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Preparing for Fuhlication, THE TREASURY OF GEOGRAPHY. Uniform with ilr. JIauxder's other Five Treasuries. i 1^ *** For Opinions of the Press, see the end of this Book. "^7 London : Long^ian, Beown, Greln, and Longmans. Il_ i3^ .3) ~Q.d :2 TUG I I JOHNA.SEAVERNS ^! I "^? it THE STUU, PRACTICAL PURPOSES AND PRACTICAL MEN. A 2 London : Spottiswoodes and Shaw, Kew-street- Square. THE STUD, PEACTICAL PURPOSES AND PRACTICAL MEN. HARRY IIIEOVER, AUTHOR OF " THE POCKET AKD THE STUD. LONDON : LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-KOW. 1849. PREFACE, The indulgence of the public and the press towards my former works has induced me to write the present one as a companion to my last — " The Pocket and the Stud." That chiefly treats of stable economy, and the management of the horse ; this, I hope, will be found an aid to those in search of one. Numerous as are the works devoted to this subject, a perusal of this will show that I have at least occupied wholly untrodden ground ; for I have not confined myself merely to stating the perfections to be sought for in the horse, but the imperfections that may be tolerated ; hence, startling as the idea may (to some) appear, this is not a work pretending to put the reader in the way of getting a perfect horse, but positively and unequivocally recommending, under certain circumstances, and in certain cases, the purchase of an imperfect one. A 4 VI PREFACE. Men accustomed to horses will not be at all surprised at my having taken this view of the subject ; well knowing that perfection is not to be got, and that the selection or rejection of a horse should not depend upon any existing imperfec- tion, but upon its extent at the time of purchase, and its probable result. In a subordinate way there is, moreover, some- wdiat of a spirit of philanthropy in the work, if the term may be allowed figuratively to apply to horse as well as man, for it comes in aid of the unfortunate. The purchaser is unfortunate if he cannot find a good horse ; the horse is still more so, if he cannot find a good master. Now, if my humble efforts are conducive in bringing both to- gether, the purchaser will be fortunate — and the horse likewise ; and ten thousand times more for- tunate shall I be than either, if from that circum- stance this work should find some favour in the eye of the public. H. H. CONTENTS. Introduction - - - - Page 1 CHAPTER I. Sound or Unsound ? — That's the Question. — Vague- ness of the Word. — Few Horses unequivocally Sound. — Unsoundness not always a Ground for rejecting a Horse. — "Warranty no Proof of Sound- ness. — Non -warranty not always a Proof of Un- soundness. — Illustrations - - - 9 CHAPTER 11. Internal Diseases of the Horse. — Inflammation of the Lungs a Ground for rejecting a Horse. — Cholic and Inflammation of the Bowels, ditto. — Megrim and Staggers. — Bleeding at the Nose - 38 CHAPTER III. Permanent Diseases of the Horse. — Glanders in- curable. — Illustrative Anecdote. — Defective Wind. Ylii CONTEXTS. — Circumstances tliat should regulate the Ac- ceptation or Rejection of such a Horse. — Anecdote of John "Warde, Esq. — Defective Wind productive of Debility. — The Author's Advice. — Difference between a bad-winded and a broken-winded Horse. — The latter to be instantly rejected. — Roaring and wdiistling. — Defective Sight. — Useful Hints to Purchasers. — Ciiinked Back - - Pafre 50 CHAPTER IV. External Imperfections, continued. — Ailments of the Limbs and Feet. — " Down on the Hip." — String- Halt. — Swollen or capped Hocks. — Swellings in the Neck. — Windgalls. — Crooked Fore Legs. — Knuckling over on the hind Posterns. — Ailments common to the Hind Legs. — Bone, Blood, or Bog Spavins. — Thorough Pins. — Splints. — Ailments of the Fore Legs. — Ring Bones and Side Bones. — Contracted Feet. — Sinews. — Corns. — Curbs. — " Unnerved " - - - - 83 CHAPTER Y. Habits and Propensities. — Biting. — Different kinds of kicking. — Kicking in the Stable. — Kicking in Harness. — Runaway. — Rearers. — Starting and shying. — Leading with the wrong Leg. — Nervous- ness. — Jibbing Horses. — Cutting — Broken Knees. Bad Feeders. — Low and hi2;li Action - 122 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER VI. Points in the make and shape of tiie Horse, more or less desirable- — Physiognomy. — The Neck — Shoulders and Withers. — Low in the Back. — Short back Ribs. — Small Feet General Ai)pear- ance and Condition of the Horse - Page 176 '&% EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Having, in several instances, recommended those intending to purchase horses to reject such as are not of a good sort^ the idea suggested itself, that, although the Plates introduced into this work would of course be perfectly useless to those who are good judges, they might be serviceable to those who are not, as a mode of illustrating what I mean by a good sort, and the reverse ; a distinction that very probably may not be quite understood by those to whom I venture to oifer advice. To this end I painted two sketches of a good sort and the reverse : in the latter, I meant to show an animal as bad in every point incidental to the horse as he well could be with- out entire deformity. The other I must beg the reader to bear in mind I did not mean as exhibiting perfection, but as precisely what it is called " a pretty good sort for most purposes;" that is, a horse with such points as indicate a capability for most purposes to which gentlemen put horses. I have not made him beautiful, but simply a good-looking horse, with no point about him that a judge would condemn. I will now as briefly as possible point out the particular diflferences between the two animals, which, in book phrase, I will call " lessons for young beginners." We will begin with the head, or rather ears: those of No. 11. have a pricked cur-like look, rarely if ever seen in well-bred horses ; the brow and forehead is narrow and contracted ; the eyes devoid of all animation, and, if they could exhibit any propensity, it would be a swinish obsti- nacy. The jaw-bones appear close together, affording no freedom to the windpipe; the nasal bone is formed as we only see that of the cart-horse ; the head is put on to Xll EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. the neck, so as to render its coming towards the breast anatomically impossible, and the neck is inserted in the Wither, so as to prevent any pliability of that part ; it looks as immovable as that of a rocking-horse. The want of any muscle belonging to the shoulder-blades, shows that the saddle must be carried in that forward place indi- cated by the white saddle marks ; the hips are placed so near together that no width or strength of loin can exist between them, nor can they, as in the other horse, act as an efficacious fulcrum to propel the body. The horse with such high set narrow hips, must be as narrow as a hurdle between the rider's legs, the point of the shoulder is heavy as that of a cart-horse, and the shoulder itself devoid of any thing like obliquity ; in fact, fancy a rider on such a horse's back, and it will be seen that his toes must be level with or before the front of the horse's arm. All this, joined with the animal's legs standing so much under, shows that the rider's weight must be thrown so far forward and out of equilibrium, that we should almost expect the rump of the beast to Tit up with us as if sitting on the end of a school - form ; from want of any development of brisket, he must carry his gii^ths just behind his arms, which will be con- stantly galled and sore from the contact. It will be seen that he has quite as muchy?^^^ on him as the other, but no muscle. Supposing the creature to attempt a gallop, he must, as the camelopard does, bring each hind leg outside the fore ones, or he must over-reach every stride he took. His hocks are formed to throw out curbs. His hind fetlocks or pasterns are so depressed that the tension on tlie back tendons of the legs must cause partial or total break down, and his feet stand with the toes so out that he must cut with each inner heel. Thighs he has none ; they are at least so long, thin, and shrunk, that I can only compare them with a wretched, long, shanky, dry American ham, that a friend of mine treated me with lately at breakfast, pur- EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Xlli chased under the assurance of its being a " Westphalian." Perhaps the way in which the brute carries his tail is in- tended to hide such apologies for thighs. On looking at the fore legs, a judge might be tempted to sav, -were ever such legs seen under a horse ? I could assure any one making such a remark, that I frequently see gen- tlemen riding horses, with most perfect satisfaction and con- fidence, with legs very little better; in fact, with some, I am quite sure that their want of bone would be thought ele- gant, nay, perhaps held as demonstrative of high breeding. I really once saw a young gentleman refuse a very fine horse because his legs were not thin and elegant. If we turn to the near fore leg of Xo. I., we shall see it standing as determinately firm as if formed to sustain alone the weight of the whole body of the horse, the feet looking like solid blocks, fit for any roads ; while those of the other are not fellows, but both of as bad formation as possible, and such as must become diseased on the slightest work. Fortunately for such legs and feet, the narrowness and depressed formation of the loins and want of muscular de- velopment all along the back, must prevent the animal sus- taining weight for any length of time or distance. I have put the creature, that I will not call a horse, in the only place where he could be of any use, namely, in a riding-school, for there he might be used just to teach a beginner to sit on the back of something moveable; and if from bad actions which he must have, cutting his stilts of legs to pieces, which from his feet and ankles, he must do ; or from his shoulders, and the way his legs stand under him, he should come on his nose, which it is almost certain he would do ; the sawdust on the school would make a soft place for rider and horse to fall on. If the reader wants a good sort he has only to look at Plate I., and get a horse something like the one represented, and as much better as he can ; he will then not have a very XIV EXrLAXATIOX OF THE PLATES. bad sort. But he may take still further guidance from the engravings ; for If he looks at No. II. and gets a horse in every particular diametrically the reverse of that, he will get something of shape and make also, and one that it would afford me much pleasure to make a portrait of for his purchaser : if, however, he should get any thing bearing the slightest resemblance to the " rayther bad sort," I hope my good intentions in giving the advice I have will plead in my favour that I may never be inflicted with a sight of him. THE STUD, PRACTICAL PURPOSES AXD PRACTICAL MEN. INTRODUCTION. Many persons would without fear or hesitation enter on the task I have here undertaken : many might very properly do so from being more com- petent to the undertaking ; and many more, from the self- conviction that they are so, would fear- lessly at once plunge into the matter. How they might bring themselves out of it, perhaps, admits of as much doubt as I feel in entering on the subject. To decide when it would be altogether prudent to reject or to select any article of purchase is no easy task ; for, in all such cases, there is so much to be considered pro and con ; so many circum- stances to be combined before w^e make up our resolves either way, that it is only by pointing out the consequences of certain objections, that we can B 2 THE STUD. pretend or hope to guide the judgment of a pur- chaser to his probable advantage. Supposing ourselves qualified to do this, so far as regards the generality of persons, we then come to the far greater difficulty of advising as to par- ticular individuals and particular tastes. For instance — A lady, for whom I have the greatest possible respect, and who, in most things, has a correct and refined taste, has a piano that has been one, I should say, an honest three-score years ; to my uncultivated ear it is somewhat worse in musical sound than the worst hurdy-gurdy I ever heard ground by some forlorn being wdio gets paid not to horrify the neighbourhood by his music. Yet my friend avers, that, though, in point of compass of notes, both in sound and number, it is not one of Broadwood's last efforts, " it has many sweet notes." I should like to find the man who could direct the judgment of my valued friend in se- lecting what would really be worth having as an instrument. Little flattering as may be the assertion, there are many men whose taste and judgment in horses are about on a par with those of my friend in pianos. But, independent of the taste or judgment of particular persons about horses — be it mediocre or bad (for this book is not written for good judges), INTRODUCTION. 3 — we must consider the qualifications and dis- qualifications that would be respectively most de- sirable or objectionable to the particular party for whom the animal is intended, and by whom it is to be used. This might not be attended with much difficulty, if advising a particular individual ; but it must be apparent to every one, that to discuss or point out the advantage or disadvantage of certain perfections and imperfections as rela- tive to particular purchasers, would take a volume of no portable size and weight. And then we should not probably effect our object, as the faces of persons do not differ more than do their tastes, ideas, and predilections. All that can, therefore, be done, or, at least, all I can do, or shall attempt, is to mention, in general terms, the usual consequences or effects of some of the different ailments, habits, action, shape, and qualities of the horse, so far as regards their probable and general influence, as to his utility at such work as he is fitted or intended for. In touching on his looks, I shall only do so under the idea that most men wish, in making a purchase, to get that which is likely to do credit to their taste and judgment ; that is, so far as the price given will admit, taking, at the same time, qualifications also into account. It may very fairly, and indeed justly, be said, that every eye has its beauty ; and every man has B 2 4 THE STUD. a perfect right to please his own taste : no one can dispute this. I should only venture to suggest that, if any one puts himself to trouble and expense in keeping any thing, he may as well select a something good-looking of its kind. Now, whe- ther a man makes choice of a gipsy face, or a blonde, for a chere amie, has nothing to do with good taste ; if he is pleased by a beautiful copper- coloured face, tastefully tattooed, he may still lay claim to even classic taste in foreign beauty ; but what would we say of him who selected a form and face, that, every time it was beheld, the very boys shouted, as they did, by his own confession, at poor Billy Barlow, " there goes a guy." If any man be sophist enough to aver that he does not care for what others may think of what he has, he deceives himself: he does care : he may, and in many cases would be right in keeping what he likes, instead of giving it up in deference to the opinion of others : but a feeling of regret will creep in if his favourite is not admired, or thought desirable. We live greatly, and indeed by far too much in many cases, for the " eyes of the world ; " and our vanity, being gratified by the admiration of others, constitutes a greater portion of the satisfaction we derive from possess- ing any thing than we may be tempted to allow even to ourselves. It may at first strike the reader that I am guilty INTKODUCTION. 5 of a ceitain degree of presumption in attempting to guide his taste in the selection of horses, in respect of their looks. I should most certainly be guilty of great presumption if I set up my in- dividual taste, and judgment, as a criterion by which others should be guided. But I do not do so as recrards this matter any more than I do in other particulars : I merely lay before others what are held to be points of beauty, or their reverse, by those whose judgment is to be taken as cor- rect. The only accusation of self-sufficiency that could with justice be brought against me is, the thinking that I do know what are the opinions of good judges and critics in such matters. To this I beg to state, by way of reply, that I have from childhood so constantly heard the opinions of such persons on all things relating to horses, that I really have them by heart ; and, this being the case, I trust the laying of such opinions before the reader may in many cases be serviceable to him : this is the only merit I lay claim to. I act precisely on the same principle when treating on the shape, make, and action of horses, which are matters of far more serious import than his looks ; that is, for general purposes, and for the generality of owners ; for, though there are excep- tions to most cases, the man who purchases in conformity with the general opinion of good judges, will unquestionably be far more likely to get that B 3 6 THE STCD. which will not disappoint him, than he who buys counter to such received opinions ; the man who does the latter, will most certainly find that in almost every case he gets a comparatively worth- less object, as regards probably both looks and utility. In treating to a certain point on the ailments incidental to the horse — which I have only done to very limited extent, — by way of excuse for venturing to do so at all, I beg to remark, that the little I do know on such subjects has been learned by attending, as an amateur, numberless lectures on diseases and anatomy, and as many post mortem examinations as I have had oppor- tunity of witnessing, and also from having cut and hacked, for I could in no way call it dissected, various parts of the dead animal ; but far beyond this, from the kindness and liberality of the pro- fession, to w4iom I always had sense enough to apply when in the smallest doubt: and as, in such cases, I applied to the highest in the profession that I could get at, I always found them most cheerfully and liberally aid my wish to gain in- sight into any ailment on which I solicited their opinion. All this certainly has enabled me in many cases to act for myself, that is, for my horses, when good professional assistance was not to be had ; but the more I learned of the nature of diseases and lamenesses, the more I learned the INTRODUCTION. 7 advantnge of calling in better judgment than my own when it w^as at hand, and completed my in- variable resolve of keeping out of my stables — that positive pest — the common soi-disant horse doctor. The remarks I make, therefore, on such subjects are intended to induce the reader to do the same, by showing, to the best of my judgment, what ail- ments are of small importance, and what are of serious import. If he finds (supposing my know- ledge of such matters to be correct) that his horse has only a trifling ailment, he will do wisely by letting it alone, in preference to calling in any em- piric ; if it is one of a serious nature, let him not hesitate to get the very best professional assistance that is to be procured. What I say, therefore, is solely to guide his judgment in deciding which course to pursue ; for if he takes the middle one, by getting horse-doctor advice, he will find that the old adage " In medio tutissimus ibis " will be the very worst : the import of the disease will not onlv be exas^o^erated, but the disease itself will, in most cases, be aggravated by improper treatment. Relative to certain tricks, and w^hat are termed vices, in horses, I enumerate the ordinary ones, and their consequences, that the purchaser may be enabled to decide as to whether they are such as to him may not be quite objectionable, or whether they are such as would render the intended pur- B 4 8 THE STUD. chase useless, or, at least, in a greater or less degree troublesome and annoying to him; for let him Dot " lay the flattering unction to his soul " that he can cure them. Such things are often to be done by some men, but certainly not by such as those whom I expect to benefit by any advice of mine. SOUND OR UNSOUND? CHAPTER I. SOUND OR UNSOUND? — THAT's THE QUESTION. VAGUENESS OF THE WORD. FEW HORSES UNEQUIVOCALLY SOUND. UNSOUND- NESS NOT ALWAYS A GROUND FOR REJECTING A HORSE. WAR- RANTY NO PROOF OF SOUNDNESS. — NON-WARRANTY NOT ALWAYS A PROOF OF UNSOUNDNESS ILLUSTRATIONS. After, this sketch of the object of the book, and having, I hope, by explaining my motives, offered sufficient apology for bringing it forward, I shall commence by what I conceive to be of the most importance to the general utility of the animal, which is, health and soundness, or their opposites. Sound or unsound ? — " that's the question ; " and a very proper one to put to any one of whom we intend, or at least contemplate, to pur- chase a horse. If the seller is a dealer — be he respectable or not ; if he is decisively told the horse is to be bought subject to the opinion of some known veterinarian of eminence — the man will not be such an idiot as to warrant an animal sound that has any decided unsoundness about him at that 'particular time (I say particular time for 10 THE STUD. reasons that will shortly appear) ; for he knows the penalty for so doing will in most cases be the loss of his time, the detection of his horse as an unsound one, his rejection by the purchaser, with ten and sixpence to pay as the veterinarian's fee, and as a very proper hint to show more judg- ment or more honesty in future before he war- rants an unsound horse. Supposing the seller to be an honest man, but no great adept at deciding on the soundness of his horse ; if he warrants him, we have at least the satisfaction of knowing, or, at all events, good reason to conclude, there is nothing so bad about him as to render him incapable of the work he has been at ; for, if he was so, the owner must know it, and would not give a warranty that in such a case could not hold good, and under which his horse would be returned on his hands. We will now say something about this hack- neyed term sound : it may be supposed that the w^ord is explicit enough, and most persons con- ceive it to be so ; but the term " sound " really admits of as much contrariety of opinion as the word tipsy ; one man considers another so if, at ten at night, he is not precisely as cool and col- lected as he was at one in the day. Another only calls a man so when he lies on the ground and holds himself on by the carpet: so as to soundness, some persons cannot see that a horse is SOUND OR UNSOUND ? 11 nnsoimd, unless he is dot-and-go-one — works his flanks like the drone of a bagpipe — or blows and roars like a blacksmith's bellows ; while some are so fastidious as to consider a horse as next to valueless because he may have a corn that he never feels, or a thrush for which he is not, nor likelv to be, one sovereisjn the worse. So far as relates to such hypercritical deciders on soundness, I will venture to say that, if they brought me twenty reported sound horses in suc- cession, I would find a something in all of those produced that would induce such persons to reject them, though, perhaps, not one among the lot had any thing about him of material consequence. To say the least, I will venture to assert that nine- tenths of the horses now in daily use are more or less unsound. I make no reservation as to the description of horse, his occupation, or what he may be worth. I scarcely ever had, indeed scarcely ever knew, a horse that had been used, and tried sufficiently to prove him a good one, that was in every particular unequivocally sound. I make no doubt but there are thousands of owners of horses who will at once say I am wrong in this assertion, and would be ready to produce their own horses as undeniable proofs, whereby to back their opinion and refute mine. Xow I will further venture to say, for the comfort of such gentlemen, that, on producing these very 12 THE STUD. undeniable proofs, It would be found that there is scarcely a sound horse among them, though they, the owners, do not know it or think so. They may, perhaps, say that their horses are never lame : perhaps not; that is, not lame in their estima- tion, or to their eye ; but I daily see horses that go to a certain degree indubitably lame, while their owners conceive them to be as indubitably sound. These horses, perhaps, all do their work perfectly well, are held as sound by owners, ser- vants, acquaintance, and casual observers ; but a practised eye would detect an inequality in their going, as a watchmaker would do the same in the movement of a watch, though I might look for a week, or listen for the same length of time, without being able to either see or hear the va- riation. The watch might, however, on the aver- age keep fair time, but it would not be a per- fect one : and what matters, if it answers all the purposes for which we want it ? A really bad watch that cannot keep time is a different affair. It is pretty much the same with a horse. If the unsoundness is such as to render him un- able to do his work, or even to do it unpleasantly to himself or owner, or if it is likely to bring him to this, have nothing to do with him : if, how- ever, this is not the case, or likely to be so, if you like him, buy him. I would ask persons so desirous of a quite sound horse, w^hether they FEW HORSES SOUND. 13 suppose (if they go to a meet of fox-hounds, and see three or four score of hunters there, worth from one to two hundred each) that these horses are sound. If any one is young enough to conclude they are, I will venture to tell him he is under the influence of a very material error. There are not, I am certain, one dozen among the lot de- cidedly sound. That there cannot be much the matter with their wind is doubtless the case, for they could not go well if there was, with the ex- ception of some being, perhaps, more or less roarers or whistlers ; and that but few of them are lame is probable, though many of them, pro- bably, are always a little so the next morning after a severe run, and even these would not be sold under a high price. The generality of race horses are probably sound, or nearly so, when starting for the Derby (though this is by no means always the case) ; but by the time they have been in training long enough, and have run often enough to have esta- blished their character, there are numbers of them that no veterinary surgeon could pass as sound horses, though then, perhaps, at their max- imum price, not merely as stud horses, but as race horses in full work. It is not improbable that a man may say, I begin to believe that few horses that have done w^ork are quite sound ; but a sound one I will have : I 14 THE STUD. will, therefore, buy a four years' old horse that has never done a day^s work. I will acknowledge that if he does so he may, probably, get his desideratum ; but do not let him make too sure of this. There are such things as four years' olds, unsound, as well as worked, horses. But, supposing him to have got this sound animal, what has he got ? An animal that he has to run the risk of making useful, so far as teaching him his business goes ; and by the time this is effectually done, and the colt has arrived at a serviceable age, he will probably be quite as unsound as many of those he has re- jected : independent of which, and supposing him to continue sound, the breeder of this horse must have better luck or better judgment in breeding than his neighbours, if more than one in four or five that he does breed turn out desii-able horses. If he turns out but a middling sort of beast, it is but small satisfaction to know that he is sound ; in fact, so little satisfaction should I feel, that, if I was compelled to kee^i and use him, so far from rejoicing that he was sound, I should only regret that he was not dead. If my reader pays me the compliment of attach- ing any weight to what I write, he will probably say that I have put him quite out of heart with respect to buying, or hoping to get a sound horse. This is precisely what I wished to do : that is, so WARRANTY. 15 far as getting what he considers a sound one ; but not at all as to getting what I consider quite sound enough, which is one that can and does do his work well and pleasantly, bears promise of continuing to do so, and has no outward signs of being otherwise. It may be judged, by what I have last said, that, in offering an opinion on the propriety of purchasing or declining a horse, my object is, not merely to show the soundness, appearance, shape, and action, that renders him desirable, but to point out when, not having these attributes or qualifications in full perfection, he may still be safely purchased. The writer or ad- viser who prevents any one purchasing that which is not desirable, deserves thanks. This few will deny. Let me hope, then, that he who prevents a purchaser refusing, from mistaken ideas or pre- judice, that which is desirable, has also some claim to the same return for hib advice : and this is a leading feature of this work. I have recommended a purchaser at all times to inquire whether a horse on sale is warranted, and have given my reasons for so doing. But I beg it to be understood that I by no means advise a horse being immediately rejected because a war- ranty may be refused or objected to ; for it does not carry with it any certainty that the animal is unsound, or could not be warranted as con- scientiously as many that are so. Many men. 16 THE STUD. gentlemen particularly, make it a rule never to warrant any horse. I know, personally, several who act thus ; and the general motive for this determination is, not to be plagued by a horse being returned after they have, perhaps, suited themselves with another, and, in support of such motive, resolve not to warrant. I must in can- dour say that, allowing, as we must, that there are numberless tricks among sellers, there is a fair sprinkling of the same among purchasers ; I would not buy, or at least I would not recom- mend any one else to buy (though I have done it scores of times), a horse of a suspected person without a written warranty, an examination by a veterinarian of known talent and respectability, and, further, without ascertaining the seller's pe- cuniary responsibility, and also his place of abode ; for, after all, sometliing may peep out, after a few days' work, that no professional skill could de- tect, — an old strain, for instance. But though I have, as I have observed, often bought a horse on my own judgment without warranty, and even from those who, I doubt not, if they got hold of a pocket-book lined, would not be nice as to its appropriation, I would not, or ever did, give a warranty to one of this class ; for if I had done so, as sure as the horse was a horse, he would have been returned temporarily lame, half blind, or dosed in some way ; for the pur- WARRANTY. 