« ^ -# OF 7VV. L. RERRIN. • /Vo.i.i.t?... Subject W.s^.^/.,/ JOHNA.SEAVERNS TUFTS UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES 3 9090 014 551 309 Webster Famffy Llbraiy of Veterinary Medicine -Cummings Schoo' - ' v-*erinary Medicine at TU".!; ... y.-'sity 200 Westboro Road North Grafton. MA 01536 T II E HORSE-OWNER'S GUIDE; PEACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS The Horseman's Points. The Horse in Health. The Horse in Sickness. The Horse's Teeth. The Horse's Hoofs. The Age of the Horse. Treatment of his Diseases. How TO But a Horse. EMBRACING, ALSO, A NUMBER OF THE MOST VALUABLE LECILES IN USE BY THE BEST EUBOPEAN YETERINAEIANS, NEVER BEFORE BROUGHT INTO PUBLIC NOTICE. 3Illustratctr bjttfj jFour ILttljocjrapljic ipiatrs, WHICH BRING THE WHOLE SUBJECT WITHIN THE COMPREHENSION OF EVERY PERSON. BY F. II. WALTHER, Fgrmerly First Veterinary Surgeon to Ilis Excellency the Prince Otto Victor of 'Waldenburg, and First Veterinary Surgeon of tlie Royal A'eterinary College of Saxony, and Member of different Scientific Societies in Europe. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY L. PRANG AND COMPANY, I^o. 34 !IVIercliaii.ts tlo-v^'. 1861. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1861, BY L. PRANG, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Prentiss & Deland, Printers, 40 Congress Street. PREFACE The practice of the Veterinary Art was carried on, during the eighteenth century, mostly by quacks and uneducated persons. It has, however, within the hist sixty years, advanced to the rank of a science, hand in hand with other branches of human knowledge. Devastating disorders among animals became the impulse to a more exact study and treatment of the same, and the consequent ad- vance from empiric to scientific knowledge. The veterinary schools founded by the governments of Europe pursued the subject of the education of veterinarians, at first, under the guidance of accom- plished physicians and celebrated horse-doctors, who conjointly taught and presided ; this was the stejDping-stone from guess-work to exact knowledge. Persistent exertions, comparisons between human and animal physics, exact study of anatomy, physiology, &c., finally brought veterinary science to its present position. The present work is intended as a guide for owners of horses, to enable them, in the absence of a veterinarian, to undertake the allevi- ation of the sufiering of the sick horse, or its complete cure. A great many books have been written on this subject, but they are mostly large, costly Avorks, fi-equently tiresome, and unintelligible to the un- professional reader. The object of the present undertaking is a wish to produce, in an economical and intelligible manner, what may prove a welcome guide to all those interested in horses. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS DISEASES OF THE HORSE. The regular, undisturbed, natural action of the various functions of the vital organs of an animal, is health ; the reverse, constitutes sick- ness. Every sickness has its causes, eflects, forms, duration, and termination. Causes of sickness are both internal and external. The former, called predisposition or susceptibility to sickness, lies in the general mutability of animal nature, which, in order to exist, needs continu- ally the outer world, and consequently may be endangered by too much, or too little inflxience therefrom. Another cause of sickness is hereditary deterioration. These causes may undergo many changes ; may increase or decrease ; dependent on age, sex, constitution, tem- perament, and manner of living. For instance, old age inclines to stiffness of the joints ; very young animals are apt to suffer from disease of the lymphatic ducts ; the fe- male is liable to diseases of the udder ; those with a strong constitu- tion are subject to fevers and inflammations; those of a choleric temperament, to bilious diseases. The manner of keeping domestic animals is very diverse from their natural halnts, and therel)y the cause of special disease. Light, air — its dryness and moisture — cold, warmth, exercise, food and drink, stables, and the attention paid to the animals, are all subjects for consideration. Much of the physicking, as a preventive, such as bleeding, purging- powders of all kinds, is erroneous and prejiosterous ; and often de- ranges the condition of otherwise healthy animals. Other causes are either mechanical (pressure, blows, stabs, etc.), or chemical (poisons, acids, alkalies), and finally active causes, which operate directly on the sensibility of an animal, and thereby produce sickness. VI INTRODUCTOKY K K M A K K S. If both internal and oxtornul causes of sickness arc combined, un- der ]ieculiar circumstances, the result will be, A'isible changes in the apix'arance of the animal, called symptoms of sickness. These show themselves, — First. — In the organs of feeling and motion, by pain, itching, dullness, giddiness, trembling, sudden starts, running off, etc. Second. — In the circulation of the blood; the beating of the pulse is either too slow or too quick, too soft or too hard. Third. — In the digestive organs, by restlessness, colic, etc. Fourth. — In the urinaiy organs, by too much or too sj^arse evac- uations, even mingled with blood. Fifth. — In the a])pearance of the skin ; by all forms of scaly erup- tions, etc. Sixth. — In the organs of generation ; by involvmtary emissions and weakness^ Seveis'th. — In the exterior apj^earance of the body, boils, etc. Diseases are either acute or chronic, and convalescence in the former may often appear with stormy signs, called crises. The symp- toms of the crisis will be according to the character and seat of the disease ; critical j^erspiration, urinary flow, diarrhcBa, eruption of the skin, etc. The crisis may repeat itself until the disease is conquered, if not strong enough to do so the first time. Its appearance will usu- ally be made on the uneven days of the run of the disease ; as the third, fifth, seventh, ninth, up to the twenty-first. Disease will often change its nature or its seat. Most diseases are curable, if jiroper care be taken in the first stages of their appearance and judicious means applied to support nature in its battle ; but success is not always certain, and death is inevitable if the causes for the disease are not removed. The only natural death is that of old age — by waste of substance and ossification — a very rare occun-ence, indeed, in these (even for horses) artificial times. METHODS OF CURE. He who takes care of the sick hoi'se not only enhances the vahie of liis property, but does an essential service to the welfare of his country. Physicking, alone, as many people believe, will not, however, l)e sufficient. It will be necessary, first, to find out the cause of the sickness ; this removed, nature will frequently ])erform the cure with- out help from medicine. (For instance, wdien the horse has a pebble l)etween the shoe and the hoof, remove this, and the lameness Avill disap2)ear. If " diabetes " is caused by musty food, give him good, healthy food, instead, and he will be Avell. Many other examples coiild be given, but these will be sufficient.) Cases occur, however, when, after the removal of the cause, nature will no longer be strong enough to perform the cure alone ; then nature must be assisted by one of the various methods of curing diseases. We give here only two — the most generally acknowledged ones— ^ the homceopathic and the allopathic. The first deserves preference, in most cases, because the inexj)eri- enced person here runs less risk of doing harm than if he has recourse to allopathic medicines. The