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HANDBOOK OF THE TURF
A TREASURY OF INFORMATION
FOR HORSEMEN
EMBRACING
A Compendium of all Racing and Trotting Rules ;
Laws of the States i]S{ their Relation to Horses
and Racing; A Glossary of Scientific Terms;
The Catch-Words and Phrases used by
Great Drivers, with
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ABOUT HORSES,
TRACKS, AND RACING
BY
SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN
The literature of the turf is sometliing almost sui generis. It abounds in
mysterious technicalities and phraseology intelligible only to the initiated.— The
London Times, January 26, 1894.
NEW YORK
ORANGE JUDD COMPANY
1895
C30PY RIGHT, 1894
By SAMUEL L. B0ARD:MAN
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
HAST thou given spirit to the horse? Hast
thou clothed his neck with a mane? Canst
thou make him bound as a locust ? The majesty
of his snorting is terrible. He panteth in the
valleys and exulteth; he goeth on to meet the
armed men. He mocketh at fear, and trembleth ;
nor turneth he back from the sword. Against
him rattleth the quiver, the glittering spear and
shield. He devours the ground with fierceness
and rage, and is impatient when the trumpet
soundeth. He uttereth among the trumpets,
Ha! ha! He smelleth the battle afar ofif, the
thunder of the captains and the shouting.
— Translation from the Book of Job,
By DR. THOMAS SCOTT.
^^^O
INTRODUCTION
The general plan of the present work was conceived by
the author some four years ago, and the task of compilation
begun. Other engagements, however, soon demanded attention
and prevented completion of the work, which the past year has
given an opportunity of bringing to a close. Within its
pages he has attempted the compression of what is believed to
be the greatest body of information about the horse in his rela-
tion to drivers, sulkys, tracks, riding, trotting, racing, and the
laws pertaining thereto, that has ever appeared in a single vol-
ume in this country. In doing this his aim has been to produce
a book of reference, the usefulness of which will render its pos-
session material to every intelligent individual who breeds,
trains, rides, cares for or loves a horse. It is the author's hope
that the execution of the work will, in some measure at least,
equal what he believes to have been the merit of its conception.
Within the past twenty years a complete revolution has
taken place in the breeding and management of horses, govern-
ment of tracks, appliances used on the turf, and the rules of
racing. During the last half of this period the most profound
scientists in England, France, and this country, have made
careful and long continued studies on the anatomy, conforma-
tion, and external points of the horse ; while years have also
been devoted to an analysis of the laws of motion, the study of
speed inheritance, the physical basis of the several gaits, and
the laws of breeding. Moreover, all the progress and extreme
development in these lines during the period named, has really
been crystallized within the past two years into the most won-
derful form, as evinced by the use of the pneumatic sulky and
the accomplishment of phenomenal speed on the American
turf. Yet with these great changes no useful handbook,
V
yi INTRODUCTION".
coming within reach of the everyday horseman at a modest
price, and embodying what science has taught as authoritative
upon these subjects, has been published. A few elaborate
treatises, beyond the range of the practical horseman in scope
of information, and quite beyond his reach in price, have
appeared, of the benefits of which he has been unable to avail
himself, because by far too scientific for his use, or too expen-
sive for his purse.
The present volume is believed to do for this class of read-
ers what no other single book on the horse and racing, has
ever attempted to accomplish. Its range of information
embraces terms relating to the horse ; his exterior conforma-
tion and uses as an animal for riding and driving ; to the track
or race course ; the sulky and track vehicles ; the harness ; the
driver and rider; to equestrianism; the trotting and racing
turf ; the racing and trotting rules ; laws of the States in their
relation to horses, tracks, and racing ; the phrases and catch-
words of great drivers and riders ; terms used in the veterinary
art so far as they relate to the locomotory organs of the horse,
and to general soundness, vices, and faults ; wdth the folk-lore
of horses, old sayings, and useful general knowledge of an his-
torical and practical character. While numerous books are
ready at hand to aid the student and practical craftsman in
the arts, sciences, literature, the special processes of mechanics,
printing, botany, gardening, and the textile arts — the vast body
of intelligent horsemen has been, heretofore, without any single
book, presenting in a comprehensive way, the historical, scien-
tific, legal, and practical features of their business. In short,
this book attempts to do for them, and for the gigantic indus-
try which they represent — the horse-breeding, racing, and trot-
ting business of the United States — what the numerous readers'
handbooks, dictionaries of phrase and fable, dates, general allu-
sions, common things, scientific handbooks and trade glossaries
do for students of art and literature, and skilled workers in
the arts and industries. The sources of information have
embraced the entire range of horse literature as represented in
the incomparable collection in possession of the Boston Public
Library ; files of sporting and tui'f journals and magazines of
INTRODUCTION. Til
tills country and England; an extended correspondence with
well known turf authorities in the United States, and wide per-
sonal acquaintance among practical horsemen, breeders, and
trainers.
It is interesting to note to what an extent the horse indus-
try and turf business of the country has invented its own
language — a language expressive, unique, and peculiar ; one
which until now has existed beyond the realm of literature,
because it has had lodgment only in the general practice and
rugged brains of trainers, drivers, stablemen, and others who
have had to do with horses all their lives. So far as the author
is aware, the present volume is the first attempt to embody in
collected form the technical vocabulary of the track and its
equipments, the fraternity of drivers and riders, and the large
body of intelligent gentlemen practically interested in horses,
driving, racing, and trotting. Hence the book has been com-
piled from original information obtained on the turf and in the
stable, as well as from the horse literature of two centuries.
The author wishes to say further, that the book is not an
English dictionary, a book on stable management, a cyclopaedia
about horses, a treatise on breeding, a trotting register or year-
book, a work on veterinary practice, or on the training and
driving of horses — and yet there is something in it under each
of these different headings. In memoirs of horses, it includes
only the five or six representative or foundation animals in
England and America ; and no one family or individual is
given prominence in preference to another. It contains no
expression of opinion that can by any possible construction
provoke controversy or lessen the value of the facts presented ;
nor does it discuss theories of breeding, training, or manage-
ment. It floats no advertisement of breeder, track or vehicle.
The terms pertaining to equestrianism are not generally those
of the schools devoted to fancy riding, but those of practical
horsemanship. Many terms pertaining to the English turf are
included, because our ow^n turf history is founded upon that of
the mother country, and because the intelligent driver or eques-
trian wishes to be well informed upon all matters relating to
turf history and practices, whether in his own country or
yiii INTRODUCTION.
abroad. In consulting the book the reader will generally under-
stand in what cases the subject matter refers to the trotting or
racing turf, without a repetition of explanation, or a particular
statement that such fact pertains to the one or the other. The
veterinary terms have been limited mainly to those which
relate to the organs of locomotion, to age and soundness, with
such as pertain to common ailments, or those most closely
related to the horse as a track and riding animal. In law, the
general statutes and special acts of States relating to horses,
tracks, and racing are given, down to the close of the year 1893.
The incidents and facts of turf history ; accounts of remarka-
ble horses, races, and events ; interesting anecdotes illustrating
curious facts; biographical notices of distinguished persons,
and the copious references to trotting and racing performances
of a noteworthy character, have all been carefully compiled
from trustworthy sources. In brief, the book makes plain to
the non-professional reader, groom, driver, rider, and horseman,
the accurate meaning of scientific terms relating to the horse,
usually given in technical books only, in the language of science,
thus educating them in a practical but thoroughly correct man-
ner, in the sciences upon which so much of a true understand-
ing of their business and its successful prosecution is founded.
Few duplications or cross references have been used. Where a
choice has existed the preferable term alone has been defined,
or that which a person consulting the book would be most
likely to first refer to ; while cross references not only take up
space to no purpose, but are usually very unsatisfactory to who-
soever wishes to consult such a book. Owing to its alphabeti-
cal arrangement, the book is its own index ; hence, as the title
indicates, it is a handbook of reference for facts under special
headings, rather than a work to be read for the purpose of
obtaining a general view of the subjects which it embraces.
Especially is the work useful as a compendium of the turf
rules of the United States, because the widest publicity that
can be given these rules not only enlightens horsemen and
members of associations and societies, but also the spectators
who attend fairs and patronize the races. Such persons are
much better satisfied when they see a decision made or penalty
IXTRODUCTIOX. IX
imposed, if they know the rule and reason for it. They can
see there is fair play and no choice between stoga boots and
patent leather when they understand the rules and see them
enforced without fear or favor, and when they can so understand
them, they enjoy the races better. The national rules have
elevated the trotting sport of America to a high standard, and
fostered a breeding interest which is represented by millions.
Every penalty imposed on man or horse for fraud or misde-
meanor of any kind, by one member or association, is equally
recognized by each and every other member. Thus the power
to enforce rectitude and good behavior upon the turf all over
the country is absolute.
It is evident that a work of this kind, which is believed to
be unique, and which must be compiled without having the
advantage of any similar work upon which it might be based,
and from which materials might be drawn, must of necessity
be more or less incomplete. The field covered has been indefi-
nitely large, and the aim has constantly been to keep the book
within reasonable size, consistent with adequate treatment of
subjects. To this end, while it is hoped no important omis-
sions will be found, insignificant terms, those of obvious mean-
ing and simple facts known by practical horsemen, have
generally been excluded. For the purpose of making future
editions more complete, the author will be thankful to any one
for facts, information, phrases and words which will contribute
to this end.
The author desires to express his gratitude to the many
friends and correspondents who have aided him in the prepara-
tion of this work. Thanks are especially due to M. M. Morse,
Secretary of the National Trotting Association, Hartford,
Conn.; J. H. Steiner, Secretary of the American Trotting Asso-
ciation, and of the American Trotting Register Association,
Chicago, 111.; E. C. Hopper, Secretary of the American Turf
Congress, Covington, Ky.; I. B. Nail, Secretary of the National
Saddle Horse Breeders' Association, Louisville, Ky.; Sanders
D. Bruce, editor- of the Turf, Field, and Farm, New York;
Simon W. Parlin, and J. W. Thompson, editors of the American
Horse Breeder, Boston, Mass.; W. B. Fasig, New York ; Charles
INTRODUCTION.
E. Walker, South Framingham, Mass.; C. W. Williams, Inde-
pendence, Iowa; Dr. George H. Bailey, V. S., Deering, Maine;
C. B. Tillinghast, State Librarian, Boston, Mass.; Arthur M.
Knapp, keeper of Bates Hall, Boston Public Library, Boston,
Mass.; L. D. Carver, State Librarian, Augusta, Maine*^; and the
editors of the Spirit of The Times, New York, and Wallace's
Monthly, and The Horseman, Chicago, 111. Acknowledgements
are also due to the publishers of copyrighted books, quoted in
the work, for permission to make extracts from the same.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF
EXPLANATIONS
The abbreviations used in the following pages are : Eng. for terms
relating to the English turl ; Eq. for those pertaining to equestrianism;
Law. for legal terms and information.
Abdallah. One of the foundation sires of the Ameri-
can trotter. He was bred by John Treadwell, Salisbury Place,
L. I., N. Y., and foaled in 1823 ; by Mambrino, by imported
Messenger, dam Amazonia. Imported Messenger was foaled
in 1780, by Mambrino, dam by Turf, and tracing back through
the Byerly Turk to a natural Barb mare. The dam of Mam-
brino was by imported Sour Crout, second dam by imported
Whirligig, third dam old Slammerkin, a race mare by im-
ported AYildair. Wildair's get was so highly esteemed in
England that those interested in racing stock in that country
sent over here, bought him and took him back to England
again. He was by Cade, by the Godolphin Arabian. Of
Abdallah's dam but little is definitely known. It is supposed
that her sire was a descendent of imported Messenger. In-
deed, it is stated by Mr. J. H. Wallace, (American Trotting
Register, I, 60), that she was purchased near Philadelphia by
Mr. B. T. Kissam, a dry goods jobber of New York, when on
a trip to that city, and she was represented to him to be by a
son of imported Messenger. She is described as a chestnut in
color, 15.3 hands high, and rather coarse in quality and ill in
shape. Abdallah has been best described, probably, by the
late Mr. B. T. Kissam, who knew the horse well. His descrip-
tion, which applies to him in his four years old form, is : " He
had a long, clean head ; ear long and tapering ; eyes lively, and
of medium size ; neck light, and set low on the withers ; up car-
riage, and when in action head carried perpendicularly ; shoul-
ders upright ; deep in girth ; full chested ; fore legs very wide
apart, causing him to stand with his toes in ; light bone,
especially below the knees and hocks ; knees a little forward,
flat-ribbed and short in flank; roached back; hips and loins
11
12 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. '
medium breadth; peaked from hips to setting on of the tail,
which was very thin-haired; long from hip to hock; rather
thin quarters and short fetlocks." Mr. Kissam omits to say,
however, that his color was blood bay, and that he had a star
in forehead, with left hind-foot white above the ankle. He
stood 15.3 hands high. He was never broken to harness,
being ridden under th 3 saddle. He was kept at the farm of
his breeder in 1828 and 1829 ; at Flatbush and Gravesend,
N. Y., 1830 ; near Jamaica, N. Y., 1831 ; at different places on
Long Island and in New Jersey till 1839; at Lexington, Ky.,
1840 ; at Union Course, L. I., 1841 and 1842 ; at Goshen, N. Y.,
1843; at Freehold, X. J., 1844 and 1845; at Chester, N. Y.,
1846-48; at the Bull's Head, :N'. Y., 1849; at Union Course,
N. Y., 1850; and at Patchogue, L. L, 1851. He died of neg-
lect and starvation upon a sandy beach on Long Island, in
November, 1854. Abdallah got more fast trotters than any
horse of his time. The records show that at least twenty-two
of his sons and daughters started in races, and twenty of the
number were race winners. Three of his get are found in the
2:30 list, viz.: Sir AValter, 2:27; O'Blennis, 2:30; Frank For-
rester, 2:30. He seems to have transmitted the tendency to
trot with much greater uniformity through his daughters than
through his sons. His daughters are credited with producing
eight trotters that are found in the 2:30 list, including Gold-
smith Maid, 2:14; and the records show that thirty-two stal-
lions out of daughters of Abdallah have got 2:30 performers.
Abdomen. The cavity which occupies the rear part of
the trunk or body of the horse ; the exterior part of which is
known as the flank.
Abductor. One of the great locomotive muscles of the
horse, the function of which is to draw away a limb from the
axis of the body ; to extend.
Abing"doii Mile. A famous old English race-course,
the length of which was seven furlongs, 211 yards.
Abrasion. An abraded spot or place; applied chiefly
to a fretting or rut^bing of the skin, by which the underlying
tissues are exposed. Even though slight, and requiring but
little care, abrasions are, until perfectly healed, an unsoundness.
Action. The manner of moving; an exertion of power
or force ; the real relation of a cause to its effect. Action
takes its direction from the hips, and power is invariably resi-
dent when a horse has a long and somewhat oblique, rather
than horizontal quarter. The stifle should never be lower
than the elbows, as contributors to leverage and power in the
hock.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 13
Action-controlling' Power. That quality of instinct
in the horse which governs the movements in a balanced form,
without loss of muscular exertion.
Added Money. jVIoney added to a regular purse or
stake as an extra inducement for entries. It is given by the
track or association in a larger or smaller sum ; as in a sweep-
stakes, the horses put in $25 each, and the track adds f 100.
Adductor. The function of drawing towards; the
name of several muscles of locomotion which draw certain
parts to, or toward, one common center or median line ; the
opposite of abductor.
Against Time. A performance against the watch ; a
trial of speed. All performances against time are required to
be made at a regular meeting of a track, society or association
in membership with the National or American trotting asso-
ciation, in strict accord with the rules of the trotting turf, and
under the conduct of judges and timers regularly appointed.
No animal can start in such race pending a heat or trial by
another animal, nor until the residt of such heat or trial has
been announced. There shall be three judges and three timers,
and no performance shall take place earlier than 10 o'clock
A. M. If a performance against time takes place at a post-
poned or continued meeting, such postponement must have
been made in accordance with the rules of the trotting turf.
The horse starting must start to equal or exceed a specified
time, and a losing performance shall not constitute a record or
bar. All entries for such performance must be duly made
with the official secretary, appear in the printed program
of the day, or posted legibly at the judges stand. A reg-
ular meeting means a meeting advertised in at least one new^s-
paper not less than one week before the commencement of the
race, at w^hich time no less than two regular events, (purse or
stake), are advertised for each day, one of which must take
place. A match race is not considered a regular event. No
"matches against time" are allowed by the trotting rules.
Ag-e of the Horse. Modern science has divided the
age of the horse as determined by the dentition into five gen-
eral periods. They are : 1, the eruption of the incisors of the
first dentition, or from birth to about eight to ten months old ;
2, the leveling, progressive use and falling out of the incisors
of the first dentition, or from about one year to about two
years old ; 3, the eruption of the permanent or adult teeth, or
from the age of two, or two and a half years, to between five
and six years old ; 4, the leveling of the permanent incisors, or
14 HANDBOOK OE THE TURF.
from about six to about eight years old ; 5, the wearing away
of the crowns, or from about nine to after nineteen years old.
In order to ascertain the age of the horse, it is necessary to
observe some structural part of the animal, which is liable to
little change and may be easily examined ; hence the teeth are
the only organs that can furnish a guide to age, and they can
generally be trusted with a considerable degree of certainty.
The incisors of the lower jaw are the ones examined for the
age of the animal, as it is seldom that much importance is
attached to the appearance of the tushes. The pincher teeth
or middle incisors, generally appear when the foal is from six
to eight days old, the upper teeth api^earing first. At four
months there are four teeth in the upper and f 3ur in the lower
jaw, and at about eight to ten months old the corner incisors
and intermediate teeth are entirely through the gums. At
about two and a half years of age, the dental arch is complete.
The central nippers of the lower jaw are the first permanent
teeth, the middle and corner nippers being temporary, the for-
mer, or permanent teeth, being much larger than the latter.
At about three and a half years of age, the middle nippers give
place to a permanent pair, and from a year later to five years
of age the corner nippers are replaced by permanent ones. At
this age the horse has what is termed a " full mouth ; " or in
other words all the permanent nippers are in place. From
this age up, the spots or marks in the center of the teeth, the
dentine, must be the chief guide in determining the age. At
five years of age the central nippers are somewhat worn, leav-
ing a small black spot in the center, but their shape, which is
oval, has not yet changed. The marks of the middle nippers
are not so large as formerly. At six years of age the central
nippers have but a very small spot of dentine in their center,
the middle pair have lost much of theirs, and the corner pair,
while showing less than two years previous, are yet quite full.
In the male the tushes are fully up, but are showing no appear-
ance of wear. At from six to seven years of age the teeth
show more wear, although they have changed but little ; the
center marks being less distinct, and the corner nipper smaller.
At eight years of age the teeth are quite oval in form, their
character, however, is not much changed. After this age they
begin to become triangular in form, particularly that of the
central incisors, or nippers. At nine years of age the central
marks have nearly disappeared, only a small black speck
remaining ; the central incisors are slightly triangular in form,
and the tusks are more rounded at the points. The wear of
the corner nippers is much indicated. At ten years of age the
HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 15
central pair of nippers is markedly triangular in shape; the
marks in the center are nearly obliterated, the teeth are longer
and project forward more than in the case of younger horses.
At eleven years of age all the teeth become more triangular in
form, they increase in length, project forward, and the tusks
are greatly rounded at the points. These characteristics have
increased at twelve years of age, and the front corner nippers
are worn away even with the middle pair — the w^ear being less on
the back portion. From thirteen to nineteen years of age the
same general characteristics appear, the shape of the teeth be-
comes more triangular, the nippers are longer and project forward
in an increased degree, and the tushes are round at the points.
If a horse's moiitli ]>iesents exactly the characters which indicate a
certain number of years of growtli, we say tliat it " is — years ; " if
it has not quite Jittained tlie age, it is described as "rising —
years;" if it has passed tlie period and has not yet attained tlie
marlcings of another year, it is counted as"— years off."— Age of
tlie Domestic Animals, Rush S. Huidlioper, M. D.
By the teeth, only, in my judgment, can the age be known certainly f
and by them, certainly, only until the ninth year.— Horse and Horse-
manship ot the United States, Henry William Herbert.
Ag-e of the Horse. Buffon says that the duration of
the life of the horse is, as in all other species of domestic
animals, proportionate to the duration of their period of
growth or increase. The period of increase of the horse con-
tinues throughout four years, and he can live six or seven
times as long ; that is to say twenty-five or thirty years. The
life of mares is ordinarily longer than that of horses. At
ten years of age, if a horse is sound and free from objection-
able habits, he is a safer purchase than one five years of age.
The older horse is less liable to sudden or acute attacks of dis-
ease such as colic, etc., and if properly cared for, is good for
many years of reasonable service.
Albertus Magnus mentions that in his time, 1193-1280, there was an
instance of a charger proving serviceable at the advanced age of
sixty ; and Augustus Nephus says there was a horse in the stable of
Fei-dinand the First, 1503-1564, that had attained the extraordinary
age of seventy years. Tliis is the oldest horse which I have ever
heard of, and, in all i:>robability, the only one on record whicli had
reached that age.— Authentic Anecdotes and Sketches of Horses,
Capt. Thomas Brown, London, 1830.
Ag-e of Trotters. Records show that the trotter and
pacer are longer on the turf than the thoroughbred race-horse.
Forty-one horses have trotted in 2:30 or better at fifteen years
of age ; eleven at sixteen years of age ; sixteen at seventeen
years of age ; seven at eighteen years of age ; one at nineteen
years of age, and one at twenty-one years of age. At
seventeen years of age Goldsmith Maid trotted a mile in 2:14.
Age, Rule of. The National, American and Racing
rules provide that the age of a horse shall be reckoned from
the first day of January of the year of foaling.
16 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Ag'ed. In trotting and running parlance, any horse over
six years of age.
Agistor, Agister. An officer of the royal forests of
England having the care of horses and cattle agistered, and of
collecting the money for the same; one who receives and
pastures horses and cattle for hire ; a law term used in describ-
ing a lien on horses.
Aids in Riding. [Eq.] The hand and the heel are
denominated aids of the rider.
Air Pump. An apparatus for the compression or trans-
mission of air. In the common form the air is given motion
by means of a cylinder and piston. With the use of the
pneumatic sulky the air pump has become a necessity wilh
every driver for inflating the rubber tires of the sulky.
Alfalfa. The Spanish name of lucerne, Medicago sativa.
It is largely used in California as a forage for horses, and
while it does very well for brood mares and youngsters, it is
regarded as a washy grass and affects the kidneys of horses in
training most unfavorably.
Alix. Bay mare, 15.3 hands high, white in the face and
one white hind ankle. Bred by Daniel Hayes, Muscatine,
Iowa, and foaled in 1888. By Patronage, 4148, by Pancoast,
1439 ; dam, Atlanta, by Attorney, 1005, second dam Flint, by
General Hatch, 139, third dam Dolly by a son of imported
Gleucoe. Holding the World's records to the close of 1893,
for one mile by a mare in a race, Washington Park, Chicago,
September 14, 1893, 2:07|; for one mile by a four year old
filly, Nashville, Tenn., November 5, 1892, 2:10; for fastest
first heat in a race, Chicago, 111., September 14, 1893, 2:07|;
fastest fifth heat in a race, Columbus, Ohio, August 25, 1893,
2:09f, and fastest ninth heat in a race, Chicago, 111., Sei3tember
16, 1893, 2:09f.
All Abroad. When a horse jumps cross-legged at the
start, or is in some other way out of form, especially in a run-
ning race, so that he is a long time in recovering, and it is
evident the heat is lost to him at the start, he is said to be
" all abroad."
Allowance. A favor granted a horse, by the rules, on
account of age, sex, or other condition. While penalties are
obligatory, allowances are optional; but if claimed, the claim
should be stated when the entry is made. In all heat races of
the Turf Congress, an allowance of five pounds is made from
the scale of weights ; and in all races excepting handicaps and
those in which the conditions are absolute, fillies and geldings
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 17
two years old are allowed three pounds, and mares and geld-
ings three years old and upward are allowed five pounds before
the first of September of eac/i year, and three pounds after
that date. In a race exclusively for three-year-olds, for in-
stance, the weight to be carried is 122 pounds. Now, if a
horse was entered that had won two races, he would carry 127
pounds; or, in other words, cany a five pound penalty; but if
another horse should enter that had not won a race, it would
carry 115 pounds only, or receive an allowance of seven pounds.
Amble. The j>ace ; said to be the first natural gait of
young colts. In amblingv the horse moves two legs on the
same side at the same time, and Doth feet strike as one; then
the limbs on the other side advance and strike as one, the
strokes — one, two — completing the revolution. In England,
in the time of Edward II, (1807-1327), horses were taught to
amble or pace by the use of trammels made of strong listing,
or irons, which ^\ere attached like chains and fetters, to con-
trol the gait.
Some horses are amblers first, and afterwards learn to trot, and travel
equally well in both paces; indeed, considering the small propor-
tion of horses that fall into this pace, and the record made by them
on the turf, it may be thought to 'have no disadvantage over the
regular trot. It would seem to give great advantage to a short-
bodied horse, as there is no danger ot overreaching. — The Horse in
Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
American Derby. Names of several events in the
United States, which have been maintained with greater or
less regularity for the past thirty years. The first Derby ever
run in this country was at Patterson, N. J., in 1801. In 1863
the Kentucky Derby was established at Lexington, Ky., but it
was not run till 1864, the event taking place at Louisville.
The following is the list of American Derbys : American,
Chicago, 111. ; Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark. ; Brooklyn, Brook-
lyn, N. Y. ; Cony Island, Sheepshead Bay, N. Y. ; Kentucky,
Louisville, Ky. ; Latimer, Covington, Ky. ; Twin City, St. Paul,
Minn. ; Tennessee, Memphis, Tenn. But one American Derby
was run in 1893 — that at Washington Park, Chicago, 111.
American Eclipse. A famous horse in the stud and
upon the turf. Bred by Gen. Nathaniel Coles, Dosoris, L. I.,
N. Y. Foaled May 25, 1811. Chestnut; 15^ hands high,
with star in forehead, near hind foot white ; heavy-set, and
full of bone and muscle. By Duroc, by imported Diomed;
dam. Miller's Damsel, by imported Messenger, by Mambrino,
out of an imported mare by Pot-8-os, son of the famous Eng-
lish Eclipse. He was trained at three years old. Winner of
the great sectional match between the North and South,
2
18 HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF.
against Henry, run over the Union Course, Long Island, N. Y.,
May 27, 182:1, for -^20,000 a side. The first heat (four mile
race) was won by Henry in 7:37| ; the second and third heats
were won by Eclipse in 7:49 and 8:24 respectively. Henry
carried 108 pounds. Eclipse 126 pounds. The measurements
of Eclipse w^ere : Head 23| inches; neck 25 in.; from point
of shoulder to point of buttocks 65| in.; girth 74 in.; around
the arm 21^ in.; below the knee 7| in.; around the tibia 18|
in.: the hock 16f in.; from hip to point of hock 37.^ in.; same
around the flank as the girth 74 in.; same height at hip as at
the withers 61 in. He died in Shelby County, Ky., August,
1847, in the 34th year of his age.
American Newmarket. Monmouth, N. J., has been
called the American Newmarket.
American Phenomenon. An American bred horse
was so called, although his name was Tom Thumb. After
defeating all comers at home he was taken to England, and it
is recorded that on February 2, 1829, on Sudbury Common, he
trotted one hundred miles in ten hours and seven minutes.
This performance was to a match-cart, or gig, built at Albany,
N. Y., by a Mr. Gould, and was probably the first sulky built
in this country. It weighed 160 pounds, and was regarded
too frail for safety.
American Stud Book, (Bruce's). The first volume of
the American Stud Book, edited by Mr. Sanders D. Bruce,
New York, was published in 1873, and the second the same
year; Yol. Ill in 1878; Yol. lY in 1884; Yol. Y in 1888;
Yol. YI in 1894. "I have not attempted," says Mr. Bruce,
"to fix any definite standard of what constitutes a thorough-
bred. It is the custom to call those thoroughbred having five
uncontaminated crosses to a thoroughbred; but none are,
strictly speaking, thoroughbred that do not trace, without con-
taminating blood, to Oriental origin. Many animals are reg-
istered in the sixth volume which connot be traced the requi-
site number of (five) crosses, but public form and producing
excellence justifies their registration." The pedigrees of the
animals are arranged alphabetically, the produce of mares are
indexed, and there is also an index to sires, the mares appear-
ing under their sires. More than thirty thousand animals,
young and old, are recorded.
American Trotting Association. The American
Trotting Association was organized at Detroit, Mich., March 2,
1887, and duly incorporated according to the laws of that
State, March 9, 1887, its object being "to improve the breed
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 19
of horses by promoting the interests of the American trotting
turf." It is managed by a board of five directors, (the presi-
dent and secretary being ex officio members) ; and holds bien-
nial meetings or congresses on the first Tuesday in May. It
has a board of review, board of appeals, has authority to
impose fines and penalties, announce decisions and administer
oaths. In 189o it had eight hundred and six members — a
member being a track, society or association.
Aiiieriean Trotting Reg-ister, (Wallace's). Mr.
John 11. Wallace published the first volume of his American
Stud Book, (devoted to running pedigrees), in 18G7; and the
first volume of the the American Trotting Register in 1872.
With the publication of Vol. IV, in 1882, the pedigrees of
stallions first began to be numbered consecutively, and, to the
end of Vol. XII, (1893), they had reached No. 23,499. Stand-
ard bred mares and geldings are registered alphabetically, and
non-standard animals are also included, (registered alphabet-
ically). Pedigrees of pacers were first included in Vol. X, for
1892, and the work now embraces trotters and pacers. The
twelve volumes published register more than one hundred
thousand pedigrees. TuOlished at Chicago, 111., by the Amer-
ican Trotting Register Association.
American Turf Cong-ress is composed of the nine
jockey clubs in the United States, and the Americo-Mexican
Blood Horse Association of the city of Mexico, S. A. ; and has
for its object " the improvement of the breed, and the devel-
opment of horses through the promotion of the interests of
the American running turf; the prevention, detection and
punishment of fraud thereon, and the adoption of regulations
and rules, to be known as the American Racing Rules, for the
uniform government of racing."
American Year of the English Derby. The year
18S1. The year in which the Derby and the St. Leger were
won by the American horse Iroquois ; the same year in which
the French Derby — the Grand Prix of Paris — was won by the
American horse Foxhall. See Iroquois and Foxhall.
Ankle-cutter. A horse that from faulty conformation,
strikes his ankles, or inside of the fetlock joint, when in
motion, inflicting a wound, is called an " ankle-cutter."
Anterior. Situated to the front ; the head ; opposite of
posterior. Thus the term anterior extremity means the fore-
leg. The head is anterior to the neck, and the neck in turn is
anterior to the back.
Appeals. Rules of the American Trotting Association
20 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
allow appeals to be taken in cases of suspension imposed by
the judges of a race or an officer acting for the member ; and
all decisions and rulings of the judges of any race, and of the
members and proprietors of the Association, may be appealed
to the Board of Review or Board of Appeals, and become sub-
ject to review upon the facts and questions involving the proper
application and interpretation of the rules of the Association.
Appeals. Under the by-laws of the American Trotting
Association, appeals from the decision of the_ judges, members
or officers of members, lie to the Board of Review for that State,
unless the appellant shall in his notice of appeal signify his
desire for it to go to the Board of Appeals, in which case it shall
go direct to such Board ; or unless all parties reside west of the
continental divide, in which event the case shall go to the
Board of Review unless the parties otherwise agree. All
appeals must be taken within ten days from the date of the
decision appealed from, or if from a decision made at a meet-
ing of a member, must be taken before the close of the meeting.
Appeals must be filed with the secretary of the Association,
accompanied with a fee of $5, and also all written evidence in
the case, at least ten days prior to the meeting of the Board to
which the case goes. A fine of |100 is imposed provided all the
terms and rules pertaining to appeals are not complied with.
Appeals, Board of. The Board of Appeals of the
National Trotting Association consists of fifteen members, three
from each of the official districts of the Association, viz.: East-
ern — comprising the New England States and foreign countries ;
Atlantic — com23rising the States of New York, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Virginia, New Jersey, Maryland, and the District of
Columbia; Central — comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana,
West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and
all States south of the southern border of Virginia and Ken-
tucky ; Western — comprising the States of Illinois, Wisconsin,
Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, and Texas, and all the Western
States and Territories not included by name in other districts ;
Pacific — California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Montana,
Colorado, and Idaho. Upon this Board is " conferred the man-
agement, direction, and control of all the business and affairs
of the Association." It has "power to settle all disputes
between members, to hear all complaints, to determine with
whom its corporators shall do business, review and regulate the
manner of reviewing all decisions of the individual corporators,
or of the judges of a race on the track or course of any corpo-
rators, enforce the rules and by-laws and exercise all the power
of the Association." In the American Trotting Association
HANDBOOK OF THE TUllF. 21
the Board of Directors constitutes the Board of Appeals. It
has jurisdiction of all appeals as well as original jurisdiction
to prevent and punish all frauds, abuses and violations of the
by-laws, rules, and regulations of the Association in any man-
ner relating to the course, by fine, suspension, or expulsion of
the offender, but no fine shall exceed $1,000. It has also the
power to relieve horses from erroneous records and correct the
same, and generally has " the power to do justice and prevent
injustice in all cases not specially provided for.
Apple Tree. The quarter-pole or half-mile pole is called
the apple tree by drivers. To " go out round the apple tree,"
is to spin the horse round the course ; to give him an exercise.
Arabian. The Arabian is one of the three great classes
of Oriental horses, the two others being the Turkish and Barb.
The true Arabian is now bred in great purity by the Sultan of
Turkey, and w^hile he is found in various degrees of excellence
in the region from Damascus to the Euphrates, rather than on
the isthmus of Arabia, he is an animal which few Europeans
have ever seen. A sub-race, somewhat larger than the Arabian,
known as the Turk or Turkish horse, is found in Asia Minor
and in portions of European Turkey. In Northern Africa is
found the third branch of the family, and from his home in
the Barbary States is known as the Barb. For several centu-
ries, and indeed still, it has been found in the greatest perfec-
tion among the Moors. Pure Arabians range from fourteen to
fifteen hands high, and they very rarely exceed this standard,
being rather smaU, compact, possessed of great powers of endur-
ance, and capable of going long journeys and continuing longer
without food or water than the more artificially reared horses
of more civilized nations. They are docile, spirited, sagacious,
attached to their masters, active, intelligent, noble.
Arab of the Cloak. In the district of the Nejd on
the border of the desert in Central Arabia, is a family of
horses of great renown descended from a mare of which this
tradition exists : Her owner was once flying from the enemy,
and, being nearly overtaken, he cast off his cloak in order to
relieve his mare of that unnecessary burden. But when, having
distanced his pursuers, he halted and looked around, what was
his surprise to find that his cloak had lodged on the mare's
outstretched tail and still hung there. Ever since, the heroine
of this incident has figured in the unwritten pedigrees of the
desert, as "the Arab of the cloak." All Arabian horses carry
their tails high, and, next to the head and its adjustment, the
tail is the feature which the Arabs consider of highest import-
ance in selecting a horse.
22 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Arm. The humerus or true arm consists of a single
bone situated between the scapula or shoulder-joint and the
bone of the forearm or elbow joint, in an oblique direction
downward and backwards.
Ann-cutting". An injury to the forearm which fre-
quently takes place in consequence of excessive knee action,
upright jDasterns, and a lofty carriage of the head, especially in
cases where the horse has sufficient speed to trot quarters in
thirty-five seconds.
Arrears. That which is behind in payment. By the
rules of the American Turf Congress, arrears include all sums
due for entrance money, subscriptions, stakes, forfeits, fines,
purchase money in races w^ith selling conditions, and any
default incident to the rules. A horse cannot become a starter
in any race until all arrears of whatever nature have been
duly paid.
Articulation. A word meaning the act of putting
together so as to form a joint or joints; the junction of bones.
A term much used in veterinary language for a union of two
bones ; a joint.
Artificial Oaits. The acquired gaits of the horse, as
distinguished from the natural gaits. They are : the amble or
pace, broken amble, running walk or fox-trot, racing gallop,
and their various modifications.
Artist of the Pigskin. A jockey.
Ascot Heath. Seat of the Ascot races, Winkfield,
Berks, England, six miles from Winsor, which were begun by
the Duke of Cumberland, uncle to George III., about 1727.
It was here that the first recorded "bonus of £1000 was added to a stake,
to wit, the Alexandra Plate, a race of three miles for four-year-olds
and upwards, which was inaugurated by the success of the cele-
brated mare Fille de I'Air, the proi)erty of Count de Lagrange.
Since that time the wealtii and the liberality of the Eoyal meeting
liave increased 7>a/'i 2>«^ss/t, till in these days so great is the value of
the prizes, so great the prestige which attaches, to the winning
thereof, that all which is most excellent in liorseliesh, most
ambitious in ownership, is annually attracted to that favored spot.
The Badminton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire.
Assistant Starter. Under the American racing rules
the starter, with the approval of the officers of the course, may
appoint assistant starters, but should they strike a horse at the
post, or use ungentlemanly language towards the jockeys, the
judges have power to impose a fine.
Asterisk. (*) The asterisk or star, in the American
Trotting Register, denotes that the performances were made
against time, to distinguish them from race records. In Ches-
ter's Trotting and Pacing Record it denotes that the time made
was over a short track, and is a bar, not a record.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 23
Asthma. Is closely allied to heaves or broken wind,
but is less continuous and more paroxysmal. It is generally
believed to be due to spasm of the small circular muscles that
surround the bronchial tubes, and its continued existence leads
to a paralysis of them. It is legal unsoundness.
Assuiiiert Names. The American racing rules allow
persons to subscribe or enter under an assumed name, but their
real and full names must be registered with the clerk of the
course, and such persons cannot enter or subscribe in any other,
until they resume their own names or register another
assumed name. The real or assumed name of any person who
runs, or, within twenty years, has run horses in the United
States, shall not be registered.
Atavism. Taking back. The return to an early or
original type by its modified descendants; reversion, through
the influence of heredity, to ancestral characters ; resemblance
to some remote ancestor, exhibited by an animal or individual.
Attention. Station ; the attitude of a horse when
awaiting command. In this position he has his head and
neck raised; ears pricked forward; the profile of his face at
an angle of about 45 deg. to the ground, and at about a right
angle to the upper line of the neck — the crest ; the weight pro-
portionately distributed on all four limbs ; and, as a rule, the
fore foot of one side not so far advanced as its fellow, and its
hind foot more to the front than the other hind foot.
Aubin. [Eng.] A moderate gallop or canter.
Averag'e Time. If the timers of a race catch the time
of a heat which is found to vary in comparison, the average
time taken is that which is usually hung out.
Axle. The arm or spindle on which a wheel revolves,
or which forms the axis of the wheel and revolves with it.
The axle of a sulky, carriage or wagon wheel, is the round arm
of the axle-bar or axletree which is inserted in the nave or hub
of the wheel, but the name is frequently applied to the com-
plete axletree. Burgess, in his work on Coach Building, says
the commonest kind of an oil axle is called the mail, because
the peculiar mode of fastening was first used in the mail
coaches. Axle-bar — The bar of an axletree. Axle-box — The
box which contains the bearings for the arm of an axle ; the
bushing or metal lining of the hub which forms the rotatory
bearing of the axle of a sulky or carriage. Axle-socket. — A
section of seamless steel tubing in the ends of which are fitted
brass bushings made of interior dimensions of different sizes
to fit any make or size of axle, and to which is attached the
24 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
upper ends of the wheel-forks used in changing an axle of the
high wheel sulky to a sulky receiving the pneumatic w^heel.
Axletree — A bar or beam fixed crosswise under the body of a
vehicle, having rounded axles at the ends for a pair of wheels
to revolve upon.
Baby. A pet term used in describing a young colt.
Train and educate the colts early — to halter, to bit, to harness ;
handle them, teach them, let them become accustomed to your
presence. Baby trotter — A term applied to a colt under two
years old accustomed to the training track.
Back. That portion of the spinal column to which the
ribs are attached. Bounded in front by the withers ; behind
by the loins ; on each side by the ribs.
Back. The walk extended backw^ards.
Back End. [Eng.] The last two months of the racing
season. A "back ender" is a horse which appears on the race
course at the end of the season.
Backing". Gibbing. A disagi-eeable form of restive-
ness, and when so fixed as to have become a habit is a serious
vice.
Back Sinews. The flexor tendons or cords wiiich form
the posterior line of the limb between the knee and the fetlock
of the fore leg, and between the hock and the fetlock of the
hind leg.
Back Strap. The back band of a harness extending
from the saddle to the crupper. With the surcingle and bridle,
it is used in giving the colt his first lessons in education.
Back Stretch. That part of a race track which is
opposite to the home stretch ; the back side of an oval course ;
the place where patrol judges are stationed during a heat or
race.
Badminton. The seat of the Duke of Beaufort, K. G.,
at Cheltenham, Wiltshire, England; and name given to the
volumes of the Library of Sports and Pastimes, including Rac-
ing, Riding, Driving, edited by him.
Baked; Burnt; Grain Burnt. A horse that does
not sweat-out easily and freely after sufficient exercise, is said
to be " baked " or " burnt." It is very rarely a constitutional
defect, and is generally due to having been overfed with grain.
Balance ; Balanced Action. The harmonious action
of the front and hind limbs of the horse ; to go smooth. It
seems to be one of the mechanical peculiarities of rapid trot-
26 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
ting action, that the hind stroke should overreach the front
stride. This is the prolific cause of the manifold interferences
between the hind and front ]3airs of limbs and feet. It is
plain, however, that if the body is balanced and the action
equally balanced, then no interference can take place. But it
is a difficult matter to accomplish, because the individuality of
each animal is so unlike. Some horses are long, low striders ;
some are high, short striders ; some require heavy, some light
shoes; some require bar, some open shoes; some, shoes that
are concave on the ground surface ; some, flat shoes ; some, roll-
ing-motion shoes to quicken the action in front; some need
toe-weight shoes to lengthen the stride ; some long toes, others
short ones. These are peculiarities which must be determined
by the owner and driver. By balancing the hoofs is not meant
to make them of precisely the same size, as very often, espe-
cially in case of the front feet, one, usually the off one, is the
larger. But the foot is balanced when, taking the center of
the cleft of the frog as the base line, the outer margin of the
wall, at points equidistant from the leveled heels, measures
precisely alike on both sides.
Balk ; Balking- ; Balky. A check or defeat ; to stop
short and obstinately refuse to move ; a vice.
Ball. A horse or nag, originally white-faced; used
appellatively like dun, bayard.
Ball. A dose of medicine; a form in which certain
kinds of medicines are administered. They are cylindrical in
shape, two inches in length and about three-fourths of an inch
in diameter, and are generally wrapped in tissue paper when
administered. It is the best form in which to administer
medicine when it is extremely disagreeable, when the dose is
not too large, when the horse is hard to drench, and when the
medicine is intended to act slowly.
Ball Bearing's. Practically perfect spheres, rolled-
forged from tool steel, hardened and burnished for the axle-
bearings of sulkies. The sizes chiefly used are 4-16, 5-16 and
3-8 of an inch. From twenty to twenty-four are placed in the
cone of each hub.
it is the ball bearing itself that is most instrnnieTital in reducing the
friction, and, consequently, the power required to propel the vehi-
cle; but tlie pneumatic tire also contributes very materially to the
general result, inasmuch as, to a great extent, "it makes a rougli
road smooth by equalizing small obstructions with mucli less con-
cussion than tlie ordinary wlieel. The tires and non-friction bear-
ings have brouglit a great revolution in the sulky and in speed.
Balling-up. The filling of the shoe with snow, damp
earth or mud.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 27
Bandages. Strips of linen, cotton or flannel used to
swathe the legs of the horse. They should be from three to
four inches wide, and of sufficient length to wrap the leg round
from the lower part of the fetlock to the under part of the
knee or hock, the folds overlapping, and be provided with two
strings sewn on to one end, by which the folds may be tied
and secured in their places. It is quite an art to put on band-
ages properly, especially where a horse has to take his work in
them. First have the bandage rolled up smoothly, and com-
mence a little below the knee, or hock, winding it carefully so
that there are no creases, till you reach the coronet ; then go
back with another fold, till you come back above the place
where you commence, and tie v^ith the same care, keeping the
strings flat as they cross over each other, and fasten. It is a
good plan to have oiled silk or rubber material for wrapping
outside the bandages used for applying liniment, to prevent
them from drying up. The purposes served by bandages are :
To support the legs, their tendons, blood vessels and synovial
vessels ; to dry and keep the legs warm ; to protect them from
injury, and by means of which to apply lotions and hot and
cold water.
Bar. An obstruction ; to exclude. Time taken on any
track is a bar, whether made on a short track or one full
measurement, or whether on a free or an association track.
Time made under the saddle, or on snow or ice, is a bar for
races of the same character only ; but time made to wagon is a
bar or record, as the case may be, in races of every character.
If it should appear, upon investigation, that any record was
fraudulently obtained, it is not a record, but a bar. If a race
takes place upon a track where no purses or prizes are con-
tested for, and where no admission is taken at the gate, time
made is a bar, provided judges are appointed and time made
is announced. If there are no judges and no time announced,
time made is not a record. In making entries, time previously
made is a bar to admission in a class slower than the one in
which the horse is to be entered.
Bar. Except. The word bar is used instead of the com-
mon compound form, "debar." When a bookmaker says "ten
to one bar one," he means that he will lay ten to one against
any horse, bar (that is, except) one.
Bar Bit. The plain, straight mouth-piece of a bridle,
connecting the checks. Used with straight or curved bars on
the Liverpool slide principle, and operated on the jointless
Pelham plan, but differs in construction. It is said that the
2S HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
bar, where the guards i^ass through the end of it, slips up and
down, having a play of about half an inch, which eases the
mouth when the reins are slackened, by letting the bit slip
down from the pressure on the corners of the mouth.
Bars of the Hoof. The portions of the wall of the
hoof which are turned inward at the heels, and run more or
less parallel to the sides of the frog, along the inner border of
the sole.
Bars of the Mouth. The continuations of the two
bones of the lower jaw, on each side, between the back, or
corner teeth, and the tushes. It is on these that the bit rests.
Bars of the Tree. The narrow front portions or side-
pieces connecting the j)omel and cantle of a saddle.
Bar Plate. While the American racing rules do not
allow a horse to start in a race in ordinary or training shoes,
and while they give the judges authority to rule off a horse if
started in shoes, they do allow bar plates to be used, with the
consent of the judges.
Bar Shoes. [Law]. If bar shoes are required to
enable a horse to do his ordinary work, it is regarded as an
unsoundness.
Barb. The horse of the Barbary States — Tunis, Tripoli,
Fez, Algiers and Morocco, all lying on the northern coast of
Africa to the west of Egypt. The Barb is not as tall as the
Arabian, seldom standing more than 14.2 hands high; but in
other respects is acknowledged to be superior to the Arabian
in all points of external conformation. The barb blood
brought into Spain during the Moorish wars so improved the
Spanish horses that for several centuries they were considered
the best riding horses of Europe.
Barrel. The body of the horse ; the space between the
back and the stomach. A large, barrel-shaped body is evi-
dence of a horse's possession of good health and high powers
of endurance ; it is, therefore, a sign that he is sound.
I would regard roundness of barrel behind the girths ; deptli of body,
(as compared to length of body), in the center of tlie back, and
being well ribbed up, as the great signs, in conformation, of a
horse hav^ing good breatliing power.— The Points of the Horse,
M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C. V. S.
Bay. The best, most desirable and most fashionable
color of the horse. Such a color indicates the best blood, the
highest breeding. Bay, black from the knees and hocks to
the feet, no white markings, is almost invariably the first
choice of the purchaser. The color is so called from its resem-
blance to that of dried bay leaves.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 29
Bearing? Rein. The check-rein ; the rein by which tlie
head of the horse is held in place, and by which it is partially
controlled.
Beaten. To lose in a race. " When you are beaten, stop
riding," says Sidney in the Book of the Horse; "don't punish
your horse to win second or third jilace."
One of John Turner's strong points is that when he is beaten and he
knows it, he stops punislung liis horse right there, and instead of
wearing hini out trying to do something impossible, saves liim for
another day.— Life "with tlie Trotters, Jolin Sphin.
Beauty. Gracefulness, pleasing proportions ; an outline
which delights the eye.
Beauty of form is never lost sight of in the constrnetion of the horse;
and even great sacrifices of mechanical power are made to maintain
graceful lines, and that general contour of form that gave to him
his matchless beauty — beauty so great that to the eye of a super-
ficial observer it is difflc\dt to decide whetlier it is subordinate to
strength or conversely. Both are developed in a perfect horse to
such a degree that he has been a favorite theme of poets and paint-
ers since aesthetic culture has had a place in the history of our race.
—The Horse in Motion, J. I). B. Stillnian.
Bedding". Litter : the material of which a bed is made
for a horse, in his stall or box. Wheat and rye straw are the
best materials for bedding. They are better than oat straw,
because stronger, tougher, and more easily spread. ' From eight
to ten potinds of straw per day furnishes a good bed. Sawdust
answers very well for a bedding in summer, but in winter
should only be used when covered on top with a layer of straw.
Sawdust is also used in cases where horses have the bad habit
of eating the straw used as bedding. In town stables peat-
moss, or moss-litter is largely used. It is a powerful deodorizer
and absorbent, makes a soft, elastic bed, and is not eaten, as a
rule, even by the most inveterate bedding-eating horse. Its use
keeps the feet soft, and it is said that horses bedded with it
never require to have their feet " stopped." It is found abund-
antly in countries on the European continent, whence it is
imported to England and this country.
Bell. The trotting rules require that the bell from the
judges' stand shall be rung ten minutes previous to the time
announced for the race or heat to take place. If the word is
not given, all the horses in a heat shall immediately turn at
the tap of the bell, when scoring, and jog back for a fresh start.
Bell. In the time of James I., of England, 1603-1625,
the race courses were called bell courses, the prize being a
silver bell. The winner was said to bear or carry the bell.
The first bells awarded as prizes for goodness in horses in
Britain were wooden, trimmed with flowers, and were given to
the winners in the train-scents, so called from the body of some
animal which had previously been drawn across hedge and
30 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
ditch. The scent being certain and strong, the hounds would
run upon it with terrible speed, and the matched horses fol-
lowed them. These wooden bells were replaced by silver ones,
and were given " to him who should run the best and fleetest
on horseback on Shrove Tuesday." Hence the phrase <' bear-
ing away the bell." In 1607 this silver bell was replaced by a
small, golden bell. In 1-552 there was an arrangement for an
annual horse race at Haddington, Scotland, the prize being a
silver bell. These silver bells were subsequently replaced by
plates, called king's plates, donated by the king, of the value of
one hundred guineas.
Belly. The abdomen ; the large cavity which contains
the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, bladder, etc., of
the horse ; the underneath portion of the body which is not
covered by bone.
Bellies of the Tree. The broad boards of the saddle
on which the rider sits.
Bent Before. When the fore legs of the horse are bent
forward at the knee, he is said to be " bent before." This may
proceed from overwork or from pain in the feet, resulting from
contraction, inflammation, etc., but it more frequently proceeds
from flat feet. In such cases the animal is unsound. When
the profile of the fore legs has a deviation of anything more
than the very slightest, it is a blemish.
Bet. To pledge as a forfeit to another who makes a
similar pledge in return, on a future contingency ; a stake ;
a wager.
Betting" Round. Laying fairly and equally against
nearly all the horses in a race so that no great risk can be
taken.
Bezoar Stones. Calculi concretions ; hair-balls. For-
eign bodies or substances found in the stomach and bowels of
the horse and other domestic animals. They are sometimes
round, solid concretions, the size of a turkey's egg, of a lime-
stone nature, composed of a number of concentric coats or
laminae, each adhering, but, when broken, peeling off in distinct
pieces. Their outsides are generally jjolished and perfectly
smooth. They originate from some matter taken into the
stomach which the animal has not been able to digest. What
are known as triple - phosphate calculi are very common in
horses, especially if they are fed much on shorts. Dr. Noah
Cressy of Connecticut took a mixed calculi from a horse in
Vermont, which caused its death, that weighed thirteen ounces,
measured four inches in diameter, and was so large that it
could not pass the bowels.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 31
B. h. These letters, in a summary of a race, following
or preceding the name of the animal, denote "bay horse."
Big'-g'aitecl. A term used to describe a long-striding
horse, one which has a sweeping gait, going wide apart behind,
and moving strong but easy with every step.
Bike. Used, for short, to distinguish the pneumatic
sulky from the high wheel sulky ; contraction for bicycle.
Billets. The ends of the reins or of the check-pieces of
the bridle, which buckle on to the bit.
Bishopiiig. The method employed by gyps and unprin-'
cipled dealers to change the appearance of the incisors of the
lower jaw, to make the horse seem younger than it really is — a
method which can only deceive buyers who are ignorant of the
horse's mouth. The art consists in giving to the tables or sur-
face of the teeth an artificial cup of a dark color. The teeth
are first filed even, and a new cup is made by the aid of a grav-
ing instrument, which is blackened by the point of a white-hot
iron or the use of nitrate of silver. The trick is seldom
effected in a natural manner, for the mark is of a brownish hue
rather than black, and, moreover, a ring toi a lighter color
encircles it, occasioned by the heat of the instrument employed.
The tushes are generally filed down to point them and make
them appear fresh and small, like those of a horse five years of
age, as this is the age " bishopers " all try to imitate — but the
work may be detected by the unnatural shape and roughened
surface.
A cant term made use of by farriers' jockies, by which they mean the
unfair practices wliich are made nse of to conceal the age of an old
horse or the ill properties of a bad one. — A Dictionary of Farriery,
J. Hunter, London, 1796.
This name is derived from the name of an English body-snatching mis-
creant. Bishop, who used to sell the teetli of his murdered or
exhumed corpses to dentists for the refitting ujo old mouths. — Tricks
and Traps of Horse Dealers, Henry AVilliam Herbert.
Bit. The metal part of a bridle which is inserted in
the mouth of a horse, with the appendages, rings, side-pieces,
etc., to which the reins are fastened. The bit rests against the
bars of the lower jaw, those parts of the jaw where there are
no teeth — that is, between the corner incisors and the tusks.
They are used for controlling the horse according to his own
peculiar disposition and the service required of him. As a
general rule, horses requiring bits of extraordinary severity or
power are either naturally vicious, or were spoiled when being
educated to the bit. Bits may be described under two classes :
Standard, or those for general use; and special, or those for
particular horses and purposes. The former embrace those for
road, driving, coach and park uses ; and the latter those used
32 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. .
in handling, training or driving trotting and racing horses.
The first class is much the smaller, comprising those standard
bits which have been used unchanged for more than a quarter
of a century, and are still so well adapted to their purposes as
to be incapable of improvement. The second class is charac-
terized by great variety. As has been said, doubtless with
much truth, that nearly every horse on the course or turf
requires a different bit, it will readily be seen how the various
forms and peculiarities of bit now in use, have an excuse for
their being. A great driver uses a bit of some novel form for
a great horse, and it at once becomes adopted by other drivers,
and upon horses of supposed similar peculiarities of mouth or
disposition. This is one reason for the increase in the number
of bits of diverse patterns. Again, different bits are required
for hard or tender mouths, for tongue lollers, for side pullers,
for horses having peculiar dispositions or odd ways of going-
special to their own individuality, and this calls for bits of
different form or bearing, designed for the particular service the
horse is performing. Under these two classes, only the lead-
ing bits, those best known and most popular among the great
trainers, drivers and riders, are named, with a brief description
of their characteristics. I. Bnr. Straight bar with guards ;
Bridoon or Avatering, a plain jointed bar with small side rings ;
Bridoon, with half guards; Bridoon, with double joint and
half guards; Carriage, with bar for curb and bearing rein;
Carriage bit and bridoon, with arched bar for the play of the
tongue; Cavalry or military, a powerful, severe bit, has an
arched bar and single rein; Cavalry (U. S. Army) bit and
bridoon, has two bits, a curb, two reins; Common snaffle,
straight bar and single jointed; Double-jointed snaffle for
hard pullers; Double-barred snaffle, similar in action to the
double pantogTaph ; Expansion snaffle, opening in the center of
the bar; Liverpool with straight or curved bar and sliding
attachment; Mexican ring, a severe, cruel bit, the ring hard
and unyielding, pressing on the roof of the mouth, the bar hav-
ing two or three tags similar to a mouthing bit ; Mouthing, a
jointed bar having three tags, and also a straight bar with from
six to ten pendants or tags ; Plain snaffle, stiff or jointed bar
with guards or half guards; Plain jointed snaffle, with crest
strap; Pelham, a plain or jointed bar, the joint more of a
hinge than a loop ; Pantograph snaffle, a double barred bit, the
joints unequal, making a double converging action ; Shifting,
the bar having a shifting motion across the mouth from side
to side, as one or the other rein is drawn, and acting like a
gag ; Wire snaffle, of twisted wire, thin, sharp and rough. II.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 33
1: Driving — Allertoii, a steel jointed snaffle, rubber covered;
Allie Wilkes, rawhide covered with pork rind, for a tender
mouth; Adjustable curb, curb overdraw; Axtel, rawhide,
covered with leather ; Baldwin, a straight bar with half guards
for pullers and side pullers; Britt, bar bit for pullers; Case's
easy check, with chin rest; Cribbing bit; Cribbing and wind
sucking, for preventing wind sucking and cribbing ; Crit Davis,
overcheck, with loop bar to prevent lugging; Colby, leather,
with adjustable nose band; Colt mouthing; Chain, a plain
chain mouth-bit with rings ; Dexter, jointed bar, or stiff, plain
I'ing W' ith no cheek-piece ; Double-bar, overcheck, to prevent lug-
ging; Dan Mace snaffle; Ellis' all-leather, overcheck; Fair-
banks check, leather covered ; Four-ring ; Furlong, for pullers ;
Flexible, rubber track, a wrought chain, rubber covered;
Golden, plain bar, half guards ; Hanscom, flexible mouth-bit,
leather covered; Henry check, plain bar; Hercules rubber, a
double jointed snaffle, rubber covered, with half guards;
Imperial, for tongue lolling; J. I. C, wath double bar, half
guards ; Leather, leather covering a w^rought chain ; Lever over-
check, to prevent pulling; Lindsey humane, with chain rest
and overdraw check attachment ; Magic safety, adjustable bar
with rings ; Miles' sensible controlling, for tongue lollers ;
Merriam's pulley; Ne Plus Ultra, a double arched bar;
Nodine, rubber covered, with half guards ; Perfection, jointed
snaffle and double bar, for pullers and tongue lollers; Plain
overcheck, plain or jointed, with rings; Racine, double bar;
Rockwell; Rowley Spring, rubber covered; Prof. Sanborn's
controlling, jointed bar, wdth ball, and inside rings for nose
band ; Squires' Hercules, a double-jointed snaffle ; Springsteen,
a hinge-bar, with extra rings for overcheck, the hinge not
allowing the check-pieces to come close together; Sloat's
automatic curb; Squires' humane driving; Stalkers' breaking;
Tongue lolling, a stiff bar with center pad, rubber covered;
Victor, jointed snaffle for side pullers ; W., mouth bit for pul-
lers; Wilson, four-ring, with plain joint, or middle joint;
Woodmansee, for pullers. 2 : Riding — Burgess' combination,
a double jointed bit with half guards ; Dan Mace, hand forged
steel, plain bar; Daniels' English steel port; English riding
bridoon ; Frost's rubber covered ; Kentucky racking, curved
cheek; Norton bit; Pelham, jointed bar; Rockwell, jointed
snaffle; WHiitman riding; Wilson, single or double joint,
buckle overchecks, and cheeks with small rings. 3 : Coach
hits — Balloon check, sliding mouth; Buxton, sliding mouth,
loose cheek; Duke's bend; Hanoverian, both stiff and loose
check, Avrought bar, two loops ; Liverpool, sliding mouth ; Pul-
3 ■
34 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
ley bridoon. 4 : Gig hit — Squirrel-tail style, stationary cheek.
5: Miscellaneous — Burton's drenching bit for administering
medicines ; Green's operating bit, having an adjustable double-
bar, with sliding side-pieces fastened by set-screws, to hold the
jaws open while performing operations.
The bit has a wide field in botli its general use and in its individual
operations, wliich, in tlie saddle horse's mouth, is or should be
magical. Every horse we see employed, has a bit in his mouth;
every race is lost and won with the bit, and under its management
millions of dollars a year change hands. It plays its part in all the
equine feats, interests and operations in every land, whether
civilized or barbaric, in both peace and war, and in the truck, cart,
car and agricultiiral interests it plays its most humble, yet impor-
tant part. While in war. a nation might as well lay dow"^!) its arms
as to relinquish the bit.— The Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby.
Bit and Bridoon. A double bridle. The bridle has
two distinct bits — the curb bit and the bridoon bit. If one bit
or rein should break there is one of each left. Each bit has a
separate headstall, and to each bit there is a separate rein. A
martingale is used with this bridle, and so looped on the over-
lapping girth that both girths shall fit tight to the horse. A
perfect bit for pleasure riding. The bridoon rein on which the
martingale hangs is less than an inch wide, but its strength
corresponds with the power used wdth it in holding the horse
up while riding in ordinary, lifting him at the leap, or in bear-
ing the strain of the martingale if necessarily short. Col.
Battersby says of it that " for use on the road or in the park, it
is the embodiment of perfection, and can never be improved
upon or surpassed."
Bitting" Rig". The bitting rig for gentling and educat-
ing young colts consists of bridle, saddle or surcingle, and
crupper. The bit should be the plain, jointed snaifle, and the
bridle will have the ordinary side check.
Bitting, Good. The characteristics of good bitting are
lightness, accuracy, easy motion and a total absence of stiff-
ness, constraint or painful action. If these be attained as the
result of careful handling and correct education, ready obedi-
ence to the rider's hand and heel will be the result.
Blanket. See Clothing.
Blaze. A white spot on the face of a horse of dark
color.
Blemish. A defect; any mark or imperfection which
impairs beauty or diminishes value. Among the blemishes in
the exterior of the horse are : Enlargements upon the limbs
which do not impede the horse in his work, like curby hocks ;
roach back; scars from wounds or sores; bald places on the
skin, and the profile of the fore legs when they have a devia-
tion forward of anything more than the very slightest.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF. 35
Blind. A hood so constructed that it will cover the eyes
of a horse if he attempts to run ; a piece of horse clothing.
Blind Bridle. A bridle having blinders or side-pieces
to protect the horse's eyes.
Blinkers. Blinders, blinds, blinkers, winl«3rs; the
leather flaps placed at the sides of a horse's head, and attached
to the bridle or headstall, to prevent him from seeing sidewise
or backward.
For the bugsry, cart, ear, stage, wagon, truck and general business
lioi'se they are unnecessary. In tlie (uiiriage or park horse, wanted
for shower fashion, tliey may be used, as tliey admit of crest or
ornament, and set off the horse and liarness in fine style. — The
Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby.
Blindness in a horse constitutes an unsoundness.
Bl'k. c, bl'k h., or bl'k m., in a summary of a race, pre-
ceding the name of the horse, indicate black colt, black horse
and black mare, respectively.
Blood. The use of this word, or term, signifies more or
less of pure descent from animals of the English stud-book, or
from high-cast Arabs, or the great sires of the American bred
trotting and running horse.
Blood and Bog- Spavins usually produce lameness,
and both constitute unsoundness.
Blood Lines. Explained by the quotation :
The brood mares at tlie Browne farm are standard under the highest
rule that has yet been formulated. They are either the possessors
of records of 2:30 or better tliemselves, have produced a 2:30 trotter,
or are out of mares to wliich the same distinction attaclies; and
when it is said that every one of them— 100 per cent.— comes under
tills head, the high standard of the form in regard to blood lines is
seen.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Blow ; Blow Ont. Labored breathing ; to let a horse
get his wind after a heat. Occasionally a horse will do it in
five minutes, they are good ones ; others will be from a half
to three-quarters of an hour. Some horses, those of strong,
perfect wind, show no labored respiration after a heat. Charles
Marvin says of one he drove : " She cooled out to please me
and did not blow in the least."
Blue Bull. The great pacing sire of trotters ; the phe-
nomenon of trotting-horse history. He was bred by Elijah
Stone, Stone's Crossing, Johnson County, Indiana. Foaled in
Switzerland County, Ind., in 1854. By Pruden's Blue Bull, by
Herring's Blue Bull; dam Queen, by Young Selim, second
dam unknown. "A plebeian of the plebeians." He w^as chest-
nut in color, and stood a trifle over 15 hands high. He died,
the property of James Wilson, Rushville, Ind., eluly 11, 1880.
He was wonderfully fast at the pacing gait, and even after
36 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
having been crippled, could show gi'eat flights of speed — pac-
ing quarters in oO seconds. He stands second only to the
greatest of trotting sires, although it is not known that he
could trot a step, nor that he inherited a drop of trotting
blood. For many years he figured as the sire of more trotters
than any horse that ever lived, and it was only during 1887,
three years before his death, that he yielded the honor to
George Wilkes.
Blue Grrass. The Poa pratensis of botanists, otherwise
known as June gi-ass, green meadow grass, common spear
grass, smooth-stalked meadow grass. It accommodates itself
to a wide range of climate, soil and other conditions, and is
found in Great Britain, Asia and Australia. Prof. W. J. Beal,
of the Michigan Agricultural College, says, in his " Grasses of
North America," that " frequent experiments and careful study
by botanists, prove that the Kentucky blue grass and June
grass of the Northern States are identical — one and the same.
It stands at the head of the list of cultivated grasses, and
repeated analyses show it to be nearly twice as nutritious,
weight for weight, as timothy ; but it attains its highest lux-
uriance and perfection as a pasture grass. It requires about
three years to become well established, but makes a firm sod
and bears close and heavy grazing."
Blue Orass Region ; Blue Grass Trotters. Ap-
plied to the State of Kentucky, and to Kentucky horses.
Blue Ribbon of the Turf . The English Derby. The
highest honor within the bestowal of the Crown of England
is the Knighthood of the Garter, and the insignia of the Gar-
ter is a blue ribbon. Noblemen and wealthy or influential
commoners have striven their utmost to obtain this crowning
honor ; but none of them have used more energy, skill or dar-
ing than has been applied during the last thirty years to the
winning of the greatest honors of the turf. Admiral Rous,
who was president of the Jockey Club from 1848 to 1860, is
credited with applying the name " blue ribbon " to the winner
of the Derby, and the name was accepted. Mr. Louis Henry
Curzon's history of the Derby, published in London in 1890,
under the title, " The Blue Ribbon of the Turf," was printed
with blue ink.
ACter the Derby Day, in 1848, Avhicli was Avon by Surplice, formerly
owned by L(")rd Charles Bentinck, Lord Beaconsfield— Mr. Benjamin
D'Israeli — made celebrated the "superb groan" that esciaped ihe
lips of Lord Charles on hearing of the victory of this colt— whicii
lie had formerly owned and then so ruefully regretted having
parted with, so long had he been eager to win the Derby, whicii
honor he never obtained. Beaeonstield was endeavoring to sym-
pathize with Lord Bentinck on his sorrow, in the library of 'the
HANDBOOK OF THE TUUF. 37
House of Commons, and the lattei* moaned out : " You do not know
what the Derby is." "Yes 1 do," iei)lied Beaoonsliekl, " it is the
blue ribbon of the turf."— Tlie Blue Ribbon of the Turf, Louis Henry
Curzon.
Body-wash. A preparation used as a body-bath for
the trotter alter he has been given work. The forniuhi gen-
erally used is: Compound soap liniment, sixteen ounces;
liquid ammonia, two ounces ; tincture cantharides, tw^o ounces ;
tincture opium, two ounces ; mix and add about two ounces of
this preparation to one pint of water and one pint of Pond's
Extract of Witch-hazel. After the horse has come in from
work, scrape quickly, wash as above, rub the loins and muscles
of the shoulders, and put on his clothing according to the
weather.
Bolt. To swallow hurriedly without chewing. AVhere
horses are addicted to this habit, Dr. James Law recommends
that they be given a little hay, to appease hunger, before being
fed grain.
Bolt. To spring aside or away, suddenly. A horse
that bores to one side, or out of the line the rider wishes to
take, is called a bolter. By the racing rules, if a horse bolts
or leaves the course, he must turn back and run the course
from the point at which he left it. When bolting results from
defective vision, or a rush of blood to the head, it renders the
horse unsound.
Bones. The total number of bones entering into the
skeleton of the horse is 189, viz. : In the vertebral column,
44 ; head, 28 ; thorax, 37. In the following parts of the skel-
eton, which are called the double regions, the bones are the
same in number on each side, and in the enumeration the
total number is given, viz. : Shoulder, 2 ; arm, 2 ; forearm, 4 ;
fore foot, 32 ; pelvis, 2 ; thigh, 2 ; leg, 6.
Bone Spavin in the hock is unsoundness, and a breach
of warranty, though not producing lameness at the time, or
even for years after.
Book-maker. One who makes a book on a race, or
other contingent event. In betting, there are two parties —
one called " layers," as the book-makers are termed, and the
others called "bookers," or "bookies," in which class may be
included owners of horses, as well as the public. The backer
takes the odds which the book-maker lays against a horse, the
former speculating upon the success of the animal, the latter
upon its defeat. Taking the case of Cremorne, for the Derby
of 1872, just before the race, the book-maker would have laid
three to one, or, perhaps, $5,000 to $1,500 against him, by
38 HAN"DBOOK OF THE TURF.
which transaction, if the horse won, as he did, the backer
would win -f 5,000 for risking $1,500, and the book-maker lose
the ^5,000 which he risked to win the smaller sum.
Past Epsom's spring, again we try
Our luck wiMi bookies and witli horses
On yet another field, wliere lie
Tlie mysteries of the Guineas' courses.
— Bird 'o Freedom.
Boots. Protective coverings for the hoof and leg of the
horse, designed to guard them against injury from cutting,
overreaching, or interfering when in motion. From the plain,
simple quarter boot or scalper of 1870, to the more than two
hundred patterns of artistically made and ingeniously contrived
combination boots of the present day, the evolution has been
rapid, varied, and remarkable ; and the universality of their
use may be inferred from the fact that one single house in
Boston alone, sells more than $10,000 worth annually of the
various patterns. Boots are used on both the racing and trot-
ting ttirf, and no stable is complete without an outfit sufficient
for every horse and for all emergencies. Among the leading
types are : Ankle ; ankle and shin ; ankle and speedy cut ; ankle
with heel extension ; arm ; arm and knee ; calking ; coronet ;
double shin ; double shin and ankle ; elbow ; elastic compress ;
elastic kn tickler ; heel ; hinged knee, shin, and ankle ; hock ;
hoof and speedy cut ; knee ; knee, shin, and ankle ; knee and
arm; loaded, or weighted; passing; pastern; quarter; ring;
running ; scalping ; shin ; shin, ankle, and speedy cut ; soaking ;
swivel ; toe ; toe and speedy cut. Under each of these leading
forms are numerous ingenious combinations adapted for
horses of peculiar conformation or erratic gait which cannot be
well described. They are made of French calfskin, felt. Ker-
sey, cording, elastic shirring, and buckskin, according to the
ditt'erent purposes for which they are used. Boots are very
necessary for colts when thej^ are being gaited, and when the
gait is established they may for a time be left off with safety ;
although very few trotters are able to dispense with them
entirely, while many of them could not be used on the turf at
all except for these appliances.
No liorse or colt will fall to liitching and hobbling if l)e is properly pro-
tected with boots, unless he is sore or over-hurried. Because
we boot a colt is no reason for supposing tliat we Iviiow he will
strike himself. They are used as a safeguard — as a precaution
against possible accidents and injuries that may come to the tmest-
gaited and most honest of horses; and it gives the horse confidence
to strike out fearlessly. No judicious or experienced trainer will
ever attempt to work "colts witliout first iiroperly booting them. —
Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
A horse may go for a njonlh or a year and never Idt himself, and then
some day he may step in a hole or some other accident befall him,
and for "the want of a boot in the proper place ixiin him as a race
horse. No horse should ever he driven without shin boots on the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 39
hind legs. Very few, if any, horses can go witliont scalpers. I
think it absolutely necessary tliat a horse should have quarter
boots. Some horses wear knee and arm boots, a few wear elbow
boots, and still others have to wear what is called a brisket x^ad ;
and if a horse shows a disposition to liit himself in any i)lace the
lirst thinjr 1o do is to have him properly booted. After ii horse has
hurt himself a few times he ^ets tinud and won't try to extend him-
self.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Boots are absolutely necessary with horses that habitually interfere,
and with colts whose peculiarities in this respect an? unknown,
and with all horses doing strong work. They should l)e worn up to
the time they start for a race. It may also be sometimes necessary
to put them on in the stable in case of horses that are restive when
being groonu'd, ajit to throw their legs about, paw, and otherwise
incur tlie risk of accident. They must tit the leg, and the buckles
imist not be drawn too tightly so as to impede the circulation or
fray the skin. They should be" always kept clean and dry.— How to
Train the Racehorse, Col. R. ^yarbul•tou.
Boring". A habit with some horses of carrying the head
too low, or too far out to one side, at the same time boring on
the bit as though they would drive the fore feet into the
ground. It is inveterate with some horses. To overcome the
habit, hold both curb-reins and the left snaffle-rein in the left
hand, in the proper position ; then with the right snaffle-rein
only in the right hand, draw it upward so as to press the snaffle
against the corner of the mouth on one side. This has an
eifect that an upward pressure on both snaffle-reins entirely
fails to produce, and is said to be effectual in overcoming this
bad habit ; which habit occasionally leads to the disqualifica-
tion of a horse for the course.
Boston. A famous American race horse. Bred by John
Wickham of Richmond, Va. Foaled in Henrico County, Va.,
in 1833. He was chestnut in color, stood 15.2 hands high;
was short-limbed, with a flat barrel, his neck and head were
unsightly, and his hips ragged. By Timoleon, by Sir Archy,
by English Diomed ; dam by Florizel, by English Diomed ;
second dam by imported Alderman. Between 1836 and 1841
he started forty-five times ; won forty, lost five ; total winnings
$51,200. Defeated by the chestnut mare, Fashion, at Union
Course, Long Island, N. Y., May 10, 1842, in four-mile heats
for $20,000 a side ; time 7:321 ; 7:45.
Botfly; Gadfly. (Gastrophilus egui). A dipterous insect.
The fly deposits its eggs on the shoulder, base of the neck and
inner parts of the fore legs, especially about the knees, as in
these situations the horse will have no difficulty in reaching
the ova with its tongue. In a little less than three weeks from
the time of the deposition of the eggs the larvse have made
their escape, having been hatched by the warmth and moisture
of the tongue. As maggots tliey are transferred to the mouth
and ultimately to the stomach along with food and drink where
40 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
they firmly adhere to the cuticular portion of the stomach by
means of two large cephalic hooks. After the bots have
attained perfect growth, they A^ohmtarily yield their hold and
allow themselves to be carried along the alimentary canal until
they escape with the faeces. They sooner or later fall to the
ground and bury themselves under the surface to undergo trans-
formation into the pupa state, w^here, after a pei-iod of six or
seven weeks they emerge from their pupal cocoons as perfect
insects. Bots usually pass about eight months of their life-
time in the digestive organs of the horse.
JBottoiii. Native strength ; stamina ; courage ; powder of
endurance. Of a horse possessing great courage and staying
quality, it is said that he has " great bottom ;" " good bottom."
Bow Leg'g'ed. A defective conformation, usually notice-
able in the hind legs, whereby the feet are so shaped that the
greater strain comes upon the outside, the hocks bowing
outwardly.
Box ; Box-stall ; Loose Stall. A room into w hich a
horse is turned loose. The average size is 14 by 16 feet,
although 14 by 18 is preferred by some. They are generally
without any manger or feed rack for the hay, wdth an iron feed
box fastened to one corner. Many, how^ever, prefer that the
feed box should be entirely detached from the stall, and be
removed as soon as the horse is done eating. The hay is placed
on the floor in one corner of the room, and thus there are no
projections, boxes, mangers, racks, or sharp angles upon which
a spirited horse may injure himself. In such a room the horse
is not confined by halter, has perfect liberty of movement, and
the liability of injury is reduced to a minimum.
Boxes. Metal tubes fitted to the arms of the axletree,
fixed firm in the hub or nave of a sulky or carriage wheel to
contain oil.
Brace. The iron part supporting and connecting the
axle of a bicycle sulky to the shaft or thill, where the same
has been changed over from the high wheel sulky.
Bran Masli. Given as a conditioner, j)eriodically, and
according to the best -judgment of the trainer regarding the
characteristics of his horses, bran or shorts, made in mashes
with boiling water poured upon it and allow^ed to cool, is the
best laxative. Thus prepared, it is not wdthout nutritive
qualities. By the action of the boiling water a mucilage is
formed which cannot be created in the stomach of the animal.
Its laxative action is caused , by the mechanical friction of the
grains on the mucous membrane. It should not be given dry
HAN^DBOOK OF THE TTRF. 41
or mixed with oats, or moistened with cold water. It is
hardly necessary to state that it should be fresh and sweet.
Break. To change from one gait to another; to dis-
unite the diagonal beats. In doing tliis the horse endeavors to
accelerate his speed by longer strides without passing into the
gallop, which he would do if not held back or if the urging by
whip or voice were continued. Also, a common but wrong
word used to designate the early training or education of the
colt; to break a colt is to accustom it to the harness and
vehicle ; to subdue, to train, to educate.
Breaking". The act of changing gaits at speed. In
breaking, a horse usually gives some sign to the driver, either
by a wobble, jerk or instantaneous change, that he is to break,
and by understanding this peculiarity of the horse, the driver
can generally save the break, provided the horse is under good
control. In the early days, before the wholesome discipline of
the trotting rules came into force, horses were taught to break
in order to gain, but now such a manner of training is obsolete
— it is the square, steady trotter that wins and always has the
protection of the track and judges. The National and Ameri-
can rules provide that a horse in breaking must be immedi-
ately pulled to his gait, and if this is not done, the driver is
liable to lose the heat even though he come out ahead, and the
next best horse given the heat. Repeated breaks, running or
going in a mixed gait, while another horse is trotting, is liable
to result in punishment to such horse. A horse breaking four
times in one heat is regarded as "repeatedly breaking." If a
driver, iii the opinion of the judges, allows his horse to make
repeated breaks for the purpose of fraudulently losing a heat,
he is liable to severe penalty. The judges must call out by
colors, letters or numbers, and the clerk or assistant shall
record the breaks made by each horse in each heat.
I for one believe that the time will come when no horse will be entitled
to a heat it he makes a break in it, ami I would vote for that now. —
Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Break-and-Catcli. The art of driving in a way to
make the horse catch quickly after a break, is one of supreme
importance to the driver. The methods, however, will vary
with horses of different dispositions, and the driver shoitld find
out by careful study, the best way in which a horse can be
brought to his gait. In whatever manner it is done, after
ascertaining that which is best, do it exactly the same every
time, using the same rein, the same pull or catch of bit, and
the same word. There are many good reasons why the horse
should be taught to catch on the inside rein, or near side.
42 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Break Away. A horse that gets control of his driver,
and jumps and runs at the score or when getting the word, is
said to " break aw^ay."
Break Down. A strain of the suspensory ligament;
the severest form of injury which this sinew can endure. The
structure lies betw^een the shank-bone and the back tendons
and extends from the back of the lower part of the knee to the
sesamoids, or small bones which form the pulley foi- the tendons
behind the fetlock. The seat of the sprain or break may be
at any part, but is usually in the lower third of the shank,
where it divides into an inner and an outer branch. The
sprain may cause but a slight swelling, or the ligament may be
completely torn across, the fetlock descending to the ground
and the toe turning up. In the case of severe injuries of this
nature the limb is spoiled for life, and no art can ever replace
the structures which have been disorganized.
Breastplate. The wide strap of the harness which
goes round the breast of the horse, to which the tug or trace is
buckled, and by which the sulky or carriage is drawn.
Breeching'. That part of the harness which goes round
the hind legs or breech, from one side to the other, to prevent
the carriage or sulky from pressing against the horse, and to
back it W'hen required.
Breeching Straps. Straps attached to the breeching
at that point on each side where the hip straps are connected
wdth it, extending to the hold-back irons of the shafts.
Breed. A race or progeny from the same line of
ancestry having an alliance by some distinguishing qualities
in common, which are transmitted by heredity.
Breeder. According to turf rulings the breeder is the
man who owns or controls the mare when she is bred to the
horse; not the person who owns the dam when the colt is
foaled.
Breeders* Certificate. A ^^Titing given by a breeder
to the purchaser of a horse, containing a copy of his pedigree
as given in the stud book or trotting register, certifying that
the horse is the one described; or containing a pedigree and
certificate that such horse is eligible to registry.'
Breeders' Record. A term formerly much used to
describe the results of a private trial of speed. It has no
meaning, or significance, or value. There is no such thing
recognized as a breeders' record.
Breeding". The rearing of live stock of any class, partic-
ularly by combining or crossing one strain of a species or
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 43
variety with another, with the object of improving the breed.
Scientific breeding* consists in throwing the strength of all the
inherited tendencies into one channel, concentrating all the
ruling forces on one objective point, and thus reaching a
certain result. In breeding for the turf, we should couple a
sire and dam of trotting inheritance and that are trotters them-
selves ; or those combining purity of blood and the racing
lineage, with the true conformation for speed. These are the
requisite qualities, and we should be able to judge of the merits
of the prospective offspring, according to the trotting or racing
merits of the sire and dam, the grandsire and grandam, and
so on backward, the chances of success being in proportion to
the strength and unity of the inheritance. Offspring from
such unions will be colts that trot naturally, that can be
developed rapidly with little help from artificial aids ; and also
those that make the highest winners on the racing turf.
Br. g". An abbreviation for " brown gelding," when
used before or after the name of a horse in a list of entries or
in the summary of a race. Also used with a c, m, or ^, to
denote a colt, mare or horse of the same color.
Bridle. That part of the harness which is fitted to the
horse's head, and by which it is controlled. Its pieces are :
Crownpiece, which passes over the horse's poll; cheek-pieces,
which connect the crownpiece with the bit; throat-latch, a
part of the crownpiece which serves to prevent the bridle from
slipping over the horse's head, by passing under the throat;
forehead band, browband or front, which goes across the
horse's forehead; headstall, the name given to the foregoing
leather work, when in a collected form, and to which is
attached the snaffle, the bit and bridoon, the Chifney bit, (an
English bit very severe in its action,) or the Pelham ; lipstrap,
which serves to keep the curbchain in its place ; reins, con-
nected to the rings of the curb or snaffle ; billets, the ends of
the reins or of the cheek-pieces of the bridle, which buckle on
the bit ; loops or keepers, which serve, when buckles are used,
to retain the ends of the billets ; stops, used with reins which
have buckles, to prevent the martingale rings catching on the
buckles; bridoon head, the headstall of the snaffle or double
bridle — it has neither throat latch nor forehead band.
Bridle Hand. The left hand is called the bridle hand
in contradistinction to the right hand, which is termed the
whip hand.
Bridoon ; Bradoon. A light snaffle or bit ox a bridle
used in addition to the principal bit, and with a separate rein.
44 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Brings Home. Riders and drivers carrying weights
during a heat must bring home with them the weights wliich
have been approved or announced correct.
Brisket. The lower part of the horse's chest.
Broken-back. Horses that are broken-backed, or
" chinked in the chine," are unsound.
Broken Wind. Heaves. An unsoundness.
Bronchitis. Inflammation of the large air tubes within
the lungs. An unsoundness.
Brusli. A fast spurt of speed ; a fast clip ; an effort of
extreme movement ; a short work — usually half a mile ; to go
a short distance at a high rate of speed.
It is not well to biaisli the horse always over the same ground, for he
will then learn to stop at certain places on the track. — Training the
Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
At the end of every mile I would brush him a hundred yards or so, as
fast as he could go.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Brushy Horse. A brushy horse is one capable of a
high rate of speed for a short distance only ; a quarter horse.
Arab and J. Q. were two very brushy horses.— Life with the Trotters,
John Splau.
Buck and Fly. [Eq.] The bucking leap is similar to
that of a deer, and obtaining its name from thence. The fore
legs and hind quarters are gathered in under the body, and
the horse springs from all fotir legs at the same moment. The
fore legs are tucked close under the body, w^hile the hind
limbs are thrown out as far behind as possible. In the flying
leap the chief object of the rider is to maintain firm hold with
his legs and thighs, and to lean sufficiently backward the
instant the spring is felt, remaining in that position until the
horse has firmly landed with his hind feet.