17 pose, or at least with the intent, of getting off a large share of the original purchase money. This is a pretty sure and lucrative game for a man who has no character to lose. But the seller who has one, in order to avoid law (where plenty of fellows could be found who would swear any- thing) and abuse from him who purchased the horse, either takes the animal back, or refunds a heavy sum for having a sound horse injured, for the time being, by a miscreant. If the seller takes him back, though here the fellow would miss a gain, no harm is done to him. If he gets that for thirty that he knows was cheap at fifty (supposing that to have been the sum originally given) he makes twenty over and above selling at an advance on fifty — no bad day's work, a very common trade, and a wee bit more lucrative one than writino; on such matters. It may be said, that, though the refusal to give a warranty to such persons as I have described, or even to a stranger, may hold good, as a matter of precaution, it is no reason why such should not be given to a gentleman, or by respectable men to each other. Such persons do not often object to give it ; but many do ; some from an over scrupulousness or fear, that, if any thing should turn out wrong, they might lay themsel open to a suspicion of a wish to deceive; and with persons not much versed in horses, such an C 18 THE STUD. impression might very probably be the result ; for such persons will entertain the erroneous idea that a man cannot have an unsound horse without knowing it. Xow I have no hesitation in saying, that a man may have had a horse and ridden him for twelve months, conceiving him to be sound, and yet, on producing the animal to un- dergo professional examination, he may get the cheering information that he has defective vision, defective wind, and is lame. Some readers may think such a catastrophe as overdrawn; or, per- haps, impossible. If they do, let them ask a veterinary surgeon ; — I suspect that he would not only give his opinion on the possibility of such a case, but could narrate instances of its occurrence (or something very like it). I do not attempt to say, that such an occur- rence as I have specified would be likely to take place with a good judge of a horse : but it is by no means an uncommon, but, on the contrary, a very common, circumstance, that such a man may w^arrant a horse sound, conceive him to be so, and have good grounds for his opinion, even by a fair trial of him ; and yet, when this horse comes to be looked at by a professional eye, he may be rejected as " unsound," that is, " not sound." To many persons these two terms may appear perfectly synonymous ; and so, in strict fact, they are : but though a professional man, or WARRANTY. 19 a very experienced judge, might consider a horse as not sound — in fact, unsound — it does not follow that he is (as some persons may suppose such a horse to be) really lame ; he may be a very service- able animal, but not, professionally speaking, sound. Now, supposing I could bring any person or number of persons to believe the fact, that a man conversant with horses might sell, as a sound horse, one that might, on proper inspection, be returned as unsound, all I could say or write — all that men whose judgment is ten times better than mine could say or write — would never convince the majority of persons that a dealer could in- nocently do the same thing. If his judgment errs, and leads him into error as to the sound- ness of his horse, it is set down, not as wilful and corrupt perjury as to oath, but most undoubtedly as to his word and honesty. It certainly is a part of a dealer's business to make himself a good judge of the soundness of the animal in which he deals; and good judges in this matter many (but by no means all) of them are : but the part of their trade in which they are by far the most perfect is the looks, action, and fitness of the animal for the different descrip- tion of customers each dealer has to please ; and beyond this, the proper price that they can ju- diciously give for each horse so as to ensure profit on his sale. I have seen dealers buy the same c 2 20 THE STUD. horse as sound that I have rejected as unsound, having had opportunity of more minute and lengthened examination than they had; and no wonder, when we consider the little time that a dealer in a fair has to examine his purchases. It would really seem, by the way in which persons not much acquainted with horses or dealers con- demn the latter pell mell, in any case of their sell- ing an unsound horse, that they thought dealers must be infallible in their judgment, and never get such an animal without knowing it, when, in fact, there are no men in the world so likely to get unsound horses if their quickness of eye and experience did not save them. Having said thus much of the propriety of asking for a warranty in purchasing a horse, the mistakes made in supposing the animal can stand such test, and the objections of many persons to giving one, let us now consider what is the intent and meanino^ of WARRANTIXG A HORSE SOUND. The warranting any thing — if I am right in my understanding of the term, and its intent is simple enough, and easily defined — is an en- gagement that, if the article does not prove to be such as the seller represented it to be, it shall be taken back. and the cost price refunded. This any WAERANTIXG A HORSE SOUND. 21 one of the most obtuse faculties cannot but fully comprehend, but fortunately for the gentlemen who preside at or attend our courts of law, and unfortunately for every other person, though the term of ^Yarranty admits but of one construction, the different ideas that different persons entertain of how far the object warranted does or does not accord with the description given, ever has, nov.r does, and, unless some alteration is made in the law, ever will be a constant source of litigation between seller and purchaser. I cannot but consider, though, perhaps, lam w^rono: in so doino*, that there is a difference be- tween a thing legally, or morally, answering a warranty, and the consequence of its doing so rests greatly in the object sought for and war- ranted. I will state a case as relates to horses. We will suppose a man to be a breeder, or some one selling a young horse to a London dealer : he warrants him sound. And we will say that a perfectly sound horse he is, so far as being free from lameness, or any thing likely to render him so ; but it is found, on examination, that he has a slight thrush or corn. The dealer knows, and would admit, that the animal to use was not five pounds in a hundred the worse for this, if the feet or foot was otherwise a perfect one ; but this simple departure from being perfect is fatal to the dealer who buys for sale : he is aware he will be c 3 l^Sf THE STUD. required to give a warranty with the horse when sold, and no veterinary surgeon could pass such a horse as sound. This horse is legally unsound. The same person, or any other, sells a hunter to a gentleman or friend, and warrants him. On cutting down the foot a little lower than usual, we w^ill say there are two corns found, or some- thing that resembles them : perhaps, after all, only a superficial extravasation, from the shoes having borne too hard on the heels ; the horse has not been tender on them, goes firm and sound, and has good feet. This horse I should consider morally, though not legally, sound, and ought not, if a desirable purchase, to be returned. The seller has made good his word and intention ; he has sold a hunter or horse that comes up to his de- scription of him, namely, one likely to answer the purpose of the purchaser ; yet hundreds would re- turn such a horse, and if any demur was made by the seller, would go to law as malevolently as if they had been robbed by a professed scoundreL Personally, I would never object to give a war- ranty of a horse to any man whom I knew to be (first of course) an honourable one, a man of con- sistency, that is, one who, in common parlance, knows his own mind (which by the by thousands do not, so far as horse affairs go), a good judge, and one who knows how to manage his horse when he has got him, both in the stable and out. WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 23 A man of this sort will neither have recourse to any unhandsome practices, or give unnecessary trouble. The rogue will do the first, the man who is not a judge of the animal he buys w^U be all but sure to do the latter. Every body wdll, I know, agree with me as to the possibility of a dealer in horses playing an unfair part with a horse that has been warranted sound to him ; in fact, almost every one not con- versant with horse affairs w^ll not only think it possible or probable that he might, but would, from prejudice, feel assured he would do so ; for such persons hold rascality and dealers in horses as synonymous. Without attempting to remove the prejudice of such persons against dealers, or having any in- terest in the matter, not being, or ever having been, a dealer myself, I must, as a set-ofF against the tricks of such men, beg to assure my readers that, though the instances are of course much more rare, I have knowm as positively rascally tricks played by men holding the rank of gentlemen as any dealer could perpetrate. I will mention one which, " cum multis aliis," came to my personal knowledge. A person moving in the sphere, and in ordinary matters acting up to the part, of a gentleman had pur- chased a horse of a dealer ; not being a good judge, he found in a day or two the horse was c 4 24 THE STUD. not what he wanted, and, being a very near man in money matters, he could not find it in his heart to go and give the seller a proper premium to take the animal back. Return him he could not, for he was all he was represented to be. He was thus, as Jonathan says, " in a fix ; " but those who are disposed to employ his agency can generally find a certain gentleman in black (I do not mean a lawyer) at their elbow ready to give them a hint. This individual, however, was, in this par- ticular case, otherwise habited, namely, in a stable dress; in short, he was the gentleman's groom, who, not having probably been fee'd to his con- tent, undertook to return the horse, and stated to his honourable master the m.eans by which it was to be effected. He, with ingenuity enough, drew a nail from the horse-shoe, drove the same nail in again (for a fresh one would have led to imme- diate detection) a little too close to the sensible part of the foot. Of course the next day the horse was lame, and was sent back, the rascal vowing to the dealer he remarked he was a " lame nn " the second day after " master bought him." What was the dealer to do. To go into court against a man not a dealer was certain condemn- ation. The very wig the judge might wear would decide against the seller, from knowing the head it usually covered would " a tort et a travers " do the same thing ; then to offend a man of the pur- AVARK ANTING A HORSE SOUND. 25 chaser's rank would be fatal again. The man felt convinced something unfair had been done to his horse ; but, with more liberality than his customer would have shown on any occasion, he never sus- pected him of having had recourse to or connived at any thing even ungentlemanly in the affixlr, but suspected it lay wholly with the groom, well knowing that, if, from any cause, a horse is pur- chased without their hearty concurrence, these gentlemen are pretty fertile in expedients to get rid of him, unless their master is one not to be played with. This precious piece of honesty having left his master, as a sum up of his cha- racter, confessed the whole affair of the returned horse to a friend of mine, from whom I had the anecdote. The result of the dealer proving rcvstlve in the above affair would have been this : he would have been set down as a o-reat roo;ue for sellino; the gentleman an unsound horse ; whereas the true state of the case was, the gentleman was no little simpleton for buying what did not suit him, and then a consummate roojue for returnincr a sound animal as an unsound one. But so " the world wags." Such IS the pleasure of warranting horses in any way to some persons. We will with pleasure allow^ that few gentlemen would play the above part ; but though they would not, if they got an 26 THE STUD. animal they did not like, he would be made a con- stant theme of complaint to the seller, which I should hold quite as great an annoyance as taking a horse back : indeed, in many cases, a far greater one. Xow, warranting to a good judge is quite a different affair : he seldom buys what will not suit him ; he knows what he wants, knows the proper horse to select for his purpose, and sees, on look- ing at and trying a particular animal, whether he is one calculated to meet his wants and wishes. He would, therefore, regret as much as the seller could, should his purchase turn out unsound, because he would, by his doing so, miss what in all other respects was what he wanted ; and, even should some trifling unsoundness manifest itself, if, on inspection, it was decided to be only temporary, he would either retain the horse, under (as we will term it) protest, or, if he sent him to the owner's stable, would retake him on being pro- nounced by proper authority sound. Further than this, such a man rests his selection on his own judgment; and should he show, or be asked to show, his new purchase, he would do so to men whose judgment would most probably coincide with his own ; whereas the man who knows little of such matters generally shows his purchase to, and asks the opinion of, every friend and ac- quaintance. These will be^ most likely, persons WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 27 knowlno: as little as himself. But still, fecline: themselves qualified to give their opinion, and as each fancies he evinces his knowledge by pointing out something that he conceives objectionable, the horse shortly becomes in the same state as the picture the artist exposed, requesting each passer to put a chalk mark on any part he thought defective. The consequence was, the picture be- came one mass of white chalk. So w^ould the horse, if each friend marked, instead of verbally giving, his opinion. The owner shortly really be- lieves he has got a horse possessing every earthly failing incidental to the animal. Even without warranty, the selling a horse to such a man, if not one of the deadly sins, is certainly one of the deadly abominations ; I would sell such a man a halter if he wished it, but most certainly not a horse. As to warranting in its general usage, I must say, that I consider It an unfair thing to ask any man to do, and a most impolitic thing on the part of the seller to consent to ; that Is, as warranties are now worded, and expected to bear. To this mode of sale, I make the two following objec- tions ; first. It compels a man to trust (say) two hundred pounds, or, what Is worse, an animal worth that sum, to the management of another : this, perhaps, a very Improper, — that Is, injudi- cious — manager of an animal — that a little in- attention, to say nothing of unfair usage — may 28 THE STUD. 9 injure in a week, and then, if tnis animal get unwell, or lame, from such treatment, which it would be perhaps difficult to prove, the owner is expected to return the two hundred, which, of course, is of the same value it was, in exchange for his property deteriorated more or less in worth. The second objection I make is, that we ask, and indeed compel, a man to engage that which it is absolutely impossible he can engage, — namely, that a perishable thing shall continue sound. I could make no objection to a clause, or agree- ment between two parties, by which the seller should be legally bound to take back any article sold if it did not come up to the representation made of it when sold ; for instance, it w^ould be quite fair and most reasonable to require a man to give, under his hand-writing, what he verbally says in recommendation of the article sold, under written engagement to take it back if his repre- sentation prove false. We will suppose a horse to be represented a sound one ; let the seller give a certificate that he has no cause to doubt his being so ; that he has never seen any ailment in the horse, or, if he has, let him state what it has been : let the horse then be taken and examined by a veterinarian; if he considers the horse sound, and likely to remain so, whether the represent- ation states he never was known by the seller to be amiss, or that he had been so, there, I con- WAKE ANTING A HOESE SOUND. 29 ceivc, the warranty should end, unless it is proved the certificate or representation was false. No veterinary surgeon could, or would, give an enofae-ement that a horse shall or will remain sound. Yet we expect the seller to do this. Ke- quiring this is unfair, and, in fact, absurd. Supposing any one to be hardy enough to give one of the usual warranties, I would most strongly recommend any gentleman, or any respectable man, to insist on the animal being examined by a knovv^n first-rate professional man, prior to its being delivered to the buyer. If passed sound, it would cost the seller nothing; and to the buyer, if he can judge of a horse's value to the precise sum of ten and sixpence, it is more than I ever could, even supposing him to be a twenty pound hack. This would, in case of any thing going wrong, be a host in the seller's favour, and save a great deal of defending and proving, in case legal measures should take place ; and would certainly have great weight as to the intent of the seller ; and further, on the horse being again shown to the veterinarian, who examined him at the time, he would decide whether it was a recent ailment, or arose from some former one of which he had detected any symptoms of having formerly ex- isted. The takln2^ somethino; like such a G:ua- rantee as I have specified gives us a positive hold on the seller. His horse could not have been seri- 30 THE STUD. ously affected by any ailment while In his pos- session without his knowledge. If it was a serious one, he must be aware of what it was from any professional man he had called in ; and he further must know whether the animal has since suffered from the same ailment or the effects of it. So, by taking such guarantee as specified, if he gives it wrongfully, it would be no difficult matter to detect him in falsehood, and then not only punish him by returning him his horse, but in such a case it would be quite just and proper to make him pay all expenses attendant on the transac- tion ; in fact, if he was indicted for wilful fraud, he would only meet his deserts. Xow, with our present form of warranty, w^hat do we get ? Only, virtually, the seller's OPINION and belief that the horse he sells is a sound one. If he is a good judge, and a rogue, he pretty well knows whether the horse will pass an examina- tion or not, but may equally well know that he will be lame after a few days' work ; and if the horse is not examined at the time of sale, such a man will be sure to find plenty of witnesses to swear he was sound at that period ; and this statement it might be difficult to disprove by counter evidence. If the man be ever so honest or honorable, if he is not a competent judge in such matters, his warranty is not worth a far- thing, so far as his personal opinion goes. But WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 31 the guarantee is not an opinion of any one : it is a statement of facts. If we ask a man what is cer- tainly a plain question, namely, has your horse ever been lame in your possession ? and he says no, we have then to judge whether he knows wdien a horse is lame or not ; for he may have been so twenty times or always so, and the man may not have perceived it; but if^veask whether he ever called in professional aid to the animal, we then fix him, for we can resort to the veterinarian. So if we take a warranty of quiet in harness, we only get an opinion asked, perhaps, on the chance of a horse going quiet from what he has lately done ; he may have kicked or run away twenty times, and the man saves himself by say- ing, he thought he had left it off, as he had gone quietly latehj : but, have you ever seen or known him to be vicious in harness ? brings on a direct answer ; and we should then be justified in re- turning the horse, if we choose to do so, however quiet he might appear, if we found he had been vicious ; that is, if the seller declared he had not : and to return such a horse would be quite ju- dicious, unless the buyer had great confidence in himself, and choose to run the risk of a fresh outbreak. It will be seen from what I say, that I in no wav wish warranties to be made less strinj^ent 32 THE STUD than they are ; on the contrary', I would wish them to be so worded as to be more binding on the seller in a projier way. But I most decidedly object to a man being harassed, annoyed, and pro- bably prosecuted after he has sold an animal that he conscientiously believed, and had good reason to believe, to be a sound one at the time of sale, because the purchaser is unfortunate enough to find him sick or lame after he has got him ; a circumstance that very probably no professional skill, no human foresight, had reason to prog- nosticate. There are few men placed in more difficult situations than professional men, when called to examine a horse between buyer and seller ; for it must be borne in mind, that, in taking their opi- nion, we do not take it as to whether the horse is one that they would buy for their own use, or recommend others to buy, so far as relates to his being sound, or the probability of his remaining so : we only ask if he is sound or unsound at the time being. If, therefore, the animal has no ail- ment at the time, or shows any evident signs of something that will shortly render him so, the examiner must, in justice to the seller, pass his horse sound. Still there may be a something about the horse that, in the private opinion of the pro- fessional, is not likely to stand long the test of work. Yet it would not do to refuse Dassinsr a J. o WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 33 horse sound, because in his opinion he will not remain so; for it is but opinion at best; and though probably a correct view of the case, still it is not a certainty : therefore the examiner, in justice, must pass the animal sound, though he would not purchase him for himself or another person. If we purchased subject to the general opinion of the veterinarian, as to whether, from what he sees, he w^ould recommend the horse being pur- chased on the score of being one likely to stand sound, it would be quite a different affair ; but this is a responsibility few professional men would take upon themselves, and it is an ordeal that few sellers would submit their horses to. Thus it will be seen, that, though a horse may be passed sound, and very properly so, still we may get one that, in three months, will be, in stable phrase, " as lame as if his leg was broke:" and no fault to be imputed either to the seller or the veterinarian that passed him. Therefore, use all the precaution we may, there must always remain considerable risk as to a horse standinjr sound in work ; and if, as some persons would do, we buy one that has " never done a day's work," instead of this diminishing the risk, it adds to it much more than if we bought one sound nt the time out of an omnibus, or even street cab ; for such have proved their capability of standing D 34 THE STUD. workj which not one young horse in half-a-dozen will do without shortly getting ?.miss someichere ; in fact, like old china, that is quite as strong or stronger after it has been broken, and then pro- perly cemented and ri vetted, so are seasoned horses much less liable to get amiss in work than young ones, though the former, like the china, may have been chipped, cracked, broken, and put tosrether ao-ain. There can be no doubt but the most certain way of getting a sound horse, and one likely to continue so, would be to make interest with a veterinary surgeon to go as a private friend, and examine the one intended to be purchased (a favour, I allow, it would be most difficult to obtain). Here he would be bound by no professional delicacy or rules to prevent his giving, not merely an opinion, but advice as to the promise of the animal : if he has good taste and judgment as to other particulars, so much the better : if you think he has not, first take the advice of some good judge as to looks, fitness for the intended purpose for which the animal is purchased, and also as to fairness of price. Having done this, and then got the opinion as regards soundness, there is little fear of being' disappointed in the way the purchase will turn out, "barring" (as Paddy says) "bad luck." The chief end and aim of books written for the use of purchasers (at least such as I have read) WARRANTING A HORSE SOUND. 35 appears to have been the putting them on then- guard against dealers in horses, together with the perfectly useless attempt to render the purchaser " au fait " of the innumerable tricks that may be played by rogues to impose on the unwary. The motive unquestionably has been a good, indeed a laudable, one. But " a little knowledge " is a dan- gerous thing ; and if, by imparting this much, a man is rendered confident in himself, the chances are, that such advice does him harm instead of good : in fact, if an author made a purchaser get by heart each and all of these tricks, he would do him little service, unless he first made him complete master of the varied ways in which the trick is performed, and then gave him as quick an eye in detecting, as the rogue has in carrying them out. This would require initiation from youth in such matters, and constant practice afterwards. If we knew a man had to take five hundred pounds in his pocket from Bond Street to White- chapel, it would be proper enough to tell him that pockets are picked in a crowd, picked while looking at the windows of attractive shops, in omnibusses, or by very gentlemenly men while the attention is taken up by some villanous looking fellow walking purposely by your side. This would, however, by no means ensure his safety ; for while he was guarding against the usual way of com- passing such tricks, a new one would be practised, D 2 36 THE STUD. and his five hundred pounds would probably be the reward of another plan. It strikes me that, instead of the futile attempt of making him a match in dexterity for a pickpocket, the safe plan would be, after telling him of the danger, to ad^-ise him not to walk the street with the treasure in his pocket, but to spend three shillings in a cab. I go something on this plan. I tell him, to the best of my ability, what are real, imaginary, or tolerable defects in the animal to be purchased. This quantum of knowledge will prevent his taking trouble about a horse with some absolute and de- cidedly objectionable point or points about him, and will prevent his at once rejecting one without good reason ; and this is, I consider, quite sufficient knowledge for most private individuals, as I sum up the whole by recommending him to take pro- fessional advice. It may be said that, if we are always to take a professional opinion on purchasing a horse, a man requires no knowledge at all. This idea would, however, be quite erroneous ; for, un- less a man is taught some insight into the points, action, habits, and ailments of the horse, he would be losing his time, and giving other persons trouble about fifty ill-made, bad going, dangerously vicious, or unsound animals, in succession. I should not want to be taught the precise diameter of every rope about a yacht ; but it would be advisable in me to learn enough not to buy one for a party of WAPwKANTIXG A HORSE SOUND. 37 pleasure with a hole in her bottom, and imme- diately set sail, though it is possible that such a one, like some faulty horse, might be a good pur- chase after all : so if I knew enough to prevent my refusing such a vessel at once as useless, it might be to my advantage ; but I think it would be just as well, and perhaps a little better, to take a ship carpenter to judge of the extent of the injury. I trust the reader, from what has been written, now perfectly understands the intent of this work : having stated, therefore, what I conceive is meant by soundness, or its reverse, I will proceed to enumerate the common ailments that cause so much dispute, and will state how far I consider them as totally objectionable, or partially so : this, of course, will mostly depend on the stage, or ex- tent of the ailment, be it what it may. D 3 38 CHAP. 11. INTFRNAL 'diseases OF THE HORSE. INKLAMMATIOy OF THE LL'NGS A GROIKD FOR REJECTING A HORSE. CHOLIC AND IN- FLABIMATION OF THE BOWELS, DITTO. MEGRIM AND STAGGERS. BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. INTERNAL DISEASES. PoRTUXATELY for the animal, and equally for- tunate for those who are large owners, the internal complaints to which horses are liable are few in number comparatively with those incidental to mankind. TVere it otherwise, the mortality among animals of the brute creation would far exceed that of ourselves; for, however profound pro- fessional skill may be, the symptoms of some dis- eases bear so closely on each other, that we are indebted, in multitudes of cases, to speech that hidden complaints are not often confounded with each other. And here is a w^onderful advantage the ordinary physician has over the veterinary practitioner. The latter, on seeing his patient in pain, can often only judge by the motions of the animal where the pain lies. The human patient not only informs us of this, but states INTERXAL DISEASES. 39 the description of pain, — whether confined to one particular part, or felt in different parts. We certainly are made aware, if a horse con- tinually turns his head to his side or abdomen, that he suffers pain in the region of those parts ; but it does not indicate the prec^e part of the anatomy affected : the veterinarian must therefore combine circumstances, and draw on his ex- perience of other cases, in order to come to any certain definition of the disease in hand. If a man feels pains in his side, no matter from what the pain originates, he naturally puts his hand on it ; now, if he could only do that, I sus- pect that some of our ablest physicians would feel themselves often a little at a loss, and would find pocketing the fee much easier than to a cer- tainty detecting the origin of the pain in many occult cases ; and, with every respect for the pro- fession, I am quite sure that, with a moderate knowledge of the human frame, a medical man could practise with greater success in a given round of cases than could the veterinarian. The only advantage the latter has is, that the com- plaints of his patients are not so varied ; but then he has to contend with the serious difficulty of not being able to gain information from tbiC subject of them. The most dangerous, as being the most rapid, of all internal diseases of the horse is D 4 40 THE STUD. INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. I do not quite say that I would advise the ab- solute rejection of a horse because he had been so afflicted, but I would most strenuously advise any ordinary purchaser not to buy one that had been recently affected without the advice of a veterinary surgeon ; for it is a case requiring pro- fessional knowledge, if not a professional man, to judge how far there may exist any remains of the disease, for, unless the cure has been radical, and time allowed for tendency to inflammation to have subsided, should the animal be put to quick work, or even into hot stables, the chances are the disease will return in all its viridence. If we are aware that a horse has had an attack of this disorder, from such treatment as we have no right to expect any lungs to bear with im- punity, provided, and only provided, a very skilful professional man declared the complaint cured, and no symptoms remained, the purchase, I should say, might be made with tolerable safety ; but if with fair and proper treatment this disease had come on, I should be very cautious in purchasing such a horse ; still more so, if for racing or hunt- ing purposes. If, with such treatment, he had been more than once attacked, I should say reject him at once, nor let any persuasion or representa- INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. 