &c. AUGUSTA, [Imp^d] by Sattram, dam by Wildair—Clockfast- -Apollo- Janus — Jolly Roger, (fee. Foaled, 1802. William Rives. AURORA, gr. m. by Gov. Lloyd's Vintzun, dam Pandora by Grey Dio- mede. Thomas Emery. b. f. by Aratus, dam Paragon [by Imp^d] Buzzard. [by Imp^d] Honest John, dam Zelippa by Old Messenger — Bay Richmond, (fee. by Oscar, dam Pandora. by Marplot, dam Camilla by Percy. Richard A. Rapley. AURELIA, [Imp^d] by Anville, dam Augusta by Eclipse, Herod, Bajazett, (fee. 1800. gr. f by Winter's Arabian, dam Sophy Winn by Blackburn's Whip. AURA, b. f. by Roanoake, dam Amy Robsart. J. Randolph. AURINE, br. f. by Whip, dam Arrakookress. AUTOCRAT, [Imp'd} gr. h. sixteen and a half hands high, by Grand Duke, dam Olivetta, (by Sir Oliver,) g. dam Scotini by Delphini, Scotta by Eclipse, (fee. Grand Duke by Arch Duke out of Hand- maid by John Bull, &.e. Foaled, 1822. B. i? A BRA HAM, [by Imp^d] Juniper, dam Col. Tasker's [Imp^d] Selima,(fec Philadelphia, 1780. Jacob Hittzheimer. B.VCCHUS, b. c. by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, (by Shark,) g. dam by Wildair. Wilkinson. d AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 321 BADGER, [/mp'i] gr. h. by Bosphorus, (a son of Babrahani) dam by Black and ail Black — Flying Childers, &,c. N. Carolina, 1777. Gov. Eden. — [by Tmp^d] Badger, dam by Galloway's Selim out of an imp'd mare by Spot. Marjlaiid, 1806. Benjamin Ogle. BAGDAD, (See Arabian Bagdad.) BAINBRIDGE, [by Imp^d] Dion, dam Campbell's grey mare, bred in Ma- ryland, got by Marcus and her dam by Moscow. (Died at 5 or 6 Tears old.) BAJAZETT, [Imp'd] by Ine Godolphin Arabian, dam by Whitefoot— Leedsman — Moonah — Barb Mare. 1740. (Little Devil,) by Dare Devil, dam Miss Fauntleroy. 1801. ^ John Tayloe. (Young,) b. h. by Bajazett, dam a Janus mare, (bred by B. Moore, N. Carolina.) King and Queen, Va. 1774. BALD EAGLE, b. c. by Spread Eagle, dam Broadnax by Old Janus, &c. J. Breckenridge. by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot. BALLY SHANiXON, by Wedding Day, dam Miss Fauntleroy. 1801. J. Tayloe. BALL HORI^'ET, b. by Black and all Black, dam Rosetta by Shylock. BALLESTEROS, (See Arabian Ballesteros.) BANGO SEIB, by Bedford dam, dam of Byron by Archy. R. Benehan. BARONET, [Imp''d] b. h. by Virtumnus son of Eclipse, his dam Penulti ma by Snap — Old Cade — Childers, &lc. This horse was imp'd into New- York with PotSos mare, the gr. dam of Am. Eclipse. BAREFOOT, [Imp'd] was by Tramp, (he by Dick Andrews out of a Go- hanna mare,) dam Rosamond by Buzzard out of Roseberry, sister of Huby and Tartar by Phenomenon out of Miss West by Matchem, &.C. Sold in England for over |12,000. Foaled 1820. [Imp'd] by Sir Isaac Coffin, 1 825-6. BARBARA, b. f by Roanoake, dam Wakefield. BARONESS, b. m. by Potomac, dam by Young Baronet, gr. dam [by imp'd] Bedford, g. g. dam [by imp'd] Shark, fee. BARON BOSTROP, gr. c. by Roanoake, dam Miss Ryland. 1825. J. Randolph. BARON TRENCK, by Sir Archy, dam by Old Galatin, g. dam [Imp'd] by Gov. Telfair of Georgia. Wm. Terrell. (Georgia.) BASHAW, b. h. [by Imp'd] Wildair, damDe Lancey's [Imp'd] Cub mare. New Jersey. Mare, dk. ch. [by Imp'd] Bashaw, Imp'd Jolly Roger, Aris- totle, Merrypintle, &c. dam an Imp'd mare from Lord Cullen's Stud. BAY RICHMOxND, [Imp'd] by Feather, dam Matron by the Cullen Ara- bian, Bartlett's Childers, Sec. 1769. BAY BOLTON, by Bolton, which was bred by the Earl of Northumber- land, and owned by William Lightfoot of Charles City Cy. Va. dam [Imp'd] Blossom. BAY COLT, [Imp'd] a dk. b. got by Highflyer, dam by Eclipse from Young Cade, which was the dara of VauxhaU, also dam of Dulcina, &.c. 322 AxMERICAN STUD BOOK. (Imported by Wm. Barksdale.) Manchester, Va. 1797. Jos. Strange. -(Sold by John Baylor,) [by Imp'd] Tup, dam by Old Shark, g. dam Betsy Pringle by Fearnought. -Mare, by Bedford, dam by Old Cade, g. dam by Hickman's Independence. J. Broadus. BAY YANKEE, by President, dam Cora by Obscurity. BAY BETT, b. m. by Ratler, dam b. m. bred by Isaac Duckett of Mary- land in 1809, got by Dr. Thornton's [I'?np^d] horse Cllfden, her dam by Richard Hall's Tom by imported Eclipse. Gen. C. Irvine. BAY MARIA, b. f. by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot, &c. 1831. BAY DOLL, by Sans Culotte, out of the dam of Spot. J. Randolph. BEAL^TY,b.f.byRavenswood, dam Everlasting. John Randolph. b. m. by Diomede, dam Virginia, full sister of Desdemona. J. M. Selden. BECCA JOLLY, ch. f. by Sir William, dam by Ragland's Diomede, gr. dam \by Imp'd] Dion. BEDFORD, [Imp^d] by Dungannon, (he by Eclipse,) dam Fairy by High- flyer, Fairy Queen by Young Cade, &c. Bowling Green, Va. 1792. John Hoomes. -(Bland's) [by Jmp^d] Bedford, dam Pandora by Bellair. -Mare, [by Imp^d'] Bedford, dam by imported Dare Devil. Foaled, 1810. Greensville, Va. Thomas Spencer. -Mare, (Old) [by Imp^d] Bedford, dam by imp'd Coeur de Lion — Fortuna by Wildair, &c. R. K. Meade. b. b. by Consul, dam [by Imp'*d] Bedford. Shepherds. BEDLAMITE, b. m. by Cormorant, dam Madcap— Arvil, &,c. 1799. J. Tayloe. ■ — ch. c. by Janus, dam by Young Frenzy. J. Randolph. BEGGAR GIRL, by Sir Archy. b. f [by Imp''d'\ Baronet, dam Betsy Bell. BEHEMOTH, (late Hamlet) br. by Bagdad, dam Rosy Clack. BELLAIR, gr. h. by Old Medley, dam Selima by Yorick. J. Tayloe. (Cooke's) gr. h. by Bellair, dam by Independence cut of a Virginia mare, &c. BELLARIA, by Bellair, dam Sweetest. 1796. J. Tayloe. . by Bellair, dam Narcissa by Wildair. 1797. Tyler. BELLISSIMA, b. f. by Melzar, dam by Old Wildair, Fluvia, &c. 1807. J. Tayloe. BELINDA, b. m. by Escape (Alias Horn's) dam by Bedford. BELLONA, by Bellair, dam Indian Queen [by Imp''d] Pilgrim. BELLVILLE, by Bellair, dam Indian Queen [by Imp^d] Pilgrim. BELMONT, by Tanner, dam by Selim out of an llmp''d] mare. BELVIDERA,"b. c. by Symme's Wildair, dam [by Imp'd] Clockfast, gr. dam by Old Yorick, &c. Brunswick Cy. Va. 1793. Hartwell Tucker. jaMERICAN STUD BOOK. 323 BELVIDERA, b. f. by Roanoake, dam Archy Minikin. John Randolph. BEN COOPER, gr. c.-by Messenger, dam Temptation by Heath's Childers. 1803. , rr ,^ * BENYOWSKI, b. h. by Americus, (by Diomede) dam [Imp'd] Anvehna. ■jgQ2 John Tayloe. BERGAMOT, [Imp'd] got by Highflyer, dam Orange Girl by Matchem— Red Rose by Babraham— Blaze— Fox, &c. Charles City Cy. Va. 1787. Wm. Lightfoot. BERNADOTTE, {Windflower) by Ball's Florizelle, dam [by Jmp'd} Bed- ford, g. dam by Quicksilver— Victorious, &,c. BERTRAND, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Eliza [by Imp'd] Bedford, g. dam Mambrino. . Junior, ch. by Bertrand, dam Transport. South Carolina, 1827. J- B. Richardson. BET BOUNCE, b. f. by Sir Harry, dam Atalanta by Old Medley, &c. Foaled, 1825. BETTY, ch. f by Contention, dam Flora by Ball's Florizelle. Loudon, Va. J- Lewis. BETSY ARCHER, by Old Sir Archy, dam Weazle. E. Irby. . Andrews, ch. by Sir Archy, dam by Jack Andrews. Baker, gr. f. by Buzzard, dam Portia. — br. m. [by Imp^d] Shark, dam by Romulus,— St. George, Haynnes' Old Poll by Fearnought. -b. m. by Florizelle, dam Tartar mare by Old Fearnought, (fee. Blossom, dk. b. by Superior, (by Old Superior,) dam by Thornton's Wildair out of a Dare Devil mare. Bell, b. f by Mr. McCarthy's Cub, dam Temptation. Haxall, (See Roxana.) -Hunt, br. m. by Sir Hal, dam by Dion-— Quickstep-— Shark Wildair-— Clockfast, &.c. Mapison, ch. f by Madison, dam Maria by Archy. Pearson, ch. by Tom Tough, dam [by Imp'd] Diomede. Wm. D.Taylor Pringle, by Old Fearnought, dam [Imp'd'] Jenny Dismal. Ransom, gr. m. by Virginian, dam Old Favourite by Bellair. Robinson, b. f by Thaddeus, dam Maria by Sir Archy— Ump^d'] Sir Harry— -Dare Devil, &-C. -RoBBiNs, ch. f by Kosciusko, dam by Hephestion, g. dam Arion, g. g. dam by Romulus, by South Carolina, 1806. B. F. Taylor. -RuFFiN, ch. m. by Virginian, dam by Irby's Shylock, g. dam Lady Burton. -Saunders, gr. f by Stockholder, dam by Pacolet. -Taylor, ch. m. by First Consul, dam \by Imp'd'] Obscurity. Philadelphia Cy. -Wilson, by Ratray, dam by Oscar. 1827. ^°^- Emery. WiLKs, b. m. by Sir Archy, dam by Bedford, g. dam by Dare Devil, g. g. dam by Lamplighter, (fee. BIG BEN, [by Imp'd'] Bedford, dam Pandora by Bellair. See Phenomenon, also Charlemoni or Straqge's Traveller. BLACK MARIA, by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot. 1826. J- C Stephens. by Shark, dam by Clockfast, g. dam Maria by Regulus, .feo. 1804. J. Tayloe. 324 AMERICAN STUD B005i. BLACK IVIERINO, by Vintzun, dam by Comet, g. dam by Don Carlos— OM Figure, &c. BLACK GHOST, [by rmp'd] Oscar, dam Pill Box by imp'd Pantaloon—- Melporaone, &c. Dr. A. Dixon, (Va.) by Oscar, dam Melpomone, &c. BLACK EYED SUSAN, by Sir Archy, dam [by Irnfd] Druid, g. dam by imp'd Sal tram. 1812. C. Harrison. by Potomac, dam by Galatin — by Diomede, &.c. 1819. Stephen Hester. BLACK AND ALL BLACK, by Madison, dam Virago by Whip. [by Imp''d\ Brunswick, dam by Ariel, g. dam Brent's Ebony, g. g. dam imp'd Selima. Pennsylvania, 1780. Elihu Hall, -[/m/d] (See Othello.) BLAKEFORD, ch. c by Gov. Wright's Silver Heels, dam Selima by Top- gallant — Gabriel — Chatam, &c. Maryland. Robert Wright, Jun. BLACK JACK, b. c. by Carolinian, dam by Miner's Escape, (or Horn's.) BLACK ROSE, bl. m. by Stockholder, (by Sir Archy,) dam by Hamilto- nian, \by Imp'd Diomede,] g. dam by Columbus, (by imp'd Panta- loon) ovA of Ladv Northumberland, &c. Frederick Cy. Va. 1826. D. H. Allen. BLAZE, [Imp^d] by Vandall, (by Spectator,) dam the sister of Chrysolite by Truncheon — Regulus — Partner, &c. York, Va. 1796. Hugh Nelson. br. c by Roanoake, dam Miss Peyton. J. Randolph. BLAZELLA, {by Imp*d] Blaze, dam Jenny Cameron. BLACK PRINCE, by Don Carlos, (he by Figure) dam by Figure, g. dam by Dove — Othello, &.c. Maryland, 1783. . by Marion, dam Lady Burton, &c. 1827. BLACK WARRIOR, [by Imfd] Merryfield. by Black Warrior. BLACK TOM, by Tom Jones, dam an imp'd mare. BLEMISH, b. m. by Gracchus, dam imp'd Duchess. 1819. H. Burwell. BLOSSOM, [Imp'd] by Old Sloe, her dam by Regulus the sire of Fear- nought, (fcc. Thomas Nelsou, (Va.) , —/mjo'cf] dap. gr. by Bordeaux, dam by Highflyer, g. dam by Eclipse out of Vauxhall's dam by Young Cade, &.c. Pennsylvania. John Mayo. BLUE SKIN, b. c. by Roanoake, dam Miss Ryland, &c. J. Randolph. Mare, by Baylor's Fearnought, dam an imp'd mare. BLUE RUIN, by Gracchus, dam Duetta, &c. BLUSTER, \Imp'd:] by Orlando, (son of Whiskey,) out of a Highflyer mare sister to Escape by Pegasus, her dam by Squirrel, &c. Petersburgh, Va. James Dunlop. BOASTER, [Imp'd] b. h. by Dungannon, dam by Justice, Mariame by Squirrel— -Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. Foaled, 1795. Walter Bell. BOLIVAR, by Sir Hal, dam by Old Diomede — Wildair— Apollo, &c. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 325 BOLIVAR, gr. h. by Oscar, (by Wonder,) dam by Pacolet, Truxton, &c. —by Sir Robert Wilson, dam Darning Needle. b. h. by Ratler, dam by Sir Solomon. 1826. Wright. BOLTON, [Imp'd] b. by Shock, owned by Mr. Lightfoot of Charles Ci»y Va. Foaled, 1752. Mare, ch. by Bolton, dam Sally Wright by Yorick. Foaled, 1776. John Hoomes. BOMPARD, [by Imp^d] Obscurity, dam by Pillgarlic, g. dam by Imp'd Jack of Diamonds, &c. BONNETS O'BLUE, gr. f. by Sir Charles, dam Reality by Sir Archy. Wm. R. Johnson. BONNY BLACK, b. f. by Bagdad, dam Fancy. Tennessee. D. W. Sumner. BONNY LASS, (L. Hardimans,) by Jolly Roger, dam llmp''d] Bonny Lass. [Imp^d] by Bay Bolton. BONAPARTE, b. by Col. Tayloe's Grey Diomede, dam by Matchem, g. dam by Marius — Silver Heels, &.c. Maryland. Sam. Nerwood. BOREAS, b. c. by McCarthy's cub, dam Shrewsbury Nan, by Bajazet, &c. Kent Cy. Md. 1791. BOXER, [6y Imp^d] Medley, dam by Baylor's Fearnought, g. dam by Jolly Roger, (fee. Goochland Cy. J. Curd. by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp^d^\ Druid — Symme's Wildair- Americus, (fee. Ohio, 1830. P. Claiborne. BRANDON, by Aristotle, dam by Old Janus. BRAVO, b. c. by Henry, dam Gulnare, (fee. Queens County, N. Y. 1829. Tho. Pearsall. BRENDA, ch. f by Gracchus, dam Mariana. F. B. Whiting. -b. m. by (Ame's) Sir Archy, dam Madame Lavalette. Foaled, 1823. J. J. Ambler. BRITANNIA, [/mp'dJ] b. m. was got by Pegasus, dam Peggy, was veiy fleet, but invariably bolted. 1800. John Taylor. by Wildair, dam [by Imp^d] Aristotle, g. dam by Imp'd Vampire out of Imp'd Britannia. 1792. Col. Symme. -full sister to True Briton, dam Col. Gant's Milly, full sistei to Hopper's Pacolet, (fee. -dk. gr. m. by True Briton, dam Duke of Cumberland's Ebo ny, (fee. Maryland, 1769. BRIGHT PHOEBUS, full brother to Miller's Damsel. BRILLIANT, [lmp''d] gr. by Phenomenon, dam Faith by Pacolet- Ata lanta by Matchem, (fee. Foaled, 1791. J. Tayloe. ■ br. c. by Sir Archy, dam Bet Bounce. 1826. W. R. Johnson, -b. c. by Marplot, dam Brilliant mare. 1797. Joseph Atston. -Chichester's, by Timoleon, dam Caroline by Marshall. Fairfax County, Va. 1828. 326 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. BRILLIANT, ch. h. by Eden's [Jmp'd] Badger, dam by Othello, gr. dam by Morton's Traveller, &c. Towsen's Tavern, Maryland, 1786. J. R. HollMay. Mare, [6y Imp^d] Matchem, dam Imp'd was by Brilliant, 1799. Ed. Fenwick. BRIMMER, b. h. by (Harris') Eclipse, dam Polly Flaxen. Powhatan County, Va. 1777. T. Turpin. - b. h. by Herod, dam by Robin Redbreast, g. dam by Shark — Clive, &.C. John Goode. '[by Imp^d] Valiant, dam by Jolly Roger. BROADNAX, by Old Janus, dam by Apollo, g. dam by Fearnought, g. g. dam by Jolly Roger, &-c. 1784. Broadnax. BROWN FILLY, [Imp'd] was by Sir Peter Teazle out of the dam of Horn's. S. Carolina, 1802. John McPherson. BRUNSWICK, [Imp'd] (called Ligldfoot in England,) was got by Oro- nooko, a son of Crab, (Black and All Black) out of Miss Slamer- kin. Brunswick's dam by Babraham, a son of Godolphin Arabian, &,c. BRUNSIMUTT, dk. br. h. by Brunswick— [/w;)'rf] Ranter— Imp'd Dab- stcr (fcc. BRUNETTE, full sister to Gohanna. b. f by Telegraph. b. f. by Roanoake, dam Archy Minikin. J. Randolph. BRYAN O'LYNN, [Imp'd] by A ston, dam by De Sang— Regulus— Part ner — Brocklesby's Betsy, by the Curwen bay Barb. Foaled, 1796. North Carolina, 1803. Turner. BUCKSKIN, by Mark Anthony, dam Brandon. B. Harrison. BUCEPHALUS, [Im.p'd] br. h. got by Sir M. Witberton's Locust, dam by Old Cade, g. dam by Partner. Foaled, 1753. Archibald Ritchie. -s. h. by Craig's Yorick, dam by Careless. King William Cy. Va. 1777. Reuben Butler, -b. h. by Symrae's Wildair, &lc. 3807. Col. Ed. Ward, -by Granby, dam Maria Slamerkin. 1 BUFFALO, b. c. by Bagdad, dam Anna by Truxton. BUSSORA. (See Arabian Bussora.) BULLE ROOK, (Old) [by Imp'd] Sparks out of a full blooded mare. BURK, ch. c. by Stockholder, dam Eliza by Bagdad. BURSTER, ch. h. by Rasselas, dam by Topgallant, g. dam, [by Imp'd\ Play or Pay — Bellair, &c. Wm. Cleveland. BURSTALL, by Shylock, dam Dare Devil mare. BURWELL'S TRAVELLER. (See Traveller Burwell's.) BUXOMA, ch. f by Pulaski, dam Virginia Nell. J 1829. J- Blick. ^ BUZZARD, [Imp'd] ch. h. by Woodpecker, dam by Dux— Curiosity by Snap — Regulus, (fee. ]( 1787. J- Hoomes. gr. h. by a son of Old Buzzard, dam Pandora by Bellair, (fee. — Old, ch. m. [by Imp'd\ Buzzard, dam by Diomede, gr. dam by Boxer, (fee. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 327 BUZZARD, Young, ni. by Hamiltoni-an (of Va.) dam Old Buzzard [by Imp^d] Buzzard, g. d. by Dioaiede, &.c. Mare, ch. by Buzzard, dam Symmetrj^ bought by M. Alex- ander. Geo. Jefferson. C, CADMUS, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Shylock, g. dam [by Imp'd] Bed ford, &c. ^ Kentucky. N. Hutchcrcfl. CADE, by Old Partner, dam [Imp'd] Kitty Fisher.- 1786. Wm. Lumpkin. ch. c. bv Ajax, dam Tartar maro, &,c. 1791. CAIRA, ch. by Wildaii, (by Fearnought,) dam by Sloe, the dam of Grey Diomede. 1796. Richard Brooke. CALYPSO, g. m. by RIedley, dam Selima by Yorick. 1793. J. Tayloe. b. f. by Chance iMedley, dam by Vintzun. Col. Chairters- by Nolimetangere, dam Lady Dudley by First Consul. CALENDER, ch. h. by American Eclipse, dam Princess by Sir Arch)% g. dam a full blooded mare. CALISTA, gr. f. by Roanoake, dam Miss Peyton. J. Randolph. CALMUC, ch. c. by Timoleon, dam Fair Forester, &c. 1831. Dr. Goodwin. CAMDEN, by Old Janus, dam Pally Haxen. King and Queen, Va. 1782. Harry Caincs. CAMELEON, dk. br. m. by Virginian, dam Rosetta [by Imp'd] Dion. CAMILLA, [Imp'd] by Dove, &:c. by Tanner, dam Stella by Tasker's Othello. Henry Carter. ch. m. by Timoleon, dam Duchess by Bedford. Halifax, N. C. Robert A. Jones. by Old Wildair, dam Minerva by Obscurity. Wm. Broadnax.