Bucltin^; Buck- jumping". [Eq.] A bucking horse,
with the quickness of thought, throws his head down between
his fore legs, arches his back at the same instant, bounds in
the air with all four feet together, either forward, to one side,
or even backward, till he dislodges his rider, breaks the girths,
gets through the saddle, or tires himself out. Buckers are
generally quiet to mount, but the moment they feel the weight
of the rider in the saddle will do their best to throw him.
The instant the rider feels the horse arching his back, prepar-
atory to bucking, he should pull him quickly round to one
side or the other ; or put into the horse's mouth, in addition
to the riding bit, a racing snaffle, having a strong rein knotted
close to his neck, the slack end to be held in hand. This wall
not annoy the horse unless he tries to get his head down,
when it will generally be effectual in stopping it.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 45
Buckle. A metallic clasp, with one or more movable
tongues within the clasp, for the purpose of holding together
two straps, or belts, or the ends of the same piece of leather,
upon a harness.
Buck Knees. Knees inclining towards each other.
Bug-g'y. [Eng.] A light, one-horse, two-wheeled vehicle,
without a top or hood. In the United States the word is aj)-
plied to a light, one-horse, four-wheeled carriage, with one
seat, and either witli or without a top.
Buttock, Point of. The bony prominence M^hich is
the rearmost point of the pelvis. It is a few inches below the
root of the tail.
Buttresses. The points of the wall of the hoof, on
each side near the heel, where it suddenly bends inward and
forward.
Cade. To bring up, or nourish by hand, or ^^ith tender-
ness; domesticated. The name of a great stallion by the
Godolphin Arabian, out of Roxana; foaled in 1734. He was
so called from the fact that he was brought up on cow's milk,
his dam dying when he was ten days old. Roxana was by
Devonshire Childers, owned by Lord Godolphin.
Cadence. That motion of the gallop in which the fore
feet and hind feet strike the ground with equal force, the
neck and tail being perfectly supple.
Cadg'er. A knavish horse-dealer.
Calk ; Calkin. A spur projecting downward from the
horseshoe, serving to prevent slipping. See Shoeing.
Calks are delrinieiital niuler any eircuinstanoes, and slioiild always be
avoided if possible.— Prof. D.D. Slade, Harvard University.
Canipaig'ning. Taking horses through a circuit, or
from one place to another, and entering them for purses at the
various races.
Canker. A stubborn inflammation of the frog, by
some attributed to a parasitic fungus. It is an unsoundness.
Canon Bone. One of the complete metacarpal, or
metatarsal bones in the legs of the horse. The former, in the
fore leg, extends from the carpus, or so-called knee, to the fet-
lock joint; and the latter in the hind leg from the tarsus, or
so-called hock, to the fetlock joint. A line dividing the canon
from the fetlock is one drawn across the leg immediately
above the prominence caused by the fetlock joint.
Canter. A gait of transition which the trotter assumes
temporarily, and in which he gallops on one of his legs, fore
or hind, while he continues to trot on the others.
Canterbury Gallop. The hand-gallop of an ambling
horse, commonly called a canter. Said to be derived from the
monks riding to Canterbury on easy ambling horses.
Cantle. The hind part of the saddle.
Capped Hock. A serious distention of the synovial
cavities, or bursse, which are placed between the skin and the
bone of the hock, to aid the gliding of the one over the other ;
the sprain of the tendon on the point of the hock. Arising
from either cause it is an unsoundness.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 47
Car. The large increase in the business of campaigning
during the past ten years, at once created a great demand for
suitable cars in which to safely and comfortably transport val-
uable horses long distances. This demand raih-oad companies
were unable to meet, hence several private corporations began
the building of special cars for campaigning purposes, the first
of which were constructed about 1883. The business has so
increased that there are now a number of companies buil ling
and operating palace horse cars, independent of railroad com-
panies, which are equipped for service in either freight or pas-
senger trains, and are handled by all railroad and express com-
panies on mileage rates. These cars are, as a rule, forty-four
feet long, not including the platforms. While they differ
somewhat in interior arrangement, it may be said that they
are fitted for twelve, sixteen or eighteen horses. In some
there are four sections, of three stalls each ; in others four sec-
tions, of four stalls each — the stalls extending lengthwise or
crosswise of the car, or in a diagonal crosswise manner, accord-
ing to the different pattern of car. In most cars the stall par-
titions are adjustable, and can be changed to accommodate
large or smaller horses — be made in narrow stalls (twenty-six
inches wide), or a room, as desired. The cars are well lighted
and thoroughly ventilated, the windows being fitted with out-
side screens and inside shutters. They are provided with
water tanks, mangers, provender and hay compartments, stor-
age boxes for carrying dunnage of all kinds, apartments for
attendants, and other conveniences. They are so thoroughly
built, equipped with so many of the best appliances in car
construction, and ride so easily, that they may be well called
palace cars. Most companies rent these cars for a fixed rate
per mile on runs of three hundred to two thousand miles, or
lease them at a fixed rate per month for a shorter or longer
time.
Carpus. The so-called knee of the horse, corresponding
to the wrist joint in man. Below the carpal and tarsal bones,
(the knee and hock), the fore and hind limbs of the horse are
almost an exact duplicate of each other.
Carriag"e. The general style, action and bearing of a
horse when in motion ; as a horse of fine carriage ; he has a
proud carriage ; an elegant way of going ; graceful movement.
Carriage Bit-ancl-Bridoon. A double bit of varying
degrees of power in itself. The degree of severity of the curb
is regulated to suit the particular mouth, by buckling the reins
to the upper or lower slot in the guards, as the need may be.
48 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
When the bridoon is used with this bit the check-rein is put on the
bridoon, and thus the bit is relieved of contrary action. Tliis bri-
doon bit is used on the carriage liorse witli a clieck-rein only, and
is not nsed in any way in guiding the liorse; its chief use being to
give the horse a stylish carriage and handsome appearance. — The
Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby.
Cart; Break-cart; Track-cart. A vehicle espe-
cially adapted for educating the colt to the use of the shafts
and a carriage. Its peculiar features are : Wide seat, rear
foot-platform, shafts of extra length, (usually three feet longer
than the shafts of the standard sulky), and heavier construc-
tion — their weight being usually 160 pounds. They vary
somewhat in design and make from different houses. A track
cart is a combined speed and road cart, weighing generally
about 85 pounds.
Cartilag"e. A non-vascular animaC tissue ; gristle.
When these tissues become ossified, which indicates a conver-
sion into a hardened structure of the cartilages naturally
developed upon the rings of the coffinbone, it constitutes
unsoundness.
Catch. To catch a horse after a break ; to bring him to
his gait. Almost every driver has a different way of bringing
a horse to his trot after a break, according to the disposition of
the horse and the way he has been trained ; but all agree that
a dead pull on both reins will not do it. Almost invariably the
horse will jump to his gait when a twist or sudden pull is made
on one rein. Sometimes it is done with the off rein, sometimes
with the near one. A particular w^ord or sound should also be
used when this pull is given the rein, that the horse may know
what it means.
Always try to teach a horse to catch on the inside rein, for if you are
going round the turn in the lead and someone trailing, and he
should break, obliging yon to pull your horse on the outside rein,
your opponent might slip tiirongh between you and the fence and
beat you the heat, where he would not be able to go round you and
doit. Then loo, if you are head-and-head with a man he might,
when your horse broke, crowd you in so close that you would be
Tuiable to pull him to the outside without running into him, whereas,
if he caught on the left rein you would have no trouble. — Life with
the Trotters, John Splan.
Catcli Driver. A driver put up at random, when from
any cause, the judges take out a driver, and put another in his
place.
Catch Weig'hts is where the driver or rider is not
obliged to weigh out or weigh in. Generally, in a race or heat
at catch weights there is no distance except for foul driving.
Cauterizing'. The act of searing or burning some part
of the horse's body by the application of the firing iron. See
Firing Irox.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 49
For injured tendons, soft liocks, ring-bones, sido-bones, and ailments
tliut strong blisters have lailed to cure, cauterization should be
promptly resorted to; and fur strain or injury to almost any ])artof
the legs' below the elbow or stille, firing sliould be done before a
blister is applied.— The Horseman.
Cavalry Bit. Tlie regulation cavalry bridle, as used in
the United States army, has tM'o bits, a curb, two reins, and one
headstall. Col. Battersby, in his work on the Bridle Bits, says
the bridoon, or watering bit, has no gtiards, and is used with
the curb bit as an auxiliary when the horse is mounted, but is
used alone in going out to water. The bridoon has rings and a
single loop-joint between the bars, the same as the snaffle. It
has four distinct uses : 1. That of a watering bit. 2. For
easing the mouth from the curb bit. 3. For certain uses of
weapons in action, especially the sword. 4. For leaping.
Cavasson ; Cavezon. A noseband of iron, wood, or
leather. It may either have a separate headpiece, similar to
the bridoon head of a double bridle, or have cheek-pieces which
fasten on to the buckles to which the crown j^iece of the bridle
is attached. It can be raised or lowered as required, and may
be used with either snaffle or curb. A noseband or cavasson
should not be attached to the headstall of a curb, as it might
then interfere with the action of that bit.
Caveat Emptor. A legal term much used in cases
regarding the purchase, sale, and warranty of horses. It means :
Let the purchaser beware.
Cavort; Curvet. To cavort about. Said of a nervous,
restless horse that is given to prancing and cantering about,
especially when he is being led.
Cement. The external covering or tissue of the teeth.
It is placed upon the enamel over the whole surface of the tooth,
and fills more or less completely the cup of each. It is gener-
ally thicker in the lower than in the upper teeth, and in very old
mouths is often formed in excess, furnishing a new wearing sur-
face to replace the teeth which have been destroyed by use;
hence it has great importance in determining the age of the
horse. Its structure and composition is almost exactly that of
ordinary bone.
Center of Motion. The center of motion in the ante-
rior extremity of the horse, is in the scaj)ula or shoulder, which
is as high a bony base as could be reached.
"While there is no bony connection between the anterior extremity of
the horse and its trunk, therefore no fixed point of resistance and
reaction, as in the posterior extremities, the center of motion is
attained equally well, and it is difficult to conceive how it could,
serve its different relations to the trunk any better. The scapula,
50 HANDBOOK or THE TURF.
if not anatomically so, is mechanically a, joint, and corresponds to
the hip joint of the jiosterior extremity, the shoulder to the stifle
and the elbow to the liock. In this view tliere is no reversal in the
joints but the same meelianieal relation. The freedom of motion
at its center in tlie limb is less than in the corresponding joint in tlie
posterior extremity, but there is all that is required ; it is j^laced con-
siderably higher tlian in the latter, in order that more motion should
not be required ; and the restriction at that point is compensated for
by the superior flexibility of the lower joints. The total result is
that the stride of one limb is just equal to that of the other. — The
Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stiilman.
Cli. f. In a summary or list of entries indicating a
chestnut filly.
Clialleiig"e. An invitation to a contest of speed.
A challenge may be hedged around with conditions, so that its non-
acceptance is no acknowledgment of the superiority of the chal-
lenger.— John H. Wallace.
Cliampion. The first among all contestants ; holding
the highest rank or record; that which is unexcelled or
unbeaten. Applied to the greatest performers in the stallion,
gelding, filly, and other classes of trotters and runners. See
Stallions, Trotting, and Avorld's record under different time
made, as Two-ten.
Chang-e a Horse. [Eq.] To change hands ; to turn or
bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left
to the right, or from the right to the left.
Cliaiig"e of Color. The disguising of a horse in any
way, or painting him for the purpose of concealing his identity
that he may represent another or different horse is a fraud
subject to fine and expulsion by the racing and trotting rules.
The laws of many States have also made it a misdemeanor,
punishable by fine and imprisonment. See Law.
Cliang"e of Name. After starting in a public race the
name of a horse cannot be changed without obtaining a record
thereof from the secretary of the American Association, and
paying a fee of $50. For a violation of this rule a fine of $100
may be imposed. If a horse has ever trotted in a public race,
the last name under M'hich it trotted shall be given with the
new entry ; and if the name has been changed within one year,
each former name must be given ; and if any horse has ever
trotted a public race without a name, such fact must be stated
when the entry is made, that the animal may be fully identified.
Cliannels. The small, shoal grooves made in the surface
of a track by a dressing harrow or float.
Chant a Horse. To advertise a horse by qualities
which on examination or trial are found wanting.
Cliarlier Shoe ; Charlier Tip. An extremely narrow
and very light steel quarter shoe or tip, invented by M. Charlier,
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 51
an eminent veterinary surgeon of Paris, France. In preparing
the foot for the shoe and sole, frog and bars are left absolutely
untouched, and a groove is cut, or counter-sunk into the wall,
not high enough to reach above the sole level, and less than the
thickness of the wall in depth. Into this narrow groove the
shoe or tip is sunk and nailed by from four to six conical-
headed nails, the heads of which are counter-sunk in the shoe.
By this system of shoeing the frog, bars, and a jvn-tion of the
sole come to the ground the same as if the foot were uiishod,
and all participate in weight-bearing.
Cliarmed Circle. The 2:30 class of trotters. To obtain
this record is said to get "within the charmed circle."
Chaser. [Eng.] A steeple-chase runner. He must be a
thoroughbred ; sound in wind and limb ; of a generous, gamy
disposition ; well schooled, and well trained. He should possess
good sloping shoulders ; not overloaded, but with plenty of
liberty when he moves. A horse with bad shoulders may be
able to gallop up hill, but he cannot gallop down hill if defec-
tive in this respect. His propelling power behind must be
great. He must have a powerful back and loins, with strong
quarters ; muscular, sound thighs, plenty of length from the
hip to the hock ; good ribs ; deep through the heart, compact,
and not too long in the back.
Check-rein; Bearing-rein. A short rein fastened
from the bit of a headstall or bridle to the saddle of the har-
ness to keep the horse's head in a particular line.
Very few horses require to be checked alike.— Horse Portraiture, Joseph
Cairn Simpson.
Probably, if those who have to do with the harnessing of horses were
better acquainted with the admirable mechanical apparatus for
liolding up tl\e head in a natural and unstrained position, they
would think it less necessary to supplement the cervical ligament
by an external contrivance for effecting the same object; which,
however, not being elastic, never allows the head, even momenta-
rily, to be altered in position; Avhicli is generally fixed so tightly
as to interfere greatly with the natural graceful curve of the neck,
one of the horse's chief beauties ; and which, being attached at one
end through the tender corners of the mouth, must, if short enough
to effect the ob.iect for which it is used, be a continual source of
pain or irritation to the animal. — The Horse, William Henry
Flower, C. B.
Cheekpieces. Those parts of the bridle which connect
the crownpiece with the bit.
Chest. The cavity which occupies nearly the third part
of the trunk, in which the lungs and heart of the horse are
situated. It is divided from the abdomen by the diaphragm.
Chestnuts; Castors; Kerhs. Horny growths above
and on the inside of the knees in the front legs, and on the
level of the hock in the hind legs. M. Chauveau says they are
52 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
composed of a mass of epithelial cells arranged in tubes lilie
the horn of the hoof. Dr. George Fleming says : " In fine bred
horses this horny production is much less developed than in
the coarser breeds, and is always smaller in the hind legs."
Dr. W. H. Flower regards them of the nature of epidermal
glands. Some other authors make the distinction that these
growths are chestnuts on the fore legs and kerbs on the hind
legs, the latter being alwa5'S smaller than the former. In
grooming the outside flakes are habitually pulled off either wdth
the comb or by hand.
Cliin-gTOOve. The smooth and rounded under part of the
lower jaw, in which the curb chain should lie naturally, without
pinching, when the rein is held lightly. The headstall should,
in all cases, be of just sufficient length to allow the bit to lie
exactly opposite the chin-groove.
Chinked in the Chine. A term used to describe what
is called a '' broken backed " horse. It is legal unsoundness.
Chromos. Pool tickets.
Chronograph. A split-second watch ; a timer for track
use in catching the time made by a horse in a heat or race ; an
instrument for measuring or recording the exact instant in
which an event takes place. Applied to various kinds of
w^atches so contrived that when a button is pressed the second
hand stops, or one of the two second hands stops, or the second
hand leaves a dot of ink upon the dial.
Chute. A straight, or nearly straight, extension of the
home stretch of a running course ; the track beyond the finish.
Cinch. [Local: Western United States.] A saddle
girth made of leather, canvas, or woven horsehair. The ends
of this tough cordage terminate in long, narrow strips of leather,
called in Spanish, latigos — thongs — which connect the cinches
with the saddle, and are run through an iron ring and then tied
by a series of complicated turns and knots.
Cipher ; [O]. In Chester's Trotting and Pacing Record,
and in the summary of a race, a sign that the horse whose
name it follows made a dead heat; as, for example, (3.0), sig-
nifies third heat dead.
Circuit. A tour ; a journey from place to place for the
purpose of attending race meetings. A union of two or more
associations for the purpose of holding race or trotting meetings
at different places and on different dates.
Circumduct. To move a limb around an imaginary
axis in such manner that it describes a conical figure ; the
motion given to the fore foot and leg of a liorse that paddles.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 53
Class. The ranking together; a determination of the
particiihxr purse in which a horse may be entered, according to
the record he has made ; in racing, class is determined by the
ability of the horse to go fast for a distance and carry weight.
In some States the definition of class has been established
by legisl-ative enactment, as in Ohio, where the law says :
" Class is deterndned by the public performance of a horse in
any former contest or trial of speed, as proved by the printed
rules of any society or association under which the proposed
contest is advertised to be conducted." Other States have laws
exactly similar to this. See Law.
Classic Races. A term applied by universal consent
throughout the turf world, to the five great races of the Eng-
lish turf, viz.: The Derby, founded in 1780 ; the Oaks, origi-
nated in 1779, for fillys only; the St. Leger, founded in 1776,
in compliment to Lieut.-Gen. Anthony St. Leger of Park Hill,
England; the One Thousand, and the Two Thousand Guineas,
established in 1809.
Clay. One of the great American trotting families,
founded by Andrew Jackson, 4, by Young Bashaw, a Barb,
imported from Tripoli, in 1820 ; dam unknown. He was foaled
at Salem, N. Y., in 1827, and died at Knightstown, Penn., in
1843. Among his most noted sons as trotting sires, were
Henry Clay, 8, foaled in 1837; dam Lady Surrey, a pacing
mare of unknown pedigree; and Long Island Black Hawk, a
trotter and sire of high quality. After passing through many
hands, Henry Clay went blind, and died in April, 1876. From
him comes the line of sires known for a number of generations
by the name of Cassius M. Clay. The Patchen branch of the
Clays originated wdth George M. Patchen, 30, by C. M. Clay,
dam by a son of imported Trustee. Other founders of cele-
brated branches of the Clays are American Clay, 34 ; Harry
Clay, 45, and The Moor, 870.
Cleft of the Frog-. The division in the middle line
of the frog of the foot. In healthy feet it consists of only a
single depression.
Clerk of the Course. The person who acts as Secre-
tary to the board of judges during a race.
Clerk of the Scales. [Eng.] The weigher at a race.
Clicking; Forging; Over-reaching. The act of
striking the toes of the hind foot or shoe, against the heel of
the corresponding fore foot or shoe, when the horse is in
motion. It is due to the imperfect conformation of the horse,
or to improper dressing of the feet, and cannot be classed as a
vice or an unsoundness.
54 HAITDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Clip. A speedy gait; a spurt of speed for a short dis-
tance; as a 2:35 clip.
Clip. A projecting flange or claw on the upper edge or
surface of a horseshoe which partially embraces the wall of the
hoof, for its protection, and to assist in keeping the shoe in
place.
Clip. A metal clasp or confining piece used to connect
the parts of a carriage-gear, or to hold the hook of a whippletree.
Clipping" ; Clippers ; Clipping^-shears. The removal
of the coat or hairy covering of a horse ; clipping machines ;
shears for clipping horses. It is said that the practice of clip-
ping horses was introduced into England in 1825 by the army
officers who became acquainted with the art during the Penin-
sular war. In a most interesting work, published anonymously
in London in 1831, it is said: "In regard to the newly discov-
ered or invented practice of clipping and its supposed improve-
ments * * * such deviations from nature rarely do any
good." In former times clipping was done by ordinary hand
shears, and two or three days was required to clip a horse.
The new serrated clipping shears of the Newmarket, Brown,
and Clark patterns, were invented in 1875, and began to be
generally used in 1877. These clippers, or serrated knives or
shears, consist of a plate upon which are highly tempered ser-
rated teeth or fingers ; to the flat surface of which is attached a
duplicate movable plate having correspondingly fragile, comb-
like teeth, this movable half being operated or moved by the
hand, forming the upper arm of the shears, the stationary
plate resting u]3on the skin of the horse while they are in use.
These shears are now operated by hand, electric, and other
motors — by hand, being understood as meaning crank and
wheel power. The attachment of power to the shears is made
by means of a series of small cogs and eccentric joints connected
with a chain which plays through a rubber tube of indefinite
length, running over pulleys, and attached to the movable arm
or knife-plate of the shears, which are easily guided by the
operator, who clasps only the arm of the under or immovable
plate. By means of these power shears a horse can be clipped
in two and a half hours.
The horse's coat should never be clipped until it is properly set. This is
known by tlie appearance of long hairs known as "cat hairs."
When they show these the coat may fairly be assumed to be ready
for clipping; and if carefully done, and great care is exercised, the
horse kept in a warm stable, etc., it is regarded as humane. —
Through the Stable and Saddle Room, Arthur T. Fisher.
When you take a horse up out of his Avinter quarters, he will naturally
have an excessive coat of hair, his flesh will be soft, and with A-ery
moderate exercise he will sweat more or less. If the weather is
cold it is impossible to rub him dry, and he may sweat off the flesh
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 55
a good deal faster than yon may want him to. XJiider those condi-
tions I invariably clip a horse, and tlie result, has always been per-
fectly satisfactory to n>e.— Life with the Trotters, John Spian.
Will clii)ping liave a permanent effect upon tlie horse's coat, making it
come out earlier, or lieavier, or coarser, tlie next autumn? Skilled
opinions differ on tliis point, but, as a general principle, the cutting
of hair certainly tends to affect its fntiire growtli. Still, <'lipi)ing Tlie
coat once a year, probably has only a slight elfe'.'t— at least, until it
has been repeated for some years.— Koad, Track, and Stable, H. C.
Merwin.
Another reason which grooms advance for clipping is, that the horse
moves much more freely after than before the oi)erati()n, because it
is relieved of the weight of superfluous hair. Mayhew, with all the
caution of a man of science, does not actually deny that such an
effect may be produced by clipping, but he very emphatically says
that he never saw it.— Horse and Man, Rev. J. ii. Wood.
Close on Him. When a driver or rider who has been
trailing or following the running for half the distance, begins
to approach, or comes up even with a contending horse in a
heat or race, he is said to " close on him." Thus Mr. Splan, in
describing one of his races with Rarus against Great Eastern,
says : "As we rounded into the stretch Rams began to close
on him, and had got to his saddle skirts at the distance stand."
Clothing", Garments ; covering ; furnishings for the care
of a horse. Horse clothing embraces : Sw^eat, cooling, stable
and street blankets; hoods; working and walking suits, and
waterproof covers — the materials being woolen, cotton-flannel
and linen. A suit embraces the following pieces, viz : One
kersey stable blanket ; one sheet, (for summer) ; one cooler, (a
light, square woolen blanket) ; one heavy square blanket,
woolen ; one light woolen hood for cooling out ; one fancy suit
for exhibition purposes, consisting of a nice blanket and hood
to match, finely made and lettered with the name of the horse
to which it belongs. In general there should be three suits for
each horse — one of heavy, one of medium and one of light
weight. Summer clothing should be of the same shape as
winter clothing, but larger and wider on the quarter piece to
give more protection from flies. The body cloth should come
well over the withers, buckling in front of the chest, and
extending back to the root of the tail or beyond. When a
horse needs to be sweat out, use a heavy neck piece, crest or
jowl hood, or a small blanket may be wrapped around the
neck in its place. The uses of clothing are to keep the horse
warm, to protect him from flies in hot weather, and against
injury, and to reduce fat — especially on those horses where
otherwise it could not be got rid of without so much work as
would be injurious to their limbs.
Coarseness. An evidence of underbreeding w^ith
strength but without any redeeming features on the side
of refinement. The characteristics are : Carty bone ; soft
56 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
muscles; want of symmetry and commanding presence; an
miintelligent head ; low and coarse withers ; bull neck ; a
short top to the hind quarters coupled with droop, not to be
compared to gentle obliquity which gives the muscular area
and power in trotting and racing.
Coat. The external natural covering of hair upon the
horse. The word especially refers to the color. To the
investigation of this subject, Goubaux and Barrier of Paris, in
their great work on the Exterior of the Horse, have given
very minute studies, as a result of which they formulated a
classification which has mainly been adopted, although in a
modified form, in the presentation here given. A scientific
description of the coats groups them in three classes, viz: 1,
Primitive, or those already formed soon after the colt is foaled ;
2, Derived, or those which appear some time after birth, and
are due to the introduction of white into a primitive coat ; 3,
Conjugate, or those characterized by the presence upon the
sams animal of two primitive and two derived coats. I. In
the first class there are three divisions: 1, simple coats as
black, sorrel; 2, composite, as those formed of hairs of two
colors — one black for mane, tail and extremities; others — •
yellow, red or gray for body, as Isabella, bay, mouse cf )lor ; 3,
mixed, formed by dark hairs upon each of which are found
two different colors, the yellow more or less light at the base,
the black at the summit. Of the blacks there is the true or
ordinary black, and rusty black. The former is dark, uniform
without any reflection ; the rusty is dull, reddish in the sun,
washed, hard to distinguish from brown. Sorrel or chestnut,
which consists of golden, fawn, and reddish-brown hairs, (by
some it is called coffee and milk color), fawn-sorrel; washed
sorrel ; cherry sorrel, (reddish tint) ; chestnut-sorrel ; maroon-
sorrel; burnt sorrel, or color of roasted coffee; Isabella, bay
and mouse color. The Isabella has a coat of two distinct
colors, on the body yellow or yellowish, on the extremities —
from the knee and hock doMm — mane and tail, black. This
color is also called dun. Bay differs from Isabella because the
yellow hairs are replaced by red ones. The varieties are light
bay ; ordinary bay, (of a distinctly red color) ; cherry, blood
and mahogany bay, darker than ordinary bay, and all essen-
tially alike ; chestnut bay, (the color of a ripened chestnut) ;
maroon bay, deeper and fresher upon the upper parts of the
body; dark bay. bordering upon browm; brown bay, almost
black. Mouse color is formed by two colors, the body ashy
gray, similar to the colors of a mouse, legs from the knee and
hock down, black, as in the bay. XL Derived coats. These
HANDBOOK OF IHE TUItF. 57
are four: Gray, white, flea-bitten, roan. Gray is composed
of mixed hairs of M'hite and those of a darker color, varying
from the black to the brown. Very light gray resembles white,
and shows but very few black or dark hairs. Light gray, with
more dark in very light. Ordinary gray, almost equally com-
posed of white and black hairs. Dark gray, with a prepon-
derance of dark or black hairs. Iron gray, which has a bluish
shade. Slate gray — a shade darker than iron gray. Clayey
gray, which has a very light yellowish tint. Isabella gray, a
mixture of white, yellow and dark hairs. Roan gray, a mix-
ture of white, dark, red or reddish hairs, the latter less
abundant than the former. White is a color easily recognized.
It is a dull milk or pigeon white color, opaque, with no reflec-
tion. Porcelain white, has a tint of porcelain china. Dirty
white, of a slightly yellowish tint. Rosy white, a color due to
the absence of the cutaneous pigment and to the thinness of
the hairs, leaving the discolored parts of the skin visible.
Roan is composed of three kinds of hairs — red, white and
black, or a bay modified by the admixture, more or less distinct,
of white. The red is light, ordinary wine red, or strawberry,
and the dark appears according to the predominance of the
different colors. III. In the third class there are found two
types : First, the Piebald or pied ; second, conjugate gray and
Isabella. The former is a union rather than an inter-mixture
of the white coat with one or another of the above described
derived coats. The animal presents a singular appearance,
covered with large, irregular white patches, variously situated
upon the body, but the colors do not blend. There are various
examples of this singular combination, as, technically, rusty
black pied ; dark fox-color pied ; flea-bitten rosy pied ; burnt
sorrel porcelain pied. The conjugate gray or Isabella is an
extremely rare coat, which is termed spotted or marbled.
Cock Horse. A horse kept in the betting quotations
to deceive public backers, though known to the private layers
against him that he has no chance of winning.
Coffin-bone. The bone forming the end of the foot,
and shaped like the hoof or horny box in which it is enclosed,
and which it supports.
Coffin- joint. The joint at the upper part of the coflan-
bone, made by the union of the small pastern, eoffin and small
sesamoid bone, or navicular bones, the latter being set behind
and beneath the joint surface of the coffin-bone, in such a way
as to largely receive the weight of the small pastern. The
focus of weight in the foot is at this joint.
58 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Collared. When a rider sees that he is beaten in a race,
he is said to be " collared."
Cold. A cold, if neglected until it degenerates into some
seated form, as for instance, nasal catarrh, is a cause of
unsoundness.
Cold-I>looded. Not thoroughbred ; of common or mon-
grel stock ; an animal showing only ill breeding.
Collect. To gather quickly in taking a fence, hurdle,
wall or other obstacle.
The animal that is destined for chasing must learn to collect himself
witli the slifilitest possible diminution of speed, to Hy liis fences, to
get away from tliem on the otlier side witliout a pause, and to do
all tills with the least effort.— The Badminton Library: Steeple-
chasing, Arthur Coventry and Alfred E. T. Watson.
To malic a horse jump "big,"" pull him together, and make him bring
his hind quarters under him by the pressure of the legs and touch
of the whip.— Riding. M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C. V. S.
Collected. [Eq.] A horse is said to be collected when
his head is in a perpendicular position, yields readily to the bit
and has no disposition to go out of hand. His hind feet will
be well in front of a perpendicular line dropped from the
points of the buttocks, his fore feet will be brought back more
than usual, and he will stand more or less over on them. His
head and neck will be raised, and he will be looking to the
front with ears pricked forward, ready for a move in what-
ever direction the rider wishes.
Color of the Coat. The old proverb that "no good
horse is of a bad color," is manifestly untrue. Comparatively
few horses of a bad color have ever been successful on the turf,
and there is no doubt that those few would have been better
animals had their color been good. It is said that records
were kept of the colors of winners in the Phoenix stakes, Lex-
ington, Ky., inaugurated in 1831, and that in fifty-four races,
horses of a bay color won twenty-six times ; chestnuts, fifteen ;
brown, two ; black one. Statistics have also been published on
this point from results of the English races. It is said that in
about one hundred years of history of the Derby, Oaks, St.
Leger and Doncaster races, in 3576 starters in 293 stakes the
results were: Bays, 1826 starters, 159 winners, ratio of win-
ners 11 1-2; chestnuts, 807 starters, 71 winners, ratio of win-
ners; 11 1-3; browns, 699 starters, 54 winners, ratio of win-
ners, 13 ; grays and roans, 127 starters, 6 wdnners, ratio of
winners, 21 ; blacks, 109 starters, 2 winners, ratio of winners,
54 1-2 ; duns, 2 starters, one winner, ratio of winners, 1-2.
The most objectionable colors are those which are weak and
washy of their kind, and where the extremities are lighter than
the rest of their body. Thus a very light bay or chestnut is
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 59
liable to be of weak constitution, deficient in stamina, and
when to this is added " mealy " legs, or legs lighter than the
rest of the coat, and a ligliter colored mane and tail, the weak-
ness is intensified. Black legs are preferable in a bay, and
with these the feet are generally more sound, and the horn is
more enduring. White legs and feet are objectionable, but not
so much so as mealy ones. Dark chestnut, bay, and gray are
preferable to light shades of these colors. Black and roan are
not so common. Bays, chestnuts and browns practically
monopolize the turf, and the darker and more solid the colors
are, the better are the animals. The bay is the best, most
fashionable and highest priced color for a horse, because it is
that which indicates the best breeding.
Colors. The custom of ow^ners selecting their colors and
publishing them, originated at Newmarket in 1762, the
jockeys having before that worn colors but not as a proprietary
distinction. In this country, the New York Jockey Club in
1842, required that riders should be dressed in Jockey style,
viz : Jockey cap, colored jacket, pantaloons and boots ; but
colors as an owners' distinction are said to have been first
adopted at Fleetwood Park, N. Y. Colors are a source of
great individual pride on the turf in England and this country,
and are a source of enjoyment in the race on the part of the
public. The American rules require that colors selected by
ow^ners must be recorded by the secretary of the Congress, and
shall not be used by others except in case of death or after five
years' withdrawal from the turf. A list of all colors is obliged
to be posted in the office of the clerk of the course.
Colt. A word specifically applied to a male foal.
Coiiibinatlon Horse. A term applied to the American
saddler, or gaited horse.
Tlie breeders of saddle liorses have succeeded in producing a genuine
combination horse — one wliicli will go all the five recognized gaits
under the saddle, using tlie rack, running walk and canter to the
delight of the rider and the satisfaction of the horse, and will,
when Y>nt in harness, forget for the time being, that they ever
racked a rod, and will go a square, pure trot.— Tlie Breeders'
Gazette.
ComMnatlon Sale. A public sale, or sale by auction,
in which several breeders, or owners, unite or combine a cer-
tain number of animals of their own, in order to make the
sale more attractive, and to realize better prices at a less cost
for commissions. The first American combination sale was
held at New York in 1877, but they are now very common.
Coming". Said of a colt in training when he begins to un-
derstand his work and show speed. " He is a comer," or " he is
coming," means that the animal is fast developing as a trotter.
60 HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF.
Complaint. A charge made by one rider or driver
against another for foul driving, or other misconduct during a
heat. Such complaint must be made at the termination of
the heat, and before the driver dismounts or leaves his sulky.
By the racing rules, such complaint must be made to the
judges either before or immediately after the jockeys in the
race have passed the scales. For frivolous complaints owners,
trainers or jockeys may, at the discretion of the judges, be
fined or suspended.
Conditions. [Eng.] The conditions of the Grand Na-
tional Hunt races are : Riders must not ride for more than
one hundred yards at any one time on any road or lane ; riders
not passing the post within fifteen minutes of the winner to
pay double entry ; any rider examining the course before start-
ing will be disqualified. By the American racing rules, the
express conditions of a race always supersede the general rules,
where they conflict.
Conditional Entries. A private understanding made
between the owner of a horse and a society or association when
the horse is nominated ; an entry made outside the rules. The
rules of both the National and American Associations attach
severe fines to any member receiving conditional entries.
The great injustice of the conditional entry is that it practically abol-
ishes the closinjj: dale for entries for one man, while it leaves it
open for the oilier.— Spirit of the Times.
Conditioning". The fitting of the horse, in every part
of his body, for his best performance upon the turf. It re-
quires long, studious exercise, feeding and training, and a
complete understanding of the disposition and peculiarities of
the horse, that he may respond quickly to the wishes of his
trainer, driver or rider. When a horse is in blooming condi-
tion he is fresh and healthy in appearance, clean and unloaded
in his muscular system, bright in the eye, glossy in the coat,
clean on the legs, and animated in expression. His muscles
will feel hard and springy to the touch, and swell out, espe-
cially in the hind quarters, where they should seem divided
and distinct from each other. The crest should be firm, and
closely attached to the neck. When the hand is drawn along
the ribs the skin should wrinkle up and appear loose and
detached. In walking, his feet should strike the ground with
a positive step, and his neck, held high, should rise and fall
springily. The horse, in the best condition, has an inquisitive
look, notices everything with pricked ears, and has a noble
expression indicative of confidence and self purpose.
Cone. That part of the hub of a pneumatic sulky wheel
which holds the ball bearings in place in the casing, or piece
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 61
into which the bearings are set — which piece is fitted tightly
into the ends of the hub. One of these cones is called the
stationary cone, and the other the movable cone, the latter
being used in adjusting the tension of the bearings, by means
of a spanner wrench.
Conformation. External points ; the particular tex-
ture or structure of outward form, and the arrangement and
relation of the parts which compose it ; general structure.
Congress. The sessions of the American and National
Trotting Associations are held biennially, and are called a
congress. At each officers are elected, the rules and laws
revised, and other business pertaining to the good of the asso-
ciations transacted. See American Turf Congress.
Consolation Race. A consolation match, or race, is a
contest which can be entered only by those who have failed to
win in the previous, or regular purses, or contests offered by a
track or member, which have taken place within a given time.
Contending Horses. In any heat of a race it will
very soon appear that several of the starters are dropping to
the rear, and that the heat lies between two or three horses
that are quite evenly matched. Such horses are called the
contending horses, because the battle of the heat is narrowed
down to them.
Contraction of the Hoof. A shrinkage of the tissues
of the foot, by which the lateral diameter of the heels, in par-
ticular, is diminished. It affects the fore feet chiefly. It is
of less moment if affecting the hind feet, because the hind
foot first strikes the ground with the toe, and less expansion
of the heels is necessary than in the fore feet when the weight
is first received on the heels. Where produced by inflamma-
tion, accompanied by disease of the foot, or any change in its
normal condition, though not producing lameness at the time
of the sale of a horse, it is an unsoundness if lameness after-
wards follows.
Converted Pacer. Many natural pacers have been so
trained as to leave their natural gait and acquire the trotting
gait. Such are termed converted pacers. The methods used
to accomplish this are as varied as are the dispositions of the
horses. Weighting in different ways, the use of the cross-
strap, the placing of rails on the ground at such intervals as
will compel the horse to put his feet down in the diagonal
order, and many others. Charles jMarvin, in telling how he
trained Smuggler — Training the Trotting Horse — says : " I
would start him up slowly, and rather suddenly throw him oft'
62 HAis^DBOOK OF THE TUKF.
to one side at a pretty sharp angle, compelling him to change
his gait, and the new gait, (trot), he would keep for a few steps.
As soon as he came back to the pace I would swing him off
sideways again. Of course this was virtually driving around
in a small circle until he began to go a considerable distance
trotting. At each time he would remain at the trot a little
longer, and one day struck a trot and kept it up for a quarter
of a mile."
Cooliiig"-oiit ; Cooling Off. The walking exercise,
light blanketing and personal care given to a horse after one
heat, in order to fit him for the following heat.
Cooling'-out Ground. The enclosed area between the
stables and track, where horses are led to halter for cooling
out between Jieats.
Coper. [Eng.] A broker in old horses ; a dishonest
horse dealer ; a horse sharp.
Corded-up. A condition of the muscles of the back
and loins very liable to follow a severe heat, in which they
become distended, knotted, or partially paralyzed, requiring
very careful attention and the application of hot lotions to
bring them to their normal condition.
Corker. A rush; a hard heat; a fast brush; a heat
that has required hard work to win ; as " four corking heats ; "
"two corking miles."
Corner Teetli. The outermost of the front teeth, or
incisors ; those next to the tusks.
Coronet. The comparatively soft, but sharply defined
line, or band, w^hich runs round the foot, highest in front and
becoming lower behind, immediately above the hoof, and
which secretes the horn by which the wall of the hoof is
formed. The coronet, or coronary bone, is the short, cube-
shaped bone, between the coffin bone and the small cannon
bone.
Corns proceed from an injury to the living horn of the
foot, more commonly in the inner heel, and found, above all,
in flat feet with low, weak heels. From the fact that they
can seldom be cured they render a horse unsound.
Cough. However simple and however recent in origin a
cough may be, while it lasts the horse is unsound.
Counting- The Horseshoes. A custom founded upon
the fact that Walter Le Brun, a London farrier, was granted
a plot of land in the Strand, London, as early as 1235, upon
which to set up a forge. For this privilege he was to render to
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 63
the exchequer, each year, six horseshoes with the sixty-two
nails belonging to them. This custom has continued ever since
and from it originates the "counting of the horseshoes and
hobnails " on swearing in the London sheriffs at the Court of
Exchequer of the present day.
Coupling'. That part of the sacrum where it joins the
lumber vertebra ; the point where the top of the ribs unite with
the vertebral column.
While Flying Eafon had a strong, broad loin and excellent conpling,
there was a gracefivl, downward curvature of the spine in front of
the coupling which gave him in some tlegree the appearance of
being slightiy sway-backed.— S. W. Farlin.
Coiirag'e. That instinct or inbred quality of physical
power which asserts itself in endurance and staying effort ; the
best evidence that a horse possesses high breeding and splendid
ancestry.
"Well-bred horses, properly broken, are more courageous than coarsely
bred ones.— The Book of tlie Horse, S. Sidney.
Course. A track ; the distance or direction laid out for
a race course.
Courser. A racer or swift running horse. Hugh the
Great of France, in the year 930, presented to Athelstan, one
of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England, whose sister, Edelswitha,
he had married, several running horses, the equos cursores of the
chronicler. Coursers are also mentioned among the horses of
Henry VIII. of England, in 1509; and Anthony Fitzherbert,
who wrote the earliest English work on agriculture, 1534,
speaks of the corser as a horse dealer.
Crack. Great ; famous. A crack jockey, a crack driver
— persons great in their respective lines.
Cracked ; Crocked. To become tired ; to give up ;
to quit.
In the stretch I called on Manzanita, and after trotting head-and-head
for nearly a furlong with Belle Hamlin the latter cracked, and
Manzanita Avon In 2 :16i. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles
Marvin.
Cracked Heels. Fleshy heels, the inflammation of
which is due to a fungus, or grease ; scratches, canker, or foot-
mange. It is an unsoundness.
Cracker- jack. A horse with a very low record; a fast
horse ; a record-breaker.
Creep. When the pneumatic tire of a bicycle sulky
wheel becomes loose from the felloe, it is said to " creep."
Crest. The upper part of the neck extending from the
withers to the ears.
Cribbing ; Crib-biting, is associated with the serious
64 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
vice of wind-sucking, which generally leads to tympany, im-
paired digestion, and rapid loss of condition. It is believed that
in the early stages it can be cured and the horse rendered sound ;
but if neglected leads to serious results and becomes a vice, and
in its more advanced stages the health and condition of the
horse are affected, the digestive organs become impaired, and
the horse is imsound because less valuable and less liable to
perform his ordinary work. Hanover, in his Law of Horses,
says : "As indications of approaching disease it would be diffi-
cult to say cribbing was not an unsoundness. A crib-biter will
not retain his condition or be fit for constant work." In jNlassa-
chusetts Reports, 8, Gray, [1861], 430, AVashburn vs. Cuddihy,
" Judge Briggs refused to rule as matter of law, that cribbing
was not unsoundness in a horse."
Crop. [Eng.] A short handled, stout hunting whip,
having a hook at one end. It is generally held in the right
hand about six inches from the loop, with the hook downwards,
the lash coiled up and held in the same hand. This, of course,
is when the crop is not in use.
Cropping. The barbarous practice of cropping or paring
and clipping the ears of a horse, which was thought to be the
proper thing for fashion, largely practiced in England about
1790-1800.
Cross. If a horse, in attempting to pass another on the
homestretch, should at any time cross or swerve so as to impede
the progress of a horse behind him, he becomes disqualified
from winning that heat. This rule applies to the running and
trotting turf, equally.
Cross-bar. A fore bar attached across the thills of a
sulky or carriage, to which the whipple-tree is fastened. A
splinter-bar.
Cross-country Riding. [Eng.] Steeple-chasing or
hunting ; riding across fields, over fences, brooks, ditches and
hedges. The opposite from road riding.
Cross-strap. A hopple, or hobble. A leather and
elastic attachment placed upon the legs of horses to assist in
changing or converting the gait, or to prevent a horse from
pacing. Attached to the horse for this purpose it must be
crossed, or attached from left fore foot to right hind foot ; and
from right fore foot to left hind foot, or ankle.
Croup. That portion of the upper part of the body of
the horse which is situated between the loins in front and the
tail behind ; the rump.
Crui>per. That part of the harness extending from the
HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 65
back strap to the end, a loop in the end of which receives and
holds the horse's tail.
Cup. A vessel of precious metal, like silver or gold; or
an elaborately wrought piece of plate offered as a prize to be
contended for in a race.
Cup-races. Races in which horses start for a cup rather
than for a purse or stake ; a term applied to match races.
Cuppy. A cuppy track is a soft, sandy track, the surface
of which is said to cup when the horse's foot leaves an impres-
sion upon it in the form of a small hollow, as though a cupful
of earth had been removed ; this condition being caused by the
contact of the horse's shoe in going over it at high speed. A
track that is cuppy is always a slow track.
Curb. A chain or strap attached to the upper ends of
the branches of the bit of a bridle, and passing under the
horse's lower jaw ; used chiefly in controlling a spirited or
vicious horse. The curb rein is attached to the lower end of
the fauces of the bit, and when it is pulled the curb is pressed
forward against the horse's jaw in such a manner as to compel
obedience. The proper length for the curb is about one-fourth
more than the width of the mouth ; and it should be outside of
the bridoon bit, for if placed inside of it the constant pressure of
the bit on the curb would chafe and injure the under jaw bone.
Curb. A swelling in the median line of the hind limb
just backwards of the back part of the hock, where in the nor-
mal state there should be a straight line, extending from the
upper end of the point of the hock down to the fetlock. At
first it is soft and doughy, later hard and resistant. Due gen-
erally to a sprain of the tendon which plays over the front of
the hock, though in some cases the ligament beneath the tendon
is injured. If large enough to be distinctly seen, or if it has
been disfigured by treatment or otherwise, it is a blemish ; but
while forming, if the horse is lame, he is indisputably unsound.
Curb-bit. A form of bit for the bridle which by the
exertion of slight effort can be made to produce great pressure
on the horse's mouth.
It is impossible to ride well on any horse nnless the curl>bit is prop-
erly made and properly adjusted.— The Saddle Horse.
Curb-chain. The curb-chain is made flat so that when
twisted into shape it lies almost as smooth as a band of leather
against the chin. It is attached by spring-hooks to the eyes of
the upper ends of the levers of the bit.
Curby Hocks. A curby hock is one which is slightly
bulged out behind. In some horses they are congenital and
5
Q6 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
cannot be regarded as a disease or an unsoundness, but rather
as a distortion or blemish-
Cushion. A soft finish to a track ; the surface to the
depth of from one-half to three-fourths of an inch being made
very light and soft by a fine finishing harrow, but yet so yield-
ing as to be elastic.
Tiie rreat point in track biiildinj; is to szet a perfect cnsliion — one tliat
issuiooih, springy, and clean, where lliere is a certain amount of
yiel<iin<,' wlien tlie foot slrilves. — Training tlie Trotting Horse,
Charles 3Iarvin.
Cut. To reduce ; to take from. A term used by experts
in judging a horse at exhibitions by means of a score card
system, or scale of points. The work is generally done very
rapidly by an expert judge, only the defects in the animal being
marked, which are reduced or " cut," from the total number
of points included in perfection, and deducted therefrom ; thus
showing the total number of points scaled by the animal in a
possible 100.
Cutting, the result of faulty structure, is not an unsound-
ness, because the law cannot regard a horse as unsound merely
from badness of conformation.
Cut Loose. A horse is said to cut loose when he jumps
to an unprecedented rate of speed; to go uncontrolled an<i
almost beyond all limit.
"Wlien they gave tlie word Edwin was going true as an arrow, and as he
turned into the baclv stretch, he cut loose at a rate of speed tiiat
looked to me as though he was not only going to beat Rarus' time,
but Iv-nock the watches out of their cases as well. — Lite with the
Trotters, Joliu Splau,
D
Daisy-cutter. A horse that does not lift his feet much
off tlie ground ^vhen trotting or galloping; a low, swift going
horse.
The Irot is the true pace for a hackney; ajul were we near a town I
shouUl like to try that daisif-cutter of yours npou a piece of level
road, (^barring canter), for a quart of claret at the next inn. — Sir
"Walter Scott.
Daiig'erous Horse. An unknown horse of which one
is afraid in a race ; one of whose chances of success no informa-
tion is to be had.
Dark. All racing and trotting rules forbid the making
of a heat or race wdien it is so dark that the gait of the horses
cannot be plainly seen from the judges' stand.
Dark Horse. A horse not known ; one of which all
contestants are afraid ; whose capabilities are not known.
Years ago there lived in Tennessee an old chap named Sam Flynn,
who always had a nag or two, traded horses to some extent and.
who had a black horse called Dusky Pete, almost a thoroughbred,
which he woidd straddle and ride into town in such a way as gave
those who knew it the inij)ression that Pete wasn't much of a
"hoss." One day Sam came into town where there was a county
race meeting and entered Pete at a post match. The people backed,
two or three local favorites quite heavily against iiim, not knowing
anything of his antecedents. Jnst as the tlyers were being sad-
dled for the race, old Judge McMinamee, Avho was the turf oracle
of that part of the State, arrived on the course and was made one
of the judges. As he took his place on the stand he was told how
the betting ran, and the folly of the owner of the strange entry in
ba<;king his "plug" so heavily. Running his eye over the track
the judge instantly recognized Pel e and said: " Gentlemen, there's
a dark horse in this race that will make some of you sick before
supper." The judge was right. Pete, the "dark horse," lay back
until the three-quarter pole was reached wlien he went to the front
with a rush, and won the purse and Flynn's bets with the greatest
ease. This is the true origin of the saying "a dark horse."
Wallace's Monthly, May, 1884.
The first favorite was never heard of, the second favorite was never
seen after the distance post, all the ten-to-oners were in the race,
and a dark horse which had never been thought of rushed past the
grand stand in sweeping triumiDh. — The Young Duke, Benjamin
D'Israeli.
Darley Arabian. One of the three most remarkable
horses of which equine history gives any record. It was dur-
ing the reign of Queen Anne, 1702-1714, (famous in its his-
tory of the English thoroughbred racehorse), that this cele-
brated animal attained his greatest fame. He is supposed to
have been bred in the desert of Palmyra, and was brought
67
68 HANDBOOK or THE TURF.
from Aleppo in Asiatic Turkey by the agent of an English
commercial company trading there, about 1700. He was of
bay color and was probably a genuine Arabian, although his
exact lineage w^as never ascertained. His name is derived from
his owner, Mr. Darley of Yorkshire. The Darley Arabian w^as
the progenitor of some of the finest horses that have perhaps
existed in the world, among them the Devonshire or Flying
Childers, foaled in 1715, and named from his breeder, Mr.
Leonard Childers; and the Bleeding, or Bartlett's Childers, a
horse that was never trained, but which was the fleetest horse
of his day, and the ancestor of Eclipse, one of the most
remarkable horses of which there is any record. Common
report affirmed that the Darley Arabian could run a mile in a
minute, but there is no authentic record of this. His son,
Flying Childers, ran over the round course at Kewmarket,
(three miles, six furlongs and ninety-three yards), in six
minutes and forty seconds ; and over the Beacon course, (four
miles, one furlong and one hundred and thirty-eight yards), in
seven minutes and thirty seconds.
Dash ; Dash Race. A short race ; as, a three-quarter
mile dash ; a mile and an eighth dash ; a race decided in a
single attempt instead of in heats. First run in the United
States in 1861 at the Saratoga, N. Y., course.
For some years prior to 1864, lieat-raciiig liad been on tlie deelinje in
Enjilaiul and dash racing growing in favor, and the i)eople of New
Yorlv followed England's lead until racing has come down from
heats of four miles lo dashes of five fnrlongs. Long-distance races
are only a memory that lingers in the minds of a few turfmen of
the oldscliool who liave survived the period of transition the sport
has nndergone.— The Horseman.
Dash Watch. A watch placed in a leather case made
of the exact size to receive it, which is fitted to the dashboard
or fender of the buggy, by means of a spring clasp, so that the
driver can always have the time before him when driving.
Dawson, Thomas. Of Middleham, England, the most
famous and best all-round trainer in England from 1830, till
his death in 1881. He was the originator of the modern
and improved system of training thoroughbreds. He was
the first to see the fallacies of the old method, and to act
upon his own well-considered opinions. He did away with the
drenchings, profuse sweatings and short supplies of water,
introducing in their stead plenty of old oats and hard work.
He was an oracle on liorse flesh, and the thanks of all owners
of horses are justly due to him for the radical and salutary
change he effected in the training world.
Daylight, Tavo Lengths of. There is an unwritten
rule among some drivers that there must be " two lengths of
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 69
daylight," (that is, a distance of twice the length of the horse
and sulky), between the head of one's horse and the wheel of
the other's sulky, before the attempt to pass can be made.
But in practice this well understood rule comes down to the
real law of the trotting turf that no driver shall pass another,
when, by so doing, he causes him to swerve from his course, or
in swinging in, impedes the stride of the horse passed.
Dead Heat. A dead heat, according to trotting law,
is always counted, and is regarded as a heat that is undecided
only as between the horses making it ; and it is a heat that is
lost by all the other contending horses. The time made shall
be regarded a record or bar for the horses making the dead
heat ; and if for any other cause the heat is not awarded to
either of the leading horses it shall be awarded to the next
best horse, and no time shall be given out. By the National
rules when two or more horses make a dead heat, the remain-
ing horses start for the succeeding heat in the same j)ositions
with reference to the pole that they occupied at the finish of
the dead heat. By the American rules whenever two or more
horses have to their credit a sufficient number of dead heats, or
heats and dead heats to have terminated the race if such dead
heats had been won by either of them, only such horses shall
start in the next heat. By the laws of the Turf Congress
horses running a dead heat for a race, or place, shall be deemed
winners of the race or place until the dead heat is run off, or
the owners agree to divide ; and if the owners agree to divide,
each horse which divides shall be deemed a winner of the race
or place for which he divides.
It is considered by many next to impossible tliat horses should mn a
dead heat, and, indeed, it seems as tliou,t;h there must be a sliglit
diflference between all horses in a close finish. — How to Train the
Racehorse, Col. R. Warburton.
Dead Mouth. A dead, or non-sensitive mouth, is one
of the most disappointing faults that a horse can acquire. It
is generally occasioned by the horse, usually a tongue-loller,
carrying his tongue over the bit, w^hich produces that condi-
tion known as a dead mouth.
Dead Track. A track or race-course having a hard sub-
grade and an unyielding surface.
Rarus demonstrated his ability to pull a wagon in 2:15V2 over a track
that had just been made, and, in addition, was dead and damp
from late rains. — Life with Ihe Trotters, John Splan.
Deciding" Heat. The last heat in a race ; a heat of a
race in which two or more heats have been performed, and
which determines the final result by the starters in that particu-
lar heat. By the racing rules there is no distance in a decid-
ing heat.
70 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Declarations. The Turf Congress rules require that
declarations must be made in purse races by 12 o'clock, noon,
the day of the race. If a person having more than one horse
entered in a purse, declares one out, he thereby declares all
out. All declaration fees go — 60 per cent, to second horse,
and 40 per cent, to third horse ; and in case one horse distances
the field, in heat races, all entrance and declaration money
must go with the purse.
I>eiital Star. A particular marking in the permanent
incisors deemed an important factor in judging the age of a
horse after he is eight years old. It is a discoloration of the
dentine, (the ivory-like substance filling the cavity of the teeth,
softer and darker colored than the rest of the tooth), which
appears on the table of the tooth as the x^rown becomes worn
away, in the form of a transversely elongated dark-yellow line.
Dentition. The act or process of cutting teeth. The
horse has two sets of teeth, like all the other domestic animals.
They are called those of the first dentition or temporary ; and
those of the second dentition, or permanent. See Teeth.
Derby. The most important annual race in England,
possibly in the world, run on the Downs, a mile and a half
south of the village of Epsom, Surrey, fourteen miles from
London. The Derby stakes were founded in 1780, by Edward
Smith Stanley, Twelfth Earl of Derby, the year following his
establishment of the Oaks stakes. The stakes are 6,000 sover-
eigns — the winner to receive 5,000 sovereigns, the nominator
of the winner 500 sovereigns, the owner of the second 300
sovereigns, and the owner of the third 200 sovereigns. The
event is for three-year-olds, colts to carry 126 pounds, and
fillies to carry 121 pounds. The first Derby was won by Diomed,
owned by the celebrated Sir Charles Bunbury, which horse in a
few years won over i$38,000 in stakes, and was sold in 1798 for
fifty guineas, and brought to this country. From the time
the race was inaugurated up to 1784, the length of the Derby
course was one mile. From 1784 up to and including 1871,
the distance was one and a half miles. In 1872, and since, the
start has been from the new High Level starting post, the dis-
tance being one and a haK miles and twenty-nine yards. It is
up hill for a quarter of a mile, tolerably flat for the next half,
down hill for the next quarter, and undulating Mdth a rise to
the finish for the remainder of the distance. The Derby has
been won by such great horses as Queen of Trumps, Bay Mid-
dleton, Smolensko, Surplice, Don Juan, St. Bevys, PleniiDoten-
tiary. Bard, Bend Or, Sainfoin, Pyrrhus the First, Mameluke,
Orm, and greatest of all, the mighty Ormonde.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 71
Derby Day. The day on which the Derby stakes are
run for. It always occurs on the second day — Wednesday — of
the great Epsom Spring Meeting in May, being the Wednesday
before Whitsuntide. It takes place on this day, rain or shine,
the precise minute varies only occasionally as when the horses
are bad in coming into form for a start. Parliament adjourns
till tha race is run.
Every Xew Kiijilaiid deacon oiiplit to soe one Derby day to learn what,
sort, of a wo. Id this is lit_' livts iii. .Man is a siKininy, as well as ajnay-
iiij,' anim d.— Dr. Oliver Weii«lell Holmes, 18o4.
The Derby lias always been the one evmi in ilie racinj; year which
slaiesiueii, i)lulosoi)iiers, poets, essayists andlitleraieurs tlesire to
see onee in their lives.— The London Field. May 2i>, IbSC.
Diiriny; the last twenty years the averajie time of iIh> Dt-i by, one and a
half miles, is 2 niin.' 46 se<'., or a mile in 1 mi n. 52 sec, the horses
carrying 122 pounds.— The Badmiidon Library : Racing and Steeple-
ciiasiny, Arthur Coventry and A. L. T. Walson.
The horses were brought out, smooi li, shininy, line-drawn, frisky, spirit
stirring to look upon —most beautiful of :U1 tli(! bay horse Ormonde.
Avho cotild harilly be restrained, such was his eagerness for action.
The horses disappear in the distance. They are off, not yet. distin-
guishable, at least to me. A little waiting time, and t hey swim into
our ken, but in what order of precedence it is as yet not easy to
say. Here they come! Two horses have emerged Irom the ruck,
and are sweeping, rushing, storming, towards us, almost side by
side. One slides by the other, half a length, a length, a length and
a half. Those are Archer's colors, and the beautiful b:iy Ormonde
flaslies by the line, winner of the Derby of 1886.— Our Hundred Days
111 Europe, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes.
As long as tlie Derby is run for at Epsom, which, for aught we know,
may he to the eiul of time, so long will Epsom continue to fascinate
the public, and people will flock to the Downs in the hoi)e, or on
the pretence, of seeing a race which not one m:in in fifty everreally
sees, norone in tweni y cares about seeing. — The Badminton Library :
Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven.
Description. An idetntification. All turf rules require
an adequate description of evei'y horse entered for any race,
purse, or stake, which shall embi^ace name, color, sex, marks,
and other facts required for identification.
Developed; Developing-. To bring out; to perfect.
It is said of a finished trotting horse that he is developed ; the
art of training a horse to develop his speed qualities. A horse
that is in training is said to be developing ; one that is getting
his gait is said to be developing fast, or developing well;
promising.
Developed Sires. Stallions in service that have been
worked, trained and developed for speed, in distinction from
those which have not been trained for speed. Upon the cor-
rectness of the theory that developed speed in sire and dam is
an important factor in the transmission of speed, there are dif-
fering opinions. Many hold that the developed sires are not
as successful in the stud as those which have never been devel-
oped, and instance Electioneer with one hundred and forty-four
in the 2:30 list, never developed ; and others believe that the
72 HANDBOOK OF THE TVRF.
complete 2:30 list is the most convincing argument that could
be made, of the value of developing the speed qualities of horses
from which it is intended to produce trotters.
Devices, of various kinds for the harness, stable, horse,
and general business of the turf, have greatly multiplied of late,
the finer and nicer work required in all departments demand-
ing the use of a larger number of implements, contrivances,
and equipments. Such as are of most value, not mentioned in
other parts of this work under their proper heading, are named —
JFo?' the Harness: Check rein holders for holding the check rein
in place in the water hook, of various patterns ; rein-snap or
snap-hook for holding the reins in place ; covering of fine
lamb's wool, canvas lined, for applying to harness to prevent
chafing. Foj- the Horse : Elastic appliances of various kinds,
as, hock compress or truss for blood spavin, fetlock support for
colts with weak legs, shin brace, stockings, pastern brace, to
prevent knuckling, curb compress ; shoe pad of rubber and cork,
held in place by a spring ; calk cover, to be placed over the
shoe when the horse is in the stable ; ice creepers, adjustable,
for preventing horses from slipping on icy roads ; hoof expand-
ers, for corns, contracted feet and quarter cracks ; hoof pad
springs, for holding in place felt packing upon the sole of the
foot ; double crupper, placed under or within the ordinary
crupper for adjusting the position of the tail, so that a span
may carry their tails uniformly when in harness ; open
saddle, for use in case of sore backs caused by saddle gall ;
supports and shields for stallions ; anti-snowball pad for insert-
ing in the shoe to prevent balling ; rubber head bumpers, to be
worn by the horse when being transported by rail, to prevent
injury ; bone and rubber rattles to prevent interfering. Simple
and common stable equipments, the use of which is obvious,
do not require mention. Devices for the track like jockey
boards, score boards, electric bells, dials announcing succes-
sive races, boxes, electrical chronometers, etc., are generally
described under their respective headings.
Diag"Onal Gait. The trot. The order of movement in
the trot is : Left fore foot, right hind foot, right fore foot,
left hind foot. Thus, the left fore and right hind foot move
in unison, striking the ground together; then, in turn, right
fore foot and left hind foot complete the revolution, and, there-
fore, the trot is most proi)erly called the diagonal gait.
Diastema. The toothless interval in the lower jaw
between the corner incisors and the molar teeth behind, called
the bar, and upon which the bit rests. It is an interesting
fact in zoological science that in the most primitive condition
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 73
of dentition of the horse, there appears to have been no such
interval, all the teeth having been in contact.
Dioined. First winner of the Derby. By Florizel;
dam, by Spectator. He was no less celebrated as a sire than as
a racer. He left famous stock in England, and when 22 years
old was imported into Virginia where he laid the foundation
for the best running stock in the South. Among his famous
get in that State were: Sir Archy, Florizel, Potomac, Top
Gallant, Peace JNIaker, Hamlinton and Duroc.
Directum. Black colt, foaled in 1880; by Director,
2:17, by Dictator; dam, Stem Winder, 2:31, by Venture.
Holding the World's record for a four year old to the end of
1893, (race record), Nashville, Tenn., October 18, 1893, 2:05^.
Dis. W^hen occurring in a summary indicates that the
horse against whose name it is placed was distanced in the
heat where it occurs.
Disguising". Turf law inflicts expulsion from all tracks
controlled by members, upon any person guilty of painting or
disguising any horse to represent another or different horse,
when entered for a race. Many states also have severe laws
against the same. See Law.
Dismounting. By the trotting rules no driver can dis-
mount at the close of a heat, or leave his sulky, without per-
mission of the judges, and those deficient in bodily weight
shall be re-weighed after each heat. During any delay in
starting a race, occasioned by accident to any rider or his
equipment, jockeys may dismount and give up their horses to
an attendant; but at the close cannot dismount without per-
mission of the judge.
Dismounting. [Eq.] In dismounting from the saddle,
take hold of the mane of the horse and pommel of the saddle
as in mounting. Bear the weight upon the straightened arms
as the right leg is brought over the left side ; hold the body
for an instant in a position perpendicular to the side of the
horse, the whole weight being supported by the arms, and
drop gently to the ground at the shoulder of the horse. In
dismounting when the horse is in motion, avoid the momen-
tary rest as the leg is brought over the left side, and striking
the ground prepared to take a few stej^s with the horse,
whether at the gallop or trot, after which release the hold
upon the mane and pommel of the saddle.
Disqualified. By the rules of the Turf Congress when
a horse is disqualified, every other horse belonging wholly or
in part to the same owner, is also disqualified; and if any
74 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
transfer is made for the purpose of avoiding payment of
forfeit orders or any disqualification, the person making and
receiving such transfers may be fined or ruled off.
Distal Phalanx. The coiiin bone.
Distance. The space measured back from the winning
post or judges' stand which a horse, in heat-races, must have
reached when the winning horse has covered the whole course,
in order to be entitled to enter subsequent heats. By the
rules of the trotting turf distances are : Kaces of mile heats,
eighty yards ; races of two mile heats, one hundred and fifty
yards; races of three mile heats, two hundred and twenty
yards ; mile heats, best three in five, one hundred yards ; heats
of not over one mile, in which eight or more horses start,
distance is to be increased one half, unless otherwise stated in
the conditions of the race. In a fairly trotted heat, when
there is no question as to the placing of horses, those whose
heads have not reached the distance stand or post as soon as
the leading horse arrives at the wire, are declared to be dis-
tanced. All horses distanced in the first heat are equal. If a
heat has been won by a protested horse the judges are to waive
the application of a distance as to all other horses except for
fouls; and judges may waive distance, (except for fouls), to
any horse for w^hich they have substituted a rider or driver ;
also, in case of a dead heat, judges may waive the application
of the distance rule. A horse distancing the field in one heat,
closes the race and is entitled to the entire purse, stake or
premium, unless otherwise stated. The American Turf Con-
gress recognizes the following distances : In heats of three-
quarters of a mile, twenty-five yards ; one mile, thirty yards ;
two miles, seventy yards ; three miles, sixty yards ; four miles,
seventy yards. In the deciding heat there is no distance.
Distanced. To be distanced in a heat or race, is to
have no place. A horse which fails to reach the distance-post
or stand before the heat has been won, or whose driver or
rider is adjudged to have made certain specified errors, is
regarded as distanced.
Distance Flag. The flag in the hands of the distance
judge, the falling of which, as the winning horse reaches the
wire, is the signal that horses which have not reached the
distance post are shut out.
Distanced Horse. A distanced horse is out of the
race, having no j^lace.
Distance Judg^e. A person appointed by the judges
to remain in the distance stand, or at the distance post during
a heat or race, and, at the close, report to them the horse or
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 75
horses that are behind the flag, and all foul or improper con-
duct, if any has occurred under his observation.
Distance Post; Distance Stand. The stand or
post at the end of the distance.
Dock. The solid part of the horse's tail ; the crupper of
a saddle.
Docking". The act of cutting off or clipping the horse's
tail, an operation which the dictates of fashion have caused to
be inflicted, periodically, for the past two hundred years; the
length of the dock or stump being a matter of mere caprice.
Dog'. A mean horse ; a quitter.
Domino. A phenomenal young thoroughbred racehorse,
known as ^'the unbeaten." Bred by B. G. Thomas, Lexing-
ton, Ky. Foaled in 1890. By Himyar; dam, Mamie Gray,
by Enquirer. Morris Park, September 29, 1893, won the
Matron Stakes, six furlongs, carrying 128 pounds, in 1:09, the
fastest time on record. His winnings as a four-year old in
1893, were -1176.730, no other American horse ever having won
anything nearly approaching this sum in a single season.
Doncaster. In the West Biding of York, England, on
the river Don. The seat of the great race-course which has a
magnificent grand stand, and also a splendid noblemen's stand.
Races were established here in 1703, and the St Leger, for
three-year-olds, established by Col. St. Leger, is run in Septem
ber of each year.
Doping". Drugging; from dope, any thick liquid.
When a horse is said to have been doped, the inference is that
he has been drugged or tampered with. It is punishable by
severe penalties.
Double-bridle. A bridle with two bits, two headstalls
and two reins, same as the bit and bridoon.
Double-gaited. A horse which, in motion, both trots
and paces is said to be double-gaited. In general this change
is made without apparent effort, but it is noticeable that when
a horse changes from a trot to a pace he squats a few inches —
some drivers assert from three to four inches — traveling closer
to the ground, the back being perfectly level. The usual
changes in gait are these : In starting from a walk the horse
ambles, or goes at a slow pace, and in passing from this to a
pace he usually consumes ten or a dozen steps in shuffling,
skipping, hopping, before the settled pace is caught. In
changing from a pace to a trot but two or three shuffling steps
are required. The formula is this : It is easy for a horse to
go from a trot to a pace ; difficult to go from the amble to the
trot, and hard to go from the pace to the trot.
76 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Give Gus Glidden one of those double-gaited , sliifty, pacing horses that
are occasionally met wlMi, and lie could come nearer straiglitening
him oul and making him go on a straight trot, in less time than any
man I evei- saw.— Lil'e witli the Trotters, John Spian.
Double-harness. A harness for a span of horses driven
abreast. Each one is usually lighter than a single harness, and
contains nearly the same number of pieces, although in that
intended for light carriage use the breeching or hold-back straps
are discontinued.
Double- jointed Snaffle. A bit similar to the double-
barred or Pantograph snaffle, intended for hard pullers, being a
compromise between the single-jointed snaffle and the bar bit.
Double-pocket. A disadvantageous position for a
horse in a heat, which may be the result of circumstances, or in
part that of design. As an example : A horse may have the
pole and another lapped on his outside w heel ; when a third
horse may come up behind the one at the pole and yet a fourth
immediately lap on his outside. Hence the horse behind the
leading pole horse would be in a " dotible pocket " with little
chance of getting out, although he might have more speed than
either of the others. See Pocket.
Double-reined Bridle. A bridle with a single bit
and two reins, like the Pelham, having one bit, one head-
stall, and two reins.
Double-ringed Snaffle. A bit that may be used for
horses which bore to one side, or which have at times to be
turned very sharply.
Double-team, World's Record. To wagon, to the
close of 1893: One mile — Belle Hamlin and Honest George,
Providence, R. I., September 23, 1892, 2:12^; in a race, one
mile — Maxy Cobb and Neta Medium, Chicago, 111., September
25, 1885, 2:18f
Down in the Dirt. When a horse that has been
running or trotting badly suddenly recovers his form and
improves all at once, the prophets who said he was a quitter,
and those who layed on his opponents, are " down in the dirt,"
or floored.
DraAVg"ate. The gate from the stables to the course,
through which the horses in a race go upon the track.
Drawing". A term relating to feeding a horse for a race,
but one having two meanings in this connection. It refers to
the act of reducing the quantity of hay fed, or "drawing"
away a portion of the regular ration. Mr. Splan, in telling how
he fed one of his horses for a race, says : " She w^ould get a light
feed of hay after her work, and that was all the drawing I found
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 77
necessary in her case." It also refers to the drawing up or
reducing the size of the abdomen in order that the horse may
not be cumbered with unnecessary bulk.
I am not in fiivor of drawing a horse as closely as many do, who, I
think, err in making tlieir restrictions too severe. There is a point
to be reacthed in tliis preparation whicli it should be our aim to
observe, viz.: Tliat tlie stomacii should not be encumbered, and yet
the nourishment affordeil by the tood be sufficient to carry a horse
througli a race in which lie would weaken unless the supply was
ade(iu"ate to meet the demands.— Jt)sepii Cairn Simpson.
Drawing' for Positions. When the horses are out
the drawing for positions usually takes place in this manner:
One judge with a pencil in hand, so that no one else can see,
points to the name of a horse in the list of entries, and, with
his back to another judge, asks, " What position shall this
horse have ? " The other replies, " second," " sixth," or any
other number ; and this goes on until all are drawn — number
one having drawn the jDole, and the highest number the
outside place.
DraAvn. A horse taken from a race after having been
entered, is said to have been drawn ; not a starter. But no
horse can be drawn except by permission of the judges unless
at or before 7 o'clock p. m., of the day preceding the race. By
the old rules it had the same force as distanced.
Dress of Jockeys. The racing rules require that all
riders must be dressed in proper costume — cap and jacket of
silk or satin, white or colored breeches and top boots.
Dressed Mouth. A dressed mouth is one in which the
tables or surface of the teeth have been filed down or bishoped,
often for the purpose of complicating the determination of age.
Dressing". The scraping, cleaning, drying, bandaging,
and blanketing of a horse after a race, or after a day's hunt or
work, is called " dressing." The average time required is an
hour and a half to each horse.
Dressing a Track. Fitting the surface for a heat or
race by means of a light, fine harrow, float or brush.
Dressing Harrow. A wide harrow having sharp, fine
teeth, adjustable in length, for the purpose of finishing the
surface of a track.
Drive Him Out of It. A term used in training
where the horse trots with his fore legs and at the same time
runs behind. To balance such a horse, trainers recommend
the use of light shoes behind, with heavier ones forward, and
possibly a four ounce toe-weight. Drive at first at half speed,
increasing it gradually. Radical treatment is to use spreaders
and send the horse out brisk — in other words, "drive him out
of it."
78 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Drive Him Over Himself. To force a horse off his
gait.
Driver. One who drives a race in a sulky, in distinction
from one who rides a race in the saddle.
Driving" Bit. The watering bit. An ordinary bridoon
with rings, used with cart, car, truck, wagon, plow ; and cavalry
regulation bit. A bit, mild and harmless in general application.
Driving' Rein. A rein in which the hand part consists
of two strips or pieces instead of one ; between wdiich leather
hand-loops are stitched at convenient distances apart ranging
from six to ten inches, to meet the requirements of different
kinds of service.
Dr'n. In a summary of the race, these letters mean that
the horse against which uame they are placed, was drawn from
the race in the heat in which they appear.
Dropped Heat. Practically the same as a heat laid
up, with this difference : The rules allow a heat to be laid up
by permission of the judges upon having it announced from
the stand, while a heat is often dropped to favor a fraud and
not known to any but the parties interested. Thus a horse
may ask j)ermission to lay up a heat in order that he may be
able to win the deciding heat of a hard race, while a horse able
to win in straight heats may drop one to some other horse in
order to insure him second money.
Dropping Anclior. [Eng.] Keeping back a horse in a
race, or voluntarily losing it.
On the other liand, on remarking upon the mild way of riding, the
visitor will, probably, be met witli tlie retort, tliat if the jockeys did
not tlog their animals nnniercifully, they would be accused of wliat
is here termed in racing slang, "dropping the anchor." — Sporting
Times.
No trainer of experience will attempt to deny the impossibility of
detecting by ocular observation, whetJier the jockey whom lie
employs "drops anchor" or does his best to win a race.— The Bad-
minton Library: Racing. The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and
\y. G. Craven.
Dropping Behind. Knuckling or dropping behind
with the pastern joint or joints, is caused by what is known as
chinked or broken back ; and is in all cases an unsoundness.
Dropsy. A distended, bulky stomach is too often an
indication of dropsy, in which case the horse is unsound.
Ds. Small, semi-circular metal hoops which are attached
by chafes, (short leather straps), to the front or back of the
saddle for strapping on a coat, small case, or other personal
effects.
Dumb Jockey. A device made of whalebone, gutta-
percha, leather and rubber springs used in bitting and training
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 79
colts. It consists of a saddle fastened by a belly girth, two
arms extending upward from the saddle to which the ends of
the reins and crupper strap are attached, the side checks being
fastened to the lower part of the saddle on each side ; the reins
and straps being elastic and adjustable. There are various
patterns.
D. V. S. Doctor of veterinary surgery.
Dwell. [Eng.] A short stop made by a horse at a fence
before taking it ; not refusing and bolting sidewise, but the
act of considering. It is a fault in a chaser, as horses must fly
to their fences and get away from them immediately.
Dwell ; Dwelling Behind. AVhen a horse has that
faulty or erratic action in the hind members which is best
desci^bed as being both too long and slow, he is said to " dwell
behind."
Ears. The ears of the horse are expressive of many feel-
ings, convey pleasure and pain as well as anger, and afford an
excellent index of mind and health. The command which the
horse has over them is marvelous. They can be thrown for-
ward or backward at will. One can be thrown back to hear
in the rear, while the other is thrown forw^ard as the horse sees
and hears in front. The normal position of the ear when the
horse is inactive, is thrown backwards, but when he is at work
it varies with conditions. When expecting orders it is verti-
cal; when the horse is cross it drops back low; when listening
or looking to the front it is thrown forward; when he is
asleep one ear is always pointed to the front. AVhen the sad-
dle horse is in action he listens attentively to the least sound
of his rider's voice, which he expects to hear, and by giving
him the habit of listening to and obeying the voice, the use of
the bit is reduced to the minimum.
The ear which lias most admirers is the one which is composed of a
mere shell of gristle enveloped in a layer of thin skin, which should
be clotlied witli a coat of fine hair, that may, however, be somewhat
meager on the inner surface, especially in the summer season. In
shape it should taper from the base to a rather sharp point at the
tip. Experience in selecting horses has led ns to observe the move-
ments of the ear with much caie, and regard them to some extent
as the index to the animal's character, for they not only indicate a
well-balanced disposition, a vicious or sluggish horse, as the case
may be, but they point to defective eyesight, or even total blindness,
in which case the ever restless ear will be thrown first in one direc-
tion and then in another. — E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan State
College Experiment Station.
Easy Bit. [Eq.] In equestrianism what is termed an
easy bit is the best for a horse , because, while a severe bit
ought to enable him to do well and prevent him from doing
ill, instead it often causes a severe restraint upon the natural
action of the horse.
An easy bit is the best one by which to control the horse, and next to
this a skillful hand— for the bit is the hand, and a good hand is the
whole of the rider.— New Method of Horsemanship, F. Baucher.
Eclipse. The most celebrated horse in the annals of the
turf. Bred by the Duke of Cumberland. Foaled April 1,
1764, the day on which occured the remarkable eclipse of the
sun, from which event his name was given. By Mask, by
Squirt, by Bartlett's Childers, by the Darley Arabian; dam,
Spiletta, by Regulus, by the Godolphin Arabian. He was
80
HANDBOOX OF THE TURF. gj
Chestnut in color with a white blaze down his face and his off
hnid leg was wlnte fron, his hock downwards. lie had b ack
spots i.pon Ins run.p, a peculiarity said to be seen in his male
descent to the present day. The very great size, obliqu ty 2d
lowness of his shoulders were the objects of general rematk
""; 't-'^ ^''r*"''^^ °f his fore quarters, his alple indlnei;
p.oportioned nnd quarters and the swelling muscles of hs
foreann and thigh. He was 1.5.1 hands higit His shoulden
vvere so tluck that, according to the observaUon of i^ ?h ,e a
firkin of butter might have rested upon them; while he stood
very h.gh beh.nd-a conformation suited to hi great poweio
progi^ssion. Of his speed, no correct estimate can be7o™ ed
foi he never met with an opponent sufficiently fleet to put to
the test. He was what is termed a "thick winded ho.^e " and
puffed and roared so as to be heard at a considerable dTstance
uZ n i '°T ""^'^ ''"'"'' ^^ ^^»« '«t '^™"Sl»t upon the
M f -.n™' ?™ y''^'''' "'''• H« ™" his first race at Epsom
^W\^^- ^'] ^"0 he beat Mr. Wentworth's BucephS'
Auo^nl nf the ; ^ ^"i"'''"""'"' " """'y Sood horse; and in
Yorir No wJ r-^'""* ^'' "'"" *he great subscription at
loik. iNo horse daring to enter against him, he closed his
short turf career of seventeen months, by walk L over tl^
^ewmarket course for the King's plate, on Octobef 18 1770
having run or walked over eighteen courses. He was' never
£0^000 "°T "''■' P"'' ^°''^"*' ^'"^ ^■°» fo-- his owTiers over
£2o,000. Leaving the turf he entered the stud where his
his form and lie was J Si ad mi fVifl to .1^2 ""^'^ was set to scrutinize
iml characters iiulica ive c^^f^^^'e^ pertection theexter-
his proportions by M. Saintbel a veterh ar.f .^ ^'"""^ "^"^^ written on
gations sl.owed that his fis.u'e diffli^d^i^^^^
tional form which speciilativf^ w, t^.i^.o P*^'' '^ ^\'^^ the conven-
of perfection. He was of an indomit.^h^^^ ;iss,gned as the standard
found it in vain to attenmt « i., ?V ■ '^ '"^'^l'^'"' ''»''^ *"« jockeys
with remaining ,stni in 1 e sa. luhn^ V"^ ^'o^^ented themselves
ahnost toucliing ti.e gTo nd T le til ' i«t f '^^^"^Pt along, l.is nose
not keep by his side for fifVvJ^.fi.^''^^^^^^
^'Th^ were too late, S^ "^^L^l^Sx^i/^^'^ ^^^^g^
82 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
all the information they wanted. On inquiring: whether she had
seen a race, slie replied that she could not tell M'hether it was a
race or not, but that she liad just seen a horse with white legs run-
ninii; away at a luonstroits rate, and anotlier horse a great way
beiiiiid, trying to run after him; but slie was sure lie never would
catch the wliite legged horse, if he run to the world's end."— History
of tlie Horse, London, 1831.
Edg'e. A horse is said to be on edge, when he is in
splendid condition, and, after proper training, is eager for a
race.
Elbow. A portion of the forearm ; the large bony pro-
jection at the upper and front portion of the forearm.
Electioneer, 125. The great sire of trotters. Bred by-
Charles Backman, Stony Ford, X. Y. Foaled May 2, 1868.
Bay; stout, and compactly built, standing 15.2^. By Rysdyk's
Hambletonian ; dam. Green Mountain Maid, by Harry Clay,
2:29. He was never trained, but as a three-year-old trotted
in 2:42 with no fitting, and could trot in 2:23 or better, and for
an eighth of a mile any day go at a 2:20 gait. His head was
well proportioned, of fair size, and a model of great intelligence.
He had good shoulders, splendid barrel, faultless back, and,
says Charles Marvin, "simply the best quarters I ever saw on
a stallion, possessing the perfection of driving power." His
forearms and gaskins were heavily muscled, his joints clean and
sound, and his legs and feet of first-class quality. He com-
bined great power, elegant proportion and fine finish at every
point. He died at Palo Alto, California, in 1890, the property
of the late Leland Stanford. He stands at the head of all
sires of 2:10 trotting speed, and, at the close of 1893 had one
hundred and forty-four trotters and one pacer in the list of
2:30 performers.
Electric Clironometer. A device invented by Bitter
Von Stockert of Vienna, Austria, which notes on regular
telegram slips the speed shown by each horse in a field, to one-
tenth of a second. It is set going as the word is given, and
one person alone can control it and record the speed of each
horse engaged in the race.
Electrical Appliances. The American racing rules
punish by severe penalties the use of "drugs, electrical or
mechanical appliances," or other means than the Avhip and
spur for the purpose of stimulating the endurance or speed of
a horse in a race.
Eligible. The American and Xational rules i3rovide
that a horse is not entitled to start in any race that has beaten
the time advertised prior to the closing of the entries for the
race in which he is nominated. A fraction is not a bar — that
is to say, a horse having made a record of 2:29 and a fraction,
is eligible to enter in the 2:30 class.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 83
Elliott's Electrical Chronog^raph. A device for
noting and registering the speed of horses in a race. It con-
sists of a face seven feet high by sixteen feet long, having in
the center a dial seven feet in diameter. On either end are
indicators which show the nuinber of the race, number of the
heat and number of the winning horse ; also the numbers of
the horses occupying second, third and fourth places. On the
other end is an indicator showing the time made to the
quarter, half, and three-quarters, also the finish, in figures
eight inches long, the time being given in sixtieths of a second.
Upon the dial are three pointers — one revolving once in five
minutes, another revolving every minute, and a third revolving
once per second, and stopping on the sixtieth, as the dial is
divided. The starting, indicating of the quarters of the course,
and the stopping, is done by pressing buttons arranged on a
small cabinet to be placed in the judges' stand or any con-
venient locality. As the connection is made by electricity, the
distance or location of either the chronograph or buttons is a
matter of no moment ; only that the machine should be placed
where the dial may be seen by the greatest number of persons
interested in the race. The quarters, or any intermediate
time, is taken without affecting the operation of the chrono-
graph, by means of electrotyped dials having figures from one
to sixty. Arranged alongside of these dials or discs is an ink-
ing ribbon and strip of paper. The pressing of the button by
the timer strikes the electric hammer upon this paper, and by
means of the inking ribbon the number of seconds or sixtieths
of a second at that instant are recorded upon the strip of
paper. The finishes are also recorded in the same way, in
addition to the record which is made by the large dial outside ;
so that at the close of a day's racing the finish of every mile,
half, three-quarters, and quarter of a mile, are accurately
recorded upon the strips of paper, w^hich may be kept for
future reference. The device has a roof and sides of canvas to
protect the operator and machinery from the weather, and its
entire weight is 950 pounds.
