766 Broadway 
 
THE 
 
 HANDY HORSE-BOOK 
 
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. 
 
 ''Must certainly the above title is no misnomer, for the 'Handy Horse- 
 Book' is a manual of driving, riding, and the general care and management 
 of horses, evidently the work of no unskilled hand." — Bell's Life. 
 
 "As cavalry officer, hunting horseman, coach proprietor, whip, and 
 steeplechase rider, the author has had lung and various experience in the 
 management of horses, and he now gives us the cream of his information 
 in a little volume, which will be to horse-keepers and horse-buyers all that 
 the ' Handy Book on Property Law,' by Lord St Leonards, has for years 
 past been to men of business. It does not profess to teach the horse- 
 keeper everything that concerns the beast that is one of the most delicate 
 as well as the noblest of animals; but it supplies him with a number 
 of valuable facts, and puts him iu possession of leading principles."— 
 AthencBum. 
 
 "The writer shows a thorough knowledge of his subject, and he fully 
 carries out the object for which he professes to have undertaken his task — 
 nam el j', to render horse-proprietors independent of the dictations of igno- 
 rant farriers and grooms." — Observer. 
 
 " We need only say that the work is essentially a multum in parvo, and 
 that a book more practically useful, or that was more required, could not 
 have possibly been written." — Irish Times. 
 
 "He propounds no theories, but embodies in simple and untechnical 
 language what he has learned practically; and a perusal of the volume 
 will at once testify that he is fully qualified for the task ; and so skilfully 
 is the matter condensed that there is scarcely a single sentence which does 
 not convey sound and valuable information." — Sporting Gazette. 
 
 " We can cordially recommend it as a book especially suited to the gene- 
 ral public, and not beneath the attention of 'practical men.'" — The Globe. 
 
 "Contains a very great modicum of information in'an exceedingly small 
 space. . . . There can be little doubt that it will, when generally 
 known, become the established vade mecum of the fox-hunter, the country 
 squire, and the trainer." — Army and Navy Gazette. 
 
 "A useful little work. ... In the first part he gives just the 
 amount of information that will enable a man to work his horse comfort- 
 ably, check his groom, and generally know what he is about when riding, 
 driving, or choosing gear."— Spectator. 
 
 " This is a book to be read and re-read by all who take an interest in the 
 noble, animal, as it contains a most comprehensive view of everything ap- 
 pertaining to horse-flesh ; and is. moreover, as fit for the library and draw- 
 ing-room as it is for the mess-table or the harness-room." — Sporting Maga- 
 zine. 
 
 " By all means buy the book ; it will repay the outlay." — Land and Water. 
 
-V-A • . 
 
 % .. 
 
ftf 
 
 THE 
 
 HANDY HOESE-BOOK 
 
 PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS IN DRIVING, RIDING, 
 
 AND THE GENERAL CARE AND 
 
 MANAGEMENT OF HORSES 
 
 BY 
 
 A CAVALEY OFFICER 
 
 FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED 
 
 tijj (Emgratangs 
 
 WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS 
 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON 
 
 MDCCCLXVIII 
 
 The Right of Translation is reserved' 
 
MAJOR -GENERAL LORD GEORGE PAGET, C.B. 
 Inspector- fllnwral of (Cabalrg, 
 
 SON" OF THE DISTINGUISHED HORSEMAN AND HERO WHO COM- 
 MANDED THE CAVALRY AT WATERLOO, AND HIMSELF A LEADER 
 AMONG THE '"'IMMORTAL SIX HUNDRED," 
 
 THIS BOOK IS BY PERMISSION INSCRIBED, 
 
 IN TRIBUTE TO HIS SOLDIERLY QUALITIES, AND TO HIS CON- 
 SIDERATION FOR THE NOBLE ANIMAL WHICH HAS CARRIED 
 THE BRITISH CAVALRY THROUGH SO MANY DANGERS TO SO 
 MANY TRIUMPHS, 
 
 BY HIS LORDSHIP'S OBEDIENT SERVANT, 
 
 "MAGENTA." 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Finding myself a standing reference among my 
 friends and acquaintance on matters relating to 
 horse-flesh, and being constantly in the habit of 
 giving them advice verbally and by letter, I have 
 been induced to comply with repeated suggestions 
 to commit my knowledge to paper, in the shape of 
 a Treatise or Manual. 
 
 When I say that my experience has been prac- 
 tically tested on the road, in the field, on the turf 
 (having been formerly a steeplechase rider, as well 
 as now a hunting horseman), with the ribbons, 
 and in a cavalry regiment, I must consider that, 
 with an ardent taste for everything belonging to 
 horses thus nourished for years, I must either 
 have sadly neglected my opportunities, or have 
 
V1U PREFACE. 
 
 picked up some knowledge of the use and treat- 
 ment of the animal in question* 
 
 Born and bred, I may say, in constant famil- 
 iarity with a racing - stable, and having been 
 always devotedly attached to horses, the wrongs 
 of those noble animals have been prominently 
 before my eyes, and I have felt an anxious desire 
 to see justice done to them, which, I am sorry 
 to say, according to my observation, is but too 
 seldom the case ; indeed, I have often marvelled 
 at the tractability of those powerful creatures 
 under the most perverted treatment by their 
 riders and drivers. 
 
 * It may be well to let my readers know how I became ex- 
 perienced on the road. In the days when coaching was in its 
 perfection (and when many country gentlemen indulged in their 
 fancy for the use of the "ribbons"), I became, during a long 
 interval from service, deeply and actively concerned in a 
 coaching establishment of the first order; and those who, some 
 years since, travelling between Dublin and Killarney vi-i 
 Limerick (a distance of about 185 miles), may have happened 
 to hear coachmen and helpers talking of the w Captain," will 
 recognise in the writer the individual thus referred to, who was 
 also in partnership with the famous Bianconi in the staging on 
 the Killarney line. Several years spent in such a school will 
 probably be considered a good apprenticeship to the study of 
 one branch of the subject herein treated upon — viz., the man- 
 agement of horses on the road. 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 My object, therefore, in offering the following 
 remarks, is not to trench upon the sphere of the 
 professional veterinary surgeon or riding-master, 
 but to render horse-proprietors independent of the 
 dictation of ignorant farriers and grooms. In- 
 tending this little work merely as a useful manual, 
 I have purposely avoided technicalities, as belong- 
 ing exclusively to the professional man, and en- 
 deavoured to present my dissertations on disease 
 in the most comprehensive terms possible, propos- 
 ing only simple remedies as far as they go; though, 
 for the satisfaction of my readers, I may mention 
 that, as an amateur, I have myself devoted much 
 time and thought to the study of anatomy, and 
 that any treatment of disease herein recommended 
 has been carefully perused and approved by a 
 veterinary surgeon. Theories are excluded, and I 
 confine myself simply to practical rules founded on 
 my own experience. 
 
 Hints and remarks are here offered to the general 
 public, which, to practical men, will appear trifling 
 and unnecessary ; but keen and extended observa- 
 tion, carried on as opportunity offered, amongst all 
 classes and in many countries and climates, has 
 given me an insight into the want of reasoning 
 
X PKEFACE. 
 
 exhibited by men of every station in dealing with 
 the noble and willing inmates of the stable, and 
 has assisted in suggesting the necessity for just 
 such ABC instructions as are herein presented 
 by the Public's very humble servant, 
 
 "MAGENTA."* 
 
 PREFACE TO THIED EDITION. 
 
 Increased attention having been directed to the 
 necessity for greater vigilance with regard to the 
 breeding and production of good and useful horses, 
 many readers have expressed a wish that I would 
 give some decided views on these subjects ; and 
 concurring with them as to the exigency of the 
 case, I have ventured, in an additional chapter in 
 this new and Third Edition, to make a few re- 
 marks, which, although doubtless patent to practical 
 men, are naturally looked for by the public in this 
 Manual, which has been so favourably received. 
 
 "MAGENTA." 
 
 * The soubriquet by which the Author is known in his regi- 
 ment. 
 
PKEFACE TO FOUKTH EDITION. 
 
 The Third Edition of this little work, published 
 so recently as April last, being already out of 
 print, the Author, in presenting a new one, feels 
 called upon gratefully to acknowledge this un- 
 usual mark of favour on the part of the public. 
 
 Londox, November 1867. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 PART 
 
 BREEDING, 
 
 SELECTING, 
 
 BUYING, 
 
 STABLING, 
 
 GROOMING, 
 
 HALTERING, 
 
 CLOTHING, 
 
 FEEDING, 
 
 WATERING, 
 
 GRAZING, 
 
 TRAINING, 
 
 EXERCISING, 
 
 WORK, . 
 
 BRIDLING, 
 
 SADDLING, 
 
 RIDING, 
 
 HARNESSING, 
 
 DRIVING, 
 
 DRAWING, 
 
 I 
 2 
 6 
 8 
 
 12 
 16 
 13 
 20 
 25 
 26 
 28 
 31 
 33 
 33 
 43 
 49 
 56 
 65 
 72 
 
XIV 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 SHOEING, 75 
 
 vice, 84 
 
 SELLING, 89 
 
 CAPRICE, 90 
 
 IRISH HUNTERS, AND THE BREEDING OF GOOD 
 
 HORSES, 93 
 
 PART II. 
 
 DISEASES, 101 
 
 OPERATIONS, 102 
 
 TO GIVE A BALL, 104 
 
 TO GIVE A DRENCH, 105 
 
 PURGING, 106 
 
 THE PULSE, 109 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HEAD AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS, 109 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE AND URINARY ORGANS, 120 
 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS, . . .127 
 
 LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, ETC., . . .158 
 
 INDEX, , 164 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 DRAWING COVER, 
 
 THE HACK. 
 
 THE WEIGHT-CARRYING HUNTER, 
 RIDING AT IT, 
 THE PROPER FORM, . 
 PREPARATORY CANTER, 
 
 frontispiece. 
 
 page 
 
 4 
 
 » 
 
 6 
 
 tt 
 
 53 
 
 }> 
 
 95 
 
 
 99 
 
THE 
 
 HANDY HOES E-BOOK 
 
 P A E T I. 
 
 BREEDING. 
 
 A few words only of observation would I make on this 
 subject.'"" Palpably our horses, especially racers and 
 hunters, are degenerating in size and power, owing 
 mainly, it is to be feared, to the parents being selected 
 more for the reputation they have gained as winners 
 carrying feather-weights, than for any symmetrical 
 development or evidence of enduring power under the 
 weight of a man. We English might take a useful 
 lesson in selecting parental stock from the French, who 
 reject our theory of breeding from animals simply be- 
 cause they have reputation in the racing calendars, and 
 who breed from none but those which have shape and 
 power, as well as blood and performance, to recommend 
 them. They are also particular to avoid using for stud 
 purposes such animals as may exhibit indications of any 
 constitutional unsoundness. 
 
 * It, however, is treated more fully in a new section, page 93, 
 which, at the request of many readers, and in consequence of its 
 increasing interest to a large portion of the community, has been 
 added to this edition. 
 
SELECTING. 
 
 SELECTING. 
 
 In selecting an animal, the character of the work for 
 which he is required should be taken into considera- 
 tion. For example, in choosing a hack, you will con- 
 sider whether he is for riding or for draught. In 
 choosing a hunter, you must bear in mind the peculiar 
 nature of the country he will have to contend with. 
 
 A horse should at all times have sufficient size and 
 power for the weight he . has to move. It is an act of 
 cruelty to put a small horse, be his courage and breed- 
 ing ever so good, to carry a heavy man or draw a heavy 
 load. With regard to colour, some sportsmen say, and 
 with truth, that " a good horse can't be a bad colour, 
 no mattes what his shade." Objection may, however, 
 be reasonably made to pie-balls, skew-balls, or cream- 
 colour, as being too conspicuous, — moreover, first-class 
 animals of these shades are rare ; nor are the roan or 
 mouse-coloured ones as much prized as they should be. 
 
 Bay, brown, or dark chestnuts,* black or grey horses, 
 are about the most successful competitors in the market, 
 and may be preferred in the order in which they are 
 here enumerated. Very light chestnut, bay, and white 
 horses are said to be irritable in temper and delicate in 
 constitution, t 
 
 * The French dealers of the present day choose, for gentlemen's 
 hack-horses, chestnuts with legs white half-way up, causing the 
 action to look more remarkable. "There's no accounting for 
 taste." 
 
 t It is to be remarked of bays, mouse-colours, and chestnuts, 
 having a streak of a darker colour over the backbone from mane 
 to tail (which sometimes, as with the donkey, crosses the shoulder) 
 
SELECTING. 3 
 
 Mares are objected to by some as being occasionally 
 uncertain in temper and vigour, and at times unsafe in 
 harness, from constitutional irritation. More import- 
 ance is attached to these assumed drawbacks than 
 they deserve ; and though the price of the male is 
 generally from one-fourth to one-sixth more than that 
 of the female, the latter will be found to get through 
 ordinary work quite as well as the former. 
 
 To judge of the Age by the Teeth. — The permanent 
 nippers, or front teeth, in the lower jaw, are six. The 
 two front teeth are cut and placed at from two to three 
 years of age ; the next pair, at each side of the middle 
 ones, at from three and a half to four ; anoLgfche corner 
 pair between four and a half and five years of age, 
 when the tusks in the male are also produced. 
 
 The marks or cavities in these nippers are effaced in 
 the following order : — At six years old they are worn 
 out in the two centre teeth, at seven in the next 
 pair, and at eight in the corner ones, when the horse is 
 described as " aged." 
 
 After this, as age advances, these nippers appear to 
 change gradually year by year from an oval to a more 
 detached and triangular form, till at twenty their ap- 
 pearance is comj^letely triangular. After six the tusks 
 become each year more blunt, and the grooves, which 
 at that age are visible inside, gradually wear out. 
 
 The Hack to Ride. — A horse with a small well-shaped 
 head seldom proves to be a bad one ; therefore such, with 
 small fine_earSj should be sought in the first instance. 
 
 It is particularly desirable that the shoulder of a 
 riding hack should be light and well-placed. A high- 
 
 — that animals thus marked generally possess peculiar powers of en- 
 durance ; and rat-tailed ones, though ugly, prove very serviceable \j/ 
 
 A 
 
4 SELECTING. 
 
 withered horse is by no means the best for that purpose. 
 Let the shoulder-blades be well slanted as the horse 
 stands, their points light in front towards the chest. 
 Nor should there be too wide a front ; for such width, 
 though well enough for draught, is not necessary in a 
 riding-horse, provided the chest and girth be deep. 
 
 Asa matter of course the animal should be otherwise 
 well formed, with rather long pasterns (before but not 
 behind), — the length of which increases the elasticity of 
 his movement on hard roads. His action should be in- 
 dependent and high, bending the knees. If he cannot 
 walk well — in fact, with action so light that, as the 
 dealers say, "he'd hardly break an egg if he trod on 
 it " — raising his legs briskly off the ground, when 
 simply led by the halter (giving him his head) — in 
 other words, if he walks "close to the ground" — he 
 should be at once rejected. 
 
 With regard to the other paces, different riders have 
 different fancies : the trot and walk I consider to be 
 the only important paces for a gentleman's ordinary 
 riding-horse. It is very material, in selecting a riding- 
 horse, to observe how he holds his head in his various 
 paces ; and to judge of this the intending purchaser 
 should remark closely how he works on the bit when 
 ridden by the rough-rider, and he should also pay par- 
 ticular attention to this point when he is himself on his 
 back, before selection is made.* 
 
 * The extremes of various bad positions of the head when the bit 
 is put in operation are — the throwing up the nose horizontal with 
 the forehead, a trick denominated " stargazing," at which ewe- 
 necked horses are very ready, and getting the bit up to the angles 
 of the jaws. Such a horse can easily run away, and cannot be 
 commanded without a martingal. Another bad point is when the 
 animal leans his jaw firmly against the bit, and, placing his head 
 
SELECTING. 5 
 
 Respecting soundness, though feeling fully compe- 
 tent myself to judge of the matter, I consider the half- 
 guinea fee to a veterinary surgeon well-laid-out money, 
 to obtain his professional opinion and a certificate of 
 the state of an animal, when purchasing a horse of any 
 value. 
 
 The Hack for Draught ought to be as well formed as 
 the one just described; but a much heavier shoulder and 
 forehand altogether are admissible. 
 
 No one should ever for a moment think of putting 
 any harness-horse into a private vehicle, no matter what 
 his seller's recommendation, without first having him 
 out in a single or double break, as the case may be, 
 and seeing him driven, as well as driving him himself, 
 to make acquaintance with the animal — in fact, to find 
 him. out. 
 
 The Hunter, like the hack, should be particularly 
 well-formed before the saddle. He should be deep in 
 the girth, strong in the loins, with full development of 
 thigh, short and flat in the canon joint from the knee 
 to the pastern, with large flat hocks and sound fore 
 legs. This animal, like the road-horse, should lift his 
 feet clear of the ground and walk independently, with 
 evidence of great propelling power in the hind legs 
 when put into a canter or gallop. 
 
 A differently-shaped animal is required for each kind 
 of country over which his rider has to be carried. In 
 the midland counties and Yorkshire, the large three- 
 quarter or thoroughbred horse only will be found to 
 have pace and strength enough to keep his place. In 
 close countries, such as the south, south-west, and part 
 
 between his fore legs, the neck being over-arched, goes where he 
 pleases : such is called by horsemen " a borer." 
 
6 BUYING. 
 
 of the north of England, a plainer-bred and closer-set 
 animal does best. 
 
 In countries where the fences are height jumps — a 
 constant succession of timber, or stone walls — one must 
 look for a certain angularity of hip, not so handsome in 
 appearance, but giving greater leverage to lift the hind 
 legs over that description of fence. 
 
 A hunter should be all action ; for if the rider finds 
 he can be carried safely across country, he will neces- 
 sarily have more confidence, and go straighter, not 
 therefore requiring so much pace to make up for round- 
 about "gating" gaps and "craning." * 
 
 BUYING. 
 
 If you propose purchasing from a dealer, take care 
 to employ none but a respectable man. It is also well 
 to get yourself introduced to such a one, by securing 
 the good offices of some valuable customer of his for 
 the purpose ; for such an introduction will stimulate 
 any dealer who values his character to endeavour by his 
 dealings to sustain it with his patron. 
 
 Auction, — An auction is a dangerous place for the 
 uninitiated to purchase at. If, however, it should suit 
 you to buy in that manner, the best course to pursue 
 is to visit the stables on the days previous to the sale, 
 for in all well-regulated repositories the horses are in 
 
 * The racer not coming within the province of this little work, I 
 will only offer one maxim with reference to such horses in general 
 —viz., never race any horse unless you make up your mind to have 
 most probably a fretful, bad-tempered animal ever after. The 
 course of training and the excitement of contest wiU induce such 
 a result. 
 
1/ 
 
 
BUYING. 7 
 
 for private inspection from two to three days before 
 the auction-day. Taking, if possible, one good judge 
 with you, eschewing the opinions of all grooms and 
 others — in fact, fastening the responsibility of selection 
 on the one individual — make for yourself all the ex- 
 amination you possibly can, in or out of stable, of the 
 animal you think likely to suit you. There is generally 
 a way of finding out some of the antecedents of the 
 horses from the men about the establishment. 
 
 Fairs. — To my mind it is preferable to purchase at 
 fairs rather than at an auction : indeed, a judge will 
 there have much more opportunity of comparison than 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Pricate Purchase. — In buying from, a private gentle- 
 man or acquaintance, it is not unusual to get a horse 
 on trial for three or four days. Many liberal dealers, 
 if they have faith in the animal they want to dispose 
 of, and in the intending purchaser, will permit the same 
 thing. 
 
 Warranty. — As observed under the head of "Select- 
 ing," it is never wise to conclude the purchase of a 
 horse without having him examined by a professional 
 veterinary surgeon, and getting a certificate of his actual 
 state. If the animal be a high-priced one, a warranty 
 should be claimed from the seller as a sine qua non ; 
 and if low-priced, a professional certificate is desirable, 
 stating the extent of unsoundness, for your own satis- 
 faction.* 
 
 * If you happen to buy a low-priced animal, and depend upon 
 your own opinion as to soundness, it is well to feel and look closely 
 at the back part of the fore leg, above the fetlock, and along the 
 pasterns, for cicatrices left after the performance of the operation 
 of unnerving, by means of which a horse will go perhaps appar- 
 ently sound while navicular disease is progressing in his foot, to 
 
STABLING. 
 
 STABLING. 
 
 Ventilation is a matter of the first importance in a 
 stable. The means of ingress and egress of air should 
 be always three or four feet higher than the range of 
 the horses' heads, for two simple reasons : first, when 
 an animal comes in warm, it is not well to have cold 
 air passing directly on the heated surface of his body \ 
 and, in the second place, the foul air, being the lightest, 
 always ascends, and you give it the readiest mode of 
 exit by placing the ventilation high up. The common 
 louver window, which can never be completely closed, is 
 the best ordinary ventilator. 
 
 Drainage ought to be closely investigated. The 
 drains should run so as to remove the traps or grates 
 outside the stable, or as far as possible from the horses, 
 in order to keep the effluvium away from them. All 
 foul litter and mass should be removed frequently 
 during the day; straw and litter ought not to be al- 
 lowed to remain under a horse in the daytime, unless 
 it be considered expedient that he should rest lying 
 down, in which case let him be properly bedded and 
 kept as quiet as possible. In many cases the practice 
 of leaving a small quantity of litter in the stall is a 
 fine cloak for deposit and urine left unswept under- 
 neath, emitting that noxious ammonia with which the 
 air of most stables is so disagreeably impregnated that 
 on entering them from the fresh air you are almost 
 stifled. 
 
 Masters who object to their horses standing on the 
 
 terminate in most serious consequences. — See " Navicular Disease," 
 page 134. 
 
STABLING. 9 
 
 bare pavement can order that, after the stall is thor- 
 oughly cleaned and swept out, a thin layer of straw 
 shall be laid over the stones during the daytime. In 
 dealers' and livery stables, and indeed in some gentle- 
 men's, the pavement is sanded over, which has a nice 
 appearance, and prevents slipping. 
 
 When the foul litter is abstracted, and the straw 
 bedding taken from under the horse, none of it should 
 be pushed away under the manger ; let it be entirely 
 removed : and in fair weather, or where a shed is avail- 
 able, the bedding should be shaken out, to thoroughly 
 dry and let the air pass through it. 
 
 Wheaten is more durable than oaten straw for litter : 
 but the fibre of the former is so strong that it will 
 leave marks on the coat of a fine-skinned animal wher- 
 ever it may be unprotected by the clothing ; however, 
 this is not material. 
 
 Light should be freely admitted into stables, not 
 only that the grooms may be able to see to clean the 
 horses properly, and to do all the stable -work, but if 
 horses are kept in the dark it is natural that they 
 should be more easily startled when they go into full 
 daylight, — and such is always the consequence of badly- 
 lighted stables. Of course, if a horse is ailing, and 
 sleep is absolutely necessary for him, he should be 
 placed separate in a dark quiet place. 
 
 Stalls should be wide, from six to seven feet across 
 if possible, yielding this in addition to other advan- 
 tages, that if the partitions are extended by means of 
 bars to the back wall, either end stall can be turned 
 into a loose-box sufficiently large to serve in an emer- 
 gency. 
 
 A Loose-Box is unquestionably preferable to a stall 
 
10 STABLING. 
 
 (in which a horse is tied up all the time he is not at 
 work in nearly the same position), and is indispensable 
 in cases of illness. Loose-boxes should be paved with 
 narrow bricks ; and when prepared for the reception of 
 an animal whose shoes have been removed, the floor 
 should be covered with sawdust or tan, or either of 
 these mixed with fine sandy earth, or, best of all, peat- 
 mould when procurable, — any of which, where the in- 
 disposition is confined to the feet only, may be kept 
 slightly moistened with water to cool them. 
 
 In cases of general illness, straw should be used for 
 bedding ; and where the poor beast is likely to injure 
 himself in paroxysms of pain, the walls or partitions 
 should be well padded in all parts within his reach, and 
 as a further precaution let the door be made to open 
 outwards, and be fastened by a bolt, as latches some- 
 times cause accidents. 
 
 Partitions should be carried high enough towards the 
 head to prevent the horses from being able to bite one 
 another, or get at each other's food. 
 
 With regard to stable-kickers, see the remarks on 
 this subject under the head of "Vice " (page 85). 
 
 Racks and Mangers are now made of iron, so that 
 horses can no longer gnaw away the manger piecemeal. 
 Another improvement is that of placing the rack on a 
 level with and beside the manger, instead of above the 
 horses' heads; but notwithstanding this more reason- 
 able method of feeding hay when whole, it is far prefer- 
 able to give it as manger-food cut into chaff. 
 
 Flooring. — In the construction of most stables a 
 cruel practice is thoughtlessly adopted by the way of 
 facilitating drainage (and in dealers' stables to make 
 horses look large), viz., that of raising the paving to- 
 
STABLING. 11 
 
 wards the manger considerably above the level of the 
 rear part. It should be borne in mind that the horse 
 is peculiarly sensitive to any strain on the insertions of 
 the back or flexor tendons of his legs. Thus in stalls 
 formed as described, you will see the creature endea- 
 vouring to relieve himself by getting his toes down be- 
 tween the flags or stones (if the pavement will admit) 
 with the heels resting upon the edges of them ; and if 
 the fastening to the head be long enough he will draw- 
 back still farther, until he can get his toes down into 
 the drain- channel behind his stall, with the heels upon 
 the opposite elevation of the drain. Proper pavement 
 in your stable will help to alleviate a tendency towards 
 what is called "clap of the back sinew." — See page 
 143. 
 
 The slope of an inch and a half or two inches is suf- 
 ficient for purposes of drainage in paving stables ; but 
 if the drainage can be managed so as to allow of the 
 flooring being made quite level, so much the better. 
 
 Should my reader be disposed to build stabling, he 
 cannot do better than consult the very useful and prac- 
 tical work entitled ' Stonehenge, or the Horse in the 
 Stable and in the Field.' 
 
 The horse being a gregarious animal, and much 
 happier in society than alone, will, in the absence 
 of company of his own species, make friends with the 
 most sociable living neighbour he can find. A horse 
 should not be left solitary if it can be avoided. 
 
 Dogs should never be kept in the stable with horses, 
 or be permitted to be their playfellows, on account of 
 the noxious emissions from their excrement. Cats are 
 better and more wholesome companions. 
 
12 GROOMING. 
 
 GROOMING. 
 
 I do not profess to teach grooms their business, but 
 to put masters on their guard against the common 
 errors and malpractices of that class ; and with a view 
 to that end, two or three general rules are added which 
 a master would do well to enforce on a groom when 
 hiring him, as binding, under pain of dismissal. 
 
 1. Never to doctor a horse himself, but to acquaint 
 his master immediately with any accident, wound, or 
 symptom of indisposition about the animal, that may 
 come under his observation, and which, if in existence, 
 ought not to fail to attract the attention of a careful, 
 intelligent servant during constant handling of and at- 
 tendance on his charge. 
 
 2. Always to exercise the horses in the place ap- 
 pointed by his master for the purpose, and never to 
 canter or gallop them. 
 
 3. To stand by while a horse is having its shoes 
 changed or removed, and see that any directions he 
 may have received on the subject are carried out. 
 
 4. Never to clean a horse out of doors. 
 
 These rules are recommended under a just apprecia- 
 tion of that golden one, "Prevention is better than 
 cure." 
 
 If the master is satisfied with an ill-groomed horse, 
 nine-tenths of the grooms will be so likewise ; therefore 
 he may to a great extent blame himself if his bearer's 
 dressing is neglected. 
 
 Grooms are especially fond of using water in clean- 
 ing the horse (though often rather careful how they use 
 it with themselves, either inside or out) : it saves them 
 
GROOMING. 13 
 
 trouble, to the great injury of the animal. The same 
 predominating laziness which prompts them to use 
 water for the removal of mud, &c, in preference to 
 employing a dry wisp or brush for the purpose, forbids 
 their exerting themselves to employ the proper means 
 of drying the parts cleaned by wet. They will have 
 recourse to any expedient to dry the skin rather than 
 the legitimate one of friction. Over the body they will 
 place cloths to soak up the wet ; on the legs they will 
 roll their favourite bandages. It is best, therefore, to 
 forbid the use of water above the hoof for the pur- 
 pose of cleaning — except with the mane and tail, which 
 should be properly washed with soap and water occa- 
 sionally. 
 
 When some severe work has been done, so as to 
 occasion perspiration, the ears should not be more 
 neglected than the rest of the body; and when they 
 are dried by hand-rubbing and pulling, the horse will 
 feel refreshed. 
 
 As already recommended, cleaning out of doors should 
 be forbidden. If one could rely on the discretion of 
 servants, cleaning might be done outside occasionally in 
 fine weather; but licence on this score being once given, 
 the probability is that your horse will be found shivering 
 in the open air on some inclement day. 
 
 The groom always uses a picker in the process of 
 washing and cleaning the feet, to dislodge all extrane- 
 ous matter, stones, &c, that may have been picked up 
 in the clefts of the frog and thereabouts ; he also washes 
 the foot with a long-haired brush. In dry weather, 
 after heavy work, it is good to stop the fore feet with 
 what is called "stopping" (cow-dung), which is not 
 difficult to procure. Wet clay is sometimes used in 
 
14 GEOOMING. 
 
 London for the purpose in the absence of cow-dung. 
 Very useful, too, in such case will be found a stopping 
 composed of one part linseed-meal to two parts bran, 
 wetted, and mixed to a sticking consistency. 
 
 The evidence of care in the groomed appearance of 
 the mane and tail looks well. An occasional inspection 
 of the mane by the master may be desirable, by turning 
 over the hairs to the reverse side ; any signs of dirt or 
 dandriff found cannot be creditable to the groom. 
 
 Bandaging. — When a hunter comes in from a severe 
 day, it is an excellent plan to put rough bandages (pro- 
 vided for the purpose) on the legs, leaving them on 
 while the rest of the body is cleaning ; it will be found 
 that the mud and dirt of the legs will to a great extent 
 fall off in flakes on their removal, thus reducing the 
 time employed in cleaning. When his legs are cleaned 
 and well hand-rubbed, put on the usual-sized flannel 
 bandages. They should never remain on more than 
 four or six hours, and when taken off (not to be again 
 used till the next severe work) the legs should be once 
 more hand-rubbed. 
 
 Bandages ought not to be used under other circum- 
 stances than the above, except by order of a veterinary 
 surgeon for unsoundness. 
 
 In some cases of unsoundness — such as undue dis- 
 tension of the bursas, called "wind-galls," the effect of 
 work — a linen or cotton bandage kept continually 
 saturated with water, salt and water, or vinegar, and 
 not much tightened, may remain on the affected legs ; 
 but much cannot be said for the efficacy of the treat- 
 ment. 
 
 For what is called " clap," or supposed distension of 
 the back sinew (which is in reality no distension of 
 
GROOMING. 15 
 
 the tendon, as that is said to be impossible, though 
 some of its fibres may be injured, but inflammation of 
 the sheath through which the tendon passes), the cold 
 lotion bandaging just described, in connection with the 
 directions given under the head of "Shoeing" (page 
 82), will be found very serviceable. 
 
 Grooms' Requisites are usually understood to com- 
 prise the following articles: — a body-brush, water- 
 brush, dandriff or "dander" brush, picker, scraper, 
 mane-comb, curry-comb, pitchfork, shovel and broom, 
 manure-basket, chamois-leather, bucket, sponges, dus- 
 ters, corn-sieve, and measures ; leather boot for poul- 
 tices, clyster syringe (requiring especial caution in use 
 —see page 159, note), drenching-horn, bandages (wool- 
 len and linen) ; a box with a supply of stopping con- 
 stantly at hand ; a small store of tow and tar, most 
 useful in checking the disease called thrush (page 135) 
 before it assumes a chronic form ; a lump of rock-salt, 
 ready to replace those which should be always kept in 
 the mangers to promote the general health of the ani- 
 mals as well as to amuse them by licking it; a lump of 
 chalk, ready at any time for use (in the same manner 
 as rock-salt) in the treatment of some diseases, as de- 
 scribed, pages 154 and 160. 
 
 Singeing, there is little doubt, tends to improve the 
 condition of the animal ; so much so, that timid users 
 do well to remember that animals which, before the 
 removal of their winter coat, required perpetual remin- 
 ders of the whip, will, directly they are divested of that 
 covering, evince a spirit, vigour, and endurance which 
 had remained, perhaps, quite unsuspected previously. 
 In fact, in most cases, the general health and appetite 
 seem to be improved. 
 
16 HALTERING. 
 
 Singeing, when severe rapid work is done, enables 
 the horse °to perform his task with less distress, and 
 when it is over, facilitates his being made comfortable 
 in the shortest possible space of time. 
 
 Singeing, if done early in the winter, requires to be 
 repeated lightly three or four times during the season. 
 
 Clipping has exactly the same effect as the above, 
 and is preferable to it only in cases where, the animal's 
 coat being extremely long, extra labour, loss of time, 
 and flame, are avoided by the clipping process. Singe- 
 ing is best with the lighter coats, but sometimes thin 
 skinned and coated animals are too nervous and excit- 
 able to bear the flame near them for this purpose, in 
 which case the cause of alarm ought obviously to be 
 avoided, and clipping resorted to. 
 
 It is worth while to employ the best manipulators to 
 perform these operations. 
 
 With horses intended for slow and easy work, and 
 liable to continued exposure to the weather, singeing or 
 clipping only the under part of the belly, and the long 
 hairs of the legs, will suffice. Unless neatly and tastily 
 done, this is very unsightly on a gentleman's horse. 
 Clipping, if not done till the beginning of December, 
 seldom requires repetition. 
 
 In stony and rough countries, it is the habit of judi- 
 cious horsemen to leave the hair on their hunters' legs 
 from the knees and hocks down, as a protection to 
 them. 
 
 HALTERING. 
 
 The Head-Stall should fit a horse, and have a proper 
 brow-band ; it is ridiculous to suppose that the same 
 
HALTERING. 17 
 
 sized one can suit all heads. Ordinary head-stalls have 
 only one buckle, which is on the throat-lash near-side ; 
 and if the stall be made to fit, that is sufficient. Other- 
 wise there should be three buckles, one on each side of 
 the cheek-straps, besides the one on the throat-lash. 
 
 Let the fastening from the head-stall to the log be 
 of rope or leather. Chain fastenings are objectionable, 
 because, besides being heavy, they are very apt to catch 
 in the ring, and they make a fearful noise, especially 
 where there are many horses in the stable. By having 
 rope or leather as a fastener, instead of chain, the log 
 may be lighter (of wood instead of iron), and the less 
 weight there is to drag the creature's head down, the 
 less the distress to him. Poll- evil (page 1 1 7), it is said, 
 has frequently resulted from the pressure of the head- 
 stall on the poll, occasioned by heavy pendants. 
 
 Chains are more durable, and that is all that can be 
 said in their favour, except that they may be necessary 
 for a few vicious devils who are up to the trick of sever- 
 ing the rope or leather with their teeth. 
 
 See that the log is sufficiently heavy to keep the rope 
 or leather at stretch, and that the manger-ring is large 
 enough to allow the fastening to pass freely. If the 
 log is too light, or the manger-ring too small, the likely 
 result will be that the log will remain close up under 
 the ring, the fastening falling into a sort of loop, 
 through which the horse most probably introduces his 
 foot, and, in his consequent alarm and efforts to disen- 
 tangle his legs, chucks up his head, and away he goes 
 on his side, gets "halter -cast? most likely breaks one 
 of his hind legs in his struggles to regain his footing, or 
 at least dislocates one of their joints. 
 
 B 
 
18 CLOTHING. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 Opinions differ materially as to the amount of cloth- 
 ing that ought to be used in the stable. My view of the 
 matter is, that a stable being, as it should be, thoroughly 
 ventilated, necessitates the horses in it being to a cer- 
 tain extent kept warm by clothing. An animal that 
 has not been divested of his own coat by clipping or 
 singeing, will require very little covering indeed; for 
 nature's provision, being sufficient to protect him out of 
 doors, ought surely to suffice in the stable, with a very 
 slight addition of clothing. If he has been clipped or 
 singed, covering enough to make up for what he has 
 lost ought to be ample : by going beyond this the 
 horse is only made tender, and more susceptible of the 
 influences of the atmosphere when he comes to be ex- 
 posed to it with only a saddle on his back. 
 
 In parts of North America, I have observed, where 
 the stables are built roughly of wood, with many fis- 
 sures to admit the weather, horses are seldom, if ever, 
 sheeted. They are certainly rarely divested of their 
 coats ; but during work, as occasion may require, it is 
 usual for the rider, when stopping at any place, to leave 
 his horse "hitched " (as they call it) to any convenient 
 post or tree, in all weathers, and for any length of time, 
 and these horses scarcely ever catch cold. 
 
 The best SJieet is formed of a rug (sizeable enough to 
 meet across the breast and extend to the quarters), by 
 simply cutting the slope of the neck out of it, and fas- 
 tening the points across the breast by two straps and 
 buckles. 
 
