ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITAMICA 
 Third Edition 1?97 
 
 Horse and Horsemanship 
 
Horses and Horsemanship 
 
 1797 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2009 with funding from 
 
 Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/horsehorsemanshiOOslsn 
 
E Q U U S 
 
 i'late CLXXXlll. 
 
 , //j^/A'yi-/». //.i/?. C;J,/:t7.aW/. 
 
E Q U 
 
 t 705 'i 
 
 Squicy, fcribed revenue, they were eKpunged oiit of the eque- 
 Pquiv.ilent. (ifi'an li(|;, The equcftrlan revenue juft mentioned a- 
 V ' mounted to about 10,000 crowns. 
 
 Part of the ceremony whereby the honour of knight- 
 hood was conferred amonglt the Romans was the 
 giving of a hrtfe; for every cqucs or knight had a 
 horfe kept at the public charge, he received alfo the 
 ftipend of an horfvman to ferve in the wars, and wore 
 a ring which was given him by the (tate. The equites 
 compofed a large body of men, and conftituted the 
 Roman cavalry; for there was alw^ays a fufficient num- 
 iser of them in the city, and nothing but a review was 
 requifite to fit thpm for fervice. 
 
 The knights at lall grew too powerful, were a ba- 
 lance for the fenate and people, neglefted the exer- 
 cifes of war, and beto k themfelves to civil employ- 
 ments. The equ'ites were liable to be punifhed by the 
 cenfors, and to fiiffir degradation. They were degra- 
 ded by taking from them the horfe which was kept 
 for each of them at the public charge ; tliis was called 
 equum adlmere. 
 
 EQUITY, in a general fenfe, the virtue of treating 
 all otlier men according to re ifon andjuftice, or as we 
 would gladly be treated ourfelves when we underfland 
 aright what is our due. See Justice. 
 
 Equity, in jurifprudenc^, is defined a correftion or 
 qualification of the law, geaerally made in that part 
 vfherein it failcth or is too fevere. It likewife figni- 
 fies the extenfion of the words of the law to cafes un- 
 exprefl'ed, yet having the fame reafon ; fo that where 
 one thing is enafted by ftatute, all other things are 
 enaded that are of the like degree. For example, the 
 flatnte of Clouc. gives atlion of wade againft him that 
 holds lands for life or years; and by the equity there- 
 of, a man iToall have aftion of wafte againft a tenant 
 that holds but for one year, or one half-year, which is 
 without the words of the aft, but wi hin the meaning 
 of it ; and the words that enaft the one, by equity 
 ^- enaft the other. So th:it equity is of two kinds. 
 The one abridges and takes from the letter of the law: 
 the other enlarges and adds to it ; and ftatutes may be 
 conftrued according to equity, efpecially where they 
 give remedy for wrong, or are for expedition of juitice. 
 Equity feems to be the interpofing laiv of reafon, ex- 
 ercifed by the lord chancellor in extraordinary matters 
 to do equal judice ; and by fupplying the defects of 
 the law, gives remedy in all cafes. See Chancery. 
 
 Equity, in mythology, fometimes confounded with 
 Jufi'ice, a goddefs among the Greeks and Romans, re- 
 prcfented with a fword in one hand and a balance in 
 the other. 
 
 EQUIVALENT, is undcrftood of fomethir.g that 
 is equal in value, force, or effect, to another. 
 
 Equivalence is of various kinds, in propofitions, in 
 terms, and in things. 
 
 EguiPALFNT Propofitions. See Equipollence. 
 EsviiTAi.ENT Terms are where feveral words that 
 differ in found have yet one and the fame fignification ; 
 as every body ivas there, and nobody was abfent, nihil non, 
 and omm. 
 
 EainvALBNT Things, are either moral, phvfcal, oxfla- 
 
 tical. Moral, as when we fay that the commanding or 
 
 advifing a murder is a guilt equivalent to that of the 
 
 murderer. Phvfical, as when a man who has the ftrength 
 
 Voi„VI. Paitll. 
 
 E Q^ tJ 
 
 of two men !.'? faid to be equivalent to two m«n, S/a- ET'lvocal 
 tical, whereby a lefs weight becomes of equal force II 
 
 with a greater, by having its diftauce from the centre 1 ""^!.. 
 increafed. 
 
 EQUIVOCAL TERMS or words, among logicians, 
 are thoTe which have a doubtful or double meaning. 
 
 According to Mr Locke, the doubtfulnefs and un- 
 certainty of words has its caufc more in the ideas them- 
 felves, than in any incapacity of the words to fignify 
 them ; and might be avoided, would people always ufe 
 the fame term to denote the fame idea or colletlion of 
 ideas ; but, adds he, it is hard to find a difcourfe on 
 any fubjeft where this is the cafe; a praftice which can 
 only be imputed to folly or great difhonefty; fince a 
 man, in making up his accounts, might with as much 
 fairnefs ufe the numeral charatlers fometimes for one 
 fometimes for another collefVion of units. 
 
 EsiyirncAL Generation, the produflion of animals 
 without the intercourfe between the fexes, by the in- 
 fluence of the fun or ftars, &c. 
 
 This kind of generation is now quite exploded bjr 
 the learned. 
 
 EQUIVOCATION, the ufing a term or ex- 
 preflion that has a double fignification. Equivoca- 
 tions are expedients to fave telling the truth, and yet 
 without telling a falfity. The fathers are great pa- 
 trons of equivocations and mental refervations, holding 
 that the ufe of fuch fliifts and ambiguities is in man?' 
 cafes allowable. 
 
 EQUULEUS,or EccuLEUs, in antiquity, a kind 
 of rack.ufed for extorting a confeffion, at fiift chiefly 
 pradifed on flaves, but afterwards made ufe of againil 
 the Chrillians. 
 
 The equuleus was made of wood, having holes at 
 certain diftances, with a fcrew, by which the criminal 
 was ftretched to the third, fometimes to the fourth, or 
 fifth holes, his arms and legs being fattened on the 
 equuleus with cords ; and thus was hoilled aloft, and 
 extended in fuch a manner, that all his bones were dif- 
 located. In this ftate red-hot plates were applied to 
 his body, and he was goaded in the fides with an in- 
 ftrument called ungula. 
 
 Equuleus, Equichlus, and Eguvs Minor, the 
 horfe's head, in allronomy, a conftellation of the 
 northern hemifphere, whofe ftars in Ptolemy's cata- 
 logue are 4, in Tycho's 4, in Hevelius's 6, and in 
 Mr Flamdeed's 10. 
 
 EQUUS, in zoology, a genus of quadrupeds be- P'*'^'^ 
 longing to the order of bellux. This genus compre-'^''^ "'* 
 hends the horfe, the mule, the afs, the zebra, and the 
 quagga: they have fix eredt and parallel fore-teeth in 
 the upper jaw, and fix fomewhat prominent ones in the 
 under jaw ; the dogteeth are fohtary, and at a con- 
 fiderable diftance from the reft ; and the feet confift 
 of an undivided hoof. 
 
 1 . The calallus, or Horse, has a long flowing mane-, 
 and the tail covered on all parts with long hairs. 
 
 The horfe, in a domeftic ftate, is a bold and fiery 
 animal ; equally intrepid as his mafter, he faces danger ^tiffin Hi- 
 and death with ardour and magnanimity. He delights/"'''' ^'"'i^ 
 in the noife and tumult i/f arms, and feems to feel the' 
 glory of viftory: he exults in the chafe; his eyes fparkle 
 with emulation in the courfe. But though bold and 
 intrepid, lie is docile and tradable : he knows how to 
 4 U govern 
 
¥(11 11', 
 
 E a.U [70 
 
 govern aiij clieck the natural vivacity and fire of his 
 temper. He not only yields to the hand, but feems to 
 confult the inclination of his rider. Conltantly obedient 
 to the impreflloiis he receives, his motions are entirely 
 regulated by the will of his mafter. He in fome mea- 
 fare rellgns his very exiftence to the pleafure of man. 
 He dehvers up his whole powers; he refcrves nothing; 
 he will rather die than difobey. Who could endure to 
 fee a charaftcr fo noble abufed! who could be guilty 
 of fnch grofs barbarity ! 
 
 This charafter, though natural to the animal, is in 
 fome meafure the effect of education. His education 
 commences with the lofs of liberty, and is finifhed by 
 conllraint. The flavery of the horfe is fo ancient and 
 fo univerfal, that he is but rarely feen in a natural ftate. 
 Several ancient writers talk of wild horfes, and even 
 mention the places where tliey were to be found. He- 
 rodotus takes notice of white favage horfes in Scythia; 
 Arilbotle fays they are to be found in Syria ; Pliny, 
 in the northern regions; and Strabo, in Spain and the 
 Alps. Among the moderns, Cardan fays, that wild 
 horfes are to be found in the Highlands of Scotland 
 and the Orkney ides; Olaus, in Mufcovy; Dapper, in 
 the ifland of Cyprus; Leo and Marmol, in Arabia and 
 Africa, &c. But as Europe is almofl equally inhabit- 
 ed, wild horfes are not to be met with in any part of 
 it : and thofe of America were originally tranfported 
 from Europe by the Spaniards; for this fpecies of ani- 
 mals did not exift in the new world. The Spaniards 
 cai ried over a great number of horfes, left them in dif- 
 ferent iflands, &c. with a view to propagate that ufe- 
 ful animal in their colonies. Thefe have multiplied in- 
 credibly in the vail dcfarts of thofe thinly peopled coun- 
 tries, where they roam at large without any reftraint. 
 M. de Salle relates, that he faw, in the year 1685, 
 liorfes feeding in the meadows of North Ameiica, near 
 the bay of St Louis, which were fo ferocious that no- 
 body durft come near them. Oexmelin fays, that he 
 lias feen large troops of them in St Domingo running 
 in the valleys : that when any perfon approached, 
 they all flopped ; and one of them would advance till 
 within a certain diftance, then fnort with his nofe, take 
 to his heels, and the whole troop after him. Every 
 author who takes notice of thefe horfes of America, 
 agree that ibey are fmaJler and lefs handfome than 
 thofe of Europe. Thefe relations fufKciencly prove, 
 that the horfe, when at full liberty, though not a fierce 
 or dangerous animal, has no inclination to affbciate with 
 mankind ; that all the foftnefs and duftility of his tem- 
 per proceeds entirely from the culture and polifti he 
 receives in his domellic education, which in fome mea- 
 fure commences as^ foon as he is brought forth. 
 
 The motions of the horfe are chiefly regulated by 
 tlicbit and thefpur; the bit informs him how todh-efthis 
 cnurfe, and the fpur quickens his pace. The mouth of 
 the horfe is endowed v.rth an amazing fenfibility : the 
 flightefl motion or prefiure of the bit gives him warning, 
 and inflanllv determines his courfe. 
 
 The horfe has not only a grandeur in his general ap- 
 pearance, but there is the greatell fymmetry and pro- 
 jiortion in the different parts of his body. The regu- 
 larity and proportion of the different parts of the head 
 gives him an air of lightnefs, which is well fupported 
 by the Rrength and beauty of his cheft. He ereftshis 
 head, as if willing to ex?lt himfelf above the condition 
 
 ^ ] 
 
 of other quadrupeds : 
 
 E Q^U 
 
 his eyes are open and lively ; 
 his ears are handfome, and of a proper height ; his ^ 
 mane adorns his neck, and gives him the appearance of 
 flrength and boldnefs. 
 
 At the age of two years, or two years and a half, 
 the horfe is in a condition to propagate; and the mare, 
 like moll other females, is ready to receive him ftill 
 fooner. But the foals produced by fuch early em- 
 braces are generally ill-made and weakly. The horfe 
 fliould never be admitted to the mare till he is four or 
 four and a half ; this is only meant with regard to 
 draught-horfes. Fine horfes ihouhi not be admitted to 
 the mare before they be fix years old; and Spanifli flal- 
 lions not till feven. The niarei are generally in feafon 
 from the bei,nnning of April to the end of June; but 
 their chief ardour for the horfe lalls but about 15 or 20 
 days, and this critical feafon fhould always be embra- 
 ced. The Itallion ought to be found, well made, vi- 
 gorous, and of a good breed. For fine faddle-horfes, 
 foreign ftallions, as Arabians, Turks, Barbs, and An- 
 dalufians, are preferable to all others. Next to thefe, 
 Britifh ftallions are the bell ; becaufe they originally 
 fprang from thofe above-mentioned, and are very little 
 degenerated. The Ifallions of Italy, and efpecially 
 the Neapolitans, are very good. The beft llaUions for 
 draught or carriage horfes, are thofe of Naples, Den- 
 mark, Holrtein, andFreezeland. The ftallions for fad- 
 dle-horfes fhould be from 14- to 15 hands high, and for 
 draught horfes at lead 15 hands. Neither ought the 
 colour of ftallions to be overlooked ; as a fine black, 
 grey, bay, forrel, &c. Befides thefe external qualities, 
 a ftalHon ought to have courage, traftability, fpirit, a- 
 gility, a fenfible mouth, fure limbs, &C. Thefe precau- 
 tions in the choice of a ftallion are the more neceffary, 
 becaufe he has been found by experience to communi- 
 cate to his offspring almoft all his good or bad quali- 
 ties, whether natural or acquired. 
 
 The mare contributes lefs to the beauty of her ofl- 
 fpring than the ilailion ; but fhe contributes perhaps 
 more to their conllitution and ftature : for thefe rea- 
 fons, it is neceflary that the mares for breed be per- 
 feiilly found, and make good nurfes. For elegant horfes, 
 the Spanidi and Italian mares are belt; but for draught- 
 horfes, thofe of Britain and Normandy are preferable. 
 However, when the itr.llions are good, the mares of any 
 country will produce fine horfes, provided they be well 
 made and of a good breed. 
 
 Mares go with young 1 1 months and fome days. 
 They bring forth llanding ; contrary to the courfe of 
 moll other quadrupeds, who lie during this operation. 
 They continue to bring forth till the age of 16 or iS 
 years; and both horfes and mares live betueen 25 and 
 30 years. Hovfes caft their hair once a-year, general- 
 ly in the fpring, but fometim.ts in the autumn. At this 
 time they are weak, and require to be better fed and 
 taken care of than at any other feafon. 
 
