:i.^^$l^i *t■»-i;I-^Ai.i.-1 ; ..i?ti>:i-r?z i^^r^' .f??< p- ^ :V:/ -gt^^-. v izi^i New Hampshirgjj^onege jlGRICULTURE m the MECHjiffi'^'^S. Class r. .". .t; . . . jpUPtieATi Number J.i Ip .^. Z..!SOjJ^. . Volume Source . Received Cost Accession No. f ^ t . JOHNA.SEAVERNS ^Hf : ';' ■^''^/mi^^ri^w^TmEw^'^miMmw^i 6/^ HANDBOOK OF THE TURF A TREASURY OF INFORMATION FOR HORSEMEN EMBRACING A Compendium of all Racing and Trotting Rules ; Laws of the States i]S{ their Relation to Horses and Racing; A Glossary of Scientific Terms; The Catch-Words and Phrases used by Great Drivers, with MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION ABOUT HORSES, TRACKS, AND RACING BY SAMUEL L. BOARDMAN The literature of the turf is sometliing almost sui generis. It abounds in mysterious technicalities and phraseology intelligible only to the initiated.— The London Times, January 26, 1894. NEW YORK ORANGE JUDD COMPANY 1895 C30PY RIGHT, 1894 By SAMUEL L. B0ARD:MAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED HAST thou given spirit to the horse? Hast thou clothed his neck with a mane? Canst thou make him bound as a locust ? The majesty of his snorting is terrible. He panteth in the valleys and exulteth; he goeth on to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, and trembleth ; nor turneth he back from the sword. Against him rattleth the quiver, the glittering spear and shield. He devours the ground with fierceness and rage, and is impatient when the trumpet soundeth. He uttereth among the trumpets, Ha! ha! He smelleth the battle afar ofif, the thunder of the captains and the shouting. — Translation from the Book of Job, By DR. THOMAS SCOTT. ^^^O INTRODUCTION The general plan of the present work was conceived by the author some four years ago, and the task of compilation begun. Other engagements, however, soon demanded attention and prevented completion of the work, which the past year has given an opportunity of bringing to a close. Within its pages he has attempted the compression of what is believed to be the greatest body of information about the horse in his rela- tion to drivers, sulkys, tracks, riding, trotting, racing, and the laws pertaining thereto, that has ever appeared in a single vol- ume in this country. In doing this his aim has been to produce a book of reference, the usefulness of which will render its pos- session material to every intelligent individual who breeds, trains, rides, cares for or loves a horse. It is the author's hope that the execution of the work will, in some measure at least, equal what he believes to have been the merit of its conception. Within the past twenty years a complete revolution has taken place in the breeding and management of horses, govern- ment of tracks, appliances used on the turf, and the rules of racing. During the last half of this period the most profound scientists in England, France, and this country, have made careful and long continued studies on the anatomy, conforma- tion, and external points of the horse ; while years have also been devoted to an analysis of the laws of motion, the study of speed inheritance, the physical basis of the several gaits, and the laws of breeding. Moreover, all the progress and extreme development in these lines during the period named, has really been crystallized within the past two years into the most won- derful form, as evinced by the use of the pneumatic sulky and the accomplishment of phenomenal speed on the American turf. Yet with these great changes no useful handbook, V yi INTRODUCTION". coming within reach of the everyday horseman at a modest price, and embodying what science has taught as authoritative upon these subjects, has been published. A few elaborate treatises, beyond the range of the practical horseman in scope of information, and quite beyond his reach in price, have appeared, of the benefits of which he has been unable to avail himself, because by far too scientific for his use, or too expen- sive for his purse. The present volume is believed to do for this class of read- ers what no other single book on the horse and racing, has ever attempted to accomplish. Its range of information embraces terms relating to the horse ; his exterior conforma- tion and uses as an animal for riding and driving ; to the track or race course ; the sulky and track vehicles ; the harness ; the driver and rider; to equestrianism; the trotting and racing turf ; the racing and trotting rules ; laws of the States in their relation to horses, tracks, and racing ; the phrases and catch- words of great drivers and riders ; terms used in the veterinary art so far as they relate to the locomotory organs of the horse, and to general soundness, vices, and faults ; wdth the folk-lore of horses, old sayings, and useful general knowledge of an his- torical and practical character. While numerous books are ready at hand to aid the student and practical craftsman in the arts, sciences, literature, the special processes of mechanics, printing, botany, gardening, and the textile arts — the vast body of intelligent horsemen has been, heretofore, without any single book, presenting in a comprehensive way, the historical, scien- tific, legal, and practical features of their business. In short, this book attempts to do for them, and for the gigantic indus- try which they represent — the horse-breeding, racing, and trot- ting business of the United States — what the numerous readers' handbooks, dictionaries of phrase and fable, dates, general allu- sions, common things, scientific handbooks and trade glossaries do for students of art and literature, and skilled workers in the arts and industries. The sources of information have embraced the entire range of horse literature as represented in the incomparable collection in possession of the Boston Public Library ; files of sporting and tui'f journals and magazines of INTRODUCTION. Til tills country and England; an extended correspondence with well known turf authorities in the United States, and wide per- sonal acquaintance among practical horsemen, breeders, and trainers. It is interesting to note to what an extent the horse indus- try and turf business of the country has invented its own language — a language expressive, unique, and peculiar ; one which until now has existed beyond the realm of literature, because it has had lodgment only in the general practice and rugged brains of trainers, drivers, stablemen, and others who have had to do with horses all their lives. So far as the author is aware, the present volume is the first attempt to embody in collected form the technical vocabulary of the track and its equipments, the fraternity of drivers and riders, and the large body of intelligent gentlemen practically interested in horses, driving, racing, and trotting. Hence the book has been com- piled from original information obtained on the turf and in the stable, as well as from the horse literature of two centuries. The author wishes to say further, that the book is not an English dictionary, a book on stable management, a cyclopaedia about horses, a treatise on breeding, a trotting register or year- book, a work on veterinary practice, or on the training and driving of horses — and yet there is something in it under each of these different headings. In memoirs of horses, it includes only the five or six representative or foundation animals in England and America ; and no one family or individual is given prominence in preference to another. It contains no expression of opinion that can by any possible construction provoke controversy or lessen the value of the facts presented ; nor does it discuss theories of breeding, training, or manage- ment. It floats no advertisement of breeder, track or vehicle. The terms pertaining to equestrianism are not generally those of the schools devoted to fancy riding, but those of practical horsemanship. Many terms pertaining to the English turf are included, because our ow^n turf history is founded upon that of the mother country, and because the intelligent driver or eques- trian wishes to be well informed upon all matters relating to turf history and practices, whether in his own country or yiii INTRODUCTION. abroad. In consulting the book the reader will generally under- stand in what cases the subject matter refers to the trotting or racing turf, without a repetition of explanation, or a particular statement that such fact pertains to the one or the other. The veterinary terms have been limited mainly to those which relate to the organs of locomotion, to age and soundness, with such as pertain to common ailments, or those most closely related to the horse as a track and riding animal. In law, the general statutes and special acts of States relating to horses, tracks, and racing are given, down to the close of the year 1893. The incidents and facts of turf history ; accounts of remarka- ble horses, races, and events ; interesting anecdotes illustrating curious facts; biographical notices of distinguished persons, and the copious references to trotting and racing performances of a noteworthy character, have all been carefully compiled from trustworthy sources. In brief, the book makes plain to the non-professional reader, groom, driver, rider, and horseman, the accurate meaning of scientific terms relating to the horse, usually given in technical books only, in the language of science, thus educating them in a practical but thoroughly correct man- ner, in the sciences upon which so much of a true understand- ing of their business and its successful prosecution is founded. Few duplications or cross references have been used. Where a choice has existed the preferable term alone has been defined, or that which a person consulting the book would be most likely to first refer to ; while cross references not only take up space to no purpose, but are usually very unsatisfactory to who- soever wishes to consult such a book. Owing to its alphabeti- cal arrangement, the book is its own index ; hence, as the title indicates, it is a handbook of reference for facts under special headings, rather than a work to be read for the purpose of obtaining a general view of the subjects which it embraces. Especially is the work useful as a compendium of the turf rules of the United States, because the widest publicity that can be given these rules not only enlightens horsemen and members of associations and societies, but also the spectators who attend fairs and patronize the races. Such persons are much better satisfied when they see a decision made or penalty IXTRODUCTIOX. IX imposed, if they know the rule and reason for it. They can see there is fair play and no choice between stoga boots and patent leather when they understand the rules and see them enforced without fear or favor, and when they can so understand them, they enjoy the races better. The national rules have elevated the trotting sport of America to a high standard, and fostered a breeding interest which is represented by millions. Every penalty imposed on man or horse for fraud or misde- meanor of any kind, by one member or association, is equally recognized by each and every other member. Thus the power to enforce rectitude and good behavior upon the turf all over the country is absolute. It is evident that a work of this kind, which is believed to be unique, and which must be compiled without having the advantage of any similar work upon which it might be based, and from which materials might be drawn, must of necessity be more or less incomplete. The field covered has been indefi- nitely large, and the aim has constantly been to keep the book within reasonable size, consistent with adequate treatment of subjects. To this end, while it is hoped no important omis- sions will be found, insignificant terms, those of obvious mean- ing and simple facts known by practical horsemen, have generally been excluded. For the purpose of making future editions more complete, the author will be thankful to any one for facts, information, phrases and words which will contribute to this end. The author desires to express his gratitude to the many friends and correspondents who have aided him in the prepara- tion of this work. Thanks are especially due to M. M. Morse, Secretary of the National Trotting Association, Hartford, Conn.; J. H. Steiner, Secretary of the American Trotting Asso- ciation, and of the American Trotting Register Association, Chicago, 111.; E. C. Hopper, Secretary of the American Turf Congress, Covington, Ky.; I. B. Nail, Secretary of the National Saddle Horse Breeders' Association, Louisville, Ky.; Sanders D. Bruce, editor- of the Turf, Field, and Farm, New York; Simon W. Parlin, and J. W. Thompson, editors of the American Horse Breeder, Boston, Mass.; W. B. Fasig, New York ; Charles INTRODUCTION. E. Walker, South Framingham, Mass.; C. W. Williams, Inde- pendence, Iowa; Dr. George H. Bailey, V. S., Deering, Maine; C. B. Tillinghast, State Librarian, Boston, Mass.; Arthur M. Knapp, keeper of Bates Hall, Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass.; L. D. Carver, State Librarian, Augusta, Maine*^; and the editors of the Spirit of The Times, New York, and Wallace's Monthly, and The Horseman, Chicago, 111. Acknowledgements are also due to the publishers of copyrighted books, quoted in the work, for permission to make extracts from the same. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF EXPLANATIONS The abbreviations used in the following pages are : Eng. for terms relating to the English turl ; Eq. for those pertaining to equestrianism; Law. for legal terms and information. Abdallah. One of the foundation sires of the Ameri- can trotter. He was bred by John Treadwell, Salisbury Place, L. I., N. Y., and foaled in 1823 ; by Mambrino, by imported Messenger, dam Amazonia. Imported Messenger was foaled in 1780, by Mambrino, dam by Turf, and tracing back through the Byerly Turk to a natural Barb mare. The dam of Mam- brino was by imported Sour Crout, second dam by imported Whirligig, third dam old Slammerkin, a race mare by im- ported AYildair. Wildair's get was so highly esteemed in England that those interested in racing stock in that country sent over here, bought him and took him back to England again. He was by Cade, by the Godolphin Arabian. Of Abdallah's dam but little is definitely known. It is supposed that her sire was a descendent of imported Messenger. In- deed, it is stated by Mr. J. H. Wallace, (American Trotting Register, I, 60), that she was purchased near Philadelphia by Mr. B. T. Kissam, a dry goods jobber of New York, when on a trip to that city, and she was represented to him to be by a son of imported Messenger. She is described as a chestnut in color, 15.3 hands high, and rather coarse in quality and ill in shape. Abdallah has been best described, probably, by the late Mr. B. T. Kissam, who knew the horse well. His descrip- tion, which applies to him in his four years old form, is : " He had a long, clean head ; ear long and tapering ; eyes lively, and of medium size ; neck light, and set low on the withers ; up car- riage, and when in action head carried perpendicularly ; shoul- ders upright ; deep in girth ; full chested ; fore legs very wide apart, causing him to stand with his toes in ; light bone, especially below the knees and hocks ; knees a little forward, flat-ribbed and short in flank; roached back; hips and loins 11 12 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. ' medium breadth; peaked from hips to setting on of the tail, which was very thin-haired; long from hip to hock; rather thin quarters and short fetlocks." Mr. Kissam omits to say, however, that his color was blood bay, and that he had a star in forehead, with left hind-foot white above the ankle. He stood 15.3 hands high. He was never broken to harness, being ridden under th 3 saddle. He was kept at the farm of his breeder in 1828 and 1829 ; at Flatbush and Gravesend, N. Y., 1830 ; near Jamaica, N. Y., 1831 ; at different places on Long Island and in New Jersey till 1839; at Lexington, Ky., 1840 ; at Union Course, L. I., 1841 and 1842 ; at Goshen, N. Y., 1843; at Freehold, X. J., 1844 and 1845; at Chester, N. Y., 1846-48; at the Bull's Head, :N'. Y., 1849; at Union Course, N. Y., 1850; and at Patchogue, L. L, 1851. He died of neg- lect and starvation upon a sandy beach on Long Island, in November, 1854. Abdallah got more fast trotters than any horse of his time. The records show that at least twenty-two of his sons and daughters started in races, and twenty of the number were race winners. Three of his get are found in the 2:30 list, viz.: Sir AValter, 2:27; O'Blennis, 2:30; Frank For- rester, 2:30. He seems to have transmitted the tendency to trot with much greater uniformity through his daughters than through his sons. His daughters are credited with producing eight trotters that are found in the 2:30 list, including Gold- smith Maid, 2:14; and the records show that thirty-two stal- lions out of daughters of Abdallah have got 2:30 performers. Abdomen. The cavity which occupies the rear part of the trunk or body of the horse ; the exterior part of which is known as the flank. Abductor. One of the great locomotive muscles of the horse, the function of which is to draw away a limb from the axis of the body ; to extend. Abing"doii Mile. A famous old English race-course, the length of which was seven furlongs, 211 yards. Abrasion. An abraded spot or place; applied chiefly to a fretting or rut^bing of the skin, by which the underlying tissues are exposed. Even though slight, and requiring but little care, abrasions are, until perfectly healed, an unsoundness. Action. The manner of moving; an exertion of power or force ; the real relation of a cause to its effect. Action takes its direction from the hips, and power is invariably resi- dent when a horse has a long and somewhat oblique, rather than horizontal quarter. The stifle should never be lower than the elbows, as contributors to leverage and power in the hock. HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 13 Action-controlling' Power. That quality of instinct in the horse which governs the movements in a balanced form, without loss of muscular exertion. Added Money. jVIoney added to a regular purse or stake as an extra inducement for entries. It is given by the track or association in a larger or smaller sum ; as in a sweep- stakes, the horses put in $25 each, and the track adds f 100. Adductor. The function of drawing towards; the name of several muscles of locomotion which draw certain parts to, or toward, one common center or median line ; the opposite of abductor. Against Time. A performance against the watch ; a trial of speed. All performances against time are required to be made at a regular meeting of a track, society or association in membership with the National or American trotting asso- ciation, in strict accord with the rules of the trotting turf, and under the conduct of judges and timers regularly appointed. No animal can start in such race pending a heat or trial by another animal, nor until the residt of such heat or trial has been announced. There shall be three judges and three timers, and no performance shall take place earlier than 10 o'clock A. M. If a performance against time takes place at a post- poned or continued meeting, such postponement must have been made in accordance with the rules of the trotting turf. The horse starting must start to equal or exceed a specified time, and a losing performance shall not constitute a record or bar. All entries for such performance must be duly made with the official secretary, appear in the printed program of the day, or posted legibly at the judges stand. A reg- ular meeting means a meeting advertised in at least one new^s- paper not less than one week before the commencement of the race, at w^hich time no less than two regular events, (purse or stake), are advertised for each day, one of which must take place. A match race is not considered a regular event. No "matches against time" are allowed by the trotting rules. Ag-e of the Horse. Modern science has divided the age of the horse as determined by the dentition into five gen- eral periods. They are : 1, the eruption of the incisors of the first dentition, or from birth to about eight to ten months old ; 2, the leveling, progressive use and falling out of the incisors of the first dentition, or from about one year to about two years old ; 3, the eruption of the permanent or adult teeth, or from the age of two, or two and a half years, to between five and six years old ; 4, the leveling of the permanent incisors, or 14 HANDBOOK OE THE TURF. from about six to about eight years old ; 5, the wearing away of the crowns, or from about nine to after nineteen years old. In order to ascertain the age of the horse, it is necessary to observe some structural part of the animal, which is liable to little change and may be easily examined ; hence the teeth are the only organs that can furnish a guide to age, and they can generally be trusted with a considerable degree of certainty. The incisors of the lower jaw are the ones examined for the age of the animal, as it is seldom that much importance is attached to the appearance of the tushes. The pincher teeth or middle incisors, generally appear when the foal is from six to eight days old, the upper teeth api^earing first. At four months there are four teeth in the upper and f 3ur in the lower jaw, and at about eight to ten months old the corner incisors and intermediate teeth are entirely through the gums. At about two and a half years of age, the dental arch is complete. The central nippers of the lower jaw are the first permanent teeth, the middle and corner nippers being temporary, the for- mer, or permanent teeth, being much larger than the latter. At about three and a half years of age, the middle nippers give place to a permanent pair, and from a year later to five years of age the corner nippers are replaced by permanent ones. At this age the horse has what is termed a " full mouth ; " or in other words all the permanent nippers are in place. From this age up, the spots or marks in the center of the teeth, the dentine, must be the chief guide in determining the age. At five years of age the central nippers are somewhat worn, leav- ing a small black spot in the center, but their shape, which is oval, has not yet changed. The marks of the middle nippers are not so large as formerly. At six years of age the central nippers have but a very small spot of dentine in their center, the middle pair have lost much of theirs, and the corner pair, while showing less than two years previous, are yet quite full. In the male the tushes are fully up, but are showing no appear- ance of wear. At from six to seven years of age the teeth show more wear, although they have changed but little ; the center marks being less distinct, and the corner nipper smaller. At eight years of age the teeth are quite oval in form, their character, however, is not much changed. After this age they begin to become triangular in form, particularly that of the central incisors, or nippers. At nine years of age the central marks have nearly disappeared, only a small black speck remaining ; the central incisors are slightly triangular in form, and the tusks are more rounded at the points. The wear of the corner nippers is much indicated. At ten years of age the HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 15 central pair of nippers is markedly triangular in shape; the marks in the center are nearly obliterated, the teeth are longer and project forward more than in the case of younger horses. At eleven years of age all the teeth become more triangular in form, they increase in length, project forward, and the tusks are greatly rounded at the points. These characteristics have increased at twelve years of age, and the front corner nippers are worn away even with the middle pair — the w^ear being less on the back portion. From thirteen to nineteen years of age the same general characteristics appear, the shape of the teeth be- comes more triangular, the nippers are longer and project forward in an increased degree, and the tushes are round at the points. If a horse's moiitli ]>iesents exactly the characters which indicate a certain number of years of growtli, we say tliat it " is — years ; " if it has not quite Jittained tlie age, it is described as "rising — years;" if it has passed tlie period and has not yet attained tlie marlcings of another year, it is counted as"— years off."— Age of tlie Domestic Animals, Rush S. Huidlioper, M. D. By the teeth, only, in my judgment, can the age be known certainly f and by them, certainly, only until the ninth year.— Horse and Horse- manship ot the United States, Henry William Herbert. Ag-e of the Horse. Buffon says that the duration of the life of the horse is, as in all other species of domestic animals, proportionate to the duration of their period of growth or increase. The period of increase of the horse con- tinues throughout four years, and he can live six or seven times as long ; that is to say twenty-five or thirty years. The life of mares is ordinarily longer than that of horses. At ten years of age, if a horse is sound and free from objection- able habits, he is a safer purchase than one five years of age. The older horse is less liable to sudden or acute attacks of dis- ease such as colic, etc., and if properly cared for, is good for many years of reasonable service. Albertus Magnus mentions that in his time, 1193-1280, there was an instance of a charger proving serviceable at the advanced age of sixty ; and Augustus Nephus says there was a horse in the stable of Fei-dinand the First, 1503-1564, that had attained the extraordinary age of seventy years. Tliis is the oldest horse which I have ever heard of, and, in all i:>robability, the only one on record whicli had reached that age.— Authentic Anecdotes and Sketches of Horses, Capt. Thomas Brown, London, 1830. Ag-e of Trotters. Records show that the trotter and pacer are longer on the turf than the thoroughbred race-horse. Forty-one horses have trotted in 2:30 or better at fifteen years of age ; eleven at sixteen years of age ; sixteen at seventeen years of age ; seven at eighteen years of age ; one at nineteen years of age, and one at twenty-one years of age. At seventeen years of age Goldsmith Maid trotted a mile in 2:14. Age, Rule of. The National, American and Racing rules provide that the age of a horse shall be reckoned from the first day of January of the year of foaling. 16 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Ag'ed. In trotting and running parlance, any horse over six years of age. Agistor, Agister. An officer of the royal forests of England having the care of horses and cattle agistered, and of collecting the money for the same; one who receives and pastures horses and cattle for hire ; a law term used in describ- ing a lien on horses. Aids in Riding. [Eq.] The hand and the heel are denominated aids of the rider. Air Pump. An apparatus for the compression or trans- mission of air. In the common form the air is given motion by means of a cylinder and piston. With the use of the pneumatic sulky the air pump has become a necessity wilh every driver for inflating the rubber tires of the sulky. Alfalfa. The Spanish name of lucerne, Medicago sativa. It is largely used in California as a forage for horses, and while it does very well for brood mares and youngsters, it is regarded as a washy grass and affects the kidneys of horses in training most unfavorably. Alix. Bay mare, 15.3 hands high, white in the face and one white hind ankle. Bred by Daniel Hayes, Muscatine, Iowa, and foaled in 1888. By Patronage, 4148, by Pancoast, 1439 ; dam, Atlanta, by Attorney, 1005, second dam Flint, by General Hatch, 139, third dam Dolly by a son of imported Gleucoe. Holding the World's records to the close of 1893, for one mile by a mare in a race, Washington Park, Chicago, September 14, 1893, 2:07|; for one mile by a four year old filly, Nashville, Tenn., November 5, 1892, 2:10; for fastest first heat in a race, Chicago, 111., September 14, 1893, 2:07|; fastest fifth heat in a race, Columbus, Ohio, August 25, 1893, 2:09f, and fastest ninth heat in a race, Chicago, 111., Sei3tember 16, 1893, 2:09f. All Abroad. When a horse jumps cross-legged at the start, or is in some other way out of form, especially in a run- ning race, so that he is a long time in recovering, and it is evident the heat is lost to him at the start, he is said to be " all abroad." Allowance. A favor granted a horse, by the rules, on account of age, sex, or other condition. While penalties are obligatory, allowances are optional; but if claimed, the claim should be stated when the entry is made. In all heat races of the Turf Congress, an allowance of five pounds is made from the scale of weights ; and in all races excepting handicaps and those in which the conditions are absolute, fillies and geldings HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 17 two years old are allowed three pounds, and mares and geld- ings three years old and upward are allowed five pounds before the first of September of eac/i year, and three pounds after that date. In a race exclusively for three-year-olds, for in- stance, the weight to be carried is 122 pounds. Now, if a horse was entered that had won two races, he would carry 127 pounds; or, in other words, cany a five pound penalty; but if another horse should enter that had not won a race, it would carry 115 pounds only, or receive an allowance of seven pounds. Amble. The j>ace ; said to be the first natural gait of young colts. In amblingv the horse moves two legs on the same side at the same time, and Doth feet strike as one; then the limbs on the other side advance and strike as one, the strokes — one, two — completing the revolution. In England, in the time of Edward II, (1807-1327), horses were taught to amble or pace by the use of trammels made of strong listing, or irons, which ^\ere attached like chains and fetters, to con- trol the gait. Some horses are amblers first, and afterwards learn to trot, and travel equally well in both paces; indeed, considering the small propor- tion of horses that fall into this pace, and the record made by them on the turf, it may be thought to 'have no disadvantage over the regular trot. It would seem to give great advantage to a short- bodied horse, as there is no danger ot overreaching. — The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman. American Derby. Names of several events in the United States, which have been maintained with greater or less regularity for the past thirty years. The first Derby ever run in this country was at Patterson, N. J., in 1801. In 1863 the Kentucky Derby was established at Lexington, Ky., but it was not run till 1864, the event taking place at Louisville. The following is the list of American Derbys : American, Chicago, 111. ; Arkansas, Little Rock, Ark. ; Brooklyn, Brook- lyn, N. Y. ; Cony Island, Sheepshead Bay, N. Y. ; Kentucky, Louisville, Ky. ; Latimer, Covington, Ky. ; Twin City, St. Paul, Minn. ; Tennessee, Memphis, Tenn. But one American Derby was run in 1893 — that at Washington Park, Chicago, 111. American Eclipse. A famous horse in the stud and upon the turf. Bred by Gen. Nathaniel Coles, Dosoris, L. I., N. Y. Foaled May 25, 1811. Chestnut; 15^ hands high, with star in forehead, near hind foot white ; heavy-set, and full of bone and muscle. By Duroc, by imported Diomed; dam. Miller's Damsel, by imported Messenger, by Mambrino, out of an imported mare by Pot-8-os, son of the famous Eng- lish Eclipse. He was trained at three years old. Winner of the great sectional match between the North and South, 2 18 HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF. against Henry, run over the Union Course, Long Island, N. Y., May 27, 182:1, for -^20,000 a side. The first heat (four mile race) was won by Henry in 7:37| ; the second and third heats were won by Eclipse in 7:49 and 8:24 respectively. Henry carried 108 pounds. Eclipse 126 pounds. The measurements of Eclipse w^ere : Head 23| inches; neck 25 in.; from point of shoulder to point of buttocks 65| in.; girth 74 in.; around the arm 21^ in.; below the knee 7| in.; around the tibia 18| in.: the hock 16f in.; from hip to point of hock 37.