Enamel. A texture of remarkable hardness forming the
real protecting covering of the teeth, although laying under
the cement or thin superficial covering. It is said to be of such
extreme hardness that it M-ill strike fire from flint. It resists
decay longer than the dentine, or larger part of the tooth, and
is always found in relief, or raised, on the surface of the table
of the tooth.
Engagement. The appointment or nomination for a
race ; an entry. By all the turf rules the seller of a horse sold
84 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
with his engagements, has not the power of striking him out.
When a horse is sold with his engagements all penalties there-
after growing out of such engagements attach to the horse and
his ]3urchaser or purchasers.
Enlarged Joints; Soft Enlargements. Soft
enlargements during their formation, and until their result is
ascertained, render a horse unsound. But if, upon being fully
developed, they do not impede the horse in his ordinary work,
he is sound ; but when they are so large as to be unsightly, they
are blemishes.
Entrance Fee. A percentage of the premium or purse
which is paid by the owner of a horse when entering him for a
particular race, stake, or purse. The system was devised by
John Trail of Shrewsbury, England, who is known as " father
of the clerk of the courses." All entrance fees must be paid
before a horse can become a starter, and horses and owners or
drivers may be suspended for non-payment of entrance dues.
Entries. By the trotting rules entries may be made in
writing, or by telegraph or telephone, and must be received
before the advertised hour of the closing of entries, and all
entries constitute an agreement " that the persons making them,
owners, drivers, and horses " shall be subject to the rules, regu-
lations, and bj'-laws of the association. The racing laAvs pro-
vide that on being entered a horse shall be named and identified,
and after having started in a public race his name shall not be
changed ; and no alteration or condition shall be made in any
entry after the time fixed for closing. Persons making entries
become liable for the entrance money, stake, or forfeit ; and
every horse entered for a purse must start unless declared out.
Entries and subscriptions do not become void on the death of
the parties making them.
Epsom Downs. A mile and a half south of the town
of Epsom, county of Surrey, England, where races lasting four
days are run each year. Epsom is fourteen miles from Lon-
don. The races were begun here about 1711, by Mr. Parkhurst,
and have been held annually since 1730.
Equestrian. [Eq.] Relating or pertaining to horses,
horsemanship, or saddle riding ; consisting in or accompanied
with performances on horseback; exercising or mounted on
horseback.
Equestrian Feats. English turf history records the
following interesting events : In 1758, Miss Pond undertook to
ride one thousand miles at Newmarket, in one thousand hours,
for a purse of two hundred guineas ; which feat she performed
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 85
in less than one-half the time. In 1759, ^Jennison Shafts rode
fifty miles in one hour, forty-nine minutes, using ten horses.
In 1701, Mr. Woodcock rode one hundred miles a day for
twenty-nine days, using fourteen horses. In 1786, Mr. Hull's
horse, Quibbler, ran twenty-three miles in fifty-seven minutes,
ten seconds.
Equidcie. Latin for the horse family; Eqims caballus,
Latin for the horse. See Horse.
Equilibrium. [Eq.] The perfect balance of the horse
when under the saddle. Upon this depends his prompt, grace-
ful and regvdar action. In equilibrium the weight of the rider
and the forces of the horse are equally distributed. By means
of this just distribution the different positions, the different
paces, and the equilibriums that belong to them, are obtained
without effort on the part of rider or horse.
Equine. Pertaining to the horse, or belonging to the
horse kind.
Equine Bicycle. An equine bicycle was described in
the papers in May, 1891, as having been invented by T. W.
Moore, of New York. " It is made of steel tubing, like ordinary
bicycles, and has similar wheels with ball bearings, rubber tires,
etc., and is lighter than a sulky. The sliding of the sulky
wheels on the curves of the track is overcome by the new sulky,
in Mhich the point of contact with the ground is in a line with
the center of the propelling power. There is no side motion,
and the driver is not obliged to lean toward the inside in going
round a curve to balance the vehicle, for there is no side
swing."
Erg'ot ; Spurs. Natural structural growths of soft horn
located behind and below the pastern joint, and generally con-
cealed under the tuft of hair on the fetlock. In fine bred
horses this growth is comparatively slight ; in heavy, coarse
ones it is very thick, often extending up the shank and giving
origin to what is known as " feathers " in some breeds of
horses. Dr. W. H. Flower believes that both by structure and
position they are similar to the callosities on the palm of the
human hand.
Erratic Gait. Any wrong, incorrect, or unnatural gait
or action in a horse at motion, such as running behind and
trotting in front ; paddling ; hitching ; crossing, etc.
Event. A fixed date which arrives ; an appointment
that occurs ; a trotting meeting. In the United States there is
really no fixed national event excepting the Futurity and Real-
ization stakes.
86 HA.KDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Ev'Olutioii of the Trotter. If evolution may be
regarded as " the process of evolving or becoming developed,
an unfolding or a growth," the word may not inaptly be used
to express the development of the American trotter during the
past half century. The accompanying table, compiled from
the most accurate sources, will show at a glance the successive
stao-es in this evolution of the 2:30 trotter :
Year.
N^umher of Horses u'ith
2:30 or Better.
1844,
1
1850,
5
1860,
34
1870,
181
1880,
1,190
1890,
4,674
1894,
10,000
bitio
11 Mile. A display of speed or action shown
at a
meeting, usually between heats of a regular
by a horse
race.
Expulsion. By the trotting law expulsion is construed
to mean " unconditional exclusion and disqualification from
any participation, either directly or indirectly, in the privileges
and uses of the course and grounds of a member." It may be
imposed for attempting to make fraudulent entries ; allowing
use of a member's track by an expelled person or horse ; refusing
to afford information ; tampering with a horse ; pulling ; help-
ing; breech of decorum or other just cause. All persons
expelled for fraud from the trotting turf, stand, also, as expelled
by all tracks under control of the Turf, or Racing Congress.
Extend. When a horse is put to his speed, and opens
out f reelj , he is said to extend. Explained by the quotations :
" AVell bootefl, the liorse is not afraid of hitting himself when extended
or put to liis speed."
" Soiueliorses will not extend themselves unless the rider has spurs on."
The complaint that a liorse "can't extend himself" generally applies
to a horse that can trot in about three minutes.— Wallace's Monthly.
Extension. A term commonly applied to all muscles
whose action is to enlarge the angles and by so doing elongate
the limbs — but their extension may be forward when the foot
is in the air, or backward when the foot is on the ground.
Extreme Speed. The utmost limit of a horse's endur-
ance at motion ; the greatest effort of which a horse is capable.
The extreme speed of the trotter previous to 1820 was at 2:50
to the mile in harness. In 1829, Topgallant went three miles
in 8:11; in 1834, the gelding, Edwin Forrest went a mile
under saddle in 2:31^; in 1839, Drover paced a mile in 2:28;
in ISU, Lady Suffolk trotted under saddle in 2:26^; in 1844,
Unknown paced to wagon in 2:23. In the next decade (1854),
Flora Temple trotted in 2:19f , and in the same decade the mar-
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 87
veloiis pacing mare, (for her time), Pocahontas, went the mile
to wagon in 2:17|-. The stars of the following decade, (1804),
were: Dexter '2:i7|, and Lady Thorne, 2:18|. In the next
period, (1874), Goldsmith Maid 2:14: Hopeful, 2:14f; Rarus,
2:13^, and Lula, 2:14|, represented the limits of trotting speed.
In 1879, St. Julian trotted in 2:12f, but reached his limit, 2:11^,
in 1880. In 1884, Jay-Eye-See trotted the mile in 2:10; and
in 1885, IVIaud S. trotted in 2:08|, which last was the best time
in ISOo, to the high-wheel sulky. In 1892 Nancy Hanks made
the mile in 2:04 ; in the same year ]\Iascot paced the mile in
the same time, and in 1893 Flying Jib and Algona both paced
the mile in 2:04, both against time.
Eye. One of the most beautiful organs of the horse and
one giving a great insight into his disposition and character.
It should be clear, the pupil black, the eyelids thin and com-
paratively free from wrinkles. A small eye is usually regarded
as indicating a sulky disposition, or one wanting in courage,
and is called a " pig-eye." Horses which show a good deal of
white in their eyes are almost invariably vicious in temper. It
has long been observed that before a kicker makes ready to
" let fly " behind, he uncovers a portion of the white of the eye
— on the side to which the head is inclined. In normal condi-
tion the eye of the horse usually shows but little of the white,
except when it turns its head to the rear or inwards. The
presence of deep hollows above the eyes is a defect, as it
denotes that the horse is old and more or less worn out ; or
that either its sire or dam was well advanced in years when it
was bred — hence such a mark indicates that the horse is some-
what wanting in vigor. It is thought by some that a reddish
color to the white of the eye denotes a hardy constitution and
staying power. When there is an absence of coloring matter
to the eye, it is known as a wall or watch eye.
[Law.] Any disease of tlie eye, even from the slightest cold or inflam-
mation, nntil It is completely cured, or \intil it has terminated in
total blindness, stamps the animal as unsound. But while in some
cases it has been decided that total blindness which does not unfit
for work is only a blemish; in others, as in case of race horses,
blindness is classed as an unsoundness.
Tlie j^reat index of character is the eye, and if this be dull, or give fitful
flashes of animation in the excitement of coming on to the track,
the horse will surely not be nble to do what he ought to do. I never
saw a horse that the brilliancy of the eye w;is not heightened by
proper training. It may not show as nnich briskness, as there is a
pla(nd look acquired wiiich might deceive you at the first glance;
but as you look again, there is no glossy, uni'neaning stare, and vou
look down into the clear dejuhs till you cannot bnt resolve t'liat
such an organ must belong to more than an animal, and that it is a
token of a being endowed with that reason which we haughtily
arrogate as oidy belonging to man. When the horse is led up to
start in a race, this placid look .is changed to one as determined as
ever flashed from beneath the brow of ancient knight attempting
88 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
deeds tliat would either heighten his renown to that of the great
Arthur himself, or consign him to an honorable grave. A fuming,
fretty horse, tliat rears, and pitches, and refuses to come to the
score when the time to start has been signaled, has I'arely the look
I have attempted to describe. He is either frightened at the remem-
brance of unmerited punishment, or is so sore from over or injudi-
cious work, that he does not like to start. — Horse Portraiture, Joseph
Cairn Simpson.
The eye is frequently regarded as the index of the animal's character,
biit I have been deceived so often by both kinds, the wild as well as
the sulky looking, that I am now disposed to think it often over-
estimated as a guide to future performances. — Dr. E. A. A. Grange,
v. S., Michigan State College Experiment Station.
Face. That part of the front of the horse's head from
the eyes to the nostrils.
Face of the Track. The surface of a track is called
its face.
Facing" the Flag. Said of the horses in a running race
when they come up for a start, as in the expression, " as fine a
field as ever faced the flag."
False Quarter. A lesion of the foot similar to sand-
crack in appearance, but caused by an interruption of the
secreting process at the top of the hoof, which causes it to
become soft and spongy ; a defect in the outer wall of the hoof.
It is legal unsoundness.
Fancy Match. A cross match pair or span of horses,
where no attention is paid to having them of the same color;
as, black and white, or bay and chestnut, according to the
individual fancy of the owner.
Farcy. Glanders. The two are one and the same dis-
ease, differing only in that glanders is applied to the disease
when the local lesions j^redominate in the internal organs,
especially in the lungs and air tubes ; and that farcy is the term
applied to the disease M^hen the principal manifestation is an
outbreak of the lesions on the exterior or skin of the animal.
It is legal unsoundness. See Glanders.
Far Turn. The turn on the back stretch of the course.
Farrier. A word derived from the Latin Ferrum, mean-
ing iron ; hence a worker in iron ; a smith who combines the
art of horseshoeing with that of the veterinary profession.
When the term was first applied it was a title of distinction,
for very few had the skill necessary to be a successful farrier.
It was a valuable gift, especially when the horse was so inval-
uable and necessary an adjunct of war, and in those early
days the gift was confined in certain families the members of
which were royal favorites. It is said the noble earls of
Terrier or Ferrers had such an origin.
Fashion. A famous racing mare of the early American
turf. Bred by William Gibbons, Madison, N. Y. Foaled,
April 26, 1837. By imported Trustee, by Catton; dam,
89
90 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Bonnets o' Blue, by Sir Charles out of Reality, by Sir Arcliy.
Chestnut, with star, 15.2 hands high. Fine in every point
Mdth a wonderful muscular development. She defeated Boston
in the great race on Union Course, Long Island, X. Y., JNIay
10, 1842, in a match for 820,000 a side; four mile heats —
time of first heat 7:321; second heat, 7:45.
Fashionably Bred. A term which has been rather
promiscuously applied to a horse whose ancestors on both sides
are of successful producing and prepotent blood, and of such
breeding that his services and progeny meet with ready sale at
high prices. But such a term is liable to many changes in its
application, and often to some disappointment. It possesses
little true significance.
Faslg- Track. The kite track is often so called from
the name of the person who built the first track of this kind
in the United States, Mr. William B. Fasig of New York.
Father of the Turf. [Eng.] A term applied to
Tregonwell Frampton, Esq., of Moreton, Dorsetshire, England,
keeper of the running horses at Newmarket, to their majesties,
William III, Queen Anne, George I, and George II. He died
March 12, 1727, aged 86 years.
Favorite. The highest selling horse in a race; the
horse most likely to win, in the opinion of the talent.
Feather Weig'ht. A feather weight is seventy-five
pounds.
Fee. The percentage of a purse paid by the person
making an entry in such purse or race. The amount varies
according to the rules. On the running turf, the fee to a
jockey m all races not exceeding 8500 to the winning horse, is
85 for a losing mount, and 815 for a winning mount; and in
all other races in the absence of a special agreement, 810 for a
losing mount, and 825 for a winning mount — this rule applying
only to licensed jockeys.
Felloe. The outside circle of a wheel, of wood, or iron,
around which the tire is fixed, and to the inside of which the
spokes of the wheel are fitted. In some sulky wheels they are
made of sheet steel, crescent in shape, to receive the tul3ular
pneumatic tire ; in others they are of wood, usually hickory.
Felt. A material of which many patterns of horse boots
are made. It is an unwoven fabric of wool, short hair, or wool
and fur, matted together by pressure, heating, and beating.
Its close, inseparable quality is due to the uniting of the ser-
rated edges of the wool fibres with each other, which are then
compressed under heat and moisture.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUllF. 91
Fencer. [Eng.] A term applied to a horse that has been
trained to jumping or taking fences.
Feral. Unbroken. The colt, when untamed, is said to
be in his feral state, or condition.
Feinur. The thigh bone. In the horse it is compara-
tively short and stout, and placed very obliquely, the lower end
advancing by the side of the body, and being so little detached
from it that the knee-joint appears to belong as much to the
trunk as to the limb.
Fetlock. The joint which the cannon-bone makes with
the i^astern ; anatomically, the metacarpo-articulation. Fetlock
signifies the tuft of hair growing behind the pastern joint, and
also the joint itself, and the enlargement made by the bones
which form it.
Fetter Bone. The great pastern or first phalangeal
bone of the horse's foot, succeeded by the coronary and cofiin
bone and articulating with the cannon bone at the fetlock joint;
the proximal phalanx.
Fettle. Condition ; form ; in fine order, as, " he is in
splendid fettle to-day."
No iinimal ever came to the post in more superb fettle than Newmarket
when he won the St. Leger of 1851.— The IJachninton Library : Racing,
The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven.
Field. All the runners or trotters in any race; the
horses in a race as opposed to the favorite. To "chop the
field " is said of a horse that outstrips the rest, literally beats
them.
Field Marshal of Trainers. A term applied to the
eminent driver, the late Hiram Woodruff.
Fielders. Those who buy on the field in the pools,
against the choicest or favorites.
Fig-hting- the Bit. The action of the horse in train-
ing, when dissatisfied with the bit or check, and becoming irri-
tated by them ; he is then said to " fight the bit."
Why some horses like an over-check and some a side-check, and why-
certain bits must be used on certain horses, it is often hard to
explain ; but the one fact confronting the trainer is that the moiUh
innst be kept right, and the liead rigged with clieck and bit which
the liorse will not resent and fight, if satisfactory results are to be
accomplislied. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Figliting" the Flag". A horse is said to be fighting the
flag which is trying by hard work to save his distance ; that is,
to get within the distance post before the flag drops.
Fileree. The common or trivial name in California for
a plant known as Alfierilla, erroneously called a "grass." It
grows rank and horses are very fond of it. Charles Marvin
92 HANDBOOK OF THE TURP.
says : " I consider it far preferable to alfalfa for turf horses."
It is the geranium, or Erodium cicutarium of botanists.
Filemaker. A celebrated jumping horse owned by
Madame jNIarantette, Mendon, Michigan. He jumped 7 ft.,
4^ in., at Taunton, Mass., October 7, 1891, the highest jump
ever made over the bars in public in the world. Filemaker
stands 17 hands high, weighs 1,370 pounds and in making this
jump carried 149 pounds.
Filled Leg*. A term applied to an enlai'ged or swollen
leg, and when from any cause a horse has a trouble like this, he
is said to have a leg. Thus Charles Marvin says : " Smuggler
had a \&g all through his campaign of 1876."
Filly. A female colt or foal ; a young mare.
Find the Seat. [Eq.] This is a term used to express
the acquiring of a firm, graceful, and proper seat in horseman-
ship. An amateur who rides well is said to have "found the
seat."
Fine. A penalty or punishment imposed upon a rider,
driver, or member, for a violation of rules. All fines are
required tobe paid on the day when imposed or when demanded,
and are paid to the managers of the track, or member of the
associations on whose grounds they were imposed, and by them
paid to the National or American Association. Fines imposed
by either association are recognized and enforced by the other,
the same as though originally imposed by it. Fines paid to
the American Turf Congress are held as a fund for the benefit
of sick, superannuated, or injured trainers and jockeys in good
standing in the Congress.
Finish. The end of a heat or race. The finish is the
most vital j^oint of a race, and it is here that the driver should
display his best judgment. The attention should never, even
for an instant, be diverted from his horse, as inattention to the
horse at the finish has lost many a race.
Finished. Used to describe a horse of fine form and
condition, as perfect in every respect; symmetrical; without
fault ; well finished.
Firing" Iron; Cautery Iron. An instrument with
which veterinary surgeons perform the act of cauterizing for
sprains, wind-puifs, spavins, injured tendons, etc. The usual
forms are line, point and needle surfaces — the former being
used for superficial, and the latter for pyropuncture, or internal
cauterizing. In the last named the needle attached to the iron
is of platinum, nine-sixteenths of an inch long ; and of the
former there are various patterns. Internal or needle cauter-
HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 93
izing is of quite recent introduction, although surface firing is
one of the oldest arts in vetei-inary practice. Percivall, the
father of modern English veterinary science, said of it : " By
the firing irons have horses, originally worth their hundreds of
pounds sterling, been raised from the knacker's price to their
former value. By the iron has many a broken-down hunter,
and many a racer, been joyously restored to his station and
rank in the field, where his proudest laurels have been won."
As to its value in modern practice The Horseman says :
" Scarcely a string of campaigners goes home in the autumn
without one or more of its members requiring a visitation of the
firing iron. It is extraordinary that this efficacious adjunct to
the veterinarian's kit of tools is not more generally used on the
legs of light harness horses. Its benefits are lasting and it should
often be resorted to as a preventive as well as a curative
measure."
Flag-, Dropping- the. The signal for the start in all
English and most American running races ; also in shutting
out horses at the distance post.
Flagged Out. The steeple-chase courses from point to
finish of a fair hunting country are always flagged out, or indi-
cated by a series or line of flags marking the course to be run.
Flagman. A distance judge.
Flank. That part of the side of the horse which is free
from bone and which thinly covers the intestines. Placed
between the loins above, the ribs to the front, the thigh and
point of the hip to the rear, and the belly below.
Flat. [Eng.] The level part of a course, some parts of
which are made on up and down grades.
In a race across the flat Clincher gave six pounds and an easy beating
to Conipass.— The Badminton Library : Racing, the Earl of Suffolk
and Berksliire, and W. G. Craven.
Flat. A term sometimes used in announcing the time in
a heat where there is no fraction, as 2:23 flat. But so used it
is i^edantic and has no significance.
Flexor Tendon. A muscle whose function is to bend
or produce flexion, as opposed to extensor.
Flight. A single hurdle is called a '< flight."
Flighty. Said of a horse that is uncertain and not to be
depended ujDon in a race ; unsteady.
Float. A single-cut file for dressing the surface of the
teeth. It is usually made adjustable, having a removable file
and hinged joint, so that the face of the file will rest on the
table of the teeth.
94 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Float ; Flote. A light dressing-frame for finishing the
face of a track. Usually made in sections twelve feet square,
of 3 by 3 joist, the middle bar of which has two rows of sharp,
fine teeth. Often three of these floats are attached together,
one at the rear and outside of the other ; and the float and har-
row are often combined in one.
Floating". The act of rasping or filing the horse's teeth
to give them a uniform and regular surface. When the teeth
become irregular with ragged and sharp edges from uneven
wearing, and they begin to cut and lacerate the cheeks on the
inside, producing ulceration and inflammation, the horse does
not gather or masticate his food properly, and is soon out of
condition in consequence. To ascertain this, place the front
finger of the right hand inside the horse's upper lip and shove it
along his grinders of the upper jaw, and if they appear ragged
and sharp on the inside corners, it is an indication that they
should be repaired.
Fly-float. One who really knows little or nothing about
racing, but who fancies himself thoroughly initiated in all its
mysteries.
Fly the Track. AVhen a horse in a race bolts instantly
to one side, he is said to " fly the track."
Flyer. A fast horse.
Foal. The young of the horse kind.
Foot. The terminal part of the leg upon which the body
rests. While from the standpoint of the comparative anatomist
the foot of the horse includes all the leg from the knee and
hock down, what is called the foot being in reality the last
joint of the toe ; from the standpoint of the practical horseman
the foot is understood to mean the hoof. Its internal frame-
work consists of the small pastern, or lower end of the coronet
bone ; the coffin or pedal bone which is within the hoof, and
the small sesamoid or navicular bone extending across the back
part of the coffin-bone. In the rear of the hoof is the support-
ing framework known as the elastic cushion or frog. Within
this outward box or hoof the union of all the parts of the foot
is secured by a series of from five to six hundred minute leaves,
(laminae), a complete fibrous network of secreting surfaces,
soft, yielding and tough, the whole forming one of the most
wonderful pieces of mechanism found in the whole animal
economy. A description of all the parts of the foot Mill be
found under their several names in different parts of this work.
The defects of the foot may be severally due to wrong propor-
tions of conformation or axis, and of the quality of the horn.
Thus the foot may be too large, too small, too narrow, unequal ;
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 95
it may be flat ; full ; pumiced ; having bunions ; and with high,
low, or sloping heels ; it may be out-bowed ; club-foot ; cross-
foot, or crooked ; the foot may be soft ; dry ; brittle, or have
weak heels. The sound, healthy, perfect foot is by far the most
important part of the animal, and its care should receive the
closest and most intelligent attention.
The unshod foot of a horse on favorabh? soil and snffioiently exercised,
is a type of beauty and perfeeliou. Coiiipared to the (ooi tiiat lias
bei-n'shod, if is lai'ue, strong, as wide as ioii<i, and in proper eiinilib-
rium— it, eonslitiiles a solid support.. Yiewv-d in Iroui ii is narrower
above tliau bcdow, more expanded exteinali> tlian internally, and
of equal heiglit at its quarters. Viewed in i)rotile, the line of toe
lias a mean iueiiuatiou of about fifty degrees for the lore, and sixty
degrees for the hind feel ; the lieiglit of tlie heels is eoual to at least
one-lialf of the height of the toe. Viewed from l)eliind, the heels
of the standard foot are well separated, equal, of the same height,
and fall vertically to the ground, especially the internal, which is
sensibly more vertical than the external. Viewed from below, its
sole is holh)W and thick, the frog strong, liealthy, and quite hard;
the bars neither too high, straight, nor too much inclined; the toe
and mainmae of the wall and the sole are perceptibly worn from
usage. The liorn of the sound foot is black or dark gray; the wall
smooth and shiny, showing its fibrous structure. Such are the
characteristics of the virgin foot. —The Exterior of the Horse, Gou-
baux and Barrier.
In the manifestation of his strength and the due performance of his
useful qualities the horse must rely upon the soundness of his feet,
as in them are concentrated the efforts created elsewhere, and on
them depeiui not only the sum total of tliese propulsive powers
being properly expended, but also the solidity and just equilibrium
of the whole animal fabric. Hence it is wisely considered that the
foot of the horse is the most important part of all the locomotory
system; and that all the splendid qualities possessed by tlie noble
creature may be diminisheil in value or hopelessly lost, if through
disease or accident, natural or acquired defects, or other causes, this
organ fails to perform its allotted task. — Horse Shoes and Horse
Shoeing, George Fleming, LL. D., F. R. C. V. S.
Many persons believe that feet with dark colored horn are stronger and
able to staiul the wear and tear of hard work better than the light
colored ones, but our experience has failed to demonstrate the truth
of this idea. The white foot will show the invasion of the part
by inflammation more percteptibly, which we think is the cause of
disease often being noticed in the white one when a similar com-
plaint would, and often does, pass unnoticed in the dark colored
foot.— Dr. E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan Agricultural College
Experiment Station.
Foot-board. An adjustable platform which is confined
to the rear of a break cart, upon which the driver can step and
ride, before he has sufficient confidence in his colt to warrant
him in mounting the seat. When not wanted it may be entirely
removed.
Foot-scald. An injury caused by paring the sole too
close and then shoeing with light, thin shoes, causing tender-
ness in the foot.
Force. That action between two bodies which changes
or tends to change their relative condition as to rest or motion ;
or which changes any physical relation between them. The
power exerted by a horse in motion, whether in drawing a load
or in the performance of great speed.
96 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
The strongest propulsive force of either of the legs is given with the
anterior one in eacli stride; indeed, it is so strong as to raise the
center of gravity several inclies above tlie horizontalline of motion.
—The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Slilhnan.
If tlie horse's nose is tlirown u}i in tlie air it gives him a force of resist-
ance equal to tvi^o liundred ])OMnds; tliis force will be reduced to
one hundred pounds when the liand is brouglit half way towards a
perpendicular position; to fifty pounds when brought still nearer
that position, and to nothing when perfectly placed. — Method of
Horsemanshii), F. Baucher.
Forearm. That part of the fore leg between the shoulder
and the knee. It is generally conceded that long arms, com-
paratively speaking, are found in horses of great speed ; and
countless measurements by experts appear to indicate that in
general the length of the arm is greater in the roadster than in
the draft horse.
Forehead. The upper part of the face. It extends down
to a line joining the inner angle' (canthus), of each eye, and
reaches as high as the forelock and base of the ears.
Forehead Band. That part of the bridle which forms
the browband or front, and goes across the horse's forehead.
Fore Leg ; Fore Liinh. The anterior or forward legs
of the horse. All the joints of the fore leg from the shoulder
downwards are simply hinge-joints, allowing free fore-and-aft
flexion and extension, but scarcely any movement in any other
direction. Some authorities regard the fore legs as weight-
bearers, only; while others believe chey have important func-
tions as propellers.
Many have an opinion that the fore legs are merely supporters, like
the spokes of a wheel. An English writer asserts that their only
fund ions are to support the center of gravity and Iceep out of the
way of the propellers; the hind legs. But tlie best aiil horities say
that they are not oidy supports, but act as propellers in turn,
although the anterior ones do the greater share of this work.— The
Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Forelock. A tuft of hair which lies between the ears,
and is a continuation of the mane. It naturaUy falls over the
forehead between the eyes.
Foreign Horse. A foreign horse is regarded by the
rules of the American Turf Congress, as one foaled out of the
United States. No such horse can start in any race until proper
certificates stating his age, pedigree, color, and other marks by
which it may be identified, have been produced by its owner to
the satisfaction of the association or racing club.
Forfeits. A forfeit is that to which the right is lost by
one's own act or failure to act, or by a breach of conditions.
By the trotting law failure to appear in all stakes and matches,
refusal to answer protest, fraudulent entry, and collusion to
violate published conditions of race, constitute forfeits. For-
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 97
feit money is not released by the death of the horse engaged.
By the rules of the Tui-f Congress owners and horses may be
suspended for non-payment of forfeits ; no horse can start in a
race against which a forfeit order is lodged until it is paid, and
if any transfer is made for the purpose of avoiding payment of
forfeit orders or any disqualification, the person making and
receiving such transfers may be fined or ruled off.
Forg"e ; Forging. Overreaching ; clicking. The act by
which the horse strikes the fore shoe, or heel or quarter of the
fore foot, with the toe of the shoe of its hind foot, by reason of
the fore feet not being taken up quickly enough when the horse
is in motion. It rarely occurs except when the horse is going
fast, and is most common with running and trotting horses, gen-
erally taking place when the animal breaks from a trot to a run.
It is due to defective conformation or faulty shoeing. In the
former case the stifle is generally set straight and the toes of
their hind feet are inclined inward. To overcome this defect
the action in front should be quickened. For this purpose use
a scoop-toe rolling-motion shoe forward, beveled on the inside,
with most of the weight in the toe, concaving the shoe on the
ground surface in order that the hind foot may not strike under
the toe when the foot is lifted. By shortening the toe of the
fore foot it will be assisted in getting over early, and thus pass
out of the way of the hind member. The shoe on the front
feet should be short, so as to have as little ground surface as
possible.
Forks. The upright guards or supports of the wheel to
the pneumatic sulky, which extend from the ends of the axle-
cone to the axle of the sulky. In a sulky which has been
changed over from a high w^heel to a " bike," they form the
upright supports connecting the axle-cone of the wheel to the
axle-socket of the sulky. With the braces which extend from
the lower end of the forks to the thill or shaft, they form the
support to the wheel and act as a guard in which the wheel
plays.
Form. Condition ; spirit ; appearance. When it is said
that a horse is in fine form it is meant that he is in excellent
condition for his work or performance ; and loss of the trotting
or racing form is due to excessive racing or repeated fast heats.
The word form is also used to denote age, as "in his three-year-
old form," etc.
When we say that a horse is in form we intend to convey the idea that
he is in liigli condition and fit to run. So, again, tlie word is used in
still anotlier sense; for we speak of a liorse's form when we wisli to
allude to his power on the turf, as compared with other well Icnown
animals. Thus, if it be supposed that two three-year-olds, carrying
7
98 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
the same weight, would nin a mile and a half and come in abreast,
it is said tliat tlie form of one is equal to that of the otlier. — Tlie
Horse in the Stable and Field, J. H, Walsh.
Foul. The act cxf violating any rule or established usage ;
irregular or disorderly conduct ; the act of fouling, colliding, or
otherwise impeding one's motion or progress in a race ; improper
riding or driving. The trotting rules punish all offenses com-
ing under the head of fouls, by fine, suspension, or expulsion ;
fouls applying to any act of a fraudulent natm-e, and to any
unprincipled conduct such as tends to debase the character of
the turf in the estimation of the public. Judges only notice or
consider complamts of fouls which are reported by the distance
flagman and patrol judges, and from owners, riders, or drivers
in a race. By the rules of the Turf Congress persons guilty
of foul riding are ruled off the course.
Foul Kicliug; Foul Driving". Any act on the part
of driver or rider in a race which interferes with, or impedes
the progress of another horse, causing him to change his com^se
or shorten his stride, w^hen by so doing an unfair advantage is
gained. In such cases the offending horse is not given the heat,
but is placed behind all the unoffending horses in the heat.
Such acts are punishable by fine, suspension, or expulsion,
according to the discretion of the judges. By the laws of the
Turf Congress expulsion from riding for life is always the pun-
ishment for preventing a horse from winning in steeple chase
and hurdle races, or in a clear case of fraud.
Founder ; Chest Founder. See Laminitis.
Four-in-Hand. A team of four horses matched or
harnessed for the pm'pose of being driven to a single vehicle.
At Cleveland, Ohio, in September, 1882, the four-in-hand of
Mr. W. J. Gordon trotted a mile in 2:26, and then repeated it
in 2:28. This is probably the most remarkable performance of
the kind that was ever made in the world.
Fox-trot. The gait of a horse which is a modification
of the true trot. While it is not a true diagonal motion it
departs from it simply in the fact that the fore foot touches the
gTound slightly in advance of the diagonal hind foot. It is,
perhaps, the slowest of the distinctive or artificial saddle gaits,
but it is above all others an all-day gait, and a horse possessing
it to perfection wdll no doubt make a longer journey from sun-
rise to sunset, under saddle, than at any other gait, and at night
neither horse nor rider will be seriously tired. The rate of
speed is from six to seven miles an hour. The horse when
going at this gait should always be ridden with a loose rein,
as he generally carries his head low. [Local : Kentucky ;
Tennessee.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 99
Foxliall. The famous American horse which won the
French Derby, the Grand Prix of Paris, and the Grand Duke
Michael stakes ; also the Cesare witch and Cambridgeshire handi-
caps at Ascot Heath, England, in 1881. By King Alfonso, by
Phaeton, (sire of Ten Broeck, who, in his day, lowered the
records at one, two, three, and four miles) ; dam, by Lexington
Owned by Mr. Pierre Lorrillard, and at the head of the Belle
Meade stud, Tennessee. In the great double event at Ascot,
gave away weights to nearly every notable horse of his age in
England, and some Derby winners of former years were behind
him at the finish. In seven times Foxhall won as a three-year-
old, £10,870.
Foxj^ A term used to describe oats w^hich have been
heated in bulk when not perfectly dry and undergone fermen-
tation to some extent. They have a pink, or reddish color, an
unpleasant smell, and a bitter taste. When given to horses
they act injuriously upon the kidneys causing diabetes and loss
of condition.
Frank Forrester. The pen name, or nom de plume, by
which Henry William Herbert, a celebrated M^riter on horses
and horsemanship, is best known in the United States. He
was born in London, Eng., April 7, 1807, and died at Xew
York, May 17, 1858. His magnificent work on the " Horse and
Horsemanship of the United States and British Provinces of
North America," forms a fitting monument to his genius and
ability ; while his smaller and thoroughly practical books are
yet regarded as trustworthy guides in every stable.
Free-for-aU. A sweepstakes race open to all horses.
Free Handicap. A race in which no liability is
incurred for entrance money, stake or forfeit, until acceptance
of the weight allotted, either by direct acceptance or omission
to declare out.
Free Track. Any track or course not in membership
with the Xational or American trotting associations, where no
rules are enforced, and where an expelled man can trot his
horses as well as any man not expelled, is termed a "free track."
Frog. The triangular buffer which is in the center of the
ground surface of the hoof, so called because when untouched
by the knife it bears some resemblance to a crouching frog.
The frog is divided into two equal parts by a deep fissure,
extending from its apex in front to the base. The horn of the
frog is produced in the same manner as the sole, but it differs
from both the wall and sole, in that the horn is soft, moist, and
elastic to a remarkable degree. There was an old opinion that
100 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
the frog was intended as a protection to the inner part of the
foot, and that it ought not, therefore, to touch the ground.
This led to the practice of making the heel of the shoe high in
order to protect the frog ; but now the shoe is so set that the
frog is allowed to touch the ground, its true function being to
destroy the shock of concussion and prevent slipping.
The flog, on botli hard and soft ground, is an essential portion of the
Aveigiit-bearing face. In the unshod, liealtliy foot jt always projects
beyond the level of the sole, and sel<lon» below that of the wall at
the heels; indeed, it is found, in the majority of hoofs, either on a
level with the circumference of this part, or beyond it, so tliat its
contact with the ground is assured. Hence its utility in obviating
concussion, supporting the tendons, and, on slii)pery ground, in
preventing falls. In ])u]li]ig up a horse sharply in the gallop, or in
descending a steep hill, the frog, together with the angular recess
formed by the bar and wall at the heel of the hoof, are ennnently
serviceable in checking the tendency to slip; the animal instinc-
tively i^lants the posterior portions of the foot, exclusively on the
ground.— Horse Shoes and Horse Shoeing, George Fleming, LL. D.,
M. R. C. V. S.
[Law.] Unt il the frogs become bad or troublesome, or the heels become
tender or fleshy, they should not be considered an unsoundness;
but when the original structure of the frog has become so altered as
to be perpetually tender, rendering the horse liable to drop at any
step, he IS then unsound. — The Law of Horses, M. D. Hanover.
Full 131oocl. An animal of pure blood. Usually syn-
onymous with thoroughbred, although it is far from correct to
so use the term as applied to horses.
Full Month. At from four and a half to five years of
age the horse has what is termed a " full mouth," that is to say
— the mouth is complete ; the incisive arch is semicircular and
regular in shape ; the temporary teeth or nippers are all shed ;
all the permanent teeth hav^e reached the same level, and while
the anterior borders of the corner teeth are completely worn,
the posterior borders are not yet worn.
Fullering". That crease in the lower face of a horseshoe
in which the nail holes are placed ; often called " twitcheling."
Furlong-. A measure of length equal to the eighth part
of a mile ; forty rods, j)oles or perches ; two hundred and
twenty yards.
Furnishings. The appointments of a stable pertaining
to the horse and his service, embracing harness, saddles, cloth-
ing, robes, whip, bridles, boots, bandages, sponges, and stable
tools, but not including vehicles. See Devices.
Furniture. The fixtures to a riding saddle, including
stirrups, girths, and surcingle witn steel bridge.
Futurity; Futurity Stakes. A future event. A
term applied to stakes to be decided in the remote, future, gen-
erally speaking from one to three years after the event is opened
for entries ; and the usual custom is to call such stakes, espe-
cially where opened for young horses, " futurity stakes."
Gaining Break. A break made purposely, or one by
which the horse making it gains in space on his contending
horse ; one by which the horse loses nothing in space in mak'
ing it, and yet gains something by change of muscular action.
When a horse breaks in a heat the driver is required to at once
pull him to the gait prescribed for the race, but should the
horse gain by this action, twice the distance so gained is taken
from him, by the judges, at the finish.
Gait. The manner of walking or stepping ; motion ; the
name given to the diverse modes in which progression is accom-
plished by the play of the locomotory members, or legs. The
gaits are: 1, natural; 2, acquired. The former are the w^alk,
trot, gallop, and at times the pace (amble), and the running
walk ; the latter are the amble, broken amble, running walk
and racing gallop. Different names are often given to these
various motions, as the rack for the pace ; and some are known
by other terms in local sections, as the fox-trot for the running
walk, which is common in some of the Southern States. Accord-
ing to the forms which they assume the gaits may be described
as : Beautiful — when they are energetic, regular, extended, har-
monious, elegant. Defective — when they produce weakness and
require great exertion. Diagonal — when the members in
executing them move or succeed one another as diagonal bipeds,
as the trot, the walk, the gallop. Easy — when they satisfy and
accommodate the rider by their graceful motion. Free — when
the motion is accomplished without undue effort. Hard —
when they fatigue the rider by the violence of their reactions.
Heavy — if the percussions of the feet are violent and resound-
ing. High-strained — when the members are greatly flexed with-
out passing over much distance. Lateral — when they evolve
themselves by lateral instead of diagonal bipeds, as in ambling,
racking. Light — if the percussion of the feet upon the earth
produces little sound. Long, elongated — when their strides are
as extensive as possible. Loiv — when the displacements of the
body from the earth are slight. Reacting — when they are not
only high but impress the center of gravity with strong, verti-
cal displacements which separate the body from the ground at
each step. Regular — when, for each gait, the evolution of the
members and their manner of association obey the principles
101
102 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
of scientific analysis. Repeated — if the movements succeed
each other with excessive rapidity, with or without an increase
in speed. Short — when their strides are cramped and narrow.
Strong — when the action is rapid, energetic, easy, high, extended
and rhythmical. Uniform — resulting from equal length of
steps.
Gait, Registering the. The methods of registering
the motions of the horse known to science are called the
graphic, hydrostatic, electrical, and photographic. M. Marey,
principal of the College de France, was one of the first to study
the locomotion of the horse by means of what he termed the
graphic method. This was done by means of compressed air
in two drums or metallic cases, each closed above by a rubber
membrane to which was fixed a lever capable of executing to
and fro vertical movements. These drums were connected by
rubber tubes. When filled with air the pressure exercised upon
one forced the air through the tube into the other drum, whose
lever and membrane it elevated, and when the pressure ceased
it relapsed. Hence this unity of action transmitted movements.
These drums w^ere again connected with a cylinder covered by
a layer of smoked paper, which was made to turn regularly by
clockwork. This moved a registering needle by which the
least displacement left its trace u^Don the paper. The paper
retained the tracing of vertical undulations corresponding to
the pressure transmitted to the registering apparatus by the
concussion and contact of the hoofs upon the ground — four
recording needles corresponding to the four feet of the horse,
each foot being provided with an India rubber pneumatic bulb,
so that with each step tiie bulb was compressed, forcing a portion
of the air into the registering drum or cylinder. When the foot
w^as raised the bulb again became filled with the air which was
expelled from the other when it resumed its original form.
This device was not always practical in its operations, and
M. Marey next invented a leather bracelet which was attached
to the ankle of the horse, and upon which was a rubber bulb,
and by an ingenious arrangement of copper plates and lead
balls connected it by transmission tubes to a registry drum
carried in front of the rider on the saddle, by which means the
concussions were registered. He followed this with another
invention which consisted of electric needles and conducting
wires by means of which an apparatus closed and opened an
electric current during the contacts and elevations of the horse's
feet, and hence the notations of gait were obtained and regis-
tered. The hydrostatic method of registering the gaits in man
was invented by H. Vierordt, and applied to the study of the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 103
gaits of the horse by jM. L. Hoffman of Berlin, in 1887. The
plan was to lay down white paper, over which the horse trav-
eled. Attached to the external side of each lioof was a brass
tube connected by means of a rubber tube along the legs to a
reservoii' placed in front of the rider upon tlie horse's withers.
When the hoof touched the paper the pointed end of the brass
tube, projecting downwards, de^xisited a small pool of colored
liquid from the reservoir above, discoloring the paper. Thus
the gait was registered by lengths. It is understood that
M- Hoffman employed photography to obtain the positions of
the legs when in motion. The electrical device of M. Marey
was perfected in 1889 by Armand Goubaux and Gustave Bar-
rier, professors in the Veterinary School of Alfort, and Central
and National Society of Agriculture of France. By the use of
a very ingenious instrument they succeeded in registering the
gaits of the horse by electricity. So long as the horse's foot is
in the air the two points of contact touch each other and com-
plete the cm-rent ; but as soon as the hoof touches the ground
they are separated and interrupt it. At each rising and rest-
ing of the foot it is again closed and brokezi. This closing and
breaking being instantaneous, and, moreover, the force of the
spring and the projection of the leg being capable of modifica-
tion at will, it is easy to give to tliis apparatus great strength
yet with, all the precision and sensibity desired. In short it is
able to register with the utmost accm^acy the periods of the
change of contact, the rhythm of the beats, and the number,
nature, and diverse bases of the complete step of any gait nor-
mal or pathologicaL By far the most complete and satisfac-
tory method of registering the gait of the horse in motion is that
of photography, originated bj^ the late Hon. Lelaiid Stanford of
Palo Alto, California. ]\Ir- Stanford had for many years enter-
tained the opinion that by the use of the camera, instantaneous
pictures could be obtained wliich would show the actual posi-
tion of the limbs of the horse at each stride and in different
gaits. In order to x^ut this idea to a practical test, Mr. Stanford
employed jSIr. Eadweard L. Muybridge, a very skillful photog-
rapher of San Francisco, to institute experiments to this end.
These were commenced in 1872, but were quite inconclusive in
their results, and it was not until 1877 that Mi. Muybridge
again took up the task, making his trials with a single camera.
Subsequently the number of cameras was increased to twelve,
which were arranged in a building, at intervals of twenty-one
inches, with double shutters to each, which were opened by
means of a machine constructed somewhat upon the principle
of a Swiss music box, the arrangement being such that the
104 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
whole series of exposures was made in the time occupied by a
single complete stride of the horse. A difficulty was experi-
enced in setting the apparatus in motion at the exact time
required, and to regulate it to correspond to the speed of the
horse. Accordingly, in later experiments, the following method
was devised to better represent the gaits of the horse, because
operated by his own movement. On the side of the track
opposite the building where the cameras were placed, a wooden
frame was erected, about fifty feet long, and fifteen high, at a
suitable angle, and covered with white cotton sheeting divided
by vertical lines into spaces of twenty-one inches, each space
being consecutively numbered. Eighteen inches in front of this
background was placed a baseboard twelve inches high, and on
which were drawn longitudinal lines four inches apart. In front
of this baseboard a strip of wood was fastened to the ground upon
the top of which wires were secured at an elevation of about one
inch above the ground and extending across the track. The wire
was exposed in a groove to one only of the wheels of the sulky,
being protected from contact with the horse's feet and the other
•wheel. Each wire was held in proper tension by a spring on the
back of the baseboard, so arranged that when the wire crossing
the track was depressed by the wheel it should draw upon the
spring connected with it, and make contact with a metallic but-
ton and complete the electric current. These wires were placed
at distances from each other corresponding with the cameras on
the opposite side of the track, and with the spaces between the
lines drawn on the background. Thus it will be seen that
the depression of the first wire would complete the circuit and
cause the magnet connected with the corresponding camera to
move the latch and liberate the shutters, exposing the sensitive
plate for a space of time, calculated by ]\Ir. IMuybridge at not
more than the five-thousandth part of a second. In like man-
ner, as the wheel passed over the second wire, the shutters
would be liberated on the second camera, and so on until the
whole series was discharged. This method was used in all
experiments where horses were driven to sulkies ; but when the
wheels were not used this arrangement with wires under the
track was modified, and a thread was drawn across sufficiently
high to come in contact with the horse's breast, and strong
enough to cause the contact and establish the circuit as before.
The number of cameras was afterwards increased to twenty-
four and they were placed at intervals of twelve inches to still
closer analyze the movements of the horse. " These experi-
ments," say the authors of the Exterior of the Horse, Messrs.
Goubaux and Barrier, "effected a veritable revolution in the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 105
world of physiologists and artists." In 1889, M. Ottomar Ans-
chiitz of Lissa, Germany, somewhat modified and improved
upon Mr. Muybridge's method, which was again improved by
M. Marey at Paris, in 1882 ; and by Marey and Pages at
Paris in 1887. In 187 J) Messrs. Vincent and Goiffon of the
AKort Veterinary School, Paris, applied the music notation to
the scientific representation of the gaits of the horse ; which
was afterwards improved by M. Marey, and also by M. Lenoble
du Tiel, in 1887.
These efforts are all in the direction of obtaining the accurate position
and times of tlie gait of the horse. The animal has been always
represented in an unnatural and false attitude, and in (',on<Htions
of impossible equilibrium by artists and sculptors. Little by little
the cause of equine realism will triumpli over the oltl convention-
alism whicli censures witli disdain the innovators wlio assume tlie
liberty of announcing its errors to the world. — The Exterior of the
Horsei Goubaux and Barrier.
Gaitecl Horse. A saddle horse ; a horse having the
walk-trot-canter gaits, (including the walk, trot, rack, canter,
running walk, fox trot, or slow pace), to perfection ; a combi-
nation horse. See Saddler; Kentucky Saddler; is'^ATiONAL
Saddle Horse Breeders' Association.
Col. Dodge had a Kentucky horse whicli could walk flat-footed four and
a half miles an hour; could running-walk five ami a half; rack
seven ; single-foot up to twelve, and in harness or vmder saddle trot
a forty gait as squarely as any horse ever shod.— Kentucky Farmers'
Home Journal.
Gaiter. A device for trueing the gait ; giving a steady,
even, and quick motion, lengthening the stride, preventing a
sidewise gait, breaking, bucking, or bolting, inducing correct
knee action, and teaching the horse to travel wide. There
are several different patterns. They are easily attached and
adjusted ; light in weight, and adapted for both slow and fast
work.
Gaiting" Bar ; Gaiting- Pole. A padded pole attached
to the sulky, inside the shaft, for the purpose of keeping the
body of the horse in straight line when in motion. One end is
made fast near the point of the shaft, or to the shaft holder,
and the other to the cross-bar above the whipple-tree or just
under the sulky seat.
Gaiting' Strap. A strap of strong leather, usually cov-
ered wdth sheepskin, attached to a sulky in the same manner
as the gaiting bar, and for the same purpose.
Gaiting Wheel. A device for keeping the horse
straight in the shafts, and for preventing hitching and side-
wise action. It consists of a short metal arm attached to the
shaft by means of an adjustable loop and set-screw, on which,
plays a small wheel, which, when the horse goes to one side,
presses against the flank, causing him to straighten the gait.
106 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Gallop. The leaping or springing gait or movement in
which the two fore feet are lifted from the ground in succession,
and then the two hind feet in the same succession. The term is
commonly used to denote the movement intermediate between
the canter and the run, in which during the stride, two, three,
or all the feet are off the ground at the same instant.
In the gallop the horse is supposed to be moving by a succession of
bounds in whicli he rises us far as he lalls. Tliis would give one-
fourth of a second as the time of descent equal to one foot of ver-
tical fall to twelve and a half feet movement in a horizontal direc-
tion, and a consequent iletlectiou of the center of gravity to that
extent.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
This gait is wholly an<l radically different from the pace and trot; the
order of action, and, necessarily, the mental organization govern-
ing tlie method of iocoiuotiou and use of the linjbs are different.
Hence no one horse is, or can be, possessed of great speetl at the
gallop, antl also great speed at the trot or pace. To possess great
speed of eitlier one of these two orders he must inherit speed of
that order.— Leslie E. Macleod.
The gallop is a fast gait, with three beats, and leaped, in which the
synchronous beats of a diagonal biped are interposed between the
successive beats of the opposite diagonal biped, which begins the
step by its posterior member. The simultaneous beats of the second
contact with the ground, (second biped), have the greatest tendency
to become disassociated when the h»)rse moves almost without
advancing, when tlie equilibrium is bad, or when the speed is very
great. In this case the ear can perceive four distinct beats. On
the racecourse the gallop is an externally fast gait in which this
separation of the diagonal beats is driven to its utmost limit. — The
Exterior of the Horse, Goubaux and Barrier.
Galloping Courses. [Eng.] Courses devoid of obsta-
cles like ditches, hedges, etc.
Gamy. Spirited ; possessing undaunted courage. It is
said of a courageous, spirited, staying horse, that he is "gamy ; "
will never quit.
Garter of the Tvirf. [Eng.] A term applied to the
Oaks stakes, established in 1779. See Oaks.
Gaskiii. That part of the exterior of the horse situated
between the thigh and the hock, from which it is divided by a
line drawn from the point of the hock, clear of the bony promi-
nences of the joint.
Gathering. [Eq.] That art by which the rider, having
mounted his horse, taken the reins in hand, is square upon his
seat and his legs in position, collects all the forces of the horse
in readiness for the execution of his will. By gathering or col-
lecting, the horse is kept well upon his haunches, is guarded
from crossing his legs, and has, all the time, as the phrase is, " a
spare leg " to depend upon. The gathering, urging, and retain-
ing, are the foundations of that obedience whicli it is the object
of horsemanship to enforce.
Gelding. A male horse that has teen castrated.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 107
Gentlemen's Driving Race. A race open to horses
kept for driving purposes only, driven by their non-professional
owners, to road carts.
Gentling". A word used to denote the first acts of train-
ing, handling, and educating the colt. The term is one which
should enforce the importance of gentleness in the first lessons
of colt education, as bad habits come from bad early training,
or first wrong impressions.
Gestation. The act of carrying or being with young.
The period of gestation with the mare is eleven months ; but
tables show the shortest period to be 322 days ; the longest
period, 419 days; the mean period, 317 days. Records also
show that three hundred mares went an average period of 343
days, with a range of sixty-one days between the shortest, (309
days), and the longest, (370 days), period.
Gift. [Law.] In order to legally transfer a horse by
gift, the animal must be actually delivered to the donee.
Girdles. Used to denote that structural part of the
anatomy of the horse by means of which the limbs or locomo-
tory members are attached to the trunk.
These girdles are so called because a pair of them, when completely
developed, nearly encircle the body ; but it must be a(hiiitted tliat it
is not a very liappy expression, as, except throngh the intervention
of tlie vertebral co'lnmn, they never form com]>lete circles, and very
often tlie "semi-girdles" of each side are widely separated both
above and below. Tiiese semi-girdles are sometimes called arclies. —
The Horse, William Henry Flower, C. B.
Girth. A leather strap passing under the belly of a
horse for the purpose of securing the saddle or a part of the
harness in place. The main saddle girth should be broad and
soft with a reinforced backing.
Girth liine. A line encircling the body of a horse at a
point just back of the withers, and four inches back of the fore
legs.
Give and Take. An old term used to describe a race
in which horses carried weight according to their height. The
standard height was taken at fourteen hands, and the horse
that height was obliged to carry nine stone, (126 pounds).
Seven pounds were taken from the weight for every inch below
fourteen hands, and seven pounds added for every inch above
fourteen hands. A few pounds additional weight was regarded
as so serious a matter, that it was said seven pounds in a mile
race Avas equivalent to a distance.
Give Him a Repeat. A term used in working a horse
when he is given a dash of two miles, the words meaning an
exercise of a mile and repeat.
108 HAXDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Given the Needle, It is said of a horse that has been
doped or drugged, that he has been " given the needle " — mean-
ing an injection by means of a hypodermic needle.
Glanders. The most loathsome disease to which the
horse is subject. It was described by Greek veterinarians as
early as A. D. 381, and in 1G82, an accurate account of the
nature of the disease was published by Sallysel, the stable mas-
ter of Louis XIV., of France. Glanders is characterized by a
peculiar deposit with ulceration, on tlie membrane of the nose
and in the lungs ; and farcy — which is one and the same dis-
ease modified by the cause which originates them — by deposits
of the same material and ulcerations of the lymphatics of the
skin. The former is the more active form of the disorder ; the
latter is the slow type fastening upon general debility. Each
has its acute and chronic form, the former usually resulting
from inoculation, and is always fatal — there is no known cure.
Dr. James Law says the treatment in all its forms and of acute
farcy with open sores, " should be legally prohibited because of
the danger to man as well as animals." Always consult a vet-
erinary inspector or official commissioner. It is without doubt
the worst form of unsoundness in horses.
[Law.] The moment tlmt symptoms of jrlaiiders appear in a horse —
indications of the ineipiency of tlie disease — tiiat is, if he really
have the seeds of it in him, lie is unsound, although it may be some
time before the disease becomes fully developed in its niost offen-
sive conditions, and it is the future history of the case which is to
show whetlier it was the glanders or not. — Massachusetts Reports,
10 Gushing, (1857), 520.
Glomes of the Frog. The rounded projections or
ends of the branches of the frog are called the glomes, forming
the lower part of the heels.
Gloves. In the steel protected driving gloves the fingers
are protected by small, flat steel staples. The gloves always con-
tinue soft and pliable, and they are very strong and durable.
G. N. H. [Eng.] The letters signify Grand National
Hunt, a steeple chase run over different courses each year.
Go. The magic word that starts all the horses of the
trotting field ; one for which drivers listen with intense desire
as it gives them the right to a fair race and no favor.
Go as They Please. A race in which it is held that
the performance shall be in harness, to wagon or under the
saddle ; but after the race is commenced no change can be
made in the manner of going, and the race is held to have com-
menced when the horses appear on the track.
Go to Pieces. A horse that is unmanageable in a race
or lieat, is unsteady, flighty, acts badly, and wiU not settle to a
gait, is said to " go to pieces."
HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF. 109
Go With His Horse. A phrase signifying that the
rider should give himself up completely to the motion and
spirit of his horse, on the great strides of the finish.
G-odoIpliin Arabian. One of the three famous horses
upon which rests the foundation of the modern English thor-
oughbred. ]le was a brown bay, stood about 15 hands high,
with an unusually high crest, arched almost to a fault. lie was
probably foaled about 172-1 ; and although called an Arabian,
w^as unquestionably a Barb. Said to have been imported into
England from France, and it is said he had actually been in use
as a cart horse in the streets of Paris, from which ignoble posi-
tion he was rescued by Mr. Coke, who presented him to Mr.
Williams, keej^er of the St. James Coffee House, by whom he
was presented to Lord Godolphin, hence his name. He died at
Gogmagog, Cambridgeshire, in 1753, being, as is supposed, in
his twenty-ninth year. Despite his unknown blood and breed-
ing, it is generally conceded that he contributed more to the
quality of the thoroughbred horse, than any other stallion
either before or since his time.
Going for the Gloves. Betting with utter disregard
to means of payment.
Going" Within Himself. When a horse is making
high speed w4th perfect ease, he is said to be " going within
himself."
Gameness and condition and all that won't prevail over a competitor
tliat can throw dust In your eyes while going within himself.—
Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Good Breaker. A horse so trained that he recovers
quickly in breaking ; one which instantly settles to his gait
after a misstep in which he breaks.
Wedgewood was a good breaker. — Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Good Day, Good Track. When a match is made
" good day, good track," it means that all the conditions must
be favorable or the race will not take place. Not only must
the weather be fair but the track also must be in good condi-
tion. Even if the day be pleasant, and a rain on the previous
day has rendered the track soft or unfit for the race, the match
cannot occur.
Good Hands. [Eq.] Good hands in horsemanship
may be described as the happy art of using the reins so as to
restrain the horse by delicate manipulation and not by mere
hauling at the mouth, and to enable the rider to conform to
the movements of his mount in the best possible manner.
A very essential requisite in every man, in order to become a good
horseman and rider, is tiie quality known as good hands; witliout
this, most bits on awkward liorses "are ineffectual. Good hands with
110 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. '
almost any kind of bit, providing the horse gets a good amoTint of
work, will generally have the effect of making him go quietly in
time.— The Praeticai Horse Keeper, George Fleiiiing, LL.D., V.S.
A light, yet firm, an elastic, yet steady hand on the rein is wliat is
wanteil. — Charles Marvin.
Goodwood Races. So called from Goodwood Park,
the seat of the Duke of Richmond, in which they are held.
The park is in Sussex, three miles from Chichester, Eng. The
races begin the last Tuesday in July of each year, and continue
four days, in which Thursday, which is called Cup Day, is the
principal. These races, being held in a private park, are very
select and are admirably managed. Goodwood Park was pur-
chased by Charles, First Duke of Richmond, of the Compton
family, then resident in the village of East Lavant, and the
races were begun by the Duke, who died in 1806.
Gr. m. These letters in a summary or list of entries
following the name of a horse, signify gray mare.
Grain Burnt; Burnt Up. Said of a horse in a
shrunken, fevered, pinched condition, w^hich has been caused by
having been fed too much grain ; the result of forced feeding
of grain and too little hay ; especially noticeable among horses
kept in city stables. It is very seldom that the condition is due
to constitutional defect.
Grand Circuit. A term applied to the great American
trotting circuit which includes iSTew York, Springfield, Buffalo,
Rochester, Utica, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Detroit, and other cities,
changes in the number being due from year to year to local
causes. Originally called the Grand Central Circuit.
Grease ; Canker ; Scratches. A specific affection of
the heels of horses, associated with the growth of a parasitic
fungus ; an offensive discharge from the numerous oil-glands,
and often the formation of red, raw excrescences from the sur-
face known as grapes. " It is," says Dr. Edward Mayhew, M.
R. C. V. S., in his important w^ork on the diseases of the horse,
" a disgrace to every person connected with the building in
which it occurs ; it proves neglect in the proprietor, and want
of fitness or positive idleness in the groom." Until cured, grease
is an unsoundness.
Great Trochanter. A muscle situated in the haunches
whose office is to give speed to the movements of the hind leg,
abduct the thigh, and assist in rearing.
The length and volume of its muscular fibers enable it to keep up a
sustained action from the time the hind foot takes the ground or in
advance of the center of gravity, until it leaves it after completing
its propulsive effect. When the foot is off the ground it furnishes
the sinews of war offensive and defensive. The distance from the
insertion to the fulcrum or head of the bone being so short, it
causes the foot when free from the ground to move with great
velocity.— Tlie Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillmau.
■ HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. HI
Green Horse. A horse that has never trotted or paced
for premiums or purse, either double or single.
Grinding. A peculiar grinding motion of the hind
foot upon the ground, which attends the articulation of the
hind feet of some horses. Like stringhalt and cocked ankles,
grinding is not only confined to the hind limbs and feet, but
entirely among four footed animals to the horse. The action
is a grinding motion of the heel sometimes outwardly, some-
times inwardly. It is performed through the agency of some
of the ligaments that are not sufficiently powerful to act in
opposition to the flexor and extensor tendons. All the methods
known to farriery have been used to prevent it, but absolutely
in vain.
Grog-g-iness ; Groggy Gait. A term applied to the
peculiar knuckling of the fetlock joint, and the tottering of the
w^hole of the fore leg. It is difficult to locate it in any partic-
ular joint, and it seems oftenest to result from a want of
power in the ligaments of the joints generally, produced by
frequent strains, severe sprains, or by ill-judged and cruel
exertion. It is a legal unsoundness.
Groom ; Grooming. One having the care of horses ;
the act of dressing or cleaning a horse. The grooming which
each horse receives should be adapted to its individual peculiar-
ities, and particular attention should be paid to the brushes and
instruments used in the operation. Some horses can be rub-
bed with a stiff brush, others must have a very soft one — a
wisp of straw or a soft cloth. After the dandruff and dirt have
been removed, the best grooms rarely resort to anything else than
the palms of the hands and sides of the arms up to the elbows
— as nothing else will so make the coat smooth and glossy.
Grossness. Superfluous flesh ; an undesirable quality
or characteristic in a horse for speed or road purposes.
Grunting. A peculiar sound connected with the emis-
sion of the breath when the animal is suddenly moved, or
started, or struck at. If the horse grunts at such times he is
further tested for roaring. Grunters are not always roarers,
but as it is a common thing for a roarer to grunt, such an
animal must be looked upon with suspicion until he is
thoroughly tried by pulling a load, or being made to gallop
up hill.
Guaranteed Stake. A stake with a guarantee by the
party or association opening it, that the sum shall not be less
than the amount named ; the prize being the total amount of
money contributed by the nominators, all of which belongs to
112 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
the winner or the winners ; although such stake does not entitle
the giver to any excess, unless so stated in the published
conditions.
Guards of the Bit. The side-pieces or cheeks attached
to the ends of the bit, connected with which are rings for
receiving the reins and cheek pieces of the headstall or bridle.
Guard-rail. The pole around the inner circle of a race
track ; the hub rail.
Gullet-plate. The iron arch under the pommel of the
saddle.
Gums. The fleshy parts of the sockets of the teeth.
Guy. Bay gelding; foaled 1880. By Kentucky Prince ;
dam, Flora Gardiner, by Seely's American Star. Holding the
World's record to close of 1893; one mile to wagon, made at
Detroit, Michigan, July 18, 1893, in 2:13.
H
Half Forfeit. As a definition of the half forfeit system
in running races take the following example : A sweepstake
for three-year olds, $50 each, half forfeit; $1000 added, of
which $200 to second, $100 to third, etc. In such a race each
horse that started would pay $50, and each horse that sub-
scribed to the stake and failed to start would owe $25, (half
forfeit) ; or in other words would owe a sum equal to half of
the starting fee. At the East if not paid, the owner of the
horse and the horse against which the forfeit existed would be
put in the forfeit list, and the owner's entries and the horse's
entry, if sold, would not be accepted to future races until the
forfeit was paid. In the West an order would be issued
against the owner and horse, and if the forfeit were lodged the
owner could not start a horse nor could the horse start, until
payment was made. As a rule, all entrance money and forfeits
go to the winner. Thus, there is this difference to the forfeit
systems East and AVest : In the East the clubs collect through
the forfeit list for the winner ; at the West orders are issued
to the winner and he does his own collecting by lodging
forfeits with the secretary when the horse or owner are start-
ing in races. At the South the clubs have entirely discarded
the forfeit system, and make the stakes entirely on the cash
entrance plan.
Half-g'viarcls to a bit is a compromise between the snaf-
fle and the common bridoon with rings only. Instead of full
guards both above and below the rings to rest upon the cheek
and prevent the bit from being drawn through the mouth,
only that part or half of the guard below the ring or bar, is
retained.
Half Mile Running. World's record to close of 1893 :
Geraldine, at Morris Park, West Chester, N. Y., August 30,
1889, 0:46. Heat race: Aged horses, Bogus, 113 lbs., at
Helena, Montana, August 28, 1888, 0:18 ; 0:48. Four-year-olds,
Eclipse Jr., Dallas, Texas, November 1, 1890, 0:48; 0:48; 0:48.
Halters are made in considerable variety, being plain
neck of either leather or rope, and leather headstall with rope
tie. These are of many patterns ; plain, or with fancy trim-
mings in brass and nickel, in black or russet leather. Web
8 113
114 HAI^DBOOK OF THE TURF.
halters are in scarlet, blue, and other colors. One of the best
practical halters is the ordinary leather headstall, with fore-
head, throat and nose-bands, on which should be a ring under
the chin for attaching a rope, chain or leather strap.
Halter-Breaking-; Haltering-. The act of accus-
toming a colt to the use and discipline of the halter ; one of
the first lessons in colt education.
Halter-Pulling. One of the very worst faults a horse
can have, the result of defective and ignorant training. A
person is never safe with a horse that has contracted this
habit, and it is a habit very hard to overcome. The best
method is to take an ordinary halter, having a lead sufficiently
long to pass through the halter-ring, then back between the
fore legs and under a surcingle, and attach to a strap around
the ankle of one hind foot. Be careful that the halter-ring is
sufficiently strong to resist the pull. As the colt pulls on the
halter it draws both ways — upon the head in front,, and also
on the hind foot. The colt will find that by stepping forward
the pull upon the hind foot will lessen, and he will rarely
make more than two or three attempts to pull back. This
treatment should never be attempted when the colt has the
harness on, but always when in the stall or when hitched to a
post. After this treatment, kindness and gentleness will com-
plete the w^ork of reform from this extremely bad fault.
Hambletonian, Rysdyk*s. Founder of the greatest
trotting family the world has ever seen. Foaled May 5, 1849,
at Sugar Loaf, Orange County, N. Y. Bred by Wm. M.
Rysdyk. By Abdallah, (son of thoroughbred ^Mambrino, by
imported JNlessenger, and a trotting mare called Amazonia,
pedigree unknown) ; dam, the Charles Kent mare, by imported
Bellfounder, a Norfolk trotter; second dam, One-Eye, by
Bishop's Hambletonian, a thoroughbred ; third dam, Silvertail,
by imported Messenger. lie was a beautiful bay, with both
hind feet white, and a small star in forehead. His shoulders
and quarters were so massive that his exceptionally round
barrel seemed somewhat light. His neck was short and
straight, and he had a large, coarse head, though it was bony
and expressive. He stood firm and solid, on feet perfect in
shape and texture ; and his legs were flat, clean, heavily mus-
cled, and free from gumminess or swelling, even when he was
old. His rump was rather round, than sloping, and his tail
was set low and carried low. He stood 15.1 at the withers,
and 15.3 at the rump. His knee was 13|- inches in circumfer-
ence, his hock 17|- inches in circumference. From the center
of the hip-joint to the point of the hock he measured
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 115
41 inches, and from the point of the stifle to the point
of the hock, the length of his thigh was 24 inches. His
chief points of excellence were his long, trotting gait, his
muscular development, and the fine quality of his bones and
sinews. He was never engaged in a race, and never had a
record at any rate of speed ; but as a three-year-old he trotted
in public on Union Course, L. I., in 2:48^. Forty of his sons
and daughters have made records ranging from 2:17| to 2:30,
including Dexter, 2:17|; Nettie, 2:18, and Orange Girl, 2:20.
One hundred and thirty-eight of his sons are sires of eleven
hundred and one trotters, and seventy-one pacers, with records
ranging from 2:08| to 2:30 ; and sixty-nine daughters, (to the
close of 1893), have produced eighty-seven trotters and two
pacers, with records of 2:30 or better. " He is not only first
as a sire of trotters, but as the progenitor of the producers of
trotters, both male and female, he is incomparably above all
others of his generation." He died at Chester, N. Y., March
27, 1876.
Hammering'. Punishing a beaten horse ; or whipping
a horse at the finish when it is impossible for him to win, are
acts known as "hammering."
Hamstring. The great tendon or sinew at the back of
the hock on the hind leg of the horse.
Hand. A measure of four inches ; the standard division
of measurement for horses ; a palm.
Hand-Gallop. [Eng.] Explained by the quotation :
The hand-gallop is play; the pace of i)leasure parties not hurried; of
hunting men going'to cover with a half hour to spare.— Book of the
Horse, Samuel Sidney.
Hand-Loops. Loops attached to reins for the purpose
of getting a better control of the horse, and managing him
more easily. There are usually three hand-loops, or straps, to
each rein, about one foot apart.
Handicap. An extra burden placed upon, or a special
requirement made of, a superior competitor in favor of an
inferior, in order to make their chances of winning more equal.
In a horse race the adjudging of various weights to horses dif-
fering in age, power or speed, in order to place them all, as
far as possible, on an equality.
Handicapper. An officer of the turf assigned to deter-
mine the amount of the handicaps in a race or contest of
speed. It is said that an experienced handicapper can so
weight two horses of different ages and different degrees of
power, that they will run to a head-and-head finish.
Handicap Race. A race for which the horses are
116 HANDBOOK OF THE TTJEF.
weighted according to their merits, in the estimation of the
handicapper, for the purpose of equalizing their chances of
winning.
We never conld see any object in handicap racing, except to enable a
poor horse to beat a good one. To this we may add tiie opportunity
to bet Avlietlier tliis horse can caiTy ten or twenty pounds more
weiglit tlian that one, and beat him.— Wallace's Montlily.
Handler. One who breaks, educates or handles colts,
giving them their first lessons in good service, as distinguished
from a trainer or driver in races.
Handling' Reins. Keins used in handling, or educa-
ting colts to the bit. They are usually made of hard rope line,
about fifteen feet long, with loops, or handles made of double
plaited rope the size of an ordinary clothesline. They are
fastened t>y spring hooks to the rings of the bit, and pass
through t'^rrets on the pad of the surcingle, to the hands of
the person handling the colt.
Hands on the Reins. [Eq.] A great English rider
has said : " One oitght to ride as though he had a silken rein
in his hand as fine as hair, and that he was afraid of breaking
it." The rider should ncA^er keep a dead pull on the reins, but
" give and take," so that the horse may understand his wishes
by the feeling of his mouth.
Hang ovit tlie Prizes. A term used in referring to
the premiums, stakes and purses published in the programme of
a race meeting. To " hang out," is to offer certain prizes.
Haras. A French term denoting a stud of horses, and
applied generally to the stud establishment of the National
government. These breeding establishments are governed by
strict regulations, and a law of August 14, 1885, also provides
for an inspection as to the character and somidness of the
stallions in private ownership, which may be advertised for
public use, and the law is rigidly enforced. It provides that a
stallion cannot be employed without being first approved and
authorized by the Administrator of the Haras — or master of
the stud — and he must haA^e a certificate that he is free from
certain specified unsoundnesses. This certificate is in force
for only one year, and is not issued until an expert official
examination of the animal has been made. Violations are
punished by fines imposed on the driver and groom. Every
owner of a stallion advertising his horse for breeding purposes
must notify the Prefect, and the animal is inspected by a com-
mittee, consisting of a veterinarian, a breeder and a govern-
ment inspector. Terms like " the flower of the haras," " the
gem of the haras," are often met with in turf journals or
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 117
books, meaning the very choicest and finest bred of the ani-
mals in the stud.
Hard Mouth. When a horse has a confirmed hard
mouth it is regarded as a serious vice.
Harem. A term applied to a collection of brood mares.
Harness. The working-gear, or tackle, of a horse, to
connect him to a sulky or vehicle. It consists of the following
parts : Crown-piece ; cheek-piece ; front ; blinds ; nose-band ;
bit ; curb ; check ; throat-latch ; rein ; breastplate ; martin-
gale ; trace-tug ; trace ; saddle ; turrets ; belly-band, (girth) ;
turn-back, (ba<jk strap) ; crupper ; breeching ; breeching-strap ;
hip-strap. Track harness weigh from seven and a quarter to
twelve pounds, all complete, the average weight being from
eight to nine pounds.
Harness Meeting-. A race to sulkies.
Harness Turf. A term used to denote the trotting turf
as distinguished from the running turf.
Harro\irs, for dressing or finishing the surface of a track.
Track harrows are made in two forms — square and triangular,
of the best wagon timber, and generally twelve feet on each
side. The square harrows are made of three pieces one way,
and four the other, each of two by four inch material. In
each of the four cross-pieces are thirty teeth, or one hundred
and twenty in all. Within the outer frame of the triangular-
shaped harrow are braces forming a smaller frame of the same
shape, but exactly reversed from the larger or outer one, the
points of the smaller one being at the centre of the outside
pieces. The outside pieces of this harrow are two by eight
inches ; and the inside pieces two by four inches. In the out-
side pieces are three rows of teeth, one hundred and four teeth
to each piece ; and in the inside pieces are two row^s of teeth, or
thirty teeth to each piece, making a total of four hundred and
two teeth. These teeth are 60-penny, forged, steel wire nails,
six inches long, set so firm in the frame work that they may be
adjusted to depth as required, the general rule being to have
them so set as to make channels one-half an inch apart, and
from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch deep on the face of
the track. When more than one harrow is used with the same
team in dressing a track, as is usually the case, they are drawn
diagonally, so that one will not follow directly behind the
other, but behind and outside of the other ; hence once around
the track will dress a section of from twenty-four to thirty-
six feet of its width. Such a triangular harrow as is described
will weight 300 pounds.
118 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Haunch. The upper thigh of the hind leg of the horse ;
situated between the gaskin, or lower thigh, below; and the
point of the quarter, above.
Head. The head of a horse, by aside view, is divided
from the neck by a line proceeding from the back of the ear,
along the rear edge of the lower jaw, to its angle. It embraces
the following named regions, or parts, viz. : Ear, poll, fore-
head, face, nostrils, muzzle, mouth, cheek, eye, jowl, lower jaw,
inter-maxillary space.
Head, Lead of the. In speeding, the horse should be
allowed to follow its instinct in fixing the position of the head
— there can be no safer or more successful rule in training than
this ; indeed, it is one of the golden rules in horse discipline.
Headstall. The name given to the leather work of the
upper part of a bridle when in collected form, and to which the
snaffle or bit and bridoon is attached.
Heat. An act requiring intense and uninterrupted effort ;
great activity ; as to do a thing at a heat ; one part of a race,
or once around a course in a race. In trotting races, heats
best three in five ; a horse not winning a heat in the first five
trotted cannot start in the sixth iinless he shall have made a
dead heat. In running races of heats best two in three, a horse
that actually wins two heats, or distances the field, wins the
race ; and a horse running in two consecutive heats, without
winning, or running a dead heat, cannot again start in the
race. In a running race of heats best three in five, a horse
that wins three heats, or distances the field, wins the race ; and
a horse running in any three consecutive heats, without win-
ning, or running a dead heat, is not allowed to again start in
the race.
Heaves. Broken wind ; asthma ; a disease of the organs
of breathing caused by the rupture of the air cells, which pre-
vents the animal from expelling air from the lungs without a
double effort. A legal unsoundness.
Hedge. To protect by betting on both sides ; or, in other
words, after having bet on one side, to bet also on the other
side, in order to guard one's self against loss w^hatever the
result may be.
No bet is good till it is well liedged.— Blue Ribbon of the Turf, Louis
Henry Curzon.
Heels. The posterior part of the horse's foot, formed by
the angles of inflection of the extremities of the hind portion
of the hoof.
Heels of the Shoe. The rear part of the web or plate
of the shoe protecting the heels of the foot.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 119
Helper. A groom; rubber, or assistant; one who helps
in the care of a horse at a race, in a subordinate position.
Helping. A term used to designate any action by an
offending horse, rider or drive.-, by which any horse is enabled
to come to the wire in an unfair manner, and by which the
progress of another horse is impeded. The trotting rules
demand that no horse, rider or driver shall jostle, cross, or
strike another horse, rider or driver, during a heat ; nor swerve,
carry him out, sit down in front of him, or do any other act
coming under the head of "helping," under liability of fine,
suspension or expulsion.
Heredity. In breeding, the influence of parents upon
their offspring ; the fact or principle of inheritance or the trans-
mission of physical and mental characteristics from one gene-
ration of ancestors to those following them.
Hero of Chester. A term universally applied to the
great sire, Hambletonian.
Herod Blood. In the English thoroughbred pedigrees,
founded by the Byerly Turk, a celebrated charger owned by
Capt. Bverly of Ireland, in the time of King AVilliam's wars,
in 1689."
Hidden Quality. An element of speed in many pedi-
grees which trace to unknown sources, but one of uncertainty
at best, and in the formation of a family of trotters its evolution
must ever be a matter of doubtful experiment.
Hig"!! Blowing. A term applied to a noisy breathing
made by some horses, produced wholly by the action of the
nostrils — a distinctly nasal sound, and by no means to be- con-
founded with roaring. It is a habit ; not an unsoundness.
Hig'li-bred. A meaningless term in common use, one
applied alike to the trotting horse, the cross-bred Percheron, or
any other class, by which people are often deceived at the
hands of the horse sharp, regarding the pedigree or value of
an animal. It possesses no significance, and has no proper
place in the turf vocabulary.
High- j limp. In the high-jump, photographs sliow that
the fore feet first strike the ground after clearing. All high
jumpers, as distinguished from broad or hurdle jumpers, land
on their fore feet first. At the Madison Square Garden, (Xew
York), fair of 1891, the mare Maud got over a fence seven feet
high and landed on her fore feet so nearly perpendicular that
had not the grooms laid hold of her, she must have completed
a somersault.
High-wheel. The old standard sulky.
120 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Hind Action. Perfect hind action in the trotter is just
sufficiently wide to prevent interference with the fore legs and
feet; and yet, brought as nearly as it can to approach to a
straight line with the forward action, without interference, or
the least loss of muscular power.
Hippoclroming'. An old term, said to have been first
used by George Wilkes in 1857, to denote the plan of taking
tw^o well known horses together through the country to trot
for purses and divide the profits. The plan met with great
opposition when first started. Flora Tenij)le and Lancet w^ere
the first horses to trot together in this way, Avhich they
did at Elmira, N. Y., September 2, 1857. Kow termed
" campaigning."
Hippometer. A French term for a standard adjustable
instrument for measuring the height of horses — consisting of an
upright standard, an arm to rest on the shoulder, and register-
ing the height in centimetres.
Hippometric Cane. A cane which pulls out in seg-
ments, one within the other, being a metallic rod within a
hollow rattan staff or cane, and fastened in, when closed, by
means of springs. Used for measuring the height of horses.
Hippopliag-y. The consumption of horse meat as human
food.
Hippopliile. A horse fancier; one who has a special
love or fondness for horses.
Hip-Straps. The pieces of a harness attached to the
back straps, on each side, which hold the breeching-straps and
breeching in place.
Hiring' Horses. [Law.] When a horse is let out for
hire for the purpose of performing a particular journey, the
person letting warrants it fit and competent for such journey ;
and the owner of the horse is liable for any accident which
may befall it when used with reasonable care by the person
hiring it.
History. The three great periods into which the history
of the English turf and the breeding of horses is naturally
'divided, are : 1. From the beginning of history to the end of the
reign of Queen Elizabeth, (1603), or before the times of the
thoroughbred horse; 2. from the ascension of James I. in 1G03,
to the year 1791, the first publication of the Stud Book, the
period of the making of the thoroughbred horse, and ; 3, from
1791 to the present day. Races w^ere known in very early
times. In the reign of Henry II., (1154-1189), tournaments
began to be of frequent occurrence, and one writer, Fitz-
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 121
Stephen, mentions the delight taken by the people of London
in this diversion. In 132U Edward III. purchased running
horses, and in the ninth year of his reign received a present of
two running horses from the King of Navarre. Henry VIII.,
(118:3-1485), took great pains to improve the royal stud, and
imported horses from Turkey, Naples and Spain. Jn 1002 the
first Arabian horses were imported, and races were run for
silver bolls at many places. Oliver Cromwell, (1(55;M060), kept
a racing stud and patronized the turf. During the reign of
Charles, (1660-1085), he imported horses of Eastern blood,
which was continued by his successors, and led to the estab-
lishment of the thoroughbred horse. During the reign of this
monarch it was proclaimed that persons in His Majesty's ser-
vice in riding should not use any snaffles but bits. This was
probably because bits were more becoming and better suited to
the troops, as snaffles were in general more fit for "times of
disport," by which racing and the chase were undoubtedly
meant. During the reign of George II., 1727, statutes were
enacted : That no plates or matches were to be run for under
£50 in value, except at Newmarket and Black Hambleton, on
a penalty of £200 to be paid by the owner of each horse run-
ning, and £100 by the person who advertised the plate; that
no person should run any horse at a race but his own ; that
every horse race was to be begun and ended the same day. The
objects of these statutes were "the preventing the multiplicity
of horse races ; the encouragement of idleness, and the impov-
erishment of the meaner sort of people." An act for the sup-
pression of races by ponies and weak horses was passed during
the reign of George III., 1739. At this time races were held
in one hundred and twelve cities and towns in England.
During the latter half of the eighteenth century racing declined
very much and numbers of meetings were discontinued, this
result being due to the wars then raging. But from the
beginning of the nineteenth century, and especially after the
conclusion of the French war of 1815, racing again revived. A
great number of matches and stake races were established,
records of the latter having occurred as early as 1828. The
royal stud was sold on the ascension of Queen Victoria, in 1837.
Just when racing began in America, is not easy to determine ;
but it is a well attested fact that pacers were bred and paced,
especially in Rhode Island, during the last decades of the
seventeenth century. Pacing races took place between the
gentry of Rhode Island and Virginia, in and about Phila-
delphia, early in the eighteenth century. In 1665, Governor
Nichols established a race course at Hempstead Heath, L. I.,
N. Y., and ordered that a plate should be run for every year.
122 HANDBOOK OP THE TURF.
In 1669, Governor Lovelace, who succeeded Governor Xichols,
ordered races to be run on Hempstead Heath, but from that
time for nearly a hundred years, history is quite silent on the
subject of horse racing. Then it revived, and one historian
says "there was no end to scrub and pace racing in all parts
of the middle and southern colonies, and particularly on the
good and shaded roads of Manhattan Island." As wealth and
leisure increased in the country, after the close of the Revolu-
tionary war, the sport of racing grew so rapidly that laws for
its suppression were passed. Pennsylvania passed such laws
in 1794, 1817 and 1820; New Jersey in 1797, followed by the
States of New York, Connecticut, and probably all the other
New England States. The first recorded trotting j^erformance
in this country was by the horse Yankee, at Harlem, K. Y.,
July 6, 1806, over a track said to have been short of a mile, in
2:59. At Philadelphia, in 1810, the Boston horse trotted a
mile to harness in 2:48^. The earliest organized effort in
behalf of trotting in this country was started at Philadelphia
in 1828, by the establishment of the Hunting Park Associa-
tion. See, Sport of Kings, Queens of the Turf, Trotting
Families, Extreme Speed, and celebrated individual horses.
Hitcli. To hobble ; an unsteady gait which crosses and
jerks.
Hitch. A team ; a horse or horses harnessed to a buggy
is said to be a "hitch," and if fine, is properly called a nice
hitch ; a good hitch.
Hock. The hock is placed between the gaskin and the
hind cannon bone, from which it may be separated by a line
drawn across this bone at the point at which its head begins to
enlarge in order to form a joint with the lower bones of the
hock. The hock in the horse represents the heel in man, and
the elongations of bones and corresponding tendons are neces-
sary modifications of the plan for the development of speed.
The lioek joint is unique in construction. The interlocking giooves of
this joint are not direct, us In otlier hinge joints of the body, and
as the corresponding joint in man is, but oblique, so tliat when
flexion takes jilace at that joint, tlie lower ray is carried obliquely
outward, and when tlie other leg is passed, and the extension takes
place again, its action is reversed and tlie foot is returned to the
pt)sition required to support the center of gravity. By this simple
contrivance the danger of accident isplaced beyond tiie will of tlie
animal, and in well formed horses beyond the possibility of acci-
dent. Some horses circumduct the h'ind feet more than others,
and in otliers the stifle action is most marked; but it is not com-
mon to see both excessive in the same horse. There is often con-
siderable difference in different horses in the length of the hock.