 In Perfin, Arabia, and moft eaftcrn countries, they 
 never geld their horfes, as is done in Europe and Chi- 
 na. This operation greatly diminifhes their ftrength, 
 courage, and fpirit ; but it makes them good humour- 
 ed, gentle, and tradable. With regard to the time of 
 performing this operation, the praftice of different 
 countries is different : fome geld their horfes whea a 
 year old, and others at 18 months. But the beft and 
 moft general prafticc is to delay the operation till they 
 
 be- 
 
 Equus 
 
E C^U 17 
 
 Eqmis. be twn years old at leall : becaufe, when tlie gtUiiig 
 
 "■ — V Is delayed for two years or more, the animals retain 
 
 more of the ftrength and other qualities which natu- 
 rally belong to the male. 
 
 As the utility of horfes furpafles that of all other 
 domellic animals, it may be of ufe to fuhjoin fome 
 marks by which the age aud other properties of horfes 
 maybe ditlinguidied. 
 
 In old horfes, the eye-pits are generally deep ; but 
 this is only an equivocal mark, being alfo found in 
 ycumg horfes begot by old (lallions. The moll cer- 
 tain knowledge of the age is to be obtained from the 
 teeth. Of thel'e a horfe has 40; 24 grinders or double- 
 teeth, four tuflies, and 12 fore-teeth: mares have no 
 tu;lies, or at Icai very fhort ones. It is not from the 
 grinders tliat we know the age; it ii difeovered firli by 
 the fore-tceih, and afterwards by the tufhes. The i 2 
 fore-teeth begin tu llioot within 12 days after the colt 
 is foaled. Thefe firft, or foal-teeth, are round, (liort, 
 not very folid, and are cad at different times, to be re- 
 placed by others. At the age of two years and a half, 
 the four middle fore-teeth are call, two in the upper 
 iaw, and two in the lower. In one year more, four 
 ethers drop out, one on each fide of the former, which 
 are already replaced. When he is about four years 
 and a half old, he (beds four others, and always next 
 to thofe which have fallen ,out and been replaced. 
 Thcfe four foal-teeth are replaced by four others, but 
 are far from growing fo fall as thofe which replaced 
 the eight former, and are called the corner teeli ; they 
 replace the four lall foal-teeth, and by thele the age 
 of a horfe is difcovered. They are eafily known, be- 
 ing the third both above and below, counting from the 
 middle of the jaw. They are hollow, and have a black 
 mark in their cavity. When the horfe is four years 
 and a half old, they are fcarce vilible above the gum, 
 and the cavity is veiy fenfible : at fix and a half, they 
 begin to fill ; and the mark continually diminilhes and 
 contrafts till fevcn or eight years, when the cavity is 
 quite filled up, and the black fpot effaced. After eight 
 vears, thefe teeth ceafing to afford any knowledge of 
 the ag<?, it is judged of by the tufhes : which are four 
 teeth adjoining to thofe laft mentioned ; and, like the 
 grinders, are not preceded by any other teeth. The 
 two in the lower jaw ufually begin to fhoot at three 
 years and a half, and thofe of the upper jaw at four; 
 continuing very lliarp-pointed till fix. At i o, the up- 
 per feem blunted, worn out, and long, the gum con- 
 trafting itfelf as Its years increafe; the barer therefore 
 they are, the older is the horfe. From 10 to 13 or 14 
 years, little can be feen to indicate the age ; but at 
 that time fome hairs of the eyebrows begin to turn 
 grey. This mark, however, is equivocal, like that 
 drawn from the depth of the eye -pits ; horfes from old 
 ilallions or mares, having grey hairs in the eye-brows 
 when they are not above nine or ten years old. In 
 fome horfes the teeth are of fuch a hardnefs as not to 
 wear ; and in fuch the black mark always fubfills, be- 
 ing never effaced by time : but the age of thefe horfes, 
 which are called ieguts by the French, is eafily known; 
 the hollow of the tooth being filled up, and at the fame 
 time the tulhes very long. It has been farther obferved, 
 that this is more common in mares than in horfes. The 
 age of a horfe may be alfo known, though lefs accu- 
 
 07 ] 
 
 E Q^U 
 
 rately, by the bars in his mouth, which wear away as 
 he advances in years. 
 
 When the horfe is without blemifli, the legs ani 
 thighs are clean, the knees (Iraight, the (kin and ftiank 
 thin, and the back-finew flrong and wtll-braced. ^Phe 
 finews and the bones fiiould be fo diftinft, as to makd 
 the legs appear thin and lathy, not full and roimd. 
 The paftern joints fliould never be large and round ; 
 nor mud there be any fwelling near the coronet. The 
 hock (hould be lean and dry, not pufled up with wind. 
 With regard to the hoof, the coronet (hould be equally 
 thick, and the horn (hining and greyi(h. A white 
 horn is a fign of a bad foot, for it will wear out in a 
 fliort time ; and likewife when the horn is thin, it is 
 liable to be fpoiled in Ihoeing, and by travelling hard 
 on ftony grounds. This is bell known when the flioe 
 is taken off; for then the verge all round the fole will 
 appear thin, and the horfe will wince al^the lead touch 
 of the pincers. 
 
 A flrong foot has the fibres of the hoof very didlnfl 
 running in a dirttt line from tlie coronet to the toe, 
 like the grain of wood. In this cafe, care muft be ta- 
 ken to keep the foot moid and pliable. The greateft 
 inconvenience attending a hard drong foot, isitsbi:^.. 
 ing fubjefl to rifts and fiffures, which cleave the hoof 
 quite through fometimes from the coronet down to the 
 bottom. 
 
 A narrow heel is likewife a defeft ; and when it is 
 not above two fingers in breadth, the foot is bad. A 
 high heel caufes a horfe to trip and dumble often; and 
 the low one, with long yielding paderns, is veryapt 
 to be worn quite away on a journey. Too large a foot 
 in proportion to the red of the body, renders a horfe 
 weak and heavy. 
 
 The head of a horfe fliould be fmall, and rather lean 
 than flelhy. The ears fliould be fmall, erecb, thin, 
 fprightly, and pointed. The forehead, or brow, fliould 
 be neither too broad nor too flat, and fliould have a 
 ftar or fnip thereon. The nofe fliould rife a little, and 
 the noftrils fliould be wide that he may breathe more 
 freely. The muzzle fl.iould be fmall, and the moutti 
 neither too deep nor too fliallow. The jaws fliould be 
 thin, and not approach too near together at the throat, 
 nor too high upwards towards the onfet, that the horfe 
 may have fufficient room to carry his head in an eafy 
 graceful podure. The eyes fliould be of a middle 
 fize, bright, hvely, and full of fire. The tongue fliould 
 be fmall, that it may not be too much prefled by the 
 bit ; and it is a good fign when his mouth is full of 
 white froth, for it fliows that he will not foon be over- 
 heated. 
 
 The neck fliould be arched towards the middle, 
 growing fmaller by degrees from the bread and flioul- 
 ders to the head. The hair of the main fliould be 
 long, fmall, and fine; and if it be a little frizzled, fo 
 much the better. The flioulders fliould be pretty long; 
 the withers thin, and enlarge gradually from thence 
 downwards ; but fo as to render his bread neither too 
 narrow nor too grofs. A thick-fliouldered horfe foon 
 tires, and trips and (tumbles every minute ; efpecially 
 if he has a thick large neck at the fame time. When 
 the breaft is fo narrow that the fore-thighs almoll 
 touch, they are never good for much. A horfe of a 
 middle fize fliould have the didance of five or fix inches 
 4 U 2 be- 
 
 Eqyii!, 
 
Eqmif, 
 
 between his fore-thiglis, 
 
 E CLU 
 
 and there {hould be lefs di- 
 itance between his fe^-t than his thighs near the Ihonl- 
 ders when he (lands upright. 
 
 The body or carc.ife of a horfe fhoiild be of a mid- 
 dh'nv fize in proporlion to his bulk, and the back 
 fhould link a little below the withers ; but the other 
 parts fliould be ftraight, and no higher behind than 
 before. He (honld alfo be home ribbed ; bnt the (hort 
 j-ibs fhould not approach too near the haunches, and 
 then he will have room to fetch his breath. Wlien a 
 horfe's back is (hort in proportion to his bulk, and yet 
 otherwife well limbed, he will hold out a journey, tho' 
 he will travel flow. When he is tall, at the fame time 
 with very long legs, he is but of little value. 
 
 The wind fhould never be overlooked in the choice 
 cf a horfe : and it may eafily be known by his flanks, 
 if he is broken-winded, when he Hands quiet in the 
 flable ; becaufe he always pinches them in with a very 
 flow motion, and drops them fuddenly. A thick- 
 winded horfe fetches his breath often, and fometimes 
 rattles and wheezes. This may be alvvfays difcovered 
 ■when he is put to brific exercifes. 
 
 The temper of a horfe fhould always be obferved ; 
 a vicious horfe generally lays his ears clofe to his pole, 
 fhows the whites of his eyes, and looks fullen and dog- 
 ged. An angry horfe may be known by his frowning 
 looks ; and he generally feems to fband in a pofture of 
 defence. When he is very vicious, he pays no regard 
 to the groom that feeds him : However, forr?e horfes 
 that are ticklifh will lay back their ears, and yet be of a 
 good difpofition. A fearful horfe is apt to ftart, and 
 never leaves it off till he is old and ufelefs. A fret- 
 ful horfe is veiy unfit for a journey ; and you may dif- 
 eover his temper as foon as he gets out of the ftable. 
 A dull, heavy, fluggifh horfe may be eafily known, 
 whatever tricks are ufed to roufe his fpirits. 
 
 With regard to the colour of a horfe, the bright 
 bay, and indeed all kinds of bays in general, are ac- 
 counted good colours. The chefnut horfe is generally 
 preferable to the forrel, unlefs the former happens to 
 be bald, or party-coloured, with white legs. Brown 
 horfes have generally black manes and tails, and their 
 joints are of a rufty black. Thofe of this colour that 
 are dappled, are much handfomer than the reft. Hor- 
 fes of a (hining black, and well marked without too 
 much white, are in high efleera for their beauty. A 
 "flar, or blaze, or white muzzle, or one or more feet 
 tipped with white,, are thought to be rather better than 
 .thofe that are quite black. 
 
 Of greys, the dappled are accounted bed ; though 
 the filver grey make a more beautiful appearance, and 
 often prove good. The iron grey with white manes 
 and tails are thought not to be fo hardy. Greys of 
 every kind will turn white fooner or later ; but the 
 nutmeg grey, when the dappled parts incline to bay or 
 chefnut, are faid to be good hardy horfes. Roan hor- 
 fes have a diverfity of colours mixed together ;, but the 
 •white is more predominant than the ref-l. They are all 
 generally hardy, and fit for the road ; and fome are 
 exceeding good. Thofe oi a ftrawberry colour mofT: 
 lefemble [the forrel, and they are often marked with 
 white on the face and legs. When the bay is blended 
 with it, he feems to be tinflured with claret; and fome 
 »f tbcfe prove to be very good. Dun, Mow, and 
 
 a.u 
 
 a 
 
 are 
 
 ill down their backs ; Eqmw, 
 Dun horfes are -~— v~" 
 
 black. 
 
 708 ] E 
 
 cream-coloured horfes have 
 and their manes and tails 
 
 feMom chofen by gentlemen, and yetjhey may be very 
 ufefiil to the country farmer. The fallow and cream- 
 coloured are more elleemed, both for beauty and ufe. 
 Thofe horfes that are finely fpotted with gay colours 
 like leopards are a great rarity, and for that reafon are 
 only In the hands of great men. 
 
 _ There is fome difference in hprfes according to the 
 different countries where they are bred. For inftance, 
 in France, thofe of Bretague are pretty flrong made, 
 and have generally black hair, or brown bay; and they 
 have good legs and feet, with a haidy mouth, and :i 
 head (hort and ilefhy ; but in general they are pretty 
 clumfy. The horfes of Franche Compte are faid to 
 have the legs of tigers, and the belly of a hind ; but 
 they are fliort and thick, and of a middle fize ; beincr 
 much more proper for drawing than ridino-. The 
 horfes of Gafcony are not unlike thofe of Spain ; but 
 they are not fo handfome nor fo aftive, and therefore 
 they are more proper to draw carriages. The Limo- 
 fin horfes are very vicious, and are good for little till 
 they are fix years old. Their colour is generally bay, 
 or a bay brown. The horfes of Normandy are much 
 like thofe of Bretagne ; and thofe of Poitou have good 
 bodies, legs, feet, and eyes ; but they are far from 
 being handfome. 
 
 The horfes of Germany are much better and more 
 handfome than thofe of the Low Countries. They 
 are of great ufe for carriages ; but much more for the 
 army, and for drawing the artillery. They have a great 
 deal of hair, efpecially about the legs. They are not 
 large, but they are well fet ; and yet they have tender 
 feet. The Hungarian horfes are excellent for the coach, 
 as well as for riding : but they are large, though well- 
 proportioned; and they are of all colours, and in gene- 
 ral very fwift. 
 
 The Dani(h horfes are low, fliort, and fquare ; but 
 they have a fine head, and fliort hair. The horfes of 
 the Low Countries are very fit for the coach, and thev 
 are bell known by the name of Flanders-mares. The 
 Polinf^Rorfes are like the Danifh ; only they have not 
 fo fine a fore-hand : their colour is generally a brio-ht 
 bay, and that of the outward peel of an onion ; and 
 they are fiery and vicious. The horfes of Switzerland 
 are pretty much like thofe of Germany; which is no 
 wonder, fince the Germans purchafe a great number 
 of them. The horfes of Piedmont are fiery, of 3 
 middle fize, and of all forts of colours ; their legs are 
 good and handfome, their eyes fine, their ears fniall, 
 and their mouths good ; but they do not carry their 
 heads well. 
 
 The horfes of Naples and Italy are generally ill- 
 made and lean ; and yet they are good and ufeful, for 
 they are light and proper for racing,, though not for 
 a long courfe ; they never do well in a colder chraate. 
 The Spanifh horfes are very well made and handfome, 
 as well as very adive and nimble ; they have good 
 eyes, handfome legs and heads, and are eafily mana- 
 ged ; they are alfo good for racing, if they are well 
 kept : however^ they are not fo good in northern cli- 
 mates as in their own country. The Turkifh horfes are 
 of different fliapes ; but they are generally fwift, tho' 
 their mouths are bad. Moll of them are white ; tho' 
 
 there 
 
J^fjuii'f there arc other colours 
 "'-^ * ' ftronj, and fit for the road. 
 