 The Hood need only be used when the horse is at 
 
CLOTHING. 19 
 
 walking exercise, or likely to be exposed to weather, or 
 for the purpose of sweating, when a couple of them, 
 with two or three sheets, may be used.— See page 32. 
 
 Horse-clothing should be, at least once a-week, taken 
 outside the stable, and well beaten and shaken like a 
 carpet. 
 
 Hollers should be looked to from time to time, to see 
 that the pads of the roller do not meet within three or 
 four inches (over the backbone), — in other words, there 
 should be always a clear channel over it, nearly large 
 enough to pass the handle of a broom through, so as to 
 avoid the possibility of the upper part of the roller even 
 touching the sheet over the spinal ridge, which, if per- 
 mitted, will be sure to cause a sore back, to the great 
 injury of the horse and his master, arousing vicious 
 habits in the former to resent any touch, necessary or 
 unnecessary, of the sore place on so sensitive a part, 
 and rendering him irritable when clothing, saddling, 
 or harnessing, or if a hand even approach the tender 
 place. 
 
 This is so troublesome a consequence of not paying 
 attention to the padding of rollers, that a master will do 
 well to examine them himself for his own satisfaction. 
 
 Knee-Gaps. — On all occasions when a valuable horse 
 is taken by a servant on road or rail, his knees should 
 be protected by caps. The only way to secure them is 
 to fasten them tightly above the knee, where elastic 
 straps are decidedly preferable, leaving the fastening 
 below the knee slack. 
 
 A Leather Boot, lined with sponge, or one of felt with 
 a strong leather sole, should be ready in every stable to 
 be used as required, in cases of sudden foot-lameness. 
 
20 FEEDING. 
 
 FEEDING. 
 
 The cavalry allowances are 12 lb. hay, 10 lb. oats, 
 and 8 lb. straw daily, which, I know by experience, will 
 keep a healthy animal in condition with the work re- 
 quired from a dragoon horse, of the severity of which 
 none but those acquainted with that branch of the ser- 
 vice have any idea. 
 
 Until he is perfectly fit for the ranks, between riding- 
 school, field-days, and drill, the troop-horse has quite 
 work enough for any beast. I may add that few horses 
 belonging to officers of cavalry get more than the above 
 allowance, unless when regularly hunted, in which case 
 additional corn and beans are given. 
 
 With severe work, 14 lb. to 16 lb. of oats, and 12 
 lb. of hay, which is the general allowance in well-re- 
 gulated hunting-stables, ought to be sufficient. Beans 
 are also given in small quantity. 
 
 Some persons feed their horses three times a-day, 
 but it is better to divide their food into four daily 
 portions, watering them at least half an hour before 
 each feed. 
 
 The habit which some grooms have of feeding while 
 they are teazing an animal with the preliminaries of 
 cleaning, is very senseless, as the uneasiness horses are 
 sure to exhibit under anything like grooming causes 
 them to knock about their heads and scatter their food. 
 On a journey, according to the call upon the system by 
 the increased amount of work, so should the horse's 
 feeding be augmented by one-third, one-fourth, or one- 
 half more than usual. A few beans or pease may well 
 be added under such circumstances. 
 
FEEDING. 21 
 
 In stables where the stalls are divided by bales or 
 swinging-bars, the horses when feeding should have 
 their heads so tied as to prevent them from consuming 
 their neighbour's food, or the result would be that the 
 greedy or more rapid eaters would succeed in devouring 
 more than their fair share, while the slower feeders 
 would have to go on short commons. 
 
 Oats ought always to be braised, as many horses, 
 whether from greediness in devouring their food, or 
 from their teeth being incapable of grinding, swallow 
 them whole ; and it is a notorious fact that oats, unless 
 masticated, pass right through the animal undigested. 
 
 When supplies have been very deficient with forces 
 in the field, the camp-followers have been known to 
 exist upon the grain extracted from the droppings of 
 the horses. 
 
 It should be remembered that not more than at the 
 utmost two days' consumption of oats should be bruised 
 at a time, as they soon turn sour in that state, and are 
 thus unfit for the use of that most delicate feeder, the 
 horse. All oats before being bruised should be well 
 sifted, to dispose of the gravel and dust which are al- 
 ways present in the grain as it comes from the farmer. 
 Unbruised oats, if ever used, should be similarly pre- 
 pared before being given in feed. 
 
 Hay ought always to be cut into chaff or may be 
 mixed with the corn, which is the only way to insure 
 the proper proportion being given at a feed. When the 
 hay is not cut but fed from the rack, never more than 
 3 lb. should be put in the rack at a time. If desirable 
 to give as much as 12 lb. daily, let the rack be filled 
 six times in twenty-four hours. 
 
 Beans must be invariably split or bruised. It is 
 
22 FEEDING. 
 
 better to give a higher price for English beans than to 
 use the Egyptian at any price ; the latter are said to be 
 impregnated with the eggs of insects, which adhere to 
 the lining of the horse's stomach, causing him serious 
 injury. In India horses are principally fed on a kind 
 of small pea called "gram" — in the United States their 
 chief food is maize ; the oat-plant not succeeding well 
 in either of those regions. 
 
 Bran, — Food should be varied occasionally, and all 
 horses not actually in training ought to have a bran- 
 mash once a-week. The best time to give this is for the 
 first feed after the work is done, on the day preceding 
 the rest clay, whenever that may be. 
 
 Even hunters, after a hard day, will eat the bran 
 with avidity, and it is well to give it for the first meal. 
 Its laxative qualities render it a sedative and cooler in 
 the half-feverish state of system induced by the exer- 
 tion and excitement of the chase ; and according to my 
 experience, if given just after the work is done, the 
 digestive process, relaxed by the bran, has full time to 
 recover itself by the grain-feeding before the next call 
 is made on the horse's powers. If the bran is not 
 liked, a little bruised oats may be mixed through it to 
 tempt the palate. Whole grains of oats should never be 
 mixed with bran, as they must of necessity be bolted 
 with the latter, and passed through the animal entire. 
 
 Mash. — When only doing ordinary work, the follow- 
 ing mash should be given to each horse on Saturday 
 night after work, supposing your beasts to rest on 
 Sunday : — 
 
 Put half a pint of linseed in a two-quart pan with 
 an even edge ; pour on it one quart of boiling water, 
 cover it close, and leave to soak for four hours. 
 
FEEDING. 23 
 
 At the same time moisten half a bucket of bran with 
 a gallon of water. When the linseed has soaked for 
 four hours, a hole must be made in the middle of the 
 bran, and the linseed mass mixed into the bran mass. 
 The whole forms one feed. Should time be an object, 
 boil slowly half a pint of linseed in two quarts of 
 water, and add it to half a bucket of bran which had 
 been previously steeped for half an hour or an hour in 
 a gallon of water. 
 
 If a cold is present, or an animal is delicate, the bran 
 can be saturated with boiling water, of which a little 
 more can be added to warm it when given. 
 
 Carrots, when a horse is delicate, will be found 
 acceptable, and are both nutritious and wholesome as 
 food. In spring and summer, when vetches or other 
 green food can be had, an occasional treat of that sort 
 conduces to health where the work is sufficiently mode- 
 rate to admit of soft feeding. When horses are coat- 
 ing in spring or autumn, or weak from fatigue or 
 delicacy, the addition to their food of a little more 
 nutriment may be found beneficial. The English 
 white pea is milder and not so heating as beans, and 
 may be given half a pint twice daily, mixed with the 
 ordinary feeding, for from one to three or four weeks, 
 as may be deemed advisable. 
 
 When an animal is " off his feed," as it is called, at- 
 tention should be immediately directed to his manger, 
 which is often found to be shamefully neglected, the 
 bottom of it covered with gravel, or perhaps the ends 
 and corners full of foul matter, such as the sour re- 
 mains of the last bran-mash and other half-masticated 
 leavings. 
 
 The introduction of any greasy or fetid matter into 
 
24 FEEDING. 
 
 a horse's food will effectually prevent this dainty 
 creature from touching it. It used to be a common 
 practice at hostelries in the olden time, to rub the 
 teeth of a traveller's horse with a tallow candle or a 
 little oil ; thus causing the poor beast to leave his food 
 untouched for the benefit of his unfeeling attendant. 
 
 Again, the oats or hay may be found, on close exa- 
 mination, to be musty, which causes them to be rejected 
 by the beast. 
 
 Yv here no palpable cause for loss of appetite can be 
 discovered, reference should be made to a qualified 
 veterinary surgeon, who will examine the animal's 
 mouth, teeth, and general state of health, and probably 
 report that the lining of the cheeks is highly inflamed 
 in some part, owing to undue angularity or decay of 
 the teeth, and he will know how to act accordingly. 
 
 When horses are on a journey, or a long ride home 
 after hunting, some people recommend the use of 
 gruel ; but, from experience, I prefer giving a handful 
 of wetted hay in half a bucket of tepid water, or ale or 
 porter. — See page 37. 
 
 Feeding on Board Ship should be confined to chaff 
 and bran, mixed with about one-fourth the usual quan- 
 tity of bruised oats. 
 
 Though horses generally look well when " full of 
 flesh," there are many reasons why they should not be 
 allowed to become fat after the fashion of a farmer's 
 " stall-feds." Some really good grooms think this form 
 of condition the pink of perfection. They are mistaken. 
 An animal in such a state is quite unfit to travel at any 
 fast pace or bear continued exertion without injury, 
 and may therefore be considered so far useless. 
 
 He is also much more liable to contract disease, and 
 
WATERING. 25 
 
 if attacked by such the constitution succumbs more 
 readily. 
 
 Moreover, the superfluous weight of the cumbrous 
 flesh and fat tends to increase the wear and tear of the 
 legs ; and if the latter be at all light from the knee to 
 the pastern, they are more likely to suffer. 
 
 On the other hand, it may be well to observe, by way 
 of caution, that it is by no means good management to 
 let a horse become at any time reduced to actual lean- 
 ness through overwork or deficient feeding. It is far 
 easier to pull down than to put up flesh. 
 
 These hints on feeding may be closed with a remark, 
 that in all large towns contractors are to be found ready 
 and willing to enter into contract for feeding gentle- 
 men's horses by the month or year. This is a very 
 desirable arrangement for masters, but one frequently 
 objected to by servants, who, however, in such cases 
 can easily be replaced by application to the dealer, he 
 having necessarily excellent opportunities of meeting 
 with others as efficient. 
 
 Contractors should not be allowed to supply more 
 than two or three days' forage at a time. 
 
 WATERING. 
 
 Horses are greater epicures in water than is generally 
 supposed, and will make a rush for some favourite 
 spring or rivulet where water may have once proved 
 acceptable to their palate, when that of other drinking- 
 places has been rejected or scarcely touched. 
 
 The groom's common maxim is to water twice a-day, 
 but there is little doubt that horses should Lave access 
 
26 GRAZING. 
 
 to water more frequently, being, like ourselves or any 
 other animal, liable from some cause — some slight de- 
 rangement of the stomach, for instance — to be more 
 thirsty at one time than another ; and it is a well- 
 known fact that, where water is easily within reach, 
 these creatures never take such a quantity at a time as 
 to unfit them for moderate work at any moment. If 
 an arrangement for continual access to water be not 
 convenient, horses should be watered before every feed, 
 or at least thrice a-day, the first time being in the 
 morning, an hour before feeding (which hour will be 
 employed in grooming the beast) ; and it may be ob- 
 served that there is no greater aid to increasing their 
 disposition to put up flesh, than giving them as much 
 water as they like before and after every feed. 
 
 A horse should never be watered when heated, or on 
 the eve of any extraordinary exertion. Animals that 
 are liable to colic or gripes, or are under the effect of 
 medicines, particularly such as act on the alimentary 
 canal, and predispose to those affections, should get 
 water with the chill off. 
 
 Watering in Public Troughs, or places where every 
 brute that travels the road has access, must be strictly 
 avoided. Glanders, farcy, and other infectious diseases 
 may be easily contracted in this way. 
 
 GRAZING. 
 
 The advantage of grazing, as a change for the better 
 in any, and indeed in every, case where the horse may 
 be thrown out of sorts by accident or disease, becomes 
 very questionable, on account of the artificial state in 
 
GRAZING. 27 
 
 which he must have been kept, to enable him to meet 
 the requirements of a master of the present day in 
 work. If the change be recommended to restore the 
 feet or legs, this object may be attained, and much 
 better, by keeping the creature in a loose-box without 
 shoes, on a floor covered with sawdust or tan, kept 
 damp as directed (page 10), to counteract whatever 
 slight inflammation may be in the feet and legs, or, 
 best of all, covered with peat-mould, as this does not 
 require to be damped, and the animal can lie down on 
 it; besides, the properties of the peat neutralise the 
 noxious ammonia, and it does not consequently require 
 to be so often renewed. In the loose-box also he can 
 take quite as much exercise as is necessary for an in- 
 valid intended to be laid up, and there he can be 
 supplied with whatever grain, roots, or succulent food 
 may be deemed necessary. 
 
 As for any other advantage to be derived from a run 
 at grass, unless for the purpose of using the herb as an 
 alterative, I never could see it : and even this end, un- 
 less the horse has a paddock to himself, can hardly be 
 gained ; for if there are too many beasts for the produc- 
 tion of the ground, the fare must be scanty, and each 
 animal half starved. 
 
 The disadvantages of changing a horse to grass from 
 the artificial state of condition are the following : — 
 
 1. That condition is sure to be lost (at least as far as 
 it is necessary to fit for work, especially to go across 
 country at a hunting pace, with safety to himself and 
 his rider), and not to be regained for a considerable 
 time, and at great cost. 
 
 2. The horse is exceedingly liable to meet with acci- 
 dent from the playfulness or temper of his companions. 
 
28 TRAINING. 
 
 3. Worms of the most dangerous and pertinacious 
 description are picked up nowhere but at grass. 
 
 4. Many ailments are contracted from exposure and 
 hardship or bad feeding ; and owing to the animal 
 being removed from under immediate inspection, such 
 ailments gain ground before they are observed. More- 
 over, at grass the horse is more exposed to contagious 
 and epidemic diseases. 
 
 5. Horses suffer great annoyance from flies in sum- 
 mer time, not having long tails like horned cattle to 
 reach every part of their body ; and wherever any 
 superficial sore may be present, the flies are sure to find 
 it out. 
 
 As to aged animals, it is sheer cruelty (practised by 
 some masters with the best intentions and worst pos- 
 sible results) to turn them out to grass. Such creatures 
 have probably been accustomed in the earlier part of 
 their lives to warm stables, their food put under their 
 noses, good grooming, and proper care. You might 
 just as well turn out a gentleman in his old age among 
 a tribe of friendly savages, unclad and unsheltered, to 
 exist upon whatever roots and fruits he could pick 
 up, as expose a highly-bred and delicately-nurtured 
 old horse to the vicissitudes and hardships of a life at 
 grass. 
 
 TRAINING. 
 
 rarey's system. 
 
 The principle of this system is that of overpowering 
 the horse that may in some instances have even become 
 dangerous and useless, from having learned the secret 
 
TRAINING. 29 
 
 that his strength gives him an advantage over his mas- 
 ter — man. Unconsciously deprived of his power of 
 resistance, his courage vanishes ; the spirit which rose 
 against all accountable efforts to subdue it, that would 
 scorn to yield to overweight, pace, work, or any other 
 evidence of man's power, and which in the well-dis- 
 position ed animal causes him to strain every nerve to 
 meet what is required of him rather than succumb, is 
 by Rarey's system subdued through a ruse so effected 
 that the power which overwhelms all the creature's 
 efforts at resistance appears to originate and be identi- 
 fied with the man who can thus, for the first time, take 
 liberties with him, which he has lost the power of re- 
 senting ; and man thenceforward becomes his master. 
 The method pursued by Mr Earey in subduing such 
 a vicious and ungovernable horse as Cruiser, is this : 
 Placing himself under a waggon laden with hay, to 
 which the animal is partly coaxed, partly led by guide- 
 ropes, and stealing his fingers through the spokes of 
 the waggon-wheel, he raises and gently straps up one 
 fore leg, and fastens a long strap round the fetlock of 
 the other, the end of which he holds in his hand and 
 checks when necessary. The beast, thus unconsciously 
 tampered with, is quite disposed to resent in his usual 
 style the subsequent impertinent familiarities of his 
 tamer; but being by the foregoing precautions cast 
 prostrate on his first attempt to move, and finding all 
 his efforts to regain his liberty and carry out reprisals 
 abortive, worn-out and hopeless, he at length yields 
 himself helplessly to his victor's obliging attentions, of 
 sitting on him as he lies, drumming and fiddling in his 
 ears, &c, and is thenceforward man's obedient and 
 tractable servant. 
 
30 TRAINING. 
 
 There is no doubt that Mr Rarey's plan of thus 
 overcoming the unruly or vicious beast by mild but 
 effectual means, is the right one to gain the point, as 
 far as it goes; but breaking him in to saddle or draught, 
 improving his paces, or having ability in riding or driv- 
 ing any horse judiciously, must be considered another 
 affair, and only to be acquired through more or less 
 competent instruction, and by practice combined with 
 taste. 
 
 In training, the use of a dumb jockey* will be 
 found most serviceable to get the head into proper 
 position, and to bend the neck. Two hours a- day in 
 this gear, while the horse is either loose in a box or 
 fastened to the pillar-reins if in a stall, will not at all 
 interfere with his regular training, exercise, or work, 
 and will materially aid the former result. 
 
 I greatly advocate the use of the dumb jockey with- 
 out springs, even with formed horses, who, being daily 
 used to it, need no such adjuncts as bearing-reins, but 
 will arch their necks, work nicely on the bit, and ex- 
 hibit an altered show and style in action that is very 
 admirable in a gentleman's equipage. 
 
 Should my reader be much interested in breaking-in 
 rough colts, I recommend him to consult 'Stonehenge,' 
 by J. H. Walsh, F.R.C.S., editor of the ' Field.' 
 
 Training for Draught — Before the first trial in the 
 break- carriage, give your horse from half-an-hour to an 
 hour's quiet ringing in the harness, to which he should 
 have been previously made accustomed by wearing it 
 for a couple of hours the two or three preceding days. 
 The first start should be in a regular break, or strong 
 
 * The old-fashioned pattern, with leather gear, is, after all, the 
 best, as proved by the most practical men of the day. 
 
EXERCISING. 31 
 
 but inexpensive vehicle, and stout harness, with also 
 saving-collar, knee-caps, and kicking-strap — no bearing- 
 rein. He should be led by ropes or reins (in single 
 harness on both sides of the head), and tried on a level, 
 or rather down than up a slight inclination. The place 
 selected should be one where there is plenty of unoccu- 
 pied roadway. 
 
 Better begin in double harness, and let the break- 
 horse with which the driver is to start the carriage 
 be strong and willing, so as to pull away the untried 
 one. 
 
 The Neck usually suffers during the first few lessons 
 in training to harness; and until that part of it where 
 the collar wears becomes thoroughly hardened by use, 
 it should be bathed with a strong solution of salt and 
 water before the collar is taken off, that there may be 
 no mistake about its being done at once. Should there 
 be the least abrasion of the skin, do not use salt and 
 water, but a wash of 1 scruple chloride of zinc to 1 pint 
 of water, dabbed on the sore every two or three hours 
 with fine linen rag, and give rest from collar-work till 
 healed ; then harden with salt and water ; and when the 
 scab has disappeared, and the horse is fit for harness, 
 chamber the collar over the affected part, and employ 
 for a while a saving- collar. A sore neck will produce 
 a jibbing horse, and therefore requires to be closely at- 
 tended to in his training. 
 
 EXERCISING. 
 
 It is desirable that a master should appoint a parti- 
 cular place for the exercising of his horses, coupled with 
 
32 EXERCISING. 
 
 strict injunctions to his groom on no account to leave 
 it. No master should give his servants the option of 
 going where they please to exercise, their favourite re- 
 sort being often the precincts of a public-house, with a 
 sharp gallop round the most impracticable corners to 
 make up the time. An occasional visit of the master 
 to the exercising ground is a very salutary check upon 
 such proceedings. 
 
 The best possible exercise for a horse is walking — the 
 sod or any soft elastic surface being better than the road 
 for the purpose ; and if the latter only is available, use 
 knee-caps as a safeguard. 
 
 Two hours' daily exercise (if he gets it) at a, fast walk 
 will be enough to keep a hack fit for his work • and it 
 is usual with some experienced field-horsemen never to 
 allow their hunters, when once up to their work, to get 
 any but walking exercise for as much as four hours 
 daily, two hours at a time — that is, when they desire to 
 keep them " fit." 
 
 Ladies' and elderly gentlemen's horses ought most 
 particularly to be exercised, and not overfed, to keep 
 them tame and tractable, and to guard against accidents. 
 
 The foregoing directions refer to the 'preparations 
 for the master's work, and are what I should give my 
 groom. 
 
 Sweating. — In case it is desirable to prepare an ani- 
 mal for any extraordinary exertion, the readiest, safest, 
 and most judicious means is by sweating, carefully pro- 
 ceeded with, by using two or three sets of body-clothes, 
 an empty stomach being indispensable for the process, 
 and a riding-school, if available, the best place for the 
 necessary exercise, — a sweat being thus sooner obtained 
 free from cold air, and the soft footing of such a place 
 
WORK. 33 
 
 saving the jar on the legs more even than the sod in 
 the field, unless it happen to be very soft. 
 
 Sweating is a peculiarly healthy process for either 
 man or beast ; and to judge of the benefit derived by 
 a horse through that means, from the effect of a heavy 
 perspiration through exercise on one's self, there seems 
 little doubt that it is very renewing to the plujsique. 
 
 Ringing or Loungeing with a cavesson, though not 
 ordinarily adopted, except by the trainer, is nevertheless 
 most useful as a means of exercise. It is a very suit- 
 able manner of "taking the rough edge off," or bring- 
 ing down the superabundant spirits of horses that have 
 been confined to the stable for some time by weather or 
 other similar cause producing restiveness, and is pecu- 
 liarly adapted for exercising harness-horses where it 
 may not be safe or expedient to ride them. 
 
 WORK. 
 
 The master on the road or in the field using his 
 bearer for convenience or pleasure, will do him less 
 injury in a day than a thoughtless ignorant servant will 
 contrive to accomplish in an hour when only required 
 to exercise the beast. 
 
 To the advice already given, never to allow your 
 horses to be galloped or cantered on a hard surface, it 
 is well to add, refrain from doing so yourself. On the 
 elastic turf these paces do comparatively little harm ; 
 but for the road, and indeed all ordinary usage, except 
 hunting or racing, the trot or walk is the proper pace. 
 My impression coincides with that of many experienced 
 sportsmen, that one mile of a canter on a hard surface 
 c 
 
34 WORK. 
 
 does more injury to the frame and legs of a horse, than 
 twenty miles' walk and trot : for this reason, that in 
 the act of walking or trotting the off fore and near hind 
 feet are on the ground at the same moment alternately 
 with the other two, thus dividing the pressure of weight 
 and propulsion on the legs more than even ambling, 
 which is a lateral motion ; while in anything approach- 
 ing to the canter or gallop, the two fore feet and legs 
 have at the same moment to bear the entire weight of 
 man and horse, as well as the jar of the act of propul- 
 sion from behind. 
 
 Ambling is a favourite pace with the Americans, 
 whose horses are trained to it ; also with the Easterns. 
 It is, as before mentioned, a lateral motion, much less 
 injurious to the wear and tear of the legs than either 
 canter or gallop on the hard road, the off fore and hind 
 being on the ground alternately with the near fore and 
 hind legs. 
 
 Though unsightly to an Englishman's eyes, this pace 
 is decidedly the easiest of all to the rider, and may be 
 accelerated from four to six or eight miles an hour with- 
 out the least inconvenience. Some American horses are 
 taught to excel in this pace, so as to beat regular trotters. 
 
 By trotting a horse you do him comparatively little 
 injury on the road ; but observe the animal that has 
 been constantly ridden by ladies (at watering-places and 
 elsewhere), who are so fond of the canter : he stands 
 over, and is decidedly shaky on his legs, although the 
 weight on his back has been generally light. Observe, 
 on the contrary, the bearer of the experienced horse- 
 man ; although the weight he had to carry may have 
 been probably what is called " a welter," his legs are 
 right enough. 
 
WORK. 35 
 
 The softness of the turf, as fitting it for the indul- 
 gence of a gallop, is indicated by the depth of the 
 horse-tracks ; there is not much impression left on a 
 hard road. 
 
 It should be always borne in mind that " it is the pace 
 that kills," and unless the wear and tear of horse-flesh 
 be a matter of no consideration, according as the pace 
 is increased from that of five or six miles per hour, so 
 should the distance for the animal's day's work be 
 diminished. 
 
 For instance, if you require him to do seven miles in 
 the hour daily, that seven miles must always be con- 
 sidered as full work for the day ; if you purpose going 
 eight miles per hour, your horse should only travel six 
 miles daily at that rate ; if faster still, five miles only 
 should be your bearer's limit ; if at a ten-mile rate, 
 then four miles; or at a twelve-mile rate, three miles 
 per day. But of course such regulations apply to daily 
 work only, as a horse is capable of accomplishing a great 
 deal more without injury, if only called upon to do so 
 occasionally. 
 
 A man may require to do a day's journey of thirty 
 miles, or a day's hunting, and such work being only 
 occasional, no harm whatever to the animal need result ; 
 but about eight or ten miles a-day at an alternate walk 
 or trot (say six-miles-an-hour pace) is as much as any 
 valuable animal ought to do if worked regularly. 
 
 No horse ought to be hunted more than twice a- week 
 at the utmost. 
 
 The work of horses, especially when ridden, ought to 
 be so managed that the latter part of the journey may 
 be done in a walk, so that they may be brought in 
 cool 
 
36 WORK. 
 
 A horse in the saddle is capable of travelling a hun- 
 dred miles, or even more, in twenty-four hours, if re- 
 quired ; and if the weight be light, and the rider judi- 
 cious, such feats may be done occasionally without 
 injury : but if a journey of a hundred miles be contem- 
 plated, it is better to take three days for its perform- 
 ance, each day's journey of over thirty miles being 
 divided into two equal portions, and got through early 
 in the morning and late in the afternoon; the pace an 
 alternate walk and trot at the rate of about five miles 
 an hour, to vary it, as continuous walking for so long 
 as a couple of hours when travelling on the road, may 
 prove so tiresome that horses would require watching to 
 keep them on their legs ; and it is good for both horse 
 and man that the latter should dismount and take the 
 whole, or nearly the whole, of the walking part on bis 
 own feet, thus not only relieving his bearer from the 
 continual pressure of the rider's weight on the saddle on 
 his back, but as a man when riding and walking brings 
 into play two completely distinct sets of muscles, he 
 will, though a little tired from walking, find himself on 
 remounting positively refreshed from that change of 
 exercise. 
 
 This recommendation is equally applicable to the 
 hunting-field at any check, or when there is the least 
 opportunity. So well is the truth of the above remark 
 known to the most experienced horsemen, that some 
 of them, steeplechase riders, make it a practice before 
 riding a severe race to walk rapidly from five to ten 
 miles to the course, in preference to making use of any 
 of the many vehicles always at their disposal on such 
 occasions. 
 
 It is only surprising that the expediency of making 
 
WORK. 37 
 
 dragoons dismount and walk beside their horses on a 
 march, at least part of the way, for distances of one or 
 two miles at a time, is not more apparent to those in 
 authority (many of them practical men), in whose power 
 it lies to make a regulation so very salutary for both 
 man and horse. The more the beneficial effect of such 
 an arrangement is considered, the more desirable it 
 would appear to be, especially in dry weather. The 
 great occasional relief to an overweighted horse of 
 being divested of his rider now and then, would rather 
 serve than injure the latter, on account of the variety 
 of exercise, as before remarked, while his handling of 
 the horse would decidedly be enlivened by the change. 
 
 Signals of Distress on increased pace. — Prominently 
 may be mentioned a horse becoming winded, or, as 
 sportsmen call it, having " bellows to mend," which in 
 proper hands ought seldom to occur, even in the hunt- 
 ing-field, as there are tokens which precede it — such 
 as the creature hanging on his work, poking his head 
 backwards and forwards, describing a sort of semicircle 
 with his nose, gaping, the ears lopping, &c. 
 
 Some horsemen are in the habit of giving ale or 
 porter (from a pint to a quart of either) to their horses 
 during severe work. This is not at all a bad plan, if 
 the beast will take it ; and as many masters are fond 
 of petting their animals with biscuit or bread, a piece 
 of either being occasionally soaked in one of the above 
 liquids when given, will accustom the creature so trained 
 to the taste of them. 
 
 After the work is over a little well-made gruel is a 
 great restorative ; and when a long journey is com- 
 pleted, a bran-mash might be given, as mentioned under 
 the head of " Feeding," page 22. 
 
38 BRIDLING. 
 
 One of the worst results to be dreaded from a horse 
 going long journeys daily, is fever in the feet (page 
 132), which may be obviated by stopping the fore feet 
 directly they are picked and washed out at the end of 
 each day's journey. — See page 13. 
 
 After a long journey, it would be desirable to have 
 the animal's fore shoes at least removed. 
 
 The saddle ought not to be taken off for some time 
 after work ; the longer it has been under the rider, and 
 the more severe the work, the longer, comparatively, 
 it should remain on after use, in order to avoid that 
 frightful result which is most like to ensue from its 
 being quickly removed — viz., sore back. With cavalry, 
 saddles are left on for an hour or more after the return 
 from a field-day or march. 
 
 A numna or absorbing sweat-cloth under the saddle 
 is in cases of hard or continued work a great preserva- 
 tive against sore back. 
 
 When an extraordinary day's work has been done, 
 after the horse is cleaned and fed he should be at once 
 bedded down, and left to rest in quiet, interrupted only 
 to be fed. 
 
 BRIDLING. 
 
 Every horseman before he mounts should observe 
 closely whether his horse is properly saddled and 
 bridled. 
 
 Bits must be invariably of wrought steel, and the 
 mouthpiece in all bits should fit the horse's mouth 
 exactly in its width : the bit that is made to fit a six- 
 teen-hands-high is surely too large for a fourteen-hand 
 cob. The bit ought to lie just above the tusk in a 
 
BRIDLING. 39 
 
 horse's jaw, and one inch above the last teeth with a 
 mare. 
 
 It must be adapted to the mouth and temper of the 
 horse as well as to the formation of his head and neck. 
 A riding-master, or the rider, if he has any judgment, 
 ought to be able to form an opinion as to the most 
 suitable bit for an animal.* 
 
 The ordinary Bridoon (or Double bridle, as it is called 
 in the North) is best adapted to the well-mouthed and 
 tempered horse, and is the safest and best bridle for 
 either road or field. Unfinished gentlemen as well as 
 lady equestrians, when riding with double reins to the 
 bits, are recommended to tie the curb-bit rein evenly in 
 a knot on the horse's neck (holding on]y the bridoon- 
 rein in the hand), provided his temper and mouth be 
 suitable to a snaffle. This is a practice pursued by some 
 even good and experienced horsemen where the temper 
 of a horse is high, in order to have the curb-bit to rely 
 upon in case he should happen to pull too hard on the 
 bridoon or snaffle, which otherwise would be quite suf- 
 ficient and best to use alone. 
 
 The Curl-chain, when used, should be strong and 
 tight; it should invariably be supported by a lip-strap, 
 an adjunct that is really most essential, but which 
 grooms practically ignore by losing. The object of the 
 lip-strap is to prevent the curb, if rather loose, from fall- 
 ing over the lip, thus permitting the horse to get hold of 
 it in his mouth and go where he pleases ; it also guards 
 against a trick some beasts are very clever at, of catch- 
 ing the cheek or leg of the bit in their teeth, and mak- 
 
 * It has been truly said by the well-known Mr Elmore, that there 
 is a key to every horse's mouth, requiring only proper hands to 
 apply it. 
 
40 BRIDLING. 
 
 ing off in spite of the efforts of any rider. If the curb 
 be tight, the lip-strap is equally useful in keeping it 
 horizontally, and preventing its drooping to too great 
 a pressure, thus causing abrasion of the animal's jaw. 
 The curb ought to be pretty tight, sufficiently so to 
 admit one finger between it and the jaw-bone. 
 
 The Snaffle with a fine-mouthed horse is well adapted 
 for the field — the only place where I would ever dis- 
 pense altogether with the curb-bit, and then only in 
 favour of a fine-mouthed well-tempered beast disposed 
 to go coolly at his fences. 
 
 On the road a horse may put his foot upon a stone 
 in a jog-trot, or come upon some irregularity ; and unless 
 the rider has something more than a snaffle in his hand, 
 he is exceedingly likely to suffer for it. Many a horse 
 that is like a foot-ball in the field, full of life and elas- 
 ticity, and never making a mistake, will on the road 
 require constant watching to prevent his tumbling on 
 his nose.* 
 
 At the same time, a horse should by no means be 
 encouraged to lean on the bit or on the rider's support, 
 which most of them will be found quite ready to do ; a 
 disposition in that direction must be checked by mildly 
 feeling his mouth (with the bit), pressing your legs 
 against his sides, and enlivening him gently with the 
 whip or spur. 
 
 The Martingal. — The standing or head martingal is 
 a handsome equipment — safe and serviceable with a 
 
 * The famous Irish jumper "Distiller" was notorious among 
 many other good fencers as a bungler on the road, though he 
 would jump a six-foot-six stone wall with ease, sporting two large 
 broken knees in consequence of his performance in that line ; and 
 in fencing he was also first-rate. 
 
BRIDLING. 41 
 
 beast that is incorrigible about getting bis bead up, but 
 should be used in the street or on the road only. 
 
 The Ring-Martingal is intended solely for the field 
 with a horse whose head cannot be kept down ; but it 
 requires to be used with nice judgment, and handling 
 of the second or separate rein, which should pass through 
 it, especially when the animal is in or near the act of 
 taking his fences, when, with some horses, comparative 
 freedom may be allowed to the head, which should, 
 however, be brought down to its proper place directly 
 he is safely landed on his legs again by the use of this 
 second martingal-rein, which is attached to the bridoon 
 bit. 
 
 N.B. — If this second rein be attached to the snaffle 
 by buckles (and not stitched on as it ought to be), the 
 buckles of the rein should be defended from getting 
 into the rings of the martingal by pieces of leather 
 larger than those rings. Most serious accidents have 
 occurred from the absence of this precaution : the buckle 
 becoming caught in the ring, the horse's head is fixed 
 in one position, and not knowing where he is going, he 
 proceeds, probably without any control from the rider, 
 till both come to some serious mishap. The rein 
 stitched to the ring of the bit is the safest. 
 
 The Running -Rein, or other plan of martingal (from 
 the D in front of the saddle above the rider's knee 
 through the ring of the snaffle to his hand), should only 
 be used by the riding-master or those competent to 
 avail themselves of its assistance in forming the mouth 
 of a troublesome or untrained animal. Some experi- 
 enced horsemen, however, when they find they cannot 
 keep the nose in or head down with ordinary bits, in- 
 stead of using a martingal of any denomination, employ 
 
42 BRIDLING. 
 
 (especially in the field) with good effect a ring, keeping 
 the oridoon or snaffle-reins under the bend of the neck ; 
 or a better contrivance is a bit of stiff leather three or 
 four inches long, with two D's or staples for the reins 
 to pass through on each side. 
 
 The Chifney Bit is the most suitable for ladies' use, 
 or for timid or invalid riders : it at once brings up a 
 hard-pulling horse, but requires very gentle handling. 
 I have known more than one horse to be quite un- 
 manageable in any but a Chifney bit. 
 
 The more severe bits are those that have the longest 
 legs or cheeks, giving the greatest leverage against the 
 curb. By the addition of deep ports on the mouth- 
 piece of the bit much severity is attained (especially 
 when the port is constructed turned downwards, in place 
 of the usual practice of making it upwards), which can 
 be increased to the utmost by the addition of a tight 
 noseband to prevent the horse from easing the port by 
 movement of his tongue or jaws. 
 
 It is almost needless to observe, that the reverse of 
 the above will be the mildest bits for tender-mouthed, 
 easy-going horses. 
 
 Twisted Mouthpieces are happily now almost out of 
 fashion, and ought to be entirely discountenanced ; 
 their original intention was to command hard-mouthed 
 horses, whose mouths their use can only render 
 harder. 
 
 The Noseband, if tightened, would be found very 
 useful with many a hard-pulling horse in the excitement 
 of hunting, when the bit, which would otherwise require 
 to be used, would only irritate the puller, cause him 
 to go more wildly, and make matters worse. I have 
 known some pullers to be more under control in the 
 
SADDLING. 43 
 
 hunting-field with a pretty tight noseband and a snaffle 
 than with the most severe curb-bit. 
 
 The Throat-lash is almost always too tight. Grooms 
 are much in the habit of making this mistake, by 
 means of which, when the head is bent by a severe 
 bit, the throat is compressed and the respiration im- 
 peded, besides occasioning an ugly appearance in the 
 caparison. 
 
