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 POCKET AND THE STUD, 
 
London j 
 
 Spottiswoode and Shaw, 
 
 i\ew -street-Square. 
 
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 THE 
 
 POCKET AND THE STUD 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS 
 
 THE MANAGEMENT OF THE STABLE. 
 
 HARRY HIEOYER. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR 
 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS, 
 
 PAT£RNOSTER-EOW. 
 1848. 
 
•XKv<.rr> £> 
 
 HIT 
 
 Digitized by tine Internet Arcinive 
 
 in 2009 with funding from 
 
 Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries 
 
 littp://www.arcliive.org/details/pocketstudorprac1848liieo 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Whenever a man ventures to give hints or offer 
 advice to others on the management of their pro- 
 perty or affairs (be the nature of them what it 
 may), he lays himself open to a charge of both 
 arrogance and presumption, unless he can bring 
 forward a good reason for fancying himself qua- 
 lified for the task, for it not merely implies, but 
 plainly states, that he conceives he knows more 
 about the matter than the generality of those for 
 whose perusal he writes. It, therefore, becomes 
 not only a matter of proper respect to them, but 
 a duty he owes himself, to explicitly state that 
 in offering advice he does not consider his quali- 
 fications for the task to arise from any fancied 
 superiority or particular perspicuity of intellect, 
 but from the very homely circumstance of practi- 
 cal experience. 
 
 I feel that I stand in the very delicate position 
 that I have described, in venturing to lay the 
 
 A 3 
 
VI PEEFACE. 
 
 present work before the public: therefore, if ever 
 a book imperiously called on its author for a 
 preface or introduction, it is absolutely indis- 
 pensable to " The Pocket and the Stud." 
 
 I trust most of my readers will agree with me, 
 that, supposing, from a particular turn of mind, a 
 man had made the manufacturing of chronometers 
 his study from childhood, and that after circum- 
 stances had compelled him to serve two apprentice- 
 ships to that art, he could not be accused of pre- 
 sumption if, after such experience and practice, 
 he ventured to give advice on the management of 
 a watch to those of far superior attainments in 
 mind or other matters, but who may not have 
 had the same knowledge and practice forced on 
 them, as regards the subject on which he ventures 
 to give advice, or, in more modest phrase, the 
 result of his exj)erience and practice. 
 
 Now, I am precisely in the situation of such 
 a man, and I trust the liberality of my readers 
 will give me credit for acting only on the same 
 principle in offering advice on the subjects of the 
 present work. I have had a great part of the 
 knowledge I possess, and the practice I have had, 
 in these matters forced on me by untoward 
 circumstances, over which I had no control; and 
 
PREFACE. VU 
 
 to those who may not have the same knowledge, 
 and have not had the same practice, I offer my 
 sincere congratulations that they have not been 
 placed in the like predicament, for fate has not 
 vouchsafed to give this knowledge and practice to 
 me as a matter of pleasure, but has buffeted both 
 into me in her most angry moods, or, at all events, 
 a great part of both are the result of her will and 
 decree. 
 
 There are, beyond doubt, numberless men who 
 possess more knowledge of, and have had more 
 practice in, the matters contained in this work 
 than I can boast; and I am equally willing to 
 give them credit for being able (if they felt in- 
 clined to do so) to lay the result of that know- 
 ledge and experience before the public in better 
 form and terms than I can : to such men, of course, 
 this work would be useless ; but I trust that to 
 thousands of others it will not be found to stand 
 in the same position. 
 
 That there are many gentlemen better judges 
 of horses or their management (as gentlemen's 
 horses) than myself, I make no doubt ; that there 
 are many dealers, breakers, trainers, and others 
 concerned in the sale of horses that know more, I 
 must also, of course, admit; but it might, perhaps, 
 
 A 4 
 
Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 be difficult to find a man precisely in my situa- 
 tion, namely, that of one born, bred, educated 
 for, and as, a private individual, who, in addi- 
 tion to the knowledge in matters required of a 
 gentleman, has, as I have before stated, been 
 forced to acquire the knowledge of the minutiae 
 of the business and avocation of men in a directly 
 opposite position in society ; but, as such is the 
 fact in my case, I feel it a duty I owe my readers 
 to give a short statement of the circumstances 
 that have caused such an apparent anomaly. 
 
 I am not of sufficient consequence to render it 
 a matter of the slightest importance to my readers 
 what may be my name ; still less the origin, ex- 
 tent, or collateral branches of my family : suffice 
 it to say, that, though it has ever been a family 
 addicted to spending fortunes, I am the first 
 member of it who ever attempted to make money 
 by trade or business : had they or any of them 
 ever liad sense or foresight to have done so, I 
 should, probably, never have written the '• Pocket 
 and the Stud." I am the last of that family, except 
 one. If the rest were living, I suppose I should be 
 considered a kind of scape-grace, who had sullied 
 their fair fame; at least I judge so, as my surviving 
 aristocratic relative will not let me come " between 
 
PREFACE. IX 
 
 the wind and his nobility," because, forsooth, I 
 did not choose to starve or beg while I could turn 
 my knowledge of horses to account. 
 
 Where I was born is, of course, of as little con- 
 sequence to my readers or the public as who I 
 am; perhaps many of both may say it matters 
 little whether I had ever been horn at all : the 
 
 where I should never, therefore, have mentioned, 
 
 . -. * 
 but from its coincidence with my propensities, to 
 
 which I shall briefly allude. 
 
 "Whether these sporting propensities were pre- 
 destined or not I know not ; but I was born on 
 Enfield Chase, and in a house stated to have been 
 a hunting lodge of one of our hunting monarchs, 
 as probably it was, for a farm called the Dog 
 Kennel stood within half a mile of the house or 
 lodge. A curious old place this said lodge was, 
 boasting its four rows of eight windows in front, 
 save three on the ground floor, substituted by the 
 entrance to the hall, where deers' horns, rusty 
 pikes, cutlasses, and God knows what, first de- 
 lighted my boy's eyes. Here, at two years old, 
 I made my first debut on the back of an animal, 
 which I did in the following somewhat rude and 
 rustic manner, namely, being daily taken by my 
 nurse to meet the bullocks coming home from 
 
X PREFACE. 
 
 labour, on the back of one of wbich I am told I 
 rode in great state up the old avenue to the yard. 
 So far as riding goes, I may, in fact, truly say that 
 I rode before I walked. My practice in this par- 
 ticular did not, therefore, begin very late in life. 
 This, as a matter of course, soon led to a pony 
 being wanted, and at six years old I was first 
 blooded by Lady Salisbury's huntsman on seeing 
 my first fox killed. At eight years old I could 
 ride my father's horses as straight as he could ; at 
 twelve boasted two of my own ; and at sixteen had 
 a regular stable of them, with an allowance, that 
 only made it a matter of surprise that I did not 
 soon go — somewhere — headlong. However, I 
 did not then, though I have since at times been 
 about as happy as if I was there ; but let me in 
 gratitude allow I have also had hours, days, and 
 years when I felt as if I was on the diametrically 
 opposite tack. 
 
 It may be asked, from what I now say, or, very 
 probably, from what I have written, whether I 
 was ever at school ? Yes, Reader, I have been 
 at various schools, some of them very odd ones, 
 but never at the sort of school that, if the question 
 was asked, it would refer to. 'No ; Mamma would 
 not part with her only one, so I was managed in 
 
PREFACE. XI 
 
 this way at home. I loved hunting and horses 
 enthusiastically, and hated Horace and Homer 
 as cordially as any young gentleman living : but 
 the bargain was Horace, Homer, and hunting, 
 but not the one without the other ; so, as I knew 
 that from this decision appeal was useless, I took 
 lessons from the huntsman and tutor at the same 
 time. Manhood came on, and for years my good 
 star was in its ascendency, till death began to be 
 busy in our family, and as our property, or rather 
 incomes, depended on lives, not on deaths, if cor- 
 dial good wishes for their health could have kept 
 them alive, many of the departed would be to this 
 day still " to the fore." Suits in chancery ensued ; 
 some lost, others gained, which will account at 
 once for the vicissitudes of different periods of 
 my life, and for the seeming incongruity that I 
 am aware exists in what I have at times written, 
 namely, my acquaintance with scenes, manners, 
 and men so much at variance with each other ; 
 in fact, from the habits of the peer to the tricks 
 of the dealer. Yes, Eeader, I have been behind 
 the curtain, where both are actors, kind Fortune 
 leading me, a willing and delighted spectator, in 
 the first case, stern Fate obliging me to dive into 
 the mysteries of the other. But at the same 
 
XU PREFACE. 
 
 time I must allow that I have dived into many 
 curious scenes and places voluntarily, from mere 
 curiosity. I have sipped Chambertin in a ducal 
 residence, tete-a-tete with its noble owner. I 
 have drunk half-and-half with Tom Crib in his 
 parlour ; I have dined in noble halls where aris- 
 tocracy, beauty, and brilliancy dazzled the sight 
 and charmed the senses ; I have dined at farmers' 
 clubs, where drink dubbed every man "a right 
 good fellow," which stentorian lungs declared 
 '' nobody could deny." I have danced in princely 
 drawing-rooms, and so "faith I have" at Donny- 
 brook fair. I have been presented at more than 
 one court ; so I have at the racket court at the 
 Fleet and Queen's Bench prisons. I have gone 
 to very rechercfie dinners in the latter place, 
 where two honourables, a noble lord, one of the 
 most fascinating women living, myself, and one 
 whose name we frequently see mentioned as about 
 our present court, formed the party. So have I 
 (when I had a farm on my hands) dined in a field 
 on cold bacon on a lump of bread. I have had a 
 stable full of hunters of my own, so have I stabled 
 a hundred horses belonging to other persons. I 
 have given tradesmen a check for their bill for 
 follies that now I wonder at. I have received 
 
PREFACE. XUl 
 
 one of another sort when in business for sendino; 
 in my own. I have sold scores of my own horses 
 when it was a matter of indifference to me whether 
 I sold one. I have been twice — once for six and 
 once for eight successive years — in a situation 
 where hundreds of horses, some my own and 
 some the property of others, passed every year 
 through my hands. I have driven my own four 
 horses; so have I scores of teams belonging to 
 coach proprietors ; so was I once, when very closely 
 screwed up in pecuniary matters, very near driving 
 one, as an addition to my limited means, with 
 this very consoling addenda to any other feelings I 
 might have on the occasion from the mouth of the 
 worthy proprietor: — "I am sorry that just now 
 I have no vacancy on a pleasant coach to give 
 
 you, but there is the mail that poor 
 
 was killed from last week, going through 
 
 forest, where the road is always in a shameful 
 state : if you would like that till I can get you 
 a better I will put you on it with pleasure." 
 Though not a very particular man, I thought the 
 share of pleasure on my part in undertaking a 
 night mail that another had been killed from 
 would be very small indeed ; so this vicissitude 
 has not been added to the many of my life. 
 
XIV PEEFACE. 
 
 Let me hope that this rough sketch will suffice 
 to account, first, for any seeming incongruities 
 in what I may have at different times written, 
 but, above all, that it will show that, if early 
 initiation in all horse affairs, constant practice, 
 and consequent experience, can be admitted as 
 an apology for a work containing hints and 
 advice on such subjects, the intent with which it 
 is written will be taken into the favourable con- 
 sideration of the public, and plead in extenuation 
 of any deficiency there may be in the mode in 
 which it has been carried out. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Page 
 The Author's Apology for instructing liis Readers. 
 
 — Advantages of Experience. — Obstacles in 
 
 the Way of profiting by it. — Necessity of their 
 
 Removal - - - - - 1 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Suggestions as to the best Way of buying a 
 Horse. — Advice of a judicious Friend indis- 
 pensable. — Never buy for yourself. — How to 
 choose an Adviser. — What Kind of Horse to 
 choose. — Different Sorts of Dealers, Breeders, 
 &c. . - - . _ 9 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Stable Management. — Ventilation. — Warmth. 
 — Different Treatment for different Horses. — 
 Dryness. — Wide Doors. — Stall Posts. — 
 Racks. — Windows. — Balls. — Mangers. — 
 Head Collars. — Collar Shanks. — Muzzles. — 
 Lofts. — Objections to keeping Hay in them. — 
 Different Materials for Stable Floors. — Causes 
 of Horses hanging back. — Stable Drainage. — • 
 Stable Requisites. — Necessity of Rule. — Sad- 
 dle and Harness Room. — Stoves. — Boxes - 45 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Different Kinds of Food. — Hay. — Straw. — Oats. 
 
 — Beans. — Bran. — Malt. — Barley. — Carrots. 
 
 — Chaff 108 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Stable Economy. — How to set about it. — Evils 
 of improper Directions. — Tlie right Sort of 
 Instructions. — Ingenuity of Servants. — Choice 
 of a Groom. — Ordinary Cost of Keep. — Ta- 
 bular Statement. — Veterinary Surgeons. — 
 "When to be consulted. — Illustrative Anecdotes 143 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The different Value of different Horses. — The 
 best Judge of a Horse. — Cases in point. — 
 The Price of Perfection ; - - - 166 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Different Modes of keeping Horses. — Chaque 
 Pays, chaque Mode. — The Kind of Horse best 
 suited for different Carriages. — On Single- 
 horse Carriages and Pair-horse ditto. — The 
 pros and cons of keeping Carriage-horses and 
 Hunters at Livery. — Jobbing of Horses. — 
 Summary of the Work - - - 184 
 
THE POCKET AND THE STUD, 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 THE author's apology FOR INSTRUCTrNG HIS READERS. 
 
 ADVANTAGES OF EXPERIENCE. OBSTACLES IN THE WAT 
 
 OF PROFITING BY IT. NECESSITY OF THEIR REMOVAL. 
 
 ** Prologue precedes the piece, in mournful verse, 
 As undertakers walk before the hearse." 
 
 In these words commences the prologue to a 
 play : why should they not serve for an introduc- 
 tion to this volume, — not being so inapt to the 
 subject as they may at first appear ? First, then, 
 in commencing a preface, I am an undertaker; 
 and in beginning the work, I am an undertaker 
 still. There is, however, this difference between 
 us ; I endeavour to make my work go on as 
 cheerfully as I possibly can — my brother under- 
 taker makes his proceed as mournfully as possible. 
 He feels it his duty to walk before his work ; where- 
 as I see no advantage in my walking before mine, 
 though I shall feel much flattered if others will 
 only be kind enough to walk after it ; not that in- 
 
 B 
 
2 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 ducing them to walk is by any means its purport — 
 quite the contrary, its aim is to tell them how to 
 ride, with as little waste of money as possible. In 
 this, I trust I lay myself under no imputation of 
 conceit or arrogance ; inasmuch as the chief part 
 of the advice I give is, that they should act on 
 that of others. In so doing I have, to the best of 
 my judgment, done one of my duties to my 
 readers. I suspect the wishes of my brother un- 
 dertaker and my own differ materially as regards 
 our friends, as I sincerely hope the day is far dis- 
 tant when I shall do my last duty by them. 
 
 Whatever may be a man's occupation in life, or 
 whatever his possessions, there can be no doubt 
 but that (setting aside the common contingencies 
 of luck) the carrying on of his pursuits with ad- 
 vantage to himself, and also probably to others, 
 depends chiefly on proper and judicious manage- 
 ment ; and, in like manner, the rendering of his 
 possessions as valuable as their nature Avill allow, 
 depends chiefly on the manner in which they are 
 treated. 
 
 A vast number of persons find themselves so 
 situated that their possessions, be they of what 
 kind they may, so far from affording them plea^ 
 sure or profit, produce but little of either, although 
 they spare no expense in their management. It 
 might be supposed that such persons would, at 
 least, gain experience, as some equivalent for their 
 
THE PEICE OF EXPERIENCE. 3 
 
 money ; if they did, the dearness of the purchase, 
 or its reverse, would depend on how much that 
 experience had cost, and how much it had been 
 wanted. To many it would be cheap at one-half 
 their fortune, for it might save the other. A great 
 many do not get it so cheap. I know some who 
 have spent about eighty per cent, of their capital, 
 and, so far as I can perceive, have not yet got 
 hold of any of this valuable commodity (expe- 
 rience); or, at least, if they have, they do not 
 seem to make use of it. I conclude they excuse 
 themselves for doing this, as a well-known cha- 
 racter in Leicestershire did for not stopping, on 
 his friend getting a most desperate fall. Being 
 asked if his friend was not seriously hurt : " I 
 should think he was killed," said he, " from the 
 way I saw him lie ; but the pace was too good to 
 stop." 
 
 -Now with respect to gaining experience by con- 
 stant loss, the fact is, many do gain it ; but what 
 they do gain is not of the right or useful sort. 
 They merely gain that which tells them they are 
 losing money ; but they do not gain that which 
 would make them act more judiciously. And why 
 they do not is very easily accounted for. Instead 
 of attributing their losses or disappointments to 
 any error in their management, they will gene- 
 rally impute it to their ill-luck, and in a certain 
 degree they are right ; but their ill-luck consists 
 
 B 2 
 
4 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 in something very different from what they sup- 
 pose, or wish to be supposed. /tc^^ 
 
 We will suppose a groom puts on a horse's hind 
 collar m such a way that, if the animal merely 
 rubs his head against the manger, the collar comes 
 off; he gets loose, gets kicked by another horse, or 
 in some way gets hurt ; a veterinary surgeon is 
 sent for ; the horse remains for weeks unable to 
 work; a heavy bill comes in; and after all the 
 horse is blemished. Case the first. 
 
 As soon as the horse is got into work, the owner 
 rides him to a friend's house, where he intends 
 dining ; is somewhat late, so rides fast ; gets the 
 horse heated, gives him to any person who comes 
 to take him on his arrival ; no particular direction 
 or caution is given ; the horse, as a matter of 
 course, gets cold. Again comes the veterinary 
 surgeon ; and as of course came the cold, so of 
 course comes the vet.'s bill ; whether of course it 
 is paid is another matter, and not to our purpose 
 here. Case the second. 
 
 The owner now wishes to drive this same horse 
 in harness ; the groom undertakes his management. 
 He is, perhaps, put into a gig at once. " Oh, Sir, 
 he won't kick ;" but he does. " Who would have 
 thought it ! " Why any one knowing anything 
 of putting horses in harness would have thought 
 it very likely that he would ; for his being " quiet 
 aa a lamb," is no guarantee that he would not 
 
PUTTING THE SADDLE ON THE RIGHT HORSE. 5 
 
 kick the first time he was put in ; he does, and 
 lames or scarifies himself. Case the third. 
 
 " What an unlucky brute that is," exclaims the 
 owner ; " he is always getting into some mis- 
 chief." 
 
 " How very unfortunate you are with ALL YOUR 
 horses, James," cries the cara sposa ; " why they 
 cost you as much in surgeon's bills as in their 
 keep ! " 
 
 The owner and the lady are both right in what 
 they say, though their correctness is so in a different 
 way from what they mean. The horse is an unlucky 
 brute to belong to one who knows little of the 
 management of horses ; the gentleman is unfortu- 
 nate, in trusting to that management. Perhaps 
 some of my readers may recognise such a case. 
 The ill-luck is their not knowino; how to ma- 
 nage better. This they will never know, so long 
 as they hold so erroneous an idea as to the nature 
 of their ill-luck ; for while any man can flatter 
 himself that he is managing anything as well as 
 it can be managed, he would conceive it not only 
 to be an act of supererogation, but of absolute 
 folly, to attempt to manage it better. For there 
 is nothing hypothetical in the idea, that if a thing 
 is done as well as it can be done, it cannot be done 
 better; and this conviction is very rife amongst 
 persons who do anything, when estimating their 
 own qualities. 
 
 B 3 
 
6 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 This very prevalent idea may appear to border 
 very closely on over-weening vanity on the part 
 of those who entertain it, but candour must in- 
 duce us to exculpate many of such persons from 
 so serious a charge ; for, if we fairly consider the 
 case, it requires a good deal of time, practice, ob- 
 servation, and modesty, to teach a man that he 
 really is managing anything badly. He may find 
 that what he manages does not answer his wishes 
 or expectations ; but unless he has, or seeks the 
 opportunity of seeing another person's mode of 
 managing the same thing, and also sees it succeed 
 under a different management, what is to tell him 
 that his own mode is and has been wrong? Practice 
 and good sense combined may in time, certainly, 
 show him his errors, and teach him to adopt other 
 and perhaps better modes ; but this does not even 
 follow by any means as a matter of course — 
 " ccelum non animum mutant qui trans mare cur- 
 runt.^^ A man in doing anything may change his 
 mode ; but if acting only on the suggestions of 
 his own mind and invention, he must be more 
 fortunate than his neighbours, if he does not find 
 it necessary to make several alterations in his 
 plans before he produces one solid improvement. 
 Practice and experience, though very sure, are ge- 
 nerally very slow and very expensive teachers ; and 
 if a man sets out with general mismanagement of 
 anything, though time and practice may eventually 
 
CHACUN A SON METIEK. 7 
 
 get him in the right road, he will find a strong 
 purse also necessary to back him on his journey ; 
 and with all this, he will still remain in error, if 
 he continues to attribute his failure to ill-luck. 
 He would, under such impressions, only blunder 
 on in the wrong way, and would not change his 
 plans ; by doing which he has at least the chance 
 of hitting on a good one, or some better one at 
 last. 
 
 A man with a less extravagant opinion of his 
 own abilities would neither continue long in any 
 habitual error, or even trust to himself in adopt- 
 ing other modes, if he could avail himself of the 
 advice or suggestions of those of more experience 
 and practice ; for it does not follow that he must 
 look for a man of superior mental attainments to 
 himself in order to derive benefit from his advice. 
 He may feel perfectly satisfied that the qualities 
 of his own mind are infinitely superior to those of 
 his adviser ; for a little common sense would 
 teach us that, however great may be our natural 
 abilities, and however highly they may have been 
 cultivated by education, a common plumber's 
 labourer might be able to give us a lesson in 
 hydraulics that would excite our surprise, or, at 
 least, our curiosity and admiration. It is true, 
 the plumber's man may make sad havoc even 
 with his mother tongue, and, if he were told that 
 the Missouri emptied itself into the Caspian Sea, 
 
 B 4 
 
8 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 would, of course, believe it. He is not one to 
 apply to for geographical information, we must 
 allow ; but the man of education need not laugh 
 at the other's ignorance. If he did, I would ask 
 him if he could oblige me by putting on a sucker 
 to my pump ? Not he, for the life of him ; 
 though a bit of leather and nails are all that is 
 wanted. If, therefore, he wants to interfere with 
 pumps, he had better seek information from 
 others before he puts them out of order by adopt- 
 ing his own ideas, and pursuing his own plans in 
 matters that he knows but little about. It is 
 much the same with horses. 
 
 There are many persons to whom I stand in 
 the position of the plumber, as well as of the 
 chronometer mentioned in the preface. To such 
 I offer no apology for soliciting their attention to 
 these pages ; for in this case, I trust, I am not 
 guilty of presumption. Nor do I offer any apo- 
 logy to those who know more of the subject than 
 myself; for, of course, I do not write for their 
 instruction. 
 
CHAPTEE I. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE BEST WAY OF BUYING A HORSE. 
 
 ADVICE OF A JUDICIOUS FRIEND INDISPENSABLE. NEVER 
 
 BUY FOR YOURSELF. HOW TO CHOOSE AN ADVISER. 
 
 WHAT KIND OF HORSE TO CHOOSE. — DIFFERENT SORTS 
 OF DEALERS, BREEDERS, &C. 
 
 Looking at horses in a general way, so far as 
 they are kept by gentlemen, we must chiefly 
 regard them as objects of show and amusement ; 
 for though utility may also be added, this is but 
 a secondary consideration with such persons in 
 their inducements to keep them. Whether, how- 
 ever, we consider them as objects of luxury or 
 utility, or as both, the keeping them in the 
 best health and condition becomes an object of 
 material moment — as reo;ardino; kindness to the 
 animal, vanity as to his general appearance as 
 belonging to ourselves, and also as a matter of 
 pecuniary consideration ; for I do not know any 
 saleable article whose price is more enhanced 
 or deteriorated by its appearance than the 
 horse ; and that appearance, barring accident or 
 illness, depends wholly on the mode in which he 
 is treated ; and, in fact, both accident and illness 
 greatly depend on his treatment also. If it was 
 
10 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 not SO, why do we daily see one man losing 
 heavy sums by his horses (independent of their 
 general expenses of keep, attendants, &c.); 
 another losing only the amount of those general 
 expenses; a third making them nearly keep 
 themselves ; and a fourth making them do this 
 altogether, and also occasionally putting some- 
 thing in his pocket by them ? This all arises 
 from the different way in which these different 
 men first huy^ and then treat their horses. 
 
 All men, or at least ninety-nine out of a hun- 
 dred, who can ride or drive a horse decently, are 
 fully satisfied that they can also buy him. Now, 
 though riding or driving moderately well is not a 
 matter of very easy attainment, or learnt by the 
 generality of those who keep horses, and though 
 to do both well falls to the lot of very few indeed, 
 the buying part of the business is far more diffi- 
 cult still : yet such is the infatuation of most 
 persons, that though they find they rarely, if ever, 
 buy a horse fitted for their purpose, and, as a 
 matter of course, lose heavily by all that are not, 
 experience seems entirely thrown away on them, 
 and they persevere in buying for themselves to 
 the day of their death — the only circumstance 
 that could prevent their still going to market. 
 
 There are certainly some men who, if they are 
 in want of a horse, but really know little about 
 the matter, will ask a friend, perhaps a first-rate 
 
EST MODUS IX REBUS. 11 
 
 judge, " to look out for them ; " that is, they are 
 disposed to honour such a friend by permitting 
 him to trot about to twenty different dealers' 
 stables, and see perhaps forty horses out, and for 
 what? That the purchaser may then go and 
 pass his judgment on these same horses ! I do 
 not know what such gentlemen may think while 
 making such a request ; but this I know, unless 
 a man had made up his mind to the honour of 
 becoming their groom, I should certainly recom- 
 mend him to decline that of being their tout. 
 
 I scarcely know a piece of greater impertinence 
 than that of a man who is in want of a horse 
 asking another, in the common term, " to look out 
 for him." One might certainly, without giving 
 any offence, say to another, " I want a brougham 
 horse, and should like such a colour and size, and 
 intend going to such a price ; if, in your walks or 
 rides, you should happen to see anything of the 
 sort, would you oblige me by dropping me a line, 
 saying to whom he belongs ? " to which may be 
 added (whether true or not), by way of a sweet- 
 ener, " If you tell me you think him a clever one, 
 I shall, I am sure, like him ; and I dare say buy 
 him." 
 
 Here is merely a little friendly and gentlemanly 
 commission given from one man to another ; no 
 trouble given to a friend to save your own, and 
 as the friend does not, in such a case, select the 
 
12 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 animal or tell you he is one he recommends you 
 to buy, you pay him no ill compliment in not 
 doing so. 
 
 It is true there may not be many men on 
 whose judgment we should choose to rely; that is, 
 there are very few men whom one that is a 
 good judge himself would depute to buy him a 
 horse ; but supposing a man is not a good judge, 
 and is not fortunate enough to possess a friend 
 who is and would undertake the task of purchas- 
 ing or advising, in that case, supposing the 
 person wanting an animal knows some one who 
 he is aware is not a first-rate judge, but is still a 
 better one than himself, he would do better to 
 trust to him than to go to market himself, 
 inasmuch as it would be better the friend should 
 buy him a horse a little thick in the wind, than 
 that he should buy one for himself with the 
 same complaint (or some other), and a little down 
 in his eyes into the bargain. 
 
 I have been told that, as a child, if I was shown 
 anything, my first exclamation used to be, ^' let 
 me do that my own self;" this held good in 
 doing anything, whether it was to me possible or 
 not : no doubt the general result of this was cut or 
 bruised fingers, ending in a lusty roar. Still it 
 did not cure me ; I was at the same thing on the 
 next occasion presenting itself. Perhaps some of 
 my friends and acquaintance of mature age may 
 
THAKKLESSNESS OF ADVICE. 13 
 
 be actuated by the same desire of doing certain 
 things themselves, with equally unfortunate re- 
 sults. 
 
 I have an acquaintance who boasts that he 
 never does anything without getting the advice 
 of his friends. This is quite true : he does not. 
 He gets it, but no one who knows him will ever 
 accuse him of acting on any one's advice but his 
 own ; and if one may judge by the results of 
 what he does, I should say his counsellor has not 
 usurped all the wisdom of the bar for the benefit 
 of his client. I could say pretty much the same 
 thing of many of my friends, who retain the same 
 counsel when purchasing their horses. 
 
 The office of purchasing any thmg for friends, 
 is one that a sensible man would certainly rather 
 avoid than seek ; for should he, in point of quality 
 or price, by superior tact or judgment, save a friend 
 thirty, forty, or fifty per cent, in the purchase, 
 he would first find it difficult to persuade that 
 friend that he had done so, or that the friend 
 could not have done as well for himself. Then, 
 should the horse or article purchased turn out 
 ever so well, he will barely get thanks for what 
 he did ; but should he or it not realise every ex- 
 pectation formed, he will not only get constant 
 and sundry direct and indirect hints on the sub- 
 ject, but, worse than all, will probably find that he 
 will be expected to turn salesman. Should he 
 
14 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 get the purchase off without loss, all that will be 
 thought is, that it was no more than his absolute 
 duty to do so. If any loss accrues, it will pro- 
 bably be delicately insinuated, that had the friend 
 purchased for himself this would not have hap- 
 pened : though it may be perfectly well known 
 that he never made a purchase in his life by which 
 he did not lose. But then, of course, that all 
 arose from ill-luck, not from want of judgment — - 
 for this is a want to which very few are subject, 
 when judging themselves ; though their thinking 
 so is the best possible proof that they do labour 
 under such deficiency. 
 
 Notwithstandino; these stumblino;-blocks in the 
 way of obliging another, no man of good feeling 
 or good-nature would, where his judgment was 
 properly appreciated, refuse to purchase for a 
 friend if, from any circumstance, his doing so 
 would render a service ; but, then, purchasing 
 for a friend is quite a different thing to playing 
 jackall and starting the game for Mr. Lion to 
 select from, or forking out the chesnuts to save 
 Mr. Pug the risk or trouble of doing it himself. 
 To be requested by a friend to look at a horse 
 he has found is a compliment : to be sent to find 
 one for the friend to look at is diametrically the 
 reverse. 
 
 Now, if a lady flattered me by a commission to 
 find her a horse, the case would be widely different. 
 
15 
 
 — I would not object to find her a hundred, if I 
 could, to select from. With nineteen ladies in 
 twenty the look of the animal is a matter of para- 
 mount importance. A particular mark, shade of 
 colour, mane, tail, ears, legs, even countenance, 
 are all scanned, as each fair equestrian has her 
 own ideas and predilections as to what are beauties, 
 or the reverse. Then the style of going is another 
 consideration ; for it is not altogether whether the 
 animal goes well, but whether the going suits the 
 lady's ideas. It is not necessary that a horse 
 should be altogether of a good sort, to be very 
 clever as a lady's horse; for beauty, safety, and 
 pleasantry is all that in ordinary cases is requisite. 
 If I picked out twenty horses, each of whom I 
 knew would carry a woman well, if a lady objected 
 to every one, I should feel in no way mortified or 
 offended ; for the fact would be, they would not 
 be objected to as unfit for the purpose, but merely 
 because they did not hit the taste of the lady. 
 The other qualifications she leaves to be appre- 
 ciated by those more informed on such matters. 
 
 A man may say he has a right to please his 
 taste in horses as well as a lady. No doubt he 
 has so ; and if he looks out for himself he may 
 look at all the horses on sale in London, if he 
 pleases, till he becomes, like some I know, who are 
 such marked men among dealers, from the iium-r 
 bers they look at without buying, that it is with 
 
16 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 reluctance a dealer will order out a horse for them 
 to look at. However, so long as such gentlemen 
 do not attempt to trouble others to be on the "look 
 out for them," it is all well enough ; but though a 
 man may be disposed to humour, and get dealers 
 and others to humour, the caprices of a woman, 
 he must be of a much more accommodating dis- 
 position than I, or, I should say, most others, if 
 he would do the same for a man. 
 
 But we will suppose a man wishes to avail him- 
 self of the better judgment of another person, yet, 
 at the same time, reasonably enough, wishes to 
 indulge his own taste as to general appearance. 
 Let him get the person, whose judgment he wants, 
 to take a walk with him, and as he will see all 
 sorts, he has only to show the style of horse he 
 likes for certain purposes : the thing is then easy 
 enough. 
 
 Supposing a man to be a known first-rate 
 judge, there are two distinct classes of persons 
 for whom he may, in a general way, safely pur- 
 chase, without subjecting himself to the several 
 disagreeable results I have mentioned. First, a 
 man who is a perfect judge himself ; for, if from 
 want of opportunity, time, or any other cause, he 
 asks an equally good judge to purchase for him, 
 he will mention (if it is not already known) the 
 style of horse he likes for any particular purpose, 
 then the purpose for which he is wanted, and the 
 
A SATISFACTORY CASE. 17 
 
 price he intends to give ; or, what is more usual 
 among such men, will send up a check or the 
 amount of money for the purchase. Such a man 
 knows horses too well to expect you to send him 
 perfection ; but he will feel certain that the horse 
 sent him will be fit for the intended purpose, and 
 the purchaser will feel equally certain that what 
 he does send will be properly appreciated, if the 
 horse does not quite answer expectation. Know- 
 ing, as he does, all the difficulties of the case, 
 there will be a proper appreciation of the pains 
 taken and judgment used in the selection. If, 
 from any peculiar whim or fancy of the owner, 
 the horse does not quite suit his wishes, he will 
 have sense enough to lay the blame on himself, 
 and not on the purchaser ; and should the horse 
 even turn out bad or unfortunate, the same sense 
 will tell him that the same thing, or some other, 
 might have occurred had he purchased for himself; 
 nor will his confidence in the purchaser's judg- 
 ment be at all shaken by the circumstance. 
 These are by far the pleasantest of all men to 
 have to act for. 
 
 The other is the case of one who knows nothino; 
 at all about horses, and has sense enousih both to 
 know and admit that such is his situation. He 
 will also mention the purpose for which he wants 
 the animal; may, perhaps, state the colour he 
 would prefer, or the size, or about the size he 
 c 
 
18 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 wishes, if necessary : he will know that if he 
 states the purpose to which the horse is to be 
 appHed, and whether show or use, or both com- 
 bined, be wanted, the proper horse for the purpose 
 will be sent him, whether it is to carry eight 
 stone or eighteen, to draw a brougham, or a pony 
 carriage ; possibly, nay, most probably, the horse 
 sent will be quite a different sort of animal to the 
 one he would have purchased for himself. In 
 fact, the one being a judge, and the other no 
 judge at all, it is twenty to one but it will be so ; 
 for if not, there would be no use in employing 
 another person. What is, however, generally the 
 result ? He finds the one sent carries or draws 
 him pleasantly and safely; he has got what he 
 wanted for his use, and probably writes and tells 
 the purchaser he would not take twice the money 
 given, if it was offered him, to part with his pur- 
 chase. He would be quite right in refusing it, 
 unless the same judge would good-naturedly 
 undertake to get him another, and even then he 
 would be wise to hesitate. It is bad economy in 
 a man, who is not conversant with buying and 
 selling, to part from anything that suits him for 
 profit on its sale ; nor should a man that is suited 
 ever part from a horse which, taking him on the 
 whole, does his business well and comfortably, 
 under the idea of getting perfection. He wiU not 
 get it, though dealers may assure him that he will. 
 
MEN AND HORSES OF THE RIGHT SORT. 19 
 
 They live by keeping alive his hopes in this par- 
 ticular : let him give money enough, and change 
 often enough, he will be ruined by it. 
 
 My first, best, and most strenuous advice to 
 any man wanting horses, not being a thorough, 
 good, practical judge, yet wishing to keep the 
 money together, I shall write in large characters — 
 
 NEVER BUY FOR YOURSELF. 
 
 I am quite satisfied that most men who are good 
 judges would, if they studied their pecuniary 
 interest only, very often do much better by letting 
 an equally good judge buy for them, than by 
 purchasing for themselves. I have an acquaintance 
 whom, if I wanted a hunter, or, indeed, any sort 
 of horse, I would certainly get to purchase for me 
 with quite as much confidence in his judgment, 
 indeed, I will say more than I should have in my 
 own in such a case. I should at once send him 
 so much money ; beg him to give that, less, or 
 more if I could afford it, and send me the nag. 
 If on seeing him I did not quite like his looks, I 
 should be certain there was a something to fully 
 make amends for any little falling off in this par- 
 ticular. If on riding him we did not seem com- 
 fortable together, I should be satisfied it arose 
 from some want of management on my part, and 
 I will be bound I should find myself right in 
 confiding in my friend's judgment. 
 c 2 
 
20 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 I must correct what I perceive I have said in 
 one particular. I have stated that I would rather 
 take my friend's opinion of ant horse than my 
 own. If I had added of any really good sort of 
 horse, I should have been right ; but if I wanted 
 a selling, money-making direct, London horse, I 
 would in such a case prefer my own judgment and 
 taste, simply for this reason, — I have had more of 
 such horses pass through my hands, and think I 
 know London taste better, from having mixed 
 more among a certain class of society than he has, 
 • — a class who would regard show and fashion 
 before intrinsic worth or merit in their horses, or, 
 indeed, in many cases in their acquaintance. Such 
 is precisely the sort of horse my friend is not 
 a judge of, and is the reverse of one he would 
 own, or purchase for any one else. He is a 
 capital sportsman, capital judge of horses, and, 
 moreover, a capital fellow, but hates worthless 
 animals in horse or man, though both may be 
 turned to account in London by a man who knows 
 how to manage them, and this is all such horses 
 or- such men are fit for. In saying that good judges 
 would often do well in letting an equally good 
 judge purchase for them, it must be observed, I 
 say their jyecuniary interest, without reference to 
 their amusement, their whims, or caprices. As 
 a proof of this, it is quite well known there 
 are many men who have been employed by dealers 
 
"NE FRONTE FIDES." 21 
 
 to go to fairs and other places, to purchase horses 
 for them, and have always on the average bought 
 well for their employers. These men have turned 
 dealers, and when buying for themselves have 
 been as unfortunate and injudicious in their pur- 
 chases as before they were successful and prudent. 
 I know one most respectable person who has rung 
 the chano;es on beino; dealer's man and dealer him- 
 self several times over. He never succeeded for 
 himself, but always did so when employed for 
 others. 
 
 The fact I have stated must at first appear 
 somewhat unaccountable; but a little considera- 
 tion will show that it arose from a very natural 
 cause. I have said the person was a respectable 
 man ; I need not, therefore, say he was an honest 
 one. Why he did not succeed as a dealer did not 
 arise from ill-luck, imprudence in his business, or 
 from not being a good salesman ; but from buying 
 badly for himself. The cause was this. No man 
 knew better the kind of horse to buy to pay; and 
 when employed for others, his good judgment and 
 honesty never allowed him to buy any other ; but 
 when laying out his own money, he departed from 
 those fundamental rules that should invariably 
 guide every man in purchasing to make money ^ or, 
 at least, to avoid loss. He would sometimes give 
 an imprudent price, because he fancied a horse ; 
 sometimes would let a money-making horse escape 
 c 3 
 
22 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 him because he did not fancy him ; and at other 
 times would be tempted by a comparatively low 
 price to buy one that his judgment condemned. 
 But when acting for others he allowed no whim, 
 fancies, or price to hoodwink his good judgment 
 as to what ought or ought not to be purchased. 
 If, therefore, such a man would allow fancy to 
 mislead — in fact, direct his judgment, what may 
 we not expect one to do who does not buy 
 expressly for sale, and is not an experienced 
 buyer ? 
 