- yc. m. by Old Peace Maker, (by Diomede,) dam Lady Ea^le, &,c. Albemarle, Va. Walter Coles. by Old Fearnought, dam Calista. -b. m. by Bolingbroke, dam by Thornton's Diomede, he by Ball's Florizefle— [/my^'c/] Whip, &c. King and Queen Cy. Va. 1826. Hugh Campbell. b. f by Bluster, [^Imp^d] son of Orlando, dam Jet. J. Randolph. ch. m. by Sumpter dam, by Robin Gray, 't/] ch. h. by Blank out of Naylor by Cade, Spectator's clam by Partner, &c. Foaled, 1758. CENTAUR, br. h. by Evan's Starling, dam an [Imp^d] mare. Foaled, 1764. CHAMBERLAIN, ch. h. by Diomede. CHANCE, [Imp^d] b. h. by Lurcher, (son of Dungamion,) dam by Hydei Ally — Perditta by Herod — Fair Forester by Sloe, Sic. 1797. John Tayloe. Medley, gr. h. [by Imp*d] Chance, dam by Young Diomede, (by gr. Diomede,) g. dam by Imp'd Oscar, &,c. CHANTICLEER, by Wildair, dam by Pantaloon, g. dam by Traveller- Mark Anthony, Slc 1793. B. Wilkes. br. by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost [by Imyd] Pill Box by Imp'd Pantaloon — INIorton's Traveller. Jas. G. Green. CHARLES CARROLL, ch. c. by Sir Charles, dam Susan by Bond's Sir Solomon, &-c. CHARLES STEWARD, b. h. by Tuckahoe, dam by Sir Solomon. CHARLES MARE, by Sir Charles, dam by Young Hal, gr. dam by Bed- ford, g. g. dam [Lnp^d] Trumpeter. CHARIOT, [Imp'd] b. h. by Highflyer, dam Potosi by Eclipse— Blank- Godolphin Arabian — Snip — Partner, &c. Foaled, 1789. N. Carolina, 1800. J. &. L. Lyne. CHARLEMONT, [Imp'd] b. c (afterwards called Big Ben) in which nam* he ran many races in England, and afterwards in this country callec* . Traveller — he was got by O'Kelly's Eclipse, his dam by king Herod —Blank— Snip— Penton's Lady Thigh, &c. Foaled, 1786. Manchester, Va. Jas. Strange. CHARLEMAGNE, by Wildair, dam by Romulus by Mark Anthony, out of Judge Tyler's Pompadour. CHAT AM, by Fitzhugh's Regulus, dam Brent's Ebony, g. d. Selima \by Imp'd] Othello. Gunpowder Falls, 1786. Brogden. CHARLOTTE, ch. f by Galatin, dam Anvelina. — by Sir Archy, dam Merino Ewe. W. R. Johnson. Temple, full sister to Gohanna. CHEROKEE, by Sir Archv, dam Young Roxana by Hephestion. CHESNUT MARE, by Diomede, dam by Alderman, g. dam by Clockfast, &.C. J. Wickham. CHESAPEAKE, gr. h. by Sweeper. Gittings. CHEVALIER, by Celer, dam Brandon by Aristotle. B. Harrison. CHILDERS, i/w?/)'c?] b. by Blaze, son of the Devonshire Childers, dam by Old Fox, &c. Stafford Cy. Va. 1759. Francis Thornton. Hjf.ath's, ch. h. by Baylor's Fearnought, dam an nriporled mare by Bajazet — Babraham — Sedbury, &c. -, Rich. Barnes, -b. h. [by Imp'd] Childers, dam by Traveller. Charles' County, Maryland, 1764. Geo. Lee. -Flying, ch. (brother to Ratler) by Sir Archy, dam by Robir Redbreast, &c. Gen. Wynne. 330 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. CHIEFTAIN, ch. c. by Director, dam by Hoskin's Sir Peter, gr. dam by Highlander, tfcc. Rich. Hill. CHINOANGTl, [by ImpH] Arab, dam Aurora by Imp'd Honest John. CICERO, by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp^d] Diomede, g. dam by Imp'd Fear- nought — Jolly Roger, &c. Mare, (dam of Trifle) by Cicero, dam by Bedford, g. dam by Bellair — Shark, &c. 1822. Tho. Graves. CITIZEN, [Imp'd] b. h. by Pacolet, a son of Blank, a son of the Gedol- phin Arabian — Fairy Queen by Young Cade, &,c. Foaled, 1785. — ■ by Pacolet, dam Fancy. Tennessee, 1818. -by Timoleon, dam by Sir Hal, g. dam Ariadne, (Johnson's.) ClNCINxNATUS, (Bowie's) by Lindsay's Arabian, his dam [by Imp'd} Fi- gure, g. dam Thistle by Imp'd Do('e. by Bay Richmond, dam Blue Skin by Baylor's Fearnought. Ringold. CINDERELLA, full sister to Marshal Duroc. B. Badjier. -'b'- [Imp'd] h. {. by Sir Peter, her dam (Vivaldi's dam) by JVIer- cury, g. dnin Cynthera, &,e. S. Carolina. Gen. John McPherson. CIRCE, by Ariel, dam [Imp'd^ Lady Northumberland. 1784. Beckwith Butler CLARA FISHER, by Kouskiouska, dam by Hephestion, g. d. by Roxana, (her dam never run, having been crippled.) b. f. by Virginius, dam Transport. CLAUDIUS, b. h. by Old Janus, dam Brandon by Aristotle. Andrew Meade. -by Meade's Claudius, dam by Cole's Eclipse. -Mare, by Claudius, dam by Bolton, g. dam Sally Wright. 1791. J- Hoomes. CLARISSA, b. m. by Sumpter, dam by Cook's Whip, [by Imp'd] Whip, g. dam by Imp'd Spread Eagle — Bellair, &c. CLERMONT, by Spread Eagle, dam Peggy. (Went to the South.) J. Tayloe. ch. 0. by Kosciusko, dam Josephine by Young Bedford, &c S. Carolina, 1824. J. J. Moore. CLEVELAND, ch. h. by Bussora out of a Director mare. J. M. Selden. CI^MENTINA, b. f [by Imp'd'. Paymaster, dam Tulip. Maryland, 1795. ' Tha M. Firman. CLEOPATRA, by Druid, dam by Pegasus. E. Haynes. CLIFDEN, [Imp'd] b. h. by Alfred, a son of Matchem, his dam by Flori- zelle, g. dam by Matchem. Foaled, 1817. Dr. Thomton. ■ [Imp'd] got by Abba Thulla, dam Eustatia by Highflyer- Wren by Woodpecker — Sir Peter Teazle's dam. 1795. -Mare, by Doctor Thornton's [Imp'd] Clifden, dam by R. Hall's Tom, he by Tmp'd Eclipse. (or Cliften,) ch. h. by Dr. Brown's Wonder, dam Iris by Sier ling, &c. 1815. J. Lewis. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 331 CLIO, [by Imp' Galloway's Selim. CRAWFORD, [Imp'd'] gr. h. bred by the Duke of Cumberland, and got by his Arabian. Covered in Va. in 1762. Robert Ruffin. CRAWLER, b. h. by Highflyer, his dam Harriet by Old Matchem, &c. Tennessee. CRUSADER, by Sir Archy, dam Lottery by Bedford. South Carolina, 1830. CUB, [Imp'd] ch. h. fifteen hands three inches high, bred by Mr. Grenville, got by Old Fox, his dam Warlock Galloway— Curwen's Bay Barb &c. Foaled, 1739. Mare, [Imp'd'] by Cub a son of Fox, her dam by Torismond, son of the Bolton Starling, her g. dam by second brother to Snip, &c. 1767. Delancy. CUB, (called Old,) b. h. by Yorick by Silver Legs out of Moll Brazen, &,c. Westmoreland, Va. Daniel McCarthy. M.\RE, b. m. [by Imp'd] Figure out of imp'd Cub mare, (killed running a race.) ^ ^ ■_ J. L. Gibson. CUMBERLAND, gr. h. by Pacolel, dam Virginia by Dare Devil. James Jackson. CUPBEARER, b. h. by Bedford, dam Louisa by Harris' Eclipse. John Tayloe. by Florizelle, dam by Biellair. CURTIUS, by Diomede, dam by Bedford, g. dam byTatrlot. CUT LEG, ch. f. by Gracchus, dam Everlasting. lajft. John Randolph. 334 AMERICAN STUD BOOK CUPID OSCAR, b. h. by Edelin's Oscar, jun. dam by Thornton's Mercury, g. dam by Bowie's Sportsman, &c. Pr. Geo. Maryland, 1827. Thomas N. Baden. CYPRON, b. m. by Van Tromp, dam Miss Madison by Lurcher. CYPRUS, dap. gr. by Smiling Tom, dam by Silver Legs, (the dam of M.cCarthy's Cub.) CYPHAX, by Janus out of an [Imp'd] Mare. Jas. City, Va. 1775. John Walker. CYGNET, by Cormorant out of Blossom. Turner Dixon. B. ^ DABSTER, [Tmp'd] by Hobgoblin— Spanker— Hautboy, &c. Imp'd.l741. DARE DLVIL, [Imp'd] b. h. by Magnet, dam Hebe by Chrysolite out of Proserpine sister to Eclipse, &c. Foaled, 1787. -Young, [by Imp^d] Dare Devil, dam by a son of Old Partner out of a mare which was got by an imp'd horse. New Kent Cy. Va. 1802. John Clopton. -Mare, [by Imp^l] Dare Devil, dam Sallard's old mare by VVildair, g. dam Picadilla by Bait &. Macklin's Fearnought. Irby. Mare, [by lmp''d] Dare Devil, dam Trumpeter. J. Hoomes. DAIRY MAID, by Bedford, dam Racket by Medley. s. m. by Sir Hal, dam [by Imp^d] Oscar, g. dam by Old Dio mede — Bellair, &-c. J. M. Botts. DAFFODIL, by Dare Devil, dam Celerima. T. C. Nelson. DAMON, dk. ch. h. by Old Celer — Babraham — thoroughbred Janus mare, &c. b. by Janus (by Fearnought) dam by Old Fearnought out of an [Imp''d] mare Steady Sally. 1781. John Baylor. DAME PRESLEY, b. m. by Carolinian, dam Miss Dance. DAPHNE, by Figure, (by Yorick) dam an Ebony mare. DAPPLE JOHN, by Lloyd's Traveller— [Zm/Zcf] Janus— imp'd mare. DARIUS, dap. b. h. [by Imp'd] Jolly Roger— Baylor's Old Shock out of a thorough bred imp'd mare. Foaled, 1767. DART, ch. m. by Diomedon— Old Celer— Old Warning— Old Spadille, &.C. out of a thorough bred mare. 1815. (Crippled.) DARLINGTON, [Imp'd] b. h. by Clothier, dam by Highflyer, Little John, &c. Mecklenburg, Va. J. Goode. • Mare, by Darlington, dam by Clodius, g. dam by Bolton, g. g. dam Sally Wright, &.c. J. Tayloe. -Mare, dk. Iron gr. [by Imp'd] Darlington — Hart's Medley — thorough bred mare by imp'd Justice, &c. DAVID, [Imp'd] b. h. by the Gower Stallion, dam b}' Fox Cub — Young True Blue out of the sister of Pelham's Little George, (fee. 175fi Little, (See Little David.) AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 335 D\RNING NEEDLE, b. m. by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp'd] Diameoe. Foaled, 1813. E. Warfield. DASHER^ «r. c by Cincinnatus, dam Shrewsbury Nan. Maryland. Thos. M. Forman. DASH \LL, br. h. by Sir Archy, dam Meg Dodds. Reeds, Carohne Cy. Messrs. Corbin's. DAUPHIN, b. by Lloyd's Traveller, dam by Old Figure, gr. dam by Dove, &c. Chas. Cy. Maryland, 1783. DEFIANCE, br. h. by Florizelle, dam Miss Dance by Roebuck. J. Tayloe. DE K \LB, b. h. by Arab, dam by Virginian, g. damPrudentia by Shylnck. South Carolina, 1832. A. R. Ruffin. br. c. by Kosciusko, dam Virginia Coquette. 1825. ^' Ferguson. DESDEMONA, by Dare Devil, dam Lady Bolingbroke. 1800. J- Tayloe. b. m. by Miner's Escape, dam by Dare Devjl, gr. dam by ISIask Igig/ E. G. W. Butler. -gr. f. by Comet, dam Kitty Fisher by Oscar, 1792. Ramson Davis. br. ch. m. by Virginius, dam Miss Fortune [by Imfd] Star, g. dam Anvelina. 1818. DELEGATE, ch. c. [by Imp'd] Valentine, dam Corneha Van Home, &c. ]83l^ T. M. Fc4-man. DELILAH, b. m. by Sir Archy, dam by Herod, &c. Jas. L. G. Baker. DEMOCRAT, b. h. by Grey Diomede, dam by Hall's llmp'd] Eclipse, g. dam by Don Carlos. Walter Bowie. -bl. c. by Morgan's Shakespeare, dam Shrewsbury Nan, fcc. Cecil Cy. 1794. T. M. Forman. DEPRO, by Bay Baronet, dam [Imp''d] Crop. DE WITT CLINTON, ch. h. by Ratler, dam (Flirt's dam) by Duroc, g. dam by Baronet. DIAMOND, [Imp'd] by Hautboy, son of Old Fox, &c. Alex. Spotswood. DIANA, gr. f. by Galatin, dam by Clio \by Imp'd] Whip. 1317. ^b. m. by^ Claudius, dam Sally Painter. br. m. by Tayloe's Hamiltonian, dam by Bowie's Bellair— Irish Grey, &c. Lexington, Kentucky, 1821. E. Warfield. -by First Consul dam, dam of Marshal Ney, g. dam by Mes- senger, g. g. dam by Figure. by Americus (by Shark,) dam Minerva by Bellair. [by Imp'd] Sterling, dam one of Col. Willis' best mares. Col. Davies. DIANA VERNON, br. b. m. by Ratray, dam Cora [by Imp'd] Carlo out of Pandora. Maryland, 1817. James Parker. DIANORA, b. i. [by. Imp'd] Expedition, dam Betsy Bell. DICK DASHALL, ch. c. by Diomede, dam Shark mare. J. Hoomes, Juu 336 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. DICTATOR, [hy Imp'd] Mexican, dam by Imp'd Flimnap, g. dam Imp'd. BoLisht at the Duke of Bridgwater's sale in 1762. Foafed, 1790. Gen. John McPherson. DIDO, gr. f. (bred by J. Hoomes) by Coeur de Lion, dam Araminda by Medley, g. dam by Bolton. .1798. . , by Gen. Morris' [rmp''d] Bay Richmond, dam Slamerkni by Wildair. -b. f. by Coeur de Lion, dam Poll by Eclipse. 1804. DI VERNON, by Old Florizelle, dam by Ogle's Oscar, g. dam by Hero, &c. -Diana, by Sir William, dam Lady Burton. DINWIDDIE, b. h. by Diomede, dam by Wildair, gr. dam by Apoll Partner — Fearnought, &c. 1304. Dr. Wm. Cutler. DION, [//«;/ J] by Spadille, dam Faitb by Pacolet, gr. dam Atalanta by Matchem— Lass of the Mill by Oronooko— Old Traveller, &c. 1795. J- Hoomes. Mare, b. m. [6?/, /mij'c^] Dion— Highflyer— Apollo— Old Jolly ' . Roger, &c. Halifax, Va. 1806. J. Sims. DIOMEDE, [Lnp'd] ch. h. by Florizelle, dam by Spectator, g. dam sister to Horatio by Blank— Flying Childers— Miss Belvoir by Grey Gran- tham — Paget's Turk — Betsy Percival by Leed's Arabian. (Died in 1807, 30 years old.) (Batt's,) [by Imp'd] Diomede, dam Mulga by Wildair. Eagle, br. c [by Imp'd] Eagle, dam Chesnut Mare by Dio- mede, gr. dam by Alderman — Wildair, &c. 1814. J- Wickham. (Thornton's,) by Ball's Florizelle, dam [hy Lnp'd] Whip, gr. dar.i by Topgallant, &c. Thornton. -Mare, b. [by Imp'd] Diomede, dam by Gimcrack, (alias Ran- dolph's Roan.) Buckingham Cy. Va. 1815. Edw. Curd. Mare, b.byRagland'sDiomede— [/mj^'d] Dion— Imp'd High- flyer — Apollo, &c. 1816. . J- Sims. Grey. (See Grey Diomede.) b. m. [by Imp'd] Diomede— Darlington— Old Medley— Clock fast, &c. — thorough bred mare by Imp'd Justice, &c Jas. Gowan. -(Second,) gr. \by Imp'd] Diomede, dam by Imp'd Clockfast —Old Partner— Old Regulus, &c. Cumberland Cy. Va. Wm. Randolph. DIOMEDA, [by Imp'd'] Diomede, dam Imp'd Janette. DIOMEDIAN, by Am. h. Saltram, (son of [Imp'd] Diomede,) dam by Hen- drick's Celer, (son of Old Celer.) DIRECTOR, ch. by Sir Archy, dam Meretrix by Magog. Young. (See Young Director.) DIRECTRESS, ch. m. by Director, dam by Old Potomac, g. dam by Gim- crack, (fcc. 1822. Jackson. DOGTO , b. c. by Pacotaligo, dam Virginia, (Coquette.) 1819. J- Ferguson. DOLLY FINE, by Old Silver Eye, dam [hy Imp'd] Badger— Forester, &c. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 337 DOLLY PATMAN, ch. by Sir Alfred, dam by Tom Tough, g. dam by Kellis by Dandiidge's Fearnought. DOLLA BELLA, b. f. by Roanoake, dam Bay Doll. 1825. ^ J. Randolph. DON CARLOS, [hy Imp'd] Valentine, dam Fenella by Silver Heels. b. h. [by Imp''d] Figure, dam Primrose by Dove. 1780. Dr. Hamilton. DON JUAN, ch. c. by Timoleon, dam Rosemary [by Imp^d] Diomede. by Rattler, dam by Oscar, g. dam by Medley. Dr. Thornton. DONGOLAH, by Mark Anthony, dam Nancy Bell by Fearnought, g. dam Miss Bell. DOMINICA, gr. h. [by Imp^d] Dove — Regulus — American horse Othello^ thorough bred Imp'd mare. DORA, b. f. by Kosciusko, dam Josephine. 1825. John S. Moore. DORACLES, [by Imp'd] Shark, dam by Clockfast. DOTTRELL, [/mpV] g. fifteen and a half hands high, got by Changeling, his dam by a son of Wynn's Arabian. Foaled, 1750. Westmoreland Cy. Va. 1766. Philip L. Lee. DOUBTLESS, by Fitz Diomede, (son of Diomede,) dam by Picture, g. dam by Sweet Surry by Spadjlle. G. P. Tayloe. DOUBTFUL, b. f. by Spread Eagle, dam Medley mare. John Hoames. DOVE, [Imp'd] gr. by Young Cade, dam by Teazer out of a Gardiner mare, &c. 1762. Dr. Hamilton. DOUCE DAVIE, b. c. by Roanoake, dam Cornelia. 1825. J. Randolph. DRAGON, [Imp'd] by W^oodpecker, dam Juno by Spectator, Horatio by Blank, — Childers — Miss Bel voir, &-c. Died 1812, aged 25 years. John Hoomes, [by Imp'd] Dragon — Truxton — Barry's Grey Medley — Stern — Pillgarlic, (fee, DREADNOUGHT, ch. c. [by Imp'd] Expedition, dam Tulip. Thos. M. Forman. DPJVER, [Imp'd] b. h. by Driver, dam by Lord Ossary's Dorremont, g. dam by Old King Herod — Shephard's Crab — Miss Meredith by Cade. Foaled, 1794. V\' ashington City. Dr. W. Thornton. DRUID, [Imp'd] ch. near sixteen hands high by PmSos, (son of Eclipse,y his dam Maid of the Oaks by king Herod — Matchem — Snap — Re gulus, (fee. Foaled, 1790. (1800.) John Hoomes. DUETTA, by Silver Tail, dam Vanity by Celer. DUBIOUS, b. c. by Bertrand, dam Darning Needle, Sec. 1829. DUNGANNON, [Imp'd] b. h. by Dungannon, dam by Conductor — Flitt by Squirrel — Helen by Blank — Crab out of Old Partner's sister. 1793. J. Tayloe. by Bedford, dam by Coeur de Lion, g. dam by Medley. 1803. DUFF GREEN, (Cage's Colt) ir. gr. by Pacolet,dam by Royalist, gr. dam by Bompard, (son of Obscurity,) Pillgarlic, (fee. DUKE OF BEDFORD, [by Imp'd] Bedford, dam Pilot by Quicksilver. DUKE OF LIMBS, (Experiment) by Highflyer. J. Hoomes 338 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. DUKE CHARLES, ch. c. by Kosciusko, dam by Financier. J. J. Harrison. DUROC, ch. yi'{hy Mp^d] Diomede, dam Amanda by Grey Diomede, &.C. Died 1826. ' ' i ' - Powhatan Cy. Va. 1810. ' Wade Mosby. , b. h. by Old Duroc, dam by Florizelle-— Gabriel— Bedford, &c. • ■ . . DUTCHESS, [7mjo'(Z] b. m. bred by the Duke of Grafton, got by Grouse son of Highflyer out of Georgiana, own sister to Conductor by_Matcheni — Babraham — Partner, &,c. 1801. John Randolph. by Bedford, dani Thresher [by Imp' d] Shark— Twigg, «fec. R. R. Johnson. by Hero, dam by Brutus, g. dam by Tarquin — Old Prince, &,c. Rich. Rapley. DUMPLING, ch. f by Gracchus, dam Everlasting. 1313. John Randolph. DUTIFUL, ch. f by Sumpter, dam Miss Haggin. E. "Warfield. E. ■ ' - . EAGLE, [hnp'd] b. sixteen hands high, got by Volunteer (a son of Eclipse) out of a Highflyer mare, her dam by Engineer — Cade — Lass of the Mill by Traveller — Miss Matchless — Partner— Woodcock, &c. Foaled, 17%. Whitby, Va. 1812. S. S. Saunders. b. h. [by Imp'd] Edigle, dam Iris by Imp*d Sterling. J. Lewis. i -br. b. by Spread Eagle, dom Arminda, &c. 1801. Sold to Mr. Alston, S. C. J. Hoomes. b. c. by Volunteer, dam by Highflyer — Engineer — Cade, &.C. Foaled, 1796. -br. b. by Old Sir Solomon, dam Aurora by Honest John, gr. dam Zelippa [by Inp'd'] Messenger. New Jersey. Stephen Hunt, -c. by Spread Eagle, dam Spndille. EBONY YoLNG, [Imp'd}. (See Young Ebony.) 17ry2. EBONY, {h'l Imp''d] Othello, dam Irap'd Selima. Virginia. - Brent. dk. br. by Roanoake, dam Jet. 1829. J- Randolph. EASTER, ch. f by Gohanna, dam by Napoleon, g. dam by Sir Harry- Dioniede, &,c. 1829. - Thos. Graves. ECHO, ch. f by American Eclipse, dam Maria Slamerkin. 1825. ECONOMY, b. c. by Old Rattler, dam by Topgallant— Bedford— Pnmrose, &c. W'm. Cleveland. ECLIPSE AMERICAN. (See American Eclipse,) &.c. ■ ECLIPSE, Harris' b. h. [by Imp'd] Fearnought, dam an Imp'd mare by Shakspeare, &.c. Died 1790. Raised by John Baylor. Maryland, dk. ch. h. by American Eclipse,, dam Lady of the Lake, g. dam Maid of the Oaks. Bait. 1829. Samuel Briscoe. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 339 ECLIPSE, Southern, ch. h. by Northampton, dam by First Consul— Grey Diomede — Old Ebony, &,c. William Thornton. Coles', ch. sor. h. [hy Imp^d] Obscurity, dam by Apollo, gr. dam by Old Valiant— Try All, &c. Prince George Cy. 1 796. Wm. Cole. -[by Trnp^d} Eagle, dam Lauretta by imp'd Bedford, &.c Kentucky, 1825. Lewis Sheely. Herod, [by Imp'd] Driver, dam imp'd Miss Bennington. Washington City, 1808. Wm. Thornton. Virginia, (See Virginia Eelipse.) -OF THE West, b. h. by Duroc, dam [Lnp'd] Moggy Slamerkir., &c. Warren, Ohio, 1825. LiGHTFoor, bl. c. by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot, &c. 1825. -by Virginius, dam Anvelina. 