 The horfcs of Barbary, commonly called larh, have 
 ftrong hoofs, and are more proper for racing than any 
 others whatever ; feme have faid they never grow old, 
 becaufe they preferve their vigour to the laft. They 
 are excellent ftallions ; and fome of them are iifed as 
 fiich in Britain: however, the Arabian horfes are not 
 qnite fo good as the Barbary, though fome think they 
 are both of the fame kind; only thofe that are ufed to 
 the deferts of Arabia are always in aftion. The hor- 
 
 and fney are large, hardy, of thcit country to the mod remote parts ol the king- 
 
 Equua, 
 
 dom, ufually carry a burden of 420 pounds ; and that 
 indifferently over the higheit hills of the north, as well 
 as the nn.ofl level roads. But the moil remarkable proof 
 of the ftrength of our Britifh horfes, is to be drawn 
 from that of our miJl- horfes: fome of thefe will carry 
 at one load 13 meafures, which at a moderate computa- 
 tion of 70 pounds each, will amount to 910 ; a weight 
 fuperior to that which the leffer fort of camels will 
 bear : this will appear lefs furprifmg, as thefe horfes arc 
 by degrees acculloraed to the weight ; and the diflance 
 
 fes of the Gold Coall of Guinea are very few'in num- they travel no greater than to and from the adjacent 
 ber, and in other parts of that coall there are none at hamlets. 
 
 all ; for many of the negroes, when they have been 
 fiift brought over to our Amer-ican plantations, have 
 expreCTed'great admiration at the iight of a horfe, and 
 even been afraid to come near one. 
 
 The horfes of the Cape of Good Hope were origi- 
 nally brought from Perfia : and they are generally 
 fmall, and of a chefnut colour ; for thofe that are na- 
 tives of that country are all wild, and could never yet 
 be tamed. The horfes of China are good, and more 
 particularly thofe in the province of Yun Nan ; for 
 they are very vigorous, though a little low. The hor- 
 fes of the Eluth Tartars are good and full of fire ; and 
 their fize is much the fame as the Polilh horfes : they 
 are afraid- of nothing ; not even of lions and tigers : . to com, 
 but perhaps this may be owing to ufe. In the country nial for 
 
 Our cavah-y, in the late campaigns (when they had 
 opportunity), lliowed over thofe of our allies, as well as 
 of the French, a great fuperiority both of llrength and 
 activity : the enemy was broken through by the impe- 
 tuous charge of our fquadrons; while the German hoi- 
 fes, from their great weight and iuaftive make, were 
 unable to fecond our efforts ; though thofe troops were 
 atluated by the noblell ardour. 
 
 Tiie prcfent cavalry of this ifland only fupports its 
 ancient glory. It was eminent in the earlieft times: our 
 fcvthed chariots, and the a<?tivity and good difcipline 
 of our horfes, even ftruck terror into Csefar's legions % 
 and the Britons, as foon as they became civilized enough 
 took care to reprefent on their money the ani- 
 vhich they were fo celebrated, it is now im- 
 
 «f the Mogul they are very numerous, and of all co- poffible to trace out this fpecies; for thofe which exift 
 lours : they are generally of the middle fize, though among the hiJigenie oi Great Britain, fuch as the little 
 there are fome as large and as handfome as thofe in horfes of V.' ales and Cornwall, the hobbies of Ireland, 
 Europe. The wild horfes of Tartary differ very little and the ftielties of Scotland, though admirably well a- 
 from the tame ; but they are fo fwift, that they avoid dapted to the ules of thofe countries, couia never have 
 the arrows of the moll ftilful hunters. been equal to the work of war : but probably we had 
 The breed of horfes in Great Britain is as mixed as even then a larger and ftronger breed in the more fer- 
 that of its Inhabitants : the frequent introduftion of tile and luxuriant parts of the ifland. Thofe we em- 
 foreign horfes has given us a variety that no fingle ploy for that purpofe, or for the draught, are an off- 
 country can boaft of: mod other countries produce fpring of the German or Flemilh breed, meliorated by- 
 only one kind; while ours, by a judicious mixture our foil and a judicious culture. 
 
 of the feveral fpecies, by the happy difference of 
 our foils, and by our fuperior flcill in management, 
 may triumph over the reft of Europe, in having 
 "brought each quality of this noble animal to the higheft 
 perfedtion. 
 
 In the annals of Newmarket may be found inftan- 
 ces of horfes that have literally outftripped the wind, 
 as the celebrated M. Condamlnehas lately fliown in his 
 remarks on thofe of Great Britain. Childers is an a- 
 mazing inftance of rapidity ; his fpeed ha,ving been 
 
 The Englifh were ever attentive, to aJr exaft culture 
 of thefe animals ; and in very early times fet a high va- 
 lue on their breed. The edeem that our horfes were 
 held in by foreigners fo long ago as the reign of A- 
 thelftan, may be collefted from a law of that monarch, 
 prohibiting their exportation, except they were de- 
 figned as prefents. Thefe muft have been the native 
 kind, or the prohibition would have been needlefs ; for 
 our commerce was at that time too limited to receive 
 improvement from any but the German kind, to which 
 more Than once exerted equal to 824 feet in a ifecond, country their own breed could be of no value. But 
 or near a mile in a minute. when our intercourfe with the other parts of Europe 
 
 The fpecies ufed in hunting, is a happy combination was enlarged, we foon laid hold of the advantages this 
 of the former with others fuperior in ftrength, but in- gave of improving our breed. Roger de Belefme, earl 
 ferior in point of fpeed and lineage : an union of both of Shrewfbury, is the firft that is on record : he intro- 
 is necefiary ; for the fatigues of the chace multbefup- duced the Spanifti ftallions into his eftate in Pow- ifland,, 
 ported by the fpirit of the one, as well as by the vigour from which that part of Wales was for many ages ce- 
 of the other. lebrated for a fwift and generous race of horfes. Gi- 
 
 No country can bring a parallel to the ftrength and raldus Cambrenfis, who lived in the reign of Hen. II.. 
 fize of our horfes deflined for the draught; or to the takes notice of it; and Michael Drayton, cotemporary 
 adlivity and flrenglh united of thofe that form our ca- with Shakefpear, fings their excellence in the fixth parf. 
 valry. In London, there are inftances of fingle horfes of his Polyolbion. This kind was probably dellined to 
 that are able to draw on a plain, for a fmall fpace, the mount our gallant nobility, or courteous knights for 
 weight of three tuns ; but could with eafe, and for a feats of chivalry, in the generous contclls of the tilt- 
 Continuance, draw half that weight. The pack-horfcs yard. From thefe fprung, to fpeafc the language of the- 
 cf Yorkfliire, employed in conveying the -manufadures times, the fiower of courfers, whofe elegant form added 
 
 chaaiLS.- 
 
Fqiin?. 
 
 CLXXXllI. 
 
 E Q^U [7 
 
 cTiarais to tlic ruler, and vvliofe aftivity and maiia'jed 
 dcxteTit)' gained him the palm in that field of gallan- 
 tr}' and romantic honour. 
 
 The increafe of our inhabitants, and the extent of 
 our manuFaftures, together with the f,.rmer negleiSl of 
 inttrn-il navigation to convey thufe manufaiiurcs, mul- 
 tiplied the number of our horfes : an excefs of weaUh, 
 b"fore unknown in thele iflanja, increafed the luxury of 
 carriagi'S, and added to the neceflity of an extraordi- 
 nary cukuie of thefe animals : their high reputation 
 abroad has alio made them a branch of commerce, and 
 proved another caufe of their vail increafe. 
 
 The all- wife Creator hath finely limited the feveral 
 fervices of domeftic animals towards the human race ; 
 and ordered that the parts of fuch, which in their lives 
 have been the mod ufcful, (lioiild after death contri- 
 bute the lead to our benefit. The chief ufe that the 
 exwvia of the horfe can be applied to, is for collars, 
 traces, and other parts of the harnefs ; and thus, even 
 after death, he preferves fome analogy with his former 
 employ. The hair of the mane is of ufe in making 
 wigs ; of the tail, in making the bottoms of chairs, 
 floor-cloths, and chords ; and to the angler in making 
 lines. 
 
 Technical Description of the Par/s of a lioasi. 
 T/je Fore Fart. 1. The forehead. 2. The temples. 
 3. Cavity above the eye. 4. The jaw. j. The lips. 
 6. The noftrils. 7. The tip of the nofe. 8. The chin. 
 9. The beard. 10. The neck. ( j . The mane. 12. The 
 fore-top. 13. The throat. 14. The withers. 15. J'he 
 fhoulders. 16. The cheft. 17. The elbow. 18. The 
 arm. 19. The plate vein. 20, The chefnut, 21. The 
 knee. 22. The (hank. 23. The main tendents. 
 24. The fetlock joint. 25. The fetlock. 26. The 
 paftern. 27. The coronet. 28. The hoof. 29. The 
 quarters. 30. The toe. 31. The heel. — The Body. 
 32. The reins. 33. The fillets. 34. The ribs. 
 35. The belly. 36. The flanks— 77;^ Hhd Part. 
 37. The rump. 38. The tail. 39. The buttocks. 
 40. The haunches. 41. The ftifle. 42. The thighs. 
 43, The hock. 44. The kerb. 45. The point of 
 the hock. 
 
 For the breeding, rearing, &c. of horfes, fee the 
 articles, Colt, Horse, and Stallion ; for the me- 
 thod of training and managing them, fee Horse- 
 manship ; and for their difeafes and cure, fee Far- 
 riery. 
 
 2. The Afinus, or Ass, has long flouching ears, fhort 
 mane, tail covered with long hairs at the end. The 
 body is ufually of an afti colour, with a black bar crofs 
 the (boulders. 
 
 The Koulan, or afs in a wild ftate (the onager of 
 the ancients), varies from the tame in feveral refpedls, 
 and requires a more particular defcription. The fore- 
 head is very much arched : the ears are ereft, even 
 when the animal is out of order ; fharp-pointed, and 
 lined with whitiih curling hairs ; the irides are of 
 a livid brown ; the lips thick ; and the end of the 
 iiofe Hoping lleeply down to the upper lip : the no- 
 flrils are large and oval. It is much higher on its 
 limbs than the tame afs, and its legs are much fi- 
 ner, but it again refembles it in the narrownefs of 
 its cheft and body : it carries its head much high- 
 er; and its fliuU is of a furprifing thinnefs. The 
 jnane is dufty, about three or four inches long, compo- 
 
 fed of foft wroolly hair, and extends quite to the (lioul- 
 ders : the hairs at the end of the tail are coarfe, and ' 
 about a fpan long. The colour of the hair in general 
 is a filvery white ; the upper part of the face, the fides 
 of the neck and body, are ef a flaxen-colour ; the hind 
 part of the thighs are the fame ; the fore part divided 
 from the flank by a white line, which extends round 
 the rump to the tail : the belly and legs are alfo white : 
 along the very topof the back, from the mane quite to 
 the tail, runs a (tripe of bufny waved hairs of a cofTee- 
 cok>ur, broadeft above the hind part, growing narrow- 
 er again towards the tail ; another of the fame colour 
 croljes it at the (boulders (of the males only), forming a 
 maik, fuch as diltingtiiflics the tame a(rts : the dorfjl 
 band and the mane are bounded on each fide by a 
 beautiful line of white, well dtfcribed by Oppian, who 
 gives an admirable account of the whole. Its winter 
 coat is very fine, foft, and filky, much undulated, and 
 likelt to the hair of the camel ; greafy to the touch : ' 
 and the flaxen colour, during that feafon, more exqui- 
 fitely bright. Its fummer coat is very fmooth, filky, 
 and even, with exception of certain fliaded rays that 
 mark the fides of the neck, pointing downwards. 
 
 Thefe anin^ials inhabit the dry and mountainous 
 parts of the deferts of Great Tarlary, but not high- 
 er than lat. 48. 1 hey are migratory, and airive in 
 vail troops to feed, during the fummer, in tlie tradls 
 ea!t and north of lake Aral. About autumn they col- 
 led in herds of hundreds, and even thoufauds, and di- 
 rett their courfe towards the north of India, to enjoy 
 a warm retreat during winter. But Perfia Is their raoft 
 ufual place of retirement : where they are found in the 
 mountains of Cafbiu, fome even at all times of the 
 year. ^ If we can depend on Barboj^a, they penetrate 
 even into the fouthern parts of India, to the mountains 
 of Malabar and Golconda. According to Leo Afri- 
 canus, wild affes of an adi- colour are found in the de- 
 ferts of northern Africa. The Arabs take them in 
 fnares for the fake of their flefh. If frefli killed, it is 
 hot and unfavory : if kept two days after it is boiled, 
 it becomes excellent meat. Thefe people, the Tar- 
 tars and Romans, agreed in their preference of this to 
 any other food : the latter indeed chofe them young, 
 at a period of life in which it was called Lallfio ; (vide 
 Martial, xiii. 97.) The epicures of Rome preferred 
 thofe of Africa to all others. The grown onagri were 
 introduced among the fpeftacles of the theatre ; and 
 their combats were preferred even to thofe of the ele- 
 phants. 
 
 The manners of tke wild afs are very much the fame 
 with thofe of the wild horfe and the dlhikketei. They 
 affemble in troops under the condudl of a leader ; and 
 are very (hy. They will, however, (lop in the midft of 
 their courfe, and even fufi^er the approach of man at 
 that inftant, but will then dart away with the rapidity 
 of an arrow difmiffed from the bow. This Herodotus 
 fpeaks to, in his account of thofe of Mefopotamia ; and 
 Leo Africanus, in that of the African. 
 
 They are extremely wild. Holy writ is full of allu- 
 fions to their favage nature. " He fcorneth the mul- 
 titude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of. 
 the driver," (Job xxxix. 7.). Yet they are not ira- 
 taraeable. 'I'hc Perfians catch and break them for the 
 draught : they make pits, half-filled with plants to 
 leffcn the fall, and take them alive. They break, and 
 3 hold 
 
 Eqmn. 
 
