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THE STUU, 
 
 PRACTICAL PURPOSES AND PRACTICAL MEN. 
 
 A 2 
 
London : 
 
 Spottiswoodes and Shaw, 
 
 Kew-street- Square. 
 
THE STUD, 
 
 PEACTICAL PURPOSES AND 
 PRACTICAL MEN. 
 
 HARRY IIIEOVER, 
 
 AUTHOR OF " THE POCKET AKD THE STUD. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER-KOW. 
 1849. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 The indulgence of the public and the press 
 towards my former works has induced me to write 
 the present one as a companion to my last — 
 " The Pocket and the Stud." That chiefly treats 
 of stable economy, and the management of the 
 horse ; this, I hope, will be found an aid to 
 those in search of one. Numerous as are the 
 works devoted to this subject, a perusal of this 
 will show that I have at least occupied wholly 
 untrodden ground ; for I have not confined 
 myself merely to stating the perfections to be 
 sought for in the horse, but the imperfections 
 that may be tolerated ; hence, startling as the 
 idea may (to some) appear, this is not a work 
 pretending to put the reader in the way of getting 
 a perfect horse, but positively and unequivocally 
 recommending, under certain circumstances, and 
 in certain cases, the purchase of an imperfect one. 
 
 A 4 
 
VI PREFACE. 
 
 Men accustomed to horses will not be at all 
 surprised at my having taken this view of the 
 subject ; well knowing that perfection is not to be 
 got, and that the selection or rejection of a horse 
 should not depend upon any existing imperfec- 
 tion, but upon its extent at the time of purchase, 
 and its probable result. 
 
 In a subordinate way there is, moreover, some- 
 wdiat of a spirit of philanthropy in the work, if 
 the term may be allowed figuratively to apply to 
 horse as well as man, for it comes in aid of the 
 unfortunate. The purchaser is unfortunate if he 
 cannot find a good horse ; the horse is still more 
 so, if he cannot find a good master. Now, if my 
 humble efforts are conducive in bringing both to- 
 gether, the purchaser will be fortunate — and the 
 horse likewise ; and ten thousand times more for- 
 tunate shall I be than either, if from that circum- 
 stance this work should find some favour in the 
 eye of the public. 
 
 H. H. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Introduction - - - - Page 1 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Sound or Unsound ? — That's the Question. — Vague- 
 ness of the Word. — Few Horses unequivocally 
 Sound. — Unsoundness not always a Ground for 
 rejecting a Horse. — "Warranty no Proof of Sound- 
 ness. — Non -warranty not always a Proof of Un- 
 soundness. — Illustrations - - - 9 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 Internal Diseases of the Horse. — Inflammation of 
 the Lungs a Ground for rejecting a Horse. — Cholic 
 and Inflammation of the Bowels, ditto. — Megrim 
 and Staggers. — Bleeding at the Nose - 38 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Permanent Diseases of the Horse. — Glanders in- 
 curable. — Illustrative Anecdote. — Defective Wind. 
 
Ylii CONTEXTS. 
 
 — Circumstances tliat should regulate the Ac- 
 ceptation or Rejection of such a Horse. — Anecdote 
 of John "Warde, Esq. — Defective Wind productive 
 of Debility. — The Author's Advice. — Difference 
 between a bad-winded and a broken-winded Horse. 
 
 — The latter to be instantly rejected. — Roaring 
 and wdiistling. — Defective Sight. — Useful Hints to 
 Purchasers. — Ciiinked Back - - Pafre 50 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 External Imperfections, continued. — Ailments of the 
 Limbs and Feet. — " Down on the Hip." — String- 
 Halt. — Swollen or capped Hocks. — Swellings in 
 the Neck. — Windgalls. — Crooked Fore Legs. — 
 Knuckling over on the hind Posterns. — Ailments 
 common to the Hind Legs. — Bone, Blood, or Bog 
 Spavins. — Thorough Pins. — Splints. — Ailments 
 of the Fore Legs. — Ring Bones and Side Bones. — 
 Contracted Feet. — Sinews. — Corns. — Curbs. — 
 " Unnerved " - - - - 83 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 Habits and Propensities. — Biting. — Different kinds 
 of kicking. — Kicking in the Stable. — Kicking in 
 Harness. — Runaway. — Rearers. — Starting and 
 shying. — Leading with the wrong Leg. — Nervous- 
 ness. — Jibbing Horses. — Cutting — Broken Knees. 
 Bad Feeders. — Low and hi2;li Action - 122 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Points in the make and shape of tiie Horse, more or 
 less desirable- — Physiognomy. — The Neck — 
 Shoulders and Withers. — Low in the Back. — 
 
 Short back Ribs. — Small Feet General Ai)pear- 
 
 ance and Condition of the Horse - Page 176 
 
'&% 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 Having, in several instances, recommended those intending 
 to purchase horses to reject such as are not of a good sort^ 
 the idea suggested itself, that, although the Plates introduced 
 into this work would of course be perfectly useless to those 
 who are good judges, they might be serviceable to those 
 who are not, as a mode of illustrating what I mean by a 
 good sort, and the reverse ; a distinction that very probably 
 may not be quite understood by those to whom I venture 
 to oifer advice. 
 
 To this end I painted two sketches of a good sort and the 
 reverse : in the latter, I meant to show an animal as bad in 
 every point incidental to the horse as he well could be with- 
 out entire deformity. The other I must beg the reader to 
 bear in mind I did not mean as exhibiting perfection, but 
 as precisely what it is called " a pretty good sort for most 
 purposes;" that is, a horse with such points as indicate a 
 capability for most purposes to which gentlemen put horses. 
 I have not made him beautiful, but simply a good-looking 
 horse, with no point about him that a judge would condemn. 
 
 I will now as briefly as possible point out the particular 
 diflferences between the two animals, which, in book phrase, 
 I will call " lessons for young beginners." 
 
 We will begin with the head, or rather ears: those of 
 No. 11. have a pricked cur-like look, rarely if ever seen 
 in well-bred horses ; the brow and forehead is narrow and 
 contracted ; the eyes devoid of all animation, and, if they 
 could exhibit any propensity, it would be a swinish obsti- 
 nacy. The jaw-bones appear close together, affording no 
 freedom to the windpipe; the nasal bone is formed as 
 we only see that of the cart-horse ; the head is put on to 
 
Xll EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
 
 the neck, so as to render its coming towards the breast 
 anatomically impossible, and the neck is inserted in the 
 Wither, so as to prevent any pliability of that part ; it 
 looks as immovable as that of a rocking-horse. The want 
 of any muscle belonging to the shoulder-blades, shows that 
 the saddle must be carried in that forward place indi- 
 cated by the white saddle marks ; the hips are placed so 
 near together that no width or strength of loin can exist 
 between them, nor can they, as in the other horse, act as 
 an efficacious fulcrum to propel the body. The horse with 
 such high set narrow hips, must be as narrow as a hurdle 
 between the rider's legs, the point of the shoulder is heavy 
 as that of a cart-horse, and the shoulder itself devoid of any 
 thing like obliquity ; in fact, fancy a rider on such a horse's 
 back, and it will be seen that his toes must be level with 
 or before the front of the horse's arm. All this, joined with 
 the animal's legs standing so much under, shows that the 
 rider's weight must be thrown so far forward and out of 
 equilibrium, that we should almost expect the rump of the 
 beast to Tit up with us as if sitting on the end of a school - 
 form ; from want of any development of brisket, he must 
 carry his gii^ths just behind his arms, which will be con- 
 stantly galled and sore from the contact. It will be seen 
 that he has quite as muchy?^^^ on him as the other, but no 
 muscle. Supposing the creature to attempt a gallop, he 
 must, as the camelopard does, bring each hind leg outside 
 the fore ones, or he must over-reach every stride he took. 
 His hocks are formed to throw out curbs. His hind fetlocks 
 or pasterns are so depressed that the tension on tlie back 
 tendons of the legs must cause partial or total break down, 
 and his feet stand with the toes so out that he must cut 
 with each inner heel. Thighs he has none ; they are at least 
 so long, thin, and shrunk, that I can only compare them 
 with a wretched, long, shanky, dry American ham, that a 
 friend of mine treated me with lately at breakfast, pur- 
 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Xlli 
 
 chased under the assurance of its being a " Westphalian." 
 Perhaps the way in which the brute carries his tail is in- 
 tended to hide such apologies for thighs. 
 
 On looking at the fore legs, a judge might be tempted to 
 sav, -were ever such legs seen under a horse ? I could assure 
 any one making such a remark, that I frequently see gen- 
 tlemen riding horses, with most perfect satisfaction and con- 
 fidence, with legs very little better; in fact, with some, I am 
 quite sure that their want of bone would be thought ele- 
 gant, nay, perhaps held as demonstrative of high breeding. 
 I really once saw a young gentleman refuse a very fine 
 horse because his legs were not thin and elegant. If we 
 turn to the near fore leg of Xo. I., we shall see it standing 
 as determinately firm as if formed to sustain alone the 
 weight of the whole body of the horse, the feet looking like 
 solid blocks, fit for any roads ; while those of the other are 
 not fellows, but both of as bad formation as possible, and 
 such as must become diseased on the slightest work. 
 
 Fortunately for such legs and feet, the narrowness and 
 depressed formation of the loins and want of muscular de- 
 velopment all along the back, must prevent the animal sus- 
 taining weight for any length of time or distance. 
 
 I have put the creature, that I will not call a horse, in 
 the only place where he could be of any use, namely, in a 
 riding-school, for there he might be used just to teach a 
 beginner to sit on the back of something moveable; and if 
 from bad actions which he must have, cutting his stilts of 
 legs to pieces, which from his feet and ankles, he must do ; 
 or from his shoulders, and the way his legs stand under him, 
 he should come on his nose, which it is almost certain he 
 would do ; the sawdust on the school would make a soft 
 place for rider and horse to fall on. 
 
 If the reader wants a good sort he has only to look at 
 Plate I., and get a horse something like the one represented, 
 and as much better as he can ; he will then not have a very 
 
XIV EXrLAXATIOX OF THE PLATES. 
 
 bad sort. But he may take still further guidance from the 
 engravings ; for If he looks at No. II. and gets a horse in every 
 particular diametrically the reverse of that, he will get 
 something of shape and make also, and one that it would 
 afford me much pleasure to make a portrait of for his 
 purchaser : if, however, he should get any thing bearing 
 the slightest resemblance to the " rayther bad sort," I 
 hope my good intentions in giving the advice I have will 
 plead in my favour that I may never be inflicted with a 
 sight of him. 
 
THE STUD, 
 
 PRACTICAL PURPOSES AXD PRACTICAL MEN. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Many persons would without fear or hesitation 
 enter on the task I have here undertaken : many 
 might very properly do so from being more com- 
 petent to the undertaking ; and many more, from 
 the self- conviction that they are so, would fear- 
 lessly at once plunge into the matter. How they 
 might bring themselves out of it, perhaps, admits 
 of as much doubt as I feel in entering on the 
 subject. 
 
 To decide when it would be altogether prudent 
 to reject or to select any article of purchase is no 
 easy task ; for, in all such cases, there is so much 
 to be considered pro and con ; so many circum- 
 stances to be combined before w^e make up our 
 resolves either way, that it is only by pointing out 
 the consequences of certain objections, that we can 
 
 B 
 
2 THE STUD. 
 
 pretend or hope to guide the judgment of a pur- 
 chaser to his probable advantage. 
 
 Supposing ourselves qualified to do this, so far 
 as regards the generality of persons, we then come 
 to the far greater difficulty of advising as to par- 
 ticular individuals and particular tastes. For 
 instance — 
 
 A lady, for whom I have the greatest possible 
 respect, and who, in most things, has a correct 
 and refined taste, has a piano that has been one, 
 I should say, an honest three-score years ; to my 
 uncultivated ear it is somewhat worse in musical 
 sound than the worst hurdy-gurdy I ever heard 
 ground by some forlorn being wdio gets paid not 
 to horrify the neighbourhood by his music. Yet 
 my friend avers, that, though, in point of compass 
 of notes, both in sound and number, it is not one 
 of Broadwood's last efforts, " it has many sweet 
 notes." I should like to find the man who could 
 direct the judgment of my valued friend in se- 
 lecting what would really be worth having as an 
 instrument. 
 
 Little flattering as may be the assertion, there 
 are many men whose taste and judgment in horses 
 are about on a par with those of my friend in 
 pianos. 
 
 But, independent of the taste or judgment of 
 particular persons about horses — be it mediocre or 
 bad (for this book is not written for good judges), 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3 
 
 — we must consider the qualifications and dis- 
 qualifications that would be respectively most de- 
 sirable or objectionable to the particular party for 
 whom the animal is intended, and by whom it is 
 to be used. This might not be attended with 
 much difficulty, if advising a particular individual ; 
 but it must be apparent to every one, that to 
 discuss or point out the advantage or disadvantage 
 of certain perfections and imperfections as rela- 
 tive to particular purchasers, would take a volume 
 of no portable size and weight. And then we 
 should not probably effect our object, as the faces 
 of persons do not differ more than do their tastes, 
 ideas, and predilections. 
 
 All that can, therefore, be done, or, at least, all 
 I can do, or shall attempt, is to mention, in general 
 terms, the usual consequences or effects of some 
 of the different ailments, habits, action, shape, 
 and qualities of the horse, so far as regards their 
 probable and general influence, as to his utility 
 at such work as he is fitted or intended for. 
 
 In touching on his looks, I shall only do so 
 under the idea that most men wish, in making a 
 purchase, to get that which is likely to do credit 
 to their taste and judgment ; that is, so far as the 
 price given will admit, taking, at the same time, 
 qualifications also into account. 
 
 It may very fairly, and indeed justly, be said, 
 that every eye has its beauty ; and every man has 
 
 B 2 
 
4 THE STUD. 
 
 a perfect right to please his own taste : no one 
 can dispute this. I should only venture to suggest 
 that, if any one puts himself to trouble and expense 
 in keeping any thing, he may as well select a 
 something good-looking of its kind. Now, whe- 
 ther a man makes choice of a gipsy face, or a 
 blonde, for a chere amie, has nothing to do with 
 good taste ; if he is pleased by a beautiful copper- 
 coloured face, tastefully tattooed, he may still lay 
 claim to even classic taste in foreign beauty ; but 
 what would we say of him who selected a form 
 and face, that, every time it was beheld, the very 
 boys shouted, as they did, by his own confession, 
 at poor Billy Barlow, " there goes a guy." 
 
 If any man be sophist enough to aver that 
 he does not care for what others may think of 
 what he has, he deceives himself: he does care : he 
 may, and in many cases would be right in keeping 
 what he likes, instead of giving it up in deference 
 to the opinion of others : but a feeling of regret 
 will creep in if his favourite is not admired, or 
 thought desirable. We live greatly, and indeed 
 by far too much in many cases, for the " eyes of 
 the world ; " and our vanity, being gratified by 
 the admiration of others, constitutes a greater 
 portion of the satisfaction we derive from possess- 
 ing any thing than we may be tempted to allow 
 even to ourselves. 
 
 It may at first strike the reader that I am guilty 
 
INTKODUCTION. 5 
 
 of a ceitain degree of presumption in attempting 
 to guide his taste in the selection of horses, in 
 respect of their looks. I should most certainly be 
 guilty of great presumption if I set up my in- 
 dividual taste, and judgment, as a criterion by 
 which others should be guided. But I do not do 
 so as recrards this matter any more than I do in 
 other particulars : I merely lay before others what 
 are held to be points of beauty, or their reverse, 
 by those whose judgment is to be taken as cor- 
 rect. The only accusation of self-sufficiency that 
 could with justice be brought against me is, the 
 thinking that I do know what are the opinions of 
 good judges and critics in such matters. To this I 
 beg to state, by way of reply, that I have from 
 childhood so constantly heard the opinions of such 
 persons on all things relating to horses, that I 
 really have them by heart ; and, this being the case, 
 I trust the laying of such opinions before the 
 reader may in many cases be serviceable to him : 
 this is the only merit I lay claim to. 
 
 I act precisely on the same principle when 
 treating on the shape, make, and action of horses, 
 which are matters of far more serious import than 
 his looks ; that is, for general purposes, and for the 
 generality of owners ; for, though there are excep- 
 tions to most cases, the man who purchases in 
 conformity with the general opinion of good judges, 
 will unquestionably be far more likely to get that 
 
 B 3 
 
6 THE STCD. 
 
 which will not disappoint him, than he who buys 
 counter to such received opinions ; the man who 
 does the latter, will most certainly find that in 
 almost every case he gets a comparatively worth- 
 less object, as regards probably both looks and 
 utility. 
 
 In treating to a certain point on the ailments 
 incidental to the horse — which I have only done 
 to very limited extent, — by way of excuse for 
 venturing to do so at all, I beg to remark, that 
 the little I do know on such subjects has been 
 learned by attending, as an amateur, numberless 
 lectures on diseases and anatomy, and as many 
 post mortem examinations as I have had oppor- 
 tunity of witnessing, and also from having cut 
 and hacked, for I could in no way call it dissected, 
 various parts of the dead animal ; but far beyond 
 this, from the kindness and liberality of the pro- 
 fession, to w4iom I always had sense enough to 
 apply when in the smallest doubt: and as, in such 
 cases, I applied to the highest in the profession 
 that I could get at, I always found them most 
 cheerfully and liberally aid my wish to gain in- 
 sight into any ailment on which I solicited their 
 opinion. All this certainly has enabled me in 
 many cases to act for myself, that is, for my 
 horses, when good professional assistance was not 
 to be had ; but the more I learned of the nature of 
 diseases and lamenesses, the more I learned the 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 advantnge of calling in better judgment than my 
 own when it w^as at hand, and completed my in- 
 variable resolve of keeping out of my stables — that 
 positive pest — the common soi-disant horse doctor. 
 The remarks I make, therefore, on such subjects 
 are intended to induce the reader to do the same, 
 by showing, to the best of my judgment, what ail- 
 ments are of small importance, and what are of 
 serious import. If he finds (supposing my know- 
 ledge of such matters to be correct) that his horse 
 has only a trifling ailment, he will do wisely by 
 letting it alone, in preference to calling in any em- 
 piric ; if it is one of a serious nature, let him not 
 hesitate to get the very best professional assistance 
 that is to be procured. What I say, therefore, is 
 solely to guide his judgment in deciding which 
 course to pursue ; for if he takes the middle one, 
 by getting horse-doctor advice, he will find that 
 the old adage " In medio tutissimus ibis " will be 
 the very worst : the import of the disease will 
 not onlv be exas^o^erated, but the disease itself 
 will, in most cases, be aggravated by improper 
 treatment. 
 
 Relative to certain tricks, and w^hat are termed 
 vices, in horses, I enumerate the ordinary ones, 
 and their consequences, that the purchaser may 
 be enabled to decide as to whether they are such 
 as to him may not be quite objectionable, or whether 
 they are such as would render the intended pur- 
 
 B 4 
 
8 THE STUD. 
 
 chase useless, or, at least, in a greater or less degree 
 troublesome and annoying to him; for let him 
 Dot " lay the flattering unction to his soul " that he 
 can cure them. Such things are often to be done 
 by some men, but certainly not by such as those 
 whom I expect to benefit by any advice of mine. 
 
SOUND OR UNSOUND? 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 SOUND OR UNSOUND? — THAT's THE QUESTION. VAGUENESS OF 
 
 THE WORD. FEW HORSES UNEQUIVOCALLY SOUND. UNSOUND- 
 NESS NOT ALWAYS A GROUND FOR REJECTING A HORSE. WAR- 
 RANTY NO PROOF OF SOUNDNESS. — NON-WARRANTY NOT 
 ALWAYS A PROOF OF UNSOUNDNESS ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 After, this sketch of the object of the book, 
 and having, I hope, by explaining my motives, 
 offered sufficient apology for bringing it forward, 
 I shall commence by what I conceive to be of the 
 most importance to the general utility of the 
 animal, which is, health and soundness, or their 
 opposites. 
 
 Sound or unsound ? — " that's the question ; " 
 
 and a very proper one to put to any one of 
 whom we intend, or at least contemplate, to pur- 
 chase a horse. If the seller is a dealer — be he 
 respectable or not ; if he is decisively told the horse 
 is to be bought subject to the opinion of some 
 known veterinarian of eminence — the man will not 
 be such an idiot as to warrant an animal sound 
 that has any decided unsoundness about him at 
 that 'particular time (I say particular time for 
 
10 THE STUD. 
 
 reasons that will shortly appear) ; for he knows 
 the penalty for so doing will in most cases be the 
 loss of his time, the detection of his horse as an 
 unsound one, his rejection by the purchaser, with 
 ten and sixpence to pay as the veterinarian's fee, 
 and as a very proper hint to show more judg- 
 ment or more honesty in future before he war- 
 rants an unsound horse. 
 
 Supposing the seller to be an honest man, but 
 no great adept at deciding on the soundness of 
 his horse ; if he warrants him, we have at least 
 the satisfaction of knowing, or, at all events, good 
 reason to conclude, there is nothing so bad about 
 him as to render him incapable of the work 
 he has been at ; for, if he was so, the owner must 
 know it, and would not give a warranty that in 
 such a case could not hold good, and under 
 which his horse would be returned on his hands. 
 
 We will now say something about this hack- 
 neyed term sound : it may be supposed that the 
 w^ord is explicit enough, and most persons con- 
 ceive it to be so ; but the term " sound " really 
 admits of as much contrariety of opinion as the 
 word tipsy ; one man considers another so if, at 
 ten at night, he is not precisely as cool and col- 
 lected as he was at one in the day. Another 
 only calls a man so when he lies on the ground 
 and holds himself on by the carpet: so as to 
 soundness, some persons cannot see that a horse is 
 
SOUND OR UNSOUND ? 11 
 
 nnsoimd, unless he is dot-and-go-one — works his 
 flanks like the drone of a bagpipe — or blows and 
 roars like a blacksmith's bellows ; while some are 
 so fastidious as to consider a horse as next to 
 valueless because he may have a corn that he 
 never feels, or a thrush for which he is not, nor 
 likelv to be, one sovereisjn the worse. 
 
 So far as relates to such hypercritical deciders 
 on soundness, I will venture to say that, if they 
 brought me twenty reported sound horses in suc- 
 cession, I would find a something in all of those 
 produced that would induce such persons to reject 
 them, though, perhaps, not one among the lot had 
 any thing about him of material consequence. To 
 say the least, I will venture to assert that nine- 
 tenths of the horses now in daily use are more or 
 less unsound. I make no reservation as to the 
 description of horse, his occupation, or what he 
 may be worth. I scarcely ever had, indeed scarcely 
 ever knew, a horse that had been used, and tried 
 sufficiently to prove him a good one, that was in 
 every particular unequivocally sound. I make 
 no doubt but there are thousands of owners of 
 horses who will at once say I am wrong in this 
 assertion, and would be ready to produce their 
 own horses as undeniable proofs, whereby to 
 back their opinion and refute mine. Xow I 
 will further venture to say, for the comfort of 
 such gentlemen, that, on producing these very 
 
12 THE STUD. 
 
 undeniable proofs, It would be found that there 
 is scarcely a sound horse among them, though they, 
 the owners, do not know it or think so. They 
 may, perhaps, say that their horses are never lame : 
 perhaps not; that is, not lame in their estima- 
 tion, or to their eye ; but I daily see horses that 
 go to a certain degree indubitably lame, while 
 their owners conceive them to be as indubitably 
 sound. These horses, perhaps, all do their work 
 perfectly well, are held as sound by owners, ser- 
 vants, acquaintance, and casual observers ; but a 
 practised eye would detect an inequality in their 
 going, as a watchmaker would do the same in 
 the movement of a watch, though I might look 
 for a week, or listen for the same length of time, 
 without being able to either see or hear the va- 
 riation. The watch might, however, on the aver- 
 age keep fair time, but it would not be a per- 
 fect one : and what matters, if it answers all 
 the purposes for which we want it ? A really 
 bad watch that cannot keep time is a different 
 affair. It is pretty much the same with a horse. 
 If the unsoundness is such as to render him un- 
 able to do his work, or even to do it unpleasantly 
 to himself or owner, or if it is likely to bring him 
 to this, have nothing to do with him : if, how- 
 ever, this is not the case, or likely to be so, if 
 you like him, buy him. I would ask persons so 
 desirous of a quite sound horse, w^hether they 
 
FEW HORSES SOUND. 13 
 
 suppose (if they go to a meet of fox-hounds, and 
 see three or four score of hunters there, worth 
 from one to two hundred each) that these horses 
 are sound. If any one is young enough to conclude 
 they are, I will venture to tell him he is under 
 the influence of a very material error. There are 
 not, I am certain, one dozen among the lot de- 
 cidedly sound. That there cannot be much the 
 matter with their wind is doubtless the case, for 
 they could not go well if there was, with the ex- 
 ception of some being, perhaps, more or less 
 roarers or whistlers ; and that but few of them 
 are lame is probable, though many of them, pro- 
 bably, are always a little so the next morning 
 after a severe run, and even these would not be 
 sold under a high price. 
 
 The generality of race horses are probably 
 sound, or nearly so, when starting for the Derby 
 (though this is by no means always the case) ; 
 but by the time they have been in training long 
 enough, and have run often enough to have esta- 
 blished their character, there are numbers of 
 them that no veterinary surgeon could pass as 
 sound horses, though then, perhaps, at their max- 
 imum price, not merely as stud horses, but as 
 race horses in full work. 
 
 It is not improbable that a man may say, I begin 
 to believe that few horses that have done w^ork 
 are quite sound ; but a sound one I will have : I 
 
14 THE STUD. 
 
 will, therefore, buy a four years' old horse that 
 has never done a day^s work. 
 
 I will acknowledge that if he does so he may, 
 probably, get his desideratum ; but do not let him 
 make too sure of this. There are such things 
 as four years' olds, unsound, as well as worked, 
 horses. But, supposing him to have got this 
 sound animal, what has he got ? An animal that 
 he has to run the risk of making useful, so far 
 as teaching him his business goes ; and by the 
 time this is effectually done, and the colt has 
 arrived at a serviceable age, he will probably be 
 quite as unsound as many of those he has re- 
 jected : independent of which, and supposing him 
 to continue sound, the breeder of this horse must 
 have better luck or better judgment in breeding 
 than his neighbours, if more than one in four or 
 five that he does breed turn out desii-able horses. 
 If he turns out but a middling sort of beast, it is 
 but small satisfaction to know that he is sound ; 
 in fact, so little satisfaction should I feel, that, if 
 I was compelled to kee^i and use him, so far from 
 rejoicing that he was sound, I should only regret 
 that he was not dead. 
 
 If my reader pays me the compliment of attach- 
 ing any weight to what I write, he will probably 
 say that I have put him quite out of heart with 
 respect to buying, or hoping to get a sound horse. 
 This is precisely what I wished to do : that is, so 
 
WARRANTY. 15 
 
 far as getting what he considers a sound one ; but 
 not at all as to getting what I consider quite 
 sound enough, which is one that can and does do 
 his work well and pleasantly, bears promise of 
 continuing to do so, and has no outward signs of 
 being otherwise. It may be judged, by what I 
 have last said, that, in offering an opinion on the 
 propriety of purchasing or declining a horse, 
 my object is, not merely to show the soundness, 
 appearance, shape, and action, that renders him 
 desirable, but to point out when, not having these 
 attributes or qualifications in full perfection, he 
 may still be safely purchased. The writer or ad- 
 viser who prevents any one purchasing that which 
 is not desirable, deserves thanks. This few will 
 deny. Let me hope, then, that he who prevents 
 a purchaser refusing, from mistaken ideas or pre- 
 judice, that which is desirable, has also some claim 
 to the same return for hib advice : and this is a 
 leading feature of this work. 
 
 I have recommended a purchaser at all times to 
 inquire whether a horse on sale is warranted, and 
 have given my reasons for so doing. But I beg it 
 to be understood that I by no means advise a 
 horse being immediately rejected because a war- 
 ranty may be refused or objected to ; for it does 
 not carry with it any certainty that the animal 
 is unsound, or could not be warranted as con- 
 scientiously as many that are so. Many men. 
 
16 THE STUD. 
 
 gentlemen particularly, make it a rule never to 
 warrant any horse. I know, personally, several 
 who act thus ; and the general motive for this 
 determination is, not to be plagued by a horse 
 being returned after they have, perhaps, suited 
 themselves with another, and, in support of such 
 motive, resolve not to warrant. I must in can- 
 dour say that, allowing, as we must, that there 
 are numberless tricks among sellers, there is a 
 fair sprinkling of the same among purchasers ; I 
 would not buy, or at least I would not recom- 
 mend any one else to buy (though I have done it 
 scores of times), a horse of a suspected person 
 without a written warranty, an examination by 
 a veterinarian of known talent and respectability, 
 and, further, without ascertaining the seller's pe- 
 cuniary responsibility, and also his place of abode ; 
 for, after all, sometliing may peep out, after a few 
 days' work, that no professional skill could de- 
 tect, — an old strain, for instance. 
 
 But though I have, as I have observed, often 
 bought a horse on my own judgment without 
 warranty, and even from those who, I doubt not, 
 if they got hold of a pocket-book lined, would 
 not be nice as to its appropriation, I would not, or 
 ever did, give a warranty to one of this class ; for 
 if I had done so, as sure as the horse was a horse, 
 he would have been returned temporarily lame, 
 half blind, or dosed in some way ; for the pur- 
 
WARRANTY. 17 
 
 pose, or at least with the intent, of getting off a 
 large share of the original purchase money. This 
 is a pretty sure and lucrative game for a man 
 who has no character to lose. But the seller who 
 has one, in order to avoid law (where plenty of 
 fellows could be found who would swear any- 
 thing) and abuse from him who purchased the 
 horse, either takes the animal back, or refunds a 
 heavy sum for having a sound horse injured, for 
 the time being, by a miscreant. If the seller takes 
 him back, though here the fellow would miss a 
 gain, no harm is done to him. If he gets that for 
 thirty that he knows was cheap at fifty (supposing 
 that to have been the sum originally given) he 
 makes twenty over and above selling at an advance 
 on fifty — no bad day's work, a very common 
 trade, and a wee bit more lucrative one than 
 writino; on such matters. 
 
 It may be said, that, though the refusal to give 
 a warranty to such persons as I have described, 
 or even to a stranger, may hold good, as a matter 
 of precaution, it is no reason why such should 
 not be given to a gentleman, or by respectable 
 men to each other. Such persons do not often 
 object to give it ; but many do ; some from an 
 over scrupulousness or fear, that, if any thing 
 should turn out wrong, they might lay themsel 
 open to a suspicion of a wish to deceive; and 
 with persons not much versed in horses, such an 
 C 
 
18 THE STUD. 
 
 impression might very probably be the result ; for 
 such persons will entertain the erroneous idea 
 that a man cannot have an unsound horse without 
 knowing it. Xow I have no hesitation in saying, 
 that a man may have had a horse and ridden 
 him for twelve months, conceiving him to be 
 sound, and yet, on producing the animal to un- 
 dergo professional examination, he may get the 
 cheering information that he has defective vision, 
 defective wind, and is lame. Some readers may 
 think such a catastrophe as overdrawn; or, per- 
 haps, impossible. If they do, let them ask a 
 veterinary surgeon ; — I suspect that he would not 
 only give his opinion on the possibility of such a 
 case, but could narrate instances of its occurrence 
 (or something very like it). 
 
 I do not attempt to say, that such an occur- 
 rence as I have specified would be likely to take 
 place with a good judge of a horse : but it is by 
 no means an uncommon, but, on the contrary, 
 a very common, circumstance, that such a man 
 may w^arrant a horse sound, conceive him to be 
 so, and have good grounds for his opinion, even 
 by a fair trial of him ; and yet, when this horse 
 comes to be looked at by a professional eye, he 
 may be rejected as " unsound," that is, " not 
 sound." To many persons these two terms may 
 appear perfectly synonymous ; and so, in strict 
 fact, they are : but though a professional man, or 
 
WARRANTY. 19 
 
 a very experienced judge, might consider a horse as 
 not sound — in fact, unsound — it does not follow 
 that he is (as some persons may suppose such a 
 horse to be) really lame ; he may be a very service- 
 able animal, but not, professionally speaking, sound. 
 
 Now, supposing I could bring any person or 
 number of persons to believe the fact, that a man 
 conversant with horses might sell, as a sound 
 horse, one that might, on proper inspection, be 
 returned as unsound, all I could say or write — all 
 that men whose judgment is ten times better than 
 mine could say or write — would never convince 
 the majority of persons that a dealer could in- 
 nocently do the same thing. If his judgment 
 errs, and leads him into error as to the sound- 
 ness of his horse, it is set down, not as wilful and 
 corrupt perjury as to oath, but most undoubtedly 
 as to his word and honesty. 
 
 It certainly is a part of a dealer's business to 
 make himself a good judge of the soundness of the 
 animal in which he deals; and good judges in 
 this matter many (but by no means all) of them 
 are : but the part of their trade in which they 
 are by far the most perfect is the looks, action, 
 and fitness of the animal for the different descrip- 
 tion of customers each dealer has to please ; and 
 beyond this, the proper price that they can ju- 
 diciously give for each horse so as to ensure profit 
 on his sale. I have seen dealers buy the same 
 
 c 2 
 
20 THE STUD. 
 
 horse as sound that I have rejected as unsound, 
 having had opportunity of more minute and 
 lengthened examination than they had; and no 
 wonder, when we consider the little time that a 
 dealer in a fair has to examine his purchases. It 
 would really seem, by the way in which persons 
 not much acquainted with horses or dealers con- 
 demn the latter pell mell, in any case of their sell- 
 ing an unsound horse, that they thought dealers 
 must be infallible in their judgment, and never 
 get such an animal without knowing it, when, 
 in fact, there are no men in the world so likely to 
 get unsound horses if their quickness of eye and 
 experience did not save them. 
 
 Having said thus much of the propriety of 
 asking for a warranty in purchasing a horse, the 
 mistakes made in supposing the animal can stand 
 such test, and the objections of many persons to 
 giving one, let us now consider what is the intent 
 and meanino^ of 
 
 WARRANTIXG A HORSE SOUND. 
 
 The warranting any thing — if I am right in 
 my understanding of the term, and its intent is 
 simple enough, and easily defined — is an en- 
 gagement that, if the article does not prove to be 
 such as the seller represented it to be, it shall be 
 taken back. and the cost price refunded. This any 
 
WAERANTIXG A HORSE SOUND. 21 
 
 one of the most obtuse faculties cannot but fully 
 comprehend, but fortunately for the gentlemen 
 who preside at or attend our courts of law, and 
 unfortunately for every other person, though the 
 term of ^Yarranty admits but of one construction, 
 the different ideas that different persons entertain 
 of how far the object warranted does or does not 
 accord with the description given, ever has, nov.r 
 does, and, unless some alteration is made in the 
 law, ever will be a constant source of litigation 
 between seller and purchaser. 
 
 I cannot but consider, though, perhaps, lam 
 w^rono: in so doino*, that there is a difference be- 
 tween a thing legally, or morally, answering a 
 warranty, and the consequence of its doing so 
 rests greatly in the object sought for and war- 
 ranted. I will state a case as relates to horses. 
 
 We will suppose a man to be a breeder, or 
 some one selling a young horse to a London 
 dealer : he warrants him sound. And we will say 
 that a perfectly sound horse he is, so far as being 
 free from lameness, or any thing likely to render 
 him so ; but it is found, on examination, that he 
 has a slight thrush or corn. The dealer knows, 
 and would admit, that the animal to use was not 
 five pounds in a hundred the worse for this, if the 
 feet or foot was otherwise a perfect one ; but this 
 simple departure from being perfect is fatal to the 
 dealer who buys for sale : he is aware he will be 
 
 c 3 
 
l^Sf THE STUD. 
 
 required to give a warranty with the horse when 
 sold, and no veterinary surgeon could pass such a 
 horse as sound. This horse is legally unsound. 
 
 The same person, or any other, sells a hunter 
 to a gentleman or friend, and warrants him. On 
 cutting down the foot a little lower than usual, 
 we w^ill say there are two corns found, or some- 
 thing that resembles them : perhaps, after all, only 
 a superficial extravasation, from the shoes having 
 borne too hard on the heels ; the horse has not 
 been tender on them, goes firm and sound, and 
 has good feet. This horse I should consider 
 morally, though not legally, sound, and ought not, 
 if a desirable purchase, to be returned. The seller 
 has made good his word and intention ; he has 
 sold a hunter or horse that comes up to his de- 
 scription of him, namely, one likely to answer the 
 purpose of the purchaser ; yet hundreds would re- 
 turn such a horse, and if any demur was made by 
 the seller, would go to law as malevolently as if 
 they had been robbed by a professed scoundreL 
 
 Personally, I would never object to give a war- 
 ranty of a horse to any man whom I knew to be 
 (first of course) an honourable one, a man of con- 
 sistency, that is, one who, in common parlance, 
 knows his own mind (which by the by thousands 
 do not, so far as horse affairs go), a good judge, 
 and one who knows how to manage his horse 
 when he has got him, both in the stable and out. 
 
WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 23 
 
 A man of this sort will neither have recourse to 
 any unhandsome practices, or give unnecessary 
 trouble. The rogue will do the first, the man who 
 is not a judge of the animal he buys w^U be all 
 but sure to do the latter. 
 
 Every body wdll, I know, agree with me as to 
 the possibility of a dealer in horses playing an 
 unfair part with a horse that has been warranted 
 sound to him ; in fact, almost every one not con- 
 versant with horse affairs w^ll not only think 
 it possible or probable that he might, but would, 
 from prejudice, feel assured he would do so ; for 
 such persons hold rascality and dealers in horses 
 as synonymous. 
 
 Without attempting to remove the prejudice 
 of such persons against dealers, or having any in- 
 terest in the matter, not being, or ever having 
 been, a dealer myself, I must, as a set-ofF against 
 the tricks of such men, beg to assure my readers 
 that, though the instances are of course much more 
 rare, I have knowm as positively rascally tricks 
 played by men holding the rank of gentlemen as 
 any dealer could perpetrate. 
 
 I will mention one which, " cum multis aliis," 
 came to my personal knowledge. A person 
 moving in the sphere, and in ordinary matters 
 acting up to the part, of a gentleman had pur- 
 chased a horse of a dealer ; not being a good 
 judge, he found in a day or two the horse was 
 
 c 4 
 
24 THE STUD. 
 
 not what he wanted, and, being a very near man 
 in money matters, he could not find it in his heart 
 to go and give the seller a proper premium to 
 take the animal back. Return him he could not, 
 for he was all he was represented to be. He was 
 thus, as Jonathan says, " in a fix ; " but those who 
 are disposed to employ his agency can generally 
 find a certain gentleman in black (I do not mean 
 a lawyer) at their elbow ready to give them a 
 hint. This individual, however, was, in this par- 
 ticular case, otherwise habited, namely, in a stable 
 dress; in short, he was the gentleman's groom, 
 who, not having probably been fee'd to his con- 
 tent, undertook to return the horse, and stated to 
 his honourable master the m.eans by which it was 
 to be effected. He, with ingenuity enough, drew 
 a nail from the horse-shoe, drove the same nail 
 in again (for a fresh one would have led to imme- 
 diate detection) a little too close to the sensible 
 part of the foot. Of course the next day the 
 horse was lame, and was sent back, the rascal 
 vowing to the dealer he remarked he was a " lame 
 nn " the second day after " master bought him." 
 What was the dealer to do. To go into court 
 against a man not a dealer was certain condemn- 
 ation. The very wig the judge might wear would 
 decide against the seller, from knowing the head 
 it usually covered would " a tort et a travers " do 
 the same thing ; then to offend a man of the pur- 
 
AVARK ANTING A HORSE SOUND. 25 
 
 chaser's rank would be fatal again. The man felt 
 convinced something unfair had been done to his 
 horse ; but, with more liberality than his customer 
 would have shown on any occasion, he never sus- 
 pected him of having had recourse to or connived 
 at any thing even ungentlemanly in the affixlr, 
 but suspected it lay wholly with the groom, well 
 knowing that, if, from any cause, a horse is pur- 
 chased without their hearty concurrence, these 
 gentlemen are pretty fertile in expedients to get 
 rid of him, unless their master is one not to be 
 played with. This precious piece of honesty 
 having left his master, as a sum up of his cha- 
 racter, confessed the whole affair of the returned 
 horse to a friend of mine, from whom I had the 
 anecdote. 
 
 The result of the dealer proving rcvstlve in the 
 above affair would have been this : he would have 
 been set down as a o-reat roo;ue for sellino; the 
 gentleman an unsound horse ; whereas the true 
 state of the case was, the gentleman was no little 
 simpleton for buying what did not suit him, and 
 then a consummate roojue for returnincr a sound 
 animal as an unsound one. But so " the world 
 wags." 
 
 Such IS the pleasure of warranting horses in 
 any way to some persons. We will with pleasure 
 allow^ that few gentlemen would play the above 
 part ; but though they would not, if they got an 
 
26 THE STUD. 
 
 animal they did not like, he would be made a con- 
 stant theme of complaint to the seller, which I 
 should hold quite as great an annoyance as taking 
 a horse back : indeed, in many cases, a far greater 
 one. 
 