1812. J. B. Richardson. -Mare, dk. bay by Harris' Eclipse— Black and All Black— Old Mark Anthony, Slc. thorough bred mare. Halifax Cy. N. C. 1797. Vaughan. -Northern, llmp'd] by O'Kelly's Eclipse, dam Amyrillis by Adolphus, &c. Foaled, 1770. Annapolis, 1780. Wallace & Muire. -[Lnp''d] ch. was got by O'Kelly's famous Eclipse, dam Phebe full sister of Apollo — Phebe by Regulus, her dam by Cottingham, g dam by Snake, «fcc. Prince George Cy. Richard B. Hall. EFFIE DEANS, b. ni. by (Farmer's) Florizelle, (by Bali's Florizelle,) dam by Clockfast, gr. dam by Jones' Coeur de Lion— Robin Redbreast- Dare Devil, &c. ELECTION, c. c. by Spectator, dam Fairy by Bedford. 1811. J. Hoomes. ELEGANT, [by Imp'd] Fearnought, dam by Bellair— Wildair, &c. ELIZA, ch. m. by Bagdad, dam Mellwood by Topgallant. Tennessee. L. J. Polk. [by Imp'd] Bedford, dam imp'd Mambrino, &,c. b. f by Justice, dam Nancy Dawson. 1803. James Ferguson. ch. m. by Timoleon, dam by Sir Alfred (the dam of Waxey, &c.) Red House, N. C. J. W. Jeffries. Adams, by Hornet, dam [by Imp'd] Jack Andrews. W. H. Minge. Reiley, b. f. by Sir Archy, dam Bet Bounce. Dr. J. Minge. -Splotch, g. f by Sir Archy, dam by Diomede. -Walker, b. f by American Eclipse, dam by Moore's Sir Ar- chy, g. dam Jenny Deans. -White, b. f by Sir Archy, dam by Diomede. -Wharton, b. by Director, dam by Bedford— Proserpine by Dare Devil. Drake, ch. f. by Shawnee, dam by Sir Archy. John White, (of Jackson. ELIZABETH, by Sir Archy, dam by Robin Redbreast. Gen. Wynne b. m. by Alfred out of the dam of Sally Iloniet by Hornet. 30 34d AMERICAN STUD BOOK. ELVIRA, ch. f. by Bedford, dam Virginia Sorrel. (Sold to H. King.) J. Tayloo. EMIGRANT, by Carolinian, dam Pet by St. Tammany. EMPRESS, (by Imp'd] Baronet, dam by Old Messenger— Snap— True Briton, (fee. Flatbush, Long Island. ENDLESS, ch. f. by Gracchus, out of sister to Everlasting. 1819. J. Randolph. ENTERPRISE, b. h. by Diomede, dam Forlorn Hope. Henry Macklin. by Florizelle, dam by Saltrara, (the dam of Timoleon and Constitution.) -(See Grey Diomede.) ENGINEER, ch. [bylmp'd] Eagle, dam by imp'd Archduke out of imp'd Castianira, &,c. Broadnax. EQUA, ch. m. [by Imp'd] Chance, dam by Republican President, g. dam by imp'd Figure— Dove, &,c. 1815. Isaac Duckett. EQUINOX, ch. c. [by Imp'd] Baronet, dam Tulip. 1799. T. M. Forman. ERIEL, (or Ariel,) gr. m. by Am. Eclipse, dam Empress by Financier. ESCAPE, (or Horns,) [Jjnp''d] ch. h. fifteen and a half hands high, was got by Precipitate, his dam by Woodpecker, his g. dam by Sweet Brier, out of tlic dam of Buzzard by Dux — Curiosity by Snap — Regulus, «Stc. Foaled, 1798. John Hoomes. N. B. Escape was called Horns in England, under which name he raced. Miner's, [by Imp''d] Escape, dam by imp'd Bedford, g. dam imp'd Gasteria. Mare, ch. bred by Dr. Thornton in 1821 by Miner's Escape, dam Young Adeline by Topgallant Irvine ■ ■ OF THE West, by American Eclipse, dam Moggy Slamican. Courtland Cy. N. Y. Ebenezer Hopkins. . by Timoleon, dam by Sir Harry, g. dam by Old Diomede. Bobert Saunders. ETHIOPIA,bl.m.byTayloe'sBedford(by Bedford) dam by PotSos, who was by Old Medley out of a Conductor mare, g. dam Celer, &:c. EVELINA, by Phenomenon, dam by Regulus, g. dam by Lindsay's Ara- bian, (fee. EUDORA, b. m. [by l7np''d] Dragon, dam by imp'^' Clifden, g. dam by Flag of Truce — Goode's Brimmer H. Baldwin, jun. EXILE, ch. c. by Coeur de Lion, dam oyren Silver, g. dam Caroline by Eclipse, (fee. Davidson, Tennessee. 1806. EXPECTATION, (See Galatin.) EXPEDITION, or Ballinamuc, [Imp'd] fifteen hands, three and a half in- ches high, was got by Pegasus, his dam Active by Woodpecker, gr dam Laura by Whistlejacket, g, g. dam Pretty Polly by Starling. Foaled, 1795. J. Humphreys. EXPRESS, [Imp'd] was got by Postmaster out of a Cypron mare, g. dam by Matchem, g. g. dam by Snip, Regulus, &-c. Foaled, 1785. AMERICAN STUD BOOK 341 FAIR PLAY, b. c. by Play or Pay, dam Bellaria. jgQ2. '^- Heonies. by Citizen, dam by Medley. Gen. Eaton. FAIR FORESTER, b. m. [by Imp'd'\ Chance, Celia by Symmes' Old Wil- dair — Lady Bolingbroke, &.c. John Baker. FAIRFAX, (afterwards called Ratiler)hy Rattler, dam Laura by Arabarb, Imp'd by Col. Lear, an Arabian horse. FAIR MAID, by First Consul, dam Jane Lowndes, by Driver, FAIR RACHEL, by Diomede, dam Susan Jones by Old Shark, VVildair, (tc. Rosamond, er. m. by Sir Archy, dam Forlorn Hope. '^ ^ H. Macklin. FAIRY, by Sir Alfred, dam J/m/^V] Promise. . b. m. by Tom Tough, dam [by Imp'd] Archibald— Lothario— Whig, &c. bv Herod dam by Diomede — Gimcrack, (fee. Joseph Bailey. by Bedford, dam Mambrino by Mambrino full sister of Nai- lor's Sally. Foaled, 1797. A. Spotswood. FAIR STAR, b. f. by Torpedo, dam Betsy Wilkes. Foaled, 1831. G. A. Blaney, U. S. A. FANNY, ch. f by Coeur de Lion, dam Fanny Foster by Wildair. Tennessee, 1808. FANNY FOSTER, ch. by Old Wildair, dam by Old Partner— Old Fear- nought-— Old Jolly Roger, &c. N. Carolina, 1795. John Foster. Murray, g. f own sister to Miss Peyton. ]814. John Randolph. Cole, br. b. by Francisco, dam Sting by Jack Andrews. Benjamin Harrison. -Fairmaid, ch. m. by Rob Roy, dam Fairmaid by First Con- sul, (fee. -Hill, ch. f by Sir William, dam Diomede mare by Ragland's Diomede, (fee. FANTAIL, br. m. by Sir Archy, dam Sally McGhee. FANCY, br. m. by Wilke's Wonder, dam by Mark Anthony, Fearnought, (fee. Tennessee, 1809. J. Sumner. by Jubilee, (by Independence,) dam Stella. by Independence, (by Atkinson's Fearnought) dam by Ameri- cus— r/n7»Vl Traveller — Monkey, (fee. ^ H. Macklin. FARMER JOHN, b. c. by Sterling, dam [Imp'd] Janette. Richard Hoomes. FAVOURITE, f Imp'd] b. m. by Volunteer, dam by Matchem, Dainty Da- vey— Bayton, (fee. bred by Mr. Fenwick. Foaled, 1790. Imp'd 1796. John Hoomes. by Old Fearnought dam. Gen. Jones. (Old) by Bellair, dam by Bedford, Pantaloon, g Cade, g. g. dam Black Eyes by Crab out of Warlock, Gal- loway by Snake, &c. Ump''d] 1794 by Helen for Ringgold & Co. , ch. s. [by Imp'd] Diomede, dam by Imp'd Shark— Harris' Eclipse— Fearnought— Old Jolly Roger. Broad Rock, Va. 1806. . Wm. Ball. -gr. c. by Grey Diomede, dam Louisa by Eclipse Foaled°1795. J. Tayloe. (Graves') by Old Florizelle, dam by Old Spread Eagle, gr. dam by Boxer, g. g. derm by Eclipse— Fearnought, tfcc. ^ Young. (See Young Florizelle.) John M. Burton. ■Mare, ch. by Ball's Florizelle, dam [by Imp'd] Cripple- Wonder— Old Bedford, &c. J. Selden. FLORIZELLA, br. f. [by Imp'd] Florizelle, dam Betsy Bell. Foaled, 1802. Thos. M. Forman. (or Grey Tail) by Ball's Florizelle, dam (Dr. Cutler's race mare) by Wildair, g. dam by Apollo— Eclipse— Mark Anthony— [Imp'd] Partner, &-c. by Florizelle, dam Black Eyed Susan by Potomac. Georgia. Jos. Hester. FLORA, by Roanoake, dam [Imp'd:] Lady G. ^b. m. by Florizelle, dam Miss Dance by Roebuck, g. dann by Independence, (fee. „ _ ^ Alex. F. Rose. ch.. m. by Ball's Florizelle, dam Ins. J. Lewis. -b. f. by Heath's Childers, dam Maggy Lauder. Foaled, 'l 789. T. M. Forman. -ch. by Am. Eagle, (by [Imp'd] Spread Eagle,) dam by Imp'd Dare Devil, g. dam by True Whig— Regulus, &c. FLOUNCE, g. f by Buzzard, dam Portia. Delaware, 1828. Thos. Massey. FLORETTA, (Edelin's) [by Imp'd] Spread Eagle, dam by Hall's Unior— Leonidas— Othello, &c. FLORIDA, b. f by Csntention, dam by Francisco— Jack Andrews— Dare Devil — Clockfast, &.c. I—by Old Rattler, dam Flora by Ball's Florizelle. 1H27. J- Lewis. FLOTE, ch. c. by Neal's Archy, (by Old Sir Archy,^ dam Mary Grey. OA # L. J. Gist. 344 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. FLUVIA, by Partner, dam Fluvia by Celer. J. Tayloe. FLYING DUTCHMAN, b. h. by John Richards, dam by Ec .ipse, g. dam by Tippoo Saib — [Imp^d] Royalist, &,c. FLYING CHILDERS, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam (the dam of Sumpter,) by Robin Redbreast. Wynne. FORLORN HOPE, gr. m. by Bellair, dam Fancy by Independence. Henry Mack! in. FORTUNATUS, by Conway's Black and All Black, dam a full bred daughter of Tavloe's Yorick. GoochlandCy. Va. 1782. FORTUNIO, b. c. by Cormorant, dam Brnadnax by Old Janus, v Old Twig,) g. d by Commutation — Eaton's Garrick, &.c. 346 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. GIFT. (See America.) GILES SCROGGINS, by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bedford. N. Carolina, 1828. W. B. Moses. GIMCRACIC, ro. h. by Hart's [Imp'd] Medley, dam by Ariel, &c. 1788. Peter Randolph. GIPSEY, ch. f. by Sterling, dam Hebe, by Dare Devil, g. dam by Old Med- ley, &c. Hoomes, Parish, &, Co. b. m. [by Imp'd'] Bedford, dam by Sohiier, g. dam by Imp'd Sea Gull, g. g. dam by King Herod, &c. 1814. Fairfield, Va. Rich. Adams. GLIDER, ('2nd) b. c. by Glider, dam Temptation. 1802. Thos. M. Forman. GODOLPHIN, [hy Imp'd] Diomede, dam Sally Shark by Shark, g. dam Betsy Pringle. Newmarket, Va. John Baylor. (Dr. Brown's) ch. h. by Godolphin, (by Diomede,) dam (Indian Hen) [by Imp'd] Shark, g. dam by Wormleys or Black Herod, &.c. Frederick Cy. James Ware. -b. h. [by Imp'd'] Fearnought, dam Jenny Dismal. Dinwiddie Cy. Va. 1777. Thos. Field, -by Sprigg's Careless, dam by Selim,g. dam by Panton's Ara- bian, &c. -Mare, by Godolphin, (by Diomede,) dam by the Pennsylva- nia Farmer, g. dam by Pegasus — Bolton, (fcc. Sent to Kentucky. John Hoomes. GOHANNA, br. b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Merino Ewe, by Jack Andrews, (fee. 1829. Half Sink, near Richmond. John M. Botts. GOLD FINDER, by Old Fearnought, dam Kitty Fisher. ch. m. by Virginius, dam Miss Fortune, g. dam [Imp'd] An- velina. GOLIAH, ch. h. by American Eclipse, dam Lady of the Lake, fee. 1827. W. Livingston. GOLDEN ROD, by Mousetrap, dam Nancy Bell— bred by Gen. Jo)ies. GEORGE'S JUNIPER. (See Juniper George's.) [Imp'd]. GOUTY, [Imp'd] b. h. five and a quarter feet high, by Sir Peter Teazle, his dam the famous yellow mare by Tandem, g. dam Perdita, by Herod, Fair Forester by Sloe — Forester — Partner — Croft's bay Barb — Makeless — Brimmer, &c. Foaled, 1796. Wm. Rives. GRACE, b. f by Roanoake, dam Wildfire. 1822. John Randolph. GRACCHUS, ch. h. by Diomede, dam Cornelia by Chanticleer, &c. 1806. John Randolph. Mare, by Gracchus — [Imp'd] horse Dion — hnp'd Highflyer — Apollo, (fee. Halifax, Va. 1818. John Sims. GRACE, b. m. by Ravenswood, dam Old Everlasting by Sans Culotte. 1822. J- Randolph. GRAND DUTCHESS, ch. m. by Gracchus, dam [Imp'd] Dutchess. J. Randolph. GREENSVILLE, g. £ by Bedford, dam Arminda by Medlej'. Sold J. Jones, 1803. J. Hoomes. GRECIAN PRINCESS, b. m. by Virginian, her dam Calypso by Bellair, g dam Irby's Dare Devil mare, &c. 1824. G. W. Jeffries, AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 347 GREGORY, ch. by Gracchus, dam Red Eye, g. dam by Sarpedon, g. g. dam l)y Traveller. GRENADIER, b. li. hy Wilkes (who was by Old Fjgure,) dam by beiim— Britania, &c. Petersburg, 1782. ^ Thomas Eaion. GREY MARE, by Slouch, [by Mp'd] Medley out of a full bred mare. N. B. The dam of the gr. m. was sold by W. A. Lee to Doctor Ir- GREY^ARCHY, by Old Sir Archy, dam by Grey Medley, (son of [Imp'd] Medley,) g. dam by imp'd Messenger, &c. TenneWee, 1810. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^B Phd.ps. GREY DOLL, by Spot, (before he was castrated,) dam by Stirlmg (son ot Volunteer) Duetla by Silver Tail. John Randolph. Medley, (Barry's) by Old Medley, dam by Black and A^ Black, g. dam by Bay Bolton— Old Partner, &c. N. Carolina. George Williams. -Alfred, by Lindsay's Arabian, dam [by Imphi] Tom Jones. -DioMEDE, gr. h. [by Imp'd] Diomede, dam by Flag of Truce Brimmer — Silver Eye, &lc. - „ , , , lgQ3 Barksdale. Diomede, or Enterprise, [by Imp'd] Medley, dam by Sloe, g dam by Vampire, (fcc. Sold to J. Tayloe, 1 793. Richard Brooke. Beard, by Kosciusko, dam [Imp'd] Psyche. R. Singleton. Badger, by Eden's [Imp'dl Badger, dam by imp'd Selim. Benjamin Ogle. Childers, by Medley, dam by Partner. Thomas Eaton. -Orphan, by Orphan, (he by Ball's Florizelle,) dam by Imp'6 Diomede, dam of Grey Orphan, Mary Grey. John Gist. GREYHOUxND, gr. [by Imp'd] Spread Eagle, dam Pandora by imp'd Med ley, &c. 1806. H' T. Thornton. GUNNILDA, [Imp'd-] got by Star, by Regulus, by the Godolphin Arabian GULNARE, gr. i. by Duroc, dam Sportmi stress. Queens Cy. N. Y. 1824. Thomas Pearsall. HACKABOUT, [Imp'd] got by Eclipse, dam by Cyphon and sister to Tan- dem, g. dam sister to Apollo by Regulus — Snip, &.c. Foaled 1794. Imp'd 1798. John Hoomes. HAIL STORM, b. h. [by Imp'd] Pantaloon, dam Wingyfeet by Jolly Ro- ger, g. dam Melpomone by Burwell's Traveller, &c. Charles Citv, 1802. Fr. H. Dancey. HALF PONE, by Rattler, dam Maid of Patuxent by Magie, g. dam Kitty Fox, by a son of imp'd Venetian. H. G. S. Key. HALL'S UNION, (See Union Hall's.) HAMBUETON, or Hamilton, [Imp'd] br. b. sixteen hands high by Dun gannon, his dam by Snap, gr. dam by Blank^ Partner, Greyhound, &'C. Foaled, 1791. ^ Wm. Lightfoot. HAMILTONIAN, or Hamlintonian, ch. h. by Diomede, dam by Shark, g. dam by Spot by Apollo. 1801. ^ ^ ^ ^ J. TaviO«. 348 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. HAMLET, b. c. bv Maryland Eclipse, dam Forest Maid. Lam-ei-iceviile, Va. 1830. R. K. Meade sor. (ch.) h. by Hall's Eclipse, dam Shepherdess by Chatam, &.C. J. H. Harrison. HANOVER, by Bussora, dam by Sir Archy, &c. HANNIBAL, by Sir William, dam Sally Currie. 1828. J. W. Jeffries. HANNAH, b. m. by Moore's Archy, dam by Buchanan's Medley — OH Celer — Hector, &c. HANDEL, by Goode's Herod, (he by Diomede,) dam by Thornton's Wil- dair — Bellair — Symraes' Wildair, &c. H. D. HAPHAZARD, bv Collector, dam by Fearnought — Spadilla, &,c. 1805. J. Tayloe. HARDINL\ BURNLEY, bl. m. by Old Roebuck, dam by Old Bedford— Bellair, &c. W. D. Taylor. HARMONY, [by Imp'd] Figure, dam Stella, (the dam of Primrose and Thistle) by imp'd Dove. Hamilton. b. m. by Cragg's Sweeper, dam [by Irnp''d] Dove, g. dam Se- lima by Othello, &c. 1784. Walter Bowie. HARVEY BIRCH, by Richmond, dam by Sir Alfred. HARLEQUIN, ch. h. by Gabriel, dam by Venetian— True Whig— Cub, &,c. HARPER, by Grey Diomede, dam Polly Peachem. 1799. - J. Tayloe. HARRIET, b. f by Bedford, dam Proserpine. 1804. J- Hoomes. HARWOOD, by Archy, dam Asmoplede by Diomede. A. J. Davie. HAUTBOY, gr. c. by Gallatin, dam Sappho by Tartar. 1815. HAYMAKER, dk. ch. s. h. [by Imp'd] Clifden, dam Harlot by Hall's Eclipse, &c. Albany, 1829. C. M. Bennett. N. B. This horse wa-s bred by Col. Lyles of Maryland. HAVOC, c. c. by Sir Charles, dam by Alfred. Corbin. HAZARD, ch. c. by Tinioleon, dam [by Iwp'd} Royalist, g. dam by Dio- mede, &c. Tennessee, 1829. John Swinney. KEDGFORD, [Imp'd] br. by Filho da Puta, dam Miss Cragie by Orville, g. dam by Lurcher — Phenomenon, &.c. Filho da Puta by Haphaz- ard — Waxey — Woodpecker — Squirrel, &c. Foaled, 1826. Imp'd 1832. W^m. Jackson. HEATH'S CHILDERS, (See Childers Heath'^.) HEBE, b. f by Florizelle, dam Tartar mare, &c. 1794. Dandy Griggs. b. f. by Dare Devil, dam Yarico by Medley. 1796. J. Hoomes. \ HELEN, b. m. [by Imp'd] Medley, dam Diana by Specimen. \ J. Foster. HEARTWELL, b. m. by Sir Archy, dam by Planter, (which was raisea by Collier Harrison of Va. sired by Pantaloon.) g. dam by Sultan- Sweeper, &,c. H. & H. S. Wilkinson. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 340 HENRY, ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam out of E^Uona by Bellair. ^11. a ch. h. by Henry, dam (the dam of Sir Lovell) [by Imp'd] Light Infantry — Imp'd Messenger, &.c. Cambridge, N. Y. Edw. Long. HENRIETTA, bx. m. by Sir Hal, dam Lady Burton. 1822. •^- W. Eppes. -b. f by Henry-, dam Agnes. Bait. 1827. Philip Wallis. gr. m. by Sir Archy, dam Forlorn Hope. Henry Mac kiln. HEPHESTION, red s. h. by Buzzard, dam Castianira. (Sold for |1400.) 1809. J- Tayloe. HEROD, [Imp'd] gr. h. by Young Herod, son of Old Herod out of Lord Clermont's Stud, a daughter of Conductor. 1790, J. Hoomes. HIAZIM, ch. c. by Sir Archy, dam Jeimy by Archduke. HICKORY, ch. h. by Gracchus, dam Everlasting. John Randolph. br. h. [by Imp'd] Whip, dam Dido by imp'd Dare Devil, g. dam by Symnies' Wildair, &,c. ^ ^ B. Badger. HIGHFLYER, [Imp'd] br. by Tattersall's Highflyer, his dam by Cyphon out of Young Cade's sister— Old Cade— Partner— Makeless— Brim- mer, &.C. Foaled, 1784. (South River.) J. Craggs. br. b. h. by Wildair, dam by Yorick, g. dam by Fitzhugh's Regulus, &c. Albemarle Cy. Va. 1802. David Clarkson. -ch. c. by Marplot, dam Brilliant mare. 1795. S. Carolina. William Alston. -[by Imp'd] Sir Harry, dam imp'd Pamona. Hanover, Va. 1815. Daniel Wade, Jun. HIGHFLYER MARE, [by Imp'd] Highflyer— Apollo— Imp'd Jolly Ro- ger, &.C. 1790. Halifax, Va. John Sims. HIGHLANDER, [Imp'd] gr. by Bordeaux, his dam (Teetotum) by Match- era, g. dam Lady Bolingbroke by Squirrel,— g. g. dam Cypron, the dam of King Herod, &c. bred by Mr. Douglass in England. Foaled, 1783. b. by Shark, dam Young Selima by Fearnought. 