E Q^ U [ 7^ 
 
 5qyus. liold lljcm in great eP.ceir, and fell tlicm at a high 
 — V price. The famous breed of afTes in the eaft is produ- 
 ced from the koulan reclaimed from the favage Rate, 
 which higlily improves the breed. 1 he Romans rec- 
 koned the breed of affes produced from the onager and 
 tame afs to excel all others. The Tartars, who kill 
 them only for the fake of the fie(h and fliins, lie in am- 
 bufh and fhoot them. They have been at all times ce- 
 lebrated for their amazing fwifmefs ; for which reafon 
 the Hebreans called them Pere ; as they ilyled them 
 ^Irod from their braying. Their food is the failed 
 plants of the deferts, fuch as the kalis, atriplex, cheno- 
 podium, &c. i and alfo the bitter milky tribe of herbs : 
 they alfo prefer falt-water to frelh. This is exaftly 
 conformable to the hiftory given of this animal in the 
 book of Job ; for the words " barren land", expreffive 
 of its dwelling, ought, according to the learned Bo- 
 chart, to be rendered " fait pluces." The liunttrs lie in 
 wait for them near the ponds of brackiih water, to 
 which they refort to drink : but they are not of a 
 thirlly nature, and feldom have recourle to water. 
 Thefe animals were anciently found in 'he Holy Land, 
 Syria, the land of Uz or Arabia Deierta, Mefopota- 
 niia, Phrygia, and Lycaonia. But at prffent they are 
 entirely confined to the countries above mentioned. 
 Chagrin, a word derived from the Tar:ar foghre, is 
 made of the fltin of thefe animals, which grows about 
 the rump, and alfo tliofe of horfes, which is equally 
 good. There are great manufaftures of it at Aftracan 
 and in all Perfia. it is a miftake to fuppofe it to be 
 naturally granulated, for its roughncfs is entirely the 
 e.ffeft of art. The Perfians ufe the bile of the wild afs 
 as a remedy againft the dimnefs of light : and the 
 fame people, and the Nogayan Tartars, have been 
 known to endeavour the moft infamous belHalities with 
 it, in order to free thtmfelves from the diforders of the 
 kidneys. 
 
 The tame or dcmejlk afs, is a humble, patient, and 
 tranquil, animal. He fubmits with firmnefs to llrokes 
 and chaftifement : he is temperate both as to the quan- 
 tity and quality of his food ; he contents himfclf with 
 the rigid and difagreeable herbage which the horfe 
 and other animals leave to him and dildain to eat : he 
 is more delicate with regard to his drink, never ufiuM- 
 water unlefs it be perfectly pure. As his mafter docs 
 not take tl^e trouble of combing him, he often rolls 
 Limfelf on the turf among thiftles, ferns, &c. With- 
 out regarding what he is carrying, he lies down to roll 
 as often as he can, feeming to reproach his mafter for 
 negleft and want of attention. When very young, 
 the afs is a gay, fprightly, nimble, and gentle animal. 
 Eut he foon lofes thefe qualities, probably by the bad 
 ufage he meets with ; and becomes lazy, untraftable, 
 and ftubborn. When under the influence of love, he 
 becomes perfeflly furious. The affeftion of the fe- 
 male for her young is ftrong i Pliny affures us,, that 
 when an experiment was made to difcover the ftretioth 
 of maternal fffeftion in a fne-afs, (lie run through the 
 flames in order to come at her colt. Although the 
 afs be generally ill ufed, he difcovers a great attach- 
 ment 10 his mafter; he fmells him at a diftance, fearches 
 the places and roads he ufed to frequent, and eafily 
 diftinguifties him from the reft of mankind. The afs 
 has a very fine eye, an excellent fcent, and a good ear. 
 ■When overloaded, he hangs his head, and fin,ks his 
 
 I ] E Q_ U 
 
 enrs : when too mr.ch teazcd or tormented, he opens 
 his mouth and retracts his lips in a difagreeable man- 
 ner, which gives him an air of ridicule and derifion. 
 If you cover his eyes, he will not move another Hep ; 
 if you lay him on his fide, and place his head fo that one 
 eyerefts on the ground, and cover the other with a cloth, 
 he will remain in this fituation without making any at- 
 tempt to get up. He walks, trots, and gallops in the 
 fame manner as the horfe ; but all his motions are flower. 
 Whatever be the pace he is going at, if you puih him, 
 he inftantly ftops. 
 
 The cry of the horfe Is known by the name of ne'igh- 
 tpg ; that of the afs, by bray'ing, which is a long, dif- 
 agreeable noife, confifting of alternate difcords from 
 fliarp to grave and from grave to fliarp ; he feldom 
 cries but when prefTed with hunger or love : the voice 
 of the female is clearer and more piercing than that of 
 the male. 
 
 The afs is lefs fubjeft to vermin than other animaU 
 covered with hair; he is never troubled with Uce, pro- 
 bably owing to the harduefs and drynefs of his flcin ; 
 and it Is probably for the fame reafon that he is lefs 
 fcnfible to the whip and fpur than the horfe. The 
 teeth of the afs fall out and grow at the fame age and 
 in the fame minner as thofe of the hor-fe ; and he has 
 nearly the fame marks in tiis mouth. 
 
 Affes are capable of propagating when tv\'0 years 
 old. The females are in feafon during the months of 
 May and June. The milk appears in the dugs ten 
 months after impregnation ; fhe brings forth In the 
 twelfth month, and always one at a time. Seven days 
 after the birth, the feafon of the female retur-ns, and. 
 ftie is again, in a condition to receive the male. The 
 colt fliould be taken from her at the end of five or fis 
 months, that the growth and nourillinrent of the fetus 
 may not be obflrutted. The ftalUon or jack-afs fhould 
 be the largeft and ftrongeft that can be found ; he ihould 
 be at Icalt three years old, and never ought to exceed 
 ten. The afs, like the horfe, takes three or four years 
 in growing, and lives till he be 25 or 30 : he fleeps 
 lefs than the hoi-fe, and never lies down to fleep but 
 when cxceffively fatigued. He Is more robuft, and 
 lefs fubjefl to difeafes, than the hoi-fe. 
 
 Travellers Inform us that there are two forts of aiTes 
 In Perfia ; one of which Is ufed for burdens, they be- 
 ing flow and heavy : the other is kept like horfes 
 for the faddle ; for they have fmooth hair, carry their 
 head well, and are much quicker In their motlc^n ; but 
 when they ride them., they fit nearer their buttocks 
 than when on a horfe : they are dreffcd hke horfes, 
 and are taught to amble like them ; bi:t they gene- 
 rally cleave their noftrils to give them more room, 
 for breathing. Dr Ruffcl likewife tells us they have- 
 two forts in Syria ; one of which is like ours ; and 
 the other very large, with remarkable long ears ; but 
 they are both put to the fame ufe, which is, to car- 
 ry burdens. 
 
 In America there were originally noafles at all, nor 
 yet horfes i but they were carried thither long ago, at 
 iirft by the Spaniards, and aftei'wai-ds by orhcr nations,, 
 where they multiplied greatly ; Infomuch, that, in 
 fome places, there are whole droves of them that run 
 wild, and are very hard to be caught. Affes in gene- 
 ral carry the heavieft burdens in proportion to their 
 bulk ; and, as their keeping cofts lltth or nothing,.it 
 
 E(]IU18, 
 
E CL u T 7 
 
 a 'great wonder tliat they are not put to more ufee 
 than thty generally are among us. The fltfli of the 
 common afs is never eaten in t'lefe parts of the world ; 
 though fome pretend their colts are tender, and not 
 difagreeable. 
 
 3. The Hetnionus of Pallas, or Wild Mule, is of 
 the fize and appearance of the common mule ; with 
 a large head, flat forehead growing narrow toward the 
 nofe, eyes of a middle fize, the irides of an obfcure afh- 
 colour; 38 teeth in all, being two in number fewer than 
 in a common horfe ; ears much longer than thofe of a 
 horfe, quite ereft, lined with a thick whitifli curling 
 coat ; neck (lender, comprefled ; mane upright, fhort, 
 foft, of a greyin-i colour ; in place of the forctop, a 
 fhort tuft of downy hair about an inch and three quar- 
 ters long. The body is rather long, and the back very 
 little elevated ; the bread protuberant and (harp. The 
 limbs are long and elegant ; the thighs thin, as in amule's. 
 "Within the fore-legs there is an oval callus ; in the hind 
 legs none. The hoofs arc oblong, fmooth, and black ; 
 the tail is like that of a cow, (lender, and for half of 
 its length naked, the reft covered with long afli- 
 coloured hairs. Its winter coat grey at the tips, of a 
 browniih af!i-culour beneath ; about two inches long, 
 in foftnefs like the hair of a camel, and undulated on 
 the back. Its fummer coat is much (horter, of a 
 moft elegant fmoothnefs, and in all parts marked moit 
 beautifully with fmall vortexes. The end of the nofe 
 is white; from thence to the foretop inclining to 
 tawny. The buttocks are white ; as are the iufide of 
 the limbs and belly. From the mane a blackifli tefta- 
 ceous line extends along the top of the back to the 
 tail, broadeft on the loins, and growing narrower to- 
 wards the tail. The colour of the upper part of the 
 body is a light yellowidi grey, growing paler towards 
 the fides. The length, from the tip of the nofe to 
 the bafe of the tail, is fix feet feven inches ; length of 
 the trunk of the tail one foot four ; of the hairs be- 
 yond the end, eight inches. The height of the ani- 
 mal is three feet nine. This fpecies inhabits the de- 
 ferts between the rivers Onon and Argun in the moft 
 fouthern part of Siberia, and extends over the vaft 
 plains and defcrts of weftein Tartary, and the cele- 
 brated fandy defert of Gobi, which reaches even to 
 India. In Siberia they are feen only in fmall numbers, 
 as if detached from the numerous herds to the fouth of 
 the Ruffian dominions. In Tartary they are particu- 
 larly converfant about Taricnoor, a fait lake at times 
 dried up. They fliun wooded trafls and lofty fnowy 
 mountains. They live in feparate herds, each con- 
 fiding of a chief, a number of mares and colts, in all 
 to the number of about 20 ; but feldom fo many, for 
 commonly each male has but five and fometimes 
 fewer females. They copulate towards the middle or 
 end of Auguft ; and bring for the moft part but one 
 at a time, which by the third year attains its full 
 growth, form, and colour. The young males are then 
 driven away from their paternal herds, and keep at a 
 dlftance till they can find mates of their own age which 
 have quitted their dams. Thefe animals always carry 
 their heads horizontally ; but when they take to flight, 
 hold them upright, and eretl their tail. Their neigh- 
 ing is deeper and louder than that of a horfe. They 
 fight by biting and kicking, as ufual with the horfe : 
 they are fierce and untameable ; and even thofe which 
 jSi°ii8. 
 
 13 ] E Q^ U 
 
 have been taken young, are fo intradable as not to he 
 broken by any art which the wandering Tartars could " 
 ufe. Yet was it polTible to bring tht'm into fit places, 
 and to provide all the conveniencies known in Eu- 
 rope, the taflv might be efFeftcd : but it is doubted 
 whether the fubdued animal would retain the fwiftntfs 
 it is fo celebrated for in its (late of nature. It ex- 
 ceeds that of the antelope ; it is even proverbial ; and 
 the inhabitants of Thebet, from the fame of its rapid 
 fpeed, mount on it Chammo their god of fire. The 
 Mongalians defpair of ever taking them by the chace ; 
 but lurk behind fome tomb, or in fome ditch, and 
 (hoot them when they come to drink or eat the fait of 
 the defert. They are excefiSvely fearful animals, and 
 provident againil danger. A male takes on him the 
 care of the herd, and always is on the watch. If they 
 fee a hunter, who by creeping along the ground ha« 
 got near them, the centinel takes a great circuit, and 
 goes round and round him, as difcovering fomewhat to 
 be apprehended. As foon as the animal is fatisficd, it 
 rejoins the herd, which fets off with great precipita- 
 tion. Sometimes its curiouty cofts it its life ; for it 
 approaches fo near as to give the hunter an opportuni- 
 ty of (hooting it. But it is obferved, that in rainy or 
 in ftormy weather, thefe animals feem very dull, and 
 lefs fenfible of the approach of mankind. The Mon- 
 galians and Tungufi, according to Du Halden, kill 
 them for the fake of the flelh, which they prefer to 
 that of horfes, and even to that of the wild boar, 
 efteeming it equally nourifliing and wholefome. The 
 flvin is alfo ufed for the making of boots Their fenfes 
 of hearing and fmelling are ino!i exquifite : fo that they 
 are approached with the utmoft difficulty. The Mon , 
 galians call them djlnkhetael, which fignifies " the ear- 
 ed ;" the Chinefe, JO ;o {/J, or "mule.'' In ancient 
 times the fpecies extended far to the fouth. It was 
 'the hemionos or half afs of Arillotle, found in his 
 days in Syria, and which he celebrates for its amazing 
 fwiftnefs and its fecundity, a breeding mule beinf 
 thought a prodigy ; and Pliny, from the report of 
 Theophraftus, fpeaks of this fpecies being found in 
 Cappadccia, but adds they were a particular kind. 
 
 The domeftic mules of prefent times [equus mulus 
 of Gefner and Linnsus) are the offspring of the horfe 
 and the afs, or afs and mare ; are very hardy, and 
 have more the form and difpofition of the afs than 
 the horfe. The fineft are bred in Spain; very large 
 ones in Savoy. 
 
 4. The Zebra. This animal has the figure and 
 gracefulneis of the horfe, joined to the fwiftnefs of the 
 ftag. He is abtmt feven feet long, from the point of 
 the muzzle to the origin of the tail, and about four 
 feet high. The colour of his ficin is beautiful and uni- 
 form, confiding of alternate parallel rings of black 
 and white, difpofed in the moft regular manner, as re- 
 prefented in the plate. He is generally lefs than the 
 horfe and larger than the afs. The zs-bra is found no 
 where but in the eaftern and fouthern provinces of 
 Africa, from Eihiopia to the Cape of Good Hope, and 
 from the Cape of Good Hope to Congo. The Dntch 
 have been at great pains to tame and ufe them for do- 
 meftic purpofes, but with little fuccefs. He is hard- 
 mouthed, and kicks when any perfon attempts to 
 touch or come near him. He is reftlefs and oblfinate 
 as a mule : but perhaps the wild horfe is naturally as 
 2 un- 
 
 Eqwn, 
 
Era 
 
 i; 
 
 ERA [71 
 
 untraceable as the zebra ; for it is probable, if he 
 wore early acruftomed to obedience and a donieftic 
 life, he would become as docile as the horfc. 
 