41 lion alter tliis determination, for I should infer from the circumstance a predisposition to the complaint. With gentle work, proper feeding, proper medicine occasionally, and a proper atmo- sphere in the stable, it is quite possible no return might ever take place ; but as no one is obliged to buy such a horse when there are so many others to select from, I should still say reject such a pur- chase, however free from disease he might be at the time. It is quite true that a man, or a horse, may have a tendency to some particular ailment which may come on on any extraordinary occasion ; yet such a man, or horse, may, in a general way, be able to fulfil his ordinary duties ; the headach in man, to instance. But inflammation of the luno:s or bowels in the horse are quite diflTerent affairs from headach in man. These complaints (I should rather call them attacks) are not mere matters to render the animal, in a temporary way, unequal to his duty : they are matters of life or death ; the latter in a very few hours, unless the most skilful medical aid is at hand. This induces me to give such strenuous advice against pur- chasing a horse where we have the slightest reason to dread their attack. The much-dreaded cholera in man is not more rapid in its progress than is inflammation in the lungs or bowels of the horse : if not immediately attended to, two 42 THE STUD. hundred pounds would, in such a case, be reduced to as many pence in twelve hours. I can produce an instance. On one occasion, a neighbour of mine came to me when, in dressing-gown and slippers, I was indulging in a cigar and glass of brandy punch, after a day's hunting. He begged me to go and see a favourite mule that had been ill since the preceding evening. I have no doubt she had been ill before he perceived it. I found her standing the picture of despair, and suffering under acute inflammation of the lungs. I was proceeding immediately to bleed her. This, how- ever, he objected to : " She was weak enough already, poor creature, without being made weaker." Of course I pocketed my fleam and the aflTront together ; but, feeling a little nettled at being disturbed in my half siesta to no purpose, I told him his mule would die, unless he got her immediate assistance. He promised to do so in the morning. " The morning I" said I, " she will be dead before the morning." This he would not believe ; so, to punish him, I betted him a couple of pounds she was a dead one before my breakfast. In the morning I sent to know the result. She was taken much worse about two in the morning, and died in three hours afterwards. I mention this anecdote, as one among many somewhat similar results I have witnessed of this CHOLIC. 43 complaint, in the hope of convincing my reader that the advice I give on the subject arises not from theory, but ocular experience of facts ; after which he will, of course, reject either my advice, or the horse I have alluded to, as he may think most proper. If he rejects the advice and the horse, it is all very well ; but if he still feels in- clined to select such a horse, I will still do him a good turn if I can : this is, to beg him, before he does soj to ask other and better advice before he concludes his purchase. CHOLIC AND INFLAMMATION OF THE BOW^ELS. Many horses are subject to the attack of these most dangerous and often fatal complaints. I class them under one head, because the first often ends in the latter, if not relieveci in a short time. . I do not consider a horse subject to such attacks so objectionable as one subject to the complaint last spoken of, inasmuch as, by strict attention to the quality and quantity of food, and that given at proper times, we may all but insure his safety from them; whereas, though proper attention will probably prevent the former, still very great exertion may produce it, however careful we may be ; therefore if his duty is such as to unavoidably produce great accelerated action 44 THE STUD. of the lungs, we must always be in fear of its eiFects on a favourite or valuable animal. Cholic and inflammation of the bowels are usually produced by improper, that is, coarse or damaged, provender ; but even good food, if given in too large quantities, is quite likely to produce the same result ; and if given very soon before the horse is put to fast work, the chances are greatly against his escaping an attack, and more particularly so in hot weather. But as it is easy to guard against such improper treatment and its consequences, it would be in a general way our own fault if they recurred. Still, as in the former complaint, if it was ascertained that wdth proper treatment a horse was frequently attacked by cholic, I should say, as in the former case, reject him. Absolute and determined inflammation of the bowels is not a complaint that a horse has a fre- quent recurrence of; but its precursor, cholic, many have frequently ; and as that is likely to end in the latter dangerous attack, the horse subject to it is carefully to be avoided, provided it does not arise from treatment that can be altered. One circumstance attendant on cholic renders it a very dangerous complaint. Most diseases of the horse are accompanied more or less by in- flammation, and it is rather a nice point to deter- mine in cases of cholic, how far inflammation MEGRIM AND STAGGERS. 45 may have proceeded. The remedy for chollc, arising from repletion and distention of the ab- domen and bowels, is simple, and generally both efficacious and certain. But if inflammation has taken place, what might be a very proper step to ease both in ordinary cases might not only be highly injudicious, but dangerous, to resort to in another stage of the disorder ; for instance, where inflammation of the bowels had taken place, a dose of aloes would probably be death, and this in all probability a common farrier would administer, as they generally do, in very strong doses. A horse, therefore, thus attacked, and thus attended, would have but little chance of his life ; and as we might be in situations where good professional advice could not be got, it is always a source of anxiety to have an animal subject to so jDrecarious a complaint. The safe way is to reject him. MEGRIM AND STAGGERS. It is not my province or intention here to state the causes of complaints, but merely their effects, and consequently how far they are ob- jectionable. Neither megrim nor staggers are often fatal attacks, though very troublesome and sometimes dangerous ones to any one using a horse subject to them. But when staggers arise from a dis- 46 THE STCD. ordered stomach, it then becomes also dangerous to the animal, not merely as a disorder in itself, but from its origin. There can be no doubt but strict attention to the state of the horse's stomach is a very great prevention of such attacks, for if simple megrim is caused by effusion of blood to the head and brain, that is wonderfully increased or diminished by the state of the stomach ; and although many horses will have frequent attacks of megrim (let us do all we can to prevent it), if they were, under such circumstances, frequently so attacked, the recurrence would be much more frequent without such precaution, of course. Harness horses are certainly much oftener at- tacked by megrim than riding ones, doubtless from the pressure of the collar. This in single harness is very objectionable : for though an attentive eye will generally detect the coming attack, it is sometimes too sudden to allow time to disengage the horse from the vehicle, and then a breakage of some sort may be anticipated. There is one circumstance in this disorder greatly in our favour. Horses are seldom at- tacked with it when used by night ; and some stage-coach horses, that would be certain to get megrims if driven by day, and particularly with the sun in their faces, will work in a night-coach without ever showing symptoms of the complaint. BLEEDING AT THE NCSE. 47 I would never buy any horse for ordinary purposes so afflicted, however slight it might be. I had a horse subject to something of this kind. Its cause or origin neither I nor any one else ever found out. He would, without showing any symptom of an attack, rush suddenly back in his stall, break his head collar shank, or, if that held, throw himself down in his stall. I then put him in a large loose box ; here he would at times com- mence walking at his best pace round and round for an hour together, looking as wild as a hawk. He never, however, did more than this ; and, sin- gular to say, he was one of the best buggy horses I ever had, and I never knew an instance of his having any thing like an attack either in riding or driving him, not even in the hottest day : however, I sold him, so my reader will allow I give such advice as I should follow when I warn him against selecting a horse subject to such attacks. BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. This complaint is much more frequent among thorough, or at all events very highly, bred horses than with those of a coarser character. Why it is so, arises principally, no doubt, from the nature of the exertions such horses are put to. It is not, however, Improbable that the fineness of the blood- 48 THE STUD. vessels in bigh-bred horses may in some way con- tribute to the rupture of them when unusually dis- tended, but I do not pretend to anatomical know- ledge enough to say that it is so : be it so or not, it is exertion that brings it on. To what extent a liability to this casualty affects the value and utility of the animal, depends in great measure on the pur- poses for which he is intended. Great liability to this occurrence would reduce the value of a race- horse (that is, as one in training) from a thousand to perhaps a hundred ; in fact, as a race-horse, be he as superior as he may, he would be comparatively worthless, as no dependence could be placed on him. With a steeple-chase horse it would be the same thing, and it is, I may say, also fatal to the value of a hunter. It can scarcely be called dangerous to the animal, as it seldom causes suf- ficient loss of blood to be more than a very tem- porary inconvenience. A horse subject to bleeding at the nose when racing, or in long and fast bursts across country, might never have a recurrence of it if ridden as a park hack, as a ladies' horse, or in harness for moderate work. If, therefore, one subject to this casualty was particularly desirable in other re- spects, I should not object to purchase him for purposes of much less exertion than he had been accustomed to ; but I would on no account buy him at any price, if I wanted him for the same BLEEDING AT THE NOSE. 49 work as had brought on the occurrence, whether he was wanted for riding or driving purpose ; though by using him very moderately we might prevent his being affected, — and if he was, a stop- page of our excursion would probably be the only inconvenience. If, however, the bleeding took place when in the dark, we might not perceive it, and a game horse would go on till he would drop. Then there would unquestionably arise danger to ourselves, and the very great loss of blood might produce considerable debility in the animal for some time ; but, knowing the constitution of horses, and their inflammatory habit (fed and used as they are), I would rather have a favourite horse faint and drop from loss of blood, than have even a slight attack of internal inflammation. Weakness from loss of blood is easily and surely to be remedied, but inflammation is most difficult to be subdued. There cannot be two opinions as to whether a horse addicted to bleeding at the nose is an un- sound one ; he is so, to all intents and purposes ; but at a proper price he might be bought, and prove a valuable acquisition for many purposes, provided we can satisfy ourselves as to the extent of exertion he can bear with impunity : at all events he is not one I should positively reject. 50 CHAP. III. PERMANENT DISEASES OF THE HORSE. — GLANDERS INCURABLE. ILLUSTRATIVE ANECDOTE. DEFECTIVE WIND. CIRCUMSTANCES THAT SHOULD REGULATE THE ACCEPTATION OR REJECTION OF SUCH A HORSE. ANECDOTE OF JOHN WARDE, ESQ. DEFEC- TIVE WIND PRODUCTIVE OF DEBILITY. THE AUTHOr's ADVICE. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BAD-WINDED AND A BROKEN-WINDED HORSE. THE LATTER TO BE INSTANTLY REJECTED. ROARING AND WHISTLING. DEFECTIVE SIGHT. USEFUL HINTS TO PUR- CHASERS. CHINKED BACK. The complaints or casualties mentioned in the preceding chapter are the principal internal tem- porary attacks to which the horse is habitually liable ; that is, they are such as come on suddenly, "without previous indication of their recurrence, or without perhaps being attributable to any abso- lutely improper treatment at our hands. We will now turn our attention to a few others of a per- manent nature, and then judge how far it might be judicious to purchase an animal under their influence. Under this head, as the most horrible and fatal, we will very briefly mention GLANDERS. I say briefly, because no respectable or sensible man would for a moment entertain an idea of GLAXDERS. 51 purchasing a horse so afflicted. A respectable man would reject him, knowing that, without setting at defiance all pretensions to honesty, he could never e^et rid of his baro;ain, but to a ro2:ue or a slayer of horses : the sensible man would re- ject such a horse, knowing that in a confirmed state it is incurable, and in a recent one the cure is in all cases very slow and precarious. In its in- cipient form it has been cured, and no doubt will again be so. But there is no doubt that glanders of long standing is a perfectly hopeless case. It is not my province to give a decided opinion on any professional matter that admits of doubt. "\Ye will not, therefore, go into the very abstruse definition of contagion, as relates to this frightful disease. That it is to be engendered by inocu- lation we know, whether by the lancet, or by the stomach havins* imbibed glandulous matter. It has also been clearly ascertained that sound horses have become affected by standing in the same stable with glandered ones, without it having come to our knowledge that inoculation of any sort had taken place. If this really was proved to have been the case, it would show that the disease was epidemic as well as contagious. These attributes, however they may be matters of con- sideration, and indeed of general importance, pro- fessionally considered, are not of any import so far as the extent of this work goes ; for, be it con- £ 2 52 THE STUD. tagious or epidemic, a horj^e, however slightly affected, should be avoided as a pest-house. A man has always, I conceive, a perfect right to mention any anecdote, when it only shows his own folly, ignorance, or presumption ; and as I have stated that glanders recently contracted is sometimes curable, that the reader may place no confidence in a cure so very precarious and rare, I will state what occurred with myself. I had a mule that in some way got glandered. I was quite sure of the disease being of very recent date, so I thought I would try my hand in attempting a cure. I put him where he could not come in contact with any living animal, and most patiently worked away at him for two months, injecting the nostrils, and supplying my patient most liberally with Ethiop's mineral every day. The discharge from the nostrils abated very con- siderably, and no blots or ulcers broke out on any part of the animal. When I found he rejected food, I stopped till the nausea went off: I then had at him again. I was silly enough to fancy I should make a cure, and so, for all I know, I might have done ; there was, however, a circum- stance occurred, that unfortunately prevented my coming forth " le huitieme marveille du monde" as a Yet, namely, my mule most ungratefully died. Kow I must not permit my medical skill to be laughed at; for, on mentioning how I had treated GLANDERS. 53 my patient to a very clever professional man, he said I had taken the right course. I learned from him what I did not at that time know, namely, that glanders is more virulent in mules than horses, and more so with asses than mules ; so, in my mule case, I may apply what was once written by, or for, a doctor : — " Wbene'er my patients comes to T, I physics, bleeds, and sweats 'em ; If, after that, they choose to die, What's that to me — I Lets 'em." There is one accompaniment to glanders that sometimes shows itself without the animal havinof o the slightest tendency to the disease, namely, dis- charge from the nostrils. This discharge may exist to very considerable extent, having a most suspicious appearance, and foetid smell ; and many a horse has from this been killed for glanders, that was as clear of the disease as the person who killed him. Blows on the nose will occasion this discharge, or, indeed, any serious injury of the nasal cartilage. However, this must not be trusted to without the very best professional advice ; and even then, if the opinion was ever so decidedly favourable, though it might and would induce me to keep a favourite horse under the prospect of cure, I most decidedly would reject a horse with such symptoms, however slight they might be, unless perfectly certain of the cause. E 3 54 THE STUD. DEFECTIVE WIND. There are so many gradations in this infirmity, that it would be going too far to say I would recommend every horse defective in his wind being at once rejected (though I would not pur- chase such a one for my personal use at any price). The acceptation or rejection of these horses should depend on the following contin- gencies: — how far the animal is affected, the work he is wanted to perform, the habits, taste, and pocket of the purchaser ; or, if not the actual state of the pocket, the state of the inclination to part with its contents. To the man to whom fifty or a hundred, more or less, is not a matter of serious consideration, I would at once say, reject any and every horse for any and every purpose, if he is at all de- fective in his wind. He may do the work wanted of him perfectly well, but still he is a make-shift ; and, if all men thought as I do, a constant source of annoyance. The detested short cough, that more or less is habitual to bad winded horses, positively grates on my nerves. It is distressing to hear, and a certain nameless accompaniment to the cough, often places the rider in a most ludicrous predicament. " Figurez vous," as Sterne says, a man driving a lady wuth such a horse. The dreaded contretemps takes place ; the driver DEFECTIVE WIND. 55 wishes the horse and himself under the earth; when, to mend the matter, " hold hard," sings out some slang Cad, — thus making assurance doubly sure, that you are laughed at so long as you are in sight, and, still more direful consequence, never being permitted a sight of the lady again. If, however, a man's poverty or parsimony in- duces him to put up with a most objectionable animal in order to get one whose appearance will gratify his pride at little cost, he may buy worse bargains than a horse moderately defective in wind. There is no danger at any rate to be an< ticipated from him, and he can do slow work without distress ; and, I should say, continue it as long as other horses. He will stand a canter up Rotten Row ; but beware of touching him with the spur, or starting very suddenly, for if you do, expect the abhorred " contretemps." You may then clap your spurs to him in earnest, and hide your diminished head. This reminds me of an anecdote of that capital sportsman, — capital, but somewhat eccentric fel- low, — the late John Warde, Esq. He had a horse he wanted to get rid of from his being touched in his wind. A very spicy young gentleman, who had come from London for a day or two's hunt- ing with the Hungerford Squire, heard of this horse, and called on Warde about him. Now this was precisely the kind of being Warde detested ; £ 4 5^ THE STUD. however, he received the gentleman civilly. " Mr. Warde," said the dandy, " I have heard a report of your horse." — ^' I dare say you have," interrupted the Squire, " and so have many other people." An uncontrollable burst of laughter, from some who heard the reply and knew the horse, so " discom- forted" the gentleman, that before any apology could be made he walked off, and for that time the Squire lost the sale of his nag. As a matter of course, the comparative ease or difficulty w^th which horses touched in their wind can accomplish their work, depends on how far the wind is affected, and the nature of the work required ; it is quite certain that no horse faulty in his wind can perform fast work without con- siderable distress : still he may be in that state, that though it would render him unequivocally unsound and reduce his value (in trade phrase) seventy per cent., he might be able to perform moderate work, even at a fair pace, nearly as well as a sound one, if proper attention is paid to him as to diet, water, and an airy stable ; the only case, therefore, where we could take upon ourselves to advise another person when to select (perhaps take would be a better term), or to re- ject, such a horse would be, when we saw how far the animal was affected, and then knew the cir- cumstances and habits of the purchaser. An ordi- nary cob to carry an elderly man, who only rode DEFECTIVE WIND. 57 for air and health, would answer every purpose he was wanted for, if even considerably gone in his wind ; and for such a person easiness of pace, safety, and steadiness, are of greater import than such lungs as are wanted in the hack to carry his master to a fixture twelve miles from Melton, where to such a man any defect of wind would render a horse perfectly useless. A horse that could not live a galloping stage in a Comet, Tally- ho, Tantivy, or Berkeley Hunt coach, would look well, work well, and do well drawing a Brougham, for the generality of persons, about London streets. Allowing, as I do, that horses faulty in their wind are quite capable of doing many sorts of work pleasantly to the owner, and with compa- rative ease to themselves, my entertaining such insurmountable dislike to them may appear an incongruity. I am willing to have this preju- dice set down as a description of monomania, if the reader pleases ; but on or behind a bad winded horse I am in a continual fidget. Perhaps having all my life been used to very fast ones, as hunters, hacks, or harness horses, may account for it. Yet, unless when necessary, or sometimes, I allow, as a temporary bit of vanity, I do not want to go faster than any man accustomed to good goers usually does ; but the feeling of having one, under or before me, that cannot get me out of another 58 THE STUD. man's dust if I want it, mortifies and worries me. Other persons more wise would not feel thus; therefore it would really be quite consistent in me, if I purchased for another person, or advised him to purchase, a horse that I would not accept as a gift. I might, and most certainly should, as I have often done, purchase one that in turn the same man would not accept on the same terms ; yet both might be well suited in purchasing the respective horses. I can, however, give a better reason for my dis- like to thick- winded horses. Imperfection in the wind causes considerable debility; debility, as a matter of course, causes an animal under its in- fluence to feel the effects of exertion more readily than one of a sound and firm constitution ; thus, such an animal has not only his infirmity of wind to contend against, but comparative infirmity of constitution also. The asthmatic man becomes shortly distressed by exertion, supposing him to be as strong as he may ; the sick and weak one becomes also distressed by exertion. What, then, must the man feel who is both asthmatic and weak ? I do not know whether, in the human frame, the one is the sure accompaniment to the other; but in horses I am quite satisfied that more or less it is so. The best advice I could give a person about to buy a thick- winded horse is this — try him. In DEFECTIVE WIND. 59 order to give him a fair chance, make sure his stomach Is not distended by a recent quantity of hay and water, and then put him for half an hour to such work as you want him for. If he does this freely and without distress, buy him ; if not, reject him at any -price. I must, however, apprise such a supposed pur- chaser, that, to form any accurate estimate of the animal's fitness for such work, it would be quite necessary to be satisfied how he had been treated, for at least a few days before his trial. For supposing, on one hand, he had been groomed, or rather tended, by an ignorant lout, he might have permitted the horse to eat as much hay and drink as much water as he pleased, which, with a bad-winded one, would be in considerable quan- tities, more particularly the water ; such a horse might, therefore, be found much worse than he would be if properly treated ; thus, in such a case, a useful animal might be rejected. Whereas, on the other hand, if, knowing the horse was to be tried, he had been kept for three or four days on wet oats and bran only, in very moderate quantities, no hay, and little or perhaps no water, he certainly would, in a temporary way, perform his trial with less distress than he would on even proper general feeding. Such treatment would enable the horse to breathe more freely than usual, it is true ; but, if persevered in, would so reduce 60 THE STUD. his general stamina, as to incapacitate him for labour from other causes. Broken-winded horses are always disposed to drink in greater quantities than others. They are always thirsty ; they should therefore be w^atered much oftener than their healthy companions, though, on the aggregate, they should during the twenty-four hours get less. All their food should be given them wet ; this, and never allow- ing them to suffer from thirst, w^ill render them satisfied with as much liquid as it is judicious to give them, and habit will still do more in this particular. Fortunate is the man who has a groom that will abide by instructions as to the proper treatment of such horses as those in question. The bad, or thick-winded and asthmatic horse, must not, however, be confounded with the broken- winded one ; it is true even the latter are daily worked, but most decidedly never without severe distress to them. This is a horse I can hardly contemplate my reader looking at, even for cart purposes ; if he should, I must most strongly ad- vise him never to buy one so affected for any purpose. For though he might do what was re- quired of him, no man of any feeling could wit- ness, without regret, the efforts of an animal in pain and distress. Humanity ought to direct such afflicted animals to be shot as well as glan- dered ones. V\hj this is not done arises from DEFECTIVE WIND. 61 the general selfishness of man. The living glan- clered animal would affect the pocket by infecting other horses ; the poor suifering broken-winded horse only suffers in his own person. Such are the feelings, despicable as they are, that actuate the generality of mankind, not only towards horses, but often to tlieir fellow man also. However thick- winded or asthmatic a horse may be, he Is, in point of visible indication, widely different from the regular broken-winded one, and the latter from him. A regularly broken- winded horse may, if standing still, be detected nearly as far off as his colour is distinguishable. The peculiar jerk of the flanks in such a horse cannot be overlooked, even by those knowing the least of such matters. The animal, in strenuous endea- vours to expel the compressed wind from his lungs, draws up the abdominal muscles in an un- natural degree ; the elasticity of the lungs forces back these muscles with a sudden jerk, which is more or less forcible as the animal Is more or less broken-winded. Thus, by watching the flanks of horses in this state, no mistake can possibly be made. This single symptom, or rather confirma- tion, of broken wind is sufficient ; no professional opinion is requisite in such a case. Let such a horse be at once and for ever rejected. 62 THE STUD. EOABING AND WHISTLING. Both the complaints are perfectly distinct from asthma and broken wind, though asthma is not unfrequently an accompaniment to them. When such is the case, of course the animal breathes with difficulty ; this arising not from the roaring, but the asthmatic affection. If the lungs and all the parts are sound, I do not consider that, in a general way, roaring or whistling materially affects the breathing of the animal ; and infer such to be the case from the fact that horses as roarers have raced, steeple-chased, and hunted, without evinc- ing peculiar symptoms of distress. For this reason, should we find a horse a simple roarer, but with apparently sound lungs, I do not say such a one should be at once rejected, if the purchaser does not object to the (to me) abhorrent noise. In fact, there are many roarers that though they do make a very considerable noise on being galloped, will trot alonor eight or nine miles an hour without, in this particular, being objectionable. Such a horse, therefore, for such purposes as do not call forth the objectionable qualities of his infirmity, may safely be purchased ; for the only drawback, be- yond what is found at the time of purchase, is, that he may grow worse. This is, however, by no means to be feared as a certain result ; in fact, there are causes of roaring that it is quite possible ROARING AND WHISTLING. 63 may become less in their eiFect. To instance, sup- pose the roaring proceeded from some temporary- affection of the glottis, sore throat, any enlarge- ment or partial stoppage in the larynx; should such causes become abated, the roaring (if they were the causes of it) would abate. His getting better or worse, or remaining in the same state, will depend on the cause or causes of the com- plaint, varying in their degree, or remaining in the same force. Of the probability of a roarer getting worse or better, in a general way, no professional skill could warrant a decision ; because, in a ge- neral way, the cause of the complaint cannot be decided on : in fact, even from what part the noise proceeds cannot always be ascertained. That it sometimes proceeds from, or rather is emitted through the nostrils, is quite clear ; and, for this reason, persons may (if they have curiosity enough to look for such a thing) often see cab horses with a nose-band put on much lower than nose-bands usually are. When this is the case, the horse wearing it is a roarer. Inside this nose-band two thick pieces of leather or cork are affixed ; these press on the air passage of the nostrils, and by so doing prevent, in a great measure, the escape of sound. Never having been blessed by the pos- session of more than two roaring horses, and but one of those bought for my personal use, I am not prepared to say whether this manoeuvre would 64 "THE STUD. in all cases be effective ; thougli I sliould infer; that it would be so, more or less, in most : for I conceive that from whatever part the noise pro- ceeds, its emission is generally through the nostril, thougli I in no shape presume to affirm that it is so. Whistling and roaring I consider synony- mous affections : the description of sound emitted alone creating the difference of epithets applied to the complaint. The wind roars, and the wind whistles ; in both cases the sound of course proceeds from the wind blowins^. The difference of sound being caused by the difference of the aperture through which the Avind takes its course. I con- ceive something like this occasions the difference between whistling and roaring in the horse ; and, takino; this as somethinfj like fact, I consider that we are not to judge of the quantum of incon- venience the animal may experience by the quan- tum of noise he may make when in exertion. Xo question but the louder the sound he emits the w^orse roarer he is ; but I do not hold that it follows, from this circumstance, he is a worse winded horse than one that is not so noisy : the greater or less portion of distress he feels arising, as I before said I conceived it to be, from the state of the primary organs of respiration. The question, therefore, as to the purchasing or re- jecting a roarer simply merges into this : sup- posing we find that such a horse can do the work ROARING AND WHISTLING. 