best means of administering the former to the horse is, to put from one to three drops, or from eight to twelve pellets or pills, on a wafer of flour-paste or a small piece of bread, to raise the horse's head a little, pull the tongue out, and ])lace the wafer as far back as possible; after which, the mouth is held closed with the hand, in order to compel the animal to swallow. Care must be taken, however, to give the medicine either one hour before, or one hour after he is fed. The liquid form of allopathic medicines deserves the preference in dangerous diseases, which run a rapid course, be- cause it will operate soonest. In some cases, however, this form can- not be used ; as, for instance, in inflammations of the throat, where the horse cannot swallow. Also, with aninuds suftering Avith cough, 8 HORSE-OWNER S GUIDE. t etc. In less dangero\is cases, give it as powder — one or two spoon- fulls — mixed with the food. Only medicines which have a very bad taste (aloes, etc.) need be given in pills. This form, and electuaries^ are the easiest to administer. Take a wooden spatula full of the latter, and spread it on the tongue. If an electuary must be given liquid, mix it with a pint of warm water, and give it carefully to the horse. Most feverish and inflammatory diseases require less nourishing, but easily-digestible food, as wheat-bran mixed with water, and that only in small quantities. Never force the animal to eat ; rather wait until the aj^petite comes of itself, as the sickness might be otherwise increased. A dry, spacious stable, fi-ee from draught, with a good litter, Avarm coverings, and plenty of good water, will materially hel]). Lame horses must have soft litters and plenty of space, so that they can rest themselves perfectly well. Injections are useful means of hastening the evacuation of the bowels, when the disease requires their speedy action. If it is intend- ed to soothe the animal (inflammation), give but one; if rapid evacuation is desired, repeat them quickly. When you bathe the horse, for the first time, in cold water, keep him but four or five minutes, at most, in the water ; rub him, after- wards, perfectly dry, and take him to a warm stable, with good, dry litter. By and by, the horse may be kept longer in the water. Local cold baths may be continued from one to three hours, as ne- cessity may require. Warm full baths are but rarely used, whilst local varm baths arc very frequently required. For the latter, soap must be put into the water, and frequently aromatic substances added. (A decoction of hay is the cheapest.) Shower-baths are also sometimes used, but squirting at the afflicted spot, with a sp'inge (called douche-bath), is more frequent. Sea-baths have a soothing influence, but if too long continued they become fatiguing. After five or six baths, the horse will be, frequently, very tired, but after twelve oi- fifteen, his strength and agility Mill re- turn. They remove obstructions, help the circulation of the blood, and will thin the blood. Nearly related to the baths, are fomentations. They are best ap- plied by means of flannel, frequently dipped in hot water, or l)oiled linseed or millet, together with aromatic substances, etc., put into a small bag, and ai)phed as hot as the hand will bear. METHODS OF CURK. y Steammg — vapor-baths, avo likewise frequently made use of. If applied locally, hot barley, fenuel, etc., are \n\t into a bac^, so that the water can run off, and then fastened to the neck of the horse, if the throat be affected ; if the disease be in the head, jnit it into a bucket, and hold the horse's head just aboAe it, and renew the steam Avith a liot iron, at short intervals. The apjilication, however, must not ex- ceed one hour. Afterwards, the horse must be rubbed diy, and kejjt warm. DISEASES AXD SPECIFIC REMEDIES. The numbers in the text refer to the recipes which follow. II. R. means Homoeopathic Ilemedy ; A. R. Allopathic Remedy. If more than one homoeopathic remedy is referred to, only the first on the list should be used, and from four to six days allowed for its operation ; if not efficacious, try the next in order, &c. Albugo, or Leucoma. — A disease of the eye. It may be par- tial or entire, with whitish spots, or the whole eye become of a white color. II. E. — If partial, after inflammation use cannabis and conium. If proflucetl by wliip-cuts or other outward causes, use cannabis alternately with belladonna and conium. If red stripes are visible on the cornea, use sarsaparilla and sulphur. If the disease is of long standing, Pulsatilla, sulphur, euphrasia, causticum, lyco- podium. A. R. — "Wash with Xo. 1, daily, from four to six times. AiiAUROSis, — Commonly called glass-eye. Paralysis of the optic nerve, and blindness. H. R. — In the beginning of the sickness, ammonium-carbonicum and causti- cum ; afterwards, belladonna, euphrasia, canabis, sulphur. A. R. — If the blood rushes to the head, bleed the horse, and purge with No. 3. Moisten around the eye, outwardly, three or four times a day, with Xo. -t. Anchylosis. — A stiffness of the joints, with partial or complete loss of motion, in consequence of the bones grooving together, or the contraction and thickening of the ligaments. 11. R. — Arnica, both inside and outside, rhus-toxicodendron, Pulsatilla, sulphur. A. R. — If the inflammation has not yet disappeared, apply bandages of cold water, with one-twelfth part Xo. 2. Afterwards, wash frequently with warm soap- suds. 10 IIOKSE-OWNEli's GUIDE. Blood-Spayix, — See Spavin. BoTS. — The larva' of the p:ad-f]y, wliich haiiii; on tlic inside of the stomach. Re.medy. — A run on the t,^rass is the most effectual remedy. BuEAKDOAvx. — See Curl). Broken" Wind, — A chronic ilhiess; l)aavements, and should be attendi'd to without delay. H. R. — In the first stage, if accompanied by inflammation, use arnica internally and externally ; also conium and arsenicuni. If matter lias collected, use squilla, conium, antimonium-cruilum, nux-vomica, Pulsatilla, and mercurius-vivus. A. R. — See Bruises. If matter and blood has collected under the sole, it must be opened with the knife. M E T 11 O D S O F C U K E . 11 Canker ix the Foot. — A separation of the horn from the sensi- ble part of the foot, and the growth of fungns-matter, occui>ying a portion, or even the wliole of the sole and frog. II. R. —A clean and dry stabK". Internally, spiritns .•-ulpliuratus. A. E. — Common charcoal-powder mixed with equal parts of sulphur, to lay on. As a caustic, cuprum sulphuricuni, or chloride of lime, to sprinkle on. Capped-Hock. — A swelling of the i»oint of the hock hehind, caus- ed by an enlargement of a sac, containing synovial fluid. H. R. — If the sickness is not for advanced — warm and movahle — arnica; if firmly seated — sulphur ; if with convulsively-contracting lameness — rhus-toxico- dendron; if moist, with a soft spot — silicea; if of very long standing — conium, clematis, and mercurius-vivus. A. R. — Ice bandages. After two or three days, apply cold watei\ with one- eighth part of No. 2. In some cases, warm bandages will be found useful. If no improvement is apparent, then blister with No. 5 or G ; and if the sickness is of very long standing, firing must be used. Clap of the Sixews. — (Sec Plate II, Fig. I, Xo. 22.) An in- flammation, mth swelling and pain of the sinews, rendering them powerless. They frequently harden, and pass into grogginess. H. R. — If caused by bruising, blows, or over-exertion, use arnica, externally and internally. Internally, rhus-toxicodendron, jihosphorus. silicia, sepia. If the disease be very obdurate, ^vith severe swellings, conium, mercurius-solubilis, licopodium, belladonna, china, sulphur. A. R. — Baths of warm soap-suds; also, washings and baths of a decoction of hay, and every other day a rubbing of the affected parts, three times a day, with ointment of quicksilver. River baths, and rubbing with new mm, are of great service sometimes. In very obdurate cases, blister with No. ii or G. The last re- sort is firing. Colic. — This is a very common disease, beginning with an apjtcar- ance of uneasiness ; the horse paws his litter, sometimes makes inef- fectual attempts to stall, stamps Avith his feet, gathers up his legs and lies down heavily, groans and looks round, rolls on his back, etc. It produces an irregularity in the passage of the food through the intes- tinal canal, and causes great pain. H. R. — From one to three doses of aconite; afterwards, arsenicnm : with cos- tiveness, only one dose. If the pain is removed and the costiveness remains, nux- vomica and opium ; with retention of urine, cantharides and hyoscyannus : with swollen, bloated body, chamomilla. When from green food, colcliicuni. calcarea. 