 5. The quacha, or quagga, is ili!j)ed like the former 
 on the head and body, but with fewer lines. The flanks 
 are fpotted ; the rnmp is plain ; the gVound colour 
 of the head, neck, body, and rump, a bright bay : the 
 belly, thighs, and legs are white, and free from all marks. 
 This Ipeoies, till of late, has been fuppofed to be the 
 female of the zebra ; but recent cbfervations prove 
 that the male and female zebra are marked alike. 
 This differs likewife in being thicker and ftronger 
 made, and in being more tractable ; for inftance, one 
 had been fo far broken as to draw in a cart. The Hot- 
 tentots alfo diftinguifh them from the former, by the 
 names of quagga and opeagha. 
 
 ERA, in chronology. See jEra. 
 
 ERANARCHA, a public officer among the an- 
 cient Greeks, whofe bufmefs was to prefide over and 
 direft the alms and provifions made for the poor. Cor- 
 nelius Nepos, in his life of Epaminondas, defcribes his 
 pffice thus : When any ^perfon was reduced to poverty, 
 taken captive, or had a daughter to marry, which he 
 could not effcCx for want of money, &c. the eranarcha 
 called an aifembly of friends and neighbours, and taxed 
 each according to his means and eftate, to contribute 
 towards his relief. 
 
 : ERANTHEMURI, in botany : A genus of the 
 raonogynia order, belonging to the diandria clafs of 
 plants J and in the natural method ranking with thofe 
 of which the order is doubtful. The corolla is quin- 
 quefid, with the tube filiform; the antherte without 
 ihe tube ; the ftigma fimple. 
 
 ERA.SiSTRATUS, a celebrated phyfician, grand- 
 (on to the philofopher Arillotle. He difcovered by the 
 motion of the pulfe the love which Antiochus had 
 conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonic -, and was 
 rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of 
 Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleedinp- and 
 violent phyCc. 
 
 , ERASMUS (Defiderius), born- at Rotterdam in 
 1467 He loft his father and mother at 14 years of 
 age ; and was committed to the care of certain guar- 
 dians, who would force him to be an ecclefiaftic, which 
 he refufed for a long time. However, he v«s obliged 
 to affume the religious .habit among the canons regular 
 in the monallery of Stein near Tergou ; but afterwards 
 obtained a difpenfation from his vows. He v/as the 
 moil learned man of the age in which he lived \ and 
 contributed, by his example an4 his writings, to the 
 relloration of learning in the feveral countries in which 
 he occafionally refided, viz. Italy, Sv.'itzerland, Hol- 
 land, Fiance, and England : with the laft, he was moil 
 liitisfied ; and found the greateft encouragement from 
 Henry Vin. Sir Thomas More, and all the learned 
 Engiilhmen of thofe days. He publilhed a great many 
 books; and died at Bafd in 1536. He was burled' 
 honourably, and his memory is llill held in venera- 
 tion. He had, however, many enemies ; and as he 
 did not embrace the reformation, and yet cenfured 
 many things in popery, he hath been' treated injuri- 
 ouiiy both by Cathohcs and Protellants. The works 
 of Erafums in 10 vols folio were publiftied at Leyden 
 in 1706, in a very haadfome manner, under the care 
 
 Vol. VI. Par: IL 
 
 3 ] ERE 
 
 of M. Lc Clcrc. Dr Jortin pubhlhed his life in one 
 vol. 4to, 1758. 
 
 ERASTIy\NS, a religious feft or faaion which 
 arofc in England during the time of the civil wars in 
 1647, thus called from their leader Thomas Erallus, 
 whofe diftinguilhing doclrine it was, that the church 
 had no right to difcipline, that is, no regular power to 
 excommunicate, exclude, cenfure, abfolve, decree, or 
 the like. 
 
 ERATO (from ff^^ / /oto), in mythology, the 
 name of one of the nine mufes who pref/ded over love- 
 poetry. To this mufe fome have afcribed the, inven- 
 tion of the lyre and lute ; and llie is rcprefented with 
 a garland of myrtles and rofes, holding a lyre in one 
 hand and a bow in the other, and at her fide a Cu- 
 pid with his torch. There is alfo a Nereid of the 
 fame name. 
 
 ERATOSTHENES, a Cyrencean philofopher, hi- 
 ftorian, and poet ; called for his learning Plato Minor. 
 He was keeper ^f the famous library at Alexandria ; 
 and was greatly in favour with Ptolemy Euergetes, by 
 whofe order he wrote a hiftory of the Theban kings 
 of Egypt, which fuccefiion was entirely omitted by 
 Manetho. He thus fixed the Egyptian chronology, and 
 his authority is by many preferred to that of Mane^ 
 tho. He v.'rote many other things, a catalogue of 
 which is to be feen in Fabricius, Voffius, &c. but his 
 only piece now remaining entire is a defcription and 
 fabulous account of the ftars. He ftarved himfelf ia 
 old age througli grief for the dimnefs of his fight, a- 
 bout the loth or I3th year of Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
 194 B.C. 
 
 ERATOSTRATUS, an Ephefian who burnt the 
 famous temple of Diana the feme night that Alexan- 
 der the Great was born. This burning, as fome wri- 
 ters have obfervcd, v.'as not prevented or feen by the 
 goddefs of the place, who was then prefent at the la- 
 bours of Olympias, and at the birth of the conqueror of 
 Periia. Eratoilratus did this villany merely to eter^ 
 nize his name by fo uncommon an action. 
 
 EREBUS (Kfsf'.-.from ^'•H night), in mythology, 
 a term denoting darknefs. A^ccording to Ilefiod, E- 
 rebus was the fon of Chaos and the night, and the fa- 
 ther of the day. This was alfo the name of part of 
 the inferl among the ancients : they had a peculiar ex- 
 piation for thofe who were detained in Erebus. 
 
 Erebus was properly the gloomy region, and diflin- 
 guiflied both from Tartaruj the place of torment, and 
 Elyfium the region of bHfs : according to the account 
 given of it by 'V^irgil, it forms the third grand divifion 
 of the invifibia- world beyond the Styx, and compie- 
 hends feveral particular diftrifts, as the limbus infanlum, 
 or receptacle for infants ; the Ihnhus for thofe who 
 have been put to death without caufe ; that for thofe 
 who have deftroyed themfelves ; the fields of mourning, 
 full of dark groves and woods, inlrabited by thofe who 
 died for love ; and beyond thtfe, an open cha.mpaiTn 
 country for departed warriors. 
 
 ERECTION, in a general fenfe, the art of raifinp- 
 or elevating any thing ; as the ereftion of a pcrpendir 
 cukr, &c. It is alfo ufed in a figurative fenfe ; as the 
 erection of a bidiopric, marquifate, &c. 
 
 Erection is particularly ufed by medical writers 
 
 for the ftate of the penis when fwelled and diltended 
 
 .4X - .. by 
 
E R I 
 
 t 7H 1 
 
 E R I 
 
 by the aftion of the mufcles called ercdores. See Ana- 
 tomy, p. 739. 
 
 Theie is alio an ereftion of the clitoris which is 
 performed by mufcles for that purpole. 
 
 EREMIT. See Hermit. 
 
 ERETllIA (anc. geog.), a town of Euboea, fitu- 
 aled on the Euripus, in the fouth-weft of the ifland. 
 A very ancient city, and the largefl of the ifland, 
 after CKslcis. After being demohfhed by the Per- 
 Cans, it vvSs rtftored on an adjoining fpot, according 
 to Strabo, who mentions a fchcol of Eretrian philofo- 
 phers there. The Abantes of Homer were of Eu- 
 fcoea. 
 
 ERFORT, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
 Upper Saxony, the capital of Thuringia, and fubjeft 
 io the cleftor of Mentz. It is defended by good ram- 
 parts ; and has a caftk on an eminence, which com- 
 mands the town, its inhabitants are almofl all Lu- 
 therans, but its principal churches belong to the Ca- 
 tholics. There are feveral handfome ftruftures, both 
 public and private ; but the houfes in general are 
 Imt indiiferently built. E. Long. 11.14. N- Lat. 50. 
 
 49- 
 
 ERGASTULUM, among the Romans, was a pri- 
 
 fon, work-houfe, or houfe of correftlon, where flaves 
 
 by the private authority of their mailers were confined 
 
 and kept for their offences to hard labour. The 
 
 Greeks had a place of confinement of this fort called 
 
 ERGOT, in farriery, is a ftub, like a piece of foft 
 horn, about the bignefs of a chcfnut, placed behind 
 and below the pafternjoint, and commonly hid under 
 the tuft of the fetlock. 
 
 ERICA, HEATH, in botany : A genus of the mo- 
 nogynia order, belonging to the odlandria clafs of 
 plants ; and in the natural method ranking under the 
 i 8th order, Bkor.ies. The calyx is tetraphyllous ; the 
 corolla quadrifid ; the filaments inferted into the re- 
 ceptacle ; tlie anthera bifid ; the capfule quadrilocu- 
 Jar. Of this there are four fpecies, natives of Britain ; 
 which are fo well known, that no dcfcription needs be 
 o-iven of them. In the Highlands of Scotland this 
 plant is made fubfervient to a great variety of purpofes. 
 The poorer inhabitants make walls for their cottages 
 with altei-nate layers of heath and a kind of mortar 
 made of black earth and ftraw. The woody roots of 
 the heath are placed in the centre ; the tops externally 
 and intefnaiiy. They make their beds of it, by pla- 
 cing the roots downwards ; and the tops only being 
 uppermoft, they are fufnciently foft to fleep upon. 
 Cabblns are alfo thatched with it. In the ifland of 
 llay, ale is frequently made by brewing one part of 
 malt and Ivio of the tops of young heath ; fomeiimes 
 adding hops. Boethiua relates, that this liquor was 
 «iuch ufed by the Pifts. Woollen cloth boiled in alum 
 water, and afterwards in a ftrong decoftion of heath- 
 tops, comes out of a fine orange colour. The Walks 
 and tops will tan leather. Befoms and faggots to burn 
 in ovens are alfo made of this plant. It is alfo ufed 
 for filling up drains that are to be covered over. Sheep 
 and goats will fometimes eat the tender {hoots, but 
 they are not fond of them. Cattle not accullomed to 
 feed on heath, give bloody milk ; but they are foon 
 reheved by drinking plentifully of water. Horfes will 
 eat the tops. Bees extraft a great deal of honey from 
 
 Erigen*. 
 
 the flowers ; and, where heath abounds, the honey ha^ Eridanus 
 a reddifli caft. There are many exotic fpecies with 
 which our grcen-houfe colleftions are enriched and 
 adorned, as the triflora, tubifiora, aufl:ralis, &c. 
 
 ERIDANUS (anc. geog.) a river of Attica, fall- 
 ing into the llilfus.- — Another Eridanus, the more an- 
 cient name of the Padus, an appellation afcribed by 
 Pliny to the Greeks ; followed in this by Virgil. It 
 rifcs in mount Vefiilus, in the Alpes Cottiae, and di- 
 viding the CifalpineGaul into theCifpadana and Tranf- 
 padana, and fivelled on each hand with no inconfider- 
 abk rivers from the other Alps and the Apcnnine, 
 falls at feven mouths into the Adriatic. Famous in 
 mythology, from the ftory of Phaeton ; whoCe fillers, 
 the Heliades, were here changed into poplars, accoid-* 
 ing to Ovid. 
 
 Eridanus, In aftronomy, a conftcllatlon of the 
 fouthern hemifphere, in form of a river. — The ftars ia 
 the conftellation Eridanus, in Ptolemy's catalogue, arc 
 54.; in Tycho's, 19; and in the Britilh Catalogue, 
 
 ERIE, a vaft lake to the wefliward of Pennfylvania^ 
 in North America, fituated between 80° and 87° W. 
 Long, and between 41° and 42^ N. Lat. 
 
 ERIGENA, or Scotus, (John), a famous fcho- 
 laftic divine, born about the Ijeginnlng of the ninth, 
 centuiy ; but where, is a matter of difpute among au- 
 thors. Bale and Pits fay he was born at St David's 
 in Wales ; Dempfter, Mackenzie, and Heniy, that he 
 was born at Ayr in Scotland ; which they infer from 
 his names Er':gina and Scctus, by the latter of which 
 he was generally diftinguifhed by his cotemporary wri- 
 ters. But Du Pin and Sir James Ware affert that he 
 was by biith an Iriflrman ; Ireland being in thofe days 
 called Scotia, and by the natives Erin, They agree, 
 however, in relating that he travelled to Athens, where 
 he acquired a competent knowledge of the Greek and 
 other oriental languages ; and that he afterwards re- 
 fided many years in the court of Charles the Bald, 
 king of France, who, on account of his lingular abili- 
 ties, treated him as his intimate friend and companion. 
 He flept frequently in the royal apartment ; and was 
 conltantly admitted to the king's table. " We may 
 judge (fays a modern hilloiian) of the freedom which 
 he ufed with Charles, by" the following repartee. As 
 the king and Scotus were fitting one day at table, op- 
 pofite to each other, after dinner, drinking a cheerful 
 glafs, the philofopher having faid fom.ething that was 
 not quite agreeaWe to the rules of French pohtenefs, 
 the king in a merry humour ailced him, Piay what is 
 between a i'co/ and ayi/? To which he anfwercd, "No- 
 thing but the table." See Hemy's. Hiflory of Great 
 Britain, vol, I. p. 344. who quotes this llory from 
 Hovedeni Anna], ad an. 86. Qner. What language 
 were they talking when this', hon mot was uttered ? 
 
 During his refidence with Charles, he wrote feveral 
 books of fcholaflic divinity ; whicli, though abfurd 
 enough, were at that time not fufliclently fo to fecnre 
 him from the imputation of heterodoxy ; and on that 
 account the pope commanded Charles the Bald to fend 
 him to Rome ; but the king had too great a regard for 
 his companion to trufl him with his holinefs. One of 
 the chief controverfics in which Scotus was engaged, 
 and with which the pope was much ofl'ended, was con- 
 cerning the real prefence and blood of Chrill in the 
 
 wafer. 
 
H O R 
 
 L 6s7 I 
 
 H O R 
 
 Horn 
 
 Homers 
 
 be taken to keep it clear, as it is apt to be clogged by 
 a thin fluid that gradually oozes out and fills up the 
 pafTage. Some have pradlifed fawing off the horn ; 
 but, according to the bed obfervations, it does not 
 fucceed better than boring. From the cafes Dr Tufts 
 has feen, he h led to conclude that injeftions are in 
 general unneceffary; that, when the difttmper is early 
 difcovered, no more is required than a proper opening 
 into the horn, keeping it fufficicntly clear for the ad- 
 ■ miffion of frefh air, the removal of the compreffion, 
 and the difcharge of floating matter. But when the 
 difl:emper has communicated its eWe&s to the brain, fo 
 as to produce a high degree of inflammation, it is 
 much to be doubted whether any method of cure will 
 fucceed. 
 