The long hock gives the greatest power, for the reason that the
leverage is greater; but what is gained in power is lost in speed.
—The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Hock, Point of. The bony projection at the back and
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 123
top of the hock. The parts of the hind leg below the hock are
similarly named to those of the fore leg below the knee.
Hock Strap. A spreader used to prevent the hopping
or sidewise gait of the horse. It is a stout, elastic band of
rubber w^ebbing, one and a half to two inches wide, with two
small straps and buckles at the ends used to tighten it. Attach
this to the leg just above the hock, (not the leg with which the
horse hops, but the one carried out), draw moderately tight,
and its use will tend to regulate the action of the leg which
the horse uses out of line.
Hog on the Bit. A hard puller, and especially a
borer or puller to one side, is said to "hog on the bit."
Hog'g'ing". The custom of cutting off the mane of the
horse in a sort of pompadour style, so that the hairs are
about the length of hog's bristles. The delineations of horses
in Egyptian, Persian and Grecian monuments and sculpture,
represent them with the mane hogged ; and this fashion pre-
vailed to a considerable extent in England, in the early part of
this century, "when," says Kev. J. G. Wood, "a sham classi-
cal mania reigned in the fashionable world." It is not harm-
ful to the horse ; it may not come under the head of mutila-
tion, but it is both unnatural and unnecessary.
Hold Over Tlieni. A term used to denote that the
horse of which it is said has more speed than his opponents.
Thus John Splan says : " Lady Thorne was pitted against
George Wilkes, Dexter, Lucy, Goldsmith Maid, American Girl,
Mountain Boy and George Palmer, and held over them in
nearly all her engagements."
Hold the Horse Tog-ether. Used to denote the art
of saving a horse at the finish, especially in a running race,
from overdoing himself when there is no occasion for it ; the
act of easing up on the horse at the bit, an inch at a time, as
the situation of the finish among the contestants allows; to
drive without forcing the horse.
Holders. Hand loops attached to the reins for the pur-
pose of better holding and controlling the horse, particularly if
he is a hard puller.
Have the reins made the ri<;ht length, and don't have three or four
yards of leather hanging down behind the sulky. Have the holders
on the reins good length and wide, and be sure that you have them
in exactly tlie right place, so that if the horse, from any cause,
either from breaking or otherwise, should take an extra hold of
the bit you are ready and in the right position to handle him with
ease. I drive all my horses with holders on the reins, and I think
no man should ever drive in a race without them.— Life with the
Trotters, John Splan.
Hole in Him. A defect. " That horse has a hole in
him," means that he has an out, an unsoundness, a fault.
124 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Hollow of the Pastern. The hollow at the back and
lower part of the pastern joint.
Home. The goal; the ultimate point to which the
horse runs; the line which every rider or driver hopes to
reach first.
Homestretch. That part of the track between the last
turn and the wire, usually wider and more level than any
other section of the trotting course ; the real battle ground of
the contending horses in a race. The rules governing horses
in a race on the homestretch, are, j)erhaps, more carefully
made than those covering any other part of the track, with a
view of protecting every horse and giving to each the best pos-
sible chance to win. They provide that when the foremost
horse or horses come out on the homestretch they shall each
keep the positions first chosen, under penalty of being ruled out.
The hindermost horse or horses, when there is sufficient room
to pass on the inside, or in fact, anywhere on the homestretch,
without interfering with other horses have the right to do so,
and any one interfering to prevent such passing is ruled
out by the judges. If in attempting to pass another horse,
however, a horse should at any time sAverve or cross, so as to
impede the stride of a horse behind him, such horse is not
entitled to win the heat.
Hood. A protective covering for the horse's head.
Hoods are used for both sweating and cooling-out purposes,
and are made of various patterns. They embrace long hoods
which cover the face in front and extend to the withers ;
shorter ones which drop just below the eyes and cover half of
the crest ; throat hoods or jowl sweaters ; cooling hood, both
long and short ; goggle hoods, etc. They are usually made of
Canton flannel or California wool goods in plain and fancy
colors ; heavy or light weight, according to the purpose for
which they are used, and in a wide variety of styles and pat-
terns of texture.
I do not believe in getting flesli off a horse -with a sweat-blanket or
hood— work it off in the natural way. — Training the Trotting Horse,
Charles Marvin.
Hood. A canvas covering which buttons upon and
closely envelopes the skeleton body or foot-rest of road and
speed carts, as a protection to the legs of the driver from mud
or dirt. It is adjustable, and taken off when not wanted.
Hoof. The horny box which encloses the horse's foot.
In general terms the front part of the hoof near the gi'ound
surface is called the toe, the two sides of which are designated
as outside and inside toe ; the lateral or side portions consti-
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 125
tute the quarters; the rear parts on the ground surface the
heels. The general shape is that of the half of a cylinder -cut
obliquely across its middle, and resting on the surface of this
section. In nearly all feet, however, it is slightly conical.
Specifically the hoof is separated into these portions, viz : the
wall ; the sole ; the frog. The wall is the outer portion of the
hoof, and is divided into a hard, fibrous covering called the
crust ; and a soft, inner layer of non-fibrous horn. The sole
is a thick horny plate between the border of the wall and its
reflected prolongations, occupying what is termed the inferior
face of the hoof. The frog is a mass of horn, pyramidal in
snape, situated between the two re-entering portions of the
wall, having a base, four sides and a summit. Within this
box or hoof is contained the coffin, navicular and part of the
small pastern bones; the sensitive laminae; the plantar
cushion, and the lateral cartilages. Generally the hoofs of the
fore feet are broader and rounder in front ; those of the hind
feet narrower and more pointed. The right and left hoofs of
either leg can be distinguished by observing that the inner
edge of the wall is flatter and the outer edge more convex.
The hoof groAvs more rapidly in warm, dry climates, than in cold, Avet
ones; in healthy, energetic animals, tlian in those which are soft
and weak; during exercise, than repose; in young, than in old
anlnials. In winter it widens, becomes softer and grows but little;
in summer it is condensed, becomes more rigid, concave and resist-
ing, is exposed to severer wear, and grows more rapidly. This
variation is a provision of Nature to enable the hoof to adapt itself
to the altered conditions it has to meet— hard horn to hard ground;
soft horn to soft ground.— Horse Shoes and Horse Shoeing, George
Fleming, LL.D., M. R. C. V. S.
In a state of Jiature the hoof preserves its form and qualities under
the following conditions: 1. Its elasticity is complete when the
frog is in full relation with the ground; 2, its constant use main-
tains a proper length and a regular axis; 3, the sole has all its
thickness, all its strength, and prevents contraction of the heels;
4, the hairs of the coronet cover and protect the cutidure, the
varnish of the wall, (periople), protects the horn against alterations
of dryness atid humidity; 5, the moisture of the soil, the dew, and
the freshness of the pasture maintaining it in a state of humidity
favorable to the preservation of its form. It requires about eight
months for the production of a completely new hoof. All loss of
substance to the wall is therefore reduced very slowly; whence
the lesson is taught that we should avoid this loss as much as
possible. The healthy foot is a very beautiful object.— Exterior of
the Horse, Armand Gouboux and Gustave Barrier.
Hopping. Wobbling; the motion of going crooked
behind. In doing so the horse shortens the stride of one hind
foot, places it under or between his fore feet and carries the
other one out, thus causing the hip to hop or wobble behind.
Some horses will hop and go sideways to avoid scalping, hit-
ting shins or quarters. The remedy then consists in skillful
shoeing and proper booting. Some horses will hop when their
heads are checked out of a natural position, either too high or
too low. Radical changes in shoeing, such as changing light
126 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
shoes for heavy ones, and vice versa will sometimes cure hop-
ping. Difference in the length of stride of fore feet, arising
from faulty conformation or other irregularity, will often
cause the horse to go crooked behind. In such cases it can be
remedied by adding more weight to the foot which steps the
shortest.
Hopples; Hobbles. A device used for changing the
gait of a horse from a pace to a trot ; from a trot to a pace, or
for holding a horse steady at either gait. There are several
patterns. They are usually made of leather, covered with
lambswool, wdth elastic connections by which to draw the leg
back to the gait desired. They are changable, and may be so
adjusted as to act as cross straps, or in a straight line from
fore to hind legs.
Horny Sole. A concave plate contained within the
lower margin of the wall of the horse's foot covering the lower
face of the pedal bone. It is thickest around its outer border
where it joins the wall, and thinnest in the center where it is
most concave. It is less dense and resisting than the wall of
the hoof, and is designed more to support weight than to stand
wear. It has a characteristic of breaking off in flakes on the
ground face when the fibers become long.
Horse. A well known and most noble domestic animal
of the genus Equus ; family Equid?e ; sub-order Perissodactyla,
(odd-toed) ; order Ungulata, (hoofed) ; class Mammalia. The
name of a genus corresponds to the surname or family name
of persons of civilized nations, but in the language of science
it always precedes the specific name, which corresponds to our
given or Christian name. The horse is distinguished from all
other members of the Equidae, by the long hairs of the tail
being more abundant and growing from the base as well as
from the ends and sides ; and also by possessing a small bare
callosity on the inner side of the hind leg, just below the hock,
as well as one on the inner side of the forearm above the knee,
common to all the genus. The mane is longer and more flow-
ing, the front part of it drooping over the forehead, forming
the forelock ; the ears are shorter, the limbs longer, the feet
broader and the head smaller. By the agency of man horses
are now diffused throughout almost the whole of the inhabited
portions of the globe, and the great modifications they have
undergone, in consequence of domestication and selection in
breeding, are well illustrated by comparing such extremes as
the Shetland pony, dwarfed by scanty food and a rigorous
climate, standing from 9.2 to 10.2 hands high; the thorough-
bred race-horse of 16.2 hands high, and the gigantic London
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 127
dray-horse of from 17 to 18 hands high. There are seven
modifications of the horse type, at present existing, sufficiently
distinct to be reckoned as species by all zoologists. There
were in the United States at the close of the year 1893
16,081,139 horses of all ages, valued at $709,224,799. The
four leading horse producing states are : Iowa, with 1,367,329 ;
Illinois, with 1,308,771; Texas, with 1,183,895; Missouri,
with 1,008,361. Aside from the recognized trotting bred and
running bred horses in this country the generally recognized
breeds or sub-families are : Clydesdale, Percheron, French
Coach, Yorkshire Coach, Cleveland Bay, English Shire,
Suffolk Punch, Hackney.
In the choice of a horse and a wife a man must please himself .—G. J.
Wliyte-Melville.
Horse. [Law.] The legal definition of a horse is : A
hoofed quadruped of the genus Equus, (E. caballus), having
one toe to each foot, a mane, and a long flowing tail. The
term horse embraces generally all the classes and sexes. It has
been decided that a ridgiing is not a gelding, but a horse. —
Chattel Mortgage. It has been decided that a colt born of a
mare which is held under mortgage belongs to the holder of the
legal title, the mortgagee ; but to make a chattel mortgage good
to hold the colt he must show that it was conceived prior to the
date of his mortgage. — Exemptiom. The exemption of a horse
from execution under the exemption act in Texas, includes
everything absolutely essential to its beneficial enjoyment, as
bridle, saddle and martingale. It has been held that a horse
standing at a farrier's to be shod, is exempt from distress on
the plea of public utility. — Leaving at an Inn. The tendency
of modern cases, says the American and English Encyclopedia
of Law, xi, 23, (1890), is to hold that merely leaving a horse
at an inn cannot of itself suflice to constitute one a guest,
though, according to the earlier cases, and others which have
followed their views, it is not essential, in order to constitute
one a guest, in legal contemplation, that he should receive per-
sonal entertainment at the inn ; but it may be enough that he
leave his horse, particularly if he be a traveler in the strict
sense. The older doctrine that the mere leaving a horse at an
inn may constitute the owner a guest, is supported in the lead-
ing American case in which this view is taken, by an early
English decision, recognizing, by a divided court, the lien of an
inn keeper in regard to a horse left at his stable by a traveler
who did not himself put up at the inn, and is fm'ther sustained
by judicial declarations and statements of legal writers. It
also receives qualified support in this country from a modern
leading case, where the point does not seem to be directly
128 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
involved • and from a recent case in which a preference is given
to the view cf the older authorities, and it is held that a trav-
eler or waj^arer journeying over the country becomes a guest
by obtaining and paying for entertainment for his beasts at an
inn ; but in both these cases the doctrine is apparently confined
to those who are travelers or wayfarers as distinguished from
residents But where one leaves his horse with an inn keeper
with no intention of stopping at the inn himself, but stops at a
relative's house, he is not a guest of the inn, and the liability
of the landlord is simply that of an ordinary bailee for hke.
If a person who is traveling over the country from place to place, or
from one phice to another and returning, has occasion to seek
entertainment for liis horse or horses, alone, and obtains it for them
upon consideration of reward or pay charged liim by tlie liost or
landlord, he is in the legal sense a guest, as niucli as if he had him-
self received personal entertainment, and wliile such entertain-
ment for his beasts continues, if any damage or injury happens to
them, or they be stolen, he is absolutely liable for them to the same
extent as if he had undertaken against the particular damage by a
special arrangement.— Atlantic Reporter, Vol. 8, Rochester, N. Y.,
(Del.), 228
The existence of an inn involves, in legal contemplation, a stable
attached to it also, and travelers with horses and carriages are not
to be prestimed to put them up at an inn otherwise than as inn
stables strictly, whereas those not travelers, but merely putting up
their teams at the inn slables as a livery, (as in the case Mith per-
sons residing near towns, who use such* slables as mere conven-
iences), are not to be considered in the light of guests and entitled
to tiie same degree of protection as travelers are. — Atlantic Reporter,
Vol. 8, Rochester, N. Y., (Del.), 260.
If a guest goes to an inn and leaves his horse there with the host and
goes away himself for a time, and in his absence the horse is stolen,
the host is chargeable on account of the profit arising from the
keeping of the horse. — American Decisions, A. C. Freeman, San
Fran(!isco, 1880, 254-25 J.
By the rules of the American Turf Congress the word horse is under-
stood to include mare or gelding.
Horse Breeders' Registry, The, for the registration
of trotting and pacing horses, according to established rules
and classes. Headquarters, Boston, Mass. Rules governing
admission to registry :
First: Any stallion that has himself a trotting record of
2:30 or better, or pacing record of 2:25 or better, provided any
of his get has a trotting record of 2:35 or better, or pacing
record of 2:30 or better, or provided his sire or dam is aheady
standard.
Second : Any mare or gelding that has a trotting record
of 2:30 or better, or pacing record of 2:25 or better.
Third: Any horse that is the sire of two animals Avith a
trotting record of 2.30 or better, or pacing record of 2:25 or
better, or one trotter with a record of 2-30 or better, and one
pacer with a record of 2:25 or better.
Fourth : Any horse that is the sire of one animal with
a trotting record of 2:30 or better, or pacing record of 2:25 or
HANDBOOK or THE TURF. 129
better, provided he has either of the following additional quali-
fications, viz: (a), a trotting record himself of 2:35 or better,
or pacing record of 2:30 or better; (b), is the sire of two other
trotters with records of 2:35 or better, or pacers with records
of 2:30 or better, or one trotter with a record of 2:35 or better,
and one pacer with a record of 2:30 or better; (c), has a sire
or dam that is already standard.
Fifth: Any mare that has produced a trotter with a
record of 2:30 or better, or pacer with a record of 2:25 or
better.
Sixth ' The progeny of a standard horse when out of a
standard mare.
Seventh : The progeny of a standard horse when out of a
mare by a standard horse.
Eighth : The progeny of a standard horse when out of a
mare whose dam is standard.
Ninth : Any mare that has a trotting record of 2 : 35 or
better, or a pacing record of 2 : 30 or better, provided either her
sire or dam is standard.
Class Mules : I. This includes only horses standard under
either rule 2, 3 or 4, and mares standard under rules 2 and 5.
Every animal in this class must be either a performer or pro-
ducer — II. This includes only the produce of mares in class
I., when by stallions in class I. Every animal in this class
must have a performer or producer for both sire and dam.
— III. This includes only the produce of a mare in class I.,
when by any standard stallion not in class I., also the standard
produce of any mare not in class L, when by a stallion belong-
ing to class I. — IV. Includes all standard bred animals not
embraced in the other three classes.
Horse-leap Church. A church near Kilbeggan in the
county of AVest jNIeath, Ireland, which takes its name from a
remarkable leap that was made near it by a horse while hunting
with hounds. It was over a narrow road, on either side of which
there was a stone wall. The horse took both walls and the
road in one leap thus clearing all from field to field. The
extreme distance was thirty-six feet.
Horseman. One who has thorough skill in the knowl-
edge of horses, and in their management under all conditions ;
a person who fancies, sells, buys, drives and handles horses ; a
rider on horseback.
Horsemanship. The art of equitation. It generally
refers to riding ou horseback, and the management of horses
under the saddle.
130 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
In horsemanship art and science are combined, and so closely con-
nected in any critical performance that tliey are inseparable lor
success. The tlieory and practice must be united, as well in the
horse as in liis rider, for in equestrian feats tliese are the exercise
and power of mind over matter, and wiien theory and practice are
unitetland in proportion, and tlie material and opportunities good,
success follows.— Tlie Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby.
Horse Measurement. In taking the measurement of
a horse, length is obtained from the point of the buttock to the
point of the shoulder, and height both at the croup and the
withers. Other measurements are : Length of head from the
poll to the muzzle ; length of crest, or arch of neck from the
poll to the withers ; length of back from the withers to the
croup ; width of chest at the shoulder points ; width of hips ;
width of forehead. These are made with a rule having two
short arms ; one fixed at one end, the other moveable and slid-
ing along the face of the rule to the point of contact. Other
lines of measurement are : The girth ; length from dock
to stifle ; length from hock to whirlbone ; size around the gas-
kin; size around the forearm; size around the shank; size
around the front cannon ; size around the coronet. These lat-
ter are best made with a common tape measure.
Horse Motion. That pectiliar jerking, jogging, or up-
and-down motion of a sulky, road cart or other two wheeled
vehicle whereby it partakes of the motion of the horse in what-
ever gait he may be going, is termed " horse motion."
Horse Racing'. The practice or sport of running or
trotting horses ; a race by horses ; a match of horses at trotting
or running.
Horse-sUarp. A term applied to a person who practices
deception and fraud in the sale of a horse ; a pedigree-swindler ;
a horse-leech ; one who claims fraudulent records of speed, and
deceives in regard to the age and soundness of horses
which he sells.
The horse-sharp is in general a very versatile rascal. In the village
bar-room or around tlie stable doors he talks loud and persistently,
and can crowd more lies into a given number of words tlian any
other specimen of degraded humanity. In short, whether he mis-
represents his own horse's pedigree or slanders his neighbor's
horse, he is a wholly dirty individual whom an honest man instinct-
ively feels that he soils liis hands by touching, and who is a good
fellow to keep wholly clear of.— Wallace's Monthly.
Horse Tax. [Eng.] The horse tax in England was
imposed in 1784, and was then levied on all saddle and coach
horses. Its operation was extended, and its amount increased
in 179G, and again in 1808. The existing duty is upon
" horses for riding " only.
Horsy. A word used to indicate that a person is fond
of, or interested in horses ; especially devoted to, or interested in
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 131
horse-breeding or horse-racing; relating or having to do with
horses and turf matters.
Hot Fitting. Fitting the shoe to the horse's foot while
the shoe is hot — a practice ahuost universally followed, for-
merly, but now rarely used; a method obsolete with the best
farriers.
Hoiir. Trotting races are started at two o'clock p. m.,
from the first day of April to the 15th day of September, and
after that date at one o'clock p. m., until the close of the season.
Housings. A covering. The name derived from a
coarse sort of tapestry or carpet work, used in the East for
housings or coverings of saddles ; hence, the trappings or capar-
ison of a horse ; the leather fastened at a horse's collar to turn
over the back when it rains. A pad which covers the horse's
back under the harness saddle ; a lay.
Hub. The center or stock of a wheel in which all the
spokes are set, and through which the axle-arm is placed. In
England it is called nave. The best hubs of wood are those
made of American Elm.
Hub Case. That part of the wheel of a pneumatic
sulky which receives the cone containing the ball bearings.
Hug the pole ; Hug the Track. Said of a horse that
trots close to the pole or guard-rail, or that trots low ; as in
such case he " hugs " or goes close to the pole, or hugs the
ground in a square, level, uninterrupted gait.
Hunting Seat. [Eq.] In horsemanship, as distin-
guished from a riding seat in racing contests.
The race riders mount for other people's pleasure, and the large sums
of money at stake ; the hunting man rides for his own i>leasure, and
is only answerable to himself for his expenditure of horse Jlesh.—
Seats and Saddles, Francis Dwyer.
Hurdle. A movable fence ; a bar or frame placed across
a race course to be cleared by the horses in a hurdle-race.
Hurdles are usually made three feet high ; of plank, rods or
narrow boards, with an additional foot in height of cedar brush
placed above that. The sections of hurdles are placed upon
feet, braced, in order to make them stand in position.
Hurdle Race. A race in which the horses are required
to jump over hurdles or similar obstacles. Although this style
of racing was abandoned throughout the South and AYest about
1882, the American Turf Congress still maintains rules for
hurdle racing. No such race shall be of less than one mile, if
a dash race, or over less than four flights of hurdles ; and in
races longer than one mile there must be an additional flight
of hurdles in each quarter of a mile. Winners of hurdle races
132 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
are not considered winners in steeplechasing, but are consid-
ered winners in flat racing. The term " winning horse," with
reference to those liable to carry extra weight, or to be excluded
from any race, applies only to winners of hurdle races, value
$100 and upward, not including the winner's own stake. In
the absence of conditions welter weights are carried in hurdle
races.
Hurdle Racing-. This style of racing is said to have
had its origin in the time of King George IV., when, in the
absence of better sport a royal hunting party on the Downs
near Brighton, amused themselves by racing over some flights
of sheep hurdles. The s23ort was thought to be so good that
regular races over hurdles were organized. In the early days
of the sport the close-wattled hurdle made of hazel was always
used. These were between four and five feet in height and so
firmly fastened into the ground that it was not easy to knock
them down. In more recent times the hm-dles were fixed
loosely in the ground, so that a mere tap would, throw them
over. The cross-country horse that is a good hurdle-racer
is regarded as an undeveloped steeplechaser. The hm'dles
are always to be jumped, not run through or knocked down.
The well trained hurdle-jumper will always judge his distance,
prepare for the jump, and glide over it, or " take off," easily.
Hypodermic. A term pertaining to parts under the
skin ; relating to a remed}^, or drug, introduced under the skin
of the horse by means of a needle or hypodermic syringe.
Identification. Facts, testimony, certificates, pedigrees,
which help to distinguish a person or horse from all other per-
sons or horses. By tlie trotting rules, when a horse is nomi-
nated for a stake or purse, his color, sex, name, age, class, and
whether entered singly or in a double team, must be given.
Applied to a person making the entry it includes name, resi-
dence, post office address, and other facts to establish his iden-
tification, where personally unknown to the officers of a course.
Heavy fines and penalties are imposed for refusing to comply
with such rules, or for making wrong answers to questions.
Similar rules are enforced by the Turf Congress governing all
running races.
Illegitimate Racing. [Eng.] An absurd formula
used by the sporting press as a synonym for steeplechasing,
hurdle-racing, and hunters' flat paces. Previous to the estab-
lishment of the Grand National Hunt committee, these sports
were unregulated by any code of law, and unrecognized by any
racing tribunal, and were then properly regarded as illegiti-
mate. They are now, however, as much under rules as flat
racing ; notwithstanding, the term continues to be applied to
them though it has lost its significance.
In-and-out Horse. A horse that is one day good, and
another off, and not to be depended upon ; either from being
sick, sore, or from some unknown cause trotting a poor race.
J. Q. was a peculiar horse and often trotted in-and-oiit races, and some-
times the public inuigines of such a hoi'se tliat his driver is not
honestly trying to win, wiien the facts of the case are otherwise. —
Life Witli the Trotters, John Splan.
Inbred ; In-and-in Breeding-. To breed from ani-
mals of the same parentage, or from those closely related.
Infield. The ground or lawn inside of the track or
course.
In-liand. [Eq.] A horse is said to be " in hand " when he
is sensible to the movements of the rider's legs ; bears the spur
without becoming excited ; does not displace his head or neck,
thus wasting his force, the reins bearing upon the sides of his
neck, and is ready for the word of the rider, being in perfect
equilibrium.
133
134 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
In Harness. A trotting race in harness means that the
performance shall be to a sulky.
In Line. A term used in attaching pneumatic wheels
to the old high wheel sulky. The wheels must be in exact line
in order for the best results as to speed, and also for the life of
the wheel. If not properly placed in line with the point of
draught, they will be slower, the stress upon them will be
greater, and their life will be shorter.
In-line Trotter. A^ horse whose stride is in a straight
line, or the print of whose hind foot at speed, is in line with
that of his fore foot. It is said that Martha Wilkes goes so
near to line that a person standing in front of, or behind her
when at speed, only sees one set of legs. Her stride at a 2:09^
gait is eighteen and a half feet.
Incisors. The twelve front teeth of the horse. There
are two dentitions of the incisors, the first, known as the milk
or deciduous teeth ; and the second, or permanent teeth, which
replace the former at from two and a half to five years of age.
They are known as the pincher or front teeth ; the intermediate
teeth, and the corner teeth.
Indications. [Eq-] The principles of horsemanship
require that the horse should instantaneously obey the indica-
tions of the legs and hands of the rider.
Individuality. That quality, or distinctive characteris-
tic which distinguishes one horse from another ; peculiarity of
disposition or make-up. In no animal is this characteristic
more positive than in the horse. Indeed it may be said with
truth that every horse is different from every other horse ; that
in almost no resjDect are they at all alike. In conformation,
disposition, gait, ability to acquire knowledge, gift of speed,
quickness of perception, readiness to obey the driver's or rider's
will, horses are most unlike. This individuality is a matter for
the closest study, as it must determine the use of the over-draw
or side check ; open or blind bridle ; the sort of weights, boots
and bits ; the manner of shoeing, and a score of other details
of training and management. Some horses have an abundance
of speed for every race, others have only one burst of speed in
a mile. Not only do horses differ widely from each other in
the matter of gait, but the different feet of the same horse must
often be shod with peculiar shoes to meet peculiar conditions.
Hence the mastery of individuality is the first business of the
trainer, as success can only come from a full understanding of
the horse's peculiar characteristics, and the means of utilizing
them to the utmost in the best lines of his service to man.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF, 135
Indivisible Prize. An indivisible prize is one in
which a dead heat is again run for second place, and in which
the horses running agree to divide the money or run for an
indivisible prize.
Inflate. The act of inflating the pneumatic tire of a
bike sulky previous to a heat, by means of an air-pump. There
is of course more or less leakage to these tires, consequent
upon their age, use, etc., hence the act of inflating must be per-
formed often or less frequently as circumstances require.
Inherited Qualities. Explained by the quotation :
Flexibility of ail iciilar iij;anu'iits may be acquired by early training
ami retinlar exercise, but. tlie jjroportions of tlie body are inherited.
—The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillnian.
Inspectors. Under the old racing rules, a term applied
to those officers of the course now known as patrol judges.
Intercliang-able Gait. A horse that both paces and
trots, is said to have an " interchangeble gait."
Interfering. An animal is said to interfere when one
foot strikes the opposite, as it passes it, in motion. The inner
surface of the fetlock joint is the part most liable to this injury,
although it may occur to any part of the ankle. It takes place
more often in the hind than in the fore legs. It causes a bruise
of the skin and underlying tissues, and is generally accompan-
ied by an abrasion of the surface, causing lameness, dangerous
tripping and thickening of the injured parts. The trouble is
chiefly due to deformity or faulty conformation, and when
arising from this cause is not easy to overcome. But in many
cases it may be prevented by special shoeing. In general, the
outside heel and quarter of the foot on the injured leg should
be lowered sufficiently to change the relative position of the
fetlock joint, by bringing it further away from the center plane
of the body, thereby allowing the other foot to pass by without
striking.
Interplialang^eal Articulation. One of the joints
of the foot or leg of the horse, situated between any two suc-
cessive phalanges of the same leg.
Intermaxillary Space. A name given to the V-
shaped channel, or groove, formed by the spread of the
branches of the lower jaw, — which should be sufficiently deep to
make its presence quite perceptible. Where this groove is
not well defined, but clothed with a thick tissue, the head has
a coarse appearance. This space should be broad between the
angles of the jaw, in order that the top of the windpipe may
have abundant room for its action at whatever position of the
head.
136 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Iroquois. A remarkable horse, descended from the best
and most successful racing families in England and America.
Foaled in 1878. By imported Leamington, son of Faugh-a-
Ballagh ; dam, Maggie B. B., the dam of Harold, by imported
Australian ; second dam, Madeline, by Old Boston, out of Mag-
nolia, dam of Kentucky by imported Glencoe. His color is
brown, stands 16 hands, with white stripe in the face, white on
the left fore foot ; he has a well placed, oblique shoulder, good
barrel, fine hip and loin, and sound, good legs and feet. He
has been a fine success in the stud. As a two-year-old he won
the Chesterfield stakes at Newmarket, and Levant stakes at
Goodwood, England ; as a three-year-old he won the Burwell
stakes, Derby at Epsom, Prince of Wales stakes, Doncaster,
St. Leger, Newmarket Derby, and other important events in
England, winning, in nine races, the sum of £16,805.
Irreg'ular Race. The trotting rules provide that any
public race at a less distance than one mile, and exceeding
half a mile, is an irregular race, and time made in any such
race is a bar.
Isabel. A family of celebrated pure cream-colored
horses in Hessenhausen, near Hanover, Germany, from which
the famous cream-colored horses used by Queen Victoria on
state occasions are obtained.
Isabella; Isabelle; Isabelline. A name applied to
a horse of a pale brown, or buff color, similar to that of a hare.
The origin of the color is given by two French writers, Bouillet
and Littr6, but better by Isaac DTsraeli, in his Curiosities of
Literature. At the beginning of the seventeenth century
Ostend was being besieged by the Austrians. Isabella,
daughter of Philip II, and wife of the Archduke Albert, Gov-
ernor of the Netherlands, vowed not to change her body linen
till Ostend was taken. The siege, unluckily for her comfort,
lasted three years — 1601-1604 — but the fair princess kept her
oath ; and the supposed color of the Archduchess's linen gave
rise to a fashionable color called risabeau, or the Isabella — a
kind of whitish-yellow-dingy.
J
Jack-saddle. Small saddle ; the saddle which sup-
ports the lugs of a harness, and which, with the back-band, or
back-strap, is the real keel of the harness.
Jady. Tired ; worn out ; reduced in condition.
Jadisli. Said of a horse that is skittish, vicious, tricky.
Jibbingr* Restiveness ; unsteady. A vice.
Jimmy. A bad break.
Jockey. The saddle tree of a harness.
Jockey. A professional rider of race horses ; often
applied, though erroneously, to drivers in harness races. The
Turf Congress rules provide that jockeys cannot ride without
first having obtained a license, and the requirements governing
the issuing and recording of licenses are exceedingly strict.
All licenses are for one year, and expire December ol. Fees
are regulated by the Congress, [see Fee], and a heavy penalty
attaches for receiving or offering fees for riding, in excess of
those stipulated by the rules. If a jockey refuses to ride for
the fee allowed, he may be fined, suspended or ruled off. If a
jockey should own, in whole or in part, a race horse in train-
ing, he is not allowed to ride horses other than his own.
Tliat corporate body of men and boys to whose skill, judgment and
honesty is ultimately entrusted the issue of all turf contests, and
who are, tiierefore, the arbiters of each racing man's destiny.— The
Badminton Library: Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire,
and W. G. Craven.
Jockeying. Trickery; a term applied to any fraudu-
lent transaction concerning a race ; deception in recommend-
ing or selling a horse.
Jockey Seat. When he comes to the finish of a race,
the jockey sits down to ride his horse just as the cavalry sol-
dier should.
Jockeyship. The science and art of race riding.
Jog ; Jog Trot. An idle, listless motion ; a slow trot,
in which the space which the body of the horse passes over
with its center of gravity unsupported, is very short.
Jogging. The act of exercising, or working a horse to
keep him in condition, or to prepare him for a race. There is
13r
138 HAXDBOOK OF THE TURF.
no development in jogging, and it is wholly a preliminary
exercise to bring the muscular organization to the point of sus-
tained, determined action. In jogging, the horse is generally
attached to a jogging cart, or sulkyette, which is easier for
both horse and driver than a sulky. There is more motion to
a bike, in jogging, than to a high wheel sulky, but at speed
the former rides easier. Eight miles an hour is the usual
jogging gait.
Jowl-piece; Jowl-wrap. A sweat bandage about
four feet long, one foot wide at one end, tapering to six inches
at the other end, for binding around the throat and neck.
For sweating out llie tliroat, or for any purpose that a liood answers, I
prefer a jowl-piece. The use of heavy sweat-hoods is, I am sure,
often wealveninu and injurious, and, if used at all, it should be
with great discrimination and care. — Training the Trotting Horse,
Charles Marvin.
Judg'es. Every race is mider the management of three
judges, one of whem may be the starter, or a starter may be
chosen, in addition to the judges. The judges may act as
timers, or timers may be a^ppointed, independent of the judges.
Judges must be in the stand fifteen minutes before the time
for the starting of every race, and they have absolute control
over all horses, drivers, riders and assistants during a race,
with authority to appoint assistants, remove or put up drivers
or riders, and to fine, suspend or expel whosoever fails to obey
their orders or the trotting rules. The functions of the judges
cease when they have placed the horses in a race, announced
the time — subject to objections that have not been decided —
and affixed their signatures to the clerk's record of the race,
which must be done before leaving the stand.
Judg-ing Pace. A trick of the rider or driver, by
means of which he knows at just what pace his own horse is
going, compared to that of his opponents ; and by which he is
able to regulate his speed so that he may have the best possi-
ble chance of getting home successfully, and selecting the
exact point from which he ought to make his closing effort at
the finish.
Jump. The act, on the part of a horse, of taking or
clearing a fence, ditch, hedge, hurdle or other obstruction.
"Throw your heart over the fence," says the maxim, "and the
horse will follow if he can." It is said that horses can jump
walls and timber highest and safest when they are just well
into a canter, or when they have had a trot of twenty yards,
before approaching a fence, to give them a chance to see some-
thing of the kind of obstacle they are to get over, and have
got into their second or third stride of a canter. But the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 139
writer in Badminton says it is curious to note, in a steeple-
chase, that hoNvever straight a horse is put at fence, he never
jumps quite straight, but always lands a little to left or right.
From various sources in English turf history, accounts of
remarkable jumps are given, some of which, it must be said, do
not appear to be absolutely authentic. The horse Proceed is
said to have cleared thirty-seven feet Avhile running a steeple-
chase in 18-47. A horse called Culverthorn is reported to have
jumped thirty-three feet on one occasion ; and Lather, a hunter
owned by Lord Ingestrie, is said to have jumped thirty-seven feet
five inches, over a pit. Sir Charles Knightley's horse, the black
thoroughbred Penvolio, jumped thirty-one feet over a fence
and brook below Brigworth Hill, in the Patchley Hunt. A
jump over a brook was made by Old Chandler, a famous
steeplechaser, ridden by Captain Broadley, in March, 1847,
while running in the Leamington Cup, Warwick, which meas-
ured thirty-nine feet, from the hoof-marks on the taking-olf to
the hoof-marks on the landing, from actual measurement.
Keeping with One's Horses. A term used to
denote what has been called the easiest of all tactics in a
running race — that is, to keep with one's horses, the con-
testants, until the finish, and then to come away if one can.
Kegging". A form of restiveness; a vice. A restive
horse is one, under the saddle, that is fidgety and uneasy, yet
refusing to go on. To overcome the habit, give the horse a
good shaking up ; a cut or two with the w^hip, a few digs of
the spurs, pull him round and round to one side, then to
another, rein him back, and thus tire him out.
Kentucky Saddler. A family of celebrated horses,
native of Kentucky, founded by breeding the thoroughbred
four-mile race horse, Denmark, by imported Hedgeford, to the
native or Canadian cross-bred mares of that State ; hence, the
modern Kentucky saddler is a cross between the thoroughbred
and the pacer. The horses are very handsome, of good disposi-
tion, weigh about 1,200 pounds, and are good jumpers. They
are trained to the flat-footed walk, or ordinary walk ; the run-
ning walk ; the amble ; the rack, or single foot ; the trot ; the
canter, and the gallop.
Keratogenous Membrane ; Keratopyllus Tissue.
The name of a membrane of the horse's hoof which embraces
the coronary cushion ; the velvety tissue, or formative organ of
the sole and frog, and the laminal tissue.
Kerbs ; Chestnuts. Epidermal glands on the curb, or
level of the hock joint; and on the inside of the knees. See
Chestnuts.
Kicking. A serious vice.
Killing Big. Making a f ortmiate strike in the pool-box.
Kindergarten. The training ground for young colts.
Kings of the Pacers. To close of 1893: One mile
by a gelding — Mascot, by Deceive, Terre Haute, Ind., Septem-
ber 29, 1892, (race record); and Flying Jib, by Algona, Chi-
cago, 111., September 15, 1893, (against time), 2:04. One mile
by a stallion — Direct, by Director, Nashville, Tenn., November
8, 1892, 2:05i. One mile to wagon — Roy Wilkes, by Adrian
Wilkes, Independence, Iowa, October 30, 1891, over kite track,
140
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 141
2:13. One mile under saddle — Johnston, by Joe Bassett,
Cleveland, Ohio, August 3, 1888, 2:13.
King's of the Runners. To close of 1893: One
mile — Salvator, four-year-old, 110 pounds, Monmouth Park,
August 28, 1800, (against time, straight course), 1:35^; Choris-
ter, three-year-old, 112 pounds, Morris Park, June 1, 1893, 1:39^.
Two miles — Ten Broeck, five-year-old, 110 pounds, Louisville,
Ky., ]May 29, 1877, (against time) ; and Newton, four-year-old,
107 pounds, Washington Park, (Jhicago, July 13, 1893, 3:27^.
Four miles — Ten Broeck, four-year-old, 101 pounds, Louisville,
Ky., September 27, 187G, (against time), 7:15|. See Running.
King-s of the Trotters, Stallion. During the
period between 1858 and 1891, thirty-six years, there have
been fifteen stallion kings of the American trotting turf
which have had their share in reducing the time of one mile
from 2:30 to 2:05^, viz : 1858 : Ethan Allen, foaled 1849, by
Black Hawk, dam, Holcomb mare ; New York, October 28 ;
2.28.— 1859-'G7 : George M. Patchen, foaled 1849, by Cassius
M. Clay, dam, Sickles mare; New York, July 7, 1859; 2:2G|;
May 16, 1860; 2:25; May 16, 1860; 2:24; July 2, 18G0;
2:23i.— 1868: Fearnaught, foaled 1859, by Morrill, dam,
Jenny by the French horse; July 29; 2:23^—1868: George
Wilkes, foaled 1856, by Hambletonian, dam, Dolly Spanker,
by Henry Clay, Providence, R. L, October 13; 2:22.-1871-73;
Jay Gould, foaled 18G4, by Hambletonian, dam, Lady Sanford
by American Star; Buifalo, N. Y., August 11, 2:22; August
7, 1872; 2:21^.-1874-1884: During this period the crown
was held by Smuggler, with the exception of one month in
1874, when it was held by Mambrino Gift. Smuggler was
foaled 1866, by Blanco, dam, the Irwin mare; Buffalo, N. Y.
August 5, 1874, 2:20f; Boston, Mass., September 15, 1874;
2:20; Philadelphia, Pa., July 15, 1876; 2:17^; Philadelphia,
Pa., July 15, 1876; 2:17; Cleveland, Ohio, July 27, 1876;
2:16|; Rochester, N. Y., August 10, 1876; 2:15f; Hartford,
Conn.; August 31, 1876; 2:15^. Mambrino Gift, foaled 1866,
by Mambrino Pilot, dam, Waterwitch by Pilot Jr. ; Rochester,
N. Y. ; August 13, 1874; 2:20 1884: Phallas, foaled 1877,
by Dictator, dam, Betsy Trotwood, by Clark Chief; Chicago,
111., July 14; 2:13|. The above are all records obtained in
races ; the records obtained below, with the exception of the
last race made by Directum, are races against time. 1884-'88 :
Maxie Cobb, foaled 1875, by Happy Medium, dam, Lady
Jenkins by Black Jack ; Providence, R. I. ; September, 30 ;
2:13i.— 1889 : Axtell, foaled 1886, by William L., dam, Lou,
by Mambrino Boy, Terre Haute, Ind., October 11; 2:12 —
142 HAXDBOOK or THE TURF.
1890-'91: Nelson, foaled 1882, by Young Rolfe, dam,
Gretchen, by Gideon, Kankakee, 111., September 20, 1890;
2:11|-; Terre Haute, Ind., October 9; 2:11|; Cambridge City,
Ind., October 21; 2:10f ; Grand Rapids, Mich., September 17,
1891; 2:10. Allerton, foaled 1886, by Jay Bii-d, dam, Gussie
"Wilkes by Mambrino Boy, Independence, Iowa, September 4.
1891; 2:10; Independence", Iowa, September 19, 1891; 2:09^.
— 1891 : Palo Alto, foaled 1882, by Electioneer, dam, Dame
Winnie by Planet, Stockton, Cal., Xovember 17; 2:08f —
1892: Kremlin, foaled 1887, by Lord Russell, dam, Eventide,
by AYoodford ^lambrino, Xashville, Tenn., Xovember 5;
2:08i; Xashville, Tenn., Xovember 12; 2:07f.— 1893: Direc-
tum, foaled 1889, by Director, dam, Stem^Yinder, by Venture,
Xew York; September 4, 2:07; Chicago, lU. ; September, 15;
2:061; XashviUe, Tenn., October 18; 2:05^.
Kite. The kite-shaped track.
Kite Track. A track so called because in shape it
resembles a kite, having only one tm-n, the stretches bearing
towards each other instead of running parallel, and finally con-
verging at a point. On such a track the horses are started
from a wire stretched from one side of the judges' stand to the
opposite side of the track; and finish under another wire
stretched from the opposite side of the judges' stand from that
by, or from which, they are sent away. All kite tracks are
one mile between these two wires. It is said that kite-shaped
tracks were laid out on the ice in Canada as early as 1870;
but the first one in the United States was devised by William
B. Fasig of Xew York, and built by him for C. "W. Williams
of Independence, Iowa. Work upon it was commenced in the
fall of 1889, and it was completed in the spring of 1890, the
first meeting over it having been held in the fall of 1890. To
the close of 1893 kite tracks had been built at Independence,
Iowa ; Rockf ord. 111. ; Sturgis, Mich. ; Columbia, Tenn. ;
Meadville, Penn. ; Xewark, X. Y. ; Chillicothe, Ohio; Stock-
ton, Cal. ; Old Orchard, Maine.
I claim it is the fastest form of a track, because there is but one turn
to make, and tliat a long, easy one, rendering it nearer a straiglit
mile than can be secured by any otlier arrangement. In addition
to the increase of speed to be obtained incident to making one turn
instead of two, every horse in a race, except the pole horse, would
trot a shorter mile than on the regulation track. Assuming the
second position on a track to be six feet from the pole — and it is
undoubtedly more than tliat distance— a horse in second position
trots, on a regulation track, thirty-seven and seven-tenths feet
further than at the pole. On the kite-shaped track, in second
position, he trots but twentv-two feet further, making a saving in
distance of fifteen and seven-tenths feet. It has but one disadvant-
age that occurs to me, and that is, that no heat longer than one
mile could be trotted upon it. But for fast time at mile distances
it would certainlv eclipse any other form.— W. B. Fasig, in Spirit of
the Times, December, 24, 1887.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 143
Knee. The carpal articulation, or proper wrist-joint of
the horse ; the joint between the two principal parts of the
fore leg.
Knee-pads. Pads or rolls placed on the flaps of a sad-
dle to help prevent the rider's knees from going too far
forward.
Knees, Swollen. A legal unsoundness in a horse.
Knock. To " take the knock," is to lose more money to
the bookmakers than one can pay, and thus to be incapaci-
tated from approaching the ring.
Knock the Knees. A knee-knocker ; a horse which in
speeding fast hits the right knee with the inside, or toe, of the
left front foot ; or the left knee with the right front foot. In
shoeing, the outside of the foot towards the toe should be
lowered, with most of the weight on the inside, and the knee-
joint should be properly booted.
Knuckling Over Behind. A stumble with one of
the hind feet. The trick can generally be cured by lowering
the foot if it be too long, and reducing it under the toe, so as
to set the slope of the hoof at an angle of about 55 deg.
Until cured it is a legal unsoundness.
Koomrah. The wild horse of Northern Africa.
liameiiess. All lameness, whether of a permanent or
temporary character, is a legal unsoundness.
liamina ; Laminae. A thin scale, leaf or membrane ;
the lamellar structure of the horse's foot. There are from five
to six hundred of these leaves in each foot. They run parallel
to each other, and are separated by deep channels, into which
are joined, by a dovetailed arrangement, similar leaves on the
inside of the wall of the hoof. They extend from the white
zone, between the coronary cushion, to the plantar border of
the foot, terminating in large prolongations lodged in the
horny tubes at the circumference of the sole. While these
leaves are exceedingly tenacious, they have great expansive
capacity. Mons. Bouley, an eminent French hippopathologist,
affirms that their elasticity is equal to one-fourth of an inch,
both in the lateral and the longitudinal directions ; the entire
laminae, therefore, have a combined capacity of more than
one hundred and fifty inches of expansive force.
liamiiiitis. An inflammation of the sensitive parts of
the foot; formerly known as founder, and chest-founder. It
is chiefly confined to the sensitive laminae, or leaves, which
unite the wall of the hoof to the parts within ; and of these,
the leaves in the front of the foot are most seriously affected,
although generally the entire fleshy portion of the foot is
involved. "\Miile the fore feet are those most frequently
affected, the hind feet may also suffer, and, in certain instances,
all the feet may be inflamed. Among the chief causes of this
terrible affliction are a sudden chill from drinking cold water
when heated and fatigued, and overloading the stomach with
grain ; though why certain kinds of grain will cause it has not
yet been clearly ascertained by the best veterinarians. The dis-
ease is always insidious in its attack, and destructive to the
horse. It is a legal unsoundness.
Liampas. A congestive and swollen condition of the
fleshy lining, or soft parts, of the roof of the mouth, immedi-
ately behind the upper front teeth.
lianding'. Referring to the finish of a heat or race, as
in the expression, ''the horses made a fine landing."
144
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 145
jLappecl. It is said of horses in a finish, when so close
to each other that only a length separates some of them, and
when others are so near their opponents as to have their heads
over the other's hacks, that they are "lapped."
They all finished hipped on e:ieh otlier.— Life witli the Trotters, John
Sphin.
Lapped Track. A short track. Time made on a
lapped track is accepted, pi'ovided it is lapped a sufficient dis-
tance to make the horse trot a full mile three feet from the
pole.
Lateral Cartilages. Tissues attached to each side of
the wings of the coffin bone, whose function is to assist the
frog and its connected structures to regain their normal posi-
tion, after having been displaced by the weight of the body
while the foot rested on the ground.
Lateral Gait. The pace. The pacer, like the trotter,
moves two feet in the same direction simultaneously, then
alternates with the other two ; but in place of the fore leg and
the hind leg of opposite sides, he moves in unison the fore and
hind leg of one side, then the fore and hind leg of the other
side. Hence the pace is called the " lateral gait."
Lateral Strain ; Lateral Stress. A stress at right
angles to the strain which produces it, or at right angles to a
line of motion, or strain ; the sidewise strain which comes
upon a sulky wheel in going around the curves of a track.
Lavender. [Eng.] "In lavender" is said of a man or
a horse to denote that he is ill ; unfit ; out of condition.
Law. The racing, or speeding, of horses is not illegal,
or against public policy. This is evident from the fact that
State legislatures expressly authorize it to be done by certain
corporate bodies. The offering of a premium, or reward, to
those competing in such races, when such premiums or rewards
are not a mere cover or disguise for betting, is not illegal.
The party entering a race, if a winner, may recover the pre-
mium, though he paid an entrance fee which went to make up
such premium. Where the judges of a horse race had discre-
tionary power to exclude a horse violating a certain rule from
further participation in the race, their decision allowing the
horse to proceed after a violation should not be set aside,
except upon the grounds of clear proof of fraud affecting such
decision. Tliese points are well established by the case. Porter
vs. Day, et al. [Reports of Cases in the Supreme Court of Wis-
consin, Chicago, 111., 1888; Vol. LXXI, p. 296-304.] In a
race over the Eau Claire Driving Park Association in Septem-
ber, 1885, trotted under National Rules, Porter entered a horse,
10
146 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Sorrel George, in a ."^ISO purse, paying an entrance of ^30.
The defence was that the plaintiff did not comply with the
rules, as his horse paced instead of trotted, and could not
have won had he trotted instead of paced. Verdict for plain-
tiff. Defendants appealed, and contended that the contract
was void as against public policy. Only two points were con-
sidered : 1st. Was the contract void or illegal under common
law. 2d. AVas there sufficient evidence of fraud on the part of
the plaintiff to avoid the decision of the judges of the race in
his favor, by allowing him to keep m the race. Finding of
the full bench : 1st. The speeding of horses is not illegal, as
the Legislature would not allow corporate bodies to do that
which was against the policy of the State. 2d. No case is
made out for setting aside the decisions of the judges at the
time of the race. The plaintiff's horse fairly won three of the
five heats. The only doubt as to the right of the plaintiff to
the money, is that in the third heat, (when the plaintiff's horse
did not win), he was so managed by his driver that he violated
the rules governing the race, and should have been excluded
from further competition for the reward. There is nothing in
evidence to show that the judges were, in duty bound, to
exclude the plaintiff's horse ; and the decision of the judges
cannot be overruled in order to give the reward to some other
competitor, except by showing a clear case of fraud. In the
third heat the plaintiff's horse paced most of the way, but
admitting this, it was within the discretion of the judges to
permit him to go again. This discretionary power to exclude
the horse must be exercised by the judges before the next heat
is run, and having exercised that power and permitted the
horse to go again and win the race, nothing but the clearest
case of fraud, on the part of the owner of the horse, should be
allowed to set aside the decision of the judges of the race. No
fraud was shown, and the decision of the judges of the race
must stand. Judgment of the Circuit Court affirmed.
Books of veterinary practice cannot be read to a jury in
argument. In the case of Washburn vs. Cuddihy, in ]Massa-
chusetts Reports, 8 Gray, p. 430, 1861, counsel for the plain-
tiff' proposed to read from Dadd's "Veterinary Surgery," a
description of the habit of cribbing, in horses, as a better
mode of showing the jury Avhat cribbing was, but the opposing
counsel objected, and the court sustained the objection. In
sustaining the objection. Judge Briggs said that where such
books are thus offered, they are, in effect, used as evidence,
and the substantial objection is that they are statements want-
ing the sanction of an oath ; and the statement thus proposed
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 147
is made by one who is not present, and therefore not liable to
cross-examination. If the same author were cross-examined,
and called to state the grounds of his opinion, he might, him-
self, alter or modify it, and it would be tested by a comparison
with the opinions of others. Moreover, the range of subjects
in the veterinaiy art are not open to persons of common expe-
rience, hence they are not qualified to judge regarding them,
and it is not competent for counsel to use them in argument
against the objection of the other side.
In the New York Supreme Court, Justice Gay nor, of
Brooklyn, rendered an opinion. May 28, 1894, that horse rac-
ing is not a lottery. Tlie opinion was given in the case of
Philip Dwyer, President of the Brooklyn Jockey Club, accused
of "contriving, proposing and maintaining a lottery." Acting
for the association, of which he was president, the defendant
advertised and organized a horse race to be run May 15, 1894.
The race was to be open to all thoroughbred horses three years
old and upwards, which horses, in order to run, had to be duly
entered on the books of the association. An entry fee of $250
was charged, part of which was to be remitted in the case of
horses withdrawn before the race. The race was to be for a
stake of $25,000, of which $18,000 was to go to the winner,
$5,000 to the second horse, and $2,000 to the third horse.
The stake was to be made up by the association adding to the
total of the entry moneys a sufficient sum for that purpose.
This is what the complainant calls a lottery ; and in rendering
his opinion. Justice Gaynor said: "There is no foundation
for his contention. It is not a lottery, either in common
speech or within legal definition. A lottery depends on lot or
chance, such as the casting of lots, the throwing of dice or the
turning of a wheel. Human intelligence, judgment or skill
plays no part in the determination of the result. In the
scheme of this race, horse owners do not pay a sum to win a
larger sum by lot or chance, but in order to enter into the
contest of skill, endurance and speed upon which the stake
depends, in which intelligence, sagacity and good judgment
play a very important part in the determination of the result."
Racing horses for stakes was made penal by the New York
statute of 1802, and the same provision, coming from the
beginning down the distinct lines of legislation, known as
"Lotteries" and "Gaming," is now found in Section 352 of
the Penal Code, which, in so many words, makes all racing or
trials of speed between horses or other animals for any bet,
stake or reward, a misdemeanor; and it indisj)utably covers
the facts of this case, viz. : The racing of horses for contrib-
uted stakes. But by Chapter 479 of the laws of 1887 the
148 HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF.
operation of this section is suspended during thirty days in
each year on the grounds of the said association, and all like
associations, and the day of the race on which the alleged
offense is jDredicated was one of those days.
Law. Compendium of the laws and statutes of the dif-
ferent States in regard to racing, trotting, ringing, disguising,
welching, betting, book-making, pool-selling, fraudulent entries
and change of name of horses :
Alabama: Race tracks must be licensed; towns and cities
of less than five thousand inhabitants pay $100 annually;
those of over that number <$200.
Arkansas: A race course is prohibited within three miles
of any institution of learning, under a fine of not less than |50,
nor more than $1,000.
Connecticut: For entering any horse, mare, gelding, colt
or filly for any prize, stake, purse, premium or sweepstake
under an assumed or false name, or out of its proper class ; or
for misrepresenting the previous performance of a horse when
he is entered, is punishable by a fine not to exceed $1,000, or
imprisonment not exceeding three years, or both. Bets on
horse racing are void. Pool-selling or book-making on any
race is punishable by a fine of $500, or imprisonment not
more than one year, or both. Horse racing within two miles
of any public assembly or religious meeting in a field, is pun-
ishable by a fine of from $8 to $50, or imprisonment for thirty
days.
Delaware: Stallions kept for service must be licensed;
betting on a horse race is punishable by a fine of $30.
Florida : Associations for the purpose of driving, racing,
or otherwise improving the speed and breed of horses, duly
incorporated, or which shall be incorporated in the future, are
allowed the privilege of selling pools, except between the first
day of ISTovember and the first day of May of each year ; and
all pool-selling shall be confined to the track, and on days only
on which the races take place. All associations shall pay to
the State three per cent, on the gross receipts for admissions to
the tracks or grounds. Racing within one mile of a camp-
meeting is punishable by a fine of $20.
Georgia : Entering a horse in a race under a false name,
or out of his proper class or division, is punishable by a fine
not to exceed $1,000 ; imprisonment not to exceed six months,
or to work in the chain-gang on the public works not to
exceed twelve months.
Idaho : To mark or brand any horse, mare, colt, jack or
other animal not belonging to the person so marking it; to
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 149
change such brand, or to steal such animal, is punishable by a
fine of from $25 to |300, or by imprisonment six months, or
both.
Illmois : There shall be no racing within one mile of a
camp meeting, or on the public highway, under a penalty of
a fine of $100.
Indiana: JNIakiug a false entry for any purse, prize, pre-
mium, stake, or sweepstake, offered by any agricultural society,
association, person, or persons, is punishable by imprisonment
ill State prison not less than one, nor more than three years, or
in the county jail in the county where convicted not less than
six months, or by a fine not exceeding $1,000. The name of a
horse shall not be changed after once having contested for a
prize, except as prescribed by the code of printed rules of the
society or association. Registry of the pedigrees of stallions
kept for service must be made with the county clerk. Betting
or buying pools on any trial of speed is punishable by a fine of
from $5 to |100, or imprisonment from ten days to three months.
loica : To enter or drive any horse, mare, gelding, colt, or
filly, for any prize, purse, premium, stake, or sweepstake, under
an assumed name or out of its proper class, is punishable by
imprisonment in the penitentiary not more than three years ; in
the county jail where convicted not more than one year, or by
a fine not exceeding $1,000. Provisions with reference to pool-
selling, or book-making, do not apply to races taking place upon
grounds or within enclosures controlled by agricultural societies
and driving associations duly incorporated.
Kentucky: For entering a horse in any race under an
assumed name or out of its class, or for fraudulently misrepre-
senting the public performance of a horse as to time made, is
punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not more than
one year, in the penitentiary not more than two years, or by a
fine not exceeding $1,000. The name of a horse shall not be
changed after he has made a public performance except in
accordance with the rules of the racing association. No minor
shall ride a race, practice a horse to run, or break a horse to
ride, under a fine of $100 paid by his parent, master or
guardian.
Maine : Ringing, disguising, or making false entries of a
horse in a race is punishable by a fine of $500, or by imprison-
ment not exceeding six months. Stallions kept for service
must be recorded in the county registry where kept, by giving
name, color, size, and pedigree. Failure to so register, or for
making a false entry of pedigree for record, is punishable by a
fine of $100.
150 ha:n^dbook of the turf.
Massachusetts: For making an entry of a painted or dis-
guised horse, or a horse different from the one purported to be
entered or driven, for the purpose of competing in a class or
for a purse or premium in which he does not belong, the law im-
poses a fine not exceeding ^500, or imprisonment not exceeding
six months. Pool-selling on races is punishable by one year's
imprisonment, or by a fine not exceeding $2,000, or both. The
owner of a stallion kept for breeding purposes must file a cer-
tificate giving the name, color, age, and size of the same, with
his pedigree, with the clerk of the city or town for record.
Failure to do so is punishable by a fine of $100 ; and for a
false pedigree or false certificate of registry the penalty is
ninety days in jail, or a fine of $300, or both.
Maryland : Stallions kept for service must be recorded with
the clerk of the Circuit Court of the county where kept, such
record giving the name, age, pedigree, and record of the stallion.
Failure to record, or the recording of a false pedigree is
punishable by the recovery of such damage " as may be shown
to have been sustained by reason of such false and fraudulent
representation." For entering any horse under a false name,
or out of its proper class, is punishable by imprisonment in the
penitentiary not less than one nor more than three years, in the
county jail not less than six months, or by a fine not exceeding
$1,000. Book-making, pool-selling, or betting on horse races is
allowed on the grounds of any agricultural association in the
State during the days on which the fairs of such associations
shall be actually held, or upon any race course or driving park.
For book-making, or pool-selling on races other than as above
provided the penalty is a fine not exceeding $500.
MlcTugan : The giving of premiums by societies and asso-
ciations for running or trotting at fairs and regular appointed
meets shall not be illegal or unlawful ; but all running, trotting,
or pacing, unless allowed by special laws for that purpose, are
misdemeanors, punishable by a fine of $500, or by imprison-
ment one year, or both. The entering of any horse, mare, geld-
ing, colt, or filly under an assumed or false name, or out of its
proper class or division, for any prize, stake, purse, premium,
or sweepstake, offered by any agricultural society or driving
club, is punishable by imprisonment in the State Prison not
exceeding three years, or by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or
both. " The class or division in which an entry is made shall
be determined by the rules and regulations of the society,
organization, or association, under whose auspices the contest
is to be conducted, and the published terms and conditions
under which the prize, purse, premium, stake or sweepstake is
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 151
offered, opened or announced." " The name of any horse, mare,
gelding, colt, or filly shall be the name by which it is known
under and according to the rules and regulations of such society,
organization or association ; and the name by which such horse
has once competed for any prize, shall be regarded as its true
name unless changed as provided by the rules of the associa-
tions or societies."
Minnesota : To enter for competition, or for any prize,
premium, sweepstake, purse, or stake, by any agricultural or
other association ; or to drive or handle any horse, mare, geld-
ing, colt, or filly, out of its proper class, is punishable by
imprisonment in the State Prison not less than one nor more
than five years. Persons misrepresenting or fraudulently con-
cealing the public performance of the animal which he, she, or
they, propose to enter, in any former contest, is liable to the
same penalty as above, " irrespective of success as to the entry
offered."
Missouri: Book-making and pool-selling on races, except
when done within the grounds where such races occur is a felony
punishable by fine or imprisonment.
Montana : No race ground shall be opened on the first day
of the week.
Neiv Hampshire : The registry of stallions kept for service
must be made with the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture ;
and for failure to make such registry, (giving name, age,
color, and pedigree) ; or for giving a false statement in such
pedigree, the penalty is a fine of !|100.
New York: All racing is a misdemeanor except such as is
allowed by special laws to societies and associations ; and all
parties engaged in racing, other than when so allowed are sub-
ject to a fine of $500, and all public officers are empowered to
prevent such races. The penalty for contributing to a plate,
stake, or purse, not authorized by such special law, is a fine of
$25. Racing in the town of New Utrecht, whether for a stake
or not, is a misdemeanor, subject to fine and imprisonment.
To enter a horse in a race, under an assumed name, or out of
its proper class, is punishable by imprisonment in the State
Prison for a term not more than three years, or in the county
jail in the county where convicted, not more than one year, or
by fine not exceeding .|1,000. [Class is determined in the same
manner, and the change of name of a horse in the same way,
as by the law in Michigan.] The act of fraudulently conceal-
ing the result of any public performance of a horse in any
former contest of speed, is punishable in same manner and
152 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
amount, as above. Pool-selling or book-making outside of any
race track or grounds on which racing is had, conducted by
racing associations duly incorporated for the purpose of improv-
ing the breed of horses, is a felony, punishable by imprisonment
in State Prison not less than one, nor more than five years. A
tax of five per cent, on the gross receipts of admissions to the
race grounds on race days, is payable to the Comptroller of the
State. The number of days upon which races may be con-
ducted is limited to thirty days in each year. All racing and
pool-selling shall be confined to the period between the 15th
day of May, and the 15th day of October, of each year; and
all pool-selling shall be confined to the tracks where the races
take place and on the days when the races take place. The tax
on receipts, paid to the State, is applied as a fund for purses
" for improving the breed of cattle, sheep, and horses at the
various county fairs throughout the State." It is a felony to
engage in pool-selling except as before stated.
New Jersey: Race courses must be licensed; owners,
jockeys, and trainers must be allowed the privileges of the race
course unless they have been ruled off for fraud ; no person or
persons can make up stakes or purses, except those connected
with the management of fairs or agricultural societies duly
incorporated or authorized by law, under a penalty of six
months imprisonment or a fine of if 100, or both; it is unlawful
to maintain a race course not used prior to January 1, 1893,
unless a resolution is filed with the Secretary of State, adopted
by three-fourths of the members of the board of chosen free-
holders of the county in which such race course is proposed to
be maintained,that it is a public necessity. Book-making is not
a misdemeanor when carried on within the exterior enclosures
of the grounds of any race course, of any agricultural society
or other incorporated body, provided such book-making is car-
ried on only on the days of the races of said society or body.
It is unlawful to permit the racing, running, trotting or pacing
of horses between the first day of December of any year, and
the first day of March of the succeeding year, under a fine of
^1,000 or not over $10,000, or imprisonment from six months to
two years, or both — this law to be enforced by the state police
or the militia of the State. "Welching" is made a penal
offence.
North Carolina: For entering a horse under an assumed
name or out of his proper class, for any purse or stake, a fine
of from $200 to $1,000 is imposed, or imprisonment in the
penitentiary from one to five years, or both, at the discretion
of the court.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 153
North Dakota : Racing on the Sabbath, or near any relig-
ious meeting, is prohibited ; and all racing is a misdemeanor
unless authorized by special laws.
Ohio: For entering a horse under an assumed name, or
out of his proper class, for any purse or in any race, is punish-
able by imprisonment in the penitentiary not less than one,
nor more than three years. The same punishment as the
above is imposed for painting or disguising a horse ; and also
for concealing the real performance of any horse in any former
contest or trial of speed. [Class is determined, and names of
horses can only be legally changed, the same as by the law of
Michigan.]
Pennsylvania : For entering a horse out of his class for
any purse, prize, stake or premium, the penalty is imprison-
ment not exceeding, six months, or a fine not exceeding $500,
or both. Stallions must be recorded in the records of the
clerk of the court of quarter sessions of each county, under
penalty of the forfeiture of the service fees, and the recovery
of such damages as may be shown to have been sustained by
reason of such false and fraudulent representation, where a
false pedigree has been presented for registry.
South Dakota : Whoever enters a horse for any race under
an assumed name, changes the name of any horse entered in
any race, except by virtue of the code of printed rules of the
society or association opening the purse or stake, or enters any
horse out of his regular class, [determined the same as by the
law of Michigan], shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and so
punished, at the discretion of the court.
Tennessee : It is unlawful gaming to bet or wager in any
way upon any race track, (applying to trotting and pacing, as
well as running horses), unless the race track upon which the
race is run, trotted or paced, be enclosed by a substantial fence,
and the bet or wager to be made within said enclosure, upon a
race to be made within said enclosure. It is unlawful to sell
pools or make any betting book or combination upon any race,
unless the same be conducted by the authority of a law-
fully chartered or incorporated blood-horse or turf association,
and then only in the county in which the association or fair
may be located.
Texas : Penalty for giving a false pedigree of a horse, or
a false certificate of sale.
Vermont: Agricultural societies, corporations and asso-
ciations authorized to hold public fairs, are authorized to offer
premiums, or purses, for success in competition of horses or
154 HANDBOOK OF THE TUHF.
horse kind in respect to speed, under their own rules and reg-
ulations publicly advertised, not in conflict with the laws of
the State ; and to establish and designate classes of horses or
horse kind, with respect to the previous exhibitions of speed
of such animals, or to any other reasonable and lawful grounds
of classification, as set forth in such publicly advertised rules
and regulations. Whoever enters or drives any horse, or ani-
mal of the horse kind, that shall have been painted or dis-
guised, or shall fraudulently represent any animal of the horse
kind to be another or different animal from the one it really
is, or enters or drives any horse or animal of the horse kind in
a class where it is not entitled to be entered, under the rules
and regulations of the society or association offering such pre-
mium or purse, and upon conviction, shall be punished by a
fine of not more than $500, or imprisonment not exceeding
six months.
Virginia : It is unlawful for any person, or persons, or
association of persons to make, write or sell books, pools or
iTiutuals on the result of any trotting race or running race of
horses, under a penalty of not less than ^200 nor more than
$500, or imprisonment not less than thirty nor more than
ninety days.
Washington: Any corporation duly formed to establish,
maintain and manage any driving park, (the same as any asso-
ciation for improving the breed of domestic animals), may
have grounds for improving and testing the speed of horses,
and may offer and award prizes for competition ; but no racing
for any bet or Avager shall be allowed.
Wisconsin: To enter any horse, mare, gelding, colt or
filly under an assumed name, or out of its proper class, in any
purse or stake, is punishable by imprisonment for not less
than one nor more than three years ; or six months in the jail
of the county where convicted ; or in any sum not exceeding
$1,000. The name of any horse shall not be changed, except
as provided by the rules and regulations of the association or
society opening and offering the purse or stake. Class shall
be determined by the public performance of said horse in any
former contest or trial of speed, as provided by the printed
rules of the society or association under which the proposed
contest is advertised to be conducted.
Wyoming: Grants the right to establish and maintain
parks, grounds or race courses for the trial of speed, and the
development or training of horses, with the right to offer and
award premiums.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 155
Law of Motion. The law of perfect locomotion in the
horse, as in all other quadrupeds, requires uniform support to
the center of gravity, and continuous propulsion by each
extremity or leg, in turn.
Law of the Track, The rule, or law, of the road is
reversed on the track ; that is, horses meeting always pass on
the left side. Horses working on a track usually jog several
miles before they are called on to go fast. As all races are
trotted with the horses going around the track to the left, or,
in other words, they are started from the left of the judges'
stand, it has come to be called the right way of the track ; and
horses going the other way, or to the right, the wrong way of
the track. Hence, it has long been recognized that all horses
working at speed, in order to prevent collisions and accidents,
shall go the right way of the track, next to the pole, and have
the right of way. This causes the horses jogging to take the
wrong way of the track, or the outside, hence the rule of the
road is reversed. If horses w^ere allowed to speed both to the
right and left of the track, confusion and innumerable acci-
dents would result.
Lay. A felt or fancy leather housing to place under a
saddle pad on the back of the horse.
Lay. To stake, or wager ; to put down, or deposit a bet
on a contingency or future event.
Lay Up ; Laying" Up Heats. The act of driving so
as not to win ; being in the field with the starters, but going
easily the entire heat. Laying up takes place for many rea-
sons. A driver may quietly lay up a heat, that he may have
his horse fresh for a succeeding heat ; or he may lay up the
first part of a heat, that he may have some speed left for the
stretch and finish. But it is believed that no driver can lay
up a heat successfully unless he has the ability to evenly rate
the mile. It was foi-merly a National rule that a driver could
lay up one heat in a race, with the consent of the judges ; but
such rule has been stricken from the code. In reality, it was
always meant that each horse should trot to win each and
every heat, and the only departure ever intended to be allowed
was, that the winning of the race being the primary object, a
driver could only favor his horse sufficiently to save his best
efforts when the pinch became necessary to secure that end.
Most of the great drivers object to this device. Mr. Marvin
says : " The laying up of heats is seldom necessary, and should
never be done unless one is sure it will materially better his
chances of winning the race, and this will not be the case as
often as some seem to think." Mr. Splan says : " I have
156 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
seen men go out to lay up a heat and lay it all up in the first
half mile, and then have to drive the last half as fast as they
could, and in that way make the heat as hard on the horse as
though they had tried to win the heat with him."
Lay Over Him. To have more speed than an oppo-
nent ; to hold over him.
Leaded Saddles. Weighted saddles for use when
dead weight is to be put on ; or for trials when the trainer
does not want his jockeys to know more than he can help.
Leading" Horse. The pace-maker in a heat. Such
horse is entitled to any part of the course, in a heat, with the
exception of the homestretch. See Homestretch.
Leap. The projection of the body off the ground by
means of the hind limbs, after the forehead has been raised.
As the horse approaches a barrier at a run, the instant it is
observed he begins to shorten his steps, and, apparently, meas-
ure its distance, preparatory to taking it. The leap cannot be
considered as a pace ; for although it is a mode of progression,
it is not a continuous one.
Leg", A Good. Indications of a good leg are : The
shape of the bone should be broad and flat; good size below
the knee ; large sized cannons, with strong, clean, back sinews
and suspensory ligaments. They should be firm and hard,
smooth to the touch, indicating an entire absence of adipose
tissue; the joints large and well defined, entirely free from
abnormal appendages ; firm, elastic cords ; a short pastern, and
short from hock and knee to pastern.
The ordeal of the race course, and mox-e especially the trotting coursef
is very trying upon the legs and feet, and here soundness and
quality of tlie higliest order is essential. The turf horse that is
always troubled with" a leg" is a nuisance. — Horse Breeding, J.
H. Sanders.
Leg's. Swollen legs, from whatever cause, are an
unsoundness until cured.
Leggins. A part of a jockey's rig ; also worn in hunt-
ing and when riding. Of various patterns and styles, both
full length and short or half-size, the former extending above,
and the latter fitting below the knee.
Lesion. Any wound or injury to the physical system ;
a morbid change in the structure of the bodily organs, not
outward changes only, but those which are indicated by an
interruption of any of the normal functions of the system.
Let Him Out. To give a horse his head ; to let him
go at speed.
Wlien I gave Kansas his head he went to them without an effort, and
won tlie heat by a neck with something to spare.— Life with the
Trotters, John Splan.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF; 157
Letters. Worn on the arms of drivers, equally with
figures, to indicate the positions of the horses they drive or
ride in a heat or race.
Level. A horse is said to trot level when he goes square
and perfect, with no forging, cutting, interfering or striking;
the perfection of the trotting gait.
Levers. The branches of a bit.
Liability. [Law.] A horse breaker or trainer is liable
for any damage which, through his negligence, may happen to
tlie horse which he is handling.
Lien. [Law.] It has been held that where a horse was
sold, payment being made by check, and the horse placed in
the hands of a third party till the check was cashed, as it was
dishonored, the vendor had not given up possession. No con-
ditional or temporary arrangement by which the buyer gets
possession of a horse will forfeit the seller's lien. An auc-
tioneer has a lien on the price of a horse when paid for his
charges and commissions, and may bring an action in his own
name therefor. Where the rules of a repository or mart pro-
vide that in certain cases of dispute the horse shall be tried by
an impartial person, and the expense of trial in case the horse
does not answer his warranty is to fall on the seller, fhe keeper
of the repository has a specific lien on the horse until such
expense is paid. A farrier has a lien upon a horse for his
charges, which covers, however, only the work done at the
particular time. It does not cover any previous account. The
horse breaker, by whose skill the horse is rendered manageable,
has a lien upon him for his charges, which is favored by the
law, being consistent with the principles of natural equity. A
stable keeper or trainer has a lien for the keep and exercise of
a horse sent to him for the purjDose of being trained, and the
lien extends to the labor and skill employed on a race horse by
a trainer; but if, by usage or contract, the owner send the
horse to run at any race he chooses and select the jockey, the
trainer has no continuing right of possession and consequently
no lien. A stallion is entitled to a specific lien on the mare
for the charge of service. A livery stable keeper cannot detain
a horse for his keep, as an inn keeper may, because he is not
obliged to take it. An agister has no lien on horses taken to
pasture on a contract at so much per head per week; but
whsre there is an agreement to that effect he has a lien.
"Where a party went to an inn with two race horses and a groom, in the
character of a guest, and tliey remained at tlie inn for several
months, taking tlie horses out every dav for exercise and training,
and being occasionally absent for several days together at races in
different parts of the country, but always with the intention of
158 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
returning to the inn, it was lielcl that in the absence of evidence of
any alteration in the relation (jf tlie parties, that of inn keeper and
guest must be presumed to have continuetl ; and that the occasional
absences did not destroy the inn keeper's lien upon the liorses for
his l)ill. — Reports of Common Bencli, (Englisli), new series, Vol. 12,
638-G44.
Lie-off. To make a waiting race by keeping some dis-
tance in the rear of the other horses. A jockey is said to " lie
out of his grotmd," when he pushes the lying-off tactics to
excess, and gets so far behind that he has little or no chance
of recovering the lost ground.
Liig-lit-liarness Horse; Lig-lit-hariiess Kace.
Terms applied to the trotter, and to a trotting meeting.
"The only guide to the scientific breeding of the light harness per-
former, is the standard rules."
Limited Heats. A race in which the heats shall not
exceed a given number.
No high-class, resolute, game horse should be forced to continue a
supreme effort for more than five heats; beyond that nxunber it
ceases to be manly and dignified sport. It is cruel to trot a horse
mile after mile every thirty minutes until from sheer exhaustion
the very best drop several seconds back from their first heats.— H.
D. McKinney, in Tiie Horseman.
Line-trotter. A square trotting horse ; a horse, whose
hind and fore feet in trotting, are in the same line; undoubt-
edly the fastest trotter, and one which goes easiest to himself.
The truest kind of action is what we may call line-trotting. The horse
does not sprawl to get his hind feet outside of his front ones. The
hind foot goes low, and the fore foot is lifted just high enough to
let the hind one go under, not outside of, the front one. — Training
the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Lips. The lips of the horse are remarkably sensitive and
flexible, and can be extended in various directions. Any one
who has seen a horse take a small piece of sugar from a child's
hand will appreciate the delicacy and efficiency of these organs
as agencies of prehension. The lips should be clean and com-
paratively thin. A slack or drooping condition of the lower
lip indicates want of vigor ; and a long or large upper lip is a
very objectionable conformation, and usually, with the presence
of a thick tuft of hair on the upper lip, are indicative of coarse
breeding.
Lipstrap. A small leather band that passes through a
loose ring in the curb-chain, and buckles to the lever of the bit
on each side. Its use is to prevent the horse from taking the
branch of the bit in his teeth and thus destroy the effect of
the curb.
List. A dark stripe running along the spine of some
horses, and occasionally extending to the shoulders and legs.
It was a theory of Mr. Charles Darwin, the great naturalist,
that this stripe — which is found in the Cleveland Bay and the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 159
Exmoor breed of ponies — might have indicated " a descent of
all the existing races from a single dun-colored, more or less
striped primitive stock, to which our horses occasionally
revert."
Liverpool Slide. A coach or carriage bit the bar of
Mdiich slides or plays within the guards.
If the checkrein be used on a bit with the Livei-pool slide, the slide can-
not act, lor tlie c-lieek is supposed to be always on the strain, and
tliis would keep the bit always tij>ht up against the corners of the
mouth. The check, therefore, should never be used on this bit if
the slide is intended to operate. — The liridle liits, Col. J. C.
Battersby.
Loaded Boots; Leaded Boots. Quarter boots or
ankle boots having a pocket on the inside for weight — usually
small pieces of sheet lead. In some styles the boots are pro-
vided with a series of two or more rings into which shot is
placed, the shot being kept in position by means of cotton
wool, in order to distribute it evenly around the boot, and to
keep it flexible. Generally used in place of toe and side
weights, or weighted shoes.
Locomotion. The expenditure of animal force in the
act of progression ; bodily movement.
The points of attachment between the active principles of locomotion,
the muscles, and the passive principles, the bones, appear in the
form of sometimes an' eminence, sometimes a depression, some-
times a border or an angle, or, again, as a mere rouglmess, but each
perfectly fulfilling its x^urpose, while the necessary motion is pro-
vided for by the formation of the ends of the long bones into the
requisite articulations, joints or hinges. Every motion is the pro-
duct of the contraction of one or more of the muscles, which, as it
acts upon the bony levers, gives rise to a movement of extension or
flexion, abduction or adduction, rotation or circumduction. The
movement of abduction is that whicn passes from, and that of
adduction that which passes towards the median line, or the center
of the body. — Dr. A. Liautard, Principal American Veterinary
College.
Length of muscular fibers and acute angles of the levers on which they
act, give sweep of limb, and strength depends iipon the niimber of
them, and the effective power of both depends upon the will or
courage ; but all these qualities would be vain if the motions of the
extremities were not so co-ordinated that their functions should be
performed Avithout interference one with another. Though diffi-
cult of demonstration, it may be taken for granted that, at full
speed, the adduction and abduction of all the muscles in action
counterbalance each otlier; if they did not, either the feet would
interfere, or they could not be brought to support the center of
gravity, and in either case the animal might fall. But the Master
Mechanic, in forming the anatomy of the horse, attaclied great
Importance to using every available means to enable the fore foot
to reach the ground as far in advance as possible, that no time
might be lost in giving sxipport to the center of gravity.— The Horse
in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Loins. That portion of the spinal column which is
devoid of ribs, and which is in front of the highest point of
the pelvis. They are i3laced between the back and croup at
the front and rear, with the flanks at each side.
160 HANDBOOK OF TH:E TURF.
Some writers describe the baclc and loins as separate parts, but it
always appears to the writer that the latter is only a continuation,
or part ot the former; for when we come to consider roacli and
hollow backs, we find the anterior and posterior part of them so
intimately concerned in tlie peculiar cDnformation, that it is some-
what difficult to tell where one begins and the other leaves off;
that is, in tlie living creature; thoiigli in the skeleton the line of
demarcation is well marked, so much so tliat there is jiood reason
for those who prefer to describe them as separate regions to do so.
E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan State College Experiment Station.
liOng'-clistance Racing". A term referring to the
three and four mile heat races formerly run on the American
turf, as distinguished from the short, or dash races of more
recent years. See Dash.
Long Pasterns. When long pasterns do not impair
the horse's action by causing weakness, he is sound; but if
the length of the pasterns arises from the rupture, or unnatural
elongation of the tendon, the horse is then broken down and
is unsound.
Long Shots. To " take the long shots " is to back a horse
which is not in popular favor at the moment, and against
which the book-makers, therefore, give a larger rate of odds.
It is, in fact, a form of speculation for the rise.
How oft, at morn, we've laughed to scorn
A long shot's chance to win ;
How oft, at eve, we've had to grieve
O'er our dei^arted tin.
"We've had the tip, and let it slip,
What's done we can't retract,
And we've had to pay on the settling day,
O'er the winner we might have backed.
—Tlie Sporting Times.
Long-waisted Daughter of Alcyone. Cognomen
of the famous mare, Martha Wilkes, 2.11^.
Longeing. [Eng.] The act of teaching a colt obedi-
ence; the first lessons of colt education. Often sjjelled
allongeing.
• Look-over. The last rapid, but trained and careful
examination which is always taken of horse, sulky, boots,
buckles, straps, nuts, bolts, before coming out for a heat.
Looking On. A term implying that a horse is not
intended to do his best in a race ; is not a winner ; is in the
race just to look on; a cock horse.
Loop. The scoring ground of a kite track, occupying a
space about one hundred and sixty by four hundred feet.
This space is often in the form of an oval course, with a small
green in the center ; and in other cases it is all graded to a
level.
Loops. Rein holders.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 161
Loops. Keepers attached to a bridle, or other part of
the harness, used with buckles to retain the ends of the billets
and straps.
Lope. A long stride; loping gait; a leisurely canter
with a somewhat long, easy stride ; the gallop slowed down.
Losing" Horse. A beaten horse in a performance ; a
horse that is not a winner.
Luck. The origin of the superstition that a horseshoe
brings good luck, can be traced back to the thirteenth century.
It is left on record by the monk, Gervaise, of "Tillbury, that at
that time there was a kind of demon in England, which
appeared as a horse rearing on his hind legs, and with spark-
ling eyes, whose presence foretold conflagrations and disaster.
As a charm to allay his fearful deeds, a horseshoe nailed
against a building prevented it from catching fire ; and the
finding of a horseshoe was regarded as a sign of good luck.
Lu^. When a horse is heavy-headed, drives on one rein'
bears down or pulls, he is said to " lug," or to " lug on the bit.'
Whenever Siiiiol showed an indication to hig I would let her have her
head, talk to her, and have her go along as easily as possible, with-
out being hard held, and she gradually forgot to pull. — Training
the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Lug's. Straps attached to each side of the saddle of a
single harness, having a strong loop near the end to receive
and hold in place the thills of a sulky or carriage.
Lugging. A term used to denote that one of the horses
in a span or double team, which does not do his share of the
work, is being lugged, or pulled along by his mate.
Lunette. A tip, or half-shoe, claimed to have been
invented by Lafossepere, the great French veterinary authority,
in 1756, but which, it is said, he really derived from Fiaschi,
his great Italian predecessor, who devised it so early as 1556.
It is a tip, or plate, ending at the quarters, where it is drawn
thin, leaving the wall, bars and frog at the heel to bear upon
the ground.
Lunge. A quick stride ; a plunge ; to dash off in a
frantic, unmanageable way; the plunging or jumping of a
horse held by a long rein for training or exercise.
Lungs. All diseases affecting the lungs of the horse
are causes of unsoundness.
Lunk-head. An ignorant, awkward, stupid horse ; one
incapable of being educated or taught, having a dull eye, big
belly, banged tail, and no spirit; with a large head, lolling
tongue, and an aimless, lazy gait.
11
M
Made to Rule. A term referring to the legitimacy of
records, indicating that they must conform to the rules of the
associations, or they will not be received for registry.
Maiden. By the rules of the Turf Congress a maiden
horse is one that has never won a race in any country. The
English rules define maiden as a horse which has never won a
public race ; therefore the winning of one or more matches
does not disqualify a horse from being entered as a maiden for
subsequent events. The term is not used on the trotting turf,
the equivalent being "green horse," or a horse that has never
trotted or paced for premiums or money, or against time,
either double or single.
Maiden Stakes. The money contested for in a race
between young horses that have never run before. It is a term
exclusively used in connection with the racing turf.
Making" a Mouth. A term used by trainers in accus-
toming the young colt they are handling, to the bit. The term,
" My colt has no mouth yet," means that he has not been suffi-
ciently trained to the bit.
Making the Pace. The leading horse in a heat or
race is said to make the pace for all the contending horses
engaged ; hence, at his highest speed, the horse is said to be
"making the pace."
Making the Running". Where a rider urges his horse
from start to finish, or in other words forces the pace, he is
said to be " making the running."