12 iiorse-ownek's guide. r acetica ; from takinj? cold, cliaiiioniilla, alternately with aconite ; with thin duntj, of bad smell, Pulsatilla. A. R. — Eub the flanks and the helly with two ounces of oil of turpentine; that will frequently remove the sickness ; if not, let from six to eight ounces of blood. Cover the horse warmly, and walk him slowly. Inwardly, give No. 9 or 12, at first every half hour. An injection of warm soap-suds, with a quarter of an ounce of common salt, will be of great assistance, and will often be sufficient witliout any other remedy. Contraction of the Foot. — A clraAviug together of the heel- walls of the foot, and an accompanying reduction of the size of the frog. H. E. — Sulphur and sepia; squilla and rhus-toxicodendron will likewise help much. A. R. — Apply to a good farrier, and let him shoe the horse with a circular shoe. Put the horse, also, two or three hours every day, into running Mater, or into the pasture, without shoes. Corn. — A bruising of the sensible sole, and an accompanying rupture of its blood-vessels at the angles, between the wall of the foot and the bar. H. E. — AVhen accompanied by severe inflammation, one or two doses of aco- nite. Arnica inwardly and outwardly. A. E. — First of all, remove the cause, — the badly fitting shoe, the pebble, etc. Then put cold bandages around, and afterwards warm ones. It Avill be necessary, frequently, to open the sole, and to remove the blood or pus, and afterwards to have the horse shod by a skilful farrier. Curb. — An enlargement of the back part of the hock, three or four inches below its point, and a strain of the ligaments of the ten- don, or a ruptui-e of its sheath, generally caused by blows. II. E. — Arnica, inside and outside. Ehus-toxicodendron, conium, and sepia, when the disease is of long standing. A. E. — Treatment same as for Capped-Hock. Diabetes. — Excessive discharge of watery urine, accompanied by thirst and debility. H. E. — Lycopodium and mercurius-vivus. A. E. — If the disease is caused by cold, the horse must be kept warm, and have lukewarm water, mixed with linseed meal, for drink, and good sweet hay. Afterwards, decoctions of willow (ozier) and oak-bark, given inwardly, which will render good service. Eub also about the kidneys with New-England rum. METHODS OF CUBE. 13 Distemper. — An epidemic catarrlial fever, wliicli spreads over a whole countr}^, at certain seasons of the year. H. R. — Aconite, if tliere is inflammation ; mercurius-vivus, in case of unnatu- ral or copious flow of saliva ; belladonna, with swelling of tliL' head; arsenicum, when the discharge from the nostrils continues, and M'atery swelling ajipears ; bryonia, after aconite. A. R. — The horse must be kept at an equal, warm temperature ; in the begin- ning of the disease, give No. 9. As soon as the discharge from the nose begins, the liead is to be steamed, and electuary No. 7 is to be given besides. If the glands, under the jaw, are swollen, rub them with No. 10. Enteritis and Gastritis. — ■Inflammation of the bowels and the stomach, with all the vehement symptoms of the colic. H. E. — Aconite every ten or fifteen minutes ; arsenicum after two hours ; nux- vomica or opium, if the costiveness continues ; cantharidcs or hyoscyamus, if there is retention of urine. A. II. — Take from one of the jugular veins one or two quarts of blood; give thin gruel or decoction of flaxseed with castor oil. The whole belly should be rubbed with two ounces of oil of turpentine. Rub the horse all over, and cover liim warm. After the lajise of from half an hour to an hour, give No. 12. Steam- ing of the whole back part of the body (see Baths), and clysters of gruel, will be of great value. If mortification threatens, give No. 13. Erysipelas (Quarter-Evil, Black-Leg). — An inflammation in the skin. It is simple, if mere swelling of the legs, with heat, great pain, and difticnlty of motion ; if after from one to three days small pustules appear, it is called E. pustidosmn. A decided s})ecies of the same is Scratches. Another kind is called E. oedernatodes, decidedly limited towards the body, if in the course of from five to ten hours an impression made by the finger will remain. JE. gangrenosus, if gan- grene should appear as a further symptom. II. — Spare diet; light, soft feed; warm, dry stabling; cutting off all draught; warm covering, and jjacking of the swollen parts in woolen blankets. H. R. — Aconitum, belladonna. A. R. — Externally, No. 2G ; or fomentations, with an infusion of mallows, camomile, or hay. Internally, No. 9, in same cases ; clysters, witii soap-suds and a little salt, to remove obstructions. Often the inflannnation will lUsappear, but not the swelling; then application of ointment of quicksilver, and cold-water bandages will be found serviceable. Farcy. — A contagious disease of the lymphatic vessels (Plate II, No. 17,) and glands. Appears as small tumors, called farcy-buds or 14 IIOKSK-OWXEll's GUIDE. buttons, on different ]);irts of tlie surface ; these become gra when overheated. Rhus-toxicodendron, if there is much pain in the feet, and the animal is very stiff in his movements ; six drops or eight globules three times a day. In the beginning, a cold-water poultice ; later, warm hay poultice on the hoof will be found useful. A. E. — Cold applications ; and still better to put the horse in I'unning water, up to the knees. If the disease is very violent, accompanied by violent fever, it will be necessary to bleed him freely on the jugular vein (two to three quarts), and on both feet. Internally, No. 9 or 13. After a few days, warm fomenta- tions will render great service. Founder, Ciiroxic. — This is a species of founder, insidious in its attacks and destructive to the horse. It produces less severe lame- ness than acute founder. n. E. — Aconite, arsenicum, if attcndt'd witli increased pains. Elius-toxico- dendron, if there is a change for the worse, aftiT some exertion. A. E. — Local cold baths, pasturing upon moist ground, will help greath'. Gastritis. — See Enteritis. 16 iiokse-owxek's guide. Gall. — A sore, produced by pressure or cliafmg of the saddle or harness. Treatment. — Sec Bruise. Glanders. — A contagious disease to animals and man, frequently resulting- from neglected strangles, common cold, distemper, the ])rin- cijial symptoms of wliicli are : 1. A sickly discharge, sticking to the nostrils. 