International 
 orrespondence 
 
 Schools 
 
 SCRANTON, PA. 
 
 INSTRUCTION PAPER 
 
 with Examination Questions 
 
 FIRST EDITION 
 
 iTypes 
 
 , Breeds, and Market 
 Classes of Horses 
 
 PART 2 
 By L as. Staff 
 
 1325 B 
 
 SCRANTON, PA. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY 
 
 1921 
 
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 r-^n International Correspondence Schooej 
 
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TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET 
 CLASSES OF HORSES 
 
 (PART 2) 
 
 BREEDS OF HORSES— (Continued) 
 
 BREEDS OF THE DRAFT TYPE 
 
 THE PERCHERON 
 
 1. Origin and Development. — The native home of the 
 Percheron breed of horses is in the northwestern part of 
 France, in the district of La Perche, from which the breed 
 derives its name. The country is uneven and hilly, and is 
 cut up in every direction by small valleys that are fertile and 
 furnish an abundance of grass. The origin of the breed is 
 very obscure. For many centuries horses of a draft type 
 were in existence in the vicinity of La Perche and these, it is 
 believed, constituted the foundation stock of the Percheron 
 breed. According to most authorities, these native horses 
 were crossed with oriental horses that came into France at 
 the time of the Saracen invasion in the 8th century. Arabian 
 blood was extensively used in the improvement of the breed 
 as late as 1820, when two noted Arabian stallions, Godolphin 
 and Gallipoli, were imported and freely used on the French 
 stock. Most of the present-day Percherons trace to Gallipoli. 
 
 When the government studs were established at Le Pin 
 and Pompadour in the 18th century the breeding of horses 
 
 COPYHIOHTED BY rNTEBNATlONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
 §36 
 
54 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET §36 
 
 received a great impetus. The systematic breeding of Per- 
 cherons along definite lines, however, did not begin until 
 about the decade between 1860 and 1870. At the present 
 time, the French government is active in fostering the interests 
 of native horses. Government studs are maintained in which 
 select animals are kept for breeding purposes. In the case 
 of privately owned stallions, a severe inspection is made by 
 government veterinarians and if the animals are found to be 
 of sufficient merit they are designated as subsidized, and a 
 cash bonus is paid to the owner for keeping them in the country. 
 Horses that are not quite good enough to be subsidized are 
 designated as authorized, and the owners are given a certificate, 
 which is, in substance, a government recommendation. There 
 is a third class known as approved, the animals of which are 
 permitted to be in service but neither a bonus nor a certificate 
 is given for them. All stallions not coming within these classes 
 are excluded from public service. This system of government 
 supervision, which has obtained in France for several years, 
 has proved very beneficial to the Percheron and other native 
 breeds. 
 
 2. The Percheron in America. — The first importation of 
 Percheron horses into America of which there is any positive 
 knowledge was made about 1839 to Moorestown, New Jersey, 
 by Edward Harris. Two of the animals imported by Mr. 
 Harris were Diligence and Bonaparte. These animals were 
 small in size, standing about 15 hands high and weighing about 
 1,500 pounds. In 1851 the stallion Louis Napoleon was 
 imported into Ohio. This horse proved to be a great breeder, 
 and, it is claimed, was one of the best draft horses ever 
 brought to America. It is said that over 400 of his sons 
 were successful breeding animals. The Massachusetts Society 
 for the Promotion of Agriculture imported several stallions 
 and two mares in 1864 and made a second importation in 1882. 
 It is said that some of the horses of the second importation 
 weighed as much as 2,200 pounds. W. T. Walters, of Balti- 
 more, Maryland, made an importation of both stallions and 
 mares in 1866, and several other importations in later years. 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 55 
 
 He always imported more mares than stallions, and was the 
 first to establish an important breeding stud of Percherons in 
 America. Of the later importers, mention shoiild be made 
 of Mark W. Dunham and Daniel Dunham, of Wayne, Illinois; 
 Ezra Stetson, of Neponset, Illinois; the Stubblefields, of 
 Bloomington, Illinois; the Dillon Brothers, of Normal, Illinois; 
 John Huston, of Blandins\dlle, Illinois; and the Fullingtons, 
 of Ohio. 
 
 The Percheron breed has proved very popular in America 
 and ma}^ be said to be increasing in public favor. Percherons 
 have crossed extremely well \\dth native American mares, 
 imparting quality and size and producing marketable horses. 
 Due to their being clean-limbed, free from superfluous hair, 
 and of good disposition, the}^ have always been great favorites 
 with the American farmers, and users of hea\^^ horses in cities 
 show decided preference for grade Percherons. In the United 
 States the niunber of recorded Percherons is greater than the 
 number of recorded horses of all the other draft breeds com- 
 bined, which fact indicates that the breed is very popular. 
 
 3. Description. — In Fig. 1 is shown a typical Percheron 
 stallion, and in Fig. 2 the prize-winning Percheron mare 
 Mouvette. Percherons range in height from about 16 to 
 17| hands and weigh from about 1,600 to 2,200 potmds. An 
 average weight for a Percheron stallion in good condition is 
 from 1,900 to 2,000 pounds. The Percherons are not quite 
 so heavy as the Belgians or the heaviest Shires, but they 
 weigh more than the Clydesdales or the Stiff oiks. The Per- 
 cheron has a deep, thick, compact body on rather short legs, 
 which are devoid of the long hair characteristic of the Clydes- 
 dale and the Shire. The head is neat and refined, of good 
 width between the eyes and the jaws, and tapers to a refined 
 muzzle; the forehead is broad and ftill, indicating intelligence; 
 and the ears are small, pointed, and carried erect. The neck 
 is of moderate length, rather arched, and is usually set weU 
 on the shoiilders, giving poise and dignity to the head; the 
 crest is not so heavy as that of the Belgian, but it is well devel- 
 oped. The shoulders are long and usually obliquely set; 
 
66 
 
58 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 the back is short and often a Httle low; and the chest is deep 
 and broad, indicating a hardy constitution. The coupHng is 
 not always as short as it should be, and the last ribs are fre- 
 quently not well sprung. The hips are high and often appear 
 prominent, due to the lack of spring to the last ribs. The 
 croup is of moderate length and frequently more drooping 
 than is desired; it is often rather flat on top. In many Per- 
 cherons, the tail is set somewhat low and the hind legs are 
 not always set on in the best way. The thighs and quarters 
 are usually heavily muscled, indicating power; and the feet 
 are of the best quality; in the latter respect the Percheron 
 excels all the other draft breeds. The hocks are not always 
 as clean as they should be; they are better than those of the 
 Belgian, but not so good as those of the Clydesdale. The 
 cannons of the Percheron are not so flat as those of the Clydes- 
 dale or the Shire, the tendons not standing back from the 
 cannon bones as well as they should. 
 
 In action, the Percheron is quick and energetic, exhibiting 
 considerable snap. Percherons are good walkers but have 
 a shorter stride than either the Clydesdales or the Shires. 
 The trot is performed with vim and energy, and the knees and 
 hocks are usually flexed well when carried forwards. Gray and 
 black are the predominating colors, although occasionally bay, 
 brown, and chestnut occur. The Percheron has a sanguine 
 temperament, and an amiable disposition, in these respects 
 being the best of all the draft breeds. 
 