 HoRN-F!/h, Gar-Jijli, or Sea-Netdfe. See Esok."' 
 
 HoRN-Work, in fortification, an outwork compofed 
 of two demi-baftions joined by a curtain. See Forti- 
 fication. 
 
 HORNBY, a town of Lancafhire in England, 
 feated on a branch of the river Lune, and beautified 
 with a handfome parochial chapel. The ruins of a 
 decayed caftle are ftill to be feen here. W. Long. 2. 
 20. N. Lat. 54. 6. 
 
 HORN-CASTLE, a town of Lincolnlhire in Eng- 
 land. It had a caftle, as the name imports ; from the 
 architefture of which, and the Roman coins that are 
 fometimes dug up here, it is thought to have been a 
 camp or ftation of the Romans. The town is well 
 built, and is almoft furrounded with water. It is a 
 figniory of 1 3 lordfliips. In thefe lordfbips there are 
 feveral chapels for the convenience of the inhabitants, 
 who are at too great a diftance from the mother-church, 
 and pretty numerous. It has a market on Saturdays, 
 and fairs in June and Auguft. 
 
 HORNDON, a town of Eflex, in En -land. It 
 ftands near a rivulet, that at a fmall diftance from 
 hence falls into the Thames, which is there called the 
 Hope. E. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 51. 20. 
 
 HORNECK (Dr Anthony), a learned and pious 
 divine, was born at Baccharach, in the Lower Pala- 
 tinate, in 1641. He ftudied divinity under Dr Span- 
 heini at Heidtlberg; and afterwards coming to Eng- 
 land, completed his ftudies at Oxford, and became vi- 
 car of AUhallows in that city. In 1665, he removed 
 into the family of the duke of Albemarle ; and was 
 tutor to his grace's fon, then lord Torrington. The 
 duke prefented him to the retlory of Doulton in De- 
 vonfliire, and procured for him a prebend in Exeter. 
 He was afterwards chofen preacher of the Savoy. In 
 1693, he was collated to a prebend in Weftminfter, 
 and the fame year admitted to a prebend in the cathe- 
 dral of Wells. He publiftied, I. The great law of 
 confideration. 2. The happy afcetick. 3. Delight 
 and judgment. 4. The fire of the altar. 5. The ex- 
 ercife of prayer, 6. The crucified Jefus. 7. Several 
 fermons, and other works. He died in 1696, and 
 was interred in Weftminfter abbey, where a monument 
 is erefted to his memory. 
 
 HORNERS, thofe people whofe bufinefs it is to 
 prepare various utenfils of the horns of cattle. - The 
 homers were a very ancient and confiderable fraterni- 
 ty in the city of London fome hundred years ago. In 
 the reign of Edward II. they complained to parlia- 
 ment, that by foreigners buying up the horns in Eng- 
 
 VoL. VIII. Part IL 
 
 land, they were in danger of being ruined, and this Hornet 
 bufinefs loft to the nation. For this reafon was made H 
 the ftatute 6 Edw. 'IV. by which the Dile of horns to ""^nplpe. 
 foreigners (except fuch as the faid homers refufed) r""" 
 
 was prohibited ; and the wardens had power granted 
 them to fearch all the markets in London and 24 miles 
 round, and to infpeft Sturbridge aird Ely fairs, to pre- 
 vent fuch praftices, and to purchafe horns at ftated 
 prices. But on plaufible pretences this law was re- 
 pealed in the reign of James I. and thereupon the old 
 evil revived. The homers again applied to parlia- 
 ment, and king Edward's ftatute was renewed (excep- 
 ting as to the infpeAion of the fairs), and ftill remains 
 in force. The importation of unwrought horns into 
 this country is alfo prehlbited. In 1750, there were 
 exported to Holland 514,500 lantern-leaves, btfides 
 powder flaflcs. There was formerly a duty of 20 (hil- 
 h'ngs a thoufand, under which in 1682 were exported 
 76,650 ; but in the reign of George I. this duty was 
 taken off, and thefe and all other manufaflures made 
 of horns may be exported free. The prefent company 
 of homers were incorporated January 12. 1638 ; and 
 confift of a mafter, two wardens, and nine affiftants, 
 without livery or hall. They have a warehoufe in 
 Spitalfields, to which the horns are fent as brought 
 from town and country markets, and thence regularly 
 divided, the widows and orphans of deceafed members 
 having equal fhares. 
 
 HORNET, in zoology, a fpecies of wafp. See 
 Vespa. 
 
 HORNING, in Scots law, a writing iffiilng from 
 the fignet, in his majefty's name, at the inftance of a 
 creditor againft his debtor, commanding him to pay 
 or perform within a certain time, under pain of being 
 declared rebel, and by a caption put in piifon. 
 
 HORNIUS (George), profeflfor of hiftory at Ley- 
 den, was born in the Palatinate, and died at Leyden 
 in (670.' He was a little maniacal towards the end 
 of his life ; which diforder was fuppofed to be occa- 
 fined by the lofs of 6000 florins he had entrufted with 
 an alchemift at the Hague. His works are, i. H'ljlor'iiz 
 Ecclefiqjlka ad an. 1666. This has been well efleemed. 
 2. De Ongmibus jimerkams, 1652, 8vo. 3. Geogra- 
 ph'ia Vetus & Nova. 4. Oriis PoMcus. He was a 
 man of vaft reading, rather than great parts. 
 
 HORNSEY, a town in YorkOiire, 188 miles from 
 London. It is almoft furrounded by a fmall arm of 
 the fea ; and the church having a high ftceple, is a noted 
 fea-mark. Not many years ago there was allreet here 
 called Hornfey beck, which was waflied away by the fea, 
 except a houfeor two. E. Long. o. 6. N. .Lat 54. o. 
 
 HoRNSEY, a town of Middlcfex, five miles north 
 of London. It is a long flraggling place, fituated in 
 a low valley, but extremely pleafanc, having the new- 
 river winding through it. Its church, of which High- 
 gate is a hamlet, is fuppofed to be built with the Hones 
 that came from Lodge-Hill, the bidiop of London's 
 hunting-feat in his park here ; it having been his ma- 
 nor from the moft ancient times. About a mile nearer 
 this is a coppice of young trees, called Hornfey wood, 
 at the entrance of which is a public houfe, to which 
 great numbers of perfons refort from the city. This 
 houfe being fituated on the top of a hill, affords a de- 
 lightful profpetl of the neighbouring country. 
 
 HORNPIPE, a common inftrument of mufic hi 
 4 N Wales, 
 
Horolo- 
 • giuni, 
 Horolcope 
 
 H O R [65 
 
 Wales, conGfting of a wooden pipf, with holes at da- 
 ted diftances, and a horn at each end ; the one to col- 
 letl the wind blown into it by the mouth, and the 
 other to carry ofF the founds as modulated by the per- 
 former. 
 
 Hornpipe is alfo the name of an Englifh air, pro- 
 bably derived from the above inftrument. The mea- 
 fure of this air is triple time, with fix crotchets in a 
 bar ; four of which are to be beat with the hand do-wn 
 and two up. 
 
 HOROLOGIUM, Opo\oy.o. (compofed of^F^iora, 
 " time, hour," and ''"j"? " fpecch, difcourfe"), a 
 common name among ancient writers for any inilrument 
 or machine for meafuring the hours ; (lee Chronome- 
 ter).— Such are our clocks, watches, fun-dials, &c. 
 See Clock, Watch Dial, and Clepsydra. 
 
 Modern inventions anr) gradual improvements, have 
 given birth to fome new terms that come properly un- 
 der this head, and annexed new meanings to others 
 totally different from what they had originally. All 
 chronometers that announced the hour by ftriking on 
 a bell, were called c/ocis : thus, we read of pocket- 
 clocks, though nothing could feem more abfurd than 
 to fuppofe that a clock, according to the modern idea, 
 Ihoulj be carried in the pocket. In like manner, all 
 clocks that did not (liike the hour were called ivatcbes 
 or time-pieces; and the different parts of a ftriking clock 
 were diliinguiflied by the watch-part and the clock- 
 part ; the former meamng that part which meafures 
 the time, and the latter the part which proclaims the 
 the hours. In the report of Sir Ifaac Newton to the 
 houfe of commons, anno 1713, relative to the longi 
 tude act, he ilates the difficulties of afcertaining the 
 longitude by means of a watch: yet it is obvious, .from 
 feveral circumflances, that his remarks were direftly 
 to be underltood of a time-piece regulated by a pen- 
 dulum ; i^or his "objeftions are founded on the known 
 properties of the pendulum, fome of which differ ef- 
 fentially from the properties of the balance and fpring. 
 It Is alfo to be rememoered, that all the attempts of 
 Huygens for finding the longitude were by means of 
 pendulum clocks that did not llrike the hour, and con- 
 sequently, according to the language of the times, were 
 called watches. At this time fuch machines for mea- 
 furin? time as are fixed In their place are called clocks, 
 if they llrike the hour : if tliey do not flrike the hour, 
 they are called time-pieces ; and when conftrufted with 
 more care, for a more accurate meafure of time, they 
 are called regulators. Some artiUs of late have affeCled 
 to call fuch watches as were conllrufted for aftrono- 
 mical and nautical obfervations by the name of time- 
 pieces, probably to intimate that they poffefs the ad- 
 vantages of thofe conlirutted with a pendulum. 
 
 Mr John Harrifon firft gave the name oi time-keeper 
 to his watch, for the performance of which he received 
 from parliament the fum of L. 20,000. See Longi- 
 tude. 
 
 For the account of the principles of this machine, 
 fee Time keeper. And for the chief improvements 
 that have been made for the more accurate meafure of 
 time, fee Pallfts, Pendulum, and Scapement. 
 
 HOROSCOPE, in aftrology, the degree or point 
 of the heavens rifing above the eaftern point of the ho- 
 rizon at any given time when a prediftlon is to be 
 made of a future event s. as, the fortune of a perfon 
 
 8 1 H O R 
 
 then born, the fuccefs of a defign then laid, the wea- Horofcopy 
 ther, &c. The word Is compofed of uga hora, " hour " I' 
 
 and the verb ■rxf?To,<;«,, fpedo, cmifidero, " I confider.'' HorJi. 
 
 They were formerly fo infatuated with horofcopes, ""^^ 
 
 that Albertus Magnus, Cardan, and others, are faid 
 to have had the temerity to draw that of Jcfus Chrill. 
 
 Horoscope is alfo ufed for a fcheme or fi^jure of 
 the twelve houfts ; I. e. (he twelve figns of the zodiac, 
 wherein is marked the difpofitlon of the heavens for 
 any given time. Thus we fay, to draw a horofcope, 
 conftruft a horofcope &c. We call it, more peculiar* 
 ly, calculating a nativity, when the life and fortune of 
 a perfon are the fubjcc\ of the preriidtion ; for they 
 draw horofcopes of cities, great enterprizes, &c. See 
 House. 
 
 HOROSCOPY. See Divination, n° 2. 
 
 HORREA, in R ,:nan antiquity, were public ma- 
 gazines of corn and (alt meat, out of which the fol- 
 diers were furnlflied on their march in the military 
 roads of the empire. Ilorrea was alfo the name which 
 they gave to their granaries. 
 
 HORROX (Jeremiah), an eminent Englifh aftro- 
 nomer In iW 17th century, was born at Texteth near 
 Liverpool in Lancalhire in 1619. He died, to the 
 great lofs of that fcience and of the world' in the 
 Z3d year of his age, after he had jult finilhed his Fe- 
 nus in file vifa ; which, with fome other works, were 
 pubhfhed by Dr Wallis, in quarto. 
 
 HORROR, llriaiy fignifies fuch an excefs of fear 
 as makes a perfon tremble. See Fear, Fright, and 
 Terror. In medicine, it denotes a fhivering and 
 fliaking of the whole body, coming by fits. It is com- 
 mon at the beginning of all fevers, but is particularly 
 remarkable in thofe of the intermittent kind, 
 
 Horror, of a Vacuum, was an imaginary principle 
 among the ancient philofophers, to which they afcribed. 
 the afcent of water in pumps, and other fimilar phe- 
 nomena, which are now known to be occafioned by 
 the weight of the air. 
 
 HORSE, in zoology. See the article Eciyus. 
 
 Horfes were very rare in Judasa till Solomon's time. 
 Before him we find no horfemcn mentioned In the ar- 
 mies of Ifrael. David having won a great battle 
 againft Hadadezer king of Sh'obah (z Sam. viii. 4, r.), 
 took 1700 horfes, and lamed all belonging to the'cha- 
 rlots of war, referving only too chariots. The judges 
 and princes of Ifrael ufed generally to ride on" mules 
 or afles. After David's time, horfes were more common 
 in the country of Judah, &c. Solomon is the firft king 
 of Judah who had a great number of horfes, and he 
 kept them rather for pomp than for war; for we do 
 not read that he made any military expeditions. He 
 had, fays the fcripture (1 Kings iv. 26.) 40,000 ftalls 
 of horfes for his chariots, and 12,000 horfemen diftri- 
 buted in his fortified places ( 1 Kings x. 26.) He had his 
 horfes from Egypt [ibid. ver. 28, 29.) ; and there was 
 not a fet which did not coft him more than 600 ftie- 
 kels, which mgke of our money about 90I. Mofes 
 had forbidden the king of the Hebrews to keep a 
 great number of horfes (Deut. xvii. 16.), left at any 
 time he fhould be inclined to carry the people bacfc 
 into Egypt. 
 
 We read in the fecond book of Kings (xxlii. 17.) 
 that Jofiah took away the horfes which the kings of 
 Judah his predeceflbrs hadcoafecrated to the fun. We 
 
 know. 
 