 Many a good judge is often so captivated by 
 some peculiar point in a horse, either as to beauty 
 or qualification, that he is temnted to buy him 
 against his judgment ; he has a right to do so if 
 he can aiFord to pay for his whim, but he would 
 not buy such a horse for another. In laying out 
 the money of another person, or in giving advice 
 to another, he would only look at intrinsic value ; 
 that value might consist in beauty, or action, or 
 both ; but he w^ould use his best efforts to get his 
 friend or employer value for his money — in short, 
 would only buy a horse likely to " keep the money 
 together." 
 
 If a man fell in love with a beautiful face and 
 faultless figure in woman, accompanied by the 
 temper and disposition of a very fiend, perhaps 
 nothing could induce him to forego possessing his 
 idol ; but, where his senses would not be so fasci- 
 
A CHANGEABLE GENTLEMAN. 23 
 
 nated, he would not select such a one as a wife 
 for a friend. I have seen good judges thus infa- 
 tuated with a horse who, taking him in all par- 
 ticulars, was about as desirable an acquisition in 
 his way. This is another idol. I congratulate 
 the man who gets both ; but, looking to the latter 
 only, if good judges, when buying for themselves, 
 will sometimes get into such scrapes, what have 
 the bad ones to expect ? 
 
 The man who is not a horseman must further 
 bear in mind the very different situation in which 
 he will stand if he gets a horse that does not suit 
 him, to that of the man who knows what he is 
 about. If the latter gets hold of a horse with 
 certain failings, he knows how to cure or palliate 
 them ; or if not, to so far hide them as to enable 
 him to get rid of them, and the brute with them. 
 The man who is not a horseman can do neither. 
 Whatever the faults in a horse that he may pur- 
 chase, they will be shown in all their deformity ; 
 very probably be made worse. Tattersall's, " to 
 be sold for what he will fetch," is the only 
 remedy. There some other Mr. Green gets ac- 
 commodated; the original one (notwithstanding 
 the lesson) no doubt going to market again ; he 
 will then probably get the significant colour 
 changed, and he gets done Brown. This do pos- 
 sibly makes him look very Black, till he again 
 sells, and again buys one who, on his mounting 
 c 4 
 
24 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 him, makes him look very Pale, and throws him. 
 This makes him Black-and-blue : he sells him, 
 and gets another bargain. Before mounting, he 
 looks at his bruises ; he finds they are Green ; and 
 when he is mounted, the people look at him, and 
 declare he is Mr. Green again. I have given 
 what I know to be good advice to such persons ; 
 that is — not to buy at aU. If, however, they 
 are determined to run the risk of doing so, I will 
 tell them the only sort of horse they will have a 
 chance of not losing much by ; and, on the other 
 hand, the sort by which they must lose. 
 
 Every man knows the purpose or purposes for 
 which he wants a horse ; but as possibly he does 
 not know the sort fit for the purpose, let him 
 at least show this much judgment — let him buy 
 one that has been satisfactorily doing the same 
 sort of work he wants him for, and one that has 
 been seasoned to it. Such a horse, from many 
 circumstances, he may have the opportunity of 
 buying at a fair price ; in short, at something like 
 his ordinary value. I am now only alluding to 
 road horses, for we will not suppose any man 
 insane enough to contemplate buying hunters 
 unless he is a good judge of them ; and, indeed, 
 unless he is this, and a good horseman to boot, he 
 will have no occasion, or, I should think, inclina- 
 tion to possess them. Mrs. Glass says, " first 
 catch your hare;" but she supposes you to be 
 
ESTIMATION OF MERIT YARIES. 25 
 
 already a cook, otherwise she would probably 
 have said " first make yourself a cook : " so I 
 should say, first make yourself a horseman, then 
 get the hunters. 
 
 When I recommend the tyro among horses 
 only to buy such as he has seen doing in a satis- 
 factory way the description of work for which he 
 wants them, I must give him another caution, 
 and that is, to consider whether he is judge enough 
 to decide whether the horse has done this work in 
 a proper manner ; for a satisfactory way, as the 
 term is here applicable, renders it by no means a 
 definite one ; as the question may be put, " satis- 
 factory way " to whom ? For if it is only satis- 
 factory to a person who does not know how work 
 ought to be done, the buyer may get possession 
 of a brute that he will not find it very easy to 
 get rid of under considerable loss. Doing work 
 as it ought to be done, and only doing it some- 
 how, just makes the difference, in two horses of 
 similar age, soundness, and appearance, of being 
 worth a hundred and forty, or only forty. It is 
 true there are many persons who are content if 
 their animal does his business anyhow, provided 
 he does it ; and if they are satisfied with this, 
 and have bought such a treasure at his proper 
 value, he is as good value to them as the best 
 stepper that ever looked through a bridle ; but as 
 men, who are not judges of horses as animals, are 
 
26 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 generally equally astray in their ideas of how 
 they should do their business, the chances are 
 they give as much for a brute as for a clever nag. 
 This will never " keep the money together ; " for 
 though a man may fancy his brute to be as good, 
 and worth as much, as such a horse as the Mar- 
 quis of Anglesey would ride or drive, if he at- 
 tempts to sell him he will find the wliole of his 
 mistake, and only one-fourth of his money, as the 
 consequence of purchasing for himself. It there- 
 fore becomes equally necessary for such a man to 
 consult a judge as to how a horse does his work 
 that has been at it, as it does to take the opin- 
 ion of such a man in purchasing one to put to 
 work that he has not been at. 
 
 The next thing to be looked at is how the horse 
 has been treated, for to bring one from good or 
 careful management to the reverse is certain loss. 
 If a man who has a farm of poor land were to 
 purchase cattle from the rich feed of Lincoln- 
 shire, he must lose by every head he buys, to a 
 dead certainty. I did not mean an equivoque by 
 the expression, but let it stand, for probably some 
 of them at least would die ; but if a lot of Scots 
 or Kerries are put on the same land, they will not 
 only keep the money together, but materially in- 
 crease it. 
 
 So it is with horses ; almost all of them will 
 improve on additional care; but every one will 
 
ALTERATIONS NOT ALWAYS IMPROVEMENTS. 27 
 
 lose in condition, and consequently in value, by 
 a want of that care to which they have been 
 accustomed. If a man wants a horse to stand 
 heat and cold, wet and dry, three or four sweats 
 a-day, with permission to clean himself against 
 a post, nothing but a country butcher's hack 
 would do it. If, not intending to use a horse 
 thus unfairly, he wants a quick buggy horse that 
 can step over his seven miles into town in about 
 thirty minutes, go back in the evening, and do 
 this, we will say, five times a-week, and keep 
 in condition, he must get one that has been used 
 to it, or he must bring him to it by slow degrees. 
 
 One of the best I ever had I bought of a White- 
 chapel carcass butcher, merely from seeing him 
 coming into town, certainly at the rate of sixteen 
 miles an hour, with a heavy man and two calves 
 in the cart ; but I gave eighty-five guineas for him, 
 and the good butcher showed me two other nags, 
 nearly as clever, and in as fine condition as hunters. 
 He prided himself much on this; in fact, they could 
 not be otherwise, for, partly by choice, and partly 
 from the nature of his business, his horses had 
 the three great promoters of condition — good 
 care, plenty of corn, and fast work. 
 
 Now, if any man bought one of these horses, 
 and gave him less work and less corn, he might 
 do very well, and look w^ell, but he would not be 
 in the condition our friend the butcher had him. 
 
28 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 With the same feeding and less work he would 
 get fat, foul, good for little, and perhaps either 
 vicious or sluggish ; with less corn and the same 
 work he would become thin, dispirited, and de- 
 bilitated ; with the same corn and work, and bad 
 care, he would get colds, swelled legs, inflamed 
 lungs, farcy — in short, out of condition in every- 
 way. His horses were treated in the precise way 
 to keep them in the highest state of health and 
 condition, and whoever had bought them, the 
 more or less he departed from the same way, the 
 more or less would they lose tip-top condition — 
 that is, such condition as is in all cases necessary 
 to horses called on to exhibit both speed and 
 lasting quality. This is not, of course, necessary 
 to all horses ; but whatever the horse's business 
 may be, to enable him to do that with ease to 
 himself and owner, he should be in the best pos- 
 sible condition for the work he has to perform: 
 in fact, his condition, and consequent capability, 
 should be such as to qualify him for greater ex- 
 ertion than he is daily called upon to perform, if we 
 wish him to do his ordinary work pleasantly to him- 
 self and to his owner. Although I regret to say 
 there are not so many kind horse-masters in the 
 world as the animal deserves, still there are many ; 
 but there are also many, who, intending to be the 
 most indulgent masters living, are, from not know- 
 ing what is and what is not kindness to animals, 
 quite the reverse of what they wish to be. 
 
THE STUD VEKSUS THE POCKET. 29 
 
 I have an acquaintance who owns a very clever 
 horse, and, when in proper condition, a very strik- 
 ingly-handsome one : in this sort of condition he 
 was last spring. When he purchased him no man 
 was more disposed to be kind than his new master ; 
 still when I saw the horse in his stable, only two 
 months afterwards, he was no more the same horse 
 than he was the Hero, or any other. He was one 
 of the handsomest coloured greys I ever saw, 
 except Old Isaac, who was precisely the same. 
 When he was sent to him he shone like a bottle, 
 was as round as one, and all the muscles in their 
 right place. His mane and tail, both of which 
 were particularly handsome, looked like spun 
 glass ; and his legs, which were remarkably good, 
 felt and looked clean and firm as iron. When I 
 next saw him his coat Avas dead as a scrubbinof- 
 brush, and in many parts somewhat of the same 
 colour ; his mane and tail a kind of dust colour, 
 and felt as if they had been done over with greasy 
 water ; his muscles flabby, and his legs filled and 
 flaccid ; in fact, though no doubt his owner would 
 have been very angry had such a thing occurred 
 if he had bought the horse of a dealer, and had 
 given a hundred for him, the man would have 
 been quite justified if he had been asked to take 
 him back, in offering fifty as the maximum 
 price in his then condition. Now none of this 
 arose from any ill usage or intended unkindness, 
 but solely from want of judicious management. 
 
30 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 He had come from a stable where all was done 
 right, he went to one where all was done wrong ; 
 it would have been uncourteous in me to say so 
 on seeing him ; indeed I conceived it to be un- 
 necessary, considering the horse told this pretty 
 plainly himself: of some of his master's peculiarities 
 in managing horses at wcrk, I shall, perhaps, 
 have occasion to speak ; by way of elucidation of 
 some other matters, I have said enough for my 
 purpose here. 
 
 I have said that every horse will suffer from 
 coming from a good master to a bad one : this is 
 indisputable. I have also added that most horses 
 will improve by coming to a better home than the 
 one they may have left; but the inexperienced 
 purchaser must bear in mind that better treatment 
 does not always mean increased feeding or dimi- 
 nished work ; that must, of course, depend on the 
 quantity the animal had had of each ; if the feed- 
 ing had not been in adequate proportion to the 
 exertion, the horse would improve either by in- 
 creased feed or lessened exertion; but a man 
 might get into a serious predicament by taking 
 one from high feeding and strong work, and only 
 riding or driving him three or four miles a-day at 
 the rate of six miles per hour, though he might, 
 to a certain degree, diminish the very high feed 
 he had been accustomed to. 
 
 There are numberless horses going in coaches, 
 omnibuses, and occasionally one in a cab let out 
 
LOSS, MAJOR AND MINOR. 31 
 
 for hire, that do their work well, quietly, and are 
 in good condition ; but give them to a man who 
 would only require what would hardly be exercise 
 to them, he would find them take a very extra- 
 ordinary mode of showing their gratitude for the 
 indulgence ; and, vice versa, give a lady or gentle- 
 man's fat pet to a Newmarket jockey, merely to 
 ride between the heats, if he had several races to 
 ride during the day, the boys would kill him by 
 merely bringing the clothes from the starting to 
 the ending post of each race. 
 
 For these reasons, I would strenuously recom- 
 mend persons who do not understand the purchas- 
 ing or management of horses, yet wish to avoid 
 inconvenience and loss, under no circumstances 
 to make purchases on their own judgment, if they 
 would not suffer in person or pocket. For even 
 supposing they go to a perfectly honest dealer, he 
 is not to judge as to what is likely to suit : he 
 will not sell them a lame or vicious horse; but it 
 is not to be expected, if he has an unpromising 
 young one, or a seasoned horse that is a brute, 
 that he is to chronicle the imperfections of his 
 own property, or to be philanthropic enough to 
 keep such an animal, lest another should be in- 
 convenienced by purchasing him. If, on the 
 other hand, such a person as I have mentioned 
 goes to a rogue, of course he is done every way, 
 both as to price and qualifications. 
 
 We will suppose a much stronger case, and one 
 
32 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 where there is the least probability of deception 
 on one hand, or error on the other: viz., where a 
 man not conversant with horse affairs goes to pur- 
 chase of another of similar character (two respect- 
 able tradesmen, we will say) : the one, having no 
 further use for his horse, wishes to sell ; the 
 other, wanting a horse, wishes to buy; the ani- 
 mal is known by both parties to have done his 
 work quietly and honestly for the last twelve 
 months, and never to have been during that 
 time (in the common phrase) "sick or sorry." 
 Here, says or thinks a man, I am surely certain 
 to get precisely what I want, and cannot err 
 in buying. He will find he may though, for 
 if the fresh purchaser wants such a horse for a 
 different kind of purpose, or intends to treat him 
 differently, be it with more or less indulgence, 
 what the horse has been seen to do with his last 
 master will be no guarantee of his doing equally 
 well with his new one. But we will suppose the 
 new one does intend in every particular to treat 
 and use him as he has been used and treated be- 
 fore ; surely a person might say, *' In such a case 
 I may venture to buy without better advice than 
 my own." Certainly you may, and possibly — I 
 will say probably — the horse will suit you ; and 
 if so, you would do little harm in buying ; but, 
 should you want to sell, very probably you would, 
 even under these favourable auspices, lose half 
 
" INCIDIT IN SCILLAM QUI VULT," ETC. 33 
 
 your money ; for this reason — though the horse 
 may have done his work honestly enough, he may 
 be but a brute after all. His former purchaser 
 may have bought him of a dealer who behaved at 
 well as could be asked of him in selling a sound, 
 quiet animal ; but, depend on it, he got from the 
 kind of customer to whom he sold, sixty for what 
 was only worth thirty. The owner tells you, true 
 enough, " I am no horse-jockey " (upon which, X 
 dare say, he much piques himself); "I do not 
 want to make money by my horse ; and though L 
 ran the risk of how he would turn out, and have 
 proved him a good horse," (mem. queer e,^ " I only 
 want what I gave for him." Nothing can be 
 fairer than all this; still, though your friend is 
 " no horse-jockey," you will find, if you want to 
 sell, as he would if he had wanted to sell (unless 
 he had found you, or some other knowing as little), 
 that you are done clean out of thirty ; the only 
 difference being, the dealer knew he was sellino- 
 at sixty what was only worth thirty, your friend 
 sells for sixty what he believes to be worth that 
 sum, though only worth half of it : you are both 
 done, and your pocket derives no benefit from 
 your friend not being "a horse-jockey." Still, 
 purchasing under such circumstances is perhaps 
 the best and safest mode by which such persons 
 can go to work, if they are determined to pur- 
 chase for themselves. 
 
54 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 We will now suppose that a purchaser of the 
 class I have alluded to buys a young iaorse of a 
 farmer, miller, or some such person, who bred 
 him ; and to such sources such purchasers are 
 much in the habit of going. I possibly may have 
 known instances where such purchases have been 
 made, and the purchaser has not lost by them. If 
 I have, the instances have been so few, that I 
 cannot bring any case to my recollection ; and, 
 where they have occurred, probably the not losing 
 arose from not attempting to sell. Low-priced 
 horses are generally wanted for purposes where 
 use without show is wanted. I have occasionally 
 wanted such a horse. I trust I need not say I 
 never bought a raw young one for such a pur- 
 pose ; consequently, personally, I never had deal- 
 ings Avith farmers for low-priced horses; but I 
 have seen many of these forty-pound bargains, 
 and, generally speaking, precious bargains they 
 were. Such men always, without exception, value 
 such beasts much above their mark ; and then, as 
 if the circumstance, like charity, covers many sins, 
 they tell you "they hred them." So you see 
 written up, as an inducement to the passer-by, 
 " home-brewed ale," and " home-made sausages," 
 when. Heaven knows ! the chances are that those 
 who partake of either delicacy will wish they had 
 been made a thousand miles from home. Such 
 men breed from any mare that will breed ; get a 
 
ADVANTAGE OF BREEDING FINE STOCK. 35 
 
 common country forty-shilling sire ; or, if their 
 aspiring thought carries them so high, some tho- 
 rough-bred one, whose shape, make, blood, and 
 performance bring him to about the same price ; 
 they thus get a living beast probably inheriting 
 all the combined imperfections of both parents, 
 put him (very properly, if they kept him there) 
 to plough at two, ride him at three, and at four — 
 provided he will carry you on his back (for mouth 
 or action is, of course, not attended to) — he is 
 sold as a " loickly thing " at forty, or thereabouts. 
 " He has never been in any body's hands but their 
 own " (so much the worse). " They know what 
 he has cost " (very doubtful this) ; " he must be 
 worth that." Why ? Forsooth, because, like the 
 beer and sausages, he was manufactured at home. 
 Going to topping farmers and breeders is quite 
 another affair. Such persons, being known as 
 breeders of horses of a superior class, are sought 
 out by private gentlemen, or by such dealers as 
 Elmore, Anderson, and other first-rate men in the 
 trade. Such breeders find that when they have 
 a superior horse, they can get a long price for 
 him; and, on the other hand, when they unfor- 
 tunately breed a bad one, or, at least, a bad-look- 
 ing one as to shape and action, that they can get 
 very little for him ; and, indeed, such dealers as I 
 allude to, would not buy him at all. Breeders of 
 this class, therefore, unlike the small farmers, 
 
 D 2 
 
36 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 soon learn to distinguish between fine horses and 
 bad ones, and know that having hred a horse will 
 avail them nothing, unless they have bred a good 
 one. They soon learn the value of London action 
 for London horses ; and also racing action, or 
 something very like it, for horses intended to be 
 made first-rate hunters of. Such horses range in 
 price from ninety to a hundred and fifty ; for, 
 now-a-days, a fine young horse, with first-rate 
 action for harness, is worth quite as much as one 
 intended for a hunter. It is true that when the 
 one becomes a hunter, he may be worth consider- 
 ably the most money ; but it must be borne in 
 mind, that the horse with fine action is almost 
 certain to make a first-rate harness-horse ; but the 
 one with equally promising action as a hunter 
 may not be worth a farthing as such when put to 
 the test. Therefore, although the purpose for 
 which the latter bids fair is of a higher order than 
 that for which we design the former, the chances 
 against realising our hopes being so many more 
 against the hunter than the harness-horse, their 
 value, till tried, is about the same. 
 
 Such breeders as produce this superior sort 
 of horse for sale are very proper persons for 
 three distinct classes to apply to, of course sup- 
 posing each man of each class to be a good judge ; 
 namely, first-rate dealers, men of large fortune, 
 and men of very little fortune. The first applies 
 
WHEN THE "stud" ASSISTS THE " POCKET." 37 
 
 to them as (in a general way) the best source 
 from whence he can get horses suited to his pur- 
 poses of trade. He then, as a matter of course, 
 puts such persons about his purchase as will make 
 him what he -wants. 
 
 The man of fortune goes or sends to such breeders 
 because he wishes to have both fine and clever 
 horses ; and knowing the enormous price he must 
 give for such as he would like when made hunters 
 of, he buys a young horse, puts him under a man 
 who knows the precise qualifications in a horse to 
 meet the wishes of his master or employer, and, 
 as far as it can be done, he rides and makes the 
 horse into what is wanted. It is perhaps an 
 amusement to the owner to see the young horse 
 improving (that is, when he does improve). If he 
 stands the ordeal, and becomes a good and perfect 
 hunter, he made a fortunate purchase ; but, know- 
 ing what I do of young ones, if he made such a 
 hit this year, I should recommend him not to 
 expect to do so the next. He must Vv^ait his turn. 
 There is only one 6 on the six sides of a die ; so 
 we must not expect to throw it twice running. 
 We may, and often do ; but sometimes we may 
 throw ten times without the 6 ; so it brings it 
 to about the same odds. They are quite as great 
 against a young horse turning out first-rate. 
 
 The other man is the man of moderate means. 
 He goes to the same source if he wishes to have 
 
 D 3 
 
38 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 very fine horses, because he cannot afford to give 
 three or four hundred for a very fine horse — a 
 made and proved first-rate hunter. This man, 
 instead of paying for having his horse made, 
 makes him himself, and succeeds more or less, ac- 
 cording with his luck ; for if he attempts to do 
 this, we must suppose he has fine judgment, fine 
 riding, and fine nerve to back him : in which case, 
 though he will not, of course, succeed with all 
 horses alike, still he will make them all into some- 
 thing moderate, good, or capital hunters; and, 
 barring accidents or great ill-luck, will make 
 money by them ; and so he ought who gets plenty 
 of bruises by land and occasionally half-drowned 
 by water ; and this is a little sauce piquante that 
 a man may expect with the first and second 
 courses in trying to keep his place. 
 
 I have now got among a different class of men 
 from those I set out with, and for whom only 
 the foregoing has been written. I have mentioned 
 three distinct classes who go to the best breeders 
 for horses, and find their account in so doing. I 
 trust, however, that by mentioning the advantage 
 of such persons purchasing from first-rate breeders 
 I shall not induce men of less pretensions in horse 
 affairs to go there ; for if they do, they will find 
 their losses even greater than in buying from the 
 small farmer, inasmuch as they cannot be supposed 
 to be in any way better judges of superior horses 
 
MEN AND HORSES OF HIGH CASTE. 39 
 
 than they are of those of an inferior class ; and as 
 the price in one case will very far exceed that in 
 the other, so will the penalty they will pay for 
 want of judgment be proportionably greater; they 
 will, in fact, give a hundred and twenty for what 
 is worth sixty, instead of sixty for what is worth 
 thirty ; and will also find that they will lose by 
 such valuable young horses in a still greater pro- 
 portion than even what I have stated as relating 
 to the purchase. 
 
 It is not probable that the man who is not a 
 judge of what is and what is not a promising 
 horse will be found a good horseman, or one, 
 either by treatment or otherwise, likely to bring 
 on and improve such an animal ; and it is only by 
 improving a young horse that he is to be made 
 worth more money than he was when purchased. 
 The higher the class of horse, the higher will be 
 the class of men he will be destined for ; and the 
 higher the class of men, the more particular are 
 they (generally speaking) as to the qualifications 
 of their horses ; and as much more as the man of 
 fortune and family would lose in the estimation of 
 others than the common man by coarse and vulgar 
 habits, or by the want of refined ones, so much 
 more will first-class horses lose in value than ordi- 
 nary ones, from wanting those niceties in certain 
 qualifications expected from superior animals. A 
 boring, heavy, dead mouth, or a light, pleasant 
 
 D 4 
 
40 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 one, will, in a horse of equal pretensions as to 
 breed, shape, and beauty, just make the difference 
 between two hundred and fifty to carry the master 
 of the pack, or eighty to carry the whip, though 
 both are equally good horses, and, in other re- 
 spects, good hunters. 
 
 If a man who is not a good judge of horses or 
 a good horseman thinks he can brins; forth in a 
 young one all the qualifications I allude to as to 
 action, carriage, mouth, fencing, and temper, let 
 him buy him ; should he succeed, I shall willingly 
 allow I was wrong in attempting to check his 
 ardour in purchasing ; but as I conceive there is 
 quite a possibility that he will fail if he does, there 
 is also a possibility that he may regret not taking 
 my advice; which is, to such a man, "Do not 
 buy young horses yourself for yourself; or, if you 
 get one, do not attempt to teach him anything 
 yourself for yourself, oi" for anybody else." I do 
 not mean to say that it is at all impossible for a 
 man who may be by no means a good horseman 
 to make a young horse into a something to suit 
 himself, his style of riding, and his ideas of what 
 is pleasant, and this would quite suffice if he 
 makes up his mind to keep the horse for one of 
 their lives, or both, should they end them toge- 
 ther, — a finale by no means to be considered as 
 an impossible event under such circumstances, for 
 most extraordinary are the opinions of some men 
 
"WHITE LIES." 41 
 
 as to what is pleasant and what is safe in the 
 action or habits of a hunter, or indeed a horse for 
 any purpose. 
 
 I remcQiber, as a boy, frequently meeting 
 General White with hounds, that is, occasionally 
 seeing him for the first ten minutes after a find with 
 the Duke of Richmond's, but much oftener with 
 Lord Newburgh's harriers, with whom I occasion- 
 ally took a day when living near their kennel. 
 The worthy General walked a good sixteen or 
 seventeen stone, and stood an honest six feet, 
 whether on the ground or on his horse, for when 
 in a gallop such was the peculiarity of his seat, 
 that he stood equally straight and upright in 
 either case. The General piqued himself on his 
 riding, and still as much on two extraordinary fat 
 pig-like animals that he rode, and thought and 
 afiirmed to be two of the finest horses and best 
 hunters living. To see him in a gallop on these 
 mountains of flesh was awful ; he rode with both 
 bridoon and curb-reins together in his hands, on 
 which he had accustomed them to hang, and 
 bore till he could not have kept his seat, or 
 rather stand, without this fulcrum, and they 
 would not know what to have done without the 
 General as a support for their heads: command 
 of their mouths, of course, he had none, but when 
 he plumped down on his saddle they took it as a 
 signal to stop, and stopped accordingly. Of the 
 
42 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 General's fencing I have heard him speak loudly 
 himself, but as I never saw anything of it, or 
 any one who had, I can say nothing on the 
 subject. 
 
 I can fancy the indignation of some on reading 
 what I have written, and hear them say, " It 
 requires no ability to tell a man when he has done 
 wrong that he has done so." No one can deny 
 the truth of such an aphorism. I will add some- 
 thing further : it does not require abilities of any 
 high order to tell a man where he has done wrong, 
 though this may be somewhat more difficult : it 
 may also be added, that if any man takes upon 
 himself to tell another when or where he has done 
 or will do wrong, he ought to feel himself compe- 
 tent to tell him how to do right. I allow he 
 ought ; but whether he can is quite another affair. 
 
 If a man wanted such information as was ap- 
 plicable to the general tenour of his conduct in life, 
 he could not fix upon a man less qualified than 
 myself: in short, in fixing on me as a finger-post 
 to point out the right way, his selection would be 
 a most unfortunate one, not having been prominent 
 in wisdom as regards my own career in life ; but 
 as, in the present case, I only venture advice on 
 the very subordinate acts of purchasing and treat- 
 ing horses, though I cannot say I shall do any 
 good in giving it, I at all events try to do so ; and 
 in point of fact, I have not only promised to tell 
 
*' A BOAT, A BOAT, UNTO THE FERKY." 43 
 
 a certain class of men where they act injudiciously, 
 but I further promise to tell them how they may 
 act with more prudence ; for if I show them in 
 how many ways they must suffer in making their 
 own selections of horses, and then purchasing for 
 themselves, I conceive it to be tantamount to re- 
 commending them to let others purchase for them. 
 It would be an act of greater arrogance than I hope 
 I have ever yet been guilty of, if I could suppose 
 any one would act on my advice, merely because 
 I give it. But if they find that by acting on my 
 advice (which is, to act on the advice of others) 
 they avoid losses they have hitherto sustained, 
 so much the better ; if they choose to act as they 
 have hitherto done, they will be only where they 
 were. 
 
 Supposing (to bring forward a personal case) I 
 fancied myself a waterman, and wanted a boat ; 
 I might go to Searle, and fall in love with one of 
 his wager-boats, that carries one, not, as we say 
 in coaching, " outside " or " inside," but as those 
 boats do, half out and half in ; I might show my 
 taste in having purchased a very pretty sort of 
 aquatic race-horse; for which, no doubt, honest 
 as Mr. Searle doubtless is, seeing me a Mr. Green, 
 he would make me pay a pretty price, well know- 
 ing, at the same time, it would be about as useful 
 to me as a pair of dancing boots to a whale, and 
 that the chances would be ten to one but that I 
 
44 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 upset it the moment I got into it, thus reversing 
 the boat and the order of things at the same time ; 
 I underneath, the boat playing leap-frog over me 
 — a kind of aquatic pastime I should possibly not 
 have the opportunity of repeating. Serve me 
 right ! What business should I have buying 
 boats? Now if I wanted some such water- 
 machine, and had sense enough to depute some 
 friend conversant with such matters to get me 
 one, I doubt not but he would have sense enough 
 to get me a good-sized flat-bottomed punt, that I 
 could sliove about, and sit or stand in at my ease, 
 like a bear on a timber-float, who not unfrequently 
 makes use of such a mode of transit in the far 
 West. 
 
 There are few of my readers, I dare say, who 
 could be induced to think that in purchasing 
 horses they are in about the same situation as I 
 should be in going to a boat market. Such, how- 
 ever, is the case with very many of my acquaint- 
 ances; they do not, certainly, run the risk of 
 being upset in a river, but their pockets get upset 
 to a certainty, and sometimes both their vehicles 
 .and bodies also ; the only difference being, that 
 these occurrences take place on dry land. 
 
45 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 STABLE MANAGEMENT. — VENTILATION. WARMTH. DLF- 
 
 FERENT TREATMENT FOR DIFFERENT HORSES. — DRYNESS. 
 
 — WIDE DOORS. — STALE POSTS. — RACKS. — WINDOWS. 
 
 BALLS. — MANGERS. — HEAD COLLARS. — COLLAR SHANKS. 
 
 MUZZLES. LOFTS. OBJECTIONS TO KEEPING HAT IN 
 
 THEM. DIFFERENT MATERIALS FOR STABLE FLOORS. 
 
 CAUSES FOR HANGING BACK. STABLE DRAINAGE. 
 
 STABLE REQUISITES. NECESSITY OF RULE. SADDLE 
 
 AND HARNESS ROOM. STOVES. BOXES. 
 
 We will now suppose a person to have got, 
 through the good offices of a friend, as many- 
 horses as he intends to keep, and those of a fair 
 sort for the purposes in view. Of course I put 
 race-horses out of the present consideration. We 
 will now have a look at 
 
 The Stable. 
 
 If I should say that about one stable in a hun- 
 dred is built so as to be perfectly comfortable, 
 healthful, convenient, and workmanlike-looking, 
 I should be giving odds in favour of the planners 
 of them. Doubtless horses live that have been 
 kept in all sorts of stables, but horses also die 
 that have been kept in them ; and many of these 
 
46 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 stables have been the occasion of more deaths than 
 they are accused of. Provided the horse is com- 
 fortable and healthy, it certainly matters not as 
 an abstract fact where he is kept; but it is not 
 very easy to know, but by consequences, and the 
 effect of time, whether he is comfortable or healthy. 
 He may be comfortable, but not healthy. He 
 may also be healthy, but not absolutely comfort- 
 able. I grant this cannot go on ad wfinitum, 
 without our finding it out ; but then the evil is 
 done, either in a temporary way or in a lasting 
 one. It is really singular, or rather remarkable, 
 how constantly we see very clever men permitting 
 all sorts of annoyances to exist about them, and 
 though we might daily hear them regretting the 
 existence of the evil, yet take no steps towards 
 remedying it. The suffering these to go on very 
 frequently arises from sending for a mechanic in 
 the first instance, instead of consulting their own 
 common sense. The mechanic's interest is, of 
 course, to make a job ; consequently, if twenty 
 shillings would do it, he recommends what will 
 first cost five pounds in the undoing, five pounds 
 in materials, and then another five pounds in doing 
 up again. The consequence is, the evil is allowed 
 in many cases to go on, rather than incur a heavy 
 expense. 
 
 I have frequently heard people complain of the 
 damp of their stables, and the water hanging on 
 
ATMOSPHERIC INFLUENCE. 47 
 
 the walls ; in almost every case this dampness is 
 to be got rid of, with the exception of, in some 
 cases, the water on the walls. [This sometimes 
 arises in stables near the sea-coast from the mortar 
 having been made with sea sand, instead of the 
 proper dry material. Such walls will universally 
 give in damp weather, or indeed when warmed 
 by the heat of the horses.] 
 
 In almost all other cases dampness in stables arises 
 either from ground damp or want of ventilation. 
 Of this any man may judge from different cir- 
 cumstances, andj generally speaking, the remedy 
 need not be attended with any very serious ex- 
 pense: drainage and raising the floor will mostly 
 have the effect in one instance, and making proper 
 vents for the heated vapour to escape near the 
 roof will also nearly always be sufficient in the 
 other. 
 
 Where a stable has the defect described, it 
 should be remedied at once, or the horses taken 
 out of it ; for if they are not, sickness will, sooner 
 or later, cause double the expense of the remedy. 
 
 A lady may be very comfortable who, during 
 six months in the year, never stirs from her own 
 heated apartments, unless to get into her carriage, 
 where a chaufferette keeps it to the same tempera- 
 ture, while it conveys her to the still more heated 
 atmosphere of a rout. She is comfortable, and 
 for a time fancies herself in unimpaired health; 
 
48 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 but the habitual lassitude, the physician's carriage 
 at the door, and the cheek from which the tint of 
 nature is fast receding, tell a tale that, if long 
 unheeded, ends in the necessary sojourn in another 
 climate — sad prelude to the tomb of loveliness 
 and probable worth. 
 
 On the other hand, the sturdy wife of the 
 labourer, while she pursues her daily occupations, 
 within doors and without, has little perhaps to 
 boast of as to absolute and general comfort. She 
 has health and bodily activity — ^ knows no real 
 suffering ; but the effect of exposure to the ele- 
 ments without, and want of genial warmth within, 
 produces a coarseness of frame and general appear- 
 ance quite at variance with feminine beauty. 
 
 The heated, unnatural, and vitiated air of most 
 of our London stables, though they may not show 
 their effects in the appearance of the horse, or 
 seem to affect his vigour, when required merely 
 for a park drive, would tell tales if the same horse 
 was called on for severe and long-continued la- 
 bour. Here the effect of his debilitated constitu- 
 tion would soon tell something was wrong, and 
 probably inflammation of the lungs would quite 
 satisfy us of the fact. 
 
 On the contrary, the stable where proper warmth 
 is wanting, and where currents of cold air are fre- 
 quently permitted to enter, though not perhaps 
 so comfortless as to cause suffering to the horse. 
 
ATMOSrHERIC INFLUENCE. 49 
 
 or directly injure his health for certain purposes, 
 would shortly show him as an animal in appear- 
 ance totally unfit, both internally and externally, 
 for that fast work to which valuable horses are 
 put — externally from having the coat of a bear, 
 and internally from its having been impossible in 
 such a stable to have carried him through that 
 discipline necessary for such purposes. Such a 
 stable, after a sweat, would be death, though the 
 cart-horse might live and have his health in it. 
 
 Various have been the plans suggested and 
 drawn for the elevation of stables, and in many 
 cases the taste and talent of some of our first-rate 
 architects have been called in, in the erection of 
 them. This is all very well, so far as it gratifies 
 a very pardonable vanity in men of large fortune, 
 who pique themselves on their studs of horses, 
 among their other valuable possessions. They, 
 as a matter of course, have many friends who 
 indulge in similar pursuits, and consequently vie 
 with each other in the arrangement of their sta- 
 bles, as much as their ladies do in that of their 
 nursery, boudoir, or conservatory. Such expensive 
 and tasteful decorations, internal and external, of 
 course, add nothing to the comfort of the animal. 
 All that is required in stables for the well-doing 
 of the horse amounts only to this: they should 
 stand dry, be roomy, lofty, warm, with means of 
 abundant ventilation when required ; for, in fact, 
 
 E 
 
50 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 even in the severest weather, ventilation is indis- 
 pensable : it is in this particular, more than any- 
 other, where the healthfulness of stables usually 
 falls short of what it should be : however warm a 
 stable may be, it should be perfectly dry. The 
 moment anything like steam is seen hanging 
 about, that stable is unhealthy, and colds and de-" 
 bility, with all their concomitant evils, follow as 
 sure as night follows day. Many a first-rate 
 stable have I entered in the morning, when even 
 the clothes on the horses' backs felt damp, the 
 walls and windows, of course, streaming with 
 water. To speak to a groom on the consequences 
 of permitting this to continue w^ould be words 
 thrown away ; he will fancy it keeps his horses 
 fine in their coats, while the fact is, it has a di- 
 rectly opposite tendency — it produces debility 
 and ill health, and if horses so circumstanced can 
 look blooming in their coats, they must be made 
 of different materials from any that I ever had 
 to do with. It may be that while horses are in 
 this pest-house, and consequently are in a state 
 of comparative perspiration, their coats may stick 
 to their skins ; so they would if they came out of 
 a warm-bath ; but take them out : if. their coats 
 do not stand on end, and thus let every particle 
 of cold wind on to their skins, I am much mis- 
 taken. The coachman or groom, on seeing this, 
 will say perhaps — " You see now what bringing 
 
A groom's opinion. 51 
 
 them out of the warm stable does ! " I should, on the 
 other hand, say, if he had sense to understand it, 
 " You see what putting him into your wet, warm 
 stable does." I quite approve of the warmth, but 
 there is some difference between the fine dry 
 warmth of a well- aired, well- warmed dining-room, 
 and the damp heat of a washhouse, with a copper 
 boiling in it. I ridicule the idea of those who 
 talk of keeping horses in a natural state of tem- 
 perature : that is natural, according to their ideas 
 of what is natural, by which they mean cool, or 
 rather cold. The fact is, they mistake what is 
 natural to the horse : heat is natural to him, not 
 cold — that is, it was natural to him in his original 
 state, and we by use have rendered it the same to 
 him in his present one. He will thrive under a 
 tropical temperature, but, let it be remembered, a 
 tropical heat is a dry one. A cook will bear the 
 heat of his kitchen, with fires and hot hearths 
 round him; the damp, heated air of a forcing- 
 house would shortly kill him, though his kitchen 
 is the warmer berth: but the air there, thouofh 
 hot, is dry. The warmth of the stable is com- 
 fortable and healthful to the horse, if it is only a 
 proper warmth; it only becomes injurious when 
 the warmth is from a wrong cause ; proper warmth 
 should be gained by excluding the cold air, not by 
 keeping in damp and heated exhalations from the 
 horses' bodies. 
 