65 we require without distress, how far a diminution of price will, in the purchaser's estimation, be an equivalent to the unpleasantness of the noise ; and this must, of course, depend, be the noise little or much, on the turn of mind, or rather opinion, of the person purchasing ; and is a point on which he alone can decide. If I have entered some- what further than I at first intended on the nature of the disease, or peculiarity, it Is the better to enable the purchaser to make his choice between selecting or rejecting a horse so circumstanced. There Is a modified kind of roaring that is very likely to mislead an inexperienced purchaser. This Is termed grunting : not that horses keep up a continued grunt as the others do a roar, a wheese, or whistle, but only give a specimen of their habit (for it can scarcely be called com- plaint) when struck, turned round quickly in their stall, or on making some sudden exertion. I have known horses who would grunt on taking a leap, but on no other occasions ; it therefore by no means follows that an animal making such a sound, or grunt, should be set down as a roarer, and re- jected as such ; for though most roarers will give forth a sudden emission of sound of some sort on sudden exertion, every horse doing so is not a roarer ; and I have known instances where abso- lute roarers could not, without great difficulty^ be forced to make any grunt on being tried in this 66 THE STUD. particular. Such instances are, however, very rare indeed. There is, however, a very great diiference in the sound emitted by the roarer and the grunter on sudden surprise or exertion, which a practised ear at once detects. The confirmed roarer gives a comparatively long continued hollow roar or pfroan. The orrunter emits that sudden kind of grunt that a man w^ould do if he came suddenly in contact with a post when walking ; in fact, not very dissimilar to the sound emitted by paviors when usin2: their larsre rammers in settlino- the street stones. Although I apprise my reader that the mere grunter is not to be set down as a roarer, I in no way recommend his trusting to mere difference of sound in so important a particular. I only wish to prevent his at once refusing one that may be really an acquisition from suspicious indica- tion : try him. If he does not roar or whistle on exertion out of the stable, his grunting on par- ticular occasions when in, is not a matter of serious import ; and he certainly may safely be purchased : the buyer, however, bearing in mind that he is, to a certain degree, possessing himself of a faulty animal, and one that he will find he must always sell at a depreciated price. If he buys him at such, it is only like purchasing a valuable lookinsj mirror with a sli2:ht flaw in it at ROARING AND WHISTLING. 67 twenty pounds, or a perfect one of the same class at forty ; the one may, to the casual observer, look as well as the other, and will answer every purpose both of show and utility. If people are fastidious as to having a perfect mirror or a per- fect horse, they will reject any flaw in either. The only difference however is, it is easy to get a perfect glass, but all but an impossibility to find a perfect horse ; for the last I, personally, never look : though I do allow I icill have them perfect as to wind, if they are, in stable phrase, " a little screwy " in other ways ; but this is no guide to others. And I again repeat, that horses some- what defective in their wind, roarers, whistlers, and grunters, may all be safely bought under par- ticular circumstances. There is still another noise that some horses occasionally make when going, and most particu- larly on first starting, and often for some miles afterwards. This is a kind of hollow sound, not unlike that w^e should hear if an half empty barrel was rolled backwards and forwards, it seems as if it came from the abdomen ; but I have been assured by professional men that it proceeds from the sheath. Of the truth or fact of this I never could assure myself by listening ever so atten- tively, though I had two horses with that habit in its fullest degree ; in fact, I never could quite convince myself where or whence it did arise : so, r 2 68 THE STUD. doubtless, my informants are right. It is, how- ever, no detriment to the horse, or need it be con- sidered as calling for any diminution as to price ; and, most certainly, they are not to be set down on the list with the rejected ones. DEFECTIVE SIGHT. This failing is one much more likely to be attended with both loss and personal danger to the purchaser than defective wind. My reason for savinof this is, that defective sio^ht in the horse, unless it arises from particular and recent causes, generally gets worse, and eventually ends in total blindness. This, of course, would produce loss ; but worse than this, during its progressive state defective vision causes alarm and starting, often to a very dangerous degree ; in fact, supposing the visionary organs to be seriously affected, the animal getting perfectly blind, renders him by far the safer and more desirable servant ; for seeing enough not to run against a house Is a very minor advantaiTe : while seeing; enonorh to be alarmed at most objects that present themselves is a most serious drawback. I would, therefore, recommend every horse being rejected whose eyes are in a fluctuating state, unless a professional man could decide upon its being of a transitory nature. A good blind horse is, for many purposes, a most DEFECTIVE SIGHT. 6^ valuable animal. I have had several. When they habitually go straight, they are often particularly pleasant horses to drive, and a great many of them, for road use, remarkably pleasant to ride also. Two or three of the safest and best road hacks I ever had were stone blind. In fact, setting aside appearance, I should in no way object to put a lady on many blind horses. I would very much 23refer such a one to another that shied : blind horses are almost invariably safe unless infirmity renders them otherwise ; and have on an average better action. In reference to my observation as to their going straight, I make it because horses when they first become blind are timid and un- certain as to where to go ; but when they get ac- customed to be guided by the bit, learn to go w^ith confidence straight on till some indication is given them to diverge from the straight line. I have generally also found blind horses light in the mouth. This I attribute to their beino- sensible they cannot trust to their own guidance, so are always ready to yield to that of the rider. I have also generally found them lively horses, arising no doubt from their apprehension of danger from their infirmity, which keeps them (unless of a determinate sluggish temperament) always on the qui Vive : a kind of feeling, I consider, in- dispensable in a hack or buggy horse. There is one peculiarity in blind horses for r 3 70 THE STUD. which I never heard any one account In a de- cidedly satisfactory way ; they are mostly fine- coated horses. The only plausible reason I can suggest for their being so is that possibly their apprehension keeping them, as I say, on the qui vive, also keeps them warmer in a general way than others, in fact, keeps up an increased in- sensible perspiration, conducive to a fine coat. The healthy or reverse state of the visionary organs of the horse, is often a matter diflficuit for even professional skill to determine on, and is one that no other person, without great experience, should trust himself to decide upon. There is a description of dull, inanimate looking blue eye that might induce the non-professional or inexperi- enced man to set down as faulty, that is neverthe- less a perfectly healthy one. This is frequently the case with what are technically called "beetle- browed " horses. And, again, there is a lustrous, quick eye that is deceptive in the other way. I have, in fact, more than once or twice seen an eye quite blind that looked like a perfect one. I once knew a cream-coloured, or wall-eyed, poney stone blind, that even on close inspection sh(^wed no symptom of blindness. There are so many variations in the extent, causes, and effects of diseases of the eyes of horses, that I should far exceed the limit I have laid down for myself in this book, were I to attempt DEFECTIVE SIGHT. 71 to po'mt them out. I should also be doing, or attempting to do, what I do not hold it to be my province to enlarge upon. I shall, therefore, merely add what I trust may be useful to some persons as hints when intending to purchase. In whatever state a horse's eyes may be, if de- viating from a healthy one, and it is ascertained that the imperfect state arises from his having had an attack of ophthalmia, let him be rejected at once ; for the purchaser will find himself de- ceived, if he considers the state the horse may be then in to be a permanent one, or one that will be- come perfect. Making allowance for so sweeping an assertion, a horse is never radically cured of a severe attack of opthalmia, he may be partially so, and it is possible, but by no means probable, that the eyes may continue in that improved state. It is not unlikely that this might be the case, if the animal was always strictly kept to the same re- gimen, and subject to the same treatment that brought about the partial cure ; but let him get to high feeding necessary to exertion, and let him undergo such exertion, the chances are ten to one he becomes as bad or perhaps worse than he ever had been ; and if he is a delicate and weak con- stitutioned one on whom work takes great effect, I should say a return of the complaint would be certain ; for this reason I recommend a horse in this state being rejected, that is, at anything bor- F 4 T2 THE STUD. derlng on a sound price, — meaning the price that particular horse would be worth if sound, which most decidedly one in the state I have mentioned is not or ever will be. There is a fluctuating state of the eyes, in old veterinary phrase, described as " moon-blind ; " and I doubt not but many country horse doctors (not veterinary surgeons) would swear by that planet, that her influence brings about this fluc- tuation of sight. I conceive a more rational way of accountins; for such horses seeino; well at one time, and being nearly blind at another, is the effect of feeding, work, and air, each of which will effect certain states of the visionary organs. I knew a mare that would leave her stable to meet hounds, seeing, as far as could be ascer- tained to be the case, perfectly well, but would often return, after a severe run, all but stone blind. Xow, I am quite satisfied, the moon was as innocent of this mare's blindness as of the death of the fox. The fact, no doubt, was, the exertion caused a suffusion of blood as regards the delicate vessels appertaining to the eye, some of which became highly inflamed or perhaps rup- tured from distention. In corroboration of the opinion I venture to give, this same mare was afterwards put to moderate harness work, and at this she had no returns of temporary blindness. Cataract is a complaint very common to the DEFECTIVE SIGHT. iS eyes of horses, and hundreds are now being daily used for different purposes, whose owners have no suspicion of their being so affected ; and though I should be sorry to make such owners uneasy, truth compels me to say, that the cataract, being so small as to escape casual inspection, is by no means to be held as any security of the lasting goodness of vision ; quite the contrary. Now a good thumping cataract on one eye, completely obstructing its vision, is an honest fellow, though perhaps an unsightly one : there he is, and there he will remain, and can do no further harm; whereas slight cataracts on one or both eyes, though fair enough to look at, are very deceptive gentlemen indeed. Like the Siamese twins that act in concert, they are very likely to lead to total blindness in both eyes. Horses that have suffered from opthalmia some- times get cataract in one or both eyes. If this ends in total obscurity of vision in one eye, it is perhaps the very best ending of a bad affair ; for we may then make tolerably sure of the safety of the other: indeed, a horse in this state may be purchased with great safety, and I should say that in the generality of cases the remaining eye would be even less liable to disease than it was before it lost its partner. If we can ascertain that Avhen cataract, I mean partial cataract, takes place in only one eye, it arose 74 THE STUD. from accident, such as a blow, that no inflamma- tion exists, and that it is of some standing, I should not apprehend any great danger in pur- chasing such a horse, for if the affected eye re- mained in statu quo, it would not be of much consequence ; and if it got worse, provided no inflammation accompanied its progress, it would not, in all probability, in any way affect the sound eye ; and the sooner the disordered one became totally blind the better, for we might then con- sider all cause for apprehension over. Little specks that " have nothing in the wide world to do with the horse's sight," are very well for sellers to talk about : we will say that they have not ; but they often have a great deal to do in this wide world with a horse going eventually as blind as a bat. I have all due respect for many dealers in horses ; but in a case of " small specks in the eye of no earthly consequence," I must allow I would quite as soon take the opinion of a clever professional man as theirs ; and before buying a horse so circumstanced, I most strongly recommend my readers not to neglect to do so. CHINKED BACK. There are various affections of the back, or loins, of the horse, causing greater or less detri- ment to the powers of exertion. I do not think CIIIXKED BACK. 75 it necessary to describe these different stances, or ratlier states, of injured back ; but they range from a state in which the animal may be able still to perform light ^york, and that without pain to himself, to one that shortly terminates in death. In whatever stage of the injury any horse may be, I strongly recommend my readers to reject him at once, for I suppose myself addressing gentle- men in this work, or at all events respectable persons, and men of humanity. What certain classes of the community may choose to purchase, on a pound, shilling, and pence calculation of turning it to account at the expense of proper feeling, is quite another affair ; for it may, and does often, pay to buy an afflicted animal and work him to deatli. From such revoltlno- con- duct and speculation we wdll turn away in dis- gust, and only consider what may or may not be purchased, with a proper regard to the animal and to ourselves. I have said I would recommend the rejection of a horse in every stage of injured back, and yet have admitted he might be useful without pain to himself. Why I would in such a case reject him is, that if we are disposed or obliged to purchase at a diminished price, there are dozens of cir- cumstances that would reduce price, that I should greatly prefer to an injury of the back. In the first place, the idea of sitting on an injured part 76 THE STUD. of the anatomy causes an unpleasant feeling to the rider (if feeling he has, and which I have no right to doubt) ; and further than this, there is, or at least should be, always an apprehension of any sudden strain or exertion, rendering bad ten times worse ; and this most probably sooner or later would occur. It is by no means improbable, that, if galloping along ever so pleasantly on a horse at all injured in the back, a sudden jerk might occasion such intense agony to the animal, that he would roll over like a shot hare, and, by no means impossible, as dead as one, for the extent of the injury can only be surmised from external appearances, the acts of the animal when going, or, on the loins being pinched and pressed, to find the seat of the injury, and this is no test to be trusted to. If we were aware that a horse had a simple strain of the muscles of the loins, severe though it might be, such a horse might be purchased with great hopes of a radical and perfect cure being effected, by proper treatment and length of time, and he might then be and continue as well as he was before the accident. If we had such a horse and liked him, there would be no necessity for parting with him : but even in this favourable state I should not advise such a one being bought ; for some little hidden injury might still be there that might on a sudden come against him ; and, CHINKED BACK. 77 if this was seated in the vertebra?, the chances are that it would, and locked jaw and death be the result. If the reader has in view any horse that he is aware is in some way injured in the back or loins, and is very desirous, notwithstanding this, to have him, I will make him as au fait as I can of the leading characteristic appearances that distinguish mere muscular strain from injury of the vertebrse. On pinching the loins, a horse affected in either way will crouch, evincing pain from the pressure ; but see him trotted ; if it is only a muscular af- fection, though he may go carefully so as to avoid all the motion he can of the muscles of the loins, he will still go straight, and the body will move connectedly ; but if it is the spine that is injured, he will, if looked at from behind, rock in his gait, as we sometimes see a loaded stagecoach do. In fact, his hind quarters will sway from side to side, figuratively, like the tail of a kite ; as if, like it, they were influenced by some power not belonging to the body ; and so in point of fact they may be said to be ; they seem actuated by the hind legs only. This distinguishing peculiarity cannot well be mistaken : and in the latter case I think my reader would not hesitate in his rejection. Any injury of the back is of more consequence than many persons may imagine : it is true a horse may work with an injured spine, but a little more 78 THE STUD. is certain death. To sliow how soon this may occur to one uninjured previously, and to keep my reader from having any thing to do if he can help it with injured backs or loins, I will mention what occurred to a carriage-horse of a friend of mine. Some acquaintance, possibly of an economic turn of mind, had persuaded my friend that draw- ing in his hay would be the best possible exercise for his carriage-horses. His coachman vowed he would not be a party to such an aflPair, so the horses were put into a carter's hands pro tern. In the evening my friend came to me in great tribulation about one of his horses, who he af- firmed could scarcely stand. I went to his stable, and there saw the horse standing with his hind legs stretched out, his eyes glazed, and a fixed look, that showed me something serious had oc- curred. I touched the horse to make him move ; he did so, and in doino; it he 2:ave a oToan of perfect agony, and fell against the standing : of course I saw directly what was the matter. What is to be done ? inquired my friend. Xo- thing can be done, said I ; he has fatally in- jured the spine. And what will be the result? said he. In all probability, said I, paralysis of the hind parts, very likely locked jaw, and I have no doubt death in a few hours; but send for Mr. , a professional person some miles off. CHINKED BACK. /9 If, however, the horse belonged to me, I should shoot him instanter. The poor animal, however, did not trouble either the veterinarian to pre- scribe for him, or his master to destroy him. An hour afterwards, after uttering a horrible kind of shriek of agony, his hind parts fell under him like a dog sitting, he rolled on his side and died. Xo doubt, from not being accustomed to hold back a loaded cart, he had slipped, and so far in- jured the vertebrae that some motion afterwards completed the dislocation ; for liad it happened all at once he would have fallen in the shafts. A constant fear of something occurring to bring on injury of the back to its climax, induces me so strongly to object to horses thus affected. I trust my reader will think my objection well founded. There are many horses that always crouch more or less on being first mounted, and some that will do so on the spine being pinched with the fingers, that cannot be called unsound, or ever show any other indication of injury to the part. I do not say such a horse need be rejected ; I do not say I would not buy one having this peculiarity ; but I most certainly do say, I should never be per- fectly easy about him, unless I knew he had fre- quently been wrung by bad fitting or badly stufied saddles ; which we can scarcely suppose would be the fact if he belonged to gentlemen, though such 80 THE ST CD. is sometimes the case ; if he has been used by in- ferior persons, it is very often so, the crouching is then accounted for. It is, however, under any circumstances a very disagreeable and, I consider, objectionable habit in any horse; and I cannot persuade myself but that, in the generality of cases, though after a few minutes we may per- ceive no more of it, the crouching is caused by pain for the time being; nor can w^e be certain that all pain ceases when the crouching does so, though it may not be sufficiently acute to induce the animal to give outward demonstrations of it ; in fact, such a horse being able to gallop well, or even jump well, is no proof of either being done without a certain degree of suffering : for this reason I w^ould not (in a general way) buy a horse with such a habit. I will here mention a circumstance that perhaps encreased my habitual prejudice against such horses. ^Iv father boug-ht a remarkablv fine mare of a relation (who never hunted), intending to make a hunter of her ; this mare crouched on being mounted to a degree that was perfectly ridiculous to look at ; however, in the course of a few hun- dred yards it went off, and there was no other in- dication of any weakness of the back or loins. She was a remarkably pleasant road mare and charger, for both of which purposes she had been used ; but as a hunter she was not worth the CHINKED BACK. 81 saddle she carried. She would gallop and leap very cleverly for a brust of ten minutes ; but after that she tired at once, nor would she recover that day. She was tried a few times, always with the same result. She was sent to Tattersall's. I often afterwards saw her in the Park : there she was at home, and there, like many other impo- sitions on the public, looked a personage of great consequence. I have no doubt, in this case, the crouching was the effect of some latent injury to the back or loins, and this it was that tired her when put to continued strong exertion. " It is of no consequence," or " He feels no pain from it," are opinions very prevalent with many owners as regards their horses ; and these opinions are often strenuously maintained without being able to bring forward one good reason in support of them; the horse no doubt would, if he could, tell a diiferent story. They do not pretend to be ill, lame, or in pain, from affecta- tion or cowardice. As a case in point : A friend of mine once told me that a favourite horse had contracted a habit, within a few weeks, of always putting one foot forwards ; he was " not lame or in any pain ;" was it not odd? jN^ot particularly so, said I ; and there it ended. A day or two afterwards I called on my friend, and was shown the horse. There he was, sure enough, nursing this favourite foot or leg under the G 82 THE STUD. manger, and occasionally holding it up. I fully thought that for a horse " not in pain," these manoeuvres would be very odd indeed. I took up the foot, felt it, the inside quarter was as hot as fire. Pray, said I, has this horse ever told you he is not in pain ? Of course not, said my friend. Then, said I, I tell you for him that he is. But, replied he, if he w^as in pain he would go lame. I dare say he does, said I, if the truth was known. But, said my friend, I tell you he does not. Very well, rejoined I, have patience and you will soon tell me he does. In three or four days he was lame enough, and in as many more a quitter burst out. 83 CHAP. IV. EXTERNAL IMPERFECTIONS, C07ltinued. AILMENTS OF THE LIMBS AND FEET. "down ON' THE HIP." STRING-HALT. SWOLLEN OR CAPPED HOCKS. SWELLINGS IN THE NECK. WINDGALLS. CROOKED FORE LEGS. KNUCKLING OVER ON THE HIND POSTERNS. AILMENTS COMMON TO THE HIND LEGS. BONE, BLOOD, OR BOG SPAVINS. THOROUGH PINS. SPLINTS. AILMENTS OF THE FORE LEGS. RING BONES AND SIDE BONES CONTRACTED FEET. SINEWS. CORNS. CURBS. " UNNERVED." I HAVE now mentioned as many corporeal ailments of the horse as are necessary to this book ; for where there is any unusual or hidden disease from which a horse evidently suiFers, I take it for granted no man would purchase him for immediate use, and but few for any purpose. It is bad enough to have a horse get decidedly amiss when in our possession ; but to meet trouble half way, which purchasing an ailing horse decidedly is, would be little short of madness. A known and long-standing imper- fection may be tolerated ; but one in its progress, or in a fluctuating state, it is the height of folly to encounter. We will now descend to — 84 THE STUD. AILMENTS OF THE LIMBS AND FEET. As that part of the limb most connected with the body we will take the hip-joint ; not as to whether a horse may or may not be purchased if lame in this part, for such a question would answer itself; but there is a deformity sometimes existing here, arising at times from outward form- ation but in most cases from injury to the part. This, in stable phrase, is termed " down on the hip." On standing behind some horses an evident depression of one hip may be perceived. If of long standing, and the horse has been at work, and has always been sound, it is most probable he will ever continue so at the same kind of labour, or perhaps at any other ; if, therefore, the de- formity is not more unsightly than the purchaser can put up with, and the price is a temptation, such a horse may safely be purchased. Indeed, for double harness, where the deformity may be hid by driving him with that side next the pole, I should be greatly tempted to take a fine horse at a proper reduced price. And, in fact, in many horses considerably down on one hip, the ob- jection is scarcely visible when standing by their side ; it is only by scrutinising both hips at once on standing behind that it becomes apparent. It is perhaps as safe a drawback on being perfect as any I know of in the horse. STRING-HALT. S5 In continuance of imperfections that are in a general way as harmless as any imperfections can be, I will now mention STRING-HALT. In the ordinary run of cases of string-halt, a buyer need not be alarmed on seeing a horse thus affected. Its origin or cause admits of different opinions even among the professional ; it would> therefore, be great arrogance in me to give any opinion of my own on the subject. I have heard it accounted for, however, by some persons in so very extraordinary a way, that I feel C[ulte con- fident such opinions were in most cases quite erroneous. This much I may admit, — I con- sider those who attribute the motion to some af- fection of the hock or stifle, or in some of the muscles or ligaments necessary to Its play, form their opinion on good grounds. What the affec- tion may be, we will not enter into here. This much, however, we may infer, — if the horse Is not lame in or after work, let the cause be what it will, it most probably is not a^'serious one; nor need we fear its c^ettlno: worse, or at all events not suddenly so ; nor do I believe that In a general way, the extent of the peculiarity of motion, that Is, the more or less snatching up the limb, has anything to do with the animal getting G 3 86 THE STUD, lame or continuing sounds tor I have seen num- bers of horses thus affected to the utmost extent always remaining perfectly sound : in fact, I ven- ture an opinion, that a horse afflicted by string- halt is sound or unsound, not from the extent of the affection itself, but from circumstances ac- companying the affection. If, on examining the limbs, we found a difference in them, and that difference of a nature that has any tendency to produce lameness or eventually lead to it, I should say such a horse could in no way be con- sidered sound, though sound at that time ; but if on lookino^ at and feelino- the limbs we could perceive no difference in them, and both being what they ought to be, I should consider the animal a sound one notwithstanding^ his strins;- halt. That some departure from the usual or- ganisation of the different parts that create unison of motion does exist, we must consider certain ; but this difference of texture, or formation, of hidden parts may in no way render the leg affected one atom less sound or less efficient than the other. I will endeavour to elucidate what I mean by a supposed case. We all know that some horses lift their fore or hind legs, or all of them, much higher than others do, and that not from the effect of peculiar break- ing, or teaching, but naturally ; this, of course, proceeds from some natural cause, in no way SWOLLEN OR CAPPED HOCKS. 87 relating to soundness or its reverse. If we, there- fore, suppose a horse to have three legs in every way constituted like those of the horse who does not possess high action, but the fourth endowed with those attributes that cause high action, he would be set down as having string-halt ; and so in fact he would have ; that is, he lifts one leg higher than the others, but all might be equally sound. If both hind legs were thus formed or constituted we should then say he had string-halt in both, and so virtually he would have. On these premises, therefore, without diving into (as it appears to me) the abstruse opinion that strino;-halt has its orio-in in an affection of the vertebrjs, I venture to say, that, in the ab- sence of any defective indication in the limb, a horse with string-halt may very safely be pur- chased. Another peculiarity, or rather deformity, for I cannot call it a disease, is often seen in horses ; namely, — SWOLLEN OR CAPPED HOCKS. I have never known a horse lame from this, though it is often very unsightly. It certainly proceeds from injury sustained on the part showing the enlargement; but, fortunately, though such injury produces a blemish, it rarely produces any G 4 88 THE STUD. lasting ailment ; probably, at first, it may cause a little soreness and stiffness, as a blow will on any part of the anatomy. This shortly goes oif, and no imperfection beyond the blemish arises from it. It is particularly objectionable, in point of sale, to a harness horse, as it carries suspicion with it that the injury to the part arose from kicking. In fact, we seldom see an old offender as a kicker without capped hocks ; but, beyond this, there is no reason that such a horse should be rejected at a proper price ; for it is one of those few cases where a purchaser may credit the seller in saying " it is of no earthly consequence." "\Ye sometimes see a swelling of the same kind, and arising from the same cause, namely, a blow, on the front of the knee. A blow on this part is certainly likely to create longer injury and stiff- ness than when inflicted on the hock ; for this reason, — there is less springy substance to soften its effect. I might make something like a com- parison of these two parts with our heel and knee- pan. A very severe blow on the knee of the horse would very possibly end in anchylosis, or stiff joint ; if, however, it does not, and the horse becomes sound, it rarely comes against him after- wards, though it will sometimes cause a little temporary stiffness after severe exertion ; still I should not reject a known good horse for such an imperfection. If, with a swollen knee of some SWELLINGS IN THE NECK. 89 standing, he had stood work without its causing any lameness in the part, I should say a man would be quite justified in w^arranting him sound, and a purchaser quite safe in buying. Being on the subject of outwardly visible blemishes, I beg to be permitted to return to the upper parts of the horse in order to mention SWELLINGS IN THE NECK, OR RATHER THE SIDE OF IT. These puflfy swellings generally arise from the horse having been bled by rude hands ; and further, by the very bad practice some grooms have of pulling up the skin, or rather pulling it away from the neck, when preparing to pin it up, and also from the equally to be reprobated habit, after the neck is pinned up, of, as it w^ere, forcing the pinned-up part into the neck with the sponge, indeed sometimes w^ith the finger. The pulling the skin away from the neck allows wind, to a certain degree, to get admission ; and there it remains, producing a kind of air bladder ; and forcing the pin, with the tow round it, to- wards the neck, bruises the part, and often causes swelling also. A total loss of the vein is not unfrequently an accompaniment to swelled neck, produced by such rude practitioners cutting through it, for they seldom take much trouble 90 THE STUD. ill the selection of a fleam, in accordance with the fineness or thickness of skin of the animal to be bled, or make any difference in the force of the blow whether they were to bleed a rhinoceros or a thorough-bred filly. The width of the blade matters little, but the depth of it is of serious im- portance ; if with a deep blade, and that not held accurately in a line with the vein, a strong blow is given, the vein will be separated to a certainty. Should, however, such a catastrophe take place it is not often of as serious importance as may be supposed ; for, after a short time, it is found the perfect vein is quite adequate to perform its double duty. I do not think it improbable that a very ple- thoric full-habited horse might at times sustain some inconvenience from the loss of one of the blood channels ; but with others I never heard that such was the case : that it might not be so, is probably why the two veins were given. In continuance of blemishes of this sort, WIXDGALLS are the next that suir2:est themselves. These are to be found more or less on most horses that have been at work ; but, though doubtless arising from the effect of work of some sort, they are in them- selves perfectly harmless. When a horse showing WINDGALLS. 