 It may be remarked also that, if not corrected, ser- 
 vants are apt to leave the ends of the bridle head-stall 
 straps dangling at length out of the loops, which is very 
 unsightly : the ends of the straps should be inserted in 
 these loops, which should be sufficiently tight to retain 
 them. 
 
 SADDLING. 
 
 A Saddle should be made to fit the horse for which 
 it is intended, and requires as much variation in shape, 
 especially in the stuffing, as there is variety in the 
 shapes of horses' backs.* An animal may be fairly 
 shaped in the back, and yet a saddle that fits another 
 horse will always go out on this one's withers. The 
 saddle having been made to fit your horse, let it be 
 placed gently upon him, and shifted till its proper 
 berth be found. When in its right place, the action of 
 the upper part of the shoulder-blade should be quite 
 free from any confinement or pressure by what saddlers 
 call the " gullet " of the saddle under the pommel when 
 the animal is in motion. It stands to reason that any 
 interference with the action of the shoulder-blade must, 
 
 * I may recommend Gibson, 6 Coventry Street, Leicester Square, 
 as an excellent, intelligent, and experienced saddler. 
 
44 SADDLING. 
 
 after a time, indirectly if not directly, cause a horse to 
 falter in his movement. 
 
 N.B. — A horse left in the stable with his saddle on, 
 with or without a bridle, ought always to have his head 
 fastened up, to prevent his lying down on the saddle 
 and injuring it. 
 
 Girths. — When girthing a horse, which is always 
 done upon the near or left-hand side, the girth should 
 be first drawn tightly towards you under the belly of 
 the horse, so as to bring the saddle rather to the off side 
 on the back of the beast. This is seldom done by 
 grooms ; and though a gentleman is not supposed to 
 girth his horse, information on this as well as on other 
 points may happen to be of essential service to him ; 
 for the consequence of the attendant's usual method is, 
 that when the girths are tightened up, the saddle, in- 
 stead of being in the centre of the horse's back, is in- 
 clined to the near or left-hand side, to which it is still 
 farther drawn by the act of mounting, so that when a 
 man has mounted he fancies that one stirrup is longer 
 than the other — the near-side stirrup invariably the 
 longest. To remedy this he forces down his foot in the 
 right stirrup, which brings the saddle to the centre of 
 the animal's back. 
 
 All this would be obviated by care being taken, in 
 the process of girthing, to place the left hand on the 
 middle of the saddle, drawing the first or under girth 
 with the right hand till the girth-holder reaches the 
 buckle, the left hand being then disengaged to assist 
 in bracing up the girth. The outer girth must go 
 through the same process, being drawn under the belly 
 of the horse from the off side tightly before it is attached 
 to the girth-holder. 
 
SADDLING. 45 
 
 With ladies' saddles most particular attention should 
 be paid to the girthing. 
 
 (It must be observed that, with some horses having the knack 
 of swelling themselves out during the process of girthing, 
 the girths may be tightened before leaving the stable so as to 
 appear almost too tight, but which, when the horse has been 
 walked about for ten minutes, will seem comparatively loose, 
 and quite so when the rider's weight is placed in the saddle.) 
 
 Siirrup-Irons should invariably be of wrought steel. 
 A man should never be induced knowingly to ride in a 
 cast-metal stirrup, any more than he ought to attempt 
 to do so with a cast-metal bit. 
 
 Stirrup-irons should be selected to suit the size of 
 the rider's foot ; those with two or three narrow bars 
 at the bottom are decidedly preferable, for the simple 
 reason, that in cold weather it is a tax on a man's en- 
 durance to have a single broad bar like an icicle in the 
 ball of his foot, and in wet weather a similar argument 
 may apply as regards damp ; besides, with the double 
 bar, the foot has a better hold in the stirrup, the rings 
 being, of course, indented (rasp-like), as they usually 
 are, to prevent the foot from slipping in them. 
 
 This description of stirrup, with an instep-pad, is 
 preferable for ladies to the slipper, which is decidedly 
 obsolete. 
 
 Latchford's * ladies' patent safety stirrup seems to 
 combine every precaution for the security of fair eques- 
 trians. 
 
 A balance-strap to a side-saddle is very desirable, and 
 in general use. 
 
 Where expense is no object, stirrups that open at the 
 
 * Latchford, 11 Upper St Martin's Lane, London, and all 
 saddlers. 
 
46 SADDLING. 
 
 side with a spring are, no doubt, the safest for gentle- 
 men in case of any accident. 
 
 With regard to Stirrup- Leathers, saddlers generally 
 turn the right or dressed side out for appearance ; but 
 as the dressing causes a tightness on that side of the 
 leather, the undressed side, which admits of more ex- 
 pansion, should be outside — because, after a little wear, 
 the leather is susceptible of cracks, and the already ex- 
 tended side will crack the soonest. The leather will 
 break in the most insidious place, either in the D 
 under the stirrup-iron, where no one but the servant 
 who cleans it can see it ; or else, perhaps, where the 
 buckle wears it under the flap of the saddle. Stirrup- 
 leathers broken in this manner have caused many 
 accidents. 
 
 Invariably adjust your stirrup-leathers before mount- 
 ing. 
 
 To measure the length of the stirrup-leathers of a 
 new saddle, place the fingers of the right hand against 
 the bar to which the leathers are attached, and, meas- 
 uring from the bottom bar of the stirrup up to the 
 armpit, make the length of the leathers and stirrups 
 equal to the length of your arm, from the tips of the 
 fingers to the armpit. Before entering the field, in 
 hunting or crossing country, draw up the leathers two 
 or three holes shorter on each side; and when starting 
 on a long journey it is as well to do the same, to ease 
 both yourself and your bearer. 
 
 Clumped-soled Boots occasion accidents. If, in case 
 of yourself or your horse falling, the foot catch in 
 the stirrup, a boot with such a sole may prevent its 
 release. 
 
 The Crupper, though now obsolete for saddles, ex- 
 
SADDLING. 47 
 
 cept in military caparison, would be decidedly beneficial 
 in keeping the saddle in its proper place on long jour- 
 neys, especially where, from the shape of the animal, 
 the saddle will come too much forward, interfering with 
 the action of the shoulders, and throwing the weight of 
 the burden unduly on the fore-quarters, thus increasing 
 the odds in favour of a tired beast making an irre- 
 trievable stumble. 
 
 The dock of the crupper should be seen to that it is 
 soft, and free from crusted sweat and dandriff, which 
 would naturally cause irritation and abrasion of the tail. 
 It should be always kept well greased ready for use.* 
 
 The Military Crupper, according to the rules of the 
 service, should be so loose between cantel and dock 
 as to admit of a man's hand being turned with ease 
 between the horse's back and the strap. If the crupper 
 be intended merely for ornament, such a regulation has 
 hardly any meaning, for it cannot be considered orna- 
 mental to see an apparently useless piece of leather 
 dangling at one side over a horse's hip ; and if the in- 
 tention be to make it useful, to keep the saddle from 
 going too far forward on ill-formed horses,t or in case of 
 
 * All the foregoing observations on saddlery apply equally to 
 ladies' saddles. Marked attention should be paid before they mount 
 to the girths, which should be very tight, to prevent the saddle 
 from turning, a lady's weight being often altogether on one side. 
 
 f As a good shoulder, such as will keep a saddle in its place, is 
 one of the great essentials in a gentleman's hack, or indeed in an 
 officer's charger, giving him leverage to lift his legs safely and 
 showily, it stands to reason that not many such will pass into the 
 ranks at the Government price for remounts, which, however, is 
 ample to supply animals suitable for the service, and does so in 
 regiments where the class of horse provided at once proves that the 
 whole sum allowed is invested in the remount itself, and proper 
 judgment exercised in purchasing. 
 
48 SADDLING. 
 
 strong exertion, it is obvious that a loose strap (accord- 
 ing to orders) could hardly serve any such purpose. If 
 the crupper be for use, it would appear that after the 
 saddle is placed in its proper position on the animal's 
 back (the crupper being left at its full length for this 
 purpose), and previous to girthing, it should be short- 
 ened so as to retain the saddle in that place under any 
 circumstances, — not, however, that the crupper should 
 be so tightened as to inconvenience the beast, and half 
 cut his tail off; it will be tight enough to serve its 
 purpose if one or two fingers can be easily turned under 
 the strap. 
 
 The Breastplate may be necessary in hunting or 
 steeplechasing with horses that are light behind the 
 girth, or what is vulgarly called " herring-gutted," and 
 is used to prevent the saddle from getting too far back, 
 or, as the grooms say, the horse "running through 
 his girths." Animals trained to such trying work as 
 steeplechasing, or even hunting, will become much 
 smaller in the carcass than a trooper or an ordinary 
 gentleman's hack. 
 
 With dragoons this part of the equipment is gene- 
 rally ill -adjusted, as if to correspond with the inefficient 
 arrangement of the crupper, the breast -straps being 
 often too tight. Frequently, during manoeuvring in 
 the field or the riding- school, I have seen breast-straps 
 burst in consequence of their tightness ; and indeed it 
 stands to reason they can thus but interfere with a 
 horse's action in leaping or making more than ordinary 
 exertion. Their tightness not only renders discomfiture 
 imminent, but must drag the saddle forward out of its 
 place. 
 
 Altogether it might be desirable that commanding 
 
RIDING. 49 
 
 officers of some cavalry regiments would study the pose 
 on horseback of Marochetti's sculptured dragoons, or 
 those of other eminent artists. The result would pro- 
 bably be a marked improvement in the position of the 
 saddle, and, consequently, in the general coup aVceil of 
 our cavalry, who, however, notwithstanding such minor 
 defects, have always maintained their superiority in 
 horsemanship, as well as in efficiency, over any other 
 cavalry in the world. 
 
 RIDING. 
 
 The seat, method of holding the hands, &c, should 
 be left to the riding-master,* with a friendly admoni- 
 tion to the learner to avoid the "stuck-up," one-handed 
 principle to a great extent, and to take a lesson when- 
 ever opportunity occurs from one of the "great un- 
 taught," t and, observing their ease and judgment in 
 the management of their bearers, endeavour to modify 
 their own horsemanship accordingly. 
 
 Kindness goes far in managing these noble animals. 
 
 How is it that many horses that are unmanageable 
 with powerful and good horsemen, can be ridden with 
 perfect ease and safety by ladies ? The first thing a 
 lady generally does after mounting, is to reassure her 
 
 * It might not be out of place to mention, for the information 
 of those who desire to be well taught, that, to my own know- 
 ledge, Allen's, in Seymour Place, Bryanstone Square, and Claren- 
 don's, in Great Brunswick Street, Dublin, are excellent riding- 
 schools. 
 
 f Those who probably have never received a professional riding- 
 lesson in their lives, but still, from intuitive taste, ride with ease 
 and ability. 
 
 D 
 
50 RIDING. 
 
 steed by patting, or, in riding-school language, " mak- 
 ing much of him," taking up the reins with a very- 
 light hand, and giving him his head ; whereas a man 
 usually does the very reverse ; he takes a commanding 
 hold of the reins, presses his legs into the horse as the 
 signal for motion, perhaps with a rasp of both spurs 
 into his sides, indicating no great amiability of temper 
 — a state of things very likely to be reciprocated by a 
 high-spirited horse. 
 
 As before observed, every man ought himself to be 
 able to judge whether his horse is properly saddled and 
 bridled. I must still inveigh against misplacement of 
 the saddle, which grooms, it will be remarked, usually 
 place too far forward — a mistake which is of more con- 
 sequence than is generally considered. 
 
 Take a dragoon, for instance, weighing, with arms, 
 accoutrements, and kit, from fifteen to twenty stone ; 
 this weight, if allowed to fall unduly on the fore 
 quarter, must help to founder the charger, and bring 
 him into trouble on the first provocation. Let him 
 make the least stumble, and the weight of his burden, 
 instead of being back in its proper place, with the 
 man's assistance there to help him up, is thrown for- 
 ward, keeping the beast tied down, and preventing his 
 rising. But, taking appearances into consideration, 
 the forward placement of the saddle is most ungraceful, 
 reminding one of the position of an Eastern driving an 
 elephant, seated on his bearer's neck. 
 
 I have seen the tout ensemble of a magnificent cavalry 
 regiment strikingly deteriorated by the ungraceful and 
 absolutely unhorsemanlike misplacement of the saddles, 
 and consequently of the men — though the military 
 regulation on the subject is fair enough, directing a 
 
RIDING. 51 
 
 saddle to be placed a handbreadth behind the play of 
 the shoulder. This would, perhaps, be a slight excess 
 in the other direction, were it not considered that, in 
 all probability, out of a hundred troop-horses so sad- 
 dled, ninety-nine would be found after an hour's trot- 
 ting to have shifted the saddle forward, for one on 
 whom it would have remained stationary or gone back. 
 
 It is well known that no rider should ever go fast 
 down-hill on the road, or round a corner, especially on 
 pavement ; but in the field, hunting or racing, down-hill 
 is the place to make play. 
 
 In the absence of an attendant to hold for mounting, 
 some horses are allowed to contract a habit that is liable 
 to cause accidents, of starting before the rider is com- 
 fortably seated in the saddle. Prevent this bad fashion 
 by gathering the snaffle-rein (not the curb) tightly up 
 before mounting, and when across the saddle, and be- 
 fore the right leg is in the stirrup, check any effort to 
 move off. 
 
 When a horse is alarmed, nothing so effectually re- 
 assures him as speaking to him. I have myself expe- 
 rienced the efficacy of gently using my voice on two or 
 three occasions, when I admit having been run away 
 with for a short time. 
 
 Though a horse ought never to be allowed to have his 
 own way, his rider should try every means before resort- 
 ing to actual punishment or fight, which may be some- 
 times unavoidable as the only chance of conquest. 
 
 An animal requiring such treatment should be handed 
 over to the rough-rider for subsequent teaching, if not 
 disposed of for more suitable employment than that of 
 a gentleman's horse. 
 
 Your bearer should not be allowed to keep a perpetual 
 
52 RIDING. 
 
 lean upon your hand, more particularly when walking. 
 Should he stumble while thus leaning, he is not likely 
 to recover himself, but will fall helplessly on his knees. 
 
 Keep him as self-dependent as possible, though not 
 with a rein so slack as to leave him to himself alto- 
 gether. It is the business or amusement of the rider 
 to be on the alert for all casualties.* 
 
 To make a horse change his foot in canter, if you 
 find it difficult to do so by merely using hand and leg, 
 turn him as if to circle towards that side that you re- 
 quire the foot to lead — he will use the foot forward that 
 you wish in order to prop himself in turning. Thus, if 
 you circle round to the right, he will lead with the oft 
 fore foot ; and if you turn to the left, the near fore will 
 be advanced. 
 
 In using a curb, the rider should remember that if 
 it is properly placed, with a fair leverage, rough-hand- 
 ling of the lower or bit rein may drive a fine tempered 
 animal into a state of great irritation, or even prove an 
 incentive to rearing ;t and directly anything like this 
 
 * Talking of a horse being self-dependent in Ms movement on the 
 road, puts me in mind of a challenge once accepted by a very prac- 
 tical horseman, to ride a notorious stumbler (reduced by this de- 
 fect to mere farm-work) three times round Stephen's Green, Dub- 
 lin (a distance of over three miles), without falling. Given his 
 choice of bits, some being of the severest kind, he rejected them 
 all, desiring the groom to get him a common hemp halter, and 
 with this simple head-gear, riding bare-backed, he accomplished 
 the distance without the slightest mishap, and thereby won a large 
 bet. The groom, however, resumed the use of the bit to ride the 
 horse home (now feeling sufficient confidence to trust himself on 
 his back instead of leading him), when the animal fell on his knees 
 before he had gone a hundred yards. 
 
 t The incautious use of that rein, which has leverage on the curb, 
 is very apt, with young unformed horses, or such as have been only 
 accustomed to the bridoon or snaffle, to induce a notion of rear- 
 
I 
 
 i hi 
 
 m 
 
 ■ It 
 
RIDING. 53 
 
 effect seems to be produced, that rein should be eased, 
 and the bridoon-rein borne up. 
 
 In fencing, the snafflle or bridoon bit and rein only 
 ought to be used ; this the rider should particularly bear 
 in mind. A rider with a hold of the curb-rein in fenc- 
 ing, getting the least out of his equilibrium, or giving 
 an involuntary check to the curb, may put any well- 
 mouthed animal entirely out of his own way, preventing 
 his jumping safely and confidently, and probably caus- 
 ing accidents. One of several reasons why the Irish 
 horses excel in fencing is, that it is very much the cus- 
 tom in that country to use snaffles in cross-country rid- 
 ing. The curb-rein may be taken up, if necessary, after 
 the jump is over. (Some horses, however, are such vio- 
 lent pullers, that, in the full tilt of going to hounds, where 
 the country is close and fencing frequent, it is almost 
 impossible to avoid using the curb-rein occasionally in 
 the act of jumping.) 
 
 While touching on cross-country riding, it may be 
 observed that many men who ought to know better, 
 often make a serious mistake in not leaving hunters 
 more to themselves than they do when going at and 
 taking their fences. Horses vary in their mode of pro- 
 gression; and whether the gait be slow or fast, any- 
 thing of a trained animal, when interfered with under 
 these circumstances, will be put out of his own way 
 (which is generally best suited to his peculiar temper 
 or ability), in placing his legs advantageously to make 
 his jump with safety.* 
 
 ing, especially in anything of a rough attempt to " rein back " with ; 
 indeed, this latter point of training should be accomplished with 
 the bridoon only. 
 
 * One can scarcely repress a smile on hearing cross-country mis- 
 
54 BIDING. 
 
 Let your horse, if he is anything of a fencer, choose 
 his own way and pace to take his jumps. 
 
 In riding to hounds, if practicable, it is well to avoid 
 newly made or repaired ditches or fences : your steed 
 is apt to encounter such with diffidence ; he does not 
 take the jump with the same will, fears there's " some- 
 thing up," and from want of confidence may very pos- 
 sibly make a mistake. 
 
 It would be well, for cross-country horsemen more especially, 
 to bear in mind Sir Francis Head's observation, as applied to riders 
 as well as horses, that " the belly lifts the legs ; " meaning, I take 
 it, that if man or horse is out of tone from derangement of the 
 stomach or general debility, he cannot be up to the mark or fit 
 for any physical exertion. It is well known to steeplechase riders 
 and men who ride straight to hounds, that occasionally, in conse- 
 quence of inertion, indulgence, or dissipation, having deranged the 
 stomach or nervous system, a rider will be done up before his 
 steed, who, oppressed with a comparatively dead weight knocking 
 about on his back, will himself follow suit from want of being held 
 together, and probably come a burster at some jump before the 
 finish. 
 
 To a practical horseman the act of standing in the 
 stirrups will suggest itself as a matter of expediency to 
 ease himself, when the horse is pulling hard at or near 
 his full galloping pace. 
 
 The great advantage of a rider easing his bearer by 
 
 fortunes related, as they frequently are, in pretty nearly the fol- 
 lowing terms : — " I found my horse going sluggishly at his fences ; 
 and one place looking rather biggish, I shook him up with the bit, 
 and put both heels into him to rouse him, but somehow or other 
 the brute took off too soon, caught his fore feet, I suppose, against 
 something, and came such a cropper on the other side ! " or, " The 
 beast kept going at such a bat at his fences that I brought him to 
 book with my hands down, and with a good pull steadied him ; but 
 the brute with his awkwardness missed his footing on landing, 
 dropped his hind legs into the brook somehow, and fell back on me, 
 giving me a regular sousing ! " 
 
RIDING. 55 
 
 walking up-hill is treated of under the head of " Work," 
 page 36. 
 
 When a rider finds his horse going tender or lame, 
 he ought immediately to dismount and examine his 
 feet. If a stone has become bedded between the clefts 
 of the frog, or got between shoe and sole, and a picker 
 does not happen to be at hand, a suitable stone should 
 be sought wherewith to dislodge the one in the foot. 
 If no stone in the foot can be discovered as causing 
 the lameness, closer examination must be made in 
 search of a nail, a piece of iron or rough glass, or other 
 damage to the sole. If no apparent means of relief 
 present itself, the sooner the beast is led to the near- 
 est place where a proper examination of the foot can 
 take place the better.* For the amount of work a 
 horse can do, see remarks on that subject, under the 
 head of "Work," page 35; and to avoid broken knees, 
 see hints on that subject, pages 51 and 141. 
 
 Mounting of Lady in Side-Saddle. — The mounter, 
 being as close as possible to the animal, should place 
 his right hand on his right knee, and in it receive the 
 lady's left foot. When she springs she should straight- 
 en her left knee, at the same time having in her right 
 hand the reins, with a fast hold of the middle crutch, 
 and her left hand on the mounter's shoulder to help 
 her to spring up. 
 
 * In obscure lameness, to aid towards discovery of the affected 
 part, having first decided which leg or foot is diseased, it is not a 
 bad plan to walk the animal into a stream above the knees and 
 take him out again (or have water dashed at once fully over the 
 member), then kneel and closely observe which spot on the sur- 
 face dries first— that which does so will probably prove to be the 
 most inflamed part. 
 
56 HARNESSING. 
 
 HARNESSING. 
 
 The General Mounting, whether of brass or sil- 
 ver-plated (to correspond with the mountings of the 
 carriage), or with leather- covered buckles, is all a 
 matter of taste; the leather being, however, the least 
 durable. 
 
 A Dry Harness -Room is indispensable, in which 
 there should be shallow presses with pegs, but no 
 shelves; otherwise, coverings should be provided for 
 harness and saddles to preserve them from flying dust. 
 
 Style. — In pairing horses for draught, if one be 
 rather larger than the other, the larger should be 
 placed on the near or left side, as the left-hand side of 
 the road being that on which vehicles travel, the near- 
 side horse will generally be going an inch or more lower 
 than the off-side one, and the difference of size in the 
 pair will be less perceptible. 
 
 If the animals are of an even size, and one be more 
 lazy than the other, that one should be placed at the 
 off side, being thus more conveniently situated to re- 
 ceive gentle reminders from the whip without obser- 
 vation. If one of the pair will carry his head higher 
 than the other, Ms coupling-rein* should run under 
 that of the animal that leans his head the most, so as 
 to bring their heads as much on a level as possible. An 
 ivory ring, to run the coupling-reins through, looks and 
 acts well. 
 
 Both manes should be trained to flow either in or 
 
 * In double harness, to increase your power in turning, shorten 
 the coupling-reins ; and to ease your horses, lengthen these to let 
 their heads work more straight forward. 
 
HARNESSING. 57 
 
 out from the pole; the latter way is probably prefer- 
 able. 
 
 Horses left to stand harnessed in the stable should 
 be turned round in the stalls and fastened with the 
 T's of two pillar-reins passed through the rings of the 
 bridoon of bit. Should there be no pillar-reins in 
 pairs belonging to the stern-posts of each stall, tie the 
 horses' heads up with the rack-rein, so as to prevent 
 their lying down in the harness. 
 
 As a maxim, never leave a bridle on in the stable, 
 unless in the case where the head can be sustained by 
 a pair of pillar-reins from the stern-posts. Most seri- 
 ous accidents have occurred through neglect of this 
 rule. 
 
 In Talcing or "putting to" the shafts of a vehicle 
 must never be left on the ground while the horse is 
 being backed into them. If the shafts touch him he 
 will probably kick, or he may injure by standing on 
 them. In double harness, especially with spirited 
 animals, to prevent the danger of their backing, and 
 being induced to kick by coming in contact with the 
 splinter-bar when putting to, first confine them to the 
 point of the pole by the pole chains or leathers, so 
 lengthened as to enable the traces to be attached (the 
 outer ones first) to the carriage ; which done, tighten 
 the chains or leathers to their working length. Acci- 
 dents may thus be averted. From the moment horses 
 are " put to " their draught, until they are driven off, 
 some one should stand before their heads, whether they 
 be in single, pair, or four-horse harness. 
 
 Traces. — Great care should be taken in adjusting 
 these to prove that they are of an even length, as the 
 least deviation in equality is liable, by pressure on one 
 
58 HARNESSING. 
 
 side, to produce a sore on the neck, under the collar of 
 the horse that happens to be on the side of the shortest 
 trace. — See "Jibbing," page 87. 
 
 The buckles of all traces and back-bands ought to be 
 provided with detached pieces of leather cut square the 
 width of those straps, and placed under the buckles the 
 tongues of which pass through these bits of leather ; the 
 straps, thus protected from being cut by the buckles, 
 will wear nearly thrice as long as otherwise, and there 
 is nothing unsightly in the arrangement. 
 
 In all cases draught-horses should be placed close to 
 their work — i.e., the traces should meet as short as will 
 just allow of the animals going down an inclination at 
 a brisk pace without coining in contact with the car- 
 riage ; the britching for single, and the pole-chains for 
 double harness, being tightened in proportion, to keep 
 the carriage from running on them down-hill. 
 
 For Pole-Chains and Swinging-Bars, see page 73. 
 
 The Karnes. — In order to divide the draught or 
 pressure of the traces on the shoulders a little, the 
 hames might be furnished with scroll draught eyes; 
 this, however, has become unfashionable from being 
 much used by cabmen, and for rough draught. 
 
 Hames Top- Straps. — Care should be taken that 
 these are perfectly sound and strong, especially in 
 double harness, where the strain of stopping and back- 
 ing the carriage of necessity comes upon them. 
 
 Britching and Kicking- Strap. — It is better in single 
 harness to have the britching made with side-straps 
 attached to the buckle or tug of the bach-band, and 
 not to pass over the shaft (confined there by a loop or 
 staple as is usual). These side-straps can be tightened 
 or loosened according to the size of the animal, and if 
 
HARNESSING. 59 
 
 properly adjusted, effectually prevent any carriage from 
 running on the quarters. Across the horses' hips and 
 through these straps, confined by square metal D's, 
 passes the kicking-strap, which is attached to the tugs 
 on the shafts by buckles. This caparison, instead of 
 being unsightly, is positively more elegant than the 
 ordinary-shaped britching, and provides a kicking-strap 
 at all times with the britching. 
 
 The kicking-strap for double harness must always be 
 inelegant, nor can it be made as effectual as that for 
 single harness ; for which reason, if for no other, a kick- 
 ing horse should never be used in double harness under 
 a gentleman's carriage. 
 
 Britching is not generally used for double harness ; 
 but where appearances are not regarded, it finds place 
 amongst various other contrivances available to make 
 kickers, jibbers, bolters, plungers, and runaways, work 
 as placidly as if "they couldn't help it."* 
 
 The Terret-Pad must be left to the taste of the 
 owner and saddler, with an observation, that in single 
 harness it should be ascertained that the back-band 
 has always free play through it; and as a precaution, it 
 is desirable that in single harness the belly-band be al- 
 ways wrapped once round at least one of the shafts be- 
 fore the tug, whether the draught be on four or on a pair 
 of wheels. Neglect in this particular has often occa- 
 sioned accidents. The terret-pad is generally placed too 
 far forward; the shortening of the crupper remedies this. 
 
 In double harness have a care that the terret-pad trace 
 bearing-straps are not buckled too short. I have seen 
 fine tall horses greatly worn by these straps being too 
 
 * Any one desiring hints in that line can have the benefit of my 
 experience in dealing with such cattle, by applying to my publisher. 
 
CO 
 
 HAKNESSING. 
 
 tight, tying the animals across the back, the undue 
 pressure being aggravated with each elevation of the 
 frame in the act of progression. 
 
 The Collar. — More care and judgment are necessary 
 in shaping the stuffing of the collar to fit a horse than 
 
 Fig. 1.— Front View of 
 a Collar, with the stuffing 
 placed as it should be for 
 wear with ease and safety. 
 a a, rim of collar all round. 
 b b, stuffing projecting 
 round outside of rim. 
 c c, stuffing to project in- 
 side at back of rim, for 
 the purpose of tighten- 
 ing the collar on the 
 neck in that situation, 
 and thus obviate ab- 
 rasion. 
 
 for any other part of the harness. The collar should 
 not press either on the mane or on the under part of 
 the neck round the gullet ; the pressure should be on 
 each side of the neck at c c in figure. Collars to fit the 
 ordinary run of horses ought to be shaped thus, by the 
 padding exclusive of the rim. The shape of the rim is 
 comparatively immaterial, but it must be strong to re- 
 tain the collar in shape. Any collar, be it ever so well 
 shaped, should be tried on the horse's neck before it 
 is taken into wear, to make sure that it is neither too 
 large nor too small. 
 
 Some horses' heads are large in proportion with the 
 size of collar they require ; in such cases, out of com- 
 passion for the poor animal over whose head the small 
 collar has to be forced at the risk of injuring his eyes, 
 the collar, which is generally closed, should be made 
 open at the top, to fasten with buckle and strap. 
 
HARNESSING. 61 
 
 Under ordinary circumstances the open collars are not 
 preferable, as the opening and closing weakens the rim, 
 and is likely to put them out of shape ; but as grooms 
 have a fashion of putting the collar on with the rigid 
 hames tightly buckled round it, the whole process of 
 forcing a small closed collar over a beast's larger head 
 is so repulsive to him that in time he learns to dread 
 the very sight of a collar. The plan of putting on the 
 collar with the hames attached to it should never be 
 permitted. 
 
 Saving-Collar, and description of make. — This is 
 generally formed by harness -makers of basil with 
 quilted padding. More serviceable than this will be 
 found the saving-collar cut of single leather, from the 
 soft or belly part of the cow-hide. A breast-strap is 
 placed at the bottom of the collar with a loop and 
 buckle at the end, through which the belly-band of the 
 terret-pad passes to confine the collar. 
 
 Every owner of harness should be provided with one 
 or two saving-collars of this description to be used 
 where severe work is expected, on long journeys, or 
 with animals new to harness. They should be open at 
 the top, to fasten there with two buckles and narrow 
 straps, the tightening or lengthening of the latter en- 
 abling it to be fitted to the horse's size. Some care is 
 necessary to observe that the regular collar does not 
 rub the buckles of the saving-collar against the horse's 
 neck and make a sore. 
 
 The saving-collar should be always kept well moist- 
 ened with grease or oil, and carefully looked to after 
 use, the crusted sweat and dandriff being scraped off it. 
 In the absence of a saving- collar, the collar itself should 
 be watched in the same respect. 
 
62 HARNESSING. 
 
 The bridles generally in use for harness appear to 
 require little or no improvement. 
 
 The Bit must be equally adapted to the horse's 
 mouth, &c, as for riding (page 38), except that -with 
 harness, while to all appearance using the same kind of 
 bit with a pair of horses, the leverage on the mouths 
 can be altered, by placing the billets or buckle-end of 
 the driving-reins high or low in the cheeks of each, 
 according to the animal's temper, his bearing on it, 
 &c. 
 
 In placing the billets in the bit, it should be borne 
 in mind that the more use is made of the curb the more 
 will be taken out of the horse ; therefore, when a long 
 journey or severe work has to be done, animals should 
 be driven in snaffle, or the billets should be placed as 
 near as possible to the mouthpiece of the bit. 
 
 Experience only can demonstrate the difference in the 
 wear and tear of the general physique, resulting from 
 a judicious arrangement or otherwise of the reins and 
 bit. 
 
 Blinkers. — The question of "blinkers or no blinkers" 
 can best be answered by the observation, that if you 
 can find horses that may be depended upon to work 
 safely and steadily without them, they may be dis- 
 pensed with ; but as such animals are rare, blinkers are 
 likely to continue in general use. 
 
 Placing crests or ornaments on blinkers, unless the 
 latter are light and well hollowed, and kept extended 
 in front by stiff blinker-straps, is a practice likely to 
 be injurious to the animals' eyes ; in fact, all blinkers, 
 unless light and well hollowed, are dangerous for the 
 eyes, and of course the increased weight of crests and 
 their fastenings aggravates the objection. 
 
HARNESSING. 63 
 
 Heavy forehead -bands and rosettes, though orna- 
 mental, are anything but desirable, as far as the horse 
 himself is concerned. 
 
 The Noseband of the harness bridle, like the riding 
 one, can by tightening be made very useful with some 
 descriptions of hard-pulling horses. — See "Noseband," 
 page 42. 
 
 The Breastplate, or head-stall martingal, can be made 
 useful in the same way. — See page 40. 
 
 Throat-lash. — See page 43. 
 
 Reins. — Saddlers generally suit the reins admirably 
 to the work for which they are intended. A buff 
 hand-piece with pullers is decidedly preferable to plain 
 leather, as its roughness enables the driver to have a 
 much firmer hold of the reins, but will become slippery 
 in wet. 
 
 The Bearing-Rein is only used to keep up a horse's 
 head and give him a showy appearance, therefore no 
 experienced person will use it except with that object, 
 and it is injurious in every other respect. — (See " Broken 
 Knees," pages 52 and 141.) 
 
 Crupper. — This strap is intended to keep the terret- 
 pad and back-band in their proper places, and to 
 restrain the former from running too far forward or 
 pressing on the withers (see "Sore Withers," page 
 151) ; also as a sustainer to the terret-pad against the 
 bearing-rein when the latter is strained into its hook. 
 Grooms have a very improper habit of leaving the 
 whole of the hinder part of the harness suspended in 
 one mass by the crupper-dock on a peg in the wall of 
 the harness-room ; this should not be allowed. Let the 
 terret-pad when not in use be always placed across 
 a proper saddle-rack, with the britching and crupper 
 
64 HARNESSING. 
 
 suspended therefrom ; or let them, at all events, be put 
 somewhere by themselves. 
 
 To put on Harness.— First, while the horse's head 
 is towards the manger, place the terret-pad loosely 
 across the back— take hold of the tail, and carefully 
 turn down the hair over the end of the flesh ; thus 
 grasping and holding the tail and its hair together in 
 the left hand, with the right draw the crupper-dock 
 over it, and adjust the latter to its place at the root 
 of the tail, being careful not to leave a single^ loose 
 hair under it. Then arrange your terret-pad in the 
 place where it should work by shortening or length- 
 ening the crupper-strap ; which done, tighten the belly- 
 band.* 
 
 Now turn the horse in his stall, and, your collar and 
 names having been hung up close at hand, slip the 
 wide end of the former by itself over the head. 
 
 Leave the collar so, on the narrow part of the neck, 
 till you place your names within the collar-rim, and 
 fasten them thereto by buckling the top strap over the 
 narrow part or top of the collar : now turn the collar 
 and names round on the neck in the direction of the 
 side over which the mane hangs. 
 
 Put on the bridle and attach driving-reins, tempo- 
 rarily doubling their hand-piece through the terrets. 
 Fasten the horse thus harnessed to the pillar-reins till 
 you are ready to "put to." 
 
 To take off Harness, begin by removing the reins and 
 bridle ; then take off the names by themselves, then the 
 collar, and lastly the terret-pad and crupper. 
 
 * When a bame martingal strap is used, the pad belly-hand 
 should not be finally buckled until it has been passed through the 
 other. 
 
DRIVING. 65 
 
 DRIVING. 
 
 In driving, a man should sit up against Lis work, and 
 he thoroughly propped by his legs and feet, with the 
 left or rein hand held well into his body, in front of 
 or a little below the waist. Nothing looks more un- 
 graceful than to have the reins at arm's-length, held out 
 at a distance from one's chest. 
 
 A driver should always be seated before any one else 
 in or about the vehicle ; and having carefully taken a 
 firm hold of the reins in his left hand before mounting 
 his seat, they should so remain, and never be shifted. 
 But should the driver be either obliged or find it con- 
 venient to allow others to be seated first, he will then 
 of necessity have to mount from the off or right side, 
 in which case he will in the first place have to take the 
 reins in his right hand until seated, when he will at 
 once transfer them to their proper position in his left. 
 
 The whip should invariably be placed in the socket, 
 or be handed carefully to the driver after he has mount- 
 ed. To mount with it in hand is highly dangerous; the 
 sight of it over the blinkers, or an accidental touch to 
 an animal when the driver is unprepared, may startle 
 and set off a team — while holding a whip in the act of 
 mounting renders that piece of gymnastics doubly awk- 
 ward to accomplish. All turns and manoeuvres may be 
 effected by the fore-finger (and thumb if necessary) of 
 the right or whip hand, either on the off or the near side 
 rein, according as the direction of the intended move- 
 ment is towards the right or left." But in driving four- 
 
 * Yankee fashion is to drive with a rein in each hand. This style 
 in Ireland is humorously described as "driving with a rein in 
 each hand and a whip in the other." 
 E 
 
66 DRIVING. 
 
 in-hand, unicorns, or tandems, insert the fourth finger 
 of the whip-hand between the lead and wheel reins 
 on the side you want to pull, to turn or direct your 
 horses. 
 
 With four-in-hand the general principle is, while 
 allowing only a certain amount of play to the heads of 
 your leaders, to keep your wheelers well in hand, ready 
 for any sudden emergency, bearing in mind that it is 
 only with them, as they are attached to the pole, that 
 you can stop the carriage. 
 
 A driver having occasion to raise his right hand for 
 any purpose, should first place the whip transversely 
 under the thumb of the left or rein hand (above, but 
 upon, one of the reins), leaving the other hand at 
 liberty; indeed, the whip should always lie in this 
 transverse position, whether in the right or the left 
 hand, unless when in use for correction. Many horses 
 are very clever at watching the whip over the blinkers, 
 and careless pointing forward with it may keep a high- 
 spirited animal in a continual fret. 
 