 E 2 
 
52 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 Most good stables have quite a sufficient 
 number of windows to admit as much air and 
 light as any one could desire, and also as many 
 flies during the summer months as could be 
 wished, and rather more; but these apertures, 
 from their general situation, are totally inadequate 
 to the escape of evaporation ; it therefore be- 
 comes condensed, thus converting the stable into 
 a dripping well. All the windows required in a 
 stable, in a general way, are as many as will 
 afford sufficient light ; there should always, where 
 practicable, be a sufficient number placed towards 
 the north, for this reason — they can be made to 
 fit close enough to exclude cold in the winter, and 
 in the summer it is cool air we want. Now 
 though I consider that there are generally aper- 
 tures enouo^h in most stables to answer one 
 purpose, we rarely, if ever, see them made for 
 the other — in fact, in most stables there are none 
 where they are Avanted, which is at the highest 
 point of elevation the stable will afford ; of these 
 there should be some both before and behind the 
 horses (made to close when wanted) ; for, should 
 the air blow in either of these directions, it must 
 follow that no escape of effluvia can take place on 
 that side, whereas the current coming in on one 
 side drives this steam out at the other ; so, instead 
 of having a condensed fog over the horses, we 
 get a fine dry air, which is, or should be, too high 
 to affect the horses, so far as cold goes. 
 
VENTILATIOIf. 53 
 
 We often hear persons laugh at many of the 
 practices of our ancestors, though in many things 
 I conceive the true laugh is on the other side. 
 Let us look at very a old-fashioned bed, for in- 
 stance ; here we see the foundation, about fifteen 
 inches from the ground, having an honest nine or 
 ten feet between it and the tester. Look, then, 
 at one of more recent date ; here we find the 
 foundation made so high that it forms a kind of 
 first-floor of our bed-room, and by the time a 
 paillasse, wool and hair mattress, and perhaps a 
 feather-bed, are put on, we get into the attic, to 
 which we are forced to climb by a moveable stair- 
 case ; this brings us nearly within arm's reach of 
 the tester when we lie down ; if then a set of 
 good thick curtains are drawn around, we have a 
 very fair succedaneum for cucumber culture. 
 Persons sleeping thus, then, wonder they get 
 colds, sore throats, et cetera, and feel enervated. 
 Why, the very cucumbers get cold if the gardener 
 omits shutting them in if any cold air blows. 
 How, then, can people expect to escape ? The 
 GTOod ladies of those forefathers we lauo;h at would 
 not have had an appetite to eat beef-steaks and 
 drink ale for breakfast, had they slept thus. 
 
 So far as relates to the general temperature of 
 stables, in an ordinary way, I should say that 
 60 deg. is a fair average for horses used for road 
 work, or for hunters rode with harriers ; hunters, 
 
 E 3 
 
54 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 as they are now used with foxhounds, should be 
 kept several degrees warmer, particularly about 
 the time they are changing their coats. At this 
 time, a few days will change a horse's coat from 
 satin to cotton velvet, unless the thermometer 
 in the stable is closely watched, and each horse 
 watched also. Lucky, indeed, is the man who, if 
 he does not strictly attend to this himself, has got a 
 groom who will. All the comfort — nay, luxury — 
 of a fine coat in a horse will be destroyed by a few 
 days' inattention in the autumn. Let him once 
 get his coat up at this time, you may look for- 
 ward to early summer to see him with a fine one. 
 Nature is uncommonly obstinate in this particular: 
 if she is permitted to put a pea-jacket on a horse 
 about the time I mention, I defy art to take it off 
 again unless she cuts it off. 
 
 I have heard a diversity of opinion between 
 the good or bad effects of two different modes of 
 keeping horses warm, some advocating very cool 
 (I do not say absolutely cold) stables, with heavy 
 clothing; others very warm stables, with lighter 
 clothes ; and these two opposite modes I have 
 heard discussed by men who were quite competent 
 judges of the matter. I should be very pre- 
 sumptuous, where such men disagreed, to pretend 
 to say which was wrong ; but I can have no hesi- 
 tation in saying the man who took the middle 
 course would be right. Supposing, however, it was 
 
DIFFEEENCE OF OPINION ON WAKMTH. 55 
 
 necessary to adopt one of the two extremes^ and 
 any one complimented me so far as to ask which 
 I should consider the least bad, I should say a 
 stable somewhat too warm and moderate clothino^. 
 I reason by analogy. We will suppose two per- 
 sons to be sitting in two different rooms, the one 
 in a room at the ordinary warmth of a comfortable 
 dining-room, say 65 degrees, and clad in an ordi- 
 nary evening dress, the other to be placed in a 
 room ten degrees colder, but so belamb's-woolled 
 and bepiloted as to bring the temperature of his 
 skin to the warmth of the other. Let them both 
 strip to their shirt and drawers, which we will 
 consider to stand in the place of the natural coat 
 of the horse, and go out. I consider the man 
 throwing of his sweaters would feel the sudden 
 exposure of his skin accustomed to such clothing 
 more severely than the other would the change 
 of atmosphere. Against this, I am aware it may 
 be said, how severely we feel the cold coming out 
 of a theatre or crowded ball-room. No doubt we 
 do, and so would a horse coming out of a stable 
 of the same temperature ; but when I allude to 
 stables somewhat or rather too warm, I do not 
 mean one at 80 degrees ; and when I state I 
 prefer one rather too warm to one rather too 
 cold, I mean it in the case of gentlemen's 
 horses, not of a street cab horse, or even a 
 medical gentleman's pair or the one condemned to 
 E 4 
 
56 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 shiver for half an hour at some old lady's or 
 hypochondriac gentleman's door, while the worthy 
 Esculapius is persuading either that their case 
 requires the most delicate care, or in a case, 
 which, in justice to our medical friends let us 
 allow, is of quite as frequent occurrence, namely, 
 where the fancied invalid endeavours to convince 
 the medico of the same thing. Such animals (not 
 the invalid or medico) must be kept cool in every 
 way, both as to stable and clothing : so far as their 
 outsides go, their warmth must emanate from (in 
 stable slang) their " body lining ; " and even then 
 they must be brought to bear this sort of treatment 
 by degrees ; for let a medical man, in the middle of 
 winter, purchase of a private gentleman, a pair of 
 horses which have been accustomed to different 
 treatment, in a month, or perhaps less, he would 
 want another pair. We should recollect that gen- 
 tlemen's horses are in their stables, taking one day 
 ^Ylth another, perhaps twenty hours out of the 
 twenty-four, and when they are exposed to the air 
 they are at exercise or work. Consequently the pro- 
 per warmth of the air they breathe in their stables 
 is of vital importance to them ; and though I most 
 decidedly object to their breathing a hot damp 
 air all this time, I am quite sure, clothe him as you 
 will, a horse will never feel comfortable, or be in 
 condition, that breathes a cold one. How should 
 we like (clothe us in blankets if you will) to be 
 
TKEATMENT FOE DIFFERENT HORSES. 57 
 
 kept night and day with our head out of the win- 
 dow. A cold stable is in a limited sense some- 
 thing like this : — let me ask my friends this simple 
 question, — have they never on a cold night (though 
 with plenty of bed clothes on) put their noses 
 under them? If they have, I need say no more 
 on the luxury of inhaling cold chilling air, or its 
 reverse. 
 
 Ask any man who has undergone the pleasing 
 change of taking off his warm clothes, and been 
 kept waiting on a cold day, in his silk jacket, on 
 his horse (while some gentleman rider was arrang- 
 ino; himself to his — not the man in waitino^'s — 
 satisfaction) how he felt on such an occasion. 
 Coming from Mexico to Canada is heaven to it. 
 If a man is too warm from a room being the 
 same, but is moderately clothed, evaporation can 
 go on ; he is warm — hot, if you please — but his 
 skin is comparatively dry : great thickness of cloth- 
 ing would prevent this ; so the pores of the skin 
 of the wearer would be as damp and open as if he 
 came out of a warm-bath. 
 
 To return to the upper apertures for ventila- 
 tion, they may be either glazed or simply of board, 
 as suits the taste of the builder, and should be 
 made to open and shut by a double cord hanging 
 down within reach of the hand. The lower win- 
 dows I have had made to slide ris-ht and left into 
 the wall ; they are less liable to be broken than 
 
58 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 such as open inwards or outwards, or turn on 
 their centre ; but I had a far better reason for 
 having them made thus, which was — I always 
 had a moveable frame made to fit the window on 
 the inside ; on this I had stretched the same kind 
 of open material that is used for meat-safes ; the 
 windows can then be left open, and those posi- 
 tive pests to a stable in summer, the flies, are 
 thus excluded. But I went a little further than 
 this, and, as the expense is not more than twenty 
 shillings once in half as many years, I venture to 
 commend it : I had also a framed-door, on which 
 the same material as that for the extra window - 
 frames was stretched; this opened the reverse 
 Avay to the usual stable-door ; it was made to take 
 on and off the hinges, so that in hot weather the 
 close door could be fastened open and the stable 
 kept cool ; this, of course, can only be done where 
 the stable is in a secure situation; but where 
 it can, it is a great convenience at times in ex- 
 tremely hot weather. 
 
 Having paid, perhaps more attention to the 
 comfort and safety of horses than the generality 
 of persons, I will mention another very simple 
 precaution I had as to stable-doors ; these, I must 
 mention, en passant, are generally made by far too 
 narrow, and often too low : some horses have a 
 trick of both entering and coming out of their 
 stable in a hurry, probably learnt while in a 
 
CHEAP ADVANTAGES. 59 
 
 dealer's hands ; when the doorway is either nar- 
 row or low, this often occasions their getting hurt, 
 and this further increases their propensity to rush 
 through the aperture, and I doubt not that many 
 of those horses we see down on one hip have 
 become so by a blow against the door-post. This 
 idea set me to work to provide a safeguard against 
 such a contingency, which I did in the following 
 way: I had my frames made a foot wider than 
 usual, and the door of course made to fit them. 
 I had two round pieces of wood, similar to a leap- 
 ing-bar, with the same sort of iron spindles at 
 each end ; these were fitted perpendicularly inside 
 the door case ; so if a horse hit them in passing 
 they rolled round, and all danger of an injured 
 hip-bone was avoided. The difference in expense 
 was not twenty-five shillings ; and when we con- 
 sider that if five horses, worth (say) five hundred 
 guineas, inhabit a stable, and each pass the door- 
 way twice a day, we have a thousand guineas 
 placed within the chance of injury seven hun- 
 dred and thirty times every year, which would 
 be avoided by a single sixpence, which is about 
 the interest of the money laid out. 
 
 All loose sheds should be so made where valu- 
 able mares, colts, or horses go in and out of 
 them ; for these frequently pass the doorway in a 
 trot — sometimes, indeed, in a gallop. Padding 
 such doorways will answer the purpose; but horses, 
 
66 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 particularly young ones not doing work, are 
 mightily inquisitive, and are apt to wish to learn 
 what the padding is made of, to ascertain which 
 they will take the liberty of tearing it off. 
 
 It is a very common — indeed the most com- 
 mon — plan to build stables with the stall posts 
 running up to the ceiling, and where that is not 
 the case (as if the people were determined not to 
 be without some inconvenience of the sort), they 
 frequently put balls on a pedestal on the ends of 
 the standing ; these, made of oak and octagonally 
 cut, certainly look well, and give a handsome 
 finish ; but they are nearly as great an objection 
 in the stable as the long stall -posts. Ornament a 
 stable as much as you think proper ; but it should 
 never be done at the slightest risk of injury or 
 expense of comfort to horses. 
 
 The first objection to the long posts is this. 
 We will suppose the stall to be the full width 
 — six feet, (if narrower the objection is tenfold) — 
 and the horse to be standing turned round in his 
 stall to have his head dressed ; this being done, 
 he has to turn round to his place. How is he to 
 do this? It is quite clear he is much more than 
 six feet from his head to his tail. He is aware 
 the stall will not admit his turning with his neck 
 in anything like a right line with his body ; so 
 Avhere there is no stall-post he avails himself of it 
 to put his head over the a(jjoining standing, and 
 
INCONVENIENCE OF STALL POSTS. 61 
 
 thus turns without inconvenience ; but where 
 there is, he is forced to tuck his head and neck 
 round like a turkey poult prepared by the poul- 
 terer. This takes him some little time to do ; 
 and there are such things as grooms to be found 
 w^ho, instead of permitting him to do it at his 
 leisure, have a habit of accelerating his motions 
 by a flick with the duster ; round he forces him- 
 self, making the standing creak again, and looking 
 — and, indeed, being — frightened out of his wits, 
 from supposing he has done something wrong. 
 But, more than this, some timid horses, if told to 
 " go round !" sharply, forgetting the stall-posts, 
 bang their heads against it, and many an eye has 
 suffered in such a case ; master finding his favourite 
 Quornite the next morning wdth one shut. Of 
 course, the horse " did it during the night, in the 
 dark," where perhaps that eye will for the future 
 remain. The same objection, but in a minor 
 degree, exists in the horse coming round : but he 
 seldom comes round as hastily as he goes back. 
 The elevated ball is not quite but nearly as bad ; 
 he can, if not too high, lift his head over this ; 
 but, unless plenty of time is given him to do so, 
 bang goes his head against that also. 
 
 I know but of one or two reasons that can be 
 produced in favour of stall-posts : the first is, 
 that each stall in this case, furnishing a prop for 
 the support of the cross-beam of the ceiling, tends 
 
62 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 to add strength, where the timber is light ; and if 
 the standings are made, as half of them are, of 
 deal, they gain considerable strength by it also ; 
 and this reason is very well, where a place to put 
 horses is only intended to be built, that at the 
 least possible expense, and, as is universally the 
 plan on such occasions, to build on as small an 
 area of ground as possible. Such places are only 
 a shelter partitioned off; but, where a man means 
 to build a stable, the difference between a good one 
 and a bad one, in point of expense, is more than 
 compensated for, by the comfort of the one over 
 the other, to yourself, your horses, and your men 
 particularly, when health, safety, and durability 
 are taken into consideration. 
 
 Another motive for having stall-posts may be 
 the wish to have, for appearance-sake, arches over 
 or rather behind the horses. Whether a stable 
 looks better with or without them is a matter of 
 taste ; but they certainly afford no advantage ; 
 but, on the contrary, harbour spiders, flies, and, in 
 some degree, prevent a free circulation of air — two 
 objections, I should think, sufficient to exclude 
 their use. 
 
 There is a possibility — though, I grant, no 
 great probability — of another very serious catas- 
 trophe occurring, both from stall-posts and balls. 
 It is possible, because I have twice known it oc- 
 cur ; but I allow it improbable, because, among 
 
SACRIFICING TO ORNAMENT. 63 
 
 the many thousand horses that have come under 
 my observation or knowledge, I never heard of 
 but these tAvo instances. This is, kicking over 
 the standino^. 
 
 The first was a mare (at a particular season 
 of the year) : she was found with a leg over the 
 standing, completely kept there by the stall- 
 post; the groom, hearing the noise, went down, 
 but before help could be got she had broken 
 her thigh, and thus dropped back into her stalk 
 The other was a horse: he, no one knew how, 
 had got his leg over, and being confined by the 
 ball, could not get back again ; there he was in 
 the morning, as it were, riding the standing with 
 a thigh each side of it. However, they sawed 
 the pedestal of the ball through, and then, by 
 main force, shoved him back till he slid over the 
 end of the standing. I am willing to allow twenty 
 men may each keep twenty horses in a stable all 
 their lives, and never get a horse so situated. 
 But why run the risk, when it can be avoided? 
 As to the former objections, they occur every 
 day. 
 
 Supposing there to be neither stall-posts nor 
 ornamental balls, even then the ends of the stand- 
 ings should not be left square, but nicely rounded 
 off; so that, in turning, no obstruction should meet 
 the horse's head or neck. 
 
 On mentioning these circumstances to an ac- 
 
64 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 qualntance, I was asked how, without the stall- 
 posts or balls, the pillar reins could be fixed. 
 To this I observed, that I conceived the use of 
 pillar reins to be merely to prevent a horse, while 
 waiting saddled, from straying from his stall ; and 
 supposing the standing to be the proper height, 
 I thought that end would be completely answered, 
 as, under ordinary circumstances, I had no wish 
 that my horses, while so waiting, should be stand- 
 ing on a gag. I mention this, as the same idea 
 may strike any one else. 
 
 Racks are made of all sorts and shapes, and 
 placed in various situations ; nor, unless they are 
 placed too high, do I consider it a matter of any 
 very material importance where they are placed. 
 Take them all in all, as to look, comfort to the 
 horse, economy as to forage and durability, I 
 should say a small iron corner rack on the near 
 side is the best ; this should be low enough for a 
 man to put the hay in without using a fork ; it 
 will then be low enough for the horse to eat with 
 comfort, and he will not be induced to pull out 
 more than a mouthful at a time ; when he does, 
 it produces great waste, as perhaps one-third gets 
 trampled under foot. When a horse does this, I 
 have heard people accuse him of greediness ; but 
 it does not generally arise from any such cause, 
 but from his having been accustomed to eat from 
 a rack situated so high as to make the getting at 
 
THE RACK MADE COMFORTABLE. Q5 
 
 his provender an inconvenience to him; conse- 
 quently he has sense enough, when he does raise 
 his head and neck, to pull out a mouthful to bring 
 with it enough to last him some time, and this 
 he discusses at his leisure. Racks should not, 
 when filled to their utmost, be able to contain 
 more than about ten pounds of hay. If you have 
 a good groom, he knows that is more than enough 
 at any one time ; if he is an ignorant one, if the 
 rack will hold half a truss he will cram it full. 
 If the hay is good, such practice is highly detri- 
 mental; if had, it is certain destruction if per- 
 severed in. 
 
 Iron mangers possess several advantages over 
 wooden ones ; horses cannot contract the habit of 
 gnawing the bottoms of them, nor are they so 
 tempted to lay hold of them in any part. Some 
 get into the habit of licking the manger : this is 
 all but a sure precursor to crib biting, and should 
 be put a stop to immediately. Let the stationary 
 manger be well smeared over with train oil, and 
 have a wooden lining made to fit in : this should 
 only remain while the horse eats his corn. If this 
 is attended to so soon as the habit is first taken to, 
 the horse will oftentimes leave it ofi: 
 
 Head-collars have been much improved upon 
 lately. The old sort were constantly being got 
 off: those now made are quite safe in this parti- 
 cular, and are as good as can be, with one excep- 
 
 F 
 
66 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 tion — that is, that, unless particularly ordered, 
 saddlers never make the forehead bands longf 
 enough by an inch on each side, by which the 
 head strap is brought so close behind the ear that 
 it pinches it into a corner, which causes confine- 
 ment and uneasiness ; in fact, I have seen the ear 
 chafed by it. 
 
 If any one who may read this work holds 
 economy worth consideration, I would suggest to 
 him that ordering his head-collars to be made 
 with, as it is termed, the flesh-side outwards, 
 causes them to wear nearly double the time of 
 others. 
 
 Collar- shanks are usually of leather, which are 
 the best — first for appearance; secondly, they 
 make less noise in running up and down than 
 rope ; and, thirdly, when the horse travels with his 
 head-collar on, they roll up neatly. I say shanks : 
 but in speaking of my own, as relates to one head- 
 collar, I should only say shank, for I never used 
 but one to each horse : for this reason : a horse 
 sometimes gets his hind foot over them from 
 scratching his head or neck : this leads often to 
 serious accidents. Of course, where there are 
 two, there is more chance of this occurring than 
 with one ; but the chance of his getting into this 
 dilemma with two is much greater than the num- 
 bers go ; for, from the diagonal direction of each 
 from his head to the rings, they are just in the 
 
" there's nothing like leather." 67 
 
 way where his foot would pass from his head, and 
 as he naturally, for his own convenience, brings 
 his head round as much as he can to meet the 
 foot (of course the hind one), it seems almost a 
 miracle he does not get entangled whenever he 
 may try the experiment. If he is tied up with 
 one shank, on bringing his head in contact with 
 his hind foot, the shank goes diagonally in an 
 opposite direction with his neck, so that it is all 
 but impossible for him to get the leg over it; at 
 least so I have found it, for such a matter never 
 occurred to me. It may be objected that some 
 horses will bite at or play with others over the 
 standing, unless they have double reins or shanks. 
 I allow they will, if the stalls are narrow, the 
 standings low, aad the shank left too long; but 
 standings near the manger should be too high to 
 admit of these freedoms, which would often end 
 unpleasantly. And there is a sure rule to go by 
 as to the proper length of the shank. Bring the end 
 that fastens in the head-collar to the top rail of the 
 manger, let the shank then be of such length as 
 just to allow the bottom of the log to reach the 
 ground ; no matter whether the horse be sixteen 
 hands or a pony, that is the length, for each has 
 to lie on the ground. 
 
 There is a fastening made to affix to the manger, 
 for which, I believe, a patent was taken out, but 
 I forget in whose name ; this is as secure as the 
 
 F 2 
 
68 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 common ring, so far as relates to a horse pulling 
 at it in any ordinary manner. But should he get 
 a leg over the collar-shank, and consequently be 
 in danger of throwing himself down, he must of 
 course force the shank strongly downwards: in 
 such a case a spring gives way, and he gets free. 
 I had them, and found them answer the purpose 
 of any other fastening, and had I used double 
 shanks I dare say I should have proved the ad- 
 vantage of having them : they cost little, and I 
 venture to highly recommend their use. 
 
 It is rather remarkable how careless many per- 
 sons are in some respects, while in others they 
 are provokingly careful or anxious. This arises 
 frequently from their not knowing or seeing 
 apparent danger of loss in one particular, but 
 from having a vivid sense of it in another. If a 
 man went out leaving his desk open, in which 
 there were a hundred and fifty sovereigns, although 
 he might know it was a thousand to one against 
 any one even going into the room, he would feel 
 fidgety and uneasy till he got back and found 
 his treasure safe ; yet the same individual would, 
 and perhaps daily does, allow an equal sum, in 
 the shape of a horse, to be exposed to much greater 
 risk without having an uneasy thought about it, 
 till a broken leg or some such casualty gives him 
 reason to repent his want of foresight. He then 
 finds that from very slight causes very serious 
 
FISHING FOR HORSES BAD SPORT. 69 
 
 accidents occur. For instance, a friend of mine 
 had his rack-chains ending in a hook, to fasten to 
 a ring in the chain. I told him there was danger 
 of a horse getting this into his lip or nostril : my 
 only thanks were a laugh at my conjecture. What 
 I considered very likely to occur certainly did 
 not, but what was likely to end in a very serious 
 affair, though of much less probability of occur- 
 rence, as certainly did. One of his horses got the 
 hook completely through the upper eyelid: he 
 had torn the hook from its hold, and was found in 
 the morning bleeding profusely, the rack-chain 
 hook covered with blood. It left a frightful gash, 
 and a most ghastly-looking eye ; and, from some 
 cause or other, the horse ever afterwards startled 
 at most objects that either met or passed him on 
 the off-side. It is quite true such an accident 
 probably never might occur again in the same 
 stable; but, from the same cause, some other 
 accident very likely might. And why have any- 
 thing in a stable that holds out the remotest 
 chance of injury, where it has neither look, utility, 
 nor economy to recommend it ? 
 
 There are two additional rack-chains, or it might 
 be more proper to call them stall-chains, that I 
 have found extremely useful with horses ticklish 
 and inclined to bite in dressing. It is true a 
 horse may have his dressing-muzzle on, and the 
 ordinary rack-chain will prevent his hitting the 
 F 3 
 
70 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 groom with the muzzle, which he would otherwise 
 do. But he can still fly at the rack and rack- 
 staves, by which I have known a tooth broken 
 more than once, and have seen the lip injured 
 several times. 
 
 The two check-chains I allude to should be 
 fixed to the standing about two feet and a half 
 from the wall, or rather boards, before the horses ; 
 and when buckled on or fastened to each side of 
 his collar-head, effectually prevent his reaching 
 rack, manger, or man, each chain being made 
 so as to shorten or lengthen at pleasure. Thus 
 the horse can be kept nearest the side the groom 
 is not, if necessary. Horses that have a tendency 
 to rush at persons passing by their heads while 
 waiting on the pillar-reins when bridled, can be 
 fastened on the check- chains, which prevents 
 annoyance or irritation to man and horse. I 
 once saw a mare, in rushing at a stranger passing 
 her head, so severely checked by the pillar-reins 
 that it threw her on her haunches like a dog sit- 
 ting, at the risk of a sprained back. 
 
 Of muzzles there are various sorts; any of 
 them will answer their purpose, and there is but 
 one that can be called absolutely objectionable 
 (though still in very common use), made with 
 a tin shallow basin or dish at the bottom. This 
 I hold as a bad sort, for it stops all inhalation 
 or air, or exhalation of breath at the bottom ; 
 
THE MUZZLE AND THE MARE. 71 
 
 and, further, should a horse rush at the rack or 
 manger the chance of injuring his teeth or lips 
 (as before mentioned) is very much increased; 
 and, indeed, in one instance, a serious accident 
 had nearly occurred to a man of mine. I had 
 sent him on to an inn with a favourite mare, 
 in order to meet hounds the next day. He had 
 omitted to take her dressing-muzzle with him 
 (which I rather wondered at, as she had more 
 than once had a grip of him) : he borrowed one 
 of these tin-lined ones ; and after dressing her, and 
 letting her down from the rack-chain, he stooped 
 to do something to her fore-leg. She never gave 
 away a chance on such occasions, and made a 
 dash at the nearest part that presented itself, 
 which happened to be his head : this she struck 
 with the rivet that fastened the tin plate at the 
 bottom, and laid his head open as completely as 
 any Cornish single-stick player could have done, 
 where, in their phrase, to constitute " a head " 
 the blood must "run an inch." So much for tin- 
 lined muzzles, independent of their very common 
 appearance. 
 
 The next sort are those in use in racing stables, 
 made of solid leather both at bottom and also in 
 the part that goes round the nose, with holes 
 punched in every part to admit air. These are 
 somewhat heating to the nose in summer time we 
 must allow ; but as they are also used as " setting " 
 r 4 
 
72 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 muzzles, it is quite necessary to prevent the horse 
 getting at any of his litter, which he might do if 
 they were made more open ; and for racing stables 
 they are certainly the best, or for any occasion 
 where a horse has to be set over-night. A pre- 
 caution quite necessary with some horses, as 
 hunters, for, if greedily inclined, they will get at 
 their litter if at all stinted in their hay, which is 
 worse than the hay itself. One precaution should 
 be always used with muzzles ; namely, to have a 
 throat-latch to them ; for, if left on all night the 
 horse is all but certain to try to get them off. 
 If he succeeds (where he is tied up) they get over 
 the collar-shank, or shanks, and hang there. This, 
 probably, frightens and sets him plunging, or he 
 will be very likely to get a fore-leg entangled. 
 
 I once saw a muzzle made without any strap 
 going over the head. It had three billets, one of 
 which buckled to each ring of the nose-band of 
 the head-collar, and one that fastened in front. 
 It struck me as a safe and good mode of putting 
 it on when used merely as a setting-muzzle ; and 
 had tliis advantage, it did not require the bottom 
 of the muzzle being kept so close to the horse's 
 mouth to keep it steady; thus allowing free 
 respiration. 
 
 One thing I most strenuously recommend all 
 masters to insist on ; namely, that a horse in the 
 slio;htest deojree inclined to bite should never be 
 
"NE CREDE." 73 
 
 dressed without a muzzle on. The man may 
 trusty and say the horse " won't bite him ; " but he 
 does, and then gets a thrashing (which is sure 
 to make him worse), merely from a little idle- 
 ness on the part of the man. 
 
 Having said thus much of the middle part of 
 the stable, we will ascend into the loft; and, on 
 returning, so soon as our feet touch the pavement, 
 we will cast our eyes on that. 
 
 Lofts are very proper over stables, provided, 
 and as in legal phrase " be it always enacted," 
 that they are never used for the purposes to which 
 lofts are often from necessity appropriated ; that 
 is, a receptacle for hay ; or, what is worse, servants 
 and their families. I suppose I ought par excel- 
 lence to have given the latter precedence of the hay. 
 However, as an amende honorable, I will make my 
 remarks on them first. This I do for two reasons : 
 the one being by way of compliment to the 
 lady and her blooming ones — though, in truth, 
 when brought up over a London stable the bloom 
 is apt to partake a good deal of the lily's hue : — 
 my next reason for now giving them precedence 
 of the forage is, though said sotto voce, they are 
 by many degrees the greatest nuisance there. 
 If, however, it is thought proper to have a co- 
 lony over the horses' heads, disturbing them at 
 all hours, the ingress and egress should always be 
 from the out-side : if a passage is allowed through 
 
74 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 the stable, the ten thousand errands such persons 
 always have from the time the milk is fetched in 
 the morning till dad's beer is sent for at night, 
 varied occasionally by his coming home tipsy from 
 having taken it out, give the horses about as 
 much rest as if they were piquetted in Fleet 
 Street or Regent Street, of which, if appropriated 
 to a lady's use during a London season, they see 
 quite enough during the time they are out, with- 
 out being reminded of the same thing when 
 wishing to rest themselves in their stable. No 
 doubt the allowing a servant's family to reside 
 over the stable certainly saves them the expense 
 of lodgings, and consequently enables the man to 
 take less wages than he otherwise could do ; but 
 it is a poor saving when half a dozen horses are 
 to have their rest broken by it, independent of 
 Jackey (if the passage through the stable is al- 
 lowed), whenever he can find the opportunity, 
 amusing himself by giving them a touch up 
 with whatever may answer the purpose, to see 
 " how they jumps " in their stalls — " Crikey, aint 
 it fun ! " Let any one turn a wild ourang outang 
 into my stable, I would forgive it, as probably 
 the brute would get kicked, and there his mischief 
 w^ould cease ; but a half-tamed young imp of a 
 boy has cunning enough to avoid being got rid of 
 by so summary a process, and mischief enough to 
 harass any living creature ad infinitum while he 
 
A GEOWING NUISANCE. 75 
 
 can do so with impunity. It has fallen to my 
 lot to have had many lads or boys in my stables, 
 sometimes several at the same time. Among these 
 I have had some very good ones, who never at- 
 tempted to play any of their tricks with me. This 
 arose from several causes : they were never trusted 
 with horses out of sight of some one of whom they 
 stood in awe. The instant a boy is trusted alone, 
 it matters not whether he be the heir of the 
 family, or the fag of the stables, he is safe to be 
 in some mischief, and woe to the animal under 
 his control: to tease, and, in a certain degree, to 
 torture animals is the delight of most of them. 
 I know of few animals more annoyed than the 
 pony of one of these young imps, apparently fond 
 of the animal as he may appear to be. Keep a 
 pony for mamma's darling, if you like, but, in 
 mercy's name, never trust the animal to the boy's 
 sole control. It is true boys are employed in 
 racing stables to dress, feed, water, exercise, and 
 work horses, worth, perhaps, a thousand each ; 
 but they are never for a minute allowed to be 
 alone with the horse. And they are, at the same 
 time, fully impressed with the firm belief that 
 any trick detected would be followed by the 
 severest punishment from the trainer. 
 
 Let me, therefore, especially guard persons 
 against employing boys in any capacity about 
 horses in situations where they cannot be narrowly 
 
76 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 watched. Boys are as artful as men, and may 
 appear steady and disinclined to mischief; but 
 this one thing is certain — nothing but absolute 
 dread, and constant watching into the bargain, 
 will keep them from it. Be as kind to them as 
 you please, and always reward good behaviour in 
 them, but keep alive the idea that punishment, 
 more terrible than any man with common hu- 
 manity would attempt to inflict, would be certain 
 to follow any tricks played with horses. 
 
 There are many objections, though not, perhaps, 
 of any very serious character, to keeping hay in 
 a loft : one that is frequently made I consider a 
 very futile one, which is, that the exhalation 
 arising from the horses and the stable renders the 
 hay bad to eat. In reply to this, I should say, 
 that any moderately good stable is so ceiled that 
 little of this evaporation would reach it, and it 
 must be very badly ventilated if it would do much 
 harm in this way : if it did, and the horses got 
 amiss, I should accuse the stable of the mischief, 
 not the hay. But the objections I make to the 
 thing are these. Throwing down the hay is apt 
 to get the seeds into the horses' ears and eyes. 
 The opening of trap-doors, and, above all, letting 
 them slam down often alarms timid horses. If there 
 are no doors, cats amuse themselves by jumping 
 up and down ; and, as their amorous dalliance 
 begins in strains not the softest or most harmo- 
 
HAY IN LOFTS. 77 
 
 nlous to any ears but their own, so it often leads 
 to fierce pursuit, and, though I highly applaud 
 and estimate the modesty of Miss Grimalkin, that 
 induces her to rush down the rack like " one pos- 
 sessed, " and the chivalry of Sir Thomas that 
 brings him head foremost after her, the sober 
 steeds are thrown in most admired disorder, and 
 stand for the next half hour snorting their wonder 
 at the ardour of these proceedings. 
 
 But there is a greater objection still to hay 
 being kept in lofts, unless they have skylights. 
 At certain times of the year it gets dark in such 
 places before the horses get their hay for the night ; 
 and though the groom or coachman may be a 
 careful man, an extra glass may be enough to 
 throw him oiF his guard, though not off his legs ; 
 and a dry loft is a bad place for sparks from a 
 candle, or from a public-house either. And here 
 let me most strenuously recommend the use of 
 gas in stables in lieu of oil or candles ; its safety, 
 cleanliness, certainty of properly proportioned 
 light, and, where much is used, its economy, is be- 
 yond all praise. I had it in fifteen different-sized 
 stables and seven boxes, all at the same time, for 
 several years ; so I am tolerably well able to judge 
 of its advantages. 
 
 I do not make the same objections to straw 
 being kept over the horses : in one way it has 
 even some advantage in the sunmier season, as it 
 
78 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 keeps off the heat of the tiles or slates. And 
 straw never should be wanted at night : for two 
 reasons : it should be put on the beds by day, 
 which ofives the stable a clean look ; and it o-ets 
 sufficiently trampled upon by the time the horses 
 should be bedded up at night to become soft and 
 comfortable. A clean wholesome bed is in- 
 dispensable to man and horse ; but stiff, fresh 
 straw is by no means a comfortable one, par- 
 ticularly to fine-skinned horses, who will often in 
 such a case be waled wherever they are not pro- 
 tected by their clothing. The whole bed should 
 be at all times (after any damp straw in the middle 
 of it has been removed in the morning) so clean 
 as only to require fresh straw to keep up the 
 proper quantity, and to give a fresh look to the 
 stall during the day ; then, with ordinary horses 
 that only do moderate work, what is put under the 
 manger is brought out at night. Hunters require 
 often to lie down during the day ; consequently, 
 as they will then lie on straw but little trampled, it 
 should be got as fine as possible. I greatly prefer 
 machine-thrashed straw. It does not look so well, 
 I allow, but it is far more comfortable to the 
 horse. I recommend the strong, round, unbroken 
 straw to fishmongers ; to pack a salmon in it looks 
 clean and neat, and I should hail its appearance if 
 bringing one from a friend as a present, but I 
 eschew it in a hunter's stable. I have had horses 
 
"FESSUM QUIES PLUKIMUM JUVAT." 79 
 
 SO fond of straw, that by night or day they would 
 devour their beds; that, is so far as they could 
 reach, or the straw was palatable : this, so far as 
 the clean straw went, was, under ordinary circum- 
 stances, of no great consequence; and with a hunter 
 who is to go with hounds next day, and has this 
 propensity, putting on a muzzle stops him, which 
 is the safest plan : in a general way, a little 
 solution of aloes slightly sprinkled over the litter 
 near his head will answer the purpose : it is 
 not necessary to make the bed wet, or even to 
 be called damp, for a slight smell of the aloes is 
 sufficient. 
 
 I have heard many persons complain of straw 
 being sent to them that was short in length : this 
 is a great mistake. I never wish to see a straw 
 in a stable more than two feet long: in fact, 
 trussed straw should always be cut in half before 
 the truss is undone. The long round straw is 
 very well for horse-dealers' use, to make the stable 
 look handsome ; but for private purposes it is both 
 wasteful and inconvenient. It is wasteful, be- 
 cause, should one part become soiled, four feet of 
 straw must be thrown out where only one foot is 
 objectionable ; whereas, in the same case, if only 
 two feet in length, of course only two feet would 
 be lost. It is inconvenient, because when it is so 
 long it gets round the horses' legs ; thus causing 
 them to displace the order of their beds every 
 
80 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 time they move : in fact, for a hunter's or race- 
 horse's stable I prefer straw that has never been 
 trussed. 
 
 Having made our inspection of the lofts, we 
 will now return to terra Jirma. 
 
 The area of the stable of course depends on the 
 number of horses it is destined to contain ; but its 
 width should be the same whether it comprises 
 three stalls or ten. Seventeen feet is just the width 
 I would wish a stable to be from wall to wall ; 
 that is, where the racks are in the corner of the 
 stall : if they are the old-fashioned ones that run 
 across the whole front, the stable from wall to wall 
 should be just so much more in proportion to the 
 depth of the rack, so as still to have the seventeen 
 feet from the back of the manger to the wall 
 behind the horses. This is wide enough to keep 
 passers-by from any danger, and not enough to 
 make the stable barn-like and cold. 
 
 Of pavement for the stalls there are various 
 sorts, most of them having their advantages and 
 disadvantages ; but at all events, the old and still 
 common flint stones are decidedly the very worst 
 article ever proposed to pave a stall with. They 
 cut the litter to pieces : the horse cannot stand on 
 them with his feet bearing level, nor can he lie on 
 them in comfort, unless he has a waggon-load of 
 litter under him, which in summer is heating and 
 unpleasant ; and, above all, no man can keep such 
 
PAVEMENT OF STABLES. 81 
 
 a stall sweet. Hard, blue bricks, such as are 
 termed fire-bricks, are very good, and will wear a 
 long time; but the best are, undoubtedly, the 
 clinker. I had once in Hampshire a stable with 
 a chalk floor throughout, and very well (with a 
 good deal of attention) it did ; but it is at best a 
 makeshift. The newly invented India-rubber 
 floor I should think must in every way be excellent ; 
 at all events, it holds out numerous advantages. 
 What per contras there may be I do not know : 
 it is somewhat expensive as to its first outlay ; but 
 this does not prevent its being the most econo- 
 mical in the long-run. It strikes me the India- 
 rubber holds out a very considerable temptation 
 to its use in this particular — it has no projections, 
 and, if it had, even those would be flexible ; so that 
 in summer time, with ordinary work, a small 
 quantity of straw would make the bed soft enough, 
 and have the advantage at the same time of cool- 
 ness. There are numberless apparent savings in 
 what is done as regards the horse, that are, taking 
 them all in all, really a waste of money. The 
 animal, unfortunately for himself, and very often 
 for ourselves, cannot complain ; so we go on gra- 
 dually, but imperceptibly, injuring him without 
 being aware we are doing so ; but it tells in the 
 long-run. A horse does not show at once that 
 he does not rest comfortably, but his loss of con- 
 dition will eventually speak for him ; and a pound 
 Q 
 
82 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 or two In money goes but a little way in veterinary 
 surgeons' bills. And in this way many pounds 
 are spent under the idea of saving as many shil- 
 lings. 
 
 All who have written on the structure of 
 stables, or at least all who understand the subject, 
 agree that for a horse's comfort the stall should be 
 nearly flat. Dealers have them very much raised 
 in front, to show oiF the horses ; livery-stable 
 keepers to make any wet run immediately back, 
 to save straw ; the old flint-paved stalls were so 
 made, for otherwise the centre of the bed would be 
 a regular cesspool. Nothing but a great declen- 
 sion could enable the wet to meander its way 
 backwards. A gutter or drain behind the horses 
 is an unsightly thing, and, were horses only to 
 inhabit the stable it would be unnecessary ; but as 
 mares also stand there, it cannot be dispensed 
 with. 
 