^ in.; same around the flank as the girth 74 in.; same height at hip as at the withers 61 in. He died in Shelby County, Ky., August, 1847, in the 34th year of his age. American Newmarket. Monmouth, N. J., has been called the American Newmarket. American Phenomenon. An American bred horse was so called, although his name was Tom Thumb. After defeating all comers at home he was taken to England, and it is recorded that on February 2, 1829, on Sudbury Common, he trotted one hundred miles in ten hours and seven minutes. This performance was to a match-cart, or gig, built at Albany, N. Y., by a Mr. Gould, and was probably the first sulky built in this country. It weighed 160 pounds, and was regarded too frail for safety. American Stud Book, (Bruce's). The first volume of the American Stud Book, edited by Mr. Sanders D. Bruce, New York, was published in 1873, and the second the same year; Yol. Ill in 1878; Yol. lY in 1884; Yol. Y in 1888; Yol. YI in 1894. "I have not attempted," says Mr. Bruce, "to fix any definite standard of what constitutes a thorough- bred. It is the custom to call those thoroughbred having five uncontaminated crosses to a thoroughbred; but none are, strictly speaking, thoroughbred that do not trace, without con- taminating blood, to Oriental origin. Many animals are reg- istered in the sixth volume which connot be traced the requi- site number of (five) crosses, but public form and producing excellence justifies their registration." The pedigrees of the animals are arranged alphabetically, the produce of mares are indexed, and there is also an index to sires, the mares appear- ing under their sires. More than thirty thousand animals, young and old, are recorded. American Trotting Association. The American Trotting Association was organized at Detroit, Mich., March 2, 1887, and duly incorporated according to the laws of that State, March 9, 1887, its object being "to improve the breed HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 19 of horses by promoting the interests of the American trotting turf." It is managed by a board of five directors, (the presi- dent and secretary being ex officio members) ; and holds bien- nial meetings or congresses on the first Tuesday in May. It has a board of review, board of appeals, has authority to impose fines and penalties, announce decisions and administer oaths. In 189o it had eight hundred and six members — a member being a track, society or association. Aiiieriean Trotting Reg-ister, (Wallace's). Mr. John 11. Wallace published the first volume of his American Stud Book, (devoted to running pedigrees), in 18G7; and the first volume of the the American Trotting Register in 1872. With the publication of Vol. IV, in 1882, the pedigrees of stallions first began to be numbered consecutively, and, to the end of Vol. XII, (1893), they had reached No. 23,499. Stand- ard bred mares and geldings are registered alphabetically, and non-standard animals are also included, (registered alphabet- ically). Pedigrees of pacers were first included in Vol. X, for 1892, and the work now embraces trotters and pacers. The twelve volumes published register more than one hundred thousand pedigrees. TuOlished at Chicago, 111., by the Amer- ican Trotting Register Association. American Turf Cong-ress is composed of the nine jockey clubs in the United States, and the Americo-Mexican Blood Horse Association of the city of Mexico, S. A. ; and has for its object " the improvement of the breed, and the devel- opment of horses through the promotion of the interests of the American running turf; the prevention, detection and punishment of fraud thereon, and the adoption of regulations and rules, to be known as the American Racing Rules, for the uniform government of racing." American Year of the English Derby. The year 18S1. The year in which the Derby and the St. Leger were won by the American horse Iroquois ; the same year in which the French Derby — the Grand Prix of Paris — was won by the American horse Foxhall. See Iroquois and Foxhall. Ankle-cutter. A horse that from faulty conformation, strikes his ankles, or inside of the fetlock joint, when in motion, inflicting a wound, is called an " ankle-cutter." Anterior. Situated to the front ; the head ; opposite of posterior. Thus the term anterior extremity means the fore- leg. The head is anterior to the neck, and the neck in turn is anterior to the back. Appeals. Rules of the American Trotting Association 20 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. allow appeals to be taken in cases of suspension imposed by the judges of a race or an officer acting for the member ; and all decisions and rulings of the judges of any race, and of the members and proprietors of the Association, may be appealed to the Board of Review or Board of Appeals, and become sub- ject to review upon the facts and questions involving the proper application and interpretation of the rules of the Association. Appeals. Under the by-laws of the American Trotting Association, appeals from the decision of the_ judges, members or officers of members, lie to the Board of Review for that State, unless the appellant shall in his notice of appeal signify his desire for it to go to the Board of Appeals, in which case it shall go direct to such Board ; or unless all parties reside west of the continental divide, in which event the case shall go to the Board of Review unless the parties otherwise agree. All appeals must be taken within ten days from the date of the decision appealed from, or if from a decision made at a meet- ing of a member, must be taken before the close of the meeting. Appeals must be filed with the secretary of the Association, accompanied with a fee of $5, and also all written evidence in the case, at least ten days prior to the meeting of the Board to which the case goes. A fine of |100 is imposed provided all the terms and rules pertaining to appeals are not complied with. Appeals, Board of. The Board of Appeals of the National Trotting Association consists of fifteen members, three from each of the official districts of the Association, viz.: East- ern — comprising the New England States and foreign countries ; Atlantic — com23rising the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, New Jersey, Maryland, and the District of Columbia; Central — comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, and all States south of the southern border of Virginia and Ken- tucky ; Western — comprising the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, Iowa, and Texas, and all the Western States and Territories not included by name in other districts ; Pacific — California, Oregon, Nevada, Washington, Montana, Colorado, and Idaho. Upon this Board is " conferred the man- agement, direction, and control of all the business and affairs of the Association." It has "power to settle all disputes between members, to hear all complaints, to determine with whom its corporators shall do business, review and regulate the manner of reviewing all decisions of the individual corporators, or of the judges of a race on the track or course of any corpo- rators, enforce the rules and by-laws and exercise all the power of the Association." In the American Trotting Association HANDBOOK OF THE TUllF. 21 the Board of Directors constitutes the Board of Appeals. It has jurisdiction of all appeals as well as original jurisdiction to prevent and punish all frauds, abuses and violations of the by-laws, rules, and regulations of the Association in any man- ner relating to the course, by fine, suspension, or expulsion of the offender, but no fine shall exceed $1,000. It has also the power to relieve horses from erroneous records and correct the same, and generally has " the power to do justice and prevent injustice in all cases not specially provided for. Apple Tree. The quarter-pole or half-mile pole is called the apple tree by drivers. To " go out round the apple tree," is to spin the horse round the course ; to give him an exercise. Arabian. The Arabian is one of the three great classes of Oriental horses, the two others being the Turkish and Barb. The true Arabian is now bred in great purity by the Sultan of Turkey, and w^hile he is found in various degrees of excellence in the region from Damascus to the Euphrates, rather than on the isthmus of Arabia, he is an animal which few Europeans have ever seen. A sub-race, somewhat larger than the Arabian, known as the Turk or Turkish horse, is found in Asia Minor and in portions of European Turkey. In Northern Africa is found the third branch of the family, and from his home in the Barbary States is known as the Barb. For several centu- ries, and indeed still, it has been found in the greatest perfec- tion among the Moors. Pure Arabians range from fourteen to fifteen hands high, and they very rarely exceed this standard, being rather smaU, compact, possessed of great powers of endur- ance, and capable of going long journeys and continuing longer without food or water than the more artificially reared horses of more civilized nations. They are docile, spirited, sagacious, attached to their masters, active, intelligent, noble. Arab of the Cloak. In the district of the Nejd on the border of the desert in Central Arabia, is a family of horses of great renown descended from a mare of which this tradition exists : Her owner was once flying from the enemy, and, being nearly overtaken, he cast off his cloak in order to relieve his mare of that unnecessary burden. But when, having distanced his pursuers, he halted and looked around, what was his surprise to find that his cloak had lodged on the mare's outstretched tail and still hung there. Ever since, the heroine of this incident has figured in the unwritten pedigrees of the desert, as "the Arab of the cloak." All Arabian horses carry their tails high, and, next to the head and its adjustment, the tail is the feature which the Arabs consider of highest import- ance in selecting a horse. 22 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Arm. The humerus or true arm consists of a single bone situated between the scapula or shoulder-joint and the bone of the forearm or elbow joint, in an oblique direction downward and backwards. Ann-cutting". An injury to the forearm which fre- quently takes place in consequence of excessive knee action, upright jDasterns, and a lofty carriage of the head, especially in cases where the horse has sufficient speed to trot quarters in thirty-five seconds. Arrears. That which is behind in payment. By the rules of the American Turf Congress, arrears include all sums due for entrance money, subscriptions, stakes, forfeits, fines, purchase money in races w^ith selling conditions, and any default incident to the rules. A horse cannot become a starter in any race until all arrears of whatever nature have been duly paid. Articulation. A word meaning the act of putting together so as to form a joint or joints; the junction of bones. A term much used in veterinary language for a union of two bones ; a joint. Artificial Oaits. The acquired gaits of the horse, as distinguished from the natural gaits. They are : the amble or pace, broken amble, running walk or fox-trot, racing gallop, and their various modifications. Artist of the Pigskin. A jockey. Ascot Heath. Seat of the Ascot races, Winkfield, Berks, England, six miles from Winsor, which were begun by the Duke of Cumberland, uncle to George III., about 1727. It was here that the first recorded "bonus of £1000 was added to a stake, to wit, the Alexandra Plate, a race of three miles for four-year-olds and upwards, which was inaugurated by the success of the cele- brated mare Fille de I'Air, the proi)erty of Count de Lagrange. Since that time the wealtii and the liberality of the Eoyal meeting liave increased 7>a/'i 2>«^ss/t, till in these days so great is the value of the prizes, so great the prestige which attaches, to the winning thereof, that all which is most excellent in liorseliesh, most ambitious in ownership, is annually attracted to that favored spot. The Badminton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire. Assistant Starter. Under the American racing rules the starter, with the approval of the officers of the course, may appoint assistant starters, but should they strike a horse at the post, or use ungentlemanly language towards the jockeys, the judges have power to impose a fine. Asterisk. (*) The asterisk or star, in the American Trotting Register, denotes that the performances were made against time, to distinguish them from race records. In Ches- ter's Trotting and Pacing Record it denotes that the time made was over a short track, and is a bar, not a record. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 23 Asthma. Is closely allied to heaves or broken wind, but is less continuous and more paroxysmal. It is generally believed to be due to spasm of the small circular muscles that surround the bronchial tubes, and its continued existence leads to a paralysis of them. It is legal unsoundness. Assuiiiert Names. The American racing rules allow persons to subscribe or enter under an assumed name, but their real and full names must be registered with the clerk of the course, and such persons cannot enter or subscribe in any other, until they resume their own names or register another assumed name. The real or assumed name of any person who runs, or, within twenty years, has run horses in the United States, shall not be registered. Atavism. Taking back. The return to an early or original type by its modified descendants; reversion, through the influence of heredity, to ancestral characters ; resemblance to some remote ancestor, exhibited by an animal or individual. Attention. Station ; the attitude of a horse when awaiting command. In this position he has his head and neck raised; ears pricked forward; the profile of his face at an angle of about 45 deg. to the ground, and at about a right angle to the upper line of the neck — the crest ; the weight pro- portionately distributed on all four limbs ; and, as a rule, the fore foot of one side not so far advanced as its fellow, and its hind foot more to the front than the other hind foot. Aubin. [Eng.] A moderate gallop or canter. Averag'e Time. If the timers of a race catch the time of a heat which is found to vary in comparison, the average time taken is that which is usually hung out. Axle. The arm or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which forms the axis of the wheel and revolves with it. The axle of a sulky, carriage or wagon wheel, is the round arm of the axle-bar or axletree which is inserted in the nave or hub of the wheel, but the name is frequently applied to the com- plete axletree. Burgess, in his work on Coach Building, says the commonest kind of an oil axle is called the mail, because the peculiar mode of fastening was first used in the mail coaches. Axle-bar — The bar of an axletree. Axle-box — The box which contains the bearings for the arm of an axle ; the bushing or metal lining of the hub which forms the rotatory bearing of the axle of a sulky or carriage. Axle-socket. — A section of seamless steel tubing in the ends of which are fitted brass bushings made of interior dimensions of different sizes to fit any make or size of axle, and to which is attached the 24 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. upper ends of the wheel-forks used in changing an axle of the high wheel sulky to a sulky receiving the pneumatic w^heel. Axletree — A bar or beam fixed crosswise under the body of a vehicle, having rounded axles at the ends for a pair of wheels to revolve upon. Baby. A pet term used in describing a young colt. Train and educate the colts early — to halter, to bit, to harness ; handle them, teach them, let them become accustomed to your presence. Baby trotter — A term applied to a colt under two years old accustomed to the training track. Back. That portion of the spinal column to which the ribs are attached. Bounded in front by the withers ; behind by the loins ; on each side by the ribs. Back. The walk extended backw^ards. Back End. [Eng.] The last two months of the racing season. A "back ender" is a horse which appears on the race course at the end of the season. Backing". Gibbing. A disagi-eeable form of restive- ness, and when so fixed as to have become a habit is a serious vice. Back Sinews. The flexor tendons or cords wiiich form the posterior line of the limb between the knee and the fetlock of the fore leg, and between the hock and the fetlock of the hind leg. Back Strap. The back band of a harness extending from the saddle to the crupper. With the surcingle and bridle, it is used in giving the colt his first lessons in education. Back Stretch. That part of a race track which is opposite to the home stretch ; the back side of an oval course ; the place where patrol judges are stationed during a heat or race. Badminton. The seat of the Duke of Beaufort, K. G., at Cheltenham, Wiltshire, England; and name given to the volumes of the Library of Sports and Pastimes, including Rac- ing, Riding, Driving, edited by him. Baked; Burnt; Grain Burnt. A horse that does not sweat-out easily and freely after sufficient exercise, is said to be " baked " or " burnt." It is very rarely a constitutional defect, and is generally due to having been overfed with grain. Balance ; Balanced Action. The harmonious action of the front and hind limbs of the horse ; to go smooth. It seems to be one of the mechanical peculiarities of rapid trot- 26 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. ting action, that the hind stroke should overreach the front stride. This is the prolific cause of the manifold interferences between the hind and front ]3airs of limbs and feet. It is plain, however, that if the body is balanced and the action equally balanced, then no interference can take place. But it is a difficult matter to accomplish, because the individuality of each animal is so unlike. Some horses are long, low striders ; some are high, short striders ; some require heavy, some light shoes; some require bar, some open shoes; some, shoes that are concave on the ground surface ; some, flat shoes ; some, roll- ing-motion shoes to quicken the action in front; some need toe-weight shoes to lengthen the stride ; some long toes, others short ones. These are peculiarities which must be determined by the owner and driver. By balancing the hoofs is not meant to make them of precisely the same size, as very often, espe- cially in case of the front feet, one, usually the off one, is the larger. But the foot is balanced when, taking the center of the cleft of the frog as the base line, the outer margin of the wall, at points equidistant from the leveled heels, measures precisely alike on both sides. Balk ; Balking- ; Balky. A check or defeat ; to stop short and obstinately refuse to move ; a vice. Ball. A horse or nag, originally white-faced; used appellatively like dun, bayard. Ball. A dose of medicine; a form in which certain kinds of medicines are administered. They are cylindrical in shape, two inches in length and about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and are generally wrapped in tissue paper when administered. It is the best form in which to administer medicine when it is extremely disagreeable, when the dose is not too large, when the horse is hard to drench, and when the medicine is intended to act slowly. Ball Bearing's. Practically perfect spheres, rolled- forged from tool steel, hardened and burnished for the axle- bearings of sulkies. The sizes chiefly used are 4-16, 5-16 and 3-8 of an inch. From twenty to twenty-four are placed in the cone of each hub. it is the ball bearing itself that is most instrnnieTital in reducing the friction, and, consequently, the power required to propel the vehi- cle; but tlie pneumatic tire also contributes very materially to the general result, inasmuch as, to a great extent, "it makes a rougli road smooth by equalizing small obstructions with mucli less con- cussion than tlie ordinary wlieel. The tires and non-friction bear- ings have brouglit a great revolution in the sulky and in speed. Balling-up. The filling of the shoe with snow, damp earth or mud. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 27 Bandages. Strips of linen, cotton or flannel used to swathe the legs of the horse. They should be from three to four inches wide, and of sufficient length to wrap the leg round from the lower part of the fetlock to the under part of the knee or hock, the folds overlapping, and be provided with two strings sewn on to one end, by which the folds may be tied and secured in their places. It is quite an art to put on band- ages properly, especially where a horse has to take his work in them. First have the bandage rolled up smoothly, and com- mence a little below the knee, or hock, winding it carefully so that there are no creases, till you reach the coronet ; then go back with another fold, till you come back above the place where you commence, and tie v^ith the same care, keeping the strings flat as they cross over each other, and fasten. It is a good plan to have oiled silk or rubber material for wrapping outside the bandages used for applying liniment, to prevent them from drying up. The purposes served by bandages are : To support the legs, their tendons, blood vessels and synovial vessels ; to dry and keep the legs warm ; to protect them from injury, and by means of which to apply lotions and hot and cold water. Bar. An obstruction ; to exclude. Time taken on any track is a bar, whether made on a short track or one full measurement, or whether on a free or an association track. Time made under the saddle, or on snow or ice, is a bar for races of the same character only ; but time made to wagon is a bar or record, as the case may be, in races of every character. If it should appear, upon investigation, that any record was fraudulently obtained, it is not a record, but a bar. If a race takes place upon a track where no purses or prizes are con- tested for, and where no admission is taken at the gate, time made is a bar, provided judges are appointed and time made is announced. If there are no judges and no time announced, time made is not a record. In making entries, time previously made is a bar to admission in a class slower than the one in which the horse is to be entered. Bar. Except. The word bar is used instead of the com- mon compound form, "debar." When a bookmaker says "ten to one bar one," he means that he will lay ten to one against any horse, bar (that is, except) one. Bar Bit. The plain, straight mouth-piece of a bridle, connecting the checks. Used with straight or curved bars on the Liverpool slide principle, and operated on the jointless Pelham plan, but differs in construction. It is said that the 2S HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. bar, where the guards i^ass through the end of it, slips up and down, having a play of about half an inch, which eases the mouth when the reins are slackened, by letting the bit slip down from the pressure on the corners of the mouth. Bars of the Hoof. The portions of the wall of the hoof which are turned inward at the heels, and run more or less parallel to the sides of the frog, along the inner border of the sole. Bars of the Mouth. The continuations of the two bones of the lower jaw, on each side, between the back, or corner teeth, and the tushes. It is on these that the bit rests. Bars of the Tree. The narrow front portions or side- pieces connecting the j)omel and cantle of a saddle. Bar Plate. While the American racing rules do not allow a horse to start in a race in ordinary or training shoes, and while they give the judges authority to rule off a horse if started in shoes, they do allow bar plates to be used, with the consent of the judges. Bar Shoes. [Law]. If bar shoes are required to enable a horse to do his ordinary work, it is regarded as an unsoundness. Barb. The horse of the Barbary States — Tunis, Tripoli, Fez, Algiers and Morocco, all lying on the northern coast of Africa to the west of Egypt. The Barb is not as tall as the Arabian, seldom standing more than 14.2 hands high; but in other respects is acknowledged to be superior to the Arabian in all points of external conformation. The barb blood brought into Spain during the Moorish wars so improved the Spanish horses that for several centuries they were considered the best riding horses of Europe. Barrel. The body of the horse ; the space between the back and the stomach. A large, barrel-shaped body is evi- dence of a horse's possession of good health and high powers of endurance ; it is, therefore, a sign that he is sound. I would regard roundness of barrel behind the girths ; deptli of body, (as compared to length of body), in the center of tlie back, and being well ribbed up, as the great signs, in conformation, of a horse hav^ing good breatliing power.— The Points of the Horse, M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C. V. S. Bay. The best, most desirable and most fashionable color of the horse. Such a color indicates the best blood, the highest breeding. Bay, black from the knees and hocks to the feet, no white markings, is almost invariably the first choice of the purchaser. The color is so called from its resem- blance to that of dried bay leaves. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 29 Bearing? Rein. The check-rein ; the rein by which tlie head of the horse is held in place, and by which it is partially controlled. Beaten. To lose in a race. " When you are beaten, stop riding," says Sidney in the Book of the Horse; "don't punish your horse to win second or third jilace." One of John Turner's strong points is that when he is beaten and he knows it, he stops punislung liis horse right there, and instead of wearing hini out trying to do something impossible, saves liim for another day.— Life "with tlie Trotters, Jolin Sphin. Beauty. Gracefulness, pleasing proportions ; an outline which delights the eye. Beauty of form is never lost sight of in the constrnetion of the horse; and even great sacrifices of mechanical power are made to maintain graceful lines, and that general contour of form that gave to him his matchless beauty — beauty so great that to the eye of a super- ficial observer it is difflc\dt to decide whetlier it is subordinate to strength or conversely. Both are developed in a perfect horse to such a degree that he has been a favorite theme of poets and paint- ers since aesthetic culture has had a place in the history of our race. —The Horse in Motion, J. I). B. Stillnian. Bedding". Litter : the material of which a bed is made for a horse, in his stall or box. Wheat and rye straw are the best materials for bedding. They are better than oat straw, because stronger, tougher, and more easily spread. ' From eight to ten potinds of straw per day furnishes a good bed. Sawdust answers very well for a bedding in summer, but in winter should only be used when covered on top with a layer of straw. Sawdust is also used in cases where horses have the bad habit of eating the straw used as bedding. In town stables peat- moss, or moss-litter is largely used. It is a powerful deodorizer and absorbent, makes a soft, elastic bed, and is not eaten, as a rule, even by the most inveterate bedding-eating horse. Its use keeps the feet soft, and it is said that horses bedded with it never require to have their feet " stopped." It is found abund- antly in countries on the European continent, whence it is imported to England and this country. Bell. The trotting rules require that the bell from the judges' stand shall be rung ten minutes previous to the time announced for the race or heat to take place. If the word is not given, all the horses in a heat shall immediately turn at the tap of the bell, when scoring, and jog back for a fresh start. Bell. In the time of James I., of England, 1603-1625, the race courses were called bell courses, the prize being a silver bell. The winner was said to bear or carry the bell. The first bells awarded as prizes for goodness in horses in Britain were wooden, trimmed with flowers, and were given to the winners in the train-scents, so called from the body of some animal which had previously been drawn across hedge and 30 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. ditch. The scent being certain and strong, the hounds would run upon it with terrible speed, and the matched horses fol- lowed them. These wooden bells were replaced by silver ones, and were given " to him who should run the best and fleetest on horseback on Shrove Tuesday." Hence the phrase <' bear- ing away the bell." In 1607 this silver bell was replaced by a small, golden bell. In 1-552 there was an arrangement for an annual horse race at Haddington, Scotland, the prize being a silver bell. These silver bells were subsequently replaced by plates, called king's plates, donated by the king, of the value of one hundred guineas. Belly. The abdomen ; the large cavity which contains the stomach, liver, spleen, intestines, kidneys, bladder, etc., of the horse ; the underneath portion of the body which is not covered by bone. Bellies of the Tree. The broad boards of the saddle on which the rider sits. Bent Before. When the fore legs of the horse are bent forward at the knee, he is said to be " bent before." This may proceed from overwork or from pain in the feet, resulting from contraction, inflammation, etc., but it more frequently proceeds from flat feet. In such cases the animal is unsound. When the profile of the fore legs has a deviation of anything more than the very slightest, it is a blemish. Bet. To pledge as a forfeit to another who makes a similar pledge in return, on a future contingency ; a stake ; a wager. Betting" Round. Laying fairly and equally against nearly all the horses in a race so that no great risk can be taken. Bezoar Stones. Calculi concretions ; hair-balls. For- eign bodies or substances found in the stomach and bowels of the horse and other domestic animals. They are sometimes round, solid concretions, the size of a turkey's egg, of a lime- stone nature, composed of a number of concentric coats or laminae, each adhering, but, when broken, peeling off in distinct pieces. Their outsides are generally jjolished and perfectly smooth. They originate from some matter taken into the stomach which the animal has not been able to digest. What are known as triple - phosphate calculi are very common in horses, especially if they are fed much on shorts. Dr. Noah Cressy of Connecticut took a mixed calculi from a horse in Vermont, which caused its death, that weighed thirteen ounces, measured four inches in diameter, and was so large that it could not pass the bowels. HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 31 B. h. These letters, in a summary of a race, following or preceding the name of the animal, denote "bay horse." Big'-g'aitecl. A term used to describe a long-striding horse, one which has a sweeping gait, going wide apart behind, and moving strong but easy with every step. Bike. Used, for short, to distinguish the pneumatic sulky from the high wheel sulky ; contraction for bicycle. Billets. The ends of the reins or of the