 4. Registration. — The registration of Percheron horses in 
 America has been the cause of much controversy. This 
 unfortunate condition of affairs resulted from the fact that in 
 the early history of the breed in America two types of draft 
 horses were imported from France, namely, the Percheron and 
 the Norman. These two types were much alike in every 
 way and at one time animals of both were registered in the 
 same stud book in America. In 1876 the Norman Horse 
 Society was organized. Later the name of this organization 
 was changed to the Percheron Norman Horse Association, 
 and it was under this title that the first stud book was pub- 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 59 
 
 lished in 1878. This change in name antagonized some of 
 the members of the association, who withdrew and organized 
 the National Register of Norman Horses, which was later 
 changed to the National Register of French Draft Horses. 
 When a Percheron society was organized in France, the word 
 Norman was stricken from the title of the Percheron Norman 
 Horse Association. 
 
 The American Percheron Horse Breeders' Association made 
 an attempt to incorporate in 1885, but failed. The career of 
 this organization proved rather unsatisfactory, and in con- 
 sequence a new association, the American Percheron Horse 
 Breeders and Importers' Association, was organized. In 1905 
 the name of this organization was changed to the Percheron 
 Society of America. An association known as the Percheron 
 Registry Company was organized in 1902. In 1911 the 
 Percheron Society of America purchased all the records of the 
 Percheron Register Company, so that now the latter asso- 
 ciation is no longer in existence. In 1905 another association, 
 known as the American Breeders and Importers' Percheron 
 Registry, was incorporated. 
 
 A Percheron society was organized in France in 1878. The 
 rules of the French society provide that only horses bred in 
 the Percheron district can be recorded in the French stud 
 book. Should a Percheron mare and a Percheron stallion be 
 taken outside of the Percheron district and mated together, 
 the progeny, according to the rules, would not be eligible for 
 registration. Since 1890 the rules also stipulate that aU colts 
 must be registered between 3 and 6 months of age, at which 
 time they are inspected by a veterinarian, and, if accepted, are 
 branded with the society's brand, S P, which is placed on the 
 left side of the neck near the mane, about midway between the 
 head and the shoulder. These rules were adopted with the 
 idea of protecting the purity of the breed ; however, it is claimed 
 by American importers that horses outside of the Percheron 
 district are frequently recorded and branded as pure-bred 
 Percherons. Inasmuch as all of the draft horses of France are 
 of much the same blood, the Percheron breed could not have 
 suffered greatly from this alleged mixing. 
 
60 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 THE FRENCH DRAFT 
 
 b. It is necessary to speak of the so-called French Draft 
 breed of horses because of the fact that in America it has been 
 the erroneous custom for many years to refer to all draft horses 
 imported from France as French Draft horses and as of the 
 French Draft breed. This practice has been encouraged by 
 the organization of an association in the United States that 
 registers draft horses from France, irrespective of breed, in a 
 French Draft stud book. Notwithstanding the common use 
 of the term French Draft, there is no recognized breed of this 
 name. In France there are several breeds of draft horses, and 
 when the first importations of animals of these breeds were 
 made to America no differentiation was made between them, 
 all being known as French Draft horses. The name thus 
 applied has clung to all such animals even to this day, in 
 America. 
 
 It is probable that all the draft horses that are imported to 
 America from France can properly be listed as belonging to 
 the following breeds: Percheron, Boulonais, Breton, Nivernais, 
 Ardennais, and Picardy. 
 
 The Percheron breed is the best known and the best devel- 
 oped of the French draft breeds. It has already been dis- 
 cussed. 
 
 The Boulonais breed is found largely in the district of 
 Boulogne in the northern part of France, not far from Belgium. 
 The animals of this breed are larger and coarser than the Per- 
 cherons, and very likely possess more Belgian than Percheron 
 blood. Gray is the prevailing color, although some of the 
 horses are bay. It has been claimed by the French breeders 
 that there has been no interchange of horses between the 
 Boulonais and the Percheron districts, but this claim is doubted 
 by many authorities. 
 
 The Breton breed is found in Brittany, a section of France 
 lying across the English Channel from England. It is not 
 probable that many Breton horses have ever been brought to 
 America, although it is said that many of them are sold in Paris 
 as Normandy and Percheron horses. 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 61 
 
 The Nivemais breed is from the district of Nievre, in the 
 central part of France. Most of the Nivemais are black in 
 color, as a result of using black Percheron stallions on the mares 
 in that region. The horses of this breed are smaller than the 
 Percherons. It is said that not many of them have been 
 imported into the United States; however, this fact is ques- 
 tioned by authorities familiar with the breed. The Nivemais 
 are built much after the Percheron type. 
 
 The Ardennais breed is native to Ardennes, in the northern 
 part of France, near Belgium. There are two types of Arden- 
 nais horses; those of one type are blocky and smaller than those 
 of any of the other French draft horses; those of the other are 
 of a coach type. 
 
 The Picardy breed is found in the northern part of France 
 and in Belgium. Some authorities claim that the Picardy is a 
 variety of the Boulonais. The horses of this breed are gener- 
 ally bay in color. 
 
 The National French Draft Horse Association of America 
 publishes a stud book in which may be registered animals of 
 any of the French draft breeds. 
 
 THE CLYDESDALE 
 
 6. Origin and Development. — The Clydesdale breed of 
 
 horses originated in Scotland, in the county of Lanark, com- 
 monly called the Clydesdale district. Heavy, black Flemish 
 stallions were used in the early development of the breed, 
 authentic records showing that such horses were employed as 
 early as 1715. Ever since that time much attention has been 
 paid to the improvement of the breed and the preservation of 
 purity of blood. So carefully have Clydesdale horses been 
 selected for breeding and so honestly have all matters pertain- 
 ing to pedigree been conducted, that the purity of blood of 
 recorded animals of the breed is beyond question. 
 
 Two noted Clydesdale stallions whose influence on their 
 progeny is noticeable even to the present time were Prince of 
 Wales 673, and Darnley 222. Damley's three best sons were 
 Macgreggor 1,487, Flashwood 3,604, and Topgallant 1,850. 
 
64 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET §36 
 
 The most famous Clydesdale stallion of recent times is Baron's 
 Pride 9, 122, sired by Sir Everard 5.353, a son of Topgallant 1,850 
 and a grandson of Darnley 222. 
 
 7. The Clydesdale in America. — The first importations of 
 Clydesdales to America were made into Canada, perhaps 
 because this section was settled by Britishers, who naturally 
 preferred horses from their own country. About 1870, the 
 first Clydesdales were brought to the United States, some of 
 them coming from Canada and others from Scotland. The 
 first show in America was held at Toronto in 1846. 
 
 In America, the breeding of Clydesdales has not kept pace, 
 in the past few years, with that of horses of other breeds, and 
 it is doubtful whether they will ever become widely popular 
 in this country, unless they are bred more nearly to the type of 
 the American draft horse, less attention being given to action 
 and more to the conformation of body and the securing of 
 weight. 
 
 8. Description. — In Fig. 3 is illustrated an American type 
 of Clydesdale stallion and in Fig. 4 a Scotch type. 
 
 Clydesdales commonly range in height from 16 to 17 hands, 
 and weigh from about 1,800 to 2,000 pounds. In the best 
 animals the head is of good shape; the shoulders are rather 
 oblique ; and the chest is somewhat narrower than in animals of 
 the other draft breeds. The body of the Clydesdale is criti- 
 cized by many competent judges, who assert that it is lacking 
 in depth and circumference. The feet, bone, and action are 
 cardinal points with Clydesdale breeders, and in these respects 
 animals of the breed are superior. A prominent characteristic 
 of Clydesdale horses is the long, fine, silky hair, commonly 
 termed feather, which grows out from the backs of the cannons 
 and from the coronets. 
 