H O R 
 
 Horfe. know the fun was worfhipped over all the eaft, and 
 L— -y~~ jj^jj jjjg horfe, the fwiftell of tame beads, was confe- 
 crated to this deity, who was reprefented as riding in 
 a chariot drawn by the mod beautiful and fwifteft 
 Iiorfes in the world, and performing every day his 
 journey from e;\lt to weft, in order to communicate liis 
 light to mankind. Xenophon defcribes a folemn fa- 
 cririce of horfes, which was made with ceremony to 
 the fun : they were all the fineft fteeds, and were led 
 with a white chariot, crowned, and confecrated to the 
 fame god. We may believe that the horfes which Jo- 
 fiah removed out of the court of the temple, were ap- 
 pointed for the like facriiices. The rabbins inform 
 OS, that thefe horfes were every morning put to the 
 chariots dedicated to the fun, whereof there is men- 
 tion made in the fame book ; and that the king, or 
 fome of his officers, got up and rode to meet the fun 
 in its rifing, as far as from the eaftern gate of the 
 temple to the fuburbs of Jerufalem. Others are of 
 opinion, that the horfes mentioned in the book of 
 kings were of wood, ftone, or metal, eretted in the 
 temple in honour of the fun : Others, that they were 
 horfes which none were permitted to ride or fallen to 
 the yoke, but were free, and left to themfelves, like 
 thofe which Julius Csefar let loofe and fet at liberty af- 
 ter his pafTage of the Rubicon. 
 
 Horfes were ufed both amongft the Greeks and Ro- 
 mans in war, but were not originally very numerous ; 
 for as each horfeman provided his own horfe, few 
 would be able to bear the expence. Horfes for a con- 
 fiderable time were managed by the voice alone, or by 
 a fwitch, without bridle, faddle, or ftirrups. Their 
 harnefs was flcins of beads, or fometimes cloth. Both 
 horfes and men amongft the Greeks underwent a fe- 
 vere probation before their admiffion into the cavalry. 
 — Horfe-races were common amongft th* Greeks and 
 Romans, and the place where they ran or breathed 
 their courfers was called hippodromus . 
 
 Management of a HoRSK upon and after a youmey. See 
 that his ftioes be not too Itrait, or prefs his feet, but 
 be exadlly fliaped ; and let him be fhod fome days be- 
 fore you begin a journey, that they may be fettled to 
 his fett. 
 Sfortfmans Obferve that he is furnifhed with a bitt proper for 
 XtiSiunar^. him, and by no means too heavy, which may incline 
 him to carry low, or to reft upon the hand wlien he 
 grows weary, which horfemen call making ufe of his fifth 
 leg. 
 
 The mouth of the bItt fhould reft upon his bars 
 about half a finger'sbrcadth from his tudies, fo as not 
 to make him frumble his lips; the curb fhould reft in 
 the hollow of his beard a little above the chin ; and if 
 it gall him, you muft defend the place with a piece of 
 bufi or other foft leather. 
 
 Take notice that the faddle do not reft upon his 
 withers, reins, or back-bone, and that one part of it 
 do not prefs his back more than another. 
 
 Some riders gall a horfe's fides below the faddle with 
 their ftirrup-Ieathers, efpecially if he be lean; to hin- 
 der it, you Ihould fix a leather ftrap between the 
 points of the fore and hind-bows of the faddle, and 
 make the ftirrup-leather pafs over them. 
 
 Begin your journey with fliort marches, efpecially 
 if your horfe has not been exercifed for a long time : 
 fuffer him to ftale as often as you find him inclined ; 
 
 [ 659 ] 
 
 H O R 
 
 and not only fo, but invite him to It : but do not ex- 
 cite your mares to ftale, becaufe their vigour will be 
 thereby diminiflied. 
 
 It is advifable to ride very foftly, for a quarter oi 
 half an hour btfore you arrive at the inn, that the 
 horfe not being too warm, nor out of breath, when 
 put into the ftable, you may unbridle hira : but if 
 your bufinefs obhges you to put on (harply, you muft 
 then (the weather being warm) let him be walked In 
 a man's hand, that he may cool by degrees ; other- 
 wife, if it be very cold, let him be covered with cloths, 
 and walked up and down In fome place free from wind; 
 but in cafe you have not the conveniency ©f a fheltered 
 walk, ftable him forthwith, and let his whole body be 
 rubbed and dried with ftraw. 
 
 Although fome people will have their horfes legs 
 rubbed down with firaw as foon as they are brouo-ht 
 into the ftable, thinking to fupple them by that 
 means ; yet it is one of the greatcft errors that can be 
 committed, and produces no other effeds than to draw- 
 down into the legs thofe humours that are always ftir- 
 red up by the fatigue of the journey : not that the 
 rubbing of horfes legs is to be difallowed; on the con- 
 trary, we highly approve of It, only would not have 
 it done at their firft arrival, but when they are per- 
 feftly cooled. 
 
 Being come to your inn, as foon as your horfe 13 
 partly dried, and ceafes to beat in the flanks, let him 
 be unbridled, his bit wafhed, cleanfed, and wiped, and 
 let him eat his hay at pleafure. 
 
 If your hoife be very dry, and you have not given him 
 water on the road, give him oats wafhed in good mild 
 ale. 
 
 The dufi: and fand will fometimes fo dry the tongues 
 and mouths of horfes, that they lofe their appetites : 
 in fuch cafe, give them bran well molftened with wa- 
 ter to cool and refrefti their mouths ; or wa(h their 
 mouths and tongues with a wet fpunge, to oblige them 
 to eat. 
 
 The foregoing direftions are to be obferved after 
 moderate riding ; but If you have rode excefTively hard, 
 unfaddle your horfe,''and fcrape off the fweat with a 
 fweatingknife, or fcraper, holding it with both 
 hands, and going always with the hair; then rub his 
 head and ears with a large hair-cloth, wipe him alfo 
 between _ the fore-legs and hind-legs ; in the meaa 
 while, his body fhould be rubbed all over with ftraw, 
 efpecially under his belly and beneath the faddle, till 
 he is thoroughly dry. 
 
 That done, fet on the faddle again, cover him; and 
 if you have a warm place, let him be gently led up and 
 down In It, for a quarter of an hour ; but if not, let 
 him dry where he ftands. 
 
 Or you may unfaddle him immediately ; fcrape off 
 the fweat; let the oftler take a little vinegar in his 
 mouth, and fquirt it into the horfe's ; then rub his 
 head, between the fore and hind-legs, and his whule 
 body, till he is pretty dry : let him not drink till 
 thoroughly cool and has eaten a few oats ; for many, 
 by drinking too foon, have been fpoiled. Set the 
 faddle In the fun or by a fire. In order to dry the pan- 
 nels. 
 
 When horfes are arrived in an inn, a man fliould, 
 
 before they are unbridled, lift up their feet, to fee 
 
 whether they want any of their (hots, or if thofe they 
 
 4 N 2 have 
 
 Horfe. 
 
H O R [66 
 
 Horfe. have do not reil upon their fides; afterwards he (hould 
 "^^ pick, and clear them of the earth and gravel, which may- 
 be got betwixt their (hoes and foles. 
 
 If you water them abroad, upon their return from 
 the river caufe their feet to be Hopped with cow- 
 dung, which will eafe the pain therein ; and if it be in 
 the evening, let the dung continue in their feet all 
 night, to keep them foft and in good condition : but 
 if your horfe have brittle feet, it will be reqiiifite to 
 anoint the fore-feet, at the on-fetting of the hoofs, 
 with butter, oil, or hog's-greafe, before you water 
 him in the morning, and in dry weather they fhould be 
 alfo greafed at noon. 
 
 Many horfes, as foon as unbridled, inftead of eat- 
 ing, lay themfelves down to reft, by leafon of the 
 gre^ pain they have in their feet, fo that a man is apt 
 to think them fick : but if he looks to their eyes, he 
 will fee they are Ifvely and good; and if he offers them 
 meat as they are lying, they will eat it very willingly ; 
 yet if he handles their feet, he will find them extreme- 
 ly hot, which difcovers their fiiffering in that part. 
 You muft therefore fee if their dices do not reft upon 
 their foles, which is fomewhat difficult to be certainly 
 known without unflioeing them ; but if you take off 
 their Ihoes, then look to the infide of them, and you 
 may perceive that thofe parts which reil upon the 
 foles are more fmooth and ihining than the others : 
 in this cafe you are to pare their feet in thole parts, 
 and fix on their (hoes again, anointing the hoofs, and 
 flopping the foles with fcalding hot black pitch or 
 tar. 
 
 After a long day's journey, at night fee) your 
 horfe's back, if he be pinched, galled, o^ fwelied (if 
 -you do not immediately difcover it, perhaps you may 
 after fupper), there is nothing better than to rub it 
 with good brandy and the white of an egg. If the 
 galls are between the legs, ufe the fame remedy ; but 
 if the oilier rubs him well between the legs, he will fel- 
 dom be galled in that part. 
 
 In order to pveferve horfes after travel, take thefe 
 few ufeful inllrutlions. When you are arrived from a 
 journey, immediately draw the two heel-nails of the 
 fore-feet ; and, if it be a large (hoe, then four : two 
 or three days after, you may blood him in the neck, 
 and feed him for lo or 12 days only with wet bran, 
 without giving him any oats ; but keep him well lit- 
 tered. 
 
 Thi reafon why you are to draw the heel-nails, is 
 becaufe the heels are apt to fwtll, and if they are not 
 thus eafed, the (hoes would prels and Hraiten them 
 too much : it is alfo anvifable to Hop them with cow- 
 dung for a while ; but 'do not take the (hoes oft", nor 
 pare the feet, becauic the humours are drawn down by 
 that means. 
 
 The follijwine bath will be very ferviceable for pre- 
 ferving your horfe's legs. Take the dung of a cow 
 or ox and make It thin with vinegar, fo as to be of 
 the confluence of thick broih ; and having added a 
 handful of fm 11 fait, rub his fore-legs 'from the knees, 
 and the hind-legs from the gambrels, chafing them 
 well with and againft the hair, that the temedy may 
 fink in and flick to thofe parts, that they may be all 
 covered over with it. Thus leave the horie till morn- 
 ing, not wetting his legs, but giving him his water that 
 evening in a pail ; next morning lead him to the ri- 
 
 o 1 H O R 
 
 ver, or wa(h his legs in well-water, which is very good, Hurfe. 
 and will keep them from fwelling. ~ — « ^ 
 
 Thofe perfons, who, to recover their horfes feet, 
 make a hole in them, which they fill with moillened 
 cow-dung, and keep it in their fore feet during the 
 fpace of a month, do very ill ; becaufe, though the 
 continual moifture that iifues from the dung occalions 
 the growing of the hoof, yet it dries and (brinks it fo 
 exceflively when out of that place, that it fplits and 
 breaks like glafs, and the foot immediately llraitcns. 
 For it is certain, that cow-dung (contrary to the opi- 
 nion of many people) fpoils a horfe's hoof : it does in- 
 deed moiften the fole; but it dries up the hoof which is 
 of a different nature from it. In order, therefore, to re- 
 cover a horfe's feet, inllead of cow-dung, fill a hole 
 with blue wet clay, and make hira keep his fore-feet 
 in it for a month. 
 
 Moft horfes that are fatigued, or over-rid, and made 
 lean by long journeys, have their Hanks altered without 
 being purfy, efpecially vigorous horfes that have work- 
 ed too violently. 
 
 There is no better method to recover thcra, than to 
 give each of them in the morning half a pound of ho- 
 ney very well mingled with fcalded bran ; and when 
 they readily eat the half pound, give them the next 
 time a whole one, and afterwards two pounds, every 
 day continuing this courfe till your horfes arc empty, 
 and purge kindly with it ; but as foon as you perceive 
 that their purging ceafes, forbear to give them any 
 more honey. 
 
 You may adminifter powder of liquorice in the 
 fcalded bran for a conliderable time ; and to cool their ■ 
 blood, it will not be improper to let them have three 
 or four glillers. 
 
 In cafe the horfe be very lean, it is expedient to 
 give him fome wet bran, over and above his propor- 
 tion of oats; and grafs is alfo extraordinary beneficial, 
 if he be not purfy. 
 
 If it be a mare, put her to a horfe; and if (he never 
 had a foal before, it will enlarge her belly. 
 
 Sometimes exceflive feeding may do horfes more 
 harm than good, by rendering them fubjeft to the 
 farcy. You (hould therefore be cautious in giving 
 them too great a quantity at a time, and take a litile 
 blood from them now and then. 
 
 When a horfe begins to drink water heartily, it is a 
 certain fign that he will recover in a (hort time. As tO' 
 the metliod of giving him water during a journey, ob- 
 ferve the following rules : 
 
 All the while you are upon a journey, let your horfe 
 driiik of the firft good water you come to, after (even 
 o'clock in the morning if it be in fummer-timc, and 
 after nine or ten in winter. 
 
 That is accounted good water which is neither too 
 quick and piercing, nor too muddy and ftinking. 
 
 This is to be done, unlefs you would have him gallop 
 along tinae after drinking ; for if fo, you mu(l forbear. 
 
 Though it is the cutlom of England to run and 
 gallop horfes after diinking,. which we call iLiatfrin^r 
 courfes, to bring them (as they fay) into wind; yet, fay.s 
 M. de SoUeyfel, it is the molt pernlcinuspradlice that 
 can be imagined for horfes, by which many are ren- ' 
 
 dered purfy. 
 
 While a horfe is drinking, draw up his head five or 
 fix tinves, making him move a little between every 
 
 draught j 
 
Horfe. 
 
 Nit. Hijl. 
 
 H O R I 66 
 
 draught j and notwihftandiiig he be warm, and fweat 
 veiy iii'icli, yet if he is not quite out of breath, and 
 you have tlill four or five miles to ride, he will be bet- 
 ter after drinkiiiij a little, than if he had drank none 
 at all : it is true, indeed, that if the horfe is very 
 warm, you (liould, at coming out of the water, redouble 
 your pace, to make him go at a gentle trot, to warm 
 the water in his belly. 
 
 You ought to let him drink after this manner du- 
 ring the wliole time of| your journey; becaufe, if when 
 you happen to bait he be hot or fweaty, you muft 
 not let him drink for a long time,- as it would en- 
 danger his life ; and when his bridle is taken of, his 
 exceflive thirft will hinder him from eating, fo that he 
 will not offer to touch his meat for an hour or two, 
 which perhaps your occafions will not allow you for 
 a bailing time, and not to have any food will render 
 him unfit for travel. 
 
 If you meet with any ford before you come to your 
 inn; ride the horfe through it two or three times, but 
 not up to his belly : this will only cleanfe his legs; 
 but the coldnefs of the water will bind up the hu- 
 mours, and prevent them from defcending. 
 