 I consider the best way to arrange the floor of 
 a stall is as follows : — The iron of the grate in 
 the centre should be 10 inches square, made of 
 good hammered iron (and not cast). It should be 
 a full half-inch thick, and its extreme edge, or 
 border, much deeper, so as to give it a firm hold 
 in its oak frame. From wanting this precaution 
 they are apt to get out of place, as is sometimes 
 seen with the round iron coal-cellar covers on the 
 foot pavement in London. The stall floor should 
 
CONSTRUCTION OF STALLS. 83 
 
 be perfectly flat from the manger, till it comes 
 within a foot of the grating ; it should then have 
 a fall to it of half-an-inch. By this the fore-feet 
 of the horse stand on quite level ground. It 
 should slcpe in the same degree a foot each side 
 of the grate, and also from a foot behind it. This 
 is sure to take the wet made by the horse run into 
 the drain beneath ; and his hind as well as fore 
 legs stand level. This declivity on a well-paved 
 stall is quite enough ; and when the horse lies 
 down, the bed prevents his feeling it. I must 
 remark here, mares should always stand at the 
 end of the stable ; that is, the lowest end, as the 
 gutter should be made with a slight fall. 
 
 In pursuance of my fixed principle, that what 
 is best for any purpose is, in the long-run, the 
 cheapest, in building a stable I certainly would 
 make my standings of oak ; or, at all events, the 
 boards of which they are made should be of that 
 timber. They do not require to be made of the 
 best sort ; so the expense is not a great increase 
 on those of deal. The posts and top-rails, being 
 of considerable substance, will have strength 
 enough if made of any wood ; but if the boards 
 are of deal, one kick in right earnest splits them. 
 TlHiere there is deal and within reach of the horses' 
 mouths, iron hooping should always be fixed upon 
 it. Gnawing soft wood is a favourite amusement 
 with idle ^horses; and anything that induces or 
 
84 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 allows them to lay hold of wood should be stu- 
 diously avoided. The same holds good with regard 
 to the rack. 
 
 I am a great advocate for roomy stalls; but 
 there is a proper medium here : if too large, horses, 
 finding themselves so much at liberty, are apt to 
 get a habit of rolling; which, with impatient 
 animals, sometimes ends in injury, from their 
 struggling to right themselves. Others, on finding 
 themselves thus hampered, have the sagacity to 
 lie still: in this case they are generally old 
 offenders. I had one who, when short of work, 
 was constantly found in the morning nearly on 
 his back, with his legs resting against the stand- 
 ing, of course considerably above his head. Here 
 he very philosophically waited till his groom came, 
 who laying hold of the fore and hind leg next the 
 standing, pulled the gentleman over. I often 
 thought he must have been in the West Indies, 
 and learned this mode of resting from the ladies 
 there, who, I believe, however, get themselves to 
 rights without assistance. It was remarkable, 
 that this horse never got cast after a good day's 
 work. It was only when idle that he played some 
 pranks, at some time of the night or morning, 
 that got him, as Jonathan says, in " a fix." Had 
 he been a valuable horse, I should, of course, have 
 put him in a box ; but I had not one to spare for 
 a forty-pound hack, and he appeared so composed 
 
" HANGING BACK. " 85 
 
 and comfortable in his Transatlantic position, that 
 it would have been a pity to deprive him of so 
 cheap a luxury. 
 
 Horses will be very commonly found to what 
 is termed " hang back in their stalls" the moment 
 the stable is shut and they find themselves alone ; 
 some will even do this when persons are present : 
 this is a habit that always excites the greatest ire 
 on the part of a groom ; the broom-handle or fork 
 usually correct this attempt, accompanied by 
 swearing at the horse, and sundry condemnations 
 of always his eyes, and frequently the limbs also. 
 I have seen men insane enough to listen at the 
 door, or watch at a window till they found the 
 horse had committed this heinous sin, then rush 
 into the stable and chastise him as unmercifully 
 as undeservedly : we might, with as much justice, 
 punish a man because he moved his person to get 
 ease because we had placed him in a situation 
 that rendered his position painful : but if any man 
 has found he could teach the generality of grooms 
 to think before they act, he has been more fortu- 
 nate than I have in this particular. 
 
 The whole secret of a horse hanging back is, 
 that where the stall is much on the decline, from 
 the manger to the stall post, standing on an in- 
 clined plane causes his loins and hind parts 
 to ache intolerably ; he hangs back in order, if 
 possible, to get his hind legs beyond the gutter, 
 
 G 3 
 
86 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 thus diminishing by many degrees his standing 
 up hill. In good and well laid stables horses are 
 not found to acquire this habit; so the cause of it 
 speaks for itself, and ought to be immediately 
 remedied, which any common bricklayer may do 
 if he pleases in half a day. 
 
 Five feet eight, in the clear, I consider wide 
 enough for any horse's stall. If he is so fatigued 
 as to want to lie at full length, he ought to be 
 put in a box. This is, however, a position in 
 which horses never lie long together, unless 
 under very peculiar circumstances ; for it is, in 
 fact, a painful one to them, unless they have an 
 unusual quantity of soft straw under them, the 
 rotundity of their ribs creating an unpleasant 
 pressure. 
 
 It is a most mistaken idea that a wearied body 
 can rest comfortably on anything but a soft, yield- 
 ing substance. Rest it will, and sleep will come, 
 for jaded nature will rest any where, and almost 
 any how ; but if we lie on any unyielding surface, 
 it is only the most prominent parts of the body 
 that find support. These begin to ache from 
 undue pressure on them; the other parts from 
 having no support at all. Some foreign horses 
 sleep on bare boards. They live, and perhaps do 
 well ; but they would certainly be more comfort- 
 able with a good bed under them. And it must 
 be borne in mind, that these occupiers of bare 
 
" HANGING BACK." 87 
 
 boards do not cross Leicestershire. Oftentimes 
 when people say such or such a thing does not 
 hurt a horse, he would perhaps tell a different 
 tale, for in such cases it frequently happens 
 that the kindness of the master to the animal is 
 about equivalent to that of a grazier or butcher, 
 who, when he tells you that this or that will not 
 hurt his cattle, only means it will not injure the 
 meat for the market. 
 
 We will now, for a short time, turn our atten- 
 tion to matters beneath the earth's surface. 
 
 Much has been said about draining stables. 
 Objections there are, of course, to every sort of 
 drainage ; but I shall describe what I consider as 
 the best. The drain should run just under the 
 centre of the stalls, and should be twelve or four- 
 teen inches deep, and wide, the lower part 
 rounded barrel-fashion. This causes the water to 
 run down much more rapidly than it would if the 
 bottom was flat, and leaves no sharp corner for 
 filth to lodge. The drain should have a very 
 considerable fall — nearly two inches to the 
 yard ; with this, and a bucket or two of water 
 thrown down it twice a week, it will be kept 
 perfectly sweet. The higher end can be stopped 
 up by a door, and the lower one would terminate 
 in a receptacle for manure ; or, if that should be 
 impracticable from any particular cause, a cesspool 
 must be made, to be emptied when wanted. Thus 
 G 4 
 
88 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 no current of cold wind can come up the drains ; 
 nor will the urine from the horses be lost, which 
 is a consideration, whether a man has land or sells 
 the manure. Water thrown on foul litter will 
 make it weigh, we know, but it will not make it 
 into manure that will bring a good price; the 
 liquid from the drain will. Short drains are 
 frequently made coming from cesspools under the 
 horse ; that is, from the middle of the stall into the 
 long under-ground one behind him (where there 
 is one): this is a very bad plan: in the first 
 place, it is impossible to clean the short drains 
 thoroughly, being only able to get at one end 
 of them ; and the other objection is, it forms 
 an angle, in fact, sharp corner, in turning into the 
 longer one, which is certain to cause frequent 
 stoppage, from filth getting collected. Now, the 
 long drain under the horse being open at both 
 ends, it can be thoroughly cleansed in a few 
 minutes by a very long pole or two, or even three 
 in succession, if required, being tied to each other 
 till the requisite length is obtained, and with a 
 kind of coarse mop at the end all filth can be 
 got away, the drain, in fact, washed. 
 
 The pavement of the stall should also be fre- 
 quently washed to sweeten it, taking the oppor- 
 tunity of a horse being out a sufficient number of 
 hours to let it dry thoroughly. This is not often 
 attended to, and greatly contributes to the ofFen- 
 
UNSTABLEMANLIKE PKACTICES. 89 
 
 sive smell of many stables from the whole of the 
 urine (as will sometimes be the case) not going 
 down the grate, and consequently getting between 
 the bricks or clinkers, unless they are laid in very 
 hard cement ; what must it then be in the case of 
 the common flint pavement ? the interstices there 
 become positively saturated with offensive matter. 
 
 I have mentioned twelve or fourteen inches as 
 a fair size for a drain. It may be asked if a larger 
 size would not be better. The reason why I prefer 
 the smaller is this, if the drain is large, their being 
 less fear of any stoppage, servants will not cleanse 
 them sufficiently often to prevent offensive smells, 
 whereas they are aware a smaller one requires 
 more frequent attention, and consequently they 
 cleanse them oftener. 
 
 Keturning to the stable, we will look round 
 and see what more is wanting there. If we 
 should see that which in a badly organized stable 
 is sure to be seen, namely, all sorts of stable 
 utensils, and requisites, in holes and corners, on 
 the window ledges, in the corn-bin (if one be in 
 the stable), the steps of the loft-ladder, and various 
 other improper lodgments for them, the want 
 which will suggest itself at once is that of a good 
 cupboard, or rather press, at each end of the 
 building. Nothing looks more unstahleman-like 
 than forks, brooms, buckets, &c., standing about. 
 Should it be at all dusk, or even by daylight if 
 
90 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 your attention is occupied, the chance is you 
 break your shin over a pail, and while dancing 
 with agony on one leg, you hop into the dropping- 
 scuttle, and out of that pop into the cold stopping- 
 box. 
 
 One of the first things desirable in stable ma- 
 nagement is rule : by rule I mean a regular way of 
 doing things ; and this is a matter seldom at- 
 tended to sufficiently, unless the stable is under 
 the superintendence of a first-rate stud groom. 
 I do not merely allude to the important matters 
 of stable hours, dressing, feeding, watering, and 
 so forth, but to the minor details ; for though 
 such things may appear trivial, they will at times 
 be found important to attend to ; I will merely 
 mention, by way of example, two. 
 
 We will suppose a horse is going to be taken 
 out ; the groom takes off his head-collar, and, if 
 he is an ordinary servant, he lets it fall into the 
 manger : the horse is told to " come round ; " in 
 doing so it is quite likely the head-collar may 
 have lodged on the manger rail: if so, on the 
 horse turning, down it goes, and perhaps a hind 
 leg gets into it, or possibly a fore one ; the horse 
 gets hampered and frightened, if a timid one, and 
 then it ends as the case may turn out. Or sup- 
 pose it thrown down, and nothing happens at 
 that time, probably, from the same want of stable 
 rule, the groom never goes into the horse's stall 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 91 
 
 before his return ; the animal gets up to his 
 manger as quick as he can, and then the odds are 
 much in favour of his getting one or both fore- 
 legs entangled in the collar ; and here again it 
 ends as the case may be, depending on the 
 quietude of the horse. Now, if the man made it 
 an invariable rule to fasten the head-collar to the 
 rack-chain, he would from habit do it, as a matter 
 of course. 
 
 It is the same by the clothing, if they are care- 
 lessly thrown over the standing ; the chances are 
 they get down under the feet of the horse in the 
 next stall, and are torn, or at least soiled. This 
 would not happen if, on the man's return to the 
 stable, he took the opportunity of shaking, and, 
 if wanted, brushing them, folding them nicely 
 up, and depositing them carefully in the horse's 
 own stall. 
 
 From the same want of rule (but sometimes 
 from want of convenience to avoid it) we often 
 see a man hunting for his currycomb and brush, 
 or any article he uses, under the manger, under 
 the straw close to the standings, and in his 
 various other hiding-places ; all this at once shows 
 bad management somewhere, and looks most un- 
 stableman-like. 
 
 There are a variety of little technical habits 
 as well as phrases in a stable, for the origin of 
 which it might be difficult to account; yet the 
 
92 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 non-observance of which gives the impression (and 
 such is mostly the case) that the groom is not a 
 vrorkman ; for instance, it may be said that if a 
 hood is thrown over a horse's quarters, the posi- 
 tion of the ears of the hood cannot be a matter of 
 consequence ; nor am I prepared to say it is so ; 
 but if I saw them standing an-end on the horse's 
 back one bending forwards, the other backwards, 
 like a hare listening, I should doubt the man 
 being a finished stableman ; they look, as a sailor 
 would say, "more ship-shape," brought through 
 the eye-holes, and laying uniformly neat. All 
 things in a stable should be done not from a man 
 recollecting that he should do it, but from habit, 
 as naturally as he brings up his left leg to follow 
 his right, or vice versa. In fact, a horse that has 
 been accustomed to be attended by a stableman 
 will want to have little niceties done to him that 
 a hawbuck of a groom never thinks of doing. 
 
 The presses should be made so that all things 
 wanted can stand in them, or on shelves and pegs, 
 also shut in. There will be a place for buckets, 
 forks, chamois, sponges, dressing-tools, mane- 
 combs, water-brushes, bandages, the men's strap- 
 ping-jackets, and sundry other articles in daily 
 use. 
 
 Anything like a shelf in a stable should never 
 be seen ; not even a sill to the windows. I need 
 scarcely say that nails or hooks in the walls are 
 
" SAFE BIND, SAFE FIND." 93 
 
 absolutely inadmissible. A wooden peg or two 
 to hang a bridle on while the horse is being saddled 
 is a convenience, and not objectionable if never 
 used for any other purpose. 
 
 Numerous accidents happen where utensils are 
 allowed to stand in the stable. Horses comino^ 
 in and out are almost sure to strike against them. 
 This frightens them : they run back, hit some- 
 thing else, or run against other horses and get 
 kicked. Should such a thing occur as a horse 
 getting loose in the night (no very improbable 
 circumstance, by-the-bye, in a badly-conducted 
 stable), probably if he walked quietly about, or 
 even into another horse's stall, if used to each 
 other, no harm may happen ; but if in the dark 
 he gets kicking the buckets about the stable, as 
 Dr. Pangloss did the phials about his shop, he 
 (not Dr. Pangloss) gets frightened, frightens the 
 other horses, and they all get kicking and snort- 
 ing together; and then, to use the doctor's pet 
 numbers, it is "two thousand five hundred and 
 thirty-eight " to one that some mischief ensues. 
 
 Having now got a tolerably comfortable stable, 
 that is, one not a bit too good for a hack, and 
 quite good enough for a hunter, I come to cer- 
 tain little adjuncts to it, convenient if only des- 
 tined for the first-named humble inhabitant, but 
 absolutely indispensable to the more aristocratic 
 tenant. The first of these are (in the stable) 
 
94 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 gates to fall back against tlie wall, and fasten 
 across from it to the stall-post at night. Thej 
 are a small expence, and no inconvenience in any 
 properly proportioned stable ; and in one whose six 
 stalls contain, perhaps, a thousand guineas, they are 
 a safeguard that it is reprehensible to omit. For, 
 though a properly- made head-collar cannot be 
 slipped off, in case of fright or a horse getting 
 cast, some part of it may be broken, or if the 
 safety-collar and rings I have mentioned are used, 
 they will disengage themselves and get loose ; 
 and a broken leg from the other horses in such 
 a case is too serious a matter to be risked. 
 
 The Saddle and Harness Room. 
 
 Something of this sort is quite a necessary 
 appendage to the most ordinary stable. No horse 
 appointment can be kept decently clean without 
 it ; and multitudinous are the indispensable articles 
 of this kind wanted. If even a number of horses 
 are kept, it is true if a man does not object to 
 sore backs and wrung shoulders, the same saddle 
 and neck-collar may be made do duty for more 
 than one horse ; but in mentioning what I hold 
 as indispensable to such stables as those I have 
 alluded to, and attempted to describe, of course 
 we do not contemplate such grievances. 
 
 I will mention a case where I found that one 
 
THE YOKE (xOt) EASY. 95 
 
 neck-collar, though it had been made purposely 
 for a particular horse, was not enough ; a horse of 
 mine, that had picked up a nail, had been thrown 
 for upwards of two months out of work, and had 
 been merely exercised ; being naturally a gross 
 horse, he had become, by the time he was sound, 
 very lusty. I wanted to join a party in a three 
 weeks' summer tour ; and this horse being a par- 
 ticularly good tandem leader, I took him, fat as 
 he was, knowing we should only go easy and 
 slow stages. For upw^ards of a fortnight all went 
 on well ; but then I found his shoulders began to 
 chafe; and, in fact, on coming in one evening, 
 they had become sadly scalded. I soon hit upon 
 the cause of this ; his flesh not being as firm as it 
 ousfht to be when he started, he had lost in size 
 considerably on the journey, and had got below 
 his usual mark ; consequently, though on starting 
 his collar was tighter than usual, it had become 
 too large for him ; and then, as a matter of course, 
 wrung his shoulders. 
 
 If people are contented to ride or drive horses 
 in bridles and bits that do not suit their mouths, 
 of course a very few will do ; but if Ave want 
 horses to go pleasantly, each must have his bridle ; 
 for though a horse may go moderately well in a 
 certain bridle, a man with nice hands, and who is 
 particular as to how he is carried, will not rest 
 till he finds the bridle that exactly suits ; thus. 
 
96 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 even supposing we set out with a small stock of 
 horse appointments, if a man often changes his 
 horses, that stock will, in a short time, multiply 
 greatly. Whenever I bought a horse, if the 
 saddle he had been accustomed to be ridden with 
 pleased me, I generally bought that also, if I 
 could : the same with his bridle : of the latter, 
 I should be afraid to state here how many I have 
 had by me ; but even of saddles I have often had 
 at least thirty. I include my own, ladies ', ser- 
 vants' saddles, exercising, and, perhaps three or 
 four, racing saddles, of different weights : latterly 
 I made it all but a sine qua non, that if I sold a 
 horse his saddle went with him. 
 
 Independent of this accumulation from circum- 
 stances, when we come to recollect that summer 
 or winter clothing has to be stowed away, 
 sweaters with their hoods, &c., old clothes for sick 
 horses, or those in physic, waterproofs to cover 
 clothes, if travelling, &c., it will be found that 
 not only is a saddle-room wanted, but a good- 
 sized one, if only, we will say, seven or eight 
 horses are kept. 
 
 And here, to save constant cleaning of spare 
 bits, stirrup-irons, or any thing made of steel or 
 iron, I will mention what some persons may not 
 know, if a box or small tub of powdered lime is 
 kept in the saddle room, and such things are 
 
HAVING AN EYE TO THE MAIN CHANCE. 97 
 
 buried in it, they will keep, it may be said, ad 
 infinitum, without care, or getting rusty. 
 
 I need scarcely say a stove is indispensable ; 
 and here, with a neatly-concealed bed, is a very 
 proper place for one man at least to sleep. Here, 
 also, in small establishments, may be the corn- 
 bin — an article that I never wish to see in a 
 stable, for two reasons : it takes up room ; and the 
 horses learn its situation so well that they get 
 anxious and uneasy every time the groom goes 
 near it. It is sometimes made and used as a seat ; 
 but it is a bad plan : where a seat is desirable, it 
 should be one that falls down against the wall. 
 
 There must be boxes, as a matter of course, 
 wherever hunters are kept ; and there should be 
 one, in case of sickness, wherever horses are lo- 
 cated : it can always do duty for other purposes 
 when not wanted for its general one. These do 
 not require to be in any degree the same size as 
 those used in racing stables. As places of quiet,- 
 imconfined, and undisturbed rest for wearied 
 horses, sixteen feet (or even less, if necessary) 
 deep, and eight feet in w^idth, are all that is re- 
 quired for the horse's comfort. Double doors 
 (that is, cut in two transversely) are useful in 
 case of sickness, where there is but one ; other- 
 wise, the single door is to be preferred. These 
 should be made to take off the hinges, that an 
 H 
 
98 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 open-railed one may be substitued in hot weather, 
 over which, of course on the outside, an open 
 canvas should be stretched to keep out the flies, 
 which is a wonderful comfort to the animal': it 
 costs, perhaps, three shillings, and will last as many- 
 years. Under no circumstances, let the door be 
 what it will, should it open, as I have often seen 
 it do, into the box ; for should a horse be taken 
 ill and lie against it, it cannot be opened ; for 
 even with hinges to lift off in such a case, they 
 would be inside : in fact, the door must be split 
 or sawed to admit any one; and even then, till 
 the horse is got up, it cannot be opened. Yet, 
 obvious as this must be, strange to say, in a very 
 large establishment, where there were six boxes 
 in a yard appropriated to them, they one and all 
 opened inwards. The master, however, had them 
 all altered the next day, when I had represented 
 their inconvenience. 
 
 When boxes are entered by a door on either 
 side, which is often the case, the rack and manger 
 should both be on the side of the entrance ; for 
 this reason : the horse, to feed with convenience 
 to himself, and to get in front of his food, will 
 always be found to stand nearly corner-ways in 
 his box ; so, if the food is on the side of the door, 
 his heels will be away from the person entering ; 
 if the reverse, they will be towards him, which 
 with some horses would not only make some dif- 
 
SOCIAL HABITS. 99 
 
 ference, but all the difference to the safety of the 
 intruder. 
 
 Many persons have quite a box monomania 
 about them, and fancy one to be all but neces- 
 sary to the well-doing of a horse. I am quite of 
 a diiferent opinion, though I do not affirm that 
 my own is the correct one ; but keeping a horse 
 constantly in a box I consider a mild degree of 
 solitary confinement. I think I may say all 
 quadrupeds that are not ferce naturce are gre- 
 garious, and this will deprive him of enjoying one 
 of the first impulses of his nature. Turn a horse 
 into a pasture, be the food ever so tempting, he 
 will leave it, and clear the largest fence to join 
 any horses he may see or hear near him. I am 
 quite sure that horses are happier, and, conse- 
 quently, do better in stables than in boxes, unless 
 they are made with open work at a height that 
 he can both hear and see his companions. Entire 
 horses, that is, those that are highly bred, must 
 be kept by themselves. They are so accustomed 
 to it, that they would generally savage other 
 horses if they could get at them ; but this, I am 
 convinced, arises in most cases from the mode in 
 which from colts they are stabled. I quite agree 
 that no entire horse, be he as quiet as he may, 
 should ever be trusted in a situation where he 
 can get at other horses ; but I am certain that if, 
 instead of shutting up half-a-dozen colts in what 
 H 2 
 
100 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 is tantamount to a cell, they were in boxes, with 
 walls, say five feet high, and the upper part made 
 of iron bars, close enough not to let their noses 
 through, they would become as accustomed to 
 each other as a herd of deer or a pack of hounds. 
 It is not their nature immediately and at all times 
 to attack each other ; if it were, how could they 
 be gregarious ? which, in a state of nature, they 
 are. Even the wild ass, who is by far more 
 savage than the horse, is never found singly, but 
 in droves. They — the deer, the dog, or the 
 horse ^ — would at particular seasons have a fight 
 occasionally ; but when they do, it is where the 
 female becomes the object of contention ; it is the 
 undivided companionship of her that rouses their 
 energies to fury and battle, not rhj natural 
 hatred or antipathy to each other. For the same 
 horses that might be seen with crest erect, tearing 
 each other like tigers at one season, would be 
 found herding sociably together, and knabbing 
 each other in perfect friendship a few weeks after- 
 wards. If their combats arose from natural 
 ferocity, or natural hatred, they would last all 
 the year round; and this we know is not the 
 case. 
 
 Why do we allow our dogs or deer to live in 
 socialit}*? merely because they are not of suffi- 
 cient value to induce us to keep them apart. And 
 why do these animals live thus socially, and, on 
 
" DO AWAY WITH THE CAUSE," ETC. 101 
 
 the whole, harmlessly with each other? They 
 have the same brute passions as the horse, and 
 certainly are by no means more kind or generous 
 in their natural dispositions than he is. The 
 reason why they do not attack each other, as our 
 entire horses would, Avhen they meet, is, we en- 
 courage and habituate the one sort of animal to 
 live together in harmony, while we totally pre- 
 vent the other from doing so. 
 
 I have no hesitation in saying, that in doing 
 this we pursue quite a wrong system. Horses 
 are valuable animals, consequently, should be so 
 far securely kept apart as to prevent the chance 
 of their injuring each other; but it certainly 
 would be better for them, and ourselves, if we so 
 habituated them to associate as to do away with 
 the inclination to do the injury. 
 
 I have known men send a couple of hunters 
 to an inn, in order to meet some distant pack 
 of hounds, and the order given was, " Mind and 
 get a couple of boxes for your horses ; *' or the 
 groom, knowing his master's predilection in this 
 respect, would, as a matter of course, get them. 
 
 Let us see how far this proceeding, that cer- 
 tainly at first sight appears judicious, is, under 
 every circumstance, to be recommended. 
 
 If I sent horses where there was only a large 
 public inn-stable or two, I certainly should much 
 prefer the boxes ; not from thinking the solitude 
 
 H 3 
 
102 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 of the box conducive to my horse^s comfort or 
 content — and, by-the-by, either in man or horse, 
 where there is not content there can be little com- 
 fort — I should prefer the box from the objections 
 inseparable from such stables, namely, my horses 
 being constantly disturbed, and subject to the 
 door being open at all hours. 
 
 My directions would be — " Get a two, three, 
 or four- stalled stable (as might be wanted), and 
 get your horses together, if you can." Let us see 
 what would be gained by getting separate boxes. 
 The horses, having travelled together, know as 
 well as we could tell them that, though separated, 
 they are in the vicinity of each other. They also 
 know well enough that they are in a strange 
 place. The consequence of being parted is that, 
 instead of resting themselves and sleeping, they 
 are anxious and fidgetty, and keep knukering (that 
 is an apology for neighing) after each other all 
 night. In such a case " a box to himself" is not 
 so great a desideratum to a horse that is to meet 
 hounds the next day as it is often considered 
 to be. 
 
 We have heard and read a good deal lately (in 
 slang phrase) of " the bottom of a stone jug." 
 Now it is very possible that a few choice spirits 
 and congenial souls might, in the bottom of this 
 jug, be (to keep up the refinement of such, lan- 
 guage) "as merry as sand-boys^'' though -pro 
 
LOOKING OUT. 103 
 
 tempore " under the screw,'''' Here confinement 
 is robbed of its terrors, that is, quoad such a 
 party. 
 
 When I decry the general use of boxes, I beg it 
 may be understood, that I only do so when alluding 
 to them made, as they mostly are, as cells : that is, 
 where the animal is debarred from seeing or 
 hearing any thing to amuse him, or pass away 
 the time. The reader may smile, perhaps, at the 
 idea of a horse deriving amusement from seeing 
 passing objects. I will, therefore, beg to make 
 an observation on this subject, that, I think, goes 
 a long way in showing that I am not far astray 
 in considering that horses DO derive amusement 
 from such circumstances. Most people have, no 
 doubt, frequently seen a dog looking out of a 
 window, and turning his head in the direction of 
 passing objects, in fact, watching their motions. 
 He is neither forced, taught, or told to do this ; it 
 is a voluntary act of his own ; of course it amuses 
 him, or, at all events, he finds a gratification of 
 some sort in doing it. If a dog does so, why not 
 a horse ? 
 
 The reader who might smile, as I above said, 
 at my opinion, may say he never remarked a 
 horse looking out of a window. I can't help that. 
 I have many (not a drawing-room window, I 
 grant), but I never saw a horse shut up loose in a 
 box that had a window in it, that he could get 
 
 H 4 
 
104 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 at, that was not constantly looking out of it: 
 nay, if a hole of three inches square only is- left 
 in the door, my life on it, look in at it, and the 
 first thing that will meet your eye, is that of the 
 horse looking out of it. If it is a half door his 
 head will never be away from it, unless while 
 taking his food, and Avhen looking out he will, as 
 much as the dog, follow with his eye, and even 
 head, every object he sees pass near or at a 
 distance. He is not made to do this more than 
 the dog ; consequently, we have every right to 
 conclude, that he finds amusement in doing it ; 
 and of this we totally deprive him by shutting 
 him up in a box. 
 
 I always conceive a horse looks unhappy thus 
 shut out from the world. Look at him through 
 a key-hole, or in any way that he cannot see you, 
 there he will be found standing, his head drooping, 
 and looking, as I make no doubt but he is, melan- 
 choly and dejected. 
 
 I am quite ready to allow that to be loose I 
 consider an advantage, a comfort, and also an 
 amusement to the horse, giving him the privilege, 
 if in a large box, of moving about ; and such a 
 home, I agree, is preferable to a stall, if the 
 animal can see his companions. But when he 
 cannot, I am sure the solitariness of a shut in 
 box is much more than a set ofi" against any 
 advantage it may otherwise hold but. 
 
THROWING A LIGHT ON THE SUBJECT. 105 
 
 I may be asked if I am not so strenuous in my 
 praises of these stone jugs, alias boxes for horses, 
 how I can reconcile with my ideas the fact that 
 the most valuable race-horses are kept in them.. 
 I fairly answered such a question before, by 
 saying they were kept in them because, from 
 having always been so, it became in the end a 
 matter of necessity ; but it does not follow that 
 it is right. We lit our streets for centuries with 
 oil, and ridiculed the man who first proposed gas 
 as a substitute. However, we now find gas does 
 tolerably comfortably for us. 
 
 Eace-horses were first kept probably for the 
 amusement and triumph of seeing them win their 
 races. They were continued with a view to 
 putting money in their owners' pockets by win- 
 ning races. They are now pretty frequently 
 kept for the purpose of losing races, by which 
 their owners still put money in their pockets, 
 though very few of them keep it there. I ex- 
 cept the select few — double irons in Newgate to 
 them. 
 
 But we are not to bring race-horses forward 
 as specimens of sociability or good temper, either 
 to their own species or to us. There are few of" 
 them we could trust to be walked side by side. 
 They will sometimes fly at each other at the 
 starting, and have been known to do so even 
 when running. Some will not run up to their 
 
106 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 horses : some will swerve away from them : others 
 will not pass them. None of this shows the 
 most kindly disposition. I do not say that their 
 being kept solitary is the sole or absolute cause of 
 this ferocity, but I am quite sure it contributes 
 to it. All these things are tolerated in the race- 
 horse. How far treating him in a different way 
 would be beneficial or judicious, is not to my 
 present purpose; but for whatever purpose we 
 design the horse, there can be no doubt but the 
 better -tempered he is the better adapted to that 
 purpose he will be. 
 
 I always reason, or at least attempt to reason, 
 from something like analogy ; and there is much 
 more of analogy between the disposition, temper, 
 and temperament of the horse and ourselves than 
 is generally supposed to exist. For instance, our 
 bed is a soothing luxury to the sick or wearied 
 frame ; so is the box to the sick or wearied horse ; 
 and so long as the debility attendant on either 
 remains, so long will the bed or box be welcome 
 and grateful to the feelings to a certain extent, 
 but no further ; for the bed-ridden patient be- 
 comes tired of his monotony. And keep the 
 healthful in the same situation, he would become 
 nervous, timid, and silly,, or morose and misan- 
 thropic, from want of community with his fellow 
 man. The bed and the box, under the same cir- 
 cumstances, have, I consider, analogous effects on 
 
WHERE NECESSITY LEAYES NO CHOICE. 107 
 
 spirits and temper where their constant use is 
 persevered in. 
 
 I am aware that I have digressed somewhat 
 from my present purpose in mentioning race- 
 horses. I only did so lest my not being so en- 
 thusiastic in praise of keeping horses in boxes 
 might be at once condemned because race-horses 
 are kept in them. 
 
108 THE POCKET AND THE STUB. 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 DIFFERENT KINDS OF FOOD. — HAY. STRAW. — OATS. — 
 
 BEANS. BRAN. MALT. BARLEY. — CARROTS. CHAFF. 
 
 We have long since, we will say, on the judgment 
 of a friend, got what horses we want. We have 
 got what we conceive to be a comfortable stable 
 — a place for holding all the requisites for stable 
 use, and a room for saddles, bridles, harness, 
 clothing, and the et ceteras. We have now an- 
 other most important thing to provide for our 
 horses' use, namely, something for them to eat. 
 
 We are told, on much better authority than 
 mine, though I could form a tolerably shrewd 
 guess as to what would be the result of the ex- 
 periment, that " not e'en love can live on flowers." 
 Now, in speaking of love, the idea of flowers al- 
 ways suggests itself to the imagination ; — not that 
 we are told, that even in Paphian bowers they 
 ever stood in the place of any entremets intended 
 for the palate. Our little friend or foe (as the 
 thing turns out), who holds himself privileged to 
 appear before ladies sans unmentionables, sans 
 kilt, and, indeed, sans even an apology for one, is, 
 we are told, mightily addicted to playing with 
 
ESSENCE OF EOSES. 109 
 
 flowers; but I never heard that he ate them. 
 ]N"ow, horses do just the reverse; they do not 
 play with them, but they will certainly eat them. 
 Yet, upon my own authority, I venture to assert 
 they will no more live on them than the un- 
 breeched urchin who scatters them so profusely 
 in the way of young ladies and gentlemen before 
 they are married. These retain their bloom the 
 whole time the to-be-happy couple (^qucBre) are 
 in church — nay, form a fragrant path on their 
 way from it ; but, somehow or other (though it 
 ought not to be so, I allow), by the time seven 
 o'clock arrives, the loving couple (for, as I have said 
 before, I like to draw conclusions from analogy,) 
 begin to think, like the horses, that something 
 substantial, by way of provender, would not be 
 amiss, and that flower-totalism wont do. " Pro- 
 vender ! " I think I hear some pretty pouting lip, 
 with a little — a very little — affectation, exclaim, 
 " Provender ! " Has the monster ever associated 
 with any thing beyond a ploughman and his wife ? 
 Has he ever dined at a table higher than one 
 where bacon and its concomitant horror, cabbage, 
 were the head and front of the offence? Yes, 
 fair lady, he has, though, sooth to say, he has 
 dined on bacon and abomination, and, faute cVautre 
 chose, with a good appetite too. He has, also, 
 seen your lovely prototype take a tablespoonful 
 of soup at ten sips ; a particle of sweetbread, the 
 
110 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 size of a nutmeg, discussed in atoms ; a fairy 
 slice from the breast of a pheasant, partly par- 
 taken of from having been helped so abundantly ; 
 half a whipped cream trifled with, and then an 
 ice, the only thing allowable to a lady with a 
 little affectation to declare a predilection for at a 
 dinner-table. Yes, I have seen this, and, per 
 contra, I have seen a woman of fashion, but with 
 no affectation, take a fair share of a beef-steak, not 
 a bif-stick disguised in Verey's best manner, but 
 an honest tranche de hcEuf, fresh from the common 
 gridiron — and, further, hide her petit and aristo- 
 cratic nose in a pewter containing double stout — 
 nay, more, I once saw a cigar in a very lovely 
 mouth, coming from the Opera. Yes, I have seen 
 these and many more strange things in my time, 
 in places and with persons that many wot not of. 
 " But then these charming women, you know, 
 will do just as they please." And while they 
 charm and please every one, it would be very 
 hard if they were not allowed to please them- 
 selves. 
 
 We will now positively return to the horse, 
 apologising for the gentle canter I have taken on 
 the hobby. 
 
 We are now contemplating laying-in necessaries 
 for the inhabitants of our stable, and shall very 
 shortly enter somewhat minutely into the quan- 
 tities required by each. But before we do so let 
 
QUALITY AND QUANTITY. Ill 
 
 US see what different descriptions of forage we 
 shall want, and then say something of its qualities. 
 I believe if I mention — we will say for hunters — 
 hay, chaif, straw, oats, beans, malt, bran, carrots, 
 and oatmeal, we shall have all that can be called 
 into use for horses in health. Barley, however, 
 I have found occasional use for with horses of 
 particular constitutions. We will first speak of 
 
 HAY. 
 
 This should, for all and every horse, always 
 be of the very best quality. 
 
 Of all the other causes put together that oc- 
 casion thick and broken wind, where one horse 
 gets into that state from any of them, or the 
 whole combined, nineteen become so from the 
 effects of bad hay, but supposing it to be good, 
 the proper or improper quantities given are all but 
 life or death to the horse ; in fact, eventually they 
 are so. The effect of oats being light, thick- 
 skinned, or taily, provided they are perfectly sweet, 
 may be frustrated by increased quantity ; but if 
 hay is not nutritious, increased quantity is merely 
 fiUing the animal with what does him no good in 
 quality, but a great deal of mischief in quantity. 
 
 I have been frequently surprised at seeing many 
 men, who were in other far less material points 
 careful of their horses, careless, in an extraordinary 
 
112 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 degree, in this most essential one, namely, the 
 quality of their hay. Nothing should induce me 
 me to permit a horse to eat a pound of bad 
 hay, or, for a continuance, hay that is not of 
 the sweetest and primest quality. It is the first 
 thing I look at on going to an inn, or indeed to a 
 friend's house, if I have a horse with me. I have 
 frequently in the former case, if the hay was bad, 
 had my horse racked up with a little sweet straw, 
 and made him amends by adding a proper quan- 
 tity of bran and beans to his allowance of oats at 
 night. 
 
 I have been at friends' houses who grew their 
 own hay, and on remarking it was not quite the 
 thing, have been told, " No, it got a little wet in 
 making," or, " it heated and moulded a little in 
 the rick," and this by men who kept good horses. 
 So, because they grew it, it seemed their horses 
 must eat it. Why I would have sold it at twenty 
 shillings a ton, and bought other, rather than a 
 horse of mine should have touched it. 
 
 To bring the effect of bad hay still more strongly 
 before the reader, I Avill again mention the gentle- 
 man's grey horse before alluded to as having so 
 fallen out of condition. On seeing this falling-off, 
 the first thing I did was to look at the hay. I 
 found it not only bad, but literally offensive in 
 smell, and visibly mouldy, added to which, it had 
 all the appearance of being rowing, or aftermath. 
 
THE ELEVENTH HOUE. 113 
 
 There needed no further inquiry as to the cause 
 of want of condition ; and the first day I drove 
 the horse with his master, a few short hacking 
 coughs told me the vile hay had already begun its 
 usual effects, for the horse had always been since 
 I kncAV him most particularly clear in his wind, 
 and altogether, with the exception of very slight 
 thrushes, one of the most unequivocally sound 
 animals that had ever passed through my hands. 
 The owner expressed his fears that the horse had 
 taken cold. I had none on that point, but many 
 apprehensions on another. Had he been an 
 intimate friend, I dare say I should have soundly 
 abused him, and his hay too ; but that not being 
 the case, I limited my anathemas to the hay. Some 
 good was then bought : the horse soon showed 
 — aye, in a few days, the difference of the two by 
 improved appearance; and I trust the evil was 
 stopped in time. Had it gone on for two months, 
 if he did not eventually find he had a broken- 
 winded one, he would have had a greater share of 
 good luck than I, under such circumstances, should 
 hope for for myself. 
 