 In the early days a few of the Clydesdales were black, a few 
 were gray, and a few were chestnut, but the Highland Agri- 
 cultural Society, which held its first show at Glasgow in 1827, 
 made it a rule that only bays and browns should be allowed to 
 compete for prizes. This checked the production of blacks and 
 grays, which were rather common in the country at that time. 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 65 
 
 Gray Clydesdales are still unpopular, and some authorities 
 think that a chestnut color indicates Shire blood. 
 
 9. Registration. — The Clydesdale Society of Great Britain 
 was organized about 1877, and the first stud book was published 
 in 1878. The registration in the first volume covers a period 
 of about 50 years, and most of the animals were owned in the 
 Clydesdale district. Up to the present time the Clydesdale 
 Society has published 32 volumes and has registered about 
 40,000 animals. The American Clydesdale Association was 
 organized in 1879, and the first stud book was published in 
 1882. Fourteen volumes have been issued, with a total regis- 
 tration of about 14,000 animals. 
 
 THE SHIRE 
 
 10. Origin and Development. — The Shire breed of horses 
 is a product of England, having been developed principally in 
 the coiinties of Oxford, Leicester, Stafford, Derby, Notting- 
 ham, Northampton, Lincoln, and Cambridge. This breed is 
 the result of crossing imported horses from Flanders and 
 Northern Germany on the native stock of England. The breed 
 is very old and has been carefiilly bred since its origin. Much 
 of the credit for the early improvement of the breed belongs to 
 English tenant farmers, who persevered in breeding and improv- 
 ing the Shire in times of depression. Later, some of the nobility 
 established studs and a number of the more finely bred animals 
 of certain families sold for high prices. Some authorities have 
 questioned whether this was an advantage to the breed, as it 
 took away from the tenant farmer animals that he could not 
 afford to own. One of the most potent factors in the improve- 
 ment of the Shire horse was the Shire Horse Show, which was 
 established in 1879 as an annual event. This show is held each 
 year at London, and all the horses exhibited are required to 
 undergo a careful veterinary examination. 
 
 The aim of Shire breeders in Great Britain has been to main- 
 tain or increase the size and substance and improve the quality 
 of their horses as much as possible. In order to do this they 
 
67 
 
68 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 select those with a profuse growth of hair on the limbs, this 
 being considered evidence of quality, substance, and rugged- 
 ness. American breeders doubt the wisdom of this practice, 
 and it is regarded as certain that profuse feather will never 
 become popular in America, as it is a frequent source of erup- 
 tions and skin disease, as well as of much trouble and annoy- 
 ance. Although much has been done to improve the quality 
 of the Shire's hocks, some of them still lack width, and are 
 short and not well defined. 
 
 11. The Shire in America. — The importation of Shire 
 horses into America began, it is believed, about the middle 
 of the 19th century. In 1853, a Shire named John Bull was 
 imported and taken to Aurora, Illinois, where he became favor- 
 ably known as a sire. A few years later a second John Bull 
 was imported to Bristol, Illinois. For a time the Shires were 
 spoken of as "John Bulls." George E. Brown, of Aurora, 
 Illinois, an extensive importer, made his first importation in 
 1874. From this time on importations became more numerous. 
 
 One of the most famous early Shire horses imported to the 
 United States was Holland Major 275. He was imported as 
 a 2-year-old by George E. Brown in 1882, and was a champion 
 at the World's Fair held at Chicago in 1893. He Hved to be 
 25 years old and proved to be an exceptionally good breeder 
 of high-class horses. 
 
 12. Description. — In Fig. 5 is shown the noted Shire stal- 
 lion Prem Victor, which is an English horse but of the 
 American type. Fig. 6 shows Glen Royal, an English type of 
 Shire. 
 
 Shire stallions range in height from 16 to 17| hands and weigh 
 from about 1,800 to 2,400 pounds. The head, in many animals 
 of the breed is inclined to be a little plain, not having as much 
 width across the forehead and through the jaws as desired, and 
 there is also a little coarseness in the muzzle. The face is 
 inclined to be a little Roman, which, when only slight, is not 
 objected to by admirers of the breed. The ears are rather long 
 and heavy, more so than in animals of some of the other breeds, 
 and the neck is plain, frequently lacking in crest develop- 
 
§36 CLASSES OF HORSES 69 
 
 ment. The shoulders are massive and powerful. The back is 
 of moderate length and the croup of fair length, although not 
 so level as that of the Clydesdale. The Shire is inclined to be 
 a Uttle plain over the hips and a little too short and straight in 
 the pasterns. The feet are inclined to be small and too fiat, 
 lacking height at the heel, and also brittle, especially feet of a 
 white color. As a rule, animals of the breed possess an abund- 
 ance of bone. A deep chest and heavily muscled shoulders, 
 thighs, and quarters, giving the appearance of strength and 
 power, are characteristic of the breed. Shire horses have a 
 profuse growth of feather coming out from the cannons; often 
 the feather is not as fine and silky as is desired. 
 
 Horses of the Shire breed are usually of a bay or brown 
 color, although black, gray, and occasionally chestnut occurs. 
 As a rule, they have white faces, the white extending from the 
 forehead to the muzzle, and one or more white feet and legs, 
 the white extending to the knee or hock, and occasionally 
 higher. 
 
 The Shire is usually a good walker, having a long, open 
 stride, and, as a rule, the action is fairly straight. Although 
 the Shire has been much improved in action, he is still a little 
 sluggish, which is especially noticeable in trotting and turning. 
 In the United States the Shire has been used more extensively 
 on the level lands of the Mississippi Valley than elsewhere. 
 Shire stallions make an excellent cross for mares of moderate 
 size with an abundance of quality but lacking in substance. 
 
 13. Registration. — The registration of Shire horses in 
 Great Britain is conducted by the Shire Horse Society, for- 
 merly the EngHsh Cart Horse Society. In America the regis- 
 tration is in charge of the American Shire Horse Breeders' 
 Association. 
 
 There have been published six volumes of the American 
 Shire Horse Stud Book and twenty-nine volumes of the English 
 Shire Horse Stud Book, which shows, in a relative way, that the 
 Shires are not extremely popular in the United States. 
 
n 
 
 243—30 
 
72 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 THE BELGIAN 
 
 14. Origin and Development. — The Belgian breed of horses, 
 as the name implies, is a product of Belgium. The modem 
 Belgian horse is a direct descendant of the black Flemish horse, 
 which has been influential in improving all of the draft breeds. 
 Horse breeding has long been an important industry in Belgium, 
 having been practiced at first for the production of war horses 
 and later for the production of horses for agricultural purposes. 
 In 1850 the government established a stud at Tervueren for 
 the improvement of draft horses, and in 1886 the official 
 draft horse society of Belgium, Le Cheval de trait Beige, was 
 organized. Since the latter date the Belgian government has 
 promoted horse breeding by making annual grants, or sub- 
 sidies, to the society. The society organized and holds annual 
 summer shows at Brussels, which attract visitors and buyers 
 from all over the world. It has a membership of about 1,400 
 breeders and up to the present time has registered more than 
 58,000 stallions and 72,000 mares. The society registers 
 about 10,000 horses annually, but does not give numbers to 
 the stalHons until they are 3 years old; a number is not given 
 to a mare until she has produced a foal. Stallions are given 
 even numbers and mares odd numbers. From the preceding 
 figures it will be seen that the condition in Belgium is alto- 
 gether different than in the United States, the ntimber of 
 mares registered in Belgium greatly exceeding that of the 
 stallions. 
 