check-pieces of the bridle, which buckle on to the bit. Bishopiiig. The method employed by gyps and unprin-' cipled dealers to change the appearance of the incisors of the lower jaw, to make the horse seem younger than it really is — a method which can only deceive buyers who are ignorant of the horse's mouth. The art consists in giving to the tables or sur- face of the teeth an artificial cup of a dark color. The teeth are first filed even, and a new cup is made by the aid of a grav- ing instrument, which is blackened by the point of a white-hot iron or the use of nitrate of silver. The trick is seldom effected in a natural manner, for the mark is of a brownish hue rather than black, and, moreover, a ring toi a lighter color encircles it, occasioned by the heat of the instrument employed. The tushes are generally filed down to point them and make them appear fresh and small, like those of a horse five years of age, as this is the age " bishopers " all try to imitate — but the work may be detected by the unnatural shape and roughened surface. A cant term made use of by farriers' jockies, by which they mean the unfair practices wliich are made nse of to conceal the age of an old horse or the ill properties of a bad one. — A Dictionary of Farriery, J. Hunter, London, 1796. This name is derived from the name of an English body-snatching mis- creant. Bishop, who used to sell the teetli of his murdered or exhumed corpses to dentists for the refitting ujo old mouths. — Tricks and Traps of Horse Dealers, Henry AVilliam Herbert. Bit. The metal part of a bridle which is inserted in the mouth of a horse, with the appendages, rings, side-pieces, etc., to which the reins are fastened. The bit rests against the bars of the lower jaw, those parts of the jaw where there are no teeth — that is, between the corner incisors and the tusks. They are used for controlling the horse according to his own peculiar disposition and the service required of him. As a general rule, horses requiring bits of extraordinary severity or power are either naturally vicious, or were spoiled when being educated to the bit. Bits may be described under two classes : Standard, or those for general use; and special, or those for particular horses and purposes. The former embrace those for road, driving, coach and park uses ; and the latter those used 32 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. . in handling, training or driving trotting and racing horses. The first class is much the smaller, comprising those standard bits which have been used unchanged for more than a quarter of a century, and are still so well adapted to their purposes as to be incapable of improvement. The second class is charac- terized by great variety. As has been said, doubtless with much truth, that nearly every horse on the course or turf requires a different bit, it will readily be seen how the various forms and peculiarities of bit now in use, have an excuse for their being. A great driver uses a bit of some novel form for a great horse, and it at once becomes adopted by other drivers, and upon horses of supposed similar peculiarities of mouth or disposition. This is one reason for the increase in the number of bits of diverse patterns. Again, different bits are required for hard or tender mouths, for tongue lollers, for side pullers, for horses having peculiar dispositions or odd ways of going- special to their own individuality, and this calls for bits of different form or bearing, designed for the particular service the horse is performing. Under these two classes, only the lead- ing bits, those best known and most popular among the great trainers, drivers and riders, are named, with a brief description of their characteristics. I. Bnr. Straight bar with guards ; Bridoon or Avatering, a plain jointed bar with small side rings ; Bridoon, with half guards; Bridoon, with double joint and half guards; Carriage, with bar for curb and bearing rein; Carriage bit and bridoon, with arched bar for the play of the tongue; Cavalry or military, a powerful, severe bit, has an arched bar and single rein; Cavalry (U. S. Army) bit and bridoon, has two bits, a curb, two reins; Common snaffle, straight bar and single jointed; Double-jointed snaffle for hard pullers; Double-barred snaffle, similar in action to the double pantogTaph ; Expansion snaffle, opening in the center of the bar; Liverpool with straight or curved bar and sliding attachment; Mexican ring, a severe, cruel bit, the ring hard and unyielding, pressing on the roof of the mouth, the bar hav- ing two or three tags similar to a mouthing bit ; Mouthing, a jointed bar having three tags, and also a straight bar with from six to ten pendants or tags ; Plain snaffle, stiff or jointed bar with guards or half guards; Plain jointed snaffle, with crest strap; Pelham, a plain or jointed bar, the joint more of a hinge than a loop ; Pantograph snaffle, a double barred bit, the joints unequal, making a double converging action ; Shifting, the bar having a shifting motion across the mouth from side to side, as one or the other rein is drawn, and acting like a gag ; Wire snaffle, of twisted wire, thin, sharp and rough. II. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 33 1: Driving — Allertoii, a steel jointed snaffle, rubber covered; Allie Wilkes, rawhide covered with pork rind, for a tender mouth; Adjustable curb, curb overdraw; Axtel, rawhide, covered with leather ; Baldwin, a straight bar with half guards for pullers and side pullers; Britt, bar bit for pullers; Case's easy check, with chin rest; Cribbing bit; Cribbing and wind sucking, for preventing wind sucking and cribbing ; Crit Davis, overcheck, with loop bar to prevent lugging; Colby, leather, with adjustable nose band; Colt mouthing; Chain, a plain chain mouth-bit with rings ; Dexter, jointed bar, or stiff, plain I'ing W' ith no cheek-piece ; Double-bar, overcheck, to prevent lug- ging; Dan Mace snaffle; Ellis' all-leather, overcheck; Fair- banks check, leather covered ; Four-ring ; Furlong, for pullers ; Flexible, rubber track, a wrought chain, rubber covered; Golden, plain bar, half guards ; Hanscom, flexible mouth-bit, leather covered; Henry check, plain bar; Hercules rubber, a double jointed snaffle, rubber covered, with half guards; Imperial, for tongue lolling; J. I. C, wath double bar, half guards ; Leather, leather covering a w^rought chain ; Lever over- check, to prevent pulling; Lindsey humane, with chain rest and overdraw check attachment ; Magic safety, adjustable bar with rings ; Miles' sensible controlling, for tongue lollers ; Merriam's pulley; Ne Plus Ultra, a double arched bar; Nodine, rubber covered, with half guards ; Perfection, jointed snaffle and double bar, for pullers and tongue lollers; Plain overcheck, plain or jointed, with rings; Racine, double bar; Rockwell; Rowley Spring, rubber covered; Prof. Sanborn's controlling, jointed bar, wdth ball, and inside rings for nose band ; Squires' Hercules, a double-jointed snaffle ; Springsteen, a hinge-bar, with extra rings for overcheck, the hinge not allowing the check-pieces to come close together; Sloat's automatic curb; Squires' humane driving; Stalkers' breaking; Tongue lolling, a stiff bar with center pad, rubber covered; Victor, jointed snaffle for side pullers ; W., mouth bit for pul- lers; Wilson, four-ring, with plain joint, or middle joint; Woodmansee, for pullers. 2 : Riding — Burgess' combination, a double jointed bit with half guards ; Dan Mace, hand forged steel, plain bar; Daniels' English steel port; English riding bridoon ; Frost's rubber covered ; Kentucky racking, curved cheek; Norton bit; Pelham, jointed bar; Rockwell, jointed snaffle; WHiitman riding; Wilson, single or double joint, buckle overchecks, and cheeks with small rings. 3 : Coach hits — Balloon check, sliding mouth; Buxton, sliding mouth, loose cheek; Duke's bend; Hanoverian, both stiff and loose check, Avrought bar, two loops ; Liverpool, sliding mouth ; Pul- 3 ■ 34 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF. ley bridoon. 4 : Gig hit — Squirrel-tail style, stationary cheek. 5: Miscellaneous — Burton's drenching bit for administering medicines ; Green's operating bit, having an adjustable double- bar, with sliding side-pieces fastened by set-screws, to hold the jaws open while performing operations. The bit has a wide field in botli its general use and in its individual operations, wliich, in tlie saddle horse's mouth, is or should be magical. Every horse we see employed, has a bit in his mouth; every race is lost and won with the bit, and under its management millions of dollars a year change hands. It plays its part in all the equine feats, interests and operations in every land, whether civilized or barbaric, in both peace and war, and in the truck, cart, car and agricultiiral interests it plays its most humble, yet impor- tant part. While in war. a nation might as well lay dow"^!) its arms as to relinquish the bit.— The Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby. Bit and Bridoon. A double bridle. The bridle has two distinct bits — the curb bit and the bridoon bit. If one bit or rein should break there is one of each left. Each bit has a separate headstall, and to each bit there is a separate rein. A martingale is used with this bridle, and so looped on the over- lapping girth that both girths shall fit tight to the horse. A perfect bit for pleasure riding. The bridoon rein on which the martingale hangs is less than an inch wide, but its strength corresponds with the power used wdth it in holding the horse up while riding in ordinary, lifting him at the leap, or in bear- ing the strain of the martingale if necessarily short. Col. Battersby says of it that " for use on the road or in the park, it is the embodiment of perfection, and can never be improved upon or surpassed." Bitting" Rig". The bitting rig for gentling and educat- ing young colts consists of bridle, saddle or surcingle, and crupper. The bit should be the plain, jointed snaifle, and the bridle will have the ordinary side check. Bitting, Good. The characteristics of good bitting are lightness, accuracy, easy motion and a total absence of stiff- ness, constraint or painful action. If these be attained as the result of careful handling and correct education, ready obedi- ence to the rider's hand and heel will be the result. Blanket. See Clothing. Blaze. A white spot on the face of a horse of dark color. Blemish. A defect; any mark or imperfection which impairs beauty or diminishes value. Among the blemishes in the exterior of the horse are : Enlargements upon the limbs which do not impede the horse in his work, like curby hocks ; roach back; scars from wounds or sores; bald places on the skin, and the profile of the fore legs when they have a devia- tion forward of anything more than the very slightest. HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF. 35 Blind. A hood so constructed that it will cover the eyes of a horse if he attempts to run ; a piece of horse clothing. Blind Bridle. A bridle having blinders or side-pieces to protect the horse's eyes. Blinkers. Blinders, blinds, blinkers, winl«3rs; the leather flaps placed at the sides of a horse's head, and attached to the bridle or headstall, to prevent him from seeing sidewise or backward. For the bugsry, cart, ear, stage, wagon, truck and general business lioi'se they are unnecessary. In tlie (uiiriage or park horse, wanted for shower fashion, tliey may be used, as tliey admit of crest or ornament, and set off the horse and liarness in fine style. — The Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby. Blindness in a horse constitutes an unsoundness. Bl'k. c, bl'k h., or bl'k m., in a summary of a race, pre- ceding the name of the horse, indicate black colt, black horse and black mare, respectively. Blood. The use of this word, or term, signifies more or less of pure descent from animals of the English stud-book, or from high-cast Arabs, or the great sires of the American bred trotting and running horse. Blood and Bog- Spavins usually produce lameness, and both constitute unsoundness. Blood Lines. Explained by the quotation : The brood mares at tlie Browne farm are standard under the highest rule that has yet been formulated. They are either the possessors of records of 2:30 or better tliemselves, have produced a 2:30 trotter, or are out of mares to wliich the same distinction attaclies; and when it is said that every one of them— 100 per cent.— comes under tills head, the high standard of the form in regard to blood lines is seen.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan. Blow ; Blow Ont. Labored breathing ; to let a horse get his wind after a heat. Occasionally a horse will do it in five minutes, they are good ones ; others will be from a half to three-quarters of an hour. Some horses, those of strong, perfect wind, show no labored respiration after a heat. Charles Marvin says of one he drove : " She cooled out to please me and did not blow in the least." Blue Bull. The great pacing sire of trotters ; the phe- nomenon of trotting-horse history. He was bred by Elijah Stone, Stone's Crossing, Johnson County, Indiana. Foaled in Switzerland County, Ind., in 1854. By Pruden's Blue Bull, by Herring's Blue Bull; dam Queen, by Young Selim, second dam unknown. "A plebeian of the plebeians." He w^as chest- nut in color, and stood a trifle over 15 hands high. He died, the property of James Wilson, Rushville, Ind., eluly 11, 1880. He was wonderfully fast at the pacing gait, and even after 36 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. having been crippled, could show gi'eat flights of speed — pac- ing quarters in oO seconds. He stands second only to the greatest of trotting sires, although it is not known that he could trot a step, nor that he inherited a drop of trotting blood. For many years he figured as the sire of more trotters than any horse that ever lived, and it was only during 1887, three years before his death, that he yielded the honor to George Wilkes. Blue Grrass. The Poa pratensis of botanists, otherwise known as June gi-ass, green meadow grass, common spear grass, smooth-stalked meadow grass. It accommodates itself to a wide range of climate, soil and other conditions, and is found in Great Britain, Asia and Australia. Prof. W. J. Beal, of the Michigan Agricultural College, says, in his " Grasses of North America," that " frequent experiments and careful study by botanists, prove that the Kentucky blue grass and June grass of the Northern States are identical — one and the same. It stands at the head of the list of cultivated grasses, and repeated analyses show it to be nearly twice as nutritious, weight for weight, as timothy ; but it attains its highest lux- uriance and perfection as a pasture grass. It requires about three years to become well established, but makes a firm sod and bears close and heavy grazing." Blue Orass Region ; Blue Grass Trotters. Ap- plied to the State of Kentucky, and to Kentucky horses. Blue Ribbon of the Turf . The English Derby. The highest honor within the bestowal of the Crown of England is the Knighthood of the Garter, and the insignia of the Gar- ter is a blue ribbon. Noblemen and wealthy or influential commoners have striven their utmost to obtain this crowning honor ; but none of them have used more energy, skill or dar- ing than has been applied during the last thirty years to the winning of the greatest honors of the turf. Admiral Rous, who was president of the Jockey Club from 1848 to 1860, is credited with applying the name " blue ribbon " to the winner of the Derby, and the name was accepted. Mr. Louis Henry Curzon's history of the Derby, published in London in 1890, under the title, " The Blue Ribbon of the Turf," was printed with blue ink. ACter the Derby Day, in 1848, Avhicli was Avon by Surplice, formerly owned by L(")rd Charles Bentinck, Lord Beaconsfield— Mr. Benjamin D'Israeli — made celebrated the "superb groan" that esciaped ihe lips of Lord Charles on hearing of the victory of this colt— whicii lie had formerly owned and then so ruefully regretted having parted with, so long had he been eager to win the Derby, whicii honor he never obtained. Beaeonstield was endeavoring to sym- pathize with Lord Bentinck on his sorrow, in the library of 'the HANDBOOK OF THE TUUF. 37 House of Commons, and the lattei* moaned out : " You do not know what the Derby is." "Yes 1 do," iei)lied Beaoonsliekl, " it is the blue ribbon of the turf."— Tlie Blue Ribbon of the Turf, Louis Henry Curzon. Body-wash. A preparation used as a body-bath for the trotter alter he has been given work. The forniuhi gen- erally used is: Compound soap liniment, sixteen ounces; liquid ammonia, two ounces ; tincture cantharides, tw^o ounces ; tincture opium, two ounces ; mix and add about two ounces of this preparation to one pint of water and one pint of Pond's Extract of Witch-hazel. After the horse has come in from work, scrape quickly, wash as above, rub the loins and muscles of the shoulders, and put on his clothing according to the weather. Bolt. To swallow hurriedly without chewing. AVhere horses are addicted to this habit, Dr. James Law recommends that they be given a little hay, to appease hunger, before being fed grain. Bolt. To spring aside or away, suddenly. A horse that bores to one side, or out of the line the rider wishes to take, is called a bolter. By the racing rules, if a horse bolts or leaves the course, he must turn back and run the course from the point at which he left it. When bolting results from defective vision, or a rush of blood to the head, it renders the horse unsound. Bones. The total number of bones entering into the skeleton of the horse is 189, viz. : In the vertebral column, 44 ; head, 28 ; thorax, 37. In the following parts of the skel- eton, which are called the double regions, the bones are the same in number on each side, and in the enumeration the total number is given, viz. : Shoulder, 2 ; arm, 2 ; forearm, 4 ; fore foot, 32 ; pelvis, 2 ; thigh, 2 ; leg, 6. Bone Spavin in the hock is unsoundness, and a breach of warranty, though not producing lameness at the time, or even for years after. Book-maker. One who makes a book on a race, or other contingent event. In betting, there are two parties — one called " layers," as the book-makers are termed, and the others called "bookers," or "bookies," in which class may be included owners of horses, as well as the public. The backer takes the odds which the book-maker lays against a horse, the former speculating upon the success of the animal, the latter upon its defeat. Taking the case of Cremorne, for the Derby of 1872, just before the race, the book-maker would have laid three to one, or, perhaps, $5,000 to $1,500 against him, by 38 HAN"DBOOK OF THE TURF. which transaction, if the horse won, as he did, the backer would win -f 5,000 for risking $1,500, and the book-maker lose the ^5,000 which he risked to win the smaller sum. Past Epsom's spring, again we try Our luck wiMi bookies and witli horses On yet another field, wliere lie Tlie mysteries of the Guineas' courses. — Bird 'o Freedom. Boots. Protective coverings for the hoof and leg of the horse, designed to guard them against injury from cutting, overreaching, or interfering when in motion. From the plain, simple quarter boot or scalper of 1870, to the more than two hundred patterns of artistically made and ingeniously contrived combination boots of the present day, the evolution has been rapid, varied, and remarkable ; and the universality of their use may be inferred from the fact that one single house in Boston alone, sells more than $10,000 worth annually of the various patterns. Boots are used on both the racing and trot- ting ttirf, and no stable is complete without an outfit sufficient for every horse and for all emergencies. Among the leading types are : Ankle ; ankle and shin ; ankle and speedy cut ; ankle with heel extension ; arm ; arm and knee ; calking ; coronet ; double shin ; double shin and ankle ; elbow ; elastic compress ; elastic kn tickler ; heel ; hinged knee, shin, and ankle ; hock ; hoof and speedy cut ; knee ; knee, shin, and ankle ; knee and arm; loaded, or weighted; passing; pastern; quarter; ring; running ; scalping ; shin ; shin, ankle, and speedy cut ; soaking ; swivel ; toe ; toe and speedy cut. Under each of these leading forms are numerous ingenious combinations adapted for horses of peculiar conformation or erratic gait which cannot be well described. They are made of French calfskin, felt. Ker- sey, cording, elastic shirring, and buckskin, according to the ditt'erent purposes for which they are used. Boots are very necessary for colts when thej^ are being gaited, and when the gait is established they may for a time be left off with safety ; although very few trotters are able to dispense with them entirely, while many of them could not be used on the turf at all except for these appliances. No liorse or colt will fall to liitching and hobbling if l)e is properly pro- tected with boots, unless he is sore or over-hurried. Because we boot a colt is no reason for supposing tliat we Iviiow he will strike himself. They are used as a safeguard — as a precaution against possible accidents and injuries that may come to the tmest- gaited and most honest of horses; and it gives the horse confidence to strike out fearlessly. No judicious or experienced trainer will ever attempt to work "colts witliout first iiroperly booting them. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin. A horse may go for a njonlh or a year and never Idt himself, and then some day he may step in a hole or some other accident befall him, and for "the want of a boot in the proper place ixiin him as a race horse. No horse should ever he driven without shin boots on the HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 39 hind legs. Very few, if any, horses can go witliont scalpers. I think it absolutely necessary tliat a horse should have quarter boots. Some horses wear knee and arm boots, a few wear elbow boots, and still others have to wear what is called a brisket x^ad ; and if a horse shows a disposition to liit himself in any i)lace the lirst thinjr 1o do is to have him properly booted. After ii horse has hurt himself a few times he ^ets tinud and won't try to extend him- self.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan. Boots are absolutely necessary with horses that habitually interfere, and with colts whose peculiarities in this respect an? unknown, and with all horses doing strong work. They should l)e worn up to the time they start for a race. It may also be sometimes necessary to put them on in the stable in case of horses that are restive when being groonu'd, ajit to throw their legs about, paw, and otherwise incur tlie risk of accident. They must tit the leg, and the buckles imist not be drawn too tightly so as to impede the circulation or fray the skin. They should be" always kept clean and dry.— How to Train the Racehorse, Col. R. ^yarbul•tou. Boring". A habit with some horses of carrying the head too low, or too far out to one side, at the same time boring on the bit as though they would drive the fore feet into the ground. It is inveterate with some horses. To overcome the habit, hold both curb-reins and the left snaffle-rein in the left hand, in the proper position ; then with the right snaffle-rein only in the right hand, draw it upward so as to press the snaffle against the corner of the mouth on one side. This has an eifect that an upward pressure on both snaffle-reins entirely fails to produce, and is said to be effectual in overcoming this bad habit ; which habit occasionally leads to the disqualifica- tion of a horse for the course. Boston. A famous American race horse. Bred by John Wickham of Richmond, Va. Foaled in Henrico County, Va., in 1833. He was chestnut in color, stood 15.2 hands high; was short-limbed, with a flat barrel, his neck and head were unsightly, and his hips ragged. By Timoleon, by Sir Archy, by English Diomed ; dam by Florizel, by English Diomed ; second dam by imported Alderman. Between 1836 and 1841 he started forty-five times ; won forty, lost five ; total winnings $51,200. Defeated by the chestnut mare, Fashion, at Union Course, Long Island, N. Y., May 10, 1842, in four-mile heats for $20,000 a side ; time 7:321 ; 7:45. Botfly; Gadfly. (Gastrophilus egui). A dipterous insect. The fly deposits its eggs on the shoulder, base of the neck and inner parts of the fore legs, especially about the knees, as in these situations the horse will have no difficulty in reaching the ova with its tongue. In a little less than three weeks from the time of the deposition of the eggs the larvse have made their escape, having been hatched by the warmth and moisture of the tongue. As maggots tliey are transferred to the mouth and ultimately to the stomach along with food and drink where 40 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. they firmly adhere to the cuticular portion of the stomach by means of two large cephalic hooks. After the bots have attained perfect growth, they A^ohmtarily yield their hold and allow themselves to be carried along the alimentary canal until they escape with the faeces. They sooner or later fall to the ground and bury themselves under the surface to undergo trans- formation into the pupa state, w^here, after a pei-iod of six or seven weeks they emerge from their pupal cocoons as perfect insects. Bots usually pass about eight months of their life- time in the digestive organs of the horse. JBottoiii. Native strength ; stamina ; courage ; powder of endurance. Of a horse possessing great courage and staying quality, it is said that he has " great bottom ;" " good bottom." Bow Leg'g'ed. A defective conformation, usually notice- able in the hind legs, whereby the feet are so shaped that the greater strain comes upon the outside, the hocks bowing outwardly. Box ; Box-stall ; Loose Stall. A room into w hich a horse is turned loose. The average size is 14 by 16 feet, although 14 by 18 is preferred by some. They are generally without any manger or feed rack for the hay, wdth an iron feed box fastened to one corner. Many, how^ever, prefer that the feed box should be entirely detached from the stall, and be removed as soon as the horse is done eating. The hay is placed on the floor in one corner of the room, and thus there are no projections, boxes, mangers, racks, or sharp angles upon which a spirited horse may injure himself. In such a room the horse is not confined by halter, has perfect liberty of movement, and the liability of injury is reduced to a minimum. Boxes. Metal tubes fitted to the arms of the axletree, fixed firm in the hub or nave of a sulky or carriage wheel to contain oil. Brace. The iron part supporting and connecting the axle of a bicycle sulky to the shaft or thill, where the same has been changed over from the high wheel sulky. Bran Masli. Given as a conditioner, j)eriodically, and according to the best -judgment of the trainer regarding the characteristics of his horses, bran or shorts, made in mashes with boiling water poured upon it and allow^ed to cool, is the best laxative. Thus prepared, it is not wdthout nutritive qualities. By the action of the boiling water a mucilage is formed which cannot be created in the stomach of the animal. Its laxative action is caused , by the mechanical friction of the grains on the mucous membrane. It should not be given dry HAN^DBOOK OF THE TTRF. 41 or mixed with oats, or moistened with cold water. It is hardly necessary to state that it should be fresh and sweet. Break. To change from one gait to another; to dis- unite the diagonal beats. In doing tliis the horse endeavors to accelerate his speed by longer strides without passing into the gallop, which he would do if not held back or if the urging by whip or voice were continued. Also, a common but wrong word used to designate the early training or education of the colt; to break a colt is to accustom it to the harness and vehicle ; to subdue, to train, to educate. Breaking". The act of changing gaits at speed. In breaking, a horse usually gives some sign to the driver, either by a wobble, jerk or instantaneous change, that he is to break, and by understanding this peculiarity of the horse, the driver can generally save the break, provided the horse is under good control. In the early days, before the wholesome discipline of the trotting rules came into force, horses were taught to break in order to gain, but now such a manner of training is obsolete — it is the square, steady trotter that wins and always has the protection of the track and judges. The National and Ameri- can rules provide that a horse in breaking must be immedi- ately pulled to his gait, and if this is not done, the driver is liable to lose the heat even though he come out ahead, and the next best horse given the heat. Repeated breaks, running or going in a mixed gait, while another horse is trotting, is liable to result in punishment to such horse. A horse breaking four times in one heat is regarded as "repeatedly breaking." If a driver, iii the opinion of the judges, allows his horse to make repeated breaks for the purpose of fraudulently losing a heat, he is liable to severe penalty. The judges must call out by colors, letters or numbers, and the clerk or assistant shall record the breaks made by each horse in each heat. I for one believe that the time will come when no horse will be entitled to a heat it he makes a break in it, ami I would vote for that now. — Life with the Trotters, John Splan. Break-and-Catcli. The art of driving in a way to make the horse catch quickly after a break, is one of supreme importance to the driver. The methods, however, will vary with horses of different dispositions, and the driver shoitld find out by careful study, the best way in which a horse can be brought to his gait. In whatever manner it is done, after ascertaining that which is best, do it exactly the same every time, using the same rein, the same pull or catch of bit, and the same word. There are many good reasons why the horse should be taught to catch on the inside rein, or near side. 42 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Break Away. A horse that gets control of his driver, and jumps and runs at the score or when getting the word, is said to " break aw^ay." Break Down. A strain of the suspensory ligament; the severest form of injury which this sinew can endure. The structure lies betw^een the shank-bone and the back tendons and extends from the back of the lower part of the knee to the sesamoids, or small bones which form the pulley foi- the tendons behind the fetlock. The seat of the sprain or break may be at any part, but is usually in the lower third of the shank, where it divides into an inner and an outer branch. The sprain may cause but a slight swelling, or the ligament may be completely torn across, the fetlock descending to the ground and the toe turning up. In the case of severe injuries of this nature the limb is spoiled for life, and no art can ever replace the structures which have been disorganized. Breastplate. The wide strap of the harness which goes round the breast of the horse, to which the tug or trace is buckled, and by which the sulky or carriage is drawn. Breeching'. That part of the harness which goes round the hind legs or breech, from one side to the other, to prevent the carriage or sulky from pressing against the horse, and to back it W'hen required. Breeching Straps. Straps attached to the breeching at that point on each side where the hip straps are connected wdth it, extending to the hold-back irons of the shafts. Breed. A race or progeny from the same line of ancestry having an alliance by some distinguishing qualities in common, which are transmitted by heredity. Breeder. According to turf rulings the breeder is the man who owns or controls the mare when she is bred to the horse; not the person who owns the dam when the colt is foaled. Breeders* Certificate. A ^^Titing given by a breeder to the purchaser of a horse, containing a copy of his pedigree as given in the stud book or trotting register, certifying that the horse is the one described; or containing a pedigree and certificate that such horse is eligible to registry.' Breeders' Record. A term formerly much used to describe the results of a private trial of speed. It has no meaning, or significance, or value. There is no such thing recognized as a breeders' record. Breeding". The rearing of live stock of any class, partic- ularly by combining or crossing one strain of a species or HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 43 variety with another, with the object of improving the breed. Scientific breeding* consists in throwing the strength of all the inherited tendencies into one channel, concentrating all the ruling forces on one objective point, and thus reaching a certain result. In breeding for the turf, we should couple a sire and dam of trotting inheritance and that are trotters them- selves ; or those combining purity of blood and the racing lineage, with the true conformation for speed. These are the requisite qualities, and we should be able to judge of the merits of the prospective offspring, according to the trotting or racing merits of the sire and dam, the grandsire and grandam, and so on backward, the chances of success being in proportion to the strength and unity of the inheritance. Offspring from such unions will be colts that trot naturally, that can be developed rapidly with little help from artificial aids ; and also those that make the highest winners on the racing turf. Br. g". An abbreviation for " brown gelding," when used before or after the name of a horse in a list of entries or in the summary of a race. Also used with a c, m, or ^, to denote a colt, mare or horse of the same color. Bridle. That part of the harness which is fitted to the horse's head, and by which it is controlled. Its pieces are : Crownpiece, which passes over the horse's poll; cheek-pieces, which connect the crownpiece with the bit; throat-latch, a part of the crownpiece which serves to prevent the bridle from slipping over the horse's head, by passing under the throat; forehead band, browband or front, which goes across the horse's forehead; headstall, the name given to the foregoing leather work, when in a collected form, and to which is attached the snaffle, the bit and bridoon, the Chifney bit, (an English bit very severe in its action,) or the Pelham ; lipstrap, which serves to keep the curbchain in its place ; reins, con- nected to the rings of the curb or snaffle ; billets, the ends of the reins or of the cheek-pieces of the bridle, which buckle on the bit ; loops or keepers, which serve, when buckles are used, to retain the ends of the billets ; stops, used with reins which have buckles, to prevent the martingale rings catching on the buckles; bridoon head, the headstall of the snaffle or double bridle — it has neither throat latch nor forehead band. Bridle Hand. The left hand is called the bridle hand in contradistinction to the right hand, which is termed the whip hand. Bridoon ; Bradoon. A light snaffle or bit ox a bridle used in addition to the principal bit, and with a separate rein. 44 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Brings Home. Riders and drivers carrying weights during a heat must bring home with them the weights wliich have been approved or announced correct. Brisket. The lower part of the horse's chest. Broken-back. Horses that are broken-backed, or " chinked in the chine," are unsound. Broken Wind. Heaves. An unsoundness. Bronchitis. Inflammation of the large air tubes within the lungs. An unsoundness. Brusli. A fast spurt of speed ; a fast clip ; an effort of extreme movement ; a short work — usually half a mile ; to go a short distance at a high rate of speed. It is not well to biaisli the horse always over the same ground, for he will then learn to stop at certain places on the track. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin. At the end of every mile I would brush him a hundred yards or so, as fast as he could go.— Life with the Trotters, John Splan. Brushy Horse. A brushy horse is one capable of a high rate of speed for a short distance only ; a quarter horse. Arab and J. Q. were two very brushy horses.— Life with the Trotters, John Splau. Buck and Fly. [Eq.] The bucking leap is similar to that of a deer, and obtaining its name from thence. The fore legs and hind quarters are gathered in under the body, and the horse springs from all fotir legs at the same moment. The fore legs are tucked close under the body, w^hile the hind limbs are thrown out as far behind as possible. In the flying leap the chief object of the rider is to maintain firm hold with his legs and thighs, and to lean sufficiently backward the instant the spring is felt, remaining in that position until the horse has firmly landed with his hind feet. Bucltin^; Buck- jumping". [Eq.] A bucking horse, with the quickness of thought, throws his head down between his fore legs, arches his back at the same instant, bounds in the air with all four feet together, either forward, to one side, or even backward, till he dislodges his rider, breaks the girths, gets through the saddle, or tires himself out. Buckers are generally quiet to mount, but the moment they feel the weight of the rider in the saddle will do their best to throw him. The instant the rider feels the horse arching his back, prepar- atory to bucking, he should pull him quickly round to one side or the other ; or put into the horse's mouth, in addition to the riding bit, a racing snaffle, having a strong rein knotted close to his neck, the slack end to be held in hand. This wall not annoy the horse unless he tries to get his head down, when it will generally be effectual in stopping it. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 45 Buckle. A metallic clasp, with one or more movable tongues within the clasp, for the purpose of holding together two straps, or belts, or the ends of the same piece of leather, upon a harness. Buck Knees. Knees inclining towards each other. Bug-g'y. [Eng.] A light, one-horse, two-wheeled vehicle, without a top or hood. In the United States the word is aj)- plied to a light, one-horse, four-wheeled carriage, with one seat, and either witli or without a top. Buttock, Point of. The bony prominence M^hich is the rearmost point of the pelvis. It is a few inches below the root of the tail. Buttresses. The points of the wall of the hoof, on each side near the heel, where it suddenly bends inward and forward. Cade. To bring up, or nourish by hand, or ^^ith tender- ness; domesticated. The name of a great stallion by the Godolphin Arabian, out of Roxana; foaled in 1734. He was so called from the fact that he was brought up on cow's milk, his dam dying when he was ten days old. Roxana was by Devonshire Childers, owned by Lord Godolphin. Cadence. That motion of the gallop in which the fore feet and hind feet strike the ground with equal force, the neck and tail being perfectly supple. Cadg'er. A knavish horse-dealer. Calk ; Calkin. A spur projecting downward from the horseshoe, serving to prevent slipping. See Shoeing. Calks are delrinieiital niuler any eircuinstanoes, and slioiild always be avoided if possible.— Prof. D.D. Slade, Harvard University. Canipaig'ning. Taking horses through a circuit, or from one place to another, and entering them for purses at the various races. Canker. A stubborn inflammation of the frog, by some attributed to a parasitic fungus. It is an unsoundness. Canon Bone. One of the complete metacarpal, or metatarsal bones in the legs of the horse. The former, in the fore leg, extends from the carpus, or so-called knee, to the fet- lock joint; and the latter in the hind leg from the tarsus, or so-called hock, to the fetlock joint. A line dividing the canon from the fetlock is one drawn across the leg immediately above the prominence caused by the fetlock joint. Canter. A gait of transition which the trotter assumes temporarily, and in which he gallops on one of his legs, fore or hind, while he continues to trot on the others. Canterbury Gallop. The hand-gallop of an ambling horse, commonly called a canter. Said to be derived from the monks riding to Canterbury on easy ambling horses. Cantle. The hind part of the saddle. Capped Hock. A serious distention of the synovial cavities, or bursse, which are placed between the skin and the bone of the hock, to aid the gliding of the one over the other ; the sprain of the tendon on the point of the hock. Arising from either cause it is an unsoundness. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 47 Car. The large increase in the business of campaigning during the past ten years, at once created a great demand for suitable cars in which to safely and comfortably transport val- uable horses long distances. This demand raih-oad companies were unable to meet, hence several private corporations began the building of special cars for campaigning purposes, the first of which were constructed about 1883. The business has so increased that there are now a number of companies buil ling and operating palace horse cars, independent of railroad com- panies, which are equipped for service in either freight or pas- senger trains, and are handled by all railroad and express com- panies on mileage rates. These cars are, as a rule, forty-four feet long, not including the platforms. While they differ somewhat in interior arrangement, it may be said that they are fitted for twelve, sixteen or eighteen horses. In some there are four sections, of three stalls each ; in others four sec- tions, of four stalls each — the stalls extending lengthwise or crosswise of the car, or in a diagonal crosswise manner, accord- ing to the different pattern of car. In most cars the stall par- titions are adjustable, and can be changed to accommodate large or smaller horses — be made in narrow stalls (twenty-six inches wide), or a room, as desired. The cars are well lighted and thoroughly ventilated, the windows being fitted with out- side screens and inside shutters. They are provided with water tanks, mangers, provender and hay compartments, stor- age boxes for carrying dunnage of all kinds, apartments for attendants, and other conveniences. They are so thoroughly built, equipped with so many of the best appliances in car construction, and ride so easily, that they may be well called palace cars. Most companies rent these cars for a fixed rate per mile on runs of three hundred to two thousand miles, or lease them at a fixed rate per month for a shorter or longer time. Carpus. The so-called knee of the horse, corresponding to the wrist joint in man. Below the carpal and tarsal bones, (the knee and hock), the fore and hind limbs of the horse are almost an exact duplicate of each other. Carriag"e. The general style, action and bearing of a horse when in motion ; as a horse of fine carriage ; he has a proud carriage ; an elegant way of going ; graceful movement. Carriage Bit-ancl-Bridoon. A double bit of varying degrees of power in itself. The degree of severity of the curb is regulated to suit the particular mouth, by buckling the reins to the upper or lower slot in the guards, as the need may be. 48 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. When the bridoon is used with this bit the check-rein is put on the bridoon, and thus the bit is relieved of contrary action. Tliis bri- doon bit is used on the carriage liorse witli a clieck-rein only, and is not nsed in any way in guiding the liorse; its chief use being to give the horse a stylish carriage and handsome appearance. — The Bridle Bits, Col. J. C. Battersby. Cart; Break-cart; Track-cart. A vehicle espe- cially adapted for educating the colt to the use of the shafts and a carriage. Its peculiar features are : Wide seat, rear foot-platform, shafts of extra length, (usually three feet longer than the shafts of the standard sulky), and heavier construc- tion — their weight being usually 160 pounds. They vary somewhat in design and make from different houses. A track cart is a combined speed and road cart, weighing generally about 85 pounds. Cartilag"e. A non-vascular animaC tissue ; gristle. When these tissues become ossified, which indicates a conver- sion into a hardened structure of the cartilages naturally developed upon the rings of the coffinbone, it constitutes unsoundness. Catch. To catch a horse after a break ; to bring him to his gait. Almost every driver has a different way of bringing a horse to his trot after a break, according to the disposition of the horse and the way he has been trained ; but all agree that a dead pull on both reins will not do it. Almost invariably the horse will jump to his gait when a twist or sudden pull is made on one rein. Sometimes it is done with the off rein, sometimes with the near one. A particular w^ord or sound should also be used when this pull is given the rein, that the horse may know what it means. Always try to teach a horse to catch on the inside rein, for if you are going round the turn in the lead and someone trailing, and he should break, obliging yon to pull your horse on the outside rein, your opponent might slip tiirongh between you and the fence and beat you the heat, where he would not be able to go round you and doit. Then loo, if you are head-and-head with a man he might, when your horse broke, crowd you in so close that you would be Tuiable to pull him to the outside without running into him, whereas, if he caught on the left rein you would have no trouble. — Life with the Trotters, John Splan. Catcli Driver. A driver put up at random, when from any cause, the judges take out a driver, and put another in his place. Catch Weig'hts is where the driver or rider is not obliged to weigh out or weigh in. Generally, in a race or heat at catch weights there is no distance except for foul driving. Cauterizing'. The act of searing or burning some part of the horse's body by the application of the firing iron. See Firing Irox. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 49 For injured tendons, soft liocks, ring-bones, sido-bones, and ailments tliut strong blisters have lailed to cure, cauterization should be promptly resorted to; and fur strain or injury to almost any ])artof the legs' below the elbow or stille, firing sliould be done before a blister is applied.— The Horseman. Cavalry Bit. Tlie regulation cavalry bridle, as used in the United States army, has tM'o bits, a curb, two reins, and one headstall. Col. Battersby, in his work on the Bridle Bits, says the bridoon, or watering bit, has no gtiards, and is used with the curb bit as an auxiliary when the horse is mounted, but is used alone in going out to water. The bridoon has rings and a single loop-joint between the bars, the same as the snaffle. It has four distinct uses : 1. That of a watering bit. 2. For easing the mouth from the curb bit. 3. For certain uses of weapons in action, especially the sword. 4. For leaping. Cavasson ; Cavezon. A noseband of iron, wood, or leather. It may either have a separate headpiece, similar to the bridoon head of a double bridle, or have cheek-pieces which fasten on to the buckles to which the crown j^iece of the bridle is attached. It can be raised or lowered as required, and may be used with either snaffle or curb. A noseband or cavasson should not be attached to the headstall of a curb, as it might then interfere with the action of that bit. Caveat Emptor. A legal term much used in cases regarding the purchase, sale, and warranty of horses. It means : Let the purchaser beware. Cavort; Curvet. To cavort about. Said of a nervous, restless horse that is given to prancing and cantering about, especially when he is being led. Cement. The external covering or tissue of the teeth. It is placed upon the enamel over the whole surface of the tooth, and fills more or less completely the cup of each. It is gener- ally thicker in the lower than in the upper teeth, and in very old mouths is often formed in excess, furnishing a new wearing sur- face to replace the teeth which have been destroyed by use; hence it has great importance in determining the age of the horse. Its structure and composition is almost exactly that of ordinary bone. Center of Motion. The center of motion in the ante- rior extremity of the horse, is in the scaj)ula or shoulder, which is as high a bony base as could be reached. "While there is no bony connection between the anterior extremity of the horse and its trunk, therefore no fixed point of resistance and reaction, as in the posterior extremities, the center of motion is attained equally well, and it is difficult to conceive how it could, serve its different relations to the trunk any better. The scapula, 50 HANDBOOK or THE TURF. if not anatomically so, is mechanically a, joint, and corresponds to the hip joint of the jiosterior extremity, the shoulder to the stifle and the elbow to the liock. In this view tliere is no reversal in the joints but the same meelianieal relation. The freedom of motion at its center in tlie limb is less than in the corresponding joint in tlie posterior extremity, but there is all that is required ; it is j^laced con- siderably higher tlian in the latter, in order that more motion should not be required ; and the restriction at that point is compensated for by the superior flexibility of the lower joints. The total result is that the stride of one limb is just equal to that of the other. — The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stiilman. Cli. f. In a summary or list of entries indicating a chestnut filly. Clialleiig"e. An invitation to a contest of speed. A challenge may be hedged around with conditions, so that its non- acceptance is no acknowledgment of the superiority of the chal- lenger.— John H. Wallace. Cliampion. The first among all contestants ; holding the highest rank or record; that which is unexcelled or unbeaten. Applied to the greatest performers in the stallion, gelding, filly, and other classes of trotters and runners. See Stallions, Trotting, and Avorld's record under different time made, as Two-ten. Chang-e a Horse. [Eq.] To change hands ; to turn or bear the horse's head from one hand to the other, from the left to the right, or from the right to the left. Cliaiig"e of Color. The disguising of a horse in any way, or painting him for the purpose of concealing his identity that he may represent another or different horse is a fraud subject to fine and expulsion by the racing and trotting rules. The laws of many States have also made it a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. See Law. Cliang"e of Name. After starting in a public race the name of a horse cannot be changed without obtaining a record thereof from the secretary of the American Association, and paying a fee of $50. For a violation of this rule a fine of $100 may be imposed. If a horse has ever trotted in a public race, the last name under M'hich it trotted shall be given with the new entry ; and if the name has been changed within one year, each former name must be given ; and if any horse has ever trotted a public race without a name, such fact must be stated when the entry is made, that the animal may be fully identified. Cliannels. The small, shoal grooves made in the surface of a track by a dressing harrow or float. Chant a Horse. To advertise a horse by qualities which on examination or trial are found wanting. Cliarlier Shoe ; Charlier Tip. An extremely narrow and very light steel quarter shoe or tip, invented by M. Charlier, HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 51 an eminent veterinary surgeon of Paris, France. In preparing the foot for the shoe and sole, frog and bars are left absolutely untouched, and a groove is cut, or counter-sunk into the wall, not high enough to reach above the sole level, and less than the thickness of the wall in depth. Into this narrow groove the shoe or tip is sunk and nailed by from four to six conical- headed nails, the heads of which are counter-sunk in the shoe. By this system of shoeing the frog, bars, and a jvn-tion of the sole come to the ground the same as if the foot were uiishod, and all participate in weight-bearing. Cliarmed Circle. The 2:30 class of trotters. To obtain this record is said to get "within the charmed circle." Chaser. [Eng.] A steeple-chase runner. He must be a thoroughbred ; sound in wind and limb ; of a generous, gamy disposition ; well schooled, and well trained. He should possess good sloping shoulders ; not overloaded, but with plenty of liberty when he moves. A horse with bad shoulders may be able to gallop up hill, but he cannot gallop down hill if defec- tive in this respect. His propelling power behind must be great. He must have a powerful back and loins, with strong quarters ; muscular, sound thighs, plenty of length from the hip to the hock ; good ribs ; deep through the heart, compact, and not too long in the back. Check-rein; Bearing-rein. A short rein fastened from the bit of a headstall or bridle to the saddle of the har- ness to keep the horse's head in a particular line. Very few horses require to be checked alike.— Horse Portraiture, Joseph Cairn Simpson. Probably, if those who have to do with the harnessing of horses were better acquainted with the admirable mechanical apparatus for liolding up tl\e head in a natural and unstrained position, they would think it less necessary to supplement the cervical ligament by an external contrivance for effecting the same object; which, however, not being elastic, never allows the head, even momenta- rily, to be altered in position; Avhicli is generally fixed so tightly as to interfere greatly with the natural graceful curve of the neck, one of the horse's chief beauties ; and which, being attached at one end through the tender corners of the mouth, must, if short enough to effect the ob.iect for which it is used, be a continual source of pain or irritation to the animal. — The Horse, William Henry Flower, C. B. Cheekpieces. Those parts of the bridle which connect the crownpiece with the bit. Chest. The cavity which occupies nearly the third part of the trunk, in which the lungs and heart of the horse are situated. It is divided from the abdomen by the diaphragm. Chestnuts; Castors; Kerhs. Horny growths above and on the inside of the knees in the front legs, and on the level of the hock in the hind legs. M. Chauveau says they are 52 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. composed of a mass of epithelial cells arranged in tubes lilie the horn of the hoof. Dr. George Fleming says : " In fine bred horses this horny production is much less developed than in the coarser breeds, and is always smaller in the hind legs." Dr. W. H. Flower regards them of the nature of epidermal glands. Some other authors make the distinction that these growths are chestnuts on the fore legs and kerbs on the hind legs, the latter being alwa5'S smaller than the former. In grooming the outside flakes are habitually pulled off either wdth the comb or by hand. Cliin-gTOOve. The smooth and rounded under part of the lower jaw, in which the curb chain should lie naturally, without pinching, when the rein is held lightly. The headstall should, in all cases, be of just sufficient length to allow the bit to lie exactly opposite the chin-groove. Chinked in the Chine. A term used to describe what is called a '' broken backed " horse. It is legal unsoundness. Chromos. Pool tickets. Chronograph. A split-second watch ; a timer for track use in catching the time made by a horse in a heat or race ; an instrument for measuring or recording the exact instant in which an event takes place. Applied to various kinds of w^atches so contrived that when a button is pressed the second hand stops, or one of the two second hands stops, or the second hand leaves a dot of ink upon the dial. Chute. A straight, or nearly straight, extension of the home stretch of a running course ; the track beyond the finish. Cinch. [Local: Western United States.] A saddle girth made of leather, canvas, or woven horsehair. The ends of this tough cordage terminate in long, narrow strips of leather, called in Spanish, latigos — thongs — which connect the cinches with the saddle, and are run through an iron ring and then tied by a series of complicated turns and knots. Cipher ; [O]. In Chester's Trotting and Pacing Record, and in the summary of a race, a sign that the horse whose name it follows made a dead heat; as, for example, (3.0), sig- nifies third heat dead. Circuit. A tour ; a journey from place to place for the purpose of attending race meetings. A union of two or more associations for the purpose of holding race or trotting meetings at different places and on different dates. Circumduct. To move a limb around an imaginary axis in such manner that it describes a conical figure ; the motion given to the fore foot and leg of a liorse that paddles. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 53 Class. The ranking together; a determination of the particiihxr purse in which a horse may be entered, according to the record he has made ; in racing, class is determined by the ability of the horse to go fast for a distance and carry weight. In some States the definition of class has been established by legisl-ative enactment, as in Ohio, where the law says : " Class is deterndned by the public performance of a horse in any former contest or trial of speed, as proved by the printed rules of any society or association under which the proposed contest is advertised to be conducted." Other States have laws exactly similar to this. See Law. Classic Races. A term applied by universal consent throughout the turf world, to the five great races of the Eng- lish turf, viz.: The Derby, founded in 1780 ; the Oaks, origi- nated in 1779, for fillys only; the St. Leger, founded in 1776, in compliment to Lieut.-Gen. Anthony St. Leger of Park Hill, England; the One Thousand, and the Two Thousand Guineas, established in 1809. Clay. One of the great American trotting families, founded by Andrew Jackson, 4, by Young Bashaw, a Barb, imported from Tripoli, in 1820 ; dam unknown. He was foaled at Salem, N. Y., in 1827, and died at Knightstown, Penn., in 1843. Among his most noted sons as trotting sires, were Henry Clay, 8, foaled in 1837; dam Lady Surrey, a pacing mare of unknown pedigree; and Long Island Black Hawk, a trotter and sire of high quality. After passing through many hands, Henry Clay went blind, and died in April, 1876. From him comes the line of sires known for a number of generations by the name of Cassius M. Clay. The Patchen branch of the Clays originated wdth George M. Patchen, 30, by C. M. Clay, dam by a son of imported Trustee. Other founders of cele- brated branches of the Clays are American Clay, 34 ; Harry Clay, 45, and The Moor, 870. Cleft of the Frog-. The division in the middle line of the frog of the foot. In healthy feet it consists of only a single depression. Clerk of the Course. The person who acts as Secre- tary to the board of judges during a race. Clerk of the Scales. [Eng.] The weigher at a race. Clicking; Forging; Over-reaching. The act of striking the toes of the hind foot or shoe, against the heel of the corresponding fore foot or shoe, when the horse is in motion. It is due to the imperfect conformation of the horse, or to improper dressing of the feet, and cannot be classed as a vice or an unsoundness. 54 HAITDBOOK OF THE TURF. Clip. A speedy gait; a spurt of speed for a short dis- tance; as a 2:35 clip. Clip. A projecting flange or claw on the upper edge or surface of a horseshoe which partially embraces the wall of the hoof, for its protection, and to assist in keeping the shoe in place. Clip. A metal clasp or confining piece used to connect the parts of a carriage-gear, or to hold the hook of a whippletree. Clipping" ; Clippers ; Clipping^-shears. The removal of the coat or hairy covering of a horse ; clipping machines ; shears for clipping horses. It is said that the practice of clip- ping horses was introduced into England in 1825 by the army officers who became acquainted with the art during the Penin- sular war. In a most interesting work, published anonymously in London in 1831, it is said: "In regard to the newly discov- ered or invented practice of clipping and its supposed improve- ments * * * such deviations from nature rarely do any good." In former times clipping was done by ordinary hand shears, and two or three days was required to clip a horse. The new serrated clipping shears of the Newmarket, Brown, and Clark patterns, were invented in 1875, and began to be generally used in 1877. These clippers, or serrated knives or shears, consist of a plate upon which are highly tempered ser- rated teeth or fingers ; to the flat surface of which is attached a duplicate movable plate having correspondingly fragile, comb- like teeth, this movable half being operated or moved by the hand, forming the upper arm of the shears, the stationary plate resting u]3on the skin of the horse while they are in use. These shears are now operated by hand, electric, and other motors — by hand, being understood as meaning crank and wheel power. The attachment of power to the shears is made by means of a series of small cogs and eccentric joints connected with a chain which plays through a rubber tube of indefinite length, running over pulleys, and attached to the movable arm or knife-plate of the shears, which are easily guided by the operator, who clasps only the arm of the under or immovable plate. By means of these power shears a horse can be clipped in two and a half hours. The horse's coat should never be clipped until it is properly set. This is known by tlie appearance of long hairs known as "cat hairs." When they show these the coat may fairly be assumed to be ready for clipping; and if carefully done, and great care is exercised, the horse kept in a warm stable, etc., it is regarded as humane. — Through the Stable and Saddle Room, Arthur T. Fisher. When you take a horse up out of his Avinter quarters, he will naturally have an excessive coat of hair, his flesh will be soft, and with A-ery moderate exercise he will sweat more or less. If the weather is cold it is impossible to rub him dry, and he may sweat off the flesh HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 55 a good deal faster than yon may want him to. XJiider those condi- tions I invariably clip a horse, and tlie result, has always been per- fectly satisfactory to n>e.— Life with the Trotters, John Spian. Will clii)ping liave a permanent effect upon tlie horse's coat, making it come out earlier, or lieavier, or coarser, tlie next autumn? Skilled opinions differ on tliis point, but, as a general principle, the cutting of hair certainly tends to affect its fntiire growtli. Still, <'lipi)ing Tlie coat once a year, probably has only a slight elfe'.'t— at least, until it has been repeated for some years.— Koad, Track, and Stable, H. C. Merwin. Another reason which grooms advance for clipping is, that the horse moves much more freely after than before the oi)erati()n, because it is relieved of the weight of superfluous hair. Mayhew, with all the caution of a man of science, does not actually deny that such an effect may be produced by clipping, but he very emphatically says that he never saw it.