 To ascertain how each horse is doing his work, judge 
 not only by the test of the willing horse bearing more 
 on your hand ; see also how each horse keeps his 
 traces. In whichever case they are slack, you may 
 depend that that horse has no draught upon him ; if 
 tight, he is doing his share of the work, or more. A 
 good whip will correct the defaulter so as to avoid an- 
 noying the other horse. There is no better criterion of 
 skill in the use of the whip than this. 
 
 With the leaders in tandem and four-in-hand, and in 
 low-seated carriages, unless the dash-board be very high, 
 the reins are apt to get under the horses' tails. In such 
 cases, to avoid a kicking match, no immediate attempt 
 
DRIVING. 67 
 
 should be made to replace the reins while they are con- 
 fined ; but a very light lash of the whip on the leg will 
 engage the attention of the animal, and while the tail 
 is switched up on the touch of the lash, the reins may 
 be released. Horses should always be kept well in hand, 
 unless that, upon a long and tiresome journey, some 
 consideration may be shown for what they have to go 
 through. Under such circumstances, attention may well 
 be directed to the manner the billets are placed in the 
 bit (page 62). 
 
 On the level a fair pace can be maintained, but up 
 hill no merciful man will ever press his beasts. When 
 a heavy load has to be drawn up a sharp short hill, it 
 is not a bad plan to cheat the horse out of the first half 
 of it by going at it with an impetus, suffering the pace 
 to merge into a walk without further pressure as the 
 first impetus declines. 
 
 When the ascent is long and gradual, horses should 
 be allowed to walk " the whole way, which can always 
 be admitted of on ordinary roads, where the pace is not 
 intended to exceed eight miles an hour, as the speed 
 may be accelerated when the fall of ground is reached, 
 without distressing the animals. 
 
 Let a man suppose himself to be obliged to wheel 
 a hand-cart with a heavy burden for a given distance 
 within a given time, on an undulating roadway, and he 
 will soon discover the course he would pursue to effect 
 his object ; he would certainly save himself by going 
 very slowly up the hills, and make up the time and dis- 
 tance with most ease by rolling the vehicle at a rapid 
 rate down the declivities. Let the principle of working 
 thus exemplified be always applied to the usage of 
 horses in harness. 
 
68 DRIVING. 
 
 An old driving maxim may be added, though not 
 
 recommended by the metre : — 
 
 " Up the hill spare me ; 
 Down the hill let me run and bear me ; 
 On the level never fear me." 
 
 Or, 
 
 " Walk me a mile out and a mile in ; 
 Up the hill spur me not, 
 Down the hill I'll walk or trot ; 
 On the plain spare me not ; 
 In the stable forget me not." 
 
 I have driven a great deal in my life, and have never 
 met with an accident from driving at a fair trot down 
 a moderate hill, with plenty of road-room, and no turn- 
 ing to be made till after gaining the level, the team 
 being well in hand throughout. 
 
 This observation applies equally to any number of 
 horses ; but with tandem or four-in-hand the wheelers 
 should be held particularly tight, and the leaders pulled 
 back. 
 
 If, in descending a hill, the wheel can be drawn along 
 rough stones without the horses being also brought on 
 them, it is desirable to avail of such a drag. 
 
 In such hilly countries as Wales, Devon, &c, the 
 constant use of a skid is indispensable. The uniniti- 
 ated may not quarrel with me for reminding them of 
 the necessity for keeping always to their own or the left 
 side of the road (the right on the Continent, in America, 
 and other countries). In turning a corner, however, if 
 it be to the left you intend going, before you make 
 your turn get from your proper side of the road a little 
 towards the right, if possible, and from thence make 
 your turn, by which means you will more easily reach 
 the left, or your proper side, of the new route you in- 
 tend to take, besides being able to see everything that 
 
DRIVING. 69 
 
 is approaching en the other. To turn a right angle 
 you must have space accordingly, and it is better to 
 make use of that which you see insured to 3^011 than to 
 be depending on that which is uncertain. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to remark that it is infinitely 
 safer to make your turns at a slow pace than faster. 
 Turning quickly round corners is reckless work, but the 
 faster your pace the more necessary it is to get to the 
 wrong side of the road when turning to the left before 
 you make your turn to the new, or before entering a 
 narrow gateway or passage. When the turn is to the 
 right, you will keep to your own or left side of the road. 
 
 Where a narrow gateway has to be entered with four 
 wheels, having brought your vehicle fairly in front of 
 it, place your pole directly over the centre or bolt stone ; 
 in the absence of this guide, mark with your eye some 
 object in the centre, and bring your pole right over it. 
 The wheels will take care of themselves, if there is at 
 all room for the carriage. 
 
 With single harness the horse is brought direct at the 
 gate, and kept very straight, his hind feet passing over 
 the centre object. 
 
 In driving- through crowded streets or in a narrow 
 way, especially with vehicles coming rapidly towards 
 you, and every prospect of a collision, take a stronger 
 hold of your horses, and moderate your pace, remember- 
 ing that, if you cannot avoid grief, the less the impetus 
 the less the crash, if it should come. This result is 
 amusingly exemplified by the stage-coachman's defini- 
 tion of the difference between the results of road and 
 rail accidents. Coach ey says, ' If even an upset occur 
 on the road, there you are ; but if an accident takes 
 place by rail, where are you ?" 
 
 Remember to collect your horses well in hand before 
 
70 DRIVING. 
 
 you alter your course on the road, or to cross it, in 
 order to have them alert and handy for any emergency. 
 
 When travelling in damp weather, the roads being 
 sticky, half wet and dry, your horse requires saving 
 and consideration, no matter to what extent the wind 
 may be blowing, if it goes only in the same direction 
 as himself. When the roads are perfectly dry with a 
 light wind blowing against your horse, he travels under 
 the more favourable circumstances. 
 
 Neither blinkers nor bit should ever, upon any con- 
 sideration, be removed from a horse while he is attached 
 to a carriage, whether to feed or for any other purpose. 
 Want of caution in this respect has been a fertile source 
 of most serious accidents. 
 
 When a horse falls irretrievably in harness, the 
 driver should avoid leaving his seat till some assistant 
 can go to the animal's head, who, placing his coat or 
 some soft substance between it and the road, to prevent 
 injury to the eyes, presses one or both knees lightly on 
 the neck, but so as to prevent the beast from rising ; 
 which done, the driver can get down from his seat, and, 
 availing of all the aid he can procure, frees all the har- 
 ness as rapidly as possible, and, running back the car- 
 riage from the horse, assists him to rise. To disengage 
 buckles easily in such cases, instead of dragging at the 
 point of the strap in the usual way, force both ends of 
 it to the centre of the buckle, which will cause the 
 tongue to turn back, and so free the strap. 
 
 When a fall in harness occurs on slippery pavement 
 such as some of the London streets, or in frosty weather, 
 before the horse is permitted to make any effort to rise, 
 some ashes, dry clay, sand, sawdust, hay or straw, or 
 even any old rug or piece of cloth or carpet, should be 
 
DRIVING. 71 
 
 so placed as to prevent him from slipping in his ineffec- 
 tual and distressing endeavours to recover his legs. 
 
 Backing. — When a horse takes to backing, and dan- 
 ger is threatened, if you cannot get him forward, and 
 have no assistant to take him by the head, the more 
 rapidly you bring the brute's head to the point where 
 he aims at bringing his tail the better. It is a bad 
 habit, however, to give an animal, to allow of his being 
 taken by the head when he is obstreperous, and should 
 only be resorted to when quite unavoidable. 
 
 Kicking in Harness. — When there is no kicking-strap 
 or other means of restraint available, and an animal 
 seems disposed to persist in kicking, the driver, retain- 
 ing his seat, should direct some one to hold up one of 
 the fore feet (if he finds a difficulty in doing so, doub- 
 ling the knee and tying a handkerchief tightly round it) 
 so as to prevent the foot reaching the ground, which 
 done, the driver may help to unharness, while the other 
 assistant takes hold of the horse's head. 
 
 Shying. — See page 88. 
 
 Runaicays are frequently checked by sawing the 
 mouth. In such cases, retain your presence of mind, 
 determined to stick to the ship to the last ; if you have 
 the luck to meet with an ascent, that is your time to 
 get a pull. 
 
 A horse that has once run away, especially if, in con- 
 nection with that feat, he has met wuth any noisy dis- 
 aster or breakage, is never, as long as he lives, safe to 
 drive again. It only remains for his owner to use hu- 
 manity and judgment in disposing of him. 
 
 Stubborn horses, or jibbers, in single harness. — On 
 the first appearance of this disposition at starting, the 
 neck should be examined, to discover whether the fit 
 
72 DRAWING. 
 
 may not have been occasioned by indispositon to work 
 against an ill-fitting or dirty collar, which may have 
 produced abrasion or tenderness of the skin under it 
 (see page 61). If the unpleasantness proceed from 
 innate stubbornness in the brute, and simple means 
 do not succeed in single harness, place him in double 
 harness, beside a well-tempered, good worker, that will 
 drag him aicay, starting down-liill. In this manner 
 the habit, if not confirmed, will be overcome. In ex- 
 treme cases, different appliances have been used with 
 varied success in making the beast move on — such as a 
 round pebble, about the size of a hen's egg, placed in 
 the ear, and secured with a cord tied round the latter, 
 near the tip, or stuffing a glove in each ear. I have 
 also seen coachmen put two or three handfuls of mud 
 into the horse's mouth, and rub it against his palate 
 with good effect, or tap him with a stick at the back of 
 the fore legs, j ust under the knee. 
 
 Letting a stubborn beast stand for hours in harness 
 in the spot where he has taken the fit, and, w T heu he 
 has become well hungered, placing a feed of corn before 
 him and gradually walking away with it, is a dilatory 
 proceeding sometimes resorted to, but scarcely worth 
 
 DRAWING. 
 
 The size of horses should be in proportion to the 
 weight and size of the vehicle and loads they are in- 
 tended to move, upon the principle, easily demonstrated 
 by experiment, that weight drags weight. For in- 
 stance, a horse having to drag a cart up a hill, will do 
 so more easily with the driver on his back than other- 
 
DRAWING. 73 
 
 wise, as the weight of the man assists the horse against 
 the weight he has to move. The latter part of this 
 argument only refers, however, to short distances, or to 
 starting a draught. 
 
 The higher the wheels are, and the closer together, 
 whether they be two or four, the lighter will be the 
 draught. In fact, to render the draught as easy as pos- 
 sible, the axles ought to be on a level with the trace- 
 hooks, or point of traction, or as nearly horizontal as 
 possible with the traces and their place in the leg of 
 the hames. It is self-evident that if a horse has to be 
 pulling up, it is like his having to raise a certain part 
 of the weight of the carriage with every step he moves ; 
 and the faster he goes, the more injuriously does this 
 principle operate against him. 
 
 The point of the pole-and-chain attachment should be 
 always so elevated from its insertion in the carriage as 
 to be on a level with the rings of the hames through 
 which the pole-chains pass. On the point of the pole 
 should be a revolving steel cross-tree, from eight to ten 
 inches in length, in the ends of which the pole-chains 
 or leathers are inserted. The working of this contriv- 
 ance will, to any practical man, demonstrate its utility. 
 
 In light double harness, I much prefer using swing- 
 ing-bars instead of one inflexible splinter-bar, unless for 
 very heavy draught. Horses should be placed close to 
 their work. For adjusting the traces to that effect, see 
 page 58. 
 
 It should be remembered that the farther forward in 
 a carriage the weight to be drawn is placed, the easier 
 will be the draught on the horse. Thus the weight of 
 one man at the extreme end of the vehicle (like a con- 
 ductor on an omnibus) has as much effect on the trac- 
 
74 DRAWING. 
 
 tion as that of two men on or near the driving-seat. 
 The deader the weight, let it be placed as it may, the 
 greater the trial of the horse ; therefore inanimate 
 matter is heavier on traction than anything having life. 
 
 Vehicles of which the lower carriage and axles are 
 kept braced together by a perch steadying the action of 
 the wheels, are much, the easiest on the draught. The 
 Americans are well aware of the advantages of such a 
 construction for encountering the roughness of many of 
 their roads. Not only are all their pleasure carriages, 
 or "buggies," so constructed, but the waggons have a 
 perch that by an admirable arrangement can be de- 
 tached, to allow of the carriage being lengthened when 
 required to carry timber or other lading. The perch, 
 being in two pieces, can be coupled by the simple con- 
 trivance of a movable iron band and pin, giving a 
 freedom, most desirable in a rough country, to the 
 movement of the lower carriage. This contrivance 
 works well, and might with advantage be applied to 
 our military train-waggons and ambulance-carts. Horses 
 cannot but suffer from the present construction of car- 
 riages in general use, where the axles are left unsup- 
 ported and unbraced to encounter the roughness and 
 inequalities of the road. 
 
 Axle-Boxes. — Proper lubrication of the axle-boxes is 
 too often sadly neglected. Even Collinge's patent will 
 not run freely without periodical aid in proportion to 
 use, and it is no harm to make an occasional examina- 
 tion of the wheels of a carriage when they are lifted off 
 the ground by setters, to see that there is thorough 
 freedom in the working of them, by spinning them 
 round with one's finger against the spokes. The re- 
 application of gutta-percha or leather washers is essen- 
 
SHOEING. 75 
 
 tial, as the amount of friction by work will wear that 
 requisite. 
 
 For a few days after the washers are replaced, the 
 boxes should not be screwed too tightly, but subse- 
 quently they should be re-tightened. The noise of 
 wheels joggling upon their axles indicates want of 
 screwing up, or of washers. 
 
 A round tire is decidedly easier for draught than a 
 flat-edged one. 
 
 Carriages, immediately after use, should be cleaned, 
 or at least have water dashed over them, to prevent the 
 mud from drying on the paint, which can scarcely fail 
 to deteriorate it, and give it a premature appearance of 
 wear. 
 
 SHOEING. 
 
 Some horses are very averse to being shod, through 
 some fright the first time of shoeing, or bad manage- 
 ment. It is better to overcome such shyness or vice 
 by gentleness or stratagem than by force of any kind. 
 
 Some few animals even require to be cast, or placed 
 under the influence of the painful twitch. Before re- 
 sorting to any force, however, the following means 
 should be tried in preference to others : — Let whoever 
 is in the habit of riding or exercising the horse mount 
 him when regularly bridled and saddled, the girths be- 
 ing a little looser that if intended for work ; ride to the 
 side of the forge, and there let him (his rider still on his 
 back) be shod the first time ; on the second visit to the 
 forge, if it be spacious enough, he may be ridden into it 
 for the same purpose. 
 
 In shoeing, the smith's rule ought to be to fit the 
 
76 SHOEING. 
 
 shoe to the foot, not the foot to the shoe, according to 
 the general practice of those gentry. 
 
 In London and all large towns, the best thing a gen- 
 tleman can do is to contract with a veterinary surgeon 
 for the shoeing as well as the doctoring of his horses. 
 
 The night previous to a horse being shod or removed, 
 the groom should stop his feet, to soften them, and en- 
 able the farrier to use his drawing-knife properly, and 
 without injury to that instrument. 
 
 In shoeing, any undue accumulation of sole may be 
 pared away; judgment must, however, be used in this 
 particular, as the feet of some animals grow more sole 
 than others, and superfluous increase tends to contrac- 
 tion, whereas care must be taken not to weaken the sole 
 of ordinary growth. I am aware that great difference 
 of opinion exists on this subject, but I speak from prac- 
 tical experience of the results of opposite modes of treat- 
 ment in this particular. 
 
 If no shoes were used, the wear and tear of work 
 would provide for the disposal of this accumulation, 
 which, as nature is interfered with by the use of shoes, 
 must be artificially removed. 
 
 If the frog be jagged it may be pared even, but the 
 sound parts should not be cut away, and on no account 
 should the smith's drawing-knife be allowed to divide 
 the bars or returns of the foot — an operation technically 
 called by the trade "opening the heels," to which falla- 
 cious practice farriers are pertinaciously addicted, be- 
 cause, in some one case of dreadfully contracted feet, 
 they may have seen or heard of temporary relief being 
 given by this process, with the natural result, which 
 they ignore, of the remedy proving itself in time worse 
 than the disease. 
 
SHOEING. 77 
 
 If farriers are allowed, they will almost invariably 
 drive as many shoe-nails round the inside quarter as the 
 outside. This is a lamentable mistake, especially re- 
 garding the fore feet, as the foot being thus nearly all 
 round confined to the shoe, its proper action is inter- 
 fered with, preventing a possibility of its natural and 
 gradual expansion in action from the toe towards the 
 heel, as the horse lays his foot upon the ground, with 
 all weight, as well as the act of projmlsion, pressed 
 on it. 
 
 The reason for liberating the inside quarter in prefer- 
 ence to the outside is, that the inside, being more under 
 the centre of gravity, will be found to expand and con- 
 tract more than the outside, as will be proved by the 
 removal and examination of a shoe that has been in use 
 three or four weeks. On observing the part of the shoe 
 that has been next the foot, it will be distinctly per- 
 ceived that the friction of the inside quarter of the foot 
 has worn a cavity in the portion of the shoe which has 
 been under that quarter of the foot, while the side that 
 has been under the outside quarter bears comparatively 
 little evidence of friction above it. 
 
 This being an established fact, it seems desirable that 
 the full number of nails should be driven round the out- 
 side quarter, and not more than one or two (for hunting 
 purposes) on the inside from the toe. (Six nails alto- 
 gether is the cavalry regulation.) 
 
 If your horses are not quick wearers on the road, the 
 fore shoes should be removed within two or three weeks 
 after shoeing (care being taken that the clenches of the 
 nails in the hind feet are at the same time properly 
 levelled to the hoof to prevent brushing), and let them 
 be re- shod every five or six weeks. 
 
78 SHOEING. 
 
 In all foot ailments, whenever a horse is lame, al- 
 though the disease may not apparently be in the foot, 
 let the shoe first be carefully removed, and the shoeless 
 foot examined by as competent a farrier as can be pro- 
 cured (in the absence of a veterinary surgeon), by pin- 
 cers round the nail-holes, gently pressing wall and sole 
 together, by the hammer tapping the sole, and a judici- 
 ous use of the drawing-knife, to detect the possible seat 
 of disease. 
 
 I have known a lame horse to be brought to a reput- 
 edly-experienced amateur horse-doctor, the cause of dis- 
 ease being so evidently inflammation of the sheath of 
 the tendon, that the animal was ordered to be treated 
 accordingly — viz., with cold applications ; and this not 
 succeeding, firing the leg was resorted to, after which, 
 the weather being suitable, it was thought expedient to 
 let the beast have a run at grass. As a preliminary 
 the shoes were removed, in the course of which opera- 
 tion a bed of gravel was found to have secreted itself 
 in the foot of the supposed diseased leg, and the in- 
 flammation occasioned by the gravel having gone up, 
 caused what appeared to be marked disease about the 
 tendon. 
 
 Such were the results of neglecting the precautions 
 here recommended. 
 
 Brushing, or cutting, is a very tormenting weakness 
 in the horse, whether behind or before, and often highly 
 dangerous in the latter case. 
 
 The ordinary practice of farriers under such circum- 
 stances is to rasp away the inside quarter of the offend- 
 ing hoof, as well as doubly thickening the shoe under 
 the weakened wall, leaving the toe to extend itself 
 forward. This is a great mistake, yielding only a tern- 
 
SHOEING. 79 
 
 porary improvement, not at all tending towards a cure. 
 On the contrary, it would be better to shorten the toes 
 by degrees ; and on no account should a rasp be put near 
 the wall of the inside quarter, in order to let it get as 
 strong as possible towards the heel. 
 
 I would certainly allow no nails to be driven inside, 
 but let the shoe be fastened round the outer quarter of 
 the foot, the shoe itself being of equal thickness on both 
 quarters as an ordinary shoe ; but on putting it on, it 
 should not be suffered to project outside the inside quar- 
 ter, and the shoes might here be rasped to guard against 
 rough edges, which might injure the pastern of the op- 
 posite leg during work. 
 
 A strong clip should also be thrown up on the outside 
 quarters of these shoes to catch the wall and effectually 
 prevent them from shifting towards or projecting be- 
 yond the inside quarter, which might cause them to 
 come in contact with the opposite pastern-joint while in 
 motion. Until the brushing be somewhat remedied, 
 an india-rubber ring or a bit of leather, and elastic 
 strap round the pastern, will prevent it from receiving 
 present injury. If the above treatment is attended to 
 and persevered in, the probability is that in nine cases 
 out of ten a cure will be effected in course of time. 
 
 Corns. — Every horse -owner ought to make himself 
 acquainted with the part of the sole between the frog 
 and the wall on the inside quarter of the fore foot, 
 called the seat of corns (see pages 131 and 140), and 
 every time that a horse is shod or removed, in paring 
 the foot the drawing-knife should be used to clean 
 away this cavity (without weakening the adjacent wall), 
 where the disease originates from undue pressure of the 
 shoe on the inside quarter of that susceptible spot, or 
 
80 SHOEING. 
 
 from friction of the coffin-bone, on the inside of the 
 sole, above the seat of corn. The shoe ought to rest 
 entirely on the wall of the foot, and not on any part of 
 the sole. 
 
 Roughing and Frosting is simply drawing out the 
 old nails about the toes and replacing them with very 
 large sharp-headed ones, called frost-nails. Horse-nails 
 being made purposely of a soft metal, are unfit for 
 frosting, as the heads wear down so quickly. If 
 smiths would steel the heads of frost-nails, they would 
 last much longer. This precaution against slipping, 
 however, is only effectual in slight frosts. In regular 
 frosting, the nails are carried completely round, with 
 the addition of sharp calkins being turned on the heels 
 of all four feet, and sometimes also short spikes or 
 cogs turned down from the toes; but the latter are 
 common only in severe climates, though their use is 
 quite as desirable in England, especially to assist horses 
 in ascending slippery hills, where the cogs on the heels 
 have little or no hold in the ground. Cogs or calkins 
 should be rasped by the smith, to sharpen them, every 
 couple of days. 
 
 Although it may be inconvenient and expensive to 
 have horses prepared in frosty weather, it is highly 
 necessary to do so where work is required of them. 
 The very extraordinary exertion that is needed on the 
 part of the animal to keep his feet when unprepared, 
 as well as the fret to his energies, takes a vast deal 
 more out of him in one day's work than a month's 
 daily use would do under ordinary circumstances, not 
 to speak of the risk of pecuniary loss from accident. 
 
 It is a most pitiable thing to see the poor beasts 
 struggling in their high courage and good temper to 
 
SHOEING. 81 
 
 do their best, for what I can only call cruel or thought- 
 less masters, to say nothing of the liability of the 
 animals' breaking their knees and bringing their riders 
 or drivers to serious trouble, smashing harness and 
 vehicles, &c. 
 
 I have always found servants most ingenious in 
 making objections to having their horses prepared for 
 frost, the grand secret being their anxiety to keep them 
 in the stable the whole time the frost lasts, that they 
 may be saved from the trouble of cleaning either them 
 or their caparison, carriages, &c. They will alarm you 
 with the stereotyped objections, "tearing the horses' 
 feet to pieces," " driving fresh nail-holes," "ripping off 
 shoes," " his feet won't bear a shoe after," &c. I never 
 knew an ordinary sound foot to be reduced to such a 
 condition, by simply changing shoes, that a good smith 
 could not fasten a shoe on. 
 
 The only tangible objection to calkins to which atten- 
 tion need be drawn is, that during their use, unless the 
 horse is moved about in his stable with great caution 
 in cleaning or otherwise, he is apt to tread with them 
 on the coronet of the opposite foot, which is a very 
 serious affair, inflicting a nasty jagged wound on one of 
 the most sensitive vascular parts of the animal.* 
 
 The Bar Shoe going all round the foot is intended to 
 protect weak or thrushy heels. 
 
 * There is a useful and inexpensive contrivance for very tem- 
 porary roughing patented and sold by John Coppard & Co., 24 
 Meet Street, who, on being communicated with, will forward de 
 BCiiptive particulars. There is also a capital and more permanent 
 arrangement prepared and sold by Mr Morris of 21 Rathbone Place 
 Oxford Street, being an improvement on Mr White's plan of frost- 
 ing horses' shoes, by screwing three sharpened cogs into each-one 
 at each heel and one at the toe-the shoes when put on being pre- 
 pared to receive them. & 1 
 
 P 
 
82 SHOEING. 
 
 Wide-webbed or Surface Shoes are used with flat- 
 footed, weak-soled horses : leather being often intro- 
 duced above them to save the soles from being damaged 
 by extraneous substances on the road. Put on with the 
 ordinary shoe, it is said to lessen the jar of the tread. 
 
 High-heeled Shoes, when a horse is laid up, properly 
 managed, prove a most effectual palliation and aid in the 
 cure of " clap of the back sinew " (page 143). 
 
 These shoes are made with calkins (joined by a light 
 iron bar), which should not be heavy, not more than an 
 inch deep, and gradually reduced by the smith as the 
 disease abates. 
 
 Steeling the Toes is necessary with quick wearers on 
 the road ; but particular cautions should be given to 
 the smith to work the steel well into the iron, for any 
 protrusion of this hard metal above the iron will occa- 
 sion tripping, and possibly an irrecoverable fall. 
 
 Calking the hind shoes moderately on the outside 
 quarter only, is most essential to the hunter to prevent 
 slipping, and to give him confidence in going at his 
 fences, and on landing. Its advantages can be well 
 understood by any sportsman who has experienced the 
 difference between walking himself a day's simple 
 shooting over soft slippery ground, or taking a ten- 
 mile walk on a half-wet road, in each case in boots with 
 headed nails, to enable him to have a hold in the 
 ground, and undertaking the same exercises in boots 
 without nails, where one wearies himself with efforts to 
 keep his feet. 
 
 I speak as a practical man, having probably come to 
 less grief than most others in hunting, which may be 
 attributed mainly to the particular attention bestowed 
 on the calking of my bearers when I was a hard goer. 
 
SHOEING. 83 
 
 It seems an unimportant matter, but if looked into will 
 be found to be far otherwise. 
 
 Tips, or half-shoes, which cover little more than the 
 toe of a horse, leaving the heels to come in direct con- 
 tact with the ground, are particularly serviceable in 
 cases where the heels are disposed to contraction, and, 
 from my experience, can be used without injury in any 
 ordinary description of work while the frog is sound. 
 
 The quarters of the feet being left by their use with- 
 out the usual confinement of the shoe, and being pressed 
 to expansion on every movement of the animal, natur- 
 ally become strong and extended. Tips should become 
 gradually thinner, finishing in a fine edge towards the 
 ends. I have seen ill-made tips calculated to lame any 
 horse, with the ends the thickness of an ordinary shoe 
 (though extending, which is the intention of tips, less 
 than half-way down the foot), as if the smith who made 
 them expected the heels to remain always suspended in 
 mid air. 
 
 Slippers. — Regular sportsmen generally carry a spare 
 shoe while hunting; but if a shoe comes off one of the 
 fore feet in the field or on the road, and the rider is 
 not provided with a proper shoe, he should at once 
 dismount and lead his bearer to the nearest forge, 
 where an old shoe most approaching to the size of the 
 foot that can possibly be found should be selected from 
 the heap of cast ones that generally lies by in a forge, 
 and let it be tacked on with three or four nails only, so 
 as to serve the creature to get home, or until the proper 
 shoe can be made. 
 
 If a shoe comes off the hind foot, and the distance 
 from home is not above three or four miles, the animal 
 can be led or occasionally ridden that far without in- 
 
84 VICE. 
 
 jury, especially if the softest side of the road be selected 
 for the track, the hind feet being generally much stronger 
 than the fore. 
 
 Travelling. — The day before a long journey, look to 
 your horse's shoes ; see that the clinches are well laid 
 down and the shoes nailed tightly. As a rule, do not 
 have new shoes put on just before a journey, for the 
 least carelessness in fitting or nailing them may occa- 
 sion more or less lameness ; should it be severe, disap- 
 pointment and delay may result ; while if only appar- 
 ently slight at starting, and the animal endure the pain 
 patiently during its work, the cause being in existence 
 throughout will produce its effects only too palpably 
 when the day's journey is over. If old shoes are nearly 
 worn, but will last the journey, let them by all means 
 remain on ; but directly the work is over, send for any 
 proper smith whose forge is nearest, and have them 
 taken off in the stable. Should the forge not be at 
 hand, the old slippers can of course be tacked on when 
 the horse, having had its rest, is taken to be shod. 
 All shoes, for road-work especially, should be made full 
 long to cover the heels. It should be borne in mind 
 that, as the hoof grows naturally, the shoe is brought 
 forward and thereby exposes the heels. 
 
 VICE. 
 
 In all cases where active vice, such as rearing, kick- 
 ing, jibbing, plunging, has to be combated, the work of 
 correction is half done if the horse is well tired in the 
 first instance, or, in vulgar terms, " the fiery edge taken 
 off him," by half an hour's rapid loungeing, with his 
 
VICE. 85 
 
 neck well bent, chin into chest, on the softest and most 
 tiring ground that is available. For myself, if I find 
 a horse vicious, I never think of combating him if it 
 can be helped, without having first reduced his vigour 
 a little ; and all horsemen who undertake to conquer 
 any seriously bad habits are recommended to consider 
 and adopt this practice, if indeed such is not already 
 their custom. 
 
 Kicking, to the horseman, is a matter of very trifling 
 consideration. He may either amuse himself by let- 
 ting the ebullition expend itself, or it may be stopped 
 by chucking up the horse's head and increasing the pace. 
 
 Kicking in Harness is a different affair, being gener- 
 ally the prelude to disaster, and must be guarded against. 
 — See page 58. 
 
 Kicking in the Stable. — Many animals, most gentle 
 in other respects, take inordinate fits of this practice, 
 and generally in the dead of night, as if to make up 
 for their usual quietude on all other occasions ; most 
 frequently they resort to the amusement without any 
 apparent cause of irritation whatever. They will do it 
 when alone or when in company ; while, were it not for 
 the capped hock and otherwise disfigured legs, as well 
 as the dilapidated stabling behind them, discovered in 
 the morning, you would think that " butter wouldn't 
 melt in their mouths." In other cases the habit pro- 
 ceeds from obvious bad temper or spite towards a 
 neighbour. There are many cures proposed for kick- 
 ing in the stable. One frequently successful is a round 
 log of wood, four or five inches long and about two in 
 diameter, with a staple at one end of it, through which 
 a chain two or three inches long is passed and attached 
 to a strap that buckles round the pastern (just above 
 
86 VICE. 
 
 the coronet) of one hind leg, or a log in this way to 
 each hind leg may be used if necessary. Another 
 means is to pad all parts of the stable that can be 
 reached by the hind feet. In many instances where 
 this plan is adopted, the animal, no longer hearing any 
 noise suggesting to his fancy resistance from behind, 
 will cease kicking altogether, from no other explainable 
 cause. For padding use some pads of hay or oaten 
 straw, covered with coarse canvass, and nailed to all 
 places within reach of his heels. Sometimes, where 
 the habit is supposed to arise from spite towards a 
 neighbour, a change of location will answer. In other 
 cases nothing but arming all parts of the stable within 
 reach with furze bushes, or other prickly repellants, 
 will succeed. 
 
 It will be well, in treating this vice, to try the rem- 
 edies here recommended in rotation ; first with the 
 otherwise quiet horse try the log, then the padding, 
 the change of location, and the prickly armour in suc- 
 cession. It is a remarkable fact that horses seldom 
 kick in the stable during daylight ; leaving a light in 
 the stable through the night may therefore effect a cure 
 where all else has failed ; but as light interferes with 
 sleep, it should be the very last resource. 
 
 Rearing is of little consequence in harness, and sel- 
 dom attempted to any extent ; but to the rider it is, in 
 my opinion, the most dangerous of all bad habits to 
 which a brute may be addicted. As I consider it 
 almost impossible for a horseman to cure a practised 
 rearer, my advice to the owner of such a beast would 
 be, instead of risking his life in the endeavour, to get 
 rid of him to some buyer, who will place him where, 
 in the penal servitude of harness, he may perhaps eke 
 
VICE. 87 
 
 out a useful existence. However, should accident place 
 you on a rearer, directly lie rises lay hold of the mane 
 with one hand ; this, while at once throwing your 
 weight forward where it should be, will enable you also 
 to completely slacken the reins, which is important. 
 
 No one need be ashamed to adopt this plan. I have 
 seen the best riders do so. 
 
 Vicious rearing may, on its first manifestation, be 
 sometimes checked by a determined and reckless rider 
 giving a well-directed blow on the ear with some bother- 
 ing missile ; but this is a venturesome proceeding, and 
 only in emergency should it be resorted to, as an ill- 
 directed blow is very likely to produce poll- evil, or 
 knock the sight out of an eye. 
 
 It is said that a bottle full of w r ater, broken on the 
 ear of a rearing horse, proves an effectual cure ; but 
 happily the danger to the rider during such treatment 
 of his bearer, is a strong guarantee against the frequent 
 adoption of this barbarous practice. In many cases 
 lowering one hand with the rein on that side when the 
 horse is just beginning to rise, will have the effect of 
 breaking the rear, the horse being urged forward with 
 the spur the instant his fore legs are down ; but if, 
 when he has gained anything like the perpendicular, 
 the rein or head be chucked, or by any misfortune in- 
 terfered with, the chances are that the brute will walk 
 about on his hind legs like a dancing dog, and most 
 likely finish by falling back on his rider. 
 
 A martingal is sometimes found to be a preventive, 
 especially a running one. 
 
 Jibbing. — The disposition to this vice is generally 
 called into action, in the first instance, by the fret con- 
 sequent on the abrasion of the neck by the collar, or by 
 
88 VICE. 
 
 the working of uneven traces (page 57). The use of a 
 saving-collar, and the careful adjustment of the traces, 
 may therefore obviate the propensity. 
 
 Sometimes jibbing is the effect of bad handling when 
 starting with a heavy load. Where such a disposition 
 evinces itself, the carriage should be pushed from be- 
 hind, or another horse placed beside, or, if possible, in 
 front of the jibber, to lead him off. 
 
 Shying may proceed from various causes, such as 
 defective sight, nervousness, or tricks ; thus it may be 
 the result of either constitutional infirmity or of vice. 
 From whatever cause proceeding, the proper way to 
 manage a shying horse is to turn his head away from 
 the object at which he shies, in riding, pressing the 
 spur to the same side to which his head is turned ; thus, 
 if the object he dislikes be on the right, turn his head 
 to the left, and press your left leg, giving him that 
 spur, and vice versa, according to the side on which the 
 object to be avoided is found. If you have to deal 
 with a bad shyer, your time being precious, and you 
 only care to get through your present ride with the 
 least unpleasantness possible, in addition to the above- 
 mentioned means, take him, if necessary, well by the 
 head, the reins in each hand, and saw or job his mouth 
 rather sharply, keeping Mm in rapid motion till you 
 pass the object. 
 
 Operating thus on his mouth severely, if necessary, 
 will engage his attention, and cheat him out of his ap- 
 prehension for the moment. It is bad horsem anship , (f 
 and dangerous besides, to force a horse's head towards 
 an offending object while in motion ; but if it is 
 particularly desirable that the animal should become 
 familiarised with anything of which he is shy, let him 
 
 '-■ . 
 
SELLING. 80 
 
 be brought to a standstill, and coaxed up gradually to 
 it, that he may assure himself of its harmlessness by 
 smelling and feeling it with his nose and lips, if possible. 
 Punishment by whip or spur — what is called " cram- 
 ming" him up to a thing — is a vile error. 
 
 When a horse is found to evince a confirmed objec- 
 tion to passing a particular place, and that he keeps 
 bolting and turning viciously in spite of all ordinary 
 efforts to prevent it, take him at his own fancy, and 
 keep turning and turning him till he is so tired of that 
 game that he will only be too glad to go forward past 
 the objectionable spot. A horse's sense of smelling is 
 very acute, and sometimes a dead animal in the ditch 
 or field by the side of the road, though unseen, will 
 cause an abrupt and very unseating sort of a shy, with 
 an ordinarily quiet beast of sensitive olfactory nerves. 
 
 SELLING. 
 
 If the horse you wish to dispose of be a fancy one, 
 either for beauty, action, or disposition, and a fancy 
 price be required, efforts must be made to obtain the 
 fancy customer to suit, and time and attention must be 
 devoted to that object. But if he be of the ordinary 
 useful class, unless a purchaser be found at once, let 
 the owner, directty he has made up his mind to part 
 with him, think of the best market available, whether 
 public auction, a fair, or private sale by commission. 
 
 The public auction, with a good description of the 
 animal's merits, if he has any, is the readiest and least 
 troublesome mode of disposing of all unsuitable pro- 
 perty ; and from my own experience, I should say that 
 
90 CAPRICE. 
 
 the better plan is to make up one's mind positively 
 to dispose of such the first time it is put up by the 
 auctioneer, having, of course, placed a reasonable and 
 rather low reserve price on it, and provided that the 
 sale be fairly attended by purchasers ; otherwise I should 
 not allow my property to be offered until a more favour- 
 able opportunity. 
 