 15. The Belgian in America. — Dr. A. G. Van Hoorebeke, 
 of Monmouth, Illinois, made an importation of Belgians 
 to America in 1866; this is said to have been the first. At 
 that time the Belgian horses were designated as Boulonais. 
 Mr. E. Leferbure, of Fairfax, Iowa, began importing Belgians 
 in 1888 and continued until 1905. A nimiber of small importa- 
 tions were made about the same time that Mr. Leferbure began 
 importing, but it was not until about 1900 that any great 
 number were brought to the United States. Only a compara- 
 tively few pure-bred Belgian mares have ever been imported 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 73 
 
 16. Description. — Fig. 7 shows a typical Belgian stallion. 
 Fig. 8 shows a group of prize-winning Belgian stallions owned 
 by Dunham & Fletcher, of Wayne, Illinois. 
 
 The Belgian is the heaviest of all draft horses. The stallions 
 range in height from 16 to 17 hands and vary in weight from 
 1,800 to 2,500 pounds. The mares, of coiirse, are considerably 
 lighter in weight than the stallions, but are heavy in comparison 
 with mares of the other draft breeds. 
 
 The characters that distingmsh the Belgian draft horse from 
 the horses of other draft breeds are the deep, thick body and 
 short legs, which are free from long hair. The Belgian horse 
 possesses a hardy constitution and is a good feeder on coarse 
 feeds. He lacks the levelness of top that is desired, many 
 animals of the breed being low in the back, rising rather high 
 on top of the hips, and being rather short and drooping in the 
 croup. The neck of the Belgian is short and thick and has a 
 heavy crest that extends to the poll. In many cases the head 
 is short and narrow from the eyes to the top of the poll, and 
 long and coarse from the eye to the end of the muzzle; in some 
 cases the head is badly placed on the neck, and the ears are set 
 wide apart and low, making it difficult for a bridle or halter to 
 be kept on. The legs of the Belgian are short and have mod- 
 erately heavy bone, but lack the flatness of cannon that is 
 found in the Clydesdale and the Shire. The pasterns, in many 
 instances, are a little short and upright, and the feet are small, 
 having much the shape of the feet of a mule. The under line 
 is not so straight as in animals of the other draft breeds on 
 account of the big, poddy middles. In some cases the hind 
 legs are bent too much at the hocks, forming what is called a 
 sickle hock. Perhaps the most severe criticisms that are made 
 of the Belgian horse by unprejudiced and competent judges 
 are: the smallness of the feet, the badly set pasterns, the poor 
 shape of the hock, and the lack of levelness of top line; how- 
 ever, all of these faults are being rapidly improved by modem 
 breeders. 
 
 In action, when the Belgian goes true and straight, he is 
 usually good at the trot, but not so good at the walk, being 
 slow and sluggish, and having a short stride. 
 
74 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET §36 
 
 The prevailing colors of the Belgians are chestnut, bay, 
 brown, and red roan; occasionally black and infrequently gray 
 occurs, the latter color, however, not being popular. The 
 Belgian horse has been described by many admirers of the 
 breed as being docile and intelligent; however, many impartial 
 judges do not believe him to be equal, either in intelligence or 
 disposition, to the Percheron. 
 
 The Belgian stands the shipment of importation better than 
 the horses of any of the imported breeds and becomes acclimated 
 readily. In recent years, since the larger and better stallions 
 have been imported, the Belgian has gained much in reputation 
 as the sire of good commercial horses. Being good feeders, 
 such animals mature comparatively early and usually go to 
 the market in better condition than horses of any other draft 
 breed. 
 
 17. Registration. — In Belgium, the official draft horse 
 society, Le Cheval de trait Beige, looks after the registration 
 of Belgian draft horses. In America, the American Associa- 
 tion of Importers and Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses has 
 charge of the registration. The latter association was organ- 
 ized in 1877 and has published two volumes of the stud book. 
 
 TIIE SUFFOLK 
 
 18. Origin and Development. — The Suffolk breed of 
 
 horses, sometimes known as the Suffolk Punch breed, is indig- 
 enous to Suffolk County, in the eastern part of England. There 
 are also a number of Suffolk horses in Essex and other counties 
 of Eastern England. The true foundation of the breed dates 
 back to a horse foaled in 1768, known as the Crisp horse, from 
 the name of its owner, a Mr. Crisp, of Ufford, Sussex. To this 
 horse are traced all pedigrees of Suffolk horses that may be 
 registered in England or America. The Crisp horse was a 
 bright chestnut in color, stood 15| hands high, and proved to 
 be a remarkable sire. Since the time of the Crisp horse four 
 attempts have been made to introduce foreign blood for the 
 improvement of this breed, but all have proved futile. 
 
75 
 
76 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 19. The Sufifolk in America.— Siiff oik horses were first 
 imported to America about 1880. Since that time importa- 
 tions have been infrequent and the breed has never become 
 well known in this country. This is perhaps due to the com- 
 paratively small size of animals of the breed. Perhaps more 
 have been imported into Iowa than into other states ; a few have 
 been imported into Wisconsin, and some into Ohio and eastern 
 states. When crossed on the common mares of the country, 
 the Suffolks usually produce good farm horses of quality and 
 finish that are particularly smooth, but with hardly sufficient 
 size, unless the dam is large, to be called drafters. 
 
 20. Description. — In Fig. 9 is shown a typical Suffolk 
 stallion, which is owned by O. C. Barber, of Barberton, Ohio. 
 Suffolk horses range in height from 15| to 16| hands high and 
 weigh from about 1,700 to 1,800 pounds. The Suffolk is not 
 claimed to be strictly a draft horse, but is suited for agricultural 
 purposes. 
 
 The Suffolk differs from the Clydesdale and the Shire in 
 that it is free from all long hair on the limbs. It has a neat 
 head, which is wide in the forehead, and the jaw tapers to the 
 muzzle. The neck is of good length and the crest exceptionally 
 well developed, presenting an arched appearance. The shoul- 
 ders are long but not extremely straight nor obliquely set. 
 The back and loins are of a moderate length; the ribs are 
 extremely deep and well sprung; the hips are not prominent; 
 and the croup is long and level, in fact, more so than in the case 
 of the horse of any of the other draft breeds. The thighs and 
 quarters are muscular and extremely well developed. The 
 legs, which are rather short, are free from feather, and appear 
 to be a little light in bone; however, breeders disclaim this, 
 stating that it is simply because they are free from feather. 
 The pasterns are of moderate length and the feet are of good 
 texture, although at one time they were criticized for being 
 too flat. 
 
 In color, the Suffolk is always some shade of chestnut, either 
 light or dark, the light being preferred. The color of horses of 
 this breed is exceptionally uniform. 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 77 
 
 In quality and action the Suffolk ranks well. Animals of 
 this breed are seldom coarse, and in action they stand next to 
 the Clydesdale. 
 