91 wiridgalls is lanie. It Is In nineteen cases out of twenty the cause of these tumours, swellings, or, In Tcterlnary phrase, hurscB, that lames ; not the wlndgalls themselves, — they do not contain wind, as the epithet would Imply, but a fluid, the nature of which, or Its use. Is of little import- ance to the reader to be informed ; nor is such Information relative to diseases contemplated in this work. Where I do attempt it. It is only intended to enable the reader to judge of the probable consequences of any departure from a perfect state In the horse, by the origin and nature of it. If wlndgalls were so distended by the fluid they contain as to become Inflamed from the disten- tion, they might occasion lameness ; but this Is very rarely the case. They may be relieved In a temporary Avay, but are not curable permanently ; It would be indeed folly to attempt it, as In their usual way they do little or no harm, whereas an attempt at cure might be attended with danger. All horses sooner or later will show indications of work; if these are confined to wlndgalls, both horse and owner are very fortunate. Such a horse may be purchased without hesitation. 92 THE STUD. CROOKED FORE LEGS, OR STANDING OVER AT THE KXEE. This may be termed a deformity, for, though it mostly arises from work, it is the natural form- ation of some few horses. Supposing even that it arises from the effect of work, it has nothing whatever to do with un- soundness. Such horses are just as sound as if their legs stood in a proper position ; that is, so far as their mere departure from straightness goes. In fact it is quite common to see such legs particularly clean in their sinews, and most determinately sound : nor does it at all follow that such legs have undergone any unusual degree of labour ; in fact, the state of a horse's legs in any way is at best but a very fallacious way of judging of the quantum of work he has under- gone ; but it is a very sure criterion of the effect work has had on him, be it more or less. The consequence or effect (not the quantum) of work a horse has done is the important point. IMany persons run away with, or are carried away by, strange notions and fears respecting horses having done a good deal of work. In the hope of inducing them to think more justly in this matter, I will suppose a mail-coach to set out with a set of wheels new, or newly tired ; and we will say that, from some cause or other, the CROOKED FORE LEGS. 93 two wheels on one side are tired with bad, soft, and badly worked iron ; the other two made of the best material, and thoroughly well ham- mered. After a few journeys we will look at the wheels, we shall find the first two worn down to the fellies, the others fit to go the same number of miles again. Horses' legs are not made of iron it is true, nor are they hammered in their manufacture, though hammered enough after they are made ; but they are made of a material or materials, and on the goodness of these, and the way in which nature has put them together, mainly depends one horse being fresh on his legs, while another is stale or lame, though each horse performed the same ser- vice, and each had the same care. I have remarked that, on the average, crooked legged horses are mostly pretty good goers ; that is, have good action. I do not of course mean to infer that crooked legs produce the action ; but I consider the action produces crooked legs, and if it produces nothing worse, such a horse, though he may have done much duty, will in all proba- bility do as much more. Such legs are a little unsightly when standing still, we must allow ; but they can go. If the horse naturally stands over at his knees, I do not believe he will become from work at all more so than any other ; perhaps he is less 94 THE STUD. likely to do so, as the position of such a leg takes off in a very great degree tension on the sinews, and such horses rarely, in stable phrase, " break down." A horse with naturally somewhat bent knees is for service greatly to be preferred to the one whose knee inclines backwards. Indeed, if I had a colt with knees standing in the latter way, how- ever promising or however highly bred he might be, I would sell him for harness, for, as a race- horse or hunter, I should have no more con- fidence in him than if his legs were made of deal. If I was shown such a colt for riding purposes, I should not look at him twice, and, though sound, I would reject him at once at any price ; even for harness I should dislike him. In looking at a crooked-legged horse, the pur- chaser need never be deceived as to whether the mode of standing proceeds from natural formation or work : if natural, it is impossible for the horse to put it straight, for nature does not make yielding crooked knees. When they have a tremu- lous motion, and can be put straight, they are in that state from the effect of work : therefore, on being assured the horse " was foaled so," let the buyer hold up one of the fore legs ; if natur- ally crooked, crooked the one he rests on will and must remain ; if, on the contrary, the leg he KNUCKLING OVEK, ETC. 95 rests on becomes straight, there can be no doubt but work, not nature, has made them crooked. I certainly do not consider that, speaking gene- rally, horses standing trembling on their knees are safe to ride, — not from their crookedness, but from their trembling; yet this, like most other things, has its exceptions, and many horses stand- ing thus are quite safe. If the reader does not object to the appear- ance of crooked or bent knees, whether natural or arising from w^ork, he need not hesitate in making the purchase from any apprehension of lameness or unfitness for any task. KNUCKLING OVER ON THE HIND POSTERNS. I never heard of this unsightly peculiarity being natural, nor ever saw an unworked colt standing thus on the hind joints. It always pro- ceeds from w^ork, though possibly that work may not have been severe. It is an objection that to me is paramount. It is no absolute injury to the horse, nor is it of itself a source of lameness ; still it is so unsightly, and confers so decidedly a mean appearance on the animal, that I positively would not accept one so circumstanced as a pre- sent (that is, not to use). This want of flexibility on the posterns often, indeed generally, goes off after the horse has been some short time at 96 THE STUD. exercise ; but it is so disgusting to me on first mounting, that, much as I prize qualifications, the best even of these would not compensate for the deformity. Those, however, who have not so rooted an antipathy to it, may with perfect safety buy a horse standing thus, so far as any fear of lameness is concerned. I must at the same time give it as an opinion, that such horses are not likely to have the same elasticity in their canter or in leaping as others ; they probably may have when thoroughly warmed ; but, not having had prac- tical experience in such horses, I am not prepared to say how far this may or may not be the case, and I have no wish to become better acquainted with them. They are a sort that may be selected or rejected, as the purchaser pleases to decide. I know of no other deformity very common to the horse, though there are several that we may occasionally meet with ; we will therefore now consider such ailments of the limbs as, in certain stages, are likely to occasion immediate or ulti- mate lameness or infirmity, or may probably re- main in a state of lasting imperfection, but still of utility. Havino; last mentioned the hind leo:s, we will look at the ailments most common to them, which are — bone, bog, and blood spavins, thorough-pins, and curbs. At the head of these, as the worst in effect, we will consider the — BONE SPAVIN. 97 BONE SPAVIN. Seeing as many horses as we do in daily use showing spavins, we might be led to imagine that they are not of as serious consequence as they are. Their consequence, so far as laming the animal is concerned, depends of course greatly on their nature, and equally so on their situation on the limb. We must not, therefore, take the size of its appearance, as any sure criterion whereby to judge of how far it is likely to produce either pain or lameness, for it will at once strike the reader that an excrescence on or in the neigh- bourhood of a joint may be very unsightly and serious in appearance, yet if it is so situated as not to interfere with the motion of that joint, would cause very little inconvenience to the ani- mal; whereas any ossification, however small it may be, if so placed as to interfere with the necessary action of any of the machinery forming the joint, or with the junction or unity of action of two bones, must as necessarily impede, par- tially or totally stop, their action as would an impediment placed in the machinery of a mill, or any engine whose efficacy depends on the corres- ponding working of component parts. There is one cause of spavin, and perhaps the very worst of its kind, arising from a circum- stance that, in one respect, shows the machinery of H 98 THE STUD. the hock may be hupeded by the same kind of occurrence, or rather want, that would in like manner act on machinery of man's manufacture, namely the want of a proper lubricating fluid, to enable the joints to work without detrimental friction. Art supplies oil or some other proper mixture to manufactured machinery ; nature sup- plies a description of oil to the joints of the animal. Whence this fluid is generated, or by what supplied, it is not our business here to enter on ; suffice it to say, that sometimes from over exertion this fluid no lono-er exists in sufficient quantity to prevent friction of the uniting parts acting in junction. Irritation from the friction of these parts against each other produces intoler- able pain to the animal, with the worst possible sort of lameness ; a lameness that no skill, no treatment, no operation, can beneficially aflect ; it is absolutely incurable. Another kind of bone spavin proceeds from a bony, or in other terms, ossific deposit, which forms a junction of the small bones, of course preventing the freedom of their action ; and though the motion required of these small bones is not much, still the total or partial prevention of that action more or less lames, though not often to any very serious extent, but quite enough I should say to induce a purchaser to reject a horse so circumstanced. With the latter kind of spavin BONE SPAVIN. 99 a harness liorse will work well enough in a general way, and probably after going some time he feels but little pain ; but its influence on the elasticity of the hock is of the utmost importance, in a de- trimental way, to a horse for the saddle. Blistering or firing, as the case may require, will generally so far cure ordinary bone spavin of the last de- scription as to prevent his going lame or after- w^ards becoming so ; but in this case even, I only can call the failing mended, for it certainly is not cured, though the lameness may be so. I say mended only ^ because the cure is somewhat similar in effect to the mending a broken or splintered lance-wood gig shaft by splicing to it a stiff piece of wood or iron. The shaft is certainly mended, rendered safe, useable, and as strong as ever, but its elasticity, on w^hich depends its chief merit, is for ever gone ; and this, in a minor degree, is the effect that mending a spavined hock has on its motion ; though if spavin is taken in hand as soon as it is perceived, and before stiffness of the hock takes place, the horse may then be nearly or quite as well as he ever was ; but the severest of oper- ations will not restore elasticity, if it has once been destroyed. The inducement, therefore, to select or reject a horse that has (in my new term) been mended for bone spavin, would, I should consider, rest on whether he went with proper elasticity on 100 THE STUD. his hocks, and of course on his going quite sound; if he does both, he may safely be pur- chased, for after having been properly fired, the disease seldom gets worse, or comes against him; that is, if the spavin was of a description in which firing could take effect. This may, in fact, be decided on by the horse going sound, for if the complaint was not of this kind, firing would take no effect as relates to the lameness it occasioned, or, indeed, as to the complaint itself. Another description of spavin frequently shows itself on the hock : indeed, fortunately much more commonly than those above mentioned, for it seldom lames to any great degree ; this is the BLOOD, OR BOG SPAYIN. There is a professional difference between these complaints, but that difference is so slight, and the effect of both so similar, that it would be quite useless to enter on the subject here ; suffice it, for our present purpose, that blood or bog spavin is a comparatively soft swelling on the inside front of the hock. This is not, however, caused, as the term blood would imply, by any accumulation of blood, but of a fluid technically termed sinovia, or, in farrier phrase, joint oil. Exertion causes an undue secretion of this fluid ; this causes a distention of the ligament of the BLOOD, OR BOG SPAVIN. 101 hock. I have seen horses with so o-reat an ac- o cumuhxtion of this fluid as to impede the motion of the hock ; in fact, I had a buggy horse so situated. lie had blood spavins when I pur- chased him; but, after driving liim twelvemonths, always going sound, the enlargement increased in a few days to an enormous size, and he was dead lame. I had seen an instance of a horse operated upon for a similar ailment by a prac- titioner at Hounslow, with complete success. To him I sent my horse. He opened the tumour and let out its contents ; in twenty- four hours my horse went quite sound, and in a few days I had him at work. Nor did he get lame again during the time I had him, though often in strong work, for he was a trotter. I believe letting the superabundant fluid escape is the only remedy in a bad case of blood spavin, though not so often practised as it might be. I certainly would not subject a horse to be thus operated upon by a common farrier, nor would he attempt it ; doubtless he w^ould fire the part. He might with as much reason and chance of success fire the horse's abdomen, if he had distended it by an improper quantity of provender. In fact, one of the objects, and in m.any cases the chief object, in firing, is to produce tension on the part fired ; so, by firing for blood or bog spavin, we should increase the efiect of the a 3 102 THE STUD. distention, and, I should say, most probably in- crease the lameness by so doing. THOROUGH PIXS. When we see tumours or distention on both sides of the hock, it is thorough pin. This en- largement can be pressed so as to appear to run through the hock, which in fact its contents do, and so far " thorough " is a very proper terra ; but what " pin " has to do with it I know not, but so it is called. This double or twofold burs^e is, I should conceive (without venturing to set it down as the case), less likely tO produce lame- ness than when the swelling is on one side only, going on the supposition that the accumulated fluid has more room to flow in ; for I have never felt a thorough pin so tense as I have a blood spavin. In fact, thorough pins very rarely ma- terially inconvenience the horse, nor would I reject a clever one that had them, and was sound ; sound he could not be warranted, but sound he nevertheless might be, and in most cases would be. SPLINTS. The evil or harmlessness of these, so far as re- lates to any lasting lameness, depends, I think I may say wholly, on their situation on the leg. Most splints, while in a growing state, usually more or less produce lameness for the time being; SPLIXTS. 103 this in many cases does not proceed from their pressure on any sensitive part lying beneath them, but from distention of one of the surfaces (if I may use such a term) that covers them (the Periosteum), in short, one of the skins. This is a very fine, and, I believe, inelastic coating covering the shank-bone ; if, therefore, any protuberance on that bone is produced, its pressure on this covering substance produces pain, irritation, and lameness. If the lameness arises solely from this pressure, rest and cold lotions will usually alle- viate the irritation. The coating, or, in profes- sional phrase, the periosteum, becomes habituated, or accommodates itself, to the distention, and then the horse feels no further inconvenience from it. I feel some confidence in venturing the opinion or ideas I have on this point from the following facts. Even as a boy I was addicted to dabbling a little in professional and anatomical subjects, and was a good customer to horse-slayers for legs, feet, and other parts of the horse's frame ; so much so, that if they killed a horse with any rather unusual appearance existing in or on any part of the ana- tomy, that part was generally sent to me to be exchan2;ed for a half crown and a lunch to the man who brought it. Having at this early age a favourite horse that had become lame in the middle of the hunting season from a splint, I found, on examining the H 4 104 THE STUD. leg, that the excrescence was seated precisely on the cannon bone, about midway, and neither pressed on the sinew, which, though much talked about, it seldom or ever does, or on the smaller bones of the leg ; this satisfied me they were not inconvenienced by the splint. I found the leg in its iaimediate neighbourhood hot as fire, and the coverino^ skins tense as a drum-head; it then struck me, that this tightening or distention produced the hurt and lameness. The enlars^ement beino; situated on the shank-bone only, I concluded I could do no great injury there, so I passed a pen- knife straight along the splint, from its commence- ment to its termination, quite through the skins ; kept cold fomentations to the part, gave my pa- tient a dose of physic, and in a fortnight he was oroinoj with hounds sound. I afterwards did the same thing to several horses belonging to ac- quaintances with the same results ; it left certainly a lasting blemish, but not of any great extent. The same thing has been often done since, and probably long before, by many professional men, and not of course being done in so rude a manner, but artistically, doubtless the Ijlemish left is far less when performed by them ; but it so happens that I have never, to my knowledge, seen a horse thus properly operated on. The reader must not, however, infer from what I have stated, that splints are always of so little SPLINTS. 105 import as that the possession of a pen-knife pre- sents a certain mode of cure ; for it is only when it is circumstanced as I have described, that this simple operation will have any effect, or at all events produce any thing like a cure : for, if a splint is so situated as to interfere with the action of the knee ; the horse must be lame unless such interference can be removed ; if it arises from ossification that has taken place, embracing, and in fact cementino- too-ether, the laro;e and tvv'o smaller bones, splint then becomes as serious, and I believe generally as incurable a lameness, as any incidental to the horse ; for, though there is no motion or movement in the cannon bone, there is in the small ones ; consequently, if they become attached, their motion is lost. I have found it necessary to go somewhat fur- ther into the causes, effects, and dliFerent natures of some of the ailments of t]ie horse, than I antici- pated would be the case when I commenced this vrork ; but the object of it not being to tell the reader what are the failings of horses, and to reject all horses possessing such, but, on the contrary, to tell him to the best of my judgment when he may buy an imperfect animal, it becomes neces- sary to point out the different consequences of different failings, be they of what nature they may, and then to leave it to his own judgment to select or reject as he may think proper. 106 THE STUD. Thus, in the case of splints, it is not that it would be judicious or injudicious to purchase a horse having a splint or splints, but whether it would be advisable or its reverse to buy one with such or such a description of splint ; and the same thing holds good in respect of most of the fliilings of the animal. There are two more ailments principally re- stricted to the fore lesfs, that, takino^ them on the whole, are such as I consider to be of a nature to warrant an immediate rejection of the horse under their influence. These are EIXG BOXES AXD SIDE BOXES. These are both ossifications of parts, the first of the soft part above the hoof, where the hair joins it, the other of the cartilages on each side of the foot. The latter, in professional phrase, ossified cartilages, we need describe either no further or more artistically. It is enough to say that Avhen once ossification of these parts has taken place, the disease is incurable. The horse may work and be useftd ; but if a man wishes to possess a plea- sant-going animal, which I conclude my reader does, to him a horse so circumstanced would be useless. All (or nearly all, as the case may be) elasticity of the parts is lost ; the horse will never get better, but most probably worse, till total CONTRACTED FEET. 107 infirmity ensues. This induces me to advise un- qualified rejection of such a horse. In support of such advice, — A friend of mine purchased a remarkably fine grey horse, that had been driven in a carriage for some time. He was sold from not quite matching his companion. He had ring bones, but went sound. My friend tried him with hounds, and found him quite at home there. Living in a very soft country, and seldom having far to ride to or from hounds, the horse remained sound till near the end of the season. He then went for a fortnight to hunt with another pack ; the second time he rode the horse the ground had got hard, and it hap- pened there was a good deal of road riding during the day. The horse showed considerable lameness returning from the hunt ; he was a cripple the next morning, could never be mounted after- wards, or was worth one shilling. Concussion no doubt, as the general cause, had originally pro- duced ring bones in this truly good horse, and concussion finished his career. Ossified cartilages of the feet are produced from the same cause, and suffer from wanting elasticity of parts to coun- teract its effects. CONTRACTED FEET. So much has been written on such complaints, that it is needless to say more, either on their 108 THE STUD. orio'in or effects ; tliev are bad enouo'h. but not SO likely to suddenly cripple a horse as the last- mentioned ailments. If we ascertain, by the out- ward indications the animal can afford us, that they are not so contracted as to cause suffering, and he goes sound, or nearly so, I ^YOuld not at once reject a horse under proper circumstances with such feet. As a hunter, he may go pleasantly and safely, and with attention will very possibly never get worse. Sound he never will be ; still, if more attention is paid to his feet than they had been accustomed to, they may, and probably will be better than they were under former and less judicious management : but, as contracted feet are (by w^ay of simile) not very unlike a nut, the kernel of which is more or less withered, the hope in a general way of restoring the internal part of the foot to its w^onted healthful state, is about on a par with the chance of again restoring the natural juices to the kerneL The determination, tlierefore, to select or reject a horse with con- tracted feet, should be made first on the extent of the ailment, and, secondly, on the purpose for which the horse is Avanted ; for the same feet that would enable him to do his business as a hunter for several seasons, would probably, from concus- sion on hard dry roads, cripple a hack before the termination of one summer. Faulty fore feet are, however, far more bearable in a hunter, at least in SINEWS. 109 my estimation, than equally faulty hocks : that is, fore feet faulty in the way last-mentioned. SINEWS. Where there is indication of any of the sinews or ligaments of the leg suffering under the influ- ence of strain, I would certainly leave such a horse to those who mio;ht have time and inclina- tion to take such a patient under their hands. Under certain circumstances I might be tempted to buy a horse labouring under recent strain of such parts ; that is, buy him at a certain price to cure, or try to cure, if the case was hopeful : but for work, I would reject him at any price, even were the ailment but trifling in appearance, and would strongly recommend my reader to do the same ; for though I have said faulty fore feet will often stand in the place of better ones, in a hunter faulty sinews will be but a sorry apology for sound ones. These are, to use a play on the word, really " the sinews" of a hunter. With faulty ones the mere putting the foot on an uneven bit of hard ground, or one ridge and furrow field, will often render a horse useless for any purpose. I would, of the two, rather see a favourite horse break his leg, than get a thorough and determined break- down of the sinew. An ordinary broken shank- bone may, by time and care, be mended as strong 110 THE STUD. as ever ; the really broken-down sinew cannot. It may be said that we see numbers of horses going sound with fired fore legs, and that when fired between the knee and fetlock, it has been generally done in cases where the sinew^s have given way ; nay, further, we hear that such or such a race- horse broke down, and then see him come out the next year and run as well as ever. This is all true in a certain degree, but not wdiolly so. It is quite true that horses are fired for relaxed sinews, but not by a man of sense for a real broken-down sinew, at least not with any hope of cure ; and although race-horses are said, in technical terms, to have broken down, they have not all done so : those that have, do not race again, those that do have not ; they have only materially injured the part, and this by time and treatment is to be rectified. A horse may from over, or too often repeated exertion, exhibit legs perfectly frightful to look upon ; he may also be as lame on those legs as an animal can possibly be ; they may, to the casual observer, even feel as if it was a thorough and hopeless break-down, and still it may be no real break- down at all; for the sinews may, in point of strength, be perfect, and the great re- laxation we may see, and iiiflanmiation we may ascertain to exist, may be confined to the cover- ing, and parts surrounding the tendon : this will SINEWS. Ill produce not only lameness, but absolute help- lessness ; yet fomentations, time, and bracing applications, may effect a cure even without firing. This difference of the cause of lameness accounts for our often seeing horses with very swollen legs going sound, and others, with but little show of enlargement, being lame ; in one case the tendon itself has not sustained much injury, whereas in the other it has. Where we see horses with swollen legs long after they have become sound, the continuance of the enlaro-e- ment is usually from the complaint having been improperly treated ; very commonly from stimu- lants, or, at least, bracing applications having been used before inflammation had totally sub- sided ; for though, in professional language, " counter-irritation " is often very judicious and efficacious, topical irritation is quite another affair ; and in such cases, though it may be very efficacious, and it most probably would be, it would be so in the wrong way. It will thus be clear to the reader (supposing my ideas to be correct) that we must not in all cases be induced to purchase or reject a horse solely from the look of his legs ; for, if we did, w^e might reject a very serviceable animal, and be induced to purchase one that would become lame, or perhaps really break dowm on the first call for exertion. A good, well braced-up fired 112 THE STUD. leg, if the sinews are firm, and no stiffness re- mains, is as good as ever it was ; but where the leg does not show and feel thus, fired or not fired, such a horse should be at once rejected; for if, in such a case, we do not absolutely buy a cripple, w^e buy an animal that certainly will shortly become one. It is true a horse Avith a strained and relaxed tendon may still do very light work, but who would burthen themselves with such an animal unless they meant to keep him like a toy, occasionally to be exhibited and then returned to his box. I dislike any failing in a horse that keeps one in hourly fear of its be- coming worse, and this an equivocal kind of sinew always does ; and though I do not advise my reader to always reject an enlarged leg, I most strongly recommend him at once to reject an un- certain sinew. CORNS. This very common failing in the horse is so well known, that any description of them is quite unnecessary. It would be absurd to say they are of little consequence, but still as absurd to advise the rejection of a horse because he had them, as the propriety of such a purchase depends on their effect, not their presence. He may have very extensive corns, and yet be always sound on COKNS. 