— Horse and Man, Rev. J. ii. Wood. Close on Him. When a driver or rider who has been trailing or following the running for half the distance, begins to approach, or comes up even with a contending horse in a heat or race, he is said to " close on him." Thus Mr. Splan, in describing one of his races with Rarus against Great Eastern, says : "As we rounded into the stretch Rams began to close on him, and had got to his saddle skirts at the distance stand." Clothing", Garments ; covering ; furnishings for the care of a horse. Horse clothing embraces : Sw^eat, cooling, stable and street blankets; hoods; working and walking suits, and waterproof covers — the materials being woolen, cotton-flannel and linen. A suit embraces the following pieces, viz : One kersey stable blanket ; one sheet, (for summer) ; one cooler, (a light, square woolen blanket) ; one heavy square blanket, woolen ; one light woolen hood for cooling out ; one fancy suit for exhibition purposes, consisting of a nice blanket and hood to match, finely made and lettered with the name of the horse to which it belongs. In general there should be three suits for each horse — one of heavy, one of medium and one of light weight. Summer clothing should be of the same shape as winter clothing, but larger and wider on the quarter piece to give more protection from flies. The body cloth should come well over the withers, buckling in front of the chest, and extending back to the root of the tail or beyond. When a horse needs to be sweat out, use a heavy neck piece, crest or jowl hood, or a small blanket may be wrapped around the neck in its place. The uses of clothing are to keep the horse warm, to protect him from flies in hot weather, and against injury, and to reduce fat — especially on those horses where otherwise it could not be got rid of without so much work as would be injurious to their limbs. Coarseness. An evidence of underbreeding w^ith strength but without any redeeming features on the side of refinement. The characteristics are : Carty bone ; soft 56 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. muscles; want of symmetry and commanding presence; an miintelligent head ; low and coarse withers ; bull neck ; a short top to the hind quarters coupled with droop, not to be compared to gentle obliquity which gives the muscular area and power in trotting and racing. Coat. The external natural covering of hair upon the horse. The word especially refers to the color. To the investigation of this subject, Goubaux and Barrier of Paris, in their great work on the Exterior of the Horse, have given very minute studies, as a result of which they formulated a classification which has mainly been adopted, although in a modified form, in the presentation here given. A scientific description of the coats groups them in three classes, viz: 1, Primitive, or those already formed soon after the colt is foaled ; 2, Derived, or those which appear some time after birth, and are due to the introduction of white into a primitive coat ; 3, Conjugate, or those characterized by the presence upon the sams animal of two primitive and two derived coats. I. In the first class there are three divisions: 1, simple coats as black, sorrel; 2, composite, as those formed of hairs of two colors — one black for mane, tail and extremities; others — • yellow, red or gray for body, as Isabella, bay, mouse cf )lor ; 3, mixed, formed by dark hairs upon each of which are found two different colors, the yellow more or less light at the base, the black at the summit. Of the blacks there is the true or ordinary black, and rusty black. The former is dark, uniform without any reflection ; the rusty is dull, reddish in the sun, washed, hard to distinguish from brown. Sorrel or chestnut, which consists of golden, fawn, and reddish-brown hairs, (by some it is called coffee and milk color), fawn-sorrel; washed sorrel ; cherry sorrel, (reddish tint) ; chestnut-sorrel ; maroon- sorrel; burnt sorrel, or color of roasted coffee; Isabella, bay and mouse color. The Isabella has a coat of two distinct colors, on the body yellow or yellowish, on the extremities — from the knee and hock doMm — mane and tail, black. This color is also called dun. Bay differs from Isabella because the yellow hairs are replaced by red ones. The varieties are light bay ; ordinary bay, (of a distinctly red color) ; cherry, blood and mahogany bay, darker than ordinary bay, and all essen- tially alike ; chestnut bay, (the color of a ripened chestnut) ; maroon bay, deeper and fresher upon the upper parts of the body; dark bay. bordering upon browm; brown bay, almost black. Mouse color is formed by two colors, the body ashy gray, similar to the colors of a mouse, legs from the knee and hock down, black, as in the bay. XL Derived coats. These HANDBOOK OF IHE TUItF. 57 are four: Gray, white, flea-bitten, roan. Gray is composed of mixed hairs of M'hite and those of a darker color, varying from the black to the brown. Very light gray resembles white, and shows but very few black or dark hairs. Light gray, with more dark in very light. Ordinary gray, almost equally com- posed of white and black hairs. Dark gray, with a prepon- derance of dark or black hairs. Iron gray, which has a bluish shade. Slate gray — a shade darker than iron gray. Clayey gray, which has a very light yellowish tint. Isabella gray, a mixture of white, yellow and dark hairs. Roan gray, a mix- ture of white, dark, red or reddish hairs, the latter less abundant than the former. White is a color easily recognized. It is a dull milk or pigeon white color, opaque, with no reflec- tion. Porcelain white, has a tint of porcelain china. Dirty white, of a slightly yellowish tint. Rosy white, a color due to the absence of the cutaneous pigment and to the thinness of the hairs, leaving the discolored parts of the skin visible. Roan is composed of three kinds of hairs — red, white and black, or a bay modified by the admixture, more or less distinct, of white. The red is light, ordinary wine red, or strawberry, and the dark appears according to the predominance of the different colors. III. In the third class there are found two types : First, the Piebald or pied ; second, conjugate gray and Isabella. The former is a union rather than an inter-mixture of the white coat with one or another of the above described derived coats. The animal presents a singular appearance, covered with large, irregular white patches, variously situated upon the body, but the colors do not blend. There are various examples of this singular combination, as, technically, rusty black pied ; dark fox-color pied ; flea-bitten rosy pied ; burnt sorrel porcelain pied. The conjugate gray or Isabella is an extremely rare coat, which is termed spotted or marbled. Cock Horse. A horse kept in the betting quotations to deceive public backers, though known to the private layers against him that he has no chance of winning. Coffin-bone. The bone forming the end of the foot, and shaped like the hoof or horny box in which it is enclosed, and which it supports. Coffin- joint. The joint at the upper part of the coflan- bone, made by the union of the small pastern, eoffin and small sesamoid bone, or navicular bones, the latter being set behind and beneath the joint surface of the coffin-bone, in such a way as to largely receive the weight of the small pastern. The focus of weight in the foot is at this joint. 58 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. Collared. When a rider sees that he is beaten in a race, he is said to be " collared." Cold. A cold, if neglected until it degenerates into some seated form, as for instance, nasal catarrh, is a cause of unsoundness. Cold-I>looded. Not thoroughbred ; of common or mon- grel stock ; an animal showing only ill breeding. Collect. To gather quickly in taking a fence, hurdle, wall or other obstacle. The animal that is destined for chasing must learn to collect himself witli the slifilitest possible diminution of speed, to Hy liis fences, to get away from tliem on the otlier side witliout a pause, and to do all tills with the least effort.— The Badminton Library: Steeple- chasing, Arthur Coventry and Alfred E. T. Watson. To malic a horse jump "big,"" pull him together, and make him bring his hind quarters under him by the pressure of the legs and touch of the whip.— Riding. M. Horace Hayes, M. R. C. V. S. Collected. [Eq.] A horse is said to be collected when his head is in a perpendicular position, yields readily to the bit and has no disposition to go out of hand. His hind feet will be well in front of a perpendicular line dropped from the points of the buttocks, his fore feet will be brought back more than usual, and he will stand more or less over on them. His head and neck will be raised, and he will be looking to the front with ears pricked forward, ready for a move in what- ever direction the rider wishes. Color of the Coat. The old proverb that "no good horse is of a bad color," is manifestly untrue. Comparatively few horses of a bad color have ever been successful on the turf, and there is no doubt that those few would have been better animals had their color been good. It is said that records were kept of the colors of winners in the Phoenix stakes, Lex- ington, Ky., inaugurated in 1831, and that in fifty-four races, horses of a bay color won twenty-six times ; chestnuts, fifteen ; brown, two ; black one. Statistics have also been published on this point from results of the English races. It is said that in about one hundred years of history of the Derby, Oaks, St. Leger and Doncaster races, in 3576 starters in 293 stakes the results were: Bays, 1826 starters, 159 winners, ratio of win- ners 11 1-2; chestnuts, 807 starters, 71 winners, ratio of win- ners; 11 1-3; browns, 699 starters, 54 winners, ratio of win- ners, 13 ; grays and roans, 127 starters, 6 wdnners, ratio of winners, 21 ; blacks, 109 starters, 2 winners, ratio of winners, 54 1-2 ; duns, 2 starters, one winner, ratio of winners, 1-2. The most objectionable colors are those which are weak and washy of their kind, and where the extremities are lighter than the rest of their body. Thus a very light bay or chestnut is HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 59 liable to be of weak constitution, deficient in stamina, and when to this is added " mealy " legs, or legs lighter than the rest of the coat, and a ligliter colored mane and tail, the weak- ness is intensified. Black legs are preferable in a bay, and with these the feet are generally more sound, and the horn is more enduring. White legs and feet are objectionable, but not so much so as mealy ones. Dark chestnut, bay, and gray are preferable to light shades of these colors. Black and roan are not so common. Bays, chestnuts and browns practically monopolize the turf, and the darker and more solid the colors are, the better are the animals. The bay is the best, most fashionable and highest priced color for a horse, because it is that which indicates the best breeding. Colors. The custom of ow^ners selecting their colors and publishing them, originated at Newmarket in 1762, the jockeys having before that worn colors but not as a proprietary distinction. In this country, the New York Jockey Club in 1842, required that riders should be dressed in Jockey style, viz : Jockey cap, colored jacket, pantaloons and boots ; but colors as an owners' distinction are said to have been first adopted at Fleetwood Park, N. Y. Colors are a source of great individual pride on the turf in England and this country, and are a source of enjoyment in the race on the part of the public. The American rules require that colors selected by ow^ners must be recorded by the secretary of the Congress, and shall not be used by others except in case of death or after five years' withdrawal from the turf. A list of all colors is obliged to be posted in the office of the clerk of the course. Colt. A word specifically applied to a male foal. Coiiibinatlon Horse. A term applied to the American saddler, or gaited horse. Tlie breeders of saddle liorses have succeeded in producing a genuine combination horse — one wliicli will go all the five recognized gaits under the saddle, using tlie rack, running walk and canter to the delight of the rider and the satisfaction of the horse, and will, when Y>nt in harness, forget for the time being, that they ever racked a rod, and will go a square, pure trot.— Tlie Breeders' Gazette. ComMnatlon Sale. A public sale, or sale by auction, in which several breeders, or owners, unite or combine a cer- tain number of animals of their own, in order to make the sale more attractive, and to realize better prices at a less cost for commissions. The first American combination sale was held at New York in 1877, but they are now very common. Coming". Said of a colt in training when he begins to un- derstand his work and show speed. " He is a comer," or " he is coming," means that the animal is fast developing as a trotter. 60 HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. Complaint. A charge made by one rider or driver against another for foul driving, or other misconduct during a heat. Such complaint must be made at the termination of the heat, and before the driver dismounts or leaves his sulky. By the racing rules, such complaint must be made to the judges either before or immediately after the jockeys in the race have passed the scales. For frivolous complaints owners, trainers or jockeys may, at the discretion of the judges, be fined or suspended. Conditions. [Eng.] The conditions of the Grand Na- tional Hunt races are : Riders must not ride for more than one hundred yards at any one time on any road or lane ; riders not passing the post within fifteen minutes of the winner to pay double entry ; any rider examining the course before start- ing will be disqualified. By the American racing rules, the express conditions of a race always supersede the general rules, where they conflict. Conditional Entries. A private understanding made between the owner of a horse and a society or association when the horse is nominated ; an entry made outside the rules. The rules of both the National and American Associations attach severe fines to any member receiving conditional entries. The great injustice of the conditional entry is that it practically abol- ishes the closinjj: dale for entries for one man, while it leaves it open for the oilier.— Spirit of the Times. Conditioning". The fitting of the horse, in every part of his body, for his best performance upon the turf. It re- quires long, studious exercise, feeding and training, and a complete understanding of the disposition and peculiarities of the horse, that he may respond quickly to the wishes of his trainer, driver or rider. When a horse is in blooming condi- tion he is fresh and healthy in appearance, clean and unloaded in his muscular system, bright in the eye, glossy in the coat, clean on the legs, and animated in expression. His muscles will feel hard and springy to the touch, and swell out, espe- cially in the hind quarters, where they should seem divided and distinct from each other. The crest should be firm, and closely attached to the neck. When the hand is drawn along the ribs the skin should wrinkle up and appear loose and detached. In walking, his feet should strike the ground with a positive step, and his neck, held high, should rise and fall springily. The horse, in the best condition, has an inquisitive look, notices everything with pricked ears, and has a noble expression indicative of confidence and self purpose. Cone. That part of the hub of a pneumatic sulky wheel which holds the ball bearings in place in the casing, or piece HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 61 into which the bearings are set — which piece is fitted tightly into the ends of the hub. One of these cones is called the stationary cone, and the other the movable cone, the latter being used in adjusting the tension of the bearings, by means of a spanner wrench. Conformation. External points ; the particular tex- ture or structure of outward form, and the arrangement and relation of the parts which compose it ; general structure. Congress. The sessions of the American and National Trotting Associations are held biennially, and are called a congress. At each officers are elected, the rules and laws revised, and other business pertaining to the good of the asso- ciations transacted. See American Turf Congress. Consolation Race. A consolation match, or race, is a contest which can be entered only by those who have failed to win in the previous, or regular purses, or contests offered by a track or member, which have taken place within a given time. Contending Horses. In any heat of a race it will very soon appear that several of the starters are dropping to the rear, and that the heat lies between two or three horses that are quite evenly matched. Such horses are called the contending horses, because the battle of the heat is narrowed down to them. Contraction of the Hoof. A shrinkage of the tissues of the foot, by which the lateral diameter of the heels, in par- ticular, is diminished. It affects the fore feet chiefly. It is of less moment if affecting the hind feet, because the hind foot first strikes the ground with the toe, and less expansion of the heels is necessary than in the fore feet when the weight is first received on the heels. Where produced by inflamma- tion, accompanied by disease of the foot, or any change in its normal condition, though not producing lameness at the time of the sale of a horse, it is an unsoundness if lameness after- wards follows. Converted Pacer. Many natural pacers have been so trained as to leave their natural gait and acquire the trotting gait. Such are termed converted pacers. The methods used to accomplish this are as varied as are the dispositions of the horses. Weighting in different ways, the use of the cross- strap, the placing of rails on the ground at such intervals as will compel the horse to put his feet down in the diagonal order, and many others. Charles jMarvin, in telling how he trained Smuggler — Training the Trotting Horse — says : " I would start him up slowly, and rather suddenly throw him oft' 62 HAis^DBOOK OF THE TUKF. to one side at a pretty sharp angle, compelling him to change his gait, and the new gait, (trot), he would keep for a few steps. As soon as he came back to the pace I would swing him off sideways again. Of course this was virtually driving around in a small circle until he began to go a considerable distance trotting. At each time he would remain at the trot a little longer, and one day struck a trot and kept it up for a quarter of a mile." Cooliiig"-oiit ; Cooling Off. The walking exercise, light blanketing and personal care given to a horse after one heat, in order to fit him for the following heat. Cooling'-out Ground. The enclosed area between the stables and track, where horses are led to halter for cooling out between Jieats. Coper. [Eng.] A broker in old horses ; a dishonest horse dealer ; a horse sharp. Corded-up. A condition of the muscles of the back and loins very liable to follow a severe heat, in which they become distended, knotted, or partially paralyzed, requiring very careful attention and the application of hot lotions to bring them to their normal condition. Corker. A rush; a hard heat; a fast brush; a heat that has required hard work to win ; as " four corking heats ; " "two corking miles." Corner Teetli. The outermost of the front teeth, or incisors ; those next to the tusks. Coronet. The comparatively soft, but sharply defined line, or band, w^hich runs round the foot, highest in front and becoming lower behind, immediately above the hoof, and which secretes the horn by which the wall of the hoof is formed. The coronet, or coronary bone, is the short, cube- shaped bone, between the coffin bone and the small cannon bone. Corns proceed from an injury to the living horn of the foot, more commonly in the inner heel, and found, above all, in flat feet with low, weak heels. From the fact that they can seldom be cured they render a horse unsound. Cough. However simple and however recent in origin a cough may be, while it lasts the horse is unsound. Counting- The Horseshoes. A custom founded upon the fact that Walter Le Brun, a London farrier, was granted a plot of land in the Strand, London, as early as 1235, upon which to set up a forge. For this privilege he was to render to HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 63 the exchequer, each year, six horseshoes with the sixty-two nails belonging to them. This custom has continued ever since and from it originates the "counting of the horseshoes and hobnails " on swearing in the London sheriffs at the Court of Exchequer of the present day. Coupling'. That part of the sacrum where it joins the lumber vertebra ; the point where the top of the ribs unite with the vertebral column. While Flying Eafon had a strong, broad loin and excellent conpling, there was a gracefivl, downward curvature of the spine in front of the coupling which gave him in some tlegree the appearance of being slightiy sway-backed.— S. W. Farlin. Coiirag'e. That instinct or inbred quality of physical power which asserts itself in endurance and staying effort ; the best evidence that a horse possesses high breeding and splendid ancestry. "Well-bred horses, properly broken, are more courageous than coarsely bred ones.— The Book of tlie Horse, S. Sidney. Course. A track ; the distance or direction laid out for a race course. Courser. A racer or swift running horse. Hugh the Great of France, in the year 930, presented to Athelstan, one of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England, whose sister, Edelswitha, he had married, several running horses, the equos cursores of the chronicler. Coursers are also mentioned among the horses of Henry VIII. of England, in 1509; and Anthony Fitzherbert, who wrote the earliest English work on agriculture, 1534, speaks of the corser as a horse dealer. Crack. Great ; famous. A crack jockey, a crack driver — persons great in their respective lines. Cracked ; Crocked. To become tired ; to give up ; to quit. In the stretch I called on Manzanita, and after trotting head-and-head for nearly a furlong with Belle Hamlin the latter cracked, and Manzanita Avon In 2 :16i. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin. Cracked Heels. Fleshy heels, the inflammation of which is due to a fungus, or grease ; scratches, canker, or foot- mange. It is an unsoundness. Cracker- jack. A horse with a very low record; a fast horse ; a record-breaker. Creep. When the pneumatic tire of a bicycle sulky wheel becomes loose from the felloe, it is said to " creep." Crest. The upper part of the neck extending from the withers to the ears. Cribbing ; Crib-biting, is associated with the serious 64 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. vice of wind-sucking, which generally leads to tympany, im- paired digestion, and rapid loss of condition. It is believed that in the early stages it can be cured and the horse rendered sound ; but if neglected leads to serious results and becomes a vice, and in its more advanced stages the health and condition of the horse are affected, the digestive organs become impaired, and the horse is imsound because less valuable and less liable to perform his ordinary work. Hanover, in his Law of Horses, says : "As indications of approaching disease it would be diffi- cult to say cribbing was not an unsoundness. A crib-biter will not retain his condition or be fit for constant work." In jNlassa- chusetts Reports, 8, Gray, [1861], 430, AVashburn vs. Cuddihy, " Judge Briggs refused to rule as matter of law, that cribbing was not unsoundness in a horse." Crop. [Eng.] A short handled, stout hunting whip, having a hook at one end. It is generally held in the right hand about six inches from the loop, with the hook downwards, the lash coiled up and held in the same hand. This, of course, is when the crop is not in use. Cropping. The barbarous practice of cropping or paring and clipping the ears of a horse, which was thought to be the proper thing for fashion, largely practiced in England about 1790-1800. Cross. If a horse, in attempting to pass another on the homestretch, should at any time cross or swerve so as to impede the progress of a horse behind him, he becomes disqualified from winning that heat. This rule applies to the running and trotting turf, equally. Cross-bar. A fore bar attached across the thills of a sulky or carriage, to which the whipple-tree is fastened. A splinter-bar. Cross-country Riding. [Eng.] Steeple-chasing or hunting ; riding across fields, over fences, brooks, ditches and hedges. The opposite from road riding. Cross-strap. A hopple, or hobble. A leather and elastic attachment placed upon the legs of horses to assist in changing or converting the gait, or to prevent a horse from pacing. Attached to the horse for this purpose it must be crossed, or attached from left fore foot to right hind foot ; and from right fore foot to left hind foot, or ankle. Croup. That portion of the upper part of the body of the horse which is situated between the loins in front and the tail behind ; the rump. Crui>per. That part of the harness extending from the HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 65 back strap to the end, a loop in the end of which receives and holds the horse's tail. Cup. A vessel of precious metal, like silver or gold; or an elaborately wrought piece of plate offered as a prize to be contended for in a race. Cup-races. Races in which horses start for a cup rather than for a purse or stake ; a term applied to match races. Cuppy. A cuppy track is a soft, sandy track, the surface of which is said to cup when the horse's foot leaves an impres- sion upon it in the form of a small hollow, as though a cupful of earth had been removed ; this condition being caused by the contact of the horse's shoe in going over it at high speed. A track that is cuppy is always a slow track. Curb. A chain or strap attached to the upper ends of the branches of the bit of a bridle, and passing under the horse's lower jaw ; used chiefly in controlling a spirited or vicious horse. The curb rein is attached to the lower end of the fauces of the bit, and when it is pulled the curb is pressed forward against the horse's jaw in such a manner as to compel obedience. The proper length for the curb is about one-fourth more than the width of the mouth ; and it should be outside of the bridoon bit, for if placed inside of it the constant pressure of the bit on the curb would chafe and injure the under jaw bone. Curb. A swelling in the median line of the hind limb just backwards of the back part of the hock, where in the nor- mal state there should be a straight line, extending from the upper end of the point of the hock down to the fetlock. At first it is soft and doughy, later hard and resistant. Due gen- erally to a sprain of the tendon which plays over the front of the hock, though in some cases the ligament beneath the tendon is injured. If large enough to be distinctly seen, or if it has been disfigured by treatment or otherwise, it is a blemish ; but while forming, if the horse is lame, he is indisputably unsound. Curb-bit. A form of bit for the bridle which by the exertion of slight effort can be made to produce great pressure on the horse's mouth. It is impossible to ride well on any horse nnless the curl>bit is prop- erly made and properly adjusted.— The Saddle Horse. Curb-chain. The curb-chain is made flat so that when twisted into shape it lies almost as smooth as a band of leather against the chin. It is attached by spring-hooks to the eyes of the upper ends of the levers of the bit. Curby Hocks. A curby hock is one which is slightly bulged out behind. In some horses they are congenital and 5 Q6 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. cannot be regarded as a disease or an unsoundness, but rather as a distortion or blemish- Cushion. A soft finish to a track ; the surface to the depth of from one-half to three-fourths of an inch being made very light and soft by a fine finishing harrow, but yet so yield- ing as to be elastic. Tiie rreat point in track biiildinj; is to szet a perfect cnsliion — one tliat issuiooih, springy, and clean, where lliere is a certain amount of yieleiital Star. A particular marking in the permanent incisors deemed an important factor in judging the age of a horse after he is eight years old. It is a discoloration of the dentine, (the ivory-like substance filling the cavity of the teeth, softer and darker colored than the rest of the tooth), which appears on the table of the tooth as the x^rown becomes worn away, in the form of a transversely elongated dark-yellow line. Dentition. The act or process of cutting teeth. The horse has two sets of teeth, like all the other domestic animals. They are called those of the first dentition or temporary ; and those of the second dentition, or permanent. See Teeth. Derby. The most important annual race in England, possibly in the world, run on the Downs, a mile and a half south of the village of Epsom, Surrey, fourteen miles from London. The Derby stakes were founded in 1780, by Edward Smith Stanley, Twelfth Earl of Derby, the year following his establishment of the Oaks stakes. The stakes are 6,000 sover- eigns — the winner to receive 5,000 sovereigns, the nominator of the winner 500 sovereigns, the owner of the second 300 sovereigns, and the owner of the third 200 sovereigns. The event is for three-year-olds, colts to carry 126 pounds, and fillies to carry 121 pounds. The first Derby was won by Diomed, owned by the celebrated Sir Charles Bunbury, which horse in a few years won over i$38,000 in stakes, and was sold in 1798 for fifty guineas, and brought to this country. From the time the race was inaugurated up to 1784, the length of the Derby course was one mile. From 1784 up to and including 1871, the distance was one and a half miles. In 1872, and since, the start has been from the new High Level starting post, the dis- tance being one and a haK miles and twenty-nine yards. It is up hill for a quarter of a mile, tolerably flat for the next half, down hill for the next quarter, and undulating Mdth a rise to the finish for the remainder of the distance. The Derby has been won by such great horses as Queen of Trumps, Bay Mid- dleton, Smolensko, Surplice, Don Juan, St. Bevys, PleniiDoten- tiary. Bard, Bend Or, Sainfoin, Pyrrhus the First, Mameluke, Orm, and greatest of all, the mighty Ormonde. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 71 Derby Day. The day on which the Derby stakes are run for. It always occurs on the second day — Wednesday — of the great Epsom Spring Meeting in May, being the Wednesday before Whitsuntide. It takes place on this day, rain or shine, the precise minute varies only occasionally as when the horses are bad in coming into form for a start. Parliament adjourns till tha race is run. Every Xew Kiijilaiid deacon oiiplit to soe one Derby day to learn what, sort, of a wo. Id this is lit_' livts iii. .Man is a siKininy, as well as ajnay- iiij,' anim d.— Dr. Oliver Weii«lell Holmes, 18o4. The Derby lias always been the one evmi in ilie racinj; year which slaiesiueii, i)lulosoi)iiers, poets, essayists andlitleraieurs tlesire to see onee in their lives.— The London Field. May 2i>, IbSC. Diiriny; the last twenty years the averajie time of iIh> Dt-i by, one and a half miles, is 2 niin.' 46 se<'., or a mile in 1 mi n. 52 sec, the horses carrying 122 pounds.