 21. Registration. — In England, the Suffolk Stud Book 
 Society has charge of registrations. Volume I was published 
 in 1880, and up to the present time about sixteen volumes have 
 been issued. The American Suffolk Horse Association has 
 charge of the registrations in the United States, but no stud 
 books have been issued. 
 
 MARKET CLASSES OF HORSES 
 
 22. As has been explained in a previous Section, the market 
 classification of horses is based on their size, conformation, 
 height, weight, style, and action. A classification based on 
 such widely variable characters as these must necessarily be 
 somewhat flexible, that is, the lines of division between the 
 classes must be more or less a matter of personal opinion and 
 subject to change according to the market demands for and the 
 supply of any particular class. Many animals go to market 
 and help to supply the demand that are not altogether typical 
 of the market class in which they are sold. In attempting to 
 meet the market demands, if there are not enough horses of a 
 particular type, dealers try to fill the demand as far as possible 
 with animals that are only partly typical of the class. Not- 
 withstanding this indefinite classification, most horsemen 
 recognize an approved type for each market class. It is the 
 purpose to describe, in the following pages, these approved 
 types. 
 
 In Table I are given the names of the market classes and 
 subclasses of horses, and the height and weight requirements 
 for each. It will be seen that in most cases the name of the 
 class and subclass is suggestive of the use to which the horses 
 belonging to it are put. 
 
 23. Draft-Horse Class. — The draft -horse class is composed 
 of horses that are broad, massive, rugged, and compact, and 
 possess sufficient weight, strength, and endurance to pull 
 
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§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 79 
 
 heavy loads. The weight should come from size rather than 
 an abundance of fat, although a good covering of fat is desirable 
 on a draft horse intended for market. Strength in a draft 
 horse is usually an attribute of weight, as the heavier the 
 animal the easier it is for it to move hea\^ loads. Heavy bone 
 of good quality, and muscularity of limbs is the best evidence 
 of endurance. Draft horses range in height from 15f to 17| 
 hands, and weigh from 1,600 to 2,200 pounds or more. The 
 action should be energetic and spirited, and the stride at the 
 walk should be long and rapid. 
 
 The draft -horse class has been divided into light draft horses, 
 heavy draft horses, and loggers, but the distinction between 
 the light and the hea\^ subclasses is rarely made on the market, 
 pertaining almost exclusively to the show ring. 
 
 24. Light draft horses are from 15f to 16| hands high 
 and weigh from 1,600 to 1,750 pounds. Although 15f hands 
 is accepted as the minimum height for an animal of this sub- 
 class, it should be understood that a horse of this height is less 
 desirable than one that is taller, and that it closely approaches 
 the eastern chunk subclass. 
 
 25. Heavy draft horses are the heaviest type of horses; 
 they weigh from 1,750 to 2,200 pounds or more, and are from 
 16 to 17| hands high. A typical specimen of the heavy draft 
 subclass is shown in Fig. 10. This animal is excellent in com- 
 pactness of body and smoothness of finish. He is 16 j hands 
 high and weighs 1,950 poimds. 
 
 26. Loggers are heavy draft horses that are used in the 
 lumbering regions for drawing heavy loads of logs. They 
 usually differ from the heavy draft horses in being plain, rough, 
 or slightly unsound in some respect, such as being defective in 
 wind, having sidebones, boggy hocks, etc.; these and other 
 unsoundnesses will be explained in a subsequent Section. 
 Occasionally, good horses are purchased for logging purposes, 
 but as a rule the trade demands rather cheap animals. A 
 logger is shown in Fig. 11. It will be seen that the hindquar- 
 ters of this animal are very plain, the croup being drooping, 
 
81 
 
84 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 the hind flank cut up too high, and the hind legs crooked, or 
 sickle-hocked. This horse is 16^ hands high and weighs 
 1,950 pounds. 
 
 In recent years the demand for draft horses has exceeded the 
 supply, and, as a result, prices for animals of this class are high. 
 
 27. Chunk Class. — Horses of the chunk class are short 
 legged, broad, and heavy set. The name of the class is indica- 
 tive of the conformation of the animals rather than of the use 
 to which they are put. As a class, chunks are less uniform in 
 type than the animals of any other class. They vary in 
 height from 15 to 16 hands and weigh from about 800 to 1,550 
 pounds. The subclasses of the chunk class are eastern and 
 export chunks, farm chunks, and southern chunks. 
 
 28. Eastern and export chunks are of much the same type 
 and conformation as draft horses, but are a little more blocky 
 and compact. They weigh from 1,300 to 1,550 pounds, and 
 range in height from 15 to 16 hands, although, as a rule, they 
 are not more than 15f hands. At one time a considerable 
 number were exported, but in recent years the price has been 
 too high to permit of a profit in such business. The use for 
 eastern and export chunks is pretty much the same as that for 
 draft horses; they are largely used in pairs and in threes for 
 trucking purposes. Some horses of the eastern-chunk type may 
 be found on the market at all seasons of the year, but not in 
 such great numbers as during the spring. They usually bring 
 good prices, but less than those for draft horses. Fig. 12 shows 
 a choice animal of the chunk subclass. The horse shown is 
 15^ hands high and weighs 1,530 pounds. 
 
 29. Farm chunks are an important item in the horse mar- 
 ket, particularly during the spring months. At other seasons 
 they are usually sold to supply demands other than for farm- 
 ing. Farm chunks are lighter in bone and not as unifonn in 
 type as eastern chunks. Their lack of uniformity is largely 
 due to the fact that farmers are of varying opinions as to the 
 best type of horse for farm use, and often accept the commoner 
 and inferior grades. Some farmers who do not wish to pay 
 
§36 CLASSES OF HORSES 85 
 
 high prices for farm horses buy animals that are slightly blem- 
 ished or unsound. The greatest demand is for animals that 
 weigh from 1,200 to 1,400 pounds and are from 15 to 15f hands 
 high. Mares are usually preferred to geldings, as most farmers 
 want horses for breeding purposes as well as for work. In the 
 case of farm chunks, the walk is the most important gait, but 
 because of the varied work on a farm, it is important that 
 the animals be quick and active, and be able to trot readily, if 
 necessary. Farm chunks sell readily, as a rule, but do not 
 bring as high prices as eastern and export chunks. Fig. 13 
 shows a choice farm chunk. This animal is 15f hands high 
 and weighs 1,400 pounds. The bone is a trifle light, but 
 this character is often found in horses of the farm chunk 
 subclass. 
 
 30. Southern chunks, or southern horses, as they are more 
 generally called, are lighter in bone and more rangy in confor- 
 mation than farm chimks, being from about 15 to 15| hands 
 high and weighing from about 800 to 1,250 pounds. They are 
 somewhat of the road-horse type, and usually possess consid- 
 erable light-horse blood. As in the case of farm chunks, mares 
 are preferred to geldings, and good action is even more desired 
 than in farm chunks. Southern chunks are taken to the south- 
 em states where they are largely used for agricultural purposes. 
 The trade in this subclass begins in the autumn and is best 
 during the winter. Southern chunks are in less demand and 
 bring lower prices than farm chunks. A good specimen of the 
 Southern chunk subclass is shown in Fig. 14. This mare has 
 excellent quality and finish, but might be a little lower in the 
 hind flank. She is 15| hands high and weighs about 1,150 
 pounds. 
 