 A valuable and fancy animal, if his owner is not 
 pressed to sell, had better be disposed of by full adver- 
 tisement and private sale at his own stable. It is bad 
 management to exhibit for sale an animal that is out of 
 condition ; it always pays to make your horse look as 
 well as possible before he meets the eye of a customer. 
 There is an old and true saying, "no meat sells so well 
 as horse meat" — of course animal flesh is here alluded to. 
 
 CAPEICE."" 
 
 All horsemen know how whimsical horses are, and 
 the best riders feel a certain amount of diffidence, and 
 even awkwardness, on beginning w r ith any new mount, 
 until a more perfect acquaintance is established between 
 man and horse. 
 
 A horseman w T ho identifies himself with his steed will 
 
 * A suggestion has been made by one of the ablest reviewers of 
 the first edition of this work, to add a chapter on caprices of horses ; 
 and doubtless such would be so extremely interesting, that the 
 temptation to insert notes under this head in my first edition was 
 only overcome by the determination to avoid being led into anecdote, 
 which has been strictly observed throughout, as being out of keep- 
 ing with the concise style in which it was intended that the book 
 should be produced. A few practical hints are, however, here 
 classed under the head of " Caprice." 
 
CAPRICE. 91 
 
 sometimes by a mere fluke hit off the means of having 
 his own way with a capricious though perhaps really 
 well-disposed animal, if one only knew the way to 
 manage him. 
 
 For instance, a first-class hunter of my own (Baronet), 
 whose excellent performance in the field, where I had 
 seen him tried, induced me to purchase him, soon gave 
 evidence of a peculiarity for which, unknown to me, 
 he had made himself remarkable. No ordinary means 
 could prevail upon him to go through any street of a 
 town except such as he pleased himself, of which he 
 gave me evidence the first day I had occasion to try him 
 in that way, walking on his hind legs directly his will 
 was disputed on the subject, even to the extent of a 
 mere pressure on the rein at the side he was required 
 to turn. In my difficulty, instinct prompted me to drop 
 the reins and gently direct his progress with the point 
 of the whip at the side of his nose, and in this way he 
 went ever after as quiet as a sheep with me. Having 
 discovered his caprice, I was always provided with a 
 handle of a whip or a switch of some kind for his bene- 
 fit. Riding him one day into Dycer's, an old acquaint- 
 ance of his, well aware of his propensity, exclaimed in 
 terms not complimentary to Baronet at my possession 
 of him, and was much amused when I told him my 
 simple method of managing this self-willed gentleman. 
 
 The same sort of what I can scarcely help terming 
 "instinct" that has often taught me, and doubtless 
 hundreds of other practical horsemen, to meet the whims 
 of their steeds so as to suit themselves, produced a vic- 
 tory somewhat similar to the foregoing over an animal 
 that, in the presence of a large assemblage interested in 
 his performance, most determinedly refused to trot. 
 
92 CAPRICE. 
 
 though ridden successively by the most skilled nags- 
 men Dycer's yard could produce, as well as by Dycer 
 himself. 
 
 I proposed to try my hand, and the animal at first 
 start pursued the same uneasy half-canter with me ; but 
 perceiving that he seemed particularly desirous to take 
 a drink from a trough that happened to be in the way, 
 I allowed his attention to be distracted by taking as 
 much water as he pleased from it ; and then turning 
 him in the opposite direction from that in which he had 
 so obstinately persisted in his own gait, patting and 
 doing all I could to reassure him, dropping the bit-rein 
 altogether, and taking a very light and lengthened hold 
 of the snaffle- rein, I let him move off at his own pace, 
 which, to the surprise of every one present (my own, I 
 admit, included), proved to be a walk, which he imme- 
 diately changed into a jog-trot all up the yard, winning 
 for me a bet of twenty sovereigns to one from the late 
 Edward Dycer, that the horse could not be made to trot 
 within a quarter of an hour of the rider mounting. 
 
 Now, it is only caprice that can account ^or the likes 
 and dislikes of horses about going lead or wheel in 
 four-in-hand. One horse will not stir till removed from 
 the wheel, and another will be equally unmanageable if 
 assigned the leader's part, while an exchange of places 
 will perhaps render both animals perfectly tractable. 
 
 In double harness it may sometimes be observed 
 that an animal, while working by itself, or with others 
 not faster, will casually show great spirit, but when 
 coupled with another possessing more life and action, 
 it will seem at once subdued from its former liveliness, 
 and go along like a slug, quite out of sorts at finding 
 itself outpaced, &c, while its more sprightly neighbour 
 
THE BREEDING OF GOOD HORSES. 93 
 
 will exhibit a double ebullition of spirits, as if in re- 
 proach to say, " Why can't you come on 1 " To prove 
 such cases of whimsicality further, replace the apparent 
 sluggard by coupling with our vivacious steed a more 
 lively and active animal, and you will see the latter in 
 his turn become subdued and "shut up," in comparison 
 with his previous sprightliness. 
 
 Again, although the animal is decidedly gregarious, 
 a horse, from some dislike to its companions or other 
 whim, will absolutely pine and cease to thrive in a stall 
 stabled with others, and be restored to its usual spirits 
 and health on removal to a loose-box. Such animals 
 are generally restless at night, and show great ability in 
 smashing their head-collars. 
 
 On the other hand, most horses like company, and 
 will pine away if kept alone. 
 
 These things should be studied. 
 
 IRISH HUNTERS, AND THE BREEDING OF 
 GOOD HORSES. 
 
 Much attention has latterly been attracted to the 
 deterioration in the superior breeds of horses, having 
 reference more to a decline of powder and endurance 
 than to diminished swiftness. 
 
 There is no reason why our old fame for breeding 
 good horses of every kind should not be maintained. 
 Unrelaxed attention must nevertheless be given to some 
 well-known and established rules respecting breeding, 
 and more marked encouragement might with advantage 
 be in every way afforded to the production and rearing 
 
94 IRISH HUNTERS, AND 
 
 of young animals of a superior and valuable description. 
 We would therefore suggest that prizes for young ones 
 should be more liberally and generally awarded at 
 exhibitions ; likewise a careful revision and alteration 
 of many of the present regulations in connection with 
 racing. 
 
 The importance of most careful scrutiny in selecting 
 the progenitors of horses can never be overrated ; and 
 though in Ireland experience has proved in many in- 
 stances that a good hunter can be produced from a dam 
 which, in England, would be considered too small, too 
 plain, the blood in both parents has invariably been of 
 the best. The mare, or perhaps her parents, might 
 have been half-starved — no uncommon result of the 
 scarcity of food during many successive years of adver- 
 sity among the poorer classes in the former country — 
 but her progenitors had been large powerful animals. 
 
 As, in the due course of things, it results in time that 
 every denomination of useful horse, excepting, perhaps, 
 the heavy dray and cart horse breeds, is influenced by 
 the characteristics transmitted more particularly to the 
 powerful, enduring, moderately fleet animal properly 
 designated the hunter, it is a subject of deep interest 
 to the community at large to know how the latter 
 should be produced. 
 
 The " Irish hunter" is admitted to possess in a re- 
 markable manner the qualities most desirable in a horse 
 of that or the generally useful class. Hardy, enduring, 
 courageous, strong, short -legged, short -backed, long- 
 sided, tolerably fast, but any deficiency in speed made 
 up for by jumping power; all action, able to jump any- 
 thing and everything; intuitive lovers of fencing; their 
 sagacity such that you have only to get on their backs 
 

 u , 
 
THE BREEDING OF GOOD HORSES. 95 
 
 and leave the rest to themselves; — under ordinary 
 circumstances it is almost impossible to throw these 
 animals. 
 
 Such is the breeding that I should be inclined to 
 cross with that of the powerful English race-horse as 
 sire, taking blood as nearly pure as possible in both 
 parents, for the purpose of securing valuable stock, 
 which would in time be dispersed over the country, 
 and replace the progeny of those weedy thorough-breds 
 which, in Ireland especially, have done much towards 
 the decline in power and endurance of the present 
 generation of so-called Irish hunters. The parentage 
 might, of course, be reversed between sire and dam. 
 
 As to the question of climate, any one really inter- 
 ested in discovering its possible effects might be curious 
 to know what would characterise the produce of a high- 
 bred English racer and Irish huntress foaled and reared 
 in France. 
 
 As far as we can judge from the peculiarities of those 
 horses with which we are most familiar, extremes of 
 either heat or cold are unfavourable to the development 
 of size; whereas, under both conditions, a vast amount 
 of endurance seems to be natural. 
 
 The Norwegian and the Arab, differing materially in 
 point of swiftness, are both notorious for endurance. 
 The plodding perseverance of the first is well known ; 
 while the Arab, ridden at an even gait with a fair 
 weight, will go with impunity a greater distance, at a 
 rate of eighteen to twenty miles an hour, than the best 
 European can do. In sporting language, the Arab can 
 "stay " better than the European. 
 
 Arab breeders rarely offer a really high-bred animal 
 for sale under four, and generally five, years of age ; 
 
96 IRISH HUNTERS, AND 
 
 hence he cannot receive the education bestowed upon 
 the European racer, who, before he is three, often at 
 less than two, years of age, is taught by the most 
 scientific riders in the world to "go from the post" at 
 very nearly top speed — a species of training that some- 
 times results in his beating horses which are really 
 superior in every respect except that of being ready at 
 starting, and capable of putting on their best speed at 
 once. Besides, in those hot climates the young animal 
 has not the advantage of a soft elastic turf, so essential 
 to training, nor has he the assistance of proper trainers 
 and jockeys. 
 
 It is much to be regretted that the breeders of Arabia 
 cannot be tempted, for almost any price, to part with 
 truly high-bred mares, wisely retaining them to breed 
 for the benefit of their native land. 
 
 Warmth of climate seems thus, as instanced in the 
 Arab, to favour swiftness and endurance; though, on 
 the other hand, we may point to the mild, moist, but 
 scarcely warm climate of our islands, as having fostered 
 the production of animals possessing these qualities in 
 the first degree, in addition to size and power beyond 
 those of the Arab. 
 
 France has latterly, since the introduction of pure 
 blood, produced some splendid horses ; but time must 
 tell whether the perfections of these animals are as 
 lasting as those of others whose early growth may not 
 have been so much forced by a more genial climate. 
 Therefore, as far as we know at present, the climate of 
 England is as favourable as that of any other land to 
 the production and development of perfection in the 
 horse, the specimens of which that she has presented 
 being hitherto unsurpassed. 
 
THE BREEDING OF GOOD HORSES. 97 
 
 It would appear that we make a serious mistake in 
 not providing greater encouragement to breeders and 
 purchasers of yearlings and two-years-old of the dif- 
 ferent descriptions. A decided advantage would, we 
 think, result from competition among these classes at 
 horse-shows, due care being necessarily given to placing 
 them in a situation specially adapted for them, and 
 where they would be free from noise and excitement. 
 Nothing would tend more to incite to the careful breeding 
 of horses among farmers than the possibility of obtain- 
 ing handsome prizes, and thereby securing the prospect 
 of early remuneration ; while the opportunity for market 
 afforded by these exhibitions would present additional 
 inducements to the rearing and purchase of young 
 animals. Having in view the encouragement of a 
 superior breed of horses, it is beginning at the wrong 
 end not to support it, in the first place, by allotting at 
 such meetings the most numerous and valuable prizes 
 to the babies. 
 
 Fortunately the ventilation given to this important 
 subject of the deterioration in our horses, more espe- 
 cially in that particular class denominated the Irish 
 hunter, has aroused the interest of the country at large, 
 and already led to more earnest efforts on the part of 
 the landed proprietors and breeders to regain lost 
 ground. 
 
 It ought to be borne in mind that the light weights 
 allowed by the present racing laws for Queen's plates 
 are, as examples for weighting in other races, most per- 
 nicious. These grants from the Crown were originally 
 bestowed with the view to encourage the raising of 
 strong thorough-breds, capable of carrying twelve stone 
 sometimes for four or even five mile heats ; therefore 
 
98 IRISH HUNTERS, AND 
 
 the present arrangement of weights is positively, how- 
 ever unintentionally, a misapplication of those public 
 funds. 
 
 It is probably to the turfmen that the change in the 
 character of steeplechasing is greatly due ; they found 
 it their interest gradually to alter the weights and dis- 
 tances, so as to bring profitably into play their second 
 and third rate beaten race-horses. Steeplechases were 
 not intended for these latter, whose perfection is in 
 proportion to their speed. Pace is not the chief desid- 
 eratum in hunters, to prove the qualities of which 
 steeple or castle chases were instituted ; power and 
 endurance are at least as essential : and it is contrary 
 to the law of nature, as well as of mechanics, to com- 
 bine a maximum of speed with that of power, and vice 
 versa. Either will preponderate to the detriment of 
 the other. 
 
 The difficulties, natural and artificial, presented by 
 the general face of the country in Ireland, have no 
 doubt contributed to the development of those qualities 
 which render the Irish hunter so valuable. The style 
 of fence is continually varied ; and in the course of a 
 run there will be encountered double ditches, with a 
 narrow or wide bank, single ones, stone walls, brooks, 
 bullfinches, gates, wide drains, and occasionally posts 
 and rails, or iron palings — hurdles being, however, of 
 rare occurrence ; but the horse that can master the 
 above impediments to his course will soon find out 
 how to jump a hurdle. 
 
 The Irish colt has sometimes also a kind of training 
 not expressly designed for him by his owner ; for being 
 not unfrequently left with other animals in a field 
 affording an insufficient supply of grass for them all, 
 
/ 
 
 \ 
 
THE BREEDING OF GOOD HORSES. 99 
 
 he undertakes to prove the truth of the proverb that 
 hunger will break through stone walls, by jumping 
 over if not through one to obtain more or better food. 
 
 Transplanted to England, the accomplished Irish 
 hunter often finds himself tested in a manner strange 
 to him ; the rate of speed is greater than he has been 
 accustomed to, for the Green Isle has not yet adopted 
 generally the extremely swift pace of hounds now so 
 much in vogue in England, and is thence, as regards 
 the hounds and the horses, in unquestionably the most 
 sportsmanlike condition. It was never intended that 
 hunting should become steeplechasing ; and the unnat- 
 ural pace to which hounds are now forced causes them 
 often to overrun the scent after they have got away ; 
 then, when at fault, the entire ruck of the field have an 
 opportunity of coming up, to be, of course, once more 
 distanced, at the repeated sacrifice of the sound prin- 
 ciples of hunting, and to the disadvantage of the true 
 breed of hunters. 
 
 If breeders of horses would give their full attention 
 to the pursuit, there is no reason why they should not 
 be as successful in producing the best description of 
 every class of this animal, as breeders of sheep and 
 cattle are in their line. By judicious crossing, animals 
 can be secured with any peculiar characteristics that 
 may be desired ; and for the encouragement of energy 
 and exertion in this direction, we may remind our 
 readers that there is now so much competition for the 
 possession of first-class horses, that our Continental 
 neighbours constantly outbid us, having learned to 
 value them even more than we do who have been suf- 
 fering our best sires to be bought up and removed 
 from their native soil to improve the foreign stock. It 
 
100 THE BREEDING OF GOOD HORSES. 
 
 is not impossible that, circumstances having directed 
 so much attention to this subject, good will in this as 
 in many other cases spring out of evil, and the foster- 
 ing of valuable breeds of horses will become a more 
 widely-recognised source of emolument than it has 
 been for many years past, regaining, likewise, its proper 
 standing among Britons as a matter of deep national 
 interest and importance. 
 
PAET II. 
 
 DISEASES. 
 
 When I had nearly completed this little manual, 
 chance placed in my way a valuable work called the 
 1 Illustrated Horse - Doctor,' by Edward Mayhew, 
 M.E.C.V.S., which has borne me out in many of my 
 opinions regarding various diseases, and given me 
 some useful elucidation as to the latest approved 
 treatment of some ailments. 
 
 I would strenuously recommend the work for its 
 simplicity and usefulness to country gentlemen and 
 other owners of valuable horses who can afford to pur- 
 chase it j they would derive great assistance from it, 
 not only as far as regards the written matter, but also 
 from the spirited and very characteristic illustrations, 
 exemplifying more clearly than any description pos- 
 sibly can do, matters connected with the treatment of 
 horses under disease. 
 
 As to this little work, any remedy herein advised to 
 be used, without reference to competent authorities, is 
 
102 OPERATIONS. 
 
 practical and may be depended on, though intended to 
 be harmless in any event. 
 
 However, every one must be aware that doctors will 
 differ, and some who are critics may have pet theories 
 of their own, which they might here and there prefer 
 to parts of the practice here recommended. 
 
 It may be borne in mind, nevertheless, that diseases, 
 like politics, with time and occasion are liable to change 
 their character. 
 
 Many diseases are far more easily prevented than 
 cured ; and I must, in the very first instance, protest 
 against the unnatural and injurious warmth by heated 
 foul air, so much advocated by grooms, as a means of 
 giving condition, to produce which, food, work, and air 
 are the safe and natural agents. 
 
 Wherever a means of avoiding any disease herein 
 touched upon has suggested itself, it is prominently 
 set forth, in just appreciation of the golden rule, that 
 "prevention is better than cure." 
 
 OPERATIONS. 
 
 As all painful operations can now be performed under 
 the influence of chloroform, the least compensation an 
 owner can make to his poor beast for the tortures he is 
 put to, in order to enhance his value and usefulness to 
 his master, is to lay an injunction on the professional 
 attendant to make use of this merciful provision, in 
 cases where severe pain must otherwise be inflicted on 
 the animal. 
 
 Rarey's method of casting for operations, or when 
 a horse is so extremely unruly as to require to be 
 
OPERATIONS. 103 
 
 thrown down, may be thus quoted from his own 
 directions : — 
 
 " Everything that we want to teach a horse must be 
 commenced in some way to give him an idea of what 
 you want him to do, and then be repeated till he learns 
 perfectly. 
 
 " To make a horse lie down, bend his left fore-leg and 
 slip a loop over it, so that he cannot get it down. Then 
 put a surcingle round his body, and fasten one end of 
 a long strap around the other fore-leg, just above the 
 hoof. Place the other end under the surcingle so as 
 to keep the strap in the right direction ; take a short 
 hold of it with your right hand ; stand on the left side 
 of the horse ; grasp the bit in your left hand ; pull 
 steadily on the strap with your right ; bear against his 
 shoulder till you cause him to move. As soon as he 
 lifts his weight, your pulling will raise the other foot, 
 and he will have to come on his knees. 
 
 " Keep the strap tight in your hand, so that he can- 
 not straighten his leg if he rises up. Hold him in 
 this position, and turn his head towards you ; bear 
 against his side with your shoulder, not hard, but with 
 a steady equal pressure, and in about ten minutes he 
 will be down. As soon as he lies down he will be 
 completely conquered, and you can handle him at your 
 pleasure. 
 
 " Take off the straps and straighten out his legs; rub 
 him lightly about the face and neck with your hand 
 the way the hair lies ; handle all his legs, and after he 
 has lain ten or twenty minutes let him get up again. 
 After resting him a short time make him lie down and 
 get up as before. Repeat the operation three or four 
 times, which will be sufficient for one lesson. 
 
104 TO GIVE A BALL. 
 
 " Give him two lessons a-day ; and when you have 
 given him four lessons he will lie down by taking hold 
 of one foot. As soon as he is Avell broken to lie down 
 in this way, tap him on the opposite leg with a stick 
 when you take hold of his foot, and in a few days he 
 will lie down from the mere motion of the stick." 
 
 For the purpose of handling horses more easily 
 without casting them, when slight operations have to 
 be performed, a twitch is used, made by 7 or 8 inches 
 of cord formed into a noose, which is attached to about 
 2 feet of a strong stick. The noose is placed on the 
 upper lip of the horse, and by turning the stick round 
 and round, it is tightened. The pain thus occasioned 
 to the animal subdues him to bear almost anything, 
 and he can thus be subjected to minor operations 
 while standing, but it is also as well to place a cloth 
 over his eyes to prevent his being too well informed of 
 what is going on, — a precaution which may be used 
 with advantage under various other circumstances, such 
 as measuring the height, when the sight of the size- 
 measure as placed against his shoulder might alarm 
 him; — in fact, upon any occasion when it may be desir- 
 able that a horse should not be aware of what is 
 passing around him ; for instance, if he is unwilling to 
 go on board ship or into a horse-van. 
 
 TO GIVE A BALL. 
 
 Turn the animal round in the stall so as to have his 
 head to the light, making the least possible fuss or 
 noise. 
 
 Stand on a stool on the off side, and, gently putting 
 
TO GIVE A DRENCH. 105 
 
 your hand in the mouth, draw the tongue a little out ; 
 place the fingers of the left hand over it, and keep it 
 firmly in this position by pressure against the jaiv — 
 not holding the tongue by itself, as a restless horse, by 
 suddenly drawing back or sideways while his tongue is 
 tightly held, may seriously injure himself. 
 
 The ball, having been oiled to cause it to pass easily, 
 is to be taken between the tips of the fingers of the 
 right hand, and then, making the hand as small as pos- 
 sible, pass the ball up the mouth by the roof to avoid 
 injury from the teeth. Directly the ball is landed well 
 up on the root of the tongue, take away that hand, and 
 as soon as it is out of the mouth, let the left hand re- 
 lease the tongue, which, in the act of being drawn to 
 its proper place, will help the ball down. 
 
 An assistant standing at the near side may be useful 
 to hand the ball to the operator, and to gently keep the 
 jaws open while the ball is being given. 
 
 Have a warm drink ready to give immediately after 
 the ball is taken. 
 
 It may be remarked that in racing stables, where 
 such things are generally well done, young and small 
 boys will, quite alone, coolly take spirited, and often 
 vicious animals, and in the most gentle manner ad- 
 minister the ball, unsuspected by the beast himself, 
 who is hardly made aware of the operation he is under- 
 going. 
 
 To give a Drench. — Turn the animal round in his 
 stall as in administering a ball. Use a cow's horn, the 
 wide end having been closed up by a tinman. 
 
 Pour in the liquid at the narrow end, the mouth of 
 which should be an inch in diameter. 
 
 The operator, standing on the off side, should have 
 
106 PUEGING. 
 
 an assistant ; both should be tall, or make themselves 
 so by standing on firm stools or a form. 
 
 The assistant must raise the horse's head till his 
 mouth is above the level of his forehead, and keep it 
 in that elevated position steadily while the drench is 
 administered — such position being necessary to facilitate 
 the passage of the liquid down the throat by its own 
 gravity, the tongue not being here an available agent, 
 as with the ball. 
 
 The operator, taking the wide end of the horn in his 
 right hand, can steady and assist himself by holding 
 the upper jaw with his left, and, leaving the tongue at 
 liberty, will discharge the drench from the horn below 
 the root of the tongue if possible. 
 
 A proper drenching-horn should be always kept at 
 hand, and be well cleaned after use. 
 
 A glass bottle should never on any account be sub- 
 stituted for the proper instrument. 
 
 PURGING. 
 
 Whenever an animal accustomed to high feeding and 
 hard work is from any cause laid by, it is most desir- 
 able (in pursuance of the golden rule that prevention 
 is better than cure) to take such opportunity to relax 
 the hitherto tightly-strung bow, by administering a 
 mild purge. 
 
 The object of this precaution is, that the absorbents, 
 having been accustomed to a perpetual call as the result 
 of perspiration induced by work, are liable, when the 
 beast is left at rest for several days, and this call is 
 thus discontinued, to take on unhealthy action, and 
 
PURGING. 107 
 
 engender diseases, the most fatal of which is that 
 scourge " Farcy." 
 
 How many a fine horse, to all appearance in the best 
 condition, have I seen stricken with this fell malady, 
 from no other accountable cause than that which it is 
 hereby proposed to guard against ; besides, every one 
 knows that any animal kept at rest and fed up is more 
 predisposed to all kinds of inflammatory attacks, and 
 when thus visited the system more readily succumbs. 
 
 More than this, every practical man is aware that an 
 occasional aloetic purge improves the health, condition, 
 and vigour of a horse. 
 
 It seems as if the aloes acted as a powerful tonic and 
 renovator as well as purge. 
 
 What trainer will think of putting a lusty or ill-con- 
 ditioned animal into " fettle " without employing this 
 purge as a partial means 1 
 
 It is very dangerous to give a purging medicine to 
 a horse without first preparing the bowels by relaxing 
 them moderately with bran mashes. 
 
 This is best done by giving about three or four 
 sloppy mashes, three in the course of the day preceding 
 the administration of the purge (reducing the quantity 
 of hay to one-third the usual amount), and one the first 
 thing next morning, no water or hay being given before- 
 hand that clay; about two or three hours after the mash, 
 administer the purge, giving just before and after it as 
 much warm water as the beast will drink. 
 
 No hay should be allowed this clay or night, but as 
 many sloppy mashes as will be accepted should be 
 given. 
 
 Give two hours' brisk walking exercise in clothes 
 about six or eight hours after the administration of the 
 
108 PURGING. 
 
 purge, and next morning, after a mash and watering 
 (always with warm water), two more hours of the same 
 exercise in clothes ; but be careful not to sweat the 
 horse. — See page 155. 
 
 If the evacuations be fully free, less exercise is neces- 
 sary; otherwise, in a couple of hours repeat the walking 
 at a brisk pace. When the desired effect of the medi- 
 cine has been satisfactorily produced, hay and corn may 
 be gradually resorted to. 
 
 While an animal is under the operation of purgative 
 medicine the water and mashes should be warmed, and 
 the body well protected jrom cold by clothing and the 
 exclusion of draughts. 
 
 The ordinary purge, consisting of Barbadoes aloes 4 
 drachms, extract gentian 2 drachms, is mixed into a 
 mass by any chemist. With some delicate horses, sub- 
 ject to looseness, this purge may be too strong, and 
 should be reduced by a drachm of aloes and half a 
 drachm of gentian. 
 
 On the contrary, with large horses of a full habit, 5 
 drachms of Barbadoes aloes, or even more, may be ne- 
 cessary, with 2 drachms of gentian. In all cases where 
 there is reason to suppose that the mucous surfaces of 
 the alimentary canal may be in a state of irritation, it 
 is much safer to give linseed-oil, say a pint at a time, 
 to which may be added, if speedy purging be essential, 
 twenty drops of croton oil. 
 
 The use of old dry hay will be found the most simple 
 and ready primary resource to stop purging and steady 
 the action of the bowels, and a very little bruised oats 
 may also be given in such cases. 
 
 Should the purge appear to gripe, copious clysters of 
 warm water will afford relief. 
 
DISEASES OF THE HEAD, ETC. 109 
 
 THE PULSE 
 
 is easily found by placing the two forefingers under the 
 middle of the horse's jowl or cheek-bone. The novice 
 can feel about here till he discovers pulsation, and hav- 
 ing once made himself acquainted with its seat, he will 
 be the better able to judge of a horse when apparently 
 out of sorts. 
 
 Inside the forearm, and in other spots, the pulse is 
 equally superficial, but under the edge of the cheek-bone 
 is the most convenient place to find it, or at the temple. 
 
 A horse's pulse in health beats from about 32 to 38 
 a minute — the smaller the animal the faster the circula- 
 tion will be. 
 
 In brain affections the pulse is slower than natural , 
 it is quickest in inflammation of the serous and fibrous 
 membranes — much slower in the mucous ones. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE HEAD AND RESPIRATORY 
 ORGANS. 
 
 Glanders. — As there is really no cure for this horrible 
 disease, I will not attempt any dissertation upon it, but, 
 merely referring to the remarks upon nasal gleet, page 
 116, advise all, whenever they have the least suspicion 
 about the latter, to consult a veterinary surgeon imme- 
 diately. 
 
 The only preventive against the disease is to keep 
 and work your horses in a reasonable manner, give 
 them plenty of pure air at all times, and to guard them 
 as carefully as possible from contagion. 
 
110 DISEASES OF THE HEAD 
 
 Sore Eyes should be treated mildly by stuping with 
 tepid water, and the use of laxatives, as mashes, green 
 food, or a mild purge, according to the severity of the 
 case. Keep in darkness. If the affection is acute, con- 
 sult a professional veterinary surgeon. 
 
 Common Cold and Influenza. — It should be remem- 
 bered that cold air seldom gives cold, but rather its 
 action upon the exhalent vessels of the skin when they 
 are under the process of sweat, and when the exercise 
 that produced the latter has ceased. The superficial 
 action of a low temperature then proyes an astringent, 
 clogging the small exhalent and exuding vessels, and 
 by the derangement of the whole animal system, imme- 
 diately affects the respiratory organs, producing more or 
 less fever. 
 
 When disease is thus contracted, it is self-evident 
 that the best way to meet it is by forcing these small 
 vessels into exudation (or sweat) as rapidly as pos- 
 sible, which may readily be done by exercise and 
 clothing upon the very first suspicion that a chill has 
 been taken, and before the animal is positively affect- 
 ed. Once, however, that the debility or feverish 
 symptoms incidental to the disease are manifesting 
 themselves, active but entirely different measures must 
 be resorted to. 
 
 The premonitory symptoms of cold, and that scourge 
 of the stud, influenza, are, refusal of corn, staring coat, 
 dull eyes, at first a thin and soon a purulent discharge 
 from one or both nostrils, with more or less cough ; 
 pulse wired, sometimes very weak, but if highly in- 
 flammatory symptoms be present, thin and rapid. 
 
 Under these circumstances, if a professional veteri- 
 nary surgeon is procurable, the case should be referred 
 
AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Ill 
 
 to liim ; but rather than suffer an ordinary farrier to 
 deal with the animal, I will take the liberty in this, as 
 in other cases, to offer simple remedies that can do no 
 harm, and have in my own experience been beneficial. 
 
 Bleeding is admissible only in extreme cases, and 
 under professional advice, at the commencement of an 
 inflammatory attack, in affections of the brain, or 
 serous and fibrous membranes — not in mucous ones. 
 In cases, however, of sudden pulmonary congestion, or 
 apoplexy of the lungs, general depletion is indicated. 
 Blood-letting should never be had recourse to in dis- 
 temper or influenza* neither should purging be thought 
 of in such cases, as it lowers the system, which, on the 
 contrary, requires all the sustaining power possible. 
 
 Give at once in the most inviting small mash of 
 bran, or in the form of a ball, — 
 
 2 drachms of nitre ; 
 
 giving little or no hay, and nothing but warm mashes 
 of bran or linseed, if they will be taken. If the symp- 
 toms are urgent, give in a ball, — 
 
 3 drachms of nitre, with 
 1 drachm of camphor. 
 
 Also well hand-rub, with a liniment composed of equal 
 parts spirits of turpentine and oil mixed, all under the 
 windpipe, the gullet, within three inches of the ear, 
 by the parotid glands, and inside the jowls. Use the 
 liniment twice the first day if the symptoms are severe, 
 and once each day subsequently — abating its use ac- 
 cording to the disappearance of the disease. 
 
 The horse should be placed if possible in a loose-box, 
 
 * A little Avork on blood-letting, by Professor Hugh Ferguson of 
 Dublin, is well worthy of consultation on the subject. 
 
112 DISEASES OF THE HEAD. 
 
 and being kept warm with plenty of sheets, hoods, and 
 bandages, the door and window of his stable should 
 be thrown open during a considerable portion of the 
 warmer part of the day, to give him irtenty of fresh 
 pure air. 
 
 The head should be kept as pendant as possible, in 
 order to induce the throwing of the nasal discharge, 
 which will be further assisted by steaming the nostrils, 
 using a very large nose-bag (if possible of haircloth), 
 half -filled with common yellow deal sawdust, having 
 an ounce of spirits of turpentine well mixed through 
 it ; or better, hot bran mashes, of which the poor beast 
 may be tempted to pick a little when first applied. 
 
 Either application must be kept at a high tempera- 
 ture by the frequent addition of hot water. 
 
 The nose-bag must be used several times a -day — 
 kept on for twenty minutes at a time, and never suf- 
 fered to remain on the animal till its contents (which 
 should of course be frequently changed) become cold or 
 offensive. Or the nostrils may be steamed as well, in 
 a more simple way, thus : — Fill a bucket full of hay, 
 stamp it down with the foot, pour boiling water upon 
 it, renew the boiling water every ten minutes. Let a 
 man hold the horse's head in the bucket over the steam 
 for about half an hour at a time, three or four times 
 a-day. 
 
 As recovery progresses, gradually resume ordinary 
 feeding — remembering that in this, as in all cases of 
 illness where the constitution has been debilitated, it 
 has to be carefully rebuilt by food and suitable exercise 
 to fit the animal for work. It should be borne in mind 
 that respiratory diseases appear to be very contagious^ 
 for which reason, if for no other, the patient on the 
 
AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 113 
 
 first outbreak of distemper should be removed away 
 from the rest of the stud to a loose-box, if practicable; 
 the stall he leaves should be cleansed, and all his uten- 
 sils kept rigidly separate. 
 
 White-wash and chloride of lime are useful and simple 
 as disinfectants. 
 
 This disease is more easily prevented than cured, and 
 horse-owners do well to avoid leaving an animal when 
 heated, or after exercise, standing unclothed in the cold 
 or in a chilly draught. Also be careful about trans- 
 ferring a horse suddenly from total exposure at grass, 
 or from a healthy airy stable to an ill-ventilated and 
 crowded one. 
 
 Though influenza or distemper are often considered 
 to be epidemic, contagion should be, as before observed, 
 most carefully guarded against. Some professional men 
 hold these two designations to represent distinct dis- 
 eases. In influenza the animal becomes speedily at- 
 tenuated, and the whole system appears disordered and 
 debilitated, occasionally with lameness, as if from fever 
 of the feet. 
 
 There is generally one mark which may be permitted 
 to be peculiar as distinguishing some forms of influen- 
 za, particularly in certain seasons during its prevalence, 
 which is that of the mucous surfaces assuming a yellow 
 colour all over the body, and the white of the eye being 
 also tinged with that hue. 
 
 When influenza assumes a serious character, the pro- 
 fessional man must be left to deal with it ; but pending 
 the arrival of such assistance, the treatment here re- 
 commended can do no harm, the primary seat of the 
 disease being that of the respiratory organ. 
 
 Laryngitis, Bronchitis, Pleurisy. — I will not at- 
 H 
 
114 DISEASES OF THE HEAD 
 
 tempt to enter into descriptions or prescribe separate 
 modes of treatment for these and other diseases of the 
 respiratory organs, such delicate distinctions belonging 
 exclusively to the professional man ; but while await- 
 ing his advice, the treatment recommended for common 
 cold and influenza can do no harm in any attacks of 
 the upper air-passages ; and when the lungs or cavity 
 of the chest appear to be affected, that advised as 
 follows for inflammation of the lungs is equally harm- 
 less : — 
 
 Inflammation of the Lungs or Pneumonia is indi- 
 cated by great prostration and high fever, heaving of the 
 flanks (an evidence of great internal anguish) ; the legs 
 are spread out to their fullest extent, as if to prop up 
 the body and prevent it from falling ; the breathing is 
 difficult, and respiration quick ; extremities cold; pulse 
 quick and hard, like wire to the touch; a look of pain 
 and wretchedness marks the countenance.* 
 
 Such symptoms can be safely treated by a profes- 
 sional man only ; but if his services cannot possibly be 
 procured, rub in a powerful mustard poultice over the 
 lungs, the seat of which I cannot better describe to the 
 uninitiated than as situated beneath that portion of a 
 horse's surface which would be covered by a saddle if 
 placed on his belly directly underneath the situation it 
 would have occupied on his back, the pommel being 
 close to the fore legs, omitting to blister the portion of 
 the belly which would be covered by the cantel of the 
 saddle when reversed, but continuing the blister be- 
 tween the fore legs to the front of the chest. 
 
 * The difference between this disease and attacks of the lower 
 viscera is, that the animal does not kick about, but generally stands 
 as if hopeless and helpless. 
 
AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 115 
 
 The hair need not be clipped off before the applica- 
 tion of this poultice. Give every six hours, till the 
 arrival of the veterinary surgeon, from 30 to 40 grains 
 of ordinary grey powder mixed and administered in the 
 form of a ball.* Or, in place of grey powder, give 
 Fleming's tincture of aconite, eight drops every hour in 
 half a pint of cold water, until the arrival of a veterin- 
 ary surgeon. 
 
 Let the animal have an additional quantity of the 
 purest air, with an increased supply of clothing, and in 
 cold weather the temperature should be slightly mode- 
 rated. The symptoms of recovery are denoted by grad- 
 ual cessation of heaving at the flanks ; the extremities 
 getting warmer ; the pulse less quick — softer to feel ; 
 and the animal appearing more lively. 
 
 His strength must be kept up after the first day or 
 two by drenches of gruel, till mashes will be accepted. 
 
 Cough, as before observed, generally accompanies in- 
 fluenza, distemper, and common cold, but thero are 
 instances where cough may be present with little or no 
 fever or other derangement, in which case change of 
 food from corn to bran or linseed mashes, with a limited 
 allowance of wetted hay or chaff, may be sufficient to 
 cure. 
 