 Xow, warranting to a good judge is quite a 
 different affair : he seldom buys what will not suit 
 him ; he knows what he wants, knows the proper 
 horse to select for his purpose, and sees, on look- 
 ing at and trying a particular animal, whether 
 he is one calculated to meet his wants and wishes. 
 He would, therefore, regret as much as the seller 
 could, should his purchase turn out unsound, 
 because he would, by his doing so, miss what in 
 all other respects was what he wanted ; and, even 
 should some trifling unsoundness manifest itself, if, 
 on inspection, it was decided to be only temporary, 
 he would either retain the horse, under (as we 
 will term it) protest, or, if he sent him to the 
 owner's stable, would retake him on being pro- 
 nounced by proper authority sound. Further 
 than this, such a man rests his selection on his 
 own judgment; and should he show, or be asked 
 to show, his new purchase, he would do so to men 
 whose judgment would most probably coincide 
 with his own ; whereas the man who knows little 
 of such matters generally shows his purchase to, 
 and asks the opinion of, every friend and ac- 
 quaintance. These will be^ most likely, persons 
 
WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 27 
 
 knowlno: as little as himself. But still, fecline: 
 themselves qualified to give their opinion, and as 
 each fancies he evinces his knowledge by pointing 
 out something that he conceives objectionable, 
 the horse shortly becomes in the same state as the 
 picture the artist exposed, requesting each passer 
 to put a chalk mark on any part he thought 
 defective. The consequence was, the picture be- 
 came one mass of white chalk. So w^ould the 
 horse, if each friend marked, instead of verbally 
 giving, his opinion. The owner shortly really be- 
 lieves he has got a horse possessing every earthly 
 failing incidental to the animal. Even without 
 warranty, the selling a horse to such a man, if 
 not one of the deadly sins, is certainly one of the 
 deadly abominations ; I would sell such a man a 
 halter if he wished it, but most certainly not a horse. 
 As to warranting in its general usage, I must 
 say, that I consider It an unfair thing to ask any 
 man to do, and a most impolitic thing on the part 
 of the seller to consent to ; that Is, as warranties 
 are now worded, and expected to bear. To this 
 mode of sale, I make the two following objec- 
 tions ; first. It compels a man to trust (say) two 
 hundred pounds, or, what Is worse, an animal 
 worth that sum, to the management of another : 
 this, perhaps, a very Improper, — that Is, injudi- 
 cious — manager of an animal — that a little in- 
 attention, to say nothing of unfair usage — may 
 
28 THE STUD. 9 
 
 injure in a week, and then, if tnis animal get 
 unwell, or lame, from such treatment, which it 
 would be perhaps difficult to prove, the owner is 
 expected to return the two hundred, which, of 
 course, is of the same value it was, in exchange for 
 his property deteriorated more or less in worth. 
 The second objection I make is, that we ask, and 
 indeed compel, a man to engage that which it is 
 absolutely impossible he can engage, — namely, 
 that a perishable thing shall continue sound. 
 
 I could make no objection to a clause, or agree- 
 ment between two parties, by which the seller 
 should be legally bound to take back any article 
 sold if it did not come up to the representation 
 made of it when sold ; for instance, it w^ould be 
 quite fair and most reasonable to require a man 
 to give, under his hand-writing, what he verbally 
 says in recommendation of the article sold, under 
 written engagement to take it back if his repre- 
 sentation prove false. We will suppose a horse 
 to be represented a sound one ; let the seller give 
 a certificate that he has no cause to doubt his 
 being so ; that he has never seen any ailment in 
 the horse, or, if he has, let him state what it has 
 been : let the horse then be taken and examined 
 by a veterinarian; if he considers the horse sound, 
 and likely to remain so, whether the represent- 
 ation states he never was known by the seller to 
 be amiss, or that he had been so, there, I con- 
 
WAKE ANTING A HOESE SOUND. 29 
 
 ceivc, the warranty should end, unless it is proved 
 the certificate or representation was false. No 
 veterinary surgeon could, or would, give an 
 enofae-ement that a horse shall or will remain 
 sound. Yet we expect the seller to do this. Ke- 
 quiring this is unfair, and, in fact, absurd. 
 
 Supposing any one to be hardy enough to give 
 one of the usual warranties, I would most strongly 
 recommend any gentleman, or any respectable 
 man, to insist on the animal being examined by 
 a knovv^n first-rate professional man, prior to its 
 being delivered to the buyer. If passed sound, it 
 would cost the seller nothing; and to the buyer, if 
 he can judge of a horse's value to the precise sum 
 of ten and sixpence, it is more than I ever could, 
 even supposing him to be a twenty pound hack. 
 This would, in case of any thing going wrong, be 
 a host in the seller's favour, and save a great deal 
 of defending and proving, in case legal measures 
 should take place ; and would certainly have 
 great weight as to the intent of the seller ; and 
 further, on the horse being again shown to the 
 veterinarian, who examined him at the time, he 
 would decide whether it was a recent ailment, or 
 arose from some former one of which he had 
 detected any symptoms of having formerly ex- 
 isted. The takln2^ somethino; like such a G:ua- 
 rantee as I have specified gives us a positive hold 
 on the seller. His horse could not have been seri- 
 
30 THE STUD. 
 
 ously affected by any ailment while In his pos- 
 session without his knowledge. If it was a serious 
 one, he must be aware of what it was from any 
 professional man he had called in ; and he further 
 must know whether the animal has since suffered 
 from the same ailment or the effects of it. So, by 
 taking such guarantee as specified, if he gives it 
 wrongfully, it would be no difficult matter to 
 detect him in falsehood, and then not only punish 
 him by returning him his horse, but in such a 
 case it would be quite just and proper to make 
 him pay all expenses attendant on the transac- 
 tion ; in fact, if he was indicted for wilful fraud, 
 he would only meet his deserts. 
 
 Xow, with our present form of warranty, w^hat 
 do we get ? Only, virtually, the seller's OPINION 
 and belief that the horse he sells is a sound one. 
 If he is a good judge, and a rogue, he pretty well 
 knows whether the horse will pass an examina- 
 tion or not, but may equally well know that he 
 will be lame after a few days' work ; and if the 
 horse is not examined at the time of sale, such a 
 man will be sure to find plenty of witnesses to 
 swear he was sound at that period ; and this 
 statement it might be difficult to disprove by 
 counter evidence. If the man be ever so honest 
 or honorable, if he is not a competent judge in 
 such matters, his warranty is not worth a far- 
 thing, so far as his personal opinion goes. But 
 
WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 31 
 
 the guarantee is not an opinion of any one : it is a 
 statement of facts. If we ask a man what is cer- 
 tainly a plain question, namely, has your horse 
 ever been lame in your possession ? and he says 
 no, we have then to judge whether he knows 
 wdien a horse is lame or not ; for he may have 
 been so twenty times or always so, and the man 
 may not have perceived it; but if^veask whether 
 he ever called in professional aid to the animal, 
 we then fix him, for we can resort to the 
 veterinarian. 
 
 So if we take a warranty of quiet in harness, 
 we only get an opinion asked, perhaps, on the 
 chance of a horse going quiet from what he has 
 lately done ; he may have kicked or run away 
 twenty times, and the man saves himself by say- 
 ing, he thought he had left it off, as he had gone 
 quietly latehj : but, have you ever seen or known 
 him to be vicious in harness ? brings on a direct 
 answer ; and we should then be justified in re- 
 turning the horse, if we choose to do so, however 
 quiet he might appear, if we found he had been 
 vicious ; that is, if the seller declared he had not : 
 and to return such a horse would be quite ju- 
 dicious, unless the buyer had great confidence in 
 himself, and choose to run the risk of a fresh 
 outbreak. 
 
 It will be seen from what I say, that I in no 
 wav wish warranties to be made less strinj^ent 
 
32 THE STUD 
 
 than they are ; on the contrary', I would wish 
 them to be so worded as to be more binding on 
 the seller in a projier way. But I most decidedly 
 object to a man being harassed, annoyed, and pro- 
 bably prosecuted after he has sold an animal that 
 he conscientiously believed, and had good reason 
 to believe, to be a sound one at the time of sale, 
 because the purchaser is unfortunate enough to 
 find him sick or lame after he has got him ; a 
 circumstance that very probably no professional 
 skill, no human foresight, had reason to prog- 
 nosticate. 
 
 There are few men placed in more difficult 
 situations than professional men, when called to 
 examine a horse between buyer and seller ; for it 
 must be borne in mind, that, in taking their opi- 
 nion, we do not take it as to whether the horse is 
 one that they would buy for their own use, or 
 recommend others to buy, so far as relates to his 
 being sound, or the probability of his remaining 
 so : we only ask if he is sound or unsound at the 
 time being. If, therefore, the animal has no ail- 
 ment at the time, or shows any evident signs of 
 something that will shortly render him so, the 
 examiner must, in justice to the seller, pass his 
 horse sound. Still there may be a something about 
 the horse that, in the private opinion of the pro- 
 fessional, is not likely to stand long the test of 
 work. Yet it would not do to refuse Dassinsr a 
 
 J. o 
 
WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 33 
 
 horse sound, because in his opinion he will not 
 remain so; for it is but opinion at best; and 
 though probably a correct view of the case, still 
 it is not a certainty : therefore the examiner, in 
 justice, must pass the animal sound, though he 
 would not purchase him for himself or another 
 person. 
 
 If we purchased subject to the general opinion 
 of the veterinarian, as to whether, from what he 
 sees, he w^ould recommend the horse being pur- 
 chased on the score of being one likely to stand 
 sound, it would be quite a different affair ; but 
 this is a responsibility few professional men would 
 take upon themselves, and it is an ordeal that few 
 sellers would submit their horses to. 
 
 Thus it will be seen, that, though a horse may 
 be passed sound, and very properly so, still we 
 may get one that, in three months, will be, in 
 stable phrase, " as lame as if his leg was broke:" 
 and no fault to be imputed either to the seller or 
 the veterinarian that passed him. Therefore, use 
 all the precaution we may, there must always 
 remain considerable risk as to a horse standinjr 
 sound in work ; and if, as some persons would do, 
 we buy one that has " never done a day's work," 
 instead of this diminishing the risk, it adds to it 
 much more than if we bought one sound nt the 
 time out of an omnibus, or even street cab ; for 
 such have proved their capability of standing 
 D 
 
34 THE STUD. 
 
 workj which not one young horse in half-a-dozen 
 will do without shortly getting ?.miss someichere ; 
 in fact, like old china, that is quite as strong or 
 stronger after it has been broken, and then pro- 
 perly cemented and ri vetted, so are seasoned 
 horses much less liable to get amiss in work 
 than young ones, though the former, like the china, 
 may have been chipped, cracked, broken, and put 
 tosrether ao-ain. 
 
 There can be no doubt but the most certain 
 way of getting a sound horse, and one likely to 
 continue so, would be to make interest with a 
 veterinary surgeon to go as a private friend, and 
 examine the one intended to be purchased (a favour, 
 I allow, it would be most difficult to obtain). Here 
 he would be bound by no professional delicacy or 
 rules to prevent his giving, not merely an opinion, 
 but advice as to the promise of the animal : if he 
 has good taste and judgment as to other particulars, 
 so much the better : if you think he has not, first 
 take the advice of some good judge as to looks, 
 fitness for the intended purpose for which the 
 animal is purchased, and also as to fairness of 
 price. Having done this, and then got the opinion 
 as regards soundness, there is little fear of being' 
 disappointed in the way the purchase will turn 
 out, "barring" (as Paddy says) "bad luck." 
 
 The chief end and aim of books written for the 
 use of purchasers (at least such as I have read) 
 
WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 35 
 
 appears to have been the putting them on then- 
 guard against dealers in horses, together with the 
 perfectly useless attempt to render the purchaser 
 " au fait " of the innumerable tricks that may be 
 played by rogues to impose on the unwary. The 
 motive unquestionably has been a good, indeed a 
 laudable, one. But " a little knowledge " is a dan- 
 gerous thing ; and if, by imparting this much, a 
 man is rendered confident in himself, the chances 
 are, that such advice does him harm instead of good : 
 in fact, if an author made a purchaser get by heart 
 each and all of these tricks, he would do him little 
 service, unless he first made him complete master 
 of the varied ways in which the trick is performed, 
 and then gave him as quick an eye in detecting, 
 as the rogue has in carrying them out. This would 
 require initiation from youth in such matters, 
 and constant practice afterwards. 
 
 If we knew a man had to take five hundred 
 pounds in his pocket from Bond Street to White- 
 chapel, it would be proper enough to tell him 
 that pockets are picked in a crowd, picked while 
 looking at the windows of attractive shops, in 
 omnibusses, or by very gentlemenly men while 
 the attention is taken up by some villanous looking 
 fellow walking purposely by your side. This would, 
 however, by no means ensure his safety ; for while 
 he was guarding against the usual way of com- 
 passing such tricks, a new one would be practised, 
 
 D 2 
 
36 THE STUD. 
 
 and his five hundred pounds would probably be 
 the reward of another plan. It strikes me that, 
 instead of the futile attempt of making him a 
 match in dexterity for a pickpocket, the safe plan 
 would be, after telling him of the danger, to ad^-ise 
 him not to walk the street with the treasure in his 
 pocket, but to spend three shillings in a cab. 
 
 I go something on this plan. I tell him, to the 
 best of my ability, what are real, imaginary, or 
 tolerable defects in the animal to be purchased. 
 This quantum of knowledge will prevent his taking 
 trouble about a horse with some absolute and de- 
 cidedly objectionable point or points about him, 
 and will prevent his at once rejecting one without 
 good reason ; and this is, I consider, quite sufficient 
 knowledge for most private individuals, as I sum 
 up the whole by recommending him to take pro- 
 fessional advice. It may be said that, if we are 
 always to take a professional opinion on purchasing 
 a horse, a man requires no knowledge at all. This 
 idea would, however, be quite erroneous ; for, un- 
 less a man is taught some insight into the points, 
 action, habits, and ailments of the horse, he would 
 be losing his time, and giving other persons trouble 
 about fifty ill-made, bad going, dangerously vicious, 
 or unsound animals, in succession. I should not 
 want to be taught the precise diameter of every 
 rope about a yacht ; but it would be advisable in 
 me to learn enough not to buy one for a party of 
 
WAPwKANTIXG A HORSE SOUND. 37 
 
 pleasure with a hole in her bottom, and imme- 
 diately set sail, though it is possible that such a 
 one, like some faulty horse, might be a good pur- 
 chase after all : so if I knew enough to prevent 
 my refusing such a vessel at once as useless, it 
 might be to my advantage ; but I think it would 
 be just as well, and perhaps a little better, to take 
 a ship carpenter to judge of the extent of the 
 injury. 
 
 I trust the reader, from what has been written, 
 now perfectly understands the intent of this work : 
 having stated, therefore, what I conceive is meant 
 by soundness, or its reverse, I will proceed to 
 enumerate the common ailments that cause so 
 much dispute, and will state how far I consider 
 them as totally objectionable, or partially so : this, 
 of course, will mostly depend on the stage, or ex- 
 tent of the ailment, be it what it may. 
 
 D 3 
 
38 
 
 CHAP. 11. 
 
 INTFRNAL 'diseases OF THE HORSE. INKLAMMATIOy OF THE 
 
 LL'NGS A GROIKD FOR REJECTING A HORSE. CHOLIC AND IN- 
 
 FLABIMATION OF THE BOWELS, DITTO. MEGRIM AND STAGGERS. 
 
 BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. 
 
 INTERNAL DISEASES. 
 
 PoRTUXATELY for the animal, and equally for- 
 tunate for those who are large owners, the internal 
 complaints to which horses are liable are few in 
 number comparatively with those incidental to 
 mankind. TVere it otherwise, the mortality among 
 animals of the brute creation would far exceed 
 that of ourselves; for, however profound pro- 
 fessional skill may be, the symptoms of some dis- 
 eases bear so closely on each other, that we are 
 indebted, in multitudes of cases, to speech that 
 hidden complaints are not often confounded with 
 each other. And here is a w^onderful advantage 
 the ordinary physician has over the veterinary 
 practitioner. The latter, on seeing his patient 
 in pain, can often only judge by the motions 
 of the animal where the pain lies. The human 
 patient not only informs us of this, but states 
 
INTERXAL DISEASES. 39 
 
 the description of pain, — whether confined to 
 one particular part, or felt in different parts. 
 We certainly are made aware, if a horse con- 
 tinually turns his head to his side or abdomen, 
 that he suffers pain in the region of those parts ; 
 but it does not indicate the prec^e part of the 
 anatomy affected : the veterinarian must therefore 
 combine circumstances, and draw on his ex- 
 perience of other cases, in order to come to any 
 certain definition of the disease in hand. 
 
 If a man feels pains in his side, no matter from 
 what the pain originates, he naturally puts his 
 hand on it ; now, if he could only do that, I sus- 
 pect that some of our ablest physicians would feel 
 themselves often a little at a loss, and would find 
 pocketing the fee much easier than to a cer- 
 tainty detecting the origin of the pain in many 
 occult cases ; and, with every respect for the pro- 
 fession, I am quite sure that, with a moderate 
 knowledge of the human frame, a medical man 
 could practise with greater success in a given 
 round of cases than could the veterinarian. The 
 only advantage the latter has is, that the com- 
 plaints of his patients are not so varied ; but 
 then he has to contend with the serious difficulty 
 of not being able to gain information from tbiC 
 subject of them. 
 
 The most dangerous, as being the most rapid, 
 of all internal diseases of the horse is 
 
 D 4 
 
40 THE STUD. 
 
 INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 
 
 I do not quite say that I would advise the ab- 
 solute rejection of a horse because he had been so 
 afflicted, but I would most strenuously advise 
 any ordinary purchaser not to buy one that had 
 been recently affected without the advice of a 
 veterinary surgeon ; for it is a case requiring pro- 
 fessional knowledge, if not a professional man, 
 to judge how far there may exist any remains of 
 the disease, for, unless the cure has been radical, 
 and time allowed for tendency to inflammation to 
 have subsided, should the animal be put to quick 
 work, or even into hot stables, the chances are 
 the disease will return in all its viridence. 
 
 If we are aware that a horse has had an attack 
 of this disorder, from such treatment as we have 
 no right to expect any lungs to bear with im- 
 punity, provided, and only provided, a very skilful 
 professional man declared the complaint cured, 
 and no symptoms remained, the purchase, I should 
 say, might be made with tolerable safety ; but if 
 with fair and proper treatment this disease had 
 come on, I should be very cautious in purchasing 
 such a horse ; still more so, if for racing or hunt- 
 ing purposes. If, with such treatment, he had 
 been more than once attacked, I should say reject 
 him at once, nor let any persuasion or representa- 
 
INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 41 
 
 lion alter tliis determination, for I should infer 
 from the circumstance a predisposition to the 
 complaint. With gentle work, proper feeding, 
 proper medicine occasionally, and a proper atmo- 
 sphere in the stable, it is quite possible no return 
 might ever take place ; but as no one is obliged 
 to buy such a horse when there are so many others 
 to select from, I should still say reject such a pur- 
 chase, however free from disease he might be at 
 the time. 
 
 It is quite true that a man, or a horse, may 
 have a tendency to some particular ailment which 
 may come on on any extraordinary occasion ; yet 
 such a man, or horse, may, in a general way, be 
 able to fulfil his ordinary duties ; the headach in 
 man, to instance. But inflammation of the luno:s 
 or bowels in the horse are quite diflTerent affairs 
 from headach in man. These complaints (I 
 should rather call them attacks) are not mere 
 matters to render the animal, in a temporary way, 
 unequal to his duty : they are matters of life or 
 death ; the latter in a very few hours, unless the 
 most skilful medical aid is at hand. This induces 
 me to give such strenuous advice against pur- 
 chasing a horse where we have the slightest 
 reason to dread their attack. The much-dreaded 
 cholera in man is not more rapid in its progress 
 than is inflammation in the lungs or bowels of 
 the horse : if not immediately attended to, two 
 
42 THE STUD. 
 
 hundred pounds would, in such a case, be reduced 
 to as many pence in twelve hours. I can produce 
 an instance. 
 
 On one occasion, a neighbour of mine came to 
 me when, in dressing-gown and slippers, I was 
 indulging in a cigar and glass of brandy punch, 
 after a day's hunting. He begged me to go and 
 see a favourite mule that had been ill since the 
 preceding evening. I have no doubt she had 
 been ill before he perceived it. I found her 
 standing the picture of despair, and suffering 
 under acute inflammation of the lungs. I was 
 proceeding immediately to bleed her. This, how- 
 ever, he objected to : " She was weak enough 
 already, poor creature, without being made 
 weaker." Of course I pocketed my fleam and 
 the aflTront together ; but, feeling a little nettled 
 at being disturbed in my half siesta to no purpose, 
 I told him his mule would die, unless he got her 
 immediate assistance. He promised to do so in 
 the morning. " The morning I" said I, " she will 
 be dead before the morning." This he would not 
 believe ; so, to punish him, I betted him a couple 
 of pounds she was a dead one before my breakfast. 
 In the morning I sent to know the result. She 
 was taken much worse about two in the morning, 
 and died in three hours afterwards. 
 
 I mention this anecdote, as one among many 
 somewhat similar results I have witnessed of this 
 
CHOLIC. 43 
 
 complaint, in the hope of convincing my reader 
 that the advice I give on the subject arises not 
 from theory, but ocular experience of facts ; after 
 which he will, of course, reject either my advice, 
 or the horse I have alluded to, as he may think 
 most proper. If he rejects the advice and the 
 horse, it is all very well ; but if he still feels in- 
 clined to select such a horse, I will still do him a 
 good turn if I can : this is, to beg him, before he 
 does soj to ask other and better advice before he 
 concludes his purchase. 
 
 CHOLIC AND INFLAMMATION OF THE BOW^ELS. 
 
 Many horses are subject to the attack of these 
 most dangerous and often fatal complaints. I class 
 them under one head, because the first often ends 
 in the latter, if not relieveci in a short time. 
 . I do not consider a horse subject to such 
 attacks so objectionable as one subject to the 
 complaint last spoken of, inasmuch as, by strict 
 attention to the quality and quantity of food, and 
 that given at proper times, we may all but insure 
 his safety from them; whereas, though proper 
 attention will probably prevent the former, still 
 very great exertion may produce it, however 
 careful we may be ; therefore if his duty is such 
 as to unavoidably produce great accelerated action 
 
44 THE STUD. 
 
 of the lungs, we must always be in fear of its 
 eiFects on a favourite or valuable animal. 
 
 Cholic and inflammation of the bowels are 
 usually produced by improper, that is, coarse or 
 damaged, provender ; but even good food, if 
 given in too large quantities, is quite likely to 
 produce the same result ; and if given very soon 
 before the horse is put to fast work, the chances 
 are greatly against his escaping an attack, and more 
 particularly so in hot weather. But as it is easy 
 to guard against such improper treatment and its 
 consequences, it would be in a general way our 
 own fault if they recurred. Still, as in the former 
 complaint, if it was ascertained that wdth proper 
 treatment a horse was frequently attacked by 
 cholic, I should say, as in the former case, reject 
 him. 
 
 Absolute and determined inflammation of the 
 bowels is not a complaint that a horse has a fre- 
 quent recurrence of; but its precursor, cholic, many 
 have frequently ; and as that is likely to end in 
 the latter dangerous attack, the horse subject to 
 it is carefully to be avoided, provided it does not 
 arise from treatment that can be altered. 
 
 One circumstance attendant on cholic renders 
 it a very dangerous complaint. Most diseases of 
 the horse are accompanied more or less by in- 
 flammation, and it is rather a nice point to deter- 
 mine in cases of cholic, how far inflammation 
 
MEGRIM AND STAGGERS. 45 
 
 may have proceeded. The remedy for chollc, 
 arising from repletion and distention of the ab- 
 domen and bowels, is simple, and generally both 
 efficacious and certain. But if inflammation has 
 taken place, what might be a very proper step to 
 ease both in ordinary cases might not only be 
 highly injudicious, but dangerous, to resort to in 
 another stage of the disorder ; for instance, where 
 inflammation of the bowels had taken place, a dose 
 of aloes would probably be death, and this in all 
 probability a common farrier would administer, 
 as they generally do, in very strong doses. A 
 horse, therefore, thus attacked, and thus attended, 
 would have but little chance of his life ; and as 
 we might be in situations where good professional 
 advice could not be got, it is always a source of 
 anxiety to have an animal subject to so jDrecarious 
 a complaint. The safe way is to reject him. 
 
 MEGRIM AND STAGGERS. 
 
 It is not my province or intention here to 
 state the causes of complaints, but merely their 
 effects, and consequently how far they are ob- 
 jectionable. 
 
 Neither megrim nor staggers are often fatal 
 attacks, though very troublesome and sometimes 
 dangerous ones to any one using a horse subject 
 to them. But when staggers arise from a dis- 
 
46 THE STCD. 
 
 ordered stomach, it then becomes also dangerous 
 to the animal, not merely as a disorder in itself, 
 but from its origin. 
 
 There can be no doubt but strict attention to 
 the state of the horse's stomach is a very great 
 prevention of such attacks, for if simple megrim 
 is caused by effusion of blood to the head and 
 brain, that is wonderfully increased or diminished 
 by the state of the stomach ; and although many 
 horses will have frequent attacks of megrim (let 
 us do all we can to prevent it), if they were, 
 under such circumstances, frequently so attacked, 
 the recurrence would be much more frequent 
 without such precaution, of course. 
 
 Harness horses are certainly much oftener at- 
 tacked by megrim than riding ones, doubtless 
 from the pressure of the collar. This in single 
 harness is very objectionable : for though an 
 attentive eye will generally detect the coming 
 attack, it is sometimes too sudden to allow time 
 to disengage the horse from the vehicle, and then 
 a breakage of some sort may be anticipated. 
 
 There is one circumstance in this disorder 
 greatly in our favour. Horses are seldom at- 
 tacked with it when used by night ; and some 
 stage-coach horses, that would be certain to get 
 megrims if driven by day, and particularly with 
 the sun in their faces, will work in a night-coach 
 without ever showing symptoms of the complaint. 
 
BLEEDING AT THE NCSE. 47 
 
 I would never buy any horse for ordinary purposes 
 so afflicted, however slight it might be. 
 
 I had a horse subject to something of this kind. 
 Its cause or origin neither I nor any one else ever 
 found out. He would, without showing any 
 symptom of an attack, rush suddenly back in his 
 stall, break his head collar shank, or, if that held, 
 throw himself down in his stall. I then put him 
 in a large loose box ; here he would at times com- 
 mence walking at his best pace round and round 
 for an hour together, looking as wild as a hawk. 
 He never, however, did more than this ; and, sin- 
 gular to say, he was one of the best buggy horses 
 I ever had, and I never knew an instance of his 
 having any thing like an attack either in riding 
 or driving him, not even in the hottest day : 
 however, I sold him, so my reader will allow I 
 give such advice as I should follow when I warn 
 him against selecting a horse subject to such 
 attacks. 
 
 BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. 
 
 This complaint is much more frequent among 
 thorough, or at all events very highly, bred horses 
 than with those of a coarser character. Why it is 
 so, arises principally, no doubt, from the nature of 
 the exertions such horses are put to. It is not, 
 however, Improbable that the fineness of the blood- 
 
48 THE STUD. 
 
 vessels in bigh-bred horses may in some way con- 
 tribute to the rupture of them when unusually dis- 
 tended, but I do not pretend to anatomical know- 
 ledge enough to say that it is so : be it so or not, 
 it is exertion that brings it on. To what extent a 
 liability to this casualty affects the value and utility 
 of the animal, depends in great measure on the pur- 
 poses for which he is intended. Great liability to 
 this occurrence would reduce the value of a race- 
 horse (that is, as one in training) from a thousand 
 to perhaps a hundred ; in fact, as a race-horse, be he 
 as superior as he may, he would be comparatively 
 worthless, as no dependence could be placed on 
 him. With a steeple-chase horse it would be the 
 same thing, and it is, I may say, also fatal to the 
 value of a hunter. It can scarcely be called 
 dangerous to the animal, as it seldom causes suf- 
 ficient loss of blood to be more than a very tem- 
 porary inconvenience. 
 
 A horse subject to bleeding at the nose when 
 racing, or in long and fast bursts across country, 
 might never have a recurrence of it if ridden as 
 a park hack, as a ladies' horse, or in harness for 
 moderate work. If, therefore, one subject to this 
 casualty was particularly desirable in other re- 
 spects, I should not object to purchase him for 
 purposes of much less exertion than he had been 
 accustomed to ; but I would on no account buy 
 him at any price, if I wanted him for the same 
 
BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. 49 
 
 work as had brought on the occurrence, whether 
 he was wanted for riding or driving purpose ; 
 though by using him very moderately we might 
 prevent his being affected, — and if he was, a stop- 
 page of our excursion would probably be the only 
 inconvenience. If, however, the bleeding took 
 place when in the dark, we might not perceive it, 
 and a game horse would go on till he would drop. 
 Then there would unquestionably arise danger 
 to ourselves, and the very great loss of blood 
 might produce considerable debility in the animal 
 for some time ; but, knowing the constitution of 
 horses, and their inflammatory habit (fed and used 
 as they are), I would rather have a favourite 
 horse faint and drop from loss of blood, than have 
 even a slight attack of internal inflammation. 
 Weakness from loss of blood is easily and surely 
 to be remedied, but inflammation is most difficult 
 to be subdued. 
 
 There cannot be two opinions as to whether a 
 horse addicted to bleeding at the nose is an un- 
 sound one ; he is so, to all intents and purposes ; 
 but at a proper price he might be bought, and 
 prove a valuable acquisition for many purposes, 
 provided we can satisfy ourselves as to the extent 
 of exertion he can bear with impunity : at all 
 events he is not one I should positively reject. 
 
50 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 PERMANENT DISEASES OF THE HORSE. — GLANDERS INCURABLE. 
 
 ILLUSTRATIVE ANECDOTE. DEFECTIVE WIND. CIRCUMSTANCES 
 
 THAT SHOULD REGULATE THE ACCEPTATION OR REJECTION OF 
 SUCH A HORSE. ANECDOTE OF JOHN WARDE, ESQ. DEFEC- 
 TIVE WIND PRODUCTIVE OF DEBILITY. THE AUTHOr's ADVICE. 
 
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BAD-WINDED AND A BROKEN-WINDED 
 
 HORSE. THE LATTER TO BE INSTANTLY REJECTED. ROARING 
 
 AND WHISTLING. DEFECTIVE SIGHT. USEFUL HINTS TO PUR- 
 CHASERS. CHINKED BACK. 
 
 The complaints or casualties mentioned in the 
 preceding chapter are the principal internal tem- 
 porary attacks to which the horse is habitually 
 liable ; that is, they are such as come on suddenly, 
 "without previous indication of their recurrence, 
 or without perhaps being attributable to any abso- 
 lutely improper treatment at our hands. We will 
 now turn our attention to a few others of a per- 
 manent nature, and then judge how far it might 
 be judicious to purchase an animal under their 
 influence. Under this head, as the most horrible 
 and fatal, we will very briefly mention 
 
 GLANDERS. 
 
 I say briefly, because no respectable or sensible 
 man would for a moment entertain an idea of 
 
GLAXDERS. 51 
 
 purchasing a horse so afflicted. A respectable 
 man would reject him, knowing that, without 
 setting at defiance all pretensions to honesty, he 
 could never e^et rid of his baro;ain, but to a ro2:ue 
 or a slayer of horses : the sensible man would re- 
 ject such a horse, knowing that in a confirmed 
 state it is incurable, and in a recent one the cure 
 is in all cases very slow and precarious. In its in- 
 cipient form it has been cured, and no doubt will 
 again be so. But there is no doubt that glanders 
 of long standing is a perfectly hopeless case. 
 
 It is not my province to give a decided opinion 
 on any professional matter that admits of doubt. 
 "\Ye will not, therefore, go into the very abstruse 
 definition of contagion, as relates to this frightful 
 disease. That it is to be engendered by inocu- 
 lation we know, whether by the lancet, or by the 
 stomach havins* imbibed glandulous matter. It 
 has also been clearly ascertained that sound horses 
 have become affected by standing in the same 
 stable with glandered ones, without it having 
 come to our knowledge that inoculation of any 
 sort had taken place. If this really was proved 
 to have been the case, it would show that the 
 disease was epidemic as well as contagious. These 
 attributes, however they may be matters of con- 
 sideration, and indeed of general importance, pro- 
 fessionally considered, are not of any import so far 
 as the extent of this work goes ; for, be it con- 
 
 £ 2 
 
52 THE STUD. 
 
 tagious or epidemic, a horj^e, however slightly 
 affected, should be avoided as a pest-house. 
 
 A man has always, I conceive, a perfect right 
 to mention any anecdote, when it only shows his 
 own folly, ignorance, or presumption ; and as I 
 have stated that glanders recently contracted is 
 sometimes curable, that the reader may place no 
 confidence in a cure so very precarious and rare, 
 I will state what occurred with myself. 
 
 I had a mule that in some way got glandered. 
 I was quite sure of the disease being of very 
 recent date, so I thought I would try my hand in 
 attempting a cure. I put him where he could not 
 come in contact with any living animal, and most 
 patiently worked away at him for two months, 
 injecting the nostrils, and supplying my patient 
 most liberally with Ethiop's mineral every day. 
 The discharge from the nostrils abated very con- 
 siderably, and no blots or ulcers broke out on any 
 part of the animal. When I found he rejected 
 food, I stopped till the nausea went off: I then 
 had at him again. I was silly enough to fancy 
 I should make a cure, and so, for all I know, I 
 might have done ; there was, however, a circum- 
 stance occurred, that unfortunately prevented my 
 coming forth " le huitieme marveille du monde" as 
 a Yet, namely, my mule most ungratefully died. 
 
 Kow I must not permit my medical skill to be 
 laughed at; for, on mentioning how I had treated 
 
GLANDERS. 53 
 
 my patient to a very clever professional man, he 
 said I had taken the right course. I learned 
 from him what I did not at that time know, 
 namely, that glanders is more virulent in mules 
 than horses, and more so with asses than mules ; 
 so, in my mule case, I may apply what was once 
 written by, or for, a doctor : — 
 
 " Wbene'er my patients comes to T, 
 I physics, bleeds, and sweats 'em ; 
 If, after that, they choose to die, 
 What's that to me — I Lets 'em." 
 
 There is one accompaniment to glanders that 
 sometimes shows itself without the animal havinof 
 
 o 
 
 the slightest tendency to the disease, namely, dis- 
 charge from the nostrils. This discharge may 
 exist to very considerable extent, having a most 
 suspicious appearance, and foetid smell ; and many 
 a horse has from this been killed for glanders, 
 that was as clear of the disease as the person who 
 killed him. Blows on the nose will occasion this 
 discharge, or, indeed, any serious injury of the 
 nasal cartilage. However, this must not be trusted 
 to without the very best professional advice ; and 
 even then, if the opinion was ever so decidedly 
 favourable, though it might and would induce me 
 to keep a favourite horse under the prospect of 
 cure, I most decidedly would reject a horse with 
 such symptoms, however slight they might be, 
 unless perfectly certain of the cause. 
 
 E 3 
 
54 THE STUD. 
 
 DEFECTIVE WIND. 
 
 There are so many gradations in this infirmity, 
 that it would be going too far to say I would 
 recommend every horse defective in his wind 
 being at once rejected (though I would not pur- 
 chase such a one for my personal use at any 
 price). The acceptation or rejection of these 
 horses should depend on the following contin- 
 gencies: — how far the animal is affected, the work 
 he is wanted to perform, the habits, taste, and 
 pocket of the purchaser ; or, if not the actual state 
 of the pocket, the state of the inclination to part 
 with its contents. 
 
 To the man to whom fifty or a hundred, more 
 or less, is not a matter of serious consideration, I 
 would at once say, reject any and every horse 
 for any and every purpose, if he is at all de- 
 fective in his wind. He may do the work wanted 
 of him perfectly well, but still he is a make-shift ; 
 and, if all men thought as I do, a constant source 
 of annoyance. The detested short cough, that 
 more or less is habitual to bad winded horses, 
 positively grates on my nerves. It is distressing 
 to hear, and a certain nameless accompaniment 
 to the cough, often places the rider in a most 
 ludicrous predicament. " Figurez vous," as Sterne 
 says, a man driving a lady wuth such a horse. 
 The dreaded contretemps takes place ; the driver 
 
DEFECTIVE WIND. 55 
 
 wishes the horse and himself under the earth; 
 when, to mend the matter, " hold hard," sings out 
 some slang Cad, — thus making assurance doubly 
 sure, that you are laughed at so long as you are 
 in sight, and, still more direful consequence, never 
 being permitted a sight of the lady again. 
 
 If, however, a man's poverty or parsimony in- 
 duces him to put up with a most objectionable 
 animal in order to get one whose appearance will 
 gratify his pride at little cost, he may buy worse 
 bargains than a horse moderately defective in 
 wind. There is no danger at any rate to be an< 
 ticipated from him, and he can do slow work 
 without distress ; and, I should say, continue it as 
 long as other horses. He will stand a canter up 
 Rotten Row ; but beware of touching him with 
 the spur, or starting very suddenly, for if you do, 
 expect the abhorred " contretemps." You may 
 then clap your spurs to him in earnest, and hide 
 your diminished head. 
 
 This reminds me of an anecdote of that capital 
 sportsman, — capital, but somewhat eccentric fel- 
 low, — the late John Warde, Esq. He had a horse 
 he wanted to get rid of from his being touched in 
 his wind. A very spicy young gentleman, who 
 had come from London for a day or two's hunt- 
 ing with the Hungerford Squire, heard of this 
 horse, and called on Warde about him. Now this 
 was precisely the kind of being Warde detested ; 
 
 £ 4 
 
5^ THE STUD. 
 
 however, he received the gentleman civilly. " Mr. 
 Warde," said the dandy, " I have heard a report of 
 your horse." — ^' I dare say you have," interrupted 
 the Squire, " and so have many other people." An 
 uncontrollable burst of laughter, from some who 
 heard the reply and knew the horse, so " discom- 
 forted" the gentleman, that before any apology 
 could be made he walked off, and for that time 
 the Squire lost the sale of his nag. 
 
 As a matter of course, the comparative ease or 
 difficulty w^th which horses touched in their wind 
 can accomplish their work, depends on how far 
 the wind is affected, and the nature of the work 
 required ; it is quite certain that no horse faulty 
 in his wind can perform fast work without con- 
 siderable distress : still he may be in that state, 
 that though it would render him unequivocally 
 unsound and reduce his value (in trade phrase) 
 seventy per cent., he might be able to perform 
 moderate work, even at a fair pace, nearly as 
 well as a sound one, if proper attention is paid 
 to him as to diet, water, and an airy stable ; the 
 only case, therefore, where we could take upon 
 ourselves to advise another person when to select 
 (perhaps take would be a better term), or to re- 
 ject, such a horse would be, when we saw how far 
 the animal was affected, and then knew the cir- 
 cumstances and habits of the purchaser. An ordi- 
 nary cob to carry an elderly man, who only rode 
 
DEFECTIVE WIND. 57 
 
 for air and health, would answer every purpose he 
 was wanted for, if even considerably gone in his 
 wind ; and for such a person easiness of pace, 
 safety, and steadiness, are of greater import than 
 such lungs as are wanted in the hack to carry his 
 master to a fixture twelve miles from Melton, 
 where to such a man any defect of wind would 
 render a horse perfectly useless. A horse that 
 could not live a galloping stage in a Comet, Tally- 
 ho, Tantivy, or Berkeley Hunt coach, would look 
 well, work well, and do well drawing a Brougham, 
 for the generality of persons, about London 
 streets. 
 
 Allowing, as I do, that horses faulty in their 
 wind are quite capable of doing many sorts of 
 work pleasantly to the owner, and with compa- 
 rative ease to themselves, my entertaining such 
 insurmountable dislike to them may appear an 
 incongruity. I am willing to have this preju- 
 dice set down as a description of monomania, if 
 the reader pleases ; but on or behind a bad winded 
 horse I am in a continual fidget. Perhaps having 
 all my life been used to very fast ones, as hunters, 
 hacks, or harness horses, may account for it. Yet, 
 unless when necessary, or sometimes, I allow, as a 
 temporary bit of vanity, I do not want to go 
 faster than any man accustomed to good goers 
 usually does ; but the feeling of having one, under 
 or before me, that cannot get me out of another 
 
58 THE STUD. 
 
 man's dust if I want it, mortifies and worries me. 
 Other persons more wise would not feel thus; 
 therefore it would really be quite consistent in me, 
 if I purchased for another person, or advised him 
 to purchase, a horse that I would not accept as 
 a gift. I might, and most certainly should, as I 
 have often done, purchase one that in turn the 
 same man would not accept on the same terms ; 
 yet both might be well suited in purchasing the 
 respective horses. 
 
 I can, however, give a better reason for my dis- 
 like to thick- winded horses. Imperfection in the 
 wind causes considerable debility; debility, as a 
 matter of course, causes an animal under its in- 
 fluence to feel the effects of exertion more readily 
 than one of a sound and firm constitution ; thus, 
 such an animal has not only his infirmity of wind 
 to contend against, but comparative infirmity of 
 constitution also. The asthmatic man becomes 
 shortly distressed by exertion, supposing him 
 to be as strong as he may ; the sick and weak 
 one becomes also distressed by exertion. What, 
 then, must the man feel who is both asthmatic and 
 weak ? I do not know whether, in the human 
 frame, the one is the sure accompaniment to the 
 other; but in horses I am quite satisfied that more 
 or less it is so. 
 