1796. Richard Brooke. HIPPONA, b. m. by Virginian, dam by Rockingham, (by Florizelle,) g dam by Magog by Chanticleer. S. Carolina. P- M. Butler. b. f. by Roanoake, dam Grand Dutchess. 1822. J- Randolph. HIPPONA, [Imp'd] b. f by Sir Peter, dam by Woodpecker, g. dam by Sweetbrier out of Buzzard, dam by Dux, &,c. Foaled, 1802. Gen. McPherson. HOMESPUN, by Romulus, dam Venus by Hero, g. dam Tripsey by Fear- nought. HONEST JOHN, [Imp'd] br. b. by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Magn-et- Le Sang— Rib— Mother Western by (Smith's) Son of Snake, &.c. Imp'd 1794. Milton, New Jersey, 1806. by Old Moisenger, dam Maria Slamerkin. 350 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. HONEST JOHN, by Tuckahoe, dam Chelioangti [by Imp^d] Arab. * Bordentown, N. J. 1826. James Davidson. HONESTY, [by Imp'd] Expedition, dam bj^ imp'd Messenger, g. dam by imp'd Bay Richmond, fcc. J. H. Vanmeter. HONEY COMB, \by Imp^d] Jack Andrews, dam Pill Box by Pantaloon. ^ Dr. A. T. Dixon. HOPE, [Imp'd] by Volunteer, imp'd by Dr. Tate of Philadelphia. Young, by Diomede, dam Arakookress. [by Imp'd] Shark, dam by imp'd Fearnought, g. dam by imp'd Monkey," &c. 1788. HOPPER BOY, g. [by Imp'd] Messenger, dam the imp'd PotSos mare, &c. HORN'S, [Imp'd] (See Escape.) HORNET, by Diomede, dam Cade's Primrose by Dove, Cade, &.c. gr. c. by Bellair, dam by Celer, g. dam by Janus, &.c. HOTSPUR, by Timoleon, dam by Sir Archy, g. dam by Old Wildair. Christians. HUNTRESS, ch. m. by Cherokee, dam [by Imp'd] Buzzard, (fee. Kentucky. HUGO, ch. c. by Sir Charles, dam [by Imp'd] Chance, g. dam Celia by Symmes' Wildair — Lady Bohngbroke, &c. Richard Adams. HURRY'EM, [by Imp'd] Precipitate, dam Dixon's Pill Box. Messrs. Minges. HYDER ALLY, dap. gr. by Lindsay's Arabian, dam by Othello— g. dam (an imp'd mare from the Duke of Hamilton's sLud) by Spot. Foaled, 1782. Dr. Marshall. HYENA, br. m. by Young Wonder, (full brother of Nell Saunders) out of Rosy Clack, &c. 1820. HYPERION, by Diomede, dam Patsy Walthall by Medley, &c. I. IDIORA,b. m. [by Imp'd] Ciihen, dd^m by imp'd Sea Gull, gr. dam by Huntsman — Old Janus, &c. Foaled, 1810. Charles Shields. INAUGURAL, b. c. by Arab, dam Jenny by Archduke. 1829. J. C. Goode. INDEPENDENCE, [by Imp'd:] Fearnought, dam Dolly Fine, by Old Silver Eye, (fee. ^ , „• , Col. Hickman. -ch. f by Pacolet, dam Fancy. Tennessee. ^- Sumner. -by Old Potomac— [/m/ij St. Paul— Imp'd Old Diomede— Mead's Old Pilgrim, &c. INDUSTRY, br. b. by Sir Archy' dam Dixon. INDIAN QUEEN, by Pilgrim dam, dam of Belleville, and g. dam of Sir William. . W. W ilkins. INDIAN HEN, by Othello, dam by Lloyd's Traveller, g. dam by Figure, g. g. dam was imp'd by Mr. Crow of Philadelphia, and was lull sister to Irish Grey, &c. Damn. INDIANA, br. m. by Florizelle, dam by Thornton's Medley, g. dam b> Cragg's Highflyer— Hall Union, &c. '^ Messrs. Tayloe. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 351 INVALID, [/mp'ff) by Whisker, dam Htmiiltonian, g. dam Susan out ot Drowsy by Drone, &c. ^ ■ p ,. t.. Craig &. Corbm IRIS, ch. f. by Marplot, dam Nancy Dawson, &,c. 1795. . by Punch, dam Beane's Maria. . _gr f. by Sir Archy dam. ^ -^ ^ Wynne. gr. f. [by Imfd] Sterling, dam by Imp'd Coeur de Lion, g. dam Mead's Oracle. Loudon, Va. 1830. J- Lewis. -ch.' f. by Sir William, dam Shepherdess ■jg2g. Rich. Adams, •by Young Baronet, dam by Post Boy (of Kentucky,) out of a Snap mare, &.c. ^ ^,. . Rich. Higgms. IRVINA, by Virginian, dam Pandora bv Bellair, &,c. ISABELLA, [Imp'd] dk. br. f. by Trumpeter, dam Demirip, sister to No- 1^02. Gen. John McPherson. b. m. by Sir Archy, dam Black Ghost [by Imp'd] Oscar. — : b. f. by Roanoake, dam Mexican. 1325. J. Randolph. -b. f by Arab, dam Lady Bedford. J 82 7. J- W. Jeflfries. IVANHOE, b. c. by Virginian, dam Jenny by Archduke. jg24. J. C. Goode". JACK ANDREWS, [Imp'd:\ b. h. fifteen and a half hands high, by Joe An- drews, (son of Eclipse,) his dam by Highflyer— Cardinal Puff— Tat- tler— Snip — Godolphin Arabian, &.c. Foaled, 1794. Charles City Cy. Va. Wm. Lightfoot. JACK THE BACHELOR, [Imp'd] by Blaze, dam by Gallant— Smiling Tom, tfcc Foaled, 1753. JACK FROST, b. c. by Ranger, dam Betsy Bell. Rose Hill, 1799. Thos. M. Forman.^ JACK BULL, bv Gabriel, dam Active by Chatam. JAMES FITZJAMES, b. c. by Tariff, dam Noma, g. dam Lady Talmari, Cthe dam Kate Kearney and Sussex.) ^ Wm. D. Taylor. . by Sir Archy dam. / Potter. JANE, b. m. [by Imp'd] Knowsley, dam ch. m. Selima. Albemarle, Va. Walter Coles. JANE SHORE, b. m. bv Sir Archy, dam Fair Rosamond. 1327. ' Henry INlacklin. JANETTE, \Imp'd] by Mercury, dam by Highflyer, g. d. by Snip— Regu- lus, &c. Foaled, 1791. Imp'd 1798. J- Hoomes. b. f by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp'd] Citizen— Comnuilation, Johnson. JANE ALFRED, b. m. by Sir Alfred, dam by Florizelle, g. dam by Old Bedford — Lamplighter, &c. _ " ^ ^ Wm. D. Taylor. — Grey, b. m. by Orphan Boy, dam hyOsc?ir— [Imp'd] Expe- dition, &,c. 31 352 AMERICAN STUD^OOK. JANE GREY, gr. t by Old Slouch, dam Nancy Dawson. Lowndes, [by Imp^d] Driver, dam Modesty, g. d. Madge by Hall's Union. JANUS, [Imp'd\ bl. h. fifteen hands one inch high, by Old Stirling — Old Crab — Monkey — Basto, &c. Foaled, 1754. * Wra. Hynes'. ^ — llmp''d] ch. by Janus, dam by Fox — Bald Galloway, &c. Died 1779-80, aged 34. Gloucester Cy. Va. Mordecai Booth. _____ — ch. h. by Sir Archy, dam Frenzy by Sans Culotte. Young, b. (See Young Janus.) J. Randolph. — b. c. by Spread Eagle, dam Broadnax. 1802. Rich. Hoomes. -Mare, ch. by Old ch. Janus, [Imp^d] dam by Dapple John out of a full sister to Harlot by Janus. JEFF, br. c. by Stockholder, dam Maria Hill by Oscar. " ^ Nimrod Porter. JEFFERSON, br. h. by Virginian, dam Old Favourite by Bellair, &c. 1825. J- J- Harrison. JENNY, by Archduke, dam [by Imp^d] Stirling, g. dam by Imp'd Obscuri- ty out of Miss Slamerkin. JENNY CAMERON, by Lloyd's Traveller, dam Kitty Fisher. 1785. Wm. Scott. I : — limped] was got by Cuddy, a son of Old Fox, by Miss Bell- voir. John Tayloe. -Dismal, [Lnp^d] by Old Dismal, he by the Godolphin Ara- bian — her dam by Lord Godolphin's Whitefoot, &,c. Col. Baylor. -Deans, ch. m. by Gracchus, dam Cornelia. 1815. . J. Randolph. -Deans, br. b. by Virginian, dam by Bainbridge, g. dam by Jolly Air, g. g- dani by Why Not, &c. Wilmington, N. C. W. B. Mears. DuTER, by True Briton, dam Quaker Lass by JDniper, g. d. [/mjo't/] Molly Facolet, (fee. '• • *,»*_' -KiLAND, b. m. by Doublehead, (he [by Imp'd] Tyiomede,) out of Polly Medley — Mark Anthony, &c. WiNDFLOwER, ch. m. by Bernadotte, dam Kate Cole. -CocKRACY, ch. m. by Potomac, dam [by Imp''d] Saltram — Lnp'd Wildair — Driver — Fearnought, &c. 1814. Kentucky. E. Warfield. JERRY, dap. gr. by Pacolet, dam by Topgallant, g. dam by Grey Medley, &c. ^ Col. Elliott. JESSICA, b. m. by Shyloclcvtiam [by lmp''d] Young Sir Peter Teazle, g. dam Castianira, (dam of Sir Archy.) Rich. Adams. JEZEBEL, ch. f by Bedford, dam Miss Chance, &c. J Messrs. Tayloes. JESSAMINE, br. f. by Dockon, dam Virginia, (Coquette.) 1824. J. Ferguson. JET, bl. f. by Bluster, dam Statira. 1820. J. Randolph JEWESS, b. f. by Roanoake, dam Jessies*. JIM CRACK. (See Gim Crack.) AMERICAN STUD BOOK 353 JILT gr. f. by Ajax, dam Nancy Dawson- 1791. - JIM CARR, br. f. by Forester, dam Forest Maid. „. , . ^/. j * ■jg3l . Rich. I. Meade. JOAN, b. f. by Roanoake, dam Grey Doll. t o -. i . J. Randolph. JOHN BROWN, ch. by Sir Charles, dam Sally Brown. JOLLY FRIAR, by Garrick, dam descended from Gilmour's Milk Maid, &c. JOHxN BULL, [Imp'd] ch. by Fortitude, dam Xantippeby Eclipse, g. dam Grecian Princess by Forester, (fee b. m. by Gabriel, dam Active by Chatam, &c. N. B— She was called John Bull by Gov. Wright, from his having exchanged a bull for her with Col. Lyles of Md. JOHN DISMAL, ch. by Sober John, dam Jenny Dismal. Richards, b. k. by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, (by Shark,) g. dam [by Imp'd] Medlej'—Wildair— Nonpareil, &,c. -HA^•cocK, b. c. by Roanoake, dam Roanoka by FlorizelJe. 1823. John Randolph. Stani-ky, b. h. by Sir Hal, dam Ariadne [by Imp^d] Citizen, ,fcc. Foaled, 1818. Pennsylvania. Edw. Parker OF Roanoake, b. h. by Roanoake, dam Grand Dutchess. Randolph, b. c, by Rinaldo, dam Portia, &,c. 1809 -W, b. c. by Roanoake, dam Young Frenzy 1325. J. Randolph. JOLLY AIR, by Old Wildair, dam [bylmp'd] Flimnap— Brimmer— Imp'd Valiant, &,c. J. J. Harrison. JOLLY ROGER, [Tmp'd] ch. called in England Roger of the Kale, got by Roundhead, (who was by Flying Childers,) the dam of Jolly Ro- ger got by Partner, hjs gr. dam by Woodcock— Croft's Bay Barb— Makeless, «fcc. Foaled, 1741. Imp'd about 1748. . — [Imp'd] b. c. by the Gower Stallion, Miss Harvey by Car- touch — Sophia by Godolphin Arabian. 1769. -by Jolly Roger, dam by Dabster, g. dam Mary Grey. Prince Geo. County, Va. 1777. Edm. Ruffin, Jun. JONAH, [Imp^d] b. h. by'Escape, dam Lavinia by Herod — Snap— Cade- Bloody Buttocks — Partner — Makeless, &c. 1796. Bush. JOSEPHINE, b. m. by Peace Maker, dam a full bred Diomede mare, &c. J. Lewis. by Flying Dragon, dam by Hamiltonian — St. George — King Herod — Old Yorick, &.c. ch. by Bussora, dam. by Sir Harry, g. dam by Obscurity, &c. Wm. D. Taylor. JOSEPHUS, ch. c. by Rob Roy, dam Flora by Ball's Florizelle. Loudon, Va. J- Lewis. J UBA, b. h. by Charlemaigne, dam a full bred Fearnought mare. 1793. Thos. Hunt. JUBILEE, by Independence, by Quicksilver, [by Imp'd] Medley, &,c. JULIA, gr. m. by Spread Eagle, dam Calypso. 1804. "^ J- Tayloe. JULIET, ch. by Muttnomer, (he by Tom Tough,) dam [by Imjj'd] Old Bedford, g. dam by Bellair out of King's Kitty Fisher. ■ - '^ ■ W.D.Taylor. 354 AMERICAN STUD BOOK JUNIPER, (George's) [Imp^d] b. h. fifteen hands one inch high, by Babra- ham, (who was by Godolphin Arabian,) dam Aurora by Stamford Turk, &.C. Charles City Cy. Va. 1762. Robert Harrison. Little, {by Imp'dl Juniper, dam Tasker's Selima. Hanover, Va. 1777. JUNIUS, by (Craig's) Yorick, dam by Othello, g. dam by Monkey, out of a Spanish mare Imp'd by Mr. N. Harrison. Prince Edward Cy. Va. 1777. ' - Edw. Watts. JUNO, gr. f by Grey Archy, dam Fancy by W^ilkes' W^onder, &,c. Tennessee, 1823. D. W. Sumner. J UPITER, b. h. by the noted Janus, bred by Capt. James Bell of Sussex, remarkable for swiftness, &,c. 1775. J. Mason. ^b. c. by Florizelle, dam Circe. 1794. JUSTICE, [Imp'd:] ch. h. fifteen hands high, got by Regulus out of the Bed- ton Sweepstakes, «fec. Prince George Cy. 1761. K. KATE, by Sir Alfied, dam Hurry'em. J. & W. H. Minge. KATYBID, [by Imp'd'] Expedition, dam Imp'd Sourkrout, g. dam Match- less by Gen. White's Imp'd Slender. KATE COLE, c. m. by Badger's Hickory, dam by Bucephalus— Celer — Fearnought, &c. Pennsylvania, 1811. C. Irvine. Kearney, b. f. by Sir Archy, dam Lady Talman by Sir Harry, &c. 1826. Col. Wynne. KILL DEVIL, (late Ajax,) b. h. by Dare Devil, dam Atalanta by Old Medley. J. Tayloe. KING HEROD, (Wormley's) b. h. by Baylor's Fearnought, dam [by Imp'd:] Othello out of Imp'd Kitty Fisher. Jersey, 1777. Herbert Haynes. Agrippa, b. c. by Old Sir Archy, dam T. K. Hiram, [Imp'd] was by Clay Hall, dam the Prince of Wales, Rock- ingham, g. dam Yorieo by Eclipse, g. g. dam Fidget by Spectator, &;c. Prince Geo. Maryland, 1817. KITTY, b. m. [by Imp'd] Whip, dam Queen of May. Georgia. Chas. A. Rudd. KITTY FISHER, [Imp'd] gr. m. by Cade, dam by the Cullen Arabian out of the famous mare Bald Charlotte. 1759, Carter Braxton. by Lindsay's Arabian, dam [by Imp'd] Oscar, Imp'd Vam- pire out of Imp'd Kitty Fisher, &,c. [by Imp'd] Oscar, dam by Imp'd Vampire out of Imp'd Kitty Fisher, &c. 1789. John Thornton. [by Imp'd] Alderman, dam Hoskins' Kitty Fisher. (Hoskins') by Symmes' Wildair, dam [by Imp'd] Vampire, g. dam Imp'd Kitty Fisher. by Virginia Cade, dam by Baylor's Fearnought. Geo. Martin. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 355 KITTY FISHER, b. by Tiller's Bedford, (by Old Bedford,) dam by Old Bedford — Boxer — Claudius — Mexican, &.c. W. D. Taylor. KITTY CLOVER, b. m. by Tom Tough, dam by Archduke— Sterling- King Herod, &c. Enoch Mason. Clover, bl. ni. by American Eclipse, dam [by Imp^d] Light Infan- try, (she is half sister to Sir Lovell.) New- York, 1825. ' M. Beach. Clover, by Eclipse, dam Lady Bedford. ]\T Q_ J. W. Jeffries. Clover, ch. m. bv Turk, (he by Expedition,) dam by Oscar. Wright. Medlet, gr. m. [by Imp' d] Medley, damHoskin's Kitty Fisher, &c. ■ . • , John Hoskins. . Bull, [Imp^d] by John Bull, dam Lord Grosvenor's Isabella by Eclipse. KITTY FOX, by Fox, (a son of [Imp'd'] Venetian,) dam by McCarthy's Cub, (to. Russell, U. m. by Sir Peter (Hoskins',) dam [by Imp''d] Bed- ford, &c. King William Cy. Va. Thomas Carter. KNOWSLEY, [Imp'd] b. h. by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Capilla by Herod— Regulus — Crab— Snake, &.c. Foaled, 1796. Chas. City Cy. Va. 1802. Wm. Lightfoot. KOULI KAHN, [Imp'd] b. h. by the Vernon Arabian, his dam Rosemary by Blossom, her dam by Ancaster Starling out of Look at me Lads, by Grasshopper. Foaled, 1772. N. B. The above pedigree is furnished by Mr. Peter of Georgetown. [Imfd] b. h. Pearson's Partner, dam by Lord Lonsdale's Kouli Kahn— Jigg — Curwin's bay Barb — Curwin's Spot, &c. Imp'd in 1764-5 by Col. Baylor. N. B. The above pedigree given by Mr. R. N. Edgar, -b. h. by Lloyd's Traveller, dam Tasker's Fatima. Foaled, 1777. KOSCIUSKO, by Sir Archy, dam Lottery by [Imp'd] Bedford. LADY ADAMS, ch. f by Whipster, dam by Buzzard. J. Atchison. ARCHIANA, gr. f by Sir Archy, dam Pandora by Wryht's Silver Heels. AMELIA, ch. m. [by Imp''d] Magic, dam by Republican President, g. dam by imp'd Figure, &,c. Isaac Duckett, ALFRED, b. m. by Old Sir Alfred, dam [by Imp'd] Wonder, Thun- derclap, full brother to Old Chanticleer by Wildair. H. Campbell. AUDLEY, by Tariff, dam Ethiopia by Tayloe's Bedford. Wm. D. Taylor. 1 BOLINGBROKE, by Pantaloon dam, dam of King Herod, g. dam - Primrose by Dove, (a Son of Cade.) Col. Selden. Bull, [Imp'd] by John Bull, dam by Pumpkin— Fleacatcher—Squn- rel, &c. ' ^ Foaled, 1796. ^ - :--- John Hooraes. 31* 356 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. LADY BUG, b. by Young Florizelle, dam by Jack Andrews — Driver — High flyer, &.c. Wm. D. Taylor. Burton, by Sir Archy, dam Sultana : she was out of the mare got by the horse sent as a present by the Bey of Tunis to Thos. Jeflferson. 1813. J. W. Eppes. Bedford, [by Imp''d] Bedford, dam by imp'd Dare Devil — Mercury — Apollo — Jolly Roger. (See also Bedford mare) foaled, 1810. J. W. Jeffries. Bunbi;ry, [/m^'J] b. m. by Trumpeter, dam Theopha, (sister to Old Tut) by Highflyer — Plaything by Matchem— Vixen by Regulus, &c. Foaled, 1802. J. Randolph. Burleigh, by Silver Heels, dam (Sterne's Maria) by Major Gibbs' Carlo, (by imp'd Carlo,) g. dam by Ridgley's Cincinnatus, &.c. Richard Craddocks. Chesterfield, by Old Diomede, dam Lady Bolingbroke. Col. Selden. Culpepper, ch. m. by Carolinian, dam full sister of Defiance and Re- venge, &.C. Md. H. G. S. Key. Dudley, by First Consul, dam Edelin's Floretta. Dudley Digges. Eagle, gr. m. [by Imp^d] Eagle, dam Spot by Bedford. Albemarle, 1817. "Walter Coles. Essex, ch. f. by Grey Diomede, dam Virginia Sorrel. 1797. J. Tayloe. Flirt, ch. m. by Hickoiy, dam by Duroc. Isaac Snedeker. Field, b. m. by Sir Archy, dam by Diomede. 1830. J. J. Harrison. — — — G. [Imp''d] (Magician's dam,) bred by Sir Thos. Gascoigne, got by Hambletonian, Golden Locks by Delphine, Violet by Shark, Quick's Charlotte by Blank, Crab, &,c. Roanoake, 1804. John Randolph. Grey, [Imp^d] by Gohanna, dam by Grey Skin — ^Woodpecker — He- rod — Young Hag by Skim, &c. Foaled, 1803. Gray, by Robin Gray, dam by Melzar — g. dam [by Imp^d] Highfly- er — Fearnought, &c. Jane Gray, b. f. by Kosciusko, dam by Big Ben. Greensville, by Conqueror, dam by Batt's Diomede. Granville, b. m. by Roanoake, dam [by Imp^d] Brj'an O'Lynn — True Blue — Celer— Old Partner, (fcc. Oxford, N. C. 1827. V^m. M. Sneed. Hal, by Sir Hal, dam Beauty by Diomede. Maryland. James Sewall. Harrison, [by Imp''d] Spread Eagle, dam by imp'd Herod, g. dam by Wildair — imp'd King Herod, &,c. Hamiltonian, by Sir Arthur, (he by Sir Archy,) dam Bet Bounce. Jane, [by Imp^d] Obscurity, dam Molly by Grey Figure out of the Old Slamerkin mare. . Jane, by Potomac, dam Anvelina. N. Carolina, 1811. J. B. Richardson. -Jane, b. f. by Shylock, dam Dutchess by Bedford. 1826. Mark Alexander. -Jackson, ch. m. by American Eclipse, dam Lady of the Lake. -Jack Bull, [by Imp''d] Gabriel, dam Active by Chatam. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 357 LADY LA GRANGE, ch. f. by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp'd] Dragon, g. dam by imp'd Medley — Mark Anthony, LALLA ROOKH, by Handel, dam Phillis by Old Topgallant. Geo. Chicester. ' LAMBALLE, ch. f. by Kosciusko, dam Psyche by Sir Peter Teazle, &c. South Carolina. Richard Singleton. LAMPLIGHTER, b. h. by Hart's [Imp''d] Medley, dam by Lonsdale out of Kitty Fisher, &,c. Hanover Court House, 1801. Paul Thilman., LANCE, b. h. full brother to Eriel by Am. Eclipse. LASS OF THE MILL, gr. f. by Spread Eagle, dam Araminda. J. Hoomes. LAST CHANCE, ch. f. by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bunbury. 