 As a rule, grooms should understand that when cough- 
 ing is heard, they are to give bran or linseed mashes 
 till further orders • nor should an animal suffering from 
 
 * Practical men will tell you that the readiest and best way to 
 mix grey powder, as water will not make it adhere, is with saliva in 
 the palm of the hand, from whence it is transferred by a blunt knife 
 to the horse's tongue near the root, the tongue being drawn out for 
 the purpose. I can vouch for the efficacy of this not very elegant 
 proceeding where expedition is an object, having witnessed it 
 myself. 
 
116 DISEASES OF THE HEAD 
 
 cough be expected to do any but very light work or 
 exercise (every care being taken to avoid his being 
 chilled), bran mashes not affording sufficient sustenance 
 to do heavy work upon. 
 
 No person or owner should be satisfied with the state 
 of his horses' health while they cough. Linseed mashes 
 daily (page 23) will be found excellent to ease and cure 
 cough, also carrots and green food ; but when the cough 
 is accompanied by fever, or other symptoms of ailment, 
 treat as for influenza, distemper, cold, or sore throat, as 
 the indications of derangement may direct you. 
 
 Nasal Gleet may possibly be occasioned by protracted 
 irritation of diseased molar teeth ; but if persistent, 
 especially of a thin, ichorous, glairy, or size-like char- 
 acter, and confined to one nostril, generally the left, 
 the glands under the jaw being swollen and tender, the 
 Schneiderian membrane or mucous lining of the nose 
 having a dull, pale, or leaden hue, it should be looked 
 on with suspicion, particularly if confined to one nostril, 
 and more so if the discharge adhere round the rim of 
 it. Cough is seldom present with glanders. 
 
 In such cases consult a veterinary surgeon without a 
 moment's delay, and be careful to prevent any part of 
 your own body, or that of any other person, coming in 
 contact with such a discharge. It is very probably in- 
 cipient glanders of the most insidious and dangerous 
 character. 
 
 To more clearly distinguish the dangerous from the 
 harmless gleet, it may be remarked that when the dis- 
 charge is thick and purulent, yellow, and in full flow, 
 and without a disposition to adhere to the nostril, 
 though the most alarming in appearance, it is least to 
 be apprehended, proceeding naturally from a heavy 
 
AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 117 
 
 cold in the head, which, however, should of course 
 meet with immediate attention. — (See " Cold, Influ- 
 enza," page 110.) For the prevention of nasal gleet, 
 observe the same precautions as those recommended 
 against cold, &c. (page 109), and keep your horses as 
 much as possible to themselves. 
 
 In travelling, horses run great risks, and, of course, 
 such diseases are less likely to be contracted in first- 
 class hostelries than in inferior and hack stabling. 
 
 Poll-Evil is generally occasioned by a bruise on the 
 head, behind the ears, near the neck, by pressure of the 
 head-stall, &c. (see " Haltering," page 16), when, if great 
 care be not exercised to cure the sore promptly, sinuses 
 or cavities will form, eating away into the more import- 
 ant parts of the adjacent structure. Here, also, unless 
 an immediate cure be effected by the means directed 
 for the treatment of sores (see " Water-dressing," page 
 160, and "Zinc Lotion/' page 158), accompanied with 
 the removal of the head-stall or any aggravating pres- 
 sure, the veterinary surgeon ought to be consulted at 
 once. 
 
 Avoiding the causes will be the best preventive of 
 this disease. 
 
 Shivering Fits in general precede or are the com- 
 mencement of a feverish attack ; therefore, in such cases, 
 no heating food must be allowed. Substitute hot 
 mashes, increase the clothing, and administer a febri- 
 fuge, as nitre, 2 drachms, repeated in two hours. Or, 
 if nitre in the mash will not be accepted, give two 
 ounces of sweet spirits of nitre in half a pint of cold 
 water. 
 
 Shivers in the stable, proceeding from nervous sensi- 
 bility, are frequently the result of recent excitement, 
 
118 DISEASES OF THE HEAD 
 
 caused by a band, an organ, or other unusual noise, or 
 even by the sudden entrance of the beast's own attend- 
 ant, the bounding of a cat, &c. 
 
 Strangles generally attacks young horses about the 
 age of maturity, or when first stabled. Debility grad- 
 ually possesses them ; the throat, and particularly the 
 parotid glands under the ears, are sore and swelled, 
 tending to distinguish this disease from ordinary cold 
 and influenza ; a discharge from the nose is also present. 
 The sooner the suppurative process can be induced in 
 the throat the better. 
 
 For this purpose rub in turpentine and oil (one part 
 turpentine to two parts oil) once or twice a-day, which, 
 when the skin becomes tender, must be carefully done 
 with a sponge. 
 
 When the suppuration is ripe, a professional man 
 should let it out with a knife, and recovery speedily 
 ensues. 
 
 As great debility is attendant on this disease, the 
 system should be kept up by bruised and scalded corn, 
 and the appetite tempted in every way by green meats, 
 minced carrots, &c, if requisite. Plenty of air is also 
 essential. 
 
 It ought to be superfluous to remark that under such 
 circumstances neither bleeding, purging, nor reducing 
 means of any kind should be adopted, the bowels being 
 merely kept open by bran and occasional linseed mashes, 
 which will assist the mucous surfaces. The chill to be 
 taken off the drink. 
 
 Soreness of the Throat frequently accompanies dis- 
 temper or cold, and is indicated by want of appetite, 
 constant endeavour to swallow the saliva, difficulty in 
 imbibing liquids, which, instead of going down the 
 
AND RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 119 
 
 throat, appear to be returned through the nostrils, noisy 
 gulping, &c 
 
 Eub the throat at once with a mixture of equal parts 
 turpentine and oil, and keep up the irritation on the 
 skin. 
 
 Administer 2 drachms of nitre once or twice the first 
 twenty-four hours, the animal being, of course, laid by 
 from all work, and placed in a loose-box ; let him be 
 fed on bran and linseed mashes, and given green food, 
 carrots, and anything that will tempt his appetite. 
 
 Avoid purging, bleeding, or anything that will lower 
 the system — a rule to be most particularly observed in 
 all diseases of the respiratory organs, unless severe in- 
 flammation be present, when a professional man only 
 can judge to what extent the lowering process may be 
 necessary. 
 
 Broken Wind is caused by a large number of the air- 
 cells of the lungs becoming fused, as it were, into one 
 large air-cell, thus diminishing the aerating surface, 
 and rendering the lungs weaker. It is indicated by a 
 sudden inspiration and a long, almost double, expira- 
 tion ; the flanks and abdomen are observed to suddenly 
 fall down, instead of being gradually expanded. 
 
 Broken wind is, in fact, emphysema of the lung, and 
 there is said to be no absolute cure for it • but it may 
 be alleviated by restricting the animal in hay and water, 
 and giving the latter only in small quantities, not more 
 than half-a-pint at a time, and moistening all food. 
 
 Take care he does not eat his bed, which he will 
 make every effort to do. He should have no straw 
 about him in the day, and be muzzled at night. 
 
 Lampas does not belong properly to these diseases, 
 indicating some derangement in the alimentary canal, 
 
120 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS, ETC. 
 
 but is here mentioned to guard against a brutal prac- 
 tice commonly resorted to by farriers as a cure for the 
 disorder. 
 
 The groom complains that his charge is "off his 
 feed," and fancies that the palate is swollen more than 
 usual — the fact being that he never examined it at any 
 other time ; and the farrier proceeds to cure the rejec- 
 tion of food by searing the poor beast's mouth with a 
 red-hot iron, or scarifying it with a knife. The reason- 
 able treatment of an ailment proceeding from heat or 
 disorder of the stomach will be to withhold all heating 
 food, at all events to a great extent, giving occasional 
 mashes, also tonics and alteratives, the latter to those 
 of full habit, the former in cases of evident debility. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE AND UKINARY 
 ORGANS. 
 
 Diarrhoea and Dysentery. — The first (diarrhoea, or 
 mere looseness) is, in the horse, seldom more than a tem- 
 porary debility. In many cases it is an effort of nature 
 to relieve herself, and will probably effect its own cure. 
 
 The symptoms require no definition, except that it 
 may be remarked that they are almost invariably unac- 
 companied by pain or any other inconvenience. Rest, 
 and the use of more astringent food, and leaving a piece 
 of chalk in the manger (which, with horses subject to 
 diarrhoea, should never be absent), will in all probability 
 arrest the attack, which may, to a certain extent, proceed 
 from a predisposition to acidity. 
 
 Animals disposed to this disease should be fed on a 
 drier description of food. 
 
COLIC AND GRIPES. 121 
 
 Dysentery is, on the contrary, a highly dangerous 
 illness, accompanied with pain. 
 
 It mostly commences with excessive purgation, the 
 evacuations being mere foul water in appearance, and 
 stinking. The beast will drink greedily ; the pulse is 
 weak ; great anguish of body perceptible, the perspira- 
 tion breaking out in patches. 
 
 On the first appearance of such dangerous symptoms, 
 procure the assistance of a professional man \ but in the 
 interval the following drench may be given : — 
 
 Laudanum, 1 oz. ) ^ x 
 
 Powdered chalk, § oz. ) 
 
 or, 
 Catechu, powdered, 1 drachm. ) ^^ 
 Chalk, \ oz. i 
 
 or, 
 Sulphuric ether and laudanum, of each one ounce. 
 
 Also injections of cold linseed-tea. The dose may be 
 repeated in three or four hours, if medical assistance 
 does not arrive. As great care is necessary in the diet, 
 as well as general treatment, after partial recovery, 
 everything should be done under professional advice. 
 
 An attack of dysentery is very likely to be caused by 
 the existence of some acrid matter in the intestines, or 
 by an overdose, or too constant use, of aloes. 
 
 As with diarrhoea, horses predisposed to dysentery 
 ought always to have a lump of chalk in the manger, 
 and constant or over-doses of aloes should be avoided. 
 
 COLIC AND GRIPES. 
 
 As these diseases are sudden, and require prompt 
 treatment, it is well to have some idea of the kind of 
 
122 COLIC AND GRIPES. 
 
 remedy to be employed, pending the arrival of the vete- 
 rinary surgeon. Some animals are peculiarly subject 
 to them, from a susceptible state of the alimentary canal. 
 Cold water, taken on an empty stomach, or when a 
 beast is heated, will cause the malady. 
 
 The symptoms are distress, evinced by pawing, lift- 
 ing of the fore and hind feet towards the stomach, the 
 head being turned towards the sides, with a look of 
 anguish ; a cold sweat will sometimes bedew the body. 
 A desire to lie down may be exhibited, and when on 
 the ground the animal rolls about in evident agony. 
 The upper lip is strained upwards from the teeth, 
 almost closing the nostrils, and the pulse indicates 
 derangement of the system. 
 
 When the true character of the ailment has been as- 
 certained, it is well to inquire as to the character of the 
 evacuations. If they are in a lax state, and a cause for 
 the same can be discovered, of course discontinue it, 
 and use astringent clysters for the bowels (page 159). 
 If there be reason to apprehend that some offending 
 matter is retained in the alimentary canal, use emollient 
 laxatives and clysters (pages 158 and 159). But if 
 anything like costiveness is present, and other remedies 
 fail, recourse must be had to that of " back-raking," a 
 process which need not be here explained, being well 
 known to every experienced groom, any one of whom 
 may safely be intrusted with the operation, the only 
 necessary precaution being to have rather a small hand 
 used, and that well lubricated with lard or oil. Let all 
 the faecal matter that can be reached be carefully ex- 
 tracted. Afterwards a warm enema, composed of one 
 pint of turpentine mixed in two quarts of hot soap-suds, 
 and a soothing drench of 
 
DIABETES. 123 
 
 1 oz. sulphuric ether, 
 1 oz. laudanum, 
 1 pint oil, 
 
 will be found efficacious. 
 
 In the early stages, "gripes," as they are called, may 
 be cured by simply " back-raking," followed by a drench 
 of a bottle of ale, warmed and mixed with one ounce 
 of powdered ginger, and a brisk trot in heavy clothing. 
 
 Under highly inflammatory symptoms, the profes- 
 sional man attending will probably bleed. 
 
 To guard against colic, avoid giving cold water when 
 the beast is heated, or on a fasting stomach. With 
 horses subject to gripes the water should always be 
 given with the chill off, if possible, or just previous to 
 a good grooming or other gentle exercise tending to 
 circulate internal warmth. Never allow any animal the 
 opportunity of gorging himself with any kind of food 
 after the stomach has been weakened by extra-severe 
 work and long fasting. 
 
 For costiveness only give soft bran or linseed mashes, 
 or green feeding; and see treatment for excessive or 
 painful costiveness, page 122. 
 
 DIABETES, 
 
 or profuse staling, is unfortunately a common disease, 
 and is generally attributed to something wrong in the 
 water, but bad provender may occasion it. 
 
 Thirst is generally very great. 
 
 Give catechu, 2 drachms at a time, two or three times 
 daily, in mashes. 
 
 Change the food or water, whichever on examination 
 
124 WORMS. 
 
 seems most objectionable. Give no hay or grass, but 
 plenty of linseed tea to drink; give good bruised or 
 scalded oats, with a small quantity of warm bran mixed 
 in each feed, and leave a lump of chalk in manger : or 
 administer diluted phosphoric acid, one ounce to one 
 pint lukewarm water, twice daily, till the symptoms 
 abate, then gradually reduce the dose.* 
 
 A horse once found to be subject to this disease should 
 be very carefully fed and watered. 
 
 WORMS 
 
 are indicated by a state of the coat called "hide-bound" 
 and "staring," with loss of condition and indisposition 
 to work; by a slimy mucus covering the dung-balls ; 
 also occasionally by the adherence of the parasites round 
 the anus, and thin evacuation in the faeces. 
 
 They cling so pertinaceously to the internals, that 
 they will eat through the coat of the stomach, and are 
 never likely to be removed by a single dose of any 
 medicine. Spirit of turpentine is highly recommended 
 as a cure, but if given it must be diluted largely — one 
 part turpentine to four parts oil. 
 
 Practical experience of various remedies for worms 
 justifies me in recommending one to two grains of arse- 
 nic and twenty grains of kamela twice daily (each dose 
 mixed in a handful of wet bran, and given with oats 
 
 * This will be found almost a specific ; it is recommended by Mr 
 Mayhew, and is said to have originated with Mr Woody er, V.S., at 
 Paddington. Professor Dick is also reputed to have been very suc- 
 cessful in the treatment of this disease, by the use of small and 
 repeated doses of iodine or iodide of potassium. 
 
WORMS. 125 
 
 or other feeding) for eighteen days, and a purge the 
 nineteenth morning. 
 
 The horse may get moderate work during the ad- 
 ministration of the powders. 
 
 Common salt is also considered a good remedy: 
 about a tablespoonful daily mixed with the food. 
 
 To guard against these pests, avoid the use of Egyp- 
 tian beans; but as "bots " are mostly taken in at grass 
 by the animal licking off and swallowing their larvae laid 
 in the hair of the legs, it is almost impossible to ex- 
 clude them. In a few cases they are bred in the in- 
 ternals without any accountable cause, and against this 
 no precaution can avail. 
 
 Liver Diseases, or the farriers' "Yellows," so called 
 from the fact that such cases are marked by the eyelids, 
 linings of the nose, and lips when turned up, being 
 found to be tinged more or less with yellow. 
 
 Here mercury must be administered, and aided by sub- 
 sequent purging, as is necessary with the human subject. 
 
 Thus, give half a drachm to a drachm of calomel 
 mixed in a little flour, and put in a mash of bran one 
 evening, and next morning follow it up with the aloes 
 purge-ball (page 108). 
 
 If the "yellows" be very marked, with other de- 
 rangement of the system, give for two days one drachm 
 of calomel daily in doses of half a drachm each, mixed 
 in mashes as described above ; and after two drachms 
 have been taken in this way, administer on the third 
 morning the aloetic purge. 
 
 Inflammation of the Kidneys and Bladder. — "With 
 regard to internal inflammation arising from various 
 causes, the symptoms of distress bear a general resem- 
 blance to each other : legs spread out, extremities cold, 
 
126 WORMS. 
 
 breathing accelerated, and a look of pain pervading the 
 animal's whole appearance, except that in diseases of 
 the urinary organs there is generally a straddling gait ; 
 and on observance of the genitals, some marked action in 
 this region on the part of the beast will be discovered. 
 
 Such attacks can only be properly treated by a pro- 
 fessional man, therefore lose no time in procuring his 
 services; but, in the meanwhile, I shall observe that 
 inflammation of the kidneys is, sad to say, too common 
 to admit of its being passed by without offering some 
 caution and advice regarding it, more for the purpose 
 of prevention than cure. 
 
 Disease of the kidneys is generally brought on by the 
 misuse by grooms of their favourite diuretics ; a dose of 
 nitre to "fine his legs," or "bloom his coat," or for any 
 other purpose to save themselves trouble, is the groom's 
 specific for the poor creatures under their care ; but so 
 injurious are diuretics that masters ought to make their 
 secret administration, as commonly practised by the class 
 referred to, a case of instant dismissal. 
 
 The kidneys of the horse are peculiarly susceptible of 
 action ; so much so, that purges frequently, in place of 
 acting as intended, will take effect on them. 
 
 It should, besides, be borne in mind that while the 
 kidneys are in artificial action and secreting an extra 
 quantity of urine which is being passed away, the crea- 
 ture should have the same opportunity of rest, and as 
 much consideration given him, as if he were in a state 
 of purgation. The secretion is blood in its changed 
 form, and is a serious call on the system. All this does 
 not enter into the head of an ignorant groom, who, on 
 the contrary, will work or treat the poor suffering crea- 
 ture as if he was in his best vigour. 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 127 
 
 Inflammation of the kidneys is marked by an appear- 
 ance of general distress — kind legs straddled, the back- 
 bone hogged, urine small in quantity, tenderness over 
 the loins when pressed. 
 
 If a practitioner be not procurable, immediately place 
 warm mustard poultices over the loins, and cover them 
 with sheepskins. 
 
 Give half a drachm extract of belladonna with half 
 an ounce laudanum in a pint of linseed tea every four 
 hours, and inject constantly with warm linseed tea. 
 
 Inflammation of the Bladder presents very similar 
 symptoms to that of the kidneys, only that the bladder 
 being farther away from the backbone, instead of the 
 latter being hogged, it is rather depressed. In this case, 
 as in inflammation of the kidneys, call in the veterin- 
 ary surgeon ; meanwhile give the drink recommended 
 for the kidneys, and though the surgeon's decision is 
 desirable with regard to mustard blistering, the use of 
 this counter-irritant should not be too long delayed; 
 therefore, in the event of his non-arrival within an hour 
 or so, apply mustard blister to the stomach far back (be- 
 tween the flanks), as being nearest the seat of this disease. 
 
 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 Once more the old proverb that " prevention is better 
 than cure" deserves to be dwelt upon, for very many 
 diseases under this head can be prevented, and very few 
 can ever be cured. 
 
 Generally speaking, the fore feet and hocks of a horse 
 are the most susceptible of disease induced by wear 
 and tear — the fore feet, because the greater part of the 
 
128 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 weight of the animal is borne upon them ; and the hocks 
 behind, because they are the propelling power. 
 
 It is remarkable in cases of lameness, that when the 
 disease is seated in the feet, the lameness becomes tem- 
 porarily aggravated on work ; whereas if it proceed from 
 disease in the legs, it becomes apparently less after 
 the limbs have been worked a while. With regard to 
 animals keeping their condition while labouring under 
 lameness, experience has taught me that horses lame in 
 the fore feet will, if able to work at all, continue to do 
 so without apparently losing condition from the fret of 
 lameness ; but when the hind legs are the seat of dis- 
 ease, the condition evaporates very rapidly. This, I 
 imagine, is because an animal lame in the fore feet will 
 lie down and take more rest than when sound ; whereas 
 if lame behind, he will not take sufficient rest, as rising 
 and lying down cause him pain ; hence he continually 
 stands, and, of course, aggravates the disease. 
 
 The foot is thus sectionised and described by Dela- 
 were P. Blaine, Esq. : — 
 
 7c 
 
 Fig. 2.— Section of Foot. 
 
 " On examining a perpendicular section of the foot 
 and pasterns, there appear the coffin-bone (a), the 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 129 
 
 navicular or nut bone {b), the coronary or little pastern 
 bone (c), the large pastern bone (d), the back sinew or 
 great flexor tendon of the foot (e), the same tendon 
 sliding over the navicular bone (/), its termination or 
 insertion into the bottom of the coffin-bone (#), the 
 elastic matter of the sensible frog (Ji), the insensible or 
 horny frog (/), the horny sole (/r), which includes the 
 parts of the sensible foot ; the outer wall of the hoof 
 (I), the elastic processes (m), the attachment of the ex- 
 tensor tendon to the coffin-bone (n), and its attachment 
 to the coronary bone (p), which completes the section. 
 
 " The coffin-bone (a) adapts itself to the figure of the 
 hoof, or rather is adapted by nature to this eligible 
 form. The eminence in its front receives the insertion 
 of the tendon of the great extensor muscle of the foot. 
 This important muscle has its upper attachment to the 
 humerus or arm-bone, where it is principally fleshy ; 
 but as it passes downwards it becomes tendinous, ex- 
 panding over every joint, both to prevent friction and 
 to embrace and give firm attachment to each bone with 
 its opposed bone, by which a firm connection of the 
 various parts is maintained, and a simultaneous move- 
 ment of the whole limb is effected. In the hinder 
 limb this extensor tendon and its two less or tendinous 
 adjuncts arise from the tibia, and in part from the 
 femur, but in their origin are fleshy. 
 
 " In the sides of the coffin-bone are attached lateral 
 cartilages, and around its surface are marks of the at- 
 tachment of the laminated substance. 
 
 " The coronary, or small pastern bone (c), is seen to 
 
 rest on the coffin-bone (a), with which it articulates by 
 
 its lower end ; its posterior part also may be seen to 
 
 be closely articulated both with the coffin and with the 
 
 l 
 
130 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 navicular or nut bones (/), whose attachments to them 
 are effected by ligaments of great power and some elas- 
 ticity. Nor is it possible to view this horny box and 
 its contents without being struck with the admirable 
 display of mechanism and contrivance which meets our 
 eye. We are apt to say, 'as strong as a horse/ and 
 some of us use horses as though they were made of 
 imperishable stuff ; but surely, when we well consider 
 the subject, we shall see both the necessity and the 
 morality of using them with discretion." 
 
 This description of the structure of the foot will pro- 
 bably better enable the uninitiated to understand the 
 seat and nature of various ailments of that part of the 
 horse which are here touched upon. 
 
 Blaine further describes the construction of the hoof 
 thus : — 
 
 " The hoof itself is conical, or rather, as Clark observes, 
 slightly truncated, and is a secretion as well from the 
 vascular parts of the foot as from the skin, as our nails 
 are formed from the portion of skin called quick. The 
 structure of the hoof is firm and fibrous. Externally 
 it is plane and convex, but internally concave and 
 laminated. The quarters are the lateral parts. As the 
 horn approaches the heels it becomes soft and is re- 
 flected inwards. The heels are parted by the horny 
 
 ~N « a, 
 
 Fig. a Fig. 4. 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 131 
 
 frog (b, fig. 3); and without, the frog on each side the 
 hoof inflects its fibres to form the bars which are seen 
 on the under surface (c, fig. 4). In a healthy foot, fig. 
 4, the heels are round, wide, and smooth (a, a), the frog 
 fully expanded, the bars or binders distinct (c, c), no 
 corns in the usual angle (d), the sole broad and concave 
 (d). In a diseased foot, fig. 3, the heels are high, and 
 drawn together by contraction (a, a), the frog narrow, 
 and filled with fissures from contraction and thrush (b), 
 corn frequently present (d), the sole greatly shortened 
 in its transverse diameter, which is morbidly counter- 
 balanced by the increased heights in the truncated form 
 (c). When the hoof is removed, the sensible or fleshy 
 sole (h, section of foot), above which it immediately lies, 
 presents itself, covering the whole of the horny sole, 
 except so much as is taken up by the sensible frog (h). 
 This part is exquisitely sensible and vascular, and thus 
 we learn why injuries to it from puncture produce such 
 serious effect, and why very slight pressure from con- 
 traction of the hoof gives so much pain. The sensible 
 frog and the sensible sole form the insensible frog and 
 sole; but when from pressure, too much moisture, or 
 other causes, the sensible frog, instead of forming horn, 
 secretes pus or matter as in thrush, the structure of the 
 whole becomes injured, and the frog, thus losing its 
 support, gradually wastes and decays. It is therefore 
 evident that no thrush can be entirely harmless, as is 
 erroneously supposed. 
 
 " Above the sensible frog is the great flexor tendon, 
 or back sinew, inserting itself into the vaulted arch of 
 the coffin (a, section of foot). This important tendon, 
 arising from its parent muscle above the knee, whose 
 origin is taken from the humerus and ulna, in its pas- 
 
132 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 sage unites with an assistant flexor, but which latter is 
 principally distributed to the pastern bones, while the 
 perforans, so called because it is perforated by the as- 
 sistant flexor tendon, is inserted into the vault of the 
 coffin ; in the posterior extremities the attachments of 
 these two leading flexors and a smaller lateral one are 
 from the femur and tibia. 
 
 " The Sensible Laminw. — Around the surface of the 
 coffin-bone, it has been noticed that there are linear 
 indentations to which about five hundred fibro-cartil- 
 aginous leaves are attached. Each of these is received 
 between two of the horny lamellae, which line the in- 
 terior of the horny hoof ; and when it is considered 
 what a vast surface of attachment is formed by these 
 means, the strength of the union will not be wondered 
 at. No common violence can separate these parts, and 
 their use as a spring (for they are extensile) to support 
 the action of an animal at once weighty, strong, and 
 extremely agile, must be apparent. 
 
 " The vessels and nerves of the foot are derived from 
 the metacarpal arteries, veins, and nerves, which pass 
 behind the pastern, when the main trunks divide to 
 proceed to each side of the foot, and are ramified from 
 thence throughout. It is a division of the metacarpal 
 nerve on each side of the lesser pastern, or on each side 
 of the larger, as occasion suits, which forms the nerve 
 operation now in vogue as a remedy (?) for navicular 
 disease." 
 
 Laminitis, or Fever of the Feet, although generally 
 the result of too long a journey, or any exercise where 
 excessive and continuous concussion has been occa- 
 sioned to the feet, frequently arises from other causes. 
 It is often what is termed secondary, as one of the 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 133 
 
 sequelae of inflammatory diseases of a more constitutional 
 character. — (See "Metastasis," page 155.) The laminae 
 are plates (technically, semi-cartilaginous leaves received 
 between the horny lamellae which line the interior of 
 the hoof) resting on the inside of the horny hoof, and 
 giving an elastic support, whereby the whole weight of 
 the horse's structure is thrown against the wall of the 
 hoof and kept off the side. It is not surprising, there- 
 fore, that these causes should produce derangement here. 
 
 As laminitis generally attacks the fore feet, the poor 
 beast in his anguish endeavours to throw his weight 
 off them by resting on his hind quarters, which are 
 tucked under him, with the fore legs and feet pushed 
 out before him merely to keep him from falling ; he 
 can barely hobble if he attempts to move. If the fever 
 be only slight and in one foot, he will point it, while 
 extreme lameness and unnatural heat in the foot mark 
 the disease. The shoe should (in this as in all cases of 
 foot-lameness) be instantly removed by a smith brought 
 to the stable instead of giving the poor creature the 
 pain of limping to the forge. 
 
 The foot should be put into cold water, constantly 
 renewed, and kept in it all day ; at night a bran poul- 
 tice or water-dressing should be left on (see " Water- 
 dressing" and "Poultices," page 160). Also adminis- 
 ter a purge. 
 
 In acute cases, bleeding at the toe is sometimes prac- 
 tised by paring away there till the veins appear. This is 
 a very questionable remedy, and there is little doubt that 
 the use of the knife only aggravates the inflammation. 
 
 The fact is, that beyond its incipient stage none but 
 the veterinary surgeon is competent to deal with this 
 disease. 
 
134 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 Its prevention is best secured by requiring moderate 
 work only, and at the proper road-paces — viz., walking 
 and trotting — keeping the feet moist, wetting them 
 occasionally during a long journey, and regularly stop- 
 ping them directly after each day's severe work. — See 
 " Grooming," page 12. 
 
 Navicular Disease is, unfortunately, a very common 
 one with horses ; and when the delicate structure of 
 the foot is considered in connection with the rough 
 usage the creature gets on hard roads while carrying 
 a heavy weight on his back, it is only surprising that 
 the feet bear such jarring at all. 
 
 The navicular is the small pulley-bone over which 
 the flexor tendon passes, and being the most active of 
 any of the foot-bones, is the most likely to be injured 
 by ill usage [see page 128). The symptoms are lame- 
 ness, with more or less pointing of the foot when at 
 rest, and heat towards the quarters of the lame foot. 
 
 Unlike laminitis, the lameness is inconsiderable at 
 first, and increases as the disease progresses. 
 
 Being so deep-seated, it is very difficult to cure. In 
 the incipient stages the most effectual remedy appears 
 to be the insertion of frog-setons, requiring the assist- 
 ance of a veterinary surgeon. In most instances the 
 case is hopeless, and many a fine horse is sold to limp 
 out a life of misery, drawing a hack cab, or, with a 
 refinement of cruelty, is subject to the operation of un- 
 nerving the foot, which, by destroying sensation in that 
 part, enables the animal to travel without apparent 
 lameness, though the disease continues to progress till 
 part of the foot has been known to drop off in work. 
 Being a result of work to which all horses are liable, no 
 mode of prevention can be recommended. 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 135 
 
 Lateral Cartilages. — Another ailment of the foot is 
 more common than is generally supposed, called " Dis- 
 ease of the Lateral Cartilages." It requires the skill of 
 an anatomist to decide upon its presence. In fact, this 
 and navicular disease are both very obscure in their 
 origin and diagnostics, and a surgeon only can properly 
 deal with them, as well as with all other diseases that 
 are not very distinctly marked, and in their early stages 
 not important. 
 
 Thrush. — A disease of the frog : the cleft becomes 
 eaten away, and a foul matter is secreted. It more fre- 
 quently attacks the hind than the fore feet. 
 
 By some it is said to be constitutional, but it is much 
 more probably the result of neglect of the foot in the 
 stable, the hind feet being oftener affected, from the 
 fact of the urine and faeces coming more immediately 
 under their tread. 
 
 At every shoeing or removing, the frog should be 
 perfectly cleared of all defective parts by the knife, and 
 where the disease has once manifested itself the cleft 
 should be kept continually stopped with tar and tow. 
 A return to a healthy state is likely to be tedious, there- 
 fore continued attention to these directions is necessary. 
 If a severe case, use a bar-shoe, to avoid the wear and 
 tear of the road, and which will also help to keep the 
 pledgets of tar and tow in their place. To prevent 
 thrush, let the litter and bedding be completely re- 
 moved from the horse every morning till bedtime at 
 night ; let the pavement be kept scrupulously clean 
 through the day ; attend and wash the feet, examine 
 them frequently, and upon the slightest sign of the dis- 
 ease use the remedial means. 
 
 Quittor. — This is a disease of the feet, wherein, either 
 
136 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 from delicacy of or accident to the sole, the sensible 
 part becomes affected. A suppurative sinus is formed, 
 eating away till it often comes out at the coronet. Once 
 it reaches this, the animal, unless of great value, might 
 as well be destroyed, the restorative process being of a 
 most tedious and expensive character, requiring con- 
 tinual manipulation by a surgeon. 
 
 By careful shoeing (where nails are not driven out 
 of their proper direction) and a most exact examination 
 of the foot where any extraneous matter, such as glass, 
 gravel, &c, is suspected of having entered or damaged 
 it, quittor will most probably be avoided. 
 
 Canker seldom attacks gentlemen's horses, or well- 
 bred ones. It is literally a change of a portion of the 
 foot into a kind of fungus, sometimes commencing in 
 the sole, sometimes in the frogs, and is aggravated by 
 foul litter, bad stabling, and general bad care. 
 
 As no dressing or external application will restore 
 the foot without manipulation, a surgeon only can deal 
 with it. 
 
 Cracked and Greasy Heels. — Animals of languid cir- 
 culation in the extremities are more susceptible of such 
 diseases, which are induced and aggravated by lazy 
 ignorant grooms pursuing their objectionable practice 
 of wetting the legs, and leaving them to dry themselves. 
 — See page 13. 
 
 Symptoms are tumefaction and soreness of the hinder 
 part of the pasterns, even to fissures emitting matter. 
 
 Clip away the hair in the first instance, so as to be 
 able to cleanse the sore by washing it with warm water 
 and soft soap, drying it perfectly. Then apply glycerine 
 lotion (page 158). 
 
 If the sore seems likely to incapacitate the animal 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 137 
 
 from work, administer a mild aloetic purge (page 108). 
 Very serious consequences may result from the indolence 
 of grooms in neglecting this ailment. In acute cases, 
 the sore, eating into the tendon, produces mortification 
 and death. I have myself lost a valuable animal from 
 this disease, through the gross neglect of my grooms in 
 my absence. 
 
 Except in the very earliest stages, and in palpably 
 trifling cases, a veterinary surgeon should be consulted, 
 especially in what is called " grease," or matter running 
 from these cracks. The preventive means are, never to 
 allow water to your horses' legs above the coronet on 
 any pretence whatever, and if by accident or work they 
 get wet, to have them rubbed dry as promptly as 
 possible. 
 
 Shelly Hoofs (or splitting open of the external part 
 of the horny hoof). — The feet of some horses are more 
 subject to this disease than those of others, from the 
 fibrous structure being more dry with them. 
 
 This fibrous structure forming the hoof is found, on 
 microscopic examination, to resemble a lot of hairs all 
 glued together into a hardened mass, and where the 
 adhesive matter is of a drier character than usual, the 
 hoofs are more brittle. With some horses this results 
 in " shelly hoofs ;" they don't split, but are perpetually 
 breaking away. With this description of hoofs, tar is 
 the best possible application. Neither grease nor oil 
 should ever be used — these only aggravate the disease, 
 as on close observation they will be found to act as 
 powerful astringents, excluding the healthy action of 
 air and moisture upon the part most in need of them. 
 Strange to say, tar, from its pungent properties, induces 
 healthy action in the part, and is peculiarly adapted 
 
138 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 to promote the growth of the fibrous structure as well 
 as lubricating it. 
 
 Sand- Cracks seldom go diagonally, but are either 
 horizontal or vertical. I shall endeavour to exemplify 
 the simple principle of this disease with a simple prin- 
 ciple of remedy, dealing with it like a split in a board 
 on which I desired to put an effectual stopper. In such 
 a case I should carefully gouge out a small hole at each 
 end of the split, beyond which hole the fissure would be 
 certain not to pass. With the hoof the same principle 
 can be carried out by filing an indentation directly 
 across each end of the crack, only taking care nGt to file 
 deeper than the insensible part of the hoof ; or the end 
 will be answered by using a red-hot firing-iron instead 
 of a file, taking the same precaution not to touch the 
 sensible part. I should also weaken along the edges of 
 the crack itself by rasping them down. Over the crack, 
 if deep, should be strapped a thin pad of tow and tar, 
 to induce reproduction and prevent foreign substances 
 from entering the fissure. 
 
 Unless by the grossest neglect, no sand-crack will 
 have been allowed to go beyond the reach of the fore- 
 going treatment, but in some cases the effect of negli- 
 gence and ignorance is seen in the horizontal crack 
 running almost round the foot. In such cases it will 
 generally be found that with a flat foot (inclined to 
 greater malformation) the toes have been suffered to 
 extend, shoeing after shoeing, by the smith allowing 
 a great accumulation of wall over the toe, until the 
 centre has become weakened into a fissure. Such a 
 state of things seldom or never occurs in a gentleman's 
 stable, but is to be met with among farm-horses or 
 those accustomed to heavy draught. 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 139 
 
 The careful strapping-up with tar and tow, which 
 must be constantly attended to, rest, and the indenta- 
 tion process, will, with time and care, effect a cure. 
 
 Sand-crack, especially the vertical, is more dangerous 
 and tedious the nearer it is to the coronet. This once 
 divided, the case becomes serious, the coronet being 
 very vascular, and a split here requires a great deal 
 of care to induce it to take on union. Unless the 
 closing commences at the coronet, and continues as the 
 hoof grows down, it will never close at all; in fact, if 
 the coronet be divided, it is fortunate if the crack does 
 not go the whole way down to the shoe. If it does 
 not, the lower end should be weakened by filing an 
 indentation at its lower extremity, weakening the sides 
 of the crack by rasping them, and keeping the hoof 
 strapped round with dressings of tar and tow, also (a 
 most important part of the treatment) paring away the 
 wall of the foot (above the shoe and immediately under 
 the crack) an inch — that is, half an inch on each side 
 of it — making as large a vacuum as can with safety to 
 the sensible parts of the foot be pared away, directly 
 under the crack and over the shoe; the object of thin 
 being that all parts of the wall except that under 
 the crack shall press on the shoe. It is obvious that 
 by the above means every movement of the horse, in 
 place of aggravation, will tend towards alleviation of 
 the disease, by pressing the weakened sides of the 
 fissure together. For the foregoing reasons, in the case 
 of a vertical crack the shoes had better remain on, 
 while in the worst cases of the horizontal crack, as its 
 weight round the bottom tends to weaken the centre of 
 the hoof where the crack is likely to be situated, it had 
 better be removed (or light tips worn), its absence also 
 
140 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 enabling the wall of the hoof under the crack to be 
 rasped as thin as possible. In vertical cracks the use 
 of a bar-shoe will tend to keep the foot together (page 
 81). 
 