1 1 3 them ; or very minute ones to the eye, yet be seriously inconvenienced and lamed by them. Hundreds of horses have corns without any one suspecting it, and so long as he remained sound, or nearly so, the fact might never be known. If he becomes lame, and his feet are in consequence of it minutely examined, the drawing knife or searcher lets the owner or somebody into the secret. That becoming known, the foot properly put to rights, and w^ith a proper shoe put on, the horse probably goes sounder than he has for months past. If a horse has corns, the principal thing to be looked at is not so much the soreness of them, or how far he may even go lame on them, but the kind of foot he has. If he has good w4de, or, in more stable phrase, open heels, and the wall or crust is strong, so as to afford good nail hold, I have very little fear of corns, for such a foot will allow the means of taking off pressure from them. They will often, in such a case, hold out prospect of cure, or, if not, of such palliative as amounts to nearly as good an effect, that is, feeling no inconvenience from them ; if, however, the heels are narrow, it is almost impossible to prevent the great aggravation of the disease, namely, pressure. We may even in such a case take away super pressure, that is, pressure from the shoe on the affected parts; but then there will remain what I will term lateral j)ressure, which I 114 THE STUD. Tvill be between the bars and the heels or crust of the foot. These bars are intended by nature to act as props, keeping the heels at their proper distance apart, and are usually left, say an eighth of an inch or more above the surface of the sole of the foot. ^Vhen we say we cut away the bars, which in corn cases is often done, it only means they are so much lowered as to be on a level with the sole ; but as the corn is seated below this, it will become evident we cannot, or at least dare not, cut the bars away deep enough to prevent pressure between them and the heel, which, if in close affinity (which is the case in narrow heels) is very great; in fact, the corn is in a kind of na- tural vice, whose almost acute angle presses it on either side. A horse with corns and such heels should not be bought ; he will rarely be sound three days together. He will be more or less lame if he is not worked at all, and work will lame him further from the soreness and inflam- mation it occasions ; but should the foot be good and cool, the horse in work, and sound, he may safely be purchased, however extensive the ap- pearance of the corns may be ; for should even a little tenderness or soreness be perceived after unusual w^ork on hard roads, keeping the feet in warm water a few hours for a day or two, and a dose of physic, will set all right again. In cases where soreness comes on from corns, if the feet are good, we generally know the worst. CURBS. 115 and its remedy. Such lameness is not, like failing of the sinews, likely to be permanent, or end in helplessness. On the contrary, with care there is no such danger; but every prospect of that care being recompensed by the comparative or total soundness of the horse, or, to say the least, his freedom from lameness. Corns to a hunter or harness horse, are of much less consequence than to the hack. The first mostly goes on soft ground ; the latter hav- ino; no weiorht on his back, his corns sustain only the pressure of his own, and many such horses work quite sound that would become lame as road hacks. In purchasing, therefore, a horse with corns, be they of a better or worse descrip- tion, it will be found that they will affect the animal more or less in accordance with the pur- pose he is wanted for ; and this, quite as much as any other circumstance, must decide his being likely to answer the purchaser's purpose. CURBS. When mentioning imperfections and ailments of the hocks, I should have alluded to curbs, but they bear so close an affinity to windgalls, that, when on the subject of thorough pins, I was led back to the fore legs. I must now beg leave to return to the hind ones. I 2 116 THE STUD, I have heard persons make a sweeping affirm- ation that " they thought nothing " of curbs ; now as I hold them to be of considerable importance, one party, it may appear, must be wrong. Yet I will endeavour to reconcile this apparently wide difference of opinion. It is always dangerous, or rather injudicious, to lay down any law without qualification, and it is so to state that any one thinks nothing of curbs. If a person says he thinks little of a horse manifesting symptoms of curbs, or even throwing out considerable enlargement on the curb place, I quite jump with such opinion, for a recent exhibi- tion of such only shows that we must (if we mean a radical cure, and that without great blemish) set to work immediately ^ in which case we may generally feel assured of complete success : but a rank and decided curb, I venture to say, is very difficult to get rid of, and very often never is cured. When I say cured, I do not mean that the horse may not be useful and do his work, but I only call a thing cured where the affected part is brought to a state that enables it to perform all its functions as well as it did before it became disarranged. If we broke or strained the spring of a carria2:e so as to be oblio;ed to send it to be repaired, should we call the accident remedied, if we found, on using the vehicle, that our teeth chattered in our head on passing over a rough CURBS. 117 road or the street pavement ? It may have been made strong, and quite adequate to support the weight it is designed to carry, but the best we could say of it would be, it was safe ; but as a spring, its chief utility has not been restored. It is often something like this with curbs. A recent curb is generally easily reduced by rest, cooling, and afterwards stimulating applica- tions, or blistering. By these it may often be per- fectly cured ; sometimes permanently. But this is by no means certain ; for without firing, it is in no way improbable that it will be brought on again by exertion. Taking it, however, in its early stage, and firing, will mostly render the part as elFective as ever, and no further blemish will re- main than the strokes of the iron. If, however, after the curb has shown itself, it is trifled with, and the horse kept going, the enlargement becomes so indurated that actual cautery will probably fail as to reducing it, and very often as to rendering the horse sound. If, under such circumstances, it does remedy the ab- solute lameness, the horse ever goes on two in- elastic crutches in lieu of two springy joints, on which the elegance, smoothness, and pleasant feel of action so materially depends. I would, therefore, strongly advise the reader to mistrust the assertion that curbs are to be con- sidered lightly. They are often a serious evil : in I 3 118 THE STUD. fact, if I was obliged to purchase a horse with faulty hocks, there is a description of confirmed spavin that, of the two evils, I would select in preference to a confirmed existing curb. I must allow that decidedly the best and fastest horse I ever possessed had two very rank curbs, for which he had been severely fired, but a considerable enlargement of the parts remained. I knew him before I bought him, so was not afraid of his getting worse. It was a frequent remark among those who saw^ him go, that he was never lame on his hocks. I knew better : the fact was he was always lame, and had one hock been cured, the lameness would have been evident enough ; but luckily, both being equally aflPected, it made him o-q with each alike. o But to show that this horse knew more about his hocks than my neighbours did, he was an ex- traordinary ^3//7Z^ leaper, but nothing could make him attempt to take any thing in a stand, not even in hand ; he would refuse, and not make a trial at it. The fact was, he could not bend his hocks sufficiently to enable him to do it, and he felt he could not rest lons^ enouo-h on them to leisurely raise his fore parts, or trust to their propelling his body over a fence without the im- petus of going fast at it. But he would fly any fence that could be called practicable, and skim over water like a swallow. UNNERVED. 1 1 9 I have mentioned this horse as some corrobora- tion of my assertion, that decided curbs are not easily cured, and, if of long standing, never are ; true, this horse could do more than one in perhaps a hundred could, and, in point of speed, I never met with one hunter that could stay by his side on good galloping ground. It is also true, I sold him at a stiffish price : but his curbs were only at best braced up, not cured, for he was by no means pleasant to sit on in his gallop ; and, at a leap, from want of elasticity in his hocks, they gave his quarters so sudden a jerk that, unless a man was used to him and prepared for the shock, he would be sent clean off the saddle. I believe the comparison of what he was, and what he would have been with clear hocks, completed my utter detestation of curbs, or really faulty hocks in any way, that is, for a riding horse. I will conclude this part of my subject by men- tioning another state in which it is not unlikely a horse may be brought out for sale : namely, Xerved, or, in more proper definition of the operation, UNNERVED. On this state I cannot speak practically, never having owned a horse that had been operated on, nor do I believe I have ridden one. I 4 120 THE STUD. I am, however, acquainted with the operation of neurotomy, having several times seen it per- formed, and am aware of the effect usually pro- duced by it, which can only simply be called alle- viation of pain : for it is not done as a cure of the disease causing the suffering : it relieves the effect, but does not do away with the cause. Personally, I would not purchase a horse that had been un- nerved at any price ; but this is, of course, no rule for others to go by. I am aware that there are many horses going well that have been operated upon, and the lasting good effect of the operation I conceive to depend on the nature of the com- plaint that rendered the horse lame. If we could be certain the cause of lameness had come to its worst, but left acute pain only as the result, it would, in such a case, be both merciful and judi- cious to have the operation performed without delay. If, on the contrary, the disease was a progressive one, and of a nature that would, with- out the operation, shortly or eventually leave the animal a cripple — if a horse thus circumstanced belonged to myself, I would have him destroyed at once ; for the only effect of the operation would be to enable the poor brute to stumble aJ.ong a short time longer, and the result would be, per- haps, some day leaving one of his hoofs on the road, or exhibiting the mortifying and distressing UNNEKVEP. 121 exhibition of a joint or joints daily progressing to total anchylosis. Of the propriety or utility of unnerving a horse, if the person applied to is one fit to be in- trusted with the performance of the operation, he will be of such respectability that we may confidently trust to his advice on the subject. 122 CHAP. V. HABITS AND PROPENSITIES. — BITING, DIFFERENT KINDS OF KICK- ING. KICKING IN THE STABLE. KICKING IN HARNESS. RUN- AWAY. REARERS. STARTING AND SHYING. LEADING WITH THE WRONG LEG. NERVOUSNESS. JIBBING HORSES. CUTTING. BROKEN KNEES, BAD FEEDERS. LOW AND HIGH ACTION. Having now touched upon most of the ailments under which a horse is likely to be offered for sale, and having stated, to the best of my ability, the more or less objectionable effects of them in their different forms and stages, I will now turn my attention to some of the prevailing habits and propensities of horses, and consider how far each is more or less objectionable, as relates to the description of horse, and the intending purchaser. It would be uncalled for, in a work like the present one, to specify the different acts of a horse under different classifications. The term propensities is sufficient to embrace all that is necessary in mentioning them. BITING. This really abominable vice, or, at all events, vicious habit, let it arise from what cause or pro- BITING. 123 pensity it may, is looked on by many owners of horses as a very minor sin ; in fact, such owners as seldom or ever visit their horses in the stable, seem to hold biting as a little kind of playfulness in the horse, though they have a more than or- dinary terror of one inclined to kick at people. This wide difference in their estimation of these vices, arises from their own persons being far oftener endangered by the one than by the other. The favours of the biting horse are only conferred on their groom, who, I suppose, they consider is (as the eels are to be skinned) used to it ; for as but few horses have opportunity to bite out of the stable, and indeed few much disposed then to do so. Master is safe enough ; but any propensity to kick at him when preparing to mount, brings on strong apprehension of personal danger, and then Master greatly dislikes a vicious horse. Xow owners who are accustomed to go up to their horses in their stalls, will agree with me that of the two, a horse disposed to bite is worse than one disposed to kick ; for he will effect his purpose ten times w^here the other will once, and for this reason — the kicker throws out on finding some- thing or somebody approaching ; the chances are, if he does kick, he misses hitting his object ; and again, by watching the proper time, we can get beyond the reach of his heels, namely, to his head or shoulder : but the biter stares us full in the 124 THE STUD. face, no chance of his missing his aim, and when once he has got hold, it is sometimes no easy- matter to get released from his grip. The horse that merely gives us a transient pinch when being dressed is no biter, it is like the playful blow a person might give if we tickled him ; in fact, an almost involuntary act. But the real biter means savaging us, and, if he gets us down, will often use his fore feet as well as his teeth. I have no hesitation in saying, a determined biter exhibits, in a hundred fold, more determined vice than the horse who throws out on being approached. Biting shows determined hate (probably, I allow, with good reason on his side). Kicking at us often proceeds from fear or nervousness. Xo kindness, or its reverse, severity, ever, I firmly believe, has, or ever will, eradicate the de- testable trick of biting ; for I am quite sure it originates and is carried on from a hatred of mankind, that is, speaking of them in general terms. As some proof of this, and that it is not as in the case of a horse biting^ while somethinor is done to him, as dressing, girthing, &c., look at a race-horse ; many of these a trainer dare not approach, unless the lad who has the care of the horse has put him up to the rack chain. This same horse permits the boy to go under his belly, to save the time of going round him ; the boy gets into the mano-er to be able to reach the head BITING. 125 of the horse, who will not touch him. This shows that when the horse does lay hold of an- other person, he means it; it is no playful act, but a determination to punish, and, in many in- stances, to destroy, if he is not prevented carrying his intention into effect. From these circumstances though I certainly would not refuse to buy a race-horse because he would bite me, or a hunter because he might be disposed to do so, if I was careless in going up to him ; yet I certainly would not buy a determined biter for general use, for sucli horses must often be given in charge to strangers, and the bare dread of a person being disabled or injured for life by a horse that I felt it was dangerous to commit to his charge, would keep me in a constant fidget ; and should such a catastrophe take place, an owner who felt apathetically on the occasion, would deserve to be worried by his own horse. The purchaser must not be deterred from pur- chasing, or induced to purchase, from what he may see of a horse out of the stable, so far as regards the vice of biting when in. Many, when out of it, will lay back their ears, seeming to snap at any passer by ; these are rarely determined biters : they might give a person a nip, it is true; if they did, they would then themselves become alarmed, and a trifling pinch would be all the mis- chief perpetrated. It is really with such horses 126 THE STUD. more play than vice, though I grant horse play- may lead to a sore arm for a day or two ; yet such horses may safely be bought ; they do not contemplate any serious injury to any one. The determined biter, like the bulldog, does not give warning of his intention, so as to put us on our guard ; he looks steadily at us, bides his time, and then seizes with a vice-like grip that it is not easy to make him relax ; yet such horses out of doors are often perfectly harmless. We might be led to purchase such a quiet- looking animal, and then find that so soon as he was in his stall, it was dangerous beyond description to get within reach of him. I had a mare a most determined biter in the stable, but the best tempered animal alive out of it ; she would lay hold of the toe of my boot as I sat on her, if I held it towards her, and very often of her own accord without ; she would hold it as if she feared to hurt me. I have made her, hun- dreds of times, take pieces of bread held between my lips (a foolish trick, I allow) ; but I have still a nose on my face, nor was it ever in danger from any attempt of her's. She was too good a hunter to be parted with for her fault, for though her bite was awful when she got a chance in the stable, she would let go ; and not, as really savage biters will do, absolutely worry a man. Had she been disposed to do this, I would not have kept KICKING IX THE STxVBLE. 127 her even as a hunter ; for I should not forgive myself if I got a valuable man crippled by such a demon, merely because I was carried well with hounds ; had I such a hack, he should go for what he would bring at the first auction I could send him to. I strongly recommend every gentleman to at once reject a determined biter: that is, for an every day horse. KICKING. Various are the occasions on which, and various the circumstances under which, a horse will kick ; I do not, therefore, at once recommend a pur- chaser to reject a kicker, as I have done a biter ; for, taking it in its very diffuse term, where one horse kicks from vice, at least twenty do so from other incentives : but as the different occasions on which a horse may kick makes all the differ- ence in point of objection to different persons, and also to the different purposes he is wanted for, we must particularise, to a certain degree, the different kinds of kicking. We will commence with — KICKING IN THE STABLE. If a horse only kicks when he is being dressed, w^e w411 dispose of him In a very few words ; he 128 THE STUD. mostly kicks merely from being ticklish, and then from habit ; he means no harm. Any decent stableman knows how to keep out of danger with such a horse, even a common ostler does ; if not, let him get a rap, and then he will learn : such a horse is little objectionable. Many will kick in the stable so soon as the lights are put out, and the men gone ; they merely kick at the standings and stall post, with what intention I never could find out ; idleness, I conclude, first induced them to do it, and habit induces them to keep it up. It is a bad trick, for it not only keeps them from their rest, but disturbs other horses. Yet it is no serious objection ; a collarshank log, buckled with a small strap in the hollow of the pastern, usually stops them : if not, put on a strap, and chain of twelve or fourteen inches long. This rarely fails. If neither will do, put the horse in a box, and let him kick till he is tired of it. Many horses kick when first mounted ; if the purchaser is aware that he can sit tight in his saddle, and does not mind the little inconvenience of this habit, there is no reason to reject such a horse ; it is no indication whatever of his being a kicker in any other way, or any presumptive evidence of vice : it is an acquired habit, of which most pro- bably he will never be broken ; correction would only spoil his temper, and probably induce him to DISPOSED TO KICK IN HARNESS. 129 kick at lis Instead of the air. I shoukl certainly buy such a horse, if In other respects I liked him ; I would much sooner refuse one apt to kick hounds, which many are inclined to do. KICKING, OR DISPOSED TO KICK IN HARNESS. If a horse is at all inclined to kick in harness, let me strongly advise a buyer to listen to no excuses made for his having done so. He may go quietly for a week, month, or year ; but, unless he Is a mere inexperienced colt, kick again he w^Ill, so sure as he is a horse. If, after knowing what harness means, a horse kicks, he is not to be radically cured of the propensity ; believe no breaker who promises to "take it out of him." Speaking, therefore, as In this case I suppose myself to be doing, to the generality of persons who want a horse for general use in harness, I advise them to at once reject one that has kicked, at any price and under any circumstances. In seeming contradiction to such advice, I have had several kickers ; have bought them knowing them to be such ; nor, supposing a horse to possess some most rare qualifications to make amends for it, do I much care about a merry kicker : but then It must be for a carriage, where I can so hamper the gentleman that he can do no mischief, between a good pair of gig shafts to instance ; but K 130 THE STUD. in a phaeton, or such like carriage, and with ladies to alarm, I would no more trust to a horse who had kicked, than I would to an enraged bull. The very same horse that I should laugh at a man pretending to be a coachman (as gentleman or not), if he was afraid to drive, I would at once entreat him to refuse for the service of a fiimily. If, for such a purpose, a man bought such a horse for his appearance, his vanity would be unjusti- fiable and reprehensible ; if a diminished price was the incentive to purchase, his sordidness would be contemjDtible, and indeed criminal. A KUNAWAY. There are so many circumstances under which a horse may, as it is in general phrase termed, run away, that advice as to the purchase of such a horse, or a horse having done this, must depend on the circumstances under which the runaway took place. For though, speaking in a general way, w^e know that a horse who has once abso- lutely run away, will be disposed to try it again, still we are not with him (as we are with the horse disposed to kick in a light low phaeton) almost helpless ; here the best coachmanship may become all but useless : but if a man has hands, and a head of the right sort, a horse disposed to run away is to be prevented doing so. Eunning A RUNAAVAY. 131 away nineteen times in twenty is occasioned by fright or emulation in the horse, by carelessness or knowing nothing of what he is about in the driver. If a person asked my advice as to buy- ing a horse that had run away in harness, my first thought would be to learn what sort of a workman (be he owner or servant) the indivi- dual might be who would have the driving of the horse. If that person was in technical term a coachman, the probability is my advice would be, if you like the horse, buy him. If, on the con- trary, the driver elect, whether master or man, w^as found to be one of those helpless specimens of coachmanship we daily see in the person of both of these, I should at once say, if you mean to drive those out with you for whom you have any value, or have any regard for your own bones, have nothing to do with him. There are plenty of men to whom he would be valuable, but with you or your man he will go off again to a cer- tainty. Before, therefore, you enter into minute inquiries about the habit of the horse, be minute in the investigation of your own coachmanship. To convince either master or man that they were such apologies for coachmen, might not be easy ; but having given the advice, I should have acquitted my conscience. The one or the other would, most probably, both buy and drive the horse. If they should do this, and he did not K 2 132 THE STUD. convince them of what I had failed to do, I would eat him ; and I should have no fear of being called upon to perform such a gastronomic feat. If, for instance, a horse had started off from being improperly left standing by himself in harness, no catastrophe had happened to hurt, or materially to have alarmed him, and he had been stopped without accident, I should have no fear of such a horse — any high-spirited one would do the same thing : he might safely be purchased, for it is our fault if we leave him unheld. But if, in his fright, any thing had broken, so as to hurt or alarm him, then would he be quite unsafe in any hands but those of a coachman, not be- cause he started off, but because he got a fright or injury as its consequence. Again, should a horse become so excited by a crowd of horsemen galloping by him, we will say at a trotting match, coming from a race, or what not, if he was pulled up or stopped without ac- cident, he need not be feared; we should only have to keep him away from such extraordinary excite- ment in future. His act was not the result of fear, dislike to harness, or vice of any sort ; but the effect of a cause without which he never w^ould have attempted it, and without which there is no reason to suppose he will ever attempt it again. In another case a horse may have run away from high mettle, having bad hands over him, or A RUNAWAY. 133 an improper (and for him) inefficacious bit in bis mouth. With a man Avith bad hands no horse is safe, unless it be a beast that wants a flail in lieu of a whip to get him along, instead of reins to hold him in. If the fault was in the bit, that is easily changed ; if in the hands, the sooner they or the horse are changed the better. But if a man knows Avhat he is about, he need not hesitate to buy this horse, for most high-mettled horses would run away, at times, if they could ; the only thing is, if good-tempered they submit to the hint or con- trol of the bit to check their inclination ; if their temper is not quite so amenable, the severity of it will produce the same effect. The horses that I consider perfectly safe and good-tempered, I only mean are so in tolerably efficient hands, for high-mettled ones, though quite as good-tempered, and no more, or so much, prone to vice as sluggish ones, may perhaps, nay cer- tainly would be, from high courage and spirits, induced to take liberties if left to their own in- clinations; and it is this very inclination that makes them carry themselves handsomely, step with freedom of action, and in fact is one of their best attributes. If, however, a man was, from nervous tempera- ment, illness, or infirmity, quite unable to exert himself, or if his total inexperience in horses in- capacitated him from using the ordinary measures K 3 134 THE STUD. for their control, I would certainly advise such a person never to buy a horse that had run away, or could be induced to do so, be it under what circumstances it might ; for, with such helpless hands over him, he would go away again, not from habit or vice, but simply from an inclination to do that which I would wish every harness horse to do, namely, to go faster than I required him to do. In fact, the very horse I would prevent such a person purchasing, would be the one I should select for most of my friends : and the horse I would select for such a person as the one described, I would, if offered for my use as a pre- sent, at once reject. There are horses that will, from vice, or some- thing very like it, run away, as others will kick ; often they do both. A thorough coachman may manage such reprobates, let their acts arise or ori- ginate from what they may ; but in a general way I should most certainly say, if a horse is one that, from some cause for which we cannot account, has run away more than once, reject him for any general or gentlemanly purpose ; his safe place is the wheel of a coach; or now, with a steady partner, an omnibus would suit him, for we must not grumble at a little occasional spree from a kicker, when we ride a moderate journey for three-pence. We may in great measure decide on the pro- REARERS. 135 bablllty of a repetition of running away by this criterion. If, from peculiar circumstances, a horse does so, it is usually only under such circum- stances that he will do so again ; but if, without fright, injury, particular excitement, or improper usage, he runs away, depend upon it he is an old oifender ; nothing will cure him of the propensity, and only force and management opposed to brute force, will prevent his carrying this propensity into execution. REARERS. This habit, or rather the objections to it, depend on the extent to which it is carried ; be it, how- ever, more or less, it is one that no horsemanship can totally counteract or prevent. All that can be done is, if or when we become aware of the causes of it, to avoid as much as possible putting the horse in the way of them. If the rearing is not carried to a dangerous extent, it is a very pardonable failing ; but if it amounts to a chance of a fall backwards, I do not know of any so dangerous a situation that a rider can be placed in ; and, worse than all, it is one generally afford- ing no hope of cure, and but little of prevention. It is true that there are bits made expressly for rearing horses, that will not only in the ge- nerality of cases prevent their getting up, but K 4 136 THE STUD. will frequently deter them from attempting it, and by so doing get them out of this dangerous habit. Still these bits are not fit for general use, and some horses are quite cunning enough to know when they have them on, and when used without them will rear as much as ever. There are numbers of horses who, when in harness, will always rear more or less on starting, or rather just prior to doing so ; such horses, though they may not rise to a dangerous height, often plunge violently forwards just before de- scending ; in which case, unless harness is very strong, a broken trace is a frequent occurrence, and sometimes a splinter bar ; and either may bring on alarm and mischief. If a moderate rear and jump are the only failings, such a horse may be bought with perfect confidence ; the act does not proceed from any vice, but merely a little im- patience, and after first starting such horses are just as quiet as others. The horse that rears on being required to go in a particular direction, does so from stubbornness ; he knows he frequently gets his own way by re- sorting to this manoeuvre, which nothing but strong nerves, a strong arm, firm seat, and pa- tience in the rider will counteract. To a man not possessing all these, for all are necessary, I should say reject such a horse at once ; with a hasty tempered rider, the horse will become vio- STARTING AND SHYING. 137 lent and dangerous ; with a timid one, he will shortly become master, and then probably in- corrigible. STARTING AND SHYING. These fallings are both very objectionable ; but they must be carried to great extent ere they be- come, under general circumstances and situations, very dangerous. They are, in effect, more an- noying than replete with danger. A great por- tion of the objection to each depends on the probable frequency of the situations in which they may occur, where danger may arise. For instance ; a horse merely shying is of no great consequence in the country ; for if he swerves out of his straight course there is generally room enough to admit of his doing so without getting into difficulties ; and here the matter ends with his cause of alarm, be it wdiat it may, and we sustain no very unplea- sant sensation from what he does. But if a man is sitting quietly on his horse in a musing mood, called forth by reflection on his lady love, or, in these venal and uncourtly days, more probably by some account unsettled, or by his banker s account by which the gentleman finds himself settled, then the sudden shock of the regular starter o-lyes no erroneous idea of a dislocation of every bone of our anatomy, it jars to the very l38 THE STUD. vitals ; nor must w^e retaliate by correction, that would only make things worse the next time, for then, instead of becoming quiet so soon as the momentary alarm or astonishment is over, the animal will become terrified at the fear of punish- ment likely to follow an act that it will in no way prevent a repetition of. I grant it requires some, or great, if you please, command of temper to caress, and, as it were, encourage such a living galvanic battery, after giving so severe a shock ; but it is the only way likely to soften the effect of both the cause and the act. One piece of advice I give without reservation, and it will be found good : " let no impatient man buy a start- ing or shying horse at any price." Now, to ride about London streets, if a man is, from circumstances, compelled to pay so heavy a penalty for locomotion as I hold riding on horse- back in the streets to be, I would, of the two evils, prefer starting to shying ; for we will not suppose our reader to have so bad a seat on his horse as to be thrown out of his saddle by a start, when he is aware he is on a horse that frequently gives one. The starter usually gives a sudden jarring motion with his forelegs, draws himself up, stares, and perhaps snorts; his act is only a sudden stoppage of progression, and possibly he does not diverge in a lateral direction a yard from his track : the object of alarm gets out of sight, STAPwTING AND SHYING. 