 The best advice I could give a person about to 
 buy a thick- winded horse is this — try him. In 
 
DEFECTIVE WIND. 59 
 
 order to give him a fair chance, make sure his 
 stomach Is not distended by a recent quantity of 
 hay and water, and then put him for half an 
 hour to such work as you want him for. If he 
 does this freely and without distress, buy him ; 
 if not, reject him at any -price. 
 
 I must, however, apprise such a supposed pur- 
 chaser, that, to form any accurate estimate of 
 the animal's fitness for such work, it would be 
 quite necessary to be satisfied how he had been 
 treated, for at least a few days before his trial. 
 For supposing, on one hand, he had been groomed, 
 or rather tended, by an ignorant lout, he might 
 have permitted the horse to eat as much hay and 
 drink as much water as he pleased, which, with a 
 bad-winded one, would be in considerable quan- 
 tities, more particularly the water ; such a horse 
 might, therefore, be found much worse than he 
 would be if properly treated ; thus, in such a case, 
 a useful animal might be rejected. Whereas, on 
 the other hand, if, knowing the horse was to be 
 tried, he had been kept for three or four days 
 on wet oats and bran only, in very moderate 
 quantities, no hay, and little or perhaps no water, 
 he certainly would, in a temporary way, perform 
 his trial with less distress than he would on even 
 proper general feeding. Such treatment would 
 enable the horse to breathe more freely than usual, 
 it is true ; but, if persevered in, would so reduce 
 
60 THE STUD. 
 
 his general stamina, as to incapacitate him for 
 labour from other causes. 
 
 Broken-winded horses are always disposed to 
 drink in greater quantities than others. They are 
 always thirsty ; they should therefore be w^atered 
 much oftener than their healthy companions, 
 though, on the aggregate, they should during 
 the twenty-four hours get less. All their food 
 should be given them wet ; this, and never allow- 
 ing them to suffer from thirst, w^ill render them 
 satisfied with as much liquid as it is judicious to 
 give them, and habit will still do more in this 
 particular. Fortunate is the man who has a groom 
 that will abide by instructions as to the proper 
 treatment of such horses as those in question. 
 
 The bad, or thick-winded and asthmatic horse, 
 must not, however, be confounded with the broken- 
 winded one ; it is true even the latter are daily 
 worked, but most decidedly never without severe 
 distress to them. This is a horse I can hardly 
 contemplate my reader looking at, even for cart 
 purposes ; if he should, I must most strongly ad- 
 vise him never to buy one so affected for any 
 purpose. For though he might do what was re- 
 quired of him, no man of any feeling could wit- 
 ness, without regret, the efforts of an animal 
 in pain and distress. Humanity ought to direct 
 such afflicted animals to be shot as well as glan- 
 dered ones. V\hj this is not done arises from 
 
DEFECTIVE WIND. 61 
 
 the general selfishness of man. The living glan- 
 clered animal would affect the pocket by infecting 
 other horses ; the poor suifering broken-winded 
 horse only suffers in his own person. Such are 
 the feelings, despicable as they are, that actuate 
 the generality of mankind, not only towards 
 horses, but often to tlieir fellow man also. 
 
 However thick- winded or asthmatic a horse may 
 be, he Is, in point of visible indication, widely 
 different from the regular broken-winded one, 
 and the latter from him. A regularly broken- 
 winded horse may, if standing still, be detected 
 nearly as far off as his colour is distinguishable. The 
 peculiar jerk of the flanks in such a horse cannot 
 be overlooked, even by those knowing the least 
 of such matters. The animal, in strenuous endea- 
 vours to expel the compressed wind from his 
 lungs, draws up the abdominal muscles in an un- 
 natural degree ; the elasticity of the lungs forces 
 back these muscles with a sudden jerk, which is 
 more or less forcible as the animal Is more or less 
 broken-winded. Thus, by watching the flanks of 
 horses in this state, no mistake can possibly be 
 made. This single symptom, or rather confirma- 
 tion, of broken wind is sufficient ; no professional 
 opinion is requisite in such a case. Let such a 
 horse be at once and for ever rejected. 
 
62 THE STUD. 
 
 EOABING AND WHISTLING. 
 
 Both the complaints are perfectly distinct from 
 asthma and broken wind, though asthma is not 
 unfrequently an accompaniment to them. When 
 such is the case, of course the animal breathes 
 with difficulty ; this arising not from the roaring, 
 but the asthmatic affection. If the lungs and all 
 the parts are sound, I do not consider that, in a 
 general way, roaring or whistling materially affects 
 the breathing of the animal ; and infer such to be 
 the case from the fact that horses as roarers have 
 raced, steeple-chased, and hunted, without evinc- 
 ing peculiar symptoms of distress. For this reason, 
 should we find a horse a simple roarer, but with 
 apparently sound lungs, I do not say such a one 
 should be at once rejected, if the purchaser does 
 not object to the (to me) abhorrent noise. In fact, 
 there are many roarers that though they do make 
 a very considerable noise on being galloped, will 
 trot alonor eight or nine miles an hour without, in 
 this particular, being objectionable. Such a horse, 
 therefore, for such purposes as do not call forth 
 the objectionable qualities of his infirmity, may 
 safely be purchased ; for the only drawback, be- 
 yond what is found at the time of purchase, is, 
 that he may grow worse. This is, however, by 
 no means to be feared as a certain result ; in fact, 
 there are causes of roaring that it is quite possible 
 
ROARING AND WHISTLING. 63 
 
 may become less in their eiFect. To instance, sup- 
 pose the roaring proceeded from some temporary- 
 affection of the glottis, sore throat, any enlarge- 
 ment or partial stoppage in the larynx; should 
 such causes become abated, the roaring (if they 
 were the causes of it) would abate. His getting 
 better or worse, or remaining in the same state, 
 will depend on the cause or causes of the com- 
 plaint, varying in their degree, or remaining in the 
 same force. Of the probability of a roarer getting 
 worse or better, in a general way, no professional 
 skill could warrant a decision ; because, in a ge- 
 neral way, the cause of the complaint cannot be 
 decided on : in fact, even from what part the noise 
 proceeds cannot always be ascertained. That it 
 sometimes proceeds from, or rather is emitted 
 through the nostrils, is quite clear ; and, for this 
 reason, persons may (if they have curiosity enough 
 to look for such a thing) often see cab horses with 
 a nose-band put on much lower than nose-bands 
 usually are. When this is the case, the horse 
 wearing it is a roarer. Inside this nose-band two 
 thick pieces of leather or cork are affixed ; these 
 press on the air passage of the nostrils, and by so 
 doing prevent, in a great measure, the escape of 
 sound. Never having been blessed by the pos- 
 session of more than two roaring horses, and but 
 one of those bought for my personal use, I am 
 not prepared to say whether this manoeuvre would 
 
64 "THE STUD. 
 
 in all cases be effective ; thougli I sliould infer; 
 that it would be so, more or less, in most : for I 
 conceive that from whatever part the noise pro- 
 ceeds, its emission is generally through the nostril, 
 thougli I in no shape presume to affirm that it 
 is so. Whistling and roaring I consider synony- 
 mous affections : the description of sound emitted 
 alone creating the difference of epithets applied 
 to the complaint. The wind roars, and the wind 
 whistles ; in both cases the sound of course proceeds 
 from the wind blowins^. The difference of sound 
 being caused by the difference of the aperture 
 through which the Avind takes its course. I con- 
 ceive something like this occasions the difference 
 between whistling and roaring in the horse ; and, 
 takino; this as somethinfj like fact, I consider that 
 we are not to judge of the quantum of incon- 
 venience the animal may experience by the quan- 
 tum of noise he may make when in exertion. Xo 
 question but the louder the sound he emits the 
 w^orse roarer he is ; but I do not hold that it 
 follows, from this circumstance, he is a worse 
 winded horse than one that is not so noisy : the 
 greater or less portion of distress he feels arising, 
 as I before said I conceived it to be, from the 
 state of the primary organs of respiration. The 
 question, therefore, as to the purchasing or re- 
 jecting a roarer simply merges into this : sup- 
 posing we find that such a horse can do the work 
 
ROARING AND WHISTLING. 65 
 
 we require without distress, how far a diminution 
 of price will, in the purchaser's estimation, be an 
 equivalent to the unpleasantness of the noise ; and 
 this must, of course, depend, be the noise little 
 or much, on the turn of mind, or rather opinion, 
 of the person purchasing ; and is a point on which 
 he alone can decide. If I have entered some- 
 what further than I at first intended on the nature 
 of the disease, or peculiarity, it Is the better to 
 enable the purchaser to make his choice between 
 selecting or rejecting a horse so circumstanced. 
 
 There Is a modified kind of roaring that is 
 very likely to mislead an inexperienced purchaser. 
 This Is termed grunting : not that horses keep up 
 a continued grunt as the others do a roar, a 
 wheese, or whistle, but only give a specimen of 
 their habit (for it can scarcely be called com- 
 plaint) when struck, turned round quickly in their 
 stall, or on making some sudden exertion. I have 
 known horses who would grunt on taking a leap, 
 but on no other occasions ; it therefore by no 
 means follows that an animal making such a sound, 
 or grunt, should be set down as a roarer, and re- 
 jected as such ; for though most roarers will give 
 forth a sudden emission of sound of some sort on 
 sudden exertion, every horse doing so is not a 
 roarer ; and I have known instances where abso- 
 lute roarers could not, without great difficulty^ be 
 forced to make any grunt on being tried in this 
 
66 THE STUD. 
 
 particular. Such instances are, however, very 
 rare indeed. 
 
 There is, however, a very great diiference in 
 the sound emitted by the roarer and the grunter 
 on sudden surprise or exertion, which a practised 
 ear at once detects. The confirmed roarer gives 
 a comparatively long continued hollow roar or 
 pfroan. The orrunter emits that sudden kind of 
 grunt that a man w^ould do if he came suddenly 
 in contact with a post when walking ; in fact, not 
 very dissimilar to the sound emitted by paviors 
 when usin2: their larsre rammers in settlino- the 
 street stones. 
 
 Although I apprise my reader that the mere 
 grunter is not to be set down as a roarer, I in no 
 way recommend his trusting to mere difference 
 of sound in so important a particular. I only 
 wish to prevent his at once refusing one that may 
 be really an acquisition from suspicious indica- 
 tion : try him. If he does not roar or whistle on 
 exertion out of the stable, his grunting on par- 
 ticular occasions when in, is not a matter of 
 serious import ; and he certainly may safely be 
 purchased : the buyer, however, bearing in mind 
 that he is, to a certain degree, possessing himself 
 of a faulty animal, and one that he will find he 
 must always sell at a depreciated price. If he 
 buys him at such, it is only like purchasing a 
 valuable lookinsj mirror with a sli2:ht flaw in it at 
 
ROARING AND WHISTLING. 67 
 
 twenty pounds, or a perfect one of the same class 
 at forty ; the one may, to the casual observer, 
 look as well as the other, and will answer every 
 purpose both of show and utility. If people are 
 fastidious as to having a perfect mirror or a per- 
 fect horse, they will reject any flaw in either. 
 The only difference however is, it is easy to get a 
 perfect glass, but all but an impossibility to find 
 a perfect horse ; for the last I, personally, never 
 look : though I do allow I icill have them perfect 
 as to wind, if they are, in stable phrase, " a little 
 screwy " in other ways ; but this is no guide to 
 others. And I again repeat, that horses some- 
 what defective in their wind, roarers, whistlers, 
 and grunters, may all be safely bought under par- 
 ticular circumstances. 
 
 There is still another noise that some horses 
 occasionally make when going, and most particu- 
 larly on first starting, and often for some miles 
 afterwards. This is a kind of hollow sound, not 
 unlike that w^e should hear if an half empty barrel 
 was rolled backwards and forwards, it seems as if 
 it came from the abdomen ; but I have been 
 assured by professional men that it proceeds from 
 the sheath. Of the truth or fact of this I never 
 could assure myself by listening ever so atten- 
 tively, though I had two horses with that habit 
 in its fullest degree ; in fact, I never could quite 
 convince myself where or whence it did arise : so, 
 r 2 
 
68 THE STUD. 
 
 doubtless, my informants are right. It is, how- 
 ever, no detriment to the horse, or need it be con- 
 sidered as calling for any diminution as to price ; 
 and, most certainly, they are not to be set down 
 on the list with the rejected ones. 
 
 DEFECTIVE SIGHT. 
 
 This failing is one much more likely to be 
 attended with both loss and personal danger to 
 the purchaser than defective wind. My reason 
 for savinof this is, that defective sio^ht in the horse, 
 unless it arises from particular and recent causes, 
 generally gets worse, and eventually ends in total 
 blindness. This, of course, would produce loss ; 
 but worse than this, during its progressive state 
 defective vision causes alarm and starting, often 
 to a very dangerous degree ; in fact, supposing 
 the visionary organs to be seriously affected, the 
 animal getting perfectly blind, renders him by far 
 the safer and more desirable servant ; for seeing 
 enough not to run against a house Is a very minor 
 advantaiTe : while seeing; enonorh to be alarmed at 
 most objects that present themselves is a most 
 serious drawback. I would, therefore, recommend 
 every horse being rejected whose eyes are in a 
 fluctuating state, unless a professional man could 
 decide upon its being of a transitory nature. A 
 good blind horse is, for many purposes, a most 
 
DEFECTIVE SIGHT. 6^ 
 
 valuable animal. I have had several. When they 
 habitually go straight, they are often particularly 
 pleasant horses to drive, and a great many of them, 
 for road use, remarkably pleasant to ride also. 
 Two or three of the safest and best road hacks 
 I ever had were stone blind. In fact, setting aside 
 appearance, I should in no way object to put a 
 lady on many blind horses. I would very much 
 23refer such a one to another that shied : blind 
 horses are almost invariably safe unless infirmity 
 renders them otherwise ; and have on an average 
 better action. In reference to my observation as 
 to their going straight, I make it because horses 
 when they first become blind are timid and un- 
 certain as to where to go ; but when they get ac- 
 customed to be guided by the bit, learn to go 
 w^ith confidence straight on till some indication is 
 given them to diverge from the straight line. I 
 have generally also found blind horses light in the 
 mouth. This I attribute to their beino- sensible 
 they cannot trust to their own guidance, so are 
 always ready to yield to that of the rider. I 
 have also generally found them lively horses, 
 arising no doubt from their apprehension of danger 
 from their infirmity, which keeps them (unless of 
 a determinate sluggish temperament) always on 
 the qui Vive : a kind of feeling, I consider, in- 
 dispensable in a hack or buggy horse. 
 
 There is one peculiarity in blind horses for 
 r 3 
 
70 THE STUD. 
 
 which I never heard any one account In a de- 
 cidedly satisfactory way ; they are mostly fine- 
 coated horses. The only plausible reason I can 
 suggest for their being so is that possibly their 
 apprehension keeping them, as I say, on the qui 
 vive, also keeps them warmer in a general way 
 than others, in fact, keeps up an increased in- 
 sensible perspiration, conducive to a fine coat. 
 
 The healthy or reverse state of the visionary 
 organs of the horse, is often a matter diflficuit for 
 even professional skill to determine on, and is one 
 that no other person, without great experience, 
 should trust himself to decide upon. There is a 
 description of dull, inanimate looking blue eye that 
 might induce the non-professional or inexperi- 
 enced man to set down as faulty, that is neverthe- 
 less a perfectly healthy one. This is frequently 
 the case with what are technically called "beetle- 
 browed " horses. And, again, there is a lustrous, 
 quick eye that is deceptive in the other way. 
 I have, in fact, more than once or twice seen 
 an eye quite blind that looked like a perfect one. 
 I once knew a cream-coloured, or wall-eyed, 
 poney stone blind, that even on close inspection 
 sh(^wed no symptom of blindness. 
 
 There are so many variations in the extent, 
 causes, and effects of diseases of the eyes of horses, 
 that I should far exceed the limit I have laid 
 down for myself in this book, were I to attempt 
 
DEFECTIVE SIGHT. 71 
 
 to po'mt them out. I should also be doing, or 
 attempting to do, what I do not hold it to be 
 my province to enlarge upon. I shall, therefore, 
 merely add what I trust may be useful to some 
 persons as hints when intending to purchase. 
 
 In whatever state a horse's eyes may be, if de- 
 viating from a healthy one, and it is ascertained 
 that the imperfect state arises from his having 
 had an attack of ophthalmia, let him be rejected 
 at once ; for the purchaser will find himself de- 
 ceived, if he considers the state the horse may be 
 then in to be a permanent one, or one that will be- 
 come perfect. Making allowance for so sweeping 
 an assertion, a horse is never radically cured of a 
 severe attack of opthalmia, he may be partially so, 
 and it is possible, but by no means probable, that 
 the eyes may continue in that improved state. It 
 is not unlikely that this might be the case, if the 
 animal was always strictly kept to the same re- 
 gimen, and subject to the same treatment that 
 brought about the partial cure ; but let him get 
 to high feeding necessary to exertion, and let him 
 undergo such exertion, the chances are ten to one 
 he becomes as bad or perhaps worse than he ever 
 had been ; and if he is a delicate and weak con- 
 stitutioned one on whom work takes great effect, 
 I should say a return of the complaint would be 
 certain ; for this reason I recommend a horse in 
 this state being rejected, that is, at anything bor- 
 F 4 
 
T2 THE STUD. 
 
 derlng on a sound price, — meaning the price 
 that particular horse would be worth if sound, 
 which most decidedly one in the state I have 
 mentioned is not or ever will be. 
 
 There is a fluctuating state of the eyes, in old 
 veterinary phrase, described as " moon-blind ; " 
 and I doubt not but many country horse doctors 
 (not veterinary surgeons) would swear by that 
 planet, that her influence brings about this fluc- 
 tuation of sight. I conceive a more rational way 
 of accountins; for such horses seeino; well at one 
 time, and being nearly blind at another, is the 
 effect of feeding, work, and air, each of which 
 will effect certain states of the visionary organs. 
 I knew a mare that would leave her stable to 
 meet hounds, seeing, as far as could be ascer- 
 tained to be the case, perfectly well, but would 
 often return, after a severe run, all but stone 
 blind. Xow, I am quite satisfied, the moon was 
 as innocent of this mare's blindness as of the 
 death of the fox. The fact, no doubt, was, the 
 exertion caused a suffusion of blood as regards the 
 delicate vessels appertaining to the eye, some of 
 which became highly inflamed or perhaps rup- 
 tured from distention. In corroboration of the 
 opinion I venture to give, this same mare was 
 afterwards put to moderate harness work, and at 
 this she had no returns of temporary blindness. 
 
 Cataract is a complaint very common to the 
 
DEFECTIVE SIGHT. iS 
 
 eyes of horses, and hundreds are now being daily 
 used for different purposes, whose owners have no 
 suspicion of their being so affected ; and though I 
 should be sorry to make such owners uneasy, 
 truth compels me to say, that the cataract, being 
 so small as to escape casual inspection, is by no 
 means to be held as any security of the lasting 
 goodness of vision ; quite the contrary. Now a 
 good thumping cataract on one eye, completely 
 obstructing its vision, is an honest fellow, though 
 perhaps an unsightly one : there he is, and there 
 he will remain, and can do no further harm; 
 whereas slight cataracts on one or both eyes, 
 though fair enough to look at, are very deceptive 
 gentlemen indeed. Like the Siamese twins that 
 act in concert, they are very likely to lead to total 
 blindness in both eyes. 
 
 Horses that have suffered from opthalmia some- 
 times get cataract in one or both eyes. If this 
 ends in total obscurity of vision in one eye, it is 
 perhaps the very best ending of a bad affair ; for 
 we may then make tolerably sure of the safety of 
 the other: indeed, a horse in this state may be 
 purchased with great safety, and I should say 
 that in the generality of cases the remaining eye 
 would be even less liable to disease than it was 
 before it lost its partner. 
 
 If we can ascertain that Avhen cataract, I mean 
 partial cataract, takes place in only one eye, it arose 
 
74 THE STUD. 
 
 from accident, such as a blow, that no inflamma- 
 tion exists, and that it is of some standing, I 
 should not apprehend any great danger in pur- 
 chasing such a horse, for if the affected eye re- 
 mained in statu quo, it would not be of much 
 consequence ; and if it got worse, provided no 
 inflammation accompanied its progress, it would 
 not, in all probability, in any way affect the sound 
 eye ; and the sooner the disordered one became 
 totally blind the better, for we might then con- 
 sider all cause for apprehension over. 
 
 Little specks that " have nothing in the wide 
 world to do with the horse's sight," are very well 
 for sellers to talk about : we will say that they 
 have not ; but they often have a great deal to do 
 in this wide world with a horse going eventually 
 as blind as a bat. I have all due respect for 
 many dealers in horses ; but in a case of " small 
 specks in the eye of no earthly consequence," I 
 must allow I would quite as soon take the opinion 
 of a clever professional man as theirs ; and before 
 buying a horse so circumstanced, I most strongly 
 recommend my readers not to neglect to do so. 
 
 CHINKED BACK. 
 
 There are various affections of the back, or 
 loins, of the horse, causing greater or less detri- 
 ment to the powers of exertion. I do not think 
 
CIIIXKED BACK. 75 
 
 it necessary to describe these different stances, or 
 ratlier states, of injured back ; but they range 
 from a state in which the animal may be able still 
 to perform light ^york, and that without pain to 
 himself, to one that shortly terminates in death. 
 In whatever stage of the injury any horse may 
 be, I strongly recommend my readers to reject him 
 at once, for I suppose myself addressing gentle- 
 men in this work, or at all events respectable 
 persons, and men of humanity. What certain 
 classes of the community may choose to purchase, 
 on a pound, shilling, and pence calculation of 
 turning it to account at the expense of proper 
 feeling, is quite another affair ; for it may, and 
 does often, pay to buy an afflicted animal and 
 work him to deatli. From such revoltlno- con- 
 duct and speculation we wdll turn away in dis- 
 gust, and only consider what may or may not be 
 purchased, with a proper regard to the animal 
 and to ourselves. 
 
 I have said I would recommend the rejection 
 of a horse in every stage of injured back, and yet 
 have admitted he might be useful without pain to 
 himself. Why I would in such a case reject him 
 is, that if we are disposed or obliged to purchase 
 at a diminished price, there are dozens of cir- 
 cumstances that would reduce price, that I should 
 greatly prefer to an injury of the back. In the 
 first place, the idea of sitting on an injured part 
 
76 THE STUD. 
 
 of the anatomy causes an unpleasant feeling to 
 the rider (if feeling he has, and which I have no 
 right to doubt) ; and further than this, there is, 
 or at least should be, always an apprehension of 
 any sudden strain or exertion, rendering bad ten 
 times worse ; and this most probably sooner or 
 later would occur. It is by no means improbable, 
 that, if galloping along ever so pleasantly on a 
 horse at all injured in the back, a sudden jerk 
 might occasion such intense agony to the animal, 
 that he would roll over like a shot hare, and, by 
 no means impossible, as dead as one, for the 
 extent of the injury can only be surmised from 
 external appearances, the acts of the animal 
 when going, or, on the loins being pinched and 
 pressed, to find the seat of the injury, and this is 
 no test to be trusted to. 
 
 If we were aware that a horse had a simple 
 strain of the muscles of the loins, severe though 
 it might be, such a horse might be purchased 
 with great hopes of a radical and perfect cure 
 being effected, by proper treatment and length of 
 time, and he might then be and continue as well 
 as he was before the accident. If we had such a 
 horse and liked him, there would be no necessity 
 for parting with him : but even in this favourable 
 state I should not advise such a one being bought ; 
 for some little hidden injury might still be there 
 that might on a sudden come against him ; and, 
 
CHINKED BACK. 77 
 
 if this was seated in the vertebra?, the chances are 
 that it would, and locked jaw and death be the 
 result. 
 
 If the reader has in view any horse that he is 
 aware is in some way injured in the back or loins, 
 and is very desirous, notwithstanding this, to have 
 him, I will make him as au fait as I can of the 
 leading characteristic appearances that distinguish 
 mere muscular strain from injury of the vertebrse. 
 On pinching the loins, a horse affected in either 
 way will crouch, evincing pain from the pressure ; 
 but see him trotted ; if it is only a muscular af- 
 fection, though he may go carefully so as to avoid 
 all the motion he can of the muscles of the loins, 
 he will still go straight, and the body will move 
 connectedly ; but if it is the spine that is injured, 
 he will, if looked at from behind, rock in his gait, 
 as we sometimes see a loaded stagecoach do. In 
 fact, his hind quarters will sway from side to side, 
 figuratively, like the tail of a kite ; as if, like it, 
 they were influenced by some power not belonging 
 to the body ; and so in point of fact they may be 
 said to be ; they seem actuated by the hind legs 
 only. This distinguishing peculiarity cannot well 
 be mistaken : and in the latter case I think my 
 reader would not hesitate in his rejection. 
 
 Any injury of the back is of more consequence 
 than many persons may imagine : it is true a horse 
 may work with an injured spine, but a little more 
 
78 THE STUD. 
 
 is certain death. To sliow how soon this may 
 occur to one uninjured previously, and to keep 
 my reader from having any thing to do if he can 
 help it with injured backs or loins, I will mention 
 what occurred to a carriage-horse of a friend of 
 mine. 
 
 Some acquaintance, possibly of an economic 
 turn of mind, had persuaded my friend that draw- 
 ing in his hay would be the best possible exercise 
 for his carriage-horses. His coachman vowed he 
 would not be a party to such an aflPair, so the 
 horses were put into a carter's hands pro tern. 
 In the evening my friend came to me in great 
 tribulation about one of his horses, who he af- 
 firmed could scarcely stand. I went to his stable, 
 and there saw the horse standing with his hind 
 legs stretched out, his eyes glazed, and a fixed 
 look, that showed me something serious had oc- 
 curred. I touched the horse to make him move ; 
 he did so, and in doino; it he 2:ave a oToan of 
 perfect agony, and fell against the standing : of 
 course I saw directly what was the matter. 
 What is to be done ? inquired my friend. Xo- 
 thing can be done, said I ; he has fatally in- 
 jured the spine. And what will be the result? 
 said he. In all probability, said I, paralysis of 
 the hind parts, very likely locked jaw, and I have 
 no doubt death in a few hours; but send for 
 Mr. , a professional person some miles off. 
 
CHINKED BACK. /9 
 
 If, however, the horse belonged to me, I should 
 shoot him instanter. The poor animal, however, 
 did not trouble either the veterinarian to pre- 
 scribe for him, or his master to destroy him. 
 An hour afterwards, after uttering a horrible 
 kind of shriek of agony, his hind parts fell under 
 him like a dog sitting, he rolled on his side and 
 died. 
 
 Xo doubt, from not being accustomed to hold 
 back a loaded cart, he had slipped, and so far in- 
 jured the vertebrae that some motion afterwards 
 completed the dislocation ; for liad it happened all 
 at once he would have fallen in the shafts. 
 
 A constant fear of something occurring to bring 
 on injury of the back to its climax, induces me so 
 strongly to object to horses thus affected. I trust 
 my reader will think my objection well founded. 
 
 There are many horses that always crouch more 
 or less on being first mounted, and some that will 
 do so on the spine being pinched with the fingers, 
 that cannot be called unsound, or ever show any 
 other indication of injury to the part. I do not 
 say such a horse need be rejected ; I do not say 
 I would not buy one having this peculiarity ; but 
 I most certainly do say, I should never be per- 
 fectly easy about him, unless I knew he had fre- 
 quently been wrung by bad fitting or badly stufied 
 saddles ; which we can scarcely suppose would be 
 the fact if he belonged to gentlemen, though such 
 
80 THE ST CD. 
 
 is sometimes the case ; if he has been used by in- 
 ferior persons, it is very often so, the crouching 
 is then accounted for. It is, however, under any 
 circumstances a very disagreeable and, I consider, 
 objectionable habit in any horse; and I cannot 
 persuade myself but that, in the generality of 
 cases, though after a few minutes we may per- 
 ceive no more of it, the crouching is caused by 
 pain for the time being; nor can w^e be certain 
 that all pain ceases when the crouching does so, 
 though it may not be sufficiently acute to induce 
 the animal to give outward demonstrations of it ; 
 in fact, such a horse being able to gallop well, 
 or even jump well, is no proof of either being 
 done without a certain degree of suffering : for 
 this reason I w^ould not (in a general way) buy 
 a horse with such a habit. I will here mention a 
 circumstance that perhaps encreased my habitual 
 prejudice against such horses. 
 
 ^Iv father boug-ht a remarkablv fine mare of 
 a relation (who never hunted), intending to make 
 a hunter of her ; this mare crouched on being 
 mounted to a degree that was perfectly ridiculous 
 to look at ; however, in the course of a few hun- 
 dred yards it went off, and there was no other in- 
 dication of any weakness of the back or loins. 
 She was a remarkably pleasant road mare and 
 charger, for both of which purposes she had been 
 used ; but as a hunter she was not worth the 
 
CHINKED BACK. 81 
 
 saddle she carried. She would gallop and leap 
 very cleverly for a brust of ten minutes ; but 
 after that she tired at once, nor would she recover 
 that day. She was tried a few times, always with 
 the same result. She was sent to Tattersall's. I 
 often afterwards saw her in the Park : there she 
 was at home, and there, like many other impo- 
 sitions on the public, looked a personage of great 
 consequence. I have no doubt, in this case, the 
 crouching was the effect of some latent injury to 
 the back or loins, and this it was that tired her 
 when put to continued strong exertion. 
 
 " It is of no consequence," or " He feels no 
 pain from it," are opinions very prevalent with 
 many owners as regards their horses ; and these 
 opinions are often strenuously maintained without 
 being able to bring forward one good reason in 
 support of them; the horse no doubt would, if 
 he could, tell a diiferent story. They do not 
 pretend to be ill, lame, or in pain, from affecta- 
 tion or cowardice. As a case in point : 
 
 A friend of mine once told me that a favourite 
 horse had contracted a habit, within a few weeks, 
 of always putting one foot forwards ; he was 
 " not lame or in any pain ;" was it not odd? jN^ot 
 particularly so, said I ; and there it ended. A 
 day or two afterwards I called on my friend, and 
 was shown the horse. There he was, sure enough, 
 nursing this favourite foot or leg under the 
 G 
 
82 THE STUD. 
 
 manger, and occasionally holding it up. I fully 
 thought that for a horse " not in pain," these 
 manoeuvres would be very odd indeed. I took up 
 the foot, felt it, the inside quarter was as hot as 
 fire. Pray, said I, has this horse ever told you 
 he is not in pain ? Of course not, said my friend. 
 Then, said I, I tell you for him that he is. But, 
 replied he, if he w^as in pain he would go lame. 
 I dare say he does, said I, if the truth was known. 
 But, said my friend, I tell you he does not. Very 
 well, rejoined I, have patience and you will soon 
 tell me he does. In three or four days he was 
 lame enough, and in as many more a quitter burst 
 out. 
 
83 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 EXTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS, C07ltinued. AILMENTS OF THE LIMBS AND 
 
 FEET. "down ON' THE HIP." STRING-HALT. SWOLLEN OR 
 
 CAPPED HOCKS. SWELLINGS IN THE NECK. WINDGALLS. 
 
 CROOKED FORE LEGS. KNUCKLING OVER ON THE HIND POSTERNS. 
 
 AILMENTS COMMON TO THE HIND LEGS. BONE, BLOOD, OR BOG 
 
 SPAVINS. THOROUGH PINS. SPLINTS. AILMENTS OF THE 
 
 FORE LEGS. RING BONES AND SIDE BONES CONTRACTED FEET. 
 
 SINEWS. CORNS. CURBS. " UNNERVED." 
 
 I HAVE now mentioned as many corporeal 
 ailments of the horse as are necessary to this 
 book ; for where there is any unusual or hidden 
 disease from which a horse evidently suiFers, 
 I take it for granted no man would purchase 
 him for immediate use, and but few for any 
 purpose. It is bad enough to have a horse get 
 decidedly amiss when in our possession ; but 
 to meet trouble half way, which purchasing an 
 ailing horse decidedly is, would be little short of 
 madness. A known and long-standing imper- 
 fection may be tolerated ; but one in its progress, 
 or in a fluctuating state, it is the height of folly 
 to encounter. We will now descend to — 
 
84 THE STUD. 
 
 AILMENTS OF THE LIMBS AND FEET. 
 
 As that part of the limb most connected with 
 the body we will take the hip-joint ; not as to 
 whether a horse may or may not be purchased if 
 lame in this part, for such a question would 
 answer itself; but there is a deformity sometimes 
 existing here, arising at times from outward form- 
 ation but in most cases from injury to the part. 
 This, in stable phrase, is termed " down on the 
 hip." 
 
 On standing behind some horses an evident 
 depression of one hip may be perceived. If of 
 long standing, and the horse has been at work, 
 and has always been sound, it is most probable he 
 will ever continue so at the same kind of labour, 
 or perhaps at any other ; if, therefore, the de- 
 formity is not more unsightly than the purchaser 
 can put up with, and the price is a temptation, 
 such a horse may safely be purchased. Indeed, 
 for double harness, where the deformity may be 
 hid by driving him with that side next the pole, 
 I should be greatly tempted to take a fine horse 
 at a proper reduced price. And, in fact, in many 
 horses considerably down on one hip, the ob- 
 jection is scarcely visible when standing by their 
 side ; it is only by scrutinising both hips at once 
 on standing behind that it becomes apparent. It 
 is perhaps as safe a drawback on being perfect as 
 any I know of in the horse. 
 
STRING-HALT. S5 
 
 In continuance of imperfections that are in a 
 general way as harmless as any imperfections can 
 be, I will now mention 
 
 STRING-HALT. 
 
 In the ordinary run of cases of string-halt, a 
 buyer need not be alarmed on seeing a horse thus 
 affected. Its origin or cause admits of different 
 opinions even among the professional ; it would> 
 therefore, be great arrogance in me to give any 
 opinion of my own on the subject. I have heard 
 it accounted for, however, by some persons in so 
 very extraordinary a way, that I feel C[ulte con- 
 fident such opinions were in most cases quite 
 erroneous. This much I may admit, — I con- 
 sider those who attribute the motion to some af- 
 fection of the hock or stifle, or in some of the 
 muscles or ligaments necessary to Its play, form 
 their opinion on good grounds. What the affec- 
 tion may be, we will not enter into here. This 
 much, however, we may infer, — if the horse Is 
 not lame in or after work, let the cause be what 
 it will, it most probably is not a^'serious one; 
 nor need we fear its c^ettlno: worse, or at all 
 events not suddenly so ; nor do I believe that In 
 a general way, the extent of the peculiarity of 
 motion, that Is, the more or less snatching up the 
 limb, has anything to do with the animal getting 
 G 3 
 
86 THE STUD, 
 
 lame or continuing sounds tor I have seen num- 
 bers of horses thus affected to the utmost extent 
 always remaining perfectly sound : in fact, I ven- 
 ture an opinion, that a horse afflicted by string- 
 halt is sound or unsound, not from the extent of 
 the affection itself, but from circumstances ac- 
 companying the affection. If, on examining the 
 limbs, we found a difference in them, and that 
 difference of a nature that has any tendency 
 to produce lameness or eventually lead to it, I 
 should say such a horse could in no way be con- 
 sidered sound, though sound at that time ; but 
 if on lookino^ at and feelino- the limbs we could 
 perceive no difference in them, and both being 
 what they ought to be, I should consider the 
 animal a sound one notwithstanding^ his strins;- 
 halt. That some departure from the usual or- 
 ganisation of the different parts that create unison 
 of motion does exist, we must consider certain ; 
 but this difference of texture, or formation, of 
 hidden parts may in no way render the leg 
 affected one atom less sound or less efficient than 
 the other. I will endeavour to elucidate what I 
 mean by a supposed case. 
 
 We all know that some horses lift their fore or 
 hind legs, or all of them, much higher than others 
 do, and that not from the effect of peculiar break- 
 ing, or teaching, but naturally ; this, of course, 
 proceeds from some natural cause, in no way 
 
SWOLLEN OR CAPPED HOCKS. 87 
 
 relating to soundness or its reverse. If we, there- 
 fore, suppose a horse to have three legs in every 
 way constituted like those of the horse who does 
 not possess high action, but the fourth endowed 
 with those attributes that cause high action, he 
 would be set down as having string-halt ; and so 
 in fact he would have ; that is, he lifts one leg 
 higher than the others, but all might be equally 
 sound. If both hind legs were thus formed or 
 constituted we should then say he had string-halt 
 in both, and so virtually he would have. 
 
 On these premises, therefore, without diving 
 into (as it appears to me) the abstruse opinion 
 that strino;-halt has its orio-in in an affection of 
 the vertebrjs, I venture to say, that, in the ab- 
 sence of any defective indication in the limb, a 
 horse with string-halt may very safely be pur- 
 chased. 
 
 Another peculiarity, or rather deformity, for I 
 cannot call it a disease, is often seen in horses ; 
 namely, — 
 
 SWOLLEN OR CAPPED HOCKS. 
 
 I have never known a horse lame from this, 
 though it is often very unsightly. It certainly 
 proceeds from injury sustained on the part showing 
 the enlargement; but, fortunately, though such 
 injury produces a blemish, it rarely produces any 
 G 4 
 
88 THE STUD. 
 
 lasting ailment ; probably, at first, it may cause a 
 little soreness and stiffness, as a blow will on any 
 part of the anatomy. This shortly goes oif, and 
 no imperfection beyond the blemish arises from it. 
 It is particularly objectionable, in point of sale, 
 to a harness horse, as it carries suspicion with it 
 that the injury to the part arose from kicking. 
 In fact, we seldom see an old offender as a kicker 
 without capped hocks ; but, beyond this, there is 
 no reason that such a horse should be rejected at 
 a proper price ; for it is one of those few cases 
 where a purchaser may credit the seller in saying 
 " it is of no earthly consequence." 
 
 "\Ye sometimes see a swelling of the same kind, 
 and arising from the same cause, namely, a blow, 
 on the front of the knee. A blow on this part is 
 certainly likely to create longer injury and stiff- 
 ness than when inflicted on the hock ; for this 
 reason, — there is less springy substance to soften 
 its effect. I might make something like a com- 
 parison of these two parts with our heel and knee- 
 pan. A very severe blow on the knee of the 
 horse would very possibly end in anchylosis, or 
 stiff joint ; if, however, it does not, and the horse 
 becomes sound, it rarely comes against him after- 
 wards, though it will sometimes cause a little 
 temporary stiffness after severe exertion ; still I 
 should not reject a known good horse for such an 
 imperfection. If, with a swollen knee of some 
 
SWELLINGS IN THE NECK. 89 
 
 standing, he had stood work without its causing 
 any lameness in the part, I should say a man 
 would be quite justified in w^arranting him sound, 
 and a purchaser quite safe in buying. 
 
 Being on the subject of outwardly visible 
 blemishes, I beg to be permitted to return to the 
 upper parts of the horse in order to mention 
 
 SWELLINGS IN THE NECK, OR RATHER THE 
 SIDE OF IT. 
 
 These puflfy swellings generally arise from 
 the horse having been bled by rude hands ; and 
 further, by the very bad practice some grooms have 
 of pulling up the skin, or rather pulling it away 
 from the neck, when preparing to pin it up, and 
 also from the equally to be reprobated habit, after 
 the neck is pinned up, of, as it w^ere, forcing the 
 pinned-up part into the neck with the sponge, 
 indeed sometimes w^ith the finger. The pulling 
 the skin away from the neck allows wind, to a 
 certain degree, to get admission ; and there it 
 remains, producing a kind of air bladder ; and 
 forcing the pin, with the tow round it, to- 
 wards the neck, bruises the part, and often 
 causes swelling also. A total loss of the vein is 
 not unfrequently an accompaniment to swelled 
 neck, produced by such rude practitioners cutting 
 through it, for they seldom take much trouble 
 
90 THE STUD. 
 
 ill the selection of a fleam, in accordance with the 
 fineness or thickness of skin of the animal to be 
 bled, or make any difference in the force of the 
 blow whether they were to bleed a rhinoceros or 
 a thorough-bred filly. The width of the blade 
 matters little, but the depth of it is of serious im- 
 portance ; if with a deep blade, and that not held 
 accurately in a line with the vein, a strong blow 
 is given, the vein will be separated to a certainty. 
 
 Should, however, such a catastrophe take place 
 it is not often of as serious importance as may be 
 supposed ; for, after a short time, it is found the 
 perfect vein is quite adequate to perform its 
 double duty. 
 
 I do not think it improbable that a very ple- 
 thoric full-habited horse might at times sustain 
 some inconvenience from the loss of one of the 
 blood channels ; but with others I never heard 
 that such was the case : that it might not be so, 
 is probably why the two veins were given. 
 
 In continuance of blemishes of this sort, 
 
 WIXDGALLS 
 
 are the next that suir2:est themselves. These are 
 to be found more or less on most horses that have 
 been at work ; but, though doubtless arising from 
 the effect of work of some sort, they are in them- 
 selves perfectly harmless. When a horse showing 
 
WINDGALLS. 91 
 
 wiridgalls is lanie. It Is In nineteen cases out of 
 twenty the cause of these tumours, swellings, or, 
 In Tcterlnary phrase, hurscB, that lames ; not the 
 wlndgalls themselves, — they do not contain wind, 
 as the epithet would Imply, but a fluid, the 
 nature of which, or Its use. Is of little import- 
 ance to the reader to be informed ; nor is such 
 Information relative to diseases contemplated in 
 this work. Where I do attempt it. It is only 
 intended to enable the reader to judge of the 
 probable consequences of any departure from a 
 perfect state In the horse, by the origin and nature 
 of it. 
 