The jockey should never make his own rtinning except when he is on a
horse that frets or goes unkindly when there is anything in front of
liim, or when he cannot get any otlier rider to force the pace fast
enough. It may be good policy, when the ground is heavy, for a
light weight to make the running, as weight tells far more through
"dirt," tlian when the horses can hear their feet rattle. — Riding,
M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C. V. S.
Mallenders. Xormal structures, or patches on which
no hair grows, existing at birth and equally developed in both
sexes, upon the inner surface of the fore limb, but nearer the
hinder than the front border ; and constituting one of the char-
acteristic distinctions by which the species Equus caballus, is
separated from the other member of the genus. On the fore
limb the mallenders are placed upon the inner surface above
162
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 163
the carpal or knee joint. They are about two inches long and
three-fourths of an inch wide, pointed at each end, and situ-
ated obliquely, so that the long axis has its lower end pointed
backwards nearly to the hind border of the limb. Their nat-
ural color is dark slate, and their structure is much like that of
a wart or corn.
The signification and utility of these structures are complete puzzles-
It they teach us nothing else, they alTorcl a valuable lesson as to our
own ignorance, for if we cannot guess at the meaning or use of a
structure so conspicuous to observation, and in an animal whose
mode of life more than any other we have had the fullest opport,u-
uity of becoming intimately acquainted witii, how can we be
expected to account, off-hand, for the endless strange variations of
form or structure which occur among animals wliose lives are
passed in situations entirely secluded from human observation, and
of wdiose habits and methods of existence we know absolutely
nothing?— The Horse, "William Henry Flower, C. B.
Mandate. A proclamation ; an official paper announc-
ing the terms of agreement by which members of the trotting
associations are bound to be governed, and to carry out, in all
meetings, engagements and performances.
Mane. The long hair growing on the neck and neigh-
boring parts of the horse, as distinguished from the tail and
shorter hair on the body. It grows on the middle line of the
neck or crest and falls naturally on the near or off side.
Mane Pulling". A cruel practice once fashionable in
England, by which the hairs of the mane were thinned out for
the purpose of giving it a thin, graceful, fleecy appearance.
Manage. A French term denoting the art of breaking,
training and riding horses ; a school for teaching the whole art
of equestrianism.
Mange. A disease of the skin caused by parasitic acari,
or lice. A mangy horse is unsound.
Manger. The crib from which a horse eats in the
stable ; a feed-box in which to give the horse oats, bran, or
roots.
Mare. The female of the horse kind.
Marey's Law. A law first affirmed by M. Marey, an
eminent French veterinarian, and now universally acknowl-
edged ; stated in these words : The muscles of speed in the
horse are long and slender, and those of strength short and
thick.
Mark of Mouth. The mark of the mouth in horses
extends to the commencement of the ninth year, and from that
period to old age the wearing away of the crowns of the teeth
is such, that the fact of determining age by them is so uncer-
tain that the horse is said to be past the " mark of mouth."
.164 HANDBOOK OF THE lURF.
Market Horse. [Eng.] A horse simply kept in the
betting lists for the purpose of being betted against. The
market is the turf exchange at Tattersall's.
Marking's. The markings of white upon the forehead
and face of bay or dark colored horses, are defined as follows :
Blaze — if the white spreads over the forehead ; reach — if the
white runs down the nose in the form of a line of no great
width ; snip — a white or pink patch on either lip ; star — a
small patcli of white more or less in the center of the forehead.
Master of the Horse. In Roman history, an oiBcial
appointed by the Dictator to act as his chief subordinate. He
discharged the duties of the -Dictator during the latter's absence.
An equerry. The third great officer in the British court. He
has the management of all the royal stables, with authority
over all the equerries and pages, coachmen, footmen, grooms,
etc. In state cavalcades he rides next to the sovereign.
Marting-ale. A strap fastened to the girth of the sad-
dle or harness, passing between the horse's fore legs, and end-
ing in tw^o rings through which the reins pass. Its uses are to
aid the hands in keeping the horse's head in position ; to
increase the power of the rider in holding his head straight ;
to retain the reins in their places, and to prevent either of the
reins from getting over the neck.
Wlien tlie bridooii bit is drawn straight to about one inch above the
ponunel of tlie saddle, the rings of the niarlingale should just liang
easy on them when tlie horse holds his iiead in its normal posilion.
If lie attempts to throw his head up tlie martiiigale will, at this
length, checdv him. In leaping, the martingale must be lengthened
and wh.olly powerless, else the horse may be thrown over the fence.
The curb and martingale have no fellowship with each other. They
belong to two different bits or reins, lor, while the curb cannot be
used on the bridoon, the martingale should uol be used on the curb
rein.— The Bridle Bits. Col. J. C. Battersby.
Match. A pair of horses ; a span ; to mate together, as,
"the horses are an exact match in height, color, gait and
disposition."
Match Race. The trotting rules regard match races as
performances against time, and time made in such races is so
treated and designated. By the rules of the Turf Congress a
match is a private sw^eepstakes.
A match against time is a bet that a horse will beat a certain time, or,
in other words, is a bet against individuals.— J. H. Steiner.
It is said the first match between two horses took place in 1377, between
Richard Fitzallan 14th Earl of Arundel and the Frince of Wales,
afterwards Richard II. The horses were ridden by their owiiers.
The Earl's horse subsequently became the property of Richard at a
price which would be rei)resented to-day by .$20,000. The first match
against time upon record occurred in the year 1604. John Lepton, a
groom in the service of James I., un«lertook to ride five'^ times
between London and York from Monday morning until Saturday
night. He actually perlorined the task in five days.
HAlfDBOOK OF THE TURF. 165
Median Phalanx. The coronary bone, or small
pastern.
Medicine. For a horse to require a dose of medicine is
an evidence of unsoundness; therefore, until the effects of
medicine are removed, the horse is unsound.
Meeting: ; Meet. A race or trotting event. The word
originated from the English term " meet," to meet for the
chase or hunt on horseback; hence, it came to be applied to
the events of the running turf, and subsequently to trotting
races. By the rules of tlie Turf Congress a meeting begins at
10 o'clock A. M., of the first day, and ends one hour after the
last race of the last day.
Member. Any driving park association, society fair
ground, or race track owned or leased by a corporation or by
an individual, upon which races are trotted or paced under the
rules of either the National or American trotting associations,
is knowm as a " member " of such association.
Members. The legs of a horse are called its members.
Messeng'er. One of the greatest horses of all history, and
the foundation source of the American trotter, the fleetest and
stoutest breed of horses in the w^orld. Foaled in 1780. Bred
by John Pratt, of New Market, England. By Mambrino, by
Engineer, a son of Sampson, by Blaze, by Flying Childers, by
the Darley Arabian — the celebrated horse imported into Eng-
land from the Levant in the reign of Queen Anne, (1702-1714);
dam, by Turf, by Matchem, by Cade, by the Godolphin
Arabian. His color was gray; he stood 15.3 hands high, a
plain, somewhat coarse animal, having a large, bony head, low
in the withers, upright shoulders, and a rather short, straight
neck. He had large knees and hocks, and his windpipe and
nostrils are described by contemporary writers to have been
nearly twice as large as ordinary. Whether in motion, or at
rest, his legs were said to have been always in a perfect position.
He was an animal of great vigor and soundness, and although
running bred was a natural trotter. Messenger was imported in
May, 1788, by Thomas Benger, of Bristol, Pa., and when he
landed at Philadelphia, said Hiram Woodruff, <' the value of
not less than one hundred million dollars struck our soil." He
never went out of the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and
New York, and died on the farm of Tounsend Cock, near
Oyster Bay, Long Island, N. Y., January 28, 1808, being
twenty-eight years of age, and " having attained such a height
of equine reputation that he was buried with military honors,
and a charge of musketry was fired over his grave." Messen-
16C HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
ger's three greatest sons were : Winthrop Messenger, taken to
Maine in 1816, the founder of that sterling famil}^ known as
Maine Messengers, of which Sanford Howard said, in 1852,
"Elaine has, until within a few years, furnished nearly all the
trotting stock of any note in the country," Bishop's Hamble-
tonian, foaled on Long Island in 180J:; Mambrino, foaled in
1806, from whose loins came two of the greatest families in all
history — the Mambrino Chief, and Hambletonian, the latter
" by far and away the greatest of all trotting progenitors."
Metacarpus. The cannon bone. It extends from the
hock in the hind leg, and from the knee in the fore leg to the
fetlock. It stands nearly perpendicular, and is somewhat
cylindrical in shape, though it should be flat from side to side.
Mexican Derby. First run in the city of IMexico,
N. A., December 3, 1893. Won by R. R. Rice, of Arkansas,
his entry, Francis Pope and Castanet, finishing in first and
second position. Distance : one mile and one-fourth ; time :
2:24f
Mile. A distance of eight furlongs, or five thousand two
hundred and eighty feet.
Mitbeh. A term used by the Arabs, applying to a point
of the horse which they esteem of great imjiortance. Explained
by the quotation :
Next to the head aiifl ears, the Arabs value the manner in which the
liead is set on tlie neck. Tliis point, or rather form of .iunctiire,
ihey call the mitbeh. It especially refers to the shape of the wind-
pipe, and to the manner in which the throat enters or runs in
between the jaws, where it should have a slight and graceful curve.
This perniits'of an easy carriage of the head, and gives great free-
dom to the air passages.— Road, Track and Stable, H. C. Merwin.
Mixed Gaited. When a horse has two ways of going
at speed, and changes from the trot to the pace, and from the
pace to the trot, it is said that he is " mixed gaited."
Change ot gait is only possible when all the feet are clear of the
ground. If the attempt should be made while one foot is on the
ground, the result would be a misstep and a fall. This opportunity
Is afforded when the extraordinary propulsive force, given by the
fore leg that leaves the ground last, projects the body upward,
giving a time equal to one-fifth of a stride for the hind foot of the
same side to take the place of one that would have followed had
the same order continued. — The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Slilhnan.
Mixed Meeting. Those meets at which both trotting
and running races take place.
Molars. The molar teeth of the horse appear in two
dentitions, or groups — the temporary and permanent. The
first consists of twelve teeth, six in each jaw, three on each
side. The second consists of twenty-four teeth, twelve in each
jaw, six on each side. They are designated by numbers, from
front to rear, as first, second, and so on. The first three, which
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 167
replace the temporary molars, are known as pre-molars, and
the last three as post-molars. The permanent molars have the
shape of quadrangular prisms flattened from side to side, with
the exception of the first and sixth, which are triangular.
Mongrel. A mixed breed ; an individual of a breed, or
a breed of animals resulting from repeated crossings, or mix-
tures of several different varieties; the progeny of artificial
varieties, as distinguished from those which are a cross between
two different species.
The greater variability in mongrels than in hybrids does not seem at
all surprising. For the parents of mongrels are varieties, and
mostly domestic varieties, and this implies that there has been
recent variability, which wonld often continue and be added to
that arising from the act of crossing, — The Origin of Species,
Charles Darwin.
Monkey. [Eng.] Five hundred pounds. The cry not
unfrequently heard in the ring, of " the field a monkey," means
that the layer is willing to bet £500 even, against one horse in
the race.
Morg"an. A New England family of trotters of great
excellence. Founded by a horse foaled in Springfield, Mass.,
in 1793, and purchased when two years old by Justin Morgan
of Randolph, Vt. after whom the horse, and the family he
founded, were named. He was said to be by True Briton, by
Lloyd's Traveller, by imported Traveller; and out of a mare
of Wildair blood, (Wildair, a horse of the very highest excel-
lence imported into this country from England and subse-
quently purchased at a high price and carried back to that
country.) Other accounts represent the dam of Justin Morgan
as having been a descendant of the Lindsey Arabian, a famous
horse which stood in Connecticut and subsequently in Mary-
land. Justin Morgan became famous as a sire of splendid
driving animals, the branches of his family being the Black
Hawk, old Vermont Black Hawk, the grandson of Justin Mor-
gan, and the sire of Ethan Allen — the first stallion to beat
2:30, taking a record of 2:28 as early as 1858; the Lambert,
founded by Daniel Lambert, a horse ranking little inferior as
a producer of speed to any sire in recent times; the Fear-
naught, a family founded by a son of Young Morrill, by Old
Morrill, and through the Jennison horse a son of Young Bul-
rush Morgan, by Bulrush to the fountain head, Justin Morgan;
the Golddust, the founder of this branch being by Vermont
Morgan, by Barnard Morgan, by Gifford Morgan, by Wood-
bury Morgan a son of Justin Morgan; the Knox, founded by
Gen. Knox, a son of Vermont Hero, by Sherman Black Hawk,
by Vermont Black Hawk. *• The popularity of the Morgan
168 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
family," says Mr. J. H. Sanders, " at one time was unbounded ;
and no blood, excepting that of the thoroughbred, has been so
generally disseminated and so highly esteemed throughout the
United States."
Motion, Center of. A point of the horse's back
directly over the fourteenth vertebra, or in other words, half
way between the withers and the coupling, or top of the ribs.
It is the central point from which the forces of the horse when
carrying weight may be said to radiate ; and is the point
on which weight can be most easily carried, the least motion
being imparted to it, and where its distribution will be most
equal over all foiu" of the horse's feet — hence it is over this
point that the rider's center of gravity should fall.
The only muscular power required to keep a body in motion, at what-
ever speeil, is tliat wliicli is necessary to resist the action of gravity
and overcome resistance. It is plain, tliat in order to niaintain a
uniform support of gravity, and a continuous impulse in the direc-
tion of motion, the limbs" must move, at whatever pace, in such
manner as best to attain tliat end; that the more rapid the motion,
the more uniform must be the supj^ort.— The Horse in Motion, J.
D. B. Stillman.
Mount. [Eq.] The act of gaining the seat in horse-
back riding. Stand opposite the cantle of the saddle with the
face to the front, the right hand holding the rein sufficiently
taut to feel the horse's mouth over the right side of the cantle ;
with the left hand hold the stirrup-strap while placing the left
foot in the stirrup ; give a spring upward and forward, throw-
ing the weight of the body as evenly as possible on the left
foot and right hand, so as to avoid turning the saddle ; grasp
the lower part of the mane with the left hand in rising, stand
erect in the stirrup with the feet touching each other; throw
the right leg, without bending the knee, over the horse's
croup, and settle into the saddle ; at this instant, as the right
hand is raised from the cantle, let go of the mane, grasp the
Tejns between the fingers of the left hand, and adjust them
with the aid of the right hand which has just been released
from the cantle. The stability of the seat is dependent upon
the weight of the body, the erect balance and the grasp of the
saddle with the inside of the thighs. The horse should be
taught that the act of mounting is no signal for him to go on.
The pressure of the legs and shortening of the reins are signals
that the rider is ready for the horse to move.
We are all taught to mount and dismount exclusively on the left or
near side of the horse, because the military horseman, whether
Oriental or European, ancient or niorlern, requires to mount and
dismount witli his sword or spear in his hand ready for attack or
defence.— The Book of the Horse, Samuel Sidney.
"We commend readiness in mounting, for this reason, that the rider, as
soon as he is seated on his horse, is in every way prepared for
action if it should be necessary to encounter an enemy on a sudden.
— Xenoplion.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 169
Mount. A horse, his rider and appurtenances are often
collectively referred to as a mount; as in the expression "a
fine mount," meaning a beautiful horse, saddle and rider's
outfit.
Mount. A jockey's outfit. This includes the saddle;
racing bridle and martingale ; surcingle ; girth ; stirrup-straps
and stirrups — the weight of the whole varying from one to
three pounds. The ordinary riding saddle has underneath the
leather a wooden or iron stock or frame — but the stock of the
running saddle is a very thin piece of the very best sole leather,
hammered to w^onderful density and toughness, or else it is of
tenacious steel. The best leather is in the saddle and bridle.
The surcingle is of silk; the girth of pigskin; the stirrup-straps
of linen web, and the stirrups of light spring steel. The
English running saddles are made chiefly at Newmarket, Eng.
Saddles cost from $37 to if 58 ; and a complete mount will cost
from $85 to $110.
Mouth, Hard. A hard mouth is one in which is a
thick, fleshy tongue, protruding over its channel and not only
filling it up but rising high above the level of the bars.
Mouth-piece. The mouth-piece of the bit consists of
three parts — the port, to give freedom to the tongue, and the
two canons, which are the parts that come in contact with the
bars of the jaw or mouth.
Mouthing" Bit. A large sized snaffle having one joint
in the center between the bars, the use of which is to gradually
teach the colt submission, and accustom him to the use of bit
and bridle. The bars are an inch thick at the guards, and
taper slightly to the joint, from which a flat oval piece of steel
about an inch and a quarter long, is suspended by two small
rings, and from three holes in the lower edge of the plate are
suspended small steel tags or pendants.
M. R. C. V. S. These letters stand for : Member of the
Royal [England] College of Veterinary Surgeons ; and indicate
that the person whose name they follow is a graduate of that
Institution.
Muddler. [Eng.] A clumsy horse ; one which easily
gets in a muddle.
Muscles. Organs in the physical structure of the horse
which are known as the active elements in locomotion, the
bones with which they are connected being known as the pas-
sive elements. They vary greatly in quantity as well as
quality ; some contain a larger proportion of fibrous or cellular
tissue than others; and, also, other things being equal, have
less power. The force of the muscles is not always concen-
170 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF,
trated at both extremities, but is distributed over the face of
their levers at different angles and different distances, as well
as at each change in the position of the levers. The sweep of
the limb is dependent on the length of the muscular fibers and
the acute angles of the levers on which they act ; while strength
depends upon the number of them, and the effective power of
both is dependent on the courage or will.
When tlie time comes for a tlioroiigh revision of the names of the
muscles of the horse, (which must soon come), it is to be hoped they
will be determined by their mechanical action Avithout reference
to the action of corresponding muscles In man. — The Horse in
Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Mustang*. The wild horse of America.
Muzzle. The lower end of the head, including the
nostrils, upper and lower lip, and the bones and teeth covered
by them. The Arabs have a saying that while the head must
be broad above, it should taper down to a nose or muzzle fine
enough, and sufficiently pointed, to allow the horse to drink
from a pint pot.
Muzzle. A guard or cage for the horse's mouth, made
in various patterns and of different material, and used to
prevent eating the bedding, tearing the blankets, cribbing, and
also used on vicious horses that are addicted to biting.
Among the forms are the common leather shipping muzzle ;
the wire muzzle ; the anti-cribbing muzzle for preventing crib-
biting; the Spooner muzzle to prevent eating of the bedding —
this muzzle having an adjustible bottom; Low's muzzle, which
can be changed into a closed or open bottom, allowing the
horse to eat hay or grain, but can be closed to prevent his eat-
ing the bedding or tearing the blanket ; Gillespie's link-apron
muzzle — having a band fastened to a headstall with a chain-
apron or net at the bottom, which does not prevent eating or
drinking but prevents tearing of the blanket.
N
[Nag*. A name applied to a mean, ill-bred horse, one
having no characteristics of value ; specially applied to a horse
that has been docked.
Name. Every horse entered in a race must be correctly
named. The trotting rules require that if a horse has ever
trotted in a public race, the last name under which such horse
trotted shall be given when the entry is made ; and if the
name has been changed within one year each name the horse
has borne during that time must also be given. Not only
must all horses be named, they must bear distinctive and
characteristic names, as no such appellations as gray mare, bay
horse, unknown, no name, can be accepted. Fines accompany
the violation of this rule. The Turf Congress rules require
that where a name has been changed both old and new names
must be given with the nomination, until the horse has once
run under the new name over the course of an association in
membership in the Congress.
Narrag'ansett Pacer. An early breed or family of
saddle horses said to have been originated on Point Judith,
Narragansett bay, Rhode Island. They were at the height of
their fame about the middle of the eighteenth century, and
long since became extinct. The real origin of this family of
horses is lost in obscurity, but they appear to have very closely
resembled the Palfrey of the INliddle Ages, and were brought
into use for the same purpose, that of riding on horseback from
place to place, before the days of good roads and easy carriages.
They were celebrated in their day for fleetness and endurance,
transporting the rider with great ease, pleasantness and safety
of foot. Marvelous stories of their speed and endurance are
found in the early historic annals of the American colonies ;
and it is said they were capable of pacing seventy miles a day,
and going a mile in but little over two minutes.
Nasal Gleet. A primary form of catarrh ; and in any
stage of its progress an unsoundness.
National Saddle Horse Breeders' Association.
Organized at Louisville, Ky., in 1802. At the close of the year
1893, it had a membership of two hundred and seventeen, rep-
171
172 HAIS^DBOOK OF THE TURF.
resenting twelve States. Its objects are to advance the inter-
ests of the breeders of the saddle or gaited horse, and maintain
its purity by the establishment and publication of a stud-book
for the registry of animals coming within the recognized stand-
ard of the Society. The foundation stallions are : Denmark,
by imported Hedgeford ; Brinker's Drennon, by Davy Crockett ;
Sam Booker, by Boyd McNary, thoroughbred; John Dillard,
by Indian Chief ; Tom Hal, imported Canadian ; Coleman's
Eureka ; Vanmeter's Waxy ; Cabell's Lexington, by Gist's
Black Hawk ; Copperbottom, pacer ; Stump the Dealer ; Texas,
by Comanche ; Prince Albert, by Frank AVolford ; Peter's Hal-
corn ; Yarnon's Roebuck, (a Missouri horse) ; Davy Crockett.
The Society recognizes the following gaits as required to secure
the registry of animals: 1, walk; 2, trot; 3, rack ; 4, canter;
5, running-walk, or fox-trot, or slow ]3ace. These gaits consti-
tute Rule 1, of the standard for admission to registry. The
other rules are : 2. Stallions and mares tracing on both sides to
registered or foundation stock. 3. Mares that trace on either
sire's or dam's side to registered or foundation stock, and go
the gaits required in rule one. 4. Mares that trace on either
sire's or dam's side to registered or foundation stock and have
produced two performers under rule one. 5. Geldings that go
the gaits required by rule one. 6. Progeny of a registered
horse when out of a registered mare. The Society has pub-
lished two volumes of its stud-book, embracing the pedigrees
of about two thousand stallions and mares.
National Trotting^ Association, The. This associa-
tion was organized in February, 1870, under the name of the
" iSTational Association for the Promotion of the interests of
the American Trotting Turf ; " which name was changed in
1878, to the one it now bears. It was chartered by a special
act of the Legislature of Connecticut, approved March 18, 1884.
It has for its object, the '< improvement of the breed, and the
development of horses, by the promotion of the interests of the
American trotting turf ; the prevention, detection, and punish-
ment of frauds thereon, and uniformity in the government and
rules of trotting and pacing." It is managed by a board of offi-
cers having a board of appeals and a board of review ; holds a
biennial congress on the second Wednesday in February, and
to the close of 1893, had a membership of five hundred and
fifty-two.
Natural Gaits. The natural gaits of the horse are the
walk, trot, and run, or canter. In the walk one foot is not
raised until its fellow is upon the ground ; or in other words,
there is always two feet upon the ground while the diagonal
HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF. 173
ones are being advanced. In the trot the off fore foot and the
near hind foot strike and leave the ground exactly together,
followed by the near fore and off hind foot. In the can-
ter the horse gallops on one foot, fore or hind, while trotting
with the others.
Navicular. The small or lower sesamoid bone, situated
between and behind, or at the back of, the distal phalangeal
articulation of the foot; or between the coronary and coffin
bones. It is related to the great development of these bones,
and to increasing the mechanical advantage of the flexor ten-
don which passes over it. Navicular disease is an ulceration of
the lower surface of this bone, its synovial sac and ligaments,
and the flexor tendon which plays over it. It is an unsoundness.
Near-side. The near side of the horse is the left side,
or that which is approached to mount or handle ; as the off-
side is the right side. The distinguishing parts are : Near fore
leg ; off hind leg ; off ear ; near eye, etc.
Neck. That part extending from the poll to the wdthers
along its upper border, and from the throat to a point some-
what above the anterior point of the breast-bone on the lower
border, or line. These general forms are recognized among
horsemen, viz : The straight neck ; clean-cut neck ; ewe
neck; bull neck, and peacock neck. 1. The straight neck is
one in W'hich both the lower and upper boundaries, or lines,
are practically straiglit, tapering gradually from the chest to
the throat. 2. The clean cut neck is best described as the
neck of the thoroughbred horse. 3. The ewe neck is described
as one " put on wrong side up." In other w^ords, it is one, the
upper line of which is concave instead of convex, while the
under line bulges out more or less in an ungraceful way.
4. The bull neck is thick, short and heavy. 5. The peacock
neck is one in w^hich the crest is unduly arched, prominent
and elevated. When not too pronounced it gives the horse
a showy appearance.
In the clean-cut neck the muscles and other i>arts stand boldly out,
the crest is prominent and whipcordy, or wiry, the sides are
marlied by hard muscles, the lower border, including the wind-
pipe, stands out perceptibly, leaving a prominent groove, the jug-
ular gutter, between it and the neck above, gracefully iucurvated
near the throat, and attached to the head in a manner that
leaves a line of demarcation between the leaving off of the head
and the beginning of the neck, doing away with tlie appearance of
a plastered-on head. Tlie ]>osterior part usually terminates per-
ceptibly just in front of the withers, so that one can tell where the
neck leaves off and the withers begin— a point that is not always
easy to determine.— E. A. A. Cirange, V. S., Michigan State College
Experiment Station.
Needle. A hypodermic syringe used for making injec-
tions under the skin ; a trocar. Injections of cocaine are made
174 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
directly over or under the part to be operated upon so as to
produce an immediate local effect. Medicinally, injections are
usually made at the point of the shoulder or in the breast or
neck, as at these points the skin is very flexible and can be
easily taken up. Inter-venous injections, (those directly into the
circulation), are also sometimes resorted to, for the purpose of
obtaining a more immediate effect.
Negotiate. [Eq.] To handle ; to manage ; to take. In
equestrianism, to negotiate a leap hold the bridle-hand loose,
grasp the horse firmly with the legs and thighs, the toes being
up and outward, the back inward, and the neck steady. As
the horse rises meet his crest with the body, being careful not
to bear on the bridle which might pull him backward. The
instant his forequarters descend, and his hindquarters ascend,
keep time with him in an appropriate, but opposite motion and
throw the body sufficiently backward to be found firm in the
seat at the conclusion of the leap. Success depends upon the
perfect coolness of the rider, leaving everything to the discre-
tion of the horse, freedom from all support of the bridle or
stirrups, on the firm grasp of the legs and thighs, the instan-
taneoii>s performance of the alternate motions forward and
backward, and the preservation of a perfect equilibrium.
Negotiate a Race. To accomplish or perform a race.
We have been over one liuiulred years producing but a single trotter
that can negotiate a mile in 2:U4.— Dr. George H. Bailey, December,
1893, in American Horse Breeder.
Nerving" ; Neurotomy. The operation of nerving a
horse for navicular disease, and frequently for ringbone. It is
the act of dividing the planter nerve above or below the ankle
— called high or low operation, as the case may be — and is only
practiced as a last resort in what are regarded as incurable
cases. A horse upon which the operation of nerving has been
performed, has been declared as legally unsound.
NeAVinarket. Once the racing center of Great Britain,
if not of the world. On the border of the counties of Cam-
bridgeshire and Suffolk, England, twelve miles from the old
university town of Cambridge. Racing was established here
by James I., in 1605, who erected a hunting seat called the
'• King's House." The races, discontinued on the ascension of
Charles L, and the civil war, were revived on the advent of
Charles IL, who was a munificent patron of the turf. He built
a stand-house here, for the sake of the diversion, and re-estab-
lished the races about 1667. During the races on March 22,
1683, Newmarket was nearly destroyed by an accidental fire,
which occasioned the hasty departure of the company then
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 175
assembled, including the king, queen, the Duke of York, the
royal attendants and many of the nobility ; and to this disaster
historians have attributed the failure of the Rye-house plot,
the object of which is said to have been the assassination of the
king and his brother on the road from Newmarket to London,
if the period of their journey had not been thus anticipated.
The races are held on the beautiful heath west of the town,
and the course is upward of four miles, being considered the
best in England. The training ground, on a slope south of
the town, is very fine. Seven race meetings each year are held
here, of three days each. They are: 1, the Craven; 2, first
spring ; 3, second spring ; 4, July ; 5, first October ; 6, second
October; 7, the Houghton. The old course was said to have
been kept elastic by the action of earth worms. It was divided
into eighteen lengths, each having a different name adapted to
the different class of race run on them with regard to weight,
age, etc. Among these names were those known as Ditch in;
Across the Flat ; Beacon Course, etc. One of its most notice-
able features was " the Ditch " — an embankment running from
the Cambridge fens to AVood Ditton, which, in old times, all
riders were accustomed to salute in passing. See Salute the
Ditch.
Nick. To unite ; the act of coupling. In breeding, said
of the crossing of one strain of blood with another, where satis-
factory results are reached, '' it nicks or unites well."
Nicking-. The nicking or docking of the tail, by incis-
ions in the lateral and depressor muscles, that the erector mus-
cles may keep the tail in a forced position more or less erect
according to the whim or fashion.
Nigh ted Colors. The black outfits or rigs worn by
jockeys.
Nippers. The incisor or front teeth of the horse, twelve
in number, six in each jaw, three on each side. Although the
incisors are all included in the term " nippers " as generally used,
only the middle teeth are properly so called.
Nobble. [Eng.] To incapacitate a horse from starting
in a race, or from winning a race, by previously drugging,
laming, or otherwise injuring him, is to " nobble " him.
No Heat. A heat not awarded. If, in the opinion of
the judges, a horse has been helped in coming to the wire by
another horse, rider or driver, they have the power to declare
the heat to be " no heat," and have the same trotted over again.
Nominator. The person naming or making entry of a
horse in a race. If the nominator is not the owner of the
176 HA.NDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
horse, the real name and residence of the owner shall be given
when the entry is made ; and all persons making entries are
obliged to establish their identity, if unknown, to the officers
of the course. In making the first payment the nominator
thereby binds himself to pay the balance of the entrance fee,
or he is liable to suspension. In courses under the rules of the
Turf Congress a horse cannot be entered in the name of any
person or company unless such person or company has an
interest or property in the horse; persons entering become
liable for the entrance fee, stake or forfeit ; entries in purses
are not void by the decease of the nominator, and in no case is
the entrance money refunded if the horse fails to start.
Nonesuch Palace. [Eng.] A royal palace built at
Epsom by Henry YIII., (1509-1547), which was a marvel of
magnificence, erected on purpose for the reception of the court
attending the races.
Northern King. The stallion Nelson, 2:09. Bay
horse, foaled 1882, by young Rolfe, 2:21^, (son of Tom Rolfe,
2:33^, and Judith, by Draco, 2:28^); dam, Gretchen — in the
great brood mare list — (the dam of Susie Owen, 2:26|^; Daisy
Rolfe, 2:26^, and the pacer Edna, 2:24), by Gideon, (son of
Rysdyk's Ilambletonian and Dandy, the dam of Silver Duke,
2:28|, by Young Engineer); second dam, Kate, by Vermont
Black Hawk, 2:42, son of Sherman Morgan, by Justin Morgan.
Trotting inheritance and development are both represented in
Nelson's breeding. Holding the world's record to the close of
1893 for best mile over a half mile track, made at the Inter-
State Fair, Trenton, N. J., October 6, 1892, 2:11 f. At Rigby
Park, Portland, Maine, August 12, 1893, 2:09. Owned by
C. H. Nelson, Waterville, Maine.
In 1889 Veritas dubbed the good liorse Nelson, " the Northern King,"
and despite the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, tlirough
days dark with disaster, and days when his mighty powers were
frittered away in useless efforts on country cow-path courses, the
Northern King he still remains. There are many good liorses, but
few great ones; Nelson has proved himself one of the greatest. —
The Horseman, December 14, 1893.
Nose. The continuation of the forehead which ends
opposite the nostrils, at an angle formed by the line of the
face and of the muzzle.
'Nose Him Out. Said of a horse, when, by a spurt of
speed at the close of a heat, he finishes a nose's length ahead
of his competitor; "It was a close call, but I nosed him out."
IS'ot Traced. When occurring in a pedigree, these words
indicate that the line of ancestry to which it refers has not
been followed back, or traced ; unknown.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 177
Numbers are ^Yo^n on the arm of the jockey or driver
corresponding with the number of the horse riddeif or driven'
the heat. By the racing rules if a horse does not start and
run the course after his number has been exhibited and o
easonable explanation for such withdrawal can be given tie
jadg^es, they have the authority to fine, suspend, or rulf oft such
lings^"^'^^*'^' ^^'"^ quarters in the stable assigned to wean-
the f^o't* ^^^^' ^^^ navicular, or small sesamoid bone of
12
Oaks. " The garter of the English turf." The celebrated
stakes for three year old fillies, established by Edward Smith
Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, :\Iay U, 1779. The stakes
received its name from Lambert's Oaks, in the parish of
Woodmansterne, formerly an inn. The house was erected by
the Hunter's Club, and was rented to the Lambert family. It
afterwards became the residence of Gen. Burgoyne, from whom
it passed to the 11th Earl of Derby. It is the most important
fixed event of the English turf, for fillies only, and consists of
fifty guineas, forfeit forty guineas. It is run on tlie fourth
day — Friday — of the great Epsom races over the Derby course.
The Earl of Derby, originator of the stakes, died in 1834.
Oats. Oats are regarded as the best and healthiest of
all the grains as a food for horses, because the ingTedients
necessary for the complete sustenance of the body exist in them
in the most perfect proportions. They are easily digested and
a large proportion of the nutritious elements which they con-
tain are absorbed and converted into the various tissues of the
system. Oats should have a sweet, flowery smell ; thin, smooth
skins that slip quickly through the fingers, and a sweet taste.
AVhite oats are generally thinner in the skin than black ; and
short, plump oats are better than large, long ones. Xew are
chiefly distinguished from old oats by the smell, which, in the
former, is somewhat earth-like ; the husk of the new oat is also
bright, while its taste is more sweet and milky than that of the
old oat. Light oats are composed of more skin or husk than
flour. Oats badly saved, mouldy, sprouting, or otherwise
damaged, will destroy the condition, if, indeed, they do not
cause disease in the best horses. In the case of most horses,
oats are better fed whole, although crushed or bruised oats are
preferable for old horses, aud those having defective teeth. Old
oats, old corn and old hay are better than new for feeding. In
all the States the legal and standard weight of a bushel of oats
is thirty-two pounds, excepting in Maryland, where it is twenty-
six pounds ; in Xew Jersey, where it is thirty pounds, and in
Oregon, where it is thirty-six pounds.
Objections. An objection is an ojDposition to a ruling
or decision ; a complaint against a horse, driver or jockey.
178
HAXDBOOK OF THE TURF. 179
Objections must be made before the conclusion of the meeting
at which the race is run, and shall be heard and determined
by the judges of that race, except in cases where a longer time
is given for their consideration. They must be made by the
owner, trainer or jockey of some other horse engaged in the
same race, or by the officials of the course, or by some credit-
able person. On the days of the race they must be made to
one of the judges of the race, or to the clerk of the course; and
at other times to the officers or the clerk. Objections must be
made in writing, if required; and when so made cannot be
w'ithd]-aw^n without leave of the officers of the association.
In all cases where a decision cannot be made during the
meeting at which the objection was presented, it must be
made in writing and placed in the hands of the clerk
of the com'se. Objections may be made to a horse on the
ground of his not having run the proper course, or for
other causes. If an objection to a horse which has won or been
placed in a race be declared valid, the horse shall be regarded
as distanced in heats of races. If an objection is made as to
the age of a horse, the judges shall demand proofs w^hich are
deemed satisfactory, of his correct age. Where a dead heat is
run for second place, and an objection is made to the winner,
it shall be run over, or the horses shall divide or draw lots for
an indivisible prize. An objection on the ground of fraudulent
entry, willful misstatement or on representation that the horse
w^hich ran was not the horse entered, may be received any time
within one year after the race. Pending the settlement of any
objection, any prize or money may be withheld until such mat-
ter is decided. If an objection is made to a horse in si selling
race and after the horse has been bought, if the objection is
sustained, the buyer may have the option of returning him;
but if the objection is made before the sale, the time of deliv-
ery, but not of selling, may be postponed at the option of the
judges. If the objection is declared valid, the person who
bought the horse shall have the option of returning him.
Occipital Crest. The bony prominence which consti-
tutes the top of the horse's head, and rises, more or less promi-
nently, between the ears.
Odds. The proportion or amount by which the bet of
one party to a wager exceeds that of the other ; as to lay or
give odds.
Odometer. A device designed to register the distance
traveled by carriages. The machinery is contained in a small
metallic case fastened to the axle, and is operated by means of
a steef pin inserted on the inner end of the hub, which propels
180 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
the mechanism of the odometer with each revolution of the
wheel. The dial contains three indexes, each of a different
color. A red index registers a mile every time it makes a com-
plete revolution, and, as the dial is divided into forty spaces,
each space represents one-fortieth of a mile, or eight rods. A
yellow index revolves once every forty miles, and each space
represents a mile. A blue index revolves once every 1,600
miles, so that each space represents forty miles in relation to
this index. Around this dial are three rows of figures which
register the distance, and with each mile passed the fact is
announced by one sharp stroke of a small bell. When designed
for attachment to sulkies for training or trotting purposes, a
bell strikes each quarter mile.
Off. Dead-off. Spoken of a horse when out of condition,
as off his feed, if ailing; off his feet, if lame; off in going,
when he does not do his best.
Off-and-On. A term used to describe the leap in the
hunt or cross-country riding; the taking-off' and landing in
passing a fence or ditch.
The mare I rode on the journey carried me over the raised water-
courses by the Euphrates in the cleverest way in the world; off and
on, without the least hanging or hesitation, and always with a foot
ready to bring down in case of need.— The Bedouin Tribes of the
Euphrates, Lady Anne Blunt.
Off Side. The right hand side in driving or riding;
the side most remote from the driver or rider when on the left
side of his horse or team. In English countries the left hand
side is the off side, when meeting teams on the highway.
Offending Horse. A horse, which in the hands of a
driver or rider is guilty of disobeying any of the turf rules.
The National and American Associations prescribe that if an
offending horse violates any of the restrictions, he shall not be
entitled to win the heat, but shall be placed behind all the
unoffending horses in the heat ; and under certain conditions
the judges have the right to rule the horse out and impose a
fine upon the rider or driver.
On-and-Off. Used in describing a safe landing when
jumping on horseback.
A good, hard bank on which to land in jumping a ditch or brook,
(which is usually taken at a half speed gallo])), so that the rider can
land upon it and be off without- danger. — The Practical Horse
Keeper, George Fleming, LL. D., M. R. C V. S.
On His Balance. Said of a horse in good trotting or
running condition.
Open Bridle. A bridle or headstall having no blinds
or blinders.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 181
Open Gait. A square gait; a pure gait. An open-
gaited trotter is one that places his hind feet outside of the
forward ones when in action — said to be the fastest mode of
locomotion a trotter can possess.
Open Out ; Open Up. To speed or exercise a horse,
before a race in which he is entered, takes place.
Open Out. A term applied to that process of fitting
the heels of the feet by cutting the horn between the bars of
the foot and the frog.
Orders. The orders given riders, drivers or jockeys by
the owners of the horses they handle in a race, in regard to the
points of the race and what they are to do when making it.
Oregon Wonder. The horse Linus, foaled at Marion,
Oregon, May 20, 1883. Clyde and French, chestnut color,
.16.2 hands, weight 1,450 pounds. At five years of age his tail
and mane began to grow, and in 1889 dragged several feet
upon the ground when both were braided and put in sacks.
From 1890 to 1892 they increased in length at the rate of
nearly two feet each year. He was shown at the Columbian
World's Fair in 1893 as one of the most wonderful horses ever
known in history. He died in August, 1894.
Orloff. A breed of Russian trotting horses founded
by Count Alexis Orloff - Ortov - Tchesmensky, an enthusiastic
horseman, about 1770 or 1772. He imported a gray stallion
from Arabia named Smetanska, which was bred to a Danish
mare, the produce being a horse known as Palkan I ; and from
a union of this half-blood with a Dutch mare sprang a stallion
known as Barss I. All the modern trotters of Russia trace
their leinage back to him and to daughters of Smetanska out
of English and Arabian mares. It took thirty years to estab-
lish the Orloff as a distinct type. Their trotting performance
is remarkable, and their size is equal to their speed. A monu-
ment was erected to Count Orloff in 1876.
Ormonde. A noted English race horse, bred by the
Duke of Westminster at Eaton Hall, near Chester, England.
Foaled in 1883. In color a rich, solid bay; 16.1 hands high.
By Bend Or, (son of Doncaster and Rouge Rose, by Thor-
manby), dam, Lily Agnes by Macaroni; second dam, Polly
Agnes by The Cure; third dam. Miss Agnes by Birdcatcher.
Ormonde has a shoulder, arm and muscle that are of the
grandest proportions ; a plain, sensible head ; short back ; large,
powerful stifles,' and grand legs. He is the sire of Orme, one
of the most remarkable horses that ever appeared on the
English turf, and of itself alone, honor enough for a world's
horse. He was sold in 1886 for 2,000 guineas; in 1889 he
182 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
was sold to Senor Bocan for $75,000 and taken to Bnenos
Ayres, S. A.; in 1890 he was sold to Baron Hksch for !i?70,000
and again taken to England, and was purchased in 1893 by-
Mr. W. O'B. Macdonoiigh, of San Francisco, Cal., for $150,000
— the highest price ever paid for a horse in the world.
Ormonde was never beaten. He is probably the greatest race
horse ever bred in Great Britain, or anywhere else. He
flourished in an age remarkable for great race horses, such as
Minting, Paradox, Melton, Bendigo, Bard, St. Gatien — and
beat them aU. He always beat all the Derby and St. Leger
winners, and they beat everything else, showing how great
they were. Even when his wind was touched they could not
beat him, showing how great he was, how indomitable his
heart and muscular power. He is one of the few horses that
have won the Derby, St. Leger, and the 2,000 guineas ; and is
said to be the only horse that ever won the great Hardwicke
stakes at Ascot Heath, twice.
Ormonde is the liorse of the century.— M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C. V. S.
Osslet. A hard substance growing on the inside of a
horse's knee.
Large, coarse osslets show cold, mongrel blood, — General Grant's
Arabian Horses, Randolph Huntington.
Out. Horses in a race often do not all appear for the
second or subsequent heat ; but those w hich come on the track
at the sound of the bell are said to be " out."
Outfit. The outfit of a rider or jockey in running races
consists of cap, jacket, knee-breeches, boots, spurs and whip.
The cap and jacket, or blouse, are made of satin ; the breeches,
(which are always white), of undj^ed merino ; the boots of calf
skin; the spurs of spring steel, and the whip of whalebone
with a gut covering. The entire outfit does not Aveigh more
than two pounds.
Out for an Airing-. [Eng.] Said of a horse that is
backward, or of one not meant to win.
Out of Form. A horse that gets a bad start in a heat
or race, either by a jump cross-legged, or in some way which
makes it plain that the race or heat is lost to him at the start,
is said to be " out of form."
Out of Hand. Hand to hand; a system of private
betting from out the hand, or between one person and another,
the wager being placed in the hand of a third party.
Oval Track. A track the sides of which are longer
than the ends ; or one where the sides, or stretches, are ninety
rods long ; and the ends, or turns, seventy rods long.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 183
Overhead Rein; Overdraw Check. A check or
bearing rein that passes over the head of a hoi'se between the
ears, and thus to tlie bit, used with an overcheck bridle. The
use of sucli a check is altogether a matter to be reguhited by
the disposition of the horse. Judiciously used, an overhead
check need be no more distressing or injurious to the horse
than a side check; while some drivers assert that it is impossi-
ble to handle some horses without the overhead rein, and that
such a check is especially necessary for a mixed gaited colt.
Overreach. Where the shoe of the hind foot strikes
and injures the iieel or quarter of the fore foot. It rarely occurs
except in trotting and running horses, and in trotters generally
takes place when the animal breaks from a trot to a run. It
results from the faulty conformation of the horse and is neither
an misoundness iior a vice.
Tlie hind foot should be the last to leave the ground. The early start
of tlie fore foot enables it to clear the way for the hind one on
the same side to advance to the support of the center of gravity in
its turn witliout being hit by it, or overreaclied, as it is technically
termed. The fore foot being dilatory, or having a more circiii tons
route to travel, or the disproportion in the length of the body to
that of the legs, exposes the fetlo(;k and heel to injury from the shoe
of the hind foot: but generally the hind foot is pushed under the
forward one as the latter rises. — The Horse in Motion, J. D. B.
Stillman.
Over the Sticks. Running a hurdle race.
Overweig'ht. The law of the trotting turf provides
that if the weight of any driver exceeds twenty pounds the con-
ditions or rule of the race, the judges may, if they have reason
to believe that such extra weight was imposed on the horse for
an improper purpose, substitute another driver of suitable
weight. By the American racing rules a horse is not qualified
to run witli more than five pounds overweight ; and if he carry
more than two pounds which has not been duly declared and
announced by the clerk of the course, he is disqualified.
Owner. By the rules of the American Turf Congress,
an owner includes part owner or leasee of a horse, and proof of
ownership must be given when required, or the horse becomes
disqualified. If a jockey is an entire owner of a horse or
horses he shall only be permitted to ride his own horses.
Owners' Handicap. A race in which the owner fixes
at the time of entry the weight his horse is to carry.
Owners Up. A term denoting that in the race to which
it is applied, the owners of the horses entered for it, are to ride
Pace, A word constantly used as a general term to
describe all the different gaits and modes of progression of the
horse ; hence, a fast horse, one showing remarkable speed, is
almost invariably spoken of as " going at a great pace,''
although his gait may be the trot and not the pace.
Pace. A gait in which the horse moves two legs on the
same side at the same time, and both feet strike as one — then
the limbs on the other side are advanced and strike as one foot.
The two strokes : One, two, complete the revolution. To the
ear, therefore, as well as the eye, the motions of the pace are,
one, two ; one, two ; at regular and distinct intervals, the horse
appearing, by the sound, at least, to have but two feet. The
lateral motion of the pacer is without doubt as old as the diag-
onal motion of the trotter, and the two gaits were contempo-
raneous centuries ago, just as they are in this country to-day ;
at least it is clear that the exact motion of the pace now, is like
the motion of the amble in England described two hundred
years ago by the Duke of Newcastle. The j)acing gait is more
favorable to a high rate speed with the same expenditure of
vital force, than the trotting gait.
While in the trot the center of gravity falls near the intersection of the
two straifjht lines drawn througli the diagonal foolpri-nts, in the
pace it is shifted from side to side, as the right or left feet alter-
nately support the weiglit. Tlie effect of this is to give a i-oUing
motion to the body like that of a ship with tlie wind abeam. It is an
easy pace for t he rider, being free from the short undulations of the
trot. * * * The necessity which exists of rapidly changing the
base of support from side to side, makes it practicable in the horse
only when the speed is considerable and quite impossible in the
rate pursued in the walk. — The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Pacer. A horse whose natural gait is the pace. All fam-
ilies of pacers lack hock action and go close to the ground ; hence
the pacer is utterly unsuitable for cross-country riding. He is
not a jumper and his action is too much of the gliding nature,
and too near the ground, to ever think of his becoming a
hunter.
Pacers are ordinarily not as handy in recovering from a break as are
trotters, but even* at that it is only once in a longtime, that, with
ordinary care on the part of the driver, a pacer that has the speed
of his field need be distanced simply because in some particular heat
he is unsteady. — Wallace's Monthly.
Pacers. In the Year Book, and in all correctly printed
summaries of races, the names of pacers are placed in italics.
184
HAis'DBOOK OF THE TURF. 185
Pacers. To the close of 1893, there were fourteen pacers
with records of 2:08, and thirty-two with records of 2:10;
while the number with records of 2:30 or better, was about two
thousand.
Pace-maker. The leading horse in a heat is said to be
the " pace-maker," as he sets the pace for the field.
Paciii8"-blood. It is generally believed that pacing
blood is an element of great speed in the trotter ; in support of
which is cited the case of Blue Bull, the great pacing sire of
trotters, who never showed a disposition or ability to trot at
any rate of speed, yet he maintains his position as one of the
three or four great progenitors of trotters. This is believed to
be evidence of the oneness of the trotting and pacing gaits.
There are multiplied evidences that a horse may be trotting
bred and his natural habit of action may be the lateral motion
— the pace ; or he may be pacing bred, and his habit of action
may be the diagonal gait — the trot. It is true that if the horse
move the two legs on one side at the same instant, he is a pacer ;
and if he moves the diagonal legs at the same instant, he is a
trotter, however he may have been bred. If one desires to
know where the trotting colt gets his pacing action, he has
inevitably to go back to his pacing ancestors.
No coit has ever been foaled a natural pacer that did not have a pacing
inlieritance or ancestry from some source. — Wallace's Monthly.
Pacing" standard. The following rules embrace the
pacing standard for registry in the American Trotting and
Pacing Register :
First: Any pacing stallion that has a record of 2:25 or
better; provided any of his get has a record of 2:30 pacing,
or better ; or provided his sire or dam is already a standard
pacing animal.
Second : Any mare or gelding that has a pacing record of
2:25, or better.
Third: Any horse that is the sire of two pacers with
records of 2:25.
Fourth: Any horse that is the sire of one pacer with a
record of 2:25 or better, provided he has either of the following-
additional qualifications — 1 : A pacing record of 2:30 or better ;
2 : Is the sire of two other animals with pacing records of 2:30 ;
3 : Has a sire or dam that is already a standard pacing animal.
Fifth : Any mare that has produced a pacer with a record
of 2:25, or better.
Sixth : The progeny of a standard pacing horse when out
of a standard pacing mare.
186 HANDBOOK OP THE TURF.
Seventh : The female progeny of a standard pacing horse
when out of a mare by a standard pacing horse.
Eighth : The female progeny of a standard pacing horse
when out of a mare whose dam is a standard pacing mare.
Ninth: Any mare that has a pacing record of 2:30, or
better, whose sire or dam is a standard pacing animal.
Tenth : The progeny of a standard trotting horse, out of a
standard pacing mare, or of a standard pacing horse, out of
a standard trotting mare.
Pacingr— World's Record. [To the close of 1893.]
One mile — Mascot, by Deceive, Terre Haute, Ind., September
29, 1892, (race record) ; and Flying Jib, by Algona, Chicago,
111., September 15, 1893, (against time), 2:04. Fastest mile by
a stallion — Direct, by Director, Nashville, Tenn., November 8,
1892, 2:05^. Fastest mile to wagon — Eoy Wilkes, by Adrian
Wilkes, Independence, Iowa, (kite track), October 30, 1891,
2:13. Fastest mile under saddle — Johnston, by Joe Bassett,
Cleveland, Ohio, August 3, 1888, 2:13.
Packing. The act of stopping, or stuffing a horse's foot
when in stable, by covering the sole with some moist and soft
material, which is often fastened in place by means of a thin
steel spring inserted under the rim of the shoe. Various mate-
rials are used — moist clay, a wet sponge, damp moss, (peat),
petrolatum, (a packing saturated with petroleum), and felt
pads, which are made to fit the sole, and are fastened by means
of a metallic toe-piece and a strap which buckles around the
foot. As a winter packing, tar and oakum is often used.
Pad. A pad-horse ; a road-horse.
Pad. A small lay, or cushion, made of leather, felt or
deer skin, kersey-lined, placed under the saddle of a harness,
to prevent it from resting dii'ectly on the back of the horse.
Pad. The saddle on the top of a surcingle, used in giv-
ing the colt his first lessons in bitting ; to which the turrets
through which the reins play are fastened, thus keeping the
colt's head in line with his body, preventing accidents and
securing an evenly made mouth and carriage.
Pad-tree. A soft cushion, or stuffed part of a saddle or
harness ; used to fill up a hollow, to relieve pressure, or as a
protection from a saddle gall.
Paddling'. An erratic action of the forward feet by
which the horse goes very wide, and swings the near or off,
and sometimes both forward feet, outward, when at speed. In
general, paddlers are bad scalpers, are liable to hop, and should
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 187
never be used without scalpers aud hind ankle boots with pas-
tern attachments.
Paddock. An enclosure near the stable in which horses
are turned out for exercise, or when not required for work; or
for aid in restoring to health and soundness those wdiich are
recovering from lameness or sickness. It should have a sup-
ply of water, and also an open shed under wiiich the horses may
go during showers or in the heat of mid-day. A paddock is not
a pasture, and it must not be regarded as, in any sense, a graz-
ing ground.
Palfrey. A breed of saddle horses of the best type,
such as kings and the nobility who had large studs kept for
their own personal use when they rode privately, without state,
or made short journeys. These Palfreys were under the pecul-
iar charge of a private officer of the king's household, while
the other horses of the stud fell to the care of the master of
the horse, or officer of the stable. They were perfectly white,
with round barrel and Barb head, originally from Spain or
Barbary, and rarely exceeded the size of a Galloway. The
breed is now nearly extinct.
Pannel. The lining of the saddle which lies between
the tree and the horse's back.
Pantograpli Snaffle. A double-barred snaffle bit.
The joints of the bars are not in the center, but that of one
bar is at a point one-third of its length to one side, that of the
other one-third of its length to the opposite side ; so that, in
operation, it has a double converging action, and is a very
severe bit. It is designed for a hard puller, or a horse liable
to take the bit in his teeth.
Paralysis. A horse liable to attacks of paralysis, from
having eaten ergoted hay, is unsound.
Parker. A fashionable saddle horse.
Parotid Grland. A gland situated under the horse's
ears. When from any cause it becomes ulcerated, it is an
unsoundness.
Passage. A French term, signifying a short and very
light trot, in which each fore limb, in its turn, when it is
raised to the highest point, is poised in the air for an instant,
and is bent at the knee and fetlock. Similar to the Spanish
walk, and Spanish trot.
Pastern. The short column of bones which is placed
between the fetlock and the hoof; in comparative anatomy
corresponding to the first phalanx of the middle finger of the
human hand, or the first phalanx of the toe on the human
188 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
foot. When the pastern joint of one or both of the fore legs
is perpendicular to the rest of the leg, instead of sloping back-
ward, if this defect arise from work, the animal is unsound.
With the hind legs this does not obtain, for a horse may be
quite upright in the joints of the hind legs, and yet be perfectly
sound.
The pastern is tlie most important part of the leg. If the horse is to be
used under the saddle the kind witli long oblique pasterns are
more elastic and graceful in their movements, than the short, upright
sort, which are often unpleasant to the equestrian on account of
the concussion produced by the move or less upright columns of
bone. Very straight pasterns ai-e not desirable on account of the
concussion they are liable to i)roduce, but even the long, oblique
kind may be, and often are, overdone; in them the strain ui:)on the
parts is liable to produce an irritation that in its turn will cause
ringbone. The pasterns of the fore leg are usually a little more
upriyht tlian t hose of the hind leg.— E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan
State Ct)llege Experiment Station.
Pastern-bone. Either one of the two proximal pha-
langes of a horse's foot ; the first phalanx being the great pas-
tern, articulated, (or united), above with the cannon-bone at
the pastern joint ; and the second phalanx, the small pastern,
united below with the third phalanx, or coffin-bone, inclosed
in the hoof.
Pastern- joint. The joint, or articulation of a horse's
foot, between the great pastern-bone and the cannon-bone.
Patrol Judges. Persons appointed by the judges of a
race to inspect the back turns and stretches of a track during
a race ; to observe that the heats are trotted honestly, and to
report to the judges any foul or improper conduct on the part
of riders or drivers, if any has come under their observation.
A patrol judge, while an agent of the judges, is, to all intents
and pm-poses, a judge. Should there be one patrol judge at
each of the four turns, then, if a claim of foul was made, the
judges would be in a position to ascertain, from their official
aids, the exact truth of the matter in each instance.
Peat Moss. Used largely in city stables for bedding.
It is free from odor, incombustible, lasting, and is never eaten,
even by the most inveterate bedding-consuming horse.
Pedigree. The line of descent; ancestry. A writing,
or copy of records, giving the names, dates, etc., concerning
the progenitors or ancestors of a certain horse, and establishing
his descent from certain famous sires and dams ; an evidence
of breeding.
Pelham. A combination bit of snaffle and curb, or a
single bit with two pairs of reins, which acts either as a plain
bar or curb — less severe than the true curb bit, and a bit
which is much esteemed by jockeys, as it allows them to have
complete control over their horses. The best racing bit.
HANDBOOK or THE TUEF. 189
Penalties. Added weight. As an illustration, take
the following- example : " Purse of .|500, of which -11570 to
second and IfoO to third. For three-year-olds ; winners of two
races to carry five pounds extra; those that have not won a
race allowed seven pounds. One mile." In all races exclu-
sively for three-year-olds, the weight is 122 pounds. Now, if
a horse was entered that had won two races, it would be
obliged to carry 127 pounds; or, in other words, would carry
a five pound penalty. Hence, a penalty is an added weight
to the better horse. Penalties are invariably obligatory, but
are not cumulative unless so declared by the conditions of a
race.
Performance. That which is accomplished ; as a heat,
or race ; any contest on a i ace course or track, between horses,
or singly, for a prize or against time.
Performance Against Time. A performance in
which a horse starts to equal or beat a specified time ; now
regulated by rules of the National and American trotting asso-
ciations. Performances against time are marked with a star,
(*), in the Trotting Register, to distinguish them from records
obtained in a race. See Against Time.
Periplantar. The Charlier method of shoeing, by
which the sole, frog and bars of the foot are left untouched by
the knife ; the toe and front quarters of the crust, or wall of
the hoof, is beveled into a groove, or recess, into which the
thin plate of steel, or shoe, is fitted. Its object is to take the
place of the perishable horn forming the circumference of the
foot, and which is being constantly worn and broken away,
replace it by a more durable material, and leave the parts of
the foot to perform their natural functions unimpaired. See
Charlier Shoe.
Phalanges. The digital bones of the hand or foot
beyond the metacarpus or metatarsus. The knee of the horse
corresponds to the back of the wrist of man, and everything
below it corresponds to the hand proper. The phalanges of
the horse's foot are connected by hinge joints, allowing only
motions of bending backwards and forwards ; viz : The large
pastern, small pastern, and coffin-bone.
Phenomenal Trotting". Remarkable ; unusual. The
extreme speed attained during the decade, 1882 to 1893, the
rapid and marvellous reducing of the trotting records, and the
fast time made by individual animals, have been phenomenal
— hence the term is one that has obtained recognized currency
in turf language.
190 HAIs^DBOOK OP THE TURF.
Piaffer. [Eq.] A passage without gaining ground.
A French term meaning the graceful position of the body of
the horse and the harmonious precision of movement of tlie
legs and feet. The most brilliant kind of piaffer is when the
movement is slow, lofty, in true cadence and with a well-
marked pause as each leg is raised to its highest point.
Picking" Up, is the short for a driver's expression of
"picking a horse up and setting him down in front;" which
means the act of pulling the horse together; rallying him for
a great effort ; going to the lead.
Pig-eon Toed. A defective conformation whereby the
feet point inwardly. Where the defect is such as to impede
the horse in his work, but not otherwise, he is unsound.
Pigskin, The. A jockey's saddle.
Pincliers. The two front incisors of the upper and
lower jaw of the first, and also of the permanent dentition, are
called the "pinchers" or "pincher teeth."
Pink-eye. A contagious influenza of horses; a febrile
disease closely allied to scarlet fever in man, so named from
the pink color of the conjunctiva, (the mucus membrane which
lines the inner surface of the eyelids.) Until cured, an
unsoundness.
Pipe-opener. A brisk exercise given the horse for the
purpose of starting up his wind ; to open him out at a corking
brush for the benefit of his breathing ; to clear out his pipes.
Mr. Marvin says of his training of Sunol: "We trained her
as usual, driving no more miles, but speeding fast quarters,
with an occasional pipe-opener at a half."
Place. The word place in racing means first, second or
third. When a horse is decided by the judges to be first,
second or third in a race he is said to be "placed," or gets a
place; but in the betting a horse must "to win" be first; "for
the place" be second or better; and "to show" be third.
Horses are placed in the race in the position in which they
passed the judges in the deciding heat. A horse not placed in
a deciding heat has no place in the race, nor is he entitled to
any portion of the prize or purse ; provided there is no third
money, in which case the third horse in the race of heats is not
to be deprived of third money if ruled out for not winning a
heat in two, three or more heats, as the case may be.
Placing Horses. In placing or ranking horses other
than the winner in a race, the trotting rules require that those
that have won two heats shall be regarded as better than those
winning one; a horse that has won a heat is better than a
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 191
horse making a dead heat ; one winning one or two heats and
making a dead heat, better than one winning an equal number
of heats but not making a dead heat; one winning a heat or
making a dead heat and not distanced in a race, better than
one that has not won a heat or made a dead heat, and one that
has been placed "• second " one heat, better than a horse that
has been placed " third " any number of heats.
Planer. A track building and finishing machine made
of several patterns, all similar in construction and operated
much alike. In general they consist of a body or framework
of wood and iron, upon four small iron wheels. Under this
framework and between the forward and hind wheels are two
cutters placed diagonally to the body of the machine and to
the track, operated by means of levers controlled by screw
purchase, and by which they are raised or lowered being thus
properly adjusted to the work they have to do. The cutters
are each about thirteen feet long, placed two feet apart ; the
forward one usually has a serrated edge and is called a harrow ;
the rear one is a plane scraper. When at woijc these machines
di'ess or plane a section of the track from seven to nine feet
wide. The usual weight of such planers or track machines is
about two thousand pounds.
Plantar Cushion. A thick pad of fibrous tissue,
situated behind and under the navicular and coffin bones, and
resting on the sole and frog of the foot. It is wedge-shaped,
the narrow, pointed end which is turned forwards and reaches
to the middle of the under surface of the foot, causes the
center triangular prominence known as the frog. The plantar
cushion is one of the most important divisions of the foot, its
office being to receive the downward pressure of the column of
bones in the leg, and to destroy the concussion occasioned by
rapid motion. See Frog.
Plate. A light shoe, or protection for the foot, for run-
ning horses ; a bar plate. They are made of steel or aluminum
and weigh from one and three-fourths to four ounces, accord-
ing to the size and also to the weight the horse is to carry.
They have no calks and are each fastened with six small nails.
Plate. A cup, flagon or other article of precious metal
awarded to the winner in a contest, or to the owner of the
winning horse; a sum of money offered as a prize in a speed
contest, as the "king's plate," "^embers' plate."
The trotter should be bred to trot just as the thoroughbred runs in
plates.— American Horse Breeder.
Plater; Selling- Plater. A horse that competes for
a plate; "selling plater," is a liorse of medium quality or what
192 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
might be termed a low class race horse, such as start in selling
races where the weight is graduated by the price. Class is
determined by ability to go fast for a distance and carry
weight, but the want of class makes the "plater." Still, many
good horses go in such races, their owners backing them
heavily and then buying them in.
Play or Pay. An imperative ruling. In all match
performances where t^ie amount of the match is placed in the
hands of the stakeholder one day before the event comes oft",
the race becomes play or pay; that is, whether the match
comes off or not the stake is forfeited and all the money goes
as wagered. All English races are so declared, and it applies
to all trotting and racing matches under American rules.
Plebeian-Bred. Coarsely bred ; of cold, mongrel blood.
We thought notliing great couhl come from her plebeian-bred dam.—
Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Plug". A common term for an old or used-up horse ; an
awkward, untradable horse ; a lunk-head.
Plug'g'ing'- The act of stopping horses' ears with cotton
in order to render them more steady when in training or at
work ; and to make them less liable to become rattled by the
noise and confusion often occurring on tracks when horses are
at work, or during a race. It is a method that does not succeed
with all horses, and must be employed with great caution.
A great many horses treated in this manner will act as tliough they
were duinb— will not try to go, and Avill stop to sliake tlieir heads
when asked to trot. If yon have a horse that yon think will do
better with this treatment commence with him gradually. That
is, in liis work put just a little cotton in his ears at first, or, wliat is
still better, pnt it in his ears while he is in the stable, and let him
get used to it in that manner. — Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Plunge. A sudden and violent pitching forward of the
body, in which the horse throws himself forward and extends
the hind legs upward; the exertion of great force upon the
propellers to plunge the body forward in an erratic manner.
Mr. Marvin says of one of the horses which he trained : "At
times she plunged violently."
Plunger. To lay large stakes; a dashing, reckless
better ; a venturesome speculator.
Plunger. That part of the interior construction of the
valve-stem in a pneumatic sulky wheel, which prevents the
escape of the air. It consists of a small piston the head of
which is beveled in cone-shape, which plays within the cylinder
and is fitted between sections of rubber and felt packing.
When the air is forced into the tire through this valve-stem by
means of the air pump, the piston is forced back, or down
against a minute spring fixed at the base of the stem; and
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 193
with the cessation of each stroke of the pump, this spring
forces the piston up, the cone-point being pressed against the
packing where it is kept in place, <^hus preventing the escape of
the air.
Pneumatic Sulky. A sulky having a rubber air-
inflated, or pneumatic tire. See Sulky.
Early in 1892, Sterling Elliott, a bicycle manufacturer of Newton, Mass.,
took the large wlieel.s oil' an ordinary sulky and substituted a pair
of 28-inch pneumatic bicycle wheels, (in exactly the same manner
in which thousands of sulkies have been altered since.) This sulky
was taken to a private track and a trainer there employed was
asked to hitch a liorse to it and give it a trial. * * * He had not
ridden the distance from the barn to the track before he began to
look serious, and after the first half mile he made this earnest
statement: "If 1 were going into a race for my life I would take
that sulky in preference to any on which I ever sat." During the
next few days his opinion was endorsed by other horsemen, and
Mr. Elliott at once took steps to secure such rights as he was
entitled to under the patent laws.— Fneumatic Wheels and How to
Apply Them.
1 have understood that the pneumatic tire sulky was first used in some
place in New England. Its real adoption, however, was at the
Detroit Grand Circuit meeting in 1892. There was one sulky sent to
Budd Doble who would not use it for Nancy Hanks. He loaned it
to Ed. Geers who trotted the hoi'se Honest George in it winning his
race. At Cleveland, the week following, there were two sulkies,
and it was at the Cleveland meeting at which their superiority was
positively demonstrated and admitted. From that on everybody
got them as fast as it was possible to have them built and rigged.—
Letter.of Wm. IJ. Fasig, New York.
Pneumatic Tire. A rubber tire fitted to contain air,
attached to the outside of the felloe or rim of a sulky wheel.
There are different patterns, some of which are one-piece tires,
while others are fitted with a second or inner tire, smaller than
the outer. They are molded whole, and are generally one and
three-fourths inch in outside diameter. In the center of some
tires, between the outer and inner sections of vulcanized rubber,
is a section formed of two layers of Sea Island cotton, one-
sixteenth of an inch in thickness, for the purpose of giving
greater strength, and to which the inner tube is vulcanized.
They are attached to the rim by means of shellac or a high grade
of coach varnish, or by a cement, the composition of which is
a manufacturers' secret.
Pocket. A horse is said to be in a pocket when he is in a
race, and is so confined behind a leading horse and between the
pole and another horse, or with a horse on each side of him,
that he cannot get out of his position. The act of his getting
in such pocket may be a perfectly natural one, or it may have
been aided by some one to get a competitor bottled up, or out
of the way, or for the purpose of helping.
Point Pockets. Small pockets in the saddle in which
the ends of the points of the tree rest.
13
194 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Points. Exterior conformation. All those outward feat-
ures or sections of the horse's form, which have different names
and different functions, the union or combination of which
make up the whole exterior of beauty and perfect service.
The term points has commonly been used to describe the mem-
bers, or legs of the horse, as in the phrase : "Bay with black
points," meaning black legs; as though they were the only
points possessed by the horse. In fact, however, every part of
the exterior of the horse form a joint, point, or line to some
other line or distinctive feature in his exterior conformation, is
a point equally with his members or legs. Hence, the error of
applying the word point only to them. The more correct
expression to use in this instance, is : " Bay, with black extrem-
ities ; " or, " bay, with black members ; " the word points should
not be used in this connection.
Points. A system, scheme or schedule of points cover-
ing the conformation, breeding, health, and performance of a
horse, each point represented by an equivalent number, the
sum total of which is perfection ; used in scoring or judging,
and by the test of which system an animal will score a certain
number of points, the range of judgment extending from a
cipher [0] up to the figures indicating perfection in each point
— the sum total of each being cut for defects, or retained at or
near perfection for the presence of excellencies. There is no
one accepted standard of points; there are several distinct
ones each of which have material differences. In some there
are as few as thirteen points on structure or conformation ; in
others as many as twenty or more, in each case the total scale
reaching 100. Some schemes include educational points, or a
given number for the good discipline of a saddle horse — others
exclude this; some include a health scale for soundness and
fre 3dom from vice ; while all embrace historical points which
relate to pedigree, performance and quality or merit of offspring.
Judgment.
SCALE OF
POINTS.
Struct
ural Points.
Perfection.
1.
Head,
7
2.
Xeck,
5
3.
Shoulders, chest, and for
earms.
8
4.
Barrel and coiiplinji,
8
5.
Quarters, croup, stilles and gask
ins,
10
6.
Hocks,
8
7.
Knees,
6
8.
Canons and pasterns,
6
9.
Feet,
10
10.
Color and coat,
6
11.
Size and substance,
10
12.
Symmetry and style,
8
13.
Aclion without speed,
8
Total, 100
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 195
Historical Points.
1. Pffligree,
2. rcrJoriiKinee,
3. Chaructei- ol' progeny,
40
30
30
Total, 100
Point of the Hip. The bony surface, more or less
prominent, which is a little to the rear of the last rib; the
anterior point of the pelvis.
Point of the Shoulder. The prominent bony angle,
on each side of the chest, a little below the junction of the neck
and shoulder.
Point of the Tree. The wooden continuations of the
gullet plate of a saddle.
Point to Point. [Eng.] A phrase describing a race
to take place from one point of a fair hunting country, to
another given point ; which is not to be named till the time of
starting, and is then to be named by a committee previously
selected for the purpose.
Pointer. An item of important information on a race,
obtained in some surreptitious manner, which may be used
with advantage by the person to whom it is communicated.
Pointer. Any unnatural position assumed by the horse's
foot, w^hen standing, or any altered action which indicates
lameness, is said to be a " pointer," or indicator of such trouble.
Pole. The guard-rail on the inside of the track or course,
often called the hub rail. When a horse is given the pole, he
has the inside when the field starts. Posts erected at the quar-
ter on a half-mile track, and at the quarter, half, and three-quar-
ters on a mile track, for the purpose of catching the time made
by horses at those points in a race. On many courses, poles or
posts are erected at each furlong — eight to the mile.
Pole Horse. The pole horse brings the field down to
the wire, after which he has no rights over the other horses;
but he has the right to the pole, provided he can keep it. The
horse winning a heat takes the pole, or inside position, at the
succeeding heat, and all other horses in the field take their
positions in the order assigned to them in judging the previous
heat, and so on until the race is finished.
Poll. That part of the horse's exterior which is on top
of the neck, immediately behind the ear.
Poll Evil. Whether resulting from an injury, or a dis-
ease between the bones of the neck, it is a legal unsoundness.
Pommel. That part of the saddle, often called the head,
which goes over the withers.
196 HII^DBOOK OF THE TURF.
Pony. [Eng.] The sum of £25.
Pool. The combination of a number of persons, each
staking a sum of money on the success of a horse in a race, the
money to be divided among the successful layers according to
the amount put in by each. The box in which tickets on a
race are placed, is called a pool-box.
Port. The tongue-groove of the mouth-piece of a bit.
Its use prevents the horse from taking the pressure on his
tongue, as he might do if the bit were straight, and thus become
heavy or dull in the hand.
Port-bit. A bit having a curved or open place in the
center of the bar. In a perfect bit this groove or opening
should be about two inches wide at the bottom and one inch at
the top.
Position. The station of the horse when standing atten-
tion, or awaiting the rider's or driver's orders and signals.
Position of Horses. Placing, or ranking. The posi-
tion of horses in a heat or race has reference both to their
position as starters and at the finish. As starters, positions are
given by the judges, the place of each horse being determined
by lot. This is overruled, however, on the racing turf by giv-
ing the judges the right to place an unruly or a supposed vicious
horse, where he cannot injure others. At the finish the win-
ner of a heat has the inside j)osition in the following heat, and
the others take their positions on his right in the order in
which they came out in the previous heat. See Drawing for
Position, and Placing Horses.
Post. [Eq.] The act of rising and sinking on the sad-
dle, (when the horse is at the trotting gait), in accordance with
the motion of the horse.
Post. A pole or post marking a boundary, or certain
division or point of the course ; as starting post, distance post,
winning post.
Post stake ; Post Race ; Post Match. By the old
rules of the turf, those by which the New York Jockey Club
governed its races fifty years ago, a post stake was an amount
or sum named at the starting post; and a post match for
horses of a certain age, was one in which the parties had the
privilege of bringing any horse of that age to the post, ready for
starting, without having previously named him. The Turf
Congress rules define a post race as one for which the sub-
scribers declare at the usual time before a race for declaring to
start, the horse or horses they intend to run, without other
limitation of choice than the racing rules and the conditions of
the race prescribed.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 197
Post to Finish. A term applied to the whole heat or
race, especially on the running turf, and referring to the course
of the race from start to wire ; as, <'an honest race from post
to finish;" a square, handsome race all through. Also em])rac-
ing the rules relating to the trotting or running of a match or
heat, as to riders, drivers, starting, fouls, finish, etc.
Posterior Extremity; Posterior Member. That
which is situated behind; the opposite of anterior, meaning
before. In scientific language its meaning is the hind leg or
hind limb of the horse.
P. P. [Eng.] These letters in the announcements or
programmes of the Grand National Hunts, indicate that the
race advertised takes place from "point to point" of a fair
hunting country.
Prance ; Prancing". The rearing or capering motion
of a horse ; said of a horse in high fettle, that he is prancing ;
riding with a proud step.
Prepotency. The power of transmitting; ability to
produce; superior influence.
The clear and uninterrupted succession of trotting qualities is what
makes prepotent sires. — Wallace's Monthly.
When one parent alone displays some newly-acquired and generally
inheritable character, and the oftsprin'g do not inherit it, the
cause may lie Ui the other i^arent having the power of prepotent
transmission.— Animals and Plants under Domestication, Charles
Darwin.
Private Sweepstakes is one to which no money is
added, and which is not publicly advertised previous to the
engagement being made. The racing rules say : " One made
by the owners of the horses engaged without having been pub-
licly open to any others."
Produce Race. A match for which horses are named
by whose produce the race is to be run ; the entries for such
race specifying the dam and sire or sires.
Propellers. The hind legs of the horse in distinction
from the fore legs, which are termed the weight-bearers. Each
limb is required to support the body and act as propeller in
turn, and Prof. Stillman says the anterior one does more than
its share of both offices.
Propping". A form of restiveness similar to kegging.
It is a vice.
Prophet. [Eng.] A tipster ; one who obtains information
concerning horses, races and probable winners, in advance of
the occurrence of the race. A business which was formerly
a regular profession carried on by means of disguises by men,
(and women too), who were able to assume a variety of char-
198 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
acters. Prophets now form a regular craft who work for a
weekly fee, or for percentages on successes ; they use the tele-
graph, and send letters to the sporting press.
Propvilsion. The act of propelling or driving forward ;
the rapid stride of a trotting or running horse.
There is no act of extension fvirtlier than the extension of the body
upon the thigli. It is not until tlie center of motion, or lieatl of tlie
tliigli lias passed over the foot that extension is possible. * * *
The act of propulsion begins from the moment that the hind foot
takes the ground and its contraction begins.— The Horse in Motion,
J. D. B. Stillman.
Protecting" a Horse. A term referring to the act of
the judges in protecting the pole horse, when the field is scor-
ing, in not allowing any horse to come to the wire in advance
of him.
Protest. Any complaint or charge made against any
horse, rider, driver or owner, or against the decisions of the
judges, upon any feature of the race or heat ; whether com-
plaining of a fraud or foul, or for the violation of any rule.
The protest may be made verbally before the purse or winnings
are paid, and reduced to writing when required ; charges to be
filed with the evidence, under oath, when so demanded.
Public Race. A public race is defined to be any con-
test for stake, premium, purse or wager, and involving admis-
sion fees, on any track or course, in the presence, and under
the direction of duly appointed judges and timers.
Pufliness. Softness. An indication of a strain or
injury to the tendons of the legs.
Pullers. Horses that pull hard on the reins; those
having hard mouths. It is believed to be contrary to the facts
to say that a horse cannot pull hard and last. That they fail
to stay is often the fault of their riders and drivers.
There is no cure for a pulling horse, however, like that of not pulling
. against him.— Joseph Cairn Simpson.
Wlieii a horse pulls I do not think it at all expedient to get rid of the
pull by means of punishing bits, bridi)oiis, or such like devices.
The trotter that goes at his best rate, while pulling hard, had best
be borne with. If you iret rid of the pull by means of the appli-
ances just alluded to, you will soon get rid of some of the trot.—
The Trotting Horse of America, Hiram Woodruff.
Pulling'. The act of slowing or lessening the sj^eed of a
horse during a heat, by the driver. If such act is performed
with a design to prevent his winning a heat or place Avhich he
is perfectly able to win ; or for the evident purpose of aiding
or perpetrating a fraud, such driver shall be taken from his
sulky and another driver substituted, the oifending horse pun-
ished, and the driver fined, suspended or expelled, at the dis-
cretion of the judges.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 199
Pull to the Gait. The act of catching a horse, and
bringing- him to his gait, after a break. The trotting rules
are very severe on a dri^^er who neglects to instantly pull a
horse to his gait should he break during a heat. If he does
not do so, the horse is liable to be distanced, and the driver
punished by fine or susj)ension. Different means are used by
drivers to accomplish this, which must depend upon the dispo-
sition of the horse and the manner in which he has been
trained.
Pulled Tog'ether. [Eq.] A phrase indicating that the
horse is well collected, or gathered.
It is a very expressive term.— Tlie Book of the Horse, Samuel Sidney.
Pull Up. To stop in riding or driving ; to pull up at
the close of a heat when beaten ; the act of sawing the reins
when a horse has the bit between his teeth, to make him dis-
lodge it.
If you find you are beaten easily, piill up; spare your horse, and avoid
the cruel and unspt)rtsmanl"ike i)ractice of Hogging a beaten horse
all the way home.— The Book of the Horse, Samuel Sidney.
Pulp of the Teeth. A soft substance furnished with
blood-vessels and nerves, constituting the central axis of the
tooth, and affording the means by which its vitality is pre-
served. In teeth which have ceased to grow the pulp occupies
a comparatively small space, w^hich, in the dried tooth, is
called the pulp-cavity; while with advanced age it often
becomes obliterated, and the pulp itself converted into bone-
like material.
Pulse. The circulation of the blood through the heart,
which, in the horse, is taken at the angle of the jaw where the
artery crosses the bone. The normal beat is from thirty-six to
forty-six times a minute, according to the breed, disposition
and temperament. The various characteristics of the pulse are :
Slow — where the number of beats is less than normal ; soft —
where the beat is rather weak, but not over-rapid; small —
where the sensation conveyed to the finger is one of lessened
diameter of the artery ; full, strong — where there is a bounding
sensation as though from an over-distention of the artery wdth
each beat ; iveak; feeble — where the beat is hardly perceptible ;
quick — where the beats are more rapid than normal; hard —
where the beats are tense, incompressible, vibrating and more
frequent than normal; irregular — where several pulsations
come in quick succession, and are then followed by a pause ;
intermittent — where the beat is lost at regular intervals.
Pumice Sole; Puuiice Feet. An inflammation of
the feet, wdiich results in an excessive growth of soft, spongy
200 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
horn in front of the laminae of the toe, separating the coffin-
bone from the hoof-wall. Its presence stamps the horse as
unsound.
Pumping. The act of lifting a horse by the bit, or
pulling back on him, when in a race, then letting him out,
and repeating the operation constantly, to induce speed ; urging
a horse by the reins, as, "in the last heat Vet. Hanscomb
pumped Honest John half the way round."
Punisliment. Any fine, or other penalty imposed by the
judges upon a horse, rider or driver, for any improper con-
duct or attempted wrong during a heat or race. All such
punishments may be inflicted without notice or warning. The
unnecessary or unwarranted flogging of a horse during a race
or heat.
Punter. [Eng.] One who lays a wager against a
book-maker.
Pure Gaited. A horse that trots squarely, without
hitching, crossing, overreaching or swinging out ; a perfectly
balanced trotter — such a horse is said to be "pure gaited."
Purse. A specified sum of money, or other prize,
offered by an association for a race, to which an entrance fee
may, or may not, be required. Where an entrance fee is
required, it is not returnable on the death of the horse or his
failure to start.
Push ; Push Him. A term used to indicate that a
driver or rider is urging, or forcing his horse; when such
extra force is being used, it is said that he is "pushing him,"
or " pushing his horse."
Put Up. When judges are dissatisfied with the manner
in which a horse is being ridden or driven, they have the right
to put another rider or driver in the saddle or sulky ; and this
is termed to " put up," or putting up. For such act no inter-
ference can be made by the owner, rider or trainer ; and any
driver or jockey who refuses to be put up, may be at once
ruled off the course.
Quality. A high degree of excellence in breeding;
good blood ; hence, a good horse is one of quality ; a blooded
one ; one giving evidence of character in the form and expres-
sion of the head, the symmetry of the limbs, and the velvet-
like softness of the hair and skin. More specifically quality is
shown in the manifest superiority of texture, both of bone and
muscle — the bone being compact, not cancellated; the muscles
free from adulteration — that is, free from adipose and cellular
tissue, fat, etc. Quality is mentally dependant on nerve-tissue,
the source of all muscular motion, sensation and intelligence.
Quality in individual points embraces a neat, expressive head;
a countenance indicative of ability ; neat legs ; strength, with
refinement of make ; ample bones ; quality in the tendons ;
courage and superior physical power.
It is tins quality of organism in its greatest perfection which enables
the horse to stand up. iinder preparation and training, year and
year, profiling by his education and improving with age, that
makes the really valuable turf horse. It is a quality more valuable
than speed, because whatever measure of speed it possesses can be
depended upon and improved. In sliort, it is the quality which
distinguishes the thoroughbred from tlie dunghill. Tlie number of
heats and races won. and the number of successful years upon the
turf, are more reliable lamps by which the breeder may guide his
footsteps than the record of colt stakes and mere tests of speed. —
Horse Breeding, J. H. Sanders.
Quarters. Those parts of the body which embrace the
fore and hind quarters — the former including the part from
the withers and shoulder to the arm ; the latter from the hip
and flank to the gaskin, or, in other words, including the
entire thigh and haunch. Both quarters should have that
fulness and roundness which good judges so much admire in
these parts of the horse. The quarters of the foot are the
names given to the two sides, or lateral regions of the wall
between the toe and heel, and known as the outer and inner
quarters.
Quarter Blanket. A blanket which reaches from the
tail to a point just forward of the saddle, and is intended only
for street use.
Quarter Crack; Sand Crack. A crack or fissure,
generally extending from the coronet downward, for a variable
distance, in the direction of the horny fibers of the foot.
Often caused by allowing the foot to grow long and the horn
201
202 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
to become dry and hard, when the expansion of the foot at
the coronet cracks the inelastic hoof below it. It is a legal
unsoundness. See Sand Crack.
Quarter Cut ; Quarter GrabMng-. The act of the
horse when at speed, by which he grabs, or cuts the quarters
of the fore feet by one or the other of the hind feet. This
may be due to faulty conformation, but it is often caused by a
misstep or a break. It is generally the outside quarter that is
most liable to injury, and the special use of quarter boots on
the fore feet is to prevent them from being cut by horses that
are quarter grabbers.
Quarter Horse. A horse that is good for a dash for
a quarter of a mile at high speed ; a sprinter ; not a stayer for a
long distance ; a quitter.
Quarter Mile. AVorld's running record to close of
1893 : Bob Wade, four years old, at Butte, Montana, August
20, 1890; 0.21f
Quarterstretch. The homestretch of the course.