 31. Wagon-Horse Class. — Animals of the wagon-horse 
 class are used principally for the pulling of light wagons, such 
 as delivery and express wagons, on city streets. Horses of 
 good action are required for this purpose, as they are required 
 to do their work at a fairly rapid gait. In order to stand the 
 work, a wagon horse must have a good constitution, and it is 
 especially important that it have good feet and limbs, and bone 
 
213—31 
 
88 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 3G 
 
 of the best quality. Horses of this class are from about 15 to 
 17| hands high and weigh from about 1,050 to 1,700 pounds. 
 The subclasses of the wagon-horse class are express horses, 
 delivery-wagon horses, artillery horses, and fire horses. 
 
 32. Express horses are used singly or in pairs by express 
 companies in the collecting and delivering of packages. The 
 siz,e of the horses that are used is determined by the weight of 
 the wagon, whether the horses are worked singly or doubly, 
 and the extent of the territory from which collections and 
 deliveries are made. The lightest grade of express horses, 
 which are hitched to light wagons and used for the delivering 
 of valuable packages, such as money, etc., are known as money 
 horses; such horses must be capable of doing fast work. The 
 typical express horse should stand from about 15f to 16^ hands 
 high and weigh about 1,400 pounds when in working condition. 
 It is important that the shoulders and pasterns of an express 
 horse be obliquely set and that the limbs should be of excellent 
 quality, with large feet and hoofs of a dense, tough horn. The 
 back and loins should be short, broad, and well muscled; and 
 the quarters and thighs deep, broad, and powerful. Express 
 horses should be quick, active, full of energy and spirit, and 
 able to keep their feet well under them when pulling either at 
 the walk or the trot. Fig. 15 shows an excellent animal of the 
 express subclass. This horse is 16 hands high, weighs 1,375 
 pounds, and is almost faultless in conformation. 
 
 33. Delivery- wagon horses, or, as they are often termed, 
 wagon horses, are similar to express horses, but are not quite 
 so large and generally not as high grade, as most mercantile 
 firms do not care to pay large prices for horses. However, 
 there are exceptions, some large department stores buying 
 nothing but choice animals. Delivery-wagon horses should 
 have clean, hard, flinty legs, and good feet and pasterns. The 
 range in height is from 15 to 16 hands and in weight from 1,100 
 to 1,400 pounds. There is always a good demand at remunera- 
 tive prices for the better grades of express and delivery-wagon 
 horses, but the lower grades do not sell so well. The demand 
 for delivery-wagon horses is largely for the drawing of parcel- 
 
§36 CLASSES OF HORSES 89 
 
 delivery wagons, and conies chiefly from retail houses. Some 
 of the coarser, rougher animals are used for heavier work, such 
 as the pulling of huckster wagons, junk wagons, etc. Fig. 16 
 shows a good animal of this subclass. 
 
 34. Artillery horses should be from about 15| to 16 hands 
 high, weigh from about 1,050 to 1,200 pounds, and be from 
 5 to 8 years old. Only geldings are used for artillery purposes, 
 and the demand is rather spasmodic. Contracts are let by the 
 government to the lowest responsible bidder to supply them in 
 large numbers by a specified time. Because of the rigid exam- 
 ination the animals must iindergo at the hands of official 
 inspectors, many men have lost money in filling contracts for 
 artillery horses. A typical artillery horse is shown in Fig. 17. 
 
 35. Fire horses, as the term implies, are animals that are 
 used for the drawing of fire-fighting apparatus. Because of 
 the fact that such horses are required to pull comparatively 
 heavy loads at fast speed, it is necessary that they be more 
 rangy than express horses. There is a wide range in the limits 
 of height and weight from the smallest to the largest of fire 
 horses. For heavy engines and heavy hook-and-ladder trucks 
 they should weigh from about 1,500 to 1,700 pounds and stand 
 from about 16 to 17| hands high. Hose-cart horses should 
 weigh from about 1,200 to 1,400 pounds, and range in height 
 from 15 to about 16| hands. Fire horses must be intelligent 
 and otherwise smted for the work. The deinands for these 
 horses is from cities maintaining paid fire departments and is 
 quite limited. Enough fire horses are found in the general 
 supply to meet the demand, so that it does not pay farmers to 
 try to produce them, although they sell at remunerative prices. 
 Automobile fire trucks are now replacing many fire horses. 
 Fig. 18 shows a good fire horse, and Fig. 19, a typical fire team 
 hitched to apparatus. These animals belong to the fire depart- 
 ment of Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 36. Carriage-Horse Class.- — Horses of the carriage-horse 
 class are used for drawing heavy vehicles and are frequently 
 spoken of as heavy -harness horses. They range in height from 
 
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98 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET §36 
 
 14j to 16 J hands and weigh from 900 to 1,250 pounds. Car- 
 riage horses are smoothly turned and high-headed ; they possess 
 an abundance of quaHty and have high action and fair speed. 
 Everything about a carriage horse should indicate neatness and 
 refinement. The neck should be long and arched, the head 
 small and clean-cut, and the ears neatly set. The shoulders 
 should be oblique in order to enable the horse to carry his 
 knees as high as possible. The back should be short and well 
 muscled; the ribs should spring well from the spine, giving a 
 round barrel; the hips should be rounding, and the croup com- 
 paratively level and well muscled; the quarters should be deep, 
 and the tail set high. The limbs should be well set, clean, 
 flinty, and free from blemishes or unsoundness. The sub- 
 classes of the carriage-horse class are coach horses, cobs, park 
 horses, and cab horses. 
 
 37. Coach horses must have high action and beauty of 
 form. They must flex the hocks well under the body and carry 
 the knees high toward the chin. They are a little larger than 
 other horses of the carriage class, and may be said to be a little 
 more stately in action than cobs or park horses. Coach horses 
 with good confonnation but deficient in style and action are 
 comparatively low-priced animals. Coarseness is a common 
 fault in this subclass and is very objectionable ; flat ribs, staggy 
 necks, and long backs are other faults that are objectionable. 
 Coach horses should be from 15| to 16| hands high and weigh 
 from 1,100 to 1,250 pounds. The demand is for trotters only. 
 In Fig. 20 is shown the noted coacher, President, owned by 
 E. D. Jordan, of Boston, Massachusetts. Fig 21 shows a 
 coach team in harness. 
 
 38. Cobs are small, stocky coach horses that are from 14j 
 to 15| hands high and weigh from 900 to 1,150 pounds. The 
 cob is a popular English type, and in England a horse is never 
 considered a cob that is over 15 hands high. The action of the 
 cob is much the same as that of the coach horse, being, perhaps, 
 a trifle higher at the knees and hocks. Cobs should be some- 
 what quicker on their feet than coach horses. Owing to the 
 fact that cobs are particularly suitable for lady drivers, they 
 
§36 CLASSES OF HORSES 99 
 
 are often spoken of as ladies' cobs. They are usually hitched 
 to a light brougham, phaeton, or some carriage that is not 
 intended for carrying more than four. As a rule, city pur- 
 chasers require that the tails of cobs be docked ; this operation, 
 however, should be left to the dealer or buyer. Fig. 22 shows 
 the noted cob, Tinker Bell. Fig. 23 shows Alfred Vanderbilt's 
 cob team, Polly Prim and Sweet Marie. These animals are 
 the highest type of the cob subclass. 
 