2. A swelling of the jugular glands; they become hard, but with- out pain. 3. Ulceration of the mendirane, lining the whole cavity of the nose. (See Plate II, Fig. I, Kos. 1, 2, 3,^and Fig. II.) The cure of tliis disease has been frequently asserted ; but this must have been either by mistaking some slight attack of distemper or chronic strangles for the glanders, or by empty boasting. Glanders are incurable. Geease. — An inflammation of the skin of the heels, with dis- charge of offensive matter, which renders them dry and hard, and causes them to crack. Treatment. — A clean, dry stable, frequent washing with cold or warm soap- suds, and afterwards wiped dry. Sometimes, purgative No. 3 will do good. Grogginess. — A weakness and tottering condition of the fore legs, accompanied usually by a knuckling over of the fetlock-joint. A horse is said to be (jroggy^ when he has a tenderness or stiffness about the feet, which causes him to go in an uneasy, hopping manner. (Plate II. No. 31.) H. E. — If the case is recent — arnica, rlius-toxicodendron. If of long stand- ing — mercurius-solubilis, conium, petroleum, silicea. A. \\. — See Clap of the Sinews. Heaves. — See Broken Wind. Hernia. — A ])rotrusion of the intestines through a natural or arti- ficial opening in the belly — rupture. (See Plate II. No. 34, 35.) Treatment. — If it be of recent date, make bolsters of oakum, and fasten them tightly around the horse with a strap. Give internally, arnica, and if there is in- fianmiation, aconite. When tlie hernia is strangulated, a veterinary surgeon can- not be dispensed with. METHODS OF CURE. 17 I&fEES, Broken". — The skin, .and at times the sac of llie joint, is broken, by falling on the knees. (See Wounds.) Local Ixklammation is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, and may be external or internal. The former, if caused by pressure, blows, etc., will be best abated by application of cold water, either pure or with one-twelfth part of No. 2. When benefit is derived from tliese applications, then continue with warm fomentations of hay or chamomile, imtil the inflanunation is gone. Should, how- ever, a hard swelling remain, then rub the spot with No. 11. Laminitis, or Lamexess. — See Founder. Lampas. — A swelling, and sometimes tenderness of the roof of the moiith, adjoining the front teeth. H. E. — Mercurius-vivus, aconite, natrum muriaticum, and sulphur. A. H. — Soft, moist food ; shorts for a few days. The mouth must be washed, besides, with a mixture of honey, vinegar, and water, several times every day. Laryngitis. — Inflammation of the ui^per part of the windpipe, called larynx. Symptoms, drawn-u]) neck, difficulty in swallowing, snorting, sometimes a dry cough, combined with all the symptoms of a catarrhal fever. H. R. — Aconite. Belladonna, when there is difficulty in swallowing. Spongia, if swollen. Mercurius-vivus, if increased secretions of mucous in the mouth. A. R.— Gruel, and soft, moist food. (Shorts.) In the beginning. No. 9, in- ternally; if cough becomes loose, and expectoration takes place. No. 7. Rub externally, with No. 10 ; afterwards, steaming through the mouth. (See Baths.) Locked-Jaw. — A constant spasm, and rigidity of all the volun- tary muscles. Usually fatal ; a cure will rarely succeed. H. R. — Nux- vomica, five or six times ; afterwards, arsenicum and nux-vomica alternately. Ipecacuanha, if the ai)petite does not return after the disease is cured. A. R. — Perfect rest. The horse must not be frightened at all. Steam baths have sometimes helped ; at other times, baths of warm soap-suds or ley ; or, finally, constant rubbing all over the body. When congestions occur, applications of cold water, or even ice, will help greatly. With costiveness, clysters of warm soap- suds. Squirting cold water into the mouth will help materially. Luxation. — A partial displacement of the bones of a joint. H. R. — Arnica, inside and outside. Rhus-toxicodendron. A. R. — Application of cold water, or even ice, to prevent inflammation. After- wards, rub on No. 11. 3 18 iiokse-owner's guide. Mallexders. — Scurvy onii»tions on tlic back side of the knee of tlie fore-leg, or on the bend of the knee. H. R. — Scabissinum equorum, and thuja. Sulphur, as an after-cure. Petro- leum, with lameness. A. R. — Frequent wasliing with soap-suds, or diUitcd ley. If the disease is of long standing, moisten -with No. 18, besides washing as above. Mange. — A disease whicli manifests itself in the skin, and causes a horse to rub himself continually. Treatment. — Bring the horse frequently into the open air ; keep him perfectly clean, and wash him every day. Megrims. — See Staggers. Moon-Blindness. — See Oi^thalmia. Nasal Gleet. — An increased and thickened discharge from the nostrils. A symjitom of glanders, or other diseases of the respiratory organs. A. R. — Inhalation of the vapor of steeped hay, or of hot vinegar, or rosin, thrown on hot coals, will abate the discharge, if the cause of the disease is removed. Navicular Disease. — Inflammation, or anchylosis (growing to- gether) at the joint formed by the coffin-bone and the lower postern- bone, in connection Avith the navicular bone. (An inflammation of the internal parts of the hoof) • 11. R. — Aconite, conium, arsenicum, and mcrcurius-vivus. A. R. — Cold baths, and cold-water applications; afterwards, warm fomenta- tions. No. 5, rubbed in, will materially assist the cure. Optiialmia. — A frequently-occurring disease of the eyes. Simi^le, causes mechanical ; a mere inflammation of the eyes, and sometimes its lids. H. R. — Aconituni, internally; externally, arnica-tincture, diluted with water, as poultice. A. R. — Leadwater, externally; if very painful, add twenty drops laudanum to each ounce of the leadwater. METHODS OF CUKE. 19 Opthalmia, Periodica (Moon-Blixdness). — Symptoms much the same as simple Opthalmia. The tears appear muddy, and the jnipil closed. The disease disappears after fi-om three to ten days ; i'eap2)ears at regular intervals, and Avill end in Albugo, if neglected. II. E. — Euphrasia, natruiii-iiuiriaticuni, antiiiioniuni-cruduni, Pulsatilla. Oi'TiiALMiA, Riieujiatk'A. — Caused by internal rheumatic inilam- mations, always accompanied by fever. Little swelling and redness, great pain, and sharp tears. R. — Treat the original disease. Cover the eyes with dry aromatic herbs, in bags. Protect the animal against dampness and draught. Palsy ok Pakalysis. — A loss of muscular power, or an inability to move any part of the body. H. R. — Aconite, arsenicum, arnica, belladonna, bryonica, cocculus, calcarea carbonica, causticum, dulcamara, rhus-toxicodendron, ruta, nux-A'omica, sulphur. A. R. — Rub hard, with dry flannel or straw; then cold-water applications. Rub the lame part, twice a day, with oleum phosphoratum. (See No. 19.) PoLL-EviL. — See Fistula in the Head. QuARTEK-CKACK. — Scc Saiid-ci'ack. Quarter-evil. — See Erysipelas. QuiTTOK. — A deeply-seated ulceration in the foot, mostly the re- sult from a neglected or badly-treated wound. Symptoms are, a jtainfully-inflamed swelling on the coronet of the hoot" with one or more small su])purating openings. R. — If matter has collected, the sole of the hoof must be opened. Salve No. 15 or 16, applied twice daily, after a half-hour's fomentation with an infusion of hay, each time, will be found very serviceable. For the rest, see Fistula. Rheumatism. — An inflamed, irritated condition of the sinewy structures, affecting chiefly the parts around the shoulders, hips, and kidneys. Causes-. — Sudden changes of Aveather, peculiar condition of atmospheric electricity, too cold diet, and catching cold generally. Spare diet, warmth, and often-repeated rubbing of the suffering \y,\ris, with straw or woolen, will cure most new cases. II. R. — If very lame, Ijryonia ; if overworked, rhus-toxicodendron or veratrum ; arsenicum, if caused by cold drink or food. A. R. — Rub with No. 11. Even blister with No. 5 or G. If feverish, No. 9 or 12, internally. 