Queens of the Turf. The queens of the trotting turf,
to the close of the year 1893, have been: 1. Lady Suffolk,
gr. m. foaled in 1833; by Engineer 2d, (3); dam, by Don
Quioxite, by Messenger; Hoboken, N. J., October 7, 1844,
2:28. — 2. Highland Maid, (a converted pacer), b. m. foaled in
1847; by Saltram; dam, Roxana, by Hickory; Centerville,
N. Y., June 15, 1853, 2:27. — 3. Flora Temple, b. m. foaled in
1845; by Bogus Hunter; dam, Madam Temple, by the Terry
Horse; East New York, N. Y., September 2, 1856, 2.24^. She
had a reign extending from 1856 to 1867, her best time being
2:19^, at Kalamazoo, Michigan, October 15, 1859, — 4. Gold-
smith Maid, b. m., foaled in 1857; by Abdallah, (15), by
Abdallah (1), Milwaukee, Wis., September 6, 1871, 2:17. She
•reigned from 1871 to 1878, her best time having been made at
Boston, Mass., September 2, 1874, 2:14, when she was seventeen
years old. — 5. i\Iaud S., ch. m., foaled in 1874; by Harold,
(413); dam. Miss Russell, by Pilot. Jr., (12). In 1880 she
lowered the world's record, but her time was beaten the same
year by St. Julien. At Rochester, N. Y., August 11, 1881,
she trotted in 2:10|, and from that time to 1891 her reign
was undisputed, except for a single day, (August 1, 1884),
when Jay-Eye-See beat her at Providence, R. I., by three-quar-
ters of a second. Her best time was made at Cleveland, Ohio,
July 30, 1885, 2:08f.— 6. Sunol, b. m., foaled in 1886; by
Electioneer, (125); dam, Waxana, by General Benton, (1755) ;
Stockton, California, October 20, 1891, 2:08f — 7. Nancy Hanks,
br. m., foaled in 1886 ; by Happy Medium, (400); dam, Nancy
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 203
Lee, by Dictator, (11-5); Terre Haute, Indiana, September 28,
1892, 2:04.
In a career extending from 1838 1o ISni, Lady Suffolk won a total of
eiglity-ihree ruci's. Flora Temple IkuI ninety-six winning raees to
her credit, and her inrf career extended from 185:^ to 1861. The
career of Goidsmilh 3Iaid was largely nnnle up of exhibition races.
From 181)7 to 1877 she won one hundred and fourteen contests, ami
made three hundred and thirty-two heats In 2:30 ov better— a tri-
umph never approacheil by any other animal. Her earnings dur-
ing this lime were over ;^2.">0,()00. Her ]>ublic career closetl the year
she was twenty years old, but in that year her campaign comprised
twelve victories, in whicii she trotteil seventeen heals better than
2:20, including one in '2:14.V, " Tlie day she was twenty-one years
old," writes John Splan, •'liudd Di;ble drove lier for Governor Stan-
ford a mile in 2:20 — a performance I never expect to see any other
animal make under similar conditions." Mautl S. was nine years
old when she trotted in 2:08|. The distinction, "Queen of the'high
wheel sulky," is claimed for her, by her record of 2:08J at Cleve-
land, Ohio, July 30, 1885, the record of Siniol, at Stockton, California,
October 20, 1891, of the same mark, 2:08|, having been made over a
kite track. When Nancy Hanks trotted at Independence, Missouri,
August 31, 1892, in 2:051, the trotting and pacing records were placed
on an equality for that period.
Queer. A term applied to a horse that is a kicker. To
say that he is "queer behind," means that he kicks and must
be looked out for; as in the term, "this horse is queer."
Quidcling-. The act of partly chewing the hay and
allowing it to drop from the mouth. It is a habit generally
due to irregular teeth. In cases where, from irregular teeth,
the sides of the mouth become lacerated, quidding is an
unsoundness while it lasts.
Quietness. A warranty of soundness does not imply
quietness on the part of the horse sold.
Quintet, The. [Eng.] The five mighty reunions or
meets of the English turf, viz : Epsom, Doncaster, Goodwood,
Ascot and York, are known as " the quintet."
Quit. To stop in a race.
It is my idea that the more finely organized and better bred a horse is,
the more liable he is to quit when out of condition.— Life with the
Trotters, John Splan.
Quitting-. The act of giving up a heat or race. It is
said of a horse that lacks courage that he is a "quitter;" the
term denoting not so much want of training and work, as lack
of real courage or nervous force.
True quitting is a mental quality — cowardice, faint-heartedness.—
Training the Trotting Horse, Ch'arles Marvin.
Some quitters are fair campaigners. This fact may tend to show that
quitting is a mental, and not a physical infirmity; a lack ot cour-
age and perseveran(te rather than of hardiness, which I believe to
be the general opinion of liorsemen.— Wallace's Monthly.
Quittor, may be described as a number of abscesses, in
most cases at the coronet, towards the quarters or heels, giving
great pain and causing much lameness. It indicates a very
serious condition of the feet, and is a legal unsoundness.
Race. A race includes any purse, match, stake, premium
or sweepstakes for which a contest of speed is made by horses,
over any course or track. The term includes both trotting
and running contests, and whether in harness, to wagon or
under the saddle. Hence racing means the sport or practice of
trotting and running horses. A public race is understood to
mean a race for any prize, for which an admission fee is
charged, and at which judges and timers take direction of the
trial.
Race Record. A record obtained in a regular race, as
distinguished from a record made against time. ^
Horses with race records bring the best i)rices. — Tlie Horseman.
Racer. The thoroughbred English or American horse ;
a running bred horse.
In a work published at London In 1836, entitled " Comparative View of
tlie Form and Character of the English Racer and Saddle Horse
During tlie Last and Present Centuries," enibellislied with eigiiteeu
fine plates of famous liorses, a celebrated racer called Old Partner,
foaled in 1718, is represented as galloping in clothing which greatly
conceals his form. So also in the portrait of tlie famous racer,
Sedbury, foaled in 1734, (both painted by Seymour, a noted animal
painter), the horse's body is much concealed by clothing — a large
blanket being strapped closely about his body, extending up on the
neck one-third of the way to the poll, with an apron fastened around
his breast and dropping nearly half way to the knees. Both horses
are represented at full running speed.
Racing Calendar. A stud book; a registry of the
pedigrees and performances of running horses. It is said that
th^ first English racing calendar was issued by John Cheny in
1727. The English Jockey Club, which had been established
seven years previous to this period, had taken an active part in
preserving pedigrees of horses, which w^ere probably published
in this first calendar. In 1751 the records that had appeared
in this old calendar and other sporting publications, were com-
piled and published in a collected form, but it was not until
1791 that the English Stud Book apiDeared in its present shape,
since which time it has been continued to this day.
The publication of the Stud Book marked an era in the science of
breeding. It was the first effort to establish special books for
recording animal pedigrees for preservation and for purposes of
study; and the jiractice has spread to every land where thorough-
bred's are bred, and the method has been extended to every impor-
tant breed of live stock. English racing first showed that super-
iority could only be maintained by purity of blood. It took a
204
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 205
hundred years or more to establish that doctrine so as to be
generally accepted. The annual publication of 1al)les of " winning
sires" began many years before the 8tud Booli appeared. We have
now such annual tables extending back lor more than a hundred
years, and, from a careful study of the earlier ones, men came to
see tliat success, as shown by winnings, came from purity of blood,
and not from witle adniixture.— Dr. W. 11. Brewer, Yale College.
The standard of admission to the first volume of the Stud Book Jippears
to have been simply creditable performance upon the turf, as
shown by the Racing Calendar, it being tjiken for granted that no
horse could be a creditable performer that was not well bred— an
assumption that has never yet been found at fault.— Horse Breed-
ing, J. H. Samlers.
Racing" Plate. A very narrow, light rim of steel or
aluminum, weigliiug not more than from two to three ounces,
about half an inch in width, and used as a shoe for running
horses. The rules of the Turf Congress forbid the use of shoes
in races, but allow that of a plate.
Rack; Racking". A gait which is a modification of
the pace, and is often very appropriately called single footing.
In racking the fore feet move as in a slow gallop, while the
hind feet move as in a trot, or pace. When the horse is going
at this gait, we hear the four distinct strokes of the four differ-
ent limbs, for each foot strikes the ground singly, and inde-
pendent of the others. In making the complete revolution,
therefore, the count is — one, two, three, four — one, two, three,
four; while in either trotting or pacing the count is — one,
two ; one, two. The confusion of terms regarding this gait is
occasioned by the fact that the gait itself is somewhat varied
according as the horse which racks carries the one or the other
fore foot foremost in the galloping action of the fore feet.
Hence many have confounded the rack with the pace and itsed
the words synonymously. A horse which racks after a slower
trot, is esteemed much inferior to one which only changes to
this gait after moving at a greater speed.
Rank of Distanced Horses. AVhen horses are dis-
tanced in the first heat of a race, their rank is equal ; but when
they are distanced in any subsequent heat, they rank as to
each other in the order of the positions to which they were
entitled at the start of the heat in which they were distanced.
Ranks, The. A term used to describe that portion of
the field not iqD to par ; those far in the rear of the contending
horses; the "rank and file," or common members of the field.
Rarey Cord ; War Bridle. A simple halter used in
giving colts their first lessons in harness where they have not
been well broken to the halter, or not handled till two or
three years old. It is made of a piece of sash-cord fourteen
feet long. Tie a good knot at the end by putting the end
through twice before tieing down. Tie a half-knot, (a regular
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
halter knot), about one foot from this and put the end knot
through, making a small loop that will fit the colt's under jaw.
This knot and loop should be wound with soft cloth or leather
before being used. Standing on the near side, put the small
loop over the neck, pass the long end through the loop and
draw down to about the size of a headstall. Pass the right
hand under the jaw, and take firm hold of the nose on top,
with the left hand slip the small loop on the under jaw, place
the rope on top of the neck close to the ears. In two or three
lessons with this cord, any colt, however high tempered, can
be taught to lead in any place, or in any manner desired by
the trainer.
Rarey System, The. The system of educating horses
generally known as the Rarey System, and practiced with so
much success by Mr. John S. Rarey, its originator, is based
upon these three simple principles: 1. That any young horse
can be taught to do anything that a horse can do, if taught in
a proper manner. 2. That no horse is conscious of his
strength until he has resisted and conquered a man ; therefore, '
that the colt should always be handled in such manner that
he shall not find out his strength. 8. That as seeing, smelling,
feeling and hearing are the senses by which the horse examines
every strange object, w^e may, by allowing him to exercise
these senses, reconcile him to any object or sound that does
not hurt him. It is, undoubtedly, the recognition of these
principles and their practice in horse management, to which is
due the success of the various systems of educating colts, and
handling or subduing vicious horses, in use by many horsemen
and professional trainers of the present day.
Rating Driver. A term applied to the driver in a
race who comprehends at each step the rate at which his horse
is going, and is able to so gauge and control him in such man-
ner as to make him do his best, save himself and yet win. Such
a driver, however, is unable to rate the speed of any horse in
the race but his own.
Crit Davis I call a rating driver: he seems to know about how well his
horses can '^o before they start, aiul then rates them along to accom-
plish the mile in that way. — Lile with the Trotters, John Splan.
Ration. Fodder ; provender ; the daily feed for a horse.
Hay and oats form the " staff of life " in the keep ,of the horse.
The only hay that should ever be given is clean, pure Timothy.
Old hay is always preferable to new. If possible it should not
be used till a year old ; crisp, clean, fresh, free from dust, of a
greenish color, and possessing a sweet, pleasant smell. New
hay is hard to digest, is liable to produce excessive salivation
and purging. A. normal ration is four pounds at a feed, three
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 207
times a day. Of the grains, oats always take the lead. The
usual ration is from ten to twelve quarts a day in three equal
rations. Barley is frequently used for work horses. Corn is a
heavier food than oats, more fattening, but may be given in
cold weather, in small quantities, cracked and mixed with oats,
(in some cases), but generally preferred whole. A bran mash
serves to keep the bowels open and may be given once or twice
a week, according to condition. Always give it at night. Of
the roots, potatoes and carrots are most esteemed. These are
the general essentials, to be varied according to the condition
of the horse, the work he is doing and the work required of
him in the future. The subject of feeding is a whole study in
itself, and one which the groom should master in all its
details, according to the individual peculiarities and different
constitutions of each of the horses under his care. See Bran
Mash and Oats.
Rattled. When a horse becomes confused or unsteady
in a race, is obstinate and unmanageable, he is said to be " rat-
tled," to have his head turned.
Ill the contusion Palo Alto became rattled and made a very bad break.
—Training the Trotting Horse, Cliarles Marvin.
Readying. [Eng.] Explained by the quotation :
Trial in a horse case. Question: Do you mean to say tliat you don't
know what was meant by " readying" Success? Answer : Ot course
I know what it means. It means pulling.— London Standard.
Rearing". When a horse rears furiously the rider should
bend w^ell over the horse's neck, lower the hands and pull him
vigorously to one side or the other. Rearing is a serious vice.
Record. A fact written down officially for preservation
and future reference ; the time made in a race ; the best
recorded achievement of speed. Every public performance for
a purse, stake or premium must be timed, and the time thus
made written down in a book and attested by the signatures of
the judges. This writing in the book is the record, and when
once made must remain till blotted out. When one horse trots
against another the time made by the horse first to pass under
the wire is recorded against him. When a horse trots against
time, say to beat 2:28, and the time is recorded as 2:28^, that
time is officially ascertained and must be officially recorded.
The common theory that because a horse fails to win he fails
to make a record, does not hold. In hundreds of instances a
horse is first in a heat and is distanced in the next, and fails to
win a dollar. But he has made a record.
Record Breaker. Any horse that lowers a record ; a
horse making faster time than that which has previously stood
as the record for age, class or distance.
208 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Recovery. A catch at breaking which brings the horse
to his gait. When the horse at such time catches his gait and
goes to speed, he is said to " recover"; to have recovered.
Everybody knows that pacers are ordinarily not as liaudy in recover-
ing Iruni a break as are trotters.— Wallace's Monthly.
Rectangular Course. A rectangle is a plane having
all its angles right angles, and its opposite sides consequently
equal. Hence a rectangular track or course is one commonly
called a four-cornered track, with four short stretches and four
turns ; of which the track at Terre Haute, Indiana, on which
Nancy Hanks made her record of 2:04, is an example.
Reefing". Driving for every inch of speed the horse has
in him ; using the whip ; urging ; hard driving ; forcing the
pace by every known means ; rallying the horse by voice and
rein to his best effort.
Refuser. A horse that refuses an obstacle or a hurdle,
either from fear, contrary disposition, having been badly edu-
cated, is afraid of forcing his bit, or of hurting himself when
taking-off. By the turf rules, a refuser having been led over
an obstacle, is disqualified from winning, although he comes in
first.
Registry Certificate. A certificate from any estab-
lished or well recognized registry association for recording
either pedigrees or records, that the pedigree or record of which
it is a copy, has been duly received and is eligible to registry
and publication.
Regular Meeting. A regular meeting is construed to
mean a meeting advertised in a public journal not less than
one week before the commencement of the same, and at which
meeting no less than two regular events, (purse or stake), take
place on each day, to which an entrance fee is paid or a sub- .
scription made ; entries must be made as provided in all cases,
and matches or races must take place over the tracks of the
National or American Associations.
Regulation Track. A regulation track is one gener-
ally understood to mean a track the stretches and tm'ns of
which are each eighty rods long ; again it has been taken to
mean one in which the stretches are shorter and the turns
longer. But the shape of a track will always depend much
upon the lay of the land. That at Springfield, Mass., has
stretches one hundred rods long, and turns correspondingly
shorter; the track at Rigby Park, Maine, has seventy rod
stretches and eighty rod turns, and the track at Terre
Haute, Ind., has four stretches and four short turns — yet they
are all regulation tracks. On a regulation track the horses
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 209
start from a wire stretched across the track from the judges'
stand, and linish at the same point. In another sense a regu-
lation track has come to mean a track in membership with the
National or American Trotting Associations, as distinguished
from a free track, or one not in membership with either
association.
Keins. That part of the harness consisting of leading-
lines or straps, passing through the Ds on the gig-saddle, and
fastened to the bit on each side, by which the horse is guided.
Reiu-back. The act of moving a horse backward by
the reins.
Rein-liolder. A clasp or clip on the dashboard of a
carriage by which to hold the reins after the driver has
alighted.
Rein-holders. Devices in the form of adjustable metal
buttons or clamps, to prevent the slipping of the rein in the
hand, thus enabling the driver to obtain a better hold upon
the reins in controlling the horse.
Rein-hook ; Water-hook. A hook on the gig-saddle
or jack-saddle of a harness for the purpose of securing the
check or bearing rein in place.
Reiiisman. A person skilled in managing horses; an
expert driver.
Reinforced Girth. A saddle girth having a double
thickness or backing of strong leather is called a "reinforced
girth." Long before the use of the bike sulky, John Splan
wrote : " Be sure and have a good, strong saddle and an extra
wide, soft girth, as there is where most of the strain comes on
a track harness." This is even more true with the pneumatic
sulky than before, and the need of reinforced girths is conse-
quently greater.
Reinstatement. The act of restoring one to a position
from which he has been removed. All persons who may have
been suspended by the judges of a race from any cause, have
the right of appeal from such decisions or rulings, which
appeal, with a statement of all the facts in the case, goes to the
Board of Review or Board of Appeals of the governing associa-
tion, where it is carefully considered, and in many cases the
horse, party, or track suspended, is again reinstated to full
privileges.
Repeat. To give a horse an additional exercise of a
mile, after he has already been driven one mile ; as " a mile
and repeat."
14
210 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Repeater. A watch that, on the compression of a
spring, indicates the seconds and fractions of a second; a
watch often known as a split-second watch, by which horses
are timed in a race.
Resilience. Resistance backwards ; a term denoting the
resistance which a horse and sulky meet in passing through
the air at a high speed.
Responding". A term describing the act of the horse
in understanding and yielding to the wishes of his rider or
driver; more especially used in speaking of the action of a
horse under the saddle.
Some men inspire confidence so readily that a liorse will take hold and
do all he knows the first time the man drives him. For another
man the same horse will not irut a yard.— Hiram AVoodruff.
Rest. It is an interesting fact that a horse never rests
on two legs, but always on the two anterior or forward, and one
posterior or hind leg, so that the center of gravity always falls
within a triangle.
The tendinous fibers or tissues, (serratus muscle), of the fore legs are
incapable of iatigue, hence the horse has no occasion to rest tliem,
and will stand in his stall all day without resting either of his
forelegs; while in the hind leg the labor falls upon the triceps of
pure muscular fiber and be will be observed to rest his hind legs
alternately.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Slilhnan.
Resting Break. A change of gait made quickly by a
horse at high speed for the purpose of giving an instant of
rest to the muscles of locomotion ; very different from that
made by the unsteady, hard-mouthed, repeated breaker in a
race.
Sometimes a horse seeks relief in a break, but as to the ultimate
benefit of "resting breaks" I am skeptical. 1 think tlie steady
horse makes the mile Avilh greater ease than the one that engages
in the rather violent exercise of "breaking and catching." — Train-
ing the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Restiveness stands at the head of all the vices of the
horse, for it includes many different vices and assumes forms
which are dangerous to rider and groom. Among the different
forms are pawing, or striking with the fore feet; rearing;
pltmging; kegging; gibbing, or backing; propping, and kick-
ing. Generally these various forms of restiveness are the
result of bad temper and worse education, and like most habits
founded on natttre and confirmed by education are inveterate.
Review, Boards of. The board of review of the
National Trotting xVssociation is made up of one member from
each district of the board of apj^eals, and possesses the
authority and performs the office and duties which belong to
the board of appeals, and has jm-isdiction on such matters relat-
ing to the turf arising in their respective districts, " as may be
delegated to them by the board of appeals." Of the American
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 211
Trotting Association there is a board of review in each state,
district and territory of the United States, and in each foreign
state or country in which there is one or more members, which
has "original jurisdiction of all matters relating to the turf
arising on the grounds of members in such state," as well as
all cases of appeal brought to it under the by-laws of the
association.
Klieuinatism. A form of inflammation attacking the
fibrous structures, (tendons, joints, muscles, etc.), of the bodj'^;
largely dependent on constitutional predisposition transmitted
from ancestors to offspring. It is an unsoundness only when
it has become a determined and constitutional complaint ; and
where no relapse of it has occurred for some time, and it may
be considered a permanent cure has been effected, the animal
may be given a certificate of soundness.
Ribs. The region of the ribs of the horse is bounded by
the shoulders in front ; by the flanks behind ; by the back
above, and by the belly and brisket, (sternum), below.
Ribbons. Reins ; leading-lines to a harness by which
the horse or horses are controlled. To " handle the ribbons "
is to drive ; to hold the reins.
Jim Keegan handled the ribbons over tlie six fine grays when President
Grant was received in Angusta, in fine style; and many a man on
the street no doubt thought him a more important person than the
President. — Daily paj^er.
Ride ; Rider. To be carried on the back of a horse ;
to sit in a sulky or buggy and manage a horse in motion ; to
ride a race. Hence a rider is a person who rides on horse-
back ; one who is skilled in horsemanship.
Ride and Tie. A method of riding by two persons
having but one horse between them, much practiced in early
times by those travelling. The plan was for one person to
ride half a mile or more, according to the agreement, then
dismount, hitch the horse and walk. The second person
coming up on foot would take the horse and ride his turn,
going ahead of the one walking, and tieing the horse for him
for his next turn at riding, and so on the entire distance.
Riding- a Race. The four different methods or tactics
to be used in riding a race are denominated: 1. Waiting; 2.
Making the running; 3. Waiting in front; 4. Keeping with
one's horses. See particular definitions under each heading.
Ridg-ling ; Ridgel ; Rig-g-ot. A male animal having
one testicle ; a horse half castrated ; a nag. The courts have
decided that a ridgling is a horse ; not a gelding.
Rig". A jockey's outfit. The colors worn by jockeys are
often gorgeous and brilliant. Generally the oldest stables
212 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
have the simplest and least variegated colors ; the newer ones
the most complex. Among the former are the blue jacket
with orange sleeves and blue cap ; and the blue jacket, orange
sleeves and orange cap. In some, stripes of color run in rings
around the body of the jacket, or around the sleeves, or the
cap; in others the colors are in vertical or diagonal lines.
There are over two thousand running stables in the United
States, the riders of no two being rigged in precisely the same
colors or combination of colors.
Rim. The felloe of a sulky wheel, of wood or steel,
which forms the support of the tire, and into which the spokes
are inserted. Hickory is the wood most used for this purpose ;
and when the rim is made of steel, for holding the pneumatic
tire, it is rolled cold, united with a brazed joint.
Ring-bone. Bony growths which usually begin as
inflammation of the membrane covering the bones at such
points in the structure as give attachment to ligaments, viz:
on one or both pastern bones, and which sometimes extend to
the interphalangeal joints. In cases where the flexibility of
the cartilage is altered or lost, it is an unsoundness ; but where
it is only in front of the pastern bone, and not in the way of
any joint, or approaching the heels, it is a blemish.
Ringer. A horse that has been painted or disguised to
represent another or different horse, with the intent to have
him concealed in identity, in order that he may be taken in
different circuits and entered in a class slower than that in
which he belongs, and thus win races and obtain purses in a
fraudulent manner. Consular rules have been adopted by
England and Germany prohibiting the importation of horses
from this country, for racing purposes, unless the owner lodges
with the secretary of the track a certificate of identity, pedi-
gree and record, from the secretary of the National Trotting
Association of the United States. All turf rules have severe
punishment for a horse that is a ringer, and many of the
states have enacted laws making the operations of a ringer a
crime punishable by imprisonment of its owner, agent or
driver. See Law.
The man who starts out with a ringer, starts out to steal. — Spirit of the
Hub.
Roach or High-back, the reverse of low-back, or
saddle back, is held to be a blemish.
Road Cart. A jogging cart ; a sulkyette ; a half-sulky
for road purposes. Built somewhat heavier than a speed
sulky, weighing from seventy-five to eighty pounds, having a
low foot-rest, and dasher for protection of the legs from mud
and dirt.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 213
Roadster. A carriage horse as distinguished from a
speed or draft horse ; a gent's driver ; a horse used in driving
for pleasure. He should weigh 1100 pounds, be handsome in
every outline and point ; showy ; sound. He should have his
nose above the line of his back; be well proportioned; well
" set up " ; kind ; fast. The best color is bay.
The ideal roadster starts slowly, fjradually warms np to his work, and
after ten miles or so, (just as the inferior liorse lias had enouKh),
bejiins to be full of play. Such pre-eminently is the habit of the
Morgan family.— Road, Track, and Stable, H. C. Merwin.
It requires a combination of qualities rarely met with in any animal to
make a perfect road horse. I find it much easier to select and
buy a first-class race horse than a road horse which would please
the ordinary road driver. It will be impossible to find one that will
be perfect in three or four different positions, or in other words you
cannot expect to use your horse in the ordinary family carriage
five days in a week anil then have him able to go at a high rate of
speed the other two. In picking out a road horse, alwavs be sure
and buy one that is perfectly sound. Test the horse thorougldy as
to kindness and ability to draw weight at a high rate of speed.— Life
with the Trotters, John Splan.
Roaring". A wheezing, or hoarse rasping sound made
in the upper part of the windpipe, (larynx), in breathing, and
especially when excited, or galloped up a steep hill, or put to
rapid work. It is generally due to paralysis and wasting of
the muscles on the left side of the larnyx, which opens the
channel for the air, and in such cases the roaring is only pro-
duced in drawing air in. Roaring is an unsoundness.
An animal that is a roarer should not be used for breeding purposes,
no matter how valuable the stock. The taint is transmissible in
many instances, and there is not the least doubt in the minds of
those who know best that the offspring whose sire or dam is a
roarer, is born with an hereditary predisposition to the affection. —
W. H. Harbaugh, V. S.
RoUs. Devices used upon the ankle of the horse for
various preventive purposes. The calking roll is to prevent
him from standing in the stable with one foot on another ; the
shoe-boil roll is to prevent the horse from getting the calk of
the shoe under the arm while lying down, causing a shoe-boil ;
the shin roll is used as a protection to the legs between the
knee and ankle. They are made of buckskin or enameled
leather, web or kid, and often stuffed with hair to render them
soft.
Roning-inotion Shoe. A shoe specially fitted for
horses inclined to stumble, or for those having a peculiar
motion of the fore legs, to assist them in a more balanced
action. The shoe has four calks, and is of great convexity on
the ground surface. It is designed to give the horse more
action and make him raise his feet high, so that, in placing
them down, there is nothing to impede his movements or
cause him to stumble, as is often the case with horses shod
with shoes having the ordinary toe-calk.
214 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Roomy. A term used in describing a perfectly shaped
brood mare; as a horse having a long, deep, wide middle,
with a well-developed pelvic boundary.
Kosettes. Metal ornaments attached to the upper parts
of the side pieces of a headstall ; embossed and plain ; con-
taining fancy device, initial or monogram.
Roug'li-g'aited. A horse is said to be " rough-gaited "
when he travels in a hitching, unbalanced way ; a horse that
hobbles, falters and breaks in his ordinary gait, or when put
to speed.
Rounding' To. A term used to denote the art of again
getting a horse into condition after a hard race. It takes
some horses a long time to recover, others will do it more
quickly. Mr. Marvin says : " On returning from the East, I
found AVildflower and Manzanita somewhat broken up, and
both were some time in 'rounding to' again."
Rovmd-course. What was, without doubt, the first
round, circular or oval race track ever built, was that estab-
lished at Newmarket, England, in 1666. . It was three miles,
four furlongs and one hundred and seventy-eight yards long.
Rowel. One of the short, pointed arms on the circle,
or wheel of a horseman's spur.
RoAvley Mile. Where the two thousand guineas stakes
is run — the important opening three-year-old event of the year
on the English turf. The distance was formerly one mile one
yard; but is now one mile eleven yards.
Rubber. A person who rubs down, dresses or cares for
horses; especially one who rubs a race horse after he has
trotted or ran a heat or race ; a person who has graduated as
a stable-boy and is apprentice to a trainer.
In attending to a hovse as famous as Rarus, the head rubber must be,
on every day of the trotting season, prepared to act as a reception
commiLtee to thousands of people, many of wliom have, apparently,
no idea of the responsibilities that are involved in the care of such
an animal. Morrel Higbie was the best rubber I ever saw. He
remained with me until the day Rarus was sold, and afterward
rubbed for me the pacer Johnston. — Life with the Trotters, John
Splan.
Rubber Tire. The term generally used in describ-
ing the pneumatic tire of the bike s,ulky. A rubber tire is
described by Mr. Samuel Sidney, in his " Book of the Horse,"
published in 1880, which is, undoubtedly, the first mention of
such a tire having been used for carriages in England or
America. He says : " India-rubber tires are a great luxury ;
they give to a wheeled carriage the smoothness of a sledge on
hard snow, and subdue nearly all the rattle and noise of
wheels. But they are usually made on a wrong principle. If
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 215
india-rubber is stretched, every cut continually widens, and the
tire is speedily destroyed. Tires made on a directly opposite
plan will endure for an unlimited period; that is, a thick,
hollow tube of india-rubber shrunk on an iron core shorter
than the rubber, and coiled round a wheel grooved to receive
it This kind of india-rubber has been used for many years
on two carriages, by Mr. llansome, the agricultural implement
maker, of li)swich."
Kuck, To Come in With the. To come in with the
ruck, is to arrive at the winning post among the unplaced
horses.
I once knew a chappie not famed for his luck,
Who to punting was muciily addicted;
But tlie liorses he backed, to a place " in the ruck
Were, with scarce au exception, restricted.
' — Bird o' Ireedom.
Rudder and Compass. [Eq.] In horseback riding,
the head and neck of the horse are said to be at once the rud-
der and compass of the rider.
Rules. When an appeal to the rules is made, or the
rules are referred to, it means, for the trotting turf to the rtiles
of the National or American associations; for the running
turf to those of the American Turf Congress.
Rule of the Track. In all driving on the track, or
course, the rule is to turn to the left in meeting, not to the
right, as in driving on the highway. See Law of the Track.
Ruled Out; Ruled Off. A term used to imply a
punishment to an offending horse, rider or driver. Horses
may be ruled out for interfering with other horses or failing
to keep positions, and an offending horse may be ruled out in
case of collisions or break-downs, for which he is responsible.
A horse ruled out for fraud retains his record, or bar. Drivers
and riders may be ruled out for improper, corrupt or fraudti-
lent practices. In the summary of a race the letters "R. O.,"
following the name of a horse at any given heat, mean that
such horse was ruled out of the race on that heat.
Rumbling-. A low, rattling, rumbling sound of the
bowels, technically called borhorijgmus. It is an unpleasant
fault in a horse, not an unsoundness.
Run. The leaping, or springing gait of a horse; an
acceleration, or quickening of the action of the gallop, with
two, three, or all the feet off the ground at the same instant
during the stride ; a race, as " the horses were matched for a
run at Morris Park."
Tlie run is the perfect gait of the horse, for it is that which displays
most perfectly the play of all liis locomotive organs, and by which
216 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
he attains his greatest speed.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B.
Stilhnan.
Run Big'. A horse that runs when quite fat, and yet in
good training, is said to " run big." The term applies more
particularly to the English turf.
Run Fine. For a horse to " run fine " is to carry no
superfluous flesh ; trained fine ; in high form.
All race-horse men will tell you tliat some liorses run big, and otliers
run fine — that is, that some are at their best wlieii rather stouter
than wliat, on the average, is regarded as perfect condition, while
otliers show the highest form when trained pretty "fine," but the
latter are in the minority. That S(;me horses are at tlieir best
when very fine is true beyond question; but I know that in tlie
great majority of cases a horse, to be in the pink of condition, must
carry a quite fair degree of flesh— a good smootli coating over the
ribs, not feeling gross and thick to the hand, but amply covering
the bones.— Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Run-in. A term used more especially in the hunt and
steeplechase, where the horses come in in fine style at the
close ; but also used in describing the finish of a running race,
as, "a fine run-in," "a fine finish." That j)art of the course
on which the finish of a race takes place ; the last quarter ;
the straight.
Run off ; Run out. [Eng.] The habit w^hich many
horses have of turning away from fences, w^hen in the chase,
and, instead of taking them, turn rapidly and run along their
side. To break a horse of this habit nothing is so effectual as
a secundo bit, which, though quite severe, is much used with
horses that refuse.
Running Horse. The thoroughbred race horse. The
exterior conformation of the running horse may be summed
up in these words : He should have a high chest and long
members ; a short body and strong loins ; the neck, shoulder,
croup, thigh, buttock, leg and forearm should be long, without
being too heavy in the upper part ; the members strong, clean,
free from blemishes ; he should have wide and thick articula-
tions, closed in the superior angles, open in the inferior ; a
deep chest, abdomen slightly full; fine skin, hair, mane and
tail ; an animated and expressive physiognomy ; he should be
graceful, nimble, elegant, excitable, energetic, impetuous, and
of great endurance.
Running" Races. [Eng.] During twenty years coming
down to about 1890, the average time of the English Derby at
Epsom, has been 2m. 48sec.; the Grand National at Liverpool,
has been for the same time, 10m. 13sec. The Derby is one and
one-half miles ; the Grand National is four and one-half miles.
At Epsom one mile has been run in Im. 52 sec. ; at Liverpool in
2m. 16sec. The Derby horses carried an average of eighty
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 217
pounds ; the Liverpool horses carried nearly eleven stone — one
hundred and hfty-four pounds. On the Liverpool course there
are about thirty jumps of formidable size, the going on the turf
is worse than at Epsom and there are some ploughed fields to
be crossed.
Kunning-, Remarkable. In October, 1741, at the
Curragh meeting in Ireland, Mr. Wilde engaged to ride 127
miles in nine hours. lie performed it in six hours and twenty-
one minutes. He employed ten horses and, allowing for mount-
ing and dismounting, and a moment for refreshment, he rode
for six hours at the rate of twenty miles an hour. IVIr. Thorn-
dike, in 1715, rode from Stilton to London, and back again to
Stilton, 213 miles, in eleven hours and thirty-four minutes,
w^hich is, after allowing the least possible time for changing
horses, twenty miles an hour on the turnpike road and uneven
ground. Mr. Shaftoe, in 17 02, with ten horses, and five of
them ridden twice, accomplished fifty and one-fourth miles, in
one hour and forty-nine minutes. In 1763, he won a more
extraordinary match. He was to procure a person to ride one
hundred miles a day, on any horse each day for twenty-nine
days together, and to have any number of horses not exceding
twenty-nine. He accomplished it on fourteen horses ; and on
one day rode one hundred and sixty miles, on account of the
tiring of his first horse. Mr. Hull's Quibbler, however, aiforded
one of the most remarkable instances on record, of the speed of
the race horse. In December, 1786, he ran twenty-three miles
round the flat at Newmarket in fifty-seven minutes, ten seconds.
Running Rules. By the rules of the Turf Congress a
horse when in the hands of the starter shall receive no further
care from his attendants. He must be started by the jockey.
With the consent of the starter a horse can be led to his posi-
tion, but must then be let loose. The horses are started by a
flag, and there is no start until, and no recall after the assist-
ant starter drops his flag in answer to the flag of the starter.
Running. World's record to close of 1893. It is notice-
able that in races on the running turf the time record has been
lowered but slightly in recent years and that only in short
races ; the long distance races having been changed but little
as but few long races have been run. The fastest one-half
mile up to 1880, was 0:47|; it was reduced by Geraldine, four-
year-old, carrying 122 pounds, at Morris Park, (straight course),
August 30, 1889, to 0:46. In 1880, the fastest five furlongs
was 1:02| ; reduced in 1889 by Britannia to 0:59 ; reduced by
Correction, five-year-old, carrying 119 pounds, at Morris Park,
September 29, 1893, to 0:57. In 1880, three-fourths of a mile,
218 HAIv-DBOOK OF THE TURF.
fastest time was 1:15; reduced by Domino, two-year-old, carry-
ing 128 pounds, at Morris Park, September 29, 1893, to 1:09,
The fastest seven furlongs is Bella B's, five-year-old, carrying
103 pounds, at Monmouth Park, July 8, 1890, (straight course),
l:23|^. The fastest one mile in 1880 was by Ten Broeck,
1:39 f ; reduced by Salvator, four-year-old, carrying 110 pounds,
(straight course, against time), at JNIonmouth Park, August 28,
1890, to 1:35|-. One mile and twenty yards. Maid Marian,
fom*-year-old, carrying 101 pounds, Washington Park, Chicago,
July 19, 1893, 1:40. One mile and seventy yards, Wildwood,
four-year-old, carrying 115 pounds, Washington Park, Chicago,
July 5, 1893 ; and Faraday, four-year-old, carrying 102 pounds,
Washington Park, Chicago, July 21, 1893, each 1:41. In 1880
the best time for one mile and one-eighth was 1:54 ; reduced by
Tristan, six-year-old, carrying 114 pounds, iS'ew York Jockey
Club, June 2, 1891, to 1:51. One mile and a quarter. Banquet,
three-year-old, carrying 108 pounds, JNIonmouth Park, N. J,.
(straight course), July 17, 1890, 2:03| ; Salvator, four-years-old,
carrying 122 j)ounds, at Sheepshead Bay, X. Y., June 25, 1890,
and ]Morello, three-year-old, carrying 117 pounds, Washington
Park, Chicago, July 22, 1893, each 2:05, on circular courses.
One mile and five hundred yards. Bend Or, four-year-old, car-
rying 115 pounds, Saratoga, N. Y., July 25, 1882, 2:10|-. One
mile and five-sixteenths. Sir John, four-year-old, carrying 116
pounds, Morris Park, X. Y., June 9, 1892, 2:11^. One mile
and three-eighths, Versatile, five-year-old, carrying 100 pounds
Washington Park, Chicago, July 7, 1893, 2:19f. One mile
and a half, Lamplighter, three-year-old, carrying 109 pounds,
Monmouth Park, (straight course), August 9, 1892, 2:32f. Of
the long distance running, Ten Broeck's two miles, Louisville,
Ky., May 29, 1877, 3:27| and his four miles, Louisville, Sept-
tember 27, 1876, 7:15f yet stand as the best.
If the time occupied by a running horse in going a mile be one minute
and forty seconds, and the length of stride twenty-five feet, (as rep-
resente<l by some horses), it would follow that he must be off the
ground a full half second at each bound, and according to the la\v
of falling bodies, he woidd, if he moved horizontally, during that
lime, fall a distance of four feet.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B.
Stillman.
In 1889, Prof. W. H. Brewer of Yale College, published a tabulated analy-
sis of the recoi'ds of one thousand and thirty-seven running horses,
whose performances extended over a period of nineteen years, hav-
ing records of one mile in 1 :45 or better, made on ninety-three trades
in twenty-eight different States. This table sliowed that tliere was
but one best horse; six within one second of the best; fifty-three
within two seconds of the best; one hundred and ninety-two within
three seconds of the best; four hundred and sixty-six within four
seconds of the best, and one thousand thirty-six within live and
one-fourth seconds of the best. " The results," says Professor
Brewer, "illustrate in an impressive manner that low records are
due to the qualities of the breed rather than to any local excellence
of track, climate, jockeys, or training."
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 319
If we would improve our horses we must lengthen the distances run.
By means of these short selling races, handicaps and penalties and
allowances, good horses either cannot enter or are crushed out by
weight, and bad ones are left in with feather weights. What is
wanted in a race horse is one with speed and endurance which
enables him to cover a distance of ground with little distress to him-
self and in the (luickest time.— The Horseman.
Running- Kein. A device used by riders where the
horse has tlie liabit of carrying his head so high as to cause the
bit, when drawn upon, to ride up into the corners of the mouth
instead of bearing against the lower jaw. It is of the width of
an ordinary bridle-strap and about eight feet long. One end is
furnished with a buckle at the end of a tongue-strap eighteen
inches long. Buckle this end through a staple or D-ring on
the left side of the saddle near the pommel. Then pass the
other end of the rein through a smooth iron ring about two
inches in diameter, in front of the horse's breast like the ordi-
nary martingale ; then through an iron ring an inch or more
in diameter attached to a strap under the horse's chin about
nine inches from the bit, then back again through the same
breast-ring and up to the rider's right hand. This gives the
rider more power to draw the horse's head down to its proper
position than any other device. When this rein is slack the
horse has perfect freedom, but when necessary the least pull
acts with double force and brings the head at once in the right
position.
Kiinning' Rein. One of the greatest scandalg in the
history of the English turf is known as the Running Rein swindle
in connection with the Derby of 1844. This was a scheme for
" ringing the changes " by exchanging a three-year-old for an
English four-year-old called Running Rein, and also for run-
ning a German bred horse called Leander, a four-year-old. In
the race Leander fell, broke his leg and was buried the same
night. The changeling Running Rein won, Orlando being
second. The secret became known, payment of stakes was
refused, and an action brought to recover them. At the trial the
justice adjourned the same for one day in order that the best
and most important witness, Running Rein himself, could be
produced. AVhen the trial again came on the horse was not to
be found, so a verdict went for the defendants and the stakes
were awarded to Orlando. Some curious people dug up the
body of Leander to look at his mouth, but found him headless.
Running" Walk. A gait which is a modification of the
trot. In this gait the head is generally carried higher than in
the fox-trot or the ordinary walk, and the hind foot takes the
ground in advance of the diagonal fore foot, which breaks the
concussion. It is a more showy gait than the fox-trot, and in it
220 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
the poise of the horse is such as to give him more of a climb-
ing action in front. At this gait the sound of the footfalls is
not unlike that of the ordinary walk quickened, and the feet
take the ground in the same order. A closer rein is generally
held with this gait than in the fox-trot, and the pace is a faster
one and may be carried to a three minute gait before the horse
is forced out of it.
s
S. Following the name of a horse, in Chester's Trotting
and Pacing llecord, indicates that the horse went to saddle.
Saddle. That piece of horse furnishings, which, secured
to the back of a horse, makes a seat for tlie rider. The parts of
the saddle are : Pommel or head — that part which goes over the
withers. Cantle — the hind part. Seat — that on which the
rider sits. Tree — the wood and iron framework. Gullet plate
— the iron arch under the pommel. Points of the tree — the
wooden continuations of the gullet plate. Bars of the tree —
the narrow front portions of the wooden side pieces of the tree.
Bellies of the tree — the broad boards on which the rider sits.
Waist — the narrowest part of the seat about midway between
the pommel and cantle. Pannel — the lining which lies
between the tree and the horse's back. Point pockets — small
pockets in which the ends of the points of the tree rest. Spring
bars — which allow the stirrup-leathers to be attached to or
detached from the saddle. Knee-pads or rolls — placed on the
flaps to help prevent the rider's knees from going forward.
Skirts — small flaps that cover the bars on which the stirrup-
leathers are suspended. Sweat flaps — pieces of leather which
are placed under the girth straps on each side to prevent the
sweat working through. Ds — small semicircular metal hoops
which are attached by chafes, (short leather straps), to the
front or back of the saddle for strapping on a coat, or small
traveling case. Staples — somewhat similar in size and shape
to Ds but which are firmly fixed to the tree.
Saddle-back ; Cradle-back ; Hollow-back ; Low-
back. These terms denote a horse having a back lower than
is generally seen. When such ill formation prevents him from
carrying a reasonable amount of weight, it is an unsoundness
for saddle purposes, but not for harness purposes.
Saddle-blanket. A small and coarse blanket folded
under a saddle ; used almost exclusively in the Western United
States, in place of any special saddle-cloth.
Saddle-cloth. A cloth put under the saddle and extend-
ing some distance behind it to preserve the rider's clothes from
becoming soiled from contact with the horse ; and also used to
save the pommel of the saddle from being soiled by sweat.
221
222 HAN-DBOOK OF THE TURF.
Sadclle-clotlis of felt are most useful when the saddle stuffing has
become lliiii,or wlieii the l.orse's back lias become sore. Leather
suddle-clotlis chiefly preserve the lining of the saddle; but as a
rule, a saddle looks better, is lighter, and less liable to give a liorse
a sore back, when well stuffed, tlian when a saddle-cloth is used. —
The Practical Horse Keeper, George Fleming, L. L. D., F. R. C. Y. S.
Sacltlle-girth. A band which is passed under a horse's
belly and secured to the saddle at each end, being fastened by
buckles.
Saddler; American Saddler; Gaited Saddler.
A saddle-gaited horse, having the natural gaits, the walk-trot-
canter, to perfection. The conformation of the saddler consists
of a good forehead — a " horse in front of you ; " good, servicea-
ble withers ; a strong, sj)ringy back and loin ; quarters of pleasing
shape ; " set " hocks ; short canons ; having a long, easy stride
that conveys but little motion and is agreeable to the rider —
and all these points set off by a flowing tail and mane, and
controlled by a gentle yet spirited temper, make up the ideal
saddler.
St. Lieg'er. The great English race run at Doncaster,
York. Inaugurated in 1776, but did not receive its present
name till 1778, in honor of Colonel St. Leger who founded the
stakes, since which time it has been run annually. The course
was originally two miles. In 1813 the distance was changed
to one mile, six furlongs, and one hundred and ninety-three
yards. In 1826 the distance was reduced sixty-one yards, and
has remained since that date, one mile, six furlongs, and one
hundred and thirty-two yards.
Sale. [Law.] Where there is no warranty in the sale of
a horse, the rule caveat emptor applies, and except there be
deceit either of fraudulent concealment or fraudulent misrepre-
sentation, no action lies by the vendee against the vendor upon
the sale of the animal.
Salivation. Slobbers. Frequently caused by the irri-
tation of the bit ; and often by diseases of the teeth, or wounds
and ulcers of the mouth. In such cases consult a veterinarian.
Sallenders ; Sellanders ; Sellenders. Epidermal
structures or eruptions, upon the hind legs of the horse, the
upper end of which is about four inches below the point of the
hock or ankle joint. Its posterior margin is nearly straight or
regularly convex, while its anterior margin is excavated in its
upper third, being, therefore, more pointed above than below.
Its natural color is dark slate, bat when much dry epidermis
gathers on the surface it has a lighter or yellowish appearance.
Similar to mallenders which appear on the fore legs. See
MaLLEjSDERS.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 223
Salute the Ditch. [Eng.] The ditch at Newmarket,
Eng., was an object of regard with old tui'fmen. It is sup-
posed to have been the remains of an ancient Roman fortifica-
tion, or an entrenchment which divided the Eastern and
Western Anglican tribes. From the historic associations con-
nected with it this ditch became an object of regard, and in
by-gone times it was the custom with all turfmen in passing
by it to "salute the ditch."
Salute the Judges. At the close of a heat all the
drivers and jockeys return to the front of the judges' stand and
salute the judges, receiving in return their recognition, before
dismounting. While all the rules prescribe that no rider or
driver shall dismount without the consent of the judges, this
salutation is a graceful act of mutual recognition.
Sandals. [Eng.] A plate or bar shoe made to buckle
upon the foot of the horse, in case of accident by which a shoe
was thrown, serving as a very good substitute for the lost shoe
when on the road or in the field. In earlier times it was the
custom for riders and hunters to carry one or two of these
sandals in the pocket when starting out for the hunt.
Sand - crack ; Quarter - crack ; False Quarter.
Fissures or lesions in the horn of the wall of the foot. Quarter
cracks on the lateral parts of the wall nearly always affect the
fore feet. The inside quarter is more liable to the injury than
the outside one, because the crust is thinner, and when in motion
it receives a greater part of the weight of the body. Toe
cracks are more common in the hind feet. All fissures of this
ki^d constitute an unsoundness.
Sandwiched Race. A race, the heats of which are
sandwiched in between those of another class. Such sand-
wiching of heats is allowable, but in these cases one race of the
two must be finished before another can be started.
Sash. When two horses from the same stable run in a
race, the jockey riding the secondary horse is distinguished by
a sash.
Save the Distance. For a driver to land safely within
the distance flag when he cannot win, or for any reason does
not want to win the heat, is to "save his distance"; to save his
horse from being shut out.
I drove my mare all this time with a view of simply savingher distance,
and I noticed that most of the other drivers were Imslliiig their
horses as though they were in a hurry.— Life with the Trotters,
John Splan.
If yon dro]) so far back in the first quarter or half that you will have to
drive fast in the last half to save your distance, you "have not gained
anything. Get away well with the field and drop back gradually,
224 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
say about twenty yards in each quarter, so that you will land safely
inside the distance flag after going an easy, evenly rated mile well
within your liorse's capacity at every stride.— Training the Trotting
Horse, Charles Marvin.
Savetl Him". A term used to denote the act of saving a
horse from breaking, in a heat. Before breaking, most horses
give some indication to the driver, either by a pull on the bit,
an error in gait, or by some other motion that they are to
break their gait ; and the driver, by understanding his horse,
can usually tell what these signs mean, and can often, by
instantly taking advantage of them, save the horse from a
break. Hence it is a common thing to hear a driver say:
" He wobbled, but I saved him."
Scalp ; Scalping". The act of cutting the coronary band
or quarters, when the horse is at extended speed; although
some horses scalp w^hen at a slow gait. Generally due to faulty
conformation, but inay be remedied in many cases by proper
shoeing.
Scalpers ; Scalping Boots. Light toe-boots, made of
thin leather and padded, worn only on the hind feet. They
are especially needed for use on a half-mile track, to prevent
scalping or cutting of the coronary band, when the horse is on
the sharp curves.
Scalping a Track. The act of taking a thin shaving
off from the surface of the track, either for the purpose of even-
ing its face, or for removing a slight layer of sand and replac-
ing with loam or clay, or vice versa. This scalping is done
with a track planer.
Scapula. The shoulder-blade, or bladebone. In the
horse there is practically but one action at the shoulder joint —
a fore-and-aft hinge motion. The scapula and the leg attached
to it are not in any way joined to the rest of the skeleton by
bone, but only by the muscles which pass from one to the
other. The trunk is, in fact, only slung between the two
shoulder bones.
Scars upon the horse from wounds or sores, and all
unsightly enlargements, from whatever cause, not affecting the
soundness of the animal, are blemishes.
School for Trainers, Jockeys and Drivers. It
has been the hope of many gentlemen interested in turf inat-
ters, and who desire to see the business raised to a more intel-
ligent level based upon special education, and knowing that
drivers and jockeys come up from stable boys, who, in most
cases, have but deficient education ; to see established in this
country a school for the education and fitting of young men
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 226
who wish to become trainers, riders and drivers of speed
horses. The scheme of instruction at sucii a school has been
formulated to embrace the following : The theory of breeding
on scientific principles ; history of the race and trotting horse ;
the sources from which speed has been derived ; characteristics
of the different types and families ; results of crossing strains,
of inbreeding and outcrossing as demonstrated by perform-
ances ; the handling, feeding and care of colts ; preparation of
colts to show their greatest flights of speed without injury to
themselves or to their development ; expedients and appliances
necessary for colts of different conformation and disposition ;
the management of horses before, during and after a race ; the
driving and riding of horses in a race; the proper judgment of
pace or gait and how to place the horse in a race so as to give
him the best chance to bring out his power of speed ; study of
the rules of racing ; propriety of deportment on the turf.
Schooling'. The art of teaching a horse ; training, edu-
cating and developing the trotter, chaser, jumper and racer; a
horse in training is said to be '' at school."
Score ; Scoring. A mark or line ; the act of bringing
a field of horses to the score or starting point, in order for
them to make a fair start in a heat or race ; getting in position
and coming down to the judges' stand for the word. The trot-
ting rules provide that any horse in scoring, which unneces-
sarily delays the race, may, after notice to the driver, be
started regardless of his position or gait. Xo field is ever
sent away when any of the horses are running under the wire.
One of the contending horses, usually the pole horse, is selected
by which to score or govern the other horses ; and no driver
must come down for the word in advance of the governing or
pole horse, nor can any driver hold back from the governing
or pole horse, without the infliction of severe penalties.
In many years of exi^erience we have never seen one of these "incoTi-
troUable" horses that conkl not he taken hack when an adequate
fine was imposed on the driver for improper scoring. — Wallace's
Monthly.
There is a great differance in the behavior of the different horses in
scoring. Some pull and tug on the hit, despite the signal to return,
carrying their drivers down to tlie first turn in the track before
they can be stopped; whereas others, old campaigners as a rule,
will slacken at once when they hear the bell, stop, and turn around
of their own accord.— Iload, Track, and Stable, H. C. Merwin.
Ahorse scoring two hundred ami twenty yards at each score, in scor-
ing two times trots one-fourth of a mile; four times, one-half mile;
six times, three-fourtlis of a mile; eiglit times, one mile; ten times,
one and ojie-fourth miles; twelve times, one and one-half miles;
fourteen times, one and tliree-fourths mile; sixteen times, two
miles. The pole horse trots thiee feet from the pole. Allowing
three feet more to his outer wheel, one foot between liis outer wheel
and the inner wheel of the second horse, then three feet to the
horse, makes seven feet between the pole and second horse, and so
15
226
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
on to the extreme outside horse. The second horse trots forty-
four feet further in trotting the mile tlian tlie pole horse ; the third
horse, eighty-eiglit ieet; the fourth Ju)rse, one hundred and thirty-
two feet; the fifth horse, one hundred and seventy-six feet, and a
horse forty teet from the pole trots two hundred and fifty-one feet
over tlie mile.
Score Board. The sign-board in front of the judges'
stand upon which the positions of the horses and time made,
is hung out by the judges at the close of each heat. In the
2:23
Class.
A
4
B
2
C
5
D
1
E
3
F
7
G
6
H
I
J
K
Ttmf,.
First
Heat.
2:23J
DIAGRAM OF SCORE BOARD.
accompanying diagram representing the first heat of a race,
there were seven starters represented by the letters A to G,
attached to the arm of each driver, respectively. In this heat
the horse D came in first ; the horse B came in second, and so
on, as indicated.
Score Card. A printed card having upon it the names
of the horses entered in each class, at a race meeting, with
blanks for the purpose of recording the time made in each
heat.
Scratch. A scrub race; a race without conditions",
often put in to fill up the time, on a free track, where a class
did not fill ; a scurry.
Scratch. To scratch ; to strike a horse's name out of the
list of runners in a particular race. The rules of the Turf
Congress provide that if any person offers or receives any
amount of money for scratching an entry in purse or stake,
the person so offending shall be ruled off the course.
Scratches. Grease ; a disease of the heels of the horse,
and until cured, an unsoundness. See Grease.
Screw. A common stable term for a used-up horse, or
one having an ill-shaped or unsound foot ; a plug.
Seat. That part of the riding saddle on which the rider
sits.
Seat. [Eq.] The principles of a correct seat in eques-
trianism are, that the flat thigh should grip the saddle with
the lower leg free to give impulse, direction and control to the
horse ; the body erect and moving in instinctive harmony with
the horse's motion, and the hands entirely independent of the
body.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 227
The seat on liorseback is one in which the crotch and hips are as firmly
attached to tl:e saddle as it is possible tor tlicm to be; the legs
below the knee as free and independent as possible, and the body
from the waist upward, innfectly supple and i)liable. "VVI);Uever
movement the horse makes, tlie hips must conlorm, moving to
tlie right or to tlie left, or tii)i)ing backward or forward, as tlic case
may be. The legs from the knees downward, must l)e frct^ to move
in obedience to the rider's will, tiie upper part of thetriink keep
perfect balance and move easily on a llcxibic spine, accommodat-
ing itself to every movement.— The Saddle Horse,
Seated Shoe. A horse-shoe fitted into a groove or bev-
eled edge oi: the crust or wall of the foot ; a Charlier shoe.
Second Favorite. A horse thought to possess the
ability of winning second place ; the second choice of the field.
Second Tliig"li. A group of small muscles located on
the outer face of the thigh and below the stifle or knee, and in
front of the calf.
Sectional Shoe. A shoe for contracted feet, quarter
cracks and tender feet. It consists of a plate and overshoe,
the shoe being adjustable and removable from the plate as
often as desired, without drawing the nails from the foot.
Secundo. The name of a very severe English bit used
for pulling horses; for those that refuse the jumps; that run
out at their fences, or which are at times liable to take charge
of their riders.
Selling" Race. A race the conditions of which require
that the winner must be offered for sale at public auction,
unless otherwise stipulated. Any horse running in a race "to
be sold," shall be liable, if the winner, to be claimed for the
selling price ; and if it is a condition of the race that the win-
ner is to be sold by auction, the sale takes place immediately
at the close of the race, one-half of any surplus over the selling
price going to the second horse, and the remainder to the asso-
ciation. In selling races the horse's engagements are included
in the sale. Any person offering or entering into an agreement
for a consideration to bid or not to bid on a horse winning a
selling race, shall be deemed guilty of a fraud and shall be
ruled off.
Send-off; Sent Away. A start in a race; a good
send-off is a fine uniform and fair starting of all the horses in
a heat or race.
Sensitive Liaminse. The thin plates of soft tissue cov-
ering the anterior surface of the cofRn bone. They number
from five to six hundred, extend parallel to each other, and by
fitting into corresponding grooves on the inner surface of the
horn of the wall, the union of the soft and horny tissues of the
hoof is rendered complete and perfect.
228 hain'dbook of the turf.
Sent to Stable. A horse sent to the stable is a horse
that is ruled out by the judges. A horse may be sent to the
stable for any misdemeanor, foul driving, or fraud of any kind.
In heats of one, two, three or four miles, a horse not winning
one heat in three cannot start in a fourth ; and in heats best
three in five, a horse not winning one in five cannot start in
a sixth — unless such horse, in either case, shall have m.ade a
dead heat.
Sesamoids ; Sesamoid Bones. Bones developed in
tendons where they play over joints. In each foot of the
horse there are three ; a pair of nodular form, placed side by
side over the metacarpo-phalangeal articulation, or behind the
fetlock joint ; and a single, large, transversely extended one,
called the navicular bone. The sesamoid bones of the hind
and fore feet are exactly alike.
Set Back. AVhen an offending horse is placed behind
other horses of the field for breaking, running or foul driving,
he is said to have been "set back," or punished.
Settles to his Work. AVhen a horse trots low, or
hugs the track, he is said to " settle to his work."
This teclinical expression is intended to represent tlie idea that when
tlie liorse is speeding the centers of motion are nearer tlie grovind,
in order that tlie muscles should act to the best advantage, and
that in propulsion the act shall be most direct and longer sus-
tained; or, in other words, the i)oints of action and reaction are in
a line forming a uiore acute angle with the ground. — The Horse in
Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Shaft. A thill; one of a pair between which a horse is
harnessed to a sulky or buggy ; the pole, or tongue of a car-
riage used with a sj^an of horses.
Shaft-holder; Shaft-rest. A device for supporting
the ends of the shafts projecting in front of the horse's breast.
Leather sockets are made to fit the ends of the shafts, and a
strap on each side of the horse's neck extends therefrom to
the strap supporting the breastplate over the neck ; so that a
part of the weight of the shafts is borne by the shoulders,
instead of the entire w^eight being borne from the back.
Shag'-trot. [Eng.] Jog-trot: a slow trotting gait.
The shag-trot is practiced on the way home by every huntsman, every
whip, and every hunting man, after a long day, if he has any con-
sideration for h'is hoise.— The Book of the Horse, Samuel Sidney.
Shake Him Off. To come away from a contending
horse. "He came up to my wheel but I shook him off,"
means that the horse of which it is said did not have speed
enough to go past his leader, or pace-maker.
Shank. That part of the hind leg of the horse above
the fetlock and below the hock, corresponding to the canon of
HANDBOOK OP THE TURF. 329
the fore leg. It generally, however, is somewhat longer than
the canon, flatter and measures greater in circumference. It
should be flat and deep from the front backwards, the skin
lying close to the bone and tendon.
Shifting" Gait. A horse that changes from a trot to a
pace, and from a pace to a trot, is said to be of " shifting gait."
A fast trotter will make a fast pacer, and vice versa.
Shirt. [Eng.] To put one's shirt on a horse, is to lose
aU one's money on a horse.
"Now the word shirt," said the teaclier, "is a common noun, and
means an undergarment for men." "And tor horses, sir," put in a
sharp youngster. " For liorses ! " roared the teaclier, " wiiat do you
mean ?" " Father says lie is goinjj; to put his on Friar's Balsam for
the Derby, sir." There Avas trouble in that class.— 13ird o' Freedom.
Shoe ; Shoeing". A horse shoe ; a protective support
to the horse's foot; a plate, or rim of metal, generally iron,
nailed to the horse's hoof to protect it from injury; the art, or
business of shoeing horses; farriery. There can be little
doubt that the first shoes were of leather, attached to the feet
with thongs, as were sandals to the human foot, and from the
use of leather, or socks made of rushes, the transition to metal
was very naturah It is believed that horseshoes were orig-
inated by the Romans and came into use in Caesar's time, as
Catullus, a Roman who was contemporary with Caesar, speaks
of them. In the East there was no necessity for an artificial
protection to the hoof, as, from the dryness of the soil and
even temperature, the hoofs became firm and tough. During
the period of the Crusades, when knight-errantry was at its
zenith, the horses were heavy and carried great weights.
They wore shoes which were fastened with clamps, so they
cotild be easily detached. Some writers have asserted that
horseshoeing was not practiced in England until the time of
William the Conqueror, in 1066; but, on the other hand, it
has been shown from illuminated MSS. that the custom was
practiced by the Anglo Saxons as early as A.D. 600, and there
is a statement in history that horseshoes were found at
Tourney, in the tomb of Childeric, the Frankish king, which
refer us to the date of 480 A.D. There is historic evidence
that iron shoes were nailed to the hoofs of war horses in the
ninth century. In general form and manner of attachment
horseshoes have undergone very little change dtiring hundreds
of years ; it is in the evolution of shoes for trotting horses,
witlin the years 1869-1893, that the greatest change has been
noticeable. In 1869 American Girl, 2:19, carried shoes weigh-
ing eighteen to twenty otmces in front, and fourteen or fifteen
ounces behind. Goldsmith Maid, 2:14, in 1874, carried a sev-
230 HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF.
enteen ounce bar shoe. Smuggler, 2:15|, 1874-1876, wore,
at one time, two-pound shoes on each front foot; and it is
said that the little mare Lula, 2:15, 1875, carried a shoe of
even greater weight. In 1889 the shoes of Axtell, 2:12,
weighed five ounces in front and three ounces behind. Shoes
of reasonable weight are those of from eight to twelve ounces,
although the range of weight in 1893 would be eight ounces
forward, and from five to six ounces behind, nailed with four
nails on the outside, and three nails on the inside. Aluminum
is now much used for horseshoes. It is a metal of silver-white
color, about as hard as zinc, very malleable and ductile, and
very light. Horseshoes are made in a great variety of styles ;
but the old, standard, plain shoe with beveled edges, bar or
open heel, has always been, and, without doubt, will always
be, the most in use, and the best suited to the greatest number
of horses. From the records of the United States patent
ofiice down to the close of the year 1893, it appears that in
Class Xo. 168, sub-class No. 6, Farriery, four hundred and
thirty-five patents had been granted on horseshoes alone. The
parts of the shoe are : The toe ; the two heels ; the quarters
between the toe and the heels ; the calks, or projections from
the lower part of each heel ; the toe calk ; the clip, a sort of
claw, usually at the upper edge of the toe, for protecting the
hoof and assisting in keeping the shoe in place ; the fullering,
or crease in the lower face, in which the nail holes are punched ;
the bar, which is the entire body of the shoe. The following
principles should govern the shape of the shoe and the art of
shoeing: 1. The foot surface of the shoe should be flat, so
that the outer portion of the sole may aid the wall in bearing
weight; 2, in order that the frog may bear weight, the shoe
should, generally, be as thin as possible consistent with its
standing wear and retaining its shape ; 3, the shoe should, as a
rule, be of uniform thickness at the toes, quarters and heels,
so that the proper bearing of the foot be not disturbed ; 4, the
shape of the foot surface should follow the general form of the
weight-bearing surfaces of the wall and sole ; 5, the heels of
the shoe, on their foot surface, should be perfectly flat, or
sloping slightly outward, to prevent the tendency to contract ;
6, shoes should project slightly beyond the ends of the heels,
(without risk of the fore-shoe getting caught by the hind-shoe),
so that the heels of the shoe may rest on the solid pieces of
horn that are found immediately behind the angle formed by
the wall and bar ; 7, the ground surface of the shoe should be
beveled, to increase the foothold of the horse, and also to les-
sen the weight of the metal employed. These are the generally
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 231
approved principles— when it comes to balancing the trotting
action it is a matter of individuality, for no two horses can be
shod exactly alike.
Keep the foot level, and the frog untouched and on the ground.-
[LawO^'wh^nevel'bar or round shoes are required, even for a tempo-
rary purpose, tl.e liorse is unsound ; tor nu disease is cured, wliether
saudcuaJks, corns, tl.rushes or vyluitever else it may t>e, so long as
these shoes are necessary .-The La vy of Horses, M. L>. ll'"\"^ei.
The unpared sole ai.d frog of the healthy toot need ^^^P^o.^^f ^"\!_«_^
any kind of soil. The more the frog is exposed to weai, the laiger
and sounder it grows, and the beiter it is for the toot and limb.
Wliat is required in shoeing is merely protection tioni undue weai,
with the least possible interference with, or disturbance to, the
functions of the'^foot and limb. Not a grain of iron more tlian is
absolutely necessary, should be allowed as a protection.-Geoige
The^ideSl shoe ^regar led simply as a means to locomotion, is «|e light-
est, simplest, suiallest piece of metal that can be connived to pivj-
tect the wall of the foot. Wlien it is a question ot balancing a tiot-
ter by means of weight iu his shoes, another problem is intioduced.
—Road, Track and Stable, H. C. Meiwin. ^„,-Ki.r
The first thing to be decided upon is how little weight you can possibly
use in the horse's shoe to protect the foot, and, at the same tune,
balance the horse so he will be able to go at his highest rate of
speed on a trot. What makes it more difficult than anytlung else
to give rules to shoe a horse by is the fact that no two horses can
beihod alike. All horses are formed differently, gaited different y,
and have different dispositions.— Life with the irotters, Joim
Shoeing is unnecessary to the horse in his wild, natural state; it is
artificial and unnatural, because the domesticated horse is kept m
an artificial and unnatural state. It must, therefore, be reg-ardea
as a necessary evil. But the foot of the horse, unprotected, will
not stand the battering of turf-training; therefore, the prime and
sole object of shoeing is to afford the wall of the foot protection
against the terrific concussion of fast trotting on more or less hard
tracks. * * * I want to enforce the necessity of non-interference
with the expansion and contraction of the hoof from the quarter to
the heel, according as the foot bears weiglit or is relieved of it. As
a rule, use six nails, three on either side; but never put a nail back
of the widest part of the hoof, the quarters, thus leaving the heels
free. The foot should be trimmed so that the frog will lightly
touch the ground, but take little or no weight. In shoeing, the aim
is to keen the foot elastic, yielding and natural. Be careful with
the knife, cutting only the horn of the wall. Leave the frog, the
sole and the bars alone. They will care for themselves. Shoeing,
like everything else, should be looked at from a common-sense
standpoint. There are no wonderful and nnrevealed mysteries
about it. Keeping iu view what nature intended, remembering
that the sole purpose of shoeing is to afford protection, the simpler
the better, steering clear of quack smiths that know it all and
recklessly slash and rasp— these are the most important precau-
tions to be kept in view concerning shoeing.— Training the Trotting
Horse, Charles Marvin.
Sliort of Work. It is often said of a good horse when
he fails to do his best in a race, that he is " short of work " — a
term which also embraces many apologies for a poor horse;
although it is no doubt true that being short of work has much
to do with defeats on the turf.
The gamest horse will stop if short of work, and if you do not know
that he has had sufacient work, that he is not sick or sore, how are
232 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
you going to know whether he stops from physical causes or from
true quitting.— Training the Trotting Horse, Cliarles Marvin.
Sliovilder. The withers form the upper boundary of
the shoulder. The rear border of the shoulder may be taken
from behind the swell of the muscle which is just below the
withers to the elbow.
It is one of the most indispensable conformations in a race horse or
jumper to have an oblique shoulder. No straight shouldered horse
could be a successful racer or steeple chaser. A straight shoulder
means a short stride, and racers with short strides are distanced
and get run off the turf ,— Tlie Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby.
Shuffling". A word which most appropriately describes
any gait which is dull, awkward, inelegant ; the motion of a
lazy, used-up, worthless horse.
Shut Out. Left behind the distance flag.
Shut Up. A horse which fails to respond to rider or
driver, or which refuses his jumps, is said to " shut up."
Shying". A dangerous and disagreeable characteristic in
a horse. Often a horse sliys at naught, in which case he is
governed by illusion of sight ; it is frequently due to near-
sightedness ; to a bad-fitting bridle, or other cause that may
be remedied. Where it results from nervousness it is a vice ;
but if it results from disease in the eye, it is an unsoundness.
Side Check. The check-rein in ordinary use.
Side-pulling. A very disagreeable habit, due in many
cases to the presence of painful wolf -teeth ; or, in colts before
they have a full mouth, to sore and swollen gums on one side
of the lower jaw, between the incisors and molars ; often due
to the sharp edges of the gTinders coming in contact with the
cheek. In some instances it is due to the use of too long a
bit, in which case the bit may need side-washers of leather or
chamois skin of several degrees of thickness to prevent the bit
from pulling through the mouth.
Side-reiner. Said of a horse that is a side-puller ; he
"side-reins," or drives on one rein.
Side-weights. Often attached to the outside of the
hind hoofs to obviate defective or narrow hind action. The
side-weight is frequently combined in the shoe, the outside bar
of which is much heavier than that of the inside.
Side-wheeler. A pacing or racking horse. See Pac-
ing and Single-footing.
Sight. Any disease which causes obscurity or dimness
of sight, and prevents a horse from seeing common objects,
renders him unsound.
Sinew. Any cord or tendon of the physical structure.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUllF. 233
Single - footing. An irregular pace of a horse in
motion ; the single-footed rack ; a strictly lateral gait. The
full revolution is this : The hind foot, on the right side, strikes
the ground a little before the fore foot strikes it, then with the
legs of the left side making the same movements, there are
four strokes in the revolution.
The single-foot is an irregular pace, rather rare, and distinguished by
the posterior extremities moving in the order of the fast walk, and
the anterior ones in that of a slow trot, Tliese mixed paces are
quite compatible, as they are of the same kind and move in the
some diagonal order. — Tiie Horse in Motion, J. D. B. St illman.
The single-foot is intermediate between a trot and a pace; or in other
words is such an exaggeration of the fox-trot as to bring it half way
to the rack ; or vice versa. Each foot appears to move independently
of association witli either of the others, and the same interval of
time elapses between each footfall. It is a fast gait, generally not
less than ten miles an hour, Avhieh can be increased to a three-
minute gait. It affords the smoothest seat of all the gaits, because
that portion of the animal which supports the saddle apparently
glides evenly forward, while each quarter, moving separately,
causes none of that bounding or jolting that accompanies the trot
or pace.— Randall's Horse Register.
Sir Archy. One of the best bred horses ever produced
in England or America. Bred by Col. John Tayloe, Mt. Aery,
Virginia. Foaled in 1805. By imported Diomed, by Florizel,
one of the best sons of old King Herod ; dam, Castianira, by
Rockingham, son of Highflyer, by Herod. Sir Archy, although
bred in Virginia, was from imported English sources on both
sides — Diomed was one of the best racers on the English turf,
and unquestionably the finest formed horse ever imported into
this country; Castianira, his dam, was imported when three
years old, by Colonel Tayloe, in 1799, and ran successfully in
Virginia. Sir Archy was a blood bay 16 hands high, his shoul-
ders were unexceptional, very deep in his girth, back short and
strong, arms and thighs long and muscular, and bone large.
He was possessed of both speed and bottom, and was not only
distinguished on the running turf, but also famous as a pro-
ducer of great horses. He died June 7, 1833, "meriting,"
says Mr. S. D. Bruce, " the sobriquet of the Godolphin Arabian
of America."
Sit Down in Front. A term describing the act of
stopping or pulling in front of a contending horse, for the evi-
dent purpose of impeding him, or to help, or aid another horse
in the race. An offense punishable by fine, suspension or
expulsion.
Sitfasts; Horny Sloug'hs. Pieces of dead tissue, or
small tumors, otherwise known as wartles, generally caused by
saddle-galls, or by irritating masses of sweat, hair, and dirt
under the saddle, which would be thrown off but from the fact
that they are firmly connected with the fibers of the skin
234 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
beneath. Whenever they become ulcerated, and are in such
position as to prevent the ordinary use of the harness or saddle,
they constitute an unsoundness.
Sixty-mile Race. A famous race made in Deer Lodge
county, Montana, between a horse owned by Colonel Thornton,
and a " little short-legged horse called the Lizzard," owned by
Bailey & Hammond. Run in 1890. Distance sixty miles con-
tinuous running. The large horse took the lead from the
start, and held it up to the thirty-second mile, when Lizzard
commenced to close on him, had everything his own way after
the thirty-third mile, and won in four hours, forty-five minutes.
Skeleton. A track wagon of four wheels, the w^heels
being of the high or old style, and also bike style w^ith pneu-
matic tire.
On the Beacon and Centreville courses, wagons, in distinction from
sulkies or match-carts, must weigh 250 pounds. — Rules of the New
York Trotting Chib, September, 1841.
I liave lately seen in a Boston warehouse a skeleton wagon that weighs
but fifty pounds. Such a veliicie might almost l)e described as a
work of" art.— Road, Track and Stable, H. C. Merwin, 1892.
Skin. The external covering of the horse. It is com-
posed of two quite distinct sections, each, however, intimately
connected with the other. The first or inner part is called the
derm, a layer of interlacing filaments of fibrous tissue to which
the nerves and blood vessels are copiously distributed ; and the
second or outer section called the epidermis, non-sensitive, con-
taining no blood vessels, soft in its deeper or newly -formed
part, but dry and hard at the exposed surface. The hairs cov-
ering the skin grow from minute projections, cylindrical in
form, seated in the outer surface of the derm, the roots of
wiiich form little follicles or pits. The outer part, or epider-
mis, is continually being worn away at the surface, but is also
continually being renewed from the inner surface of the derm ;
or, as is the case with the hairs, thrown off entire. See Coat.
Skin the Lranib. [Eng.] When a non-favorite wins a
race, bookmakers are said to " skin the lamb," under the sup-
position that they win all their debts, no person having backed
the winner.
Skipping" Break. A break in gait that is not contin-
uous ; the act of quickly recovering, on the part of the horse,
at the very instant any change in gait occurs, from whatever
cause, and at once sti'iking the former gait ; a skip with one
foot, while the next takes its regular step.
Skirts. Small flaps that cover the bars on which the
stirrup leathers are suspended to the saddle.
HANDBOOK 0¥ THE TUilE. 235
Skittish. Said of a horse that shies ; is disposed to
start quickly, and at times to run; is over -timid; tricky;
deceitful in action. Skittishness is a vice.
Slew ; Slue. The turning of a body upon an axis within
its own tigure ; to swing around ; the outward motion of a sulky
wheel in going rapidly around the curves of a track.
Sling". A device in which to suspend a horse in case of
broken or injured limbs, where it is necessary to take all the
weight of the body from off the feet.
Slip-liiin. A term used to describe the act of giving a
horse his head ; letting him out ; the opposite from pulled.
Slow Track. A track is said to be slow when from any
cause horses cannot make their usual speed upon it ; a heavy
track. This slowness may result from some peculiarity of con-
struction, or kind of soil that renders it slow at all times ; or it
may be temporarily slow, although a good track, from poor
drainage, and being heavy from rain.
Slow Trot. A trot in which the undulations are greater
than in the fast trot, and therefore one very hard for the rider.
These slow undulations diminish as the speed is increased.
Smell. The sense of smell in the horse is one which is
most acutely developed ; and many good students of the horse
are of the opinion that this sense has far more to do with his
general intelligence and ability for education than any special
endowment of brain power.
Contioisseurs in horse flesh prefer plenty of space between the eyes,
and some even go so tar as to say that a broad forelieail is indica-
tive of intelligence; but as tliis part of the bone does not cover the
brain, (tue seal, of intelligence,) it is hard to conceive liow its shape
cm control sucli an important feature in an animal. When the
space between the eyes is well developed that portion of the
interior of tiie head to which the nerve of special sense of smell is
distributed would naturally be larger in proportion, on that account
the smelling power of the animal with tlie broad forehead may be
increased; and if it be true that the horse is capable of judging of
the quality of things by their odour, we can then explain why the
horse with the broad forehead and well developed organs of special
sense of smell, may appear more intelligent than his less fortunate
neighbor with the narrow one.— E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan
Agricultural College Experiment Station.
Snaffle. A bridle having one plain bit, jointed or stiff,
and one pair of reins, without guards. Its action is to restrain
the horse by pressure on his tongue, bars of his mouth, (the
part of his gums which are between the tushes and grinders),
and the corners of the mouth. It is simple in its operation
and less apt to confuse the horse than any other bit used.
The snaffle, in its various sizes and forms is the most useful bit, and
were I restricted to one pattern that would be the one chosen.—
Horse Portraiture, Joseph Cairn Simpson,
236 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
This bit is the same as the bridoon with the exception of the guards.
It was originally used on the saddle horse, while the bridoon with
plain rings was always used alone or in common with a carriage
harness bit, or the ciirb bit for riding. For the light buggy horse
and harness, and head stall without blinds, it is a most desirable
bit. It is the king of hunting bits.— The Bridle Bits, Col. J. C.
Batters by.
Snaffle Lay. An old term used to describe the hold or
clutch of a thief or highwayman who stopped horseback riders
by laying hold of the horse's bit or snaffle.
Snip. [Eng.] Information as to the certainty of a horse
winning a race.
Soft. Out of condition ; wanting in stamina ; not fitted
for a race.
Many have said that Johnston was a soft horse. Out of condition he is
about as helpless a horse as can be imagined; but this is not his
case alone. Some of the gamest horses that I ever saAV when in
condition, were the most helpless when out of form.— Life with the
Trotters, John Splan.
Soft-hearted. Faint; faint-hearted; wanting in cour-
age ; the quality characteristic of a quitting horse.
In Flanders, where the air is humid, and the pastures are moist and
rank, horses grow large, but they have tiat feet, inferior sinews,
lymphatic temperaments and soft hearts.— Road, Track and Stable,
H. C. Merwin.
Sojer-toed. A horse that is a knee-knocker is said to
be " sojer-toed."
Sole. That portion of the ground surface of the foot
included between the wall, bars and frog. Its front and side
borders, where it comes in contact with the inner surface of the
toe and quarters of the wall, form nearly two-thirds of a circle.
Its rear concave border is bounded on each side by the bars,
and in the middle it is deeply grooved to receive the point of
the frog.
The sole binds the frog and wall together. The horn of which it is
made is very different from that of the wall or frog. It is formed
of a number of extremely hard and strong horny plates laid one
above the other, and curved so as to form a sort of dome surround-
ing both sides and the front of the frog. The sole has another
object besides connecting the frog and the wall. It is intended to
defend the sensitive parts of the interior hoof from stones, sharp
points of rocks, etc. When the sole becomes worn out, it has the
faculty of reproducing itself in a manner quite distinct from that
of the'wall and the frog. Instead of being rubbed away by friction
like the former, or throwing off little flaps like the latter, it exfo-
liates in flakes, a new flake being secreted above before the effete
one falls below.— Horse and Man, Rev. J. G. Wood.
Soliped. According to the old classification of Cuvier, a
family of solid-hoofed animals, including the domestic horse.
Sons of Horses. An Arabian half-bred horse.
Explained by the quotation :
The Bedouins of Arabia, in general, keep their mares, but sell many of
tljeir horses, aiid it is from the horses thus sold, crossed with infer-
HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 237
ior mares, that the animal known In England and in India as an
Arab, is bred. The Bedouins call these half-breds "the sons of
horses," and they look npon them as mongrels, or "kadishes." —
Road, Ti-aek and Stable, II. C. Merwin.
Sore. Until cured, sores are a cause of unsoundness.
Sound; Soundness. Free from defect or injurj\ A
horse is sound when he is free from liereditary disease, is in the
possession of his natural and constitutional health, and possesses
no alteration of structure in any part which impairs, or is
likely to impair, his natural usefulness.
Soundness. [Law.] A horse is defined to be sound
when he is free from hereditary disease, is in the possession of
his natural and constitutional health, and as much of his bodily
perfection as is consistent with his natural formation.
The word "sound" means sound; and the only qualification of which
it is susceptible arises from the purpose for which the warranty is
given. If, for instance, a liorse is purcliased to be used in a given
way, the word "sound" means that the animal is useful for that
purpose; and "unsound" means that he, at the time, is affected
with something which will have the effect of impeding that use.
The word "sound" does not mean perfect, but means just what it
expresses, viz.: That the animal is sound and free from disease at
the time he is warranted.
The rule of unsoundness is, that if, at the time of the sale, the horse
has any disease which actually does diminish the natural useful-
ness of the animal, so as to make him less capable of Avork of any
description, or which in its ordinary progress will diminish the
natural usefiilness of the animal; or if the horse has, either from
disease or accident undergone any alteration of stnicture, that
either does at the time, or in its ordinary effects will diminish the
natural usefulness of the horse, such horse is unsound.
Soup. A term used to denote any drug, mixture or
lotion administered to a horse by means of an injecting needle,
for the purpose of affecting his speed or spirit, either one way
or another.
The danger of doping a horse was again illustrated lately at Gloucester,
Avhen Gray Forest, who had been given the needle, ran away about
two miles and had to be withdrawn. Oreaon, who had a" liberal
quantity of the soup, was caught Tuesday about a mile from Glouc-
ester, after he had run away.— The Horseinan.
Spanner. A small pocket wTench for clasping and turn-
ing a screw coupling. Made with a projecting end or claw to
fit into a hole in the cone or coupling in order to give it a hold
or purchase. Used for adjusting the axle cone of a pneumatic
sulky W'heel.
Spanish Walk ; Spanish Trot. High stepping paces
of the horse. When each fore leg is advanced in its turn
it is poised for a moment and left more or less straight out,
and about as high as the elbow, before it is placed upon the
ground.
Spavin. Inflammation and ulceration of the small flat
bones in the lower and inner part of the hock joint, often
238 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
involving those of the outer side as well. Blood spavin — a
dilation of the vein which runs over the seats of the bog and
bone spavins. Bog spavin — An excessive secretion of joint-oil,
from over exertion, into the cavity of the joint, producing a
swelling. Bone spavin — A bony swelling which may be more
to the front, or more backward on the inner side of the hock,
or it may even show mainly on the outer side ; w^hile in bad
cases it may extend up to the true hock-joint and even prevent
its movement. In some cases these are known as high and
external spavins according to location.
Spavin. Inflammation and ulceration of the small flat
termed enlargement on the seat of spavin, the disease being
determined, and not likely to increase, if the horse goes sound
he is sound, in common sense. But the courts having decided
both ways it is best, as in case of curb and other diseases, to
except spavin in the warranty. See Curb.
Blood, bog and bone spavin are unsoundness. Bone spavin is not a
curable disease.— The Law of Horses, M.D. Hanover.
Speech. [Eng.] Private information on a horse, and
what he can do in a race, used in such phrases as "get the
speech ;" " give the speech."
Speed. Speed may be defined as comparative rapidity,
whether fast or sIoav ; the rate of motion ; haste in progression ;
to advance towards a goal. Interesting tables compiled from
accurate sources are given. The evolution of the fast individ-
ual trotter is thus shown by the records —
In 1806, Yankee, trotted in, 2 :50 ; one mile.
" 1810, tlie Boston horse, 2:48V2; " "
" 1834, Edwin Forest, (under saddle), 2:311/2; " "
•' 1844, Ladv Suffolk, (under saddle). 2:26V2; " "
" 1859, Flora Temple, 2:1934; " "
" 1867, Dexter, 2:i:i4; " "
" 1S79. St. Julien, -2:123/4; " "
" 1885, MaudS., 2:083^; "
" 1893, Directum, 2:05V4; " "
The table of aA^erage extreme speed from 1820 to 1890, in
the United States, is thus given ; the distance being one mile :
1820 to 1830, 2:42
1830 to 1840, 2:3514
1840 to 1850, 2:281/2
1850 to 1860, 2:25
1860 to 1870, . 2:1834
1870 to 1880, 2 :14
1880 to 1890, 2:101/4
A horse in trotting a mile in three minutes, covers a dis-
tance of 29 ft. 3 in. and 15-16 of an inch in one second of time ;
at a 2:30 gait, 35 ft. 2 in. and 4-16 of an inch is covered in
every second; at a 2:20 gait, 37 ft. 9 in. and 1-16 of an inch
is covered; at a 2:10 gait, 40 ft. 7 in. and 8-16 of an inch is
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 239
covered; at a 2:08 gait, 41 ft. 3 in. is covered; at a 2:04f gait
42 ft. 3 in., and 14-1(3 of an inch is covered, and at a 2:00 gait,
44 feet is covered.