 If wlndgalls were so distended by the fluid they 
 contain as to become Inflamed from the disten- 
 tion, they might occasion lameness ; but this Is 
 very rarely the case. They may be relieved In a 
 temporary Avay, but are not curable permanently ; 
 It would be indeed folly to attempt it, as In their 
 usual way they do little or no harm, whereas an 
 attempt at cure might be attended with danger. 
 All horses sooner or later will show indications of 
 work; if these are confined to wlndgalls, both 
 horse and owner are very fortunate. Such a horse 
 may be purchased without hesitation. 
 
92 THE STUD. 
 
 CROOKED FORE LEGS, OR STANDING OVER AT 
 THE KXEE. 
 
 This may be termed a deformity, for, though it 
 mostly arises from work, it is the natural form- 
 ation of some few horses. 
 
 Supposing even that it arises from the effect of 
 work, it has nothing whatever to do with un- 
 soundness. Such horses are just as sound as if 
 their legs stood in a proper position ; that is, so 
 far as their mere departure from straightness 
 goes. In fact it is quite common to see such 
 legs particularly clean in their sinews, and most 
 determinately sound : nor does it at all follow 
 that such legs have undergone any unusual degree 
 of labour ; in fact, the state of a horse's legs in 
 any way is at best but a very fallacious way of 
 judging of the quantum of work he has under- 
 gone ; but it is a very sure criterion of the effect 
 work has had on him, be it more or less. The 
 consequence or effect (not the quantum) of work 
 a horse has done is the important point. 
 
 IMany persons run away with, or are carried 
 away by, strange notions and fears respecting 
 horses having done a good deal of work. In the 
 hope of inducing them to think more justly in 
 this matter, I will suppose a mail-coach to set out 
 with a set of wheels new, or newly tired ; and 
 we will say that, from some cause or other, the 
 
CROOKED FORE LEGS. 93 
 
 two wheels on one side are tired with bad, soft, 
 and badly worked iron ; the other two made of 
 the best material, and thoroughly well ham- 
 mered. After a few journeys we will look at the 
 wheels, we shall find the first two worn down to 
 the fellies, the others fit to go the same number 
 of miles again. 
 
 Horses' legs are not made of iron it is true, nor 
 are they hammered in their manufacture, though 
 hammered enough after they are made ; but they 
 are made of a material or materials, and on the 
 goodness of these, and the way in which nature 
 has put them together, mainly depends one horse 
 being fresh on his legs, while another is stale or 
 lame, though each horse performed the same ser- 
 vice, and each had the same care. 
 
 I have remarked that, on the average, crooked 
 legged horses are mostly pretty good goers ; that 
 is, have good action. I do not of course mean to 
 infer that crooked legs produce the action ; but I 
 consider the action produces crooked legs, and if 
 it produces nothing worse, such a horse, though 
 he may have done much duty, will in all proba- 
 bility do as much more. Such legs are a little 
 unsightly when standing still, we must allow ; 
 but they can go. 
 
 If the horse naturally stands over at his knees, 
 I do not believe he will become from work at 
 all more so than any other ; perhaps he is less 
 
94 THE STUD. 
 
 likely to do so, as the position of such a leg 
 takes off in a very great degree tension on the 
 sinews, and such horses rarely, in stable phrase, 
 " break down." 
 
 A horse with naturally somewhat bent knees 
 is for service greatly to be preferred to the one 
 whose knee inclines backwards. Indeed, if I had 
 a colt with knees standing in the latter way, how- 
 ever promising or however highly bred he might 
 be, I would sell him for harness, for, as a race- 
 horse or hunter, I should have no more con- 
 fidence in him than if his legs were made of deal. 
 If I was shown such a colt for riding purposes, 
 I should not look at him twice, and, though sound, 
 I would reject him at once at any price ; even for 
 harness I should dislike him. 
 
 In looking at a crooked-legged horse, the pur- 
 chaser need never be deceived as to whether the 
 mode of standing proceeds from natural formation 
 or work : if natural, it is impossible for the horse 
 to put it straight, for nature does not make 
 yielding crooked knees. When they have a tremu- 
 lous motion, and can be put straight, they are 
 in that state from the effect of work : therefore, 
 on being assured the horse " was foaled so," let 
 the buyer hold up one of the fore legs ; if natur- 
 ally crooked, crooked the one he rests on will 
 and must remain ; if, on the contrary, the leg he 
 
KNUCKLING OVEK, ETC. 95 
 
 rests on becomes straight, there can be no doubt 
 but work, not nature, has made them crooked. 
 
 I certainly do not consider that, speaking gene- 
 rally, horses standing trembling on their knees 
 are safe to ride, — not from their crookedness, but 
 from their trembling; yet this, like most other 
 things, has its exceptions, and many horses stand- 
 ing thus are quite safe. 
 
 If the reader does not object to the appear- 
 ance of crooked or bent knees, whether natural 
 or arising from w^ork, he need not hesitate in 
 making the purchase from any apprehension of 
 lameness or unfitness for any task. 
 
 KNUCKLING OVER ON THE HIND POSTERNS. 
 
 I never heard of this unsightly peculiarity 
 being natural, nor ever saw an unworked colt 
 standing thus on the hind joints. It always pro- 
 ceeds from w^ork, though possibly that work may 
 not have been severe. It is an objection that 
 to me is paramount. It is no absolute injury to 
 the horse, nor is it of itself a source of lameness ; 
 still it is so unsightly, and confers so decidedly 
 a mean appearance on the animal, that I positively 
 would not accept one so circumstanced as a pre- 
 sent (that is, not to use). This want of flexibility 
 on the posterns often, indeed generally, goes off 
 after the horse has been some short time at 
 
96 THE STUD. 
 
 exercise ; but it is so disgusting to me on first 
 mounting, that, much as I prize qualifications, 
 the best even of these would not compensate for 
 the deformity. Those, however, who have not so 
 rooted an antipathy to it, may with perfect safety 
 buy a horse standing thus, so far as any fear of 
 lameness is concerned. I must at the same time 
 give it as an opinion, that such horses are not likely 
 to have the same elasticity in their canter or in 
 leaping as others ; they probably may have when 
 thoroughly warmed ; but, not having had prac- 
 tical experience in such horses, I am not prepared 
 to say how far this may or may not be the case, 
 and I have no wish to become better acquainted 
 with them. They are a sort that may be selected 
 or rejected, as the purchaser pleases to decide. 
 
 I know of no other deformity very common to 
 the horse, though there are several that we may 
 occasionally meet with ; we will therefore now 
 consider such ailments of the limbs as, in certain 
 stages, are likely to occasion immediate or ulti- 
 mate lameness or infirmity, or may probably re- 
 main in a state of lasting imperfection, but still 
 of utility. 
 
 Havino; last mentioned the hind leo:s, we will 
 look at the ailments most common to them, which 
 are — bone, bog, and blood spavins, thorough-pins, 
 and curbs. At the head of these, as the worst 
 in effect, we will consider the — 
 
BONE SPAVIN. 97 
 
 BONE SPAVIN. 
 
 Seeing as many horses as we do in daily use 
 showing spavins, we might be led to imagine that 
 they are not of as serious consequence as they are. 
 Their consequence, so far as laming the animal is 
 concerned, depends of course greatly on their 
 nature, and equally so on their situation on the 
 limb. We must not, therefore, take the size of 
 its appearance, as any sure criterion whereby to 
 judge of how far it is likely to produce either 
 pain or lameness, for it will at once strike the 
 reader that an excrescence on or in the neigh- 
 bourhood of a joint may be very unsightly and 
 serious in appearance, yet if it is so situated as 
 not to interfere with the motion of that joint, 
 would cause very little inconvenience to the ani- 
 mal; whereas any ossification, however small it 
 may be, if so placed as to interfere with the 
 necessary action of any of the machinery forming 
 the joint, or with the junction or unity of action 
 of two bones, must as necessarily impede, par- 
 tially or totally stop, their action as would an 
 impediment placed in the machinery of a mill, or 
 any engine whose efficacy depends on the corres- 
 ponding working of component parts. 
 
 There is one cause of spavin, and perhaps the 
 very worst of its kind, arising from a circum- 
 stance that, in one respect, shows the machinery of 
 H 
 
98 THE STUD. 
 
 the hock may be hupeded by the same kind of 
 occurrence, or rather want, that would in like 
 manner act on machinery of man's manufacture, 
 namely the want of a proper lubricating fluid, to 
 enable the joints to work without detrimental 
 friction. Art supplies oil or some other proper 
 mixture to manufactured machinery ; nature sup- 
 plies a description of oil to the joints of the 
 animal. Whence this fluid is generated, or by 
 what supplied, it is not our business here to enter 
 on ; suffice it to say, that sometimes from over 
 exertion this fluid no lono-er exists in sufficient 
 quantity to prevent friction of the uniting parts 
 acting in junction. Irritation from the friction 
 of these parts against each other produces intoler- 
 able pain to the animal, with the worst possible 
 sort of lameness ; a lameness that no skill, no 
 treatment, no operation, can beneficially aflect ; 
 it is absolutely incurable. 
 
 Another kind of bone spavin proceeds from a 
 bony, or in other terms, ossific deposit, which 
 forms a junction of the small bones, of course 
 preventing the freedom of their action ; and 
 though the motion required of these small bones 
 is not much, still the total or partial prevention of 
 that action more or less lames, though not often 
 to any very serious extent, but quite enough I 
 should say to induce a purchaser to reject a horse 
 so circumstanced. With the latter kind of spavin 
 
BONE SPAVIN. 99 
 
 a harness liorse will work well enough in a general 
 way, and probably after going some time he feels 
 but little pain ; but its influence on the elasticity 
 of the hock is of the utmost importance, in a de- 
 trimental way, to a horse for the saddle. Blistering 
 or firing, as the case may require, will generally 
 so far cure ordinary bone spavin of the last de- 
 scription as to prevent his going lame or after- 
 w^ards becoming so ; but in this case even, I only 
 can call the failing mended, for it certainly is not 
 cured, though the lameness may be so. I say 
 mended only ^ because the cure is somewhat similar 
 in effect to the mending a broken or splintered 
 lance-wood gig shaft by splicing to it a stiff piece 
 of wood or iron. The shaft is certainly mended, 
 rendered safe, useable, and as strong as ever, but 
 its elasticity, on w^hich depends its chief merit, 
 is for ever gone ; and this, in a minor degree, is 
 the effect that mending a spavined hock has on its 
 motion ; though if spavin is taken in hand as soon 
 as it is perceived, and before stiffness of the hock 
 takes place, the horse may then be nearly or quite 
 as well as he ever was ; but the severest of oper- 
 ations will not restore elasticity, if it has once 
 been destroyed. 
 
 The inducement, therefore, to select or reject 
 a horse that has (in my new term) been mended 
 for bone spavin, would, I should consider, rest 
 on whether he went with proper elasticity on 
 
100 THE STUD. 
 
 his hocks, and of course on his going quite 
 sound; if he does both, he may safely be pur- 
 chased, for after having been properly fired, the 
 disease seldom gets worse, or comes against him; 
 that is, if the spavin was of a description in which 
 firing could take effect. This may, in fact, be 
 decided on by the horse going sound, for if the 
 complaint was not of this kind, firing would take 
 no effect as relates to the lameness it occasioned, 
 or, indeed, as to the complaint itself. 
 
 Another description of spavin frequently shows 
 itself on the hock : indeed, fortunately much more 
 commonly than those above mentioned, for it 
 seldom lames to any great degree ; this is the 
 
 BLOOD, OR BOG SPAYIN. 
 
 There is a professional difference between these 
 complaints, but that difference is so slight, and 
 the effect of both so similar, that it would be 
 quite useless to enter on the subject here ; suffice 
 it, for our present purpose, that blood or bog 
 spavin is a comparatively soft swelling on the 
 inside front of the hock. This is not, however, 
 caused, as the term blood would imply, by any 
 accumulation of blood, but of a fluid technically 
 termed sinovia, or, in farrier phrase, joint oil. 
 Exertion causes an undue secretion of this fluid ; 
 this causes a distention of the ligament of the 
 
BLOOD, OR BOG SPAVIN. 101 
 
 hock. I have seen horses with so o-reat an ac- 
 
 o 
 
 cumuhxtion of this fluid as to impede the motion 
 of the hock ; in fact, I had a buggy horse so 
 situated. lie had blood spavins when I pur- 
 chased him; but, after driving liim twelvemonths, 
 always going sound, the enlargement increased 
 in a few days to an enormous size, and he was 
 dead lame. I had seen an instance of a horse 
 operated upon for a similar ailment by a prac- 
 titioner at Hounslow, with complete success. To 
 him I sent my horse. He opened the tumour 
 and let out its contents ; in twenty- four hours my 
 horse went quite sound, and in a few days I had 
 him at work. Nor did he get lame again during 
 the time I had him, though often in strong work, 
 for he was a trotter. 
 
 I believe letting the superabundant fluid 
 escape is the only remedy in a bad case of blood 
 spavin, though not so often practised as it might 
 be. I certainly would not subject a horse to 
 be thus operated upon by a common farrier, nor 
 would he attempt it ; doubtless he w^ould fire 
 the part. He might with as much reason and 
 chance of success fire the horse's abdomen, if 
 he had distended it by an improper quantity of 
 provender. In fact, one of the objects, and in 
 m.any cases the chief object, in firing, is to produce 
 tension on the part fired ; so, by firing for blood 
 or bog spavin, we should increase the efiect of the 
 
 a 3 
 
102 THE STUD. 
 
 distention, and, I should say, most probably in- 
 crease the lameness by so doing. 
 
 THOROUGH PIXS. 
 
 When we see tumours or distention on both 
 sides of the hock, it is thorough pin. This en- 
 largement can be pressed so as to appear to run 
 through the hock, which in fact its contents do, 
 and so far " thorough " is a very proper terra ; 
 but what " pin " has to do with it I know not, 
 but so it is called. This double or twofold burs^e 
 is, I should conceive (without venturing to set it 
 down as the case), less likely tO produce lame- 
 ness than when the swelling is on one side only, 
 going on the supposition that the accumulated 
 fluid has more room to flow in ; for I have never 
 felt a thorough pin so tense as I have a blood 
 spavin. In fact, thorough pins very rarely ma- 
 terially inconvenience the horse, nor would I 
 reject a clever one that had them, and was 
 sound ; sound he could not be warranted, but 
 sound he nevertheless might be, and in most cases 
 would be. 
 
 SPLINTS. 
 
 The evil or harmlessness of these, so far as re- 
 lates to any lasting lameness, depends, I think I 
 may say wholly, on their situation on the leg. 
 Most splints, while in a growing state, usually 
 more or less produce lameness for the time being; 
 
SPLIXTS. 103 
 
 this in many cases does not proceed from their 
 pressure on any sensitive part lying beneath 
 them, but from distention of one of the surfaces 
 (if I may use such a term) that covers them (the 
 Periosteum), in short, one of the skins. This is a 
 very fine, and, I believe, inelastic coating covering 
 the shank-bone ; if, therefore, any protuberance 
 on that bone is produced, its pressure on this 
 covering substance produces pain, irritation, and 
 lameness. If the lameness arises solely from this 
 pressure, rest and cold lotions will usually alle- 
 viate the irritation. The coating, or, in profes- 
 sional phrase, the periosteum, becomes habituated, 
 or accommodates itself, to the distention, and then 
 the horse feels no further inconvenience from it. 
 I feel some confidence in venturing the opinion or 
 ideas I have on this point from the following facts. 
 
 Even as a boy I was addicted to dabbling a little 
 in professional and anatomical subjects, and was a 
 good customer to horse-slayers for legs, feet, and 
 other parts of the horse's frame ; so much so, that 
 if they killed a horse with any rather unusual 
 appearance existing in or on any part of the ana- 
 tomy, that part was generally sent to me to be 
 exchan2;ed for a half crown and a lunch to the 
 man who brought it. 
 
 Having at this early age a favourite horse that 
 had become lame in the middle of the hunting 
 season from a splint, I found, on examining the 
 
 H 4 
 
104 THE STUD. 
 
 leg, that the excrescence was seated precisely on 
 the cannon bone, about midway, and neither 
 pressed on the sinew, which, though much talked 
 about, it seldom or ever does, or on the smaller 
 bones of the leg ; this satisfied me they were not 
 inconvenienced by the splint. I found the leg in 
 its iaimediate neighbourhood hot as fire, and the 
 coverino^ skins tense as a drum-head; it then struck 
 me, that this tightening or distention produced 
 the hurt and lameness. The enlars^ement beino; 
 situated on the shank-bone only, I concluded I 
 could do no great injury there, so I passed a pen- 
 knife straight along the splint, from its commence- 
 ment to its termination, quite through the skins ; 
 kept cold fomentations to the part, gave my pa- 
 tient a dose of physic, and in a fortnight he 
 was oroinoj with hounds sound. I afterwards did 
 the same thing to several horses belonging to ac- 
 quaintances with the same results ; it left certainly 
 a lasting blemish, but not of any great extent. 
 
 The same thing has been often done since, and 
 probably long before, by many professional men, 
 and not of course being done in so rude a manner, 
 but artistically, doubtless the Ijlemish left is far 
 less when performed by them ; but it so happens 
 that I have never, to my knowledge, seen a horse 
 thus properly operated on. 
 
 The reader must not, however, infer from what 
 I have stated, that splints are always of so little 
 
SPLINTS. 105 
 
 import as that the possession of a pen-knife pre- 
 sents a certain mode of cure ; for it is only when 
 it is circumstanced as I have described, that this 
 simple operation will have any effect, or at all 
 events produce any thing like a cure : for, if a 
 splint is so situated as to interfere with the action 
 of the knee ; the horse must be lame unless such 
 interference can be removed ; if it arises from 
 ossification that has taken place, embracing, and 
 in fact cementino- too-ether, the laro;e and tvv'o 
 smaller bones, splint then becomes as serious, and 
 I believe generally as incurable a lameness, as 
 any incidental to the horse ; for, though there is 
 no motion or movement in the cannon bone, there 
 is in the small ones ; consequently, if they become 
 attached, their motion is lost. 
 
 I have found it necessary to go somewhat fur- 
 ther into the causes, effects, and dliFerent natures 
 of some of the ailments of t]ie horse, than I antici- 
 pated would be the case when I commenced this 
 vrork ; but the object of it not being to tell the 
 reader what are the failings of horses, and to reject 
 all horses possessing such, but, on the contrary, 
 to tell him to the best of my judgment when he 
 may buy an imperfect animal, it becomes neces- 
 sary to point out the different consequences of 
 different failings, be they of what nature they may, 
 and then to leave it to his own judgment to select 
 or reject as he may think proper. 
 
106 THE STUD. 
 
 Thus, in the case of splints, it is not that it 
 would be judicious or injudicious to purchase a 
 horse having a splint or splints, but whether it 
 would be advisable or its reverse to buy one with 
 such or such a description of splint ; and the same 
 thing holds good in respect of most of the fliilings 
 of the animal. 
 
 There are two more ailments principally re- 
 stricted to the fore lesfs, that, takino^ them on the 
 whole, are such as I consider to be of a nature to 
 warrant an immediate rejection of the horse under 
 their influence. These are 
 
 EIXG BOXES AXD SIDE BOXES. 
 
 These are both ossifications of parts, the first 
 of the soft part above the hoof, where the hair joins 
 it, the other of the cartilages on each side of the 
 foot. The latter, in professional phrase, ossified 
 cartilages, we need describe either no further or 
 more artistically. It is enough to say that Avhen 
 once ossification of these parts has taken place, 
 the disease is incurable. The horse may work and 
 be useftd ; but if a man wishes to possess a plea- 
 sant-going animal, which I conclude my reader 
 does, to him a horse so circumstanced would be 
 useless. All (or nearly all, as the case may be) 
 elasticity of the parts is lost ; the horse will never 
 get better, but most probably worse, till total 
 
CONTRACTED FEET. 107 
 
 infirmity ensues. This induces me to advise un- 
 qualified rejection of such a horse. In support of 
 such advice, — 
 
 A friend of mine purchased a remarkably fine 
 grey horse, that had been driven in a carriage for 
 some time. He was sold from not quite matching 
 his companion. He had ring bones, but went 
 sound. My friend tried him with hounds, and 
 found him quite at home there. Living in a very soft 
 country, and seldom having far to ride to or from 
 hounds, the horse remained sound till near the 
 end of the season. He then went for a fortnight to 
 hunt with another pack ; the second time he rode 
 the horse the ground had got hard, and it hap- 
 pened there was a good deal of road riding during 
 the day. The horse showed considerable lameness 
 returning from the hunt ; he was a cripple the 
 next morning, could never be mounted after- 
 wards, or was worth one shilling. Concussion no 
 doubt, as the general cause, had originally pro- 
 duced ring bones in this truly good horse, and 
 concussion finished his career. Ossified cartilages 
 of the feet are produced from the same cause, and 
 suffer from wanting elasticity of parts to coun- 
 teract its effects. 
 
 CONTRACTED FEET. 
 
 So much has been written on such complaints, 
 that it is needless to say more, either on their 
 
108 THE STUD. 
 
 orio'in or effects ; tliev are bad enouo'h. but not 
 SO likely to suddenly cripple a horse as the last- 
 mentioned ailments. If we ascertain, by the out- 
 ward indications the animal can afford us, that 
 they are not so contracted as to cause suffering, 
 and he goes sound, or nearly so, I ^YOuld not at 
 once reject a horse under proper circumstances 
 with such feet. As a hunter, he may go pleasantly 
 and safely, and with attention will very possibly 
 never get worse. Sound he never will be ; still, if 
 more attention is paid to his feet than they had 
 been accustomed to, they may, and probably will 
 be better than they were under former and less 
 judicious management : but, as contracted feet are 
 (by w^ay of simile) not very unlike a nut, the 
 kernel of which is more or less withered, the 
 hope in a general way of restoring the internal 
 part of the foot to its w^onted healthful state, is 
 about on a par with the chance of again restoring 
 the natural juices to the kerneL The determination, 
 tlierefore, to select or reject a horse with con- 
 tracted feet, should be made first on the extent of 
 the ailment, and, secondly, on the purpose for 
 which the horse is Avanted ; for the same feet that 
 would enable him to do his business as a hunter 
 for several seasons, would probably, from concus- 
 sion on hard dry roads, cripple a hack before the 
 termination of one summer. Faulty fore feet are, 
 however, far more bearable in a hunter, at least in 
 
SINEWS. 109 
 
 my estimation, than equally faulty hocks : that is, 
 fore feet faulty in the way last-mentioned. 
 
 SINEWS. 
 
 Where there is indication of any of the sinews 
 or ligaments of the leg suffering under the influ- 
 ence of strain, I would certainly leave such a 
 horse to those who mio;ht have time and inclina- 
 tion to take such a patient under their hands. 
 Under certain circumstances I might be tempted 
 to buy a horse labouring under recent strain of 
 such parts ; that is, buy him at a certain price to 
 cure, or try to cure, if the case was hopeful : but 
 for work, I would reject him at any price, even 
 were the ailment but trifling in appearance, and 
 would strongly recommend my reader to do the 
 same ; for though I have said faulty fore feet will 
 often stand in the place of better ones, in a hunter 
 faulty sinews will be but a sorry apology for 
 sound ones. These are, to use a play on the word, 
 really " the sinews" of a hunter. With faulty ones 
 the mere putting the foot on an uneven bit of hard 
 ground, or one ridge and furrow field, will often 
 render a horse useless for any purpose. I would, 
 of the two, rather see a favourite horse break his 
 leg, than get a thorough and determined break- 
 
 down of the sinew. An ordinary broken shank- 
 bone may, by time and care, be mended as strong 
 
110 THE STUD. 
 
 as ever ; the really broken-down sinew cannot. It 
 may be said that we see numbers of horses going 
 sound with fired fore legs, and that when fired 
 between the knee and fetlock, it has been generally 
 done in cases where the sinew^s have given way ; 
 nay, further, we hear that such or such a race- 
 horse broke down, and then see him come out the 
 next year and run as well as ever. This is all 
 true in a certain degree, but not wdiolly so. It is 
 quite true that horses are fired for relaxed sinews, 
 but not by a man of sense for a real broken-down 
 sinew, at least not with any hope of cure ; and 
 although race-horses are said, in technical terms, 
 to have broken down, they have not all done so : 
 those that have, do not race again, those that do 
 have not ; they have only materially injured the 
 part, and this by time and treatment is to be 
 rectified. 
 
 A horse may from over, or too often repeated 
 exertion, exhibit legs perfectly frightful to look 
 upon ; he may also be as lame on those legs as 
 an animal can possibly be ; they may, to the 
 casual observer, even feel as if it was a thorough 
 and hopeless break-down, and still it may be no 
 real break- down at all; for the sinews may, in 
 point of strength, be perfect, and the great re- 
 laxation we may see, and iiiflanmiation we may 
 ascertain to exist, may be confined to the cover- 
 ing, and parts surrounding the tendon : this will 
 
SINEWS. Ill 
 
 produce not only lameness, but absolute help- 
 lessness ; yet fomentations, time, and bracing 
 applications, may effect a cure even without 
 firing. This difference of the cause of lameness 
 accounts for our often seeing horses with very 
 swollen legs going sound, and others, with but 
 little show of enlargement, being lame ; in one 
 case the tendon itself has not sustained much 
 injury, whereas in the other it has. Where we 
 see horses with swollen legs long after they have 
 become sound, the continuance of the enlaro-e- 
 ment is usually from the complaint having been 
 improperly treated ; very commonly from stimu- 
 lants, or, at least, bracing applications having 
 been used before inflammation had totally sub- 
 sided ; for though, in professional language, 
 " counter-irritation " is often very judicious and 
 efficacious, topical irritation is quite another 
 affair ; and in such cases, though it may be very 
 efficacious, and it most probably would be, it 
 would be so in the wrong way. 
 
 It will thus be clear to the reader (supposing 
 my ideas to be correct) that we must not in all 
 cases be induced to purchase or reject a horse 
 solely from the look of his legs ; for, if we did, 
 w^e might reject a very serviceable animal, and 
 be induced to purchase one that would become 
 lame, or perhaps really break dowm on the first 
 call for exertion. A good, well braced-up fired 
 
112 THE STUD. 
 
 leg, if the sinews are firm, and no stiffness re- 
 mains, is as good as ever it was ; but where the 
 leg does not show and feel thus, fired or not 
 fired, such a horse should be at once rejected; 
 for if, in such a case, we do not absolutely buy 
 a cripple, w^e buy an animal that certainly will 
 shortly become one. It is true a horse Avith a 
 strained and relaxed tendon may still do very 
 light work, but who would burthen themselves 
 with such an animal unless they meant to keep 
 him like a toy, occasionally to be exhibited and 
 then returned to his box. I dislike any failing 
 in a horse that keeps one in hourly fear of its be- 
 coming worse, and this an equivocal kind of sinew 
 always does ; and though I do not advise my 
 reader to always reject an enlarged leg, I most 
 strongly recommend him at once to reject an un- 
 certain sinew. 
 
 CORNS. 
 
 This very common failing in the horse is so 
 well known, that any description of them is quite 
 unnecessary. It would be absurd to say they 
 are of little consequence, but still as absurd to 
 advise the rejection of a horse because he had 
 them, as the propriety of such a purchase depends 
 on their effect, not their presence. He may have 
 very extensive corns, and yet be always sound on 
 
COKNS. 1 1 3 
 
 them ; or very minute ones to the eye, yet be 
 seriously inconvenienced and lamed by them. 
 Hundreds of horses have corns without any one 
 suspecting it, and so long as he remained sound, 
 or nearly so, the fact might never be known. If 
 he becomes lame, and his feet are in consequence 
 of it minutely examined, the drawing knife or 
 searcher lets the owner or somebody into the 
 secret. That becoming known, the foot properly 
 put to rights, and w^ith a proper shoe put on, the 
 horse probably goes sounder than he has for 
 months past. If a horse has corns, the principal 
 thing to be looked at is not so much the soreness 
 of them, or how far he may even go lame on 
 them, but the kind of foot he has. If he has good 
 w4de, or, in more stable phrase, open heels, and 
 the wall or crust is strong, so as to afford good nail 
 hold, I have very little fear of corns, for such a 
 foot will allow the means of taking off pressure 
 from them. They will often, in such a case, hold 
 out prospect of cure, or, if not, of such palliative 
 as amounts to nearly as good an effect, that is, 
 feeling no inconvenience from them ; if, however, 
 the heels are narrow, it is almost impossible to 
 prevent the great aggravation of the disease, 
 namely, pressure. We may even in such a case 
 take away super pressure, that is, pressure from 
 the shoe on the affected parts; but then there will 
 remain what I will term lateral j)ressure, which 
 I 
 
114 THE STUD. 
 
 Tvill be between the bars and the heels or crust of 
 the foot. These bars are intended by nature to 
 act as props, keeping the heels at their proper 
 distance apart, and are usually left, say an eighth 
 of an inch or more above the surface of the sole 
 of the foot. ^Vhen we say we cut away the bars, 
 which in corn cases is often done, it only means 
 they are so much lowered as to be on a level with 
 the sole ; but as the corn is seated below this, it 
 will become evident we cannot, or at least dare 
 not, cut the bars away deep enough to prevent 
 pressure between them and the heel, which, if in 
 close affinity (which is the case in narrow heels) 
 is very great; in fact, the corn is in a kind of na- 
 tural vice, whose almost acute angle presses it on 
 either side. A horse with corns and such heels 
 should not be bought ; he will rarely be sound 
 three days together. He will be more or less 
 lame if he is not worked at all, and work will 
 lame him further from the soreness and inflam- 
 mation it occasions ; but should the foot be good 
 and cool, the horse in work, and sound, he may 
 safely be purchased, however extensive the ap- 
 pearance of the corns may be ; for should even 
 a little tenderness or soreness be perceived after 
 unusual w^ork on hard roads, keeping the feet in 
 warm water a few hours for a day or two, and 
 a dose of physic, will set all right again. 
 
 In cases where soreness comes on from corns, if 
 the feet are good, we generally know the worst. 
 
CURBS. 115 
 
 and its remedy. Such lameness is not, like failing 
 of the sinews, likely to be permanent, or end in 
 helplessness. On the contrary, with care there 
 is no such danger; but every prospect of that care 
 being recompensed by the comparative or total 
 soundness of the horse, or, to say the least, his 
 freedom from lameness. 
 
 Corns to a hunter or harness horse, are of 
 much less consequence than to the hack. The 
 first mostly goes on soft ground ; the latter hav- 
 ino; no weiorht on his back, his corns sustain 
 only the pressure of his own, and many such 
 horses work quite sound that would become lame 
 as road hacks. In purchasing, therefore, a horse 
 with corns, be they of a better or worse descrip- 
 tion, it will be found that they will affect the 
 animal more or less in accordance with the pur- 
 pose he is wanted for ; and this, quite as much as 
 any other circumstance, must decide his being 
 likely to answer the purchaser's purpose. 
 
 CURBS. 
 
 When mentioning imperfections and ailments 
 of the hocks, I should have alluded to curbs, but 
 they bear so close an affinity to windgalls, that, 
 when on the subject of thorough pins, I was led 
 back to the fore legs. I must now beg leave to 
 return to the hind ones. 
 
 I 2 
 
116 THE STUD, 
 
 I have heard persons make a sweeping affirm- 
 ation that " they thought nothing " of curbs ; now 
 as I hold them to be of considerable importance, 
 one party, it may appear, must be wrong. Yet I 
 will endeavour to reconcile this apparently wide 
 difference of opinion. It is always dangerous, or 
 rather injudicious, to lay down any law without 
 qualification, and it is so to state that any one 
 thinks nothing of curbs. 
 
 If a person says he thinks little of a horse 
 manifesting symptoms of curbs, or even throwing 
 out considerable enlargement on the curb place, I 
 quite jump with such opinion, for a recent exhibi- 
 tion of such only shows that we must (if we mean 
 a radical cure, and that without great blemish) 
 set to work immediately ^ in which case we may 
 generally feel assured of complete success : but a 
 rank and decided curb, I venture to say, is very 
 difficult to get rid of, and very often never is 
 cured. When I say cured, I do not mean that 
 the horse may not be useful and do his work, but 
 I only call a thing cured where the affected part 
 is brought to a state that enables it to perform all 
 its functions as well as it did before it became 
 disarranged. If we broke or strained the spring 
 of a carria2:e so as to be oblio;ed to send it to be 
 repaired, should we call the accident remedied, if 
 we found, on using the vehicle, that our teeth 
 chattered in our head on passing over a rough 
 
CURBS. 117 
 
 road or the street pavement ? It may have been 
 made strong, and quite adequate to support the 
 weight it is designed to carry, but the best we 
 could say of it would be, it was safe ; but as a 
 spring, its chief utility has not been restored. It 
 is often something like this with curbs. 
 
 A recent curb is generally easily reduced by 
 rest, cooling, and afterwards stimulating applica- 
 tions, or blistering. By these it may often be per- 
 fectly cured ; sometimes permanently. But this is 
 by no means certain ; for without firing, it is in 
 no way improbable that it will be brought on again 
 by exertion. Taking it, however, in its early 
 stage, and firing, will mostly render the part as 
 elFective as ever, and no further blemish will re- 
 main than the strokes of the iron. 
 
 If, however, after the curb has shown itself, 
 it is trifled with, and the horse kept going, the 
 enlargement becomes so indurated that actual 
 cautery will probably fail as to reducing it, and 
 very often as to rendering the horse sound. If, 
 under such circumstances, it does remedy the ab- 
 solute lameness, the horse ever goes on two in- 
 elastic crutches in lieu of two springy joints, on 
 which the elegance, smoothness, and pleasant feel 
 of action so materially depends. 
 
 I would, therefore, strongly advise the reader 
 to mistrust the assertion that curbs are to be con- 
 sidered lightly. They are often a serious evil : in 
 I 3 
 
118 THE STUD. 
 
 fact, if I was obliged to purchase a horse with 
 faulty hocks, there is a description of confirmed 
 spavin that, of the two evils, I would select in 
 preference to a confirmed existing curb. 
 
 I must allow that decidedly the best and 
 fastest horse I ever possessed had two very rank 
 curbs, for which he had been severely fired, but 
 a considerable enlargement of the parts remained. 
 I knew him before I bought him, so was not 
 afraid of his getting worse. It was a frequent 
 remark among those who saw^ him go, that he was 
 never lame on his hocks. I knew better : the fact 
 was he was always lame, and had one hock been 
 cured, the lameness would have been evident 
 enough ; but luckily, both being equally aflPected, 
 it made him o-q with each alike. 
 
 o 
 
 But to show that this horse knew more about 
 his hocks than my neighbours did, he was an ex- 
 traordinary ^3//7Z^ leaper, but nothing could make 
 him attempt to take any thing in a stand, not 
 even in hand ; he would refuse, and not make a 
 trial at it. The fact was, he could not bend his 
 hocks sufficiently to enable him to do it, and he 
 felt he could not rest lons^ enouo-h on them to 
 leisurely raise his fore parts, or trust to their 
 propelling his body over a fence without the im- 
 petus of going fast at it. But he would fly any 
 fence that could be called practicable, and skim 
 over water like a swallow. 
 
UNNERVED. 1 1 9 
 
 I have mentioned this horse as some corrobora- 
 tion of my assertion, that decided curbs are not 
 easily cured, and, if of long standing, never are ; 
 true, this horse could do more than one in perhaps 
 a hundred could, and, in point of speed, I never 
 met with one hunter that could stay by his side 
 on good galloping ground. It is also true, I sold 
 him at a stiffish price : but his curbs were only 
 at best braced up, not cured, for he was by no 
 means pleasant to sit on in his gallop ; and, at a 
 leap, from want of elasticity in his hocks, they 
 gave his quarters so sudden a jerk that, unless a 
 man was used to him and prepared for the shock, 
 he would be sent clean off the saddle. I believe 
 the comparison of what he was, and what he 
 would have been with clear hocks, completed 
 my utter detestation of curbs, or really faulty 
 hocks in any way, that is, for a riding horse. 
 I will conclude this part of my subject by men- 
 tioning another state in which it is not unlikely 
 a horse may be brought out for sale : namely, 
 
 Xerved, or, in more proper definition of the 
 operation, 
 
 UNNERVED. 
 
 On this state I cannot speak practically, never 
 having owned a horse that had been operated on, 
 nor do I believe I have ridden one. 
 I 4 
 
120 THE STUD. 
 
 I am, however, acquainted with the operation 
 of neurotomy, having several times seen it per- 
 formed, and am aware of the effect usually pro- 
 duced by it, which can only simply be called alle- 
 viation of pain : for it is not done as a cure of the 
 disease causing the suffering : it relieves the effect, 
 but does not do away with the cause. Personally, 
 I would not purchase a horse that had been un- 
 nerved at any price ; but this is, of course, no rule 
 for others to go by. I am aware that there are 
 many horses going well that have been operated 
 upon, and the lasting good effect of the operation 
 I conceive to depend on the nature of the com- 
 plaint that rendered the horse lame. If we could 
 be certain the cause of lameness had come to its 
 worst, but left acute pain only as the result, it 
 would, in such a case, be both merciful and judi- 
 cious to have the operation performed without 
 delay. If, on the contrary, the disease was a 
 progressive one, and of a nature that would, with- 
 out the operation, shortly or eventually leave the 
 animal a cripple — if a horse thus circumstanced 
 belonged to myself, I would have him destroyed 
 at once ; for the only effect of the operation would 
 be to enable the poor brute to stumble aJ.ong a 
 short time longer, and the result would be, per- 
 haps, some day leaving one of his hoofs on the 
 road, or exhibiting the mortifying and distressing 
 
UNNEKVEP. 121 
 
 exhibition of a joint or joints daily progressing to 
 total anchylosis. 
 
 Of the propriety or utility of unnerving a 
 horse, if the person applied to is one fit to be in- 
 trusted with the performance of the operation, 
 he will be of such respectability that we may 
 confidently trust to his advice on the subject. 
 
122 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 HABITS AND PROPENSITIES. — BITING, DIFFERENT KINDS OF KICK- 
 ING. KICKING IN THE STABLE. KICKING IN HARNESS. RUN- 
 AWAY. REARERS. STARTING AND SHYING. LEADING WITH 
 
 THE WRONG LEG. NERVOUSNESS. JIBBING HORSES. CUTTING. 
 
 BROKEN KNEES, BAD FEEDERS. LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 
 
 Having now touched upon most of the ailments 
 under which a horse is likely to be offered for 
 sale, and having stated, to the best of my ability, 
 the more or less objectionable effects of them in 
 their different forms and stages, I will now turn 
 my attention to some of the prevailing habits and 
 propensities of horses, and consider how far each 
 is more or less objectionable, as relates to the 
 description of horse, and the intending purchaser. 
 It would be uncalled for, in a work like the 
 present one, to specify the different acts of a 
 horse under different classifications. The term 
 propensities is sufficient to embrace all that is 
 necessary in mentioning them. 
 
 BITING. 
 
 This really abominable vice, or, at all events, 
 vicious habit, let it arise from what cause or pro- 
 
BITING. 123 
 
 pensity it may, is looked on by many owners of 
 horses as a very minor sin ; in fact, such owners 
 as seldom or ever visit their horses in the stable, 
 seem to hold biting as a little kind of playfulness 
 in the horse, though they have a more than or- 
 dinary terror of one inclined to kick at people. 
 This wide difference in their estimation of these 
 vices, arises from their own persons being far 
 oftener endangered by the one than by the other. 
 The favours of the biting horse are only conferred 
 on their groom, who, I suppose, they consider is 
 (as the eels are to be skinned) used to it ; for as 
 but few horses have opportunity to bite out of 
 the stable, and indeed few much disposed then to 
 do so. Master is safe enough ; but any propensity 
 to kick at him when preparing to mount, brings 
 on strong apprehension of personal danger, and 
 then Master greatly dislikes a vicious horse. 
 
 Xow owners who are accustomed to go up to 
 their horses in their stalls, will agree with me that 
 of the two, a horse disposed to bite is worse than 
 one disposed to kick ; for he will effect his purpose 
 ten times w^here the other will once, and for this 
 reason — the kicker throws out on finding some- 
 thing or somebody approaching ; the chances are, 
 if he does kick, he misses hitting his object ; and 
 again, by watching the proper time, we can get 
 beyond the reach of his heels, namely, to his head 
 or shoulder : but the biter stares us full in the 
 
124 THE STUD. 
 
 face, no chance of his missing his aim, and when 
 once he has got hold, it is sometimes no easy- 
 matter to get released from his grip. The horse 
 that merely gives us a transient pinch when being 
 dressed is no biter, it is like the playful blow a 
 person might give if we tickled him ; in fact, an 
 almost involuntary act. But the real biter means 
 savaging us, and, if he gets us down, will often 
 use his fore feet as well as his teeth. I have no 
 hesitation in saying, a determined biter exhibits, 
 in a hundred fold, more determined vice than the 
 horse who throws out on being approached. 
 Biting shows determined hate (probably, I allow, 
 with good reason on his side). Kicking at us 
 often proceeds from fear or nervousness. 
 