 But mistakes are sometimes made, even by 
 otherwise good managers of horses, as to what is 
 the very best quality. The first proof of its 
 goodness is, no doubt, its fragrant smell ; but even 
 this might deceive us if we merely trusted to our 
 nose, for I have smelt hay very fragrant that had 
 I 
 
114 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 been more heated than it should be to be fit for a 
 galloping horse. Horses like it, and I have heard 
 people say it fattens. I suspect its fattening qua- 
 lity is chiefly that, if allowed to do so, horses 
 will eat a great deal of it, — no recommendation 
 to a hunter's stable. But we will suppose the 
 hay to be sweet, fragrant, and of a good colour, 
 showing it had been got up free from wet, and 
 not overheated in the rick. Now as to its quality 
 and substance. 
 
 It used to be a received opinion among grooms, 
 and, indeed, many others, that hunters should 
 eat none but "good hard hay." Now, nothing 
 in the shape of sweet hay could be more improper 
 to give any horse intended for fast work than 
 such hay ; nor, indeed, is it desirable for any 
 horse or beast. 
 
 First, then, for galloping horses, the great 
 desideratum is to get into them the greatest pos- 
 sible quantity of nourishment in the least possible 
 compass ; consequently, vfhatever we give them 
 should, of course, be the most nutritious of its 
 kind. Of what, then, does this " good hard hay " 
 consist, and Avhat constitutes its hardness ? Its 
 hardness is simply this — there is a much larger 
 proportion of a kind of grass called " bent " in it 
 than there is in softer hay. Now, let any one 
 examine this bent, which cannot be mistaken from 
 other grass ; I think they will find it about as 
 
A SALAD. 115 
 
 hard, and, in nourishing properties, about on a 
 par with the wicker of which a clothes-basket 
 is made, and about as easy of digestion. What 
 set-ofF there is against what I must consider as 
 tolerably forcible objections, I never yet found out. 
 Hay should, in a general way, grow on uplands, 
 and I allow, bent or bennets, as they are some- 
 times called, generally do grow there, because in 
 very poor uplands they are the only thing that 
 will. But " good upland hay " speaks for itself ; 
 it should come from good upland, not from sterile, 
 dry hills. 
 
 The long tangled grass (unless it is artificial 
 grass) is as bad as the dry bent, but, from an- 
 other cause, it is generally more or less sour, con- 
 sequently flatulent and not nutritious. This 
 grows on low but swampy soil, and is only fit for 
 cows, and not the best sort for them. Real good 
 hay should (like that delightful adjunct to a 
 dinner-table, a really good salad) consist of va- 
 riety, all sweet and nutritious. Who would 
 touch a salad consisting of only the long green 
 lettuce ? Parmentier's salad vinegar, with Kitch- 
 ener's double relish added to its other sauce in- 
 gredients, could not make it tolerahle. 
 
 It is quite a mistake that all soft hay is bad for 
 horses. Aftermath, which is soft, of course, is ob- 
 jectionable, because the nourishment of the land 
 has been nearly exhausted by the first crop ; but 
 I 2 
 
116 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 there is a look, independent of smell, in good hay 
 that it is easy to learn to distinguish : and, as I 
 advise by the purchasing the horses, if neither 
 master nor man are judges of hay, let some one 
 buy who is. 
 
 Another very great mistake that some people 
 make in hay is, as to its age. Some will fancy hay 
 cannot be too old : this is quite erroneous, for 
 however good hay may be, age will take away its 
 nutritious qualities. I remember saying this 
 once before a groom (but no stableman), when, to 
 my astonishment, he said, with an intended know- 
 ing look, he did not want hay to nourish his 
 horses. 
 
 " Then what the devil do you give it them for? " 
 burst from me involuntarily. " Perhaps you don't 
 want nourishment yourself. What do you say to 
 making half your dinner on sawdust ? " I hope 
 I need not say he was not, or ever had been, in 
 my stables. 
 
 That new hay is by no means proper for horses 
 in work, is quite certain; but a little even of this, 
 as an alterative, is by no means a bad thing. 
 Hay two years old I consider old enough for any 
 horse i and supposing horses to be eating hay in 
 September 1848, that cut in July 1847 will hurt 
 no horse in common work, — in fact, I would prefer 
 it to the older ; but that cut in 1846, I hold to 
 be old enough for any race-horse ; every day after 
 
117 
 
 this I consider it deteriorates in its nourishino^ 
 qualities. 
 
 We will now come to quantity, the desire for 
 which, in the animal, depends chiefly on habit ; for 
 appetite, if in a state of health, depends greatly on 
 use — that is, if we call that appetite which is in 
 fact gluttony. A keen relish for what is eaten 
 is a sign of health ; eating enormous quantities 
 is sometimes the result of disease. 
 
 I have astonished a good many carters, horse- 
 keepers to coaches, and some grooms and coach- 
 men, respecting what I considered a proper allow- 
 ance of hay for their horses. But I am by no 
 means one of those who consider a fair quantity 
 prejudicial : on the contrary, good hay is a much 
 better thing in a horse's stomach than wind ; and 
 if we do not give enough of the former for the 
 stomach to feed upon, it is certain to get filled 
 with the latter, which often leads to direful in- 
 convenience, and, indeed, danger. To come to 
 round numbers of pounds, I should say that 
 sixteen pounds of hay in the twenty-four hours 
 is sufficient for any horse fed on corn, as a 
 horse ought to be for fast work, that is, taking the 
 average per head in a stable of horses; from 
 twelve to fourteen quite a liberal quantity for 
 hunters. In fact, take the stable throughout, and 
 hunting days intervening, twelve pounds, I think, 
 about the mark they will be found to eat. 
 
 T 3 
 
118 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 Horses not intended for galloping or any fast 
 work, or, indeed, hard work of any sort, not re- 
 quiring any thing like the same corn as those I 
 have first mentioned, of course require a very 
 considerable addition to such allowances of hay as 
 I have mentioned, unless they are ponies or gal- 
 loways. 
 
 It is true, that in hunting or racing stables 
 hay is regarded as quite a secondary consideration. 
 As a means of nutriment*it is, in fact, like the 
 small dinner-roll we use when sitting down to a 
 plentiful board, a portion of food proper to be 
 taken to prevent a too abundant use of more sub- 
 stantial fare : still that, like hay, should be, and in 
 such cases is, of the best and most nourishing; 
 quality. Hay, when of the right sort, will keep an 
 idle horse as fat as corn. 
 
 I will instance a case, by supposing two horses 
 totally out of work. We will allow the one three 
 feeds of corn a day, weighing (which good corn 
 will) two pounds and a half per quartern measure, 
 making corn seven pounds and a half; we will then 
 allow fourteen pounds of hay, making a ration of 
 twenty-one pounds of food in the twenty-four 
 hours ; we will allow the other half a truss of hay 
 during the same period, and no corn : if both 
 horses are of the same size, appetite, and con- 
 stitution, the hay-fed horse (provided the hay is 
 only twelve months old, and of a sweet and succu- 
 
SIMPLE PARE. 119 
 
 lent quality) will, at the end of three months, be 
 found the fattest animal. 
 
 To give a lift to the character of really good 
 hay, in point of nourishment, I will mention rather 
 a curious specimen of stable management for 
 years pursued by a venerable divine, a friend of 
 my father's"; he kept his carriage, so had done his 
 ancestors (and judging by the appearance of 
 the old landau, the same had passed through 
 several generations), a horse for his own two- 
 wheeled (whatever-you-please-to-call-it ; it is a 
 rather long but appropriate name for the article), 
 a horse for his own riding, one for his daughter, and 
 one for each of his two grown-up sons, making a 
 stud of seven working horses, independent of two 
 or three old pensioners, who luxuriated in idleness 
 on bruised oats, bran, and whatever the worthy 
 pastor thought would best suit their old gums 
 and constitution. He had plenty of grass land, but 
 no arable, and from the nature of the soil, and 
 good management in haymaking, the parson had 
 always by him the very sweetest and best hay in 
 the country. On this, and this alone, without a 
 grain of corn, the parson's working horses were 
 all fed. It is true his carriage-horses and his own 
 two never exceeded six miles an hour, but those of 
 his daughter and sons not only did, but frequently 
 joined a pack of old blue mottled southern harriers 
 in the neighbourhood. These said hounds, I be- 
 I 4 
 
120 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 lieve, were awfully slow coaches, — so they had need 
 be for hay-fed nags to follow them : however, when- 
 ever I saw the parson's stud, which I frequently 
 did, the entire were not only in good flesh, but fat, 
 one and all. This eccentricity in stable feed did 
 not arise from parsimony (as his old pensioners 
 showed), but from finding that, with his work, 
 really good hay kept his horses in good condition 
 so far as looks and also good spirits went. 
 
 Independent of improper quantities of hay, and 
 also of improper hay, being often given to horses, 
 much mischief is often done by giving hay at im- 
 proper times, than which nothing can be more 
 injurious (save and except giving bad hay) : but 
 as I think it always desirable to bring something 
 like proof of what I say when I can, I will now 
 produce an instance of the bad effects of giving 
 hay at improper hours, which will, probably, and 
 indeed very naturally, bring more conviction than 
 anything I could say merely grounded on my 
 individual experience and opinion. 
 
 Shortly after my taking the management of the 
 horses that worked a coach over seventy-five miles 
 of ground, on my going down by the coach, the 
 coachman mentioned rather a singular circumstance 
 .respecting the middle stages of the journey, which 
 was, that the horses going from that particular 
 change were frequently attacked by staggers, but 
 he hardly recollected one instance of its occurrence 
 
A STAGGERING FACT. 121 
 
 elsewhere on the whole line of road ; yet here scarce 
 a week passed without a case occurring. This, 
 of, course, set me thinking : it was not that the 
 coach loaded particularly heavily over this seven- 
 teen miles of ground, nor could it be the nature of 
 the two stages, as to pace, for one was a very hilly, 
 slow ten-mile stage, the other a dead flat galloping 
 seven mile ; the horses were a fair average of the 
 rest, and in average condition, the stable neither 
 too hot nor too cold. As I intended stopping at this 
 change all night, and the coachman waited here 
 to take the up-coach, I had him in, to question 
 him further on the subject of the staggers. I 
 then learned what he thous^ht to be still more 
 extraordinary to be the case, namely, that over 
 either ground both he and his brother coachman 
 had found that the same horses that were so often 
 attacked always were so in going from this par- 
 ticular change, but never in returning to it. This 
 at once threw a light on the matter: it must be 
 their treatment the twenty-three hours they were 
 in this particular stable. I saw the horses treated 
 the whole evening quite properly, and the same 
 early in the morning; but going into the stable 
 about two hours before time for putting on the 
 harness, I found the horsekeeper cramming the 
 hay into their racks as if he was provisioning 
 them for a week. On inquiring the cause of such 
 proceeding, he told me he " always liked 'em to 
 
122 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 have a bit in 'em; it gave 'em strength to work 
 the stage." This, of course, was enough ; the horses 
 were always started Avith overloaded stomachs: 
 that they had not always, instead of occasionally, 
 an attack of staggers was the wonder. I tried 
 what little rhetoric I was master of to convince 
 the man of the danger and absurdity of his practice ; 
 but as I found he would not be convinced, I 
 felt he would not be persuaded to obey my di- 
 rections as to discontinuing it. He promised he 
 would ; but I set a watch on him, found him out, 
 and dismissed him, and sent another man to take 
 his place : from that time we had no more 
 staggers from this change than from any other. 
 
 To conclude my remarks on hay, let me 
 strenuously adA^ise all young horse-masters to be 
 most particular in procuring the very best money 
 can purchase ; they will find it a saving in the 
 long run, for without it those experienced in 
 keeping horses know perfectly it is out of the 
 power of the best groom to keep them in health, 
 and, consequently, in condition. 
 
 OATS. 
 
 Oats are, of course, a most important article in 
 stable management ; and these should be, as every 
 thing a horse eats ought to be, of the finest quality. 
 It may be thought that the weight of oats is not 
 
" MEDITAMUE. AVENA." 123 
 
 a matter of great consequence, nor, in fact, is it 
 to cart or common horses; but it is quite the 
 reverse to such as we are particular about as 
 to stamina, wind, and condition. Good oats ought 
 to weigh close on forty pounds per bushel ; for we 
 must recollect that, in the first place, horses (ex- 
 cepting military ones) are fed by measure, not by 
 weight ; consequently, in giving light oats, we 
 actually rob the horse of his proper quantum of 
 meal, giving him husks instead : and if we fed 
 him by weight, going on the principle that a 
 pound of lead and a pound of feathers are both 
 a pound, the principle would be a very bad one 
 as regards oats; for, in that case, though the 
 horse got his pound weight, if he gets an undue 
 portion of it in husks, he is only filled with 
 that which is of no use to him ; so in every way 
 light oats are bad for choice horses. 
 
 Some persons, indeed many, object to black oats. 
 The only objection that I ever found to them is, 
 they are apt to be taily, particularly the Tartars ; 
 but if they are neat, short, and round, I think 
 them quite as good as the white — indeed, in one 
 particular, better ; as such as I describe as good 
 are generally thin skinned. 
 
 Irish oats, that is, those sent to this country, 
 are often objectionable, as a large proportion of 
 them are kiln- dried, to give the look and feel of 
 old oats; but when not, I think them quite as 
 
124 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 good as our own. People might infer that they 
 are not so from the fact that a much larger allow- 
 ance of them is made to horses in Ireland than 
 we give ; their feed being always half a peck, 
 whereas ours, in a general way, is only a quartern. 
 This extra allowance is not, however, made from 
 any acknowledged inferiority in the oats, but 
 from the want of nutrition in the Irish hay, which, 
 from the way" it is treated in the making, is 
 generally dry, tasteless, inodorous, and bad alto- 
 gether. Figuratively speaking, they know nothing 
 of good hay. 
 
 In point of age, I should say that, for horses 
 in fast work, oats should not be less than two 
 years old ; after that I consider their farinaceous 
 part begins to shrink, and that, consequently, a 
 greater proportion of husk falls to the horse's 
 share. The objection to new oats is, first, that 
 they are flatulent; and, secondly, as is the case 
 with new oatmeal with hounds, they do not, as 
 we say in kennel language, " stay by them." 
 
 A proper stock of oats should always be kept on 
 hand — of course proportionate with the number 
 of horses kept. This should be done that we 
 may not be taken short, and, consequently, obliged 
 to buy at any price, or to put up with oats of a 
 bad sort : but then care must be taken that 
 corn in store is frequently turned over, otherwise 
 it is apt to heat and get musty. 
 
A GOOD ALLOWANCE. 125 
 
 Next to haviAg oats good, and of a proper age, 
 it is a matter of vast importance to give them 
 crushed or bruised to all horses : for this an oat- 
 bruiser is desirable, as they should be bruised 
 fresh and fresh, that is, I should say, once a week : 
 the advantage to the horses is very great. If 
 horses are delicate, they eat them better: if 
 greedy, their bolting them is of less consequence ; 
 and with all horses they digest better, and go fur- 
 ther in point of nutriment. 
 
 It is quite a mistaken notion with those who 
 consider a hunter the most expensive sort of horse 
 to keep (race-horses being out of the question) : 
 a hunter, take him all the year round, does not 
 cost more than any common well-fed and well- 
 worked hack — certainly not so much as a carriage- 
 horse. These gentlemen, like the gentlemen who 
 sit in front of, and sit or stand behind, the carriage, 
 are never off their appetite, or into one ; so nothing 
 but the best does for them, and plenty of it. The 
 usual allowance of London carriage-horses is three 
 half-pecks a day, with beans when (the coachman 
 pleases to think them) necessary. 
 
 Stage-coach horses in full work and health will 
 go close upon hiding away their half-bushel each, 
 with chaff; and for some old horses, beans with 
 it : but they earn it : their exhaustion of animal 
 power is great, and their consumption of hay is — 
 or, at least, ought to be — a mere trifle. Doubt- 
 
126 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 less, from this allowance of oats in, the stable, there 
 is a little " shouldering," as there is from the 
 coach on the road : but where we cannot always 
 be present, and must trust to subordinates, the 
 only way is to make a fair, liberal, but not profuse 
 allowance; and if things on that allowance are 
 done well, it is bad policy to notice any little 
 advantage those subordinates may derive on par- 
 ticular occasions. For instance, a coach-owner 
 whom I knew employed a horsekeeper on a par- 
 ticularly fast stage — in coaching language, "both 
 sides of the road" — that is, both going and coming. 
 The man's horses did w^ell and looked well; but 
 he, like many horsekeepers, w^as partial to poultry, 
 lilted fresh eggs to eat, and his wife liked them to 
 sell — in short, he had a very pretty little com- 
 munity of the feathered tribe. His employer, 
 with that shortsightedness that characterises many 
 persons, desired the man to sell off his stock — 
 partridge-breasted game, poles, and dorkings. 
 Going up the road some time afterward, he found 
 this had not been done : he dismissed the man on 
 the spot. His successor did not allow a feather 
 to flutter on the premises, but he had his ^^ 'pen- 
 chant ;" — he liked something more substantial : he 
 owned a pig, that he located at the next cottage, 
 and by Christmas had him a good fifteen score ; 
 and it was quite remarkable that the horses got 
 thin in precisely the same ratio the grunter got 
 
WHAT IS WANTED. 127 
 
 fat: when killed he exhibited a spare-rib well 
 covered, while the horses exhibited only the usual 
 number, and those not covered at all. The 
 poultry-fancier was brought back, when, out of 
 pure devilry, he brought also back a lot of Malay 
 fowls in addition to his old stock, and turned 
 them down before master's face : notwithstanding 
 this, the horses soon showed who had the care of 
 them. 
 
 Cart-horses (a description of animal that, among 
 most other of a domestic kind, I have had the 
 pleasure of entertaining at rack and manger) I 
 always allowed two bushels of oats per w^eek, 
 which is not too much. If the master achieves 
 that rather difficult task of making them do a 
 fair day's work, it is not too much, with chaff 
 (and when the work is hard, beans), which they 
 take as a kind of whet to their appetites for hay 
 (as some persons do oysters before dinner) ; 
 of hay, cart-horses wdll consume half a truss 
 in the twenty-four hours, and, if the carters 
 are not well w^atched, even more: for nothing 
 short of absolute exhaustion of the masticating 
 powers ever yet convinced a carter that he or his 
 horse had enough. 
 
 We now come to the kind of horse I will sup- 
 pose the reader about to keep, namely, a mo- 
 derate-sized one, for moderate work, in harness, 
 or for the saddle. For such a horse, four quarterns 
 
128 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 of corn and a truss of hay in four days are quite 
 sufficient ; if a horse merely to ride for an airing, 
 three quarterns are enough, with perhaps a trifling- 
 addition in that case to his hay. Straw is an 
 article somewhat expensive in London; in the 
 country we reckon little upon it, as farmers will, 
 in some places, supply it to have the manure in 
 return, in others for the manure and a small com- 
 pensation: but we will look at the thing alto- 
 gether as it stands in London, and take the horse 
 as eating four feeds per day. We will take oats 
 on an average at twenty -four shillings per quarter, 
 hay at four pounds ten shillings per ton, and 
 straw" at thirty shillings. In stating these prices, 
 I reckon on their being laid in at a cheap season 
 of the year, bought for ready money, and at first 
 hand. Persons who have no room for storage of 
 provender must, perhaps, pay something more in 
 some places than the prices here set down ; and 
 less straw (if scarce) will do. I have said nothing 
 about beans, bran, or an occasional malt mash ; 
 neither have I mentioned carrots, these being 
 occasional additions that it would be impossible 
 to reckon on so as to mention a price or weekly 
 
 sum as the cost of keep. 
 
 s. d. 
 
 Seven pecks of oats per week, at 1?. 4s. per quarter 5 3 
 Seven stones of hay, at 41. lOs. per ton - - 3 Hi 
 
 One^ hundred- weight of straw, at 1/. 105. per ton - 1 6 
 
 10 81 
 
COST OF KEEP. 129 
 
 Thus we see a moderate horse is, with good 
 management, to be kept for, say eleven shillings 
 a week, so far as feeding goes, which my friend 
 calculated at something like 11. 18s. Horses 
 working harder, or larger horses, must, of course, 
 get more ; but as reckoning corn at a fair average, 
 it will cost about two-pence farthing a quartern, 
 if five feeds or six become necessary, there can be 
 no difficulty in any person calculating what his 
 horse's provender ought to cost, if kept in the 
 owner's stable ; and, allowing a horse to get the 
 topmost quantity of oats that private horses ever 
 eat — that is, six quarterns per day — the keep 
 only then comes to about 135. 4d. per week as to 
 forage. 
 
 It may be said, and with great truth, that 
 horses belonging to ladies particularly are gene- 
 rally badly managed, and the owners much im- 
 posed upon. First, ladies cannot go into their 
 stables to see how things are done. I have no 
 wish that they should go there, neither is it at all 
 necessary ; and, indeed, setting aside the impro- 
 priety or inconvenience of their doing so, as 
 ladies' stables are generally managed, they are 
 not the most agreeable places in the world. But 
 ladies have often honoured me and my stables by 
 walking into them without feeling any inclination 
 to use their smelling-bottles, or finding a French 
 slipper soiled from the visit. We will presently 
 
130 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 see that a lady may have her horses kept in a 
 proper atmosphere, though she does not go into 
 their stable. 
 
 The next reason to be assigned for the mis- 
 management and imposition practised in ladies' 
 stables, and in those of persons not knowing 
 much about them, is, they do not know what 
 their horses should consume. I know they do 
 not; and one of the objects of this work is to 
 tell them so. Those who flatter me by reading it 
 now will know ; and a tolerably liberal share of 
 abuse I should get from their servants if they 
 knew I had told this. 
 
 I must do servants the justice to say that many 
 really demand more provender for stable use than 
 is necessary, from a mistaken idea that they 
 cannot stuff horses too much. Now, the fact is, 
 it would do a mere park-riding horse as much 
 mischief to give him six feeds of corn a-day as it 
 would be detrimental to one doing full work to 
 allow him but three. Where a man, from mistaken 
 kindness, fights for what lie conceives to be his 
 horses' due, I should rather applaud than blame 
 him; I should merely use precaution to prevent 
 bad eyes, asthma, or broken wind (the almost 
 certain effects of repletion and obesity) coming 
 into my stable. 
 
 Notwithstanding my fear of this, and having 
 named what I consider, under ordinary circum- 
 
ADJUNCTS. 131 
 
 stances, a fair allowance of provender for horses, 
 I am aware I have to mention beans, malt, bran, 
 and carrots as adjuncts to such feeding : with some 
 horses these are absolutely necessary, but are 
 little additional expenses, easily calculated, whether 
 occasional or daily. 
 
 BEANS. 
 
 These are a portion of food in much greater 
 vogue formerly than now ; in fact, our grand- 
 fathers considered no horse could work without 
 them. Many certainly cannot, as many in cer- 
 tain work would be materially injured by them. 
 Of the latter, I should instance horses doing very 
 fast work, but of short continuance. With such 
 they are heating, and by no means unlikely to 
 produce fever and indigestion ; whereas, to horses 
 having to undergo long-continued fatigue, and 
 jDarticularly if exposed to inclemency of weather, 
 I think them quite necessary. To instance, I 
 would not indiscriminately give them to four 
 horses going over a four-mile galloping stage, 
 which they might be allowed only fifteen minutes 
 to do it in ; but over a twelve or fourteen mile 
 stage the thing is different. Here they want 
 something, in stable phrase, to " stand by them : " 
 their work is slow, but it is a long draw on the 
 animal spirits and powers, and sheer bodily 
 K 2 
 
132 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 strengtli and stamina Is wanted. Champagne, 
 could they afford to drink it, would be a pleasing 
 and efficacious exhilarator to men in training for 
 a-quarter-of-a-mile race ; but the coal-porter (or 
 whatever they call him), with a barge-load of coals 
 to carry into store, wants Barclay and Perkins' 
 strongest double stout to support his continued 
 Herculean labour. To hunters facing, as they 
 formerly did, cold early mornings, and then killing 
 their fox by hunting him down, beans were quite 
 necessary to help them from a dozen to twenty 
 miles home again. But now, when we courteously 
 wait till the sun is near his meridian before we 
 try for our fox, and then do not give him a chance 
 of getting us twenty miles from home, they are 
 by no means necessary. Such horses as, from 
 delicacy of constitution, are apt to pass off their 
 food quickly, require them ; and they are of 
 great benefit, in a general way, to old horses, 
 whose blood flows more languidly than that of 
 young ones, consequently want such a stimulus. 
 Horses on long journeys really require beans ; 
 and, in fact, if horses are accustomed to them, they 
 cannot work without them. Two things should, 
 hoAvever, be strictly observed in giving beans; 
 first, that they are bruised (not ground), and, 
 secondly, that they are not given just before a 
 horse starts on quick work: nothing is more 
 likely to produce colic. Late in the day, and 
 
STIMULANTS. 133 
 
 night, if on a journey, is the proper time to give 
 beans. There is, however, a third precaution to be 
 observed as regards beans, — they must be old, if 
 given at all. New beans are worse than useless ; 
 they are absolutely dangerous in the extreme. 
 Old beans I consider to be to the horse what 
 sound old port or ale is to the man : new ones 
 are tantamount to drinking sweet-wort or port 
 while undergoing its manufacture, and, conse- 
 quently, produce the direct opposite eifect to that 
 for which we seek in giving them to such horses 
 as we judge may require them. I should say 
 that in a general way half a quartern, split or 
 bruised, is enough. Certain work and certain 
 constitutions may require double the quantity, 
 but more than that I should say would be in- 
 jurious. I have, however, I remember, mentioned, 
 in something I have before said of beans in 
 another work, a case where I gave considerably 
 more, but it arose from the following cause. 
 Some years past oats were for some months at 
 an enormous price, and in the particular neigh- 
 bourhood where I then resided they were nearly 
 sixty shillings a quarter. I had a strongish stud, 
 but, unlike my general practice, I had run out 
 my stock of oats, but had by me an unusual stock 
 of old beans, so, during the three months oats 
 kept at this killing price, I fed my horses on 
 them without oats ; but then they had bran in 
 K 3 
 
134 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 such proportion as I tliouglit brought the mixture 
 to an equivalent to corn ; and I must say my 
 horses never did better. It was, perhaps, in point 
 of healthfulness, similar to drinking brandy di- 
 luted with water in lieu of sherry without it. 
 
 BRAN, 
 
 If fresh and perfectly sweet, though not an 
 article of great nutriment, is one without which 
 a stable of horses cannot be kept for a continuance 
 in common health. Currie is an excellent dish. 
 Why do we eat rice with it ? Certainly not to 
 improve its relish, but that the condiment would 
 be too exhilarating to the stomach without this 
 corrective. Bran, after a day of unusual excite- 
 ment to a horse, such as a severely contested race, 
 a steeple chase, short match against time, or an 
 unusually fast thing with hounds, would perhaps 
 save his life, by preventing fever or inflammation of 
 the lungs or stomach. Nothing, in short, is more 
 grateful to a horse, if we find him at all feverish 
 in the evening, and is then a safe and good 
 thing to give either in lieu of, or addition to, his 
 usual food at night ; and here is one of the cases 
 where the judgment of the groom or master is 
 called into play. Distress to the horse arises 
 from two causes, each producing, in the first 
 instance at least, two different results; the one 
 excessive languor and depression, the other rest- 
 
MATEKIAL MISTAKES. 135 
 
 lessness and fever ; — the former caused by long- 
 continued fatigue, where the frame and spirits 
 are completely exhausted ; the other, where over- 
 exertion for a short time has produced distress of 
 the lungs, heart, and abdominal vessels. In the 
 first case, it is nourishing and invigorating re- 
 medies that are wanted to re-animate the flagging 
 and exhausted system ; in the latter, soothing 
 and sedative ones, to allay irritation, and bring 
 back the agitated and distressed parts to the 
 usual state of quietude. I have seen terrible 
 mistakes made in the hunting-field with horses 
 that were dead beat ; and many a horse in such 
 a state has been rendered incapable of coming out 
 again for weeks, or, perhaps, for the remainder 
 of the season, from the (formerly almost con- 
 stant) use of the lancet on such occasions. People 
 have got wiser of late years in this respect, and 
 have learned that when nature is pro tempore 
 exhausted, exhausting it still more is not precisely 
 the way to accelerate recovery. I always carry, 
 when hunting, and indeed at most times, a lancet 
 about me, and it has at times been of use to my 
 friends' horses ; but when requested to use it, I 
 have much more frequently recommended a quart 
 of ale, with some spice and a couple of glasses of 
 spirits in it, and the horse being got to the first 
 comfortable place of rest that could be got, and 
 either given or drenched with some well-made 
 K 4 
 
136 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 gruel. There are cases, however, where copious 
 bleeding, and that done without hesitation, is 
 absolutely necessary; and in such I have used 
 the lancet as freely as any one. To instance, 
 where, from great sudden exertion, we find the 
 horse stop, his mouth dry and hot, the action of 
 the heart greatly accelerated, and the abdominal 
 vessels in a state of flutter, the animal beginning 
 to stagger, shiver, and have a frightened look, 
 here bleeding will probably stop staggers and 
 inflammation coming on ; and bran tea, or a bran 
 mash, if he can be got to eat it, is all he should 
 be allowed till we find the pulse begin to beat 
 with its usual pulsation. It will, probably, 
 shortly after begin to beat feebly and slower 
 than usual : in that case, we may consider that 
 life is pretty safe ; and then nourishment may, 
 and, indeed, should be, carefully and gradually 
 given. Laudanum, in cases of this sort, is a very 
 dangerous article in the hands of an ordinary 
 groom ; he has, perhaps, just learned enough to 
 know that it is a sedative : so it is, given at a 
 proper time, and to prevent inflammation taking 
 place ; but whei*e it actually has done so, it is 
 usually as improper to be given as it would have 
 been judicious when we only feared its coming 
 on ; our friend bran must then be the sedative. 
 
 Bran is also most useful where we find water 
 hard, or a horse subject to be aflected by it : 
 
PKEPARATION^. 137 
 
 indeed, it is always a safe precaution to use it 
 where we are not certain of its nature; a few 
 handfuls stirred in will render hard water safe 
 and innocuous even to delicate horses. 
 
 Bran, properly given before physic, will, in (I 
 may say) all cases, prevent gripes, if the physic 
 be good ; but not if merely given as grooms often 
 give it, namely, for twelve hours only before the 
 ball is given. I always give it for two days and 
 nights prior to this ; some corn with it the first 
 day, but none the last : in this case the horse is 
 half physicked before the ball is administered ; and 
 five drams of good aloes will go as far as seven or 
 eight if otherwise treated, and for many horses is 
 quite enough, and six I should say enough for any 
 ordinary horse. I have heard many persons say 
 a horse does not recover from a dose of physic 
 for some days : in such a case it is not so much the 
 evacuation that he does not recover from, but the 
 having really suffered while the medicine was in 
 operation, which he certainly Avill have done, and 
 severely too, if not properly mashed prior to taking 
 it. So far from a horse being depressed by medi- 
 cine, if properly given {and he loanted it), he will 
 feel himself the lighter and more cheerful after its 
 proper operation : in short, bran is of far greater 
 importance than it is often given credit for being ; 
 for if corn puts a horse in vigour, bran keeps him 
 in health, and, by preventing disease, plays its full 
 
138 THE POCKET^ AND THE STUD. 
 
 part in promoting and keeping up that condition 
 the other more strengthening food has brought 
 him to. 
 
 MALT 
 
 I have alluded to, as a useful occasional article 
 for stable use ; and made into a mash after a long 
 day, or where we think a horse feels chilled and un- 
 comfortable, it will sometimes be taken by horses 
 shy of a bran one, and in such cases is a most 
 nourishing and consoling supper ; it is also most 
 useful where horses are recovering from illness : 
 in short, in any case where we should like a basin 
 of gruel with a fair allowance of sherry in it, in 
 preference to more solid food ; in a similar case, 
 a malt mash w^ill be found as soothing and com- 
 fortable to the stomach of the horse. 
 
 BARLEY. 
 
 This is an article but of very rare use in an 
 English stable, though the Easterns use it entirely 
 as stable corn : it is, however, by far too heating 
 for our horses : possibly in hot climates, where 
 horses sweat profusely, its heating qualities may 
 be carried off through the skin. I have occasion- 
 ally found it useful to horses who, from weak con- 
 stitution or a nervous temper, are apt to be more 
 loose in their bodies than we mis^ht wish. 
 
A VETERAN. 139 
 
 "When I had the management of my father's 
 horses as well as my own, he had a favourite old 
 horse that I fed wholly on barley, that is, as corn 
 feed. I tried him repeatedly on oats with beans, 
 but a few days showed the change both of condi- 
 tion and spirits ; so barley he ate till the day of 
 his death, which did not occur till he had carried 
 my father thirteen successive seasons, and was 
 twenty-four years old. He went at that age as 
 well as ever he did in his life, had not the vestige 
 of a windgall on either leg, never was lame, nor 
 had an ailment of any sort. He was suddenly seized 
 with paralysis of the spine, died, and was buried 
 w^ith all due honours. 
 
 I believe that barley soaked in water and then 
 left to sprout is a good thing to bring horses out 
 of work into condition, but I never tried it. 
 Barley, like all stable corn, must, of course, be of 
 a sufficient age, and bruised. 
 
 CARROTS. 
 
 Having had so many horses of all sorts under 
 my care, I have used carrots in large quantities; 
 and they are with me prime favourites, either for 
 horses in or out of work, the only difference being 
 as to the quantity given and the time of year. 
 Towards spring, when horses have been many 
 months highly fed on corn, they are extremely 
 serviceable, indeed necessary ; in winter I used 
 
140 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 them very sparingly. They used to be given to 
 race-horses in far greater quantities than they are 
 now, having the character of being good for the 
 wind ; but 1 suspect the only merit they can claim 
 in this respect is, that they keep the body cool 
 and properly open, by which they conduce greatly 
 to health and condition, and consequently to 
 clearness of wind. About the same thing may be 
 said of their claims to producing a fine coat: 
 whatever conduces to health does so, consequently 
 carrots do. To any one who has been in a racing 
 stable, or in any well-conducted one, it may seem 
 almost useless to say that carrots should be sliced 
 in pretty long slices ; but I have seen them given 
 by those calling themselves grooms cut crossways: 
 this is really dangerous, as horses are extremely 
 fond of them, and, if at all greedy, would be apt 
 to bolt pieces of them whole, which would be 
 quite likely to cause some of them to stick in the 
 throat. 
 
 Some persons give carrots with the corn, think- 
 ing it tempts horses to eat their oats, if of deli- 
 cate appetite : so they might if perfectly minced, 
 otherwise they will pick them all out, and then 
 the groom may eat the oats if he pleases, for de- 
 pend on it the horses would not ; but if we were 
 to make minced meat of them, I should still con- 
 sider it a very bad plan to give them with oats ; 
 for should the horse get accustomed to such a 
 
A FAMILY VEGETABLE. 141 
 
 mixture, he would afterwards refuse his corn 
 without it : for this reason I always gave them as 
 separate food ; and, if bought at a proper season 
 of the year, by the ton, in the country they are 
 by no means an expensive one, though they be- 
 come extremely so when a London coachman can 
 persuade his employer that they are necessary for 
 his horses, buys them by the bunch, consumes 
 two of those in his own family, and, if he is deli- 
 cate as to conscience, gives the third to his horses ; 
 if not, they, of course, all go the same way. Carrots, 
 if kept in a dry place in sand, will keep a long 
 time, or in sand they will keep out of doors, if 
 covered with straw, and then banked up with 
 earth. 
 
 CHAFF. 
 
 We must not be quite inattentive even to a small 
 item in stable feeding — the produce of hay, namely, 
 chaff. This is rather a plebeian term, as connected 
 with racing or hunting stables, and, I believe, in 
 the time of even our fathers was but little used in 
 such establishments, either in name or commodity : 
 it is, however, a most wholesome and necessary 
 adjunct to corn for all sorts of horses ; it prevents 
 them bolting their oats, causes proper mastication, 
 and, further, gets horses that are gluttons out 
 of the habit of wasting oats by throwing them out 
 of the manger in their greediness to get at them. 
 
142 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 I need scarcely say chaff should be fresh, that is, 
 not laid by long after being cut, and of the very 
 best of hay; I have sometimes found a little cut 
 from pure clover-hay coax horses to eat their corn 
 if mixed with it, when off their appetite: in a 
 general way, I .should say a little chaff should 
 always be given with corn, unless, perhaps, on the 
 morning of hunting. 
 
143 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 STABLE ECONOMY — HOW TO SET ABOUT IT. — EVILS OF 
 IMPKOPER DIRECTIONS. THE RIGHT SORT OE INSTRUC- 
 TIONS. — INGENUITY or SERVANTS. — CHOICE OF A GROOM, 
 
 ORDINARY COST OF KEEP. — TABULAR STATEMENT. — 
 
 VETERINARY SURGEONS WHEN TO BE CONSULTED. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE ANECDOTES. 
 
 Waste in stables seldom arises, on the part 
 of London stablemen in particular, Yrom the 
 amiable weakness of fondness for their horses. 
 There is a kind of general, and, one would 
 think, intuitive hatred on the part of all ser- 
 vants — or, at least, of nineteen out of twenty 
 — to any thing that they conceive borders on eco- 
 nomy, so far as their employer's pocket goes, in 
 the stable or out of it. The lady of the house 
 would find, if potatoes were sixpence a pound, 
 and bread and meat unusually cheap, the de- 
 mand on the potato-merchant would be enor- 
 mous ; but if bread happened to be ruinous, only 
 hint at the vegetable being used in greater pro- 
 portion as a partial substitute, a potato would no 
 more be eaten than a sand wash-ball. 
 
 I have had pretty much to do with stablemen 
 and boys of all sorts and grades, from the riding 
 exercise boy to the stud- groom and the wearer of 
 
144 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 the tler-on-tler caxon, and I must say I never 
 found that any fanatical feelings of religion could 
 be laid to their charge. Still I have seen in- 
 stances where the researches of the two last- 
 mentioned functionaries have been deep enough 
 to carrv them on to one particular parable, which 
 appears to have taken a firm hold of, and made a 
 lively impression on, their imaginations ; and, 
 siniTular enoug^h, but so it is, the researches of 
 many hay straw and corn dealers appear to have 
 reached precisely the same point, for " Take thy 
 bill, and sit down quickly, and write fifty," is 
 pretty generally understood by both parties. 
 
 Never having been so situated in life as to 
 warrant my giving two hundred a year to a stud- 
 groom, it follows, as a matter of course, that my 
 horses, in every way, cost me less keeping than 
 those of the man who did so. Not that they 
 ate a grain of corn less than Lord Plymouth's ; 
 but I will answer for it, by their condition, they 
 ate all that was paid for. Nor would I allow 
 them to be less comfortably lodged, or the stable 
 in any one particular less in perfect order ; but I 
 will answer its being done by proportion ably 
 fewer hands. I detest badly made, badly turned 
 out, or shabby appurtenances to a horse ; I would 
 not have any of them on or about him a bit behind 
 those of the noble lord : but their first cost, and 
 still more their time of duration and keeping in 
 
ro." 145 
 
 order, would be found very different items in the 
 amount of proportionate expense. All this, pro- 
 bably, is a matter of very minor consideration 
 with a man who could afford to keep twice the 
 number of horses he does if he could use them ; 
 but it is one of serious import to one who, like 
 me, always kept as many as he could afford, and, 
 if the truth must be told, sometimes more. 
 