— The Badmiidon Library : Racing and Steeple- ciiasiny, Arthur Coventry and A. L. T. Walson. The horses were brought out, smooi li, shininy, line-drawn, frisky, spirit stirring to look upon —most beautiful of :U1 tli(! bay horse Ormonde. Avho cotild harilly be restrained, such was his eagerness for action. The horses disappear in the distance. They are off, not yet. distin- guishable, at least to me. A little waiting time, and t hey swim into our ken, but in what order of precedence it is as yet not easy to say. Here they come! Two horses have emerged Irom the ruck, and are sweeping, rushing, storming, towards us, almost side by side. One slides by the other, half a length, a length, a length and a half. Those are Archer's colors, and the beautiful b:iy Ormonde flaslies by the line, winner of the Derby of 1886.— Our Hundred Days 111 Europe, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. As long as tlie Derby is run for at Epsom, which, for aught we know, may he to the eiul of time, so long will Epsom continue to fascinate the public, and people will flock to the Downs in the hoi)e, or on the pretence, of seeing a race which not one m:in in fifty everreally sees, norone in tweni y cares about seeing. — The Badminton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven. Description. An idetntification. All turf rules require an adequate description of evei'y horse entered for any race, purse, or stake, which shall embi^ace name, color, sex, marks, and other facts required for identification. Developed; Developing-. To bring out; to perfect. It is said of a finished trotting horse that he is developed ; the art of training a horse to develop his speed qualities. A horse that is in training is said to be developing ; one that is getting his gait is said to be developing fast, or developing well; promising. Developed Sires. Stallions in service that have been worked, trained and developed for speed, in distinction from those which have not been trained for speed. Upon the cor- rectness of the theory that developed speed in sire and dam is an important factor in the transmission of speed, there are dif- fering opinions. Many hold that the developed sires are not as successful in the stud as those which have never been devel- oped, and instance Electioneer with one hundred and forty-four in the 2:30 list, never developed ; and others believe that the 72 HANDBOOK OF THE TVRF. complete 2:30 list is the most convincing argument that could be made, of the value of developing the speed qualities of horses from which it is intended to produce trotters. Devices, of various kinds for the harness, stable, horse, and general business of the turf, have greatly multiplied of late, the finer and nicer work required in all departments demand- ing the use of a larger number of implements, contrivances, and equipments. Such as are of most value, not mentioned in other parts of this work under their proper heading, are named — JFo?' the Harness: Check rein holders for holding the check rein in place in the water hook, of various patterns ; rein-snap or snap-hook for holding the reins in place ; covering of fine lamb's wool, canvas lined, for applying to harness to prevent chafing. Foj- the Horse : Elastic appliances of various kinds, as, hock compress or truss for blood spavin, fetlock support for colts with weak legs, shin brace, stockings, pastern brace, to prevent knuckling, curb compress ; shoe pad of rubber and cork, held in place by a spring ; calk cover, to be placed over the shoe when the horse is in the stable ; ice creepers, adjustable, for preventing horses from slipping on icy roads ; hoof expand- ers, for corns, contracted feet and quarter cracks ; hoof pad springs, for holding in place felt packing upon the sole of the foot ; double crupper, placed under or within the ordinary crupper for adjusting the position of the tail, so that a span may carry their tails uniformly when in harness ; open saddle, for use in case of sore backs caused by saddle gall ; supports and shields for stallions ; anti-snowball pad for insert- ing in the shoe to prevent balling ; rubber head bumpers, to be worn by the horse when being transported by rail, to prevent injury ; bone and rubber rattles to prevent interfering. Simple and common stable equipments, the use of which is obvious, do not require mention. Devices for the track like jockey boards, score boards, electric bells, dials announcing succes- sive races, boxes, electrical chronometers, etc., are generally described under their respective headings. Diag"Onal Gait. The trot. The order of movement in the trot is : Left fore foot, right hind foot, right fore foot, left hind foot. Thus, the left fore and right hind foot move in unison, striking the ground together; then, in turn, right fore foot and left hind foot complete the revolution, and, there- fore, the trot is most proi)erly called the diagonal gait. Diastema. The toothless interval in the lower jaw between the corner incisors and the molar teeth behind, called the bar, and upon which the bit rests. It is an interesting fact in zoological science that in the most primitive condition HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 73 of dentition of the horse, there appears to have been no such interval, all the teeth having been in contact. Dioined. First winner of the Derby. By Florizel; dam, by Spectator. He was no less celebrated as a sire than as a racer. He left famous stock in England, and when 22 years old was imported into Virginia where he laid the foundation for the best running stock in the South. Among his famous get in that State were: Sir Archy, Florizel, Potomac, Top Gallant, Peace JNIaker, Hamlinton and Duroc. Directum. Black colt, foaled in 1880; by Director, 2:17, by Dictator; dam, Stem Winder, 2:31, by Venture. Holding the World's record for a four year old to the end of 1893, (race record), Nashville, Tenn., October 18, 1893, 2:05^. Dis. W^hen occurring in a summary indicates that the horse against whose name it is placed was distanced in the heat where it occurs. Disguising". Turf law inflicts expulsion from all tracks controlled by members, upon any person guilty of painting or disguising any horse to represent another or different horse, when entered for a race. Many states also have severe laws against the same. See Law. Dismounting. By the trotting rules no driver can dis- mount at the close of a heat, or leave his sulky, without per- mission of the judges, and those deficient in bodily weight shall be re-weighed after each heat. During any delay in starting a race, occasioned by accident to any rider or his equipment, jockeys may dismount and give up their horses to an attendant; but at the close cannot dismount without per- mission of the judge. Dismounting. [Eq.] In dismounting from the saddle, take hold of the mane of the horse and pommel of the saddle as in mounting. Bear the weight upon the straightened arms as the right leg is brought over the left side ; hold the body for an instant in a position perpendicular to the side of the horse, the whole weight being supported by the arms, and drop gently to the ground at the shoulder of the horse. In dismounting when the horse is in motion, avoid the momen- tary rest as the leg is brought over the left side, and striking the ground prepared to take a few stej^s with the horse, whether at the gallop or trot, after which release the hold upon the mane and pommel of the saddle. Disqualified. By the rules of the Turf Congress when a horse is disqualified, every other horse belonging wholly or in part to the same owner, is also disqualified; and if any 74 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. transfer is made for the purpose of avoiding payment of forfeit orders or any disqualification, the person making and receiving such transfers may be fined or ruled off. Distal Phalanx. The coiiin bone. Distance. The space measured back from the winning post or judges' stand which a horse, in heat-races, must have reached when the winning horse has covered the whole course, in order to be entitled to enter subsequent heats. By the rules of the trotting turf distances are : Kaces of mile heats, eighty yards ; races of two mile heats, one hundred and fifty yards; races of three mile heats, two hundred and twenty yards ; mile heats, best three in five, one hundred yards ; heats of not over one mile, in which eight or more horses start, distance is to be increased one half, unless otherwise stated in the conditions of the race. In a fairly trotted heat, when there is no question as to the placing of horses, those whose heads have not reached the distance stand or post as soon as the leading horse arrives at the wire, are declared to be dis- tanced. All horses distanced in the first heat are equal. If a heat has been won by a protested horse the judges are to waive the application of a distance as to all other horses except for fouls; and judges may waive distance, (except for fouls), to any horse for w^hich they have substituted a rider or driver ; also, in case of a dead heat, judges may waive the application of the distance rule. A horse distancing the field in one heat, closes the race and is entitled to the entire purse, stake or premium, unless otherwise stated. The American Turf Con- gress recognizes the following distances : In heats of three- quarters of a mile, twenty-five yards ; one mile, thirty yards ; two miles, seventy yards ; three miles, sixty yards ; four miles, seventy yards. In the deciding heat there is no distance. Distanced. To be distanced in a heat or race, is to have no place. A horse which fails to reach the distance-post or stand before the heat has been won, or whose driver or rider is adjudged to have made certain specified errors, is regarded as distanced. Distance Flag. The flag in the hands of the distance judge, the falling of which, as the winning horse reaches the wire, is the signal that horses which have not reached the distance post are shut out. Distanced Horse. A distanced horse is out of the race, having no j^lace. Distance Judg^e. A person appointed by the judges to remain in the distance stand, or at the distance post during a heat or race, and, at the close, report to them the horse or HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 75 horses that are behind the flag, and all foul or improper con- duct, if any has occurred under his observation. Distance Post; Distance Stand. The stand or post at the end of the distance. Dock. The solid part of the horse's tail ; the crupper of a saddle. Docking". The act of cutting off or clipping the horse's tail, an operation which the dictates of fashion have caused to be inflicted, periodically, for the past two hundred years; the length of the dock or stump being a matter of mere caprice. Dog'. A mean horse ; a quitter. Domino. A phenomenal young thoroughbred racehorse, known as ^'the unbeaten." Bred by B. G. Thomas, Lexing- ton, Ky. Foaled in 1890. By Himyar; dam, Mamie Gray, by Enquirer. Morris Park, September 29, 1893, won the Matron Stakes, six furlongs, carrying 128 pounds, in 1:09, the fastest time on record. His winnings as a four-year old in 1893, were -1176.730, no other American horse ever having won anything nearly approaching this sum in a single season. Doncaster. In the West Biding of York, England, on the river Don. The seat of the great race-course which has a magnificent grand stand, and also a splendid noblemen's stand. Races were established here in 1703, and the St Leger, for three-year-olds, established by Col. St. Leger, is run in Septem ber of each year. Doping". Drugging; from dope, any thick liquid. When a horse is said to have been doped, the inference is that he has been drugged or tampered with. It is punishable by severe penalties. Double-bridle. A bridle with two bits, two headstalls and two reins, same as the bit and bridoon. Double-gaited. A horse which, in motion, both trots and paces is said to be double-gaited. In general this change is made without apparent effort, but it is noticeable that when a horse changes from a trot to a pace he squats a few inches — some drivers assert from three to four inches — traveling closer to the ground, the back being perfectly level. The usual changes in gait are these : In starting from a walk the horse ambles, or goes at a slow pace, and in passing from this to a pace he usually consumes ten or a dozen steps in shuffling, skipping, hopping, before the settled pace is caught. In changing from a pace to a trot but two or three shuffling steps are required. The formula is this : It is easy for a horse to go from a trot to a pace ; difficult to go from the amble to the trot, and hard to go from the pace to the trot. 76 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Give Gus Glidden one of those double-gaited , sliifty, pacing horses that are occasionally met wlMi, and lie could come nearer straiglitening him oul and making him go on a straight trot, in less time than any man I evei- saw.— Lil'e witli the Trotters, John Spian. Double-harness. A harness for a span of horses driven abreast. Each one is usually lighter than a single harness, and contains nearly the same number of pieces, although in that intended for light carriage use the breeching or hold-back straps are discontinued. Double- jointed Snaffle. A bit similar to the double- barred or Pantograph snaffle, intended for hard pullers, being a compromise between the single-jointed snaffle and the bar bit. Double-pocket. A disadvantageous position for a horse in a heat, which may be the result of circumstances, or in part that of design. As an example : A horse may have the pole and another lapped on his outside w heel ; when a third horse may come up behind the one at the pole and yet a fourth immediately lap on his outside. Hence the horse behind the leading pole horse would be in a " dotible pocket " with little chance of getting out, although he might have more speed than either of the others. See Pocket. Double-reined Bridle. A bridle with a single bit and two reins, like the Pelham, having one bit, one head- stall, and two reins. Double-ringed Snaffle. A bit that may be used for horses which bore to one side, or which have at times to be turned very sharply. Double-team, World's Record. To wagon, to the close of 1893: One mile — Belle Hamlin and Honest George, Providence, R. I., September 23, 1892, 2:12^; in a race, one mile — Maxy Cobb and Neta Medium, Chicago, 111., September 25, 1885, 2:18f Down in the Dirt. When a horse that has been running or trotting badly suddenly recovers his form and improves all at once, the prophets who said he was a quitter, and those who layed on his opponents, are " down in the dirt," or floored. DraAVg"ate. The gate from the stables to the course, through which the horses in a race go upon the track. Drawing". A term relating to feeding a horse for a race, but one having two meanings in this connection. It refers to the act of reducing the quantity of hay fed, or "drawing" away a portion of the regular ration. Mr. Splan, in telling how he fed one of his horses for a race, says : " She w^ould get a light feed of hay after her work, and that was all the drawing I found HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 77 necessary in her case." It also refers to the drawing up or reducing the size of the abdomen in order that the horse may not be cumbered with unnecessary bulk. I am not in fiivor of drawing a horse as closely as many do, who, I think, err in making tlieir restrictions too severe. There is a point to be reacthed in tliis preparation whicli it should be our aim to observe, viz.: Tliat tlie stomacii should not be encumbered, and yet the nourishment affordeil by the tood be sufficient to carry a horse througli a race in which lie would weaken unless the supply was ade(iu"ate to meet the demands.— Jt)sepii Cairn Simpson. Drawing' for Positions. When the horses are out the drawing for positions usually takes place in this manner: One judge with a pencil in hand, so that no one else can see, points to the name of a horse in the list of entries, and, with his back to another judge, asks, " What position shall this horse have ? " The other replies, " second," " sixth," or any other number ; and this goes on until all are drawn — number one having drawn the jDole, and the highest number the outside place. DraAvn. A horse taken from a race after having been entered, is said to have been drawn ; not a starter. But no horse can be drawn except by permission of the judges unless at or before 7 o'clock p. m., of the day preceding the race. By the old rules it had the same force as distanced. Dress of Jockeys. The racing rules require that all riders must be dressed in proper costume — cap and jacket of silk or satin, white or colored breeches and top boots. Dressed Mouth. A dressed mouth is one in which the tables or surface of the teeth have been filed down or bishoped, often for the purpose of complicating the determination of age. Dressing". The scraping, cleaning, drying, bandaging, and blanketing of a horse after a race, or after a day's hunt or work, is called " dressing." The average time required is an hour and a half to each horse. Dressing a Track. Fitting the surface for a heat or race by means of a light, fine harrow, float or brush. Dressing Harrow. A wide harrow having sharp, fine teeth, adjustable in length, for the purpose of finishing the surface of a track. Drive Him Out of It. A term used in training where the horse trots with his fore legs and at the same time runs behind. To balance such a horse, trainers recommend the use of light shoes behind, with heavier ones forward, and possibly a four ounce toe-weight. Drive at first at half speed, increasing it gradually. Radical treatment is to use spreaders and send the horse out brisk — in other words, "drive him out of it." 78 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Drive Him Over Himself. To force a horse off his gait. Driver. One who drives a race in a sulky, in distinction from one who rides a race in the saddle. Driving" Bit. The watering bit. An ordinary bridoon with rings, used with cart, car, truck, wagon, plow ; and cavalry regulation bit. A bit, mild and harmless in general application. Driving' Rein. A rein in which the hand part consists of two strips or pieces instead of one ; between wdiich leather hand-loops are stitched at convenient distances apart ranging from six to ten inches, to meet the requirements of different kinds of service. Dr'n. In a summary of the race, these letters mean that the horse against which uame they are placed, was drawn from the race in the heat in which they appear. Dropped Heat. Practically the same as a heat laid up, with this difference : The rules allow a heat to be laid up by permission of the judges upon having it announced from the stand, while a heat is often dropped to favor a fraud and not known to any but the parties interested. Thus a horse may ask j)ermission to lay up a heat in order that he may be able to win the deciding heat of a hard race, while a horse able to win in straight heats may drop one to some other horse in order to insure him second money. Dropping Anclior. [Eng.] Keeping back a horse in a race, or voluntarily losing it. On the other liand, on remarking upon the mild way of riding, the visitor will, probably, be met witli tlie retort, tliat if the jockeys did not tlog their animals nnniercifully, they would be accused of wliat is here termed in racing slang, "dropping the anchor." — Sporting Times. No trainer of experience will attempt to deny the impossibility of detecting by ocular observation, whetJier the jockey whom lie employs "drops anchor" or does his best to win a race.— The Bad- minton Library: Racing. The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and \y. G. Craven. Dropping Behind. Knuckling or dropping behind with the pastern joint or joints, is caused by what is known as chinked or broken back ; and is in all cases an unsoundness. Dropsy. A distended, bulky stomach is too often an indication of dropsy, in which case the horse is unsound. Ds. Small, semi-circular metal hoops which are attached by chafes, (short leather straps), to the front or back of the saddle for strapping on a coat, small case, or other personal effects. Dumb Jockey. A device made of whalebone, gutta- percha, leather and rubber springs used in bitting and training HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 79 colts. It consists of a saddle fastened by a belly girth, two arms extending upward from the saddle to which the ends of the reins and crupper strap are attached, the side checks being fastened to the lower part of the saddle on each side ; the reins and straps being elastic and adjustable. There are various patterns. D. V. S. Doctor of veterinary surgery. Dwell. [Eng.] A short stop made by a horse at a fence before taking it ; not refusing and bolting sidewise, but the act of considering. It is a fault in a chaser, as horses must fly to their fences and get away from them immediately. Dwell ; Dwelling Behind. AVhen a horse has that faulty or erratic action in the hind members which is best desci^bed as being both too long and slow, he is said to " dwell behind." Ears. The ears of the horse are expressive of many feel- ings, convey pleasure and pain as well as anger, and afford an excellent index of mind and health. The command which the horse has over them is marvelous. They can be thrown for- ward or backward at will. One can be thrown back to hear in the rear, while the other is thrown forw^ard as the horse sees and hears in front. The normal position of the ear when the horse is inactive, is thrown backwards, but when he is at work it varies with conditions. When expecting orders it is verti- cal; when the horse is cross it drops back low; when listening or looking to the front it is thrown forward; when he is asleep one ear is always pointed to the front. AVhen the sad- dle horse is in action he listens attentively to the least sound of his rider's voice, which he expects to hear, and by giving him the habit of listening to and obeying the voice, the use of the bit is reduced to the minimum. The ear which lias most admirers is the one which is composed of a mere shell of gristle enveloped in a layer of thin skin, which should be clotlied witli a coat of fine hair, that may, however, be somewhat meager on the inner surface, especially in the summer season. In shape it should taper from the base to a rather sharp point at the tip. Experience in selecting horses has led ns to observe the move- ments of the ear with much caie, and regard them to some extent as the index to the animal's character, for they not only indicate a well-balanced disposition, a vicious or sluggish horse, as the case may be, but they point to defective eyesight, or even total blindness, in which case the ever restless ear will be thrown first in one direc- tion and then in another. — E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan State College Experiment Station. Easy Bit. [Eq.] In equestrianism what is termed an easy bit is the best for a horse , because, while a severe bit ought to enable him to do well and prevent him from doing ill, instead it often causes a severe restraint upon the natural action of the horse. An easy bit is the best one by which to control the horse, and next to this a skillful hand— for the bit is the hand, and a good hand is the whole of the rider.— New Method of Horsemanship, F. Baucher. Eclipse. The most celebrated horse in the annals of the turf. Bred by the Duke of Cumberland. Foaled April 1, 1764, the day on which occured the remarkable eclipse of the sun, from which event his name was given. By Mask, by Squirt, by Bartlett's Childers, by the Darley Arabian; dam, Spiletta, by Regulus, by the Godolphin Arabian. He was 80 HANDBOOX OF THE TURF. gj Chestnut in color with a white blaze down his face and his off hnid leg was wlnte fron, his hock downwards. lie had b ack spots i.pon Ins run.p, a peculiarity said to be seen in his male descent to the present day. The very great size, obliqu ty 2d lowness of his shoulders were the objects of general rematk ""; 't-'^ ^''r*"''^^ °f his fore quarters, his alple indlnei; p.oportioned nnd quarters and the swelling muscles of hs foreann and thigh. He was 1.5.1 hands higit His shoulden vvere so tluck that, according to the observaUon of i^ ?h ,e a firkin of butter might have rested upon them; while he stood very h.gh beh.nd-a conformation suited to hi great poweio progi^ssion. Of his speed, no correct estimate can be7o™ ed foi he never met with an opponent sufficiently fleet to put to the test. He was what is termed a "thick winded ho.^e " and puffed and roared so as to be heard at a considerable dTstance uZ n i '°T ""^'^ ''"'"'' ^^ ^^»« '«t '^™"Sl»t upon the M f -.n™' ?™ y''^'''' "'''• H« ™" his first race at Epsom ^W\^^- ^'] ^"0 he beat Mr. Wentworth's BucephS' Auo^nl nf the ; ^ ^"i"'''"""'"' " """'y Sood horse; and in Yorir No wJ r-^'""* ^'' "'"" *he great subscription at loik. iNo horse daring to enter against him, he closed his short turf career of seventeen months, by walk L over tl^ ^ewmarket course for the King's plate, on Octobef 18 1770 having run or walked over eighteen courses. He was' never £0^000 "°T "''■' P"'' ^°''^"*' ^'"^ ^■°» fo-- his owTiers over £2o,000. Leaving the turf he entered the stud where his his form and lie was J Si ad mi fVifl to .1^2 ""^'^ was set to scrutinize iml characters iiulica ive c^^f^^^'e^ pertection theexter- his proportions by M. Saintbel a veterh ar.f .^ ^'"""^ "^"^^ written on gations sl.owed that his fis.u'e diffli^d^i^^^^ tional form which speciilativf^ w, t^.i^.o P*^'' '^ ^\'^^ the conven- of perfection. He was of an indomit.^h^^^ ;iss,gned as the standard found it in vain to attenmt « i., ?V ■ '^ '"^'^l'^'"' ''»''^ *"« jockeys with remaining ,stni in 1 e sa. luhn^ V"^ ^'o^^ented themselves ahnost toucliing ti.e gTo nd T le til ' i«t f '^^^"^Pt along, l.is nose not keep by his side for fifVvJ^.fi.^''^^^^^^ ^'Th^ were too late, S^ "^^L^l^Sx^i/^^'^ ^^^^g^ 82 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. all the information they wanted. On inquiring: whether she had seen a race, slie replied that she could not tell M'hether it was a race or not, but that she liad just seen a horse with white legs run- ninii; away at a luonstroits rate, and anotlier horse a great way beiiiiid, trying to run after him; but slie was sure lie never would catch the wliite legged horse, if he run to the world's end."— History of tlie Horse, London, 1831. Edg'e. A horse is said to be on edge, when he is in splendid condition, and, after proper training, is eager for a race. Elbow. A portion of the forearm ; the large bony pro- jection at the upper and front portion of the forearm. Electioneer, 125. The great sire of trotters. Bred by- Charles Backman, Stony Ford, X. Y. Foaled May 2, 1868. Bay; stout, and compactly built, standing 15.2^. By Rysdyk's Hambletonian ; dam. Green Mountain Maid, by Harry Clay, 2:29. He was never trained, but as a three-year-old trotted in 2:42 with no fitting, and could trot in 2:23 or better, and for an eighth of a mile any day go at a 2:20 gait. His head was well proportioned, of fair size, and a model of great intelligence. He had good shoulders, splendid barrel, faultless back, and, says Charles Marvin, "simply the best quarters I ever saw on a stallion, possessing the perfection of driving power." His forearms and gaskins were heavily muscled, his joints clean and sound, and his legs and feet of first-class quality. He com- bined great power, elegant proportion and fine finish at every point. He died at Palo Alto, California, in 1890, the property of the late Leland Stanford. He stands at the head of all sires of 2:10 trotting speed, and, at the close of 1893 had one hundred and forty-four trotters and one pacer in the list of 2:30 performers. Electric Clironometer. A device invented by Bitter Von Stockert of Vienna, Austria, which notes on regular telegram slips the speed shown by each horse in a field, to one- tenth of a second. It is set going as the word is given, and one person alone can control it and record the speed of each horse engaged in the race. Electrical Appliances. The American racing rules punish by severe penalties the use of "drugs, electrical or mechanical appliances," or other means than the Avhip and spur for the purpose of stimulating the endurance or speed of a horse in a race. Eligible. The American and Xational rules i3rovide that a horse is not entitled to start in any race that has beaten the time advertised prior to the closing of the entries for the race in which he is nominated. A fraction is not a bar — that is to say, a horse having made a record of 2:29 and a fraction, is eligible to enter in the 2:30 class. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 83 Elliott's Electrical Chronog^raph. A device for noting and registering the speed of horses in a race. It con- sists of a face seven feet high by sixteen feet long, having in the center a dial seven feet in diameter. On either end are indicators which show the nuinber of the race, number of the heat and number of the winning horse ; also the numbers of the horses occupying second, third and fourth places. On the other end is an indicator showing the time made to the quarter, half, and three-quarters, also the finish, in figures eight inches long, the time being given in sixtieths of a second. Upon the dial are three pointers — one revolving once in five minutes, another revolving every minute, and a third revolving once per second, and stopping on the sixtieth, as the dial is divided. The starting, indicating of the quarters of the course, and the stopping, is done by pressing buttons arranged on a small cabinet to be placed in the judges' stand or any con- venient locality. As the connection is made by electricity, the distance or location of either the chronograph or buttons is a matter of no moment ; only that the machine should be placed where the dial may be seen by the greatest number of persons interested in the race. The quarters, or any intermediate time, is taken without affecting the operation of the chrono- graph, by means of electrotyped dials having figures from one to sixty. Arranged alongside of these dials or discs is an ink- ing ribbon and strip of paper. The pressing of the button by the timer strikes the electric hammer upon this paper, and by means of the inking ribbon the number of seconds or sixtieths of a second at that instant are recorded upon the strip of paper. The finishes are also recorded in the same way, in addition to the record which is made by the large dial outside ; so that at the close of a day's racing the finish of every mile, half, three-quarters, and quarter of a mile, are accurately recorded upon the strips of paper, w^hich may be kept for future reference. The device has a roof and sides of canvas to protect the operator and machinery from the weather, and its entire weight is 950 pounds. Enamel. A texture of remarkable hardness forming the real protecting covering of the teeth, although laying under the cement or thin superficial covering. It is said to be of such extreme hardness that it M-ill strike fire from flint. It resists decay longer than the dentine, or larger part of the tooth, and is always found in relief, or raised, on the surface of the table of the tooth. Engagement. The appointment or nomination for a race ; an entry. By all the turf rules the seller of a horse sold 84 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF. with his engagements, has not the power of striking him out. When a horse is sold with his engagements all penalties there- after growing out of such engagements attach to the horse and his ]3urchaser or purchasers. Enlarged Joints; Soft Enlargements. Soft enlargements during their formation, and until their result is ascertained, render a horse unsound. But if, upon being fully developed, they do not impede the horse in his ordinary work, he is sound ; but when they are so large as to be unsightly, they are blemishes. Entrance Fee. A percentage of the premium or purse which is paid by the owner of a horse when entering him for a particular race, stake, or purse. The system was devised by John Trail of Shrewsbury, England, who is known as " father of the clerk of the courses." All entrance fees must be paid before a horse can become a starter, and horses and owners or drivers may be suspended for non-payment of entrance dues. Entries. By the trotting rules entries may be made in writing, or by telegraph or telephone, and must be received before the advertised hour of the closing of entries, and all entries constitute an agreement " that the persons making them, owners, drivers, and horses " shall be subject to the rules, regu- lations, and bj'-laws of the association. The racing laAvs pro- vide that on being entered a horse shall be named and identified, and after having started in a public race his name shall not be changed ; and no alteration or condition shall be made in any entry after the time fixed for closing. Persons making entries become liable for the entrance money, stake, or forfeit ; and every horse entered for a purse must start unless declared out. Entries and subscriptions do not become void on the death of the parties making them. Epsom Downs. A mile and a half south of the town of Epsom, county of Surrey, England, where races lasting four days are run each year. Epsom is fourteen miles from Lon- don. The races were begun here about 1711, by Mr. Parkhurst, and have been held annually since 1730. Equestrian. [Eq.] Relating or pertaining to horses, horsemanship, or saddle riding ; consisting in or accompanied with performances on horseback; exercising or mounted on horseback. Equestrian Feats. English turf history records the following interesting events : In 1758, Miss Pond undertook to ride one thousand miles at Newmarket, in one thousand hours, for a purse of two hundred guineas ; which feat she performed HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 85 in less than one-half the time. In 1759, ^Jennison Shafts rode fifty miles in one hour, forty-nine minutes, using ten horses. In 1701, Mr. Woodcock rode one hundred miles a day for twenty-nine days, using fourteen horses. In 1786, Mr. Hull's horse, Quibbler, ran twenty-three miles in fifty-seven minutes, ten seconds. Equidcie. Latin for the horse family; Eqims caballus, Latin for the horse. See Horse. Equilibrium. [Eq.] The perfect balance of the horse when under the saddle. Upon this depends his prompt, grace- ful and regvdar action. In equilibrium the weight of the rider and the forces of the horse are equally distributed. By means of this just distribution the different positions, the different paces, and the equilibriums that belong to them, are obtained without effort on the part of rider or horse. Equine. Pertaining to the horse, or belonging to the horse kind. Equine Bicycle. An equine bicycle was described in the papers in May, 1891, as having been invented by T. W. Moore, of New York. " It is made of steel tubing, like ordinary bicycles, and has similar wheels with ball bearings, rubber tires, etc., and is lighter than a sulky. The sliding of the sulky wheels on the curves of the track is overcome by the new sulky, in Mhich the point of contact with the ground is in a line with the center of the propelling power. There is no side motion, and the driver is not obliged to lean toward the inside in going round a curve to balance the vehicle, for there is no side swing." Erg'ot ; Spurs. Natural structural growths of soft horn located behind and below the pastern joint, and generally con- cealed under the tuft of hair on the fetlock. In fine bred horses this growth is comparatively slight ; in heavy, coarse ones it is very thick, often extending up the shank and giving origin to what is known as " feathers " in some breeds of horses. Dr. W. H. Flower believes that both by structure and position they are similar to the callosities on the palm of the human hand. Erratic Gait. Any wrong, incorrect, or unnatural gait or action in a horse at motion, such as running behind and trotting in front ; paddling ; hitching ; crossing, etc. Event. A fixed date which arrives ; an appointment that occurs ; a trotting meeting. In the United States there is really no fixed national event excepting the Futurity and Real- ization stakes. 86 HA.KDBOOK OF THE TURF. Ev'Olutioii of the Trotter. If evolution may be regarded as " the process of evolving or becoming developed, an unfolding or a growth," the word may not inaptly be used to express the development of the American trotter during the past half century. The accompanying table, compiled from the most accurate sources, will show at a glance the successive stao-es in this evolution of the 2:30 trotter : Year. N^umher of Horses u'ith 2:30 or Better. 1844, 1 1850, 5 1860, 34 1870, 181 1880, 1,190 1890, 4,674 1894, 10,000 bitio 11 Mile. A display of speed or action shown at a meeting, usually between heats of a regular by a horse race. Expulsion. By the trotting law expulsion is construed to mean " unconditional exclusion and disqualification from any participation, either directly or indirectly, in the privileges and uses of the course and grounds of a member." It may be imposed for attempting to make fraudulent entries ; allowing use of a member's track by an expelled person or horse ; refusing to afford information ; tampering with a horse ; pulling ; help- ing; breech of decorum or other just cause. All persons expelled for fraud from the trotting turf, stand, also, as expelled by all tracks under control of the Turf, or Racing Congress. Extend. When a horse is put to his speed, and opens out f reelj , he is said to extend. Explained by the quotations : " AVell bootefl, the liorse is not afraid of hitting himself when extended or put to liis speed." " Soiueliorses will not extend themselves unless the rider has spurs on." The complaint that a liorse "can't extend himself" generally applies to a horse that can trot in about three minutes.— Wallace's Monthly. Extension. A term commonly applied to all muscles whose action is to enlarge the angles and by so doing elongate the limbs — but their extension may be forward when the foot is in the air, or backward when the foot is on the ground. Extreme Speed. The utmost limit of a horse's endur- ance at motion ; the greatest effort of which a horse is capable. The extreme speed of the trotter previous to 1820 was at 2:50 to the mile in harness. In 1829, Topgallant went three miles in 8:11; in 1834, the gelding, Edwin Forrest went a mile under saddle in 2:31^; in 1839, Drover paced a mile in 2:28; in ISU, Lady Suffolk trotted under saddle in 2:26^; in 1844, Unknown paced to wagon in 2:23. In the next decade (1854), Flora Temple trotted in 2:19f , and in the same decade the mar- HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 87 veloiis pacing mare, (for her time), Pocahontas, went the mile to wagon in 2:17|-. The stars of the following decade, (1804), were: Dexter '2:i7|, and Lady Thorne, 2:18|. In the next period, (1874), Goldsmith Maid 2:14: Hopeful, 2:14f; Rarus, 2:13^, and Lula, 2:14|, represented the limits of trotting speed. In 1879, St. Julian trotted in 2:12f, but reached his limit, 2:11^, in 1880. In 1884, Jay-Eye-See trotted the mile in 2:10; and in 1885, IVIaud S. trotted in 2:08|, which last was the best time in ISOo, to the high-wheel sulky. In 1892 Nancy Hanks made the mile in 2:04 ; in the same year ]\Iascot paced the mile in the same time, and in 1893 Flying Jib and Algona both paced the mile in 2:04, both against time. Eye. One of the most beautiful organs of the horse and one giving a great insight into his disposition and character. It should be clear, the pupil black, the eyelids thin and com- paratively free from wrinkles. A small eye is usually regarded as indicating a sulky disposition, or one wanting in courage, and is called a " pig-eye." Horses which show a good deal of white in their eyes are almost invariably vicious in temper. It has long been observed that before a kicker makes ready to " let fly " behind, he uncovers a portion of the white of the eye — on the side to which the head is inclined. In normal condi- tion the eye of the horse usually shows but little of the white, except when it turns its head to the rear or inwards. The presence of deep hollows above the eyes is a defect, as it denotes that the horse is old and more or less worn out ; or that either its sire or dam was well advanced in years when it was bred — hence such a mark indicates that the horse is some- what wanting in vigor. It is thought by some that a reddish color to the white of the eye denotes a hardy constitution and staying power. When there is an absence of coloring matter to the eye, it is known as a wall or watch eye. [Law.] Any disease of tlie eye, even from the slightest cold or inflam- mation, nntil It is completely cured, or \intil it has terminated in total blindness, stamps the animal as unsound. But while in some cases it has been decided that total blindness which does not unfit for work is only a blemish; in others, as in case of race horses, blindness is classed as an unsoundness. Tlie j^reat index of character is the eye, and if this be dull, or give fitful flashes of animation in the excitement of coming on to the track, the horse will surely not be nble to do what he ought to do. I never saw a horse that the brilliancy of the eye w;is not heightened by proper training. It may not show as nnich briskness, as there is a pla(nd look acquired wiiich might deceive you at the first glance; but as you look again, there is no glossy, uni'neaning stare, and vou look down into the clear dejuhs till you cannot bnt resolve t'liat such an organ must belong to more than an animal, and that it is a token of a being endowed with that reason which we haughtily arrogate as oidy belonging to man. When the horse is led up to start in a race, this placid look .is changed to one as determined as ever flashed from beneath the brow of ancient knight attempting 88 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. deeds tliat would either heighten his renown to that of the great Arthur himself, or consign him to an honorable grave. A fuming, fretty horse, tliat rears, and pitches, and refuses to come to the score when the time to start has been signaled, has I'arely the look I have attempted to describe. He is either frightened at the remem- brance of unmerited punishment, or is so sore from over or injudi- cious work, that he does not like to start. — Horse Portraiture, Joseph Cairn Simpson. The eye is frequently regarded as the index of the animal's character, biit I have been deceived so often by both kinds, the wild as well as the sulky looking, that I am now disposed to think it often over- estimated as a guide to future performances. — Dr. E. A. A. Grange, v. S., Michigan State College Experiment Station. Face. That part of the front of the horse's head from the eyes to the nostrils. Face of the Track. The surface of a track is called its face. Facing" the Flag. Said of the horses in a running race when they come up for a start, as in the expression, " as fine a field as ever faced the flag." False Quarter. A lesion of the foot similar to sand- crack in appearance, but caused by an interruption of the secreting process at the top of the hoof, which causes it to become soft and spongy ; a defect in the outer wall of the hoof. It is legal unsoundness. Fancy Match. A cross match pair or span of horses, where no attention is paid to having them of the same color; as, black and white, or bay and chestnut, according to the individual fancy of the owner. Farcy. Glanders. The two are one and the same dis- ease, differing only in that glanders is applied to the disease when the local lesions j^redominate in the internal organs, especially in the lungs and air tubes ; and that farcy is the term applied to the disease M^hen the principal manifestation is an outbreak of the lesions on the exterior or skin of the animal. It is legal unsoundness. See Glanders. Far Turn. The turn on the back stretch of the course. Farrier. A word derived from the Latin Ferrum, mean- ing iron ; hence a worker in iron ; a smith who combines the art of horseshoeing with that of the veterinary profession. When the term was first applied it was a title of distinction, for very few had the skill necessary to be a successful farrier. It was a valuable gift, especially when the horse was so inval- uable and necessary an adjunct of war, and in those early days the gift was confined in certain families the members of which were royal favorites. It is said the noble earls of Terrier or Ferrers had such an origin. Fashion. A famous racing mare of the early American turf. Bred by William Gibbons, Madison, N. Y. Foaled, April 26, 1837. By imported Trustee, by Catton; dam, 89 90 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Bonnets o' Blue, by Sir Charles out of Reality, by Sir Arcliy. Chestnut, with star, 15.2 hands high. Fine in every point Mdth a wonderful muscular development. She defeated Boston in the great race on Union Course, Long Island, X. Y., JNIay 10, 1842, in a match for 820,000 a side; four mile heats — time of first heat 7:321; second heat, 7:45. Fashionably Bred. A term which has been rather promiscuously applied to a horse whose ancestors on both sides are of successful producing and prepotent blood, and of such breeding that his services and progeny meet with ready sale at high prices. But such a term is liable to many changes in its application, and often to some disappointment. It possesses little true significance. Faslg- Track. The kite track is often so called from the name of the person who built the first track of this kind in the United States, Mr. William B. Fasig of New York. Father of the Turf. [Eng.] A term applied to Tregonwell Frampton, Esq., of Moreton, Dorsetshire, England, keeper of the running horses at Newmarket, to their majesties, William III, Queen Anne, George I, and George II. He died March 12, 1727, aged 86 years. Favorite. The highest selling horse in a race; the horse most likely to win, in the opinion of the talent. Feather Weig'ht. A feather weight is seventy-five pounds. Fee. The percentage of a purse paid by the person making an entry in such purse or race. The amount varies according to the rules. On the running turf, the fee to a jockey m all races not exceeding 8500 to the winning horse, is 85 for a losing mount, and 815 for a winning mount; and in all other races in the absence of a special agreement, 810 for a losing mount, and 825 for a winning mount — this rule applying only to licensed jockeys. Felloe. The outside circle of a wheel, of wood, or iron, around which the tire is fixed, and to the inside of which the spokes of the wheel are fitted. In some sulky wheels they are made of sheet steel, crescent in shape, to receive the tul3ular pneumatic tire ; in others they are of wood, usually hickory. Felt. A material of which many patterns of horse boots are made. It is an unwoven fabric of wool, short hair, or wool and fur, matted together by pressure, heating, and beating. Its close, inseparable quality is due to the uniting of the ser- rated edges of the wool fibres with each other, which are then compressed under heat and moisture. HANDBOOK OF THE TUllF. 91 Fencer. [Eng.] A term applied to a horse that has been trained to jumping or taking fences. Feral. Unbroken. The colt, when untamed, is said to be in his feral state, or condition. Feinur. The thigh bone. In the horse it is compara- tively short and stout, and placed very obliquely, the lower end advancing by the side of the body, and being so little detached from it that the knee-joint appears to belong as much to the trunk as to the limb. Fetlock. The joint which the cannon-bone makes with the i^astern ; anatomically, the metacarpo-articulation. Fetlock signifies the tuft of hair growing behind the pastern joint, and also the joint itself, and the enlargement made by the bones which form it. Fetter Bone. The great pastern or first phalangeal bone of the horse's foot, succeeded by the coronary and cofiin bone and articulating with the cannon bone at the fetlock joint; the proximal phalanx. Fettle. Condition ; form ; in fine order, as, " he is in splendid fettle to-day." No iinimal ever came to the post in more superb fettle than Newmarket when he won the St. Leger of 1851.— The IJachninton Library : Racing, The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, and W. G. Craven. Field. All the runners or trotters in any race; the horses in a race as opposed to the favorite. To "chop the field " is said of a horse that outstrips the rest, literally beats them. Field Marshal of Trainers. A term applied to the eminent driver, the late Hiram Woodruff. Fielders. Those who buy on the field in the pools, against the choicest or favorites. Fig-hting- the Bit. The action of the horse in train- ing, when dissatisfied with the bit or check, and becoming irri- tated by them ; he is then said to " fight the bit." Why some horses like an over-check and some a side-check, and why- certain bits must be used on certain horses, it is often hard to explain ; but the one fact confronting the trainer is that the moiUh innst be kept right, and the liead rigged with clieck and bit which the liorse will not resent and fight, if satisfactory results are to be accomplislied. — Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin. Figliting" the Flag". A horse is said to be fighting the flag which is trying by hard work to save his distance ; that is, to get within the distance post before the flag drops. Fileree. The common or trivial name in California for a plant known as Alfierilla, erroneously called a "grass." It grows rank and horses are very fond of it. Charles Marvin 92 HANDBOOK OF THE TURP. says : " I consider it far preferable to alfalfa for turf horses." It is the geranium, or Erodium cicutarium of botanists. Filemaker. A celebrated jumping horse owned by Madame jNIarantette, Mendon, Michigan. He jumped 7 ft., 4^ in., at Taunton, Mass., October 7, 1891, the highest jump ever made over the bars in public in the world. Filemaker stands 17 hands high, weighs 1,370 pounds and in making this jump carried 149 pounds. Filled Leg*. A term applied to an enlai'ged or swollen leg, and when from any cause a horse has a trouble like this, he is said to have a leg. Thus Charles Marvin says : " Smuggler had a \&g all through his campaign of 1876." Filly. A female colt or foal ; a young mare. Find the Seat. [Eq.] This is a term used to express the acquiring of a firm, graceful, and proper seat in horseman- ship. An amateur who rides well is said to have "found the seat." Fine. A penalty or punishment imposed upon a rider, driver, or member, for a violation of rules. All fines are required tobe paid on the day when imposed or when demanded, and are paid to the managers of the track, or member of the associations on whose grounds they were imposed, and by them paid to the National or American Association. Fines imposed by either association are recognized and enforced by the other, the same as though originally imposed by it. Fines paid to the American Turf Congress are held as a fund for the benefit of sick, superannuated, or injured trainers and jockeys in good standing in the Congress. Finish. The end of a heat or race. The finish is the most vital j^oint of a race, and it is here that the driver should display his best judgment. The attention should never, even for an instant, be diverted from his horse, as inattention to the horse at the finish has lost many a race. Finished. Used to describe a horse of fine form and condition, as perfect in every respect; symmetrical; without fault ; well finished. Firing" Iron; Cautery Iron. An instrument with which veterinary surgeons perform the act of cauterizing for sprains, wind-puifs, spavins, injured tendons, etc. The usual forms are line, point and needle surfaces — the former being used for superficial, and the latter for pyropuncture, or internal cauterizing. In the last named the needle attached to the iron is of platinum, nine-sixteenths of an inch long ; and of the former there are various patterns. Internal or needle cauter- HAN^DBOOK OF THE TURF. 93 izing is of quite recent introduction, although surface firing is one of the oldest arts in vetei-inary practice. Percivall, the father of modern English veterinary science, said of it : " By the firing irons have horses, originally worth their hundreds of pounds sterling, been raised from the knacker's price to their former value. By the iron has many a broken-down hunter, and many a racer, been joyously restored to his station and rank in the field, where his proudest laurels have been won." As to its value in modern practice The Horseman says : " Scarcely a string of campaigners goes home in the autumn without one or more of its members requiring a visitation of the firing iron. It is extraordinary that this efficacious adjunct to the veterinarian's kit of tools is not more generally used on the legs of light harness horses. Its benefits are lasting and it should often be resorted to as a preventive as well as a curative measure." Flag-, Dropping- the. The signal for the start in all English and most American running races ; also in shutting out horses at the distance post. Flagged Out. The steeple-chase courses from point to finish of a fair hunting country are always flagged out, or indi- cated by a series or line of flags marking the course to be run. Flagman. A distance judge. Flank. That part of the side of the horse which is free from bone and which thinly covers the intestines. Placed between the loins above, the ribs to the front, the thigh and point of the hip to the rear, and the belly below. Flat. [Eng.] The level part of a course, some parts of which are made on up and down grades. In a race across the flat Clincher gave six pounds and an easy beating to Conipass.— The Badminton Library : Racing, the Earl of Suffolk and Berksliire, and W. G. Craven. Flat. A term sometimes used in announcing the time in a heat where there is no fraction, as 2:23 flat. But so used it is i^edantic and has no significance. Flexor Tendon. A muscle whose function is to bend or produce flexion, as opposed to extensor. Flight. A single hurdle is called a '< flight." Flighty. Said of a horse that is uncertain and not to be depended ujDon in a race ; unsteady. Float. A single-cut file for dressing the surface of the teeth. It is usually made adjustable, having a removable file and hinged joint, so that the face of the file will rest on the table of the teeth. 94 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. Float ; Flote. A light dressing-frame for finishing the face of a track. Usually made in sections twelve feet square, of 3 by 3 joist, the middle bar of which has two rows of sharp, fine teeth. Often three of these floats are attached together, one at the rear and outside of the other ; and the float and har- row are often combined in one. Floating". The act of rasping or filing the horse's teeth to give them a uniform and regular surface. When the teeth become irregular with ragged and sharp edges from uneven wearing, and they begin to cut and lacerate the cheeks on the inside, producing ulceration and inflammation, the horse does not gather or masticate his food properly, and is soon out of condition in consequence. To ascertain this, place the front finger of the right hand inside the horse's upper lip and shove it along his grinders of the upper jaw, and if they appear ragged and sharp on the inside corners, it is an indication that they should be repaired. Fly-float. One who really knows little or nothing about racing, but who fancies himself thoroughly initiated in all its mysteries. Fly the Track. AVhen a horse in a race bolts instantly to one side, he is said to " fly the track." Flyer. A fast horse. Foal. The young of the horse kind. Foot. The terminal part of the leg upon which the body rests. While from the standpoint of the comparative anatomist the foot of the horse includes all the leg from the knee and hock down, what is called the foot being in reality the last joint of the toe ; from the standpoint of the practical horseman the foot is understood to mean the hoof. Its internal frame- work consists of the small pastern, or lower end of the coronet bone ; the coffin or pedal bone which is within the hoof, and the small sesamoid or navicular bone extending across the back part of the coffin-bone. In the rear of the hoof is the support- ing framework known as the elastic cushion or frog. Within this outward box or hoof the union of all the parts of the foot is secured by a series of from five to six hundred minute leaves, (laminae), a complete fibrous network of secreting surfaces, soft, yielding and tough, the whole forming one of the most wonderful pieces of mechanism found in the whole animal economy. A description of all the parts of the foot Mill be found under their several names in different parts of this work. The defects of the foot may be severally due to wrong propor- tions of conformation or axis, and of the quality of the horn. Thus the foot may be too large, too small, too narrow, unequal ; HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 95 it may be flat ; full ; pumiced ; having bunions ; and with high, low, or sloping heels ; it may be out-bowed ; club-foot ; cross- foot, or crooked ; the foot may be soft ; dry ; brittle, or have weak heels. The sound, healthy, perfect foot is by far the most important part of the animal, and its care should receive the closest and most intelligent attention. The unshod foot of a horse on favorabh? soil and snffioiently exercised, is a type of beauty and perfeeliou. Coiiipared to the (ooi tiiat lias bei-n'shod, if is lai'ue, strong, as wide as ioii tlian internally, and of equal heiglit at its quarters. Viewed in i)rotile, the line of toe lias a mean iueiiuatiou of about fifty degrees for the lore, and sixty degrees for the hind feel ; the lieiglit of tlie heels is eoual to at least one-lialf of the height of the toe. Viewed from l)eliind, the heels of the standard foot are well separated, equal, of the same height, and fall vertically to the ground, especially the internal, which is sensibly more vertical than the external. Viewed from below, its sole is holh)W and thick, the frog strong, liealthy, and quite hard; the bars neither too high, straight, nor too much inclined; the toe and mainmae of the wall and the sole are perceptibly worn from usage. The liorn of the sound foot is black or dark gray; the wall smooth and shiny, showing its fibrous structure. Such are the characteristics of the virgin foot. —The Exterior of the Horse, Gou- baux and Barrier. In the manifestation of his strength and the due performance of his useful qualities the horse must rely upon the soundness of his feet, as in them are concentrated the efforts created elsewhere, and on them depeiui not only the sum total of tliese propulsive powers being properly expended, but also the solidity and just equilibrium of the whole animal fabric. Hence it is wisely considered that the foot of the horse is the most important part of all the locomotory system; and that all the splendid qualities possessed by tlie noble creature may be diminisheil in value or hopelessly lost, if through disease or accident, natural or acquired defects, or other causes, this organ fails to perform its allotted task. — Horse Shoes and Horse Shoeing, George Fleming, LL. D., F. R. C. V. S. Many persons believe that feet with dark colored horn are stronger and able to staiul the wear and tear of hard work better than the light colored ones, but our experience has failed to demonstrate the truth of this idea. The white foot will show the invasion of the part by inflammation more percteptibly, which we think is the cause of disease often being noticed in the white one when a similar com- plaint would, and often does, pass unnoticed in the dark colored foot.— Dr. E. A. A. Grange, V. S., Michigan Agricultural College Experiment Station. Foot-board. An adjustable platform which is confined to the rear of a break cart, upon which the driver can step and ride, before he has sufficient confidence in his colt to warrant him in mounting the seat. When not wanted it may be entirely removed. Foot-scald. An injury caused by paring the sole too close and then shoeing with light, thin shoes, causing tender- ness in the foot. Force. That action between two bodies which changes or tends to change their relative condition as to rest or motion ; or which changes any physical relation between them. The power exerted by a horse in motion, whether in drawing a load or in the performance of great speed. 96 HANDBOOK OF THE TUEF. The strongest propulsive force of either of the legs is given with the anterior one in eacli stride; indeed, it is so strong as to raise the center of gravity several inclies above tlie horizontalline of motion. —The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Slilhnan. If tlie horse's nose is tlirown u}i in tlie air it gives him a force of resist- ance equal to tvi^o liundred ])OMnds; tliis force will be reduced to one hundred pounds when the liand is brouglit half way towards a perpendicular position; to fifty pounds when brought still nearer that position, and to nothing when perfectly placed. — Method of Horsemanshii), F. Baucher. Forearm. That part of the fore leg between the shoulder and the knee. It is generally conceded that long arms, com- paratively speaking, are found in horses of great speed ; and countless measurements by experts appear to indicate that in general the length of the arm is greater in the roadster than in the draft horse. Forehead. The upper part of the face. It extends down to a line joining the inner angle' (canthus), of each eye, and reaches as high as the forelock and base of the ears. Forehead Band. That part of the bridle which forms the browband or front, and goes across the horse's forehead. Fore Leg ; Fore Liinh. The anterior or forward legs of the horse. All the joints of the fore leg from the shoulder downwards are simply hinge-joints, allowing free fore-and-aft flexion and extension, but scarcely any movement in any other direction. Some authorities regard the fore legs as weight- bearers, only; while others believe chey have important func- tions as propellers. Many have an opinion that the fore legs are merely supporters, like the spokes of a wheel. An English writer asserts that their only fund ions are to support the center of gravity and Iceep out of the way of the propellers; the hind legs. But tlie best aiil horities say that they are not oidy supports, but act as propellers in turn, although the anterior ones do the greater share of this work.