 Corns are occasioned by the inflexible shoe pressing 
 on that part of the sole, or possibly from friction of 
 the bones upon its internal surface. They present the 
 appearance of a red effused bruise, almost invariably 
 situated on the heel of the sole of the inside quarter of 
 the fore feet. — See illustration, fig. 3, page 130. 
 
 When neglected, they occasion severe lameness, and 
 go on to suppuration. 
 
 Broken knees are also frequently the result of ne- 
 glected corns. 
 
 A horse that is habitually properly shod is never 
 likely to have a corn. It arises entirely from want of 
 attention and judgment in the smith. The groom, 
 who should always stand by when a horse is shoeing, 
 
 ouo-ht to be instructed to see that the farrier with his 
 
 © 
 
 drawing-knife invariably pares out the sole at the 
 seat of corn ; it can be no injury whatever to the foot 
 when properly done, and is the best preventive of 
 corns. Also take proper care that the shoes are so 
 put on that they cannot by possibility press upon the 
 sole. 
 
 For prevention, keep the seat of corn well pared 
 away, and dress with tar, unless in the suppurating 
 state, when it requires poultices (page 160), and the 
 ordinary treatment for that state, and full rest. 
 
 Over-reach or Tread proceeds from the shoe of one 
 foot coming in contact with the soft or sensible part 
 above the hoof of the other. As the parts likely to 
 be affected round the coronet are full of vessels, the 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 141 
 
 simplest remedial means are the safest — viz., water- 
 dressing (page 160) in the first instance, and afterwards 
 chloride of zinc lotion (one grain to the ounce of water), 
 or glycerine. 
 
 Broken Knees. — Most travellers on the road know 
 what style of thing this is, so it is needless to describe 
 it. 
 
 In bad cases, where the bones are exposed, and there 
 is any appearance of synovia or joint -oil, place the 
 horse in the nearest convenient stable, and leave him 
 there to be attended to by a professional man as soon 
 as possible. When the abrasion is merely superficial, 
 take the animal quietly to his stable, if near. 
 
 ' In any event, wash the wound with warm water, 
 which, if it be at all deep, should be done by squeez- 
 ing the water above the wound, and allowing it to run 
 down, as this part of the leg is very delicate and sensi- 
 tive, and rough handling with a cloth or sponge should 
 be avoided. 
 
 Afterwards apply a lotion of chloride of zinc, one 
 grain to the ounce of water. 
 
 Tie the creature's head up in such a way as that he 
 cannot possibly lie down, until the healing process has 
 assumed sufficient health to render it safe to allow of 
 the knee being used in lying down and getting up. 
 
 Give one or two mild purges, according to the time 
 he is laid up and the healthiness of the wound. To 
 promote the growth of hair, use, when the knee is per- 
 fectly healed, hog's lard mixed with very finely pow- 
 dered burnt leather to colour it ; it is as good and safe 
 a thing as can be employed for the purpose. Otherwise 
 use loeak mercurial ointment. For prevention, avoid 
 the use of bearing-reins in harness ; in shafts, keep the 
 
142 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 weight off your horse's back ; keep out of the way of 
 ruts and stones upon the road, and be very careful of 
 your beast when the work you are giving him is calcu- 
 lated to make him leg-weary. 
 
 In riding, teach your bearer to depend on himself, 
 not on you : at the same time, don't leave him to him- 
 self altogether. Go gently round sharp turns, and don't 
 ride fast down-hill on the road, though on the turf or 
 in harness the pace may be accelerated with impunity. 
 Avoid inflicting sudden, injudicious, and undeserved 
 chastisement ; restrain starts or alarms ; have your 
 horses properly prepared in frosty weather ; also be 
 sure that the seat of corn is kept well pared out in 
 shoeing. If your saddle has shifted forward out of its 
 place, dismount and regirth it where it fits, so that 
 when you remount your weight will be properly placed 
 away from the shoulders. 
 
 When the road is the only place available to have 
 your horses exercised, see that your grooms put on the 
 knee-caps. 
 
 Splints are a well-known affection of the fore leg, 
 presenting the appearance of a bony protrusion along 
 the canon or shank, which, though unsightly, is not 
 very important, unless when lameness ensues. 
 
 As it is not my intention to enter into professional 
 technicalities in this work, I shall merely remark that, 
 by letting the horse continue in moderate work, though 
 lame, with the application of Stevens's ointment, accord- 
 ing to the directions accompanying it, absorption of the 
 bony matter will be obtained, or, at all events, it will 
 become so far resolved that the surrounding structures 
 being able to accommodate themselves to what remains 
 of it, their action will not be interfered with, and lame- 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 143 
 
 ness will consequently no longer appear. Veterinarians 
 sometimes perform a simple operation for splints which 
 is said to be efficacious — namely, that of dividing the 
 periosteum with a bistuary, the periosteum being that 
 membrane which encases all bones like a skin. When 
 this is cleverly done, there is little or no disfiguration 
 left. Setons also are sometimes run over the exostosis 
 or bony excrescence, but I deal only with simple reme- 
 dies. As splints cannot be prevented, being a common 
 result of work in young horses, the next best thing to be 
 done is to resolve them while in an incipient state. 
 
 Clap of the Back Sinew — i.e., inflammation of the 
 sheath under which the flexor tendon passes (as the 
 most able practitioners deny that the tendon itself can 
 be stretched, though it is liable to rupture about its 
 insertions) — is best treated, according to some, by cold 
 refrigerant lotions, Goulard lotion, solution of acetate 
 of lead, &c. 
 
 I prefer plain water-dressing (page 160) placed loosely 
 round the affected part of the leg, and the use of a 
 high-heeled shoe (page 82). When the attack is be- 
 yond the reach of such mild treatment, the veterinary 
 surgeon will probably advise blistering and firing to act 
 as a perpetual bandage. 
 
 Moderate work on even surfaces will be the best pre- 
 ventive of this disease, and having the pavement of 
 your stables made nearly level, as described under the 
 head of "Stabling" (page 8). 
 
 Wind-Galh are undue distensions of the bursse or 
 bags of synovia at the back and sides of the lower part 
 of the canon or shin intended to lubricate the adjacent 
 structure. Though unsightly, and no improvement to 
 the action of the horse, they can be reduced by external 
 
144 DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 
 
 absorbents (page 159), also by bandages with refrigerant 
 repellants, such as vinegar and water (see " Grooming," 
 page 12). 
 
 Riding-Bone is an unhealthy enlargement round the 
 pastern above the coronet, generally in front, and may 
 be removed in the incipient stage by external absorbents 
 (page 159), beyond which a professional man had better 
 be consulted. 
 
 Wrench or Wrick, occasioned by accident or strain in 
 work over a rough path by a slip, presents generally 
 no external swelling or indication of suffering beyond 
 lameness in movement ; but on close examination, in- 
 flammation will be discovered by extra heat about the 
 part affected. Remove the shoe, give plenty of rest, 
 and apply water-dressing (page 160) round the affected 
 part. A purge may be administered, as recommended 
 in all cases where the animal is laid up for several days. 
 To avoid wrench, care should be observed in starting, 
 turning, and working a horse, especially on uneven 
 ground or when heavily laden. 
 
 Mallenders and Sallenders denote a scurvy state of 
 the skin inside the bend of the knees and hocks. Let 
 the parts be cleansed with hot water and soft soap, and 
 rub in equal parts of hog's lard and mercurial ointment 
 mixed ; if there be a positive crack or sore, use the 
 chloride of zinc lotion (see page 158) till healed. Keep 
 a good attentive groom, and see that he does his work, 
 as such blemishes are occasioned by carelessness and 
 want of cleanliness. 
 
 Spavin is like splint, a bony excrescence, but on the 
 lower part of the leg, at the inside of the hock towards 
 the front, occasioned by local derangement from over- 
 work of the structure. 
 
DISEASES OF THE FEET AND LEGS. 145 
 
 If it does not produce lameness it had better be left 
 alone ; but otherwise, the horse being placed in a loose- 
 box, rest should be given, and treatment with absor- 
 bents (page 159), the use of Stevens's ointment, &c, 
 persisted in. A mild purge or two during the process 
 will be beneficial. 
 
 As in nearly all affections of the legs and feet, proper 
 reasonable work and due care will avert the disease or 
 disfigurement. 
 
 Curb is an enlargement of the tendon or its sheath 
 at the lower part of the back of the hock, with a good 
 deal of local inflammation attending it. 
 
 It is greatly occasioned by the fashion some riders 
 have of habitually throwing their horses back on their 
 hocks by severe use of the bit. 
 
 Use water-dressing to reduce inflammation, then ab- 
 sorbents, such as Stevens's ointment (page 159). Give 
 rest, &c, as directed for Spavin. 
 
 String-Halt is a well-known and only too conspicuous 
 defect or affection of the nerves of the hind limbs, or 
 emanating from the spine. 
 
 As its local origin is obscure, so also is the method 
 of dealing with it. 
 
 It is in no way dangerous, though unsightly, and 
 seriously deteriorating to the value of the animal, al- 
 though it is said not to interfere much with his work- 
 ing powers. 
 
 Capped Hock is a pursy swelling over the os calcis 
 or heel-bone at the end of the hock, generally produced 
 by kicking either in the stable or against some object 
 in harness, or possibly in consequence of exertion in 
 getting up and lying down on a scanty bed, especially 
 where the paving-stones are uneven. 
 
 K 
 
146 DISEASES OF THE EEET AND LEGS. 
 
 Use hot fomentations, loose water-dressing, followed 
 by rubbing in iodine ointment, if necessary, for re- 
 duction, but this must be done with judgment and 
 careful observance of the effect the iodine produces. 
 Or, after using hot fomentations for a week, apply gas 
 water (which cau be obtained from any gas - works) 
 with a sponge dabbed on every hour during the day. 
 This treatment, if persisted in, is said to be very effica- 
 cious. 
 
 For prevention, keep a good bed for your horse to lie 
 on at night. See " Kicking in the Stable " (page 85) 
 and " Kicking-Strap " (page 58). 
 
 Tlwrongli-Pin and Bog-Spavin are, like wind-galls, 
 an undue distension of the bursae containing the 
 synovia intended to keep the surrounding parts of the 
 leg lubricated ; such distension interfering with the 
 circulation of the vein in front of the hock is de- 
 nominated " Blood " (or Bog) Spavin ; at the back 
 and sides of the hock these distensions are called 
 Thorough-Pin. 
 
 The treatment is with hot fomentations and gas 
 water, as in " capped hock," or other absorbents, espe- 
 cially Stevens's ointment, iodine ointment, blisters, and 
 actual cautery, which remedies had better be tried in 
 rotation, the three latter only by a practitioner ; but 
 unless the distensions produce lameness, it is perhaps 
 preferable not to meddle with them at all. 
 
 There are other diseases of the feet and legs, but 
 requiring very delicate definitions : they must be left 
 altogether to the professional man. 
 
 As a rule, in all cases where it may be considered 
 desirable to use stimulating or strong absorbing treat- 
 ment externally to cure lameness, the inflammation 
 
FARCY. 14; 
 
 should be first fully abated by local cooling applica- 
 tions ; and in severe cases, purges administered before 
 the application of blisters or powerful absorbents. 
 
 FARCY. 
 
 This dreaded disease is, I believe, like glanders, in- 
 curable, and generally ends in glanders itself. 
 
 Some practitioners seem to be under the impression 
 that it only attacks worn-out and ill-conditioned ani- 
 mals ; but from personal losses and sad experience T 
 may venture to differ entirely from such an opinion, 
 and to state that I have seen horses in the finest con- 
 dition lost by it. No doubt feeble animals are very 
 liable to it, but the disease is not confined to such con- 
 stitutions. I have remarked that, when contracted by 
 high-conditioned horses, it can be traced to their being 
 called on occasionally to do extra work, followed by 
 entire rest for days together, as a sort of equivalent for 
 the spurt of work done, during which period of rest 
 (considered necessary on account of the beast's sup- 
 posed state of exhaustion) his powers are taxed with the 
 same amount of high feeding as if he were in full work. 
 
 Thus the absorbent system seems to become diseased, 
 and farcy-buds appear, accompanied by craving thirst, 
 in which case, or on the least suspicion of the disease, 
 reference should at once be made to a professional man. 
 
 From these buds (whence after a time matter is seen 
 to exude) small cords may be traced leading to other 
 swellings, rather serving to distinguish the early stages 
 of farcy from surfeit, besides that in surfeit the lumps 
 appear indolent and scabby. 
 
148 EINGWOEM. 
 
 To guard against this scourge of the stable, as the 
 disease is contagious, be careful what company your 
 horses keep, and let reason be used in the working, 
 feeding, exercising, and general care of your stud. 
 
 What is called Water Farcy is neither dangerous 
 nor contagious, and arises from debility of the system, 
 occasioned probably by over-work and indifferent 
 feeding. 
 
 It is generally marked by a dropsical swelling of the 
 legs, mostly the hind ones. It is not common in gentle- 
 men's stables, where horses are less worked and better 
 cared for than their neighbours. 
 
 The best cure is friction to the swelling, moderate 
 work, and improved feeding; and give a ball twice 
 a- day, each dose with 
 
 Sulphate of iron, ... 2 drachms. 
 Powdered ginger, . . . 2 ,, 
 Powdered gentian, . . . 2 „ 
 To be mixed with palm-oil or lard. 
 
 RINGWORM. 
 
 Ringworm is characterised by one or more scurfy or 
 scaly circular patches on the skin where the hair has 
 fallen off. As soon as discovered, let the parts be 
 washed with soap and tepid water twice a-day; and 
 when they have been gently but perfectly dried, apply 
 rather thickly the following ointment over the spots : — 
 
 Animal glycerine, . 1 ounce. 
 Spermaceti, . . 1 „ 
 Iodide of lead, . . 2 drachms. 
 
 Rub the glycerine and spermaceti together, and when 
 
SURFEIT. 149 
 
 thoroughly incorporated, add the iodide of lead ; give 
 also every night the following drink : — 
 
 Liquor arsenicalis, . . 1 ounce. 
 Tincture of muriate of iron, 1^ „ 
 Water, .... 1 quart. 
 Mix. — Dose, half a pint. 
 
 Continue this drink until the disease has disappeared. 
 
 Should ulceration remain about the circumferent 
 edges after the central bare spot has been apparently 
 cured, apply to the affected circuit six times a-day per- 
 sistently the following lotion : — 
 
 Chloride of zinc, . 2 scruples. 
 "Water, ... 1 pint. 
 
 The animal should be thrown up from work during 
 this treatment, which may be requisite for a month, and 
 good food given. 
 
 Administer also a powerful alterative or two during 
 the course of treatment, more particularly if the case is 
 obstinate.* 
 
 Other practitioners recommend, with the administra- 
 tion of alteratives, the simple application of a solution 
 of nitrate of silver, 30 grains to 1 ounce of water (dis- 
 tilled), applied every second day to the eruptions, until 
 they are destroyed. 
 
 SURFEIT 
 
 is an eruption on the skin, and generally gives way, if 
 attended to immediately on its appearance, by relaxing 
 the bowels mildly, giving partly green food instead of 
 hay and bran mashes ; at the same time keep up the 
 * This treatment is recommended by Mr Mayhew. 
 
150 SURFEIT. 
 
 strength by feeding with the best oats and a little beans, 
 alternately with the laxative treatment. 
 
 Should these means not suffice, or the disease become 
 worse, consult a medical practitioner, who will probably 
 administer diuretics ; or if you cannot procure a profes- 
 sional man, give the following excellent tonic and alter- 
 ative drink, recommended by Mr Mayhew : — 
 
 Liquor arsenicalis, . . 1 ounce. 
 Tincture of muriate of iron, 1^ „ 
 Water, .... 1 quart. 
 Mix, and give daily half a pint for a dose. 
 
 Hidebound requires the same treatment as surfeit. 
 
 Mange is generally the result of insufficient food and 
 other privations endured at grass, and of the neglect of 
 the skin consequent on animals being turned out for a 
 time to take care of themselves. 
 
 It is highly contagious, and is now admitted to be 
 occasioned by an insect which is engendered in the foul 
 coat. 
 
 A capital wash is recommended by Mr Mayhew, 
 viz. : — ■ 
 
 Animal glycerine, . 
 
 four parts. 
 
 Creosote, 
 
 half a part. 
 
 Oil of turpentine, . 
 
 one part. 
 
 Oil of juniper, 
 
 half a part. 
 
 About a pint and a half is said to be the quantity 
 required to make one dressing. Every portion of the 
 entire coat should be saturated with this wash, and thus 
 left for two clear days, when it should be washed 
 clean with soft soap and warm water, equal care being 
 taken to omit no part of the body, which should after- 
 wards be thoroughly dried and the coat well dressed or 
 whisked. 
 
SORE BACK, WITHERS, AND SITFASTS. 151 
 
 When all is dry and clean apply a second dressing, 
 proceeding as directed for the first, and a third after the 
 two days have elapsed and the second cleaning process 
 has been thoroughly gone through, after which the dis- 
 ease ought to be eradicated. A mere disposition to 
 scratching is generally successfully treated by giving 
 bran mashes night and morning for some days, and 
 part green food instead of hay. Others recommend for 
 mange, as most successful, the following application, to 
 be well rubbed in once a-week all over the animal with 
 a stiff horse-brush : — 
 
 Barbadoes tar, . . 1 part. 
 
 Linseed oil, ... 3 parts. 
 
 To be mixed and gently warmed in a pan. 
 
 The whole of the horse's body to be thoroughly washed 
 with soft soap and warm water, and perfectly dried, 
 previous to rubbing in the foregoing application. 
 
 SORE BACK, WITHERS, AND SITFASTS, 
 
 should be carefully attended to with poultices or water- 
 dressing (see page 160), while a disposition to throw off 
 pus is present, after which the application of healing 
 agents (among which chloride of zinc lotion and glycer- 
 ine are now prominent) is the proper course, but appli- 
 cable only to decidedly trifling and superficial cases. It 
 is imperative, if a cure be desired, that no pressure 
 whatever from the saddle or any other cause of irrita- 
 tion be permitted; therefore, unless a saddler can 
 effectually chamber and pack the saddle so as to prevent 
 the possibility of its touching on or near the sore, the 
 saddle must not be used at all. 
 
152 WOUNDS. 
 
 The worst and common result of sores on the back is, 
 that sinuses or cavities, with an almost imperceptible 
 orifice, insidiously eat away like poll-evil into the more 
 important part of the adjacent structure. Here the aid 
 of the veterinary surgeon is indispensable. 
 
 (Being myself acquainted with, anatomy, I used to get a depend- 
 ing orifice as near as possible to the bottom of the sinus (as dis- 
 covered with a probe) by a bistuary, laying the sinus open all the 
 way ; or if the direction were rather superficial, by the insertion of 
 a seton-needle about the width of the sinus, run out at bottom, 
 leaving the seton in to direct the discharge. The latter operation, 
 if carefully conducted, is decidedly the simplest and best when prac- 
 ticable.) 
 
 For prevention of sore back avoid injurious pressure 
 from an ill-fitting saddle ; also removing it too quickly 
 from the back of a heated animal (see " Work," page 
 37). Pressure of the terret-pad (see page 59), or of the 
 roller from not being properly chambered over the ridge 
 of the back (see page 19), must also be carefully guarded 
 against. 
 
 WOUNDS, 
 
 if deep or dangerous, should meet with the immediate 
 attention of a surgeon, as none but anatomists should 
 deal with them. Generally speaking, the loss of a mo- 
 derate quantity of blood is rather beneficial than other- 
 wise, tending to avert inflammation. Where water- 
 dressing (see page 160) can be applied, nothing is better 
 in the first instance ; and when the wound is fairly 
 cleansed and evidently healing, the chloride of zinc 
 lotion (see page 158) will advance that process and help 
 to dry it up. When the surface is perfectly healed and 
 a new skin formed, the growth of the hair will be pro- 
 
CRIB-BITING AND WIND- SUCKING. 153 
 
 moted by the application of hog's lard coloured with 
 very finely powdered burnt leather. 
 
 MEGRIMS OR EPILEPSY 
 
 may proceed from the effects of the sun in very hot 
 weather, from congestion of the blood-vessels of the 
 brain and head, or from disordered stomach or indiges- 
 tion. The horse when at work suddenly evinces a dis- 
 inclination to proceed, appears bothered, and shows un- 
 accountable perverseness — sometimes staggers and falls. 
 Release him at once from whatever work he may be at ; 
 if the cause can be descried, treat in the most reason- 
 able way accordingly. If the illness is supposed to 
 proceed from the heat of the sun or congestion of the 
 head, dash water on the head and keep it enveloped in 
 cold wet cloths ; also cool the system by aperients, giv- 
 ing rest for some time. If from indigestion, repeated 
 mild aperients should be administered. 
 
 It is a strange fact known to those who are experi- 
 enced on the road, that these fits are seldom or never 
 taken during work at night. When such attacks are 
 habitual the animal is only fit for farm- work. 
 
 CRIB-BITING AND WIND-SUCKING. 
 
 Some able veterinarians declare these habits to be 
 the result of an endeavour to eject acidity from the 
 stomach as the horse cannot vomit, while others com- 
 pare it to the human belch. It is almost impossible to 
 cure a crib-biter ; the only thing that can be done is, 
 to palliate and prevent it, which is essential, as the 
 
154 CRIB-BITING AND WIND-SUCKING. 
 
 habit is not only injurious to the horse himself , but one 
 that, strange to say, is most readily imitated by his 
 companions ; in whatever stable such an animal may 
 be, the others are liable to become crib-biters. 
 
 By leaving a lump of rock-salt in horses' mangers 
 many ailments may be averted. Licking it is a re- 
 source to them in their hours of solitary confinement. 
 In the present instance a lump of chalk might be 
 added, for the animal to amuse himself at any moment 
 that he is left without a muzzle (which should be made 
 for him by an experienced saddler, and constantly 
 used). The chalk being essentially antacid, is decidedly 
 useful if the habit is supposed to result from acidity. 
 
 As the muzzle should not be left off for any length 
 of time, the food should be prepared to be taken up 
 in the most rapid form — viz., a small quantity of chaff 
 to bruised oats. When the beast finds by experience 
 that his feeding-time is limited, with starvation for the 
 alternative, he will probably prefer his food to gnawing 
 the iron during the short space allowed him without 
 his muzzle. A simple remedy sometimes used with 
 good effect is, keeping a tightened strap round the 
 creature's neck when he is not feeding ; and I have 
 known the covering of every portion of the stall within 
 Iris reach with rabbit or sheep skins, the hair outside, 
 to effectually check a crib-biter for the time being, — the 
 habit being resumed, however, on his removal to an- 
 other stall." 
 
 * A few of the low class of horsedealers are very clever at passing 
 off a cribber or wind-sucker. 
 
 I have known cases where one might remain in a stable for hours 
 with a cribber and not detect him. By keeping a continual watch 
 over the animal and thrashing him directly he attempts to crib, he 
 has been taught to beware of transgressing in this style in the 
 
METASTASIS. 155 
 
 METASTASIS. 
 
 As this term is frequently used by practitioners, it 
 may be well to explain that it is a Greek word signify- 
 ing a removal from one place to another, employed as 
 a technical designation in describing a change of the 
 seat of disease from one part of the animal structure 
 to another, which is by no means uncommon : for 
 instance, when the feet are attacked with fever, that 
 malady will appear to remove itself to some other and 
 probably distant part, and fix itself on the lungs or 
 other viscera, the same way that inflammation of the 
 lungs and other parts of the upper structure will change 
 amongst themselves, or from their own seat of disease 
 to the feet/" I have even known superpurgation (occa- 
 
 presence of any one, and thus even a veterinary surgeon may be 
 deceived, for he is not supposed to lose his time looking after such 
 details of trickery. 
 
 * For example, an animal is in nearly a hopeless state from in- 
 flammation of the lungs and pleura, perhaps as a complication of 
 distemper. Suddenly there is an amelioration in the symptoms ; 
 the hurried breathing resumes the characteristics of ordinary re- 
 spiration — the owner, or veterinary surgeon in attendance, pro- 
 nounces the patient to be out of danger — the improvement is re- 
 garded as almost miraculous. But in about twenty-four hours, 
 often less, the horse is observed to move with difficulty in the 
 stable ; if he lies down, he is disinclined to get up ; when standing, 
 the fore feet are kept considerably more in advance than usual, 
 the hind ones far forward under the body, so that they may as 
 much as possible relieve the fore feet and legs from the superin- 
 cumbent weight. In aggravated cases, as the heels of the fore feet 
 are the parts which bear the most weight in progression, the horse, 
 when forced to walk, which he can only accomplish with great 
 difficulty, elevates the toe at every step, bringing the heel, instead 
 of it, to the ground. The horse'is then suffering from acute lamin- 
 itis, or what is more generally in horse-parlance termed "founder." 
 
156 SETONS. 
 
 sioned, in a pair of horses, by undue, but not severe 
 work when under the irritation of the medicine) to 
 cause fever of the feet, by a metastasis, changing the 
 seat of irritation from the internals to the extremities — 
 a very palpable case in point. 
 
 SETONS. 
 
 The insertion of a seton properly belongs to the pro- 
 fessional man, and only for the guidance of persons 
 who, from living in remote neighbourhoods or other 
 causes, cannot possibly procure the assistance of such, 
 the following information is inserted, in order to obviate 
 the necessity for some ignorant farrier being permitted 
 to perform the operation after his own fashion. The 
 skin is first divided, by surgical scissors made for sucli 
 purposes, to the width of the seton-needle to be used, 
 which must be wide or narrow, according to the orifice 
 required, with white linen tape passed through its eye, 
 about the same width as the needle and orifice. The 
 needle is then inserted at the opening, and, passing 
 superficially under the skin, is directed towards the 
 point where the lower or depending orifice is intended 
 to be, and where the needle and tape are drawn out. 
 Sufficient tape must be left at each extremity to admit 
 not only of its being tied round small rolls of tow 
 which keep the tape from running through at either 
 side, but some inches of the tape should be left in ad- 
 dition at one end, to allow of a portion being drawn out 
 at one orifice each day, and a fresh piece with dressing 
 being drawn in at the other. 
 
 In cases where there is already an upper orifice with 
 
SETONS. 157 
 
 sinuses, the surgeon (if he does not lay the place entirely 
 open with a knife, which, if the sinuses are deep-seated, 
 he will do) will insert the seton-needle at such orifice, 
 no incision with the scissors being necessary, the direc- 
 tion of the sinuses having been first ascertained by the 
 careful use of the probe. The dressing to be applied 
 to the tape will be either chloride of zinc lotion, Venice 
 turpentine, or tincture of arnica lotion (see " Lotions"), 
 according as the healing or discharging process may 
 be desired, the first being the healing application. 
 Farriers attempting this operation will even now adopt 
 an old and most objectionable practice of tying the two 
 ends of the seton-tape together, and turning it round 
 at each fresh dressing ; the consequence being that, if 
 anything happen to catch in the loop thus made, the 
 whole piece of skin may be dragged out. 
 
LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, &c. 
 
 AS A RULE, ALL VOLATILE OILS OIL TINCTURES SHOULD BE 
 ADMINISTERED IN COLD WATER, OR LIQUID. 
 
 Strong Healing Lotion. — Chloride of zinc, two 
 scruples ; water, one pint. 
 
 Weaker, as for Sore Mouth, §c. — Chloride of zinc, 
 one scruple ; water, one pint. 
 
 To encourage Pus, and heal subsequently. — Tincture 
 of arnica, one ounce ; water, one pint. 
 
 To keep off Flies from Wounds or Bruises. — Apply a 
 rag dipped in solution of tar. 
 
 Glycerine Lotion. — Glycerine, half pint ; chloride of 
 zinc, half ounce ; water, six quarts. 
 
 To abate External Inflammation. — Vinegar, two 
 ounces ; Goulard lotion, one ounce ; water, two pints. 
 
 Liniment for the Neck in Cold and Distemper, Sore 
 Throat, fyc. — One part spirit of turpentine, two parts 
 oil, mixed, or equal parts of each, and rubbed in once 
 or twice daily. 
 
 Purges. — A mild purge is composed of — aloes, four 
 drachms ; extract of gentian, two drachms. 
 
 A very mild Laxative Drench. — Castor-oil, three 
 ounces ; linseed-oil, two ounces ; warm gruel, one pint 
 — Mix 
 
LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, ETC. 159 
 
 Of linseed-oil alone the ordinary dose is one pint. 
 If ineffectual, to be repeated, with the addition of 
 twenty drops of croton-oil. 
 
 Alterative Ball (for surfeit and skin diseases). — 
 Cream of tartar, half drachm ; nitre, two drachms ; 
 flowers of sulphur, half ounce — Mix in mass. 
 
 External Absorbents. — Iodine ointment and tincture, 
 Stevens's ointment,' 55 ' water-dressing. 
 
 Restoratives or Renovators — Drenches. — A quart of 
 stout, morning or evening; hay- tea, when mashes are 
 refused ; gruel properly prepared (page 161) and lin- 
 seed mashes (page 22). 
 
 Soothing Drench in Colic. — Sulphuric ether, one 
 ounce; laudanum, one ounce; linseed-oil, one pint. 
 
 Astringent Drenches (for diabetes). — Diluted phos- 
 phoric acid, one ounce; chilled water, one pint. 
 
 Or — Oak-bark, one ounce ; alum, quarter ounce ; 
 camomile tea, one pint — Made into a drench. 
 
 Feeding on old hay is generally effectual to check 
 purging. 
 
 Clysters^ (for diarrhoea, dysentery, or over-purgation). 
 — Laudanum, one ounce — Mixed in three pints warm 
 thin starch, repeated every half-hour, as long as neces- 
 sary. (The above is soothing and astringent.) 
 
 (For inflammation of the bladder or kidneys.) — In- 
 jections of warm linseed-tea constantly repeated. ; 
 
 (For dysentery.) — Injections of cold linseed-tea. 
 
 (For colic.) — Injection of one pint of turpentine 
 
 * Prepared and sold by Mr H. R. Stevens, V.S., 8a Park Lane, 
 London, W., and all chemists. 
 
 t The use of the clyster syringe by unskilled hands is very dan- 
 gerous — serious injury to the rectum being the common result ; 
 therefore great caution should be used to insert the pipe (well 
 greased) slowly and not too high up the channel. 
 
160 LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, ETC. 
 
 mixed in two quarts of hot soap-suds. (Soothing and 
 laxative.) 
 
 Ointment (to recover hair). — Equal parts hogs' lard 
 and mercurial ointment, with very finely poivdered 
 burnt leather to colour it. 
 
 Poultices are made of bran or linseed-meal, with 
 boiling water, and applied as hot as bearable. They 
 are seldom used except for the feet, in which cases the 
 leather shoe is useful. 
 
 Water-dressing (for sores, &c.) — Pads of linen kept 
 continually fully saturated with water, and entirely 
 over them is kept fixed a waterproof covering of oiled 
 silk or calico (gutta-percha is too liable to tear), to pre- 
 vent evaporation. The pads should be changed every 
 three or four hours, and cleansed where they are in- 
 tended to promote effusion of matter. 
 
 For Acidity. — A lump of chalk kept in the manger. 
 
 For General Health. — A lump of rock-salt always in 
 the manger. 
 
 For Worms. — One to two grains of arsenic and 
 twenty grains of kamela twice daily (each dose mixed 
 in a handful of wet bran, and given with oats or other 
 feeding) for eighteen days, and a purge the nineteenth 
 morning. The horse may get moderate work during 
 the administration of the powders. Or, common salt, 
 a tablespoonful daily, to be mixed with the food. 
 
 Strong Mustard Blister. — For cases of acute inflam- 
 mation, mustard to be made into a paste, eight ounces; 
 oil of turpentine, two ounces — To be well rubbed into 
 the chest or belly in severe inflammation. 
 
 Blisters should never be applied to a horse's four legs 
 at the same time, as is the practice with some farriers. 
 Two legs only should be blistered at once, and an in- 
 
LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, ETC. 161 
 
 terval of three or four days suffered to elapse before the 
 application of the remaining blisters. The animal's 
 head should be tied up for at least thirty hours after 
 the blister is put on, to prevent his gnawing the part ; 
 but if a cradle round the neck can effect the same pur- 
 pose in cases where other parts are blistered, its use is 
 preferable to tying up the head. 
 
 Sedative. — To allay excitement after a wound, &c. : 
 tincture of aconite, ten to twenty drops, in drench of 
 one pint of water with chill off. 
 
 To make Gruel. — Mix well a pound of oatmeal in a 
 quart of cold water ; put this mixture in a stew-pan 
 containing three quarts of boiling water, stir all well 
 over the fire till it becomes thick, then leave it aside to 
 cool sufficiently to be eatable. 
 
 Disinfectant. — As it will perhaps be useful to any 
 proprietor of horse-flesh, who may unfortunately have 
 had contagious disease in his stables, such as farcy or 
 glanders, to know how premises should be disinfected 
 according to the most approved means, the following 
 recommendations of Government for purifying the holds 
 of ships, during the prevalence of rinderpest, are ap- 
 pended : — 
 
 Suggestions for Disinfecting Holds of Ships. — The 
 Government has issued the following circular to the 
 shipowners and veterinary inspectors of Irish ports. 
 It must not be forgotten that the importation of raw 
 hides is still permitted. 
 
 " 23c? August 1SC5. 
 " The usual means had recourse to for the purpose of disin- 
 fecting the holds of vessels (such as washing and subsequently 
 applying diluted disinfecting solutions, the most generally used 
 L 
 
162 LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, ETC. 
 
 of which is chloride of lime), do not possess sufficient efficacy, 
 particularly within the limited time that can be devoted to that 
 purpose, without interfering with the commercial interests of 
 the vessels. 
 
 " It would occupy too much time to carefully scour and after- 
 wards apply a disinfecting fluid to the entire surface of a ship's 
 hold, in which, generally, there are many crevices and parts 
 that cannot be reached by the hand or brush. Such crevices 
 and parts are capable of retaining the contagious and infectious 
 principles in all their virulence. 
 
 "Holds of vessels, and all other chambers from which the 
 external air can be excluded for a time, can be, comparatively 
 speaking, most effectually disinfected by filling them with 
 chlorine gas, the great disinfecting principle of chloride of lime. 
 The gas insinuates itself into every chink, crevice, and part of 
 the chamber in which it is confined, and more effectually de- 
 composes the contagious and infectious compounds, whether 
 they be solid, fluid, or aeriform, than any other disinfectant 
 equally easy of application, and as cheap. The mode of disin- 
 fecting the hold of a vessel with chlorine is, to place a quantity 
 of common salt and black oxide of manganese in a strong basin, 
 which may be put into a bucket, to the handle of which a rope 
 has been attached. Pour on the salt and black oxide of man- 
 ganese their combined weight of sulphuric acid ; then let the 
 bucket containing the basin a little way down into the hold by 
 the rope attached to its handle. The chlorine gas, being heavier 
 than the atmospheric air, will quickly displace the latter and 
 fill the hold. In a short time, when the hold has become filled 
 with chlorine, the hatches may be battened down for about half 
 an hour. 
 
 " Previous to using the hold again for live freight, a current 
 of air should be admitted through it to remove the chlorine. 
 
 ' ' Many recommend the use of charcoal ; but it is not alone 
 more difficult of application, but it is much less of a disinfectant 
 than a deodoriser. Charcoal will not, like the chlorides, decom- 
 pose the matter of disease. If the damp matter of glanders, or 
 sheep-pox, be well mixed with a strong solution of chloride of 
 lime, it will seldom produce bad effects by inoculation ; but if 
 pure charcoal of any kind be used, the contagious principle of 
 the diseased matter is not at all diminished in its virulence — 
 
LOTIONS, PURGES, BLISTERS, ETC. 163 
 
 quite the contrary ; similar results are found if cow-pox be the 
 matter used in the experiment. 
 
 " The cost of the readiest materials for the production of 
 chlorine gas is very trifling. The salt is not |d. per pound ; 
 black oxide of manganese but 4d. per pound ; and sulphuric 
 acid l|d. per pound. These are the retail prices. A couple of 
 pounds weight of each would suffice for a large-sized hold. 
 
 "The attention of the customs, shipowners, and veterinary 
 inspectors is directed to the above disinfecting means. 
 