 Why this great difference should arise in keep- 
 ing the same sort of animal in precisely the same 
 state can easily be answered, by saying it arises 
 from the different position of the owners ; but to 
 answer it more in detail ■ — it is caused by the 
 different effects produced by "jE'e," and "/^^o." 
 This I got far enough in the classics to under- 
 stand as a boy ; of course I understood it as a 
 man ; and I doubt not those I employed somehow 
 learned to understand it also, though I never gave 
 them the chance of trying the difference of the 
 effects of the two. 
 
 It will be remembered that these sheets are 
 not intended for those who only look to the stud, 
 but for those who consult the healthful state of 
 the ^' pocket and the stud." It may be said that 
 among these the " ^o " would do more harm than 
 good. I am aware it would. Here it will be 
 very proper to say " Ito ; " but let it be to some- 
 one who understands what he is about — not in 
 one case in a thousand to a servant, but a friend, 
 L 
 
146 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 and let it be quite understood that his directions 
 must be obeyed. 
 
 Some servants would, I know, be in open 
 rebellion at this ; such as study the parable 
 unquestionably would. "We arn't going to 
 stand two masters: " — " Then pray ^o," would 
 often settle the matter, if not, get others who 
 study honesty. 
 
 I am willing to allow that no servant has a 
 right, as it is called, to " stand " two masters ; 
 nor need he, for if his legitimate master or mistress 
 know nothing of stable duty, or, as with the lat- 
 ter, cannot look into it, he will, so far as duty 
 goes, have but one to be directed by, as, in such 
 a case, the master or mistress would do well to 
 merely order their carriage or horses when they 
 want them, and interfere no further. With such 
 a friend to direct, even ladies need not be im- 
 posed on, as they generally are, or have their 
 horses as improperly treated as they generally are. 
 
 Should, however, a master know only enough of 
 stable business to be able to see that it is done, 
 when told by somebody who knows better how 
 it should be done, he had much better candidly 
 tell his servant, "Mr. So-and-So says such a 
 thing should be done," than to give directions 
 that are absurd or useless ; or, if they should be 
 judicious, to pretend they are the result of his 
 awn judgment^ for servants are quick-sighted 
 
KICKING GROOMS. 147 
 
 enough in these particulars ; and if they are worth 
 having, though they will evade obeying useless 
 directions, wiU obey proper ones, come from what 
 source they may : and the next best thing to being 
 able to direct yourself, is letting your people know 
 yon act on the judgment of one who is. They 
 will then know it is useless to attempt to reason 
 or argue — a talent that some have in great per- 
 fection, and are very free in using, if permitted to 
 do so. 
 
 If a servant who knows his master understands 
 but little of horses refuses to listen to directions 
 from one deputed to give them (who, of course, 
 must be competent to do so), depend on it the 
 refusal has its origin in one or all of the following 
 causes : — ill temper, idleness, self-sufficiency, or 
 an intent to plunder. Most servants will kick at 
 first in submitting to what I recommend their 
 masters to do. I neither blame a servant nor a 
 horse for kicking if they are imposed upon, and 
 with either would be the last to give them reason 
 to do so. I have had both kick stoutly ; but I do 
 not mind a little larking under certain circum- 
 stances — it keeps one alive. Now some horses 
 and, figuratively speaking, some servants, will 
 kick just over their traces when called on to 
 work, by way of experiment, to see how the thing 
 will do. It may be very right and very proper 
 to stop your coach and extricate them for a time 
 L 2 
 
148 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 or two ; but they are cimning enough, and, ex- 
 pecting this, will often try the same trick on 
 again, and would then be constantly at it. The 
 next time my gentleman makes a rocking-horse 
 of his trace, lay the double thong well on to his 
 ears. Let him take his entire side of the coach 
 along for a mile, with the trace chafing his thigh ; 
 the chances are, if he gets the opportunity, he 
 will kick himself back into his proper place, and 
 not get on his hobby again. I must apprise those 
 readers who might, from want of practice, find 
 the three yards extra of thong somewhat difficult 
 to catch on a windy day, that double-thonging a 
 horse over the ears is one of the severest appli- 
 cations that can be made with a whip, and one 
 that never should be resorted to but on extreme 
 occasions, and where we are quite certain it is 
 fully merited. So in any commands we give, or 
 in any reprimands we may use towards any 
 person, justice, good feeling, and, indeed, common 
 sense, demand that we are quite sure the command 
 is proper, and the neglecting or disobeying it does 
 not proceed from its impropriety, or the impossi- 
 bility of its being carried into effect. Xothing 
 pleases a subordinate more than to receive a 
 command that he has the opportunity of showing 
 to be absurd or unreasonable. It authorises 
 hesitation in obeying, and discussion on the pro- 
 priety of any that may be subsequently given. 
 
THE MISTRESS GIYIXG A LESSOX. 149 
 
 To prevent such an unpleasantness on the part 
 of a lady, or one unaccustomed to horses, the 
 mode can be prescribed in very few words. 
 We Avill, of course, suppose that the horses and 
 their accompaniments are wished to look as they 
 should do for the purpose for which they are 
 wanted. The first thing is to be made master 
 of what proportion of work it is reasonable to 
 expect from horses in their different capacities, 
 and the mode in which, and times at which, such 
 work should be called for. We will, of course, 
 suppose they are to have a comfortable stable, 
 comfortable clothing, and the man to have proper 
 time to do his business, and all that he requires 
 in reason to do it with ; the next thing, the 
 proper and liberal allowance of provender of 
 different sorts that is necessary to keep up the 
 required condition. Having learned, this, and 
 that the horses are in good health at the time the 
 man takes to them, there can be nothing unkind, 
 unreasonable, and still less overbearing, in her 
 addressino; her servant in somethins; like the 
 following strain : — "I give you charge of my 
 horses in good health and condition. I shall only 
 use them in such a way as authorises my ex- 
 pecting them to be kept so. I make such an 
 allowance of provender as I am told by those 
 who perfectly understand such matters is fully 
 sufficient. I shall take care that your situation 
 
150 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 is made a comfortable one to you ; and so long 
 as you do your duty by me and my horses, you 
 will keep it. But remember, that as I cannot go 
 
 into my stables, my friend Mr. will do so 
 
 for me, and you will attend to what he says as if 
 it came from myself. Provided my horses look 
 well, you will find that no unnecessary interference 
 with you will take place ; but if, on the contrary, 
 I am told they are neglected, or, what is the 
 same thing, look as if they were so, the same day 
 you go, unless I am told by competent judges 
 that you are not to blame ; and I never break my 
 word." 
 
 With such an exordium, no good servant 
 would be afraid to enter on his charge, and 
 doubtless would do his duty ; while one less 
 well-disposed would be afraid to neglect it. 
 He might try " the kicking over the trace ; " but 
 
 if he found that on the first attempt Mr. 
 
 pulled him up, he would find it would not do, and 
 would probably compliment his lady by saying 
 '* that Missus had learnt what's what ; and if a 
 man wanted to gammon her, he had got the 
 wrong (some quadruped he would mention) by the 
 ear." 
 
 Here, I trust, I have shown, as I intended to 
 do, that even a lady may have her stable and 
 horses attended to without being imposed upon, 
 and without makino; a stud-oTOom of herself; but. 
 
AN EXCUSABLE THIEF. 151 
 
 as I said from the beginning, slie could not do 
 
 this without the Mr. ; and I know some 
 
 gentlemen to whom he would be all but as great 
 an acquisition as to the lady, though perhaps it 
 would be difficult to persuade them that such is 
 the case. They do without him, it is true, con- 
 sequently they pay for it. 
 
 If a man is positively determined, right or 
 wrong, to go his own way to work, of course he 
 must do so, and he will find, independently of his 
 stud being badly done by on that account, the 
 effect of his giving improper or injudicious di- 
 rections will be that he will get no servant to live 
 with him that is fit to go into a stable. A good 
 ordinary strapper would not live in his service ; 
 for I must say this for stablemen — there are 
 many that would in certain ways ill-use, neglect, 
 and impose on their master, but would not allow 
 their horses to be treated in the same way. I 
 had a carter the most confounded thief in the 
 work], and his ingenuity in many ways was first- 
 rate, where any thing for his horses was to be got 
 at. For instance : 
 
 He had been seen several times bringing a sack 
 of something from under the granary, which 
 stood on stone staddles. No notice had been 
 taken, supposing it was something he had put 
 there for a temporary period out of the way ; 
 but he got " bowled out " at last. It was found 
 L 4 
 
152 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 he had bored a hole in the floor under the corn. 
 In this he had a bung, which went up close, and 
 only looked like a knot in the wood till closely 
 inspected. I did not do as some hasty masters 
 would have done — "draw his cork" (as the 
 fighters say), and then turn him away ; but, of 
 course, for example sake, I got a constable, and 
 talked of transportation, and probably should 
 have given a day or two of peculiar temperance 
 but for the fellow's coolness and ingenuity. On 
 my calling him a thief he indignantly replied, 
 " Now, dang it, I beant noa thief; I never took 
 nothing off your premises : " and I suppose seeing 
 this made some impression, he added, with a grin 
 from ear to ear, " You'll have it all back again, 
 you know, measter." He was an excellent fellow, 
 and I am sure would not have taken a piece of 
 bread for himself if he had wanted it. 
 
 To a man obstinately bent on acting on his 
 own judgment it would be useless to say much, 
 otherwise, much as I deprecate permitting servants 
 to give their opinions, I should, in his case, re- 
 mind him of a quotation — " Fas est ab hoste 
 doceri," or, in more vulgar phrase, " Never refuse 
 a light from any man's candle." Anyhody's advice 
 that is good is better than that dictated by your 
 own judgment, if that happens to be had; and, in 
 such a case, the recommendation of a good servant 
 is not to be despised. But there is one serious 
 
ARTISTS. 153 
 
 consideration to be discussed here. Is the o-room 
 that such a man would take competent to give 
 advice ? for I should be led to fear that want of 
 knowledge of horses would also comprehend the 
 same want as regards the qualifications of a groom. 
 And we may fairly infer the sort of servant he 
 would get would be a shade or two behindhand 
 in point of knowledge, if compared with such 
 men as have charge of studs at Melton. Of 
 their opinion I should be always happy to avail 
 myself; but then it must be remembered that 
 they are selected by those who know perfectly 
 well the duties of a stud-groom, and only keep 
 them to save themselves trouble — not because 
 they are incapable of giving proper directions 
 themselves. These grooms know this, and though 
 highly respectable men, it has no small share in 
 contributing to their strict attention to their 
 duties and their stud. Such servants are a great 
 addition to the expense of each horse, we know ; 
 but they effect a very considerable saving in the 
 long run when compared with valuable horses 
 being under injudicious management, whether 
 that proceeds from master or man, or both. 
 
 Such men are not wanted, of course, by persons 
 who keep three or four ordinary horses for or- 
 dinary purposes. Such would not warrant the 
 expense ; but for them, unless their master wishes 
 them to be always in some trouble, and himself 
 
154 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 also, a good servant is required. And then 
 unless he has (at least, occasionally) over him an 
 eye that can see, and a head and tongue to direct, 
 the chances are he will sooner or later become a 
 bad one. If the master happens to fall short in 
 the first two qualifications, the less he uses the 
 latter organ the better; otherwise, should the 
 servant be a middling one, their joint acts would 
 only make bad worse : should he be a good one, 
 he will leave his situation. So, under each and 
 every circumstance, it will be seen that the only 
 way for a person to have his business tolerably 
 done, if he cannot, that is, if he is not qualified, 
 to direct himself, is to avail himself of some one 
 who is. 
 
 I^umbers of persons are deterred from keeping 
 horses from conceiving the expense of them to be 
 much greater than it really is, or, at all events, 
 need be, if they are properly managed. Such 
 persons often expend in omnibus, street-cab, and 
 job cab-hire about twice as much as would keep 
 them a well-appointed Brougham or Clarence for 
 their family use. 
 
 A friend of mine, who lives in pretty good style, 
 with the exception of not keeping a carriage, 
 when speaking on the subject, and enumerating 
 the probable expense of only a single horse, among 
 his other items set down the forage of the horse 
 at a hundred a-year ; this being, in fact, quite as 
 
TAKING THE LION'S SHARE. 155 
 
 mucli as any three ordinary horses could be got 
 to consume in value. 
 
 I make no doubt there are persons who are 
 cheated out of such a sum as my friend con- 
 templated, and that such a sum is consumed in 
 food — but not food for the horse. The baker and 
 butcher, I consider, in such a case get an honest 
 two-thirds, and the horse as little of the remainder 
 as possible to keep him in decent condition. All 
 this imposition arises from the same cause as that 
 which will always occasion such persons to lose 
 money by their purchases when they make them 
 on their own judgment, that is, undertaking the 
 management of what they do not understand. 
 
 In some proof of this being the case, a physician 
 has lately told me, that for the keep, shoeing, little 
 repairs of clothing, head-collars, and the supply 
 of chamois, sponges, mops, brooms, &c., all of 
 which are paid by his coachman, the bills re- 
 gularly amount to three hundred a~year. This, for 
 one pair of horses, I must say, exceeds anything 
 I ever heard of in point of imposition on the 
 part of a servant ; still the master has paid it 
 during the six years this coachman has been with 
 him. The gentleman allowed he thought he was 
 paying too much, and asked my opinion. I 
 thought he was by more than two hundred a-year; 
 but being only a mere acquaintance, I thought it 
 no business of mine to put him right, for the 
 
156 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 doing of whlcli I should very probably have got 
 no thanks. I did suggest jobbing his horses. " Oh, 
 he had tried that, but he found the horses looked 
 bad, and had always something the matter with 
 them." I asked if the same coachman fed and 
 drove them. " Yes he did." I smiled, but said no 
 more than it was odd: but I did not think it odd 
 at all : and if the worthy physician had thought 
 twice, he would have seen the folly of supposing 
 this rogue of a coachman would for a moment 
 tolerate his master's jobbing horses, by which, if 
 they were done justice to, coachee could make 
 nothing ; whereas, by the other plan, he cleared 
 annually what many a nobleman's son works six 
 hours a-day for in a public office. Now had the 
 physician jobbed a coachman with the horses, he 
 would have found he saved, to say the least, a 
 150Z. a-year by the change of his mode of pro- 
 ceeding: but he perseveres in his old plan; and 
 so he may for me : it is quite useless to take 
 trouble for friends without thanks; it is folly 
 to do the same thing for acquaintance : but I 
 trust this fact shows hoAv needful a counsellor is 
 to any man in any matter of which he is not 
 himself a competent judge. 
 
 The cost of keep must a good deal depend on 
 the description of horse kept, and the quantum 
 of w^ork he is expected to do. Of the feeding of 
 race -horses I need say but little here. Generally 
 
157 
 
 — and, indeed, sometimes injudiciously — the 
 quantum given depends on what they can be got 
 to eat : this quantum is, however, sometimes in- 
 fluenced by whether they are fed at the trainer's 
 expense or the owner's, and sometimes very much 
 by whether the horse is a favourite with the 
 stable or not. I say sometimes, because, in justice 
 to trainers, I must add there is seldom any fault 
 to be found with them as to starving horses ; how 
 far, in the long run, they contrive to starve the 
 owners, is another affair. As some little insight, 
 however, for the totally uninitiated, I will merely 
 say there are some delicate, nervous horses that 
 can scarcely be coaxed to eat a peck a-day (and, 
 generally speaking, that peck is thrown away on 
 such horses) ; others, that are good, fair, hearty 
 horses, will, on an average, eat a peck and a half ; 
 while many gluttons will take, without any 
 trouble, half a bushel a-day. 
 
 Hunters, like other horses and men, vary, of 
 course, in their appetites ; but, to make the quan- 
 tum of oats they consume something like definite, 
 I believe it will be found — at least, I have always 
 found it so — that, taking into account hunting 
 days, when a mash as the last feed supersedes one 
 feed of oats, ■ — the day after, when some will eat 
 but little, others perhaps none, — occasionally a 
 day or two of indisposition, — a frost, when a dose 
 of physic is better than a bushel of corn, — and 
 
158 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 other contingencies, — in a stable of horses during 
 the hunting season, five quarterns of oats per day 
 a horse, with occasionally a few beans, is as much 
 as you will get them to eat on an average of seven 
 consecutive months. 
 
 To show the difference between practically 
 knowing the expenses of a stable, and listening to 
 being told by interested persons what they " must 
 be, at least, " I will just take a pair of sixteen-hands 
 carriage-horses, and see what their expense, not 
 " must be, " but should be ; and here I show no 
 presumption in saying I care not what all the 
 grooms or coachmen in London may say — I know 
 I am right : not from any talent, ingenuity, or 
 peculiar mode of treatment ; not reasoning upon 
 even the best theoretical principles, but on the 
 broad, plain, homely facts of experience and prac- 
 tice — that not arising from having had the ma- 
 nagement of any one or two classes of horses, or 
 those under one or two different situations or cir- 
 cumstances, but from having had the direction of 
 all sorts of race-horses, hunters, carriage-horses, 
 hacks, machiners, and cart-horses, and at one 
 period all at the same time ; what I say, therefore, 
 on the subject reflects about as much credit on me 
 in point of intellect as we should attach to the 
 man who had been all his life emptying coal-wag- 
 gons telling us how many sacks went to the chal- 
 dron, and the chance of our being in error would 
 be about equal. 
 
"what's in a name." 159 
 
 It will be remembered I am now taking a pair 
 of horses that are more expensive to keep than 
 any others used for private purposes^, for I allow 
 each six quarterns of corn per day. No two 
 hunters living eat as much, take the year through- 
 out ; for though the name of a hunter to some 
 persons conveys an idea of great expense — though 
 hunting is expensive, it is not the keep of the 
 horse that makes it so — a good well- worked 40/. 
 cover hack costs quite as much, and more, than 
 you can get some hunters to cost you. 
 
 Two horses, six quarterns a day each, at II. 4s. £, s. d. 
 
 per qr., say - - - - 41 
 „ 14lbs. of hay per day each, at 
 
 4Z. 10s. per ton, say - - 20 10 
 
 „ Supposing straw to be scarce, 
 
 Icwt. of straw per week, II. 10s., 
 
 per ton say - - - -3180 
 „ Shoeing both, 10s. per month, 28 
 
 days* 6 10 
 
 „ Wear and tear of chamois, sponges, 
 
 brushes, &c., 6d. per week - 16 
 „ Wear and tear of clothing and head 
 
 collars, 6c?. each - - - 2 12 
 
 ^75 10 
 
 * Shoeing and occasional altering will come to some- 
 thing more in London, where they charge 5s. a set ; but as in 
 the country they charge but 4s., indeed in some places less, 
 I think the 6/. 10s. a fair average. I take the same thing 
 into consideration as regards keep, not supposing a horse all 
 the year in London, 
 
160 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 Now I strongly suspect that, let any lady turn 
 to her accounts for all I have mentioned, she will 
 find her pair of carriage-horses have cost her a 
 little more than this, unless she limited them very 
 much in every allowance ; in which case I infer 
 they cost her quite as much, and were not in first- 
 rate condition either. 
 
 Veterinary surgeons' bills are items no one can 
 give an estimate of, depending, of course, on the 
 good or bad luck people have with their horses. 
 Not but that I am a little sceptical on the matter 
 of luck ; at least I can only say when things have 
 occurred to me that many persons might attribute 
 in their case to bad luck, I could always, or, at least, 
 mostly, in some particular or other, trace them to 
 some blundering act of stupidity or culpable in- 
 attention of my own. 
 
 However, as in other persons' cases we will call 
 it bad luck, whenever it comes in the shape of a 
 horse falling lame or amiss, go 7/ our self with him ; 
 or, if in a lady's case, send some friend with him 
 to the best class of veterinary surgeons : it will 
 be the least expense in the end. If you allow 
 your man to take him where he likes, he is sure 
 to have some friend, a common farrier, who will 
 be sure to make the horse worse ; probably in 
 some way blemish him without there being any 
 occasion for it, and do it clumsily if there is, be- 
 sides keeping him twice as long under treatment 
 
161 
 
 as he would be kept at the college, or by such 
 a man as Mr. Field, and end by sending in a bill 
 three times as long for doing so. 
 
 Next in point of annoyance to a groom or 
 coachman sending for a friend in the shape of a 
 farrier to see and of course attend a sick or lame 
 horse, is the groom taking him in hand himself ; 
 I mean in this case, of course, an ordinary groom. 
 It is true, by his doing so, no farrier's bill is incurred ; 
 but in nine cases in ten, the horse comes off even 
 worse than in the hands of a village practitioner, 
 for he has most probably had experience in cases 
 similar to the one he may be called in to see, and 
 after having done a great deal of mischief to a 
 few score of horses in such predicament, done no 
 good to a few score more, he may possibly, if an 
 old man, have at last hit on some nostrum or 
 practice that has done good, and in such a case 
 his subsequent patients derive benefit from his 
 having at last blundered on the right plan ; but an 
 ordinary groom has not even the advantage of 
 having had these few scores of fortunate animals to 
 practise on, and probably can only say in defence 
 of what he may do or contemplate doing, that, 
 " when he lived with Mister or Captain such an 
 one, he had a horse taken just the same way ; he 
 knows what Mr. Field did to him, for he saw it 
 all." Now, in the first place, a man may safely bet 
 any odds that the cases were not alike, further 
 
 M 
 
162 THE POCKET AND THE STUD, 
 
 than such horse was sick or lame. Next he saw 
 the horse get balls. He might just know enough 
 to detect by the smell that these balls contained 
 aloes ; but of the quantity, or what might be com- 
 bined with them, he knows no more than he does 
 whether aloes are a o-um or a veaietable root. He 
 might see a horse both physicked and bled, for 
 (we will say) the same disease as that under 
 which the one labours that he intends to cure ; 
 but he never dreams that physicking and bleeding 
 might both be proper in one stage of a disease, 
 but certain death in another. One among thousands 
 of instances of this kind came under my personal 
 notice. 
 
 A friend, on sending a horse from Dublin to 
 London, had requested me to give him a stall, 
 that the horse might rest for a day or two before 
 going the last hundred and odd miles, on his road 
 to London, (for a journey from Holyhead, which 
 was the route he came, was no joke before the 
 railroad was completed). Prior to starting from 
 Dublin, a veterinarian had very properly re- 
 commended a dose of physic, fearing, from the 
 full habit of the animal, some attack on the bowels 
 during the journey ; this the groom, who thought 
 he knew everything, had neglected, or rather 
 omitted to give. Shortly after arriving at my 
 stable, the horse was taken exceedingly ill ; and 
 on my going to see him, I found him suffering 
 
163 
 
 under inflammation of the bowels, and this knowing 
 groom with a physic-ball in his hand, which he 
 was preparing to give. I remonstrated against 
 so preposterous an act. The groom was obstinate, 
 saying, " that if the horse wanted physic six days 
 before, he wanted it six times as much now ; " 
 but I was as obstinate as him, and it ended in my 
 soundly swearing no ball, at least physic-ball, 
 should the horse get. The man swore he would 
 do as he liked with the horse while under his care, 
 and again prepared to give the ball. I settled 
 this by ejecting the fellow from the stable, locking 
 the door, and just remarking the horse was not 
 then under his care. I immediately sent for a 
 veterinary surgeon, told him the story, and, not 
 beins: nice in his selection of terms, he said to the 
 
 man, " Why, you d fool, if the horse had got 
 
 that ball, he would never have wanted another ; 
 he would most likely have been a dead one long 
 before morning." What a treasure in a stable 
 such a prescribing groom must be ! yet many such 
 there are in high repute, with masters who know 
 no better than themselves. 
 
 I do not mean that a man who knows what he 
 is about need send his horse on every trifling 
 ailment to any veterinary surgeon ; but it is the 
 cheapest plan for the man who does not. 
 
 But in sending to a professional, let me strongly 
 recommend the most eminent that is to be had be 
 M 2 
 
164 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 applied to ; if the case is a trivial one he will not 
 make it serious by ignorant treatment, and if 
 serious, of course all his skill will be wanting ; 
 and as if in corroboration of the soundness of mj 
 advice on this point at least, a circumstance oc- 
 curred only a short time ago, which I will men- 
 tion here. 
 
 I had, within the last month, occasion to put a 
 horse at livery for a few days, where the owner of 
 the yard has about twenty horses working in street 
 cabs. Observing one of them in a coach-house, 
 and guessing illness to have caused him or rather 
 her to be placed there, in accordance with my usual 
 habit I went in to see what was the matter ; to 
 enlighten me on the subject an ostler came and 
 informed me the mare was " mortal bad : " this I 
 had sense enough to see, without his assurance of 
 the fact ; but as the acme of professional informa- 
 tion, he farther told me she was " bad of her in- 
 side : " now, as the unfortunate beast was blowing 
 away like a steam boiler, my veterinary knowledge 
 went far enough to draw this inference also. 
 
 "Why, man," said I, " the mare has inflammation 
 of the lungs ; I don't see that anything proper has 
 been done to relieve her ; does any veterinarian 
 attend her, — I suppose not ? " 
 
 " Oh yes," said my informant, " a young man 
 attends her that master has a great opinion of." 
 Well, he deserves it, thought I; observing, "I 
 
165 
 
 suppose he is going to do something for her im- 
 mediately ? " " No," says the ostler, " he has given 
 her some balls, but he says she is sure to die ; so 
 he won't do nothing else." " He is quite right," 
 said I, " as to her dying, for die she most cer- 
 tainly will under her present treatment." So ended 
 our conversation. 
 
 A friend of mine, one of our most eminent 
 and, I believe, most experienced army veterinary 
 surgeons, called on me next morning, and, on 
 going to the stables, I showed him the mare, 
 as a living proof of the ignorance of common 
 farriers. Nothing had been done ; he was told the 
 same story I was, and also of the prediction of the 
 
 mare's dying. "Die be ," said my friend, 
 
 " so she will, and that very soon, if nothing is done 
 for her ; but if I had her under my care, I would in- 
 sure her life for half a sovereign." Notwithstanding 
 the ostler told his master this, instead of sending 
 for some man of sense, he took the word of the 
 young man who stood so high in his estimation. 
 The consequence may be anticipated : — a useful 
 animal was lost through improper and want of 
 proper treatment. 
 
 M 3 
 
166 
 
 CHAPTER y. 
 
 THi: DIFFERENT VAIiUE OF DIFFERENT HORSES. THE BEST 
 
 JUDGE OF A HORSE. CASES IN POINT. THE PRICE OF 
 
 PERFECTION. 
 
 In making so wide a distinction as I do between 
 persons who understand horses and those who do 
 not, I feel myself called on to give some little 
 explanation of what I mean, otherwise I may un- 
 intentionally give offence where and when I by 
 no means intend to do so ; for understanding a 
 thing or its reverse are only relative terms as to 
 how far the knowledsje or the want of it is con- 
 cerned. There are certainly some men who do 
 not know a good-looking horse from a brute — 
 thousands that are no judge of a good sort of one 
 or a good goer. 
 
 An uncle of mine went a good deal further. 
 He said, that provided two horses were both 
 black or white — or, as he termed them, red, — 
 and about the same size, he could see no difference 
 in them. My discernment as regarded his medals 
 or black-letter volumes I dare say was about the 
 same thing. 
 
 There are, perhaps, few men exactly like my 
 
LUXURIES IN THE OLDEN TIME. 167 
 
 revered uncle as regards horse affairs ; but there 
 are thousands who perfectly know a handsome 
 one when they see him, a goer when they see 
 him move, and a pleasant one when they ride ; 
 nay, further, can ride him very well, and yet want 
 that particular sort of knowledge that alone can 
 enable them to manage well, and without use- 
 less expenditure. These are very ticklish gen- 
 tlemen to handle ; here the most candid friend, or 
 the veterinary surgeon, sometimes gets into a 
 dilemma. 
 
 We will say a gentleman shows a horse to a 
 friend, or a veterinary surgeon, with something 
 about him amiss, that it is at once seen will take 
 a considerable time under the immediate care of 
 the vet., and then a winter's run to make all sure. 
 Formerly a winter's run implied a straw-yard, 
 and the occasional luxury of a meadow, wet as a 
 bog in open weather, and hard and rough as a 
 heap of stones in frost. This saved keep, it is 
 true; but the expense of getting such a horse 
 ao;ain into condition was more than that of — as 
 we do now — hovelling him comfortably, and 
 giving him hay and oats. So the expense in one 
 way or the other for keep must be considerable, 
 before the horse is fit for use; then comes the 
 veterinary surgeon's bill. 
 
 The owner will, in the first place, possibly ask 
 if it is probable the horse will come up sound? 
 M 4 
 
168 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 and gets the perhaps candid and just opinion that 
 he will. He may be asked the probable expense ; 
 this a first-rate man will generally pretty accu- 
 rately tell you. The owner then, perhaps, cal- 
 culates, or gets the information, that keeping in 
 the rough on corn, and six weeks in the stable 
 physicking and getting into condition, will be, 
 say 14/. or 15Z. ; vet.'s bill (medicine, keep, and 
 firing), we will say 12Z. Here w^e get 27/. 
 Well, the owner may say — and, I will answer 
 for it, does say — it is a good deal of trouble and 
 money ; but he is a very valuable horse, so it 
 must be done. As probably neither the vet. 
 nor friend may know the qualifications of the 
 animal, they cannot contradict the assertion as to 
 its value, nor is it their business to inquire into 
 the matter ; but there is one thing by no means 
 improbable in such a case, which is, that they not 
 only do not know his value or merits, but cannot 
 for the life of them see either the one or the 
 other. 
 
 Now let us look into the fact of this horse really 
 being, as represented, " very valuable ; " my life 
 on it, the great reason the owner has for asserting 
 that he is so is, that he gave a great deal of money 
 for him. Well, he comes up, realising all that 
 was promised, perfectly sound, but perhaps a good 
 deal scarred, if the remedy Avas effectually applied. 
 The owner, not likins^ the look of this, or for some 
 
A STUNNER. 169 
 
 reason, wishes to sell him ; now " pussy jumps 
 out of the bao; " — 40/. is all he can o^et for him 
 as a blemished horse. He will now be sure to 
 find fault with the vet. or his friend, or both, for 
 advising him to take all the trouble and expense, 
 and then to find his horse only worth 40Z. Here 
 is just shown the difference between his really 
 being a valuable horse, or merely one for which a 
 considerable sum had been paid. The friend 
 and the vet., of course, took the owner's word 
 as to his value ; and supposing what they were 
 told could be borne out, their advice was judi- 
 cious, for 27/. would be very little consideration 
 in getting a really valuable horse upright ; and 
 such horses as have gone under Sir Bellingham 
 Graham, Lord Plymouth, or Forester, would 
 not be brought down to quite 40/. because their 
 leo-s were a little disfio-ured. But such horses are 
 really of known value ; the value of the one in 
 question probably only existed in the opinion of 
 the owner. Supposing, on being accused of hav- 
 ing given interested or injudicious advice, the vet, 
 or the friend — beginning to suspect how the thing 
 stood — should take the liberty of asking in what 
 the value of the horse consisted, and found out the 
 truth, it is by no means improbable they might 
 say, — " Hearing you say he was a valuable horse, 
 and judging only by what we could see, w^e of 
 course thoug^ht he was one of known character and 
 
170 THE rOCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 qualifications ; " finding he was not this, they come 
 down with the stunner, " Why, my good sir, he 
 was never worth more than about 601. before he 
 was lame." 
 
 Kespecting the value, it would take a good folio 
 volume of many hundred pages, to enable the 
 most experienced in horses, and a clever writer 
 to boot, to enable him to give any idea of the dif- 
 ferent value of different horses ; for when once 
 men indulge in whims and fancies about them, 
 there is no judging what they will give to get 
 possession of a horse they fancy, or what they 
 will sacrifice to get rid of one that does not meet 
 their wishes ; hence the great fluctuation we often 
 see in the price asked for and given for the same 
 horse ; for in some men's hands his qualifications 
 would be of no recommendation, while in those of 
 another person they would be beyond all price ; 
 as an instance of which I bought a mare for my 
 father, and knowing the qualifications he mostly 
 prized, — namely, being very handy, and a standing 
 jumper, — I rode her best part of a season for him, 
 and made her one of the most perfect standing 
 leapers in the kingdom, and, as a dealer would say, 
 as " handy as a fiddle," though no powers could 
 make her fly her fences ; the consequence of her 
 qualifications was, that several others of the same 
 mind as my good father often tempted him to 
 part with her at a high figure, but (figuratively 
 
VALUE VARIABLE. 171 
 
 speaking) no money would have bought her ; in 
 some proof of which he rode her thirteen seasons. 
 Inow, had she got into my hands, I would have 
 sold her for forty pounds rather than ride her, 
 unless it had been in a very close cramp country 
 with harriers ; there she would be as a hunter 
 beyond price, but I no more like such a country 
 than I do the kind of hunter fit for it ; it is only, 
 in my estimation, better to hunt there than not 
 hunt at all. 
 
 The fact is, the value of a hunter is nominal, but 
 not often definable; it is only to be defined in one 
 way ; if half a dozen known good riders to hounds 
 would each give a hundred and fifty or any given 
 price for the same horse, that price for the time 
 being is his value ; but it in no way follows, be- 
 cause an owner may set a given price on his horse 
 and may find a purchaser to give it, that such is 
 his value ; the price set on him arose from his 
 owner's estimation of the qualifications the animal 
 possessed, and the price given was from the pur- 
 chaser's estimation of them being the same as the 
 owner's ; probably no other man would have given 
 half the money — many would not perhaps ride the 
 horse if they were paid for doing it. 
 
 !N^ow the value of a race-horse is definable, be- 
 cause it depends on what he can do, and not (as in 
 the case of the hunter) how he does it, if he does it, 
 — that is, if he can win. It matters not whether 
 
172 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 men are sportsmen or not, or fond of racing or not, 
 the horse that can win money is valuable in all 
 men's eyes who have anything to do with racing, 
 and that value depends on the class of horses he 
 can run with and heat, that is, if all is meant ^^zV, 
 for we might be very much deceived in the value 
 of a race-horse if we judged by the price he might 
 be bought or sold at, at particular times ; five 
 thousand might be offered for a horse prior to some 
 great event coming off, in which he might be 
 thought to be more than dangerous, yet after 
 winning the race easily, the same party would not 
 give one fifth of the sum for him : why this would 
 probably happen racing men know well ; to those 
 who are not, it is of no consequence whether they 
 know or not. 
 
 Many horses that are kept for use are to be 
 valued, and that nearly as closely as any other 
 useful article. Cart horses can be valued to a 
 great nicety by any man accustomed to the buying 
 and selling them ; so can good, fair, useful, thirty 
 or forty pound harness horses for other work ; even 
 carriage horses can be estimated when they are 
 merely a fair useful sort, worth we will say from 
 a hundred and twenty to a hundred and fifty the 
 pair ; beyond this their price is almost nominal, for 
 what a pair of singularly beautiful well-matched 
 horses, with extraordinary high, grand, and 
 fashionable action would bring, depends on the 
 
DIFFERENT ESTIMATES. 173 
 
 purse, inclination, or folly of the purchaser ; such 
 a pair would be a little fortune to a man if the 
 young and beautiful wife of a rich old man took 
 a fancy to them ; the fortunate owner would not 
 only get a heavy addition to his purse, but the 
 good will of the lady, by making the old gentle- 
 man evince to the world the fervor of his adora- 
 tion, by the price he paid to gratify her whim. 
 
 But to return to the supposed case of the valua- 
 ble horse : it is true, in one particular the owner 
 acted as I recommend, in taking the advice of two 
 experienced men. He did so ; but he must recol- 
 lect that he acted on his own judgment Jirst, by 
 telling them he was showing a valuable horse. 
 They therefore recommended what was judicious 
 to do with such a one, but not, perhaps, what was 
 advisable to do with the one in question. Pro- 
 bably, had they been allowed to form their own 
 estimate of his value, they might have thought, 
 and perhaps have said, they did not think he was 
 worth a heavy expense, and would have recom- 
 mended a few days' rest, and putting him up for 
 sale, when they might estimate him at about the 
 40/. The owner would probably think them 
 rogues, fools, or mad, to thus undervalue his 
 hundred-guinea nag ; I would, however, back such 
 men to be pretty near the mark. 
 
 It is a common idea that an owner is the best 
 judge of the value of his own horse. If the words 
 
174 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 ^' to lilm " were added, there would be mucli truth 
 in it ; but without these two additional words, I 
 beg leave to give it as an opinion that a very con- 
 siderable number of owners know nothing at all 
 about the value of their horse. Selling, or making 
 the attempt to sell, will tell them the truth ; buy- 
 ing does not even afford a hint on the subject. 
 
 When I say this, I must, however, state this 
 depends a good deal on where and of whom he 
 buys ; if he buys of any person in a private way, 
 of course each makes his bargain, and no matter 
 whether the thing purchased be a horse or an 
 article of jewellery, it may be bought and sold at 
 (in mercantile phrase) fifty per cent, below or 
 above its value; but if a stud of well-known 
 horses are on sale, and on the day of the sale a 
 number of persons who know the qualifications of 
 each horse are present, a man purchasing one of 
 them will in a general way get the horse at some- 
 thing like his value, that is, supposing the stud is 
 for some particular reason to be bona fide sold, 
 and the owner a gentleman ; but if, as is frequently 
 the case, a stud is advertised, and the owner merely 
 has this done to get rid of objectionable horses, 
 then the chances are a buyer gives far more than 
 the horse's value, by getting hold of a roarer, a 
 lame or thoroughly bad one. 
 
 But supposing a man is not thus unfortunate, 
 but, on the contrary, gets one that persons who 
 
MAKING A HUNTER. 175 
 
 know the horse tell him, and tell him truly, is 
 cheap at the price paid, he may still get him too 
 dear, that is, he may be dear to him ; for unless 
 he has had forethought enough to consider the 
 kind of country the horse comes from, he may find, 
 when he gets him into the one he hunts, that he is 
 not worth half the money. 
 
 Now, let us take the thing in a diametrically 
 opposite point of view, and Ave shall see where 
 the owner is the best judge of his horse. 
 
 We will suppose a man has more hunters than 
 he wants, and washes to diminish the number ; 
 of course his wish would be to sell those that 
 he, for some reason or other, liked the least; 
 but rather than keep them all, he determines to 
 sell any (say) three of them, — a sensible re- 
 solve enough, if a man is not of great wealth, and 
 happens to be one of those who are tolerable 
 hands at inaking hunters. The man of wealth 
 has no occasion to part with anything that he 
 likes. The man who is not a horseman and 
 judge of horses, never should part with one that 
 carries him to his satisfaction : the man who is, 
 always should, if he gets his price ; for, only give 
 him spring, speed, and stamina, he can make a 
 hunter as a carpenter can make a table if he gets 
 the proper wood. We suppose the person wanting 
 to sell to be one of these, and a gentleman looking 
 at his horses is one of the sort who could eat his 
 
176 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 dinner very well on the table when made ; but if 
 the table was wanting, so far as his own ability of 
 makino; one goes, would be reduced to taking; his 
 soup on his knees. He may be a very clever man, 
 probably more so than the other, but not a car- 
 penter (of hunters). 
 