20 horse-owner's guide. Ringbone. — A bony excrescence on tlie lower part of the jiostern, generally, but not always, causing lameness. H. K. — Rhus-tox, aftcnvards arnica, calcarca, jodium, l^-copodiuni, nicrcurius- solubilis, and silicca. A. 11. — Perfect rest; if accompanied witli inflannnation, cold--\\-ator applica- tions, even with one-twelfth part of No. 2. Should this not help, then blister the sick part with No. 5, or use the firing. KoARiNG. — A disease which takes its name from the wheezing noise the horse makes in breathing, Avhen })ut in quick motion. It is caused by a contraction or effusion of lynaph in the throat. Sallenders. — See Mallenders. Sand-crack. Cow-crack or Toe-crack. Quarter-crack. — See Plate II, Nos. 28, 46, 47. H. R. — Arnica, phosjihoriis, sepia, silicia, squilla, sulphur. In shoeing the horse, trim the sides of the crack, to prevent their touching the iron ; keep the crack clean, fill it -with No. 23, and rub the coronet with No. 24. Sometimes an operation will be necessary. ■SeAB. — /Si/)nptoms. The animal keeps rubbing against any hard object. It will also scratch and gnaw itself with feet and teeth. Small knots and humid blisters will appear on the skin, the hair Avill entangle and fall out, especially on the croup, shoulders, and the inner side of the" thighs. Strengthening food and cleanliness are cap- ital remedies. H. R. — If humid, sulphur, rhus-toxicodendron ; if dry, knotty, and scurfy, staphisagria, sulphur; with boils, arsenicum; if obstinate, and combined with cough, carbo-vegetabilis ; if scaly, with loss of hair, dulcamara ; if the irruption is in groups, clematis ; watery-pus, jacea ; on the appearance of skin-scratches, sar- saparilla; scab on the tail-root, staphisagria, sepia, sulphur; in combination with scratches, thuja ; scab in the mane, vinca. ^_ R. — Rub the diseased part well with a mixture of one part coal-tar and two parts soft-soap, and wash clean, the following day, mth warm water. Repeat tills process every other day, until cured. Keep the animal warm and well covered all the time. Scratches. — A species of erysipelas in the pastern-joint, Avhich soon becomes a sore, with a singular fluid. Horses affected with them walk lame on leaving the stable. A dry stable, light feed, and fre- METHODS OF CURE. 21 qucnt Avashing of the sore arc absolutely necessary to complete tlic cure. PI. R. — Thuja. A. K. — A bath of warm soap-suds, once or twice a day, lias always had a good effect. Internally, give No. 9, without the addition of saltpetre. If the smell from the sore becomes too offensive, powder it with charcoal dust. If hardening should take place, use ointment of quicksilver. The last resort is caustic, and even firing. Cathartic No. 3 has proved valuable, sometimes. Spavix (Bon^e). — A bony enlargement (luxation) of the lower l)art of the back-joint, on the inner side of the leg, with more or less inflammation. n. R. — If the joint be very warm, arnica and rhus-tox. Mercurius-solubilis, if the spavin be fully developed with lameness. Pulsatilla, iodium, if accompanied with painful swelling. A. R. — Application of cold water or even ice, with one-twelfth part of No. 2. If the inflammation be moderate, it must be washed with warm soap-suds ; after- wards, vesicatory No. 5 or (!. Should this not help, the firing must be used. (See Plate II, Fig. 1, No. 41.) Spavin (Blood). — Varix (rupture of the veins) of the cannon-bone vein, on the inside of the hock-joint. H. R. — Rhus-tox. Afterwards, iodium, arnica, thuja. A. R. — If the disease is of recent date, application of cold water, and properly- arranged bandages, will be of great service. Spavin (Bog). — A soft or hard swelling on the inside of the hock- joint, from expansion of the joint sac, which contains synovia. H. R. — In the beginning, arnica, rhus-tox ; after some time, belladonna ; later, Pulsatilla, thuja, arsenicum, and iodium. A. R. — If there be inflammation, frequent applications of cold water, mixed with one-twelfth part of No. 2. If the sickness be of long standing, blistering- plaster No. 5 or C, and if that should not help, the firing nmst be usetl. Speedy-Cut. — A wound on the inside of the fore-leg, near the knee, made by the striking of the shoe of the ojtposite foot in fast travelling. Remedies. — See Wounds. Splint or Splent. — Bony excrescences, which grow on tlie in- side of the shank-bone. They are generally caused by the striking 22 11 O R S E - O AV N E II ' 8 GUIDE. of the shoe of the opposite foot when traveUing fast. Is frequently tlie consequence of a Speedy-cut, and shoukl he treated like Ring- bone. Staggers or Megrims. — A rushing of blood to the head, causing temporary unconsciousness, and often causing the horse to stagger or fall. II. E. — Aconite. With severe attacks, strammonium and coculus. Arnica, with drowsiness. China or belladonna may be also given witli advantage. A. K. — Give but little nutritious food; bran, with much water, take from two to three quarts of blood ; give No. 9, internally. Strangles. — A disease sometimes called Cold Distemper^ with inflammation and swelling of the glands, under the jaw. The breath- ing rendered diflicult; at times the glands break, discharges pus, and the horse recovers. Easily-digestible food — bran, with water — will frequently cure the disease, if the horse is kept warm. II. R. — Aconite, dulcamara, belladonna, and hepar sulphuris. A. R. — Keep the swelling warm, rub with No. 10, and treat it similarly to distemper. Stranguary. — Inflammation of the bladder, and of its neck, A disease which seldom occurs. Symjitoms very much like colic. H. R. — Aconite every fifteen minutes; then, cantharides, and at last, hy- osciamus. A. R. — Take immediately from two to three quarts of blood ; every hour some thin gruel, with one or two drachms of potash of nitre. Externally, fomentations of hay all along the spine in the flanks. Rubbing with No. 11. Light farinaceous food and thin gruel, besides keeping the horse warm. Tetaxus. — See Locked-Jaw. Thorough-pin. — A sort of wind-galls, or swelling upon tlie hock, and between the cord and the bone. It can be pressed through from side to side. II. R. — Arnica, rlms-tox, lycopodium, arsenic, belladonna, Pulsatilla, to be given successively. A. R. — With recent cases, cold-water applications. With cases of long stand- ing, rub in No. 5 or G, or use the firing. ISrETHODS OF CURE. 23 Thrush, — A softening of tlic frog of the foot, ficcompanied by an oflfensivc discharge of pus. Clean, dry stabling, is required first of all. H. R. — Spiritus-siilphuratiis. A. R. — Wash, with half ounce of chloride of lime in a pint of water. Strew it with charcoal powder, or burnt lime. Tread. — A Avound of the coronet, inflicted by other feet. H. R. — Arnica, internally and externally. Lachesis, if the disease has been neglected. A. R. — Wash with cold water, bandage afterwards with No. 2, and tie it up well. TIic wound must be washed and kept clean. Warts. — Spongy excrescences, which arise in various parts of the body. They often disappear without any medical aid, H. R. — If hard and dry, dulcamara, sulphur; with formation of boils, arseni- cum ; bloody and painful, causticum ; humid, tlnija, sepia; small, in great num- bers on the lips, calcaria-carbonica. A. R. — Single, with pedicles, may be under-bound with waxed silk thread. Large warts may be cut out with the knife, and the root fired. Wind-galls. — Elastic tumors each side of the back sinews, imme- diately above the fetlock joint. (See Thorough-pin.) Wounds, — after they have been carefully cleansed with cold