1325. J. Randolph. LATH, {Imp^d] b. fifteen hands one inch high ; foaled in 1763 ; Imp'd m 1768, was got by Shepherd's Crab, dam by Old Lath, g. dam by Fly- ing Childers — Makeless — Taflfolet Barb, &c. Delancey. LAUREL, b. h. by Old Fearnought, dam by the same, g. dam a fine blood- ed mare, &c. 1777. Geo. Baylor. LAURA, gr. f. by Grey Diomede, dam Polly Peachem. 1798. J. Tayloe. LAVENDER GIRL, b. f by Henry, dam Ophelia by Little Medley, &.c. --V 1832. LAVINIA, by Diomede, dam Lady Bolingbfoke. Col. Selden. LAWRENCE, br. by Sir Archy, dam [by Imp'd] Sir Harry— Chanticleer- Mead's Celer — Lee's Mark Anthony, ,) g. da'n by a son of Flying Childers, his gr. dam by Croft's Partner, &c. Prince Geori^e Cy. 1767. John Baird. MERRYFIELD, [Imfd] by Cockfighter, dam by Popinjay, Bourbon's dam, itc. MERCURY, b. by Virginian, dam by Citizen, &;c. bv Janus, dam Celesta. 1777. Col. William By rd. > by Spread Eagle, dam Janetta. . J. Hoomes. MERRYFELLOW, b. c. by W. R. Johnson's Byron, dam the dam of Ca- milla, &c. King & Queen, Va. 1831. H. Campbell. MERRY GOLD, b. f. [by Imp'd] Barefoot, dam Meg Dodds. N. Jersey, 1831. W. Gibbons. MERETRIX, by Magog, dam Narcissa. MESSENGER, [Imp'd] gr. h. by Mambrino, dam by Turf, g. dam by Regu- lus out of a sister of Figurant by Stirling, out of the Fox mare, the dam of Snap, &c. Foaled, 1780. C. W. Van Ranst. DuROc, dk. ch. by Duroc, dam Vincenta [by Imp''d] Messen- ger — imp'd Slender — imp'd Lath, &c. New-Yoik, 1 790. E. & A. Stephens. METEOR, b. c. by Comet, dam Nancy Dawson. MEXICAN, [Imp'd] by Snap out of Matchem— Middleton, &c. MIDAS, by Am. EcUpse, dam by Sir Robin, (he [by Imp'd] Robin Red breast,) — g. dam by Dare Devil, imp'd Shark — Apollo, fcc. 1828. Wm. Towndes. miller's DAMSEL, [by Imp'd] Messenger— dam the English PotSos mare by Eclipse. Maid, full sister to American Eclipse. 1820. C. W. Van Ranst. MILK MAID, by Centinel, dam Gen. Carney. MILK SOP, b. f [by Imp'd:] Justice, dam the Brilliant mare by Matchem. '■ b. t. by Coeur de Lion, dam Bolton mare, g. dam Sally Wright by Yorick. 1798. J. Hoomes. MILWOOD, by Topgallant, dam by Kenedy's Pantaloon by Bedford. MINERVA, [by Imp'd] Obscurity, dam Diana by Claudius. Wm. E. Broadnax. -ch. m. by Dr. Thornton's Rattler, dam Rosalba by Trafalgar Old Rosalba [by Imp'd] Eagle, &,c. by Bellair, dam by Symmes' Wildair, g. dam by Vampire out ^ — - - -- J ^ of Braxton's Kitty Fisher. MINK, b. f by Roanoake, dam Cut Leggs. 1829. J. Randolph. MINIKIN, by President— Old Celer— Tristram Shandy, &c. MINIMUS, b. c. by Roanoake, dam Young Minikin. J. Randolph, MISCHIEF, b. f by Virginian, dam by Bedford— Bellair— Shark, &.c. John M. Botis 366 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. -^ — * '■ — ch. m. by Rattler, dam by Ogle's Oscar — Ridgley's Hamlet, &c. Fred. Maryland. J. Powder, Jun. MISS FORTUNE, by Am. Eclipse, dam the dam of Maryland Eclipse, &c. J. Sewall. Chance, [by Imp^d] Chance, dam Roxana by Ar. Selim. Messrs. Tayloes. CRAWLF.R,b. m. [by Imp^d] Crawler, dam byMelzar — Grey Alfred — imp'd Tom Jones, &c. BrxL, [Itnjj''d] by Othello, dam of Dungolah. S. Carolina, 1783-4. H. Haynes. Bailey, [by Imp^d'] Boaster, dam (mother of Maria Haney,) by Bel- lair — Wildair, &c. Dance, by Roebuck, dam by Independence, [lmp''d] Centinel (or Flimnap,) Old Janus, &c. Stafford, Va. AlcNander F. Rose. Doe, by Old Celer, dam by Diomede out of Bynham's Filly, (a noted running mare in Va.) Eagle, b. f by Spread Eagle,. dam [/?«/>V] Hackabout. FiTZROv, by Roanoake, dam Wakefield. J. Randolph. Fauntleroy, b. m. by Wildair, dam by Yorick — Little David — Mor- ton's Traveller, &c. — Fire, b. f by Roanoake, dam Wakefield. J. Randolph. EusTON, b. f. by Roanoake, dam by Gracchus. John Randolph. Fortune, ch. f. [by Imp''d'\ Star, dam Anvelina. S. Carolina. James B. Richardson. tFlora Hamilton, b. m. by a son of old Hamiltonian, (by Diomede,) dam by Old Hamiltonian, g. dam [by Imp^d'\ Spark, &c. G.ATE\vooD, alight b. m. [hy Imp''d] Buzzard, dam by Melzar, Shark, Union, &c. Lexington, Kentucky. E. Warfield. Grafton, b. f. by Roanoake, dam Wakefield, &c. J. Randolph. Haggbj, br. m. by Blackburn's Whip, dam Blackburn's Buzzard, g. dam by Celer, &.c. — ■ Harriet, br. f. by Sir Hal, dam Miss Waxy, g. dam by Saltram, &,c. Petersburg. Wm. Haxall. Jefferson, ch. f. by Diomede^dam Johnson's Medley mare, &c. Madison, ch. m. by Lurcher, {[by Imphl'l Bedford,) dam by Ver- mont, (a son of Deceus, a son of Old Celer,) her dam by Fearnought, Old Shark, &c. Wm. R. Johnson. Ml'nroe, ch. f by Precipitate, dam Serab, b. f [by Imp''d] Serab, dam Agnus, by Sir Solomon, &:c. 1830. Makeless, b. f by Spread Eagle, dam Hebe by Dare Devil, &c. J. Hoomes. " Makske, b. f by Bedford, dam Gasteria. Middleton, b. {. by Cormorant, dam Janette by Mercury, «fec. Midway, ch. m. by Kosciusko, dam Ruih by Big Ben, Psyche, &c. B. F. Taylor. . Money Maker, b. f. by Speculator, dam Milksop by Coeur de Lion. J. Hoomes. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 367 MiSS PELHAM, b. m. by Virginian, dam Sugar by Constitution, g. dam [6y Imp''d] Dragon — Atalanta, ifcc. James Bleik. Pone, ch. f. by Dare Devil, dam Milksop by Coeur de Lion, &c. 1806. •^- Hoomes. Peyton, gr. m. by Gracchus, dam Telegraph by Old Wildair, &,c. 1812. Ryland, g. xn. by Gracchus, dam Duetta by Silvertail— VaTiity by Celer, &.c. 1813. J. Randolph. . Slamerkin. (See Maria and Maggy Slamerkin) Ticker, b. f. by Arab, dam [63/ ImpH] Archduke, g. dam by Preci- pitate, &LC. TuDOK, b. m. by Hyperion, dam Logania by Medley, tfec. 1808. J- Randolph. . Waxy, by Sir Archy, dam [Imp'J] Mermaid by Waxy out of Pro- mise. W. R. Johnson. Walker, ch. m. by Tartar, (by Diomede,) dam \by Imp'd] Mufti - Flag of Truce — Old Fearnought, &c. Kentucky. E. Warfield. MODESTY, by Hall's Union, dam Madge, (by Galloway's Selim,) g. dam an [///jjj'cZ] mare by Spot, &-c. Benjamin Lowndes. ch. m. by Ridgley's Tuckahoe, dam Dairy Maid. MOGGY, b. m. by Defiance, dam by Old Messenger. 1820. MOHICAN, b. h. by Young Topgallant, dam by Telegraph, g. dam by Med- ley, &,c. Dr. E. L. Botcler. MOLLY ANDREWS, by Jack Andrews, dam by Dare Devil, &c. Randolph Harrison. MOLL BRAZEN, [ImpH] by Spark, dam by Torismond, g. dam by second brother to Snip, g. g. dam by Mogul, brother to Babraham, &,c. by Spread Eagle, dam Nancy Medley. Fredericksburg. James Smock. MOLL or MOLLY, by Grey Figure, dam Old Slamerkin by Wildair. MOL IN THE WAD, [Imjj'd] b. by Sir Peter Teazle, dam the famous yel- low mare by Tandem. Foaled, 1797. Imp'd 1803. John Tayloe. MOLLY PACOLET, \_Imp'd:\ by Pacolet, dam by Old Spark, g. dam Queen Mab, &,c. Garrett Vanderveer. MOLLY FISHER, b. m. by Janus, dam Gemima by Bedford, g. dam Imp'd Rachel by Drone. 1814. Gen. W. Hampton. MOLO, c. c. by Timoleon, dam by Tom Paine. O. Shelby. MOLTON MARE, light b. by Molton— Fleetwood— [/rnjo'cZ] Bashaw— Imp'd Jolly Roger — Starling, &c. out of a thorough bred English mare. MONROE, [by Imp^J'] Wonder, dam the dam of Madison. MONSIEUR tONSON, (or Sir John,) by Pacolet, (by Citizen,) dam bj Topgallant, g. dam by Grey Medley — Imp'd^ Oscar — Imp'd Fear nought, &.C. Thos. Watson. MONOMIA, gr. m. by Bellair, dam Sweetest by Highflyer— Virago, &c 32 * J Tayloe. 368 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. MONKEY, [Jmp'd] by the Lonsdale Arabian — Cnrwen's Bay Barb— Byer' ly Turk. (This horse was 22 years old when imported, and stood in Virginia and North Carolina, and got some fine colls.) MONAKCll, by Mark Anthony, and the pedigree of his dam side unex- ceptlonithle. New Kent, Va. 1773. Geo. B. Poinde.xier. MOORK'S I'Ail rNKR. (See Partner Moore's.) MEKDANTO, b. [hi/ Imp\l] I'anialoon, dam by ton — Monkey — Jolly Ros^cm-, &c. MOREAU, by Bedford out of Miranda. YotiNo. (See Young Morean.) MOUNT AIRY, by Byron, dam Roxalana. MORTON'S TR A VEr.r.F:R. (See Traveller Morton's.) MORCJIANA, bl. f. by Sir Archy, dam by Sir Hal. J. S. Garrison. 1). m. by Kosciusko, dam Wm. Wynne. MORGAN RATTLER, b. h. by Rattler, dam Iris. 1«23. J. Lewis. MORNING BRIDE, by Spread Eagle, dam Samuel Love's roan mare. Edvv. ("arler. MOUNTAIN LEADER, eh. s. h. by Old Wildair, dam a Mousetrap mare. Cliesterfield, 180:5. Caleb Boush. MOUNTAINEER, by Spread Eagle, dam Spot by Bedford, &c. Wm. Dandridge. — ch. 3. h. by Old Peacemaker, dam Jane by Knowsley. 1H22. Walter Coles. ch. h. by Contention, dam Iris. J. Lewis. MORVENNA, b. f. [Inj Imp'd] Syphax, dam Brenda. J. J. Ambler. MOSCOW, c. c. by American Eclipse, dam Die Vernon by Old Elorizelle, &x. Yonkcrs, N. Y. 1«2G. W. Lyles. MOSES, [l>y Imp\{~\ Sir Harry, dam by Waxey, g. dam by Imp'd Buzzard, (S^c. W. ITaxhall. M.ARK, br. by Moses, dan) Lady Harrison [by Iinphl] Spread Eagle — Herod, 6lc. MOUSETRAP, or Jnrk Rap, [Tnip'd] ch. h. by Young Marske out of Gen- tle Kitty by Silvio, i^orimond — Portia by Regujus — llulton's Spot — Fox— Cub, &.C. Foaled, 1787. North Carolina, 1793. ch. h. [by Inip\l'\ Mousetrap, dara by Imp'd Fearnought— i'iirtner — Imp'd Janus, i.e. MULA'J TO MAIiV, i)y Sir Archy, MURAT, ch. c. I)y Old Madison,{lam Maria Archy. 182G. MULTl l-'LORA, b. f by Old Sir Archy, dam Weazle by Shylock. E. Irby. • ch. m. by Kosciusko, dam by Rosicrucian. J. Atchison. MUCKLE JOHN, by Sir Archy, dam the dam of Sir William by Bcllair, g. dam Sally Jones by imp'd VV'rangler — imp'd Traveller, &.c. Tennessee, 1826. Rev. H. M. Cryer. R. RABBI, g. c. by Winter's Arabian, dam by one of the best sons of Hamble- tonian, g. dam by Spread Eagle. - Alabama. J- & A. Gist. RACHEL FOSTER, gr. m. by Virginian, dam by Palafojr— Betty Mufti by imp'd Mufti, &c. RAFFLE, ch. m. by Bellair out of a full sister to Narcissa. 1798. Samuel Tyler. RANDOLPH, gr. c. by Rinaldo, dam (Ridgley's) Ophelia by little Medley, &c. RANGER, [Jmp'd] a Milk White horse got by Regulus, (son of Godolphm Arabian,) his dam by Mercury, Andrew, her dam by Steady, &c. (Unsuccessful in racing.) Dr. Hamilton. ' b. c. by Roanoake, dam Never Tire. John Randolph. (See Arabian Lindsay's.) dk. b. by Bussora, dam Alarm. ch. c. by Heath's Childers, dam Tulip by Lindsay's White Arabian, imp'd Othello, George's Juniper, &c* 1793. Thos. M. Forman. RANTER, [Imp'd] b. foaled 1755, got by Dimple, (son of the Godolphin Arabian,; dam by Crab out of Bloody Buttocks, &c. Imp'd in 1762, and stood in Stafford County, Va. in 1763. Young, (See Young Ranter.) RASSELAS, by Sir Archy, dam by imp'd Play or Pay, g. dam by Bellair, imp'd Pantaloon, &,c. 1823. 33* 380 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. RATTLER, or (RATTLE,) by imp'd Shaik,.dam Lady Leggs, (the dam of Colleclor,) by Centinel — imp'd Fearnought and imp'd mare, &,c. N. Carolina, (foaled, 1796.) Bignell. ^— ch. h. by Rattler, (by Sir Archy,) dam by Old Prize Fighter, g. dam Luff borough's Spread Eagle mare. Lancaster, Pa. 1829. Edward Parker. by Sir Arch)% dam by imp'd Robin Redbreast, g. dam by imp'd Obscurity, Old Slamerkin, &c. Wvnne. -ch. by Thornton's Rattler, dam Maid of the Mill. Walter Livingston, -by Rattler, (by Shark,) dam Polly McCuUoch. — '— Peebles. -(See Fairfax.) ch. c. by Kosciusko, dara by Archer. Kentuck3^ Edward M. Blackburn. (Alias Stafford,) ch. h. by Timoleon, dam Constitution (by Diomede,) e. dam imp'd Saltram, Old Wildair, Fearnought, &c '^ E. Mason. Mare, c. ni. by Rattler, dam Jenny Windflower. C. Irvine. RATRAY, by imp'd Clifden, dam by Fitzpartner out of Ariniinna by Brimmer. RAPLEY, gr. c. by Bassino, darn Clio by imp'd Whip. Gen. Taylor, (Georgia.) RAPID, by Cdumbus, dam by Sir Archy. RAPPAHANNOCK, by Richmond, dam by Sir Alfred, g. dam by Sty mour's Spread Eagle, Pantaloon, &c. Pennsylvania, 1830. RAVENS WOOD, dk. b. b. by Sir Harry, dam D.utchess by Grouse. 1815. J- Randolph. REALITY, by Sir Archy, dam by Medley, g. dam by Centinel, Mark An- thony, Janus, &.C. REAPHOOK, by Old Sir Archy, dam Irby's Dare Devil mare. E. Irby. RECRUIT, ch. by imp'd Stirling, dam Citizen by Wildair, gr. dam Miner va by Obscurity, g. g. dam Diana by Claudius, &c. Hickory Hill, 1807. -^ Samuel Marshall. RED MURDOCK, (See Murdock.) RED ROVER, ch. h. (See Marcellus.) ch. h. by Carolinian, dam Sycorax. Richard S. Nicholsor). RED FOX, by Virginian, dam by imp'd Knowsle}'. REFORM, br. h. by Marylander, (by Thornton's Rattler,) dam by Rich- mond — Ogle's Oscar — Grey Diomede — Hall's Union— Leonidas, &c Prince George Cy. Maryland. Geo. Simms. . b. i. by Tariff, dam the dara of Chieftain. REGULUS, (L. Burwell's) [Imp'd] got by Regulus, (a son of theGodolphin Arabian,) he was half brother to Bald Partner by Smiling Tom out of a Partner mare, her dara by Cupid— Hautboy— Bustler, &c. Foaled, 1747. by Silver Eye, grand sire Valiant, g. g. sire Jolly Roger, Sec York Cy. Va. 1770. James Shields. (Fitzhugh's,) b. h. by imp'd Fearnought, dam imp'd Jenny Dismal. Chatam near Fredg. 1774 REINDEER, b. c by Arab, dam by Marske, &e. ;I827. J- J- Haiiison. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 381 REMUS, lMp'd\ by Dove — Spanker — Flying ChiWeis — out of Betsy Leeds (sister to Leeds,) by the Leeds Arabian, &c. N. Carolina, 1777. John Baird. RENOVATOR, g. c. by Chichester's Brilliant, dam Indiana by Florizelle. 1831. H. A. Tayloe. REPUBLICAN, by True Whig, dam Young Selima sister to the. noterf Chatam, &c. William Brenfc bl. by imp'd Shark, dam by Fitzhughs' True Whig — Worm ley's King Herod — imp'd Silver Eye, &c. ^ REPUBLICAN PRESIDENT, by hnp'd Highflyer, dam by imp'd Venitian — Don Carlos — imp'd Ranger — imp'd Dove, &c. 1805. Isaac Duckett. RESTLESS, [Zmjj'cT) a dk. brown sixteen hands high, got by Phenomenon, his dam Dutchess, she by Lesang, her dam Caliope by Slouch — Oro nooko, &c. Foaled, 1788. W^ti. Lightfoot. by Virginian, dam Roxana, (formerly Betsy Haxall.) Wm. R. Johnson. REVENGE, ch. c. by Florizelle, dam Britannia. 1812. J- Tayloe. or Young Janus, by Sir Archy, dam Frenzy by Gracchus. J. Randolph. RHODIAN, gr. m. by Ragland's Diomede, Quicksilver, imp'd Pantaloon, imp'd Fearnought, &.c. Halifax Cy. 1816. Robert Easley. RHEA, by Chatam, dam by Eclipse, (who was the sire of Brimmer, &,c.) g. dam by imp'd Shark, g- g. dam by imp'd Silver Eye. RICHMOND, ch. c. by Ball's Florizelle, dam Chestnut mare fcy Diomede, (fee. Sold Dr. Thornton. 1812. J. Wickham. RIEGO, bl. h. by Francisco, dam by imp'd Sir Peter Teazle, g. dam imp'd Castianira. Hector Davis. JIIOT, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam by Burdett. Richard Long. RINALDO, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Miss Ryland by Gracchus. J. Randolph. RINALDINI, ch. c. by Baronet, dam Temptation by Heath's Childers, &c. 1804. Thos. M. Forman. RIPLEY, ch. by Sir Charles, dam Betsy Robinson by Thaddeus. ROAN COLT, [Imp\l] got by Sir Peter Teazle, dam by Mercury, g. dam Cytherea by Herod, g. g. dam by Blank, &c. Foaled, 1802. Imp'd by John McPherson. ROANOAKE, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Lady Bunbury by Trumpeter, &c. 1817. J. Randolph. g. c. by Magic, dam Johnson's Old Medley mare. John, b. h. by Ravenswood, dam Flora by Am. Eagle. Essex, Va. Jefferson Minor. ROANOAKA, ch. f by Ball's Florizelle, dam Cornelia by Chanticleer- Vanity by Celer, &,c. 1815. J. Randolph. ROEBUCK, by Sweeper, (son of Beaver's great Driver,) dam by imp'd Ba jazett. • bh. by Fitzhughs' Othello, dam by imp'd Othello. 1733. Wm. M. Wilkius. 382 AMERICAN STUD BOOK, ROEBUCK, by Roebuck, (who was got by Powell's Selim, a son of Old Selim,) dam of Young Roebuck t^ imp'd Druid, Shark, Figure, Mark Anthony, &c. Bremo. Foaled, 1810. " John H. Cocke, Sen. ROBERT BURNS, or Sir Archy, (See Sir Archy.) br. by Stockholder, dam by Sir Archy, (Robert Burns,) g. dam by imp'd Bedford, Hart's imp'd Medley. ROB ROY, ch. h. by Gracchus, dam imp'd Lady Bunbury. J. Randolph. ^by Sir Archy, dam imp'd Psyche. Col. Singleton. gr. h. by Winter's Arabian, dam by Young Baronet, g. dam by imp'd Damon, Slc. ROBIN ADAIR, by Sir Archy, dam Lady Burton by Sir Archy. Dr. Wm. Terrell, (Geo.) ROBIN REDBREAST, [Imp'd] b. h. by Sir Peter Teazle, his dam Wren by Woodpecker out of Papillon by Snap, (the dam of Sir Peter Tea- zle,) Woodpecker by Herod, Sir Peter by Highflyer, Herod, &c. Foaled, 1796. Virginia, 1800. ROBIN GRAY, by imp'd Royalist, dam by Grey Diomede, g. dam by inip'n St. George, Cassius, &c. ROBIN HOOD, b. c. by Tippoo Sultan, dam Rosalia by imp'd Express, &c. ROCHESTER, b. c. by Alderman, dam Thresher. ROCKINGHAM, b. h. by Old Partner, dam imp'd Blossom. 1775. Gen. Nelson. by Sir Archy, dam by Rattler, g. dam by Medley, (lost his eyes at 2 years old.) J. D. Amis. RODERICK, by Dare Devil, dam by Bellair, g. dam by Wildair. 1808. John Thornton. by Winter Arabian, dam by Lorenzo, g. dam by Blaze, &c. Lexington, Kentuck}-. RODERICK DHU, b. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Bedford, g. dam by Bel- lair, Shark, Wildair, &.c. T. Cary. RODERICO, ro. h. by imp'd Monkey, imp'd Silver Eye, imp'd mare, &c. RODOLPHO, bl. h. by imp'd Hob or Nob, dam an imp'd mare, foaled 1768. N.Carolina. John McDermut. ROGER OF THE VALE, (See imp'd Jolly Roger.) ROMAN, [/m;>''(7] dap. gr. by the Belsize Arabian out of Mr. Simpson's Snake mare, she by Snake out of the Duke of Cumberland's famous mare, dam of Cato, &c. Foaled, 1762. Surry County, Va. 1768. Wm. Evans, ■b. h. by Carroll's Badger, dam Darnell's Prhnrose. Bait. 1787. Wm. Patterson. Mare, by Stirling, dam imp'd Mambrino. ,.jrf- ; J. Ferguson. STRAP, \imfir\ b. h. by Bennington, dam by Highflyer— Tattler— Smp, &c. Foaled, 1800. North Carolina, 1808. H. Cotton. STRETCH, gr. f by PotSos, dam Thresher by Shark. STUxMP THE DEALER, by Old Diomede, dam by Shark. 