Empliasize the possession of speed certainly, but do not let us lose
siglit of the fact that speed without brains is not worth trying to
produce.— Wallace's Montldy.
We have uo more right to conclude that no horse will ever beat Nancy
Hanks' nuirk of 2:04, than we had to conclude that Goldsmith Maid's
record of 2:14 woultl never be broken.— Kentucky Stock Farm.
The record of 18l»3 is surpassingly brilliant, and every page evidences
the progress of the trotting brec«l toward that time when it will be
as purely a breed antl a type as is tlie thoroughbred to-day, and
when 2:00 trotters will be no more rare than thoroughbreds that
can run in 1 :40.— The Horseman.
If &peed is desired we must look for those mechanical conformations
of parts that determine speed, but speed is always at the expense
of i^ower. The anterior limbs must conform in their mechanical
force to the posterior, and vice versa. In the posterior limbs, long,
full propellers, low liip joint set well back, so as to alTord room for
long femur and tibia, give great length of limb when extended,
enabling it to support the weight of the body and exert its propul-
sion for a long time; at the same time (he power is more directly
applied when the head of the bone is lower down. So far as these
principles can be applied to the anterior limbs they hold true of
them as of the posterior extremities. All animals distinguished
for great speed have the angles of the bones most inclined to one
another; but while this mechanical arrangement gives great advan-
tage for speed it is a source of weakness in bearing burdens or haul-
ing. =ff * * The speed of the horse depends upon the length and
thickness of the locomotive muscles, the angles aud lengths of the
bony levers on which thev act, the freedom of their articular liga-
ments, the correlation of all the mechanical parts, and much also
on the nervous energy or will transmitted to the muscles, techni-
cally know as courage.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Speedaway ; Speedway. A straight trotting or run-
ning course.
Speed Cart. Road cart; combined speeding and road
cart ; sulkyette. They are built much like a sulky, although
generally heavier, and are used for speeding and road purposes.
They have corduroy and cane seats, adjustable foot rests, seat
trays in which to carry small parcels ; and are liked by gentle-
men for ordinary road use. Breaking carts are built extra
strong, and have shafts three feet longer than those on a road
cart or sulky.
Speedy Cut. An injury to the inside of the fore leg, a
little below the knee, or carpus, at or near the point of contact
of that joint w ith the canon ; inflicted by the foot of the oppo-
site side during speed. The result of faulty conformation. If
the horse is sound at the time when sold, lameness resulting
from it, immediately afterwards, is not a breach of warranty
of soundness.
Speedy Cutters. Those horses of high action, which,
from interfering in consequence of faulty shape, cut the fore
leg from the knee down, are called " speedy cutters."
240 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
Spin. A spirited dash ; a single effort at high speed ; to
" take a spin," is to give the horse a sliort exercise at a fast gait.
Splint. An inflammation of the shank-bone resulting in
small bony swellings. When existing at the time of sale, and
the cause of future lameness, a splint is a breach of warranty
of soundness.
Splinter-lbar. [Eng.] The cross-bar of a carriage to
which the whipple-tree is attached.
Spoke. One of the standards of wood or steel which
support the rim or felloe of a sulky wheel, from the hub or
nave.
Sponge-out. The act of giving the horse's mouth a
bath, or washing, by means of a sponge and cold water. The
rules allow helpers to sponge out a horse not oftener than once
in five times scoring.
Sport of King's. Racing has been termed, by all the
old writers on the history of the English turf, " the sport of
kings " ; and most of the sovereigns from the earliest times to
the ascension of Queen Victoria, have been patrons of the turf.
Edward II., (Io07-lo27), was particularly fond of horses.
Edward III., (1327-1377), bought "running horses" at the
price of £160 of the money of the present day. Henry VIII.,
(1.509-1547), devoted a great deal of attention to improving the
breed of horses, and obliged all orders of men to keep a certain
number of horses in proportion to their rank and circumstances.
Edward VI., (1547-1553), was the first sovereign to make the
stealing of horses a capital offence. James I., (1603-1625),
was a great lover of horses, was the originator of regulations
relating to horse racing, and, indeed, has been called the
" father of the English turf." During his reign the former
crude methods of racing, without system, with no description
oi the horse being given, gave place to more scientific, accurate,
and satisfactory trials. The horses were prepared for run-
ning by the discipline of food, physic, airing, sweating and
clothing ; the weights to be carried and the weights of riders
w^ere adjusted ; the courses were measured, and flat racing was
introduced. He built great stables at Newmarket, near the
palace, which were afterwards rebuilt by Charles II., and in
the middle of this century by the Rothschilds. Henry, Prince
of Wales, son of James, cultivated horsemanship with great
industry and satisfaction. Charles II., (1660-1685), at the res-
toration, honored the Newmarket races with his presence, and
established there a mansion for his own use. He was an able
and experienced rider, and a competitor at the races, entering
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 241
the horses in his own name. William III., (1089-1702), added
to the racing plates given in different places in the kingdom,
and established a riding school. Queen Anne, (1702-1714),
continued the bounty of her predecessors, and added several
plates. In 1712 her horses ran for the royal plates in her own
name, the last race by any of her horses having taken place July
30, 1714. Her consort, George, Prince of Denmark, took great
delight in racing. It was during Anne's reign that the Darley
Arabian was brought into England. About 1727, races were
held in one hundred and twelve towns and cities in England,
and five in Wales. George I., (1714-1727), and George II.,
(1727-1760), were great patrons of the turf; but the royal stud
was sold on the ascension of Queen Victoria, October 25, 1837,
for £16,476.
Spot the Favorite. To name the winner in a race.
Sprains. A forcible stretching of the muscles or fibrous
tissues beyond their natural length ; in extreme cases accom-
panied by rupture of the parts. Slight sprains are generally
healed by rest; but until cured the}^ are an unsoundness,
whether in slight or severe cases.
Spreaders. Devices for controlling or changing the gait ;
widening the hind action ; preventing striking or interfering ;
forming a steady, open gait ; stopping hitching and forging.
There are several patterns — some of which are attached to the
sulky shafts, others being in the simpler form of boots.
Spreaders ; Expanders. Used for expanding the hoof,
in case of contractions, quarter crack and corns. They are
made in different forms.
I am not In favor of artificial spreaders of any kind, I believe the frog
to be tlie best spreader in the world. — Artistic Horseshoeing,
George E. Rich.
Spring a Curb, To. It is said of a horse which injures
or sprains the perforatus tendon which plays over the front of
the hock, that he has " sprung a curb." It is an unsoundness.
When a horse springs a curb with me, I first get the inflammation down
In the usual way and then iodine it severely. I then let him up in
his work, but jog him to keep him in as good condition as possible.
I have generally found curbs to yield to this treatment. A curb is
the least ob.iect'ionable form of unsoundness.— Training the Trotting
Horse, Charles Marvin.
Spring- Bars. Those parts of the saddle which allow
the stirrup-leathers to be attached to, or detached from, the
saddle.
Sprint ; Sprinter. A burst of high speed for a short
distance ; a horse capable of only a short stay at great speed ;
a quarter horse.
16
242 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Spur. A pointed instrument worn on the heel by a
horseman or rider, for the purpose of punishing the horse.
The earliest medieval spurs were devoid of rowels, but had a
single point; another form was that of a ball from which
a short point projected called the ball and spike spur. The
rowel was first introduced in the thirteenth century, although
it was not common till the beginning of the fourteenth cen-
tury. When a horse does not respond to the legs, or when he
refuses to approach an object he does not like, it may be nec-
essary to use the spur ; but their use requires prudence, tact,
good judgment and adaptability to the mental and physical
character of the horse, for there is as much difference in the
sensibility of the horse's flanks, as in that of the mouth. When
the pressure of the legs becomes insufficient to completely col-
lect the forces of the horse, the spur must be used — not vio-
lently, but with kindness, delicacy, and good management.
The use of electrical spurs is prohibited by the rules of the
Tm'f Congress.
Yon may ride us
With one soft kiss, a thousaud furlongs, ere
With spurs we beat an acre.
— Herniione, in Sliakespeare's Winter's Tale.
Spur. A small, metallic projection screwed to the toe of
the hoof, to which a toe-weight is attached by means of a
groove which fits the spur on the foot, holding it securely in
place.
Spurs. Horny structures concealed in the tuft or lock
of hair growing from the fetlock. See Ergot.
Spurt. A forced pace in a race, generally made on the
homestretch or at the finish in an effort to win ; a dash of
speed ; a sprint.
Square Gaited. Pure gaited ; a pure trotter. The pure,
square-gaited trotter is perfectly balanced, and goes without
jerking or hitching, every movement being smooth and true,
like the revolution of a perfectly balanced wheel.
One can, with a little practice, judge whether a horse driven by
another is trotting square by listening to the foot-falis. Tlie sound
of a fast, well balanced trotter's steps mark lime as regularly as
tl)e swinging of a pendulum. Time is beaten, one, two, three, four;
one, two, three, four — smoothly and accurately with the intervals
strictly regular. Develojiment ceases at that point where truly
balanced and regular action is transformed into the jerky, hitch-
ing, irregular way of "getting there" that we so often see. — Train-
ing the Trotting Horse, Cliarles Marvin.
Stake. A race open to all complying with its published
conditions, for which the prize is the total of the subscriptions,
or entrance fees paid by the nominators, to which is generally
added a specified sum by the association or track under whose
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 243
auspices the stake is given ; all of which belongs to the winner
or winners, unless provided to the contrary in the conditions.
Stakes are of diiferent sums, for horses of different ages, and
are usually named for prominent turf patrons, individuals,
places, etc.
Stakeholder. A person chosen to hold the stakes, or
amount of the match, in a match race, whicli must be deposited
one day before the race is to come off, omitting Sunday, when
the race becomes " play or pay."
Stakey Gait. A stiff, imperfect, constrained action of
the fore legs ; faulty knee action ; such a horse is said to have
a "stakey gait.''
Stall. A room, or box ; standing place for horses. The
dimensions of stalls vary, but the generally recognized best
sizes are: For a single stall, five feet wide, nine feet long;
for a box, or room, fifteen feet by seventeen feet ; or, better, if
the size of the stable will allow it, eighteen feet by twenty feet.
Stall off a Rush. To head off, or prevent a spurt of
speed from an opposing horse, at the finish, by which he
attempts to win ; to leave a contending horse behind ; to shake
him off.
It is a dangerous, and often a fatal mistake for a jockey to ease his
horse, or to cease riding liini, when leading and close to the win-
ningiiost; for by so doing he may make him stop, and may then
be nnable to get him into his stride again in time to "stall off a
rush " from one of the others. — Riding, M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C.
V. S.
Ormonde's last race was characterized by a great exhibition of game-
ness. The race was at Ascot, the distance over a mile, the finish
up hill, and the company two of the best horses England has ever
produced, Mr. Vyner's Minting, and Mr. Barclay's Bendigo. The
pace was terrific, and the np hill finish particularly trying to
Ormonde, yet he "stalled off" Minting's brilliant challenge, and
won, after a desperate finish.— The London Sportsman.
Stallion. The male of the horse kind; an ungelded
horse ; one kept for breeding purposes.
Stallion. [Law.] Where a party does not come to an
inn for entertainment as an ordinary wayfarer, but with a
horse to be used, under a special arrangement in serving mares,
the inn keeper is not bound to receive and treat the person as
his guest, and is not liable for the destruction of the horse
without his fault.
An inn keeper is not bound to permit his establishment to be made a
depot for the i:)ropagation of horses. — American Reports, F. G.
Thompson, San Francisco, 1877, 244-246.
Where the party came to an inn under a special arrangement previ-
ously made, whereby his stallion was to stand at the inn certain
days each week for the purpose of serving mares, it has been held
that the inn keeper was not subject to the common law liability
for the preservation of the animal.— Cases decided in the Commis-
sion of Appeals of the State of New York. H. E. Sickles, Albany,
1876, 34-39.
344 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Stand ; Grand Stand. The principal stand, or pavil-
ion, from which persons witness the contests of speed at race
meetings.
Stand-house. An elevated court of great magnificence
built by Charles II., of England, at Newmarket, about the year
1367, to enable him to see the races; and where the royal
guests were received.
Standard. A horse is standard when his breeding
meets the requirements of the rules controlling admission to
standard rank. Down to and including volume third of the
American Trotting Register, (1879), no standard of blood had
been requisite to admission, the aim having been to ascertain and
record the facts regarding a pedigree without reference to the
trotting inheritance. But with volume four, (1882), the pedi-
grees commenced to be numbered consecutively ; and appeared,
based upon a standard, the rules of which had the sanction of
the ISTational Association of Trotting Horse Breeders. These
rules were formulated in order to define what was meant by a
standard bred trotting horse, and to establish a breed of trot-
ters on a more intelligent basis than had then existed. This
standard was fixed upon a trotting record of 2:30, or better ;
and the original rules were so framed as to embrace and admit
all animals that were believed to have a sufficiently well-defined
trotting inheritance to justify the expectation that they would
transmit the ability to trot. Equality between the sexes was
purposely ignored from the beginning. A mare was given
admission by a performance of 2:30 ; but a stallion was obliged
to have other qualifications besides performance. This greater
stringency with stallions grew out of the purpose to discourage
badly bred stallions from being kept for breeding purposes.
The standard rules now in force, with the changes to go into
effect January 1, 1895, follow:
First: Any trotting stallion that has a record of 2:30 or
better; provided any of his get has a record of 2:35 trotting,
or better ; or provided his sire or dam is already a standard
trotting animal.
Second : Any mare or gelding that has a trotting record
of 2:30 or better, [whose sire or dam is already a standard
animal]. The words in brackets will be added and in force
after January 1, 1895.
Third: Any horse that is a sire of two trotters with
records of 2:30 or better.
Fourth : Any horse that is the sire of one trotter with a
record of 2:30 or better, provided he has either of the following
additional qualifications: 1, A trotting record of 2:35 or
HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 245
better ; 2, is the sire of two other animals with trotting rec-
ords of 2:35; 3, has a sire or dam that is akeady a standard
trotting- animal.
Fifth : Any mare that has produced a trotter with a rec-
ord of 2:30.
Sixth : The progeny of a standard trotting horse when
out of a standard trotting mare.
Seventh: The female progeny of a standard trotting
horse when out of a mare by a standard trotting horse.
[After January 1, 1895, rule seventh, as above, will be
displaced by the following : Seventh : Any mare whose sire
is standard and whose first and second dams are by standard
horses.]
Eighth : The female progeny of a standard trotting horse
out of a mare whose dam is a standard trotting mare.
Ninth: Any mare that has a trotting record of 2:35 or
better whose sire or dam is a standard trotting animal.
[After January 1, 1895, rules eighth and ninth, as above,
will be abolished.]
Standard Bred. A horse is standard bred when the
produce of a standard trotting mare, by a standard trotting
horse. The distinction of the terms "standard" and "stand-
ard bred" grows out of the manner in which animals become
standard. Blue Bull became standard by the performance of
his progeny, and not in virtue of his inheritance, hence he was
not "standard bred." A mare comes into the standard by
virtue of her performance in 2:30 or better, and nothing known
of her pedigree, hence it cannot be said she was standard bred.
But the progeny of Blue Bull out of this mare would be
"standard bred" as soon as it was foaled, as both sii*e and
dam were standard.
Standard by Inheritance. A term used in the same
sense as standard bred ; or a colt of a standard horse out of a
mare that is standard.
Standard by Performance. A phrase denoting that
the horse to which it applies has a trotting record of 2:30 or
better, and is therefore entitled to standard registry by virtue
of his own performance.
The best example of developed trotters is the case of such sons and
daughters of uon-slandard parents that, by training derelopment,
become themselves standard by perfoonance.— Wallace's Monthly.
Standing: in the Stirrups. Standing in the saddle.
At the start, in running races, the jockey sits down in the
saddle, but as soon as the horse has got into his stride he
should stand in the stirrups. This attitude is assumed in
24G HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
order to enable the rider to conform to the movements of the
horse in the best possible manner. The body should be
slightly bent forward, free from all stiffness, and the position
such that the points of the shoulder, knee and toe should be in
the same vertical line, the whole attitude characterized by
grace and ease. But the jockey should always sit down at the
finish.
Standing Jump. [Eq.] In a standing leap the horse
steadily raises himself on his hind feet, more or less perpendic-
ularly, according to the height and extent of the object to be
passed over. Having balanced himself a moment, he com-
mences his spring by very forcibly extending the previously
contracted angles of his hind limbs, which action propels the
body upward and forward, but more particularly to receive it
in its descent, during which change of position the hinder
limbs, which had been gathered up to keep them from inter-
fering with the obstacle passed over, are now let down to
receive the hind quarters.
Standing Martingale. When the standing martin-
gale is attached to a properly fitted noseband, it restrains the
horse from getting his head too high, makes the action of
either snafile or carb-bit more effective, and checks the inclina-
tion of a fresh horse to bounce or bolt. It should be so fitted
as to hang loose until the moment that the horse attempts to
take any improper liberty, when the pressure of the noseband
over the sensitive junction of the bone and gristle wiU give
him a hint to be quiet.
Staples. Metallic pieces somewhat similar in size and
shape to Ds, which are firmly fixed to the tree of a saddle.
Star. A chief performer , a term applied to the champion
of the turf for the year ; as the saying of John Splan, " Guy was
the star* performer of the year."
Star-gazer. A term used to denote a horse that holds
or keeps his head highly elevated, with the nose thrown out,
when in motion.
A star-gazer with an ewe neck, or a borer that can only go with his
nose close to the ground, is totally unfit for military purposes.—
Seats and Saddles, Francis Dwyer.
Starring. Campaigning.
This starring system which has been so fashionable for a term of years
has, witlioiU donbt, been a source of great injury to the trotting
turf, not alone by making fast time the only attraction to draw
people to the course, but inaugurating the hi]ipodromiiig evil that
has done far more injury. The large purses advertised meant
only a division of the gate money; and people who had been
induced to visit the arena, expecting to see a true struggle for the
thousands of dollars said to be at stake, went away dissatisfied
when the transparency of the humbug was made apparent. — Horse
Portraiture, (1868), Joseph Cairn Simpson.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 247
Starter ; Starting Judge. The person who has
control of the horses and drivers in a trotting race, (under the
association rules and with the ax)proval of the judges^, from
the first score in every heat until the word "go" is given ; and
in all cases the starting judge is the only person authorized to
give the word. There are some advantages in having the
starting judge occupy a stand by himself on the opposite side
of the track from that of the timing judges ; and where the
plan has been tried, as it has in a few instances, it has given
full satisfaction. In general it may be said in such cases that
the attention of the starter is more completely given to the
field, and that errors and mistakes in sending away, or giving
the word, are not so liable to occur as where the mind of the
starter is liable to be diverted from his business by the con-
fusion or inadvertent remarks often made in the judges' stand
at the moment of a send off. In all running races the starter
has absolute control of horses and jockeys with power to fine or
suspend jockeys, appoint assistants, and give such orders and
take such measures as will secure to all a fair start. AVhen the
horses receive the word, or are sent oft' by drum or flag, there is
no recall. In general, the use of the drum in starting running
races has been abandoned, the flag being now chiefly used.
The starter has a box of his own just against the inside fence,
and although he often goes upon the course to give corrections
or admonitions, he invariably starts from his box or near it.
Running races are never started by word.
The starter shotild be honest and incapable of being swayed by fear,
favor or prejudice; be cool in temperament; promjit in action;
have a qiiiclc eye, and be a good judge of pace. He nnist be ilK;r-
cughly <'onversant with the rules and their application, and -'hew
to the line" in their administration. Plis moral character and per-
sonal habits must be above reproach— tlie first in order to insi)ire
confidence; the second to enable him to perform his arduous duties
acceptably.
Starters. The horses starting in a race.
Station. The position of the horse when at rest, or in
the attitude of standing almost motionless and touching the
ground with his four feet, his head at ease, his whole body
passive.
Stay ; Stayer. The quality of endurance ; bottom ;
possessed of courage ; a horse that does not readily give in
through weakness or lack of vitality and energy ; one not dis-
couraged. When two horses are equal in a race, the one that
has the better position at the end of the race is the horse of
greatest power. Hence a horse that has not won a heat cannot
be equal to one that has won a heat. A horse that is second
four times in a race is not as good as one that is first once, and
248 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
third three times. If the race is concluded in four heats, and
two horses have each second place in tMO heats, the one that is
second in the last heat is the better of the two.
Stay a Distance. Ability of the horse to stay a dis-
tance, depends, (the horse being in good health and condition),
upon, 1, The breathing power being good, or, in other words,
the capacity of lung expansion being perfect ; 2, the muscles
working to advantage; 3, the entire conformation being of the
required kind, and 4, the action of the limbs well balanced.
Steadiness in a trotting liorse is as much a virtue to be cultivated as
speed. The liorse that sticks to his work, under any system, has
the advantage over the flighty, headstrong performer.— Kentucky
Stock Farm.
S. t. b. These letters given in a pedigree mean that
the horse to which they refer is "said to be" by a given horse,
or out of a given dam.
Steeplecliasing^. A contest over a given number of
miles of "fair hunting country" — generally understood as mean-
ing a section of country having pastures, plowed fields, hedges
of different sorts, with and without ditches, posts and rails,
open brooks and other obstacles, for the purpose of testing the
best and speediest horse. Originated in Ireland in 1752. It
is said the term arose from a party of fox-hunters on their
return from an unsuccessful chase, who agreed to race to the
village church, the steeple of which was in sight ; he who first
touched the church with his whip to be the winner. This
account of its origin appears very probable. But the first
steeplechase of which there is any accurate mention was in
1752, which was run over four and a half miles of country from
the church of Buttevant to the spire of St. Leger church. It
was not, however, till 1803 that the first regular steeplechase
took place in Ireland, the "added money" to a race that year
being "a hogshead of claret, a pipe of port and a quarter-cask
of rum." This value was that they proved the excellence of
the animal and tested the horsemanship of the rider. The old
system was dangerous in the extreme and turf annals record
many serious accidents resulting therefrom. In 1820 it was a
favorite amusement with young fox-hunters, and men ventured
large sums on the ability of their horses to cross a country.
The meets in Ireland at that time were held for three days,
during wiiich the distance ran was four miles with six five-foot
walls to take for the first day ; on the second day the walls
were reduced six inches, and on the third day six four-foot
walls formed the course. In France in 1834, the start was
"down the Rabit Mount, a short but steep declivity full of
holes, after which several ugly places were crossed, including a
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 249
river and swampy meadows." It is no wonder that such a race
was not popular, as only the finish could be witnessed by spec-
tators. In 18o(3 the Liverpool steeplechase was run near Ain-
tree, "twice round a two mile course" ; a great recommendation
being that nearly the whole performance could be seen from
the grand stand. In England, the Grand National Hunt Com-
mittee, which has been several times reorganized, and is now
known as the "Huntsman's Graiul National," was formed in
1SG6. Its rules now have the same authority over steeplechas-
ing, that the Jockey Club rules, (which had refused to take any
cognizance of disputes connected with steeplechasing and hur-
dle racing), does over the races on the running turf, and they
are as rigidly enforced. In this country when steeplechases
are run, they are, so far as may be, governed by the general
rules of the American Turf Congress. In addition the special
rules require that no steeplechase shall be of less distance than
one mile ; that no horse shall carry less than one hundred and
twenty pounds ; that horses running on the wrong side of a
post or flag, (the limits of the course being flagged out or indi-
cated by posts), and not turning back shall be disqualified ; no
rider can go over one hundred yards on any high road, lane or
public thoroughfare, Mithout being disqualified ; riders going
over any place where the ground is not flagged out, are not
allowed to open any gate or wicket or go through any gateway
or common passage from one enclosure to another, under pen-
alty of being disqualified ; no horse can be led over any fence
by a bystander or any horseman not in the race, under penalty
of disqualification. Steeplechasing was abolished by the Amer-
ican Jocky Club in 1888, but such races are run on courses of
some of the members of the Turf Congress.
Steeplechaser. One who rides in steeplechases; a
horse running, or trained to run in a cross-country chase.
Step. The forward or backward movement of one foot;
often used synonymously with stride. It is understood to
mean the distance spanned by two feet both resting on the
ground. While this distance will vary with muscular energy,
it is also limited by the anatomical proportions of the animal.
Stepper. A fast horse ; one of fine action ; as "that
horse is a good stepper."
Stiff. This term means a horse that on public form, or
in general estimation, should win the race ; and that either the
jockey, driver, or horse has been so fixed that he will not win.
The term "bookmaker's stiff," has a similar meaning and
is played at the expense of the public, and in the interest of
the bookmakers.
250 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Stiff 'un. [Eng.] A horse certain not to run.
Stifle. The jomt of the hind leg of the horse, between
the hip and the hock, and corresponding to the knee in man.
It ie on a line with the flank, near the abdomen. It is the
office of the iliacus muscle to guard the abdomen from the
injury to which it would be liable from the blows the stifle joint
might give it, in its extreme and violent flexions ; and when
this muscle performs its work well it gives the fine "stifle
action" so much admired.
Stifle Shoe. A special form of shoe exposing a curved
surface to the ground, used in treating a stifled horse. It is
placed upon the sound foot, with the effect of causing the horse
to throw its weight on the weak joint, and thus strengthen it
by use.
Stirrup. The support for the foot of a person mounted
on horseback, attached to the saddle by means of an adjustable
stirrup-strap ; a metal loop with a corrugated foot-piece to pre-
vent the foot from slipping. The stirrups of some western
riding saddles, and also some of those used in the cavahy ser-
vice have a strong front piece of leather or other material,
which not only protects the front of the leg, but prevents the
foot from pressing too far into the loop. Stirrups were
unknown to the ancients. The Greeks rode bare back, or on a
saddle consisting of a single pannel of sheepskin, or often of a
piece of cloth folded several times and thus forming a pillion.
Gracchus, a noble Roman, who Avas at the height of his fame
about 126 B. C., fitted the highways with stones to enable the
horsemen to mount. The methods of mounting must have
been to vault ; to step from a horse-block, or, as Xenophon
said, "after the Persian manner," that is, to step from the back
of a slave or captive who bent himself for the purpose. War-
riors mounted with the aid of the spur. It had a hook upon
the shaft, and, placed at the side of the horse, assisted the rider
in mounting. Stirrups were used somewhat in the fifth cen-
tury, but were not common even in the twelfth.
The saddle bow, pommel and cantle were invented in Constantinople
toward the middle of the fourth century. Even later than this Ihe
stirruj) came into use, appearing for the first time in the "Treatise
on the Art of AVar," written by the Emperor Maurice at the entl of
tlie sixth century. These Byzantine innovations spread every-
where. It is beyond question "that the Turks, for example, adopted
with the saddle and spurs all the administrative forms of the Lower
Empire, and many a usage whicii seems little in accord with their
primitive genius. — A Phidian Horse: Art and Archaeology on the
Acropolis, From the Frencli of Victor Clierbuliez, translated by Eliz-
abeth Roberts.
Stirrup. A metallic loop for holding the foot of the
driver, fastened on the inside of each thill of the sulky just in
front of the cross-bar.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 251
Stocking. White, reaching down to the coronet on the
leg of a dark colored horse, and which comes up as high as the
knee or hock, is termed a '< stocking." When the white mark-
ing is shorter than this, it is called a sock.
Stone. [Eng.] The English imperial standard weight
of fourteen pounds avoirdupois. The weight carried by horses
in races is always reckoned as such a immber of stone, and so
many pounds ; as, eight stone, twelve pounds.
Stonelieiig"e. The nom de plume or pen name of John H.
Walsh, F. R. C. 8., known throughout England, Australia and
America, as a writer on horsemanship and field sports. Born
in 1810 ; died February 12, 1888. Edited the London Field
from 1857 till his death; and was an industrious and volumi-
nous writer. With a wide range of knowledge he combined
thoroughness and accuracy, and his style is smooth and flow-
ing. His treatise on " The Horse in Stable and Field," is one
of the best books in the entire range of English and American
horse literature.
Stop. To quit in a race.
Stops. On a bridle, used with reins which have buckles,
to prevent the martingale rings catching on the buckles.
Stopping". Packing or filling for the horse's feet.
Before tlie horse is i>iit away after work, the feet should be carefully
oleaued and washed out, and stopped up with clay. We avoid, in
all eases, the use of oils on the hoof, as oil will spoil any hoof, mak-
ing it brittle. The cooling, cleansing, and moistening effect of
washing is all that, is necessary to keep a healthy hoof in good con-
dition. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Strag"g:ling- Start. A poor send off. " The field got the
word with many of the horses straggling in the rear."
Straig"lit-away. A straight course ; the long, straight
stretch of a course, like the three-fourths mile straight, or the
2,450 feet home stretch of Morris Park, N. Y. On this straight
the famous horse El Rio Rey ran three-quarters of a mile in
1:11 ; and on the mile straight-a^vay at Monmouth Park, N. J.,
the mighty Salvator ran the mile August 28, 1890, in 1:35^.
Strang'les, and bastard or false strangles, are, until cured,
an unsoundness.
Stretch. One of the two straight sides of a course, as
distinguished from the turns or ends.
Stride. The distance from the foot-print of any one leg
to the foot-print of the same leg, when it comes next to the
ground ; or it may be described as the action of the limbs while
that distance is being covered. The average stride of the fast
gallop, or that of the race-horse at speed is about twenty-four
252 HANDBOOK OP THE TURF.
feet ; and that of the trotter about seventeen feet. The stride
of Eclipse was twenty-five feet ; Flying Dutchman and Volti-
geur, in 1851, struggling head to head opposite York Strand,
took a stride of twenty-four and a half feet. Martha Wilkes,
in going a 2:09^ gait, made a stride of eighteen and a half feet.
Actual measurement of strides shows that the stride is both
extended and quickened, instead of quickened and shortened,
when the speed is increased.
The trotting stride is made up of tAvo supports and two flights. The
time of botli supijorls is alilve, and tlie tiiue of botli fliglits corre-
sponds. But tlie time of the supports is not the same as tliat of the
fliglits. With different trotting movements tlieir relative times
materially change. The dwelling-gaited horse, for instance, umluly
prolongs and supports. Just in proportion as the speed increases
the tiuje of the supports is lessened, and the length of the flights is
increased. The time of the supports and tlie time of the flights of
the two pairs of feet must necessarily correspond. But the length
of the stride of the hind feet, with reference to that of the front feet,
not only changes in the same horse at different rates of trotting
speed.but also changes decidedly in different horses. * * * In the
run tlie stride is divided in to five parts instead of two, as in the trot,
each limb taking its turn as supporter and propeller, with a scarcely
appreciable interval between; and an interval between the last
fore leg and the first hind one representing a fifth of the whole
stride. Each limb, therefore, works one-fitth of each stride and
rests the other four-fifths.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
String". A number of horses; as, the horses from one
stable ; " a great string " ; the horses from a single stable shown
at a fair by themselves.
String-halt ; Chorea. The involuntary contractions of
voluntary muscles, manifested by the sudden jerking up of one
or both hind legs when the animal is walking. Stringhalt is
not an unsoundness if the horse works well — it is only a
defect ; but if it results from an inflamed nerve, there is a
question if it is not then an unsoundness, and in all cases it is
best to have it excepted in warranty.
Stud. A collection of horses; as, the royal stud, the
government breeding stud, a, private stud.
Stvid Book. A book containing the pedigrees and
history of horses. The English Stud Book was established in
1791, and has been published annually ever since. The
American Stud Book, (AVallace's,) was first published in 1867 ;
and (Bruce's,) in 1873. See American Stud Book, Ameri-
can Trotting Register and Racing Calendar.
Stviinhler. A horse which is habitually stumbling from
faulty conformation, or in consequence of a weak, shuffling gait.
Such a horse should never be used for saddle purposes.
A nag that puts his toe down first is almost sure to be a stumbler.
—Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
Stumbling. There are two kinds of stumblers. The
one lifts his foot, at the walk, without throwing his weight too
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 253
much forward at the same time, but he does not bend his knee
sufficiently, or unduly depresses his toe, when putting* the foot
to the ground. If, at the conclusion of the step, there be an
inquality on the ground, he will, in all probability, strike it
and stumble, but generally he will not fall, for the luischance
will not be sufficient to disturb the equilibrium of the body.
The other and more dangerous kind of stumbler has generally
straight shoulders, infirm fore legs, or cramped action. As he
leans his Aveight too much forward, he is very liable to catch
the ground with the toe of his advancing fore leg, a fall being
the probable result, from the center of gravity of the body
being well beyond the point of support of the fore legs. AVhile
a stumbling horse should never be ridden if any other can be
had, yet if the rider knows a horse is inclined to stumble he
should always ride him carefully and well up to the saddle so
that he may get his hind legs well under him. A properly
adjusted curb bit may be substituted for the snaffle; and in
some instances peculiar shoeing may help to overcome the
fault. Where stumbling is occasioned by inflammation of the
feet arising from tightness of the shoes, or from unequal pressure
from which cause he is liable to stumble, it is an unsoundness.
Subscription. A payment to a stake ; an entrance fee.
Suburban Handicap. A great American race run
annually at Coney Island, N. Y. Founded by James G. K.
Lawrence of New I'ork, and first run in 1884. The winners
have been: 1884, Gen Monroe; 1885, Pontiac; 1886, Trouba-
dour; 1887, Eurus; 1888, Elkwood; 1889, Raceland; 1890,
Salvator; 1891, Loantaka; 1892, Montana; 1893, Lowlander;
1894, Ramapoo.
It holds the highest place in the affections and the enthusiasm of
American turfmen. — New Yorlv Tribune.
Suffolk Park. A once famous race course established
at Philadelphia in 1859, by James KeUy. It was opened
September 8, of that year, with a race between Flora Temple
and the California mare. Princess. Flora won the first heat in
2:43, and could have distanced her competitor; but distance
was waived, and Flora won the third heat in 2:23. George M.
Patchen, Dexter, May Queen, Goldsmith Maid, American Girl
and other great ones have trotted over it. It was discontinued
and cut up into building lots in 1890.
Sulk. Explained by the quotation :
You will find there is a grain of sulk in the make-up of many good race
horses. It requires a good deal of tact and ingenuity to get out of
such animals their full measure of speed.— T. J. Dunbar.
Sulky. The track vehicle used in a race with trotting
horses; a light carriage fitted for but one person. In 1841,
254 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
the Spirit of the Times, referring to the rules of the New York
Trotting Club and the comparative tests of speed and weight
in harness and imder saddle, says : " The same weight has to
be carried b}^ the driver, exclusive of the weights of his sulky
or match-cart, as by the same jockey in the saddle. These
match-carts are of the neatest construction, and weigh gen-
erally ninety pounds, though they often weigh twenty pounds
less, and there are one or two which weigh but fifty-three
pounds!" From that date to 1892, a period of fifty-one years,
there was little or no change in the general style of the track
sulky. The main difference was in the use of better materials,
a higher artistic finish and less weight. Yet fifty-three pounds
was the exact weight of a Pray standard sulky, with wheels
four feet seven inches high, weighed and measured by the
author in September, 1893. But at the commencement of the
season of 1892, a complete revolution in trotting was inaugu-
rated by the use of the pneumatic wheel, the first experiments
with which were made with a pair of bicycle wheels attached
to an ordinary sulky. It was at the Detroit, Mich., meeting
in July 1892, however, at which the new style sulky was first
publicly recognized. The race won by Honest George took
place there on July, 20 and 21, of that year, and this was the
first race in which the pneumatic sulky was ever used at a
prominent meeting in this country. Immediately manufac-
turer's commenced to adapt their sulkies to the new require-
ments, and by the beginning of the season of 1893, pneumatic
sulkies were in use upon all the leading tracks of the country.
Builders not only made entirely new patterns but devised
methods for changing over the high wheel to the bike wheel
sulky, making stays of different kinds to fit the new wheel to
the old axle. A great number of experiments took place
before the pneumatic wheel was fully adjusted to its new uses,
but these finally proved successful and in cases of entirely new
or changed-over sulkys they have given the utmost satisfaction
to owners, trainers and drivers. The high wheel sulky, like
the stage coach, is a thing of history only. The two great
advantages of the new sulky are the pneumatic tire and ball
bearings. The height of the wheels is from tM^enty-six to
twenty-eight inches. They are made of both wood and steel
the tire being attached to the rim of the wheel. There are
from twenty to twenty-four ball bearings in each wheel, (ten
or twelve in each end of the hub), being held in the boxes by
means of a cone-case or recess into which, they are fitted. These
bearings are of different sizes, the usual diameter being one-
fourth or five-sixteenths of an inch. The weight of the pneu-
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 255
matic sulky is from thirty-eight to fifty-three pounds; the
weight of a chaiiged-over sulky from fifty-five to fifty-eight
pounds. There is, however, another advantage in the less
liability of accident on the track with the bike sulky. The
air cushion absorbs the jar, and the driver's seat is so far above
the wheel that he hears less of the vibration hence he can
drive better having his mind more completely upon his work.
There is also less risk of accidents occasioned by wheels lock-
ing, hub punching and spoke splitting. The low wheels are
guarded upon the outside by the forks, thus reducing the
possibility of accident to the mininmm.
The exact influence of tlie bicycle snlky in bringing about the reduc-
tion of tlie pacinfT and tvotlinK records lias not yet been, and
probably never will be, properly deterniined. That it lias had some
influence no one will deny ; but that it has accelerated the speed of
the lecord-breakers by four or five seconds is not witliin the bounds
of reason. * * * If any large concessit)n must be made to holders
of records to the old-style sulky, Johnston nuist be considered the
kinj>-piu pacer of tlie annals of the American turf, and Maud S.
the Irottiiiii- queen. The bicycle sulky does its most perfect work
on this, (Fleetwood), track of winding turns, sharp ant>les witli
ascending and descending grades and makes it take rank with tlie
average regulation mile course.— The Horseman, December 7, 1893.
Sulky Case. A case made of canvas for the purpose of
protecting a sulky when being transported on campaigns. A
set consists of three pieces, one for each wheel, and one for the
gear, each in the shape of sacks fitted to the parts they are to
receiA^e, buckled tightly, thus protecting them from dust and
also from being marred.
Sulkyette. A close-hitch speeding cart ; a combination
road cart and jogging sulky, adapted for track work and run-
about business.
Summary. A summary of a race should give the place
and track upon which it took place; the date; the purse for
which it was made ; the conditions as to harness, wagon or
saddle ; the ntimber of heats ; the names, color and sex of the
horses competing ; the name of the sire of the horse, (and the
dam if she is a winner of one or more heats) ; names of owners
and drivers; positions of the horses, and time made. The
names of pacers should be in italics. An entire horse should
be entered as a horse, not as a stallion ; and described in the
summary as "b. h." The letters "b. s." should not be used.
Summary Against Time. Where a horse is started
to beat his record it is called trotting against time. When the
summary is published, if the horse lowers his record, his name
and time are given first; if he does not beat his record they
are given last. Thus :
256 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
SUMMARY.
Stockton, Cal., October lo, 1891. Palo Alto started to
beat his record of 2:12^.
Time, 1
Palo Alto, 2
Time: 2:12|.
Supervisors. Officers appointed by the National Trot-
ting Association to visit any meeting held on any track in its
membership, to learn if the rules are properly observed, and
take the time of horses in any heat or race, which facts may
be received in evidence in any case pending.
Suppleness. [Eq.] The perfect harmony of all the
forces of the horse when in obedience to the will of the rider.
Surcing'le. A girth for a horse ; a girth separate from
a saddle or harness, passing around the body of the horse,
retaining in place a blanket or saddle-cloth.
Suspension. Period of suspension ; the time during
which the horse is completely oif the ground at any particular
pace in motion, or when jumping.
Suspension. A penalty imposed. This penalty may
be imposed upon a member, horse, owner or driver, having the
force of disqualification during the time it is in operation, and
making a conditional withholding of all their rights and
privileges. It may be imposed for non-payment of dues, fines
or entrance fees ; giving a false pedigree or record of a
horse ; false statement of name or residence ; refusing to give
information; meddling with or disguising a horse; wrongfully
entering in a class ; for false protest ; refusing to ride or drive ;
helping; any breach of decorum; foul driving, or other
just cause. Suspension is usually limited to the season in
which the order was issued, unless more explicitly stated in
the order.
Suspensory Lig^ament. A very strong band or cord
of nonelastic fibrous tissue, lying between the canon bone and
the back tendon; "one of the most wonderful coutrivanees, '*
says Prof. Stillman, "in the whole locomotive machinery of
the horse." Its obvious mechanical use is to prevent over-
extension of the fetlock-joint ; and if this cord is ruptured or
stretched the animal becomes what is termed " broken down,"
that is, the fetlock-joint sinks down, and the hoof has a
tendency to tilt forwards and upwards.
Though a ligament only, with its action beyond the control of
tlie will, it is no less an active organ whose function is indispens-
able to locomotion. The perfect equilibrium between the strength
of the ligament and the force it is required to resist is of the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 257
utmost importance. If it yields too miicli, the fetlock is liable to
strike the ki'ouikI ; if it is too ri}ii<l and it does not yield enough,
there will be stiffness and a hobbling gait. — The Horse in Motion,
J.D. B. Stillman.
Swallow the Bridle. A horse having too wide a
mouth and too small a bit is said to " swallow the bridle."
Sweat Flaps. Pieces of leather which are placed under
the girth straps of the saddle, on each side, to prevent the
sweat of the horse from working through.
Sweat Out; Sweating Out. An exercise given a
horse before a race for the purpose of sweating out his throat
to put him in better condition. Such an exercise is usually
about three miles at three-quarters speed.
Sweepstakes, is usually construed as meaning a race
over all ; a free-for-all. By the rules of the Turf Congress it
means a race publicly declared open to all complying with its
conditions, to be fulfilled, wholly or in part, subsequent to its
closing or in handicaps subsequent to the acceptance of weight,
and in which stakes are to be made for each horse.
Switclied. A veterinary term meaning a glandered
horse.
Switclier. A horse given to a habit of constantly
switching the tail when in harness. It is a serious fault.
Symmetry. Beauty and harmony of exterior conforma-
tion in regard to size, shape and arrangement of the various
parts of the body to some particular type of the useful horse.
It possesses a different standard in that of the race or trotting
horse from what it is in the Clyde or Hackney, but is present
alike in each according to its own type.
17
Table. The free portion, crown or surface of the teeth
which becomes worn by friction with the hard substances the
horse takes as food, and by the constant contact with the teeth
of the opposite jaw. There are five well defined periods in this
dental table, as it changes from use in successive years : 1,
The surface of the teeth forming the dental table is at first flat-
tened from front to rear ; 2, this table becomes oval ; 3, it
becomes rounded and its two diameters are nearly equal ; 4, it
becomes triangular with three borders, one anterior and two
lateral; 5, the table is flattened from side to side and so
remains to very old age.
Tag's. The pendants, usually of copper, in the oval plate
in the center of the bar of a mouthing bit. They lay upon the
tongue, and by playing with them the attention of the horse
is diverted, thus rendering him more easily subdued and
managed.
Tail Male Line. A term used in a thoroughbred pedi-
gree, by which is meant the horses tracing in direct male line
to Herod on the side of the sire. For instance : Diomed,
winner of the inauguration Derby in 1780, was by Florizel,
son of Herod ; young Eclipse winner of the second Derby by
O'Kelly's Eclipse, etc.
Take Care of, To. A term expressive of a favor or
advantage which a driver will give another if he can do so
fairly ; and also implying a choice for a horse that may be in
the field. "If I can take care of you, I will," means that if the
opportunity occurs as between the one spoken to and another,
the driver will look out and give him the advantage. A judge
in assigning positions to horses will say to a driver, "Mr. Blank,
you have the pole"; and the answer may be given, "thank you
for the favor," when, in fact, it was no favor of the judges, at
all, the horse got the pole fairly in the drawing. The term is
not to be taken as expressive of collusion or any understanding
as between parties in a race.
The starter again took care of Manzanita in the sixth lieat, and gave a
start that can only be explained on tlie theory that he was so nuich
tnteresled in the great race that he tailed to watch the held closely.
—Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
258
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 259
Take the Field. To stake one's money against the
favorite, thus backing all the rest against a single horse.
Taking'-off. The act of leaving the ground in making
a leap or jump on horseback.
Talent, The. The ring; those who have inside infor-
mation concerning the race, or a certain horse in the held ; the
knowing ones. The term originated in Australia.
The talent came down to Rigby to back Charlie B., bnt went home with
lean jiocket-books. The little gray liorse from way-back surprised
everybody by the way he won the race.— Port land I'less.
Aiid sinks from view forever, while tiie talent
Declare they never saw a sight so gallant.
— New South Wales paper.
Tan Gallop. A winter exercise ground for horses, built
at Waterhall Farm, near Newmarket, Eng., in 1883. Said to
be the finest ground of its kind in the world.
Tandem. A word meaning at length ; one after another.
Two or more horses harnessed and driven one before the other,
instead of side by side, as in a span, or pair. A fashionable
turn out.
Tap the Wire. To obtain surreptitious possession of
the telegraph and extract the information with which it is
charged, concerning a race, for fraudulent or unlawful purposes.
Tarpan. The wild horse of Tartary.
Tarsus. The hock joint.
Tattersall's. "The high-change of horse flesh." A
mart for the sale of horses established by Richard Tattersall,
near Hyde Park Corner, London, in 1766. The lease of the
site having expired, the new premises at Brompton were erected
and opened for business, April 10, 1865. The Tattersalls Com-
panies in America was organized in 1892, for the sale of fine
horses, with offices at New York ; Cleveland, Ohio ; Lexington,
Ky., and Chicago, 111.
Teaming" a Race. Driving a race. The expression is
very often heard among drivers, "I teamed a race," meaning
that they drove a race ; hence to team, is to drive.
Teeth, The horse has two sets of teeth : The milk
teeth w^iich appear at or soon after birth, known as those of
the first dentition ; and the permanent teeth, or those of the
second dentition. The teeth are placed in each jaw in such a
manner that they make the form of an arch — the convex part
forward and the open part back toward the throat. The arch
of each jaw is again classed by veterinarians into three sections
— the anterior, or front ; the intermediate, or middle, and the
lateral, or back. In the first are located the incisors ; in the
260 HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF.
second the tusks, and in the third the molars or grinders.
The first are used to grasp and cut the food ; the second to
separate it, and the third to still finer reduce or crush it. On
each side, directly behind the incisors, is a section of the jaw
in which are no teeth, known in the lower jaw, as the bar of
the jaw or mouth ; while back of this are the molar teeth. In
the adult animal there are in each jaw six incisors, two tush
teeth and twelve molars, making a total of forty teeth for the
horse. The tush teeth are generally absent in the mare, her
total number being thirty-six. These tush teeth do not exist
in the young animal, but in the place where they will appear
when the horse becomes older, are sometimes found rudimentary
teeth with no well-defined shape. Occasionally in both the
young and adult animal, occur rudimentary premolar teeth
called wolf teeth, which are four in number, two in each jaw,
making the total number in such cases, forty-four. See Age
OF THE Horse.
These little rudiments of teeth are, when properly understood, of great
interest. Tiieir diminutive size, irregular form and inconstant
presence, combined with their history in the extinct horse-like
" animals, show them to be teeth which, for some reason to us at
present unknown, have become superfluous, have been very grad-
ually and slowly dispensed with, and are in the stage to which the
horse h:is now arrived in its evolution, u])on the point of disappear-
ance. The presence of these so-called wolves' teeth alone is sufB.-
cient, if we had no other proof , to show that the horse is not an
isolated creation, but one link in a great chain of^organic beings.—
The Horse, William Henry Flower, C. B.
The natural division of the two periods of age, as indicated by the tem-
porary and the permanent teeth, is subdivided as follows : 1, The
period of eruption of the incisors or the first dentition ; 2, the level-
ing of these teeth and their progressive use; 3, the period of the
falling out of the deciduous teeth and the appearance of the per-
manent ones ; 4, the leveling of these latter; 5, the successive forms
which their tables present as the teeth become worn away. * * *
A thoroughbred with dense bones and hard teeth will wear the lat-
ter away nmch more slowly than a coarse-boned, lymphatic, com-
mon horse with softer substances in the teeth. The character of
food to which a colt has been accustomed will stimulate or dimin-
ish the functional activity of the tooth, and, Avhile hard substances
would naturally wear a tooth faster than softer food, yet the ani-
mal whicli has been raised on the former will often have harder
teeth than one which has not had to use them so severely.— Age of
the Domestic Animals, Rush Shippen Huidekoper, M. D.
Temples. Those portions of the head, on each side of
the forehead, between the ear and eye.
Ten Broeck. King of the running turf. Foaled on
the farm of John Harper, Midway, Ky., in 1872. By imported
Phaeton ; dam, Fanny Hulton, by Lexington. He was a most
unpromising colt, and at two years of age was a sickly looking
animal one would hardly have taken as a gift. But at four
years of age he had developed into a remarkable animal. In
that year, September 16, 1876, carrying 104 pounds he lowered
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 201
the record for two miles and five-eighths at Lexington, Ky., to
4:58^, where it has remained ever since. Ten days after tliis,
viz: On September 27, 1876, carrying the same weight, at
Chm'chill Downs, Lexington, Ky., he ran the fastest four miles
ever known and never equalled or surpassed since — 7:15f. As
a five-year-old he was even speedier, and in a contest against
time at Midway, Ky., May 21, 1877, lowered the record for one
mile to l:39f, which stood as the record till 1890 ; and a week
later, May 29, 1877, at Louisville, Ky., he ran two miles in
3:27|-, carrying 110 pounds, which has never been beaten since.
His last appearance on the course was at the Louisville, Ky.,
Jockey Club track, July 4, 1878, in a four mile heat race
against the California mare, ]\lollie McCarthy, which up to
that time had been unbeaten. The race w\as for $10,000 a
side, and w^as witnessed by the largest crowd ever seen upon
the Louisville course. The famous California mare was dis-
tanced. After this race he was retired from the turf, placed
in the stud, and was the sire of some of the best runners on
the turf. He was valued at $100,000. His death occurred at
the stock farm of T. B. Harper, near Midway, Ky., June 28,
1887.
Terrets. Metallic eyes which screw into the saddle-tree
of a harness through which the reins or driving-lines pass from
the bit to the hands of the driver. A set embraces two terrets
and one w-ater-hook, the latter holding the check or bearing
rein in jjlace. These trimmings for a harness are made in a
great variety of style and finish.
The Braid. A whip, or whip-lash. To aj)ply the
braid is to flog or punish a horse ; to use the whip.
The Rest Nowhere. A distanced field. A term in
popular use at race tracks the world over, to denote the
unplaced horses. Originated from the expression made by
the famous Colonel O'Kelly, at Epsom, Eng., May 3, 1769,
when called upon to place the horses on occasion of the first
race run by the celebrated horse, Eclipse. "Eclipse first, the
rest nowhere," was Colonel O'Kelly's vigorous description of
this remarkable race, hence the term now used.
Thick Wind. One of the several forms o£ disease
affecting the breathing organs of the horse, allied to that of
roaring, W'histling and heaves. In many cases it is the fore-
runner of broken wind, or heaves, and when it proceeds from
inflammation it is an unsoundness.
Thig'h. The thigh of the horse is bordered by the stifle,
flank, croup, buttock and gaskin, from which it is separated
262 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
by a horizontal line drawn from the upper end of the straight
line made by the hamstring, which proceeds towards the thigh
from the point of the hock.
Thoroug-hbretl. The natural aristocrat of the equine
race. It means that a horse's pedigree can be traced for gen-
erations from sires and dams of English pure blood, or from
Arabs, Barbs, (Barbary States), or Persians, recorded in the
stud-book. While this is the former well understood definition,
its meaning has become somewhat modified in recent years.
It now generally means a horse whose pedigree contains the
requisite number of crosses to insure freedom from any consid-
erable contamination of cold blood. One possessing five
crosses to animals of pure blood, untainted with mongrel
strains, is regarded a thoroughbred. The difference between
thoroughbred and standard bred, is that the former is bred to
run and the latter to trot, — hence the terms running bred and
trotting bred, frequently used in referring to the two classes.
Strictly speaking, however, no horse is thoroughbred that does
not trace, without contaminating blood, to Oriental origin.
In other words, the horses of the first blood, or such as are
nearest possible to the Eastern stock, are : Those immediately
produced from an Arabian or Barb ; any stallion crossed with
an English mare, which has already been crossed with a Barb
or Arabian stallion, in the first degree ; or that which has
sprung from two crosses in the same degree.
The term thoroughbred was orij^iiially used exclusively as the name
by wliicli the English race-horse was designated. Tlie thorough-
bred horse is peculiarly a British procUiction. * * * The term
tlioroughbred, as applied to horses, is used to designate the run-
ning liorse. * * * A recent cross with an imported Arab or Barb,
while it does not vitiate the blood nor render an animal ineligible
as a tlioroughbred, is not usually regarded as desirable, from the
fact that the course of selection which has been practiced by the
breeders of thoroughbred horses in England and America for the
last one hundred years, has given us a race that is generally coii-
sitlered to be far superior to the Oriental horse of to-day for speed,
size and stoutness.— Horse Breeding, J. H. Sanders.
The race-horse, or, rather, the tlioroughbred liorse, from his symmetry,
power, graceful action, light, elastic form, speed and stamina, is,
beyond question, the highest type of the equine family. He pos-
sesses more of the beaut it-s of formaticm than any animal which
approximates to him in size and shape; he excels all others in the
intelligent expression of his countenance and shape of his head;
and in the simplicity, compactjiess and com|>leteness of his digest-
ive organs, the great leverage of his hocks and hind quarters, and
the wonderful mechanism (1is])layed in the construction of his legs
and feet.— The Thorough l)red Horse, S. D. Bruce.
The advantages of thor(jughbreil blood, as they seem to me, are that it
gives higher finish, better quality of bone,* better joints and sui)e-
rior wind and lung power. I do not base my claims for thorough-
bred blood on gameness. INIy belief is that gameness comes, in
great part, from pure, frictionless action. It is practically a truth
that speed makes gameness. Some thoroughbreds have more trot-
ting action than others. In selecting a thoroughbred mare to
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 263
breed to a t^o^ting stallion, we pay great attention to form, action
and head. Some iliorouglibretis are more brainy and level headed
than others, and from one of these of the right conformation bred
to a stallion of great brain and action-controlling jjower, the
chances of getting a high class trotter are good. 1 do not claim
that you can get trotters as uniformly this way as by breeding
from trotting mares, but you can, with the propcily mated sire and
dam, get horses of high class by this line of breediaig horses, of
great linisli and hard, fine quality. — Training the Trotting Horse,
Charles Marvin.
Tlioroug-h-piii, A sprain of the tendons above the
knee and behind the bone of the forearm ; or of the tendon
which pUiys over the back of the hock, to the inner side of the
bony process which forms its point. When so hirge as to ren-
der it likely that lameness will follow, it has been proven an
unsoundness.
Three in Five. A race, or purse, the conditions of
which are that three out of five heats must be won by one
horse, in order to entitle him to the race and purse, or stake.
Three-quarter Shoe. A shoe, one side of which is
shorter than the other ; so that when on the foot, the wall of
the short side, measuring from the heel, is uncovered for a
distance of two inches, or a little more. It is used for reliev-
ing from pressure the parts of the foot near a corn.
Three-quarter Speed. A gait used by many of the
best trainers in working the trotting horse previous to a race ;
the principle being never to work a horse at high speed, or,
rather, full speed, that being kept in reserve for the actual
test of the race.
Budd Doble taught me that a horse could be put in condition with a
great deal less fast work than I had at that time supi^osed possible.
His idea Mas to give tliem plenty of what we call three-quarter
speed, with longer worlv from a mile to a mile-;uid-a-half, and then
two mile heats. — Life with the Trotters. John Splan.
Three-ride Business. [Eng.] The crack way of
running over hurdles, in which just three strides are taken
mechanically between each hurdle.
Three Straig-ht-aways. A term applied to a race
won in three straight heats.
Throat-latch. That part of the crownpiece of the
bridle which serves to prevent it from slipping over the horse's
head by passing under his throat.
Thro'tv a Heat. A term used to express that act of a
driver or rider, by which a heat is lost at the finish — evidently
by design ; to pull up and let an opponent dash by one at the
close of a heat ; to give the heat away when it might have
been won ; to drop anchor.
Thrush. An inflammation of the secreting membrane
of the frog, with foetid discharge from the cleft. Where
264 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
it is the result of contraction, as is often the case, it is an
unsoundness.
Tilting- Table. An operating table used by veterinary-
surgeons in casting a horse. The animal is placed close to the
table, as to a wall. His head, body and legs are securely
strapped to it, and, by means of adjustable levers operated by
a crank and cogs, the table is brought down to a horizontal
position, and the horse is lying on his side upon it ready to be
operated upon.
Time. This word, as applied to races, is used to indi-
cate the duration of time which it takes a horse to go a given
distance, in order to ascertain the greatest speed attainable, or
the greatest distance which can be passed over in a given time.
All races in this country are timed by official timers, or judges,
the time is recorded, and set against the horse making the
fastest time in a heat or race, the time always being taken
from the horse first to pass under the wire at the finish. On
the English turf there is no official record of time made at
races. To what a degree breeding and training have improved
the trotting time in this country in seventy years, is shown by
the following outline table : In 1820, the best mile in harness
was about 3:00; in 1830, the best mile in harness was 2:40;
in 1840, the best time under saddle was by Dutchman, 2:28 ;
in 1850, the best time under saddle was by Lady Suffolk,
2:26^ ; in 1860, the best time in harness was by Flora Temple,
2:19f ; in 1870, the best time in harness w^as by Dexter, 2:17|;
in 1880, the best time in harness was by Jay-Eye-See, 2:10;
in 1890, the best time in harness was by Sunol, 2:08;^; in
1893, the best time in harness was by Directum, 2:05^.
There commonly has to be a coiijvinction of favorable circumstances,
in order to enable a horse to make extraordinary time. Therefore,
when it is found that one which has not made such time, can beat
those which have, race after race, all of Ihem being apparently in
good condition, a reasonable presumption is raised that the trotter
■ in question will, at no distant day, beat the time at the head of the
record, as well as the horses which made it. — The Trotting Horse of
America, Hiram Woodruff.
Timer. A chronograph; a split-second watch used in
taking the time made by horses in a race.
Timer. A person appointed as timing judge, to take
the time made by the horses in each heat. The National rules
require that two official timers shall take the time of the horses
in races ; the American rules require three, and the rules of
the Turf Congress say there shall be "one or more, not to
exceed three." These officials are appointed by the president
of the track or association, or they may be appointed by the
judges. Id announcing the time made, it is usual, where there
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 2G5
is a disagreement in watches, to give the average time taken
by all of them.
Time Board. The score board upon which the time of
the heat and rank of the horses, at the close of each heat, is
hung out in front of the judges' stand.
Time Between Heats. The time allowed drivers and
horses by the trotting rules, between heats, is : Mile heats,
twenty minutes ; mile heats in a three in five race, twenty-five
minutes; two mile heats, thirty minutes; three mile heats,
thirty-five minutes ; and if there should be a four mile race,
forty minutes. The racing rules are: In heats of three-
fourths of a mile, and of one mile, twenty minutes ; in heats
of two miles, twenty-five minutes ; in heats of three miles,
thirty-five minutes, and in heats of four miles, forty minutes.
Time ^Not a Bar. By the trotting rules time made
under the saddle, or on snow or ice, as well as time made when
two or more horses are harnessed together, shall constitute a
bar for races of the same character, but shall not be a bar for
races of a different character ; but time to wagon is a record or
a bar, as the case may be, in races of every character.
Time Performance. A measure of speed against time.
The trotting rules and rules of the Trotting Register Associa-
tion require that a performance against time must be made at
a regular meeting of a track or society in National or Ameri-
can membership ; strictly in accordance with the trotting rules ;
not to interfere with, or take place pending the close of another
race; in the presence of three judges and three timers; the
meeting must be duly advertised ; the entries properly made,
and it must not take place earlier than ten o'clock of the day
set for the performance. Match races are regarded as per-
formances against time.
Time Record. In all public races, and in all perform-
ances against time, the time made in each heat must be accu-
rately taken and placed in a record which must be signed by
the judges at the close of the heat, as well as by the timers
and the clerk of the course. If it should be made to appear
to the boards of review or appeals, upon investigation, that
any record had been fraudulently obtained, such time shall
be regarded a bar, not a record.
Time, Suppression of. The act of withholding from
the public the actual time made by a horse in a heat. The
suppression of time at a public race is regarded and treated
as a fraud by all the associations ; and such acts are punishable
by heavy fines and expulsions from the courses within the
membership of the trotting and racing congresses.
266 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Tin Cup ; Tin-Cupper ; Tin Cup Record. A term
of derision; a record against time as distinguished from one
made in a race ; a horse having a record gained at a private
trial against the watch. About 1885 trials of young horses
against time, or for some private prize, usually a silver cup or
piece of plate, became very popular. Sueh horses were being
put into the 2:30 by the hundred, starting for no real con-
sideration, and with little or no guaranty that such time had
been made by them as was claimed. The matter became an
abuse, and was the occasion of so much wrong that great
reproach came to be attached to such records. The American
Sportsman said: "A horse with a tin cup record cuts no
figure and is a drug on the market ; and the men who turn out
any more of them require a guardian." Wallace's ]\fonthly
said : " If regulations cannot be devised that will secure some
slight test of a colt's racing qualities in winning his record,
then we are in favor of wiping out tin cup records, standard
stakes records, private matches and all that, and of putting
every youngster on an equality." After long discussion the
matter was taken in hand by the American, and later by the
National Trotting Association, whereby judicious regulations
were adopted governing all time performances, which are now
in force by all societies and tracks in membership with either
association, and which are recognized by the American Trot-
ting Register Association. See Against Time, and Time
Performances.
Time performance according to rule is just as potent as one made in a
race— both are measures of speed, properly designated. Tlie rules
now in force by the national associations throw around time per-
formances the i^roper restriction desired by all prominent breeders.
—Turf, Field and Farm.
Tip. Private information or advice on the chances of a
horse winning. " A straight tip " is information which comes
direct from an owner or trainer, and which is supposed to be
trustworthy.
No matter what paper or tout proclaims,
Take only the tip from Truthful James;
He is up to all the dodges and games,
And money's not wasted by Truthful James.
—The Sporting Times.
Tip. A racing tip for the front of a horse's foot ; a half-
shoe ; a plate extending aroimd the toe from quarter to quarter.
Youatt, the English authority, in his work on the horse
published in 1831 said: "Tips are short shoes, reaching only
half round the foot, and worn while the horse is at grass, in
order to prevent the crust being torn by the occasional hard-
ness of the ground, or the pawing of the animal." As re-in-
vented by Mr. Joseph Cairn Simpson of California, the tip was
HAi^^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 267
placed on the foot like a shoe, and tapered or feathered to a
point to keep tlie hoof as level as possible. Subsequently the
tip was made of nearly a uniform thickness, having a quarter
of an inch of metal filed square. A shoulder was cut in the
wall, and so much of the sole as the width of the web required,
and all back of the shoulder was left full and rounded with a
file to protect the edge.
I have given tips a vei*y fair trial, and have found that at least on our
gravelly soil they fail to sufficiently i>roteet the feet of horses in
training. On a suit, soil for jogging, "for a horse not in hard training
or for a horse with contracted heels, they are excellent, but are
inadequate protection as a rule, in the wear and tear of constant
track-work. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
As a rule a liorse that is short in the pasterns wears away the toes very
quickly, and such a horse can wear tips successfully. On ihe other
hand a horse long in the pasterns wears the heels rapidly and on
such a horse tips will not prove of service.— Scientific Horseshoeing,
William Russell.
I believe if our trotting tracks were not quite so hard there are a great
many horses that would go better if shod in tips. I have watched
tliis matter at every opportunity which i^resented itself to me,
have tried tips on a number of horses, and am satisfied that for a
horse to go well in them the track must be especially prepared. —
Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Tipster. An informer on a race ; a tout.
Tipsters are almost all swindlers.— The Badminton Library: Racing,
The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven.
Tire. The hoop or rim of iron used to bind or hold the
felloe or fellies of wheels to secure them from wearing or
breaking — referring particularly to the old style high-wheel
sulky, or carriage wheel. Sulky tires, formerly invariably of
iron, are now almost invariably of rubber, hence the tire is not
used to hold the felloe together, as the felloe is made of steel or
wood in one continuous section. These rubber tires are made
in various patterns, all on the pneumatic principle differing
much in details of construction. Some are formed in a single
compound tube ; others are made in two parts, having an outer
and an inner tube, the latter being the air receptacle. Some
tires are laced ; some are ribbed or corrugated, lengthwise, on
the outer surface ; some formed entirely whole ; some are
cemented to the felloe, others are attached without cement, so
as to be easily removed. By a laced tire is meant that the
outer tube or cover is laced in one or more places, very simi-
larly to the way a shoe is laced ; the cause for this being that
it leaves an opening by which the inner tube may be removed
in case of necessity for repairing or replacing the tube. When
a pneumatic tire has been some time used and has become flat
or soft, it is said to be "deflated." See Rubber Tire; Pneu-
matic Tire.
To Break the .Record. When a. horse makes faster or
lower time in a class than that which has been made; or
268 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
reduces the record for a certain age, or way of going, below
where it has stood, is to break or cut the record.
To Draw Rein. To stop ; to pull up.
To Give Kein. To let a horse have his head; to let
him out at speed.
To Harness. A race announced to be trotted to harness,
means that it is to take place to a sulky.
To Horse. A term meaning that one is mounted ; that
the person is on horseback.
To Lay Over. To surpass; to excel; to have more
speed ; to lay over him in a race, means that one has a faster
horse than his opponent.
To Make the Running. To make the pace at the
beginning of a race by causing a second-class horse to set off
at high speed, with a visw of giving a better chance to a stay-
ing horse.
To Rein Up. To bring the horse to a halt ; to stop.
To Ride tlie G-reat Horse. An historic phrase used in
old times in England, signifying to practice horsemanship in
the fashion of the day.
To Ride to Hounds. To take part in a fox-hunt ; to
follow the ciiase.
To Take Up the Running-, is to go off at full speed
from a slower pace ; to take the lead in a race.
To Wagon. A race announced to be trotted to wagon,
means to a four-wheeled track skeleton.
Toe. The front part of the foot, or shoe.
Toe-out ; Toe-in. Horses that are pigeon toed or splay-
footed generally toe-out or toe-in. Such are structural defects
and in most cases are beyond the scope of farriery to remedy.
Toe-"weig"hts. Small metal knobs screwed or otherwise
attached to the hoofs of the horse's feet. There are various
patterns, among them: Miles' adjustable stick-fast, toe and
side; Fenton's security; Chicago welded spur weight, resting
on a spur welded to the front of the shoe and projecting up in
front of the toe of the hoof ; side weights ; j\litchell weight ;
Dot side weight, leather, lead filled; Duplex side weight;
Pocket weight, made of leather and filled with sheet lead
admitting of changes in weight; Clark's eclipse, toe and side;
Boss toe and side, 2, 3, 4 and 6 ounces, attached to the boot or
scalper; Boston, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 ounces.
The necessity for toe-weights or heavy slioes lies in some defect of con-
formation or of gait, and wlien a trotter is obliged to carry a heavy
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 269
load In this manner his feet and legs suffer .—Road, Track and Sta-
ble, H. C. Merwin.
CoiiLimied soundness with toe-weights at a high rate of speed, is a nat-
ural impossibility. The fastest trotter, for a spurt, that the world
has produced, has been compelled to wear ti)e-weiglils, and after a
few wonderful dashes, she is a cripple. Tliey may have added
many to the list of fast trotters, but have added just as many to the
list of hopeless cripples. In due course of time tlie toe- weight will
be remembered only as a <!ruel appliance to overcome antagonistic
Instincts in the trotter.— Wallace's Monthly, 1881.
Tong'S-Across-a-Wall. [Eq.] A phrase descriptive
of a seat in riding which depends for its balance upon the
stirrup, renouncing all contact of the legs with the horse's
body.
Topping- the Wall. [Eng.] An act by which the
horse strikes the wall with his hind feet to send him with
renewed effort or spring beyond some object on the opposite
side that he did not see till partially over ; and to do which he
had not used sufficient power in his s]3ring when he rose. It
is an act which is considered evidence of very superior training.
Toppy. Stylish ; showy. A term used to describe the
general appearance and carriage of a horse, as in the expres-
sions, " a toppy bay ; " "a pair of toppy grays."
Tout. A horse watcher ; an agent on the lookout for any
information or circumstance as to a horse's capabilities or con-
dition, or anything pertaining to the race. Various training
quarters are regularly "touted" by men well versed in their
business, and the information obtained is given to tipsters who
give it to the public either through the columns of the sporting-
press, or by means of letters and telegrams.
Touts, when known, shall be debarred the privileges of the race courses
and grounds.— Rules of the American Turf Congress.
Tottts are thieves who steal stable secrets, either by spying on horses
in their gallops and trials, or by bribing servants to betray their
masters, and to betray any important information on horses how-
ever acquired.— The Badminton Library: Racing, The Earl of Suf-
folk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven.
Trace. One of the two straps belonging to a harness, by
which a sulky or buggy is drawn by the horse harnessed to it ;
a tug.
Track. A race course. Tracks are made straight, oval
and kite-shaped ; and also in some cases, of other and peculiar
shape according to the condition of the land upon which they
are built. The lengths are generally one-half mile, and one
mile respectively. The land required for a half mile track is
fourteen acres ; for a mile track forty-nine acres, where the
homestretch is sixty-five feet, and the backstretch forty feet
wide ; and no track should be narrower than this, many are
wider. A better width is seventy feet for the homestretch and
270 HA.NDBOOK OF THE TURF.
fifty feet for the backstretch ; while some modern built tracks
are seventy-six feet for the former, and sixty for the latter. A
half mile track should be as wide as a mile track. The area
given above does not include land upon which to set buildings
outside the track circle, but simply that required for the track
surface. A natui-al rather than an artificial soil is the best for
a track, provided it is of the right kind ; but a soil that is nat-
urally sandy is not favorable, as it is light and cuppy. If such
is to be used as the foundation, it must be covered with a dres-
sing of seven to nine inches of clay loam, in order to ' make a
good surface. The best soil for a track is a strong, fertile,
deep loam ; indeed the richer and tougher the soil the better,
and if there is some peat or crude vegetable matter in its com-
position it is better still. A good surface for a track is made of
blocks of strong loam, twelve inches square, set like paving
blocks, then thoroughly impacted and dressed. Such a track
has a springy quality and will retain its elasticity for years.
If kept in proper condition it will not sore up a horse. It is as
necessary that the soil of a track be rich, as it is that of a field ;
then it has life, will not become dead, and will last. It needs
an occasional dressing of manure plowed into the surface and
finished off. Next it must have an abundance of water — in fact
all the soil will retain and not become too soft ; this renders it
always moist, makes it easy and yielding. It is not a difficult
matter to lay out a half-mile or mile track — any ordinary sur-
veyor can do it by following the rules given below ; but to lay
out a kite track is a more complicated matter, on account of
the angles and details involved, and such a work requires the
services of a competent engineer.
To Lay Out a Half-mile Track. Draw two parallel lines
six hundred feet long and four hundred and fifty-two feet, five
inches apart. Half-way between the extreme ends of the two
parallel lines drive a stake, then loop a wire around the stake
long enough to reach to either side. Then make a true curve
with the wire, putting down a stake as often as a fence-post is
needed. When this operation is finished at both ends of the
six hundred foot parallel lines the track is laid out. The
inside fence will rest exactly on the line drawn, but the track
must measure a half-mile three feet from the fence. The track
should rise one-fourth inch to the foot from the pole to the out-
side on straight work. The turns should be thrown up one
foot and three inches in every ten feet of width, or five feet on
a forty foot turn. The stretches may be from forty-five to sixty
feet long, and the throwing up of the turns should be com-
menced on both stretches for both tm-ns, and worked toward
the apex of each.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 271
To Lay Out a Mile Track. Draw a line through an oblong
center four hundred and forty yards in length, setting a stake
at each end. Then draw a line on either side of the hrst line,
exactly parallel with and four hundred and seventeen feet and
two inches from it, setting stakes at either end of them. This
will give an oblong square four hundred and forty yards long,
and eight hundred and thirty-four feet and four inches wide.
At each end of these three lines set stakes. Xext fasten a
cord or wire four hundred and seventeen feet and two inches
long, to the center stake of this parallelogram, and tlien describe
a half-circle, driving stakes as often as it is necessary to set a
fence post. When the circle is made at both ends of this par-
allelogram there will be two straight sides and two circles
which, measured three feet from the fence, will be exactly one
mile. The turns should be thrown up one foot in ten feet of
width, from the pole to the outside, so that a turn forty feet
wide would, at its highest point, be four feet higher at the out-
side than at the pole. Tracks should always be built with ref-
erence to attaining the highest degree of speed. What is
termed a regulation track, strictly speaking, is one on which
the stretches and turns are each eighty rods long, (for a mile
track); and forty rods long, (for a haJf-mile track). These,
however, vary — as on some mile tracks the turns are ninety
rods long, and the stretches seventy rods long; and on some
half-mile tracks the turns are forty-five, and the stretches
thirty-five rods long. The judges' stand should be placed
back one hundred and fifty feet from the commencement of
the first turn. A track is fast or slow according to its condi-
tion. "To the texture of the surface and the thoroughness of
its manipulation, much more than to the shape and grades is
attributable the wonderful speed records that have been made
at Terre Haute." When the track becomes loose, first use a
planer, following with a dressing harrow, finishing with a float ;
all the time keeping the work back of the teams. To be in
the best condition tracks must have a true, hard face, finishing
off with a beautiful, elastic cushion. Other conditions being
equal half-mile courses are rated from three to five seconds
slower than mile courses. The half-mile course is altogether
the most popular for spectators as they are enabled to keep the
horses in sight with comparative ease during the entire race.
In 1893 the National Trotting Association had a membership
of 558 ; and the American Trotting Association of 806, making
a total of 1364 tracks in the membership of these associations.
The national associations have never adopted any special shape
for a regulation track — all that is necessary is that it must be
272 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
exactly one thousand seven hundred and sixty yards in length ;
whether straight away, kite, oval or ring-shaped.
The great point in track building is to get a perfect cushion— one that
is smooth, springy and clean, where there is a certain amount of
yielding when the foot strikes, bnt yet no softness of surface. The
aim is to have Ihe track smooth yet springy, to have it clean Avith-
ont being hard, and elastic without being clinging. — ^Training the
Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin.
The kite trade is considered to be about two seconds faster than the
ordinary or regulation track, because it consists almost entirely of
two long stretches; but it is of course very unsatisfactory to tlie
spectator, who is able to see in any real sense, only the beginning
and the finish of the race. It seems unlikely that these tracks will
long be tolerated. — Road, Track and Stable, H. C. Merwin.
Track, Covered. The only covered mile track in the
world is that at the breeding farm of Henry C. Jewett, Jewett-
ville, (near Buffalo), N. Y. It is completely covered, shingled
and painted, forming an enclosure 5286 feet long. The build-
ing is lighted by twenty thousand panes of glass, has a grand
stand that will seat twenty-five persons, and has electric bells
at each quarter post. The surface of the track is made in a
series of small grades the highest of which is thirteen feet in
one hundred, so that the muscles of the horse are changed six
times in going one mile.
Track Decorviin. By the trotting rules, improper
language to officers or judges, or to drivers, owners, trainers,
riders or attendants ; loud shouting ; making improper use of
the whip, or other improper conduct is strictly forbidden dur-
ing the pendency of a heat, and is punishable by fine, suspen-
sion or expulsion.
Track Rules. The special rules relating more particu-
larly to tracks are : That the track shall be measured by a
competent civil engineer, and its exact length obtained three
feet from the pole, that is, from the inside fence or ditch, and
his certificate of measurement, made under oath, shall be
deposited with the secretary of that national association of
w^hich the track is a member; that horses called for a race
have the exclusive right of the course, all other horses being
obliged to leave the track ; that horses meeting on a track shall
pass to the left, and that the track must be level. Upon this
last point the rule of the American Trotting Register Associa-
tion is, that "the registrar is instructed not to accept for pur-
poses of registration the record of any animal not made on a
track where the start and finish are not on the same level." If
a track is not in membership with the national associations, a
person winning a premium or purse has no redress for non-
payment of the same ; but if it is an association track the man-
agement can be suspended for non-payment of premiums.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 273
Track-sick. A term used to denote that almost inde-
scribable unwillingness of a horse to respond to his driver when
in training. It does not always result from being out of con-
dition, but is more often due to overwork and injudicious
training, being esiDecially common wdth young colts. As a rule-
it is advisable to give but very little driving on a circular track
before the age of three years.
There can be nothing but harm come of working a jaded, failing, track-
siclv and spiritless colt.— Training the Trotting Horse, Charles
Marvin.
Track-work. Fitting for races.
Trailing'. When a driver is known to be following
around the course during a heat, close to the leading horse, he
is said to be ''trailing."
In tlie third heat 1 trailed until we turned into tlie homestretch, at
whicii point I swung tlie Chief well to tlie outside, and when I gave
him liis head the white-faced fellow made short work of the others.
—Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Trainer; Training-. One whose profession it is to
train and tit horses for track purposes ; the art of fitting a
horse for races. The trainer was formerly a person w ho trained
grooms privately for gentlemen who kept horses, and the jock-
eys and drivers grew up from lads who lived with them. With
the vast increase and importance of the turf business within
the past twenty-five years, the demand has been great for a
class of persons of peculiar ability and having characteristics
specially fitting them for the care, training and driving of trot-
ting and race horses. This demand has developed in America
some of the most famous drivers the world has ever seen ; and
in the greatest races horses have been driven by men of con-
summate genius and ability. While in many cases trainers
have come up from stable boys having a natural love for horses
and driving, it is trae that the most successful trainers are
those who are well educated, know something of the anatomy
of the horse, understand the veterinary art, have a special fond-
ness for horses, and are good judges of human nature. The
art of training a horse for the turf is one of the highest in the
whole animal economy. No specific rules can be given for it,
so much depends upon the breeding, age, constitution and
peculiar characteristics of the different animals which the
trainer handles. The general care, feed, shoeing, amount of
work, rubbing, bandaging, conditioning — all vary with the
individual, and must become a special study with the trainer
in each case. Little upon these points can come from books —
most must be based on repeated experience.
There is as much difference between training a 2 :10 and a 2 :20 horse, as
there is between sharpening a razor and an ordinary jaclc-knife;
18
274 HANDBOOK OP THE TURF.
any boy can sharpen a jack-knife, but it takes a barber to keep a
razor in order.— Life with tlie Trotters, John Splan.
In all lliat pertains to his craft the trainer must be an expert, studying
and knowing ihe constitutions, tempers, defects and capabilities of
lus horses as though they were his children. He must be sober and
vigilant, implicitly trusting no man but himself , yet appearing to
repose the frankest conhdence in his grooms, while he exercises
the keenest supervision over them. — The Badminton Library: Rac-
ing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven.
Train-on. Clever at training in the line or habit
desired. To " train on well," is to act kindly under training ;
to improve in speed by training and working.
Trammel. An ancient as well as modern instrument
for changing the gait of horses. Gervase Markham, who pub-
lished his "Clieape and Good Hvsbandry," in 1G16, in that
chapter devoted to the "ordering of the great horse," describes
trammels as "leathers so fixed that the horse cannot put for-
ward his fore legge, but he must perforce hale his hinder legge
after it." Modern trammels are of leather, fitted to the horse's
legs to regulate his motions, and are often used in teaching a
horse to amble.
Trapezium. The real definition of this word is, a quad-
rilateral — no two sides of which are equal ; but in the descrip-
tion of the exterior parts of the horse it refers to the prom-
inence on the posterior surface, or back part of the knee.
It is true that many horses are cut away under the knee to that extent
that the leg is weakened, and will not stand constant hard work;
but we must distinguish between the horse with an unusually well
developed trapezium bone which forms the prominence, and the
one which is illy formed by being too much cut away under the
joint.— E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan State College Experiment
Station.
Traps ; Trappings. An outfit for a track horse ; boots,
bandages, clothing and necessary stable equipments.
Trappy. A short, rapid, snappy, high-stepping gait is
said to be a " trappy " gait.
Trappiness. [Eng-] A term applied to any hedge,
fence or obstacle which is dangerous to take or pass, from a
part of it being concealed, like a brook or ditch on the opposite
side of a fence or hedge, not seen in approaching it. "It was
not the size of this fence," says Mr. Coventry, in Badminton,
"but its trappiness to which trainers and riders objected."
Travelling'-g'ear. A track term denoting the legs,
muscles and locomotory organs of the horse. Mr. Marvin, in
describing one of the colts which he trained, says : "Her trav-
elling-gear was good from the ground up."
Traversing*. [Eq.] The motion by which a saddle
horse passes to the right and left, alternately, by the bearing
of the reins or the leo;s of the rider.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 275
Tray. An adjustable box, fitted to slip into place under
the seat of a road cart or sulkyette, for carrying packages,
removable when not wanted.
Tread. The face or surface of a pneumatic tire.
Tread. A tread is said to have taken place, when the
inside of the coronet of one hind foot is struck by the calk of
the shoe on the other foot, inflicting a bruised or contused
wound.
Tree. The wood and iron framework of the saddle.
Trey-team. A team of three horses harnessed abreast.
The world's record for best speed with a trey-team, to the close
of 1893, is that made by Belle Hamlin, Globe and Justina, at
Cleveland, Ohio, July 31, 1891, 2:14.
Trial Record. A term meaning the time made by a
horse in a private trial. It is one, however, having no signif-
icance as to the value of a horse, as no trial time is recognized
by any competent authority. The race record is the only test
of speed that has any value.
Trio, The Wonderful. The three horses that have
exercised the greatest influence upon the race of English thor-
oughbreds, viz : The Byerly Turk ; the Darley Arabian, and
the Godolphin Arabian.
Trii>ping". A habit, generally the result of bad confor-
mation, and in such cases cannot be called a vice. If due to ten-
derness of the foot, old lameness, a groggy gait, or habitual
carelessness and idleness, it must in such cases accompany a
horse hardly worth attempting to correct of the fault.
Trot. A natural gait ; the medium pace. The order of
movement in the trot is left fore foot, right hind foot, right
fore foot, left hind foot. Thus the left fore and right hind
foot move in unison, striking the ground together; then in
turn the right fore foot and left hind foot complete the revolu-
tion. Hence the trot is most properly termed the diagonal
gait. In this gait there are two feet as bases of support
instead of one — the complete step, therefore, emits two beats.
The imprints left upon the ground by a horse at trotting speed
show these characteristics : Sometimes the print of the hind
foot remains behind that of the fore foot ; sometimes they are
both made in the exact place ; sometimes the hind one goes in
advance of that of the front one. Hence these have been
termed the ordinary, the short and the long trotting step.
AVhen the velocity of the trot is carried to its extreme limit,
the hind foot going far beyond the step of the fore foot, the
stride reaches its highest limit, and this gait is termed the
broken trot, and the flying trot.
276 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
The beauties of the trot consist in its regularity, gracefulness, height
and speed— but it is extremely rare to find all these combined in
tlie same horse. Its regularity Is indicated by the synchronism oC
the beats and the unit'oimity of the step. Its gracefulness consists
in its lightness, ease and suppleness, as well as in the parallelism
of the planes of oscillation of the members in their relation to the
medium plane. Its hei^iit is associated with the energy of propul-
sion and the length of the projection. The speed depends upon the
length of the projection. The speed depends tipon the length of
the steps and the freqtiency of their repetition in a given time.
* * * All horses do not trot in the same manner. There are some
in which llie extension of the whole anterior is carried to such an
extreme that the contact of the foot with the ground, after a short
time of arrest, seems almost to be effected upcui the heels. The
movements of the posterior members are equally very extended,
whence an energetic effort of propulsion, much more ae^/on, as we
are in the habit of saying. Again there are some light trotters
which emit but faint beats when trotted upon a hard road or pave-
ment; others on the contrary ejnit heavy sounds under these cir-
cumstances. Some rock themselves from the fact of very great
corpulence or a vicious axis of the members. Some raise their legs
instifliciently from the ground, scrape the llocu-; others elevate
them excessively, trot from the knees which is so much loss of
force. Others again lack harmony between the movements of the
fore, and those of the hind limbs, or have some anatomical defect
of certain regions which detracts from the grace and ease of the
gait, and even exposes them to many accidents. Some, in fact,
even show their shoes from excessive flexion of the pastern upon the
fetlock.— The Exterior of the Horse, Armand Goubuux and Gustave
Barrier.