water. H. R. — Arnica-water, externally, if the wound is not deep. Arnica, internally and externally, if the wound is deeper. Symphytum, if bones are injured. Co- nium, for wound.s caused by contusion. Rhus-toxicodcndron, or arsenieuni, for wounds witli dislocation. Millefolium, in case of severe bleeding, externally, by means of pads of oakum, tinder, or even spiders' webs. Aconite and arnica, al- ternately, taken internally, with strong inflammation and fever. Mercurius and assofoetida, when they smell badly, and suppurate. Chamomilla, sepia, arseni- cum, when proud flesh begins to form. A. R. — If the bleeding is severe, sprinkle plenty of flour starch, gum-arabic, or rosin upon it, and tie it up carefully. Quite as useful are pads of oakuiu, moistened with a solution of alum and suliihate of iron in vinegar and spirits 24 horse-owner's guide. of wine (alcohol). In case of very severe bleeding, apply firing until a scab forms. If a severe inflammation sets in, moisten the afflicted part, frequently, with No. 2. Many -wounds will heal immediately ; if not, suppuration begins, which must be assisted by applying the suppurating salves Ko. 15 or IG, until healed. Proud flesh is removed by putting sugar, burnt alum, or tobacco-asUes on, or by sprinkling with lunar caustic. RECIPES REFERRED TO IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES. 1. Sulphate of zinc, two drachms; water, ten ounces; dissolve, and add tincture of oiHuni and tincture of arnica, of each about half an ounce. 2. Tincture of arnica and vinegar of lead, equal parts of each, mixed with twelve parts of water, for poultice. 3. Hepatic aloes, one ounce ; calomel, half drachm ; castile soap, half ounce ; form them into a mass with mucilage of gum-arabic. Pill, for pm'ging, to be given in one dose. 4. Oil of rosemary, two drachms ; spirit of wine, two ounces ; water, eight ounces. Externally, to rub with. 5. Spanish flies (cantharides), two drachms, mixed with oil of lau- rel, one ounce. Acid salve, to rub with. 6. Tartar-emetic, one part ; hog's lard, two parts ; mixed. Acid salve, to rub with. 7. Golden sulphuret of antimony, two drachms ; sal ammonia, one and a half ounces ; aniseseed and flaxseed, of each four ounces ; sulphate of soda, twelve ounces ; honey (or molasses), two pounds. Mix and beat them together, so as to form an electuary, for the chest. To be given daily, every three hours, each time a ball of the size of a hen's egg. 8. Root of elecampane, eight ounces ; aniseseed, four ounces ; sul- phur, three ounces ; spirits of turj^entine, one ounce ; honey (or 4 2G horse-owner's guide. molasses), one and n, lialf ])ouik1s. Mix and beat them tOGjethcr, so as to form an electuary. Every three hours, as much as the size of a hen's egg. 9. Nitrate of potassa and sulphur, of each about two ounces ; flax- seed, four ounces; sulphate of soda, twelve ounces; water. Mix and beat them together, so as to form an electuary. Every one or two hours, as much as the size of a hen's egg. 10. Spirits of turpentine, half ounce ; hog's lard, two ounces ; mix- ed. Used for rubbing with, in the morning, noon, and evening. 11. Soap, half ounce ; camphor, half ounce ; spirit of ammonia, one ounce ; spirit of wine, eight ounces ; tincture of opium ; mixed. To rub with, three or four times a day. 12. Nitrate of potassa, two ounces ; sulj^hate of soda, twelve o\mces ; flaxseed, four ounces; water. Mix them, and fonn an electuary. Every one or two hours, as much as the size of a hen's egg. 13. Camphor, two drachms ; nitrate of potassa, two ounces ; flax- seed one ounce ; molasses, three ounces. Mix them, and form an electuary. To be given three times, at intervals of half an hour. 14. Sulphuret of antimony, three pounds ; root of gentian, two pounds; hemlock, two ounces; sjiirits of turpentine, four ounces. Rub them together, to a powder. 15. Venice tuipentine, two ounces; honey, one and a half ounces. Mixed. Suppurative salve. 16. Venice turpentine, one ounce. Mix and grind with the yolk of one egg. Suppurative salve. 17. Gum-benzoin, in powder, and hepatic aloes, of eacli one ounce ; spirit of wine, six ounces. Digest, with a gentle heat, for two or three days, and filter. Balsam for wounds. 18. Spirit of ammonia, half ounce; sulphate of copper, one ounce; alum and verdigris, of each one drachm ; water, one pint. Dissolve, for external use. RECIPES. 27 19. Phosphorus, half ounce ; linseed-oil, eight ounces. Dissolve. To rub with, once a day. — N. B. Must be prepared by a practical apothecary. 20. Spirits of wine and extract of lead (No. 22), of each, one ounce ; Avater, one 2>ound ; mixed. Leadwater, for external i;se. 21. Tincture of Arnica. — Flowers of arnica, four ounces; spirit of wine, one pound. Digest, with a gentle heat, for two days, and filter. 22. Extract of Lead. — Litharge, four ounces ; sugar of lead, six ounces ; water, distilled, sixteen ounces. Digest, with a gentle heat, for six days, and filter. 23. Cerate. — Mutton-tallow, yellow wax, rosin, Venice turpentine, each two ounces. Melt over a slow fire, and mix well. 24. Venice tuii^entine and oil of laurel, each two ounces ; hog's lard, one pound ; melt over a slow fire, and then mix thoroughly with two oimces of juice of onions. 25. Spirit of Camphor. — Cam2)lior, one ounce ; alcohol, one })ound. Dissolve. 26. Goulard'' s Water. — Spirit of Camphor (No. 24), one ounce; extract of lead (No. 22), one ounce ; water, one pound. Mix well. 28 iiokse-owner's guide. HOW TO BUY A HORSE. In order to make a thorough examination, it becomes necessary to consider the height and condition of the horse, not only in the stable, but also when led out of the stall, and outside the stable ; in a state of repose, and in motion. Horses are measured with taj^e and rule. The taj^e-measure is somewhat decei:)tive, as a low horse, with a well-rounded, fleshy shouldei*, may measure as much as a taller but thinner animal. The rule is, therefore, to be preferred ; this is a simple stick, with a short, movable arm, at right angles ; the long part is divided into inches. To measure a horse correctly, it should stand jierfectly level, and care taken that the seller practices no tricks, such as putting the fore arm on higher ground ; chucking it under the chin, to make it hold up its head, or even grasping the mane fi-om the opj^osite side, apparently for the puii^ose of noticing the measurement. Notice should be taken, also, whether the horse is shod or unshod ; Avhether the shoes are high or low. To secure a good span, the height of the head should be observed ; also, position and movement of the crest (neck), A good match, as to color, is of less consequence than a simi- larity of temper. The examination, in the stable, is a delicate matter. A horse which lies down, and, on being called, does not rise quickly, generally suffers from bad feet ; a tired animal stands on two or three legs, and is apt to lean its head against the manger ; this, however, is the case also with lazy horses. Crib-biters are easily found out, if the seller has not previously smeared the crib with soap or grease. Perfectly sound and kind horses look at persons entering the stable, pleasantly and feai'lessly, and not unfrequcntly neigh. Tricky ones lay back their ears, snort and snap. Shy horses always act timid and frightened. Slow eating, and difficult, audible swallowing, are signs of trouble in the gullet. Biting of crib and halter, also a dra-s\Ti-up belly, betoken animals that feed poorly. Worms, in young horses, are easily detected ; the horse thus affected, rubs its muzzle against the crib. Horses affected with the staggers take large quan- now TO BUY A HORSE. 