1S(J4. Tbos. Hamlin. by Bryavi O'Lynn, dam by Grey Diomede — Old VS'ildair — Spadille — Old Janus, &c. SUKEY TAWDRY, b. f by imp'd Stirling, dam Nancy Medley. King Geo. Va. 1800. Charles Stuart. SULTANA, by Black Sultan, dam Barb mare. -by Spread Eagle, dam Orelia by Percy. J. W. Eppes. S. Carolina. ' Hich. A. Kapley 34* 302 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. SULTANA, by WiWair. Delancy. ^ SUMPTER, ch. by Sir Archy, dam by Robin Redbreast, own sister to th« dam of Rattler— Flying Childers, «&,c. SUPERIOR, bv (Cook's) Whip, dam a Union mare. KenlLioky. E. M. Blackburn. b. h. by imp'd Diomede, dam Lady Bolingbroke. ;j8ll J. M. Selden. Mare, gr. by Superior, dam by Quicksilver, g. dam by imp'd Shark, &c West Tennessee. R- C. Dickinson. SURPRISE, by Old Sir Solomon, dam Potter's Oscar, Jun. by Ogle's Os car. cb. c. by Americus, dam Calypso. Foaled, 1801. Wm. Alston. SUSAN, ch. m. by Bond's Sir Solomon, dam Columbia by imp'd Baronet — Old Cub — Partner, &.c. SUSAN FAVOURITE, gr. m. by Sir Hal, dam Wynnes' Young Favourite by Bedford. SUSAN MARY, b. m. by (Cook's) Whip, dam by Buzzard, g. dam Por- ter's fine mare. SUSANNA, ch.m.by'iMultnomer.dam by imp'd Knowsley, g. dam by Box- er — Svmmes' Wildair — Old Janus. Wm. D. Taylor. SUSSEX, by Sir Charles, dam a Sir Harry mare, dam of Kate Kearney, &c. J- M. Selden. SUWARROW, b. by Columbus, dam by imp'd Yenitian— imp'd Figure— Slamerkin by Wildair, &c. SWEEPER, l)y imp'd Figure, dam by Tasker's Othello— Morton's Travel- ler — Tasker's Selinia, &c. Prince Geo. Cy. Maryland, 1780. Joseph Pierce. [Imp'd] bl. by Sloe, dam by Mogul— Partner — Coney Skins, &,c. Foaled, 1751. Iinp'd into N. C. SWEET ERIN, ch. f. by American Eclipse, dam Maria Slamerkin, «fec. New Jersey, 1829. Dr. E. A. Darcy. SWEET SURRV, by Spadille, dam by Janus, g. dam by Jolly Roger- Monkey, &c. SWEETESTWHEN NAKED, gr. m. by Tattersall's Highflyer in England, dam gr. m. Virago, imp'd by Mr. Hyde. (She was foaled in Ame- rica, and bred by Alexander Spotswood.) 1817. J- Tayloe. SYLVIA, b. f by Spencer's Moreau, dam Romp by Leander. SYLPH, b. c. by Roanoake, dam Witch. 1828. J- Randolph. SYREN, ch. f by Silver, dam Caroline by Eclipse. Tennessee, 1800. SYMMETRY, [Imp'd\ ch. m. bred by Lord Clermont, foaled 1799, got by Trumpeter, dam Young Doxy by Iniperator, g. dam Old Doxy by King Herod. b. f. by Gibbs' Flimnap, dam Brilliant mare. 1789. » TALMA, gr. c. by Henry, dam Sportmistress by Hickory. TANNER, [Imp'd] dk. b. h. by Cade, one of the best sons of the Godol phin Arabian. 1765. Maryland. Dan. Wolstenholme. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 393 TANNER, by imp'd Tanner, dam Camilla by Othello. TAKE IN, b. c. by Gracchus, dam Young Frenzy. 1823. John Randolpft, TALLYHO, by Tuckahoe, dam by imp'd Diomede. TARIFF, dk. b. by Sir Archy, dam Bet Bounce. Wm. R. Johnson. TARTAR, g. c. by Winter Arabian, dam Young Buzzard mare. by Diomede, dam by Celer, g. dam by imp'b Bay|Richmond. Amelia, Va. James Hill, b. c. by Bedford, dam Atalanta by Dictator. Foaled, 1805. -Mare, by Flimnap, dam by Old Pharaoh, g. dam imp'd by Ml Fenwicks, sen. got by Tartar — Young Sweepstakes Foaled, 1780. Edvv. Fenwick. TECUMSEH, by Sir Archy, dam the imp'd Gamenut mare out of Alle- grante by Pegasus. A. J. Davie. by Rob Roy, dam Thistle by Oscar. Dixon. by Florizelle. TELEGRAPH, [ImphC] br. h. by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Fame by Panta- loon out of the dam of Diomede by Spectator, &.c. Foaled, 1795. Baldock. b. h. by Lamplighter, dam by Old Wildair, g. dam by Rock- ingham, &c. King Wm. Cy. Va. 1800. • Wm. Anderson. by Old Wildair, dam Lagonia by Medley. J. Randolph. by imp'd Spread Eagle, dam imp'd Janette by Precipitate, TELEMACHUS, by Old Diomede, dam by imp'd Dare Devil, g. dam by Commutation — Damon, &c. Brunswick, Va. ' Merritt. ch. by Dungannon, (by Bedford,) dam by Lawrence's Dio- mede — Paris — Clodins, &c. TEMPTATION, b. by Heath's Childers, dam Maggy Lauder by imp'd Fearnought, &.c. 1786. T. M. Forman. TERROR, by Janus — Mark Anthony — out of an imp'd mare. br. c. by American Eclipse, dam Lady Lightfoot. 1829. Stephens. THADDEUS, by Ball's Florizelle, dam Dare Devil mare, g. dam by Old Wildair, &c. Edm. Irby. THALESTRIS, gr. f by Elliot's Jerry, dam Cornelia Bedford by the Duke of Bedford, &c. TPIISTLE, by imp'd Dove, dam Stella by imp'd Othello, g. d. Tasker s Selima. ch. m. by Oscar, dam by imp'd Clifden. Pr. Geo. Maryland. E. B. Duvall THOR, b. h. by Diomede, dam by Wildair, g. dam by Clockfast, &c. Philip Rodgers. THORN, b. c. by Sir James, dam Nettletop. THORNTON MEDLEY. (See Medley Tliornton.> THRESHER, gr. m. full sister to Opossum. Messrs. Tayloes. TIB, by Sir Archy, dam by Old Celer, g. dam by Clodius, g. g. dam by imp'd Fearnought, &,c. 394 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. TICHICUS, cli. c. by Clifton, dam Miss Chance by Chance, (fee. TICKLE TOBY, [Imp'd] br. foaled 1785, got by Alfred, dam Celia by He- rod, out of Proserpine by Marske, &lc. TIMO^^EON, ch. c. by Sir Archy, dam by imp'd Saltram — Old WHdair — Driver, &c. by Grey Diomede, dam Bonny Lass. (Called Timoleon of Mar3'land.) 1830. W. Townes. TIGER, by (Cook's) Whip, dam by Paragon, imp'd Figure, &c. TIPPOO SAIB, gr. h. by Old Messenger, dam imp'd mare — (Thompson's) Northumberland. . by Lath, dam Brandon by Aristotle, &c. 1780. "' -by Lindsay's Arabian, dam Lady Bolingbroke. -Sultan, b. h. by Tippoo Saib, dam Rosetla by Bajazett. TOBY, [/mp'rf] ch. h. by Old Janus — Old Fox — Bald Galloway, &c. To- by was full brother to Old Janus, &c. - N. Carolina. Col. Alston. b. c. by Cannon's Ranger, dam Sally Baxter. 1822. T. M. Forman. TOKEAH, ch. f by (Dr. Thornton's) Don Juan by Rattler, dam Frederica oy Escape, (Horn's) Messrs. Tayloes. T. K. b. m. by a son of imp'd Wonder, dam Smilax. 1818. James Blick. TOM ASIA, by Young Alfred, dam oy Old Tom Tough — Lamplighter, &c. TOM JONES, [Imp''d] gr. h. fifteen hands high, by Croft's Partner — True Blue — Cyprus Arabian. Foaled, 1745. Riclimond County, Va. Sir M. Beckwith. by imp'd Tom Jones, dam Betsy Blazella by Blaze, &c. Maryland, 1764 TOM, by imp'd Eclipse, dam an imp'd mare. Richard Hall. TOM TOUGH, ch. c. by imp'd Escape, (Horn's,) dam Fairy by Bedford, &c. Mare, by Tom Tough, dam by Lawrence's Diomede, g. dam by Lamplighter, &c. TOM TACKLE, br. c. by Archduke, dam Fairy by Bedford. 1805. TOM PIPER, by Janus, dam Ethiopia by Bedford, (he by Teller's Bed- ford,) g. dam by imp'd Bedford. TOOTH DRAWER, b. c. by Dare Devil, dam Virginia by Medley, &,c. J. Hoomes. TOPAZ, ch. c. by Rob Roy, dam Flora by Ball's Flerizelle. 1826. Joseph Lewis. b. c. by Roanoake, dam Jet. 1828. John Randolph. TOPGALLANT, b. h. by imp'd Diomede, dam by Shark— Harris' Eclipse — Mark Anthony — Janus, &c. Foaled, 1800. J. Tayloe. >— ^i b. by Topgallant, dam by Old Wildair — imp'd Black and All Black, (or Othello.) -by imp'd Druid, dam by Bedford, (sire of Rosabella.) TORPEDO, by Sir Alfred, dam by Potomac out of the dam of Madison and Monroe. TOUCHSTONE, [7mj»'J] by Clothier, (by Matchem) out ofBethell's mare Riet — Riot by Regulus — Matchem by Cade out of a Partner mare, &c. dam's side not given. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 395 TRANSPORT, br. b. by Virginius, dam Nancy Air. 1812. •^- ^- Richardson. TRAFALGAR, by imp'd Mufli, dam Calypso, sister of L'ellair. Lewis Berkley. TRAFFIC, g. by Sir Charles, dam Sally Brown. Thomas Doswell. TRAVELLER, (Morion's) [Tmp''d] b. h. by Partner, who was a grandson of the Bverly Turk — Traveller's dam was by Bloody Buttocks, aD Arabian, Greyhound, Makeless, &-c. Richmond Cy. Va. 1754. Foaled, 1748. (Strange's,) [Imp^d] was by Eclipse, see Charlemont, Sec. (Lloyd's,) by Morton's Traveller, dam Jenny Cameron. (Southall's,) b. h. by Burwell's Traveller, dam an imp'd mare. -(Burwell's,) by Morton's Traveller, dam by Janus, Lycur- gus, (fcc. -ch. h. by Sir Charles, dam by Sir- Archy, g. dam Whaley's imp'd Sunflower. -(Young,) by Morton's Traveller, dam Miss Colville. 1751. Col. Tasker. TROUBLE, ch. c. by Duroc, dam Sporlmistress, 6ic. 1821. TROUBLESOME, b. c by Monsieur, dam Jenny by Archduke. TRIPS Y, by Figure, dam Homespun by Romulus, Venus by Hero, &,c. 1800. TRIMMER, by Hall's Eclipse, dam by imp'd Slim, Old Figure, &c. Prince George, Md. 1791. Whi. Lyles. TRISTRAM SHANDY, by Morton's Traveller, dam by Old Janus out o« a fine English mare. Caroline Cy. Va. 1777. James Upshaw. TRUE WHIG, by Fitzhughs' Regulus dam, dam of Apollo. TRUE BLUE, [Imp'd] h. h. by Walnut, dam by King Fergus, Celia by He- rod out of Proserpine by Marske. Foaled, 1785. James Turner. ch. by Tormentor, dam by Expedition, Sir Solomon, Honest John, Messenger, »fec. TRUE BRITON, b. by Tasker's Othello, dam Milley by Spark, and was full sister to Col. Hopper's Pacolet, her dam Queen Mab. 1761. TRUFFLE YOUNG, (See Young Truffle.) TRUMPETTA, [Imp''d] b. m. by Trumpator, dam by Highflyer, g. dam by Eclipse out of Vauxhall's dam, who was by Young Cade. Foaled, 1797. J. Tayloe. by Hephestion, dam Peggy by Bedford, g. dam imp'd Peggy by Trumpator, &,c. 1816. TRUMPATOR, b. c. by Dragon, dam imp'd Trumpetta. 1804. J- Tayloe. by Sir Solomon, dam by Hickory, g. dam imp'd Truinpetta. Kentucky, 1829. Samuel Davenport. TRUMP, ch. c. by Janus, dam Last Chance. J. Randolph. TRUXTON, b. c. by Old Diomede, dam Nancy Cqleman. Andrew Jackson, TRY ALL, by Morton's Traveller, dam Blazella. TRY, b. m. by imp'd Wonder out of a Chanticleer mare. J. M. Sdldea. 396 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. TUCKAHOE, by Florizelle, dam oy imp'd Alderman, g. dam by Clock- fast, &c. Va. 1827. J. Wickham. ■ b. h. b)' Tuckaboe, dam by imp'ci Expedition, imp'd Slender, Herd's Snap, &c. N. Jersey. Corns. Cruser. TUBEROSE, cb. f. by Timoleon, (sire of Sally Walker,) dam Rbodian by Radland's Diomede, etc. TULIP, ch. by Lindsay's White Arabian, (Ranger,) dam by imp'd Othello, g. dam by Gorge's Juniper, »Scc. 1782. ch. f. by Alexander, dam Maria Archy. 1830. TURK, bl. c. by Arab, dam by Florizelle, g. dam Maria by Bay Yankee, &c." ~ TUP, [Jmp'd] h. h. by Javelin, dam Flaviaby Plunder, out of MibS Eustace by Snap, &:c. Foaled, 1796. TWIG, by imp'd Janus, dam Puckett's Switch, also by Janus. Thomas Hudson. V. UNCAS, ch. c. by Sir Archy Montario, dam Leocadia by Virginias. 1828. J- B. Richardson. ch. c. by Stockholder, dam by Powhatan. 1827. O. Shelby. UNION, (Hall's,) by imp'd Slim, dam by imp'd Figure by Dove by Othello, out of Tasker's Seliiria. 1777. Dr. Hamilton. (Chesley's,) b. h. by Shakspeare, dam by Nonpareil, g. dam by Morton's traveller, &c. 1783. UNCLE SAM, b. by John Richards, dam Sally Baxter by Oscar, imp'd Expedition, Old Cub. 1828. Thomas M. Forman. UPTON, b. c. by May Day, dam Jesse by Telegrapli. C. S. W. Dorsey. V. VALERIA, b. f. by Monsieur Tonson, dam Betsy Wilkes, &c. 1832. G. A. Blaney. VALENTINE, [/mjo'rfj by Magistrate, dam Miss Forester by Diomede, Alexander, the dam of Captain Absolute by Sweet William. 1826. Thomas Connagh. VALIANT, [Tmp'd] got by Dormouse, dam by Crab, Partner, out of Thwait's dun mare. VARIETY, b. f. by Wilkes'" Potomac, dam Dutchess by Bedford, g. dam Thresher. VAMPIRE, [Imp'd] by Regulus, dam by Steady, son of Flying Childers, fcc. Foaled, 1757. b. c. by Bedford, dam Britannia by Wildair. J. Hoonies. VANITY, b. f. by Sir Archy, dam by Old Medley, (full sister of Reality,) (broke her neck on New Market track.) b. m. by Celer, dam by Mark Anthony, Jolly Roger, Silver Eye, &.G. AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 397 VANSICKLER, (Bela Richards',) b. c. by John Richards, dam Covert mare by Am. Eclipse. VAN TROMP, by Sir Hal, dam by Coeur de Lion. ^ „ ^ Gen. R. Eaton. VELOCITY, by Rob Roy, dam Simmes' (Mab) bay mare by Ogle's Oscar, p. dam Edelin's Floretto, &-c. ?g27 bimms. VILLAGE MAID, full sister to W^hite Stockings by Silver Heels. VENITIAN, ch. h. by Rob Roy, dam Maid of Patuxent by imp'd Magic, e dam Kitty Fox by Fox, and he by imp'd Venitian, &c. [Imp'd] b. c. by Doge, dam by Matchem, her dam by Small Bones, sister to Squirrel. Foaled in 1774. N. B. This horse was sent back to England. VESTA, by Dreadnought, dam by Clockfast, Americus, Traveller, &c. VESTAL, dk. br. f by Monsieur Tonson, dam Fair Forester by imp d Chance, &c. VETO, ch. c. by Contention, dam Columbia by Sir Archy. VICTOR, ch. by Contention, dam by Minor's Escape, g. dam by Sans Cu- lotte, Ma'homet out of a thorough bred mare. VICTORIOUS, by imp'd Fearnought, dam by Clevis, (he by Fearnought,) g. dam by Hunting Squirrel. Imp'd by Gen. Nelson. VIGNETTE, ch. f by Sir Richard, (by Sir Aicliy,) dam Desdemona by Virginius, &,c. _ .,^. , s ^ ' J. B. Richardson. VIOLET FAME, by Contention, dam by Tom Tough, her g. dam by Strange's Traveller out of a full bred Wildair mare. VINCENTA, by imp'd Messenger, dam by imp'd Slender, g. dam by imp'd Lath, &c. VIOLA, gr. f by Gallatin, dam Clio by imp'd Whip. 1820. Wade Hampton. VIOLANTE, ch. f by imp'd Young Peter Teazle, dam Selima by Spread Eagle, &c. 1809. J- Tayloe. VINTZUN, by imp'd Diomede, dam Maria by Clockfast, Maria by Regu- ius, &c. (Sold for |2, 750.) Gov. Lloyd. VIRAGO, {Imp'd'] by Star, dam Virago by Panton's Arabian out of Crazy by Lath, which was sister to Snip, &-c. Orange Cy. Va. " Robert Young. ch. m. by imp'd Shark, dam imp'd Virago. Foaled, 1791. J- Tayloe. ch. m. by Wildair, (who was by Ajax,) dam by imp'd Ham ilton, g. dam by Spread Eagle, &c. A. F. Rose. -by imp'd Whip, dam by Partner a full brother to Thomas' Queen of May, and out of a mare by imp'd Shark, &.c. ^ Mann. Page. VIRGO, br. f by imp'd Sir Peter Teazle, dam Castianira. ^ ^ J. Tayloe. VIRGINIA, (Coquette,) by Virginius, dam Dorocles by imp'd Shark, Clock fast, &c. ^ ^ J. Ferguson. — gr. f. by Medley, dam by Pegasus, g.-dam Sally Wright, &c. 1790. J. Hoomes. bv Dare Devil, dam Lady Bolingbroke. ^ . Col. Selden. by Old Mark Anthony, dam Polly Byrd. 398 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. VIRGINIA, by Skyscraper, dam Polly Ready Money by Bowie's Ciscin natiis out of a Va. mare. b. f. by Marylander, dam Belinda by Escape, Bedford, Gas- teria, &c. E. G. Butler. by Timoleon, (by Grey Diomede,) dam Maid of Oakland by imp'd Stirling, Hall's Eclipse, &c. -ch. m. by Sir Hal, dam Beauty by Diomede, Virginia by Ma- rylander, (fcc. •^ J. M. Selden. Lafayette, (See Janette.) Tavlor, b. f. by Sir Archy, dam Coquette. Wm. R. Johnson. Eclipse or American, by imp'd Eagle, dam Malvina by Pre- cipitate, &c. G. Chichester. Nell, by imp'd Highflyer, dam by Gallant. -Sorrel, ch. m. by Virginia Sorrel, dam Black Selima by Fear- nought. 1798. J- Tayloe. Sorrel, s. h. by Black and All Black, (Othello,) dam by Tay- loe's Yorick, g. dam by imp'd Whittington, imp'd Silver Eye, &c. P. Conway. -Winn, ch. by Charles, dam by Tom Tough, imp'd Hamilton, W'ildair, Fearnought, &,c. VIRGINIAN, b. h. by Sir Archy, dam Meretrix by Magog, Narcissa by Shark, Rosetta by Centinel, Diana by Claudius, &lc. Foaled, 1815. J- J- Harrison. VIRGINiUS, by imp'd Diomede, dam Rliea by Chatam, g. dam by Eclipse, (who was the sire of Brimmer, Wilton Roan, &,c.) imp'd Shark. Silver Eye, &c. ch. by Virginius, dam Transport. 1826. J- B. Richardson. VIOLANTE, s. m. by Sir Peter Teazle, dam Selima by Spread Eagle, &-c. 1810. J- Tayloe. VIVIAN GREY, Ir. gr. by Lonsdale, dam MegMerrilies by Trafalgar, V] ch. by Old Spot and he by Blank, Spot's dam by Meu • tindales' Regulus, Jig, Goliah, &c. Imp'd by Mr. Hyde of Fredericksbg. — Sir Peter Teazle, [Imp''d] (See Sir Peter Tearle.) ■— Sir Solomon, jun. by Old Sir Solomon, dam Maid of Northampton by imp'd Clifden. 1823. Henry Lazier. Superior, by Superior, dam Pirate by Lamplighter, &c. ;; — Tom Tough, by Old Tom Tough, dam by imp'd Buzzard, g. dam by Jones' Wildair. Truffle, [Imj/d'] br. h. bred by the Duke De Guiche, was got by Truffle out of Helen by "Whiskey, her dari) Brown Justice by Jus- ■ tice. Old Truffle was got by Sorcerer out of Hornby Lass by Buz zard, &c. Orange Cy. Va. 1830. James Barbour. — , Traveller, (See Traveller Young.) -ToPG.