 On looking at the supposed horses on sale, our 
 buyer sees a good-looking brown horse, about his 
 cut as to size and strength — asks his character. 
 The owner, as a gentleman, gives a true one. 
 
 " He is a very fair horse indeed, an excellent 
 hunter in any country but one like mine, a re- 
 markably fine fencer, and very handy, but not so 
 fast as I could wish here ; his price 150Z." 
 
 Our buyer candidly says, that only hunting 
 occasionally, he does not wish to give quite so 
 much. 
 
 In the next stall he sees a particular splendid 
 grey, who looks a fortune : he looks at him, but 
 modestly says, — 
 
 " I am afraid I need not ask any questions about 
 him, he is beyond my mark." 
 
 "Yes you may," replies the owner, good- 
 naturedly smiling, " so far as price goes ; I ask 
 lOOZ. for him. I tell you fairly he is one of the 
 few horses I have had that I could not make a 
 hunter of. He cannot live a distance with hounds 
 if the pace is good ; and he is so nervous, that he 
 becomes quite confused where the fences are big. 
 
A FLOORER. 177 
 
 He would be a delightful hunter with harriers ; 
 but as Elmore is coming to look at my horses, he 
 will buy him for harness." 
 
 A stall or two off, he sees a plain large bay 
 horse, with rather a large long head, a little low 
 in the crest, with wide, bony, and somewhat 
 ragged hips, a meanish tail, and, moreover, not 
 seeming particularly amiable as to temper in the 
 stable. Our buyer does not much relish the 
 looks, but wishing to be well carried, and at a 
 lowish figure, he says. 
 
 " Would that horse carry me ? " 
 
 He here observes a certain laconic side-smile on 
 the countenance of the groom — a kind of smile 
 as if in anticipation of something to smile at. 
 
 " I have no hesitation in saying," replied the 
 owner, " he can carry you or any other man in 
 any country and with any hounds." 
 
 "What do you expect for him?" "Three 
 hundred ! " 
 
 Of course, this was a floorer. 
 
 " Now, " said the owner, " if you would permit 
 me to point out a horse to you, I think I could 
 put one into your hands that would suit you in 
 all respects ; it is this chesnat. I took him in 
 exchange from a friend of mine. He has three 
 failings, neither of which, I should say, would be 
 objectionable to you in the country where you 
 hunt. He is particularly pleasant to ride, very 
 
178 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 safe, and handy at fences, goes a fair pace, and 
 will go on till nightfall. But, like the brown 
 horse, he is not as fast as I like them here, and he 
 does not like wide water ; independent of which, 
 he is a size less than I usually have them. I 
 should say in Surrey he would be perfect ; and I 
 will take 100/." 
 
 "Caveat emptor," "ne crede," and many other 
 trite quotations, are things very useful to bear in 
 mind when purchasing, but with very timid or 
 very suspicious persons are very apt to lead them 
 into error, by inducing them to turn a deaf ear to 
 all the seller says of his own property. That 
 every man may be apt to sound the praises and 
 soften off the failings of his own, is natural 
 enough ; how far this is done, of course depends 
 on the conscience and respectability of the man. 
 To show that we should not always reject the 
 recommendation of a seller, I will mention an 
 anecdote of Beardsworth when he had the large 
 repository at Birmingham. 
 
 A gentleman came to him saying that he was 
 authorised to mention a friend's name who assured 
 him that on his doino- so Beardsworth would 
 recommend him a good buggy-horse : the little 
 man showed him two, either of which he said 
 was capital in single harness ; the customer's 
 suspicious disposition took alarm at the strength 
 of Beardsworth's encomiums, and he declined 
 
A LESSON. 179 
 
 both. " Have you nothing else you think would 
 suit me ? " says the buyer. " I really don't know, " 
 says Beardsworth ; " there are plenty more, look 
 round and please yourself." The gentleman did 
 so, and found a mare that struck his fancy. 
 "Will this mare suit me, Mr. Beardsworth?" 
 " I really can't say, " replied he ; "I recom- 
 mended what I knew would, because I have often 
 driven both ; but pray choose for yourself. " " Did 
 you ever drive this mare, Mr. Beardsworth?" 
 " Never, " said he. " Did you ever see her in 
 harness?" "Often," said the little man. The 
 gentleman bought her, drove her, and felt cer- 
 tain Beardsworth had wanted to get off two of 
 his own, instead of this capital mare, who was, 
 moreover, twenty pounds less in price than either 
 of the others. On the Wednesday, that is, the 
 second time he drove her, he came into Beards- 
 worth's establishment with a long and ireful 
 countenance, and abused him for selling him a 
 mare that had kicked his gig to pieces. " Did I 
 tell you she would not kick ?" said Beardsworth ; 
 " I recommended you two that I knew would not ; 
 you kicked at my recommendation. I told you to 
 please yourself ; I hope you have done so ; I told 
 you I had often seen this mare in harness, so I 
 have, and always saw her attempt to kick : if you 
 had asked me if I had seen her go quietly in har- 
 ness, I should have said no ; perhaps next time 
 N 2 
 
180 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 you will follow your friend's advice in taking mine; 
 if you do, I will try and suit you. " 
 
 There is a certain feeling of vanity in man that 
 is not confined to the breast, which is generally 
 pointed out as its locality, but runs, like the 
 nerves, over every part and particle of the body ; 
 so, touch it where you will, it is capable, like the 
 string of a harp touched by the scientific finger 
 of a master, of producing harmony; but when 
 the careless and rude finger of truth is applied, it 
 often gives back a twang that seems to jar to the 
 very pedals. 
 
 The description of the hunter seemed to bode 
 his suiting our buyer ; but the not being objec- 
 tionable to him and his country appeared to carry 
 with it something bordering on a latent hint at 
 inferiority that he winced at. He felt the truth 
 of the thing, would have owned it to himself, but 
 to have it, as it were, forced on him by another, 
 though done without any intentional offence, 
 made it no more palatable than Pistol found the 
 leek, or the persuasions that induced him to swal- 
 low it. He even thouo;ht of dashing at the three 
 hundred-pounder at once ; but, as he was a sensible 
 man, the thought merely flitted across his brain, 
 so he compounded with good sense, good manners, 
 and a little mortification, by asking if he might 
 take the liberty of sending a brother-sportsman to 
 look at the little horse, and to ride him. Both 
 
THE PEICE OF PERFECTION. 181 
 
 permissions being granted, he took his leave ; and 
 next day the friend came. He and the seUer 
 were at home at once ; they saw what each other 
 were in a moment. 
 
 " Take him into those meadows," said the latter, 
 " put him at any fair fences you like ; if you get 
 him into one, I shall forgive you. " 
 
 The horse answered all that was said of him. 
 Both agreed he was all that could be wished for 
 the proposed buyer. His friend made his report, 
 and recommended him not to miss the horse. 
 He promised he would not; but it did not do. 
 The ^^him and Ms country" still jarred like the 
 string touched by truth ; and then the buying a 
 horse on a friend's trial and judgment had a want 
 of independence about it that chafed him ; and 
 again the horse was not a wide brook jumper. 
 True, there were no wide brooks to jump where 
 he hunted. He was not quite so fast as his 
 present owner wanted — this seemed like putting 
 up with something inferior. Ko : he would 
 choose for himself, and see if he could not, by 
 giving a little more, get nearer perfection. He 
 tried: went to a dealer, gave 150Z., got one that 
 he was told was perfection itself. This he had 
 no great opportunity of finding out ; but the first 
 day, after one burst, he clearly ascertained he was 
 a lame one. He would have consulted the interest 
 of the pocket more by taking his friend's recom- 
 
 N 3 
 
18^ THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 mendation, and have made a better addition to 
 the stud, 
 
 I cannot here pass over a little anecdote of one 
 of my most esteemed friends, — a man of business, 
 but one with whom Fate was either blind or in one 
 of her wayward moods when she gave out the 
 ticket of his destiny. Instead of ever looking at a 
 ledger, he ought only to be asked to look at the 
 rent roll of a princely estate (his own) ; instead of 
 having to calculate profit and loss, he ought only 
 to have to calculate what his heart would always 
 prompt him to do, how to serve his friends. I 
 have often seen him at his desk, never on his saddle 
 — that is, with hounds ; but I am told, when he 
 can steal a day from the former, he sails away in 
 the front rank on the latter. 
 
 He was some time since in want of a horse ; and 
 a stud being advertised at Tattersall's, I met him 
 there, and found he intended buying one from it. 
 He allowed he did not know the horses, so I took 
 the liberty of hinting it was somewhat hazardous 
 buying under such circumstances ; but as he said 
 a friend, who had hunted where the stud came 
 from, had told him what to buy, I said no more. 
 He did buy one, whose shape and make was cer- 
 tainly not perfection. However, I saw him take 
 away the new purchase, and thought no more of 
 the circumstance. 
 
 Walking with an acquaintance an hour after- 
 
"A FKIEND, WHAT FRIEND?" 183 
 
 wards in Hyde Park, I saw some one commg up 
 Rotten Row, at a good or rather bad hunting 
 gallop. " W^U," said I to my companion, **that 
 gentleman has got a brute under him at all events." 
 Yf hen he came nearer, lo ! it was my friend on the 
 new bargain. He came up. *^ How do you like 
 your mare ? " " Not at all ; she is lame behind, I am 
 sure, from her manner of going." " Just trot her 
 fifty yards, and let us see, " said I. My companion 
 and I agreed she was sound enough ; but her hind 
 legs seemed as if nature never intended them to 
 help her along. I told my friend she was sound ; 
 and as she was bought, I did not wish to put him 
 out of humour with her, by telling him I thought 
 her an awful beast. " But," said he, " she is a 
 roarer. " " Oh ! your humble servant, " said I, 
 " go back to Tattersall's : she was sold as a hunter. 
 If you find that, notw^ithstanding her noise, she 
 has been regularly hunted, you are fixed ; if she 
 has not, return her." He did so, and somehow got 
 out of her : it will be seen by this, that, though it 
 is very judicious to take the advice of a friend, 
 we should consider what friend, and whether his 
 advice is worth having. 
 
 N 4 
 
184 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 DIFFERENT MODES OF KEEPING HORSES. CHAQUE PAYS, 
 
 CHAQUE MODE. THE KIND OF HORSE BEST SUITED FOR 
 
 DIFFERENT CARRIAGES. ON SINGLE HORSE CARRIAGES 
 
 AND PAIR HORSE DITTO. THE PROS AND CONS OF 
 
 KEEPING CARRIAGE-HORSES AND HUNTERS AT LIVERY. 
 JOBBING OF HORSES. SUMMARY OF THE WORK. 
 
 When using the term " stud," our ideas are 
 chiefly led to the contemplation of the hunter's 
 stable. I only mean it, as used in these sheets, to 
 allude to horses in general ; but, be the stud what 
 it may, it is composed of horses used more or less 
 as animals for real use or business, or for plea- 
 surable purposes. Of course, the horses used for 
 the park and street are for use, but not use in the 
 light in which I contemplate the term. 
 
 Now, there are two opposite ways in which 
 horses may be kept ; and both will answer well if 
 in all particulars the system is adhered to. There 
 is the rough and ready plan, and the plan that 
 brings out horses in fine condition ; but the per- 
 son is unreasonable as regards his servant and his 
 horses, if he thinks he can combine both. If a 
 lady merely wants a pair of animals to drag a 
 machine on wheels about, so as to convey her 
 free from wet or cold wherever and whenever she 
 
" MY CARRIAGE." 185 
 
 is disposed to go out, and cares nothing for their 
 appearance, the rough plan will do, provided they 
 get plenty of corn ; and such horses, with a good 
 tough coat on them, and waterproof-cloths across 
 their loins, will stand inclement weather, and be 
 no more hurt by it than the cart-horse. But then 
 their pace must accord with their appearance and 
 treatment; for the cart-horse, hardy as he is, 
 would very soon get under the doctor's hands if 
 he was subjected to heats by fast work, and then 
 to stand while his waggon was loaded and un- 
 loaded; for though a long coat w^ill keep off a certain 
 degree of rain from the pores of the skin, and a 
 dry one will keep out the cold air, a long coat 
 wetted with sweat is anything but likely to prevent 
 colds, if horses are afterwards to be kept loitering 
 about at doors. Such horses, of course, in point 
 of keep, will cost just as much as those in good 
 condition, and, after all, confer anything but 
 credit on their mistress. If a lady thinks the 
 term " my carriage " sufficient, no matter what 
 that carriage may be, well and good. I can only 
 say I consider the difference between such equip- 
 ages as Lord Anglesey's, Lord Sefton's, and many 
 others, and that of some that we occasionally see, 
 is much greater than between the latter and none 
 at all. In fact, if I had ever owned such a turn- 
 out as I have seen some ladies sport, and wished 
 to make a morning call, I should have desired the 
 
186 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 cortege — men, horses, and vehicle — to stop a few 
 doors off, lest I might be suspected of owning 
 them. 
 
 Here is just the difference between the pride 
 of the generality of foreigners, particularly French- 
 men, and Englishmen. A Frenchman on a wretch 
 not worth twenty pounds wiU make him (if he 
 or spurs can make him) curvet and prance so 
 as to attract all eyes, and thinks him, next to 
 himself, an animal to be admired by all beholders. 
 An Englishman on such a creature would pray no 
 one might see him so mounted. Not so. Monsieur. 
 With him a horse is a horse, with this exception ; 
 if the finest horse England ever produced was to 
 walk quietly along the Boulevards, his rider would 
 think they cut no figure at all ; but give him one 
 of Batty's cast-offs, or any creature that would 
 dance about, making a fool of both horse and rider, 
 he would be thought the ne plus ultra of horses. 
 
 With their equipages, unless it be with the elite 
 of fashion, they are still worse. A cabriolet is a 
 cabriolet, though it be a machine that has been 
 in use twenty years, since it was only worth four 
 pounds, and would be spoken of with all becoming 
 pomposity. An Englishman who has never been 
 much at the country chateaux of Frenchmen 
 can form no idea of the monstrosities the remise 
 there can produce, — but still it is the carrosse de 
 Madame. 
 
A HINT TO LADIES. 187 
 
 It is quite true private individuals of moderate 
 means are not called on or expected to keep such 
 equipages as the nobility or persons of great 
 wealth, yet still may want a carriage for their 
 families ; and one that will pass without obser- 
 vation of any sort is here quite appropriate : but 
 as most persons wish to make as decent an ap- 
 pearance as their means permit, and as my object 
 is, us far as I can, to further their object as 
 regards their horses and their appliances, I only 
 beg the masters of such equipages to believe me 
 when I assure them that taking care their ladies 
 are not in inclement weather all the morning 
 shopping, that they under such circumstances 
 curtail the length and number of their morning 
 visits, do not order the carriage at eleven and 
 keep it waiting till one to take them out, or at 
 one in the morning and keep it till three to bring 
 them home, will just make the difference of having 
 an equipage that is at least creditable, or one that 
 would occasionally induce a cabman to call out, 
 " Who wouldn't keep a carriage ? " 
 
 It is true we see the most splendid equipages 
 out in the most inclement weather ; but what are 
 they doing ? Taking their lords or masters to or 
 from the House, to dinner or a party, bringing 
 their ladies from a villa to the town-house, or to 
 a dinner or party also. The pace keeps them 
 warm while going, they set down, and come home, 
 
188 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 and are dried. There are other horses and other 
 harness, if wanted, to fetch their owners back ; 
 but we do not see such owners starving their 
 horses and servants, cheapening bonnets or silks 
 at half-a-dozen different shops. Many hundreds 
 who do, if they were going to ten different ones 
 close together, would not, if they lived two hun- 
 dred yards off, walk there, and, knowing they 
 should be three hours, and order their carriage 
 to call for them at a certain hour, for the world. 
 What, lose letting the nine others see they kept 
 a carriage ! Oh, the delight of " Put those things 
 into the carriage ! " or " William," beckoning 
 their servant into the shop, " put this in the 
 pocket of the carriage ! " Pleasant and salutary 
 all this, for clipped horses. 
 
 I have in my eye a family of a certain grade, 
 and, from the animus of each member of it, pretty 
 accurately guess what would be done should they 
 perpetrate a carriage of any sort. If they wanted 
 to go to dinner at seven, won't it be ordered to the 
 door at five, to be seen there ? If wanted to go 
 shopping, which it certainly would be two hundred 
 and fifty days a-year, won't it be ordered at two, 
 to go at half-past three ? Won't it be " to and 
 again," as people describe our canine friend in a 
 fair? Won't the tablets to write on, and the 
 " tablets of the memory," be taxed to rake up 
 all and every person they ever spoke to, and to 
 
189 
 
 find out their residence, to make a call in the 
 carriage ? Won't Thomas be taught to give a 
 regular " Londonderry " at the door, only some- 
 what longer and louder? As the boys say, 
 " Won't he, though ? " 
 
 All this, we must say, is a very plebeian and 
 petty sort of pride and affectation, evincing bad 
 taste, bad tact, bad education, and at once show- 
 ing a being totally unused to such appliances : it is 
 something like what a deceased acquaintance of 
 mine, one of a firm of our most eminent brewers, 
 was in the habit of doing. He had purchased a 
 magnificent white marble chimney-piece for one 
 of the sitting rooms at his country-seat : this 
 said chimney-piece had two large bull's heads, 
 elaborately carved. These our man of malt and 
 wealth was constantly in the habit of seizing by 
 the horns whenever any stranger happened to be 
 there ; and as the act was accompanied by the 
 address of "Ah! bully, bully!" in a voice somewhat 
 of the Stentorian order, it never failed calling 
 the attention of every one unused to it to the 
 desired point. Then came a full statement of 
 what it cost ; and great the purchaser no doubt 
 thought he must consequently look in the eyes 
 of his hearers. In some, perhaps, he did; but 
 extremely little in those of some others; for 
 it spoke plainly of the parvenu, and of one who 
 piqued ^himself quite as much on the pocket as 
 the stud. 
 
190 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 Whatever weal or woe to the community one 
 of our Ex-chancellors may work, whatever may 
 be the laws or customs he may adopt or abro- 
 gate, and whatever may be the share of praise 
 or censure that may follow, I really consider 
 the public are under very considerable obli- 
 gations to him for bringing in that truly com- 
 modious carriage the Brougham. Of course im- 
 provements have been made in the original: I 
 do not mean Lord Brougham, for he cannot be 
 improved. Now this remark I really consider a 
 hit, and a stroke in politics beyond the usual 
 wont of Harry Hieover; for each party may 
 apply it as suits their own ideas of the just- 
 ness of its application. The general utility of 
 the carriage, however, cannot be disputed ; and 
 if we miss many of the more imposing equipages 
 that formerly graced our streets, we also miss, 
 from this substitution, a host of turns-out that 
 reminded us of No. 527. with the plate off. 
 
 The only objection that may be alleged against 
 the Brougham is, that, with some ladies, the 
 families grow too numerous for it ; but so far as 
 a couple of darlings go, they can be squeezed in, 
 and, as papa does not as yet feel the pinch of 
 them, he bears it cheerfully. Two more, however, 
 require the getting of another carriage to hold 
 them. This is still bearable, and pa good-hu- 
 mouredly calls the omnibus a Clarence. A couple 
 
"MY KINGDOM FOE A HEARSE !" 191 
 
 more bring calls for cash that make it necessary to 
 abandon the Clarence, and somewhat decreases 
 the good humour. Pa, however, must have some 
 means of locomotion, so he now gets a cheap gig. 
 This he appropriately enough calls his " sulky ; " 
 but next year a seventh puts down the sulky, 
 brings on the sulks, and pa, striking his forehead 
 in despair, now cries, "God send me a hearse!" 
 For whom he invokes it, is best known to himself; 
 but if it is not wanted for some one else, I 
 strongly recommend him to use it for himself: 
 I should in such a case. 
 
 Before getting to this extremity, and while 
 keeping some other sort of carriage, let us look at 
 the pro and con as to keeping it and the horse or 
 horses at livery. Here the expediency of doing 
 so or not does not only arise from the considera- 
 tion of the horse, but as regards the man. If he 
 is wanted to wait at breakfast, and confine himself 
 the whole morning to the house, it is quite clear 
 he cannot have anything to do with the equipage. 
 If only wanted occasionally, then he can both 
 drive and take charge of it. So far as merely the 
 driving it goes, there can be nothing objectionable 
 in any man doing that ; but I must say I have 
 always considered it as extremely bad taste and a 
 very poor affectation to see a man in a footman's 
 livery carrying a tray about a drawing-room, 
 who we know was strapping at a horse some time 
 
192 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 the same afternoon. When hving in this mediocre 
 way, superior women-servants are far preferable. 
 The horse or two horses can be kept, we know, 
 cheaper in private stables than at livery ; but if 
 you devote a man exclusively, to one or even two, 
 he will altogether cost as much as the horses ; so 
 the question merges into this : Which is preferred 
 — keeping the carriage and horses at home, and 
 having a coachman ; or sending the equipage to 
 livery, and keeping a footman only ? I should 
 say, in a family in this position of society, the 
 latter is by far the preferable plan. 
 
 The difference between the expense of keeping 
 a single-horse carriage, and one that always re- 
 quires two, is very disproportionably great, that 
 is, if both are done even in tolerable taste ; for it 
 is by no means the mere additional expense of the 
 extra horse that occasions it, but it arises from 
 other causes. 
 
 In the first place, a regular pair-horse carriage 
 requires a regular coachman : this gentleman holds 
 himself as far above the mere driver of a single 
 horse, as does the valet over the teaboy, requires 
 twice or three times the wages, more clothes, and 
 more allowances of all sorts ; independent of which, 
 as they have generally made some lady happy, 
 they require suitable accommodation for their 
 families, and it is quite correct and reasonable that 
 master or mistress should in some way (probably 
 
HIGH LIFE BELOW STAIRS. 193 
 
 in all ways) be put to a large expense, because 
 the loving pair think proper to have a large and 
 charming offspring. Then a regular coachman 
 will usually no more dress a horse, wash a carriage, 
 or clean a set of harness, than he would sweep the 
 Mews his stable is in ; he would be held as a low 
 fellow by his brethren of the whip, if he did so. 
 The other ladies of the clique would not visit his ; 
 she must be a low creature also, to permit her 
 husband to do these things ; for the Duchess of 
 Sutherland, though most undoubtedly at the height 
 of aristocracy, must not suppose she has all the 
 aristocracy to herself; her coachman's lady, who 
 uses silver tea-spoons, would no more associate 
 with one who used Britannia metal, than her lady- 
 duchess would with her seamstress, and most un- 
 questionably would give herself ten times the airs 
 towards an inferior. 
 
 Secondly come the horses. It is true, we see 
 very fine ones driven in single-horse four-wheeled 
 carriages ; still, to look well, they are not required 
 to be of the high and superior stamp of those where 
 a pair are used ; and beyond this, supposing a man 
 gives a hundred for a very superior horse for his 
 Brougham, if that horse was well matched, the 
 pair would be worth something like three times 
 that, and should an accident happen to one of them, 
 and consequently a match be wanted for the other, 
 fifty pounds or more beyond his fair price would 
 o 
 
194 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 be asked, when it was understood for what he was 
 wanted, particularly if the purchaser was known 
 to be precise as to getting an exact match. 
 
 For such horses the coachman will have every 
 appliance of the most expensive kind, whether 
 necessary or not. The term will may sound sin- 
 gular as coming from a menial, but if from indo- 
 lence, affectation, habit, a disregard of expense, 
 or all these causes combined, people will allow 
 menials to become, in effect, masters in their 
 vocation or department, they will find that if the 
 term be not used in speech, its effect is carried out 
 in the end, and such will probably always be the 
 case more or less in the establishments of the 
 wealthy (and at the same time) fashionable. 
 
 The idea that horses will not be done justice to 
 at livery, is, in a general way, a very unjust and 
 fallacious one ; for I have no hesitation in saying, 
 that, provided you apply to a respectable person in 
 his line, and he knows your horses are to remain 
 with him, they have a far greater chance of being 
 well done by than if left to the care of half the 
 (^soi-disant) coachmen in London. The carriage, 
 harness, and horses will be properly attended to, 
 for this simple reason — it is the master's interest 
 they should be, in order to keep your custom, and 
 to get that of others by your equipage being well 
 turned out ; and he saves nothing by allowing his 
 men to be idle. If the horses are not done justice to 
 
" THE EYE OF THE MASTER," ETC. 195 
 
 as regards feeding, they will show it ; and he will 
 lose both them and his character. If your horses 
 look badly from your using them unfairly, it is 
 your fault ; and for his own sake he will shortly 
 tell you that you do so, and will not be very nice 
 as to whether you take them away or not, for, in 
 fact, keeping them will injure more than benefit 
 his yard. Send for a known respectable man ; 
 agree by the quarter, or half-year, or year, for your 
 horses, at a price that will enable him to feed them 
 properly as regards your demand on them as to 
 work ; put them under his charge ; pay the 
 stableman who takes care of them liberally ; and 
 your horses will have every justice : for it must 
 be borne in mind that, though the majority of 
 helpers in dealers' and livery yards are scamps 
 unfit for private families, they are first-rate 
 stablemen, and your horses w411 be under the eye 
 of a man who knows how to treat them — an ad- 
 vantage that it is by no means certain they would 
 derive from being overlooked by the generality of 
 masters even, setting aside ladies. 
 
 There are two ways of doing most things, 
 namely, the right and the wrong ; this, on the 
 broad scale, is a sensible enough remark, or rather 
 saying ; but though one way may be either right 
 or the reverse, there are gradations as to how far 
 Ave diverge from the line, be it the right or wrong ; 
 and in accordance with this w^e shall generally 
 2 
 
196 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 derive advantage or disadvantage to ourselves and 
 others from our conduct. This is in nine cases in 
 ten brought fully to our conviction. As regards 
 servants, be they our own or those of other persons 
 acting for us, though I quite concur in the opinion 
 that paying for services with too lavish a hand 
 only renders those serving idle, arrogant, and 
 perhaps impertinent, the paying with a niggard one 
 is infinitely worse ; particularly so when we have 
 only the conscience of those serving us to depend 
 upon as to the manner in which they do this ; and 
 in few cases are we more dependent on this, than 
 where our horses are under the care of the servant 
 of another, or indeed of our own, if we trust 
 wholly to him ; but supposing our horses to be at 
 livery, the master is anxious to do them justice 
 we will say, but we should not do him justice if 
 we did not pay his servants reasonably and libe- 
 rally ; for let him watch as closely as he will, the 
 horses of the nio-a^ard will not get the same atten- 
 tion as those of the liberal man ; the former may 
 change his livery stable from Belgrave or Portman 
 Square to Whitechapel or Blackwall, he will find 
 it all the same, and it is very proper it should be 
 so ; men of all sorts have a right to be fairly paid 
 for their attention and labour, and he who from 
 folly and affectation pays too much, and he who 
 from parsimony pays too little, will both suflfer in 
 some way for it ; the first by being ridiculed, the 
 
YAILS AVAIL. 197 
 
 latter by having liis horses more or less neglected : 
 the medium will generally produce a proper line 
 of conduct in those to whom it is applied. 
 
 There are many persons who are great advocates 
 for the abolition of all douceurs to servants. I 
 am not ; and can only say if a livery-stable-keeper 
 were to propose as a rule of his yard that no fees 
 or rewards were to be given to his men, his would 
 be the last stable I would send my horses to. True 
 I could, and most certainly should, under the rose, 
 break through his novel, and to some persons 
 perhaps tempting, regulations; but I should be 
 quite sure it would not be the best sort of stable- 
 men he would get under such a system, and with 
 horses, ignorance is as bad as roguery, in many 
 cases much worse ; a rogue we may in most cases 
 guard against, but a fool we cannot, as we never 
 can guess Avhat he may take into his head to do ; 
 a clever roo'ue can be bribed into doino; a little 
 extra for us ; so indeed may the fool if he knows 
 how ; if, however, he does the extra service wrong, 
 we are in a worse predicament than ever, and if a 
 situation is such that a man can derive no advantage 
 by strenuously striving to please, we may fairly 
 reckon on meeting a very sorry workman, for none 
 but such would fill it. 
 
 This much observation has taught me ; Take a 
 hundred horses kept in the private stables of the 
 generality of persons, and a hundred kept in the 
 3 
 
198 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 best livery stables — more rough coats, impo- 
 verished looks, colds, coughs, cracked heels, and 
 other sickness from bad management will be found, 
 by three to one, in the former than in the latter. 
 I should say just the same thing by a man 
 keeping a hunter if he lives in London. Many 
 persons do this and send their horse down the 
 night before to meet any of the hounds within 
 tvv^enty miles of town. This is done by some 
 from a very mistaken motive of kindness to the 
 horse ; and from the same mistaken notion that 
 they are consulting their own interest by having 
 the horse under their oicn eye, and under the care 
 of their own servant. We will look a little at 
 this. In the first place, under such circumstances, 
 so far as his stable treatment goes, for three days 
 out of the four, that is, the day he goes out of 
 town, the hunting day, and the day of returning 
 — if sent such a distance — he is scarcely under 
 their eye at all. Then comes the query, "Is 
 their eye of any great advantage to him when it 
 is over him ?" and the care of their own servant is 
 not always a guarantee that the care is of the 
 very best sort. In fact, with the ordinary run of 
 London grooms, I will answer for it that it is not. 
 And supposing that it was, how can a horse, 
 situated as he must be in London, ever be fit to 
 go with hounds ? The most proper thing that is 
 done with him during the week, to prepare him. 
 
LOXDON HUNTERS. 199 
 
 is Ills twenty miles walk the claj preceding 
 hunting ; and against this we have to set the very 
 improper act of dragging a stiff and tired horse 
 home the next day twenty miles along a turnpike 
 road, in lieu of one hour's gentle walk on turf, 
 just to stretch his legs and conduce to recover his 
 appetite. If he is brought home, that his owner 
 may have him to ride in the park the intermediate 
 days, the idea is unreasonable ; probably, in fact 
 almost to a certainty, if there was anything of a 
 run, a horse thus treated through the week will 
 refuse his corn at night, and quite as probably the 
 next morning. Five hours on the road, with an 
 empty stomach, and aching limbs, is not a very 
 proper preparation for a show-off in the park ; 
 and where is he to get a gallop to prepare him for 
 the next hunting day, unless he is sent to some of 
 the places stated to be for the exercise of hunters, 
 close to town, where their feet and lescs are 
 battered to pieces in the spring and autumn, and 
 they are smothered with mud if sent there in the 
 winter ? 
 
 It is all very well to send a horse to Banstead 
 downs in the morning, take a canter with the 
 harriers, and trot him quietly home afterwards. 
 The horse would be the better for the exercise 
 twice a-week, and his master too ; but to expect 
 one to be bottled up in London, and really go 
 with fox-hounds, or the Queen's, is out of the 
 o 4 
 
200 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 question. I will venture to say there are more 
 horses killed, injured, and lamed, and consequently 
 more falls from those sent down to hunt under 
 such circumstances, in proportion to the number 
 out, in one season, than occur with all the de- 
 termined riders in Leicestershire in half-a-dozen. 
 And so it must ever be where horses are expected 
 to go without their wind, stamina, and muscles 
 being properly braced up by proper treatment. 
 
 When I say with fox-hounds, or the Queen's, 
 or, I might add, any stag-hounds, I must remark, 
 I consider that to a horse not fully and properly 
 prepared for hunting, it makes a great diiference 
 to him whether he goes with the former or the 
 latter. With fox-hounds a horse in most cases 
 gets a little trotting or cantering before a fox is 
 found or goes off; this gives him time and dispo- 
 sition to empty himself before he is called upon 
 for the full exertion of his speed and lungs. With 
 stag-hounds he has no such chance ; the deer-cart 
 arrives, all is quiet, the deer is uncarted, and in 
 a few minutes the hounds are laid on and a sure 
 burst takes place, for which a horse ought to be 
 as well prepared as for a steeple chase. Distress 
 must follow this, and unless the rider has con- 
 sideration enough for his horse to nurse him when 
 it does, some fatal or bad results must take place, 
 and either immediately or gradually show them- 
 selves by debility and loss of condition. 
 
"THE BOLD BURST THEIR METTLE TRIED." 201 
 
 But beyond this with fox-hounds, — though the 
 man who can only get one day a-week fervently 
 prays that may not be a blank one, — such 
 an event is of vast relief to the horse, for his 
 condition may be quite good enough to enable him 
 to bear fatigue, though such as to render con- 
 stant calls on his lungs an almost certain prelude 
 to fatal results. And such is the case with stao'- 
 hounds, Avhose great recommendation to many 
 men is the certainty of a run. I had seven suc- 
 cessive seasons of stag-hunting ; it is true I only 
 hunted one day a-week with them, and this be- 
 cause they only hunted that one day in my part 
 of their country ; but then my nags were always 
 up to the mark for them, if even the Hendon 
 deer was uncarted, as I could always get two days 
 a-week with fox-hounds, and had harriers within 
 reach, independent of the then King's, which 
 always hunted one day a-week in Windsor Park, 
 so the want of proper exercise and practice was 
 no excuse for me or my horses when we went 
 badly. And if such was the case, which doubt- 
 less it was more frequently than for my credit it 
 ought to be, what can be expected where neither 
 man nor horse has as good a chance ? Candour 
 compels me to allow that when I had the best 
 of it, I deserved little credit ; and when the worst, 
 that I did my part like a regular muff. 
 
 Let us now look at another plan ; and see, 
 
202 THE POCKET AND THE STUB. 
 
 setting aside being well carried, how, in point of 
 actual money, the thing would work. I am 
 alluding to keeping a hunter at a hunting stable 
 at livery. 
 
 We will say a fair horse, with average runs, 
 will carry a man three times a fortnight — which 
 a good wear-and-tear horse will do on the 
 former plan. If the distance is such as to bring 
 you to the Queen's stag-hounds, or to any fox- 
 hounds out of the reach of the omnibuses, vour 
 man must be out nine days a fortnight, paying for 
 your horse, of course, sixpence a feed for oats, and 
 the usual charge for hay ; compare these expenses 
 to what you would have to pay at a regular 
 hunting stable, — the balance in your favour would 
 not be a fortune. At such a stable you have but 
 the one expense, your horse is taken wherever 
 the fixture may be ; there is no blunder in mis- 
 taking places — so sure as the hounds are there, 
 so sure is your horse. lie has had his proper 
 exercise, or a sweat, if wanted. If a frost sets in, 
 without your troubling yourself about it, he gets a 
 dose of physic ; and if ordinary exercise cannot be 
 given, artificial means are resorted to, to give it. 
 You have the advantao'e of a stud-groom over 
 your horse or horses, without keeping one. In 
 fact, you ride a horse in condition, and equal to 
 his task, instead of one to whom that task must 
 be a labour of more than ordinary or necessary 
 
LIVERY IX TOWN AND COUNTRY. 2v03 
 
 severity; for I consider that unnecessary which 
 could be remedied without any material additional 
 inconvenience or expense, or of perhaps any. 
 
 It is extraordinary what very fallacious ideas 
 many persons entertain as to the different expense 
 of keeping a horse at home or at livery, and also 
 of the profits of a livery-stable-keeper. Taking the 
 price of forage on an average, his profits are 
 much smaller than people imagine ; in fact a man 
 could barely live in London if he confined him- 
 self to livery horses. 
 
 People are apt to compare the cost of what a 
 horse would eat in their own stable, and then 
 calculate that nearly all the diifercnce between 
 that and the livery charge is profit to the owner 
 of the stables. It is true a horse can be well fed, 
 we will say, for twelve shillings a-week, and his 
 owner, bargaining by the year, gets him kept at a 
 guinea. When we come to calculate that in a 
 good situation the rent of a yard perhaps makes 
 the weekly cost of each stall at least half- a-cr own, 
 the weekly wages of the man who has the care 
 of him three shillings a horse more, we have now 
 seventeen and sixpence ; then come stable 
 utensils, use of clothing, occasional bandages, 
 head collars, lights, &c. : adding these to seventeen 
 and sixpence, does not leave a fortune. And 
 though I have the " esprit de corps " about me 
 quite strong enough to make me at all times uphold 
 
204 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 the character of sportsmen and men fond of horses, 
 they are not absolutely immaculate, and such 
 things have been heard of as livery bills being 
 left unpaid. Only twenty pounds loss of this 
 sort takes a good deal of bringing up out of livery 
 profits. 
 
 It is true the hunting livery-stable-keeper 
 charges a higher rate of livery and his rent is less ; 
 but against this we must consider he has to keep 
 more men for the same number of horses than the 
 London man has, he has the loss of time of his 
 people taking horses to cover, and though some 
 horses are summered at his stables, many are 
 not ; so, like Shakspeare's apothecary, he has a 
 " beggarly account of empty boxes " several 
 months in the year. Still I should say he does 
 far better than the London man, of the small- 
 ness of whose profits we may draw an inference 
 from the fact that there is not, to the best of 
 my knowledge, such an establishment in London 
 as any large one appropriated solely to livery 
 purposes, which unquestionably there would be 
 if the profits were large. And further, I never 
 heard of any one man who had accumulated much 
 money as a bare livery-stable-keeper. As job- 
 masters many have, who only took horses to livery 
 as being better than vacant stalls. 
 
 I can conceive few things so unpleasant as 
 telling persons anything that looks like assuming 
 
205 
 
 to oneself superior judgment to theirs. It is never 
 grateful to their feelings, and there is something 
 diabolical in willingly saying what can be con- 
 sidered as mortifying to that little amour -pro-pre 
 that actuates us all. I have friends whom I value 
 highly, who are always in some dilemma with 
 their horses ; in fact, they are a constant source 
 of loss, and anxiety, and annoyance to them. I 
 am sure to hear of their grievances, and I as 
 surely and sincerely condole with them. Some of 
 them have every feeling of liberality and kindness 
 to do all that is right and proper, do nothing 
 perhaps glaringly wrong, and if they were to ask 
 what they did wrong, unless I could watch all 
 that was done, and under all circumstances, I 
 probably could not tell them. But where things 
 for a continuance go wrong, it is not chance or 
 fate that usually brings it about. With others in 
 the same predicament, it might be no difficult task 
 to point out where they erred. But then, in 
 telling them of one error, the same want of know- 
 ing how to do right would probably only change 
 the error, so that one might be as bad as the other. 
 There are persons, who, if they inquired in what 
 their bad management consisted, could only be 
 fairly answered by being told, in everything. You 
 are cheated in buying, buy a bad sort, manage them 
 badly, ride them badly, and drive them badly, and 
 the people you employ can do no better. Now, this 
 
206 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 is that kind of sweeping charge that no man could 
 make up his mind to make. It would be true 
 enough, though, as regards some people : let us hope 
 there are but few in such a case. But wherever any 
 man finds a constant something amiss with his 
 horses, if he is one of the best judges in England, 
 I should say, consult with another ; something is 
 wrong, and, figuratively speaking, the physician is 
 wanting. You may have tried various remedies ; 
 but somehow you take a wrong view of the case 
 — thousands are in this predicament with their 
 horses. 
 