29 titles of liay out of the rack, throw it clown, eat it slowly, and at intervals, scciuingly hstcnint;; as if surprised. They keep their food in the mouth for a long time Avithout swallowing it, and ha^■e a dull, fixed look ; they also push their heads against the wall, or into a dark corner. It is an often-practised trick with dealers to drop some oil into the ears of such horses, or a little cayenne pepper applied to the passage, to make them look attentive and spirited. Broken-winded horses have a short, dull cough, with a double beating of the flanks. Are the horse's feet on a level, and one hip higher than the other ? then he is one-sided. If perceptible in any other position, it must be the result of disease in the muscular jjart of the croup. Stiff hairs in the tail, and bare places on the same, indicate itching ; sore spots, suppurated sores, or scabs, betray the scab. Horses with visible or invisible spavin, are loath to step from one side to the other. Wind-galls seldom impair the usefulness of the animal. Clap of the sinews betrays itself through swelling and pain in the tendon, hindering the horse from stepping firmly, which ultimately results in a stiff foot. The mallenders, apjiearing mostly in the hind pastern-joints, are recognized by more or less deep cracks and sores, emitting an un- pleasant, bad-smelling fluid. This sign distinguishes it from wounds caused by overreaching. Neglected cracks, with warts covered with stiff, bristly hairs, are the indication of malignant mallenders, known under the name of crown-scab. The hinder hoofs should be well examined, particularly the coronet, to see about wounds from striking. Look well at the frog, to see if there are any iilcers or cancer ; the latter disease may be considered incurable. The examination or the horse, outside the stable, relates jjarticularly to eyes, muzzle, and nose. The contraction and expan- sion of the pupil of the eye deseixes special attention. Amaurosis may be recognized by an immovable pupil, and a beautiful black col- oring of the eye. Albugo may be detected by a speck, of a Avhite or mother-of-pearl color, in the eye, or a turbid look of the same. Closed eyelids, with inflammation and watery flow, are mostly the cause of some hay or dust, or even of whii)-cuts, and seldom dangerous. The last-men- tioned cause is frequently adduced by unprincii)lcd horse-dealers, as a pretext to conceal more dangerous evils ; and the utmost cau- tion is needed. Slight inflammation and dimness of the eye result, sometimes, from the shedding of the teeth. Is one eye smaller than the other, it indicates impaired or lost sight. Wrinkles in the upper 30 nOKSE-OW^TER's GUIDE. eyelid betray a weak sight. Periodical inflammation of the eyes may be recognized by the peculiar position of the inside corner of the eye, continuous slight flow of tears, hairless shiny spots below the eyes, and shunning the light. Next in order, comes the examination of the mouth. Find out the age, but be not deceived by artilicially-marked teeth. Often the dealer likes his horse .to seem older than he really is, which he effects by drawing two milk-teeth, thus making the horse appear one year older. If the fore and middle teeth appear badly woni, it indicates a crib-biter. Knots on the lips, as large or larger than peas, betray fiircy ; also knots and stringy swellings on the throat, the ribs, and the inner part of the hind-leg. The nose and throat deserve careful looking into. A greenish yellow or whitish flow, from one or both nostrils, more or less swelling of the glands of the throat, and a coiigh, with expectoration of i^hlegm, shows the strangles. Suppuration of the glands of the throat results from the same cause, and are not dangerous. A sticky, ash-grey flow fi'om the nose, and milk-white membrane, with a hard, movable, and almost painless appearance of the glands of the throat, are bad signs ; but if, at the same time, there are ulcers on the inside partition of the nose, then it is a complete case of glanders. Dishonest dealers clean nose and nostrils, put oil or fat inside, to produce an easy flow, and prevent the hardening of the same. They also employ caustic to produce a healthy appearance of the glands. The examination of the horse, out of the stable, should be both in a state of repose and action. A healthy, lively animal breathes, on coming into the air, easily, and with open nostrils; while a wind- broken horse breathes with widely-extended ones, making a singular motion with the same. Horses thus affected are exercised before the sale, which improves their breathing. Dropping or hanging the lower lip, is a sign of prostration. Mettlesome horses are apt to hang their tongues out. A touch Avith a hot iron is the rogue's cure of this fault. After having carefully examined ears, gullet, crest, the posture of the head and neck, the mane, chest, withers, shoulders, fore-ann, knee, shank, pastern and hoof, lift his fore-foot, to look at the sole, and also to find out whether the horse can be shod ; and proceed likewise with his hind-legs. Look also at the spots where the ani- mal might have been bled, or had application of an issue, on head, chest, belly, and throat. HOW TO BUY A nOKSE. ' 31 Lifting the hoof, (stepping or reaching), and putting the foot down, are three actions which should take place at the same time, regu- larly, vigorously, and quickly. Horses with lame withers or shoul- ders, cannot lift well the leading fore-foot, and are not sure in the act of reaching. A bad hoof is seen in the incomplete act of stc]?- ping and treading. The tread of a horse with the staggers, is in- secure and heavy. Avoid horses that strike the fore-feet with their hind-feet ; those that throw their fore-feet outward too much ; those with a too fleshy hock ; and those that interfere or kick. Aside from all that has been said above, it is of the utmost importance that the buyer should always bear in mind for what purpose he wants to buy a horse. For a fuller and better understanding of all the faults and diseases of horses, see Plate No. II, " The Sick Horse." Stifi* horses are im- proved by exercise, prior to the sale ; lame horses are exhibited on soft ground. Lazy animals, or stupid and inattentive ones, are kept attentive and active by the sound of the whip. Common, or even cayenne pepper, is introduced into the passage, to make the horse carry his tail high, and improve the position of the croup. The latter trick may be discovered if the horse passes dung frequently during the examination. Grey hau-s over the eyes of old horses, light spots, and even the feet, are dyed, which trick can only be found out after the horse sheds its coat. To guard against all the tricks of the trade requires a knowledge of the outward aj^pearance of the horse, as well as its anatomy and physiology, to which may be added pathology; and no connoiseur or veterinarian should be without these qualifications. 32 nORRE-OWNER S GUIDE, HORSEMAN'S POINTS \_Explanations of Plate /.] A A, Fore-hand. a. Head. hhh. Neck. cc. Shoulder. d. Breast. e, Arm. /, Fore-legs. 1, Muzzle. 2, Nose. 3, Wings of the nose. 4, Face. 5, Forehead. 6, Jaw. 7, Fore-top. 8, Chin. 9, Curb of the chin. 10, Outer corner of the eye. 11, Inner " " " " 12, Nape. 13-13, Crest. 14, Mane, or mane hair. 15, Withers. 16, Throat. 17, Windpipe or trapplc. 18, Point of the shoulder. 19, Fore-arm. 20, Elbow. 21, Knee. 22, Cannon-bones. 23, Fetlocks. 24, Large pasterns. 25, Small pasterns. 26, Hoof. 27, Heels. 28, Crown of the hoof. BB, Middle-hand. A, Back. B, Loin. CC, Barrel (the ribs). D, Flank. E, Girth. CC, Back-hand. 29, Hip. 30, Croup or rump. 31, Dock. 32, Quarter. 33, Stifle. 34, Thigh. 35, Hamstring. 