 Xo kindness, or its reverse, severity, ever, I 
 firmly believe, has, or ever will, eradicate the de- 
 testable trick of biting ; for I am quite sure it 
 originates and is carried on from a hatred of 
 mankind, that is, speaking of them in general 
 terms. As some proof of this, and that it is not 
 as in the case of a horse biting^ while somethinor 
 is done to him, as dressing, girthing, &c., look 
 at a race-horse ; many of these a trainer dare 
 not approach, unless the lad who has the care of 
 the horse has put him up to the rack chain. This 
 same horse permits the boy to go under his belly, 
 to save the time of going round him ; the boy 
 gets into the mano-er to be able to reach the head 
 
BITING. 125 
 
 of the horse, who will not touch him. This 
 shows that when the horse does lay hold of an- 
 other person, he means it; it is no playful act, 
 but a determination to punish, and, in many in- 
 stances, to destroy, if he is not prevented carrying 
 his intention into effect. 
 
 From these circumstances though I certainly 
 would not refuse to buy a race-horse because he 
 would bite me, or a hunter because he might be 
 disposed to do so, if I was careless in going up to 
 him ; yet I certainly would not buy a determined 
 biter for general use, for sucli horses must often be 
 given in charge to strangers, and the bare dread 
 of a person being disabled or injured for life by a 
 horse that I felt it was dangerous to commit to 
 his charge, would keep me in a constant fidget ; 
 and should such a catastrophe take place, an 
 owner who felt apathetically on the occasion, 
 would deserve to be worried by his own horse. 
 The purchaser must not be deterred from pur- 
 chasing, or induced to purchase, from what he may 
 see of a horse out of the stable, so far as regards 
 the vice of biting when in. Many, when out of 
 it, will lay back their ears, seeming to snap at any 
 passer by ; these are rarely determined biters : 
 they might give a person a nip, it is true; if 
 they did, they would then themselves become 
 alarmed, and a trifling pinch would be all the mis- 
 chief perpetrated. It is really with such horses 
 
126 THE STUD. 
 
 more play than vice, though I grant horse play- 
 may lead to a sore arm for a day or two ; yet 
 such horses may safely be bought ; they do not 
 contemplate any serious injury to any one. 
 
 The determined biter, like the bulldog, does 
 not give warning of his intention, so as to put us 
 on our guard ; he looks steadily at us, bides his 
 time, and then seizes with a vice-like grip that 
 it is not easy to make him relax ; yet such horses 
 out of doors are often perfectly harmless. We 
 might be led to purchase such a quiet- looking 
 animal, and then find that so soon as he was in 
 his stall, it was dangerous beyond description to 
 get within reach of him. 
 
 I had a mare a most determined biter in the 
 stable, but the best tempered animal alive out of 
 it ; she would lay hold of the toe of my boot as I 
 sat on her, if I held it towards her, and very often 
 of her own accord without ; she would hold it as 
 if she feared to hurt me. I have made her, hun- 
 dreds of times, take pieces of bread held between 
 my lips (a foolish trick, I allow) ; but I have still 
 a nose on my face, nor was it ever in danger from 
 any attempt of her's. She was too good a hunter 
 to be parted with for her fault, for though her 
 bite was awful when she got a chance in the 
 stable, she would let go ; and not, as really savage 
 biters will do, absolutely worry a man. Had she 
 been disposed to do this, I would not have kept 
 
KICKING IX THE STxVBLE. 127 
 
 her even as a hunter ; for I should not forgive 
 myself if I got a valuable man crippled by such 
 a demon, merely because I was carried well with 
 hounds ; had I such a hack, he should go for what 
 he would bring at the first auction I could send 
 him to. 
 
 I strongly recommend every gentleman to at 
 once reject a determined biter: that is, for an 
 every day horse. 
 
 KICKING. 
 
 Various are the occasions on which, and various 
 the circumstances under which, a horse will kick ; 
 I do not, therefore, at once recommend a pur- 
 chaser to reject a kicker, as I have done a biter ; 
 for, taking it in its very diffuse term, where one 
 horse kicks from vice, at least twenty do so from 
 other incentives : but as the different occasions 
 on which a horse may kick makes all the differ- 
 ence in point of objection to different persons, 
 and also to the different purposes he is wanted 
 for, we must particularise, to a certain degree, 
 the different kinds of kicking. We will commence 
 with — 
 
 KICKING IN THE STABLE. 
 
 If a horse only kicks when he is being dressed, 
 w^e w411 dispose of him In a very few words ; he 
 
128 THE STUD. 
 
 mostly kicks merely from being ticklish, and then 
 from habit ; he means no harm. Any decent 
 stableman knows how to keep out of danger with 
 such a horse, even a common ostler does ; if not, 
 let him get a rap, and then he will learn : such a 
 horse is little objectionable. 
 
 Many will kick in the stable so soon as the 
 lights are put out, and the men gone ; they 
 merely kick at the standings and stall post, 
 with what intention I never could find out ; 
 idleness, I conclude, first induced them to do it, 
 and habit induces them to keep it up. It is a 
 bad trick, for it not only keeps them from their 
 rest, but disturbs other horses. Yet it is no 
 serious objection ; a collarshank log, buckled with 
 a small strap in the hollow of the pastern, 
 usually stops them : if not, put on a strap, and 
 chain of twelve or fourteen inches long. This 
 rarely fails. If neither will do, put the horse in a 
 box, and let him kick till he is tired of it. 
 
 Many horses kick when first mounted ; if the 
 purchaser is aware that he can sit tight in his saddle, 
 and does not mind the little inconvenience of this 
 habit, there is no reason to reject such a horse ; it 
 is no indication whatever of his being a kicker in 
 any other way, or any presumptive evidence of 
 vice : it is an acquired habit, of which most pro- 
 bably he will never be broken ; correction would 
 only spoil his temper, and probably induce him to 
 
DISPOSED TO KICK IN HARNESS. 129 
 
 kick at lis Instead of the air. I shoukl certainly 
 buy such a horse, if In other respects I liked him ; 
 I would much sooner refuse one apt to kick 
 hounds, which many are inclined to do. 
 
 KICKING, OR DISPOSED TO KICK IN HARNESS. 
 
 If a horse is at all inclined to kick in harness, 
 let me strongly advise a buyer to listen to no 
 excuses made for his having done so. He may go 
 quietly for a week, month, or year ; but, unless 
 he Is a mere inexperienced colt, kick again he 
 w^Ill, so sure as he is a horse. If, after knowing 
 what harness means, a horse kicks, he is not to 
 be radically cured of the propensity ; believe no 
 breaker who promises to "take it out of him." 
 Speaking, therefore, as In this case I suppose 
 myself to be doing, to the generality of persons 
 who want a horse for general use in harness, I 
 advise them to at once reject one that has kicked, 
 at any price and under any circumstances. 
 
 In seeming contradiction to such advice, I have 
 had several kickers ; have bought them knowing 
 them to be such ; nor, supposing a horse to possess 
 some most rare qualifications to make amends for 
 it, do I much care about a merry kicker : but 
 then It must be for a carriage, where I can so 
 hamper the gentleman that he can do no mischief, 
 between a good pair of gig shafts to instance ; but 
 K 
 
130 THE STUD. 
 
 in a phaeton, or such like carriage, and with ladies 
 to alarm, I would no more trust to a horse who 
 had kicked, than I would to an enraged bull. The 
 very same horse that I should laugh at a man 
 pretending to be a coachman (as gentleman or 
 not), if he was afraid to drive, I would at once 
 entreat him to refuse for the service of a fiimily. 
 If, for such a purpose, a man bought such a horse 
 for his appearance, his vanity would be unjusti- 
 fiable and reprehensible ; if a diminished price 
 was the incentive to purchase, his sordidness 
 would be contemjDtible, and indeed criminal. 
 
 A KUNAWAY. 
 
 There are so many circumstances under which 
 a horse may, as it is in general phrase termed, 
 run away, that advice as to the purchase of such 
 a horse, or a horse having done this, must depend 
 on the circumstances under which the runaway 
 took place. For though, speaking in a general 
 way, w^e know that a horse who has once abso- 
 lutely run away, will be disposed to try it again, 
 still we are not with him (as we are with the 
 horse disposed to kick in a light low phaeton) 
 almost helpless ; here the best coachmanship may 
 become all but useless : but if a man has hands, 
 and a head of the right sort, a horse disposed to 
 run away is to be prevented doing so. Eunning 
 
A RUNAAVAY. 131 
 
 away nineteen times in twenty is occasioned by 
 fright or emulation in the horse, by carelessness 
 or knowing nothing of what he is about in the 
 driver. If a person asked my advice as to buy- 
 ing a horse that had run away in harness, my 
 first thought would be to learn what sort of a 
 workman (be he owner or servant) the indivi- 
 dual might be who would have the driving of 
 the horse. If that person was in technical term a 
 coachman, the probability is my advice would be, 
 if you like the horse, buy him. If, on the con- 
 trary, the driver elect, whether master or man, 
 w^as found to be one of those helpless specimens 
 of coachmanship we daily see in the person of 
 both of these, I should at once say, if you mean to 
 drive those out with you for whom you have any 
 value, or have any regard for your own bones, 
 have nothing to do with him. There are plenty 
 of men to whom he would be valuable, but with 
 you or your man he will go off again to a cer- 
 tainty. Before, therefore, you enter into minute 
 inquiries about the habit of the horse, be minute 
 in the investigation of your own coachmanship. 
 
 To convince either master or man that they 
 were such apologies for coachmen, might not be 
 easy ; but having given the advice, I should have 
 acquitted my conscience. The one or the other 
 would, most probably, both buy and drive the 
 horse. If they should do this, and he did not 
 
 K 2 
 
132 THE STUD. 
 
 convince them of what I had failed to do, I would 
 eat him ; and I should have no fear of being 
 called upon to perform such a gastronomic feat. 
 
 If, for instance, a horse had started off from 
 being improperly left standing by himself in 
 harness, no catastrophe had happened to hurt, 
 or materially to have alarmed him, and he had 
 been stopped without accident, I should have no 
 fear of such a horse — any high-spirited one would 
 do the same thing : he might safely be purchased, 
 for it is our fault if we leave him unheld. But 
 if, in his fright, any thing had broken, so as to 
 hurt or alarm him, then would he be quite unsafe 
 in any hands but those of a coachman, not be- 
 cause he started off, but because he got a fright 
 or injury as its consequence. 
 
 Again, should a horse become so excited by a 
 crowd of horsemen galloping by him, we will say 
 at a trotting match, coming from a race, or what 
 not, if he was pulled up or stopped without ac- 
 cident, he need not be feared; we should only have 
 to keep him away from such extraordinary excite- 
 ment in future. His act was not the result of fear, 
 dislike to harness, or vice of any sort ; but the 
 effect of a cause without which he never w^ould 
 have attempted it, and without which there is no 
 reason to suppose he will ever attempt it again. 
 
 In another case a horse may have run away 
 from high mettle, having bad hands over him, or 
 
A RUNAWAY. 133 
 
 an improper (and for him) inefficacious bit in bis 
 mouth. With a man Avith bad hands no horse is 
 safe, unless it be a beast that wants a flail in lieu 
 of a whip to get him along, instead of reins to hold 
 him in. If the fault was in the bit, that is easily 
 changed ; if in the hands, the sooner they or the 
 horse are changed the better. But if a man knows 
 Avhat he is about, he need not hesitate to buy 
 this horse, for most high-mettled horses would run 
 away, at times, if they could ; the only thing is, 
 if good-tempered they submit to the hint or con- 
 trol of the bit to check their inclination ; if their 
 temper is not quite so amenable, the severity of 
 it will produce the same effect. 
 
 The horses that I consider perfectly safe and 
 good-tempered, I only mean are so in tolerably 
 efficient hands, for high-mettled ones, though quite 
 as good-tempered, and no more, or so much, prone 
 to vice as sluggish ones, may perhaps, nay cer- 
 tainly would be, from high courage and spirits, 
 induced to take liberties if left to their own in- 
 clinations; and it is this very inclination that 
 makes them carry themselves handsomely, step 
 with freedom of action, and in fact is one of their 
 best attributes. 
 
 If, however, a man was, from nervous tempera- 
 ment, illness, or infirmity, quite unable to exert 
 himself, or if his total inexperience in horses in- 
 capacitated him from using the ordinary measures 
 
 K 3 
 
134 THE STUD. 
 
 for their control, I would certainly advise such 
 a person never to buy a horse that had run away, 
 or could be induced to do so, be it under what 
 circumstances it might ; for, with such helpless 
 hands over him, he would go away again, not from 
 habit or vice, but simply from an inclination to 
 do that which I would wish every harness horse 
 to do, namely, to go faster than I required him 
 to do. In fact, the very horse I would prevent 
 such a person purchasing, would be the one I 
 should select for most of my friends : and the 
 horse I would select for such a person as the one 
 described, I would, if offered for my use as a pre- 
 sent, at once reject. 
 
 There are horses that will, from vice, or some- 
 thing very like it, run away, as others will kick ; 
 often they do both. A thorough coachman may 
 manage such reprobates, let their acts arise or ori- 
 ginate from what they may ; but in a general way 
 I should most certainly say, if a horse is one that, 
 from some cause for which we cannot account, 
 has run away more than once, reject him for any 
 general or gentlemanly purpose ; his safe place is 
 the wheel of a coach; or now, with a steady 
 partner, an omnibus would suit him, for we must 
 not grumble at a little occasional spree from a 
 kicker, when we ride a moderate journey for 
 three-pence. 
 
 We may in great measure decide on the pro- 
 
REARERS. 135 
 
 bablllty of a repetition of running away by this 
 criterion. If, from peculiar circumstances, a horse 
 does so, it is usually only under such circum- 
 stances that he will do so again ; but if, without 
 fright, injury, particular excitement, or improper 
 usage, he runs away, depend upon it he is an old 
 oifender ; nothing will cure him of the propensity, 
 and only force and management opposed to brute 
 force, will prevent his carrying this propensity 
 into execution. 
 
 REARERS. 
 
 This habit, or rather the objections to it, depend 
 on the extent to which it is carried ; be it, how- 
 ever, more or less, it is one that no horsemanship 
 can totally counteract or prevent. All that can 
 be done is, if or when we become aware of the 
 causes of it, to avoid as much as possible putting 
 the horse in the way of them. If the rearing is 
 not carried to a dangerous extent, it is a very 
 pardonable failing ; but if it amounts to a chance 
 of a fall backwards, I do not know of any so 
 dangerous a situation that a rider can be placed 
 in ; and, worse than all, it is one generally afford- 
 ing no hope of cure, and but little of prevention. 
 
 It is true that there are bits made expressly 
 for rearing horses, that will not only in the ge- 
 nerality of cases prevent their getting up, but 
 K 4 
 
136 THE STUD. 
 
 will frequently deter them from attempting it, 
 and by so doing get them out of this dangerous 
 habit. Still these bits are not fit for general use, 
 and some horses are quite cunning enough to 
 know when they have them on, and when used 
 without them will rear as much as ever. 
 
 There are numbers of horses who, when in 
 harness, will always rear more or less on starting, 
 or rather just prior to doing so ; such horses, 
 though they may not rise to a dangerous height, 
 often plunge violently forwards just before de- 
 scending ; in which case, unless harness is very 
 strong, a broken trace is a frequent occurrence, 
 and sometimes a splinter bar ; and either may bring 
 on alarm and mischief. If a moderate rear and 
 jump are the only failings, such a horse may be 
 bought with perfect confidence ; the act does not 
 proceed from any vice, but merely a little im- 
 patience, and after first starting such horses are 
 just as quiet as others. 
 
 The horse that rears on being required to go in 
 a particular direction, does so from stubbornness ; 
 he knows he frequently gets his own way by re- 
 sorting to this manoeuvre, which nothing but 
 strong nerves, a strong arm, firm seat, and pa- 
 tience in the rider will counteract. To a man 
 not possessing all these, for all are necessary, I 
 should say reject such a horse at once ; with a 
 hasty tempered rider, the horse will become vio- 
 
STARTING AND SHYING. 137 
 
 lent and dangerous ; with a timid one, he will 
 shortly become master, and then probably in- 
 corrigible. 
 
 STARTING AND SHYING. 
 
 These fallings are both very objectionable ; but 
 they must be carried to great extent ere they be- 
 come, under general circumstances and situations, 
 very dangerous. They are, in effect, more an- 
 noying than replete with danger. A great por- 
 tion of the objection to each depends on the 
 probable frequency of the situations in which they 
 may occur, where danger may arise. For instance ; 
 a horse merely shying is of no great consequence 
 in the country ; for if he swerves out of his straight 
 course there is generally room enough to admit of 
 his doing so without getting into difficulties ; and 
 here the matter ends with his cause of alarm, be 
 it wdiat it may, and we sustain no very unplea- 
 sant sensation from what he does. But if a man 
 is sitting quietly on his horse in a musing mood, 
 called forth by reflection on his lady love, or, in 
 these venal and uncourtly days, more probably 
 by some account unsettled, or by his banker s 
 account by which the gentleman finds himself 
 settled, then the sudden shock of the regular 
 starter o-lyes no erroneous idea of a dislocation of 
 every bone of our anatomy, it jars to the very 
 
l38 THE STUD. 
 
 vitals ; nor must w^e retaliate by correction, that 
 would only make things worse the next time, for 
 then, instead of becoming quiet so soon as the 
 momentary alarm or astonishment is over, the 
 animal will become terrified at the fear of punish- 
 ment likely to follow an act that it will in no 
 way prevent a repetition of. I grant it requires 
 some, or great, if you please, command of temper 
 to caress, and, as it were, encourage such a living 
 galvanic battery, after giving so severe a shock ; 
 but it is the only way likely to soften the effect 
 of both the cause and the act. One piece of 
 advice I give without reservation, and it will be 
 found good : " let no impatient man buy a start- 
 ing or shying horse at any price." 
 
 Now, to ride about London streets, if a man is, 
 from circumstances, compelled to pay so heavy a 
 penalty for locomotion as I hold riding on horse- 
 back in the streets to be, I would, of the two 
 evils, prefer starting to shying ; for we will not 
 suppose our reader to have so bad a seat on his 
 horse as to be thrown out of his saddle by a start, 
 when he is aware he is on a horse that frequently 
 gives one. The starter usually gives a sudden 
 jarring motion with his forelegs, draws himself 
 up, stares, and perhaps snorts; his act is only a 
 sudden stoppage of progression, and possibly he 
 does not diverge in a lateral direction a yard from 
 his track : the object of alarm gets out of sight, 
 
STAPwTING AND SHYING. 139 
 
 or ceases to alarm : the horse becomes tranquil, 
 and ao-aln moves on. But the horse that shies 
 does not stop, he wheels out of his course, and by 
 avoidinor a cart, s^is:, or barrow throws himself in 
 full contact with an omnibus, which will have 
 rather the best of the collision. Our facetious 
 author of old could figure nothing to his reader to 
 compare with the shock sustained by his obstetric 
 hero on meetins: Obadiah. Mem. he had never 
 tried an omnibus. 
 
 Shying, however, I consider a habit holding 
 out far greater hope of cure than starting ; my 
 reasons for having formed such an opinion, brings 
 both starting and shying into a still more objec- 
 tionable point of view than the usual results of 
 the acts themselves. 
 
 If on being first brought to London a horse 
 shies at carriages, or starts at punch and his ac- 
 companiments, both acts are easily accounted for : 
 he fears danger from collision with the first, and 
 is alarmed or astonished by the appearance of the 
 latter. It is quite natural he should be ; a coun- 
 try girl is frightened by the crowd of carriages in 
 London. A London miss who would stare the 
 fine fellow^s that compose the life guards out of 
 countenance, is frightened to death if, in the 
 country, she meets a few harmless cows, though 
 by far the least dangerous to her. The two girls 
 are alarmed by what they have been unaccustomed 
 
140 THE STUD. 
 
 to come in contact with : so is a horse in a novel 
 situation when he meets, to him, strange ob- 
 jects. 
 
 But if we find horses shying at or starting from 
 objects they are accustomed to see and meet, 
 their habit then leads us to a very well founded 
 suspicion that the act arises from other causes ; 
 and when under such circumstances they do this, 
 I am pretty confident that, in more cases than we 
 suppose, the imperfection of the organs of sight 
 have more to do with it than any other cause. 
 Shying at a particular object, or something similar 
 to it, may readily arise from having received in- 
 jury or fright from such ; but when it is carried 
 to a variety of objects, we have no fair reason to 
 attribute it to such a circumstance. 
 
 Starting at any sudden sound evinces timidity 
 and nervousness. So may shying from even a 
 variety of objects ; but starting at what cannot 
 be considered as any thing unusual, I consider all 
 but proof of the eyes being faulty. I would, 
 therefore, advise the buyer to pause in concluding 
 the purchase of such a horse, and before he con- 
 cludes it, to take the best professional advice that 
 can be had ; for though a high, and perhaps just, 
 opinion of his horsemanship might induce a man 
 not to reject a shying or starting horse, I con- 
 clude he does not wish to possess himself of a 
 blind one ; which he, in most cases, will be the 
 
STARTING AND SHYIXG. 141 
 
 eventual possessor of, if he buys one whose eyes 
 are imperfect at the time of purchase. 
 
 It is very common to see persons wave their 
 hand up and down before a horse's eyes : the 
 animal gives a motion, perhaps with his head, or 
 a wink with his eye, " oh he sees well enough," or 
 " the eyes are all right," are expressions used on 
 such occasions, as commonly as this most deceptive 
 mode of trial is put in practice. But that I know 
 such supposed proofs to be resorted to, I should 
 have hardly held it necessary to remind such 
 persons that a horse must be (in stable term) as 
 blind as a bat if he cannot see a hand or a some- 
 thing within six inches of his eye. And, further, 
 I will apprise those relying on such proof, that the 
 increased circulation of air caused by the waving 
 of the hand will often make a stone-blind horse 
 wink ; the feel of the air apprises him that some- 
 thing approaches, he w^inks to protect his eye 
 from injury : the motion is natural, and may be 
 called involuntary. Many a half-blind one is 
 bought under such circumstances ; and if the iris 
 of the eye happens to be of a good brown, the 
 sale is certain. 
 
 I am not entering into any pathological de- 
 scription of the horse's eye, nor have I on any 
 ailment incidental to him ; but I wish at least to 
 guard the reader against purchasing a starting 
 horse without professional advice, because he 
 
142 THE STUD. 
 
 evinces that he sees a hand, or that the general 
 look of the eye is prepossessing. I have heard it 
 maintained no man could be considered drunk if 
 he could tell whether or not a candle was alight 
 held before his eyes. It certainly seems there 
 are persons equally liberal in their estimation of 
 the goodness of the horse's vision ; my reader I 
 hope will be a little more sceptical on the latter 
 point. The pros and cons, as regards the stages 
 of inebriety, are not " in my vocation." 
 
 LEADING WITH THE WEONG LEG. 
 
 This will, at first, appear a matter of very 
 little importance as regards the selection or re- 
 jection of a horse. " Oh, I'll soon teach him to 
 take the right leg," cries the purchaser ; perhaps 
 he may do this : but may yet, under certain cir- 
 cumstances, find it not so easy a matter to effect 
 as he may suppose, unless it may be a raw colt 
 that has only been half broken ; for if it is a 
 horse that has been tolerably well handled, we 
 have no reason to doubt but that he has been 
 taught to take the right leg, but prefers leading 
 with the near one for reasons best known to him- 
 self, for horses do not change their habits with- 
 out some cause for doino; so ; and it is not at all 
 improbable that, if a horse pertinaciously adheres 
 to leading with the opposite leg to that which he 
 
LEADING WITH THE AVRONG LEG. 143 
 
 was taught to use in this way, if the rider does 
 succeed in makinsj him lead with the unwillino; 
 leg, he may find that so far from being repaid 
 for the trouble he has taken, his horse may go 
 extremely unpleasantly in consequence of the 
 change. He may attribute this to the animal not 
 being accustomed to lead with the off leg, so de- 
 termines to persevere till he is so what will he 
 say if he finds him go worse instead of better by 
 practice ; he would very likely say it was " cer- 
 tainly extraordinary." I should not venture to 
 say it was certainly any thing ; but I should say 
 it would not be at all extraordinary if it was 
 found that unsoundness in the near foot caused 
 him to change his mode of going from what he had 
 been taught, and to adopt one more easy to him- 
 self; and that being again forced to go in a way 
 less so, caused him to go more uneasy to the 
 rider. And if such was the case, the more the 
 less efficient foot became distressed by beino- 
 used, the more uneasy the horse would grow in 
 his pace. 
 
 I find this subject will lead me a little further 
 than I meant on the nature of lameness, for in 
 allusion to whether the horse is disposed to lead 
 with the lame, or the sound leg, depends mainly 
 on the nature of the ailment. 
 
 It will be found that in a canter, or gallop, most 
 horses, if left to their choice, will lead with the 
 
144 THE STUD. 
 
 ailing leg or foot ; but by no means always so, 
 for in some cases it is very difficult, and aU but 
 impossible for them to do so. The difference of 
 their inclination whether to lead with the ailing, 
 or sound limb, I consider arises from whether the 
 pain or inconvenience consists in extension, or 
 pressure, and this will determine his choice as to 
 the leading limb. 
 
 When the horse is in his gallop, of course the 
 number of times each foot comes to the 2:round 
 in a mile is the same ; so, in this respect, each 
 does its share of work ; but the nature of the 
 work, and the stress or strain on similar parts of 
 each limb is by no means equally disposed. Ex- 
 tension is the chief labour of the leading leg ; 
 support of the body that of the following one. 
 
 Xow, in cases of shoulder lameness, soreness 
 of the muscles of the arm, or in any case where 
 extension is more painful than support, the horse 
 will not advance that limb ; he would prefer 
 placing, or rather going with it in a situation 
 where it might have more weight to support, but 
 with greater diminution of extension : but, sup- 
 posing the lameness to be in the foot, pastern, or 
 fetlock joints, where pressure upon them becomes 
 painful, and concussion renders that pressure still 
 more so, he will then put it where extension has 
 the greater call on the powers of the limb, and 
 support of the body (which is pressure) will be 
 
LEADING WITH THE WRONG LEG. 145 
 
 lessened. Xow, as shoulder lamenesses, or any ' 
 lamenesses that render extension of the fore- limb 
 painful, bear no proportion in number to those of 
 the lower parts, to which pressure and concussion 
 are most painful, it will account for my remark 
 that the majority of lame horses lead with the 
 ailing limb ; for I believe it will not be denied, 
 that the nearer the ground we look for it, the 
 oftener we shall hit upon the seat of lameness in 
 the horse's fore-parts. 
 
 The horse's fore leg is a kind of reversed py- 
 ramid of bones, and other substances, formins^ the 
 chief support of the body ; that is, it sustains the 
 heaviest portion of it. The articulations of these 
 continual bones are supplied with a cartilaginous 
 substance, destined, I presume, to soften concus- 
 sion, and are also furnished with a sinovial fluid, 
 that facilitates their moving on, or in each other, 
 without detrimental friction. If this beautiful 
 arrangement is impaired or destroyed, the contact 
 of parts with each other becomes painful at all 
 times ; but, when pressure, that is the weight of 
 the body, is added, the pain is of course increased ; 
 and, Avhat the horse does to avoid this as much as 
 possible, shows that bringing or putting the foot 
 and limb forwards contributes to this end. 
 
 Let us look at two horses standing in their 
 stalls ; the one labouring under navicular, or 
 
146 THE STUD. 
 
 other lameness, that renders horizontal pressure 
 painful, the other under the influence of shoulder 
 lameness, or one that renders extension painful ; 
 the first will be constantly found with his lame 
 limb extended towards, or quite under the manger ; 
 the latter will be seen keeping his limb straight 
 under him. This clearly shows, that placing the 
 limb in an advanced position takes from it the 
 pressure, or great part of the pressure, of the 
 weight of the body ; for, if putting the limb 
 forward was the general habit of lame horses, be 
 the lameness or cause of increased pain what it 
 might, the horse with shoulder lameness, and the 
 one with navicular lameness, would act in the 
 same manner as to their mode of standing, and 
 this is not the case. 
 
 If, therefore, in standing still, keeping the lame 
 limb in advance lessens pain by diminution of 
 pressure, keeping it in advance in the gallop will 
 do the same thing in a much greater degree. 
 
 I have gone thus far on this subject in the 
 hope that what I have said will be held to sup- 
 port my statement, that most lame horses wish 
 to lead with the afflicted limb. If my thesis is 
 incorrect, I shall bow with submission to those 
 better informed on the subject. If my opinion 
 is however somewhat near the truth, the reader 
 will not consider that, when I recommended him 
 to find out why a horse takes the wrong leg before 
 
NERVOUSNESS. 147 
 
 he buys, the habit Is at all thiies of such trifling 
 import as it may at first appear. 
 
 NERVOUSNESS. 
 
 Doubtless there may be many persons unac- 
 customed to horses, who will think this term in- 
 appropriate. Those who have been in the habit of 
 considering this as the special prerogative of fair 
 friends who labour under such constitutional in- 
 firmity, or, as is sometimes the case, think it in- 
 teresting to evince a little pretty timidity, will 
 perhaps reprobate the term altogether as applied 
 to horses. Men, however, who know the different 
 habits and failings of the animal, are quite aware 
 that being nervous is not only a very common, 
 but a most dangerous imperfection of tempera- 
 ment In him, and, what Is worse, one never to be 
 totally eradicated. 
 
 A lady who would admire the harmlessness 
 and timidity of a pet lamb, might be disposed to 
 wish for a horse similarly disposed. She could 
 scarcely wish for a more dangerous animal for her 
 use ; for, in point of fact, the more timid the lady 
 the bolder should be the horse for her service, for 
 if under any circumstances both lady and horse 
 get alarmed, the chances are that some serious 
 catastrophe occurs. 
 
 But putting ladies out of the question, unless 
 
 L 2 
 
148 THE STUD. 
 
 a man has strong nerves, and knows well how to" 
 manage horses, I most strongly recommend him 
 to reject at once a nervous, that is a timid horse, 
 for any purpose. ^Yith such an animal such an 
 individual would never be in safety. 
 
 It may be supposed, and said, and with truth, 
 that a timid horse is more easily cowed by, and 
 less likely to resist the will of, the rider than a 
 bolder one. Doubtless such is the case, but 
 there would be nothing desirable in this, unless 
 the horse had some bad vice which we wanted to 
 correct; for supposing any animal to be good tem- 
 pered, fear of his owner is the last thing to be 
 desired. Cheerful obedience we want, but obe- 
 dience through fear will only be shown so long as 
 we are so situated as to be able to inspire or keep 
 up that fear, which may not at all times and under 
 all circumstances be the case. 
 
 We grant the tioiid horse fears to disobey, or 
 in milder phrase, is inclined to yield to our com- 
 mand. This fear and inclination only lasts so 
 long as there is no stronger impulse felt to induce 
 the animal to become refractory. The timid horse 
 fears an angry sign from our hand, or an angry 
 sound from our voice, but he would much more 
 fear the sight of an approaching railway train or 
 the firing of a regiment, probably even the big 
 drum would carry the day against us, in in- 
 
 If obedience to 
 
XERYOUSXESS. 149 
 
 US induces him to stand still when we want lilia 
 to do so, obedience to the impulse of a greater 
 fear than he has of us, will induce him to run 
 away when we do not want him to do any thing 
 of the kind. 
 
 It may appear a startling assertion to say that 
 I would rather have to do with any commonly 
 vicious horse than Avith a decidedly nervous one, 
 and I really have had a long and multitudinous 
 experience of both sorts; in fact, from the par- 
 ticular situations in which I have been placed as 
 regards horses, I do believe there is no trick or 
 devilry horses can show to man, that I have not 
 often been favoured with by them. The result of 
 this induces me to make this assertion, and on the 
 followino- crround. 
 
 However great a rogue a vicious horse may be, 
 he, like other rogues, is mostly quite awake as to 
 what will injure himself, bodily ; that is, he is so 
 unless we let him get so much ahead in his mis- 
 chief that excitement or fright renders him reck- 
 less. Before this he is sensible to pain, and is 
 wise enough to prefer abandoning his vicious in- 
 tent if he finds we are prepared to thwart him. 
 Xot so v\'ith the nervous horse. He premeditates 
 no mischief, but when he does wrong, it may be 
 said he cannot help it. In fright, his acts are as 
 momentary and involuntary as the start of some 
 persons on hearing the unexpected discharge of a 
 
 L 3 
 
loO THE STUD. 
 
 gun ; he starts, rushes into a ditch, runs straight 
 ahead, or kicks without I must not say reflection, 
 but without purpose ; he has no command of him- 
 self, and the pain of a bit in his mouth, or the 
 sight of real danger is lost in fright of danger, 
 that was probably only imaginary. 
 
 I have known vicious horses who would kick 
 at an object till they crippled themselves, but I 
 have known a far greater proportion who, when 
 they found themselves thoroughly hampered, 
 would become perfectly quiet till extricated. I 
 have had more than one or ten horses that I have 
 been driving kick over the splinter bar, and get 
 their leo; fixed under the roller bolt, or wheel 
 iron, when the latter was placed inside the wheel 
 (as of late years they universally are), and when 
 so held many would squeak as loud as a pig from 
 cowardice, rage, sulkiness, or all combined, yet 
 would stand, not " like patience on a monument," 
 but patience on a splinter bar, quiet as a sheep. 
 They felt that a broken leg would perhaps be the 
 penalty of further struggle ; but I never yet saw 
 a frightened horse in any way sensible of danger 
 or hurt. 
 
 I saw an instance of this sort not lons^ since. 
 A mare that I knew well as particularly good 
 tempered, but a little nervous, was left by her 
 master standing at a door. Something disturbed, 
 or somewhat alanned her, she trotted gentlv off. 
 
NERVOUSNESS. 151 
 
 in doinij this the wheel of the "^io; came acrainst a 
 post, this threw the driving cushion and box on 
 her quarters, away she instantly went at her top 
 galloping speed. Half a mile ahead was a turn- 
 pike gate ; this she could see as far as she could 
 see any thing, for it was white and shut. One 
 would have supposed she would have at least 
 slackened her pace before she came to it ; not a 
 bit, she kept on the same heedless course, did not 
 attempt to jump at it, but ran straight against it, 
 drove in the whole nasal cartilage, bone and all, 
 from the effects of which she died. 
 
 To show the difference between the act of a 
 horse running away from vice, high spirits, or 
 particular excitement, unattended by fear, many 
 such horses are cunning enough to slacken their 
 pace the moment they find themselves on new 
 laid gravel, or see a long hill before them; if 
 they got to their home will draw up to the door, 
 and in nine cases in ten would stop if a gate was 
 shut against them, if done in time to allow them 
 to do so ; the rogue would not break his skull 
 against it, but the frightened one would in almost 
 every case. A w^ild horse from the Prairie, with- 
 out a bridle, is as manacieable as a thorousrhlv 
 scared one. 
 
 I have said thus much relative to nervous 
 horses, because I know that very few persons are 
 aware how dangerous they are ; and the event 
 
 L 4 
 
152 THE STUD. 
 
 is^ that persons who should be the last to pur- 
 chase such animals, are the first who would be 
 disposed to do so. Tell such persons that a horse 
 w^as subject to fits of frenzy, they would as soon 
 purchase a Bengal tiger: now, the frightened 
 horse is frenzied for the time being ; therefore, 
 as the nervous horse is as likely to be frightened 
 as the other is to have a fit come on, one is as 
 much to be avoided as the other, by those who 
 are nervous themselves ; to such persons it is a 
 failing in a horse that no qualifications can make 
 amends for. Let him be condemned, and, I 
 would also recommend, without a trial. 
 
 JIBBING HORSES. 
 
 This habit is, in most cases, the effect of in- 
 judicious treatment on being first broke to har- 
 ness : but with the cause we have nothing here 
 to do ; our business is only whether such a horse 
 may with safety be purchased. 
 
 The inconvenience of such varies so much from 
 circumstances, that, alluding to the same animal, 
 I would recommend one man to buy him, and 
 another not to accept him as a present. 
 
 I am not supposing a horse to be so regular a 
 jibber that, with a fair carriage as to weight be- 
 hind him, he will on a level road stop every ten 
 
JIBBING HORSES. 153 
 
 minutes, but one who will be disposed to do so 
 when more than common exertion is required. 
 
 A horse that is not staunch to his collar is 
 never safe to be driven in crowded streets ; for, 
 probably at the very moment when, to avoid 
 danger, we want him to make an exertion, he 
 hangs back in his traces ; leaving us, carriage 
 and all, to be cracked like a nut between two coal 
 Avaggons : hit him, he runs back, or plunges. 
 
 In a country where the hills are such as render 
 it necessary to get up them in a w^alk, such a 
 horse would probably be useless, and as probably 
 dangerous ; for jibbers are not always satisfied 
 with stopping, but will run back, and are then 
 as likely to land us in a ditch, or send us over a 
 precipice, as leave us in the road. The only 
 security against this taking place is (if there is 
 room, and few places are so narrow as to pre- 
 vent it), instead of urging the horse forw^ard, to 
 at once turn him sidcAvays to the hill ; in other 
 terms, directly across the road. Generally speak- 
 ing, after standing thus a few minutes, he will 
 go on ; at all events it stops his running back. 
 
 "Where hills are moderate, that is, such as can 
 be trotted up, a horse must be a very rank jibber 
 if he stops, unless the hill be very long and wea- 
 risome ; in w^hich case, before he does, turn him 
 sideways, and give him a minute's breathing time. 
 In such a country, with a little judicious manage- 
 
154 THE STUD. 
 
 ment, an otherwise good horse need not be 
 rejected, if he is a little false collared. 
 
 Pulling such horses into a walk, generally 
 ends in their tossing their head about, and then 
 stopping ; it is far better to stop them at once, 
 before they stop themselves. In driving them, 
 an eye must be kept to the road ; if new-laid 
 gravel, or a soft part, is seen, rattle them over it, 
 and then give them a pull up if it is thought 
 wanting ; but, without additional impetus, such 
 occasional obstructions are all but certain to pro- 
 duce a dead stop. If this occurs on either of such 
 occasions as I have mentioned, I wish the driver 
 w^ell out of the predicament. 
 
 Many of the best teams of coach horses that 
 ever looked through a collar, if pulled into a walk 
 on heavy ground would not draw an ounce, though 
 they will take three tons through it in a trot ; 
 and the luo;her bred and hlo'her coura2:ed a horse 
 is, the more likely is he to refuse what may be 
 termed a dead pull ; very few high tempered ones 
 would draw^ a baro-e on a canal. This does not 
 arise from Indolence or dislike to exertion, but 
 from impatience of the pace requisite to move 
 heavy w^eights. Many of the best and gamest 
 collared horses in the world in trotting harness, 
 would not start an empty cart if the wheels stood 
 in only a moderate water drain or gutter. 
 
CUTTING. 155 
 
 CUTTING, 
 
 Though certainly a habit, I should more pro- 
 perly terra a failing, and is, in my estimation, an 
 insurmountable objection to any horse. It arises, 
 be the cause what it may, from bad, or, at least, 
 untrue action in some way ; it leaves a very un- 
 sightly scar on the ankle^, and, if carried to any 
 extent, we can hardly keep such a horse sound, 
 for w^e must either allow him to hit so hard, or cut 
 so deep, as to lame himself by injury to the legs ; 
 or, in our endeavours to save them by peculiar 
 shoeing (and which, by the by, will not in all 
 cases effect the purpose), we bid fair to cripple 
 him in his feet ; added to this, a blow harder than 
 is usual, is very likely to bring him down on his 
 knees. Of all cutting, the speedy cut is the most 
 dangerous to the rider : such a horse will come 
 down as if he was shot, and it is very rarely that 
 any mode of shoeing will be effectual as a pre- 
 ventive ; and the unsightly kind of shield that 
 is made to save the leg, renders a horse quite 
 unfit for a gentleman's use. 
 
 With colts, their mode of going, and the posi- 
 tion of their feet, and lower joints will generally, 
 to an experienced eye, indicate the probability of 
 cutting when put to work. When the horse has 
 been used, the state of his legs will show any one 
 v.'hether he is in the habit of doinsi: so or not. 
 
156 THE STUD. 
 
 "Where scars healed np are seen, the common 
 thing said to a purchaser is, " You see, he has 
 not cut lately;'"' giving as an excuse for his having 
 at some time done so, " That he was badly 
 shod," did it, " when he was weak ; " or on some 
 unheard of long journey. How far I should credit 
 such assertions, would wholly depend on how the 
 horse went, and how his legs and feet stood, or 
 were put on ; and, as to his not having " cut 
 lately^'' I must remind my reader, it is quite pro- 
 bable the horse has not worked lately either. 
 
 Of the propriety of purchasing or rejecting a 
 horse showincr marks of cuttinir, circumstances or 
 advice must direct the reader's judgment ; but if 
 he cuts speedy, be it a little higher or lower than 
 the usual mark, I strongly advise his being at 
 once rejected for any jDurpose but a cart or 
 hearse. 
 
 BROKEN KXEES. 
 