— The Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillman. Forelock. A tuft of hair which lies between the ears, and is a continuation of the mane. It naturaUy falls over the forehead between the eyes. Foreign Horse. A foreign horse is regarded by the rules of the American Turf Congress, as one foaled out of the United States. No such horse can start in any race until proper certificates stating his age, pedigree, color, and other marks by which it may be identified, have been produced by its owner to the satisfaction of the association or racing club. Forfeits. A forfeit is that to which the right is lost by one's own act or failure to act, or by a breach of conditions. By the trotting law failure to appear in all stakes and matches, refusal to answer protest, fraudulent entry, and collusion to violate published conditions of race, constitute forfeits. For- HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 97 feit money is not released by the death of the horse engaged. By the rules of the Tui-f Congress owners and horses may be suspended for non-payment of forfeits ; no horse can start in a race against which a forfeit order is lodged until it is paid, and if any transfer is made for the purpose of avoiding payment of forfeit orders or any disqualification, the person making and receiving such transfers may be fined or ruled off. Forg"e ; Forging. Overreaching ; clicking. The act by which the horse strikes the fore shoe, or heel or quarter of the fore foot, with the toe of the shoe of its hind foot, by reason of the fore feet not being taken up quickly enough when the horse is in motion. It rarely occurs except when the horse is going fast, and is most common with running and trotting horses, gen- erally taking place when the animal breaks from a trot to a run. It is due to defective conformation or faulty shoeing. In the former case the stifle is generally set straight and the toes of their hind feet are inclined inward. To overcome this defect the action in front should be quickened. For this purpose use a scoop-toe rolling-motion shoe forward, beveled on the inside, with most of the weight in the toe, concaving the shoe on the ground surface in order that the hind foot may not strike under the toe when the foot is lifted. By shortening the toe of the fore foot it will be assisted in getting over early, and thus pass out of the way of the hind member. The shoe on the front feet should be short, so as to have as little ground surface as possible. Forks. The upright guards or supports of the wheel to the pneumatic sulky, which extend from the ends of the axle- cone to the axle of the sulky. In a sulky which has been changed over from a high w^heel to a " bike," they form the upright supports connecting the axle-cone of the wheel to the axle-socket of the sulky. With the braces which extend from the lower end of the forks to the thill or shaft, they form the support to the wheel and act as a guard in which the wheel plays. Form. Condition ; spirit ; appearance. When it is said that a horse is in fine form it is meant that he is in excellent condition for his work or performance ; and loss of the trotting or racing form is due to excessive racing or repeated fast heats. The word form is also used to denote age, as "in his three-year- old form," etc. When we say that a horse is in form we intend to convey the idea that he is in liigli condition and fit to run. So, again, tlie word is used in still anotlier sense; for we speak of a liorse's form when we wisli to allude to his power on the turf, as compared with other well Icnown animals. Thus, if it be supposed that two three-year-olds, carrying 7 98 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. the same weight, would nin a mile and a half and come in abreast, it is said tliat tlie form of one is equal to that of the otlier. — Tlie Horse in the Stable and Field, J. H, Walsh. Foul. The act cxf violating any rule or established usage ; irregular or disorderly conduct ; the act of fouling, colliding, or otherwise impeding one's motion or progress in a race ; improper riding or driving. The trotting rules punish all offenses com- ing under the head of fouls, by fine, suspension, or expulsion ; fouls applying to any act of a fraudulent natm-e, and to any unprincipled conduct such as tends to debase the character of the turf in the estimation of the public. Judges only notice or consider complamts of fouls which are reported by the distance flagman and patrol judges, and from owners, riders, or drivers in a race. By the rules of the Turf Congress persons guilty of foul riding are ruled off the course. Foul Kicliug; Foul Driving". Any act on the part of driver or rider in a race which interferes with, or impedes the progress of another horse, causing him to change his com^se or shorten his stride, w^hen by so doing an unfair advantage is gained. In such cases the offending horse is not given the heat, but is placed behind all the unoffending horses in the heat. Such acts are punishable by fine, suspension, or expulsion, according to the discretion of the judges. By the laws of the Turf Congress expulsion from riding for life is always the pun- ishment for preventing a horse from winning in steeple chase and hurdle races, or in a clear case of fraud. Founder ; Chest Founder. See Laminitis. Four-in-Hand. A team of four horses matched or harnessed for the pm'pose of being driven to a single vehicle. At Cleveland, Ohio, in September, 1882, the four-in-hand of Mr. W. J. Gordon trotted a mile in 2:26, and then repeated it in 2:28. This is probably the most remarkable performance of the kind that was ever made in the world. Fox-trot. The gait of a horse which is a modification of the true trot. While it is not a true diagonal motion it departs from it simply in the fact that the fore foot touches the gTound slightly in advance of the diagonal hind foot. It is, perhaps, the slowest of the distinctive or artificial saddle gaits, but it is above all others an all-day gait, and a horse possessing it to perfection wdll no doubt make a longer journey from sun- rise to sunset, under saddle, than at any other gait, and at night neither horse nor rider will be seriously tired. The rate of speed is from six to seven miles an hour. The horse when going at this gait should always be ridden with a loose rein, as he generally carries his head low. [Local : Kentucky ; Tennessee. HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 99 Foxliall. The famous American horse which won the French Derby, the Grand Prix of Paris, and the Grand Duke Michael stakes ; also the Cesare witch and Cambridgeshire handi- caps at Ascot Heath, England, in 1881. By King Alfonso, by Phaeton, (sire of Ten Broeck, who, in his day, lowered the records at one, two, three, and four miles) ; dam, by Lexington Owned by Mr. Pierre Lorrillard, and at the head of the Belle Meade stud, Tennessee. In the great double event at Ascot, gave away weights to nearly every notable horse of his age in England, and some Derby winners of former years were behind him at the finish. In seven times Foxhall won as a three-year- old, £10,870. Foxj^ A term used to describe oats w^hich have been heated in bulk when not perfectly dry and undergone fermen- tation to some extent. They have a pink, or reddish color, an unpleasant smell, and a bitter taste. When given to horses they act injuriously upon the kidneys causing diabetes and loss of condition. Frank Forrester. The pen name, or nom de plume, by which Henry William Herbert, a celebrated M^riter on horses and horsemanship, is best known in the United States. He was born in London, Eng., April 7, 1807, and died at Xew York, May 17, 1858. His magnificent work on the " Horse and Horsemanship of the United States and British Provinces of North America," forms a fitting monument to his genius and ability ; while his smaller and thoroughly practical books are yet regarded as trustworthy guides in every stable. Free-for-aU. A sweepstakes race open to all horses. Free Handicap. A race in which no liability is incurred for entrance money, stake or forfeit, until acceptance of the weight allotted, either by direct acceptance or omission to declare out. Free Track. Any track or course not in membership with the Xational or American trotting associations, where no rules are enforced, and where an expelled man can trot his horses as well as any man not expelled, is termed a "free track." Frog. The triangular buffer which is in the center of the ground surface of the hoof, so called because when untouched by the knife it bears some resemblance to a crouching frog. The frog is divided into two equal parts by a deep fissure, extending from its apex in front to the base. The horn of the frog is produced in the same manner as the sole, but it differs from both the wall and sole, in that the horn is soft, moist, and elastic to a remarkable degree. There was an old opinion that 100 HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. the frog was intended as a protection to the inner part of the foot, and that it ought not, therefore, to touch the ground. This led to the practice of making the heel of the shoe high in order to protect the frog ; but now the shoe is so set that the frog is allowed to touch the ground, its true function being to destroy the shock of concussion and prevent slipping. The flog, on botli hard and soft ground, is an essential portion of the Aveigiit-bearing face. In the unshod, liealtliy foot jt always projects beyond the level of the sole, and sellete circles, and very often tlie "semi-girdles" of each side are widely separated both above and below. Tiiese semi-girdles are sometimes called arclies. — The Horse, William Henry Flower, C. B. Girth. A leather strap passing under the belly of a horse for the purpose of securing the saddle or a part of the harness in place. The main saddle girth should be broad and soft with a reinforced backing. Girth liine. A line encircling the body of a horse at a point just back of the withers, and four inches back of the fore legs. Give and Take. An old term used to describe a race in which horses carried weight according to their height. The standard height was taken at fourteen hands, and the horse that height was obliged to carry nine stone, (126 pounds). Seven pounds were taken from the weight for every inch below fourteen hands, and seven pounds added for every inch above fourteen hands. A few pounds additional weight was regarded as so serious a matter, that it was said seven pounds in a mile race Avas equivalent to a distance. Give Him a Repeat. A term used in working a horse when he is given a dash of two miles, the words meaning an exercise of a mile and repeat. 108 HAXDBOOK OF THE TURF. Given the Needle, It is said of a horse that has been doped or drugged, that he has been " given the needle " — mean- ing an injection by means of a hypodermic needle. Glanders. The most loathsome disease to which the horse is subject. It was described by Greek veterinarians as early as A. D. 381, and in 1G82, an accurate account of the nature of the disease was published by Sallysel, the stable mas- ter of Louis XIV., of France. Glanders is characterized by a peculiar deposit with ulceration, on tlie membrane of the nose and in the lungs ; and farcy — which is one and the same dis- ease modified by the cause which originates them — by deposits of the same material and ulcerations of the lymphatics of the skin. The former is the more active form of the disorder ; the latter is the slow type fastening upon general debility. Each has its acute and chronic form, the former usually resulting from inoculation, and is always fatal — there is no known cure. Dr. James Law says the treatment in all its forms and of acute farcy with open sores, " should be legally prohibited because of the danger to man as well as animals." Always consult a vet- erinary inspector or official commissioner. It is without doubt the worst form of unsoundness in horses. [Law.] The moment tlmt symptoms of jrlaiiders appear in a horse — indications of the ineipiency of tlie disease — tiiat is, if he really have the seeds of it in him, lie is unsound, although it may be some time before the disease becomes fully developed in its niost offen- sive conditions, and it is the future history of the case which is to show whetlier it was the glanders or not. — Massachusetts Reports, 10 Gushing, (1857), 520. Glomes of the Frog. The rounded projections or ends of the branches of the frog are called the glomes, forming the lower part of the heels. Gloves. In the steel protected driving gloves the fingers are protected by small, flat steel staples. The gloves always con- tinue soft and pliable, and they are very strong and durable. G. N. H. [Eng.] The letters signify Grand National Hunt, a steeple chase run over different courses each year. Go. The magic word that starts all the horses of the trotting field ; one for which drivers listen with intense desire as it gives them the right to a fair race and no favor. Go as They Please. A race in which it is held that the performance shall be in harness, to wagon or under the saddle ; but after the race is commenced no change can be made in the manner of going, and the race is held to have com- menced when the horses appear on the track. Go to Pieces. A horse that is unmanageable in a race or lieat, is unsteady, flighty, acts badly, and wiU not settle to a gait, is said to " go to pieces." HAKDBOOK OF THE TURF. 109 Go With His Horse. A phrase signifying that the rider should give himself up completely to the motion and spirit of his horse, on the great strides of the finish. G-odoIpliin Arabian. One of the three famous horses upon which rests the foundation of the modern English thor- oughbred. ]le was a brown bay, stood about 15 hands high, with an unusually high crest, arched almost to a fault. lie was probably foaled about 172-1 ; and although called an Arabian, w^as unquestionably a Barb. Said to have been imported into England from France, and it is said he had actually been in use as a cart horse in the streets of Paris, from which ignoble posi- tion he was rescued by Mr. Coke, who presented him to Mr. Williams, keej^er of the St. James Coffee House, by whom he was presented to Lord Godolphin, hence his name. He died at Gogmagog, Cambridgeshire, in 1753, being, as is supposed, in his twenty-ninth year. Despite his unknown blood and breed- ing, it is generally conceded that he contributed more to the quality of the thoroughbred horse, than any other stallion either before or since his time. Going for the Gloves. Betting with utter disregard to means of payment. Going" Within Himself. When a horse is making high speed w4th perfect ease, he is said to be " going within himself." Gameness and condition and all that won't prevail over a competitor tliat can throw dust In your eyes while going within himself.— Training the Trotting Horse, Charles Marvin. Good Breaker. A horse so trained that he recovers quickly in breaking ; one which instantly settles to his gait after a misstep in which he breaks. Wedgewood was a good breaker. — Life with the Trotters, John Splan. Good Day, Good Track. When a match is made " good day, good track," it means that all the conditions must be favorable or the race will not take place. Not only must the weather be fair but the track also must be in good condi- tion. Even if the day be pleasant, and a rain on the previous day has rendered the track soft or unfit for the race, the match cannot occur. Good Hands. [Eq.] Good hands in horsemanship may be described as the happy art of using the reins so as to restrain the horse by delicate manipulation and not by mere hauling at the mouth, and to enable the rider to conform to the movements of his mount in the best possible manner. A very essential requisite in every man, in order to become a good horseman and rider, is tiie quality known as good hands; witliout this, most bits on awkward liorses "are ineffectual. Good hands with 110 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. ' almost any kind of bit, providing the horse gets a good amoTint of work, will generally have the effect of making him go quietly in time.— The Praeticai Horse Keeper, George Fleiiiing, LL.D., V.S. A light, yet firm, an elastic, yet steady hand on the rein is wliat is wanteil. — Charles Marvin. Goodwood Races. So called from Goodwood Park, the seat of the Duke of Richmond, in which they are held. The park is in Sussex, three miles from Chichester, Eng. The races begin the last Tuesday in July of each year, and continue four days, in which Thursday, which is called Cup Day, is the principal. These races, being held in a private park, are very select and are admirably managed. Goodwood Park was pur- chased by Charles, First Duke of Richmond, of the Compton family, then resident in the village of East Lavant, and the races were begun by the Duke, who died in 1806. Gr. m. These letters in a summary or list of entries following the name of a horse, signify gray mare. Grain Burnt; Burnt Up. Said of a horse in a shrunken, fevered, pinched condition, w^hich has been caused by having been fed too much grain ; the result of forced feeding of grain and too little hay ; especially noticeable among horses kept in city stables. It is very seldom that the condition is due to constitutional defect. Grand Circuit. A term applied to the great American trotting circuit which includes iSTew York, Springfield, Buffalo, Rochester, Utica, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Detroit, and other cities, changes in the number being due from year to year to local causes. Originally called the Grand Central Circuit. Grease ; Canker ; Scratches. A specific affection of the heels of horses, associated with the growth of a parasitic fungus ; an offensive discharge from the numerous oil-glands, and often the formation of red, raw excrescences from the sur- face known as grapes. " It is," says Dr. Edward Mayhew, M. R. C. V. S., in his important w^ork on the diseases of the horse, " a disgrace to every person connected with the building in which it occurs ; it proves neglect in the proprietor, and want of fitness or positive idleness in the groom." Until cured, grease is an unsoundness. Great Trochanter. A muscle situated in the haunches whose office is to give speed to the movements of the hind leg, abduct the thigh, and assist in rearing. The length and volume of its muscular fibers enable it to keep up a sustained action from the time the hind foot takes the ground or in advance of the center of gravity, until it leaves it after completing its propulsive effect. When the foot is off the ground it furnishes the sinews of war offensive and defensive. The distance from the insertion to the fulcrum or head of the bone being so short, it causes the foot when free from the ground to move with great velocity.— Tlie Horse in Motion, J. D. B. Stillmau. ■ HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. HI Green Horse. A horse that has never trotted or paced for premiums or purse, either double or single. Grinding. A peculiar grinding motion of the hind foot upon the ground, which attends the articulation of the hind feet of some horses. Like stringhalt and cocked ankles, grinding is not only confined to the hind limbs and feet, but entirely among four footed animals to the horse. The action is a grinding motion of the heel sometimes outwardly, some- times inwardly. It is performed through the agency of some of the ligaments that are not sufficiently powerful to act in opposition to the flexor and extensor tendons. All the methods known to farriery have been used to prevent it, but absolutely in vain. Grog-g-iness ; Groggy Gait. A term applied to the peculiar knuckling of the fetlock joint, and the tottering of the w^hole of the fore leg. It is difficult to locate it in any partic- ular joint, and it seems oftenest to result from a want of power in the ligaments of the joints generally, produced by frequent strains, severe sprains, or by ill-judged and cruel exertion. It is a legal unsoundness. Groom ; Grooming. One having the care of horses ; the act of dressing or cleaning a horse. The grooming which each horse receives should be adapted to its individual peculiar- ities, and particular attention should be paid to the brushes and instruments used in the operation. Some horses can be rub- bed with a stiff brush, others must have a very soft one — a wisp of straw or a soft cloth. After the dandruff and dirt have been removed, the best grooms rarely resort to anything else than the palms of the hands and sides of the arms up to the elbows — as nothing else will so make the coat smooth and glossy. Grossness. Superfluous flesh ; an undesirable quality or characteristic in a horse for speed or road purposes. Grunting. A peculiar sound connected with the emis- sion of the breath when the animal is suddenly moved, or started, or struck at. If the horse grunts at such times he is further tested for roaring. Grunters are not always roarers, but as it is a common thing for a roarer to grunt, such an animal must be looked upon with suspicion until he is thoroughly tried by pulling a load, or being made to gallop up hill. Guaranteed Stake. A stake with a guarantee by the party or association opening it, that the sum shall not be less than the amount named ; the prize being the total amount of money contributed by the nominators, all of which belongs to 112 HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. the winner or the winners ; although such stake does not entitle the giver to any excess, unless so stated in the published conditions. Guards of the Bit. The side-pieces or cheeks attached to the ends of the bit, connected with which are rings for receiving the reins and cheek pieces of the headstall or bridle. Guard-rail. The pole around the inner circle of a race track ; the hub rail. Gullet-plate. The iron arch under the pommel of the saddle. Gums. The fleshy parts of the sockets of the teeth. Guy. Bay gelding; foaled 1880. By Kentucky Prince ; dam, Flora Gardiner, by Seely's American Star. Holding the World's record to close of 1893; one mile to wagon, made at Detroit, Michigan, July 18, 1893, in 2:13. H Half Forfeit. As a definition of the half forfeit system in running races take the following example : A sweepstake for three-year olds, $50 each, half forfeit; $1000 added, of which $200 to second, $100 to third, etc. In such a race each horse that started would pay $50, and each horse that sub- scribed to the stake and failed to start would owe $25, (half forfeit) ; or in other words would owe a sum equal to half of the starting fee. At the East if not paid, the owner of the horse and the horse against which the forfeit existed would be put in the forfeit list, and the owner's entries and the horse's entry, if sold, would not be accepted to future races until the forfeit was paid. In the West an order would be issued against the owner and horse, and if the forfeit were lodged the owner could not start a horse nor could the horse start, until payment was made. As a rule, all entrance money and forfeits go to the winner. Thus, there is this difference to the forfeit systems East and AVest : In the East the clubs collect through the forfeit list for the winner ; at the West orders are issued to the winner and he does his own collecting by lodging forfeits with the secretary when the horse or owner are start- ing in races. At the South the clubs have entirely discarded the forfeit system, and make the stakes entirely on the cash entrance plan. Half-g'viarcls to a bit is a compromise between the snaf- fle and the common bridoon with rings only. Instead of full guards both above and below the rings to rest upon the cheek and prevent the bit from being drawn through the mouth, only that part or half of the guard below the ring or bar, is retained. Half Mile Running. World's record to close of 1893 : Geraldine, at Morris Park, West Chester, N. Y., August 30, 1889, 0:46. Heat race: Aged horses, Bogus, 113 lbs., at Helena, Montana, August 28, 1888, 0:18 ; 0:48. Four-year-olds, Eclipse Jr., Dallas, Texas, November 1, 1890, 0:48; 0:48; 0:48. Halters are made in considerable variety, being plain neck of either leather or rope, and leather headstall with rope tie. These are of many patterns ; plain, or with fancy trim- mings in brass and nickel, in black or russet leather. Web 8 113 114 HAI^DBOOK OF THE TURF. halters are in scarlet, blue, and other colors. One of the best practical halters is the ordinary leather headstall, with fore- head, throat and nose-bands, on which should be a ring under the chin for attaching a rope, chain or leather strap. Halter-Breaking-; Haltering-. The act of accus- toming a colt to the use and discipline of the halter ; one of the first lessons in colt education. Halter-Pulling. One of the very worst faults a horse can have, the result of defective and ignorant training. A person is never safe with a horse that has contracted this habit, and it is a habit very hard to overcome. The best method is to take an ordinary halter, having a lead sufficiently long to pass through the halter-ring, then back between the fore legs and under a surcingle, and attach to a strap around the ankle of one hind foot. Be careful that the halter-ring is sufficiently strong to resist the pull. As the colt pulls on the halter it draws both ways — upon the head in front,, and also on the hind foot. The colt will find that by stepping forward the pull upon the hind foot will lessen, and he will rarely make more than two or three attempts to pull back. This treatment should never be attempted when the colt has the harness on, but always when in the stall or when hitched to a post. After this treatment, kindness and gentleness will com- plete the w^ork of reform from this extremely bad fault. Hambletonian, Rysdyk*s. Founder of the greatest trotting family the world has ever seen. Foaled May 5, 1849, at Sugar Loaf, Orange County, N. Y. Bred by Wm. M. Rysdyk. By Abdallah, (son of thoroughbred ^Mambrino, by imported JNlessenger, and a trotting mare called Amazonia, pedigree unknown) ; dam, the Charles Kent mare, by imported Bellfounder, a Norfolk trotter; second dam, One-Eye, by Bishop's Hambletonian, a thoroughbred ; third dam, Silvertail, by imported Messenger. lie was a beautiful bay, with both hind feet white, and a small star in forehead. His shoulders and quarters were so massive that his exceptionally round barrel seemed somewhat light. His neck was short and straight, and he had a large, coarse head, though it was bony and expressive. He stood firm and solid, on feet perfect in shape and texture ; and his legs were flat, clean, heavily mus- cled, and free from gumminess or swelling, even when he was old. His rump was rather round, than sloping, and his tail was set low and carried low. He stood 15.1 at the withers, and 15.3 at the rump. His knee was 13|- inches in circumfer- ence, his hock 17|- inches in circumference. From the center of the hip-joint to the point of the hock he measured HANDBOOK OF THE TURF. 115 41 inches, and from the point of the stifle to the point of the hock, the length of his thigh was 24 inches. His chief points of excellence were his long, trotting gait, his muscular development, and the fine quality of his bones and sinews. He was never engaged in a race, and never had a record at any rate of speed ; but as a three-year-old he trotted in public on Union Course, L. I., in 2:48^. Forty of his sons and daughters have made records ranging from 2:17| to 2:30, including Dexter, 2:17|; Nettie, 2:18, and Orange Girl, 2:20. One hundred and thirty-eight of his sons are sires of eleven hundred and one trotters, and seventy-one pacers, with records ranging from 2:08| to 2:30 ; and sixty-nine daughters, (to the close of 1893), have produced eighty-seven trotters and two pacers, with records of 2:30 or better. " He is not only first as a sire of trotters, but as the progenitor of the producers of trotters, both male and female, he is incomparably above all others of his generation." He died at Chester, N. Y., March 27, 1876. Hammering'. Punishing a beaten horse ; or whipping a horse at the finish when it is impossible for him to win, are acts known as "hammering." Hamstring. The great tendon or sinew at the back of the hock on the hind leg of the horse. Hand. A measure of four inches ; the standard division of measurement for horses ; a palm. Hand-Gallop. [Eng.] Explained by the quotation : The hand-gallop is play; the pace of i)leasure parties not hurried; of hunting men going'to cover with a half hour to spare.— Book of the Horse, Samuel Sidney. Hand-Loops. Loops attached to reins for the purpose of getting a better control of the horse, and managing him more easily. There are usually three hand-loops, or straps, to each rein, about one foot apart. Handicap. An extra burden placed upon, or a special requirement made of, a superior competitor in favor of an inferior, in order to make their chances of winning more equal. In a horse race the adjudging of various weights to horses dif- fering in age, power or speed, in order to place them all, as far as possible, on an equality. Handicapper. An officer of the turf assigned to deter- mine the amount of the handicaps in a race or contest of speed. It is said that an experienced handicapper can so weight two horses of different ages and different degrees of power, that they will run to a head-and-head finish. Handicap Race. A race for which the horses are 116 HANDBOOK OF THE TTJEF. weighted according to their merits, in the estimation of the handicapper, for the purpose of equalizing their chances of winning. We never conld see any object in handicap racing, except to enable a poor horse to beat a good one. To this we may add tiie opportunity to bet Avlietlier tliis horse can caiTy ten or twenty pounds more weiglit tlian that one, and beat him.— Wallace's Montlily. Handler. One who breaks, educates or handles colts, giving them their first lessons in good service, as distinguished from a trainer or driver in races. Handling' Reins. Keins used in handling, or educa- ting colts to the bit. They are usually made of hard rope line, about fifteen feet long, with loops, or handles made of double plaited rope the size of an ordinary clothesline. They are fastened t>y spring hooks to the rings of the bit, and pass through t'^rrets on the pad of the surcingle, to the hands of the person handling the colt. Hands on the Reins. [Eq.] A great English rider has said : " One oitght to ride as though he had a silken rein in his hand as fine as hair, and that he was afraid of breaking it." The rider should ncA^er keep a dead pull on the reins, but " give and take," so that the horse may understand his wishes by the feeling of his mouth. Hang ovit tlie Prizes. A term used in referring to the premiums, stakes and purses published in the programme of a race meeting. To " hang out," is to offer certain prizes. Haras. A French term denoting a stud of horses, and applied generally to the stud establishment of the National government. These breeding establishments are governed by strict regulations, and a law of August 14, 1885, also provides for an inspection as to the character and somidness of the stallions in private ownership, which may be advertised for public use, and the law is rigidly enforced. It provides that a stallion cannot be employed without being first approved and authorized by the Administrator of the Haras — or master of the stud — and he must haA^e a certificate that he is free from certain specified unsoundnesses. This certificate is in force for only one year, and is not issued until an expert official examination of the animal has been made. Violations are punished by fines imposed on the driver and groom. Every owner of a stallion advertising his horse for breeding purposes must notify the Prefect, and the animal is inspected by a com- mittee, consisting of a veterinarian, a breeder and a govern- ment inspector. Terms like " the flower of the haras," " the gem of the haras," are often met with in turf journals or HANDBOOK OF THE TUKF. 117 books, meaning the very choicest and finest bred of the ani- mals in the stud. Hard Mouth. When a horse has a confirmed hard mouth it is regarded as a serious vice. Harem. A term applied to a collection of brood mares. Harness. The working-gear, or tackle, of a horse, to connect him to a sulky or vehicle. It consists of the following parts : Crown-piece ; cheek-piece ; front ; blinds ; nose-band ; bit ; curb ; check ; throat-latch ; rein ; breastplate ; martin- gale ; trace-tug ; trace ; saddle ; turrets ; belly-band, (girth) ; turn-back, (ba