36, Hocks. 37, Point of the hock. f MODEL HORSE. L PRANG 1 CO. LITH. BOSTON 34 II O K S E - O AV X E R S O U I P E . THE OLD SICK HORSE \_Explnnations of Plate II.'\ Ficr. 1. No. 1, Sickly (lis from the scharso 1 nostrils. 1 2, Ulceration of the j g ^^oms membrane, hnmg I '' % the whole cavity j^ i^,,,,!^,^. of the nose. ] ^ 3, Swelling of the 1 glands. J 4, Discharge of matter from the eye. Symptom of moon-blind- ness, glanders, and catarrhal pains. 5, Caries of the lower-jaw. Cau- ses, maltreatment ; oftener, fis- tulas of the teeth. 6, Fistula of the parotid duct. 7, Scars from an old fontanel, indicating former or still-exist- ing brain diseases. 8, Hurts and scars, at the forehead and over the eyes (orbicula- ris), frequently indications of rabies, running over, and hliiidness. 9, Warts on the ears ; horses suf- fering from these, resist fre- quently the bridling. 10, Inflamed parotid gland, with inflammation of the throat. 11, Fistula of the parotid gland, frequently the consequence of unnecessary operations. 12, Swelling, by pressure of the bridle. 13, Poll-evil. 14, Inflamed jugular vein, comes frequently from bleeding. 15, Scars, from repeated bleeding, are frequently found on horses, who had the rabies and other diseases. 16, Scab of tlie mane. 17, a, Swelling of the lymphatic vessels; h, ulcerated lymphatic gland, with cutaneous worms. Symptoms of farcy, or of deep- seated sui)puration, or of acute inflammation of the same parts, merely. No. 18, Fungus tumor, produced by pressure of the collar. " 19, Fistula of the withers. " 20, Tumor of the elbow. " 21, Induration of the knee. " 22, Clap of the back sinews. " 23, Mallenders. " 24, Splent. " 25, Kingbone. " 20, A tread upon the coronet. " 27, Quittor. " 28, Sand-crack. " 2'.1, Contracted or ring foot of a foundered horse. " 30, Wind-galls. " 31, Grogginess. " 32, Saddle-gall. '* 33, Broken ribs. '' 34, Hernia. <' 35, Ventral hernia. " 3G, Swelling from the girth. " 37, Hat-tail. " 38, Fistula of tlic tail. " 39, Protrusion of the rectum. " 40, Capped hock. " 41, Spavin. '^ 42, Curb. " 43, Swelled sinews. " 44, Thick-leg. " 45, Grease, or Scratches. " 46, Cow-crack. Toe-crack. " 47, Quarter-crack. A A, Scars from old fontanels, indi- cating former or still-existing dis- eases. Fig. 2, Shows the membrane, lining the cavity of the nose with small ulce- rations, caused by glanders. Yui. 1 OLD SICK HORSE L. PRANG 8. CO LITH. BOSTON 36 n OllUK-O \Y nek's G U 1 1) E . THE AGE OF THE HORSE, DETEKMINED UY THE APPEAKANCE OF THE TEETH. lExpIanatio7is of Plate III.'\ The safest way of determining the age of a horse is by the appearance of the teeth, which undergo certain changes in the course of years. Pes- sina, a German veterinary surgeon of renown, who made this a special study, came to the classification given below. Although generally accepted, even here exceptions will occur, as for instance : a noble horse might be taken for younger than he is, because the strong- er structure of all the bones makes the teeth also stronger than those of a horse of an inferior breed, of the same age. Frequently, three years old colts are brought to market with the niiJi)ers broken out, and sold for four years old. The classification of Pessina is as follows : At birth, the teeth have not appeared ; eight to fourteen days there- after, the first middle nipijers of the set of milk-teeth are cut (Fig. 1) ; four to six weeks afterwards, the pair next to them (Fig. 2) ; and finally, after sLx or eight months, the last (Fig. 3). All these milk-teeth liave a well- defined body, neck, and slender fang, and on their front surfaces grooves or furrows, which disappear from the mid- dle nippers at the end of one year ; from the next pair in two years ; and from the incisive teeth (cutters) in three years. At the age of two years and a half, the nijipcrs become loose and fall out ; in their places appear two permanent teeth, with deep, black cavities, and full, sharp edges (Fig. 4) ; after one year, the next pair (Fig. 5) ; and after an- other year, the corner teeth (Fig. G) ; so that the horse has liis permanent set of teeth when about five years old. ^ As the horse becomes older, his teeth are worn away, by use, about one- twelfth of an inch every year ; so, that the black cavities of tlie nijip^i-s dis- appear in the sixth year (Fig. 7) ; uhose of the next pair (middle teeth), in the seventh year (Fig. 8) ; and those of the corner teeth, in the eighth year (Fig. 9). In the ninth year, each of the two upper corner tectli has a little sharp protrusion at the extreme inner corners, the cavities have completely disai)peared (Fig. 10), and are only indicated by brownish spots, the oval form becomes broader, and changes, from the twelfth to the sixteenth year, more and more into a triangular form, and the teeth lose, finallj-^, with the twentieth year, all regularity. There is nothing remaining in the teeth that can, afterwards, clearly show the age of the horse, or justify the most expe- rienced examiner in giving a positive opinion. The tushes or canine teeth, conical in shape, with a sharp point, and curved, are cut between the tliird and fourth year; their points become more and more rounded, until the ninth year, and after that, more and more dull in the course of years, and lose, finally, all regular shape. Mares have, fre- quently, no tushes, or only very faintly indicated. Plate 3 L PRANG 4 CO. UTH. BOSTON 38 lIOKSE-OAVNEll .S GUIDE. THE FOOT. [Explanations of Plate IV.'] Fig. 1, Represents a regularly- built hoof, front and side view. " 2, A hoof in which the sole pro- trudes, called hoof-bound. " 3, A flat hoof, the sole is on a level with the wall of the hoof. " 4, Section of the foot : 1, Coronet-bone. 2, Coffin-bone. 3, Navicular-bone. a, the wall ; b, the sole ; c, the cleft of the frog ; d d, the frog ; e e, the fatty frog, or elastic cusliion ; /, the sensitive sole ; g, the sensitive frog; hhh, tendons of the muscles, which bend the foot ; i, part of the l)astern bone ; ?c Jc, tendons of the muscles, which extend the foot ; /, the coffin-joint ; m, the navicular-joint ; n, the coro- nary substance ; o, the sensi- ble laminae, or covering of the coffin-bone. " 5, The horny part of the foot: a, the frog-stay ; h b, the two horny projections, rising into the cavity of the hoof, formed by the commissures ; c c, por- tions of the same jirojections. Fig. G, A contracted hoof. " 7, A regular, sound hoof, seen from the sole ; a, the toe ; a 1, the inner-toe ; a 2, the outer- toe ; 6 1, the inner-quarter ; b 2, the outer-quarter; c 1, the inner-heel ; c 2, the outer-heel ; d d d, the sole ; e e, the crust, or wall of the hoof; //, the bars ; g g, the commissures ; h k I, the frog ; i i, the bulbs of the heels. " 8, Clap of the back sinews, treat- ed by tiring applied in longi- tudinal lines, about half an inch from each other, and also as shown by Fig. 8 and 9. " 9, Curb and spavin., similarly treated as above. '• 10, lSx>avin, treated by firing, not in lines, but dotting over the sick spot. Raie4 / , 10 L PRANG X. CO. LITH, BOSTON NOTICE. Horse-owners, who are desirous of getting a carefully-prepared Homoeopathic Medicine-Chest, can be accommodated by the author of this work. His long ex- perience as chemist, botanist, and veterinarian, enables him to warrant every article he sells. The price for a large chest, $ 5 00 " " " a small " 2 .W Advice by letter, will be given for .f 1 00, enclosed. Letters, without this fee, will not receive attention. De. f. h. walther. Care of L. Pkang & Co., Lithographers, M Merchants Row, Boston. Cumrriings be ' "I ... ^'^y 200 Vvd^.^oioRoad^ Iterth Grafton, MA WSae • i ! M 1 . '"« i