 39. Park horses are used strictly for display purposes, such 
 as for driving in parks or on boulevards, and are usually used 
 by horse fanciers. An abundance of quality and extremely 
 high action at both knees and hocks are essential in horses of 
 this subclass. Because of their high action, a great speed is 
 seldom secured. Park horses should be well broken and have 
 good manners. For a lady's use, a horse of a solid color is more 
 desirable than one with white markings; it is not considered 
 good taste for a lady to drive a strikingly marked horse. The 
 height of a park horse ranges from 15 to 15f hands, but the 
 most desirable height is about 15| hands. The weight for 
 this subclass ranges from 1,000 to 1,150 pounds. An excellent 
 park horse is shown in Fig. 24; this animal is Lady Seaton, a 
 noted prize winner. Fig. 25 shows a tandem park team in 
 action. 
 
 40. Cab horses range from 15| to 16j hands high and weigh 
 from 1,050 to 1,200 pounds. Many of them are either the 
 lower grades of the coach class or worn-out and discarded coach 
 horses. They are used chiefly in cities for the conveyance of 
 vehicles for public service. The requirements of this subclass 
 differ from those of the other carriage subclasses in that high 
 action is not wanted; however, moderate action is desired. 
 The principal qualities sought in cab horses are symmetry of 
 form and endurance, the evidence of the latter being good feet 
 and bone, strong constitution, and a deep barrel with good 
 spring of rib and close coupling. Not as much flesh is required 
 on cab horses as on horses of the other carriage classes, but they 
 should be in good condition and fit for service. Owing to the 
 fact that, as a rule, cab horses are not high-class animals and 
 
100 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 103 
 
 that the supply is larger than the demand, they do not bring 
 very high prices. Fig. 26 shows a typical cab horse, 
 
 41. Road-Horse Class. — Road horses are more lithe in 
 build and angular in form than those of the carriage class. They 
 are frequently spoken of as drivers or as light-harness horses, 
 and should be able to travel rapidly and cover a good distance 
 without undue fatigue. Although performance is the prin- 
 cipal quality sought, a good conformation is very desirable. 
 This class is composed of runabout horses and roadsters. 
 
 42. Runabout horses occupy an intennediate place between 
 typical roadsters and carriage horses. They wear harness much 
 like that of carriage horses, but in action and conformation and 
 in the use to which they are put they correspond more to the 
 roadster. They are not so hea\y and full as coach horses, and 
 are not so light, thin, and angrdar as roadsters. They are used 
 on runabouts, driving wagons, phaetons, etc. Runabout horses 
 are rather short legged, are from 14f to 15J hands high, and 
 weigh from 900 to 1,050 pounds. A choice runabout horse is 
 shown in Fig. 27. Fig. 28 shows a noted runabout team. Lord 
 Nelson and Grand Duke. 
 
 43. Roadsters are less uniform and usually more lithe and 
 angular than runabout horses. The market requires roadsters 
 to be from 15 to 16 hands high and weigh from 900 to 1,150 
 potinds. In general, a roadster may be described as having the 
 greyhound form, often being a little higher at the hips than at 
 the withers, and powerfully developed in the hind limbs. Speed, 
 style, and stamina are the principal qualities sought for. Road- 
 sters should have a long, free, open stride and quick recovery; 
 they should mo^^e the feet in a straight line and have good knee 
 action, although it need not be excessively high. Interfering, 
 forging, cross-firing, and sprawling of the hind legs are common 
 faults in roadsters and are objected to; these faults are explained 
 fully in a subsequent Section. 
 
 The more speed roadsters possess the higher prices they 
 bring. For road work the demand is stronger for trotters than 
 for pacers, but for racing purposes there is little difference. 
 
 243—32 
 

 
 
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108 TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET § 36 
 
 Fig. 29 shows Lucia G., an excellent roadster owned by the 
 Winoga Stock Farm, of Chestnut Hill, Pennsylvania. Fig. 30 
 shows a choice roadster team, Lugano and Como. 
 
 44. Saddle-Horse Class. — The most important require- 
 ment for an animal of the saddle-horse class is to be sure of foot, 
 as no rider cares to mount a stumbler. A saddle horse should 
 also be an easy rider, and be easily controlled. In order to 
 possess these requirements, the animal should have oblique 
 shoulders and pasterns, to give springiness to the gait; high, 
 thin withers, to prevent the saddle from turning and to hold it 
 midway between the front and the hind legs; a short back and 
 short loins, for strength in carrying weight; and a moderately 
 long neck and a good mouth, to give suppleness and ease of 
 control. A horse that lugs at the bit is undesirable as a sad- 
 dler. The croup should be long, level, and muscular, and the 
 tail neatly attached and smartly carried. In selecting a saddle 
 horse, it is a good plan to choose a conformation that will place 
 the rider well back on the animal, thus lessening the weight on 
 the fore end. The subclasses of the saddle-horse class are: 
 five-gaited saddlers, three-gaited saddlers, hunters, cavalry horses, 
 and polo ponies. 
 
 45. Five-gaited saddlers, often spoken of as gaited saddle 
 horses or as American saddle horses, are the result of skilful 
 selection and breeding for more than half a century. They 
 should possess the five recognized distinct gaits under the sad- 
 dle, namely, the walk, the trot, the canter, the single-foot or 
 rack, and a slow gait, which may be either the running walk, 
 the fox trot, or the slow pace. The action should be bold and 
 vigorous, with no inclination to mix gaits. The rack should be 
 smooth, graceful, rapid, and free from side motion, which pro- 
 duces roughness when going fast. The horse should be taught 
 to lead with either leg in cantering, and to go slow or fast 
 according to the pleasure of the rider. The action at the trot 
 should not be high, but should be free and open, and the hind 
 legs kept well under the body. Horses of this subclass should 
 have a long, flowing tail that is gracefully carried. The most 
 desirable height for a five-gaited saddle horse is from 15| to 
 
§ 36 CLASSES OF HORSES 109 
 
 15f hands, and the most desirable weight is from 1,050 to 1,150 
 pounds, although the range in height is from 15 to 16 hands 
 and in weight from 900 to 1,200 pounds. Fig. 31 shows 
 Kentucky's Choice, a noted five-gaited saddler. 
 
 46. Three-gaited saddlers are much the same in general 
 type and conformation as the five-gaited saddlers, but they are 
 a little more compactly built, having shorter necks and bodies; 
 the tails are usually docked and set; and they have only the 
 three gaits: the walk, the trot, and the canter. This subclass 
 is subdivided into light and heavy horses, the former being 
 expected to carry weights of not over 165 pounds, and the latter 
 weights above this. In general, the heavy weights are about an 
 inch taller and 50 to 100 pounds hea\der than the light weights. 
 Fig. 32 shows an excellent three-gaited saddler, Nuff Sed. 
 
 47. Hunters are horses used by sportsmen to ride after 
 hounds. They are often required to take daring leaps over 
 fences and gullies, and must be fearless and trained to jimip. 
 They should be strongly built and able to stand long, hard 
 rides without becoming unduly jaded. In the show ring, 
 hunters are classified as light, medium, and heavy weights, the 
 division being determined by the w^eight they are expected to 
 carry. The limits in weight for hunters are from 1,000 to 
 1,250 pounds. The most desirable height is from 15| to 16 
 hands, but may be slightly more. A light-weight hunter is 
 not expected to carry over 165 pounds; a middle weight, is 
 expected to carry from 165 to 190 pounds; and a heavy weight, 
 190 pounds or over. Fig. 33 shows a noted hunter. Rock Crest, 
 owned by Frederick Bull, of New York City. 
 