 (Signed) " Hugh Ferguson, 
 
 Her Majesty's Veterinary Surgeon, 
 Principal Government Veterinary Inspector, Ireland." 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page 
 
 Absorbents 159 
 
 Absorbent system 106 
 
 Acidity 160 
 
 Aconite, tincture of 161 
 
 Age, to judge of. 3 
 
 Ale and porter 24, 37 
 
 Alteratives 159 
 
 Ambling or pacing 34 
 
 American stabling 18 
 
 American carriages 74 
 
 Arabian horses 95 
 
 Arnica lotion 157, 158 
 
 Arsenic 124, 160 
 
 Auction 6, 89 
 
 Axle-boxes 74 
 
 Backing 71 
 
 Back-raking 122 
 
 Back, sore 38, 151 
 
 Ball, manner of giving 104 
 
 Bandaging 14 
 
 Bark of oak 159 
 
 Beans and pease 20, 21 
 
 Bearing-rein 63, 141 
 
 Bedding 9, 10, 27, 38 
 
 Belladonna 127 
 
 Belly-band, caution 59 
 
 Bits 38, 62, 70 
 
 Bladder, inflammation 
 
 of 127, 159 
 
 Bleeding Ill 
 
 Blinkers 62, 70 
 
 Blisters and absorbents 159, 160 
 Blood 94 
 
 Page 
 
 Board ship 24, 104 
 
 Boot of leather 19 
 
 Bran mash 22 
 
 Break carriage 5, 30 
 
 Breaking or training 29 
 
 Breaking to harness 30 
 
 Breastplate 48 
 
 Breeding 1, 93 
 
 Bridling 38 
 
 Britching 58 
 
 Broken knees 141 
 
 Broken wind 119 
 
 Bronchitis 113 
 
 Bruised oats 21 
 
 Brushing 78 
 
 Buying 6 
 
 Calkins or cogs 80, 82 
 
 Calomel 125 
 
 Canker 136 
 
 Cantering 33, 52 
 
 Capped hock 145 
 
 Caprice 90 
 
 Carriages 73, 75 
 
 Carrots 23 
 
 Casting 102 
 
 Cavalry remounts 47 
 
 Cavesson 33 
 
 Chat! 10, 154 
 
 Chain fastenings 17 
 
 Chalk 15, 154,160 
 
 Chifneybit 42 
 
 Chloride of zinc 158 
 
 Chloroform 102 
 
INDEX. 
 
 165 
 
 Clap of the back sinew 143 
 
 Cleaning in-doors 12, 13 
 
 Climate 95 
 
 Clipping 16 
 
 Clothing 18 
 
 Clysters 159 
 
 Clysters, danger of 
 
 using 15, 159 
 
 Cold and influenza 110 
 
 Colic and gripes 108, 121 
 
 Colic drench 159 
 
 Collar 60 
 
 Colour 2 
 
 Contagion 26, 112, 116 
 
 Contractors 25 
 
 Corns 79, 131, 140 
 
 Costiveness 123 
 
 Cough 115 
 
 Conpling-rein 56 
 
 Cracked and greasy heels 136 
 
 Crib-biting 153 
 
 Croton-oil 108, 159 
 
 Crupper 46, 63 
 
 Curb 145 
 
 Dandriff. 14 
 
 Dealers 6, 7 
 
 Diabetes 123 
 
 Diabetes drench 159 
 
 Diarrhoea or dysentery. . .120, 159 
 Digestive organs, diseases of 120 
 
 Diseases 101 
 
 Disinfectants 113, 161 
 
 Diuretics, and danger of 126 
 
 Dogs and cats 11 
 
 Dragoons 36, 47, 48, 50 
 
 Drainage 8 
 
 Draught or traction 58, 72 
 
 Drench, way of giving 105 
 
 Driving 65 
 
 Dumb jockey 30 
 
 Dysentery 120, 159 
 
 Exercising 31, 107 
 
 Exhibitions 94, 97 
 
 Eyes, sore 110 
 
 Fairs 7 
 
 Falling in harness 70 
 
 Farcy 26,107,147 
 
 Febrifuges 117 
 
 Feeding 20 
 
 Feeding on board ship 24 
 
 Feet, diseases of 127 
 
 Fencing 53 
 
 Fever of the feet, or 
 
 laminitis 132, 133, 155 
 
 Fits 117, 153 
 
 Flooring 10, 143 
 
 Fomentations 146 
 
 Foot, construction of 128 
 
 Foot-stopping 13, 38 
 
 French horses 1, 2, 96 
 
 Frosting 80 
 
 Gas water 146 
 
 Girthing 44 
 
 Glanders 26, 109 
 
 Glycerine 158 
 
 Goulard lotion 158 
 
 Grazing 26 
 
 Grey powder 115 
 
 Gripes 108, 121 
 
 Grooming 12 
 
 Grooms' doctoring 12 
 
 Grooms' requisites 15 
 
 Gruel, how to make 161 
 
 Hack for draught 5 
 
 Hack to ride 3 
 
 Halter-cast 17 
 
 Haltering 16 
 
 Hames 58, 61 
 
 Harnessing 56 
 
 Harness-room 56 
 
 Hay 21 
 
 Head, diseases of 109 
 
 Head-stall 16 
 
 Heels, cracked or greasy 136 
 
 Hidebound 150 
 
 Hills, to ascend or descend 67, 68 
 
 Hood 18 
 
 Horse shows 94, 97 
 
 Hunter 5, 94 
 
 Inflammation of bladder 125, 159 
 
 Inflammation of kidneys 125 
 
 Inflammation of lungs... 114, 155 
 
 Influenza 110 
 
 Indian gram 22 
 
 Iodine ointment 159 
 
 Irish hunters 93 
 
 Jibbers 71, 87 
 
 Jumping 53 
 
166 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Kicking in harness 59, 71, 85 
 
 Kicking in stable 85 
 
 Kicking-strap 31, 59 
 
 Kidneys, inflammation of..... 125 
 
 Knee-caps 19, 31 
 
 Knees, broken 141 
 
 Lameness 55, 78, 128, 140 
 
 Lampas 119 
 
 Latches, danger of 10 
 
 Lateral cartilage, disease of... 135 
 
 Laudanum 121, 159 
 
 Laxatives 158 
 
 Leather boot 19 
 
 Leather soles 82 
 
 Legs, diseases of 127 
 
 Light 9 
 
 Liniments 158 
 
 Linseed mash 22 
 
 Linseed-oil 108, 158 
 
 Litter 9, 135 
 
 Liver, diseases of. 125 
 
 Logs to head, tie 17 
 
 Loose-boxes 9 
 
 Lotions 141, 158 
 
 Loungeing or ringing 33, 84 
 
 Lungs, inflammation of 114, 155 
 
 Mallenders and sallenders . 
 Mane , 
 
 .144 
 . 14 
 .150 
 
 Mangers 10 
 
 Martingals 40 
 
 Mash, to make 22 
 
 Megrims 153 
 
 Mercurial ointment 141, 160 
 
 Mercury. — See Calomel. 
 
 Metastasis 155 
 
 Mounting of lady in side- 
 saddle 55 
 
 Mustard blister 160 
 
 Navicular disease 7, 134 
 
 Neck, sore 31 
 
 Nitre 117, 126 
 
 Nose, discharge from, or 
 
 nasal gleet 110, 116 
 
 Noseband 42, 63 
 
 Numna or sweat-cloth 38 
 
 Oak bark j59 
 
 Oats, bruised 21 
 
 Ointments 141, 160 
 
 Operations 102 
 
 Operations, slight 104 
 
 Opium, tincture of 121, 123 
 
 Out of doors, cleaning 12, 13 
 
 Over-reach or tread 140 
 
 Pace, generally considered 34, 96 
 
 Partitions 10 
 
 Pavement 9, 10, 11, 143 
 
 Pease 20, 22 
 
 Peat or tan as bedding 10, 27 
 
 Phosphoric acid 124, 159 
 
 Picker 13,15 
 
 Pole-chains and swinging- 
 bars 73 
 
 Poll-evil 17, 117 
 
 Porter and ale 24, 37 
 
 Poultices 160 
 
 Private purchase 7, 90 
 
 Prizes 94,97 
 
 Public troughs 26 
 
 Pulse 109 
 
 Purges 108, 158, 159 
 
 Purging 106 
 
 Purging, to stop 108, 121 
 
 Putting to, indraught 57 
 
 Quittor 135 
 
 Kace-horses 1, 6 
 
 Racing laws 97 
 
 Racks and mangers 10 
 
 Rarey's system 28, 102 
 
 Rearing up 52, 86 
 
 Restoratives, in work 24, 37 
 
 Riding 49 
 
 Ringing or loungeing 33 
 
 Ring-bone 144 
 
 Ring- worm 148 
 
 Rollers 19, 152 
 
 Roughing and frosting 80 
 
 Runaways 71 
 
 Saddling 43 
 
 Sallenders 144 
 
 Salt 15,125,154, 160 
 
 Sand-cracks 138 
 
 Saving-collar 30, 61 
 
 Sedative 161 
 
 Selecting •. 2 
 
 Selling 89 
 
INDEX. 
 
 167 
 
 Setons 152, 156 
 
 Sex 3 
 
 Shape 1, 3, 5,6, 94 
 
 Sheet, shape 18 
 
 Shelly hoofs 137 
 
 Shipboard 24, 104 
 
 Shivering fits 117 
 
 Shoeing 75 
 
 Shying 88 
 
 Side-saddle, for mounting 
 
 lady to 55 
 
 Side-saddle and girths 44, 45 
 
 Singeing 15 
 
 Sitfasts 151 
 
 Size 1,2,72, 95 
 
 Skin diseases 148, 149, 150 
 
 Smelling, sense of 89 
 
 Solitude 11, 93 
 
 Sore back 38, 151 
 
 Sore eyes 110 
 
 Sore heels 136 
 
 Sore mouth 24, 158 
 
 Sore neck 31 
 
 Sore throat 118 
 
 Sore withers 38, 151 
 
 Soundness 5 
 
 Spavin, blood !.146 
 
 Spavin, bone 144 
 
 Splinter and swinging bars ... 73 
 
 Splints 142 
 
 Stable requisites 15 
 
 Stabling 8 
 
 Staggers 153 
 
 Staling, profuse 123 
 
 Stalls 9 
 
 Steaming the head 112 
 
 Stevens's ointment 142, 145, 159 
 Stirrup irons and leathers 45, 46 
 
 Stonehenge 11, 30 
 
 Stones on the road 13, 40, 55 
 
 Stopping feet 13, 38, 76, 134 
 
 Strain of back 
 
 sinew 11, 14, 82, 143 
 
 Strangles 118 
 
 Straw 9,10 
 
 String-halt 145 
 
 Stubbornness 71, 87 
 
 Stumbling 40, 52 
 
 Surfeit 147, 149 
 
 Sweating 32 
 
 Synovia 141, 143, 146 
 
 Tar 15,135,138,140,158 
 
 Teeth 3, 24,116 
 
 Terret-pad and belly- 
 band 59, 61 
 
 Tinctures, administration of 158 
 
 Tips 83 
 
 Thorough-pin 146 
 
 Throat-lash or band 43 
 
 Throat, sore 118 
 
 Thrush 15, 131, 135 
 
 Traces 57 
 
 Training 28 
 
 Travelling 36, 84 
 
 Troop-horses 47, 50 
 
 Trotting 34 
 
 Turpentine 157, 158 
 
 Twitch 75, 104 
 
 Unnerving •. 7, 134 
 
 Urinary organs, diseases 
 of. 125,127,159 
 
 Ventilation, 
 
 8, 18, 102, 109, 112, 115, 118 
 
 Vice 84 
 
 Vinegar 144, 158 
 
 Walking exercise 32 
 
 Warranty 5, 7 
 
 Water, externally 12, 136 
 
 Water-dressing 160 
 
 Water farcy 148 
 
 Watering 25 
 
 Wheels 73 
 
 Whip 65 
 
 Wind-galls 14, 143 
 
 Wind-sucking 153 
 
 Withers, sore 38, 151 
 
 Work 33 
 
 Worms 28, 124, 160 
 
 Worm-powder 124 
 
 Wounds 152 
 
 Wrick or wrench 144 
 
 Yellows 125 
 
 Young horses 94, 97 
 
 Zinc, chloride of 158 
 
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 CHRONICLES OF CARL1NGF0RD : THE RECTOR, AND 
 
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 Contents. 
 Vol. I. The Glenmutchkin Railway.— Vanderdecken's Message Home.— The 
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 tar. — The Iron Shroud. 
 
 Vol. II. Lazaro's Legacy.— A Story without a Tail.— Faustus and Queen Eliza- 
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 Vol. IV. How I stood for the Dreepdaily Burghs. — First and Last.— The Duke's 
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 Vol. V. Adventures in Texas.— How we got Possession of the Tuileries.— Cap- 
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 Vol. VII. My English Acquaintance.— The Murderer's Last Night. — Narration 
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 Willis, B.D.— The Wags.— The Wet Wooing : A Narrative of '9S — Ben-na- 
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 Vol. XL TheNatolian Story-Teller.— The First and Last Crime. — John Rintoul. 
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 Vol. XII. Tickler among the Thieves ! — The Bridegroom of Barna. — The Invol- 
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 ESS A rs. 
 
 By the Rev. JOHN EAGLES, A.M. Oxon. Originally published in ' Black- 
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 Contents : — Church Music, and other Parochials. — Medical Attendance, and 
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 Swift. — The Crystal Palace. — Civilisation : The Census. — The Beggar's 
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 ESSA YS; HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, AND MISCELLANEOUS. 
 By Sir ARCHIBALD ALISON, Bart, D.C.L. Three vols., demy Svo, 45s. 
 
 LECTURES ON THE POETICAL LITERATURE OF THE 
 PAST HALF-CENTURY. By D. M. MOIR. Third Edition. Fcap. Svo, 5s. 
 
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 LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF LITERATURE, 
 
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 THE GENIUS OF HANDEL, 
 
 And the distinctive Character of his Sacred Compositions. Two Lectures. 
 Delivered to the Members of the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution. By 
 the Very Rev. DEAN RAMSAY, Author of ' Reminiscences of Scottish Life 
 and Character.' In crown Svo, 3s. 6<L 
 
 BLA CK WOOD'S MA OA ZINE, 
 
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 INDEX TO THE FIRST FIFTY VOLUMES OF BLACKWOOD S 
 
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10 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 LAYS OF THE SCOTTISH CAVALIERS, 
 
 And other Poems. By W. EDMONDSTOUNE AYTOUN, D.C.L., Professor 
 of Rhetoric and English Literature in the University of Edinburgh. Eigh- 
 teenth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " Professor Aytoun's ' Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers'— a volume of verse which shows that Scotland has 
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 and wild as the wail of a Highland dirge."— Quarterly Review. 
 
 BOTH WELL: A POEM. 
 
 By W. EDMONDSTOUNE AYTOUN, D.C.L. Third Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 
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 THE BALLADS OF SCOTLAND. 
 
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 as a model to any among ourselves who may think of doing like serviee to the English Ballads."— Times. 
 
 POEMS AND BALLADS OF GOETHE. 
 
 Translated by Professor Aytoun and Theodore Martin. Second Edition. 
 Fcap. 8vo, 6s. 
 " There is no doubt that these are the best translations of Goethe's marvellously-cut gems which have 
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 THE BOOK OF BALLADS. 
 
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 FIRM1LTAN; OR, THE STUDENT OF BADAJOS. 
 
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 POETICAL WORKS OF THOMAS AIRD. 
 
 Fourth Edition. In 1 vol. fcap. Svo, 6s. 
 
 POEMS. 
 
 By the Lady FLORA HASTINGS. Edited by her Sister, Second Edition, 
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 THE POEMS OF FELICIA HEMANS. 
 
 Complete in 1 vol. royal Svo, with Portrait by Finden. Cheap Edition, 
 
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 Tlie following Works of Mrs Hemans are sold separately, bound in cloth, gilt 
 edges, 4s. each : — 
 
 Records of Woman. Forest Sanctuary. Songs of the Affections. 
 Dramatic Works. Tales and Historic Scenes. Moral and Reli- 
 gious Poems. 
 
 THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER. 
 
 Translated into English Verse in the Spenserian Stanza. By PHILIP STAN- 
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 Svo, 18s. 
 
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 coem of the ancient world— making the Btanza yield him, too (what it never yielded to Byron), its trea- 
 sures of fluidity and sweet ease— above all, bringing to his task a truly poetical sense and skill,— has pro- 
 duced a version of the ' Odyssey' much the most pleasing of those hitherto produced, and which is de- 
 lightful to read."— Professor Arnold on Translating Homer. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 11 
 
 POEMS AND TRANSLATIONS 
 
 By PHILIP STANHOPE WORSLEY, M.A., Scholar of Corpus Christi 
 College, Oxford. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 POEMS. 
 
 By ISA. In small Svo, 4s. 6d. 
 
 POETICAL WORKS OF D. M. MOTR. 
 
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 LECTURES OX THE POETICAL LITERATURE OF THE 
 
 PAST HALF-CENTURY. By D. M. MOIR (A). Second Edition. Fcap. 
 Svo, 5s. 
 
 " A delightful volume."— Morning Chronicle. 
 
 " Exquisite in its taste and generous in its criticisms."— Hugh Miller. 
 
 THE COURSE OF TIME: A POEM. 
 
 By ROBERT POLLOK, A.M. Twenty- fourth Edition. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. 
 
 " Of deep and hallowed impress, full of noble thoughts and graphic conceptions— the production of a 
 mind alive to the great relations of being, and the sublime simplicity of our religion."— Blackwood's 
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 AN ILLUSTRATED EDITION OF THE COURSE OF TIME. 
 In large Svo, bound in cloth, richly gilt, 21s. 
 
 " There has been no modern poem in the English language, of the class to which the 'Course of Time ' 
 belongs, since Milton wrote, that can be compared to it. In the present instance the artistic talents of 
 Messrs Foster Clayton, Tenmel, Evans, Dai.ziei., Grefn, and Woods, have been employed in giving 
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 highest class."— Bell's Messenger. 
 
 POEMS AND BALLADS OF SCHILLER. 
 
 Translated by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, Bart. Second Edition. 8vo, 
 10s. 6d. 
 
 ST STEPHEN'S; 
 
 Or, Illustrations of Parliamentary Oratory. A Poem. Comprising— Pym— 
 Vane— Strafford— Halifax— Shaftesbury— St John- Sir R. Walpole— Chester- 
 field — Carteret — Chatham — Pitt — Fox — Burke— Sheridan— Wilberforce— 
 Wyndham— Conway— Castlereagh— William Lamb (Lord Melbourne}— Tier- 
 ney — Lord Grey — O'Connell — Plunkett— Shiel— Follett— Maeajilay— Peel. 
 Second Edition. Crown Svo, 5s. 
 
 LEGENDS, LYRICS, AND OTHER POEMS. 
 
 By B. SIMMONS. Fcap., 7s. 6d. 
 
 SIR WILLIAM CRICHTON—ATHELWOLD—GUIDONE: 
 Dramas by WILLIAM SMITH, Author of ' Thorndale,' &c. 32mo, 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE BIRTHDAY, AND OTHER POEMS. 
 
 By Mrs SOUTHEY. Second Edition, 5s. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LYRIC POETRY AND MUSIC 
 OF SCOTLAND. By WILLIAM STEXHOUSE. Originally compiled to 
 accompany the ' Scots Musical Museum,' and now published separately, with 
 Additional Notes and Illustrations. Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 PROFESSOR WILSON'S POEMS. 
 
 Containing the 'Isle of Palms,' the 'City of the Plague,' 'Unimore,' and 
 other Poems. Complete Edition. Crown Svo, is. 
 
 POEMS AND SONGS. 
 
 By DAVID WINGATE. Second Edition. Fcap. Svo, 5s. 
 
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12 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE PHYSICAL ATLAS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA. 
 
 By ALEXANDER KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., &c, Geographer to the 
 Queen for Scotland. A New and Enlarged Edition, consisting of 35 Folio 
 Plates, and 27 smaller ones, printed in Colours, with 135 pages of Letterpress, 
 and Index. Imperial folio, half -hound morocco, £8, 8s. 
 
 "A perfect treasure of compressed information."— Sir John Ucrscliel. 
 
 THE PHYSICAL ATLAS. 
 
 By ALEXANDER KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., &c. Reduced from the 
 Imperial Folio. This Edition contains Twenty-five Maps, including a Palseon- 
 tological and Geological Map of the British Islands, with Descriptive Letter- 
 press, and a very copious Index. In imperial 4to, half-bound morocco, 
 £2, 12s. 6d. 
 
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 A GEOLOGICAL MAP OF EUROPE. 
 
 By Sir R. I. MURCHISON, D.C.L., F.R.S., &c, Director-General of the 
 Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland ; and JAMES NICOL, 
 F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of Aberdeen. 
 Constructed by Alexander Keith Johnston, F.R.S.E., &c. Four Sheets 
 imperial, beautifully printed in Colours. In Sheets, £3, 3s.; in a Cloth Case, 
 4to, £3, 10s. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL AND PALjEONTOLOGICAL MAP OF THE 
 
 BRITISH ISLANDS, including Tables of the Fossils of the different Epochs, 
 <fcc. &c, from the Sketches and Notes of Professor Edward Forbes. With 
 Illustrative and Explanatory Letterpress. 21s. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 By JAMES NICOL, F.R.S.E., &c, Professor of Natural History in the Uni- 
 versity of Aberdeen. With Explanatory Notes. The Topography by Alex- 
 ander Keith Johnston, F.R.S.E., &c. Scale, 10 miles to an inch. In 
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 INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
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 INTRODUCTORY TEXT-BOOK OF GEOLOGY. 
 
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 sarial Index. Seventh Edition, 2s. 
 
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 ADVANCED TEXTBOOK OF GEOLOGY, 
 
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 Engravings and Glossary of Scientific Terms. Fourth Edition, revised and 
 enlarged, 7s. 6d. 
 
 " It is therefore with unfeigned pleasure that we record our appreciation of his ' Advanced Text-Book 
 of Geology' We have carefully read this truly satisfactory book, and do not hesitate to say that it is an 
 excellent compendium of the great facts of Geology, and written in a truthful and philosophic spirit."— 
 Edinburgh Philosophical Journal. 
 
 HANDBOOK OF GEOLOGICAL TERMS, GEOLOGY, AND 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By DAVID PAGE, F.R.S.E. F.G.S. Second 
 Edition, crown Svo, 7s. 6d. 
 
 THE PAST AND PRESENT LIFE OF THE GLOBE: 
 
 Bemg a Sketch in Outline of the World's Life-System. By DAVID PAGE, 
 F.R.S.E., F.GS. Crown Svo, 6s. With Fifty Illustrations, drawn and 
 engraved expressly for this Work. 
 
 "Mr Page whose admirable text-books of geology have already secured him a position of importance in 
 the scientific' world, will add considerably to his reputation by the present sketch, as he modestly terms 
 it of the Life-System, or gradual evolution of the vitality of our globe. In no manual that we are aware 
 of have the facts and phenomena of biology been presented in at once so systematic and succinct a form, 
 the successive manifestations of life on the earth set forth in so clear an order or traced so vividly from 
 the earlien organisms deep buried in its stratified crust, to the familiar forms that now adorn and people 
 its surface."— Literary Gazette. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 13 
 
 THE GEOLOGICAL EXAMINATOR: 
 
 A Progressive Series of Questions adapted to the Introductory and Advanced 
 Text-Books of Geology. Prepared to assist Teachers in framing their Exami- 
 nations, and Students in testing their own Progress and Proficiency. By 
 DAVID PAGE, F.R.S.E., F.G.S. Third Edition, Is. 
 
 THE GEOLOGY OF PENNSYLVANIA: 
 
 A Government Survey ; with a General View of the Geology of the United 
 States, Essays on the Coal Formation and its Fossils, and a Description of 
 the Coal-Fields of North America and Great Britain. By Professor HENRY 
 DARWIN ROGERS, F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Natural History in the 
 University of Glasgow. With Seven large Maps, and numerous Illustrations 
 engraved on Copper and on Wood. In 3 vols, royal 4to, £8, 8s. 
 
 SEA- SIDE STUDIES AT ILFRACOMBE, TENBY, THE 
 
 SC1LLY ISLES, AND JERSEY. By GEORGE HENRY LEWES. Second 
 Edition. Crown Svo, with Illustrations, and a Glossary of Technical Terms, 
 6s. 6d. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY OF COMMON LIFE. 
 
 By GEORGE HENRY LEWES, Author of ' Sea-side Studies,' &c. Illus- 
 trated with numerous Engravings. 2 vols., 12s. 
 
 CHEMISTRY OF COMMON LIFE. 
 
 By Professor J. F. W. JOHNSTON. A New Edition. Edited by G. H. 
 LEWES. With 113 Illustrations on Wood, and a Copious Index. 2 vols, 
 crown Svo, lis. 6d. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE OF COLOURS, 
 
 Applicable to the Arts and Natural Sciences, to Manufactures, and other 
 Purposes of General Utility. By D. R. HAY, F.R.S.E. 228 Examples of 
 Colours, Hues, Tints, and Shades. Svo, £3, 3s. 
 
 NARRATIVE OF THE EARL OF ELGIN'S MISSION TO 
 CHINA AND JAPAN. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Private Secretary 
 to Lord Elgin. Illustrated with numerous Engravings in Chromo-Lithogra- 
 phy, Maps, and Engravings on Wood, from Original Drawings and Photo- 
 graphs. Second Edition. In 2 vols. Svo, 21s. 
 
 "The volumes in which Mr Oliphant has related these tiansactions will be read with the strongest into- 
 re-t now, and deserve to retain a permanent place in the literary and historical annals of our time."— 
 Edinburgh Hevurw. 
 
 RUSSIAN SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA 
 
 In the Autumn of 1852. With a Voyage down the Volga and a Tour through 
 the Country of the Don Cossacks. By LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Esq. 
 8vo, with Map and other Illustrations. Fourth Edition, 14s. 
 
 EGYPT, THE SOUDAN, AND CENTRAL AFRICA: 
 
 With Explorations from Khartoum on the White Nile to the Regions of the 
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 sul for the Soudan. In Svo, with a Map, 16s. 
 
 NOTES ON NORTH AMERICA: 
 
 Agricultural, Economical, and Social. By Professor J. F. W. JOHNSTON. 
 2 vols, post 8vo, 21s. 
 
 " Professor Johnston's admirable Notes. . . . The very best manual for intelligent emigrants, whilst 
 to the BritMi agriculturist and general reader it conveys a more complete conception of the condition of 
 these prosperous regions than all that lias hitherto been written." — fiCi nomist. 
 
 A FAMILY TOUR ROUND THE COASTS OF SPAIN AND 
 PORTUGAL during the Winter of 1810-1SG1. By Lady DUNBAR, of North- 
 field. In post Svo, 5s. 
 
14 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE ROYAL ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 In a Series of entirely Original and Authentic Maps. By A. KEITH 
 JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., Author of the ' Physical Atlas,' &c. With 
 a complete Index of easy reference to each Map, comprising nearly 150,000 
 Places contained in this Atlas. Imperial folio, half-bound in russia or mo- 
 rocco, £5, 15s. 6d. (Dedicated by permission to Her Majesty.) 
 
 " No one can look through Mr Keith Johnston's new Atlas without seeing that it is the best which has 
 ever been published in this country."— The Times. 
 
 " Of the many noble atlases prepared by Mr Johnston and published by Messrs Blackwood & Sons, this 
 Royal Atlas will be the most useful to the public, and will deserve to be the most popular."— Atlieuueum. 
 
 " We know no series of maps which we can more warmly recommend. The accuracy, w herever we have 
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 " An almost daily reference to, and comparison of it with others, since the publication of the first part 
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 most complete and authentic atlas that has yet been issued."— Scotsman. 
 
 " Beyond doubt the greatest geographical work of our time."— Museum. 
 
 INDEX GEOGRA PHICUS : 
 
 Being an Index to nearly One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Names of 
 Places, &c. ; with their Latitudes and Longitudes as given in Keith 
 Johnston's 'Royal Atlas;' together with the Countries and Subdivi- 
 sions of the Countries in which they are situated. In 1 vol. large 8vo. , 21s. 
 
 A NEW MAP OF EUROPE. 
 
 By A. KEITH JOHNSTON, F.R.S.E. Size, 4 feet 2 inches by 3 feet 5 
 inches. Cloth Case, 21s. 
 
 ATLAS OF SCOTLAND. 
 
 31 Maps of the Counties of Scotland, coloured. Bound in roan, price 10s. 6d. 
 Each County may be had separately, in Cloth Case, Is. 
 
 KEITH JOHNSTON'S SCHOOL ATLASES:— 
 
 General and Descriptive Geography, exhibiting the Actual and Com- 
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 Political Divisions. A New and Enlarged Edition. With a complete 
 Index. 26 Maps. Half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Physical Geography, illustrating, in a Series of Original Designs, the 
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 Classical Geography, comprising, in Twenty-three Plates, Maps and Plans 
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 Astronomy. Edited by J. R. Hind, Esq., F.R.A.S., &c. Notes and 
 Descriptive Letterpress to each Plate, embodying all recent Discoveries 
 in Astronomy. 18 Maps. Half-bound, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Elementary School Atlas of General and Descriptive Geography 
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 including a Map of Canaan and Palestine. Half-bound, 5s. 
 
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 " Decidedly the best School Atlases we have ever seoii."—Enylish Journal of Education. 
 
 " The best, the fullest, the most accurate and recent, as well as artistically the most beautiful atlas that 
 can be put into the schoolboy's hands."— Museum, April 1863. 
 
 A MANUAL OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY: 
 
 Mathematical, Physical, and Political. Embracing a complete Development 
 of the River-Systems of the Globe. By the Rev. ALEX. M ACKAY, F. R.G. S. 
 With Index. 7s. 6d., bound in leather. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 15 
 
 THE BOOK OF THE FARM. 
 
 Detailing the Labours of the Farmer, Farm-Steward, Ploughman, Shepherd, 
 Hedger, Cattle-man, Field-worker, and Dairymaid, and forming a safe Monitor 
 for Students in Practical Agriculture. By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E. 
 2 vols, royal Svo, £3, handsomely bound in cloth, with upwards of 600 
 Illustrations. 
 
 " The best book. I have ever met with. " — Professor Johnston. 
 
 ■' We have thoroughly examined these volumes; but to give a full notice of their varied and valuable 
 contents would occupy a larger space than we can conveniently devote to their discussion ; we therefore, 
 in general terms, commend them to the careful study of every young man who wishes to become a good 
 practical farmer."— 1 iiues. 
 
 " One of the completest works on agriculture of which eur literature can boast."— Agricultural Gazette. 
 
 THE BOOK OF FARM IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES. 
 By JAMES SLIGHT and R. SCOTT BURN. Edited by Henry Stephens, 
 F.R.S.E. Illustrated with S76 Engravings. Royal Svo, uniform with the 
 ' Book of the Farm,' half-bound, £2, 2s. 
 
 THE BOOK OF FARM BUILDINGS: 
 
 Their Arrangement and Construction. By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E., 
 and R. SCOTT BURN. Royal Svo, with 1045 Illustrations. Uniform with 
 the 'Book of the Farm.' Half-bound, £1, lis. 6d. 
 
 THE BOOK OF THE GARDEN. 
 
 By CHARLES M'INTOSH. In 2 large vols, royal Svo, embellished with 
 1353 Engravings. 
 
 Each Volume may he had separately— viz. : 
 I. Architectural and Ornamental.— On the Formation of Gardens — 
 Construction, Heating, and Ventilation of Fruit and Plant Houses, 
 Pits, Frames, aud other Garden Structures, with Practical Details. 
 Illustrated by 1073 Engravings, pp. 766. £2, 10s. 
 
 II. Practical Gardening.— Directions for the Culture of the Kitchen 
 Garden, the Hardy-fruit Garden, the Forcing Garden, and Flower 
 Garden, including Fruit and Plant Houses, with Select Lists of Vege- 
 tables, Fruits, and Plants. Pp. 868, with 279 Engravings. £1, 17s. 6d. 
 ading ilr JTIntosh's two excellent volumes to the notice of the public." 
 
 PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF FARM BOOK-KEEPING: 
 
 Being that recommended in the ' Book of the Farm ' by H. Stephens. Royal 
 8vo, 2s. 6d. Also, Seven Folio Account-Books, printed and ruled "in 
 accordance with the System, the whole being specially adapted for keeping, 
 by an easy and accurate method, an account of all the transactions of the 
 Farm. A detailed Prospectus may be had from the Publishers. Price of 
 the complete set of Eight Books, £1, 4s. 6d. Also, A Labour Account of 
 the Estate, 2s. 6d. 
 
 " We have no hesitation in saying that, of the many systems of keeping farm accounts which are now in 
 TOgue, there is not one which will bear comparison with this."— Bell's Messenger. 
 
 AINSLIE'S TREATISE ON LAND-SURVEYING. 
 
 A New and Enlarged Edition. Edited by William Galbraith, M.A., 
 F.R.A.S. 1 vol. Svo, with a Volume of Plates in Quarto, 21s. 
 
 "The best book on surveying with which I am acquainted.' - — W. Rutherford, LL.D., F.R.A.S., Royal 
 Mditiry Academy, Woolwich. 
 
 THE FORESTER: 
 
 A Practical Treatise on the Planting, Rearing, and Management of Forest 
 Trees. By JAMES BROWN, Wood Manager to the Earl of Seafield. Third 
 Edition, greatly enlarged, with numerous Engravings on Wood. Royal 8vo, 
 30s. 
 
 "Beyond all doubt this is the best work on the sublect of Foreitry extant."— Gardeners' Journal 
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16 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY 
 
 HANDBOOK OF THE MECHANICAL ARTS, 
 
 Concerned in the Construction and Arrangement of Dwellings and other 
 Buildings ; Including Carpentry, Smith-work, Iron-framing, Brick-makins, 
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 R. SCOTT BURN. Crown 8vo, with 504 Engravings on Wood, 6s. 6d. 
 
 PROFESSOR JOHNSTON'S WORKS:— 
 
 Experimental Agriculture. Being the Results of Past, and Suggestions 
 for Future, Experiments in Scientific and Practical Agriculture. 8s. 
 
 Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. Eighth Edition, 
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 A Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. Fifty-seventh 
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 On the Use of Lime in Agriculture. 6s. 
 
 Instructions for the Analysis of Soils. Fourth Edition, 2s. 
 
 THE RELATIVE VALUE OF ROUND AND SA WN TIMBER, 
 
 Shown by means of Tables and Diagrams. By JAMES RAIT, Land-Steward 
 at Castle-Forbes. Royal 8vo, 8s. half-bound. 
 
 THE YEAR-BOOK OF AGRICULTURAL FACTS. 
 
 1859 and 1860. Edited by R. Scott Burn. Fcap. 8vo, 5s. each. 1S61 and 
 1862, 4s. each. 
 
 ELKINGTONS SYSTEM OF DRAINING: 
 
 A Systematic Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Draining Land, adapted 
 to the various Situations and Soils of England and Scotland, drawn up from 
 the Communications of Joseph Elkington, by J. Johnstone. 4to, 10s. 6<L 
 
 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE, AND TRANSACTIONS OF 
 
 THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND. 
 Old Series, 1828 to 1843, 21 vols. . . . £3 3 
 New Series, 1843 to 1851, 8 vols. . . . 2 2 
 
 THE RURAL ECONOMY OF ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND 
 
 IRELAND. By LEONCE DE LAVERGNE. Translated from the French. 
 With Notes by a Scottish Farmer. In 8vo, 12s. 
 
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 DAIRY MANAGEMENT AND FEEDING OF MILCH COWS: 
 Being the recorded Experience of Mrs AGNES SCOTT, Winkston, Peebles. 
 Second Edition. Fcap., Is. 
 
 ITALIAN IRRIGATION: 
 
 A Report addressed to the Hon. the Court of Directors of the East India 
 Company, on the Agricultural Canals of Piedmont and Lombardy ; with a 
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 folio, 30s. 
 
 THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE FARM: 
 
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 Cottages. By JOHN STARFORTH, Architect. Sixty-two Engravings. In 
 medium 4to, £2, 2s. 
 *' One of the most useful and beautiful additions to Messrs Blackwood's extensive and valuable library 
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 THE Y ESTER DEEP LAND-CULTURE: 
 
 Being a Detailed Account of the Method of Cultivation which has been suc- 
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 By HENRY STEPHENS, Esq., F.R.S.E., Author of the ' Book of the Farm.' 
 In small Svo, with Engravings on Wood, 4s. 6d. 
 
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS. 17 
 
 A MANUAL OF PRACTICAL DRAINING. 
 
 By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R.S.E., Author of the 'Book of the Farm. 
 Third Edition, Svo, 5s. 
 
 A CATECHISM OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. 
 
 By HENRY STEPHENS, F.R S.E., Author of the 'Book of the Farm,' &c. 
 Iu crown Svo, with Illustrations, Is. 
 
 HANDY BOOK ON PROPERTY LAW. 
 
 By Lord ST LEONARDS. The Seventh Edition. To which is now added 
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