^LLANT, by Old Topgallant, clam by Shark, g. dam by Harris Eclipse, Mark Anthony, &c. Virginian, b. h. by Virginian, dam by Enterprise (by Floiizelle.) YoRicK, by Tayloe's Yorick, dam by Figure, g. dam by Dove, Task- er's Othello out of Selima, &-c. 1783. Fielder Bowie. Z. ZABUD, by the Winter Arabian, dam by irrip'd Spread Eagle, g. dam by Sir Peyton, (by Shylock.) Kentucky. R. J. Breckenridge. ZAMOR, gr. by Silver Heels, (by Ogle's Oscar,) dam Aurora (by Vintzun,) g. dam Pandora, (by Grey Diomede,) g. g. dam by Hall's Union, Leonidas, &c. ZENOBIA, by Don Carlos, dam by George's Juniper. ZELIEKA, ch. m. by Gracchus, dam Miss Chance by imp'd Chance. Messrs. Tayloes. ZELIPPA, by Old Messenger, dam Dido by imp'd Bay Richmond, g. dam Old Slamerkin, (by Wildair,) g. g. dam imp'd Cub unare, &C. 35* 405 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRAINING, BY CHARLES DUVALL. Let the horse be in good flesh when you put him up ; night and morning walk him four miles, well clothed with one blanket and a suit of horse clothes, for eight days ; water him between the walk- ing with forty swallows ; feed him at nine in the morning, at twelve o'clock, at six in the evening, and at nine at night, with three quarts of oats and chopped corn, one-fifth chopped corn, giving him one bundle of blades after feeding in the morning, at twelve o'clock, and at six o'clock : after feeding at nine at night, give him two bundles of blades. Let him be well rubbed before each feed with straw as to his body, and his legs with woollen rubbers ; let him have a good bed of straw ; let his feet and legs, night and morning, before you take him in, be washed with warm water and Castile soap ; then for eight days more, in the morning, gallop tw^o miles before wa- tering and one mile after, and in the evening one mile before wa- tering and one mile after, clothing and rubbing before each feed as before. After that prepare him for sweating, by feeding with two quarts at six o'clock, and at nine o'clock the same, giving him no blades, and having him well muzzled ; let him be well rubbed and have a good bed of straw, always keeping his feet well stuffed with cow-dung. Let your turf be kept well harrowed and soft. At day-break take him to his training ground with three, four, or five blankets, and his body-clothes ; let him go four miles, the first three half-speed, the fourth mile at a sweeping rate with a tight rein, and a rider not exceeding the weight the horse should carry. Then strip him on the field, carefully scraping, rubbing, and brushing him till dry ; then put on his usual clothes and walk him an hour ; then take him to the stable ; then scald a gallon of bran, add cold water to it till milk warm, and let him drink what he will of it. Then let him be well rubbed and dressed ; then scald two quarts of bran, and two quarts of oats ; mix them, putting among them a table spoonful of flour of sulphur and as much antimony as will lie on a cent, and let the horse eat it warm; then "take two bundles of stemmed blades, and sprinkle them with salt and water, and give him ; then take some warm bran and water and wash his legs, rub- 406 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRAINING. bing them dry with straw and woollen rubbers ; then leave him till twelve o'clock ; then feed as usual with three quarts at twelve ; at four in the evening brush him and let him walk an hour ; then wa- ter him with water aired or branch water ; then walk him a quar- ter of an hour, take him in and have him well cleaned and rubbed ; then feed at six and nine with three quarts of grain ; then muzzle him. In the morning after his sweat take him to the ground and strip him as for a race ; then run him two miles with a tight rein, and continue him two miles more in a loose ; then clean him and rub him dry ; clothe him and walk him till cool, then take him in, wash his feet, and rub them dry, cleaning him, rubbing him, stuff- ing his feet, and feeding as usual : so continue to gallop every night and morning, as before directed, to wit : In the morning first gal- lop two miles, second gallop one mile, and in the evening one mile each gallop ; sweat every eight days. Train your colts in martin, gales ; bleed after the first sweat, and if necessary after the second sweat. Those are the rules I observe in training. CHARLES DUVALI.. From ^vhich, the rules observed by Mr. Thomas Larkin, of Vir- ginia, varied in these particulars : he feeds in the morning with four quarts, at twelve with two quarts, and at night witli four quarts; same blades as Mr. Duvall. Morning gallops first two miles and .a half, second two miles. Evening, gallops first two miles, second one mile and a half. Sweats five miles, and brushes his horse before he takes him in ; after cleaning, and rubbing, and dry- mg him, two miles. He washes with cold water, except when he sweats his horse, and waters after the horse comes in and is clean, just before feeding, forty swallows morning and evening, and twelve swallows at twelve o'clock ; mixes a spoonful of sulphur in the mash, after sweating, but no antimony ; walks before galloping, two miles ; between the gallops, one mile. Mr. Duvall, in 1797, gave me the foregoing rules : Mr. Larkin trained for me two years. And as a sportsman, that all horses may run in the best order, and that their superiority o^ foot and bottom alone may entitle them to the palm, I with pleasure comply with your request, that through your inestimable paper, all excuses by gentlemen having fine horses, as to the mode of training them, may be removed, and the friends of the turf gratified with fine sport. American Farmer. [from the AMERICAN TURF REGISTER.] Mr. Editor — The within was recently found among the papers of an old sportsman of the turf, (a pencil memorandum) in the shape of answers to questions, by a gentleman well known to the Virginia turfites, who was at that time about to begin his racing career. 1 have examined it with a trainer of long experience, and with few alterations hand it to you for publication in the Sporting Magazine. A. Viruinian. INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRAINING. 407 A horse when put in training should be fat : his exercise ought to commence with walking about eight miles a day ; three in the mornmg, two at twelve o'clock, and three in the evening. This should be continued at least four weeks. * A liglit gallop of a mile m the morning, should now be added, and at the end of a week, a mile in the evening. In another week, half a mile more morning and evening. He will now be in condition for his first sweat ; his exercise may now be the same as the last week, except a " burst of heels" once or twice in the week, of three or four hundred yards ; at which time he will be ready for his second sweat. This given, the horse should have, every other morning, a move of a quarter of a mile ; this continued for a week, and his third sweat may be given. • After this his exercise may be increased to two miles, morn- ing and evening ; one mile of which (in the morning) should be at half-speed, with a dash of a quarter every other morning, more or less according to his appetite. The sweats should vary according to the high or low condition of the animal. At the end of the week, after the fourth sweat, he may, perhaps, require a draw,* and another a day or two before he runs. I do not approve of physic, ing generally ; when there is much grossness, or general bad health, a purge may be necessary. Race-horses should be watered regu- larly three times a day, in a clear brook, in the mornijig after exer- cise, at twelve o'clock, and in the evening : after exercise walking them until perfectly cool, previous to watering. They should be fed with hominy and oats, (the first divested of its mealy particles,) in the proportion of one of the first to two of the latter. Sometimes, when the condition of the horse is low, he should be allowed a greater proportion of hominy ; as horses when in training must i^d well, every thing in the food way must be tried to make them do so : as hominy alone, oats, corn in the ear, meal, cut oats, &c. I once trained a mare, and ran her successfully, feeding her three days in the week on meal with chopped or cut oats. They should be fed five times a day : at day-break, after the morning exercise, ft eleven o'clock, a little before the evening exercise, and at night : one quart at first, three the second time, three at eleven o'clock, one the fourth time, and three the last, with about nine pounds of blades without picking, divided as the grain. Some horses eat more than others, and should be allowed accordingly.! When there is costiveness, sprinkling the fodder with water, or a mash must be given : a bucket of salt and water is also sometimes useful. Sweat- ing should be done by heavy clothing and gentle exercise, giving the horse a swallow or two of water with a little meal stirred in it two or three times during the sweat. To put a horse in order, at least twelve weeks are necessary ; for a colt, nine weeks. A coh, to be in condition to run a good race, should just be low enough to feel his ribs pretty plainly, but they should not be seen : a horse should be much lower. The usual preparation for a sweat is a mash at night, muzzled, hea * A very light sweat. t Particularly large horses : small horses sometimes will eat fourteen oi fifieen quartsa day. I think thirteen enough fcr the latter — more is apt, I think, to give them govty legs, &c. 408 INSTRUCTIONS FOR TRAINING, vy clothing, (three or four blankets) — the next morning, after break- fast, walk three or four miles, and gallop one slowly *, give a mouth- ful or two of water,* and gallop two or more, as the weather is warmer or colder : carry Rim then to the stable, take out the unde- blanket, rolling the cover up, half at a time, scrape well, rub bod> and legs until perfectly dry, put on blanket and hood, and walk for an hour or two, occasionally giving a mouthful of water with a handful of meal in it, about milk warm at first. His legs, when per- fectly cool, should be washed with warm water and soap, rubbed dry, and the horse put to rest and given a mash,t (scalded oats,) in the evening walked four or five miles. The quantity of exercise mentioned, is for horses, after four years old, and upwards ; few colts require more than three miles a day. Every eight or ten days the horses should be taken from the exer- cise ground and walked on the road. A careful trainer will always know the condition of his horse's legs every morning before gal- loping, and decide whether they receive their work or be sent, if their legs be feverish, to have the fever extracted by standing in the water, to the pond. To keep up the appetite, I have known nothing better than a table spoonful of the powder of poplar bark, (the liriodendron tiilipifera,) every day or two when it is observed that they are mincing their food : salt should be given once a week. [It will be seen by a comparison of the above instructions, which correspond with the system now usually pursued in the South, th-at it is much milder than the system laid down by Mr. Duvall of the olden time. It is wonderful, (observes our correspondent,) how their horses could stand such severe training i and he supposes that the greater fleetness of the horses of the present day may be ascrib- ed, in some measure, to changes which have been adopted in the eystem of training. It is true that many of our fine horses are let down and trained off at an early age, but that may be attributed to the severe trials to which they are put at a tender age— four mila heats, in quick time at three years old ! ] * Milk-warm, with a little meal stirred in it. t Not always necessaiy, except there is much costiveness* . . 409 RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE RICHMOND JOCKEY CLUB.* Whereas it is necessary that all well-regulated associations should have some Rules for their government, and the Richmond Jockey Club being sensibly impressed vi^ith this truth, Therefore, Resolved, that the following be the Rules and Regulations of the, Richmond Jockey Club : \st. There shall be two regular meetings of this Club, at. Tree Hill, each year, and each to continue four days, to be called Spring and Fall Meetings. The Spring Meeting shall commence on the second Tuesday in May, and the Fall Meeting the third Tuesday in October. 2d. There shall be a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Trea- surer, and four Stewards, appointed by ballot. 3d. It shall be the duty of the President to preside in all meet- ings of the Club; to act as Judge in each day's race ; appoint his assistant Judges on the evening preceding each day's race; report the result of each day's race, and stand as Judge in all sweepstakes, with such other persons as the parties may appoint. Ath. It shall be the duty of the Vice-President to attend all meet- ings of the Club ; assist the President in the discharge of his duly ; act as President pro tern, in tlie absence of the President. 5th. It shall be the duty of the Secretary to atlend the Judges on each day's race ; assist them with his counsel ; keep a book, in which he shall record the members' names, the Rules of the Club, and add to them any Resolutions which may change the character of either; also record the proceedings of each meeting; the entries of horses ; an account of each day's race, including the time of run- ning each heat ; publish the races, and after they are over, publish the result ; for this service, he shall be exempt from paying his subscjiption. Gth. The Stewards shall be appointed by ballot, and serve for one meeting next succeeding their appointment. They shall wear a white rose on the left side of the cape of their coat. It shall be their duty to attend on the course, preserve order, clear the track, keep off the crowd from horses coming to the stand after the close of a heat ; may employ able-bodied men to assist them, who shall be paid out of any money in the hands of the Treasurer, and they be designated by a red sash. * The Rules of New-Market, (near Petersburg, Xh.) Broad Rock, and ir.ost of tlie courses in Virginia, are nearly the game. 410 RULES OP RACING. Ith. There sliall be three Judges in the starting stand, the Presl. dent and two assistant Judges, whose duty it shall be to keep the stand clear of any intrusion during the pendency of a heat, except the officers, trainers, and weigher, and also see that the riders are dressed in jockey style. 8iA. All disputes shall be decided by the Judges of the day, from whose decision there shall be no appeal, unless at the Judges' dis- cretion ; and no evidence to be received of foul riding, except from Distance Judges and Patroles. ^th. There shall be two Distance and three Patrole Judges, who shall repair to the Judges' stand after each heat, and report the nags that are distanced, and foul riding, if there be any. lOf^. The distance of the Proprietor's Purse shall be three mile !ieats, and be run for on the second day of each regular meeting The purse shall be ^300 — entrance ,*^15. Wth. The distance for the Jockey Club purse shall be four mile heats, spring and fall, and be run for on the third day of each regu- lar meeting — entrance ^20. l^th. All Sweepstakes, advertised to be run for over the Tree Hill course, on any day of the regular meeting of the Club, shall be under the cognizance of this Club ; and that whenever a subscri- ber makes an entry, he may change it at any time before the stakes closes. \^th. No person shall start a horse for any purse under the con- trol of this Club, other than a member, he being at least one-third interested, and producing proof of his horse's age ; nor shall any member start a horse, unless his entrance and subscription be paid before starting.. 14^A. All entries of horses to run, shall be made in open Club, on the evening preceding each day's race, by 5 o'clock, or during the sitting of the Club, and no entry made after that time shall be al- bwed ; Provided, if there be no meeting, then with the Secretary or Treasurer, by 5 o'clock. \^th. No person shall be benefited by the winning of any purse, under the control of this Club, unless he be a member or the owner of the horse. \&th. Any person desirous of becoming a member for the purpose of starting a horse, may do so, he being approved by the Club, and paying double entrance. \lth. The winning horse of the Jockey Club Purse shall not be permitted to start for the Proprietor's purse, nor the winning horse of the Proprietor's purse for the Jockey Club purse, during the same meeting. 18^7*. No compromise or agreement between any two persons starting horses, or their agents or grooms, not to oppose each other RULES OF RACING. 43 1 upon a promised division of the purse, shall be permitted or allowed, and no persom shall run their nags in oonjunction, that is, with a determination to oppose, jointly, any other horse or horses which may run against them. In either case, upon satisfactory evidence produced before the Judges, the purse shall be awarded to the next best horse, mare, or gelding ; and the persons so offending, shall never again be permitted to start a horse on this course. I9th. No two riders from the same stable shall be allowed to ride in the same race ; nor shall two horses, trained in the same stable, be allowed to start in the same race. 20th. Riders shall not be permitted to ride in a race unless dressed in the jockey style. 21sf. Riders, after the heat is ended, must repair to the Judges' stand, not dismount until ordered by the Judges, and then carry their saddles themselves to the scales, there to be weighed. 