 I place these on the list of habits of the horse, 
 not because they have, in a general way, any 
 thing to do with them, but because numbers of 
 persons conceive that they have, and consider that 
 a horse who has broken his knees is ipso facto ren- 
 dered liable to do the same again, and that he is 
 consequently unsafe. This idea, under ordinary 
 circumstances, is quite erroneous, and has no more 
 
BROKEN KNEES. 157 
 
 to do with Ills liability to come down again than 
 breaking liis nose would have. There can be no 
 doubt but knees may be so deeply cut and bruised 
 by a fall as to injure the pliability of the joint, 
 and, in so severe a case, the horse probably icould 
 he unsafe ; but it is not a positive and certain re- 
 sult, even under such circumstances, for I have 
 seen horses with a considerable stiiFness of one 
 knee, that did not trip or blunder with that limb 
 more than the other : however, we do not con- 
 template purchasing such a one. I would only 
 advise a buyer not to reject a good horse loith 
 good action, if he wants one more for use than 
 show, because he had marked knees ; if, however, 
 he has such with questionable action, reject him 
 at once, much more on account of the action than 
 the knees. With broken knees and good action, 
 a horse may be, and most probably would be, 
 perfectly safe and pleasant to ride ; with bad 
 action, and no broken knees, he would be still 
 more probably neither safe nor pleasant to ride, 
 or even drive. 
 
 Subjected, as most horses are, to all sorts of 
 roads and all sorts of riders, we need not be sur- 
 prised on finding that a horse has broken his knees ; 
 our surprise would be more justly called forth on 
 finding one that had not ; and when to bad roads 
 and bad riders we add over-fatigue, escaping 
 without, in stable phrase, " a hole in their stock 
 
158 THE STUD. 
 
 ings/' shows how wonderfully safe on their legs 
 horses must be, in a general way. 
 
 On a horse being shown for sale with marked 
 knees, there is always some story told in excuse 
 of the accident. I have heard it gravely affirmed 
 that he had done it against the manger. This is, 
 of course, the veriest nonsense, horses are not 
 such fools as voluntarily to thus hurt themselves ; 
 in ninety-nine cases in a hundred, knees are broken 
 by falling on them, but if they are, does one fall 
 show a horse to be unsafe. iSIany things may 
 cause the safest animal that ever wore a shoe to 
 fall ; we need, therefore, no excuse for such an 
 occurrence. On seeing a horse with marked 
 knees, I should never take the trouble of asking 
 how he did it, but I should ask to see him go ; 
 if he went well, I should care nothing lioic he 
 broke his knees ; if he went unsafely, and they 
 showed me a certificate from the Lord Chancellor 
 that the horse had not broken them by a fall, I 
 would reject him, for I should feel quite certain 
 that, granting he had not broken them this time 
 by a fall, he very soon would break them again 
 by one, and that probably would not be the last. 
 
 If, therefore, the reader wishes to purchase a 
 horse at a deteriorated price, he has three chief 
 points to look at : the state and position of the 
 legs, the same of the feet, and the action; if all 
 are good, as an animal for use, I assure him he 
 
BAD FEEDERS. 159 
 
 may account himself fortunate if he finds such a 
 horse with no greater drawback than marked 
 knees ; and, at a proper price, I should say, " buy 
 him." 
 
 In giving such a recommendation, I hope my 
 reader will carry along with him the reflection, 
 that the object (and a novel one it is) of this 
 work is not to tell him what perfections in the 
 horse he is to look for, but what imperfections 
 may, under certain circumstances, be tolerated. 
 
 BAD FEEDERS. 
 
 As a joke, I might fairly say there are two 
 sorts of bad feeders ; that is, people who feed 
 their horses badly, and horses that often refuse 
 food when offered them. I sincerely wish ani- 
 mals had the same power of rejecting such 
 masters, as they have of rejecting such horses as 
 I allude to. 
 
 Taking the thing in a general way, I have not 
 so great a dread of a light feeder as many persons 
 have ; in truth, I would prefer a delicate feeder 
 as a horse, to a really heavy grubber, as a com- 
 panion ; the one is, mostly at least, a vivacious, 
 light hearted, cheerful animal : the latter, only 
 begins to be alive with the near prospect of a 
 knife and fork in his hand ; and it will be mostly 
 found that very heavy feeders, of a biped kind. 
 
160 THE STUD. 
 
 are also very heavy fellows. In alluding to 
 bipeds, I say fellows, for we do not contemplate 
 a propensity of such enormity in the other sex. 
 If, in any solitary instance, such an uncontrollable 
 propensity should exist, and " such a " stuffing 
 " down stairs " must take place, in mercy's name 
 let the fair cormorant feed by herself, and then 
 dine with us. 
 
 Xo man is a greater advocate than myself for a 
 horse being able and willing to eat a fair share of 
 provender ; and, as a reasonable allowance, I 
 should wish a hunter to take his two bushels and 
 a peck of oats in the seven days: but I have 
 generally found horses that are always ready to 
 devour a feed of oats sluggish ones ; in short, 
 animals, like many other animals we daily meet 
 with, who have no inclination to exert themselves 
 for the gratification or advantage of others to any 
 degree, that will or may produce inconvenience 
 to themselves. 
 
 Old fashioned grooms had several pet expres- 
 sions to signify a horse having, in their estimation, 
 the great virtue of always being ready to eat; 
 such as, " he has a rare basket to carry his wit- 
 tals in ; " "I likes a horse with a good kicking- 
 place," meaning a corporation, that so far from 
 rendering it necessary to bring your heel up to 
 use your spurs, if wanted, causes one some exer- 
 tion to keep them out of the sides of the beast. 
 
BAD FEEPEES. 16 L 
 
 For a huntsman, who with some harriers hunts 
 his horse three days a week, or for one (if such a 
 one now-a-days could be found) who has hunted 
 the same horse twice a week with a scratch pack, 
 that hunt every thing in turn, such a horse is a 
 treasure ; he was so when bagsmen, I do not mean 
 foxes, rode their forty miles a day for a week 
 together: but men who wish to go when they 
 do go, and do not want to go constantly with 
 the same pair of ears before them, though in the 
 words of the song, they may think tliat, " a big 
 bellied bottle's a mighty good thing," will not 
 estimate a blo'-bellied horse in the same decree. I 
 can truly assert I never was carried brilliantly, 
 corklly, and elastically, by any such horse : last- 
 ingly I have ; but there is, or at least I can con- 
 ceive, no pleasure in the duration of any thing 
 that is not pleasant in the beginning. 
 
 I have had some exceedingly good journey 
 horses of this sort ; but, as I never was in the 
 habit of riding, or driving long journeys, they 
 were thrown away on me. If I have to take such, 
 give me merry posters, or a coach ; but from a : 
 long continuance of road travelling behind a horse, 
 or on him, good fate, deliver me : a pleasure-trip 
 through a picturesque country is another affair': 
 my light-hearted sort will do this, and feed too, 
 and do it pleasantly. 
 
 The landlord in the Beau's Stratagem, says, in. 
 
 M 
 
162 THE STUD. 
 
 commendation of his ale, " strong, aye ! it should 
 be strong, or how should they be strong who 
 drink it." It may, therefore, with truth be said 
 of horses, that they should eat heartily, or how 
 can they work heartily. This is in a great de- 
 gree a perfectly correct idea ; but a delicate feeder 
 may still consume on the average quite as much 
 as may be necessary for him, and, with a good 
 groom as his attendant, would be more likely to 
 do well than a glutton would. 
 
 It is true that some hunters, some race-horses, 
 and most stage-coach horses consume an enormous 
 quantity of oats. Why is this ? It arises from the 
 cause, that voracious appetites must, to keep their 
 possessors quiet and satisfied, be filled with a 
 large quantity of something, and as, for fast work, 
 horses must be limited as to hay, we are com- 
 pelled to give them oats, to make up a certain 
 wei^rht or bulk to be consumed : a coal-carrier 
 may consume half a dozen pots of porter, and his 
 two pounds of beef-steaks during the day; but we 
 have no record of the running-footman or mes- 
 sengers of old performing gastronomic feats com- 
 mensurate with their pedestrian ones. 
 
 I am by no means certain that a horse refusing 
 his oats after an unusual hard run has not saved 
 many a one from inflammatory attacks of some sort. 
 I am quite certain that a moderate sized race-horse, 
 who will daily eat his five honest quarterns of 
 
BAD FEEDERS. 163 
 
 oats each day, with appetite, is just as hearty as 
 the glutton who will consume half a bushel. 
 Growing colts certainly will, like growing boys, 
 onsume more than adults, and require a little 
 extra allowance. 
 
 In stating that I do not object so much as 
 some persons do to shy feeders, I do not of 
 course mean a weak constitutloned animal that 
 suffers so much, when called on for exertion, as to 
 be off his appetite, so long as exertion is required 
 of him ; but I mean that a voracious appetite is 
 no sure indication of capability of endurance of 
 that sort of exertion that is called for in a horse 
 for a gentleman's purpose: though that purpose 
 may be that of a hunter. Give me a good back, 
 good loins, and a fair depth of rib, all beneath 
 it may take care of itself; for with the ends of 
 the ribs strength ceases ; the rest is mere distention 
 from gross feeding ; and though vast room in the 
 hold may be convenient and admirable in a mer- 
 chant ship, to bring home a thousand sacks of 
 oats, it is the very reverse in the horse, who is 
 never wanted to contain a peck at one time. 
 
 If we see a horse poor with fair work, and 
 know him to be a bad feeder, I should say re- 
 ject him (it shows he cannot eat enough to sup- 
 port nature) ; but if with fair work he keeps in 
 good working condition, I would never refuse 
 him, because he might require a little manage- 
 
 M 2 
 
164: THE STUD. 
 
 ment as to liis feeds. People who want a horse 
 as a slave and as a beast of business, about 
 whom they will give themselves no trouble after 
 he has performed his task, would do well to get 
 a glutton that nothing can choke of his feed, if 
 they do not object to whaling along such a moving 
 mass of repletion, as such horses usually are. We 
 should each take trouble in our different ways. 
 I would greatly prefer some trouble to make 
 my horse feed, to the slightest to get him along. 
 Speed and vivacity I must have in a horse for any 
 purpose for which I am to use him : oats I will 
 take care he shall have, if trouble and contrivance 
 can effect it. If he will not spare his trouble to 
 please me, I will not spare mine to benefit him ; 
 and if a groom will not take the pains to make a 
 horse feed, if pains will do it, I should not part 
 with the horse, but very soon should with the 
 man. 
 
 LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 
 
 This difference of action arises from so many 
 causes, that, not to enter into minute or abstruse 
 contemplation of them, I will settle the point by. 
 classing it among the habits of the horse. It is 
 caused in some cases by peculiar formation ; in 
 others from anatomical influence without reference 
 to form; in others from the mode in which the 
 
LOW AND HIGH ACTIOX. 165 
 
 colt was broken in ; often from a lively or sluggish 
 disposition ; and, lastly, from the nature of the 
 work the horse is accustomed to. 
 
 The propriety of selecting or rejecting a horse 
 with high or low action, provided it is not carried 
 to a pitch so as to be decidedly objectionable, can- 
 not be determined on without reference to cir- 
 cumstances; for both styles of going, like most 
 other differences, have their pour and eontre. If 
 we know the purchaser, and the purpose for which 
 the animal is intended, advice might be given 
 without hesitation : but to offer it in general terms, 
 requires some consideration, and regard to circum- 
 stances. 
 
 The man to whom money is no object can of 
 course buy what he pleases, without subjecting 
 himself to any permanent danger, or unpleasantry, 
 as, on finding he has erred in his judgment in the 
 purchase, he has only to direct its being got rid 
 of; and a certain loss of money is the only pro- 
 bable penalty. But as all persons are not so situated 
 as to pecuniary circumstances, a few hints to such, 
 if they save them the certainty or probability of 
 gettino; that which will occasion loss in the dis- 
 posal of it, may be held, and probably found to be, 
 useful. 
 
 If a person buys a horse with a view to ad- 
 vantage in the resale of him, or v.ith the usual 
 wish of not being obliged to lose money should 
 
 M 3 
 
166 THE STUD. 
 
 such a sale become necessary, if the horse is for 
 any road purpose, I give, on a broad scale, the 
 plain and direct advice, huy no horse with low ac- 
 tion ; for as fashion prevails in these days, such a 
 horse will certainly occasion great loss of time, 
 an infinite degree of trouble, and most probably 
 considerable loss of money, before he can be dis- 
 posed of. 
 
 A person may flatter himself, and many per- 
 sons do thus err: that if they buy a horse with 
 bad, or we will say unfashionable, action for fifty 
 that would be worth a hundred and fifty if it was 
 the reverse, they need not anticipate loss in the 
 resale : that they may not form such an anti- 
 cipation is very likely ; and certainly they need 
 not if they do not wish to do so ; but I assure 
 them that in nine cases in ten loss icill be the con- 
 sequence of such transactions. 
 
 We may purchase many horses and many other 
 things with certain imperfections, that at a certain 
 price are a safe and probably good speculation ; 
 but any thing that is all but unsaleable is dear at 
 almost any price. It matters little for the pur- 
 pose of sale, whether the drawback be of serious 
 consequence or not, if people fancy it is so. K 
 no gentleman would buy a dark chestnut, the 
 Switcher would probably have found his way 
 to a green-grocer's cart, instead of snatching the 
 laurels from some of the best horses in Enirland 
 
LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 167 
 
 in a steeple oliase. If no one would buy greys 
 for gentlemen's use, we should ere this have been 
 taken to the Bank by Cigar and Peter Simple 
 as a pair. The present very general rejection of 
 horses with good and safe, but not high, action is 
 little less absurd : many of those who would and 
 do object to such horses, would at the same time 
 be candid enough to admit they do not object to 
 the action as beinof had. but unfashionable. This 
 does not make the matter much better for the un- 
 fortunate owner of the horse ; for as everybody 
 now lays some claim to pretension of fashion, 
 while the noble or gentleman would politely say 
 " the horse had not quite as high action as they 
 wished for," the butcher would say, " he can't 
 go no how." The only saving clause, therefore, 
 in buying an unsaleable article at a low price is 
 the loss will be lessened. 
 
 The loss, however, in such cases does not al- 
 ways keep commensurate with the price, or, in 
 other words, goes in the same ratio ; for should we 
 buy a horse for thirty that would, but for low 
 action, be worth sixty, probably a ten pound note 
 loss gets us out of the difficulty ; for the class of 
 persons using thirty pound horses are to be tempted 
 by price : but if we give a hundred and fifty for 
 that which, but for the same failing, or rather 
 want, would be worth double the sum, the diffi- 
 culty would be, with persons using such horses, to 
 
 M 4 
 
168 THE STUD. 
 
 find a purchaser at all; for such persons, for their 
 own use, would not have such a bargain as a gift ; 
 and the generality would not take the trouble 
 of huckstering for profit; those that would, and 
 in fact do this, are as wide awake as any dealer 
 to the difficulty of selling such nags : they would 
 be much more likely to buy a regular screw that 
 pulled his knee up to his throat latch. As to the 
 intent with which they often do purchase such 
 flatcatchers, I only say " touch not the Lord's 
 anointed." 
 
 Having made the reader aware of the diffi- 
 culties he will in a general way get into by pur- 
 chasing horses with low, or rather without high, 
 action, we will now get forward by going on the 
 other tack. 
 
 In what I have said relative to high and low 
 action, I have not in any way commended the 
 one or reprobated the other. I have only alluded 
 to usual consequences in point of trouble, time, 
 and money that will occur by the purchase : to 
 exemplify which I will for a moment allude to 
 the purchasing a carriage. I trust it Avill be al- 
 lowed by most persons that a curricle is in itself 
 a most gentlemanly carriage, one pleasant to ride 
 in, and, if well hung, one that follows horses easily 
 and smoothly : we will say I order a curricle 
 and a phaeton to be made, and give a hundred 
 and twenty for each. I wish in a month to sell 
 
LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 1G9 
 
 both. What is the consequence ? the phaeton is 
 ready sale. Even supposing, in point of easiness 
 and following the horses, I find it not what I 
 could desire, the sale of it will probably be at- 
 tended with but little loss, because hundreds are 
 using phaetons. But for the curricle, though it 
 may be the best that ever went on wheels, I 
 should be lucky if I got out of it at the twenty 
 pounds, paying the hundred for having used 
 it a month, Mr. Tattersall comforting me by 
 saying I was a fortunate fellow to find any one 
 willing to take it at all ; further consoling me, in 
 his usual candid way, by saying, it was better 
 than paying a couple of years' standing in his 
 yard. My retfder Avill, I dare say, allow my ad- 
 vice would be good ; if it was, don't buy a curricle, 
 unless you are determined to keep it : he may 
 trust to my experience when I give the same ad- 
 vice relative to a road horse without fashionable 
 action. My one hundred and twenty pound cur- 
 ricle would, as a carriage for use, be very cheap, 
 to a man who ^vanted it to use, at eighty pounds ; 
 but it would be a very bad bargain if he con- 
 templated reselling it. I hardly know which I 
 would back as the most difficult to sell, a curricle, 
 or a horse with low action. 1 allude particu- 
 larly to either being offered for sale in London. 
 
 The idea or question may suggest itself to the 
 reader, that^ as only comparatively fev/ horses 
 
170 THE STUD. 
 
 have showy action, what becomes of those who 
 have it not ? To answer this, speaking of horses 
 as animals for various uses, in various situations, 
 and for various persons, high action is not always 
 requisite, or in many cases desirable. Race-horses 
 (we may now also mention), steeple-chase horses, 
 and hunters, would be deteriorated in perform- 
 ance, and consequently in value, by high showy 
 action. Gentlemen wanting horses for country 
 work, where worth is more requisite than mere 
 show, will purchase horses with good, but not 
 fashionable, action. Persons who only want them- 
 selves and families to get the benefit of air and 
 exercise, will buy them at a very moderate price. 
 The rest go at a little lower figure, where mere 
 animal labour is wanted. Most of such as I al- 
 lude to have moderate action ; but below this, in 
 London, a horse is, figuratively speaking, not only 
 a drug, but unsaleable. 
 
 This mention of the purposes where high 
 action is not required, and the description of per- 
 sons who will dispense with it, will, in a great 
 measure, show the reader the circumstances under 
 which he may purchase horses without London 
 action. We will, therefore, now look to the 
 effect of action as regards utility, here it will be 
 found that, high as the fashionable goer may rank, 
 in price he will be found about on a par with 
 many men who are always, from their fashion- 
 
LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 171 
 
 able attributes, welcome guests at certain dinners 
 and parties, but are the last who would be se- 
 lected as fire-side, bosom friends, where the man 
 of sterling worth proffers his claims, " and has 
 those claims allowed." 
 
 I have, under certain circumstances, and with 
 certain Intentions In view, recommended my reader 
 to " buy no horse with low action," and in such 
 cases I am certain that my advice is good. We 
 will now reverse the picture, and figure to our- 
 selves his saying, " I do not want a horse for mere 
 show : I want merely a gentlemanly, pleasant, 
 safe, and really valuable horse for my own use." 
 Under such circumstances I hope I shall not be 
 said, in vulgar parlance, to " blow hot and then 
 blow cold," if I should say (with very few excep- 
 tions) hiiy no horse with uncommon high action : 
 the exceptions would be his being very fast, and 
 going with very true action, which such horses 
 seldom do. If his action was high, and at the same 
 time slow, I should at once say, do not touch him 
 at any price^ unless you want to ride in the lord 
 mayor's show, or to put him in a hearse, for such 
 an animal Is o;ood for nothlno^ else. 
 
 One of the objections to uncommonly high 
 action Is, that the horse expends those animal 
 powers in show that I want him to exert in speed, 
 or to keep in reserve for a long day, and the dura- 
 bility of his legs, feet, and stamina, these must all 
 
172 THE STUD. 
 
 suffer in the horse with fast and at the same time 
 very high action. The legs and feet suffer from 
 concussions ; the animal powers suffer from ex- 
 haustion ; and, when tired, such horses become 
 very unsafe, which will be seen in a few lines. 
 
 I shall perhaps surprise some readers when I 
 give it as an opinion, founded on practical experi- 
 ence, that horses with slow and very high action 
 are as unsafe as any horse short of an absolute 
 cripple can be ; nay, even more so, if the cripple be 
 a game one ; for, though the latter from infirmity 
 may faulter ten times in every mile, the genuine 
 bit of generous spice in his composition will induce 
 him to catch himself up, as if ashamed to show the 
 failing of his wasted powers. Xow the horse with 
 fast and high action, when fatigued, good though 
 he may be, is brought against his will to the level 
 of the high and slow mover when fresh : the want 
 of power in the one reduces him to the standard 
 of want of activity in the other ; and where the 
 want of activity prevails, be it from natural causes 
 or fatigue, the effect is the same ; treading on a 
 stone, a rolling one, or a blow on the leg from the 
 other foot, down both must come. 
 
 If terms always carried a proper signification 
 with them, it might appear somewhat of an incon- 
 gruity when I state that horses with high, slow ac- 
 tion are very apt to cut speedy ; and this tfliows a 
 fact known to most men judges of action, that 
 
LOW AND HIGH ACTIOX. 173 
 
 speedy cutting does not depend on velocity, but 
 action and formation of parts. I am quite awarei 
 that a horse going in a slovenly manner six miles 
 an hour may not lift himself enough to cut speedy; 
 and that when Ave gather him np and make him 
 exert himself, he may do so : this, however, only 
 proves he goes badly at all times, and that, when he 
 Is urged to lift his legs a little higher than usual, 
 he hits the first prominent part his foot comes 
 In contact with. Such are most sovereign brutes. 
 I once took one in exchange (I hope I need not 
 say drawing money), drove him once^ and then 
 exchanged him for cash wdth the first person I 
 could find of that description of whom it is said 
 that they " and their money are soon parted." 
 This brute went well enough, though he could 
 not manage five miles in half an hour ; at least 
 I should think he would not. He cut from the 
 formation of his feet; they were wdiat I detest 
 — remarkably large and platter-like : in short, he 
 could not keep them out of the way of his legs. 
 I never saw but one galloping horse in my life, 
 who was a clipper that had large feet. 
 
 In justification of my abhorrence of slow, high-' 
 actioned horses, and to show that cutting speedy is 
 not the effect of pace, the horse with high action 
 that will not interfere at all while fresh, will often- 
 cut severely when fatigued ; and, as most horses- 
 become slow when tired, it shows the crreat draw- 
 
174 THE STUD. 
 
 back slow high action is in the horse, even when 
 fresh, for such will cut when faster ones may not. 
 
 Another objection to high-actioned horses in 
 point of safety is this, the longer time that is 
 expended in lifting the leg, the longer, as a 
 matter of course, will be the time before it 
 comes to the ground to relieve the other. Now 
 on the quick succession of relief that is af- 
 forded to each leg and foot mainly depends the 
 safety of the horse's going ; and it is this quick 
 succession of step that renders many horses 
 going near the ground as perfectly safe as they 
 are. Many with tender feet never make a serious 
 blunder; the reason is this, and a very simple 
 one, — their infirmity renders resting long on 
 one foot painful ; consequently, they bring the 
 other quickly to its relief, so if they do make a 
 mistake they do not give themselves time to come 
 down. Knowing this to be the case, I would 
 greatly prefer, in point of safety as to his action, 
 ridino; a fair groer, though he might be, in stable 
 term, " a little dickyish in his feet," than a plod- 
 ding goer, who, to carry on the same term, was 
 " as sound as an acorn." 
 
 The propriety, therefore, of selecting or reject- 
 ing a horse with high or low action may be re- 
 duced to this point. If a horse is wanted for 
 show purposes only, or for sale, buy nothing but 
 what has high and fast action, little matter with 
 
LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 175 
 
 the generality of men whether the action be true 
 and good, or not, he will be admired, and will sell. 
 If" he is wanted for ease, comfort, and durability, 
 buy nothing but what has fast and true action, 
 and then the less fuss he makes about going the 
 better. 
 
 When quite a boy I wanted a tandem leader. 
 I had a decided goer for shaft work. I was at a 
 fair looking at a horse with very imposing action, 
 that I much foncled. An old country dealer was 
 near me, as the horse was being shown out for 
 my approval. " Ah," said he (alluding to the 
 horse), " hes a bit of a trunk-maker, he is." On 
 asking a definition of the term, the old man said, 
 " there's a deal more noise than work in he." 
 As like most other boys, I then thought I knew 
 a good deal ; this cut made me shrink into my 
 shoes, I left the trunk-maker, but never forgot 
 the lesson. 
 
176 THE STUD. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 POINTS IN THE MAKE AKD SHAPE OF THE HORSE, MORE OR LESS 
 
 DESIRABLE. PHYSIOGNOMY. THE NECK. SHOULDERS AND 
 
 WITHERS. LOW IN THE BACK. SHORT BACK RIBS. SMALL 
 
 FEET. GENERAL APPEARANCE AND CONDITION OF THE HORSE. 
 
 Havixg mentioned the chief ordinaiy habits 
 likely to be found in horses offered for sale, we 
 will now look towards such points in shape and 
 make as may influence their utility or pleasantry ; 
 these not dependent on habit, but such as, from 
 natural causes, independent of their own will, 
 temper, or disposition, render them more or less 
 desirable, or are indicative of peculiarities in 
 either of those attributes. 
 
 PHYSIOGNOMY. 
 
 The man who is so much taken up by admiring 
 contemplation of his own face as to afford him no 
 time to contemplate any thing else, may be per- 
 fectly indifferent as to the physiognomy of a 
 horse ; but if inattention to this feature in the 
 animal embraced the possession of a refractory or 
 dangerous one, he might find physiognomy in the 
 horse worthy of notice. 
 
PH YSIOGN OM Y. 177 
 
 Without previous knowledge of the animal, I 
 candidly confess (and let those laugh at the idea 
 that please to do so) I should greatly hesitate in 
 buvins: a horse with a bad treacherous looklno; 
 countenance. Many worthy men and many well 
 disposed horses are, I grant, unfortunate in this 
 particular. We should not value a friend the less 
 for it ; but it would certainly not induce us to 
 form an acquaintance with the man possessing it, 
 without cogent reasons for so doing. Then why 
 should we with a horse. A good countenance in 
 mankind is no doubt often deceptive; a forbid- 
 ding one is certainly more honest ; for on it we 
 see in characters legible — bew^are ! Few men, not 
 from choice, but circumstances, have had a more 
 extensive acquaintance w^Ith man than myself, 
 and, perhaps, not one man in a thousand from the 
 same cause has made acquaintance with more 
 horses. I have found rogues with prepossessing 
 countenances in both ; but I never, to my recol- 
 lection, had to do with man or beast of forbidding 
 countenance that proved apostate to the sign 
 nature had put up indicative of what w^as passing 
 within. Ugly as sin either may be : this has no- 
 thing on earth to do with a forbidding aspect. I 
 do not hold a pug dog very handsome as to face, 
 and I knew a girl as like one, excepting in colour, 
 as she well could be ; but she was the best and 
 merriest little girl in existence ; everybody loved 
 N 
 
178' THE STUD. 
 
 her; she found a very sensible and handsome 
 fellow that not only loved, but married her. I 
 wish my reader as amiable a companion. 
 
 I have in other things that I have written 
 mentioned my having passed several years in Ire- 
 land, where many hundred horses passed through 
 my hands every year. This made me pretty inti- 
 mately acquainted with Irish horses. These have, 
 comparatively with English ones, generally sus- 
 picious sinister looking countenances — contracted 
 and lowering brows ; and no man acquainted with 
 the animals of both countries can doubt but that 
 Irish horses have worse tempers than English 
 ones. This peculiarity of countenance in the 
 Irish horse, no doubt proceeded from breed ; for I 
 have remarked that lately it has as much improved 
 as has his general shape and make. A few years 
 since an Irish horse could be recognised anionic 
 fifty English ones; but the three cornered made 
 ones are now seldom seen, and as fine level horses 
 come from Ireland as the most fastidious could 
 wish to see. 
 
 Tracing back, as we can do, the origin of the 
 thoroughbred horse to a cross with the Arab, 
 whose heads are deer-like in formation, we might 
 naturally enough expect to find all race- horses 
 with small heads. This is, however, by no means 
 always, though general!}^, the case. Eclipse had 
 by no means a beautiful head. Dick Andrews, 
 
PHYSIOGNOMY. 179 
 
 as good and honest a horse as ever ran, had a very 
 hirofe head. To come to recent racers, that most 
 capital of sires and race-horses, Touchstone, had 
 no deer-like head, though an honest looking one ; 
 Cymba, a late winner of the Oaks, has a head more 
 like collar work than racing ; Mendicant, another 
 Oaks winner, has a large, I may say very large, 
 head ; Van Tromp has a really ugly head, added 
 to not the handsomest body in the world ; and 
 that capital and truly honest horse St. Lawrence 
 has a head showin<T less breedino; than I should 
 wish in the head of a hunter. The reader or buyer 
 would, therefore, be very unw^ise in rejecting any 
 horse, because he may have a larcje head ; for it 
 is no proof at all of want of breeding : there is, 
 however, one peculiarity in the form of the head 
 of the race-horse in which he is very rarely indeed 
 deficient — this is, that, however large his head 
 may be from the top to the bottom of the jaAV, 
 we may mostly, in figuraiive stable language, 
 "put their nose in a quart pot." I do not know 
 or recollect one coarse from the jaw downwards, 
 and this common bred horses usually are. No- 
 thing, in my estimation, can be so disgusting as 
 this, or at once so fully evinces vulgarity of 
 origin. Be a head as large as it may upwards, we 
 may say, as a huntsman said of a favourite hound, 
 "if his head is large, he has a great deal of sense 
 in it ; " but a head large below the jaw, looks like 
 
 K 2 
 
180 THE STUD. 
 
 a portmanteau, set end ways. Let the head, if 
 it is even large, be made somewhat wedge like, 
 and it will not be a very bad one. 
 
 Many persons look greatly to ears, and consider 
 small ones indicative of good breeding. In re- 
 futation of this I only beg to remark that, that 
 lowest bred of most horses, the black Hanove- 
 rian, is often remarkable for small ears, and those 
 standing as we term " pricked." Our large dray. 
 and distillers' horses have mostly small ears com- 
 paratively with their size and bulk. One pecu- 
 liarity of the ear, the thoroughbred horse most 
 certainly generally possesses : they are thin, and if 
 they are, though they may be pendant, as those of 
 a lop-eared rabbit, it speaks nothing against the 
 aristocratic origin of his family. 
 
 A large full eye I hold to be a very leading 
 indication of good breeding, though, of course, 
 many good horses have it not ; but more or less 
 race-horses usually have ; and in mentioning as I 
 do such horses, I mean it in this way, that the 
 more we can get the attributes of the race-horse 
 combined with the strength we want, the better 
 horse we shall get for any purpose. 
 
 There is another form of the head that, without 
 referring to beauty, is indicative of valuable pro- 
 perties, or their reverse, namely, — the width 
 between the jaw-bones: I would wish such as 
 would almost conceal a wine-bottle. It is not my 
 
THE NECK. 181 
 
 province here or intention to enter into anatomi- 
 cal reasons why, but experience has authorised 
 me in saying, that horses narrow between the jaws, 
 or in any way, in stable phrase, " tied up about 
 the throat," are very seldom good winded ones. 
 
 I will now, therefore, sum up my observations 
 on the head by saying, in as concise terms as 
 possible, get thin ears, a prominent eye, wide jaws, 
 and a small nose, and you will not get hold of 
 a very bad sort. As to other beauties of it, I 
 leave those to the reader's taste. If a horse pos- 
 sess none of the leading features of goodness I 
 have mentioned, and you know him to be good, of 
 course, buy him ; if he only possess some of them 
 or all in a very mediocre degree, get to know him 
 well before you trust to him ; if he possess none 
 of them, and you cannot get a proof of his mate- 
 rials, reject him; for in nine cases in ten by so 
 doing, you will have escaped the possession of a 
 dull bad bred, bad winded, or bad disposed horse, 
 or, perhaps, all of these failings in the same 
 animal. 
 
 THE NECK. 
 
 If you want a horse for park purposes, and to 
 be admired by mere park riders, go to the most 
 famous rocking-horse manufacturer that you can 
 find : look at the imposing sort of neck of such 
 
 N 3 
 
182 THE STUD. 
 
 wooden animals, and then buy a horse with one 
 as like them as possible ; but, as I anticipate my 
 reader not to be quite one of this sort, or to want 
 a horse merely to please the multitude, I should 
 recommend him to look at the horses of some of 
 the many sportsmen, sensible men, and men of 
 acknowledged good judgment in horses, that at a 
 particular season he will see riding in that place. 
 I am ready to grant that a park horse is an animal 
 for show purpose ; that he should be handsome, 
 we will say beautiful : it is not necessary he should 
 have the indications of crossins: a country, but 
 he should have indications of being of esteemed 
 make of his kind ; and, allowing him to be a toy, 
 he should possess that form and those attributes 
 that indicate his being safe, pleasant to ride, and 
 graceful in his action. Let him show these, and 
 be he charger, Arab, Spanish Jennet, cob, or 
 thoroughbred, the judgment of the rider will 
 not be disputed. Others may not like the kind ; 
 but this is a mere matter of taste. A £jood thinoj 
 of any kind must be admired by every man of 
 liberal mind. It is only where mere show and a 
 bad sort is exhibited, that the judgment, and to a 
 certain degree the sense, of the rider becomes 
 questionable. 
 
 The rockincj-horse kind of neck I allude to is 
 rarely seen appertaining to the high-bred horse, 
 and, though well looking enough for harness, will 
 
SHOULDERS AND WITHERS. 183 
 
 very seldom be found flexible enough to render a 
 horse pleasant to ride, if, added to this, the head 
 is so set into the neck as to make a kind of con- 
 tinued curve from the chest to the back lip. I 
 ^vould reject such a horse for riding purposes 
 without mounting. He cannot from formation 
 bring, as we say in riding term, " his head in ; " 
 that is, he cannot make his nose approach his 
 bosom ; and instead of yielding to the bit will 
 always be fighting or boring against it. We can 
 command such a horse's mouth, but not his head ; 
 and, unless we can bring the head to a proper 
 position, we can neither make a horse go hand- 
 somely or safely, so far as action is concerned, 
 
 A moderately thin neck, and one rather inclin- 
 ing to be short than unusually long, is the sort of 
 one for both wind and pleasantry. 
 
 SHOULDERS AND WITHERS. 
 
 Many persons will at once reject a horse that 
 is, what is often termed, low shouldered. With 
 submission to persons using this term, it is a most 
 inappropriate one. I know what they mean by 
 it. But in using it, or when they use it, it is not 
 the shoulder they look at, but the vjither, wdiich 
 has little, indeed nothing, to do, either with the 
 action of the horse or his carrying his saddle. The 
 carrying the saddle in a handsome j^lace — that is, 
 
 N 4 
 
184 THE STUD. 
 
 not too for^Yal'd — depends on the muscles behind 
 the shoulder; and the shoulder itself being set 
 well back and obliquely from its point. The 
 wither may then be as low as it pleases ; the 
 saddle will, indeed must, retain a proper place : a 
 very high wither is only in the way, and, if greatly 
 elevated, is liable to be injured by the saddle. 
 I would rather reject than select a high withered 
 horse. High-bred horses have a handsomely turned 
 wither, and that turn or curve is much longer in its 
 sweep, and goes farther back than with ordinary 
 bred horses. But we do not see well made race- 
 horses, when drawn as fine as they can be as to 
 flesh, what is termed " razor withered." The 
 reader will generally find the horse that is so, thin 
 between the rider's legs, narrow in his own chest, 
 and a weak horse. Many persons, on seeing such 
 a horse, might say, " what a fine rising shoulder he 
 has." I might probably reply, " excuse me, he 
 has a bad shoulder, and what almost amounts to a 
 deformity above it ; " and should in such a case 
 recommend a rejection of him : another horse, 
 otherwise of the same heiojht, mis^ht meu^ure two 
 inches less from the ground to the top of the 
 wither, and have a shoulder in perfection. 
 
 Let not, therefore, the buyer reject a horse that 
 may not appear to have a rising shoulder: his 
 shoulder may be as high or higher than most 
 horses; it is only the wither that is not high. 
 
LOW IN THE BACK. 185 
 
 Xor is wldtb, or what some persons may term a 
 thick shoulder, to be by any means objected to, as 
 it often is. Eclipse was somewhat thick in this 
 part, and, provided the horse has action, and there 
 is a desirable obliquity of shoulder, his being, not 
 coarse, but strong across from the top of one 
 blade-bone to the other, is no imperfection ; but 
 the reverse. If a rider dismounts from a strong: 
 shouldered horse, and finds he has not been car- 
 ried pleasantly, he may say, "I was sure such a 
 f/i/cA-shouldered brute could not go." In such a 
 case, if he would look a little more into the cause, 
 he would most probably find he had been riding a 
 straic/htshouldered brute : this prevented his go- 
 ing well and safe, not the strength of shoulder. 
 A judge could have told him before mounting 
 that such a horse could not be otherwise than 
 he found him, and would have saved him the 
 trouble of trial by advising such a horse to be 
 rejected. I will not sa)', it is impossible that a 
 horse straight in the shoulder should go well and 
 safe, but, among the numberless horses I have 
 ridden, I never rode one that could, or at least 
 did. 
 
 LOW IN THE BACK. 
 
 The idea of such horses being extremely weak 
 in this part deters numbers from bestowing a 
 
186 THE STUD. 
 
 second look at such as are thus made. That the 
 reader mav not do this, we will look a little as to 
 the extent to which such opinions need be carried. 
 TTe will say nothing as to its appearance, as the 
 rejecting or not of such a horse on this account 
 only, depends wholly how far it may or may not 
 be objectionable to the particular buyer. 
 
 That low backed horses are on an averafre 
 not so strong as those more regularly formed is 
 highly probable, although I am not aware that 
 the fact has been practically proved ; indeed, I 
 could instance several horses more than com- 
 monly low in the back that have carried heavy 
 weights with hounds, and have not been found at 
 all deficient in powers. ^Yithout entering into 
 anatomical discussion of this point, I will pro- 
 duce a, perhaps, very unprofessional, but not alto- 
 gether, I conceive, inappropriate, illustration of 
 why a low back may not be as weak as its ap- 
 pearance denotes. 
 
 A sheet of ice of an inch thick, it is well 
 known, will support an enormous weight under 
 ordinary circumstances ; make it three times the 
 thickness, and draw off the water, it will not 
 support its own weight. 
 
 The low back is consequent on the curve of 
 the spine. The spine of itself possesses little 
 strength : it is the supporting parts that constitute 
 this. These are the ribs and muscles. To bring the 
 
LOW IN THE BACK. 187 
 
 simile of ice again to my aid : if a sheet of water 
 could remain in or be brought to the form of 
 a chair cushion that is made high at the sides, 
 and low along the centre, and in that form be- 
 came frozen, the ice, supported by the water, 
 Avould be perhaps nearly as strong as if a straight 
 surface : it is only w^hen concavity is unsupported 
 that it becomes Aveak. 
 
 These considerations, added to observation and 
 practical test, induce me to advise the reader not 
 to reject an otherwise clever horse merely from a 
 fear of a low^ back being unable to carry him. 
 
 The reader may perhaps be surprised, if I state 
 that I am by no means clear, but that a low 
 backed horse may be less liable to injury of the 
 spine than the straighter ; and still more than the 
 rather convexly formed back. This idea is, how- 
 ever, of too professional a nature, be it right or 
 wrong, for me to decide upon : but I form it on 
 these grounds. 
 
 Whenever there is elasticity, if w^e get a re- 
 quisite degree of strength with it, the elastic 
 part will, so far as itself alone is concerned, be less 
 liable to breakaore than a stiff unvieldinir one : it 
 is well known to coachmen, that a loaded coach 
 that may appear to rock or swing a little with 
 its weight, is less liable to breakage, or to upset, 
 than the stiff running one : the rope of fifty 
 
188 THE STUD. 
 
 yards long that would hold a vessel would be 
 snapped at the first lurch if reduced to^three feet. 
 
 It will be borne in mind, that I am not assert- 
 ing, whether the low back does or does not yield 
 more than the higher one ; if it is not found to do 
 so, there is no palpable or suspicious demonstra- 
 tion of weakness ; if it does, then my theory of 
 elasticity, being equivalent to a given diminution 
 of stiff strength, is tenable. How far strains of 
 the muscles of the back may be more probable in 
 low backed horses than others, the profession no 
 doubt could at once decide ; but I cannot but 
 entertain a surmise, that, where dislocation or 
 injury of the spine (at leaps, particularly) has 
 occurred, had the part been more elastic, in 
 other words, more yielding, such catastrophe 
 might not have occurred. 
 
 I have already spoken of horses cringing from 
 the saddle on being mounted. I need, there- 
 fore, scarcely say, if the low backed horse does 
 this, I should at once reject him ; not for being 
 low backed, or, should I suspect that circumstance 
 
 as causinor this shrinkino: from wei^^ht, but be- 
 ts o o ^ 
 
 cause from some cause he did so ; if I found the 
 hollow back firm and strong under me, I should 
 fearlessly buy such a horse. 
 
SHORT BACK RIBS. 189 
 
 SHORT BACK RIBS. 
 
 This formation, or malformation, is frequently 
 objected to by those whose only cause of objec- 
 tion is not the fault itself, but the horse ap- 
 pearing light in the carcase, which horses thus 
 formed (in working condition) must necessarily 
 be. I most decidedly object to such horses also, 
 not from being light in the middle, but from 
 w\anting that length of rib, and corresponding 
 supporting muscle requisite for strength, wdiere 
 strength in the horse is particularly required, 
 namely, under and beyond the cantle of the 
 saddle. I have said, I do not object to light 
 bodied horses ; nor do I ; but wdiat I mean by 
 being light is merely absence of intestinal pro- 
 trusion, that is vulgarly termed Belly ; the 
 deeper the horse is in the brisket or ribs the 
 better, provided the carcase is round and hand- 
 some. 
 