139 or ceases to alarm : the horse becomes tranquil, and ao-aln moves on. But the horse that shies does not stop, he wheels out of his course, and by avoidinor a cart, s^is:, or barrow throws himself in full contact with an omnibus, which will have rather the best of the collision. Our facetious author of old could figure nothing to his reader to compare with the shock sustained by his obstetric hero on meetins: Obadiah. Mem. he had never tried an omnibus. Shying, however, I consider a habit holding out far greater hope of cure than starting ; my reasons for having formed such an opinion, brings both starting and shying into a still more objec- tionable point of view than the usual results of the acts themselves. If on being first brought to London a horse shies at carriages, or starts at punch and his ac- companiments, both acts are easily accounted for : he fears danger from collision with the first, and is alarmed or astonished by the appearance of the latter. It is quite natural he should be ; a coun- try girl is frightened by the crowd of carriages in London. A London miss who would stare the fine fellow^s that compose the life guards out of countenance, is frightened to death if, in the country, she meets a few harmless cows, though by far the least dangerous to her. The two girls are alarmed by what they have been unaccustomed 140 THE STUD. to come in contact with : so is a horse in a novel situation when he meets, to him, strange ob- jects. But if we find horses shying at or starting from objects they are accustomed to see and meet, their habit then leads us to a very well founded suspicion that the act arises from other causes ; and when under such circumstances they do this, I am pretty confident that, in more cases than we suppose, the imperfection of the organs of sight have more to do with it than any other cause. Shying at a particular object, or something similar to it, may readily arise from having received in- jury or fright from such ; but when it is carried to a variety of objects, we have no fair reason to attribute it to such a circumstance. Starting at any sudden sound evinces timidity and nervousness. So may shying from even a variety of objects ; but starting at what cannot be considered as any thing unusual, I consider all but proof of the eyes being faulty. I would, therefore, advise the buyer to pause in concluding the purchase of such a horse, and before he con- cludes it, to take the best professional advice that can be had ; for though a high, and perhaps just, opinion of his horsemanship might induce a man not to reject a shying or starting horse, I con- clude he does not wish to possess himself of a blind one ; which he, in most cases, will be the STARTING AND SHYIXG. 141 eventual possessor of, if he buys one whose eyes are imperfect at the time of purchase. It is very common to see persons wave their hand up and down before a horse's eyes : the animal gives a motion, perhaps with his head, or a wink with his eye, " oh he sees well enough," or " the eyes are all right," are expressions used on such occasions, as commonly as this most deceptive mode of trial is put in practice. But that I know such supposed proofs to be resorted to, I should have hardly held it necessary to remind such persons that a horse must be (in stable term) as blind as a bat if he cannot see a hand or a some- thing within six inches of his eye. And, further, I will apprise those relying on such proof, that the increased circulation of air caused by the waving of the hand will often make a stone-blind horse wink ; the feel of the air apprises him that some- thing approaches, he w^inks to protect his eye from injury : the motion is natural, and may be called involuntary. Many a half-blind one is bought under such circumstances ; and if the iris of the eye happens to be of a good brown, the sale is certain. I am not entering into any pathological de- scription of the horse's eye, nor have I on any ailment incidental to him ; but I wish at least to guard the reader against purchasing a starting horse without professional advice, because he 142 THE STUD. evinces that he sees a hand, or that the general look of the eye is prepossessing. I have heard it maintained no man could be considered drunk if he could tell whether or not a candle was alight held before his eyes. It certainly seems there are persons equally liberal in their estimation of the goodness of the horse's vision ; my reader I hope will be a little more sceptical on the latter point. The pros and cons, as regards the stages of inebriety, are not " in my vocation." LEADING WITH THE WEONG LEG. This will, at first, appear a matter of very little importance as regards the selection or re- jection of a horse. " Oh, I'll soon teach him to take the right leg," cries the purchaser ; perhaps he may do this : but may yet, under certain cir- cumstances, find it not so easy a matter to effect as he may suppose, unless it may be a raw colt that has only been half broken ; for if it is a horse that has been tolerably well handled, we have no reason to doubt but that he has been taught to take the right leg, but prefers leading with the near one for reasons best known to him- self, for horses do not change their habits with- out some cause for doino; so ; and it is not at all improbable that, if a horse pertinaciously adheres to leading with the opposite leg to that which he LEADING WITH THE AVRONG LEG. 143 was taught to use in this way, if the rider does succeed in makinsj him lead with the unwillino; leg, he may find that so far from being repaid for the trouble he has taken, his horse may go extremely unpleasantly in consequence of the change. He may attribute this to the animal not being accustomed to lead with the off leg, so de- termines to persevere till he is so what will he say if he finds him go worse instead of better by practice ; he would very likely say it was " cer- tainly extraordinary." I should not venture to say it was certainly any thing ; but I should say it would not be at all extraordinary if it was found that unsoundness in the near foot caused him to change his mode of going from what he had been taught, and to adopt one more easy to him- self; and that being again forced to go in a way less so, caused him to go more uneasy to the rider. And if such was the case, the more the less efficient foot became distressed by beino- used, the more uneasy the horse would grow in his pace. I find this subject will lead me a little further than I meant on the nature of lameness, for in allusion to whether the horse is disposed to lead with the lame, or the sound leg, depends mainly on the nature of the ailment. It will be found that in a canter, or gallop, most horses, if left to their choice, will lead with the 144 THE STUD. ailing leg or foot ; but by no means always so, for in some cases it is very difficult, and aU but impossible for them to do so. The difference of their inclination whether to lead with the ailing, or sound limb, I consider arises from whether the pain or inconvenience consists in extension, or pressure, and this will determine his choice as to the leading limb. When the horse is in his gallop, of course the number of times each foot comes to the 2:round in a mile is the same ; so, in this respect, each does its share of work ; but the nature of the work, and the stress or strain on similar parts of each limb is by no means equally disposed. Ex- tension is the chief labour of the leading leg ; support of the body that of the following one. Xow, in cases of shoulder lameness, soreness of the muscles of the arm, or in any case where extension is more painful than support, the horse will not advance that limb ; he would prefer placing, or rather going with it in a situation where it might have more weight to support, but with greater diminution of extension : but, sup- posing the lameness to be in the foot, pastern, or fetlock joints, where pressure upon them becomes painful, and concussion renders that pressure still more so, he will then put it where extension has the greater call on the powers of the limb, and support of the body (which is pressure) will be LEADING WITH THE WRONG LEG. 145 lessened. Xow, as shoulder lamenesses, or any ' lamenesses that render extension of the fore- limb painful, bear no proportion in number to those of the lower parts, to which pressure and concussion are most painful, it will account for my remark that the majority of lame horses lead with the ailing limb ; for I believe it will not be denied, that the nearer the ground we look for it, the oftener we shall hit upon the seat of lameness in the horse's fore-parts. The horse's fore leg is a kind of reversed py- ramid of bones, and other substances, formins^ the chief support of the body ; that is, it sustains the heaviest portion of it. The articulations of these continual bones are supplied with a cartilaginous substance, destined, I presume, to soften concus- sion, and are also furnished with a sinovial fluid, that facilitates their moving on, or in each other, without detrimental friction. If this beautiful arrangement is impaired or destroyed, the contact of parts with each other becomes painful at all times ; but, when pressure, that is the weight of the body, is added, the pain is of course increased ; and, Avhat the horse does to avoid this as much as possible, shows that bringing or putting the foot and limb forwards contributes to this end. Let us look at two horses standing in their stalls ; the one labouring under navicular, or 146 THE STUD. other lameness, that renders horizontal pressure painful, the other under the influence of shoulder lameness, or one that renders extension painful ; the first will be constantly found with his lame limb extended towards, or quite under the manger ; the latter will be seen keeping his limb straight under him. This clearly shows, that placing the limb in an advanced position takes from it the pressure, or great part of the pressure, of the weight of the body ; for, if putting the limb forward was the general habit of lame horses, be the lameness or cause of increased pain what it might, the horse with shoulder lameness, and the one with navicular lameness, would act in the same manner as to their mode of standing, and this is not the case. If, therefore, in standing still, keeping the lame limb in advance lessens pain by diminution of pressure, keeping it in advance in the gallop will do the same thing in a much greater degree. I have gone thus far on this subject in the hope that what I have said will be held to sup- port my statement, that most lame horses wish to lead with the afflicted limb. If my thesis is incorrect, I shall bow with submission to those better informed on the subject. If my opinion is however somewhat near the truth, the reader will not consider that, when I recommended him to find out why a horse takes the wrong leg before NERVOUSNESS. 147 he buys, the habit Is at all thiies of such trifling import as it may at first appear. NERVOUSNESS. Doubtless there may be many persons unac- customed to horses, who will think this term in- appropriate. Those who have been in the habit of considering this as the special prerogative of fair friends who labour under such constitutional in- firmity, or, as is sometimes the case, think it in- teresting to evince a little pretty timidity, will perhaps reprobate the term altogether as applied to horses. Men, however, who know the different habits and failings of the animal, are quite aware that being nervous is not only a very common, but a most dangerous imperfection of tempera- ment In him, and, what Is worse, one never to be totally eradicated. A lady who would admire the harmlessness and timidity of a pet lamb, might be disposed to wish for a horse similarly disposed. She could scarcely wish for a more dangerous animal for her use ; for, in point of fact, the more timid the lady the bolder should be the horse for her service, for if under any circumstances both lady and horse get alarmed, the chances are that some serious catastrophe occurs. But putting ladies out of the question, unless L 2 148 THE STUD. a man has strong nerves, and knows well how to" manage horses, I most strongly recommend him to reject at once a nervous, that is a timid horse, for any purpose. ^Yith such an animal such an individual would never be in safety. It may be supposed, and said, and with truth, that a timid horse is more easily cowed by, and less likely to resist the will of, the rider than a bolder one. Doubtless such is the case, but there would be nothing desirable in this, unless the horse had some bad vice which we wanted to correct; for supposing any animal to be good tem- pered, fear of his owner is the last thing to be desired. Cheerful obedience we want, but obe- dience through fear will only be shown so long as we are so situated as to be able to inspire or keep up that fear, which may not at all times and under all circumstances be the case. We grant the tioiid horse fears to disobey, or in milder phrase, is inclined to yield to our com- mand. This fear and inclination only lasts so long as there is no stronger impulse felt to induce the animal to become refractory. The timid horse fears an angry sign from our hand, or an angry sound from our voice, but he would much more fear the sight of an approaching railway train or the firing of a regiment, probably even the big drum would carry the day against us, in in- If obedience to XERYOUSXESS. 149 US induces him to stand still when we want lilia to do so, obedience to the impulse of a greater fear than he has of us, will induce him to run away when we do not want him to do any thing of the kind. It may appear a startling assertion to say that I would rather have to do with any commonly vicious horse than Avith a decidedly nervous one, and I really have had a long and multitudinous experience of both sorts; in fact, from the par- ticular situations in which I have been placed as regards horses, I do believe there is no trick or devilry horses can show to man, that I have not often been favoured with by them. The result of this induces me to make this assertion, and on the followino- crround. However great a rogue a vicious horse may be, he, like other rogues, is mostly quite awake as to what will injure himself, bodily ; that is, he is so unless we let him get so much ahead in his mis- chief that excitement or fright renders him reck- less. Before this he is sensible to pain, and is wise enough to prefer abandoning his vicious in- tent if he finds we are prepared to thwart him. Xot so v\'ith the nervous horse. He premeditates no mischief, but when he does wrong, it may be said he cannot help it. In fright, his acts are as momentary and involuntary as the start of some persons on hearing the unexpected discharge of a L 3 loO THE STUD. gun ; he starts, rushes into a ditch, runs straight ahead, or kicks without I must not say reflection, but without purpose ; he has no command of him- self, and the pain of a bit in his mouth, or the sight of real danger is lost in fright of danger, that was probably only imaginary. I have known vicious horses who would kick at an object till they crippled themselves, but I have known a far greater proportion who, when they found themselves thoroughly hampered, would become perfectly quiet till extricated. I have had more than one or ten horses that I have been driving kick over the splinter bar, and get their leo; fixed under the roller bolt, or wheel iron, when the latter was placed inside the wheel (as of late years they universally are), and when so held many would squeak as loud as a pig from cowardice, rage, sulkiness, or all combined, yet would stand, not " like patience on a monument," but patience on a splinter bar, quiet as a sheep. They felt that a broken leg would perhaps be the penalty of further struggle ; but I never yet saw a frightened horse in any way sensible of danger or hurt. I saw an instance of this sort not lons^ since. A mare that I knew well as particularly good tempered, but a little nervous, was left by her master standing at a door. Something disturbed, or somewhat alanned her, she trotted gentlv off. NERVOUSNESS. 151 in doinij this the wheel of the "^io; came acrainst a post, this threw the driving cushion and box on her quarters, away she instantly went at her top galloping speed. Half a mile ahead was a turn- pike gate ; this she could see as far as she could see any thing, for it was white and shut. One would have supposed she would have at least slackened her pace before she came to it ; not a bit, she kept on the same heedless course, did not attempt to jump at it, but ran straight against it, drove in the whole nasal cartilage, bone and all, from the effects of which she died. To show the difference between the act of a horse running away from vice, high spirits, or particular excitement, unattended by fear, many such horses are cunning enough to slacken their pace the moment they find themselves on new laid gravel, or see a long hill before them; if they got to their home will draw up to the door, and in nine cases in ten would stop if a gate was shut against them, if done in time to allow them to do so ; the rogue would not break his skull against it, but the frightened one would in almost every case. A w^ild horse from the Prairie, with- out a bridle, is as manacieable as a thorousrhlv scared one. I have said thus much relative to nervous horses, because I know that very few persons are aware how dangerous they are ; and the event L 4 152 THE STUD. is^ that persons who should be the last to pur- chase such animals, are the first who would be disposed to do so. Tell such persons that a horse w^as subject to fits of frenzy, they would as soon purchase a Bengal tiger: now, the frightened horse is frenzied for the time being ; therefore, as the nervous horse is as likely to be frightened as the other is to have a fit come on, one is as much to be avoided as the other, by those who are nervous themselves ; to such persons it is a failing in a horse that no qualifications can make amends for. Let him be condemned, and, I would also recommend, without a trial. JIBBING HORSES. This habit is, in most cases, the effect of in- judicious treatment on being first broke to har- ness : but with the cause we have nothing here to do ; our business is only whether such a horse may with safety be purchased. The inconvenience of such varies so much from circumstances, that, alluding to the same animal, I would recommend one man to buy him, and another not to accept him as a present. I am not supposing a horse to be so regular a jibber that, with a fair carriage as to weight be- hind him, he will on a level road stop every ten JIBBING HORSES. 153 minutes, but one who will be disposed to do so when more than common exertion is required. A horse that is not staunch to his collar is never safe to be driven in crowded streets ; for, probably at the very moment when, to avoid danger, we want him to make an exertion, he hangs back in his traces ; leaving us, carriage and all, to be cracked like a nut between two coal Avaggons : hit him, he runs back, or plunges. In a country where the hills are such as render it necessary to get up them in a w^alk, such a horse would probably be useless, and as probably dangerous ; for jibbers are not always satisfied with stopping, but will run back, and are then as likely to land us in a ditch, or send us over a precipice, as leave us in the road. The only security against this taking place is (if there is room, and few places are so narrow as to pre- vent it), instead of urging the horse forw^ard, to at once turn him sidcAvays to the hill ; in other terms, directly across the road. Generally speak- ing, after standing thus a few minutes, he will go on ; at all events it stops his running back. "Where hills are moderate, that is, such as can be trotted up, a horse must be a very rank jibber if he stops, unless the hill be very long and wea- risome ; in w^hich case, before he does, turn him sideways, and give him a minute's breathing time. In such a country, with a little judicious manage- 154 THE STUD. ment, an otherwise good horse need not be rejected, if he is a little false collared. Pulling such horses into a walk, generally ends in their tossing their head about, and then stopping ; it is far better to stop them at once, before they stop themselves. In driving them, an eye must be kept to the road ; if new-laid gravel, or a soft part, is seen, rattle them over it, and then give them a pull up if it is thought wanting ; but, without additional impetus, such occasional obstructions are all but certain to pro- duce a dead stop. If this occurs on either of such occasions as I have mentioned, I wish the driver w^ell out of the predicament. Many of the best teams of coach horses that ever looked through a collar, if pulled into a walk on heavy ground would not draw an ounce, though they will take three tons through it in a trot ; and the luo;her bred and hlo'her coura2:ed a horse is, the more likely is he to refuse what may be termed a dead pull ; very few high tempered ones would draw^ a baro-e on a canal. This does not arise from Indolence or dislike to exertion, but from impatience of the pace requisite to move heavy w^eights. Many of the best and gamest collared horses in the world in trotting harness, would not start an empty cart if the wheels stood in only a moderate water drain or gutter. CUTTING. 155 CUTTING, Though certainly a habit, I should more pro- perly terra a failing, and is, in my estimation, an insurmountable objection to any horse. It arises, be the cause what it may, from bad, or, at least, untrue action in some way ; it leaves a very un- sightly scar on the ankle^, and, if carried to any extent, we can hardly keep such a horse sound, for w^e must either allow him to hit so hard, or cut so deep, as to lame himself by injury to the legs ; or, in our endeavours to save them by peculiar shoeing (and which, by the by, will not in all cases effect the purpose), we bid fair to cripple him in his feet ; added to this, a blow harder than is usual, is very likely to bring him down on his knees. Of all cutting, the speedy cut is the most dangerous to the rider : such a horse will come down as if he was shot, and it is very rarely that any mode of shoeing will be effectual as a pre- ventive ; and the unsightly kind of shield that is made to save the leg, renders a horse quite unfit for a gentleman's use. With colts, their mode of going, and the posi- tion of their feet, and lower joints will generally, to an experienced eye, indicate the probability of cutting when put to work. When the horse has been used, the state of his legs will show any one v.'hether he is in the habit of doinsi: so or not. 156 THE STUD. "Where scars healed np are seen, the common thing said to a purchaser is, " You see, he has not cut lately;'"' giving as an excuse for his having at some time done so, " That he was badly shod," did it, " when he was weak ; " or on some unheard of long journey. How far I should credit such assertions, would wholly depend on how the horse went, and how his legs and feet stood, or were put on ; and, as to his not having " cut lately^'' I must remind my reader, it is quite pro- bable the horse has not worked lately either. Of the propriety of purchasing or rejecting a horse showincr marks of cuttinir, circumstances or advice must direct the reader's judgment ; but if he cuts speedy, be it a little higher or lower than the usual mark, I strongly advise his being at once rejected for any jDurpose but a cart or hearse. BROKEN KXEES. I place these on the list of habits of the horse, not because they have, in a general way, any thing to do with them, but because numbers of persons conceive that they have, and consider that a horse who has broken his knees is ipso facto ren- dered liable to do the same again, and that he is consequently unsafe. This idea, under ordinary circumstances, is quite erroneous, and has no more BROKEN KNEES. 157 to do with Ills liability to come down again than breaking liis nose would have. There can be no doubt but knees may be so deeply cut and bruised by a fall as to injure the pliability of the joint, and, in so severe a case, the horse probably icould he unsafe ; but it is not a positive and certain re- sult, even under such circumstances, for I have seen horses with a considerable stiiFness of one knee, that did not trip or blunder with that limb more than the other : however, we do not con- template purchasing such a one. I would only advise a buyer not to reject a good horse loith good action, if he wants one more for use than show, because he had marked knees ; if, however, he has such with questionable action, reject him at once, much more on account of the action than the knees. With broken knees and good action, a horse may be, and most probably would be, perfectly safe and pleasant to ride ; with bad action, and no broken knees, he would be still more probably neither safe nor pleasant to ride, or even drive. Subjected, as most horses are, to all sorts of roads and all sorts of riders, we need not be sur- prised on finding that a horse has broken his knees ; our surprise would be more justly called forth on finding one that had not ; and when to bad roads and bad riders we add over-fatigue, escaping without, in stable phrase, " a hole in their stock 158 THE STUD. ings/' shows how wonderfully safe on their legs horses must be, in a general way. On a horse being shown for sale with marked knees, there is always some story told in excuse of the accident. I have heard it gravely affirmed that he had done it against the manger. This is, of course, the veriest nonsense, horses are not such fools as voluntarily to thus hurt themselves ; in ninety-nine cases in a hundred, knees are broken by falling on them, but if they are, does one fall show a horse to be unsafe. iSIany things may cause the safest animal that ever wore a shoe to fall ; we need, therefore, no excuse for such an occurrence. On seeing a horse with marked knees, I should never take the trouble of asking how he did it, but I should ask to see him go ; if he went well, I should care nothing lioic he broke his knees ; if he went unsafely, and they showed me a certificate from the Lord Chancellor that the horse had not broken them by a fall, I would reject him, for I should feel quite certain that, granting he had not broken them this time by a fall, he very soon would break them again by one, and that probably would not be the last. If, therefore, the reader wishes to purchase a horse at a deteriorated price, he has three chief points to look at : the state and position of the legs, the same of the feet, and the action; if all are good, as an animal for use, I assure him he BAD FEEDERS. 159 may account himself fortunate if he finds such a horse with no greater drawback than marked knees ; and, at a proper price, I should say, " buy him." In giving such a recommendation, I hope my reader will carry along with him the reflection, that the object (and a novel one it is) of this work is not to tell him what perfections in the horse he is to look for, but what imperfections may, under certain circumstances, be tolerated. BAD FEEDERS. As a joke, I might fairly say there are two sorts of bad feeders ; that is, people who feed their horses badly, and horses that often refuse food when offered them. I sincerely wish ani- mals had the same power of rejecting such masters, as they have of rejecting such horses as I allude to. Taking the thing in a general way, I have not so great a dread of a light feeder as many persons have ; in truth, I would prefer a delicate feeder as a horse, to a really heavy grubber, as a com- panion ; the one is, mostly at least, a vivacious, light hearted, cheerful animal : the latter, only begins to be alive with the near prospect of a knife and fork in his hand ; and it will be mostly found that very heavy feeders, of a biped kind. 160 THE STUD. are also very heavy fellows. In alluding to bipeds, I say fellows, for we do not contemplate a propensity of such enormity in the other sex. If, in any solitary instance, such an uncontrollable propensity should exist, and " such a " stuffing " down stairs " must take place, in mercy's name let the fair cormorant feed by herself, and then dine with us. Xo man is a greater advocate than myself for a horse being able and willing to eat a fair share of provender ; and, as a reasonable allowance, I should wish a hunter to take his two bushels and a peck of oats in the seven days: but I have generally found horses that are always ready to devour a feed of oats sluggish ones ; in short, animals, like many other animals we daily meet with, who have no inclination to exert themselves for the gratification or advantage of others to any degree, that will or may produce inconvenience to themselves. Old fashioned grooms had several pet expres- sions to signify a horse having, in their estimation, the great virtue of always being ready to eat; such as, " he has a rare basket to carry his wit- tals in ; " "I likes a horse with a good kicking- place," meaning a corporation, that so far from rendering it necessary to bring your heel up to use your spurs, if wanted, causes one some exer- tion to keep them out of the sides of the beast. BAD FEEPEES. 16 L For a huntsman, who with some harriers hunts his horse three days a week, or for one (if such a one now-a-days could be found) who has hunted the same horse twice a week with a scratch pack, that hunt every thing in turn, such a horse is a treasure ; he was so when bagsmen, I do not mean foxes, rode their forty miles a day for a week together: but men who wish to go when they do go, and do not want to go constantly with the same pair of ears before them, though in the words of the song, they may think tliat, " a big bellied bottle's a mighty good thing," will not estimate a blo'-bellied horse in the same decree. I can truly assert I never was carried brilliantly, corklly, and elastically, by any such horse : last- ingly I have ; but there is, or at least I can con- ceive, no pleasure in the duration of any thing that is not pleasant in the beginning. I have had some exceedingly good journey horses of this sort ; but, as I never was in the habit of riding, or driving long journeys, they were thrown away on me. If I have to take such, give me merry posters, or a coach ; but from a : long continuance of road travelling behind a horse, or on him, good fate, deliver me : a pleasure-trip through a picturesque country is another affair': my light-hearted sort will do this, and feed too, and do it pleasantly. The landlord in the Beau's Stratagem, says, in. M 162 THE STUD. commendation of his ale, " strong, aye ! it should be strong, or how should they be strong who drink it." It may, therefore, with truth be said of horses, that they should eat heartily, or how can they work heartily. This is in a great de- gree a perfectly correct idea ; but a delicate feeder may still consume on the average quite as much as may be necessary for him, and, with a good groom as his attendant, would be more likely to do well than a glutton would. It is true that some hunters, some race-horses, and most stage-coach horses consume an enormous quantity of oats. Why is this ? It arises from the cause, that voracious appetites must, to keep their possessors quiet and satisfied, be filled with a large quantity of something, and as, for fast work, horses must be limited as to hay, we are com- pelled to give them oats, to make up a certain wei^rht or bulk to be consumed : a coal-carrier may consume half a dozen pots of porter, and his two pounds of beef-steaks during the day; but we have no record of the running-footman or mes- sengers of old performing gastronomic feats com- mensurate with their pedestrian ones. I am by no means certain that a horse refusing his oats after an unusual hard run has not saved many a one from inflammatory attacks of some sort. I am quite certain that a moderate sized race-horse, who will daily eat his five honest quarterns of BAD FEEDERS. 