22(Z. The Rider who has won a heat shall be entitled to the track, and the foremost entitled to any part of the track, he leaving a suf- ficient space for a horse to pass him on the outside, but shall not, when locked by another horse, leave the track he maybe running in to press him to the outside, doing which will be deemed foul riding. A Rider may take the track on the inside, but he must do it at his own peril, as, should he be posted in making the attempt, it will not be considered as foul. Should any rider cross, jostle, strike an adversary or his horse, or run on his heels intentionally, or do any thing else that may impede the progress of his adversary, he will be deemed distanced, though he come out ahead, and the purse given to the next best nag : and any rider offending against this Rule, shall never be permitted to ride over or attend any horse on the course again. 236?. If any nag shall run on the inside of an}^ pole, they will be deemed . distanced, although they may come out first, and the purse awarded to the next best nag. 24:th. The distance stand shall be sixty yards from the Judges' stand for mile heats, and sixty additional yards for every mile in a heat, unless it be the best three in five, and then ninety yards to a mile. 25th. The time between heats shall be 20 minutes for mile heats, 30 minutes for two mile heats, 40 minutes for three mile heats, and 45 minutes for four mile heats. Some signal shall be sounded from the Judges' stand five minutes before the period of starting, after the lapse of which time, the Judges shall give the word to such riders as are ready — but should any horse be restive in sad- dling, the Judged may delay the word a short interval, at their own discretion. 26th. A horse that does not win a heat out of three, shall viot be entitled to start for a fourth, although he may save his distance. A drawn horse shall not be considered as distanced. 36 412 RULES OF RACING. 27tk. No stud horse shall be exhibited within the walls of the course until the ladies have retired. fiStk. All members and their families shall pass the gate free, and all who are not members shall pay the following tolls, viz :— for every four-wheeled carriage $1, for every gig and two-wheeled carriage, cart, man and horse, 50 cents : and for every person on foot 25 cents. 29th. Any person who may kill a dog on the course, shall be paid two dollars out ©f the funds of this Club, and if there be none in hand, by the Judges, out of the purse of that day on which the dog or dogs may be killed. 30th. The following weights shall be carried, viz : 2 years old, a feather, 3 .. .. 86 lbs. 4 .. .. 100 .. 5 .. .. 110 .. 6 .. .. 118 7 .. .. and upwards, 124 lbs. with an al- lowance of three pounds to mares and geldings. The weigher shall see that each rider shall have his proper weight, before he starts, and that they have within two pounds after each heat. Slst. The age of horses shall be recorded by the year in which they are foaled ; during the year 1800 shall be considered as a yearling; during the year 1801, two years old; during the year 1802, and so on. S2d. New members can only be admitted upon recommenda- tion ; any person wishing to become a member, shall be balloted for and two black balls will exclude him. BETTING. When both parties are present, either party has a right to de- mand that the money be staked before the horses start ; and if one refuse, the other may, at his option, declare the bet void. If any party be absent on the days of race, the party present may declare the bet void, in the presence of the Judges, before the race commences ; but if any person offer to stake for the absentee, it is a confirmed bet. A bet made on a heat to come, is no bet, unless all the horses running in a previous heat start agam. All bets made between horses that are distanced the same heat are considered drawn, and when between two horses throughout a race, and neither of them win it, the horse that is best at the termi- nation of the race, wins the bets. If an entrance horse, or subscriber die, no forfeit shall be re- quired. A premium given to another to make a bet shall not be refunded, although the bet is not run for ENGLISH RULES OF RACING. 413 HANDY CAP RACES. 1st. The Judges for the season, on meeting with the Secretary, Bhall Handy Cap. 2d. A list of all the horses, mares, and geldings whieh have start ed at the said meeting, shall be made, to which any others, if pro posed, and particularly described, may be added. 3c?. Any horse, &c. which has not run during the said meeting, for Sweepstakes, Jockey Club, or Proprietor's purse, shall carry the weights of the course. 4:th. When the distance to be run, the entrance required, and the prize be agreed or^ the Judges and Secretary shall proceed to as- sign them their weights. - . 5th. No horse, &c. shall be bound to carry more weight than the rules of the course prescribe. 6th. On the supposed best horse, &lc. his or her proper weight shall be imposed. 1th. From horses, &c. of the 2d, 3d, «fec. rate or reputation, as much weight may be taken as will, in the opinion of the Handy Cappers, make them equal to the first rate ; in equalizing them as aforesaid, they are not bound to regard the winning horses, &c. as a change of distance, or a hard run, may change their ability to perform. 8th. Those who Handy Cap, shall particularly mark such horses, &-C. which are started in shoes, or not allowed to exert themselves in a previous race — any such horse, &,c. shall carry the weight ot the course, subject to the determination of the Judges and Secretary. 9th. As soon as the list of horses, &c. with their weights, "be prepared, the Secretary shall post up the same in the Club Room at this place to ■^vhich shall be added the distance to be run, the sum to be run for, and the entrance money. 10th. When the aforesaid nine rules be complied with, until 10 o'clock P. M. shall be allowed the owner or starter to deternune whether he will contend for the prize, and no longer ; as they de- termine, they shall give their names to the Treasurer or Proprietor of the course, with a description of their horses, &c. who shall make a list of them as entered, which list shall point out their places at starting — two or more to make a race. ENGLISH RULES OF RACING. Abstract of the laws which govern the Race Course in Great Britami as extracted from a Liverpool paper. Horses take their ages from May day, i. e. a horse foaled any time in the year 1823, is one year old on the first day of May 1824. Four inches are a hand ; fourteen pounds a stone ; two hundred and forty yards a distance. 114 ENGLISH RULES OF RACING. Oath weights are, each to appoint a party to ride without weighing. Feather weight signifies the same. Give and take plates are weights for inches ; fourteen hands to carry a stated weight, all above to carry extra, or be allowed the proportion of 7 lbs. to an inch. A Whim Plate is a weight for age and a weight for inches. A Past Match is to insert the ages of the horses in the articles, and to run any horse of that age, without declaring till you come to the post to start. Hand Cap weights are weights according to the supposed abilities of the horses. Plates or shoes are not allowed in the weight. The horse that has his head at the ending post first, wins the heat Riders must ride their horses back to the winning post to weigh; and he that dismounts before, or wants weight, is distanced. If a rider fall from his horse, and the horse be ridden in by a person of suffi- cient weight, he shall take place the same as if it had not happened, provided he goes back to the place where the rider fell. Horses not entitled to start without producing a proper certifi- cate of tlieir age, if required ; except where aged horses are included, in which case a junior horse may start without a certificate, provi- ded he carry the same weight as an aged horse. For the best of the plate, when there are three heats run, tho horse is second who wins one. For the best of the heats, the horse Is second that beats the other twice out of three times, though he doth not win the heat. When a plate is won at two heats, the pre- ference of the horses is determined by the places they hold in the second heat. When three horses have eacn won a heat, they only must start for a fourth, and their places must be determined by it, though before no difference between them. No distance in a fourth heat. In running heats, if it cannot be decided which is first, the- heat goes for nothing, and they may all start again, except it be be- tween two horses that had each won a heat. Horses drawn before the plate is won are -distanced, A bet after the heat is over, if the horse betted on does not start again, is no bet. A confirmed bet cannot be off, without mutual consent. Either party may demand stakes to be made, and on re- fusal may declare the bet void. If a party be absent on the day of running, a public declaration of the bet may be made on the course, and a demand whether any person will make stakes for the absent party; and if no person consent to do so, the bet may be declared void. Bets agreed to be settled in town, or any particular place, cannot be declared off on the course. The person who bets the odds, has a right to choose the horse of the field. When he has chosen the horse, the field is what starts against him ; but there is no field unless one starts with him. If odds are bet without mentioning the horse before the race is over, it must be determined as the odds were at the time of making it. Bets made between particular horses are void if neither of them be the winner, unless specified to the contrary. At New Market, if a bet be made for any particular day in any meeting, and the parties afterwards change the day, all bets must stand ; but if altered to another meeting, bets made before the altera. tion are void. Bets determinea, though the horse does not start ENGLISH RULES OF RAGING. 415 when the words "absolutely, run or pay," or "play or pay," are made use of in bettkig. For example ; I bet that Mr. Udny's ch. mare, Mirandela, absolutely wins the king's plate at Chelmsford, in 1824. I lose the bet though she does not start, and win though she goes over the course alone. AH double bets are considered as play or pay. Since Epsom Races, 1812, all bets are made in pounds, and not in guineas, as formerly. Horses running on the wrong side of a post, and not turning back, are distanced. Horses distanced if the riders cross or jostle. Horses that forfeit are beaten horses, where it runs or pays. Bets made on any horses winning any number of plates that year, remain in force till the first day of May. Money given to have a bet laid, not re- turned if not run. All matches, bets, and engagements are void an the decease of either party before determined. An untried stallion or mare, is one whose produce had not started in public at the time of closing the engagement. In estimating winnings, it is the practice to consider the clear sum gained only, and consequently to exempt the winner's stakes. A winner of sweepstakes of 20 guineas each (three subscribers) is, therefore, not disqualified from running for a fifty pound plate, ex pressed to be for horses that never won a plate, match or sweep etake of that value. FINIS 36* IMPORTED HORSES AND MARES OMITTED. A.BJER, [Imp'd] got by Old Truffle, dam Briseis by Benningbrougb, gr. dam Lady Jane by Sir Peter Teazle — Paulina by Florizell, &c. —foaled 1817, died 1828. — Alabama. Jas. Jackson. ADMIRAL, [Imp'd] b. li. got by Florizell, dam the Spectator mare, (who was also the dam of Old Imp'd Diomede,) — foaled 1779. — New York. J- Delancy. ALL FOURS, [Imp'd] got by All Fours, son of Regulus — Blank- Bolton Starling — Miss Meynell by Partner -Greyhound — Curwin's bay Barb, &c. imp'd into Massachusetts or Connecticut. AMERICUS, [Imp'd] b. h. got by Babraham— Creeping Molly by Second — General Evans' Arabian Cartouch — foaled 1775. Wm. Macklin. AUTOCRAT, [Lnp'd] gr. c. got by Grand Duke, dam Olivetta by Sir Oliver — Scotina by Delphi — Scota by Eclipse — foaled 1822. — New York. Wm. Jackson. BABRAHAM, [Imp'd] b. h. (15 hands 2 in. high.) got by Old Fearnought (son of Godolphin Ar.) — Silver imp'd into Va. by Wm. Evans of SurryCounty and got by the Belsize Arabian in England, and foaled 1759._Va. 1765. Wm. & Geo. Evans. , [Imp'd] b. h. got by Wildair — Babraham — Sloe — Bartlett'3 Childers— Counsellor— Snake, &c.— foaled 1775.— Va. 1783. Augustine Willis. BLACK PRINCE, [Imp'd] bl. h. got by Babraham— Riot by Regulus— Blaze— Fox, &c.— foaled 1760.— New York. A. Ramsay. BONNYFACE, [Imp'd] (also called Master Stephen) dk. b. h. got by a son of Regulus out of the Fen mare, got by Hutton's Royal colt — Blunderbuss, &c.— foaled 1768.— Va. French. BUFF COAT, [Imp'd] dun h. got by Godolphin Arabian— Silver Locks by the Bald Galloway — Ancaster Turk— Leeds Arabian, &c. — foaled 1742.— Va. 1761. Jos. Wells. BULLE ROCK, [Imp'd] got by the Darby Arabian— Byerly Turk' out of a natural Arabian mare, &c. — foaled 1718. — Va. 1735-6. Samuel Patton. CANNON, [Imp'd] br. h. got by Dungannon— Miss Spindleshanks by Omar— Starling, &c.— foaled 1789.— Bo&ton. General Lyman. CARVER, [Lnp'd.] b. h. got by Young Snap— Blank— Babraham— An- caster Starling— Grasshopper, &c.— foaled 1770.— Norfolk Co. Va. Dr. Chas. Mayle. CHATEAU MARGEAUX, [Imp'd] dk. br. h. got by Whalebone, (best son of Waxay,) dam Wasp by Gohanna— Highflyer— Eclipse, &c. —foaled 1822.— Va. 1835. J. J. Avery & Co. CLARET, [Imp'd] got by Chateau Margeaux, (who was by Whalebone,) his dam by Partisan— Silver Tail by Gohanna— Orville, &c. — foaled 1830.— N. Carolina. Wyatt Card well. DANCING MASTER, [Imp'd] b. h. got by Woodpecker— Madcap by Snap — Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1788.— S. Carolina. 416 AMERICAN STUD BOOK. 417 DEBASH, [Tmp'd] b. h. got by King Fergus — Highflyer — Madcap by Snap — Miss Meredith by Cade, &c. — foaled 1792. Imp'd into Mas- sachusetts. Jones. DERBY, [Imp'd] dr. b. h. 16^ hands high, got by Peter Leley out of Urganda, formerly Lady Eleanor, she by Milo dam by Sorcerer out of Twins, &c. — foaled 1831. R. D. Shepherd. DONQUIXOTTE, [Imp'd] ch. h. by O'Kelly's Eclipse— Grecian Prin- cess by Forrester — Coalition colt — Bustard, &c. — foaled 1784. Imp'd into Va. DORMOUSE, [Imp'd] dk. b. h. got by Old Dormouse, dam by Whitefoot — Silverlocks by Bald Galloway, &c.— foaled 1753.— Va. 1759. DRONE, [Imp'd] b. h. got by King Herod— Lilly by Blank— Peggy by Cade — Croft's Partner— Bloody Buttocks, &c.— foaled 1777 — Dutchess Co. New York. DUTCHESS OF YORK, [Imp'd] ch. m. got by Catton, dam by Sancho— Coriander— Highflyer, &c. — foaled 1821. — Va. R. D. Shepherd. ENGLISHMAN, [Imp'd] by Mr. Walter Bell of Va., in his dam. by Eagle (also imp'd) — PotSos — Pegasus — Small Bones by Justice, &c. — foaled 1812. EUGENIUS, [Imp'd] ch. c. by Chrysolite, dam Mixbury by Regulus — Little Bowes by a brother to Mixbury — Hutton's Barb, &c. — foaled 1770. FAIRFAX ROANE, [Imp'd] (alias Strawberry Roane) ro. h. got by Adolphus, dam by Smith's Tartar (a son of Croft's Partner) g. dam by Midge (son of Snake) — Hip, &c. — foaled 1764. — Va. — Fairfax. GIFT, [Imp'd] b. h. got by Cadormus, dam by Old Crab — Second Star- ling, &c.— foaled 1768.— New Kent Co. Va. Col. Dangerfield. GRANBY, [Imp'd] b. h. got by Blank— Old Crab— Cyprus Ar.— Com- moner — Makeless — Brimmer, &c. — foaled 1759. — Powhatan Co. Va. Samuel Watkins. HECTOR, [Imp'd] bl. h. got by Lath— Childers— Basto — Curwins bay Barb, &c. — foaled 1745. Col. Marshall. HERO, [Imp'd] b. h. got by Blank— Godolphin Ar. &c.— foaled 1747.— Va. John S. Wilson. JACK OF DIAMONDS, [Imp'd] dk. b. h. by Cullen's Arabian-Darly Ar.— Byerly Turk, &c.— Va. 1763. Imp'd by Col. Spottswood. Solomon Dunn. JUNIUS, [Imp'd] bl. h. got by Old Starling— Old Crab— Monkey— Cur- win's bay Barb— Spot, &c.— foaled 1754.— Va. 1759. JUSTICE, [Imp'd] b. h. got by Blank, dam Aura by Stamford Turk, gr. dam by a brother to Conqueror — Childers, &c. — Va. 1780. Geo. Gould. , [Imp'd] got by Old Justice (son of King Herod) — Old Squirt mare — Mogul — Camilla by Bay Bolton, &c. — foaled 1782. — S. Carolina. Major Butler.. KING WILLIAM, [Imp'd] red sor. h. got by Florizell, dam Milliner by Matchem — Cassandria by Blank, &c. — foaled 1781. — Chester Co. Pa. Dr. Norriss. _ , [Imp'd] b. h. by King Herod, dam Madcap by Snap — Miss Meredith by Old Cade, &c. — foaled 1777. — Connecticut. Skinner. LADY SCOTT, [Imp'd] br. m. got by Ardrosson, dam Dido by Viscount —Brilliant by Whiskey, Slc. R. D. Shepherd. LANGFORD, [/OTj9' ^ STARLING, [Imp'd] got by young Starling— Regulus— Snake— Partner, &c.— foaled 1756.— Va. 1762. Carlisle & Dalton. TRANBY. [Imfd] br. c. got by Blacklock, his dam by Orville— Miss Grimstone by Weazle— Ancaster, &c.— foaled 1826.— Va. 18J5. J. J. Avery & Go. TARQUIN, [Imp'd] c. got by the Hampton court Chesnut Ar. out of Fair Rosamond by Cade— Traveller, &c.— foaled 1720. WHALE, [Imp'd] got by Whalebone, (who was by Waxy,) dam Rectory bv Octavious— Catherine by Woodpecker.— N. Carolina. •' £dward Townes. YORKSHIRE, [Imp'd] got by Saint Nicholas, dam mss Rose. ' -^ R. D. Shepherd. C- ; .^ ..wu.wiineat Tufls I 200 WsGtDoru Road North Grafton, MA 01536 . >.