 Horses with short back ribs are often speedy 
 ones, and are well enough for a mile race-horse : 
 but they are more or less unfit for weight. The 
 fatigue this occasions is probably the cause 
 why such horses are apt to be bad feeders: by 
 bad, I mean cannot be got to eat enouo^h between 
 one hunting, or hard day's work, and another. 
 Such horses are a great pest. Let horses that 
 are delicate eat when they will, and when they 
 
190 THE STUD. 
 
 can, but a proper quantity in a given time in 
 accordance with their work they must be able to 
 eat, or they are useless. 
 
 I had a very brilliant and most speedy horse, 
 who was very short in his back ribs. I drew a 
 hundred and ten and took him, for a young 
 horse I had purchased at eighty, or I would not 
 have had him; he was like a half-starved grey- 
 hound when I got him, would scarce eat enough 
 to support a goat, and was constantly scouring. 
 I stopped this very shortly ; and without pre- 
 suming to prescribe for others, I accomplished 
 it by dosing him pretty largely with Ext. Hsema- 
 toxila), and the usual spices given to horses, for a 
 few days, and then polished him off with Catechu, 
 spice, and good home-brewed ale. It stopped the 
 habitual scouring. He came to his appetite, and 
 when I sold him, was in as fine condition as a 
 race-horse ; in short, in stable phrase, " fit to go 
 for a man's life : " but it is necessary to say, I 
 never called on him for hounds more than once 
 in ten days, and he had only eleven stone on 
 him, no unimportant feature in the success of my 
 practice, as my own vet. in his case. 
 
 That under particular circumstances I took 
 to such an animal has nothing to do with my 
 appreciation thereof : if one is shown to my 
 reader I as strongly recommend him to reject 
 him at once, as I should guard him against re- 
 
SMALL FEE-r. 191 
 
 fusinjx a horse for beinsr Uglit in the carcase if 
 otherwise well formed. 
 
 SMALL FEET. 
 
 I have alluded to small feet before in this work; 
 but then I alluded to feet being objectionable as 
 to size from contraction by disease. I now only 
 mention them as small from natural formation. 
 Many a good and perfectly sound horse is at 
 once rejected on account of his feet being un- 
 usually small, and this from a very natural sus- 
 picion that contraction has brought them to such 
 appearance. Contraction will unquestionally in- 
 duce and produce small feet. It in no shape 
 follows that small feet must have been diseased 
 to become small. It certainly requires consider- 
 able experience and professional knowledge to 
 judge of the propriety of purchasing a horse with 
 such feet ; and where there is professional advice 
 to be got for ten and sixpence, if a man to save 
 that runs any risk in purchasing, he has only to 
 blame his short-sighted parsimony if he gets a 
 lame horse. One of the great objects of this work 
 is in no way to attempt to qualify or to advise 
 the reader to judge for himself of the propriety 
 of hiiijing a faulty or suspicious looking horse, 
 but to prevent him at once rejecting such without 
 taking professional advice on the occasion, and, 
 
192 THE STUD. 
 
 where it is not a professional case, not to reject a 
 horse with defects, or fancied defects, without the 
 opinion of a good judge of such matters, where 
 such is to be got. Therefore, when I say, " buy 
 such a horse," I mean do not reject him, he is 
 worth an opinion; when I say unequivocally 
 reject him, it is only when I know better judges 
 than myself would say "reject him" also. 
 
 There is one strong feature in small feet, that 
 may guide the reader as to whether the animal is 
 worth taking an opinion upon. This is, if the 
 fore feet are small, look at the hind ones, if they 
 are small also, I should infer the size was natural 
 formation; if not, I should be suspicious; for, with- 
 out pretending to say what others may have seen, 
 and known, I do not remember ever to have met 
 with a horse with small fore feet and large hind 
 ones, where the size of the fore ones was natural : 
 nor is the absolute size of the foot, though it be 
 on the whole large, a guarantee against contrac- 
 tion. This merely shows that the whole hoof is 
 not contracted ; for it may be, as a whole, as big 
 as a platter, yet may the most material and sen- 
 sible part of it be under severe contraction. Con- 
 traction may be partial or general : a horse's foot 
 may be generally narrow, like a canal barge, yet 
 be no more contracted than the barge itself. 
 Mules' and asses' feet are thus shaped, yet they 
 keep perfectly sound. The general shape of these 
 
SMALL FEET. 193 
 
 show US it is a natural one. But the wide foot and 
 narrow heel is none of tlie handicraft of nature. 
 There is an indescribable look in a contracted hoof, 
 that an experienced eye detects at once ; there is 
 in it, if I may so express myself, a total absence 
 of that shape and freshness we see in the foot of 
 the sound colt. I have seen feet contracted so 
 uniformly, and generally, as to be particularly 
 handsome in appearance. The texture of the hoof 
 of such feet is often seen to be singularly fine in 
 the grain, and looking almost as though it had been 
 polished. Such are a very bad sort indeed. For- 
 tunately, a horse having such is generally too lame 
 to deceive the generality of purchasers. A foot 
 may be far narrower than such, yet quite sound. 
 
 We will now look to a much more unsiglitly 
 natural malformation, which is unusually large 
 feet. I should almost be tempted to say to my 
 reader, reject such a horse, not on account of un- 
 soundness, for it is only in very few cases where 
 feet get enlarged from any disease; but personally 
 I would refuse him, because I rarely, indeed 
 never, rode a thoroughly pleasant, light, active 
 goer with very large feet ; and as to soundness, I 
 am quite certain the naturally large foot is as 
 likely to become lame as the naturally small one ; 
 indeed, I w^ould say more so at fast road work. 
 Large feet require large shoes. Large shoes must 
 have a considerable weight of iron, and this re- 
 o 
 
194 THE STUD. 
 
 quires large nails. Now a large flat foot is not 
 always accompanied by a proportionate strength 
 and thickness of crust, rather, I should say, the 
 reverse, unless it be in the cart-horse, where the 
 foot is proportionate with the body. But here it 
 is no malformation. "Where it is so, the size of 
 the foot is constituted of the sensible part of it. 
 It becomes, therefore, a matter of considerable 
 difficulty with the smith to keep a foot sound, 
 Avhere la.rge nails and a heavy shoe are indispen- 
 sable to a foot not calculated to carry either, yet, 
 without proportioning the cover of the shoe to 
 the expanse of the foot, such a horse cannot be 
 kept sound at road work. This alone would make 
 me reject him. Again, these large footed horses 
 are very liable to interfere, that is cut, and when 
 fatigued, are almost sure to do so. I consider a 
 walk their pace, and a cart their proper situation. 
 I believe I have now discussed the principal 
 variations of form likely to be found in such a 
 horse as I presume my reader would look at, or 
 would be shown to him for sale ; that is, such 
 forms as are likely to interfere for or against his 
 pleasantry or utility. We will now say some- 
 thing as to 
 
 GENERAL APPEARANCE. 
 
 The diiferent breeds of horses are so varied, 
 and the difference in point of appearance of each 
 
GENERAL APPEARANCE. 195 
 
 breed so varied also, that, to enter minutely into 
 the subject, would require an entire volume of 
 larger extent than I intend this to be ; and 
 further, the tastes of different men are so opposed 
 to each other, that, if I ventured to state my 
 own, supposing some might allow that taste to 
 be tolerable, others might anathematize it as 
 execrable. 
 
 If Mr. Osbaldiston was so situated as to be 
 imable to look out for a hunter for himself, had 
 not friends, better judges than I, ready to take 
 this trouble for him, and therefore wanting a 
 better agent, fixed on me for the purpose, I ven- 
 ture to think I could suit him, as I should look 
 for what I should quite like for myself. But if 
 a young gentleman fresh from the east of Lon- 
 don wanted his Jirst horse, I should be, as Pat 
 says, " bothered entirely." My only chance of 
 pleasing him and most probably his friends would 
 be, to get him som.ething as unlike what I or 
 most of my friends would be pleased with as I 
 possibly could. 
 
 All this is quite right. " The Squire " liked his 
 horse Clasher ; so should I very much if a touch- 
 me-not gate was before me, or indeed if it was 
 not. Our young English Nabob would like a 
 prancer. All right again. May " the Squire " ever 
 get all he likes ; and if our Eastender is a good 
 fellow may he get what he likes also, and find a 
 
 o 2 
 
196 THE STUD. 
 
 more suitable man than me to help hhn to it, for 
 I am pretty sure I could not. 
 
 If a man is at the expense of keeping horses, 
 though he of course keeps such as please himself, 
 if he is candid he will allow that he wishes to have 
 such as will be admired and esteemed by the class 
 of horsemen with which he most associates, be he 
 a hunting man, trotting man, military man, or 
 the mere park man. "Whether riding or driving 
 be his forte or taste, whether he likes the 
 thorouo'hbred hack or stronor cob, it is all the 
 same: each likes his own judgment to be thought 
 good as regards the style of horse he uses. 
 
 We sometimes see a person on a nondescript 
 useless sort of vrretch, making him show off, and 
 render himself and rider as ostensible as possible. 
 We naturally laugh at such an exhibition, and of 
 course set down the rider as a weak man. I 
 would answer for it that more or less he would 
 be found so ; not because he rode a worthless 
 horse, but because he made a senseless display 
 with him. All observation the horse need call 
 forth would be, that his owner knew nothing 
 of horses. Still men of his own clique would 
 probably think he knew a great deal. Of his 
 own conviction on the subject there need be no 
 doubt. 
 
 One or two recommendations, however, I will 
 venture to give to my reader as regards selecting 
 
GENERAL ArrEAP.AXCE. 197 
 
 or rejecting a horse from his general appearance, 
 which are these. 
 
 Hide or use any breed or description of horse 
 that suits your fancy, or rather pursuits, but 
 select such as are of a good sort of their kind, 
 and reject such as are not. 
 
 Ride or use such horses as are appropriate 
 to the purposes to which you put them, and do 
 not be persuaded to buy any other : when I say 
 appropriate, I mean as to qualifications, and still 
 better if in appearance also. 
 
 By qualifications I mean chiefly appropriate 
 action ; for if a man, determined to have a fine 
 horse to ride from his villa to London, or in the 
 Park, had given two thousand for Harkaway, I 
 can tell him he would have been uncomfortably 
 carried ; if he rode a mere park horse, or a 
 pleasant safe cob, with the Atherstone in their 
 Leicestershire country, he would be equally un- 
 comfortably carried, and not carried far either. 
 These are, I grant, extreme cases ; but really 
 many persons do verge on them in their selection 
 of horses ; and so long as they do they may select 
 and reject, as often as they please : they never will 
 be pleasantly carried, or derive that credit for the 
 expense they go to that they anticipate. 
 
 Although a knowledge of or judgment in 
 horses, or the want of either, has nothing at all 
 to do with a man's general sense or talent, the 
 
 o 3 
 
198 THE STUD. 
 
 using a bad sort really, in the estimation of other 
 persons, has ; for if his horse is unfit for him, in 
 somethino; like the words in the Good-natured 
 Man, " he is sure to have some d good- 
 natured friend to tell him of it." He must, there- 
 fore, be vain, arrogant, or obstinate, in keeping 
 at an expense that from which he, so far from 
 gaining credit by, incurs something very closely 
 bordering on ridicule. 
 
 Xever wishing to give offence where I can avoid 
 it, I must observe that there are numberless men 
 using horses seemingly very inappropriate to their 
 purpose, who may say, " whatever my horse may 
 look, he carries me safe, and, to me, pleasantly : '' 
 then I should say, " the horse is not inappropriate 
 to the purpose he is used for ; " but my predilec- 
 tion in favour of looks would tempt me to say, 
 if I could venture to do so, ^^ ride that horse as 
 long as he carries you as you like, but when you 
 buy again, do get something that looks more like 
 the thing ; he may as well, and much better, eat 
 your oats than a nondescript looking animal, that 
 does you no credit." 
 
 In a pecuniary point of view the reader will, I 
 know, find my advice good as to appearance in 
 the horse. A good sort, for any given purpose, 
 will always readily sell ; a middling looking one 
 is a positive drug : and I suspect that those who 
 are seduced into buying such, generally are, at 
 
CONDITION. 199 
 
 the same time, persuaded to give more than they 
 are worth. A clever one with a fault, or faults, 
 like a clever servant, will always find a master ; 
 an unmeaning looking horse is only marketable 
 among those who give very unmeaning prices. 
 
 Most unreservedly, therefore, I recommend a 
 purchaser not to be taken by the general appear- 
 ance of a mere pretty horse ; for many are such, 
 and, at the same time, calculated for no one useful 
 purpose. He may be certain such are by no 
 means a safe investment of money ; but a good 
 sort bought at a proper price are a valuable 
 acquisition to the owner while in his possession, 
 and also a valuable and marketable commodity if 
 offered for sale. 
 
 CONDITION. 
 
 In selecting a horse, his being in condition or 
 not at the time involves several serious consider- 
 ations; for, setting aside fluctuations as to a 
 horse being lame or ill, or sound and well, no 
 circumstance in ordinary occurrence raises or 
 lowers the temporary value of a horse so mucli 
 as condition : the want of it reduces beauty to 
 plainness ; while high condition, or, in this in- 
 stance, I should rather say flesh, hides numberless 
 faults of form, and gives freshness of appearance 
 
 o 4 
 
200 THE STUD. 
 
 to comparatiTe age, and comparative freshness to 
 age itself. The reader should, therefore, be sa- 
 tisfied he is a very good judge before he selects 
 a very lusty horse, or rejects one in low con- 
 dition : for a spare man playing Falstaff, whose 
 sides we see shake as he walks on the stage, is 
 not less altered when stripped of his stuffed gar- 
 ments, than are some fat horses when stripped of 
 their flesh. The head that looked a fair shaped 
 and sized one, when compared with a high crest 
 and bulky body, when that bulk is gone, looks 
 like a coal-scuttle hano-ino: on the arm of a clothes 
 beatino; horse : the bodv that looks round and 
 plump when fat, if stripped, shows that fat, not 
 rotundity of rib, caused its barrel form, and the 
 ribs may show flat as a gridiron, and, possibly, 
 the back ones not so long. The quantities of 
 warm water, mashes, and bulky food, accustomed 
 to be taken being diminished, and oats and work 
 substituted for it, the carcase to which, probably, 
 the attention of the purchaser had been called, 
 becomes, in front of the hips, about the size of 
 the loins of a monkey ; the boasted crest of the 
 neck, which the buyer was doubtless tempted or 
 requested to feel, becomes soft, shrunken, and 
 flaccid, without more supporting muscles at its 
 side than a dinner knife. Worst of all, as the flesh 
 is gone, verily so is the spirit ; no need of the 
 "who-ho Plavbov " from the dealer ; '•' there stand 
 
CONDITION. 201 
 
 master and horse, one in body; both, in spirits, 
 flat, stale, and unprofitable." 
 
 Though I will not anticipate so exaggerated 
 and funeste a result of any of my readers' pur- 
 chases, I can assure him that such, in a mitigated 
 way, is often the change of a fat horse to a thin 
 one : unless the purchaser has an eye to see, and 
 a hand to feel, what such an animal will be when 
 his real form becomes developed ; and that is no 
 easy matter to decide on. 
 
 I by no means advise the rejection of a fat 
 horse because he is so. If time can be given to 
 get him fit to work ; but if this cannot be af- 
 forded, and the buyer wants one to go to imme- 
 diate use, be he promising or not, he will find 
 by experience that my advice is good, when I say, 
 reject him at any price ; cheap he cannot eventu- 
 ally be : for if you work him in such a state, the 
 chances are he will be even worse than I have 
 above figuratively described ; for those chances 
 are greatly in favour of his shortly being a dead 
 one. 
 
 Let us now look to purchasing or rejecting a 
 horse out of condition from the reverse cause — 
 poverty. There are but few cases in which I 
 would, as I did in the one of the fat horse, advise 
 the absolute rejection of the poor one. The only 
 circumstances where I should unequivocally ad- 
 vise this would be, if it w^as ascertained that a 
 
202 THE STUD. 
 
 good judge bad done all that could be done to 
 produce proper condition, and bad failed : of 
 course I suppose tbe borse to be free from abso- 
 lute sickness. If, on tbe contrary, tbere was any 
 good cause for tbe poverty exhibited, and tbe 
 horse was a moderate age, finely formed, sound 
 (enough), and a good goer, I say, do not be de- 
 terred by his present appearance. Probably he is 
 a good and may be a capital speculation. He has 
 several recommendations over the fat one : you 
 most likely see him at his worst, and buy him at 
 his minimum price. If in health there is no 
 chance, as with the fat one, of work injuring, and 
 by proper care he will daily improve under your 
 hands : for as regards work, though total idle- 
 ness will conduce to the fatness of the hog, 
 moderate work will not prevent a horse throwing 
 up proper flesh, and what does increase will be 
 good. My vote, therefore, in a general way, 
 would be in favour of buying such a horse, if 
 price was any object. There are, certainly, spare 
 horses, like spare men, that never get fiit : but 
 the difference between a naturally spare habit 
 and a poor horse can be both seen and felt : the 
 sj)are horse will look fresh, and feel in good con- 
 dition ; the -poor horse will do neither. 
 
 Horses will vary a good deal as to appearance 
 in point of flesh on them, from difference of forma- 
 tion, and the prominence, or its reverse, of the 
 
CONDITION. 203 
 
 bones of the body : small bones, and those much 
 rounded off, always give a well conditioned ap- 
 pearance to any animal ; and, where a pretty and 
 compact look is admired, such are the horses to 
 be selected. Narrow round hips most particularly 
 give a level look to the horse ; but if a horse likely 
 to be a performer is required, such make is any 
 thing but desirable: it is the Avide independent 
 hip that sends horses along, enables the trotter to 
 go on, and gives the bold sweeping stroke of the 
 haunch that carries the galloping horse over a 
 country or a race course. Whatever there may 
 be to the eye as to appearance, from such make, 
 let the reader pause before he rejects a horse on 
 such account; for no good judge would, unless 
 for a lady's park riding horse. This or any 
 mere London riding horse is an animal so totally 
 confined to mere purposes of show, that we need 
 not trouble ourselves whether he possess proper- 
 ties indicating capability of great and lasting per- 
 formance or not ; if he is pleasing to the eye as 
 to appearance and action, pleasant and safe to 
 ride, he is all that is wanted. I have and do 
 again recommend my reader getting good ones of 
 their sort. AVell such a horse as I have last men- 
 tioned as a park horse is good of his sort, but 
 a consummate bad sort they would be found for 
 any other purpose : no matter : a pair of white 
 dress gloves should not be worn twice, so w^e 
 
204 THE STUD. 
 
 don't want them good, nor do we want park 
 horses so either. 
 
 I have now carried my intent out as far as I 
 proposed to myself, by having alluded to most of 
 those real or fancied imperfections of horses that 
 might induce my reader, as thousands of others 
 daily do, to reject horses from first appearances, 
 without properly investigating the amount of ob- 
 jection any imperfection may produce, or without 
 consulting others on the subject. May I hope that 
 what I have written may induce the purchaser to, 
 at least, give the imperfect horse that chance that 
 is accorded to the criminal, namely, the advantage 
 of being brought before a judge, and the fair 
 chance of trial. By doing so, he may depend on 
 it, he will study his own comfort and interest, 
 and will often s^et a valuable animal that an in- 
 considerate rejection would have lost him. 
 
 If the reader wishes to learn the perfections of 
 the horse, many clever works will point them 
 out to him. But let me remind him, that, though 
 works tell him what a perfect horse is, they do 
 not quite tell us where to find him ; as the rogue 
 equivocally said, you may " look to me " for pay- 
 ment ; but I am not aware that looking to a man 
 and being paid are quite the same thing. 
 
 There are other very clever works that bring all 
 the diseases of the horse in array before us ; those 
 
CONDITION. 205 
 
 diseases are so many, that the reader may be induced 
 to despair of finding a horse sufficiently free from 
 them to be sound enough for use, for they are 
 seldom mentioned in a mitigated form : so, what 
 between the looking for perfection, and the fear 
 of purchasing a combination of maladies, the 
 reader mio'ht q-o w^ithout a horse at alL 
 
 I have meant this book to steer a middle course. 
 It is not a w^ork on the perfections of the animal, 
 or of his complaints; it is, or, at least, I have 
 meant it to be, a flxir discussion of the quantum of 
 inconvenience likely to accrue from different im- 
 perfections in the horse. Weighing well, therefore, 
 the poll)' and contre, in selecting a horse with any of 
 these, for one or some, depend on it, almost every 
 horse w^ill have, the reader's good sense wdll 
 enable him to decide on wdiat imperfection is the 
 least objectionable for the particular purpose for 
 which he means to purchase. Perfection he can- 
 not get; but I sincerely hope that the perusal 
 of this work may, in some measure, assist him in 
 purchasing a horse with fewer objectionable 
 points about him than I fear will be found to 
 exist in the work itself. 
 
 THE END. 
 
^London : 
 
 Sfottiswoodes and Shaw, 
 
 Kew-street- Square. 
 
ALSO BY EAEEY HIEOVER. 
 
 STABLE TALK AND TABLE TALK; 
 
 SPECTACLES FOR TOUXG SPORTSMEN. 
 
 New Edition. With Portrait of the Author, and Index. 
 2 Vols. 8vo., price 24s. 
 
 Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " This work will becoine a great favourite with all persons who are con- 
 nectcl with the turf, the chase, and the world of manly sports. It is written 
 in a pleasant, off-hand, dashing manner, and contains "an immense variet.v of 
 information and entertaining matter." WeeklyDispatcli. 
 
 " These lively sketches answer to their title very well. Thev have the 
 proper ease and unaffectedness of table talk, and the thorough sporting know- 
 ledge which should belong to talk of the stable. Wherever Nimrod was wel- 
 come, we think there should be cordial greeting for Harry Hieover. His book 
 is certainly a very clever book of its class, with many instructive hints, as well 
 as much agreeable light-hearted reading." ' Examiner. 
 
 " An amusing and instructive book. With everything connected with horse 
 flesh, the road, the turf, the fair the repository, Harry Hieover is thoroughly 
 familiar ; and his anecdotes of coaching (alas ! that we should write reminis- 
 cences), of racing, of horse-dealing in all its varieties, of hunting and field 
 sports in general, will be read with pleasure by the old sportsman, and may 
 be pursued wMth profit by the young one, if he will take warning from one 
 wideawake." The Times. 
 
 " We spoke favourably of the first volume of this work, and we are enabled 
 to do the same of the second. The author is an old favourite of ours, because 
 he writes sensibly, and does not addle our brains with a confused mass of 
 sporting sentime-italism. Like all men r f true talent, experience, and know, 
 h'dge, he writes dilfidently, and disarms criticism by premising his own de- 
 fects. Will the author be satisfied with our judgment ? Here it is. He has 
 produced a work that warrants higher anticipations than his own, and all 
 readers having common sense, will think it not only ' in some,' but in many 
 parts useful, and in others, not occasionally, but frequently amusing." 
 
 BelUsLiJe in London. 
 
 " The author of these very agreeable volumes is quite a Democritus in his 
 way ; he cannot philosophise without a chuckle, neither can he chuckle with- 
 out philosophising. He is always in excellent humour both with himself and 
 with his subject, and as pleasantry is — thanks to a merciful dispensation \ — 
 as contagious as the potato murrain, his readers are unconsciously infected 
 with the spirit of the cliapters. and resign the book at last on equally excellent 
 terms with themselves, with sporting generally, with ' Stable Talk and Table 
 Talk' in particular, and especially with Harry Hieover himself. Besides 
 being of this well-tempered character, these volumes afford a comprehensive 
 coup d'oeil of the histories and mysteries of everything relating to the turf, the 
 stable, or the road — of everything equine in short." _ Sun. 
 
 London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. 
 
ALSO BY HAERY HIEOVER. 
 
 THE POCKET A^'D THE STUD; 
 
 OR, 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS 
 
 ox • 
 
 THE MANAGEMENT OF THE STABLE. 
 
 With Portrait of the Author on his favourite Horse " Harlequin. " 
 Fcp. 8vo., price 5s. 
 
 Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " A book which all purchasers and sellers, and lovers of hor=es. will read or 
 should read." Carlisle Patriot. 
 
 " ' The Pocket and the Stud' — a small book with great information, has 
 all the advantages of appearing before the public in excellent form. Se'dom 
 have we witne?sed so agreeable a turn out. May it run through several 
 editions, no matter how swiftly ; for in this instance, it will not be the pace 
 that Dills." Sportiug Magazine. 
 
 " A most interesting and useful ittle volume, full of detail and anecdote, on 
 the chf-apest and most efficient methods of stable management The pur- 
 chase of a horse, the arrangements of his house, his food and general economy 
 of the su ject, are here all discussed by one who speaks with all the conK- 
 dence of ample experience." Gardeners^ Chronicle. 
 
 " We have done enough, we hone, to recommend this writer's octavos to 
 such lovers of horses and hunting as have not chanced to encounter ttiein ; his 
 new duodecimo to all who desire to consult the interest of their purse in the 
 arrangements of their stable. Few books are so sure to save large amounts of 
 £ s. d. to those who duly study their precepts as ' Pocket and the .*^tud' of 
 Mr. Hieover." duarterly Review. 
 
 " With respect to the treatment of horses generally, the work contains some 
 excellent advice. The author has evidently had much experience in the 
 matter, and the hint* and suggestions which he gives, are first-rate. We 
 shou d recommend all who have anything to do with the management of 
 horses to con over the pages of the ' Pocket and the Stud,' a d to attend to 
 the advice therein contained." Sunday Times. 
 
 " We think no man, however extensive his practice in matters contained in 
 this work, can read it without obtaining additional information, and we are 
 perfectly sure that it will prov-^ of great servi< e to the man of the owners of 
 horses, be they huiiters, carriage horses, rofidsters, or park chevaux de parade. 
 These subjects are dealt with in minute detail, with great ability, and in that 
 easy and pleasant style exhibited by the author in his ' Stable Ta k and 
 Table Talk.' " Beirs Life. 
 
 " Very few persons have had such opportunities as the author, for becoming 
 intimately acquainted with the management of every description of horse. 
 The author is no theorist ; but a man of very long and varied experience 
 touching stables and their quadruped inhabitants. Respecting hordes for the 
 hunting field, the road, the p irks, the street, and every kind of equipage, the 
 author is a first-rate judge ; and in purchasing such animals, treating, lodging, 
 feeding them, we know of no writer whose advice it would be safer to follow 
 The book is portable, cheap, and pleasantly and candidly written." Observer. 
 
 London : Longman, Beown, Green, and Longmans. 
 
NEW WORKS 
 
 In miscellaneous and GENERAL LITERATURE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, and LONGMANS. 
 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONT)ON. 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 AGRICULTURE &. RURAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Bavldon on Valuing Rents, etc. - - 6 
 
 Crocker's Land Surveying - • " ,; 
 
 Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopaedia - - lo 
 
 Loudon's Encvclopjedia of Agriculture - 18 
 
 ,, Self-Instruction for Farmers, etc. 18 
 
 ,, (Mrs.) Ladv'sCountry Companion 18 
 
 Low's Breeds of the DomesticatedAnimals 19 
 
 ,, Elements of Agriculture - - 19 
 
 On Landed Property - - ' Irt 
 
 ,, On the Domesticated AnimaU - 19 
 
 Parnell on Roads - ■ ,-, „ " " Sn 
 
 Stewart on Trnusfer of Landed Property 29 
 
 Thomson on Fattening Cattle, etc. - 30 
 
 ARTS, NIANUFACTURES, AND 
 ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Ballon the Manufacture of Tea - * 5 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. - / 
 Budge's Miner's Guide ' ' ' ' i 
 Cartoons (The Prize) - _ - . - ' ° 
 
 Cresv's Encvcl. of Civil Eugineenng 
 D'AgiiiConrt's History of Art - 
 Dres'^clen Gallery - - - - - 
 Eastlake on Oil Painting - - 
 
 Evans's Sugar Planter's Manual - 
 Fereusson on Beautv in the Arts 
 Gwilt's Encvclopaedia of Architecture _ • 
 Havdon's Lectures on Painting & Design 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - 
 Jameson's Sacred and Legendary Art - 
 London's Rural Architecture - 
 Moselev's Engineering and Architecture 
 Parnellon Roads - - - 
 Porter's Manufacture of Silk - - • 
 ,, Porcelain & Glass 
 
 Reid'(DrO on Warming and Ventilating 
 Rohner's Musical Composition 
 Steam F.ngine (The) , by the Artisan Club 
 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, etc. 
 Wood on Railroads - - - - - 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Andersen's (H.C.) Autobiography - .5 
 
 Bell's Lives of the British Poets - - 17 
 
 Collinss Life of Collins . - - - 8 
 
 Dunham'sEarly Writers of Britain - 1/ 
 
 ,, Lives of the British Dramatists 17 
 
 Forster'sStatesmenoftheCommonwealth 17 
 
 LifeofJebb - - - - 17 
 
 Foss's Judges of England - - - 11 
 
 (ileig's British Military Commanders • 17 
 
 Gra?it (Mrs.) Memoir and Correspondence 12 
 
 Humphreys's BlackPrince - - - 14 
 
 James's Life of the Black Prince - - 15 
 
 ,, Eminent Foreign Statesmen - 17 
 
 Kindersley's De Bayard - - - - 15 
 
 Leslie's Life of <;onstable - . . 16 
 
 Mackintosh'sLifeof Sir T. More - - 20 
 
 Maunder's BiographicalTressury - - 21 
 
 Roscoe's Lives ofEminent Britisli Lawyers 17 
 
 Rowton's British Poetesses 
 Russell's Bedford Correspondence 
 Shelley's Literary Men of Italy, etc. 
 
 ,,' Eminent French Writers 
 Southey's Lives of the British Admirals - 17 
 
 Pages 
 
 - "26 
 
 - 6 
 17 
 17 
 
 Life of Wesley - - - - 29 
 
 ,, Life and Correspondence - 29 
 
 Taylor's Loyola 30 
 
 Townsend's Txvelve eminent Judges - 31 
 
 Waterton's Autobiography and Essays - 32 
 
 BOOKS OF GENERAL UTILITY. 
 
 Acton's (Eliza) Cookery Book - - 5 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing - - - 6 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer (The) - . - - 7 
 
 Donovan's Domestic F.conomy - - 17 
 
 Foster's Hand book of Literature - - 11 
 
 Hints on Etiquette ----- 13 
 
 Hudson's Executor's (luide - - - 15 
 
 On Making Wills - - - 15 
 
 Loudon's Self Instruction - - - 18 
 
 ,, (Mrs.) Amateur Gardener - 18 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge - - 21 
 
 ,, Scientific and LiteraryTreasury 21 
 
 ,, Treasury of History - - 21 
 
 ,, Biographical Treasury - - 21 
 
 ,, Natural History - - - 22 
 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties - - - 24 
 
 Pocket and the Stud - - - - 25 
 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 25 
 
 ,, Collegian's Guide - - - 25 
 
 Reader's Time Tables - - - - 25 
 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 
 Riddle's Eiig.-Lat. and Lat.-Eng. Diet. - 26 
 
 Robinson's Art of Curing, Pickling, etc. 26 
 
 Art of Making British Wines, 26 
 
 r.owton's Debater - - - - - 26 
 
 Short Whist 27 
 
 Suitor's Instructor (The) - - - 29 
 
 Thomson's Management of Sick Room - 30 
 
 ,, Interest Tables - - - 30 
 
 Webster's F.iu ycl. of Domestic Economy .S2 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - -32 
 
 BOTANY AND GARDENING. 
 
 Ball on the fultivation of Tea - - 5 
 
 CallcotfsScriptureHerbal - . - 8 
 
 Conversations on Botany - - - 8 
 
 Drummond on Natural Systems - - 10 
 
 Evans's Sugar Planter's ilanual - - 11 
 
 Henslow's Botany 17 
 
 Hoare On the Grape Vine on Open Walls 13 
 
 ,, On the Boots of Vines • - - 16 
 
 Hooker's British Flora - - - - 18 
 
 ,, Guide to Kew Gardens - - 13 
 
 Lindley'sTheorr of Horticulture - - IS 
 
 ,, Orchard and Kitchen Garden - 18 
 
 ,, Introdu'.'tion to Botany - -16 
 
 ,, Syi opsii of British Flora - - 16 
 
 Loudon's Hortus Britaiiuicus - - - 19 
 
 ,, Hortus Lignosus Londinensis - 19 
 
 ,, Encyciopajdiaof Trees & Shrubs 18 
 
 ,, ,, Gardening - 13 
 
 London: Printed by M- Mason, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Kow. 
 
CLASSIFIED INDEX 
 
 Pages 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopsedia of Plants • 18 
 
 ,, Suburban Gardener - - 19 
 
 ,, Self-Instruction for Gardeners 18 
 
 ,, (Mr.) Amateur Gardener - - 18 
 
 Repton's Landscape Gardening, etc. - 25 
 
 Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide - - 26 
 
 Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - • - 26 
 
 CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 Blair's Chronolotrita! Tables • - - 6 
 
 Bosaiiquefs Chronology of Ezra, etc. - 6 
 
 Bunsen's Ancient Kgvpt - - - 7 
 
 Nicr)las's Chronology of History - 17 
 
 Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology - - 26 
 
 COMMERCE AND r/.ERCANTlLE 
 AFFAIRS. 
 
 Banfield and Weld's Statistics ■ - 5 
 
 Gray on Money ------ 1'2 
 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary of Commerce • 20 
 
 Reader's Time Tables' - - - - 25 
 
 Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant - - - 29 
 
 Thomsons Tables of Interest - . - 30 
 
 VValford's Customs' Laws - - - 31 
 
 GEOGRAPHY AND ATLASES. 
 
 Butler's Ancient and Modern Geography 
 ,, i^tlas of Modern Geography 
 ,, ,, Ancient Geography 
 
 ,, ,, General Geography 
 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Erman's Travels through Siberia - 
 Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 
 Hall's Large General Atlas 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary 
 Mitchell's Australian Expedition 
 Murray's Encyclop<edia of Geography 
 Parrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat - 
 
 HISTORY AND CRITICISM. 
 
 Bell's History of Russia - - - - 
 Blair's Chron. and Historical Tables 
 Bloomfield's Translation of Thucydides - 
 
 ,, Edition ot Thucydides 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt . _ . 
 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul - 
 Cooiev's Maritime and Inland Discovery 
 Crowe's Historv of France - - '- 
 De Sismoudi's Fall of the Roman Empire 
 
 ,, Italian Republics 
 
 Dunham's Historv of Spain and Portugal 
 ,, Europe'in the Middle Ages _ - 
 
 ,, History of the German Empire 
 ,, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway 
 ,, History of Poland . - - 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction 
 Eastlake's History of Oil Painting 
 Eccleston's English Antiquities 
 Foss's Judges of England - - . 
 
 Foster's European Literature • - - 
 Fergus's lJni»ed States of .\merica 
 Gibbon's Roman Empire - - - - 
 Grant 'Mrs.) Memoir and Corespondence 
 Grattan's Historv of Netherlands 
 Grimblot's William III. and Louis XFV. 
 Harrison On the English Language - 
 
 Haydon's Lectures on Pain tin gaud Design 
 Historical Pictures of the Middle Ages - 
 Humphreys's Black Prince - . _ 
 Jeffrey's ;Lord1 Contributions 
 Keightley's Outlines of History 
 Kemble's Anglo-Saxons in England 
 Laing's Kings of Norway - . . 
 Lindo's Jews of Spain and Portugal. 
 Macaol&y's Essays - ... 
 
 „ History of England 
 
 Pages 
 
 20 
 
 - 25 
 
 Mackintosh's History of England 
 
 ,, Miscellaneous Works 
 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo 
 
 graphical, and Stati.s'tical 
 Maunaer's Treasury of History 
 Milner's Church History 
 Moore's History of Ireland 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - 
 Mure's Ancient Greece 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History 
 Passages from Modern History 
 Ranke's History of the Reformatio 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin Dictionary 25 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 
 Rome, History of - - - . - 17 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - • - 26 
 Russell's Bedford Correspondence - 6 
 
 Scott's History of Scotland - - -17 
 Sedgwick's France ----- 27 
 Sinnett's Byways of Historj - - - 23 
 Southev's Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 
 Stebbing's Hiitory of the Christian Church 1 7 
 ,, Church History - - - 1/ 
 
 Stephen's Essavs - - - - - 29 
 
 Switzerland, Historv of - 
 Sydney Smith's Works 
 Taylor's Loyola 
 
 Th'irlwall's History of Greece - 
 Tooke's Histories of Prices 
 Turner's History of England - 
 Welsford's Mith'ridates - 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - 
 
 JUVENILE BOOKS. 
 
 Amy Herbert .----- 5 
 
 Calicott's Home among Strangers - - 8 
 
 Gertrude - - -'- - - -12 
 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena - - 12 
 
 Howitt's Bov's Countrv Book - - - 1-1 
 
 Children's Year - - - 14 
 
 Laneton Parsonage ----- ;6 
 
 Mackintosh's Life c.f Sir T. More - - 20 
 Marcet's Conversations— 
 
 On Chemistrv . - - - . 20 
 
 On Natural Philosophy - - - 20 
 
 On Political Ecouomy - - - 20 
 
 On Vegetable Physiology . - - 21 
 
 On Land and Water - - - - 21 
 
 Marryat's M.isterman Heady - - - 21 
 
 ,, Privateer's-Man - - - 21 
 
 ,, Settlers in Canada - - - 21 
 
 „ Mission; or. Scenes in Africa 21 
 
 Passages from Modern History - - 2S 
 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 25 
 
 Twelve Years Ago - - - - - 31 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers 
 
 Ma 
 
 agem. 
 
 ent of Children 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine 
 EUiotson's Human Physiology 
 Holland's Medical Notes - 
 Latham On Diseases of the Heart 
 Pereira On Food and Diet 
 Thomson On Food - - - 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Barnes's Electoral Law of Belgium 
 Cartoons (The Prize) 
 Colton's Laeon - • . . - 
 De Jaenisch On Chess Openings 
 De la Graviere s Last Naval War - 
 I De Morgan On Probabilities - 
 i De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 j Dresden Gallery - - - . 
 I Dunlop's History of Fiction . 
 
TO Messrs. L0>'GMAX and Co.'s CATALOGUE. 
 
 Pages 
 Field On Prison Discipline - - • 11 
 Gardiner's Siirhts in Italy - - - 11 
 
 Gowor's Si it ntitic Phenomena - -12 
 
 Gra'iam\Er,i;lish 12 
 
 Grant's Letters from the Mountains - 12 
 Hooker's Kew Guide - - - - 13 
 
 Howitt's Rural Life of England - - H 
 ,, Visits to Remarkal>le Places - 14 
 „ Student Life of Germany - 14 
 
 ,, Rural and Social Life of Germany 14 
 ,, Colonisation and Christianity - 14 
 Jeflfrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 1.5 
 
 Loudon's(Mrs.)Lsdy'sCountryCompanion 18 
 Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays 19 
 Mackintosh's 'Sir J.) -Miscellaneous Works 20 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 20 
 Necker UeSanssure's on Education - 23 
 Pa-scal's Mis( ellaneoub Writings - - 24 
 Plunkett On the Nnvy - - - - 25 
 Pycroft's Collegian's Guide - - -25 
 ,, Course of English Reading - 25 
 Remembrance of Bonchurch - - - 25 
 Rich's Companion to the Latin DictionaTv 25 
 Richter's Levana - • - - - 26 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 
 Bohner's Musical Composition - -26 
 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 
 Sandford's Parochialia - - - - 26 
 Seaward 's Xarrativeof his Shipwreck - 27 
 Southey's ComraonPlace Book - - 29 
 „ Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 
 Suitor's InstriK-tor (The) - - - 29 
 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - - -28 
 Thomson on Food of Animals, etc. - -30 
 Walkers Chess Studies - - - - 32 
 Welsford's Mithridates - • • - 32 
 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary - - - 32 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - • - 32 
 
 ONE VOLUr/lE ENCYCLOP/EDIAS 
 AND DICTIONARIES. 
 
 Pages 
 
 Blaine's, of Rural Sports - - - • fi 
 
 Brande's, of Science, Literature, and Art " 
 
 Copland's, of Medicine - - - - 8 
 
 Cresy's, of Civil Engineering - • - 9 
 
 Gwilt's, of Architecture - - - - 12 
 
 Johnson's Farmer ----- 15 
 
 Loudnn'SjOf Trees and Shrubs - - IS 
 
 ,, of Gardening • - - - 18 
 
 ,, of Agriculture - - - - 18 
 
 ,, of Plants - - ... 18 
 
 ,, of Rural Architecture - - 18 
 
 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 20 
 
 ,, Dictionary of Commerce - 20 
 
 Murrav's Encyclopaedia of Geography - 23 
 
 Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines • 31 
 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. 
 