163 oats each day, with appetite, is just as hearty as the glutton who will consume half a bushel. Growing colts certainly will, like growing boys, onsume more than adults, and require a little extra allowance. In stating that I do not object so much as some persons do to shy feeders, I do not of course mean a weak constitutloned animal that suffers so much, when called on for exertion, as to be off his appetite, so long as exertion is required of him ; but I mean that a voracious appetite is no sure indication of capability of endurance of that sort of exertion that is called for in a horse for a gentleman's purpose: though that purpose may be that of a hunter. Give me a good back, good loins, and a fair depth of rib, all beneath it may take care of itself; for with the ends of the ribs strength ceases ; the rest is mere distention from gross feeding ; and though vast room in the hold may be convenient and admirable in a mer- chant ship, to bring home a thousand sacks of oats, it is the very reverse in the horse, who is never wanted to contain a peck at one time. If we see a horse poor with fair work, and know him to be a bad feeder, I should say re- ject him (it shows he cannot eat enough to sup- port nature) ; but if with fair work he keeps in good working condition, I would never refuse him, because he might require a little manage- M 2 164: THE STUD. ment as to liis feeds. People who want a horse as a slave and as a beast of business, about whom they will give themselves no trouble after he has performed his task, would do well to get a glutton that nothing can choke of his feed, if they do not object to whaling along such a moving mass of repletion, as such horses usually are. We should each take trouble in our different ways. I would greatly prefer some trouble to make my horse feed, to the slightest to get him along. Speed and vivacity I must have in a horse for any purpose for which I am to use him : oats I will take care he shall have, if trouble and contrivance can effect it. If he will not spare his trouble to please me, I will not spare mine to benefit him ; and if a groom will not take the pains to make a horse feed, if pains will do it, I should not part with the horse, but very soon should with the man. LOW AND HIGH ACTION. This difference of action arises from so many causes, that, not to enter into minute or abstruse contemplation of them, I will settle the point by. classing it among the habits of the horse. It is caused in some cases by peculiar formation ; in others from anatomical influence without reference to form; in others from the mode in which the LOW AND HIGH ACTIOX. 165 colt was broken in ; often from a lively or sluggish disposition ; and, lastly, from the nature of the work the horse is accustomed to. The propriety of selecting or rejecting a horse with high or low action, provided it is not carried to a pitch so as to be decidedly objectionable, can- not be determined on without reference to cir- cumstances; for both styles of going, like most other differences, have their pour and eontre. If we know the purchaser, and the purpose for which the animal is intended, advice might be given without hesitation : but to offer it in general terms, requires some consideration, and regard to circum- stances. The man to whom money is no object can of course buy what he pleases, without subjecting himself to any permanent danger, or unpleasantry, as, on finding he has erred in his judgment in the purchase, he has only to direct its being got rid of; and a certain loss of money is the only pro- bable penalty. But as all persons are not so situated as to pecuniary circumstances, a few hints to such, if they save them the certainty or probability of gettino; that which will occasion loss in the dis- posal of it, may be held, and probably found to be, useful. If a person buys a horse with a view to ad- vantage in the resale of him, or v.ith the usual wish of not being obliged to lose money should M 3 166 THE STUD. such a sale become necessary, if the horse is for any road purpose, I give, on a broad scale, the plain and direct advice, huy no horse with low ac- tion ; for as fashion prevails in these days, such a horse will certainly occasion great loss of time, an infinite degree of trouble, and most probably considerable loss of money, before he can be dis- posed of. A person may flatter himself, and many per- sons do thus err: that if they buy a horse with bad, or we will say unfashionable, action for fifty that would be worth a hundred and fifty if it was the reverse, they need not anticipate loss in the resale : that they may not form such an anti- cipation is very likely ; and certainly they need not if they do not wish to do so ; but I assure them that in nine cases in ten loss icill be the con- sequence of such transactions. We may purchase many horses and many other things with certain imperfections, that at a certain price are a safe and probably good speculation ; but any thing that is all but unsaleable is dear at almost any price. It matters little for the pur- pose of sale, whether the drawback be of serious consequence or not, if people fancy it is so. K no gentleman would buy a dark chestnut, the Switcher would probably have found his way to a green-grocer's cart, instead of snatching the laurels from some of the best horses in Enirland LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 167 in a steeple oliase. If no one would buy greys for gentlemen's use, we should ere this have been taken to the Bank by Cigar and Peter Simple as a pair. The present very general rejection of horses with good and safe, but not high, action is little less absurd : many of those who would and do object to such horses, would at the same time be candid enough to admit they do not object to the action as beinof had. but unfashionable. This does not make the matter much better for the un- fortunate owner of the horse ; for as everybody now lays some claim to pretension of fashion, while the noble or gentleman would politely say " the horse had not quite as high action as they wished for," the butcher would say, " he can't go no how." The only saving clause, therefore, in buying an unsaleable article at a low price is the loss will be lessened. The loss, however, in such cases does not al- ways keep commensurate with the price, or, in other words, goes in the same ratio ; for should we buy a horse for thirty that would, but for low action, be worth sixty, probably a ten pound note loss gets us out of the difficulty ; for the class of persons using thirty pound horses are to be tempted by price : but if we give a hundred and fifty for that which, but for the same failing, or rather want, would be worth double the sum, the diffi- culty would be, with persons using such horses, to M 4 168 THE STUD. find a purchaser at all; for such persons, for their own use, would not have such a bargain as a gift ; and the generality would not take the trouble of huckstering for profit; those that would, and in fact do this, are as wide awake as any dealer to the difficulty of selling such nags : they would be much more likely to buy a regular screw that pulled his knee up to his throat latch. As to the intent with which they often do purchase such flatcatchers, I only say " touch not the Lord's anointed." Having made the reader aware of the diffi- culties he will in a general way get into by pur- chasing horses with low, or rather without high, action, we will now get forward by going on the other tack. In what I have said relative to high and low action, I have not in any way commended the one or reprobated the other. I have only alluded to usual consequences in point of trouble, time, and money that will occur by the purchase : to exemplify which I will for a moment allude to the purchasing a carriage. I trust it Avill be al- lowed by most persons that a curricle is in itself a most gentlemanly carriage, one pleasant to ride in, and, if well hung, one that follows horses easily and smoothly : we will say I order a curricle and a phaeton to be made, and give a hundred and twenty for each. I wish in a month to sell LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 1G9 both. What is the consequence ? the phaeton is ready sale. Even supposing, in point of easiness and following the horses, I find it not what I could desire, the sale of it will probably be at- tended with but little loss, because hundreds are using phaetons. But for the curricle, though it may be the best that ever went on wheels, I should be lucky if I got out of it at the twenty pounds, paying the hundred for having used it a month, Mr. Tattersall comforting me by saying I was a fortunate fellow to find any one willing to take it at all ; further consoling me, in his usual candid way, by saying, it was better than paying a couple of years' standing in his yard. My retfder Avill, I dare say, allow my ad- vice would be good ; if it was, don't buy a curricle, unless you are determined to keep it : he may trust to my experience when I give the same ad- vice relative to a road horse without fashionable action. My one hundred and twenty pound cur- ricle would, as a carriage for use, be very cheap, to a man who ^vanted it to use, at eighty pounds ; but it would be a very bad bargain if he con- templated reselling it. I hardly know which I would back as the most difficult to sell, a curricle, or a horse with low action. 1 allude particu- larly to either being offered for sale in London. The idea or question may suggest itself to the reader, that^ as only comparatively fev/ horses 170 THE STUD. have showy action, what becomes of those who have it not ? To answer this, speaking of horses as animals for various uses, in various situations, and for various persons, high action is not always requisite, or in many cases desirable. Race-horses (we may now also mention), steeple-chase horses, and hunters, would be deteriorated in perform- ance, and consequently in value, by high showy action. Gentlemen wanting horses for country work, where worth is more requisite than mere show, will purchase horses with good, but not fashionable, action. Persons who only want them- selves and families to get the benefit of air and exercise, will buy them at a very moderate price. The rest go at a little lower figure, where mere animal labour is wanted. Most of such as I al- lude to have moderate action ; but below this, in London, a horse is, figuratively speaking, not only a drug, but unsaleable. This mention of the purposes where high action is not required, and the description of per- sons who will dispense with it, will, in a great measure, show the reader the circumstances under which he may purchase horses without London action. We will, therefore, now look to the effect of action as regards utility, here it will be found that, high as the fashionable goer may rank, in price he will be found about on a par with many men who are always, from their fashion- LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 171 able attributes, welcome guests at certain dinners and parties, but are the last who would be se- lected as fire-side, bosom friends, where the man of sterling worth proffers his claims, " and has those claims allowed." I have, under certain circumstances, and with certain Intentions In view, recommended my reader to " buy no horse with low action," and in such cases I am certain that my advice is good. We will now reverse the picture, and figure to our- selves his saying, " I do not want a horse for mere show : I want merely a gentlemanly, pleasant, safe, and really valuable horse for my own use." Under such circumstances I hope I shall not be said, in vulgar parlance, to " blow hot and then blow cold," if I should say (with very few excep- tions) hiiy no horse with uncommon high action : the exceptions would be his being very fast, and going with very true action, which such horses seldom do. If his action was high, and at the same time slow, I should at once say, do not touch him at any price^ unless you want to ride in the lord mayor's show, or to put him in a hearse, for such an animal Is o;ood for nothlno^ else. One of the objections to uncommonly high action Is, that the horse expends those animal powers in show that I want him to exert in speed, or to keep in reserve for a long day, and the dura- bility of his legs, feet, and stamina, these must all 172 THE STUD. suffer in the horse with fast and at the same time very high action. The legs and feet suffer from concussions ; the animal powers suffer from ex- haustion ; and, when tired, such horses become very unsafe, which will be seen in a few lines. I shall perhaps surprise some readers when I give it as an opinion, founded on practical experi- ence, that horses with slow and very high action are as unsafe as any horse short of an absolute cripple can be ; nay, even more so, if the cripple be a game one ; for, though the latter from infirmity may faulter ten times in every mile, the genuine bit of generous spice in his composition will induce him to catch himself up, as if ashamed to show the failing of his wasted powers. Xow the horse with fast and high action, when fatigued, good though he may be, is brought against his will to the level of the high and slow mover when fresh : the want of power in the one reduces him to the standard of want of activity in the other ; and where the want of activity prevails, be it from natural causes or fatigue, the effect is the same ; treading on a stone, a rolling one, or a blow on the leg from the other foot, down both must come. If terms always carried a proper signification with them, it might appear somewhat of an incon- gruity when I state that horses with high, slow ac- tion are very apt to cut speedy ; and this tfliows a fact known to most men judges of action, that LOW AND HIGH ACTIOX. 173 speedy cutting does not depend on velocity, but action and formation of parts. I am quite awarei that a horse going in a slovenly manner six miles an hour may not lift himself enough to cut speedy; and that when Ave gather him np and make him exert himself, he may do so : this, however, only proves he goes badly at all times, and that, when he Is urged to lift his legs a little higher than usual, he hits the first prominent part his foot comes In contact with. Such are most sovereign brutes. I once took one in exchange (I hope I need not say drawing money), drove him once^ and then exchanged him for cash wdth the first person I could find of that description of whom it is said that they " and their money are soon parted." This brute went well enough, though he could not manage five miles in half an hour ; at least I should think he would not. He cut from the formation of his feet; they were wdiat I detest — remarkably large and platter-like : in short, he could not keep them out of the way of his legs. I never saw but one galloping horse in my life, who was a clipper that had large feet. In justification of my abhorrence of slow, high-' actioned horses, and to show that cutting speedy is not the effect of pace, the horse with high action that will not interfere at all while fresh, will often- cut severely when fatigued ; and, as most horses- become slow when tired, it shows the crreat draw- 174 THE STUD. back slow high action is in the horse, even when fresh, for such will cut when faster ones may not. Another objection to high-actioned horses in point of safety is this, the longer time that is expended in lifting the leg, the longer, as a matter of course, will be the time before it comes to the ground to relieve the other. Now on the quick succession of relief that is af- forded to each leg and foot mainly depends the safety of the horse's going ; and it is this quick succession of step that renders many horses going near the ground as perfectly safe as they are. Many with tender feet never make a serious blunder; the reason is this, and a very simple one, — their infirmity renders resting long on one foot painful ; consequently, they bring the other quickly to its relief, so if they do make a mistake they do not give themselves time to come down. Knowing this to be the case, I would greatly prefer, in point of safety as to his action, ridino; a fair groer, though he might be, in stable term, " a little dickyish in his feet," than a plod- ding goer, who, to carry on the same term, was " as sound as an acorn." The propriety, therefore, of selecting or reject- ing a horse with high or low action may be re- duced to this point. If a horse is wanted for show purposes only, or for sale, buy nothing but what has high and fast action, little matter with LOW AND HIGH ACTION. 175 the generality of men whether the action be true and good, or not, he will be admired, and will sell. If" he is wanted for ease, comfort, and durability, buy nothing but what has fast and true action, and then the less fuss he makes about going the better. When quite a boy I wanted a tandem leader. I had a decided goer for shaft work. I was at a fair looking at a horse with very imposing action, that I much foncled. An old country dealer was near me, as the horse was being shown out for my approval. " Ah," said he (alluding to the horse), " hes a bit of a trunk-maker, he is." On asking a definition of the term, the old man said, " there's a deal more noise than work in he." As like most other boys, I then thought I knew a good deal ; this cut made me shrink into my shoes, I left the trunk-maker, but never forgot the lesson. 176 THE STUD. CHAP. VI. POINTS IN THE MAKE AKD SHAPE OF THE HORSE, MORE OR LESS DESIRABLE. PHYSIOGNOMY. THE NECK. SHOULDERS AND WITHERS. LOW IN THE BACK. SHORT BACK RIBS. SMALL FEET. GENERAL APPEARANCE AND CONDITION OF THE HORSE. Havixg mentioned the chief ordinaiy habits likely to be found in horses offered for sale, we will now look towards such points in shape and make as may influence their utility or pleasantry ; these not dependent on habit, but such as, from natural causes, independent of their own will, temper, or disposition, render them more or less desirable, or are indicative of peculiarities in either of those attributes. PHYSIOGNOMY. The man who is so much taken up by admiring contemplation of his own face as to afford him no time to contemplate any thing else, may be per- fectly indifferent as to the physiognomy of a horse ; but if inattention to this feature in the animal embraced the possession of a refractory or dangerous one, he might find physiognomy in the horse worthy of notice. PH YSIOGN OM Y. 177 Without previous knowledge of the animal, I candidly confess (and let those laugh at the idea that please to do so) I should greatly hesitate in buvins: a horse with a bad treacherous looklno; countenance. Many worthy men and many well disposed horses are, I grant, unfortunate in this particular. We should not value a friend the less for it ; but it would certainly not induce us to form an acquaintance with the man possessing it, without cogent reasons for so doing. Then why should we with a horse. A good countenance in mankind is no doubt often deceptive; a forbid- ding one is certainly more honest ; for on it we see in characters legible — bew^are ! Few men, not from choice, but circumstances, have had a more extensive acquaintance w^Ith man than myself, and, perhaps, not one man in a thousand from the same cause has made acquaintance with more horses. I have found rogues with prepossessing countenances in both ; but I never, to my recol- lection, had to do with man or beast of forbidding countenance that proved apostate to the sign nature had put up indicative of what w^as passing within. Ugly as sin either may be : this has no- thing on earth to do with a forbidding aspect. I do not hold a pug dog very handsome as to face, and I knew a girl as like one, excepting in colour, as she well could be ; but she was the best and merriest little girl in existence ; everybody loved N 178' THE STUD. her; she found a very sensible and handsome fellow that not only loved, but married her. I wish my reader as amiable a companion. I have in other things that I have written mentioned my having passed several years in Ire- land, where many hundred horses passed through my hands every year. This made me pretty inti- mately acquainted with Irish horses. These have, comparatively with English ones, generally sus- picious sinister looking countenances — contracted and lowering brows ; and no man acquainted with the animals of both countries can doubt but that Irish horses have worse tempers than English ones. This peculiarity of countenance in the Irish horse, no doubt proceeded from breed ; for I have remarked that lately it has as much improved as has his general shape and make. A few years since an Irish horse could be recognised anionic fifty English ones; but the three cornered made ones are now seldom seen, and as fine level horses come from Ireland as the most fastidious could wish to see. Tracing back, as we can do, the origin of the thoroughbred horse to a cross with the Arab, whose heads are deer-like in formation, we might naturally enough expect to find all race- horses with small heads. This is, however, by no means always, though general!}^, the case. Eclipse had by no means a beautiful head. Dick Andrews, PHYSIOGNOMY. 179 as good and honest a horse as ever ran, had a very hirofe head. To come to recent racers, that most capital of sires and race-horses, Touchstone, had no deer-like head, though an honest looking one ; Cymba, a late winner of the Oaks, has a head more like collar work than racing ; Mendicant, another Oaks winner, has a large, I may say very large, head ; Van Tromp has a really ugly head, added to not the handsomest body in the world ; and that capital and truly honest horse St. Lawrence has a head showin'GMAX and Co.'s CATALOGUE. Pages Field On Prison Discipline - - • 11 Gardiner's Siirhts in Italy - - - 11 Gowor's Si it ntitic Phenomena - -12 Gra'iam\Er,i;lish 12 Grant's Letters from the Mountains - 12 Hooker's Kew Guide - - - - 13 Howitt's Rural Life of England - - H ,, Visits to Remarkal>le Places - 14 „ Student Life of Germany - 14 ,, Rural and Social Life of Germany 14 ,, Colonisation and Christianity - 14 Jeflfrey's (Lord) Contributions - - 1.5 Loudon's(Mrs.)Lsdy'sCountryCompanion 18 Macaulay's Critical and Historical Essays 19 Mackintosh's 'Sir J.) -Miscellaneous Works 20 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 20 Necker UeSanssure's on Education - 23 Pa-scal's Mis( ellaneoub Writings - - 24 Plunkett On the Nnvy - - - - 25 Pycroft's Collegian's Guide - - -25 ,, Course of English Reading - 25 Remembrance of Bonchurch - - - 25 Rich's Companion to the Latin DictionaTv 25 Richter's Levana - • - - - 26 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - - 26 Bohner's Musical Composition - -26 Rowton's Debater ----- 26 Sandford's Parochialia - - - - 26 Seaward 's Xarrativeof his Shipwreck - 27 Southey's ComraonPlace Book - - 29 „ Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 Suitor's InstriK-tor (The) - - - 29 Sydney Smith's Works - - - -28 Thomson on Food of Animals, etc. - -30 Walkers Chess Studies - - - - 32 Welsford's Mithridates - • • - 32 Willoughby's (Lady) Diary - - - 32 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - • - 32 ONE VOLUr/lE ENCYCLOP/EDIAS AND DICTIONARIES. Pages Blaine's, of Rural Sports - - - • fi Brande's, of Science, Literature, and Art " Copland's, of Medicine - - - - 8 Cresy's, of Civil Engineering - • - 9 Gwilt's, of Architecture - - - - 12 Johnson's Farmer ----- 15 Loudnn'SjOf Trees and Shrubs - - IS ,, of Gardening • - - - 18 ,, of Agriculture - - - - 18 ,, of Plants - - ... 18 ,, of Rural Architecture - - 18 M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 20 ,, Dictionary of Commerce - 20 Murrav's Encyclopaedia of Geography - 23 Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines • 31 Webster's Domestic Economy - - 32 NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. Callow's Popular Conchology - . • Doubleday's Butterflies and Moths - 1 Gray and Mitchell's Ornithology - - 1, ,, ,, Accipitres - - 1: Kirby and Spence's Entomology - - 1- Lee's Taxidermy - . . . ) ,, Elements of Natural History - - 1 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History 2: Stephens' British Beetles - - - 2: Swainson on the Studv of NaturalHistory 1 ,, Animals' - . . . 1 ,, Quadrupeds • - - - 1 ,, Birds 1 ,, Animals in Menageries - 1 ,, Fish, Amphibia, and Reptiles 1 ,, Insects - - . . 1 ,, Malacology - - - - 1 ,, Habits and Instincts - • 1 ,, Taxidermy - . . . 1 Tarton's Shellsof the iiritishlslands - 3 Waterton's Essays on Natural History - 3 Westwood's Classification of Insects - 3: POETRY AND THE DRAMA .Aikin's (Ur.) British Poets Chalenor's Walter Gray - - - Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated Grav's Elegv, illuminated L. hi. L.'s Poetical Works Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis Macaulay's Lays of AncientRome Mackay's Ennli^h Lakes - Montgomery's Poetical Works Moore's Irish Melodies - • - 22 ,, Lalla Rookh ,, Poetical Works - Rowton's British Poetesses - ] Shakspeare, by Bowdler t Songs. .Madrigals, and Sonnets ' Southey's Poetical Works I ,, ' British Poets - , Thomson's Seasons, illustrated j ,, with Notes, by Dr. A.T.Thomson POLITICAL ECONOMY AND STATISTICS. ' Banfield and Weld's Statistics I Barnes's Electoral Laws ot Belgium Gray's Lectures on Money I M'Culloch's Geographical, Statistical, and ] Historical Dictionary j M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce I ,, Literature of Polit. Economy „ On Succession to Property ,, On Taxation and Funding j ,, Statistics of the British Empire ; Marcet's Conversations on Polit. Economy 1 Tooke's Histories of Prices - - - j Twiss's (Dr.) View of Political Economy i RELIGIOUS AND MORAL j WORKS, ETC. NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. | Arav Herberr, edited by Rev. W Se^Tell ' Barrett's Old Testament Criticisms - Callcott's Home among Strangers - * § j Bloomfield's Greek Testament Dunlop's History of Fiction . - - lu | ^^ College and School ditto - Hall's Midstimmer Eve - - - 12 i ^^ Lexicon to (ireek Testament Lady Willoughby's Diary - - - 32 i Bunsen's Church of the Future Lander's Fountain of Arethusa - - 16 : Burder's Oripntal Customs Madame De Malguet - • - - 20 i Bunis's Christian Philosophy - Marrjat's Masterman Ready - - - 21 1 ,, Christian Frairments - - - „ Privateer's-Man - - - 21 i Callcott's Scripture Herbal „ Settlers in Canada - - * "-l Convbeare and Howson's St. Paul - ,, Mission; or, Scenes in Africa - 21 Cooper's Sermons . . - - - Senior's Charles Vernon - - - - 27 Coquerel's Christianity - - - - Southey's Doctor, etc. - - - - 29 Dale's Domestic Liturgy Twelve Vears Ago 31 Dibdin's Sunday Library - CLASSIFIED INDEX. Pages I Discipline - - - - - Etclesiastes (illuminated) Euglishman's Hebrew Concordance Greek Concordance Etheridue's Acts and Epistles - - Forster's Historical Geo^aphy of Arabia ,, Life of Bishop Jebb - From Oxford to Rome - - - - Gertrude, edited bv the Rev. W. Sewell - Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week Home's I ntroduction to the Scriptures - ,, Compendium of ditto Jameson's -Sacred and Legendary Art Jebb's Correspondence with Knox - ,, Translation of the Psalms - Kip's Christmas in Rome Knox's (Alexander) Remains - Laneton Parsonage - - - Letters to niv Unknown Friends Maitlaiid's Church in the Catacombs Mariraret Percival Maxims, etc. of the Saviour - Milner's Church History - - - ■ Miracles of Our Saviour Moore on the Power of the Soul - „ on the Use of the Body „ on Man and his Motives Morell's Philosophy of Reliaion Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - Neale's Closing Scene - - - - Parables of Our Lord . - - . Parkes's Domestic Duties Pascal's Letters, by Pearce Pitman's Sermons on the Psalms Ranke's Reformation _ . _ . Rest in the Church _ - - - - Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - Saudford On Female Improvement - ,, On Woman . . . ■ ,, 's Parochialia . - - . Sermon on the Mount (The) - - - ''/ Shunammite (The Good) - - - - 27 Sinclair's Journey of Life - - - 28 ,, Business of Life - - - 27 Sketches (The) - - - . . 2S Smith's (G.) PerilousTimes - - - 2S ,, Religion of Ancient Britain 28 „ Sacred Annals - - - 28 (J.) St. Paul's Shipwreck - - 28 Soames's Latin Church - - - - 28 26 Solomon's Song (illuminated) - Southey's Life of Wesley Stebbing's Christian Church - ,, Reformation . - - Stephen's Church of Scotland Sydney Smith's Sermons Tate's'Historv of St. Paul Tayler's (Rev. C. B.) Margaret ,, ,. Lady Mary - Taylor's (Jeremy) Works' .. (Isaac) Loyola Tomline's Introduction to the Bible Turner's Sacred History Twelve Years .■\go - - . - Walker's Elementa Liturgica - Wardlaw On the Socinian Controversy Wilberforce's View of Christianity Willoughby's (Lady) Diary Wilson s Lands of the Bible Wisdom of Johnson's Rambler, etc. Woodward's Sermons and Essays - RURAL SPORTS. Blaine'sDictionary of Sports - Ephemera on Angling Hawbuck Grange ... Pages Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen . 13 Jones's Norway Salmon Fisher - - 15 Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 18 Pocket and the Stud • - _ - 25 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - - 29 THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, AND MATHEMATICS. Baker's Railway Engineering - - - Brande's Dictionary of Science, etc. Brewster's Optics . - - - - Cotiversations on Mineralogy Dela Becheon theGeology oiCornwaU,et<:, Donovan's Chemistry 1 - - - Farey on the Sieam Engine _ . - Fcisb'roke on the Arts of the Ancients - Gower's Scientific Phenomena Herschel's Natural Philosophy ,, .Astronomy - - _ . Holland's Manufactures in Metal - Humboldt's Cosmos - . - - Hunt's Researches on Light ... Kater and Lardner's Mechanics Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia ,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics • ,, and Walker's Electricity „ Arithmetic - - ' - „ Geometry _ _ . . ,, Treatise on Heat - . _ Low's Chemistry . - _ . . Marcet's Conversations on the Sciences 20, MatteucciOn Physical Phenomena - Memoirs of the Geological Survey - Moseley's Practical Mechanics ,, Engineering and Architecture Owen's Comparative Anatomy - - 23 & Peschel's Physics ----- Phillips's PalEBOZoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc, ,, Mineralogy, by Prof. Miller ,, Treatise on Geology - Portlock's Geology of Londonderry Powell's Natural Philosophy . - _ Ritchie (Robert) on Railways Steam Enifine (Ure), by the' .-Artisan Club Thomson's School Chemistry . . - TRAVELS. Borrer's Campaign in Algeria - • - Costello's (Miss) North Wales Coulter's California, etc. ,, Pacific . - - - De Strzelecki's New South Wales - Dunlop's Central America Erman's Travels through Siberia - Gardiner's Sights in Italy Jones's Norway Guide _ . - Kip's Holydays in Rome Laing's Tourin Sweden ^ - Mackay's English Lakes Marryat's Borneo _ - - - Mitchell's Expedition into Australia Nozrani in Egypt and Syria Parrot's .Asceiit of Mount Ararat - Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck Von Orlich's Travels in India Wilson's Travels in the Holy Laud VETERINARY MEDICINE 6 . Pocket and the Stud . 10 Stable Talk and Table Talk • - 13 Thomson on Fattening Cattle i % NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS PCBLISHED BY Messes. LONGMAX, BROWX, GREEN, akd LONGMANS. ACTON (MISS).-MODERN COOKERY, In allits Branches, reduced to a System of Easv Practice. For the use of Private Families. In a Series of Practical Heceipts, all of which have been strictly tested, and are given with the most minute exactness. 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