Trotter. A horse kept for speed ; a trotting bred horse ;
a fast horse ; the noblest equine product of the modern, highly
developed American civilization. The American trotter of
to-day usually traces to one or more of the following ancestors ;
Messenger, True Briton and Diomed, all thoroughbreds ; Bell-
founder, a Norfolk trotter ; Grand T3ashaw, a Barb ; Pilot, a
Canadian pacer ; Blue Bull, an Ohio pacer. In his con-
formation he should be without blemish, harmonious and well
constructed in body and limb. If the loins are slightly weak
and the withers rather low these are not grave defects and may
be overlooked; but he must have a powerful croup, thighs,
buttocks, legs and hocks ; also, long neck, shoulders and fore-
arms; he must not be too horizontal in the croup; the inclina-
tion of the superior segments of the legs must be normal ; he
nmst have width, height and depth of chest; wide, thick, neat
and clean joints ; in a word he must possess all the character-
istics of a beautiful conformation. It is when in motion that
a trotter can be best judged. By the action, lengthened, hug-
ging the ground and regular; by the extent and complete
projection of the fore legs, and by the energetic action of the
hind legs, he will show to the best advantage his spirit and
characteristics as a trotter.
Tlie Amei-ican trotter is now practically a thoroughbred.— Prof. Robert
Wallace, University of Edinburgh, "Scotland.
Tlie truth seems to be that great trotters, like great men, inherit from
their mothers what has aptly been termed the subtle ambition to
succeed.— Road, Track and Stable, H. C. Merwin.
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 277
The uniformity with Avhicli the trotting-bred trotter trots, and trots
fust, shows how completely the intelligent and scientitic breeding
of the past ten or twenty years has tended to eliminate elements of
uncertainty and to establish a breed wliich is attracting ])urc'hasers
from every country of the known world for our trotters.— The
Horseman.
Trotters. There were in the United States, to the close
of the year 18,93, about ten thousand trotters in the 2:80 list;
one thousand and eight in the 2:20 class ; one hundred and
eighty with records of 2:15 or better; six with records of 2:08
or better, and one with a record of 2:04.
Trottiiig'-bred. A term meaning that the horse so
bred has a trotting inheritance, not a running inheritance. It
is a specific, definite term, easily understood, legitimate^
expressive and appropriate.
Trotting' Equilibrium. A perfectly balanced action ;
the smooth, even gait of the horse when in rapid motion.
Trotting Families. There are six well defined, repre-
sentative families of American trotters, viz : 1, Hambletonian ;
2, Mambrino ; 3, Clay ; 4, Morgan ; 5, Bashaw ; 6, Pilot.
Hambletonian was by Abdallah by INIambrino by imported
Messenger. Mambrino, the greatest son of Messenger, was the
founder of two of the noblest trotting families in all history,
Mambrino Chief and Hambletonian, the latter standing at the
head as the greatest of all trotting prgenitors. Henry Clay
was by Andrew Jackson, by a son of an imported Barb.
Justin Morgan was said to have been a son of True Briton, by
a thoroughbred. Traveller. The Bashaw family is closely
related to the Clays, having had a common ancestry in Young
Bashaw, the sire of Andrew Jackson. The originator of the
Pilot family was a famous black pacing horse. Pilot, from
Canada, of unknown blood, a horse having great power to
produce trotters out of running mares. From these sources
have come a large number of sub-families — some of which are
very famous and almost entitled to the distinction of being
called families — which have become widely dispersed, each
embracing many celebrated individuals. From the first we
have the Volunteers, Abdallahs, Almonts, Messenger Durocs,
Happy Hediums, Electioneers, Wilkeses and Dictators. From
the second have came the Woodford Mambrinos, Clark Chiefs
and Mambrino Patchens. From the third we have the George
M. Patchens, Moors, Sultans and Cassius INl. Clays. From the
fourth we have the Lamberts, jNIorrills, Fearnaughts, Ethan
Aliens, Knoxes and Golddusts. From the fifth have descended
the Long Island Black Hawks, Andrew Jacksons, IMohawks,
and Greens Bashaws. From the last we have the well known
families of pacing origin — the Copperbottoms, Royal Georges,
278 HANDBOOK OP THE lUKF.
Hiatogas, Blue Bulls, Columbuses and Young Bashaws — which
cannot be omitted from any list of the original trotting fami-
lies of America. It is the province of the trotting and pacing
registers and year books to record the pedigrees and perform-
ances of the progeny of these famous sires.
Trotting for Blood. When a horse is trotting hard
and square, often against odds, he is said to be " trotting for
blood ; " to trot on merit.
The ringer has, in a few instances, by giving up blood money, appar-
ently escaped, for a time, the vigilance of the legal authorities. —
Wallace's Monthly.
Trotting- Instinct. By animal instinct is understood
the propensity of producing effects which appear to be those of
reason and knowledge, because they apparently transcend the
general intelligence or experience of the creature. Hence the
term trotting instinct is held to mean the instinctive propensity
of the colt to trot ; the sum of all inherited qualities ; the trot-
ting bred colt trots because he represents the accumulated trot-
ting instinct of many former generations of trotters. The term
was first used in American turf literature in lsS72.
The sedate brvite on the road does not care wliether another horse
passes him or not; he hears a carriage behind him— it does not
disturb him; he sees it pass him — it does not annoy him. Not so
Avith the racer, or the roadster ■which may share his blood. He
hears another wagon beliind him— he is immediately interested:
he sees it turn out to go by— he is more interested— lie objects, and
says, as plainly as horse can say, "No, you don't!" His ancestors
have been bred for so many generations to get ahead and keep
ahead, that it is with him an instinct, an innate passion born
with him. an inherited part of his constitution, to not only go
fast, but to go faster than his competitor.— rrof. W. H, Brewer,
Yale University.
Trueing the Gait. The art of training the trotter in
order to overcome any erratic gait or unbalanced action; to
teach a horse to trot true and square.
Trustee. The first horse in America to trot twenty
miles inside of one hour. " The incomparable Trustee," says
Henry William Herbert in his "Horse of America." By
imported Trustee, (imported into the United States in 1835),
by Catton ; dam, Fanny Pullen, foaled about 1835, bred by
Sullivan Pullen, Augusta, Maine ; by Winthrop Messenger, by
imported Messenger. His celebrated race took place over the
famous old Union Course, L. I., N. Y., Friday, October 20,
1848. In this race he hauled a driver weighing 145 pounds in
a sulky weighing 150 pounds. Time: 59:35^.
The odds at starting were 100 to 40. Tl>e word "go" was given so
vehemently tliat the liorse broke, but he caught his step and never
broke again tlirouahout the whole iierformance. In trotting the
ninth and tenth miles, the liorse tell off a few seconds, and many
persons thought tliat he was tiring; bnt judges remarked, as he
passed the stand, that he was going perfectly at ease with ears
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 279
playing. On tlie fifteentli mile the odds on time declined a little.
On the seveiitet'iith a lit)rse was galloped by his side lo encourage
liim; on tlie eighteenth it was even betting; on tlie niiieteentli
fifty to forty was t)lfered on tiie horse. On eoninienciiig tlie
twentieth mile his driver let the liorse ont, and he came in, appar-
ently as fresh as when he started, doing Ins twentieth mile the
fastest of the match in 2:[Ak. In his stal>le an honr after the match
he exhibiteti no distress, and on the following day was as hue as
silk.— lU)rse and Horsemanship of the United JStates. Henry William
Herbert.
Truss. A frame composed of two pieces, the top and
bottom cords of which are connected by means of braces and
stays, so that it shall be incapable of change by any turning of
the bars or joints. Hence truss-axle, truss-shaft and truss-
wheels are certain forms of these parts of the sulky in the
construction of which the principle of the truss is applied.
Tug" ; Trace. The leather straps attached to the breast-
plate, which, connecting with the whippletree, are used for
drawing the sulky or buggy.
Turf. This word came into use when horse racing in
England, in the early days of the sport, literally took place on
the turf ; that is, on grass fields, sod or turf. But as racing
became more and more technical they began to have definite
tracks, or courses, and the word has remained, while the thing
for which it stood has become obsolete. Hence, in England,
as in this country, the word turf means racing, although it
applies more especially to the running races, Mobile the dis-
tinctive terms — running turf and trotting turf — are now gen-
erally used.
Turfite. An attendant upon races; one who is an
authority on turf matters; a person familiar with horses,
tracks, racing, records made, and all sports of the turf.
Turf Circle. The in-field, or ground within the circle
of the course ; persons who engage in racing — hence, the " turf
circle " has the same meaning, applied to horsemen, as the
term " court circle " or " legal circle " would, applied to the
members of the legal profession.
Turf Law. A term which includes the enforcement of
the rules of the trotting and running congresses, and the con-
sideration of all cases of fine, suspension or expulsion of mem-
bers, horses or individuals, which may come before the boards
of appeals or review, for adjudication.
Turf law, in its best sense, shonld be rigidly enforced, by dispensing
eqnal and exact justice to all, without feai-, favor or affection. —
Kentucky Stock Farm.
Turning" a Horse. Every horse is said to have a strong
and a weak side. In turning a horse, restive under the saddle,
turn him on his weak side.
280 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Turn-up. A sudden i)iece of luck. Bookmakers are
said to have a " turn-up " when an unbacked horse wins.
Turrets. Circular metallic stays placed on each side of
the saddle, through which the reins pass. See Terrets.
Tushes ; Tusks. The four canine teeth of the adult
horse, corresponding exactly with the tusks of the boar, and
the great corner teeth of the lion and dog; but in all the
Equidse they perform a very subordinate office, not being
required either as a means of defence, or for the purpose of
seizing prey. There are no temporary tushes in the horse, and
in the mare they are either entirely absent or in a very rudi-
mentary form.
Twenty-milers. Horses that have trotted twenty
miles within one hour. Only six horses in the United States
have ever performed this feat, viz: 1. Trustee, ch. g. by
imported Trustee; dam, Fanny Pullen, Union Course, Long
Island, N. Y., October 20, 1848, 59:85f 2. Lady Fulton,
b. m., breeding unknown, Centreville, Long Island, IST. Y.,
July 12, 1855, 59:55. 3. Captain McGowan, ro. h., breeding
unknown, Boston, Mass., October 31, 1865, 58:25. 4. John
Stewart, b. g. by Tom Wonder, pacer; dam, by Hambletonian,
(Harris'), Oakland, California, April 4, 1868, 59:23. 5. Mattie
Howard, ch. m., breeding unknown, San Francisco, California,
December 7, 1871, 59:30|-. 6. Controller, b. g., by Gen. Tay-
lor, by the Morse Horse, San Francisco, California, April 20,
1878, (to wagon), 58:57.
Two-forty-eight, and one-half. The first recorded
time of a mile made in less than three minutes, in this country,
was by the Boston horse, at Philadelphia, Pa., in August, 1870,
in 2:48i.
Two-in-three. A race of heats best two in three, in
which a horse winning two heats, or distancing the field, wins
the race.
Two-pluck-one. A term used to describe a jockey's
or driver's trick, by which one horse may be sent ahead to set
the pace and tire a contending horse with which he may be
quite evenly matched, when, at the right time, a third horse
which has been trailing and is comparatively fresh, is sent
along to measure strides and take the lead. Thus, in nearly
every instance, two horses can tire and vanquish a third, even
though he may have several seconds the advantage in speed
and endurance.
Two-ten, (2:10). Twenty-three trotters have trotted in
2:10, or better, since Maud S. was first to enter the list in
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 281
1884, when she got a record of 2:09^; and since 1883, when
Johnston was the first to enter the pacing 2:10 list, it has a
total of thirty-four pacers in 2:10, or better. This is to the
close of 189o.
Two Thousand Guineas. An important fixed event
of the English turf, inaugurated in 1809, and run annually
since that date. It is the opening three-year-old event of the
year, and is open to both colts and fillies. Kun over the
Rowley mile at Newmarket, a distance of one mile and eleven
yards.
Two-thirty, (2:30). All performances carrying an
animal into the 2:30 list for the first time, must be made at a
regular meeting, under control of the executive officers of tracks
which are members of the National or American trotting asso-
ciations, where stakes, purses or premiums have been duly
opened and advertised. " Regular meeting " is a term used as
opposite to that of a sjDecial meeting, called only for the pur-
pose of giving a horse a record. These regulations apply to
matches, as well as to all other trotting performances. To the
close of 1893 ten thousand trotters and two thousand pacers
held records of 2:30, or better.
Two-twenty, (2:20). To the close of 1893 the two-
twenty list contained a total of one thousand and eight animals.
T. Y. C. [Eng.] Letters meaning the tw^o-year-old
course. It is a short course, not shorter than five-eighths, nor
longer than three-fourths of a mile.
As chasers many of tliem that have been looked on as T. Y. C. animals
stay with ea'se for tliree miles or more, witli a turn of speed for
the home run.— Tlie liadminton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk
and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven.
Tympany. Acute gastric indigestion, or intestinal colic.
u
Under Saddle. A term used to denote a running
race ; a race in which jockeys ride on horseback.
Ungual Phalanx. The single terminal bone of the
horse's foot ; the last joint of his toe ; the hoof.
Union Course. A famous race course on Long Island,
New York, formed in 1821, and discontinued in 1888. Here,
in 1823, the celebrated race took place between the great
Henry, the "pride of the South," and American Eclipse, in
the presence of fifty thousand people. Henry M'on the first,
and Eclipse the second and third heats. In 18J:2 the Xew
Jersey mare, Fashion, beat the Virginia horse, Boston, on this
course. Dexter's first race was over this course. Many of
Flora Temple's triumphs were achieved here, and here she
twice defeated George M. Patchen. Here Ethan Allen ran for
stallion honors ; here George Wilkes' first victory was achieved,
and here he defeated Lady Thorne and American Girl.
Unit. The action of each limb of the horse when in
motion or in propulsion, is said to be a " unit."
Unknown. A term used in a pedigree signifying that
the particular sire or dam to which it refers w^as of unknown
breeding; an element of uncertain quality in a horse's pedi-
gree. Each animal has two parents, four grandparents, and,
in theory, at least, eight, sixteen, thirty-two ancestors, each
generation of ancestors doubling. Now, in plotting a pedigree,
especially of any of the older thoroughbred horses, many of
the diverging branches of ancestry will end in " unknown " —
oftener in regard to a dam than a sire. As an instance, it
may be mentioned that in the pedigree of old Eclipse foaled
in 1704, and M^ho lived till near the end of the century, (doubt-
less the most celebrated horse of his day), if one traces it back
he will soon come upon twelve unknoM^n dams. It is claimed
by many expert authorities that these unknown dams are a
source of great strength and vitality to a pedigree.
Unplaced. Having no position; a horse not winning
any part of a purse is said to be " unplaced."
Pathfinder ran uni>laced for tlie Derby of 1840. — Tlie Badminton
Library: Racing, The Earl of Suffolk aud Berkshire, and W. G.
Craven.
282
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 283
Unsoundness. Any deviation from nature. That
horse is unsound wliich labors under disease, or tliat has some
alteration of structure which does interfere, or is likely to
interfere, with his natural usefulness. Unsoundness is classed
under three heads: 1. Absolute unsoundness — those cases
wherein there can be no question either from a veterinary or
legal standpoint. 2. Relative unsoundness, or defects which
may not be unsoundness, according to circumstances, such as
their nature and position, the age of the animal and the nature
of the work demanded of it. 3. Hereditary unsoundness, or
those cases of well-defined transmission to offspring. A list of
diseases and other alterations of structure causing unsoundness,
is given: Asthma; blindness; bog spavin; bone spavin;
broken wind ; catarrh, (nasal gleet) ; capped hock ; capped
knee ; cough ; curb ; corns ; canker ; contracted feet ; cribbing ;
cutting ; eczema, (mange) ; farcy ; false quarter ; founder ;
glanders ; grease ; groggy gait ; heaves, (broken wind) ; knees
bent forward ; knuckling with the pastern joint, or joints ;
laminitis, (founder) ; navicular disease ; ophthalmia ; paralysis ;
poll evil ; pumice sole ; quidding ; quittor ; rheumatism ; ring-
bone, (if near the heels so as to alter the flexibility of the car-
tilage) ; roaring ; sand crack ; stringhalt, (when due to dis-
eased nerve) ; splint ; swollen knees ; shying, (if from diseased
eyes) ; strangles ; stumbling, (occasioned by inflammation of
the foot) ; thorough pin ; thick wind ; thrush ; wind galls ;
wind sucking, (in later stages when it affects the digestive
organs); whistling; weakness of sinews; wounds, (till cured).
In addition to this list the following notes are given : When
the use of a bar or round shoe is constantly required for corns,
sand crack or thrush, its use is an evidence of unsoundness ;
long pasterns, which indicate an unnatural elongation of the
tendons, are evidence of unsoundness ; a wen upon the w^ind-
pipe, or upon a main vein or artery, is an unsoundness ; if the
frog is so altered in structure as to be perpetually tender, it is
an unsoundness ; soft enlargements upon the limbs, during
formation, and until their result is known, are an unsoundness ;
a distended, bulky, unnaturally large stomach, or barrel, is
often an indication of dropsy, and in such cases is an unsound-
ness ; in case medicine is required, until the effects of the
medicine are removed it constitutes an unsoundness ; every
species of lameness and tenderness is an unsoundness, until
removed ; a horse may be serviceable without being absolutely
sound.
[Law.] The question of niisomidiiess is a mixed question of law and
fact.— Massachusetts Reports, 8 Gray, 1861, p. 432.
The rule of unsoundness is, that if, at the tune of the sale, tlie horse
has any disease whicli actually does diminish the natural usefnl-
iiess of the animal, so as to make him less capable of work of any
284 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
description, or which, in Its ordinary progress, will diminish the
natural usefulness of the animal; or if the horse has, either from
disease or accident, undergone any alteration of structuie. that
either does at the time, or in its ordinary effects will diminish the
natural usefulness of the horse, such horse is unsound.
Unsteady. Said of a horse that is good and solid
against time, but behaves bad in company.
Untried. By the early racing rules an untried stallion
or mare was one whose get or produce had never run in public.
The Turf Congress rules now say : " An untried horse is one
that has not produced a winner before and up to any certain
specified time."
Up. A horse is said to be " up " in a heat when he breaks ;
the word is also used to denote a horse that is beaten, as, " it is
all up with him; he's up," that is, he is done.
Up in Your Arms. An expression used by drivers
meaning that the horse of which it is said is prompt ; alert ;
always responsive; "up and dressed;" ready; "right up in
your arms."
Up to Weig'lit, means that a driver is just the weight
required by the rules of the trotting turf, viz : One hundred
and fifty pounds.
Used. A term sjmonymous with aged, and indicates the
time when the horse has become prematurely old.
V
Valve-stem. A small metal tube inserted through the
felloe of a bicycle sulky wheel through which to pump air into
the pneumatic tire by means of an air pump.
Van. A large covered, or enclosed wagon. The first
recorded instance, in the history of the English turf, of a race
horse being transported to the course, was in 1836, when Elis,
owned by Lord Lichfield, was safely conveyed from Danebury
to Doncaster in a large van which had been constructed for the
purpose of carrying show cattle, the wheels of which were
about eighteen inches high. It was drawn by four fast horses.
The horse won the St. Leger the odds being ten thousand to
one. In 1837 Crucifix and San-volatile were vanned from
Danebury to jSTewmarket. About 1840 horses first began to be
conveyed by rail in England.
Vaniier. [Eng.] A term used to describe the van, or
express horse of London and other large English cities. A
horse weighing 1,300 to 1,400 pounds, and standing 15.3 to 16
hands high, strong built, with good flat bones and sound feet,
having bold, free action. A near approach to the standard
van horse would be a cross between a Cleveland Bay, or Coach
stallion, and a cross bred, or grade draft mare. The vans used
in London, Liverpool and Glasgow are two-wheeled spring
wagons, used where the dray is regarded as too slow or cum-
bersome. Van horses take a load of a ton to a ton and a half,
trotting with it at a fair trot most of the time, unless the
grade is very heavy.
Vault. To vault into the saddle is a feat often per-
formed by skillful riders who have long practiced it. Stand-
ing on the ground facing the near or left side of the horse, the
left hand is placed on the pommel of the saddle, and with a
single leap or bound the rider gains his seat in an instant.
See Stirrup.
Vehicle. Any carriage moving on land by means of
horses, either on wheels or runners.
V. S. These letters, after the name of a person, mean
that the man whose name is given is a veterinary surgeon,
285
386 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF.
entitled, from having taken a diploma at a veterinary college,
to so use them.
Vet. A term, for short, given to an unlearned country-
horse doctor.
Veterinary ; Veterinarian. The surgical or medical
treatment of domestic animals, especially the horse ; one who
practices the science of veterinary medicine and surgery.
Veterinary Scliools. The first veterinary school in
the world was established at La Guillatiere, near Lyons, France,
by Claude Bourgelot, in 1762 ; and by a royal order dated
June 30, 1764, King Louis XV. gave to this institution the
title of the "Royal Veterinary School." The second school in
France w^s established at Alfort in 1765. The veterinary
institute at Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1767. The Royal
Veterinary School at Brussels, Belgium, w^as established in
1832. Russia has three veterinary institutes, one each at
Kharkov, Dorpot and Kazan, all maintained and regulated by
the government. The Royal Danish A'eterinary School at
Copenhagen was founded in 1773. The first veterinary school
in Sweden was founded at Skara, in 1726. The Royal Veteri-
nary School at Stuttgart, Germany, was established in 1796 ;
and there are also veterinary schools at Hanover and INIunich.
The Veterinary Institute at Berlin was founded in 1786. The
Royal Veterinary College, London, England, was founded by
St. Bell, a Frenchman, in 1792. The Ontario Veterinary Col-
lege was established in 1862 ; and the Montreal Veterinary
College in 1866. In this country veterinary colleges have been
established as follows : American, New York, 1875 ; Harvard
University, Cambridge, Mass., 1882; Chicago, Illinois, 1883;
University of Pennsylvania, 1885; Cincinnati, Ohio; Des
Moines, Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri, 1892; United States,
Washington, D. C. ; McKillop, Chicago, 111. ; Cornell Univer-
sity, Ithaca, N. Y., 1894.
Vice, An imperfection in a horse ; something more than
a fault or blemish ; a bad trick. A horse free from vice is one
having no bad habits that make him dangerous, or that are
injurious to his health, or that in any way diminish his nat-
ural usefulness.
The longer I live the more fully I am convinced that vice in a horse sig-
nities cruelty on the part of man. Vice forms no part of a horse's
normal condition. — Horse and Man, Rev. J. G. "Wood.
A vice is a bad habit, and a habit to constitute a vice must either be
shown by the temper of the liorse so as to make him dangerous or
diminish his natural usefulness, or it must be a habit decidedly
injurious to his health. — American and English Law Encyclopaedia.
List of vices in the horse: Aversion to special objects; backing when
harnessed in a carriage ; balking, (when so fixed as to become a bad
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 287
habit); bolting, (when caused by defective sight it is an unsound-
ness); biting; boring; buck-jumping; cribbing, crib-biting, (where
it lias not yet resulted in a fixtnl disease, or caused a change of
structure, in which case it is an tinsoundness); chucking up the
head; disagreeable to approach; disagreeable to groom; difficult
to harness; difficuilt to mount; difficult Yo shoe ; eating the bedding,
(leading to impaired health); gibbiiig; getting loose from the head-
stall; hanging back in the halter; halter-casting; hard moutli;
inveterate rolling; kicking; leaping iiito the manger; mischievous
or decidedly capricious temper; pawing in the stable; i)ropping;
rearing; restiveness, (uneasiness); running when in harness; shy-
ing from nervousness, (if from disease in the eyes it is an unsound-
ness); skittisliness; striking with the fore feet; stopping suddenly ;
starting or jumping when harnessed before the driver is ready;
weaving; wind-sucking.
Vulcanized Rubber. The substance of which the
pneumatic tire of a bicycle sulky is made. The caoutchouc is
incorporated with sulphur and subjected to a strong heat
whereby it combines chemically with the sulphur and assumes,
on cooling, a hard consistency much resembling that of horn.
w
W. This letter, in connection with the names of horses
in summaries of races, and in the trotting and pacing registers,
indicates that the race was to wagon.
Wagon, in turf language, always refers to what is
known as a skeleton.
Wag-oii Trotting". World's record to the close of 1893.
One mile : Guy, bl. g. by Kentucky Prince, dam, Flora Gard-
ner by American Star, (14), 1893, against time, 2.13. Two
miles : Dexter, br. g. by Hambletonian, dam, Clara, by Amer-
ican Star, 1865, against time, 4:56^. Three miles: Longfel-
low, (pacer), ch. g. by Red Bill, dam unknown, 1868, (in a
race), 7:53. Five miles: Longfellow, (pacer), ch. g. by Red
Bill, dam unknown, (in a race), 1870, 14:15. Ten miles:
Julia Aldrich, ch. m., breeding miknown, (in a race), 1858,
29:041.
Waist. The narrowest part of the seat of a saddle —
about midway between the pommel and cantle.
Waiting. A waiting race ; not forcing the race at the
start; the practice of running slowly at the start of a race
allowing the horses to lead, to see how the other horses are
going. It is sometimes a good rule to wait. The rider can see
how the horses are going and then can remain for the present
w^here he is, or go in front. Again most horses go better and
settle down in their gallop sooner with a lead than without one.
Waiting in Front. A term used in running races
where the driver is obliged to wait in the front lead, on account
of having a horse that cannot be kept behind without more
being taken out of him than the extra speed would do were he
allowed to go freely. This is to be understood as saying that
the rider should merely keep in front without forcing the run-
ning on his own account, and should simply conform to the
pace of those immediately behind him, until the moment
arrives for him to make his effort. But he should never keep
back at the risk of fighting for the finish.
The art of waiting in front is a ereat one to learn ; for if occasion slionld
arise, it may often be practiced with tlie utmost advantage.— The
Badminton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire,
and W. G. Craven.
288
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 289
I have often seen men in ninning and trotting races both make a very
serious mistake, particularly in riding or driving what we call a
waiting race. Always remember that some other man nuiy have
the tools to do just as well with, as you can.— Life with the Trotters,
John Splan.
Waive Weight and Distance, To waive weight and
distance in a race is to mutually disregard the rules; to go at
catch weight. It is often said that a race is under National
rules " waiving weight and distance." But no race under the
rules can be so made. A race either conforms to the rules
or it does not ; if any particular rule is waived no one can be
enforced.
Walk. The slowest pace of the horse ; an elementary act
of progression is a step, a series of steps is the walk ; that pace
in which one foot is not raised until its fellow is upon the
ground, and in which the horse always has two feet upon the
ground at the same time, (whereas in the trot there is always
a space of time, of greater or less duration, in which all the
feet are off the ground), while the diagonal ones are being
advanced. A fast walk is the most valuable gait a horse can
acquire for general business purposes, and it has a great part
to perform in fitting a horse for rapid locomotion. Youatt
relates, in his work on the horse, that in 1793 a Hackney mare
named Sloven, travelled at a walk the distance of twenty-two
miles in three hours and fifty-two seconds.
When the horse quickens his Avalk he does not at once change his pace
but extends his strides and makes them more uniform, until further
extension becomes difficult wlien lie will break into a trot in which
there are never more than two feet upon the ground at a time. —
The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman.
Walk-over. A walk-over is a race in which all the con-
testants but one fail to appear. In order for him to win the
race it is necessary for him to go the whole distance prescribed ;
but as there is nothing to compete against him he may walk
the entire distance if he chooses. By the racing rules a walk-
over by any horse entitles him to only one half of the added
money in stakes. The trotting rules award no purse or added
money for a walk-over; but in a stake race a walk-over is
entitled to all the stake money and forfeit, unless the con-
ditions provide otherwise.
Wall-eye. A horse is said to have a wall-eye when the
iris, (that part of the eye by which the light admitted to the
retina is regulated), is of a light or white color.
Wall of the Foot. That portion of the front and
sides of the horse's foot extending from the coronet, (the
border-line where the skin joins the hoof), in an oblique direc-
tion, to the ground ; the crust ; the natural bearing part of the
19
290 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
foot. It is upon the wall that the shoe rests, and through it
the nails confining it are driven. The wall is deepest in front,
and diminishes toward the quarters and heels, becoming
thinner; while at its angles of inflection, (the points of the
heels), it is strong. The wall is fibrous, the fibres passing
directly parallel to each other from the coronet to the ground,
each fibre being moulded on, as fast as secreted, by one of the
minute tufts of blood vessels lodged in the cavity at the
coronet.
Warming-up Heat. An exercise previous to a race ;
a jogging heat between a real heat ; a test of speed to bring
a horse to his best edge.
Warranty. [Law.] A general or express warrant is
an unconditional undertaking that the horse is really what the
warrantor professes it to be. In the United States, says the
American and English Encyclopaedia of Law, there is always
an implied contract that the vendor, (seller), has a right to dis-
pose of the article which he sells. A general warrant is an
unconditional undertaking, therefore, that a horse really is
what the warrantor professes it to be. There is no particular
form of words necessary to constitute a warranty. A warrant
may be qualified — as if the vendor says, " I never warrant, but
he is sound as far as I know." In this case an action for
breach can be maintained if it can be proved that the seller
knew the horse was unsound. A warranty may be limited as
to time, as, for instance, "after twenty-four hours I do not
warrant." The seller of a horse in making warranty may
except some defect of which he knows, or he may expressly
state in what particulars only, he warrants the animal. A
general warranty does not cover obvious defects in a horse;
being such they are plain to the buyer and require no skill to
detect. But if the purchaser suspects a defect and wishes to
examine and try the horse, but the seller objects and says, " I
will warrant him," he is liable for the defect. Where, how-
ever, there is no opportunity of inspecting, caveat emptor does
not apply. If a man not knowing the age of a horse, but
having a written pedigree which he received with him, sell a
horse of the age stated in the pedigree, at the same time stat-
ing he knows nothing of him but what he learned from the
pedigree, he is not liable to an action when it is shown that
the pedigree is false.
Warrant; Warranty. To make good a statement or
bargain ; a certificate that a horse is as represented. It is not
requisite that a warranty should be in writing, even though a
written receipt is given for the money. In Allen vs. Pink — a
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 291
celebrated English case — the receipt did not include any terms
of sale, and the buyer proved a verbal warranty. The
warranty of a horse does not go forward, but back from the
time of its date. The following is a good form of warranty :
Hammond's Grove, Me., April 30, 1894. Received lliis day of George
Cony, five hundred dollars for a bay mare called Lida,*by Cushnoc,
dam by Gleiiarm. warranted six years old and untler seven, sound
in wind and limb, free from vice, and quiet to drive. Eugene
H. Smith.
Wartles. Sitfasts resulting from saddle galls on the
back of a horse.
Wash-ball Seat. [Eq.] A seat in riding disregarding
all balance.
Washer. An iron or leather collar fitted to the end of
an axle-tree against which the wheel wears to prevent friction
and retain the oil.
Washy. A horse that perspires over-freely after slight
exertion or little exercise, is said to be "washy," a "washy
horse." In some cases the question has been raised that a
horse habitually washy was unsound, but it has not been so
held.
I have often heard people say that Rarus was a vrealc and washy horse.
I don't think that needs any denial, as his perfoiniances are the
strongest arguments against it.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Water-liook. A metallic hook placed in the center of
the saddle of a harness, between the terrets, for the purpose of
holding the check-rein in place.
Water-jump. [Eng.] A jump over a brook or ditch
in the steeplechase course. A jump very safe and easy if the
taking-off and landing are firm and sound; but difficult and
dangerous if level, marshy, soft and cut up by cattle drinking
at its sides. With firm turf to take-off from and land upon a
horse has repeatedly cleared thirty feet ; but twelve feet of a
brimming brook will stop the best part of a large field.
Weak Foot. Any weakness of the foot, the result of
disease causing a change of structure, is an unsoundness.
Weak Sinews. When sinews at the back of the fore
legs become thickened, between the knee and the pastern joint,
producing weakness or irritation, it is an unsoundness.
Weaving". A continuous motion of the head, neck and
body, from side to side, like the shuttle of a weaver passing
through the web — hence the name given to this peculiar,
incessant and unpleasant action of the horse. It indicates an
impatient, irritable temper, and a dislike to the confinement of
the stall. A horse that is a weaver will seldom carry flesh
well, and is unpleasant to ride or drive. The habit is a
serious vice.
292 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF.
Web of a Shoe. The main bar or body of the horse-
shoe ; the entire rim ; that part which rests upon, or is fitted to
the wall of the foot.
"W eeding-out Sale. A sale in which the breeder, wish-
ing to dispose of a part of his stud, weeds out animals that are
good and sound, but which, for one reason or another he does
not wish to breed from, and places them at a public sale.
"Weights. By the rules of the New York Trotting Club,
in 1841, every trotting horse that started in a race, whether
match, purse or stake, was obliged to carry 145 pounds, the
weight of the vehicle not to be considered. In 1844 the rules
of the New York Jockey Club were : Two years old, a feather ;
three years old, 90 pounds; fom- years old, 104 pounds; five
years old, 114 pounds; six years old, 121 pounds; seven years
and upwards, 126 pounds. An allowance of three pounds was
made to mares, fillies and geldings. By the present rules of
the Turf Congress, a feather weight is 75 pounds ; and in all
races, except steeplechases, the limit may be said to be 130
pounds. But in all races exclusively for two-year olds, the
weight is 118 pounds; and in races exclusively for three-year
olds, the weight is 122 pounds. In trotting races — National
and American rules — to wagon or in harness, the weight is
150 pounds; and under saddle, (the saddle and whip only, to
be weighed with the rider), 145 pounds.
Weig"hts. Extra attachments to the shoe or foot of the
horse to correct the action, balance the gait, or overcome
structural defects of motion. Weights are fastened to the toe
and also to the sides of the hoof ; while more frequently the
extra weight required is wrought into the web of the shoe in
the particular place where it is needed, so that the shoe
becomes the extra weight. These weights vary from two to
eight ounces, and frequently are as heavy as twelve ounces.
Weight-hearers. The fore legs of the horse as distin-
guished from the propellers, or hind legs. Dr. William Fearn-
ley, a celebrated English veterinarian, was the first to class the
fore legs as the Weight bearers, and the hind legs as the pro-
pellers. He fixed the coffin-joint as the focus of weight in the
foot, and decided that if the foot be either too high or too low
at the heel, or if the proper angle of the ground surface with
the line of the coronet be changed, the focus of weight will be
disturbed, (or in other words will be thrown too far backward
or forward), hence the importance of Jfceeping the foot properly
leveled was apparent. Mr. Marvin says he is not entirely sure
whether in the trotting horse the fore leg has strictly no other
HAIN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 293
function than weight-bearing ; but Prof. Stillman says that in
both actions, that of weight bearer and also of propeller, the
fore leg does more than its share. M. Baucher, the eminent
French savant, is also authority for the statement that the
weight borne by the anterior and posterior extremities, as
determined by placing them upon different weighing machines,
was as 210 for the former to 174 for the latter, the total weight
of the horse being 850 pounds.
Weig:ht-carrier ; Weig-lit-puUer. A term meaning,
generally, a horse capable of carrying more than the required
weight for his age or class, and yet maintaining the extreme of
his speed ; one pulling, in a race, a driver who is overweight ;
a horse that is handicapped, as, " Nelson was handicapped by
the tw"eiity pounds overweight of his owner, who drove him."
Mr. Marvin utters a self-evident truth when he says : " Other
things being equal, the horse that carries the least weight will
stay better, go faster and remain sounder than the weight-car-
riers." The weight-carrying power of the race horse depends
upon these particular points of conformation: 1. Length
and obliquity of shoulder blade; 2, strong loin muscles; 3,
good substance and fine quality of bone ; 4, pasterns not too
sloping ; 5, absence of undue weight of body beyond that which
would be necessary for the movements of the limbs, and for the
performance of the various vital functions.
Weig-lit-cloths. Loaded saddle cloths used in racing.
They are fitted with pockets, and made to carry different
weights, with the amount of each marked on the inside, from
four to twenty-five pounds. It is said that Lord George Ben-
tinck, the great English turfman, had a large number of saddle
cloths exactly alike excepting in weight, by means of which
weights from four to sixty pounds could be carried. The sheet
lead forming the weights should be covered with wash leather ;
and the weight-cloths should be put on well forward, the leads
being equally distributed on each side.
Weig-ht for Ag^e. The standard weight apportioned
to horses according to their ages ; a standard used only in races
where the different ages can start, special weights being fixed
for races in which only horses of the same age may start.
Weight is not only based upon age, but on the distance to be
run, and as the year passes away the horses grow older and the
weight is increased. Thus, as an example, a three-year-old
w^hich carries, at a half mile, 104 pounds in January, would be
weighted 106 in February; 107 in March; 109 in April; 110
in May; 111 in June; 113 in July; 115 in August; 116 in
September, and 117 in October, November and December.
294 HAIS-DBOOK OF THE TURF.
Weight-pocket. A receptacle in a horse's boot for
receiving weight for the purpose of balancing the action.
Used instead of toe or side weights ujDon the foot, or a weighted
shoe. The material used for weight is usually sheet lead, or
shot. A boot so fitted is called a weighted or leaded boot.
Weig'hing' in, and Weighing" Out, is required of all
jockeys and drivers ; weigihing out at the start, weighing in at
the finish of the heat or race. ^ The Turf Congress rules require
that horses must bring in within tw^o j)ounds of the weight
taken out. It is said that drivers will very often shrink from
two to tw^o and a half or three pounds in driving a hard, hotly
contested race.
Well-bred. A term often used in describing a horse,
but one having no real significance or value; nor does it
increase the worth of the animal. An attested pedigree is the
only recognized evidence of merit in the breeding of a horse
that possesses added value.
Welcher. A race-course sw^indler who makes bets, takes
the money if he wins and absconds if he loses. Originated
from the nursery rhyme :
"Taffy was a Welshman, Taffy was a thief."
Welter; Welter Weight. To lap over. A welter
weight is 28 pounds added to w^eight for age ; and a " heavy
welter " is 40 pounds added to weight for age. It is understood
that this weight took its name from a place in Ireland, much
frequented during the earlier history of the English turf.
In welters we impose penalties on professional jocks, because Ave know
tliat they have been trained in a certain school; whereas we have
no standard of comparison for gentleman riders.— Seats and Sad-
dles, Francis Dwyer.
Wen. A w^en on the upper part of the windpipe, or upon
a main artery or vein, is an unsoundness ; but on other parts
as on the top of the hock, (capped hock), elbow, or place of
little consequence, it is a blemish.
Went to Pieces. Said of a horse that breaks, is
unsteady and unmanageable in a race; as, "in the third heat
Hector, driven by Vet Witham, went to pieces in bad shape."
Wheels. With the use of the pneumatic tire for sulkys
a specialty at once came into track vehicle manufacture — that
of the making of wheels to be attached to the high sulky, to
convert it into a "bike." These w^heels are constructed of
both steel and w^ood, are from 26 to 28 inches in height, weigh
from 14 to 16 pounds per pair, and are made in a variety of
patterns. The rims are of steel, cold rolled, or of wood ; the
hubs are of steel; the spokes are of both wood and steel; the
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 295
ball or roller bearings are inclosed in recesses or cones in each
end of the hub, and adjusted by means of a spanner wrench,
these cones being dust and water proof; the pneumatic tire
being fitted securely to the rim.
Whims of the horse are bad or vicious habits; faults.
They are : Lolling the tongue, doubling it up, or constantly
protruding it from the mouth ; striking the lower lip against
the upper one ; rubbing the lower extremity of the head
against the manger ; rubbing the tail against surrounding
objects ; shaking the head up and down, or jerking the reins,
when being driven ; grasping the branches of the bit with the
lower lip; tearing the blanket w'ith the teeth; resting one
hind foot upon the other ; lying down cow-fashion ; stripping
the halter ; pawing in the stable.
Wliip. A name applied to a noted driver or reinsman ;
as " Mr. Thayer was a great whip in his day."
Whip. A light hand implement used in driving, riding,
correcting or educating horses. The trotting rules prescribe
the following lengths to be used in races : For saddle horses,
2 ft. 10 in. ; sulkies, 4 ft. 8 in.; wagons, 5 ft. 10 in. ; double
teams, 8 ft. 6 in. ; tandems and four-in-hands, unlimited. A
snapper not longer than three inches is allowed in addition to
the above mentioned lengths. The running rules limit the
weight of a whip at one pound, but do not regulate its length.
The whip and spur, injudiciously used, have lost many races.— How to
Train the Race-liorse, Lieut. Col. Warburton.
The wliip is to be Icept very mucli in tlie background while you are cul-
tivating confidence in your liorse. It is more likely to prove an
obstacle than an aid. — The Trotting Horse of America, Hiram
Woodruff.
The whip should never be picked up before the last thirty or forty
yards, nor should moi-e than two or three cuts be given. When a
jockey begins to tlog two or three hundred yards from home, we
need not be surprised at seeing his horse, after answering the call
for ten or a dozen strides, go slower and slower as he nears the
judge's box. Daring a race, hold the whip with the lash down, and
the jockey should strike his horse nowhere except just behind the
girth.
Whip-hand. [Eq.] The right hand.
Whip-spur. A spur attached to the thumb-button on
the stock of a sulky whip, to be used in urging the horse, if
necessary, at the finish of a race. It is adjustable and may be
removed should the driver desire.
Whip Training. The method of some horse trainers
of driving a horse without bit, line or reins, simply by the
motions of the whip. It illustrates the beauty and simplicity
of man's power over this magnificent animal, and the high
degree of intelligence which he possesses. The method is
acquired by the horse in from f oui* to six weeks' practice.
296 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
Whipping his Boot. A trick of the jockey for the
purpose of dehiding his opponent. It is tried by the rider of
the speedier horse in the hope of inducing the rider of a stayer
to slacken speed from the idea that he has the race in hand, and
that there is no use in hurrying.
Whippletree. The bar to which the traces, or tugs of
a harness are fastened, and by which the sulky or buggy is
drawn.
Whirlbone; round-bone; trochanter. The hip
joint. Relied upon by all experts as a standard point for
measurement of the exterior conformation of the horse.
Whisperer, The. The name by which Con Sullivan,
of County Cork, Ireland, was known aU over Great Britain.
He was a most extraordinary person, who possessed great
power over vicious horses, subduing them by whispering in
their ear. He tamed the vicious horse, Rainbow, owned by
Col. Westenra, and Mr. Wholey's horse. King Pippin, in 1804,
the latter a terribly savage beast. With the latter horse The
Whisperer was shut up in his stable all night, but in the
morning the horse would follow him like a dog, obeying every
word instantly, allowing persons to put their hand in his
mouth, and standing as gentle as a lamb. How he obtained
this wonderful command over the horse has never been known.
Wliistler. A horse th-at breathes hard. Whistling is
one of the variations of sound emitted by a horse known as a
roarer. It is legal unsoundness.
He therefore excited plenty of bidding when put np for sale after-
wards, and although a " whistler," is worth the five hundred and
twenty guineas at which he was knocked down.— London Field.
White, as a color in horses, is popularly indicative of
weakness, and horses of this color are also believed to be slow,
lymphatic, and deficient in energy and vital courage. They
are easily soiled, difficult to keep clean, and are said to be
more liable to pink-eye and similar diseases than horses of
solid color.
White-boned. A family of pure, milk white horses in
Germany. They are foaled pure white, and most of them are
wall-eyed, or glass eyed. They are of good size, uniform in
color, and have been in-bred for a long series of years.
White Horse of Berkshire, Scouring of the.
The " vale of the white horse " is located between Abingdon
and Uffington, in the county of Berks, England. It takes its
name from a massive figure of a galloping horse rudely chis-
eled on the side of a steep chalk hill, 893 feet high. The fig-
ure is about 374 feet in length, and can be seen at a distance
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 297
of ten or twelve miles in a fair day when the sun is shining
upon it. Tradition attributes its cutting to King Alfred, and
regards it as a monument of the victory won by him over the
Danes in the great battle of Ashdown in 871. He is said to
have carved a horse, rather than any other object, because that
was tne device borne on the Saxon standard. As, in the
course of time, the trench which forms the figure of the horse
would naturally become grown over, the people living in the
vicinity have a custom of meeting, each year, on a certain day,
for the purpose of "scouring," or cleaning it This day is
made the occasion of a festival, at which manly games and
sports are indulged in for prizes. Hence the term, " scouring
of the white horse," which has become classic through the
story of Mr. Thomas Hughes, the English novelist.
Whoa. A word which is the only safeguard in many
cases of accident. It should never be used in the education or
handling of horses, excepting when the horse is in motion,
and you wish him to stop. Do not use it generally, and on
every occasion — as on entering the horse's stall and you wish
him to stand over, or when harnessing him and he is restive.
For all these instances have other and significant words ; but
have the horse so educated that when you are driving, in case
the rein, or bit, or breeching strap should break, or anything
else be out of place, he would instantly stop at the word
"whoa." It is not difficult to so teach him, and when under
complete discipline in this respect his value is increased ten-
fold for all road, driving or speed purposes. In the old days'
of racing some drivers taught their horses to increase their
speed at the loud shouting of the words "whoa, whoa!" (for
the purpose of breaking up other horses on the back stretch),
but the days of such methods in driving have, happily, passed
away forever.
Win in a Canter. An easy finish in a running race.
To " win in a canter " is to so far distance the other horses in
the field, that urging at the end of the race is needless, and
one can come home at an easy jog.
Winners' Handicap. Weights for a race of winning
horses. Thus, the winning horses of previous races being
pitted together in a race royal, are first handicapped according
to their respective merits ; the horse that has won three races
has to carry a greater weight than the horse that has won
only two; and this latter more than its competitor, who is
winner of a single race only.
Winning a Heat. In heats of one, two, three or four
miles, a horse not winning one heat in three cannot start
HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
for a fourth, unless he has made a dead heat. In heats best
three in five^ a horse not winning a heat in the first five is not
entitled to start for a sixth, unless he has made a dead heat —
but these horses thus ruled out have a right to a share of the
premium, or purse, according to their rank at the close of
their last heat.
Winning" Horse. A horse must win a majority of the
heats which are required by the conditions of a race, to be
entitled to the stake or purse; but if he distances all compet-
itors in one heat, the race is terminated and he receives the
entire purse or stakes contended for, unless the special condi-
tions of the race provide otherwise.
Winning Sires. Stallions, the producers of horses
that have been great winners in the races of the year ; or
which have put the largest number of sons and daughters
within the low-record lists.
Winnings. The sums of money in stakes, purses and
premiums won by a horse in races during a year or a series of
years. Thus : The winnings of Eclipse during his life-time
are said to have amounted to $125,000 ; King Herod is said to
have won a total of over £200,000 ; Ormonde won for his
owner, the Duke of Westminster, nearly $145,000 ; Domino
won as a two-year-old, in a single year, $176,730.
Winchester. The famous war-horse of Gen. P. H.
Sheridan. He was foaled in 1858 near Grand Rapids, Mich-
igan. He came into Gen. Sheridan's possession in 1862, and
went through the Mississippi campaign, and was afterwards
transferred to the Army of the Potomac, going through numer-
ous engagements. In 1863 he carried his master in the cele-
brated ride from Winchester to Cedar Creek, Va., a distance
of twenty miles, keeping in advance of the General's staff and
escort the whole distance. Winchester w^ent through between
eighty-five and ninety battles, and was wounded three times.
He died at Chicago, 111., October 2, 1878.
Wind. The breath of a horse. " Sound of wind," in a
warranty, means that the horse warranted has no disease or
imperfection in his windpipe, larynx or bronchi, (air passages),
like grunting, high-blowing, thick wind or whistling.
Windage. The resistance to the air of any body pass-
ing through it at a rapid rate. A term much used in connec-
tion with the description and testing of different kinds of
sulky wheels.
Wind-galls ; Wind-puffs. The name given to soft,
puffy bunches the size of a hickory nut, which frequently
HANDBOOK OF THE TURP. 299
occur on the fore leg at the upper part of the fetlock joint,
between the tendon and the shin bone. They occasionally
develop on the hind leg. The joints and tendons at these
parts are furnished with sacs filled with a lubricating substance
known as synovia, and when these sacs become over-distended
with this fluid it produces wind-puffs, or wind-galls. Hunters,
hurdle racers and trotters with excessive knee action, are all
predisposed to this form of injury. Complete rest will genei-
ally effect a cure.
Wind-split. Broken wind.
Wind-sucker. A term applied to a horse having the
heaves. Wind-sucking renders the horse unsound.
Wing's. The projecting ends at the heel of a shoe, bent
forward and inward, to rest on the bars of the foot.
Winkers. The side pieces of a blind bridle.
Wire-edge. When a horse is in high fettle, is rank
for a race and in the highest condition to do his best at speed,
he is said to be " wire-edged."
If yoni- horse is particularly rank, work him alone nntil you get the
wire-edge off him, then take your prompter and show him that lie
is not f»X)in4? to be hurt.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Wire, The. Home; the score; a, goal in a trotting
race ; to "come under the wire first," is to win the heat.
Wire Snaffle. Explained by the quotation :
A fancy bit, worthy of only a junk-shop.— The Bridle Bits, Col. J. C.
Battersby.
Wiring"-in. A peculiar form of contraction affecting
the fore feet, and occasionally the hind feet of horses. In
most cases it is the inside heel which contracts, and when this
occurs the horse is said to " wire in."
Withers. The bony ridge which is the forward contin-
uation of the back. Its posterior limit runs into that of the
back in a gradual manner ; its anterior termination ends
abruptly at the crest ; at its sides the shoulders meet.
W. O. Following the name of a horse in the trotting
and pacing records, means a walk-over.
Wobble. An unsteady gait; the warning of a break.
Mr. Splan, in describing one of his races with Rams, says :
" He went steadily true all the way to the head of the stretch,
and there he made a wobble, as though he was going to
break." Mr. Marvin describes a race between Rarus and
Goldsmith ]\Iaid, in which Budd Doble had said that the mare
was "wobbling throughout the entire heat," and Mr. Splan
replied, " Well, she has wobbled as good a mile as ever she
300 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF.
did in het life." This instance is believed to be the only one
in trotting annals in which a horse "wobbled" during the
entire heat.
Woodruff, Hiram Washing-ton. Born at Birming-
ham, N. J., February 22, 1817 ; died at Jamaica Plains, Long
Island, N. Y., March 15, 1867. He trained and drove Flora
Temple, Dutchman, Topgallant, Paul Pry, Lady Suffolk, Ajax,
Hector and Dexter. Author of a treatise on training and
driving, entitled " The Trotting Horse of America." " He
carried the American trotting horse triumphantly over the
gap which lies between 2:40 and 2:18."
Word, The. The magic word " go," given to the field
by the starter. Drivers " get the word ; " the starting judge
<' gives the word."
Work ; Work-out. Training ; the art of putting a
horse in condition for a race ; more or less exercise for the
purpose of fitting the horse to go to the extreme point of his
speed capacity. The amount of work must invariably be reg-
ulated by the age, condition and peculiar characteristics of the
horse, and for this no fixed rules can be given; individual
experience must be the only guide.
In training, the trouble yon will find it very hard to fight against will
be the tendency to give too much work. You w^ill like to see your
colt go another brush, and when he is going fast and true you will
hate to stop liim. Development ceases when you get out the last
link. The brush should never extend beyond tlie point where you
do not believe he can be improved witli the next step. AVlien a
horse tires he loses control of his legs and feet, in a great measure,
and if weighted the trouble is aggravated. He breaks, he falters in
his gait, strikes himself, goes to hitching, hobbling— anytliing to
rest himself — and, as a natural consequence of this work, goes back
in Ids speed, and loses precision in action.— Training the Trotting
Horse, Charles Marvin.
I worked my horse out about three days before the race, and then and
there decided to back him and try to beat Goldsmith Maid. * * *
The first tiling to do, in working a horse, is to teach him to score.
* * * Instead of driving him one mile in 2:30, drive him a two
mile heat in 5:20; that would be each mile in 2:40, whicli would
condition his body and help to strengthen his weak legs. I think a
day's work like this given him once a week, with moderate jogging
the balance of the time and a little opening-out the day before you
want to work him again, will be all that will be necessary for liim
to have. The nearer you get to your race, the shorter work the
horse should iiave; that is, instead of giving him four or five heats,
give him two or Ihree, with oc(!asional brushes at nearly the top of
his speed.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan.
Working Gait. Half speed. " The tendency, in most
training, is to overwork," says Mr. Splan, " but if trainers con-
fine themselves to a working gait it will be almost impossible
to overwork a horse." What would be a working gait for one
horse, however, would not for another; as a 2:10 horse could
be worked at a much faster gait than a 2:30 horse. It is
entirely a matter of individuality on the part of the horse, and
one in which the driver must be governed largely by experience.
HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF. 301
"Working Track. A private track in connection with
breeding establishments, usually of one-half or three-fourths of
a mile ; not a public track.
Wounds of every description, however slight they may
be, since there is no certainty as to how they may terminate,
stamp a horse as unsound.
Wry Tail, or an oblique tail, is caused by the contrac-
tion of the muscles of the tail on one side. It is a serious
blemish.
Yankee. The first horse to trot a mile inside of three
minutes, in America, so far as the records show, was "the
horse, Yankee, from New Haven, Conn.," which trotted a mile
on the Harlem, N. Y., course, in June, 1806, in 2:59.
Year Books. The recognized authoritative publication
for all trotting and pacing records of the American turf, is
Wallace's Year Book, issued annually, of which nine volumes
have been published up to 1894. For the racing turf the
authority is Goodwin's [formerly Kirke's] Official Turf Guide,
published annually.
Yeomanry Races. [Eng.] In the yeomanry races
those who enter are obliged to deliver despatches to an officer
known to be posted at a certain spot a given number of miles
away, across country. Each man carries his despatch, and the
first to place it in the hands of the officer, wins the race.
Yielding". Responding. The act by which the horse
gives up resistance to the bit and reins, when the latter are
brought into tension to place the horse under control.
Yoke. A metal attachment connected to the shaft of a
sulky by means of a clip and a forged beveled bolt, milled and
threaded to receive a nut, for the purpose of holding the upper
ends of the braces used to support the pneumatic wheel, when
attached to the high sulky.
302
Zone. A slender, intermediate band of soft, light-col-
ored horn, situated between the horny sole of the foot and the
inner face of the lower margin of the wall, which unites the
two in a solid and perfect manner. This is often called by
farriers, (horseshoers), the " white line."
303
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2 STANDARD BOOKS.
Mushrooms : How to Grow Theiii.
Any one who has an ordinary house cellar, ■woodshed or barn, can
grow Mushrooms. This is the most practical work on the subject
ever written, and the only book on growing Mushrooms published
in America. The author describes how he grows Mushrooms, and
how they are grown for profit by the leading marketgardeuers, and
for home use by the most successful j^rivate growers. Engravings
drawn from nature expressly for this work. By Wm. Falconer.
Cloth. Price, postpaid. 1,50
Land Braining:.
A Handbook for Farmers on the Principles and Practice of Drain-
ing, by Manly Miles, giving the results of his extended exiJerience
in laying tile drains. The directions for the laying out and the
construction of tile drains will enable the farmer to avoid the
errors of imperfect construction, and the disappointment that
must necessarily follow. This manual for practical farmers will
also be found convenient for references in regard to many ques-
tions that may arise in crop growing, aside from the special sub-
jects of drainage of which it treats. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Allen's New American Farm Book.
The very best work on the subject; comprising all that can be con-
densed into an available vokime. Originally by Richard L. Allen.
Revised and greatly enlarged by Lewis F. Allen. Cloth, 12mo. 2.50
Henderson's Gardening: for Profit.
By Peter Henderson. The standard work on Market and Family
Gardening. The successful experience of the author for naore than
thirty years, and his willingness to tell, as he does in this work, the
secret of his success for the benefit of others, enables him to give
most valuable information. The book is profusely illustrated.
Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
Henderson's Gardening: for Pleasure.
A guide to the amateur in the fruit, vegetable and flower garden,
with full descriptions for the greenhouse, conservatory and window
gai-den. It meets the wants of all classes in country, city and vil-
lage who keep a garden for their own enjoyment i-ather tlian for
the sale of products. By Peter Henderson. Finely Illustrated.
Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
Johnson's How Crops Grow.
New Edition. A Treatise on the Chemical Composition, Structure
and Life of the Plant. Revised Edition. Tliis book is a guide to
the knowledge of agricultural plants, their composition, their
structure and modes of development and growth ; of the complex
organizations of plants, and the use of the parts; the germination
of seeds, and the food of plants obtained both from the air and
the soil. The book is a valuable one to all real students of agricul-
ture. With numerous illustrations and tables of analysis. By Prof.
Samuel W. Johnson of Yale College. Cloth, 12mo, 2^
STANDAKD BOOKS. 5
Johnson's How Crops Feed.
A Treatise on the Atmosphere and the Soil, as related in the
Nutrition of Agricnltural Plants. This volume— the companion and
complement to "How Crops Grow" — has been welcomed by those
who appreciate the scientific aspects of agriculture. Illustrated.
By Prof. Samuel W. Johnson. Clotli, 12mo. 2.00
Market Gardening: and Farm Notes.
By Barnet Landretli. Experiences and Observations for both
North and South, of interest to the Amateur Gardener, Trucker and
Farmer. A novel feature of the book is the calendar of farm and
garden operations for each month of the year; the chapters on
fertilizers, transplanting, succession and rotation of crops, tlie
liacking, shipi)ing and marketing of vegetables, will be esiiecially
useful to market gardeners. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Forest Planting:.
A Treatise on the Care of "Woodlands and the Restoration of the
Denuded Timber-Lands on Plains and Mountains. By H. Nicholas
Jarchow, LL. D. The author has fully described those European
methods which have proved to be most useful in maintaining the
superb forests of tlie old world. This experience has been adapted
to the different climates and trees of America, full instructions be-
ing given for forest planting on our various kinds of soil and sub-
soil, whether on mountain or valley. Illustrated, 12mo. 1.50
Harris' Talks on Manures.
By Joseph Harris, M. S., author of ""Walks and Talks on the Farm,"
•'Harris on the Pig," etc. Revised and enlarged by the author. A
series of familiar and practical talks between the author and the
Deacon, the Doctor, and other neighbors, on the whole subject of
manures and fertilizers: including a chapter especially written for
it, by Sir John Bennet Lawes of Rothamsted, England. Cloth,
12mo. 1.75
Truck Farming: at the South.
A work which gives the experience of a successful grower of vege-
tables or " truck" for Northern markets. Essential to any one who
contemplates entering this promising field of Agriculture. By A.
Oemler of Georgia. Illustrated, cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Sweet Potato Culture.
Giving full instructions from starting the plants to harvesting and
storing the crop. With a chapter on the Chinese Yam. By James
Fitz, Keswich, Va., author of "Southern Apple and Peach Culture."
Cloth, 12mo. -60
Heinrich's Window Flower Garden.
The author is a practical florist, and this enterpi'ising volume em-
bodies his personal experiences in "V^^indow Gardening during a
long period. New and enlarged edition. By Julius J. Heinrich.
Fully illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. .76
4 STANDARD BOOKS.
Greenhouse Construction.
By Prof. L. E,. Taft. A complete treatise on Greenhouso structures
and arrangements of the various forms and styles of Plant Houses
for professional florists as well as amateurs. All the best and most
approved structures are so fully and clearly described that anyone
who desires to build a Greenhouse will have no difficulty in deter-
mining the kind best suited to his purpose. The modern and most
successful methods of heating and ventilating are fully treated
upon. Special chapters are devoted to houses used for the growing
of one kind of plants exclusively. The construction of hotbeds
and frames receives appropriate attention. Over one hundred ex-
cellent illustrations, specially engraved for this work, make every
point clear to the reader and add considerably to the artistic ap-
pearance of the book. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Bulbs and Tuberous-Rooted Plants.
By C. L. Allen. A complete treatise on the History, Description,
Methods of Propagation and full Directions for the successful cul-
ture of Bulbs in the garden, Dwelling and Greenhouse. As gener-
ally treated, bulbs are an expensive luxury, while, when properly
managed, they afford the greatest amount of pleasure at the least
cost. The author of this book has for many years made bulb grow-
ing a specialty, and is a recognized authority on their cultivation
and management. The illustrations which embellish this work
have been drawn from nature, and have been engraved especially
for this book. The cultural directions are plainly stated, practical
and to the point. Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
Henderson's Practical Floriculture.
By Peter Henderson. A gitide to the successful propagation and
cultivation of florists'.plants. The work is not one for florists and
gardeners only, but the amateur's wants are constantly kept in
mind, and we have a very complete treatise on the cultivation of
flowers under glass, or in the open air, suited to those who grow
flowers for pleasure as well as those who make them a matter of
trade. Beautifully illustrated. New and enlarged edition. Cloth,
12mo. 1-50
Lon§:'s Ornamental Gardening: for Americans.
A Treatise on Beautifying Homes, Rural Districts and Cemeteries.
A plain and practical work at a moderate price, with numerous
Illustrations and instructions so plain that they may be readily
followed. By Elias A. Long, Landscape Architect. Illustrated,
Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
The Propa§:ation of Plants.
By Andrew S. Fuller. Illustrated with numerous engravings. An
eminently practical and useful work. Describing the process of
hybridizing and crossing species and varieties, and also the many
different modes by which cultivated plants may be propagated and
multipUed, Clotb, 12mo, 1J»
STAIirDARD BOOKS.
Parsons on the Rose.
By Samuel B. Tarsons. A treatise on the propagation, culture and
history of tlie rose. New and revised edition. In liis worlc upon
tlie rose, Mr. Barsons lias gathered up the curious legends concern-
ing the ilower, and gives us an idea of the esteem in which it was
held in former times. A simple garden classilicatiou has been
adopted, and the leading varieties under each class enumerated
and briefly describeil. The cliapters on multiplication, cultivation
and training Jire very full, and the work is altogether one of the
most comjilete before the public. Illustrated. Cloth, 12n)o. 1.00
Henderson's Handbook of Plants.
This new edition comprises about fifty per cent, more genera than
the former one, and embraces the botanical name, derivation,
natural order, etc., together with a short history of the different
genera, concise instructions for their propagation and culture, and
all the leading local or common English names, together witii a
comprehensive glossary of Botanical and Technical terms. Plain
instructions are also given for the cultivation of the principal veg-
etables, fruits and flowers. Cloth, large 8vo. 4.00
Barry's Fruit Garden.
By P. Barry. A standard work on Fruit and Fruit Trees ; the author
having had over thirty years' practical experience at the head of
one of the largest nurseries in this country. New edition revised
up to date. Invaluable to all fruit growers. Illustrated. Cloth,
12mo. 2.00
Fulton's Peach Culture.
This is the only practical guide to Peach Culture on the Delaware
Peninsula, and is the best work upon the subject of peach growing
for those who would be successful in that culture in any part of
the country. It has been thoroughly revised and a large portion of
it rewitten, by Hon. J. Alexander Fulton, the author, bringing it
down to date. Cloth, 12mo. 1-50
Strawberry Culturist.
By Andrew S. Fuller. Containing the Histor^^ Sexuality, Field and
Garden Culture of Strawberries, forcing or pot culture, how to
grow from seed, hybridizing, and all information necessary to en-
able everybody to raise their own strawberries, together with a
description of new varieties and a list of the best of the old sorts.
Fully illustrated. Flexible cloth, 12mo. .25
Fuller's Small Fruit Culturist.
By Andrew S. Fuller. Bewritten, enlarged, and broxight fully tip to
the present time. The book covers the whole ground of propagating
Small Fruits, their culture, varieties, packing for market, etc. It is
very finely and thoroughly illustrated, and makes an admirable
companion to "The Grape Cultiurist," by the same well known
tbuthor* ^"^
STANDARD BOOKS.
Fuller's Grape Culturist.
By A. S. Fuller. This is one of the very best of -works on the Ciil-
ture of the Hardy Grapes, with full directions for all departments
of propagation, culture, etc., -with 150 excellent engravings, illus-
trating planting, training, grafting, etc. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Quinn's Pear Culture for Profit.
Teaching How to Raise Pears intelligently, and with the best re-
sults, how to find out the character of the soil, the best metliods of
preparing it, the best varieties to select under existing conditions,
the best modes of planting, pruning, fertilizing, gi-afting, and utiliz-
ing the ground before the trees come into bearing, and finally of
gathering and packing for market. Illustrated. By P. T. Quinn,
practical horticulturist. Cloth, 12mo 1.00
Husmann's American Grape Growing; and Wine-Making:.
By George Husmann of Talcoa vineyards, Napa, California. New
and enlarged edition. "With contributions from well know gi'ape-
growers, giving a wide range of experience. The author of this
book is a recognized authority on the subject. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
White's Cranberry Culture.
Contents: — Natural History.— History of Cultivation.— Choice of
Location. — Preparing the Ground.^Planting the Vines. — Manage-
ment of Meadows. — Flooding. — Enemies and Difficulties Overcome.
— ^Picking. — Keeping. — Profit and Loss. — Letters from Practical
Growers. — Insects Injurious to the Cranberry. By Joseph J. White,
a practical grower. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. New and revised
edition. 1.25
Fuller's Practical Forestey.
A Treatise on the Propagation, Planting and Cultivation, with a
description and the botanical and proper names of all the indigen-
ous trees of the United States, both Evergreen and Deciduous, with
Notes on a large number of the most valuable Exotic Species. By
Andrew S. Fuller, author of "Grape Culturist," "Small Fruit Cul-
turist," etc. 1.50
Stewart's Irri§:ation for the Farm, Garden and Orchard.
This Avork is offered to those American Farmers and other cultiva-
tors of the soil who, from painful experience, can readily appre-
ciate the losses which result from the scarcity of water at critical
periods. By Henry Stewart. Fully illustrated. Cloth, l2mo. 1.50
Quinn's Money in the Garden.
By P. T. Quinn. The author gives in a plain, practical style, in-
structions on three distinct, although closely connected branches
of gardening— the kitchen garden, market garden, and field culture,
from successful practical experience for a term of years. Illustra-
ted. Cloth, 12mo. 1-50
STANDARD BOOKS, 7
Roe's Play and Profit in My Garden.
By E. P. Roe. The author takes us to his garden on the rocky hill-
sides in the vicinity of West Point, and shows us liow out of it,
after four years' experience, lie evoketl a proiit of $l,(tOO, and this
Willie carrying on pastoral and literary labor. It is very rarely
that so much literary taste and skill are mated to so much agri-
ctiltural experience and good sense. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
The New Onion Culture.
By T. Greiner. This new work is written by one of onr most suc-
cessful agriculturists, and is full of new, original, and highly valu-
able matter of material interest to every one who raises onions in
the family garden, or by the acre for market. By the process here
described a crop of 2000 bushels per acre can be as easily raised as
500 or GOO bushels in the old way. Paper, 12mo. .50
The Dairyman's Manual.
By Henry Stewart, anthor of "The Shepherd's Manual," "Irriga-
tion," etc. A useful and practical work, by a writer who is well
known as thoroughly familiar with the subject of which he writes.
Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
Allen's American Cattle.
Their History, Breeding and Management. By Lewis F. Allen.
This book will be considered indispensable by every breeder of
livestock. The large experience of the author in improving the
chai'acter of American herds adds to the weight of his observations
and has enabled him to produce a work wliiclr will at once make
good his claims as a standard autliority on the subject. New and
revised edition. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. 2.50
Profits in Poultry.
Useful and ornamental Breeds and their Profitable Management.
This excellent work contains the combined experience of a num-
ber of practical men in all departments of poultry raising. It is
profusely illustrated and forms a unique and important addition
to our poultry literature. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
The American Standard of Perfection.
The recognized standard work on Poultry in this country, adopted
by the American Poultry Association. It contains a complete de-
scrijitionof all the recognized varieties of fowls, including turkeys,
ducks and geese; gives instructions to judges; glossary of technical
terms and nomenclature. It contains 244 pages, handsomely
bound in cloth, embellished with title in gold on front cover. $1.00
Stoddard's An Bgg Farm.
By H, H. Stoddard. The management of poultry in large numbers,
being a series of articles written for the AMERICAN AGBICDLTUK-
IST. Ulustrated. Cloth, 12mo. .60
8 STANDARD BOOKS.
Stewart's Shepherd's Manual.
A Valuable Practical Treatise on the Sheep for American fanners
and slleep growers. It is so plain that a farmer or a farmer's son
who has never kept a sheep, may learn from its pages how to
manage a fioclc successfully, and yet so complete that even the ex-
perienced shepherd may gather many suggestions from it. Tlie
results of personal experience of some years with the characters
of the various modern breeds of sheep, and the sheep raising capa-
bilities of many portions of our extensive territory and that of
Canada— and the careful study of the diseases to which our sheep
are chiefly subject, witli tliose by which they may eventually be
afflicted througli unforseen accidents — as well as the methods of
management called for under our circumstances, are carefully
described. By Henry Stewart. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Wrigfht's Practical Poultry-Keeper.
By L. Wright. A complete and standard guide to the management
of poultry, for domestic use, the markets or exhibition. It suits at
once the plain poulterer, who must make the business pay, and the
chicken fancier whose taste is for gay plimiage and strange, bright
birds. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. §2.00
Harris on the Pi§:.
New Edition. Revised and enlarged by the atithor. Tlie points of
tlie various English and American breedsaretlioroughly discussed,
and the great advantage of using thoroughbred males clearly
shown. The work is equally valuable to the farmer who keeps but
few pigs, and to the breeder on an extensive scale. By Joseph
Harris. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
The Farmer's Veterinary Adviser.
A guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic
Animals. This is one of the best works on this subject, and is es-
pecially designed to supply the need of the busy American Farm-
er, wiio can rarely avail himself of the advice of a Scientific Veter-
inarian. It is brouglit up to date and treats of the Prevention of
Disease as Avell as of the Remedies. By Prof. Jas. Law. Cloth.
Crown, 8vo. 3.00
Dadd's American Cattle Doctor.
By George H. Dadd, M. D., Veterinary Practitioner. To help every
man to be his own cattle-doctor; giving tlie necessary information
for preserving the health and curing the diseases of oxen, cows,
sheep and swine, with a great variety of original recipes, and val-
uable information on farm and dairy management. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Cattle Breeding:.
By Wm. Warfield. This work is by common consent the most
valuable and pre-eminently practical treatise on cattle-breeding
ever published in America, being the actual experience and. ob-
servance of a practical man. Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
STANDARD BOOKS, 9
Dadd's American Cattle Doctor.
A complete work on all tlie Diseases of Cattle, Sheep and Swine, In-
cluding every Disease peculiar to America, and embracing all the
latest information on the Cattle Plague and Trichina; <;ontaining
also a guide to symptoms, a table of Weights and Measures, and a
list of Valuable Medicines. l?y George H. Dadd, V. S., twenty-five
years a leading Veterinary Surgeon in England and the United
States, and author of the "American Reformed Horse Book." Cloth,
octavo. Illustrated. 2.50
Cattle and Their Diseases.
By A. J. Mui-ray, M. R. C. V. S. Breeding and Management of Cat-
tle. This is one of the very few works devoted exclusively to
cattle diseases, and will be particularly valuable to cattlemen
for that reason. It is written in plain, simple language, easily un-
derstood by any farmer, while it is learned and technical enough
to satisfy any veterinary surgeon. Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
Silos, Ensila§:e, and Silag:e.
A practical Treatise on the Ensilage of Fodder Corn, containing
the most recent and authentic information on this important sub-
ject, by Manly Miles, M. D. F. R. M. S. Illustrated. Cloth, 12mo. .50
Manures.
How to Make and How to Use them. By Frank W. Sempers. The
author has made a concise, practical handbook containing the lat-
est researches in agriculture in all parts of the world. The reports
of the agricultural experiment stations have furnished many val-
uable suggestions. Both commercial and home-made manures
are fully described, and many formulas for special crops and soils
are given. Price postpaid, paper 50 cents, cloth, 1.00
Potato Pests.
No farmer can afford to be without this little book. It gives the
most complete account of the Colorado Beetle anywhere to be
found, and includes all the latest discoveries as to the habits of the
insect and the various means for its destruction. It is well illustra-
ted, and exhibits in a maj) the spread of the insect since it left its
native home. By Prof. C. V. Riley, Paper, .50
Your Plants.
Plain and Practical Directions for the Treatment of Tender and
Hardy Plants in the House and in the Garden. By James Sheehan.
The work meets the wants of the amateur who grows a few plants
in the window, or has a small flower garden. Paper covers, .40
Pedder's Land-Measurer for Farmers.
A convenient Pocket Companion, showing at once the contents of
any piece of land, when its length and width are unknown, up to
1500 feet either way, witk various other useful farm tables. Cloth,
ISmo. -60
10 STA.NDAKD BOOKS,
Hop Culture.
Plain directions given by ten experienced cultivators. Revised,
enlarged and edited by A. S. Fuller. Forty engravings. .30
Wheat Culture.
How to double the yield and increase the profits. By D. S. Ciirtiss,
Washington, D. C. Importance of the AVheat Crop. Varieties Most
Grown in the United States. Examples of Successful Wheat Cul-
ture. Illustrated. Paper covers. .50
Starr's Farm Echoes.
By F. Ptatchford Starr, Echo Farm, Litchfield, Ct. This handsome
little book tells how the author turned from a successful business
career to agricultural pursuits, and has achieved health, happiness
and prosperity upon his broad acres near Litchfield. Cloth, 12mo.
Illustrated. .50
The American Merino. For Wool or for Mutton.
A practical and most valuable work on the selection, care, breeding
and diseases of the Merino slieep, in all sections of the United
States. It is a full and exhaustive treatise upon this one breed of
sheep. By Stephen Powers. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Cohurn's Swine Husbandry.
New, revised and enlarged edition. Tlie Breeding, Rearing, and
Management of Swine, and the Prevention and Treatment of their
Diseases. It is the fullest and freshest compendium relating to
Swine Breeding yet offered. By F. D. Coburn. Cloth, 12mo. 1.75
Tobacco Culture: Full Practical Details.
This useful and valuable work contains fulldetailsof every process
from the Selection and Propagation of the Seed and Soil to the
Harvesting, Curing and Marketing the Crop, with illustrative en-
gravings of the operations. The work was prepared by Fourteen
Experienced Tobacco Growers, residing in different parts of the
country. It also contains notes on the Tobacco Worm, with Illus-
trations. 8vo. .25
Keeping: One Cow.
A collection of prize Essays and Selections from a number of other
Essays, with editorial notes, suggestions, etc. This book gives tlie
latest information, and in a clear and condensed form, upon the
management of a single Milcli Cow. Illustrated witli full page en-
gravings of the most famous dairy cows. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Guenon's Treatise on Milch Cows.
A treatise on the Bovine Species in General. An entirely new-
translation of the last edition of this popular and instructive book.
By Thomas J. Hand, Secretary of the American Jersey Cattle Club.
With over 100 mustrations, especially engraved for this work.
Cloth, 12mo. 1-00
STANDARD BOOKS. 11
Sander's Horse Breeding;.
Being the general principles of Heredity applied to the Business of
Breeding Horses and tlie IManagenient of Stallions, Brood Mares
and Foals. The book embraces all that the breeder wishes to know
in regard to the seleclion of stock, management of the stallion,
brood mare, and foal, and treatment of diseases peculiar to breed-
ing animals. By J. H. Sanders. Cloth, 12nio. 2.00
Herbert's Hints to Horse Keepers.
This is one of the best and most poiiular works on the horse pre-
pared in this country. A complete manual for horsemen, embrac-
ing: How to Breed a Horse; How to Buy a Horse; How to Break a
Horse ; How to Use a Horse ; How to Feed a Horse ; How to Physic a
Horse (Allopathy or Homoeopathy); How to Groom a Horse; How
to Drive a Horse; How to Ride a Horse, etc. By the late Henry
William Herbert, (Frank Forester). Beautifully Illustrated. Cloth,
12mo. 1.75
Warin§:ton's Chemistry of the Farm.
Treating with the utmost clearness and conciseness, and in the
most popular manner possible, of the relations of Chemistry to
Agriculture, and providing a welcome manual for those who,
while not having time to systematically study Chemistry, will
gladly have such an idea as tliis gives them of its relation to oper-
ations on the farm. By R. Warington, F. C. S. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Farm Appliances.
Describing numerous Useful and Labor-Saving appliances, and
will be found of great value in every department of Farm work.
With nearly 250 Illustrations. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Fences, Gates and Bridgfes.
A much-needed and valuable work. The descriptions are abundantly
illustrated. The book also contains a synopsis of the Fence Laws
of the different States. Over 100 engravings. Cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Farm Conveniences.
A Manual of what to do, and how to do it. Describing all manner
of Homemade Aids to Farm Work. Made up of the best ideas from
the experience of many practical men. With over two hundred
engravings. 1.50
Waringf's Braining: for Profit and Draining: for Health.
This book is a very complete and practial treatise, the directions
in which are plain and easily followed. The subject of thorough
farm drainage is discussed in all its bearings, and also that more
extensive land drainage by which the sanitary condition of any
district may be greatly improved, even to the banishment of fever
and ague, typhoid and malarial fever. By Geo. E. Waring, Jr.
mustrated. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
12 8TANDAED BOOKS.
The Dogfs Of Great Britain, America and Other Countries.
New, enlarged and revised edition. Their Breeding, training and
management, in liealth and disease ; com j)rising all the essential
parts of the two standard worlcs on tlie dog, by "Stonehenge." It
describes tlie Best Game and Hunting Grounds in America.
Contains over One Hundred Beautiful Engravings, embracing
most noted Dogs in both continents, making, together with Chap-
ters by American Writers, the most complete Dog Book ever x>ub-
lished. Cloth, 12mo. 2.00
American Bird Fancier.
Or how to Breed, Rear and Care for Song and Domestic Birds. This
valuable and important little work for all who are interested in
the keeping of Song Birds, has been revised and enlarged, and is
now a complete manual upon the subject. All who own valuable
birds, or wish to do so, will find the new Fancier indispensable.
New, revised and enlarged edition. [By D. J. Browne and Dr.
Fuller Walker. Illustrated, paper. .50
Gardening: for Young: and Old.
By Joseph Harris. A work intended to interest farmers' boys in
Farm Gardening, which means a better and more profitable form
of agriculture. The teachings are given in the familiar manner so
well known in the author's "Walks and Talks on the Farm." Illus-
trated. Cloth, 12mo. 1.25
Onions ; How to Raise Them Profitably.
Being the Practical Details, from Selection of Seed and Preparation
of Ground to Harvesting and Marketing the Crop, given very
plainly by Seventeen Practical Onion Growers of long experience
residing in different parts of the country. No more valuable work
of its size was ever issued. Paper, 8vo. .20
Tomato Culture.
By J. W. Day, D. Cummins, and A. I. Root. In three parts. Part
First — Tomato Culture in the South. Part Second — Tomato Cul-
ture, especially for Canning Factories. Part Third — Plant Growing
for Market and High Pressure. Gardening in general. A Practical
Book for those who work under either Glass or Cloth as a Protec-
tion from Frost. 135 pages, illustrated. Paper, 16mo. .35
How to Handle and Educate Vicious Horses.
By Oscar R. Gleason. Directions for Handling Yicious Horses,
Breaking Colts, Teaching Horses Tricks, etc. Illustrated. Cloth,
12mo. .50
The Family Horse.
Its stabling, Care and Feeding. By Geo. A. Martin. A Practical
Manual, full of the most useful information. Illustrated. Cloth
12mo. 1.00
STANDARD BOOKS. 13
Dadd's Modern Horse Doctor.
Containing Practical Observations on the Causes, Nature and
Treatment of Diseases and Lameness of Horses — embracing recent
and Improved Metliods, according to an enliglitened system of
Veterinary Tractice, for Preservation and Restoration of Healtli.
Illustrated. By Geo. H. Dadd, M. D. V. S. Clotli, 12mo. 1.50
Howden's the Horse ; How to Buy and Sell.
Giving the points Avluch distinguish a Sound from an Unsound,
Horse. By Peter Ilowden. Tliis volume abounds in General Infor-
mation, stated in so clear and simple a manner as to enable every-
one to intelligently buy and sell a Horse. It explains the meaning
of Horse "Warranty, and its use, and shows the value of knowledge
on this subject. Extra cloth, 12mo. 1.00
Youatt and Spooner on the Horse.
The Structure and Diseases of the Horse, Remedies, Rules to Buy-
ers, Breakers, Shoers, etc. Youatt's work somewhat simplified
and brought down by ^Y. C. Spooner, M. R. C. V. S. ; to which is pre-
fixed an account of the Breeds in the United States and Canada.
By Hon. Henry S. Randall. Illustrated by numerous engravings.
12ino. 1.50
Harris's Insects Injurious to Vegetation.
By the late Thaddeus William Harris, M. D. Octavo, 640 pages. En-
larged and improved, with additions from the autlior's manuscripts
and original notes. Illustrated by engravings drawn from }iature
under the supervision of Professor Agassiz ; edited by Cliarles L.
Flint, late Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture. The work is fully ilhistrated with two hundred and sev-
enty-eight fine woodcuts, and eight beautiful steel plates, full page
size, containing ninety-five figures, 8vo. Cloth, plain, 4.00. Col-
ored, 6.50
Dadd's American Reformed Horse-Book.
A Treatise on the Causes, Symptoms, and Cure of every Disease in-
cident to the Horse, including all Diseases peculiar to America,
and which are not treated of in the works based upon the English
works of Youatt, Mason, and others. Embracing also full details
of Breeding, Rearing and Management on the Reformed System of
Practice. By Prof. Geo. H. Dadd, Veterinary Surgeon. Author of
"Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse," in the Veterinary Insti-
tute of Chicago, and for over 25 years a Regular Practicing Veteri-
narian. Cloth, 8vo. 2.50
Insects and Insecticides.
A practical manual concerning Noxious Insects and Methods of
Preventing their Injuries. By Clarence M. Weed, D. Sc, Prof, of
Entomology and Zoology, New Hampshire College of Agriculture
and Mechanic Arts, etc., etc. 281 pages, with many illustrations.
Cloth, 8vo. 1.25
14 STANDARD BOOKS.
Batty's Practical Taxidermy and Home Decoration.
By Joseph H. Batty, taxidermist for the government surveys and
many colleges and museums in the United States. An entirely
new and complete as well as authentic work on taxidermy— giving
in detail full directions for collecting and mounting animals, birds,
reptiles, fish, insects, and general objects of natural history. 125
illustrations. Cloth, 12mo. 1.50
Treat's Injurious Insects of tlie Farm and Garden. By
Mrs. Mary Treat.
An original investigator who has added much to our knowledge of
both Plants and Insects, and those who are familiar with Dar-
win's works are aware that he gives her credit for important ob-
servation and discoveries. New and Enlarged Edition. With an
illustrated chapter on Beneficial Insects. Fully illustrated. Cloth,
12mo. 2.00
Tlie Practical Rabbit-Keeper.
By Cuniculus. Illustrated. A comprehensive work on keeping
and raising Rabbits for pleasure as well as for profit. Tliis book is
abundantly illustrated with all the various Courts, Warrens,
Hutches, Fencing, etc., and also with excellent portraits of the
most important species of rabbits throughout the world. 12mo. 1.50
Hunter and Trapper.
The best modes of Hunting and Trapping are fully explained, and
Foxes, Deer, Bears, etc., fall into his traps readily by following his
directions. By Halsey Thrasher, an old and experienced sports-
man. Cloth, 12mo. .75
The Ice Crop.
How to Harvest, Ship and Use Ice. By Theron L. Hiles. A Com-
plete, Practical Treatise for Farmers, Drirymen, Ice Dealers, Pro-
duce Shippers, Meat Packers, Cold Storers, and all interested in
Ice Houses, Cold Storage, and the Handling or Use of Ice in amy
way, including many receipes for Iced Dishes and Beverages. The
book is illustrated by cuts of the tools and machinery vised in cut-
ting and storing ice, and different forms of ice houses and cold
storage buildings. 122 pp., ill. Cloth, 16mo. 1.00
How to Co-operate.
A Manual for Co-operators. By Herbert Myrick. This book des-
• cribes the how rather than the wherefore of co-operation. In other
words it tells how to manage a co-operative store, farm or factory,
co-operative dairying, banking and fire insurance, and co-operative
farmers' and women's exchanges for both buying and selling. The
directions given are based on the actual experience of successful
co-operative enterprises in all parts of the United States. The
character and usefulness of the book commend it to the attention
of all men and women who desire to better their condition. Cloth,
12mo., 1.00. Paper, .60
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