 Callow's Popular Conchology - . • 
 
 Doubleday's Butterflies and Moths - 1 
 
 Gray and Mitchell's Ornithology - - 1, 
 
 ,, ,, Accipitres - - 1: 
 
 Kirby and Spence's Entomology - - 1- 
 
 Lee's Taxidermy - . . . ) 
 
 ,, Elements of Natural History - - 1 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History 2: 
 
 Stephens' British Beetles - - - 2: 
 
 Swainson on the Studv of NaturalHistory 1 
 
 ,, Animals' - . . . 1 
 
 ,, Quadrupeds • - - - 1 
 
 ,, Birds 1 
 
 ,, Animals in Menageries - 1 
 
 ,, Fish, Amphibia, and Reptiles 1 
 
 ,, Insects - - . . 1 
 
 ,, Malacology - - - - 1 
 
 ,, Habits and Instincts - • 1 
 
 ,, Taxidermy - . . . 1 
 
 Tarton's Shellsof the iiritishlslands - 3 
 
 Waterton's Essays on Natural History - 3 
 
 Westwood's Classification of Insects - 3: 
 
 POETRY AND THE DRAMA 
 
 .Aikin's (Ur.) British Poets 
 
 Chalenor's Walter Gray - - - 
 
 Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts 
 
 Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated 
 
 Grav's Elegv, illuminated 
 
 L. hi. L.'s Poetical Works 
 
 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis 
 
 Macaulay's Lays of AncientRome 
 
 Mackay's Ennli^h Lakes - 
 
 Montgomery's Poetical Works 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies - • - 22 
 
 ,, Lalla Rookh 
 
 ,, Poetical Works - 
 
 Rowton's British Poetesses - 
 
 ] Shakspeare, by Bowdler 
 
 t Songs. .Madrigals, and Sonnets 
 
 ' Southey's Poetical Works 
 
 I ,, ' British Poets - 
 
 , Thomson's Seasons, illustrated 
 
 j ,, with Notes, by Dr. A.T.Thomson 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY AND 
 STATISTICS. 
 ' Banfield and Weld's Statistics 
 I Barnes's Electoral Laws ot Belgium 
 
 Gray's Lectures on Money 
 I M'Culloch's Geographical, Statistical, and 
 ] Historical Dictionary 
 
 j M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce 
 I ,, Literature of Polit. Economy 
 
 „ On Succession to Property 
 ,, On Taxation and Funding 
 j ,, Statistics of the British Empire 
 
 ; Marcet's Conversations on Polit. Economy 
 1 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - - 
 j Twiss's (Dr.) View of Political Economy 
 
 i RELIGIOUS AND MORAL 
 
 j WORKS, ETC. 
 
 NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. | Arav Herberr, edited by Rev. W Se^Tell 
 
 ' Barrett's Old Testament Criticisms - 
 
 Callcott's Home among Strangers - * § j Bloomfield's Greek Testament 
 
 Dunlop's History of Fiction . - - lu | ^^ College and School ditto - 
 
 Hall's Midstimmer Eve - - - 12 i ^^ Lexicon to (ireek Testament 
 
 Lady Willoughby's Diary - - - 32 i Bunsen's Church of the Future 
 
 Lander's Fountain of Arethusa - - 16 : Burder's Oripntal Customs 
 
 Madame De Malguet - • - - 20 i Bunis's Christian Philosophy - 
 
 Marrjat's Masterman Ready - - - 21 1 ,, Christian Frairments - - - 
 
 „ Privateer's-Man - - - 21 i Callcott's Scripture Herbal 
 
 „ Settlers in Canada - - * "-l Convbeare and Howson's St. Paul - 
 
 ,, Mission; or, Scenes in Africa - 21 Cooper's Sermons . . - - - 
 
 Senior's Charles Vernon - - - - 27 Coquerel's Christianity - - - - 
 
 Southey's Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 Dale's Domestic Liturgy 
 
 Twelve Vears Ago 31 Dibdin's Sunday Library - 
 
CLASSIFIED INDEX. 
 
 Pages I 
 
 Discipline - - - - - 
 
 Etclesiastes (illuminated) 
 Euglishman's Hebrew Concordance 
 Greek Concordance 
 
 Etheridue's Acts and Epistles - - 
 
 Forster's Historical Geo^aphy of Arabia 
 
 ,, Life of Bishop Jebb - 
 From Oxford to Rome - - - - 
 Gertrude, edited bv the Rev. W. Sewell - 
 Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week 
 Home's I ntroduction to the Scriptures - 
 
 ,, Compendium of ditto 
 Jameson's -Sacred and Legendary Art 
 Jebb's Correspondence with Knox - 
 ,, Translation of the Psalms - 
 Kip's Christmas in Rome 
 Knox's (Alexander) Remains - 
 Laneton Parsonage - - - 
 Letters to niv Unknown Friends 
 Maitlaiid's Church in the Catacombs 
 
 Mariraret Percival 
 
 Maxims, etc. of the Saviour - 
 Milner's Church History - - - ■ 
 Miracles of Our Saviour 
 Moore on the Power of the Soul - 
 
 „ on the Use of the Body 
 
 „ on Man and his Motives 
 Morell's Philosophy of Reliaion 
 Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - 
 Neale's Closing Scene - - - - 
 Parables of Our Lord . - - . 
 Parkes's Domestic Duties 
 Pascal's Letters, by Pearce 
 Pitman's Sermons on the Psalms 
 Ranke's Reformation _ . _ . 
 Rest in the Church _ - - - - 
 Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - 
 Saudford On Female Improvement - 
 
 ,, On Woman . . . ■ 
 
 ,, 's Parochialia . - - . 
 Sermon on the Mount (The) - - - ''/ 
 Shunammite (The Good) - - - - 27 
 Sinclair's Journey of Life - - - 28 
 
 ,, Business of Life - - - 27 
 Sketches (The) - - - . . 2S 
 Smith's (G.) PerilousTimes - - - 2S 
 
 ,, Religion of Ancient Britain 28 
 
 „ Sacred Annals - - - 28 
 
 (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck - - 28 
 
 Soames's Latin Church - - - - 28 
 
 26 
 
 Solomon's Song (illuminated) - 
 Southey's Life of Wesley 
 Stebbing's Christian Church - 
 
 ,, Reformation . - - 
 
 Stephen's Church of Scotland 
 Sydney Smith's Sermons 
 Tate's'Historv of St. Paul 
 Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret 
 
 ,, ,. Lady Mary - 
 
 Taylor's (Jeremy) Works' 
 
 .. (Isaac) Loyola 
 Tomline's Introduction to the Bible 
 Turner's Sacred History 
 Twelve Years .■\go - - . - 
 Walker's Elementa Liturgica - 
 Wardlaw On the Socinian Controversy 
 Wilberforce's View of Christianity 
 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary 
 Wilson s Lands of the Bible 
 Wisdom of Johnson's Rambler, etc. 
 Woodward's Sermons and Essays - 
 
 RURAL SPORTS. 
 
 Blaine'sDictionary of Sports - 
 Ephemera on Angling 
 Hawbuck Grange ... 
 
 Pages 
 Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen . 13 
 Jones's Norway Salmon Fisher - - 15 
 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 18 
 Pocket and the Stud • - _ - 25 
 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - 29 
 
 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, 
 AND MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Baker's Railway Engineering - - - 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. 
 Brewster's Optics . - - - - 
 Cotiversations on Mineralogy 
 Dela Becheon theGeology oiCornwaU,et<:, 
 Donovan's Chemistry 1 - - - 
 Farey on the Sieam Engine _ . - 
 Fcisb'roke on the Arts of the Ancients - 
 Gower's Scientific Phenomena 
 Herschel's Natural Philosophy 
 
 ,, .Astronomy - - _ . 
 
 Holland's Manufactures in Metal - 
 Humboldt's Cosmos - . - - 
 Hunt's Researches on Light ... 
 Kater and Lardner's Mechanics 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia 
 
 ,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics • 
 ,, and Walker's Electricity 
 „ Arithmetic - - ' - 
 
 „ Geometry _ _ . . 
 
 ,, Treatise on Heat - . _ 
 Low's Chemistry . - _ . . 
 Marcet's Conversations on the Sciences 20, 
 MatteucciOn Physical Phenomena - 
 Memoirs of the Geological Survey - 
 Moseley's Practical Mechanics 
 
 ,, Engineering and Architecture 
 Owen's Comparative Anatomy - - 23 & 
 Peschel's Physics ----- 
 Phillips's PalEBOZoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc, 
 ,, Mineralogy, by Prof. Miller 
 ,, Treatise on Geology - 
 Portlock's Geology of Londonderry 
 Powell's Natural Philosophy . - _ 
 Ritchie (Robert) on Railways 
 Steam Enifine (Ure), by the' .-Artisan Club 
 Thomson's School Chemistry . . - 
 
 TRAVELS. 
 
 Borrer's Campaign in Algeria - • - 
 Costello's (Miss) North Wales 
 Coulter's California, etc. 
 
 ,, Pacific . - - - 
 De Strzelecki's New South Wales - 
 Dunlop's Central America 
 Erman's Travels through Siberia - 
 Gardiner's Sights in Italy 
 Jones's Norway Guide _ . - 
 Kip's Holydays in Rome 
 Laing's Tourin Sweden ^ - 
 Mackay's English Lakes 
 Marryat's Borneo _ - - - 
 Mitchell's Expedition into Australia 
 Nozrani in Egypt and Syria 
 Parrot's .Asceiit of Mount Ararat - 
 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck 
 Von Orlich's Travels in India 
 Wilson's Travels in the Holy Laud 
 
 VETERINARY MEDICINE 
 
 6 . Pocket and the Stud 
 
 . 10 Stable Talk and Table Talk • 
 
 - 13 Thomson on Fattening Cattle 
 
 i 
 
% 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 PCBLISHED BY 
 
 Messes. LONGMAX, BROWX, GREEN, akd LONGMANS. 
 
 ACTON (MISS).-MODERN COOKERY, 
 
 In allits Branches, reduced to a System of Easv Practice. For the use of Private Families. 
 In a Series of Practical Heceipts, all of which have been strictly tested, and are given with 
 the most minute exactness. By Eliza Acton. New Edition, to which are added, Uirectiona 
 for Carviiii/. Foolscap Svo. with Plates aud Woodcuts, 7*- 6rf. cloth. 
 " Thr tchole if Mi's Actr>ri''s recipes ' with n few trifing- exceptions, which ar e scrnpnlonsly 
 ipecijied, are confined to such at may be perjectlu depended on, from having been proved 
 beneath i>ur own roof, and under oar own personal inspection.'' IVe add, moreoner, that the 
 recipes are all reasonable, and neper in any itmtaiice ertrnvagant. They do not bid ns 
 sacrifice ten pounds of ercellent meat, that we mat/ get a couple of quarts of gravy from it; 
 nor do they deal with butter and eggs ns if they cost nothing. AHiS Acton's book is a good 
 book in every way ; there is right-tnindeduets in every page of it, as well as thorough know- 
 ledge and ejepert'ence of the subjects she handles."— yiedicalGazette. 
 
 AMY HERBERT. 
 
 Br a Lady. Edited by the Rev. William Sewell, B.D. of Exeter College, Oxford. New 
 Edition. 2 vols, foolscap Svo. 9«. cloth. 
 
 ANDERSEN.— THE TRUE STORY OF MY LIFE; 
 
 A Sketch. Bv Hans Christian .Andersen, author ot "The Shoes of Fortune," "The 
 Nightingale,"'" O. T.," " Only a Fiddler," "The Improvisatore," etc. Translated by Mary 
 Hewitt. Fcp. Svo. 5». cloth. 
 
 ARTISAN CLUB (THE).— A TREATISE ON THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 
 In its apolication to Mines, Mills, Steam Navigation, and Railways. By the Artisan Club. 
 Edited by John Bourne, C.E. New Edition. 4to. with 30 Steel Plates, etc., and about 
 3-50 Wood Engravings, 27». cloth. 
 
 BAKER.-RAILWAY ENGINEERING; 
 
 Containing the most approved Methods of laying out Railway Curves, and of setting out the 
 Cuttings, Embankments, and Tunnels ol Railways: with a General and two Auxiliary Tables, 
 for the'Calculation of Earthworks of Railways, Canals, etc. Also, the Investigation of the 
 Formula for the Superelevation of the exterior Rail in Curves. By T. Baker, Surveyor aud 
 Civil Engineer. Svo. 5«. cloth. 
 
 BALL.— AN ACCOUNT OF THE CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE 
 
 OF TEA IX CH1N.\: derived from Personal Observation during an Official Residence in 
 that Country of upwards of Twentv Years ; and illustrated by the best Authorities, Chinese 
 as well as European. With some Remarks on the Experimeiits row making for the Intro- 
 duction of the Culture of the Tea Tree in other parts of the World. By S. Ball, Esq. late 
 Inspector of Teas to the East India Company in China. Svo. with Plates aud Woodcuts, 
 H». cloth. 
 
 BANFIELD AND WELD.— THE STATISTICAL COMPANION ; 
 
 Exhibiting the most interesting Facts in Moral and Intellectual, Vital, Kcrnomical, and 
 Political Statistics, at home and abroad . Compiled from Otficial and other authentic Sources, 
 by T. C. Banfield, Statistical Clerk to the Council of Education ; and C. R. Weld, Assistant 
 Secretary to the Royal Society. Foolscap Svo. 5«. cloth. 
 
 BARNES.— THE ELECTORAL LAWS OF BELGIUM 
 
 Proposed as the Basis of Parliamentary Reform in England Translated, with the Commen- 
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 Or, the Patriarchal Evidences of Revealed Religion. A .Memoir, with Illustrative Maps and 
 an Appendix, contamiug Translations. By the Rey. Charles Forster, B.D., 2 vols. Svo.bOj. 
 cloth. 
 
 FORSTER (REV. C.)— THE LIFE OF JOHN JEBB, D.D. F.R.S. 
 
 Late Bishop of Limerick. With a Selection from his Letters. By the Rev. Charles Forster, B.D., 
 Rector of Stisted, Essex. New Edition. Svo. with Portrait, IGs. cloth. 
 
 FOSTER.^THE HAND-BOOK OF EUROPEAN LITERATURE. 
 
 By Mrs. Foster. Foolscap Svo. [Xearly readp. 
 
 FOSS.— THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND: 
 
 With Sketches of their Lives, and Miscellaneous Notices connected vrith the Courts at West- 
 minster from the time of the Conquest. By Edward Foss, F.S.A., of the Inner Temple. 
 Vols. Land 11. Svo. i«». cloth. 
 " Mr. Foss is an original inquirer. By laborious investigation of obteure records, as 
 well as competent general I'-arnirig and considerable proje.ssiotial ej-prrietice, he makes good 
 his title to the subject he has nhnmn. The result is a solid and useful book, if tee may judge 
 by the specimen bffore us. We like his nrrnmiement and method of proceeding with these 
 early reigns. It supplies what was much wanted,— a regular and prugressire aecount of 
 English legal institutions. The result is a correction oj many errors, an addition of much 
 new information, and a better general view of our strictly legal history, than any jurist, 
 historian, or biographer had heretofore attempted to give. He shall watch the progress of 
 this work with inter>'st. The completion will worthily connect the name of its author with 
 those of the more valuable contributors to English historical siurfy.''— Examiner. 
 
 FROM OXFORD TO ROME : AND, HOW IT FARED WITH SOME WHO 
 
 LATELY MADE THE JOURNEY. By a Companion Traveller. New Edition, revised and 
 corrected. Fcp.Svo-witu Frontispiece, 6*. cloth. 
 
 GARDINER.— SIGHTS IN ITALY: 
 
 With some .\ccomit of the Present State of Music and the Sister Arts in that Country. By 
 William (iardiner, author of "Sacred Alelodies," etc.; Member of the Academy of St. 
 Cecilia, Rome ; and of the Class of Fine.\rts of the Institut Historique of France. Svo. with 
 engraved Music, 16i. cloth. 
 
12 NEW AYOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 GERTRUDE. 
 
 A Tale. By the author of "Amy Herbert." Edited by the Rev. William Sewell, B.D., of 
 Exeter College, Oxford. New Edition. 2 vols, foolscap 8vo. 9». cloth. 
 
 GIBBON.-HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN 
 
 EMPIRE. A new Edition, in One Volume ; with an Account of the Author's Life and 
 Writings, by Alexander Chalmers, Esq. F.A.S. Svo. with Portrait, 18». cloth. 
 %• An Edition in S vols. Svo. 60s. boards. 
 
 GOLDSMITH-THE POETICAL WORKS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
 Illustrated by Wood Engravint^s, from Designs by Members ol the Etching Club. Edited 
 by Bolton Corney, Esq. Square crown 8i'0., uniform with "Thomson's Seasons," 2l». 
 doth ; or 26s. hound in morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 GOWER.— THE SCIENTIFIC PHENOMENA OF DOMESTIC LIFE FAMILIARLY 
 
 EXPLAINED. By Charles Foote Oower. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. with Engravings 
 on Wood, 5». cloth. 
 
 GRAHAM.-ENGLISH; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION 
 
 explained ina Series of Instructions and Examples. By G. F. Oraham. New Edition, re- 
 vised and improved. Foolscap 8vo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MRS.)— LETTERS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Being the Correspondence with her Friends, between trie years 1773 nnd 1803. By Mrs. 
 Grant, of Laggan. 6th Edition. Edited, with Notes and Additions, by her Son, J. P. Grant, 
 Esq. 2 vols, post Svo. 21<. cloth. 
 
 GRANT (MRS., OF LAGGAN).— MEMOIR AND CORRESPONDENCE 
 
 of the late Mrs. Grant, of Lanean, author of " Letters from the Mountains," etc. Edited 
 by her Son, J. P. Grant, Esq. '"New Edition. 3 vols, post Svo. Portrait, 1/. 11*. 6(i. cloth. 
 
 GRAY (THOMAS). -GRAY'S ELEGY, 
 
 Written in a Country Churchyard. Illuminated in the Missal style. By Owen Jones, 
 Architect. Imp. Svo. 31». 6d. elegantly bound. 
 
 GRAY.— LECTURES ON THE NATURE AND USE OF MONEY. 
 
 Delivered before the Members of the "Edinburgh Philosophical Institution," during the 
 Months of February and March, 184S. By John Gray, author of "The Social System, a 
 Treatise on the Principle of Exchange." 8vo. 7s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 GRAY AND MITCHELL'S ORNITHOLOGY.— THE GENERA OF BIRDS; 
 
 Comprising their Generic Characters, a Notice of the Habits of each (ienus, and an exten- 
 sive List of Species, referred to their several Genera. By George Robert Gray, Acad. Imp. 
 Georg. Florent. Soc. Corresp. Senior Assistant of the Zoological Department, British 
 Museum; and author of the "List of the Genera of Birds," etc. Imperial 4to. illustrated 
 with 35U Plates, by David William Mitchell, B.A. 
 *,* Tncnurse of publication in Monthly Parts, Ws.6d.each; each Part conaistincr of Four 
 
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 50 Parts, of which 46 have appeared. 
 
 Order I.— Accipitres has been completed, and may be had separately. Imperial Svo. with 15 
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 GRIMBLOT (?.)-LETTERS OF WILLIAM III. AND LOUIS XIV. AND OF 
 
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 Peace of Ryswick to the Accession of Philip V.of Spain, (169/ to 1770). Edited by P. 
 Grimblot. 2 vols. Svo.' 3Us. cloth. 
 
 GWILT.-AN ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF ARCHITECTURE; 
 
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 upwards of 1,000 Engravings on Wood, from Designs by J. S. Gwilt. Svo. 2/. 12». 6d. cloth. 
 
 HALL.— MIDSUMMER EVE: 
 
 A Fairy Tale of Love. By Mrs. S. C. Hall. Square crown 8vo. with nearly 300 Wood 
 
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 *,* The Illustrations from Designs by D.Maclise, C.StanJield, T. Cresicick, E. M. Ward, 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 13 
 
 HALL'S (SIDNEY) GENERAL LARGE LIBRARY ATLAS OF FIFTY- 
 
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 and an Alphabetical Index of' all the Names contained in the Maps, with their Latitude 
 and Lonifitude. An entirely New Kdition, corrected throughout from the best and most 
 recent Authorities; with all the Railways laid down, and many of the Maps re-drawn and 
 re-engraved. 
 
 »«* Publithing in Monthly Parts, of which 14 havf appeared. To be completed 
 in 15 Parta, price f)s. each, 
 
 HARRISON.— ON THE RISE, PROGRESS, AND PRESENT STRUCTURE 
 
 OK THE E.VGLISH LANGU.AL.K. Bv the Rev. M. Harrison, M..\., late Fellow of Queen's 
 College, Oxford. Post svo. &s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 HAWBUCK GRANGE; 
 
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 Phiz, lis. cloth. 
 
 HAWKER.-INSTRUCTIONS TO YOUNG SPORTSMEN 
 
 In all that relates to Guns and Shooting. By Lieut. Col. P. Hawker, yth edition, corrected, 
 enlarged, and improved, with Eighty-five Plates and Woodcuts, by Adlard and Branston, 
 from Drawings by C. Varley, Dicks, etc. Svo. 21». cloth. 
 
 HAYDON (B. R.)— LECTURES ON PAINTING AND DESIGN, 
 
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 University of Oxford, etc. By B. R. Haydon,' Historical Painter. 2 vols. Svo. with Pro- 
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 HINTS ON ETIQUETTE AND THE USAGES OF SOCIETY: 
 
 With a Glance at Bad Habits. By A'/MyO?. "Manners make the Man." NewEdition, 
 revised (with additions) by a Lady of Rank. Foolscap Svo. 2s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 HISTORICAL PICTURES OF THE MIDDLE ACES, 
 
 In Black and White. Made on the spot, from Records in the Archives of Switzerland. By a 
 Wandering Ajtist. 2 vols, post Svo. 18s. cloth. 
 
 HOARE.— A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF A NEW METHOD OF 
 
 PLANTIXG AXD MANAGING THE ROOTS OF GRAPE VINES. By Clement Hoare, 
 author of "A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls." 12mo.5s. cl. 
 
 HOARE— A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE 
 
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 HOLLAND— MEDICAL NOTES AND REFLECTIONS. 
 
 By Henry HolUn(l,M.D.F.R.S. etc. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Physician 
 Extraordinary to the Queen, and Physician in Ordinary to His Royal Highness Prince Albert. 
 NewEdition'. Svo. ISs. cloth. 
 
 HOOK (DR. W. F.)-THE LAST DAYS OF OUR LORD'S MINISTRY; 
 
 A Course of Lectures on the principal Events of Passion Week. By Walter Farquhar Hook, 
 D.D., Vicar of Leeds, Prebendary of Lincoln, and Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen. New 
 Edition. Foolscap Svo. 6*. cloth. 
 
 HOOKER.— KEW GARDENS ; 
 
 Or a Popular GuiJe to the Royal Butanic Gardens of Kew. By Sir William Jackson Hooker, 
 K.H. D.C.L. F.R.A. ;v L.S. etc. etc. Director. NewEdition. 16mo. with numerous Wood 
 Engravings, 6d. sewed. 
 
 HOOKER.— THE BRITISH FLORA. 
 
 Comprisingthe Phaeuogamous or Flowering Plants, and the Ferns. By Sir William Jackson 
 Hooker, K.H. LL.D. F.R.A. and L.S. etc. etc. etc. NewEdition, with Additions and 
 Corrections; and 17.3 Figures, illustrative of the Umbelliferous Plants, the Composite 
 Plants, the Grasses, and the Ferns. Vol.1. Svo., with 12 Plates, 14». plain ; with the Plates 
 coloured, 24s. cloth. 
 Vol. II. in Two Parts, comprising; the Cryptogamia and the Fungi, completing the British 
 Flora, and forming Vol. V., Parts I and 2, of Smith's English Flora, 24«. boards. 
 
 HORNE (THE REV. T. H.)-AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CRITICAL 
 
 STUDY AND KNOWLEDGE OF THE HOLY SCRIl'TLRES. By the Rev. Thomas 
 Hartwell Home, B.D. of St. John's College, Cambridge. New Edition, revised and corrected, 
 a vols. Svo. with Maps and Fac-similes, 3/. 3s. cloth; or o{. bound in calf by h'ayday. 
 
14 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 HORNE 'THE REV. T. H.)-A COiVlPENDIOUS INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 
 STUDY OF THE BIBLE. Bv the Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home, B.D. of St. John s College, 
 Carabridse. Beinsf au Analvsis of his "Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of 
 the Holy Scriptures." Xew Edition. 12mo. with Maps and Lngravings, 9j. boaras. 
 
 HOWITT.— THE CHILDREN'S YEAR. . ,, , , n • • i 
 
 Br Marv Howitt. With Four Illustrations, en^aved by John Absolon, from Original 
 Designsby Anna Mary Howitt. Square IGmo.os. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.— THE BOY'S COUNTRY BOOK: 
 
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 Pleasures, and Pursuits of Children in the Country. Edited br U lU.am Hewitt, -'Uthor of 
 " The Rural Life of England,'' etc. Xew Edition. Fcap. Sto. with 40 W oodcuts, 65. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-VISITS TO REMARKABLE PLACES; . ^ ,. , „. , 
 
 Old Halls, Battle-Fields, and Scenes illustrative of Striking Passages m English History and 
 Poetry. Bv William Howitt. Xew Edition. Medium 8vo. with 40lllustrations, lis. cloth. 
 SECOXD SERIES, chieflvinthe Counties of DURHAM and XORTHUMBERLAXD, with a 
 Stroll along the BORDER. Medium Svo. with upwards of 40 highly-finished W ooQcuts, from 
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 HOWITT.— THE RURAL LIFE OF ENGLAND. 
 
 Bv William Howitt. X'ew Edition, corrected and revised. Medium Svo. with Engravings on 
 Wood by Bewick and WUliams, uniform with " Visits to Remarkable Places.'- 21j. cloth. 
 
 HOWITT.-THE RURAL AND DOMESTIC LIFE OF GERMANY: 
 
 With Characteristic Sketches of its chief Cities and Scenery. Collected in a General Tour, 
 and during a Residence in that Country in the Years 1S4U-42. By William Howitt, author 
 of "The Rural Life of England," etc. 'Medium Svo., with above 50 Illustrations, ll». cloth. 
 
 HOW^ITT — THE STUDENT-LIFE OF GERMANY. 
 
 From the Unpublished MS. of Dr. Cornelius. By William Howitt. Svo. with ^4 W ood- 
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 HOWITT.-COLONISATION AND CHRISTIANITY: 
 
 A Popular History of the Treatment of the Xatives, in all their Colonies, by the Europeans, 
 By William Howitt. Post Svo. 10s. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 HOWSON AND CONYBEARE.-THE LIFE AND EPISTLES OF ST. 
 
 PAUL. Bv the Rev. J. S. Howson, M.A., and the Rev. W. J. Conybeare, M.A. 2vol5.4to. 
 richly illustrated. [Step. 8. 
 
 HUDSON.-PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING WILLS 
 
 In conformitT with the Law, and paniculnrlv with reference to the .^ct 7 Wm. IV. and 1 Vict. 
 c. 26. To which is added, a clear Eipositiou of the Law relating to the Distribution of Per- 
 sonal Estate in the case of Intestacv , with two Forms of Wills, and much useful Information, 
 etc. By J. C. Hudson, Esq. Xew Edition, corrected. Fcap. Svo. 2j.6d. cloth. 
 
 HUDSON—THE EXECUTOR'S GUIDE. . . 
 
 By J. C. Hudson, Esq., of the Learitv Dutv Office, London: author of "Plain Directions 
 for Making Wills," and " The Parent's Hand-Book." X'ew Edition. Foolscap Svo. 5». cloth. 
 *,* Thi above two works may be hadin One volume, priceTi. cloth. 
 
 HUMBOLDT fBAR0N).-COSMOS: 
 
 A Sketch of a Physical Description of the Universe. Translated, with the Author's sanction 
 and co-operation', under the superintendence of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Sabine, F.R.S. 
 For. Sec. R.S. Xew Edition. Vols. I. and II. post Svo. 12». each, cloth. 
 *,* Also, an edition uniform with Mr. Murray's "Home and Colonial Library ." Fols. I, 
 and II. IGmo. price 2s. dd.'eitch, n-iced. 
 
 " Je v'lHS antorise. Monsieur, df vens rervir en toute occasion ■de la declaration, que la 
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 qui ont toute mon approbation, est la senle par laqnelle j'ai vivement desiri voir introduit 
 mon ouvrage dans la literature de votre fays."— Bmon Humboldt to Mr. Murray, 
 
 HUMPHREYS.— A RECORD OF THE BLACK PRINCE; 
 
 Being a Selection of such Passages in his Life as h.ave been most quaintly and strikingly 
 narrated by the Chroniclers of the Period. Emi-cUished \vith highly-wrought Miniatures 
 and Borderings, selected from various Illuminated MSS. referring to Events connected with 
 English History. By Henry Xoel Humphreys. Post Svo. in a richly carved and deeply 
 pierced binding, 21f. 
 
a? : 
 
 ! PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 15 
 
 HUNT.-RESEARCHES OIM LIGHT: 
 
 An Examination of all the Phenomena ronnerteJ ivith the Chemical and Moleciilar Changes 
 produced by the Influence of the Solar Rays ; embracing all the knoun Photographic Pro- 
 cesses, and new Discoveries in the Art. By Robert Hunt, Keeper of Mining Records, 
 Museum of Kconomic Geology. 8to. with Plate and Woodcuts, U.5. 6d. cloth. 
 
 ja>;es.-.a history of the life of edward the black prince, 
 
 and of various Kvents connected therewith, which occurred during the Reign of Edward III. 
 King of England. By G. P. R. James, Esq. New Edition. 2 vols, foolscap 8vo. with Map, loj.' 
 
 JAMESON.— SACRED AND LEGENDARY ART. 
 
 By Mrs. Jiimeson. With 16 Etchings by the Author, and numerous Wood Engravings. 
 
 2 vols, square crown 8vo. 4'2s. cloth. 
 Vol. I. contains Letreuds of the .Angels and Archangels, the Evangelists, the Apostles, the 
 
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 Vol. II. contains Legends of the Patron Saints, the Virgin Patronesses, the Greek and Latin 
 
 Martyrs, the Bishops and Confessors, the Hermits, and the VVarrior Saints of Christendom. 
 
 JEBB rBISHOP) AND KNOX (ALEX-^NDER). -THIRTY YEARS' COR- 
 
 RESPON'DEXCE between Jolin Jebb, D.D.F.R.S., Bishop of Limerick, Ardfert, Aghadoe, 
 and Alexander Knox, Esq. M.R.I. A. Edited by the Rev. Charles Forster, B.D. Rector of 
 Stisted, formerly Domestic Chaplain to Bishop Jebb. New Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. 28». cloth. 
 
 JEBB.-A LITERAL TRANSLATION OF THE BOOK OF PSALMS; 
 
 Intended to illustrate their Poetical and Moral Structure. To which are added, Disserta- 
 tions on the word "'Selah," and on the Authorship, Order, Titles, and Poetical Featares 
 of the Psalms. By the Rev. John Jebb, A.M., Rector of Peterstow. 2 vols. 8vo. 21s. cloth, 
 
 JEFFREY (LORD).-CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE EDINBURGH REVIEW. 
 
 By Francis Jeffrey, now one of the Judges in the Court of Session in Scotland. New Edit. 
 Svols.Svo. 42j. cloth. 
 
 JOHNSON.— THE WISDOM OF THE RAMBLER, ADVENTURER, AND 
 IDLER. Consisting of 110 of the best Essays. By SamuelJuhnson, LL.D. Foolscap Svo. 
 7j. cloth. 
 
 JOHNSON.-THE FARMER'S ENCYCLOP/EDIA, 
 
 And DICTIONARY of RURAL AFFAIRS : embracing all the recent Discoveries in Agri- 
 cultural Chemistry; adapted to the comprehension of unscientific Readers. By Cuthbert 
 W. Johnson, Esq., F.R.S. Barrister-at-Law, Editor of the "Farmers' Almanack," etc. 
 Svo. with Wood Engravings, 2Z. 10*. cloth. 
 
 JONES'S GUIDE TO NORWAY, AND SALMON-FISHER'S POCKET 
 
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 Tolfrey, Esq., author of "The Sportsman in France," and " The Sportsman in Canada." 
 Foolscap 8vo. with Frontispiece and Vignette Title, and Engravings of the proper Flies, 
 beautifully coloured, in exact imitation of the originals, la». cloth. 
 
 KEMBLE.— THE SAXONS IN ENGLAND: 
 
 A History of the English Commonwealth till the period of the Norman Conquest. Bv John 
 Mitchell Kemble, .M.A. F.C. P. S., etc. 2 vols. Svo. 28s. cloth. 
 " TAc uork throughout conveys a clearer idea of the life and character of the Sarnns 
 
 in Eugland than auvthing we knvp met with elsewhere This account of The 
 
 Saxuns in England will indicate its historical and archcBohigical value; but these are not 
 its only uses. The lawyer n ill Jind in its pages the germs of our common law, especially 
 relating to land ; and the ethnoloifist or political philosopher will meet vcilh much assittafice 
 in hit inquiries into the early social condition of mankind.''— Spectator. 
 
 KINDETISLEY.— THE VERY JOYOUS, PLEASANT, AND REFRESHING 
 
 HISTORY of the Feats, Exploits, Triumphs, and .Achievements of the Good Kniaht, without 
 Fear J.ud without Reproach, the gentle Lord De Bayard. Set forth in Engli.sh by Edward 
 Cockbnrn Kinderslev, Esq. Square post Svo. with Ornamental Headings, and' Frontis- 
 piece ny E. H. Wehnert, 9i. 6rf. cloth. 
 
 KIP.-THE CHRISTMAS HOLYDAYS IN ROME. 
 
 By the Rev. W. Ingraham Kip, M.A. Edited by the Rev. W. Sewell, B.D. Fellow and 
 Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford. New Edition. Foolscap 8to. 5». cloth. 
 
 KIRBY AND SPENCE.— AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY; 
 
 Or, Elements of the Natural History of Insects: comprisine an account of noxious and 
 useful Insects, of their Metamornhnses, Food, Stratasems, Habitations, Societies, ^^otions, 
 Noises, Hybernation, Instinct, etc. By W. Krrby, M.A. F.R.S. & L.S. Rector of Barham; 
 and VV. Spence, Esq., F.R.S. & L.S. NewEdition, enlarged. 2 vols. 8vo.31». 6rf. cloth. 
 
16 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 KNOX (-ALEXANDER). — REMAINS OF ALEXANDER KNOX, ESQ. 
 
 Of Dublin, M.R.I. A.; containins: Essays, chiefly explanatory, of Christian Doctrine; and 
 Confidential Letters, with Private Paper's, illustrative of the Writer's Character, Sentiments, 
 and Life. Xew Edition. 4 vols. Svo. 2/. 8*. cloth. 
 
 LAING.— THE CHRONICLE OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY, 
 
 From the Karliest Period of the History of the Northern Sea Kings to the Middle of the 
 Twelfth Centurv : commonly called the'Heimskringla. Translated from the Icelandic of 
 Snorro Sturleso'n, with Note's, and a Preliminary Discourse, by Samuel Laing, Esq. 3 vols. 
 8vo.36x. cloth. 
 
 LAING.— A TOUR IN SWEDEN 
 
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 LANDOR.— THE FOUNTAIN OF ARETHUSA, 
 
 By Robert Evres Landor, M.A., author of "The Fawn of SertorJoiis," "The Impious 
 Feast," Tragedies, etc. 2 vols, post 8vo. 18s. cloth. 
 
 «' The pecnUfir source of intf-Tf St in The Tount^m of Arethusa is the eThibition of modern 
 society front the mpre philosophical or nttinnal point of view ; hut there in a good deal more 
 in the worh, tchich for tome readers will possess greater attraction. The introductory part 
 contains some nice delineation of character and pleasant de-rription in England and 
 Germnnu, marked irith a quiet humour. The journey to the Eli/sin, fields is full of strange 
 fantastic incidents and scenes, powerful though somewhal theatriml. There are learned, 
 fanciful, find iforgeons descriptions of nexr Home and its region : but the second source vf 
 peculiar interest is the graphic revival r.f ancient stories, or the sketches of ancient great 
 men, tchich will remind the reader of the author's previous work -Tbe Fawn of Sertorius." 
 
 Spectator. 
 
 L. E. L.— THE POETICAL WORKS OF LETITIA ELIZABETH LANDON. 
 
 New Edition. 4 vols, foolscap Svo. with Illustrations by Howard, etc. 28». cloth ; or bound 
 in morocco, with gilt edges, 2/. 4s. 
 
 The following Works separately: — 
 The rMPROVIS.A.TRICK - -10s.6rf. The GOLDEN VIOLET - - - 10s. erf. 
 The VEXET1.\N BRACELET - 10s. 6<i. The TROUBADOUR - - - - 10s. 6</. 
 
 LANETON PARSONAGE: 
 
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 LATHAM.-ON DISEASES OF THE HEART. 
 
 Lectures on Subjects connected with Clinical Medicine ; comprising Diseases of the Heart. 
 Bv P. M. Latham, MD. Physician Extraordinary to the Queen ; and late Physician to St. 
 Bartholomew's Hospital. New Edition, 2 vols, 12mo, 16s. cloth, 
 
 LEE.-TAXIDERMY; 
 
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 LEE.-ELEMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, 
 
 For the Use of Schools and Young Persons: comprising the Principles of Classification, 
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 LESLIE C.R.)— MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE OF JOHN CONSTABLE, ESQ. 
 
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 Extracts from his Correspondence, Small 4to. with two Portraits (one from a new Sketch, 
 by Mr. Leslie,) and a plate of" Spring," engraved by Lucas, 21s. cloth, 
 
 LETTERS TO MY UNKNOWN FRIENDS. 
 
 By a Lady. New Edition. Foolscap Svo. 6«. 6d. cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.— AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
 
 By Prof. J. Lindley, Ph.D. F.R.S. L.S. etc. New Edition, with Corrections and niunerous 
 Additions. 2 vols. Svo. with Six Plates and numerous Woodcuts, 24». cloth. 
 
 LINDLEY.— A SYNOPSIS OF THE BRITISH FLORA, 
 
 Arranged according to the Natural Orders. Uy Professor John Lindley, Ph. D., F.R.S.,etc, 
 New Edition, with numerous Additions and Improvements. 12mo. lOs. 6d. cloth. 
 
w^ 
 
 PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 
 
 17 
 
 LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOP/EDIA; 
 
 Beinif a Series of Oricrinal Works on History, Biography, Natural Philosophy, Natural 
 History, Literature, the Sciences, Arts, and Manufactures. By Bishop Thirhvall,' Sir James 
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 with Lord Byron's Poems. Medium Svo. with Portrait and Vignette, 1/. Is. cloth ; or 42*. 
 bound in morocco, by Hayday. 
 
 *, * Also, an Edition iu 10 vols, foolscap Svo. with Portrait, and 19 Plates, 2/. 10*. cloth j 
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 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. 
 
 New and cheaper Edition, uniform in size with the smaller Edition of Mr. Macaulay's "Lars 
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 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. AN ORIENTAL ROMANCE. 
 
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 MOORE'S LALLA ROOKH. AN ORIENTAL ROMANCE. 
 
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 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
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 23 
 
 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
 New and cheaper Edition, uniform in size with the smaller Edition of IMr. Jlacaulay's " Lays 
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 MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES. 
 
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 MOORE.— THE POWER OF THE SOUL OVER THE BODY, 
 
 Considered in relation to Health and Morals. By George Moore, M.D. Member of th( 
 Royal College of Physicians, London, etc. New Edition. Poit Svo. 75. 6d. cloth. 
 
 MOORE.— THE USE OF THE BODY IN RELATION TO THE MIND, 
 
 By George Moore, M.D. Member of the Royal College of Physicians, London, etc. New 
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 MOORE.-MAN AND HIS MOTIVES. 
 
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 Mind." New Edition. Post Svo. 8j. cloth. 
 
 MORELL.— THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION. 
 
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 MOSELEY.— THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING AND 
 
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 MURE. -A CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE LANCU.ACE AND LITERA- 
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 MURRAY.— AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF GEOGRAPHY; 
 
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 ^DZRANI IN EGYPT AND SYRIA: 
 
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 *♦* Egypt a base Kingdom : Jerusalem trodden down of the Gentiles. 
 
 0-^>^._ LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSI- 
 
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24 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 OWEN.— LECTURES ON THE COMPARATIVE ArOATOMY AND 
 
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 SOME PASSAGES FROM MODERN HISTORY. 
 
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 THE SONG OF SONGS, WHICH IS SOLOMON'S. 
 
 From the Holy Scriptures. Being the Six Chapters of the Book of the Song of Solomon, 
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 SONGS, MADRIGALS, AND SONNETS: 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND Co. 29 
 
 SOUTHEY (ROBERT)— THE LIFE AND CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 
 
 LATE UOBERT SOUTHEY. Edited by his Son, the Uev. Charles Cuthbcrt Southcy, M.A. 
 
 I In prtparation. 
 
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 ROBERT SOUTHEY'S COMPLETE POETICAL WORKS: 
 
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 TOMLINE (BISHOP).— AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE BIBLE: 
 
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PUBLISHED BY MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO. 31 
 
 TOOKE.— THE HISTORY OF PRICES; 
 
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 URK-DICTIONARY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND MINES: 
 
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 WILSON.-THE LANDS OF THE BIBLE VISITED AND DESCRIBED, 
 
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 ZUMPT CPROF.)— A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE. 
 
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 Berlin. Translated from the 9th Edition of the original, and adapted to the'use of English 
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 [February 28, 1849. 
 
 London : Printed by M. Mason, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row. 
 

MAUlN'DEU's POPULAR TREASUPJES. 
 
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 are the accumulation and condensation of knowledge upon 
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 portable form, as much real instruction as is usually scat- 
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 others, it is loudly called for, — namely, in every zoological 
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