 48. Cavahy horses, as the name implies, are horses used 
 by the government for cavalry mounts. For this service, the 
 government requires geldings of uniform and lasting color. 
 They must be in good condition, from 4 to 8 years old, weigh 
 from 950 to 1,100 pounds, and be from 15 to 15f hands high. 
 Like artillery horses, they are purchased by contract, orders 
 being given to the lowest responsible bidder. A typical cavalry 
 horse is shown in Fig. 34. 
 
113 
 
114 
 
§36 CLASSES OF HORSES 115 
 
 49. Polo ponies are small saddlers that are used in playing 
 polo. The four essentials which they must possess are a speci- 
 fied size, weight-carrying ability, agility, and speed. The rules 
 of the American Polo Association fix the maximum height of 
 Polo ponies at 14| hands, but the rules are frequently disre- 
 garded. The limits in weight are from 850 to 1,000 poimds. 
 Although the larger ponies may have the advantage over the 
 smaller in weight and speed, it is generally conceded that they 
 are not so quick to stop and start, which is a very important 
 requisite. They should possess a conformation indicative of 
 strength and endurance, and also possess a marked degree of 
 intelligence, for if they are not capable of acquiring an educa- 
 tion they are worthless for polo. They must be sure footed, 
 quick on foot, and dextrous in starting, stopping, and turning. 
 A polo pony is shown in Fig. 35. 
 
TYPES, BREEDS, AND MARKET 
 CLASSES OF HORSES 
 
 (PART 2) 
 
 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 
 
 (1) What is the standing of the Clydesdale breed in America? 
 
 (2) For what kind of mares do Shire stallions make an excellent 
 cross? 
 
 (3) How do Percherons compare in weight with horses of the other 
 draft breeds? 
 
 (4) In what respect does the Percheron excel the horses of all the 
 other draft breeds? 
 
 (5) Explain the misapplication in America of the term French 
 Draft breed. 
 
 (6) In what points are Clydesdale horses superior to those of other 
 draft breeds? 
 
 (7) What characters distinguish Belgian horses from other draft 
 horses? 
 
 (8) What commendable qualities are possessed by the progeny of 
 Belgian sires? 
 
 (9) For what purpose are Suffolk horses particularly suited? 
 
 (10) With respect to what point do English and American breeders 
 of Shire horses differ? 
 
 (11) What is the standing of the Suffolk breed in America? 
 
 (12) Give the names of the different market classes of horses and 
 the subclasses of each. 
 
 (13) What may be said of the demand for draft horses and the 
 prices that may be obtained for them? 
 
 (14) In what respect do loggers differ from heavy draft horses? 
 
 (15) What are the height and weight requirements for farm 
 chunks? 
 
 (16) How do eastern and export chunks differ from draft horses? 
 
 (17) What is the chief use for southern chunks? 
 
 (18) What is meant by the term money horse f 
 
 (19) What are the market requirements for coach horses? 
 
 (20) With respect to action, how do cobs differ from coach horses? 
 
 (21) For what purpose are park horses used, and what qualities are 
 demanded in horses of this subclass? 
 
 (22) What are the market requirements for roadsters? 
 
 (23) What gaits must be possessed by a five-gaited saddler? 
 
 (24) How do three-gaited saddlers differ from five-gaited saddlers? 
 
 (25) Give the market requirements for hunters. 
 
 Mail your work on this lesson as soon as you have finished it and looked It 
 over carefully. DO NOT HOLD IT until another lesson is ready. 
 
 §36 
 
SUPPLIES FOR STUDENTS 
 
 In order to do good work, it is very necessary for our students to secure the best 
 materials, instruments, etc. used in their Courses. We have often found that inexperi- 
 enced students have paid exorbitant prices for inferior supplies, and their progress has 
 been greatly retarded thereby. To insure our students against such error, arrangements 
 have been made with the Technical Supply Company, of Scranton, Pa., to furnish such as 
 desire them with all the supplies necessary in the different Courses. 
 
 SEE PRICES ON SEPARATE LIST 
 LIGHT-WEIGHT PRINTED ANSWER PAPER 
 
 With printed headings especially adapted for use of students of the I.C.S. Size 
 8J^" X 14". This paper is very tough, durable, and has a fine writing surface. It will last 
 for years, and the student is thus enabled to keep a permanent record of the work sent to 
 the Schools. 
 
 I.C.S. COLD-PRESSED DRAWING PAPER 
 
 Size lS"x20". Bufif color — easy on the eyes. It is unusually strong and tough; takes 
 ^ clean, clear line; is not brittle; is not easily soiled. Best for both ink and pencil. 
 
 "TESCO" TRACING CLOTH 
 
 Used extensively by draftsmen, architects, engineers, and contractors — a high recom- 
 mendation of quality. It is transparent, strong, free from knots and other imperfection^ 
 and contaitjs no air bubbles. I.C.S. instructors assure their students it is thoroughly 
 dependable. Furnished i-n sheets 15"x20". 
 
 PORTFOLIOS 
 
 For keeping your Examination Pajiers and drawing plates neat and clean and in order. 
 Don't roH them up and then forget where they are, or leave them where they will become 
 soiled or damaged. Some of these days an employer may ask to see them. 
 
 "TESCO" LIQUID DRAWING INK 
 
 "Tesco" Ink flows smoothly and evenly from the pen and leaves a clear, sharp line of 
 uniform intensity, free from cracks and bubbles. 
 
 FOUNTAIN PENS 
 
 As answers to Examination Questions must be written in ink, you can, with a fountain 
 pen, answer your papers any time — anywhere — whether it is in the office, shop, factory, 
 or home 
 
 DICTIONARIES 
 
 No matter which Course you are studying, no matter what kind of work you do, a 
 dictionary is valuable. Keep it near you when you read and when you study.' Don't skip 
 the words you don't understand; look them up, for that is the best way to acquire a 
 vocabulary. 
 
 RUBBER HAND STAMPS 
 
 Stamp your name, address, and class letters and number on every lesson and drawing 
 you send to the Schools. Useful for marking envelopes, books, papers, etc. 
 
 DRAWING OUTFITS 
 
 The I.C.S. Outfits are not simply "gotten up" to provide something for the student to 
 use during his Course. These Outfits will last long after he has gotten into actual work. 
 They are nractical Outfits — made up from specifications furnished by I.C.S. Instructors. 
 
 Naturally, then, such Outfits must be right. All instruments must be of a high 
 quality to give long and efficient service. All material must be honest, sincere, dependable. 
 The busy man cannot be annoyed with poor material, and the student must not be retarded 
 by the use of it. 
 
 COMBINATION DRAWING AND STUDY TABLE 
 
 The table is made of oak, and can be folded and placed out of the way; and, although 
 it weighs but 193/^ pounds, it will support a direct weight of 200 pounds. The braces are 
 of nickeled rolled steel. 
 
 CATALOGS 
 
 Any of the following catalogs will be mailed free on application to the Technical 
 Supply Co. : _ ■ 
 
 Drawing Instruments and Materials, Practical Books Relating to Architecture and 
 Building Trades, Practical Books Relating to Electricity, Practical Books Relating to 
 Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Practical Books Relating to Mining, Metallurgy, and 
 Chemistry. 
 
 Send orders to TECHNICAL SUPPLY COMPANY, Scranton, Pa. 
 SEE PRICES ON SEPARATE LIST 
 
81448