 It matters not what a man undertakes to manage ; 
 if he does it badly and wishes to do better, there 
 are two qualities of which he must lay in an 
 abundant stock before he can do this ; viz., good 
 temper, and diffidence as to his own knowledge 
 of the matter in question. Many will very 
 patiently learn or be taught to do that which 
 they have never before undertaken ; but to bear 
 to be told they must, to do right, do that Avhich 
 they have not done, and leave undone the greatest 
 part of what they have done, is not merely a bitter 
 pill but a regular nauseous bolus, unpleasant to 
 swallow, and apt to produce irritation when down. 
 If a man manages things tolerably well, but has 
 certain errors of opinion or want of knowledge on 
 some points, a little well-timed flattery as to his 
 general way of doing things will induce him to 
 
JOBBING (not " ministerial"). 207 
 
 listen to hints as to where he errs. But where, 
 as is sometimes the case, every thing is done wrong, 
 it would be difficult to decide as to whose task 
 was the most unpleasant, that of the adviser, or 
 of him to be advised. A man may very soon get 
 into a right way of doing most things if he has 
 only to ask lohat he should do and is then willing 
 to do it ; but if he has also to learn how to do 
 it, the case is hopeless. The only hope such a 
 man has is, that when he is too old to want 
 horses, experience may have taught him how to 
 manage them : — about as encouraging a prospect 
 as that of the generality of writers who de- 
 pend on writing for support : — that they may get 
 bread when they have no teeth to bite it ; but then 
 the lucky dogs escape all the horrors of indigestion. 
 
 We will now, however, look at the stud under 
 another sort of management, and see how that 
 will work as regards the pocket. 
 
 There is another mode of keeping the car- 
 riage and horses, that is, the jobbing ; the advan- 
 tages of which, as of most things, depend on 
 the peculiar circumstances in which persons are 
 placed. In a general way it is by no means the 
 most economical one. Its pleasantry depends, in 
 a great measure, on the turn of mind, or rather 
 pursuit of the person. Some men job hunters ; 
 agree for price, and the number they may choose 
 to have placed at their disposal. So far as my 
 
208 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 particular turn goes, I should derive no more 
 pleasure from riding Tilbury's horses during a 
 season, than I should in riding a post-horse to 
 Hounslow by way of an airing. I have been 
 accustomed to own nice ones, had (I hope a par- 
 donable) pride in them, and I am free to confess, 
 in their condition, and sometimes performance. 
 Now I cannot conceive anything flattering to this 
 little harmless vanity in riding such a horse, the 
 property of another, and under the management 
 of the servant of another. But the feeling of 
 having made a horse the clever animal he is, and 
 bringing him into the condition he is, does go some- 
 where towards showing you know what you are 
 about. I am quite willing to allow that making a 
 hunter, bringing him out in king's plate condition, 
 and riding him well (supposing the latter to be 
 done), is no great matter to be vain about ; but 
 if a man's mind and talents are not framed to 
 the performance of great achievements, it would 
 be hard to deprive him of enjoying the little 
 triumph attendant on the --performance of minor 
 ones. 
 
 We should have been sorry to see John 
 Kemble sing a comic song between the acts of 
 Hamlet. Now, I certainly could not play 
 Hamlet, but I fancy I could manage " Jim along 
 Josey." Well, it is better to be encored in that 
 than hissed in Hamlet. So I have always fancied 
 
A PARTY MAN. 209 
 
 I could manage condition in hunters. In this 
 cast of character I have been applauded — I hope 
 I shall be encored. 
 
 Families who have a great deal of night-work, 
 and only intend to keep a pair of horses for their 
 carriage work, would perhaps do well to job ; for 
 this reason — As I said before, horses cannot 
 stand all sorts of usage : not that there is any 
 cruelty in night-work ; but if horses are wished 
 to be in prime condition, they cannot stand it ; so 
 the job-master keeps horses for all purposes — 
 gives you one pair for the day, and a pair of old 
 seasoned hardy ones for night. 
 
 A lady who keeps a pair of horses, if she is to 
 trust herself and them to the sole guidance of her 
 coachman, had better job ; for though she will 
 have a round sum to pay the job-master, she will 
 always have a pair ready ; whereas, her coach- 
 man, by one means or other, will contrive to get 
 nearly as much out of her pocket, and she may 
 not always be able tiJiave her carriage, if coachee 
 has a friend coming ^see him, or wants to go to 
 a party. 
 
 From what I have said I trust I have borne 
 out my assertion, that whoever undertakes 
 the management of their stud, if they manage it 
 badly must suffer in the pocket so long as the 
 same management exists; this refers equally to 
 p 
 
210 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 the buying, management, and using it, be it for 
 what purpose it may. 
 
 But to return to the jobbing of hunters, which 
 is sometimes done by masters or managers of 
 fox-hounds; its advantages and disadvantages de- 
 pend so much on circumstances, that it is impos- 
 sible to decide which in a general way pre- 
 ponderate. If we are well acquainted with the 
 habits, judgment, mode of riding, and manage- 
 ment of any given person, it would be no difficult 
 task to recommend the best mode for him, that is, 
 under ordinary circumstances ; if a man is careless 
 about the management of his horses, is too in- 
 dolent to attend to them, or has not good judgment 
 in his management, he has but three plans to 
 adopt, by which he has any chance of having his stud 
 fit to go; he must either engage a first-rate stud- 
 groom and keep his horses at home, send them to 
 a hunting stable, or job them. To such a person, 
 I should be tempted to recommend the latter, for 
 he would then be sure of always having a given 
 number of horses ready and fit to meet hounds, 
 which mio;ht not be the case on either of the 
 former plans, for when a man engages to keep 
 you a certain number of horses for your use, he 
 will, of course, use every exertion to place trusty 
 men about them, and to see that they do their 
 duty ; a respectable man, as a stud-groom, will 
 
" GO IT." 211 
 
 probably do nearly the same ; but if a master is a 
 careless, unfair, or, to say the least, injudicious 
 rider in the field, the best stud-groom that ever 
 had a horse under his care cannot keep the stud 
 going, the sick and the lame will make a fearful 
 array against the sound and hearty ones ; with 
 such a customer as this, no doubt, whoever lets 
 his hunters on a job, calculates and charges ac- 
 cordingly ; such a man must pay for his folly in 
 some way, either by giving a considerably greater 
 sum for the use of horses, than the same number 
 would cost another man in his own stables, or by 
 losing by the lamed and maimed he sells out in 
 order to get others fit for the field. 
 
 If I mistake not. Count Segur went further in 
 the jobbing system than most private individuals, 
 and I believe Tilbury supplied him with horses. 
 I never had the honour of any further acquaintance 
 with the Count, than an occasional nod, but I 
 have seen him " go," and go he certainly did, 
 and, as a sailor would say, go ahead he did, 
 and more than once over his horse's head I have 
 seen him go ; but the Count was not a man to be 
 dismayed at such a contretemps ; he got up, 
 shook his feathers, and, like a true good one, 
 away he sailed again. We want a few such in 
 these omnibus and railroad times, to keep up a 
 specimen of what hunting men were, and to show 
 p 2 
 
212 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 the illiberal and uninformed of my own country 
 the fallacy of their ideas, that true pluck and high 
 courage only exist where roast beef is at a pre- 
 mium. A Frenchman is no fox-hunter, he does 
 not, nor as jet cannot, enter into the spirit of it, 
 but those must have remained at their mamma's 
 side all their lives, who would attribute any 
 failure in anything on the part of a Frenchman, 
 or indeed any foreigner, to any lack of personal 
 courage. 
 
 I have said that I would as soon ride a post- 
 horse an airing, as a job-hunter with hounds; such 
 is my feeling, but I am quite aware it is not that 
 of a true sportsman, or true fox-hunter, I doubt 
 my being either at heart, for the man who makes 
 the great pleasure of hunting to consist in riding 
 fine or neat horses, with as neat bridles and sad- 
 dles, does not show, in the first rank, as a true 
 sportsman. Now, our truly orthodox and talented 
 writer in the Sporting Magazine, Acteon, is every 
 inch a sportsman, every half-inch a fox-hunter; 
 his heart and soul are in his hounds and their 
 hunting ; he would ride in a balloon, if he could 
 see his hounds hunt, or would ride a butcher's 
 hack rather than not see hounds at all, and in 
 truth, few men can screw a queer one across a 
 country better, or as well as he can. All those who 
 know him, only wish him a stud as good as he 
 could ride, a pack as good as he could hunt; and if 
 
DE GUSTIBUS, ETC. 213 
 
 I could command my fate, it would be, that I could 
 hunt with him, for if not so true a sportsman as 
 he, and if fond of what I have been often quizzed 
 about, shining coats on my horses and neat appur- 
 tenances, I do still hold my head above those who 
 merely hunt if it does not interfere with a party 
 in town. I love fox-hunting, but I love nice 
 horses, and cannot enjoy the one without the other. 
 De gustibus non disputandum est ; if the truth of 
 this quotation is allowed me, I have courage to 
 again say, I do not like riding post, and such I 
 hold to be riding job-horses. 
 
 Mr. Tilbury's (whose name I have mentioned) 
 horses do well because they are well done ; the 
 job-master's horses do the same from the same 
 cause ; so will your hunter, or other horse, if sent 
 to proper places to livery. They will of course 
 do equally w^ell at home, if equally well managed, 
 either by the master or stud-groom. But a 
 person may candidly say, " I cannot manage well 
 myself, nor can I keep a stud-groom." This is 
 precisely the sort of person for whom I have 
 written. It will be found I have not done so 
 altogether with a view to instruct any one hoic 
 to manage — for to learn this properly requires 
 years of experience — but the one short (not 
 flattering I allow) but honest advice, do not 
 manage at all, is very easily learned. It is 
 singular, if among a man's acquaintances he doe& 
 
214 THE POCKET AND THE STUD. 
 
 not know one to whose judgment he can trust ; 
 if a man really does not know such a person, then 
 I should say, " Send your horses to livery at 
 once." If, however, a man will not do this, really 
 has no one he can consult with, or does not 
 choose to do so, and cannot manage for himself, I 
 can only say, in such a case I can give no more 
 advice than I have ; and it is one in which " the 
 patient must minister to himself. ^^ 
 
 I am, however, not left without a further piece 
 of advice to give my friends and (with permission) 
 my readers also ; for though I have had much ex- 
 perience and practice in the matters on which I 
 now write and have written, it in nowise follows 
 as a matter of course that I have turned that ex- 
 perience and practice to the best account ; conse- 
 quently, those not conversant with such matters 
 may remain still far astray in tlie management 
 of them ; and further than this, though a man may 
 manage tolerably or very w^ell for himself, he may 
 not have the talent or tact to write so as to make 
 others do the same thing. Still I hope some hints 
 may be gleaned from what I have said, or rather 
 written, that may be useful. If, however, any 
 owner of horses cannot manage them himself, 
 cannot glean from what I have said, or the better 
 advice of others, sufficient knowledge to do so, I 
 can only bring forvv^ard the wholesome bit of 
 advice to which I allude, namelv, if he finds that. 
 
THE "TOTTLE" of THE AVHOLE. 215 
 
 for some reasons or other, he cannot act so as to 
 prevent the stud making greater demands on the 
 pocket than the pleasure of it compensates for 
 as a pis aller, he had better at once pocket the 
 stud. 
 
 THE END. 
 
London : 
 
 Spottisvvoode and Shaw, 
 
 New-street- Square. 
 
NEW WORKS 
 
 In miscellaneous and GENERAL LITEIIATURE, 
 
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 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
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 On Natural Philosophy 
 
 On Political Economy ... 
 
 On Vegetable Physiology . . - 
 
 On Laiid and Water . • - - 
 Marryat's Masterman Ready - 
 
 ,, Privateer's-Mau 
 
 ,, Settlers in Canada 
 
 ,, Mission; or, Scenes in Africa 
 Passages from Modern History 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading 
 Twelve Years Ago - - - . - 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers 
 
 ,, Management of Children 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine 
 EUiotson's Human Physiology 
 Holland's Medical Notes - 
 Latham On Diseases of the Heart 
 Pereira On Food and Diet 
 Thomson On Food - - - 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Barnes's Electoral Law of Belgium 
 Cartoons (The Prize) - - • - 
 
 Colti.n's Lacon 
 
 De Jaenisch On Chess Openings 
 De la Graviere s Last Naval War - 
 De Morgan On Probabilities - 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Dresden Gallery - - - . 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction . 
 
:o Messrs. L0:NGMAN and Co.'s CATALOGUE. 
 
 Pages 
 Field On Prison Discipline - - - 11 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy - - - H 
 
 Gower's Scientific Piienomena - " ^^ 
 
 Graham's English 12 
 
 Grant's Letters from the Mountains - 12 
 
 Hooker's Kew Guide . - - - 13 
 
 Howitt's Rural Life of England - - H 
 
 ,, Visits to Remarkalile Places - 14 
 
 „ Student Life of Germany - H 
 
 ,, RuralandSocialLife of Germany 14 
 
 ,, Colonisation and Christianity - 14 
 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 15 
 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 18 
 
 Maeaulay's Critical and Historical Essays 19 
 
 Mackintosh's 'Sir J.) Miscellaueous Works 20 
 
 Maitland's Church in the Cntacorabs - 20 
 
 Necker DeSaiissure's on Education - 23 
 
 Pascal's Miscellaneous Writings - - 24 
 
 Plunkett On the Navy - - - - 25 
 
 Pycroft's Collegian's Guide - - •20 
 
 ,, Course of English Reading • 25 
 
 Remembrance of Bonchurch - - - 25 
 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 
 Richter's Levana 26 
 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 
 Rohner's Musical Composition - - 26 
 
 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 
 Sandford's Parochialia - - - - 26 
 Seaward 's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 27 
 Southey's Common-Place Book - - 29 
 „ Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 
 Suitor's Instructor (The) - - - 29 
 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - - "7^ 
 Thomson on Food of Animals, etc. - -30 
 Walker's Chess Studies - - - - 32 
 Welsford's Mithridates .... 32 
 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary - - - 32 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 32 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. 
 
 Callow's Popular Conchology ... 8 
 
 Doubledav's Butterflies and Moths - 10 
 
 Gray and Mitchell's Ornithology - - 12 
 
 „ ,, Accipitres - - 12 
 
 Kirby and Speuce's Entomology - - 15 
 
 Lee's Taxidermy - - - - 16 
 
 ,, Elements of Natural History - - 16 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History 22 
 
 Stephens' British Beetles - - - 29 
 
 Swainsonon the Study of Natural History 17 
 
 ,, Animals - - - - 17 
 
 ,, Quadrupeds - - . - I7 
 
 ,, Birds 17 
 
 ,, Animals in Menageries - 17 
 
 ,, Fish, Amphibia, and Reptiles 17 
 
 ,, Insects - - - - 17 
 
 ,, Malacology - - - - 17 
 
 J, Habits and Instincts - - 17 
 
 ,, Taxidermy - - - - 17 
 
 Tarton'sShellsotthe Uritishlslands - 31 
 
 Waterton'sEssavs on Natural History - 32 
 
 Westwood's Classification of Insects - 32 
 
 NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. 
 
 Callcott's Home among Strangers - - 5 
 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction . - - K 
 
 Hall's Midsummer Eve - - - 12 
 
 Lady Willoughbv's Diary - - - 3: 
 
 Landor's Fountain of Arethusa - - If 
 
 Madame De Malguet - - - - 2( 
 
 Marryat's Mastennau Ready - - - 2. 
 
 Privateer's-Man - - - 21 
 
 ,\ Settlers in Canada - - - 21 
 
 ,, Mission; or. Scenes in Africa - 2 
 
 Senior's Charles Vernon - - - - 2\ 
 
 Southey's Doctor, etc. - - - - 2! 
 
 Twelve Years Ago • ... - 3. 
 
 ONE VOLUME ENCYCLOP/EDIAS 
 AND DICTIONARIES. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Blaine's, of Rural Sports - - - - 6 
 
 Brande's, of Science, Literature, and Art 7 
 
 Copland's, of Medicine - - - - 8 
 
 Cresy's, of Civil Engineering - - - 9 
 
 Gwilt's, of Architecture - - - - 12 
 
 Johnson's FHrmer ----- 15 
 
 Loudon's.of Trees and Shrubs - - 18 
 
 ,, ofGardening - ... 18 
 
 ,, of Agriculture - - - - 18 
 
 ,, of Plants 18 
 
 ,, of Rural Architecture - - 18 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 20 
 
 ,, Dictionary of Commerce - 20 
 
 Murray's Encyclopedia of Geography - 23 
 
 Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines - 31 
 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 
 
 Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets . - - ; 
 
 Chalenor's Walter Gray - - - - 
 
 Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts 
 
 Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated 
 
 Gray's Elegy, illuminated 
 
 L. E. L.'s Poetical Works 
 
 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis • 
 
 Maeaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome • 
 
 Mackay's Eniilivh Lakes - - - 
 
 Montgomery's Poetical Works 
 
 Moore's Irish ISIelodies - - - 22 & 
 
 ,, Lalla Rookh . - . - 
 
 ,, Poetical Works . . - - 
 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - . - 
 
 Shakspeare, by Bowdler ... 
 
 Songs. Madrigals, and Sonnets 
 
 Southey's Poetical Works . . • 
 
 ,, British Poets - . . . 
 
 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated 
 
 ,, with Notes, by Dr. A. T. Thomson 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND 
 STATISTICS. 
 
 Banfield and Weld's Statistics 
 
 Barnes's Electoral Laws of Belgium 
 
 Gray's Lectures on Money 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical, Statistical, and 
 Historical Dictionary . . - 
 
 M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce 
 
 „ Literature of Polit. F;conomy 
 
 ,, On Succession to Property 
 ,, On Taxation and Funding 
 
 Statistics of the British Empire 
 
 Marcet's Conversations on Polit. Economy 
 
 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - . 
 
 Twiss's (Dr.) View of Political Economy 
 
 RELIGIOUS AND MORAL 
 WORKS, ETC. 
 
 Amy Herbert, edited by Rev. W Sewell 
 Barrett's Old Testament Criticisms - 
 Bloomfield's Greek Testament 
 
 ,, Colleue and School ditto - 
 
 ,, Lexicon to (ireek Testament 
 
 Bunsen's Church of the Future 
 Burder's Oriental Customs 
 Burns's Christian Philosophy - - - 
 ,, Christian Frairments . - - 
 Callcott's Scripture Herbal 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - 
 Cooper's Sermons ----- 
 Coquerel's Christianity . - - - 
 Dale's Domestic Liturgy ... 
 
 Dibdin's Sunday Library - ... 
 
Pages 
 Discipline __.---" 
 
 Eeclesiastes (illuminated) _ - - 
 Englishman's Hebrew Concordance 
 
 „ Greek Concordance 
 
 Etheridire's Acts and Epistles 
 Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 
 
 ,, Life of Bishop Jebb - 
 From Oxford to Rome - . - - 
 Gertrude, edited bv the Rev. \V. Sevrell - 
 Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week 
 Home's Introduction to the Scriptures - 
 
 ,, Compendium of ditto 
 Jameson's Sacred and I^egendary Art 
 Jebb's Correspondence with Kiios - 
 
 ,, Translation of the Psalms - 
 Kip's Christmas in Rome 
 Knox's (Alexander) Remains - 
 l^aneton Parsonage - - - - - 
 Letters to my Unknown Friends 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs 
 Margaret Percival . - - • - 
 Blasims, etc. of the Saviour - - - 
 Milner'a Church History - - - - 
 JUracles of Our Saviour _ - . 
 
 Moore on the Power of the Soul - 
 
 ,, on the Use of the Body 
 „ on Man and his Motives 
 Morell's Philosophy of Relisjion 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - 
 Neale's Closing Scene - . . . 
 Parables of Our Lord .... 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties ... 
 
 Pascal's Letters, by Pearce ... 
 Pitman's Sermons on the Psalms 
 Rauke's Reformation _ _ _ _ 
 Rest in the Church - - - - . 
 Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - 
 Sandford On Female Improvement - 
 
 ,, On Woman _ _ . . 
 
 ,, 's Parochialia .... 
 sermon on the Mount (The) - - - 
 Shunanimite (The Good) - - - - 
 Sinclair's Journev of Life _ _ _ 
 
 ,, Business of Life _ _ . 
 Sketches (The) - . . . . 
 Smith's (G.) PerilousTimes - - - 
 ,, Relicriou of Ancient Britain 
 
 „ Sacfed Annals - 
 
 „ (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck . 
 Soames's Latin Church _ . . _ 
 Solomon's Song (illuminated) - 
 Southey's Life of Wesley . _ _ 
 
 Stebbing's Christian Church - - - 
 ,, Reformation - _ . . 
 
 Stephen's Church of Scotland 
 &)-dney Smith's Sermons ... 
 
 Tate's History of St. Paul ... 
 
 Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret 
 
 .. .. Lady Mary - 
 
 Taylor's (Jeremy) Works - - 
 
 (Isaac)' Lovola 
 Tomline's Introduction to the Bible 
 Turner's Sacred History 
 Twelve Years Ago - ' - 
 Walker's Elementa Liturgica - 
 Wardlaw On the Socinian Controversy 
 Wilberforce's View of Christianity 
 Willoutchby's (Ladv) Di^rv - 
 Wilson's Lands of the Bible - 
 Wisdom of Johnson's Rambler, etc. 
 Woodward's Sermons and Essays - 
 
 . 30 
 
 RURAL SPORTS. 
 
 Blaine's Dictionary of Sports . - . g 
 
 Ephemera on Angling - - . - 10 
 
 Hawbuck Grange - - ... 13 
 
 Pages 
 Hawker'sTnstructions to Sportsmen - 1.3 
 Jones's Norway Salmon Fisher - - 15 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 18 
 Pocket and the Stud - . . .25 
 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - 29 
 
 THE SCIENCES IfJ GENERAL, 
 AND MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Baker's Railway Engineering - - - 5 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - 7 
 Brewster's Optics ----- 1/ 
 Conversations on Mineralogy - - 8 
 
 Dela Becheon theGeology ofCornwall,etc. 9 
 Donovan's Chemistrv - - . - 
 Farey on the Steam Engine - . - 
 Fosbroke on the Arts of the Ancients - 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena 
 Herschel's -Vatnral Philosophy 
 
 ,, .Astronomv - _ - - 
 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - 
 Humboldt's Cosmos - - - - 
 Hunt's Researches on Light ... 
 Kater and Lardner's Mechanics 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia 
 
 ,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics - 
 
 ,, and Walker's Electricity 
 ,, Arithmetic - - _ _ 
 
 ,, Geometry - _ - _ 
 
 ,, Treatise'on Heat - - . 
 Low's Chemistry - - _ . . 
 Marcet's Conversations on the Sciences 20, 
 Matteucci On Physical Phenomena - 
 Memoirs of the Geological Survey - 
 iMoseley's Practical Mechanics 
 
 ,, Engineering and Architecture 
 Owen's Comparative Anatomy - - 23 & 
 Peschel's Physics . - _ - _ 
 Phillips's PalteozoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc. 
 ,, Mineralog}', by Prof. Miller - 
 ,, Treatise on Geology - 
 Portlock's Geology of Londonderrv 
 Powell's Natural Philosophy . '- - 
 Ritchie (Robert) on Railways 
 Steam Ensfine (Ure), by the Artisan Club 
 Thomson's School Chemistry - . _ 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Borrer's Campaign in Algeria - - - 
 Costello's (Miss3 North Wales 
 Coulter's California, etc. - . _ 
 
 ,, Pacific _ - _ _ - 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Dunlop's Central America 
 Erman's Travels through Siberia - 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy 
 Jones's Norway Guide - . . 
 Kip's Holydays in Rome 
 Laing's Tour in Sweden 
 Mackay's English Lakes 
 Marryat's Borneo - . - _ 
 Mitchell's Expedition into Australia 
 Nozrani in Egypt and SjT-ia . 
 Parrot's Asceiit of Mount Ararat - 
 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 27 
 Von Orlich's Travels in India - - 31 
 
 Wilson's Travels in the Holy Laud - 32 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE 
 
 Pocket and the Stud - - . 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - 
 Thomson on Fattening Cattle 
 
NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
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 eminent Contemporaries, and a Description of his principHl Works. By his Son, W.Wilkie 
 Collins, Esq. With Portrait after Linnell, and 2 Vignettes from Sketches by the Painter. 
 2 vols, post 8vo. 21«. cloth. 
 
 COLTON— LACON; OR, MANY THINGS IN FEW WORDS. 
 
 By the Rev.C.C. Colton. New Edition, 8vo. 12s. cloth. 
 
 COi^JVERSATlONS ON BOTANY. 
 
 New Edition, improved. Foolscap 8 vo. with 22 Plates, 7s. 6d. cloth ; with coloured Plates, 125, 
 
 CONVERSATIONS ON MINERALOGY. 
 
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 CONYBEARE AND HOWSON.^THZ LIFE AND EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL; 
 
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 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; and the Rev. J . S. How.son, M.A. Principal of the 
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 made on the spot by W. H. Bartlett; and by Maps, Charts, Coins, etc. 
 *»* To be pnblishedin Monthly Parts, price 2». each ; the First of which will appear in the 
 Autumn of 1849. 
 
 COOPER (THE REV. E.)-SERMONS, 
 
 Chie fly designed to elucidate some of the leading Doctrines of the Gospel. By the Rev, Edward 
 Cooper. New Edition. 2 vols. 12mo. IDs. boards. 
 
 COOPER (THE REV. E.)— PRACTICAL AND FAMILIAR SERMONS. 
 
 New Edition. 7vols.l2mo. 1/. 18s. boards. 
 
 COPLAND.— A DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE; 
 
 Comprising General Pathology, the Nature and Treatment of Diseases, Morbid Structures, 
 and the Disorders especially"incidental to Climates, to Sex, and to the different lipochs of 
 Life, with numerous approved Formula of the Mediciues recommended. By James Copland, 
 .M.D., etc. etc. Vols. I. and II., 3vo. 3^. cloth ; and Parts X. to XIII, 4s.6rf. each. 
 
 COQUEREL.— CHRISTIANITY; 
 
 Its perfect adaptation to the Mental, Moral, and Spiritual Nature of Man. By Athanase 
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 CO.STELLO (MISS)— FALLS, LAKES, AND MOUNTAINS OF NORTH 
 
 WALES; being a Pictorial Tour through the most interesting parts of the Country. By 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 COULTER.-ADVENTURES ON THE WESTERN COAST OF SOUTH 
 
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 CROCKER'S ELEMENTS OF LAND SURVEYING. 
 
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 D'AGINCOURT.-THE HISTORY OF ART, 
 
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 With 3,335 Subjects, engraved on 328 Plates. Vol. I- Architecture, 73 plates; vol. II. 
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 DALE (THE REV. THOMAS). —THE DOMESTIC LITURGY AND 
 
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 DE JAENISCn AND WALKER.-DE JAENISCH'S CHESS PRECEPTOR: 
 
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 DE LA BECHE.-REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORNWALL, DEVON, 
 
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 DE LA GRAVIERE.-SKETCHES OF THE LAST NAVAL WAR. 
 
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 of the British Navy." 2 vols, post Svo. with Plans, 18s. cloth. 
 
 DE STRZELECKI fP. E.)-PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NEW SOUTH 
 
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 DIBDIN (THE REV. T. F.)-THE SUNDAY LIBRARY: 
 
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 DISCIPLINE. 
 
 By the Author of "Letters to my Unknown Friends," "Twelve Years Ago," and " Some 
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DOUBLEDAY AND HEWITSON'S BUTTERFLIES.-THE GENERA OF 
 
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 and Transformations— and a Catalogue of the Species of each Genus. By Edward Douhle- 
 day, Esq. F.L.S.etc, Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum, im- 
 perial 4to. uniform with Gray and Mitchell's Ornitholog}-; illustrated with Jo coloured Plates, 
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 DRESDEN GALLERY —THE MOST CELEBRATED PICTURES OF THE 
 
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 DRUMMOND.— OBSERVATIONS ON NATURAL SYSTEMS OF BO- 
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 Belfast Institution ; author of " First Steps to Botany," and "Letter to a Young Naturalist." 
 Foolscap 8vo. 3s. cloth. 
 
 DUNLOP.— TRAVELS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. 
 
 With a Journal of nearly Three Years' Residence in the Country. To which are added, a 
 Sketch of the History of the Republic, and an Account of its Climate, Productions, Com- 
 merce, etc. By Robert Glasgow Dunlop, Esq. Post Svo. with Map, 10s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 DUNLOP fJOHN).-THE HISTORY OF FICTION: 
 
 Being a Critical Account of the most celebrated Frose Works of Fiction, from the earliest 
 Greek Romances to the Novels of the Present Age. By John Dunlop. New Edition, com- 
 plete in One Volume. Medium Svo. 15s. cloth. 
 
 EASTLAKE.-MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF OIL PAINTING. 
 
 By Charles Lock Eastlake, Esq. R.A. F.R.S. F.S.A. Secretary to the Royal Commission for 
 Promoting the Fine Arts in connexion with the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament, etc. 
 Svo. 16s. cloth. 
 *,« rot. II. On the Italian Practice of Oil Painting, is preparing for publicaiicn. 
 
 ECCLESIASTES; OR, THE PREACHER. 
 
 The Words of the Preacher, Son of David, King of Jerusalem, from the Holy Scriptures. 
 Being the Twelve C:haptcrs of the Book of Ecclesiastes, elegantly illuminated, in the Missal 
 Style, by Owen J..nes. Imperial Svo. in a magnificent carved binding, 42s. ; or handsomely 
 bound in red morocco, 50s. 
 
 ECCLESTON(JAMES).— AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES. 
 
 Intended as a Companion to the History of England. By James Eccleston, B.A. Head 
 Master of Sutton Coldfield Grammar School. Svo. with numerous Engravings on Wood, 
 2U. cloth. 
 
 ELLIOTSON.— HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: 
 
 i With which is incorporated much of the Elementary Part of the "Institutiones PhysiologiCie" 
 
 of J. F. Blumenbach, Professor in the University of Gottingen. By John Elliotson, M.D. 
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 THE ENGLISHMAN'S GREEK CONCORDANCE OF THE NEW TESTA- 
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 Royal ijvo. 42s. 
 
 THE ENGLISHMAN'S HEBREW AND CHALDEE CONCORDANCE OF 
 
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 rences, etc. etc. 2 vols, royal Svo. 3/. 13s. 6rf. cloth ; large paper, 4^ 14s. 6d. 
 
 EPHEMERA.-A HAND-BOOK OF ANGLING ; . ^^ , 
 
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 History of River Fi.sh, and the best Modes ot Catching them. By Ephemera ( of Bell's 
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 ERMAN.— TRAVELS IN SIBERIA: ' ^ 
 
 Including Excursions Northwards, down the Obi, to the Polar Circle, and Southwards, 
 to the Chinese Frontier. By Adolph Erman. Translated by W. D. Cooley, Esq. author of 
 "The History of Maritime and Inland Discovery;" translator and editor of Dr. Parrot's 
 •'Journey to Ararat," etc. 2 vols. Svo. with Map, 31s. 6d. cloth. 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LOXGMAN AND CO. 1 1 
 
 ETHERIDGE.— THE APOSTOLICAL ACTS AND EPISTLES, 
 
 From the Peschito, or Ancient Syriac. To which are added, the remainintr Epistles, and 
 the Book of Revelation after a later Syrian ']%-Xt. Translated, with Prolegomena and 
 Indices. byJ. \V. Etheridge, M.A. Doctor in Philosophy of the University of Heidelberg, 
 and Member of the Asiatic Society of Paris ; autlior of "The Syrian Churches ; their early 
 History, Liturgies, and Literature." Royal limo. 7s. Gd. cloth. 
 
 EVANS.— THE SUGAR PLANTER'S MANUAL; 
 
 Being a Treatise on the Art of obtaining Sugar from the Sugar Cane. By W. J.Evans,M.D. 
 SV0.9.S. cloth. 
 
 FAREY.— TREATISE ON THE STEAM-ENGINE, 
 
 Historical, Practical, and Descriptive. By J.ihn I'arey, Engineer. 4to. illustrated bj 
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 FERGUSSON-AN HISTORICAL INQUIRY INTO THE TRUE PRIN- 
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 By James Kergiisson, Esq., author of " An Essay on the Ancieiil Topography of Jerusalem," 
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 8vo. '60s. cloth. 
 
 FIELD.— PRISON DISCIPLINE; 
 
 And the Advantages of the Separate System of Imprisonment: with a detailed Account of 
 the Discipline now pursued in tne New County Gaol at Reading. By the Rev. J. Field, M.A. 
 Chaplain. Kew Editiou. 2 vols. 8vo. 20.v. cloth. 
 
 FLOWERS AND THEIR KINDRED THOUGHTS; 
 
 A Series of Stanzas— On Hope, Innocence, Modesty, Childhood, Humility, Joy, Love, 
 Constancy, Fascination, Timidity, Fine Taste, Tlioughts, Recollection, and Friendship. By 
 Mary Anne Bacon. Illustrated by the Snowdrop, Primrose, Violet, Harebell and Pimpernel, 
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 FORSTER (REV. C.)~THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA; 
 
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 an Appendix, containing Translations. By the Rev. Charles Forster, B.D., 2 vols. Svo. iiOs. 
 cloth. 
 
 FORSTER (REV. C.)-THE LIFE OF JOHN JEBB, D.D. F.R.S. 
 
 Late Bishop of Limerick. With a Selection from his Letters. By the Rev. Charles Forster, B.D., 
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 FOSTER.— THE HAND-BOOK OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE. 
 
 By Mrs. Foster. Foolscap Svo. [Nearly ready. 
 
 FOSS.— THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND: 
 
 With Sketches of their Lives, and Miscellaneous Notices connected with theCourts at West- 
 minster from the time of the Conquest. By Edward Foss, F.S.A., of the Inner Temple. 
 Vols. Land II. Svo. 28s. cloth. 
 '* Mr. Foss is an nrigivnl inquirer. By laborious inveatigation of obscure records, as 
 well at competent general learning and considerable projc.i.sional eajii-rience, he makes good 
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 by the specimen before us. We like his arrangement and method of proceeding with these 
 early reigns. It supplies what was much wanted, -^a regular and progressive account of 
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 new information, and a better general vi'-w of onr strictly legal history, than any jurist, 
 historian, or biographer had heretofore attempted to ffive. H e shall watch the progress of 
 this work with interest. The completion will worthily conuect the name of its author with 
 those of the more valuable contributors to English historical study.''— Kxarainei-. 
 
 FROM OXFORD TO ROME : AND, HOW IT FARED WITH SOME WHO 
 
 LATELY MADE THE JOURNEY. By a Companion Traveller. New Edition, revised and 
 corrected. J'cp.Svo. with Frontispiece, 6«. cloth. 
 
 GARDINER.— SIGHTS IN ITALY: 
 
 With some Account of the Present State of Music and the Sister Arts in that Country. By 
 William (Jardiner, author of "Sacred Melodies,^' etc.; Jlember of the Academy of St. 
 Cecilia, Rome ; and of the Class of Fine Arts of the Institut Historique of France. Svo. with 
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GERTRUDE. 
 
 A Tale. By the author of "Amy Herbert." Edited by the Rev. William Sewell, B.D., of 
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 GIBBON.-HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN 
 
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 Writings, by Alexander Chalmers, Esq. F.A.S. Svo. with Portrait, 1S«. cloth. 
 *»* An Edition in S vols. Svo. 60s. boards. 
 
 GOLDSMITH-THE POETICAL WORKS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
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 GOWER.— THE SCIENTIFIC PHENOMENA OF DOMESTIC LIFE FAMILIARLY 
 
 EXPLAINED. By Charles Foote Gower. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. with Engravings 
 on Wood, 6s. cloth. 
 
 GRAHAM.-ENGLISH; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION 
 
 explainedina Series of Instructions and Examples. By G. F. Graham. New Edition, re- 
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 GRANT fMRS.)-LETTERS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Being the Correspondence with her Friends, between the j-ears 1/73 and 180.3. By Mrs. 
 Grant, of Laggan. 6th Edition. Edited, with Notes and Additions, by her Son, J. P. Grant, 
 Esq. 2 vols, post Svo. 21s. cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MRS., OF LAGGAN).— MEMOIR AND CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 of the late Mrs. Grant, of Laggan, author of " Letters from the Mountains," etc. Edited 
 by her Son, J. P. Grant, Esq. New Edition. 3 vols, post Svo. Portrait, 1/. lis. 6d. cloth. 
 
 GRAY (THOMAS). -GRAY'S ELEGY, 
 
 Written in a Country Churchyard. Illuminated in the Missal style. By Owen Jones, 
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 GRAY.— LECTURES ON THE NATURE AND USE OF MONEY. 
 
 Delivered before the Members of the "Edinburgh Philosophical Institution," during the 
 Months of February and March, 184S. By John Gray, author of "The Social System, a 
 Treatise on the Principle of Exchange." Svo. 7s. Gd. cloth. 
 
 GRAY AND MITCHELL'S ORNITHOLOGY.-THE GENERA OF BIRDS; 
 
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 Muse'um; and author of the "List of the Genera of Birds," etc. Imperial 4to. illustrated 
 with 350 Plates, by David William Mitchell, B.A. 
 *,* In course of publication in Monthly Parts, 10s. 6rf. each; each Part consisting of Four 
 
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 Order I.— Accipitres has been completed, and may be had separately. Imperial Svo. with 15 
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 GRIMBLOT (P.)-LETTERS OF WILLIAM III. AND LOUIS XIV. AND OF 
 
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 GWILT.-AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF ARCHITECTURE; 
 
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 i 
 
PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 13 
 
 HALL'S (SIDNEY) GENERAL LARGE LIBRARY ATLAS OF FIFTY- 
 
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 HARRISON.— ON THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT STRUCTURE 
 
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 HAWBUCK GRANGE; 
 
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 HAWKER.— INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN 
 
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 HAYDON (B. R.)— LECTURES ON PAINTING AND DESIGN, 
 
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 HINTS ON ETIQUETTE AND THE USAGES OF SOCIETY: 
 
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 HISTORICAL PICTURES OF THE MIDDLE ACES, 
 
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 HOARE.— A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF A NEW METHOD OF 
 
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 HOARE— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE 
 
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 HOLLAND.— MEDICAL NOTES AND REFLECTIONS. 
 
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 Extraordinary to the Queen, and Physiciauin Ordinary to HisRoyalHighness PrinceAlbert. 
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 HOOK (DR. W. F.)-THE LAST DAYS OF OUR LORD'S MINISTRY; 
 
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 D.D., Vicar of Leeds, Prebendary of Lincoln, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. New- 
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 HOOKER.— KEW GARDENS ; 
 
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 HOOKER.— THE BRITISH FLORA. 
 
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 coloured , 24s. cloth. 
 Vol. II. in Two Parts, comprising the Cryptogarnia and the Fungi, completing the British 
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 HORNE (THE REV. T. H.)— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CRITICAL 
 
 STUDY AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. By the Rev. Thomas 
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1 4 NEW AYOPtKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 HORNE (THE REV. T. H.)-A COMPENDIOUS INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 STUDY OF THE BIBLE. By the Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home, B.D. of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. Being an Analysis of his " Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of 
 the Holy Scriptures." New Edition. 12mo. with Maps and Engravings, 9s. boards. 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MeSSKS. LONGMAN AND Co. 15 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MeSSBS. LONGMAN AND CO. 27 
 
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 PERILOUS TIMES: 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 29 
 
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