 If your horfe has been very warm, and you have 
 not had the conveniency of watering him upon the 
 road, he will, when unbridled, eat but very little ; 
 therefore he (hould have his. oats given him wafhed in 
 ale or beer, oi- only fome of them, if you intend to feed 
 him again after he has drank. 
 
 Some aic ot opinion, that horfes are often fpoiled 
 by giving them oats before their water ; becaufe they 
 fay the water makes 'he oats pafs too foon, and out 
 cf the ftomach undigefted. Bat M. de Solleyfel af- 
 firms, that though it be the common cuflom not to do 
 it till after, ytt it, is proper to feed with oats both 
 befiTe and after, elpeciaUy if th'e horfe be warm, and 
 has been hard rode; fur they will be a great deal the 
 better for~it, and in no danger of becoming fick. 
 
 Breeding of HoRii.s. When the ftailion is chofen, 
 and all the marcs intended for him are coUefted toge- 
 ther, there muft be another ilone-horfe, to dilcover 
 which of the mares are in heat ; and, at the fame time, 
 contribute to inflame theii*. All the marcs are to be' 
 brought fucceffivcly to this ftone- horfe ; which fhould 
 alfo be infiamed, and fuffered frequently to neigh. As 
 he is for leaping every one, fuch as are not in. heat keep 
 him off, whilft thofe which are fo fuffcr him to ap- 
 proach them. But inliead of being allowed to fatisfy 
 his impulfe, he muft be led away, and the real llaUion 
 fubftitiiied in his Read. This trial is neceflary for af- 
 certaining the true time of the mare's heat, efpecially 
 of thofe which have not yet had a colt ; for with re- 
 gard to fuch as have recently foaled, the heat ufually 
 begins nine days after their delivery; and on that very 
 day they may be ltd to the ftailion to be covered ; and 
 nine days after, by the experiment abave mentioned, 
 it may be known whether they are ftill in heat. If 
 they are, they muft be covered a fecond time ; and 
 thus fucceffively every ninth day while their heat con- 
 tinues : for when they are impregnated, their heat 
 abates, and in a fev/ days ceafes entirely. 
 
 But that every thing may be done tafily and con- 
 veniently, and at the fame time with fuccefs and' 
 advantage, great attention, expence, and precaution 
 are requifue. The ftud mull be fijied in a good foil, 
 
 ' 1 
 
 H O R 
 
 and in a fuitable place, proportioned to the number of Ho.fe; 
 mares and ftallions intended to be ufed. This fpot » - 
 muil be divided into fcveral parts, inclofed with rails 
 or ditches well fenced; in the part where the pafture 
 is the richeft, the mares in fold, and thofe with colts 
 by their fides, are to be kept. Thofe which are not 
 impregnated, or have not yet been covered, are to be 
 feparated, and kept with the fillies in another clofe, 
 where the pafture is lefs rich, that they may not grow- 
 too fat, which would obftruft the progrefs of genera- 
 tion. LalUy, the young ftone colts or geldings, ai-e 
 to be kept In the drieft part of the fields, and where 
 the ground is moft unequal ; that by running over the 
 uneven furface, they may acquire a freedom in the mo- 
 tion of their legs .and (houlders. This clofe, where the 
 ftone colts are kept, muft be very carefully feparated 
 from the others, left the young horfes break their 
 bounds, and enervate themfelves with the mares. I£ 
 the traft be fo large as to allow of dividing each of 
 ihefe clofes into two parts, for putting oxen and horfes 
 into them alternately, the pafture will laft much lon- 
 ger than if continually eaten by horfes; the ox impro- 
 ving the fertility, whereas the hor-fe leflens it. In each 
 of thefe clofes fliould be a pond ; Handing water being 
 better than running, which often gripes them : and if 
 there are any trees in the ground, they ftiould be left 
 ftanding, their fhade being very agreeable to the horfes 
 in great heats; but all Items w ftumps ftiould be grub- 
 bed up, and all holes levelled, to prevent accidents. In 
 thefe paftures your horfes ftiould feed during the fum- 
 mer ; but in the winter the mares fliould be kept la 
 the ftable and fed with hay. The colts alfo muft be- 
 houfed, and never fuffered to feed abroad in winter-, 
 except in very fine weather. Stallions that Hand in the 
 ftable fliould be fed more with ftraw than hay ; and' 
 moderately exercifed till covering time, which gene- 
 rally lafts from the beginning of April to the end of 
 June. But during this feafon they fhould have no 
 other exercife, and be plentifully fed, but with the fame- 
 food as ufual. Before the ftailion is brought to the 
 mare, he fhould be dreffed, as that will greatly in- 
 creafe his ai"dour. The mare mull alfo be curried, and. 
 have no ftioes on her hind feet, fome of them being 
 tickhfh, and will kick the ftailion. A perfon hold* 
 the inare by the halter, and two others lead the ftallioa- 
 by long reins ;. when he Is In a proper fituatlon, ano- 
 ther affiftant carefully diredls the yard, pulling afide 
 the mare's tail, as a fingle hair might hurt him dani 
 geroufly. It fometlm^s happens that the ftailion does, 
 not complete the work of generation, coming from the 
 mare without making any injetlion : it ftiould there-,- 
 fore be attentively obferved, whether, In the laft mo- 
 ments of the copulation, the dock of the ftallions talL 
 has a vibrating motion ; for fuch a motion always ac- 
 companies the emlffion of the feminal lymph. If hs- 
 has performed the aft, he muft on no confideration be. 
 fuffered to repeat it ; but be lead away directly to the- 
 ftable, and there kept two days. For, however able a 
 good ftailion may be of covering every day during the 
 three months, it is much better to let him be led to a 
 raare only every other day: his produce wIU begrcatery 
 and he himfelf lefs exhaufled. During the firft fcve:i- 
 days, let four different mares be fucctlFively brought ta 
 him ; and the ninth day let the firft be again brought, 
 and fo fucceffively while they coatinue in iieat : but as . 
 
 foca . 
 
H O R 
 
 t 662 ] 
 
 H O R 
 
 Hoife. foon as the heat of any one is over, a frefh mare is to 
 V be put in her place, and covered in her turn every nine 
 
 days; and as feveral retain even at the firlt, fecond, or 
 thiid time, it is computed that a i\allion, by fuch ma- 
 nagement, may, during the three months, cover 15 or 
 18 mares, and beget 10 or 12 cohs. Thcfe animals 
 have a very large quantity of the feminal lymph ; fo 
 that a confiderable portion of it is (hed during the 
 emiflion. In tlie mares lilcewife is an emiffion, or ra- 
 ther diflillation of the feminal lymph, during the whole 
 time they are horling; ejefting a vifcid whitidi lymph, 
 called the heals, which ceafe on conception. This 
 ichor the Greeks called h'lpponmnes ; and pretended 
 that philtres might be made of it, one remarkable ef- 
 {<:& of which was, to render a horfe frantic with lu'L 
 This hippomanes is very different from that found in 
 the fecundines of the foal, which M. Daubenton firft 
 difcovered, and has fo accurately defcribed its nature, 
 origin, and fituation. The ejeftion of this liqajr is 
 the moll certain fign of the mare's heat; but it is alfo 
 known by the inflation of the lower part of the vulva, 
 by her frequent neighlngs, and attempts to get to the 
 horfes. After being covered, nothing more is requi- 
 fite than to lead her away to the field. The firll foal 
 of a mare is never fo ftrongly formed as the fucceed- 
 ing ; fo that care fliould be taken to procure for her, 
 the firft time, a larger ftallion, that the dcfeft of the 
 growth may be compenfated by the largenefs of the 
 fize. Particular regard (hould alfo be had to the dif- 
 ference or congruity of the fafhion of the ftallion and 
 the mare, in order to correft the faults of the one by- 
 the perfeftions of the other : efpecially never to make 
 any difproportionate copulations, as of a fmall horfe 
 ■with a large mare, or a large horfe with a fmall 
 ■mare ; as the produce of fuch copulation would be 
 fmall, or badly proportioned. It Is by gradations that 
 •we muft endeavour to arrive at natural beauty : for 
 inftance, to jjive to a mare a little too clumfy, a wcll-l 
 •made horfe and finely (haped; to a fmall mare, a horfe 
 a little higher ; to a mare which is faulty in her fore- 
 hand, a horfe with an elegant head and noble cheft, 
 &c. 
 
 It has been obferved, that horfes fed in dry and light 
 grounds, produce temperate, fwlft, and vigorous foals, 
 with mufcular legs and a hard -hoof; while the fame 
 bred in marflies and moift paftures have produced 
 foals with a large heavy head, a thick carcafe, clumfy 
 ■ legs, had hoofs, and broad feet. Thefc differences pro- 
 ceed from the air and food, which is eafily underftood ; 
 but what is more dlfGcuktq be accounted for, and llill 
 more eft'entlal than what we have hitherto obferved, is, 
 to be continually crofting the breed to prevent a dege- 
 neracy. 
 
 In coupling of horfes, the colour and fize ftould be 
 fiiited to each other, the ftiape contrafted, and the breed 
 crofted by an oppofitlon of climates : but horfes and 
 mares foaled in the fame ftud ftiould never be joined. 
 Thefe are effentlal articles; but there are others which 
 I fhould by no means be neglcfted : as that no fliort- 
 
 docked mares be fuffeied in a ftud, bccaufe from their 
 being unable to keep off' the flies, they are much more 
 tormented by them than others which have a longfweep- 
 ing tail; and their continual agitations from the flings 
 4ai thefe infeds, occalions a diminution in the quantity 
 
 of their milk, and has a great influence on the conftitu- Horfij. 
 
 tion and fize of the colt, which will be vigorous in pro- v "f 
 
 portion as its dam is a good nurfe. Care muft alfo be 
 taken, that the ftud mares be fuch as have been always 
 brought up in paftures, and never overworked. Mares 
 which have always been brought up in the ftable on 
 dry food, and afterwards turned to grafs, do not breed 
 at firft : fome time is required for accuftoming them to 
 this new aliment. 
 
 Though the ufual feafon for the heat of mares be 
 from the beginning of April to the end of June, yet 
 it is not uncommon to find fome among a large num- 
 ber that are in heat before tliat time : but It is ad- 
 vifable to let this heat pafs over without giving them 
 to the ftallion, becaufe they would foal in winter ; and 
 the colts, befides the inclemency of the feafon, would 
 have bad milk for their nourifhment. Again, if 
 the mares are not In heat till after the end of June, 
 they ftiould not be covered that feafon; becaufe the colts 
 being foaled in fummcr, have not time for acquiring 
 ftrength fufiiclent to repel the injuries of the following 
 winter. 
 
 Many, inftead of bringing the ftallion to the mare, 
 turn him loofe into the clofe, where all the mares are 
 brought together ; and there leave him to choofe fuch 
 as will ftandto him. This is a very advantageous me- 
 thod for the mares : they will always take horfe more 
 certainly than in the other ; but the ftaUion, In fix 
 weeks, will do himfelf more "damage than In feveral 
 years by moderate exercife, condufted in the manner 
 we have already mentioned. ' 
 
 When tlie mares are pregnant, and their belly be- 
 gins to fvvell, they muft be fcparated from thofe that 
 are not, left they hurt them. They ufuaUy go 1 1 months 
 and fome days ; and foal ftanding, whereas moft other 
 quadrupeds lie down. Thofe that cannot foal without 
 great difficulty, mull be affifted; the foal muft be placed 
 in a proper fituation ; and fometimes, if dead, drawn 
 out with cords. The head of the colt ufually prefents 
 itfelf firft, as In all other animals: at its coming out of 
 the matrix, It breaks the fecundines or integuments 
 that inclofe it, which is accompanied with a great flus 
 of the lymph contained in tliem; and at the fame time 
 one or more folid lumps are difcharged, formed by thti 
 fediment of the infpiffated liquor of the allantoides- 
 This lump, which the ancients called the hippomanes of 
 the colt, is fo far from being, as they imagined, a mafs 
 of flefti adhering to the head of the colt, that it Is fe- 
 parated from it by a membrane called amno'is. As 
 foon as the colt Is fallen, the mare licks it, but with- 
 out touching the hippomanes ; which points out ano- 
 ther error of the ancients, who affirmed that fhe in- 
 ftanily devours it. 
 
 The general cviftom Is to have a mare covered nine 
 days after her foaling, that no time may be loft ; but 
 it is certain, that the mare having, by this means, both 
 her prefent and future foal to nouriih, her ability is 
 divided, and fhe cannot fupply both fo largely as (he 
 might one only. It would therefore be belter, in order 
 to have excellent horfes, to let the mares be covered 
 only every other year; they would laft the longer, and 
 bring foals more certainly : for, in common lUids, it is 
 fo far from being true that all mares which have been 
 covered bring'colts every year, that it is confidered 
 
H O R 
 
 [ 663 ] 
 
 H O R 
 
 Horfe. as a fortunate circumftance if half or at moft two 
 
 "~"V^ thirds of them foal. 
 
 Mares, when pregnant, will admit of copulation ; 
 but it is never attended with any fuperfoetation. They 
 ufuaily breed t 11 they are 14 or 15 ytars of age ; and 
 the moft vigorous till they are above 18. 8tallions, 
 when wel managed, will engender till the age of zo, 
 and even beyond ; but it mud be obferved, that fuch 
 horfes as are fooneft made flallions, are alfo the fooneft 
 incapable of generation : thus the large horfes, which 
 acquire ftrength fooner than the flender, and are there- 
 fore often ufed as flallions as foon as they are four 
 years old, are incapable of generation before they are 
 Cxteen. 
 
 GM'mg of Horses. See Gelding. 
 
 Rearing of Houses. See Colt. 
 
 Draught-HoRSF, in farming, a fort of coirfe-made 
 horfe deftined for the fervice of the cart or plough. In 
 the choice of thefe horfes for what is called the flow 
 draught, they are to be chofen of an ordinary height; 
 for otherwife, when put into the cart, one draws un- 
 equally with the other. The draught-horfe fhould be 
 large bodied and ftrong loined, and of fuch a difpo- 
 fition, as rather to be too dull than too briik, and ra- 
 ther to crave the whip than to draw more than is need- 
 ful. Mares are the fitteft for this ufe for the farmer, 
 as they will be kept cheap, and not only do the work, 
 but be kept breeding, and give a yearly increafe of a 
 foal. They fhould have a good head, neck, bread, and 
 ftioulders ; for the relt of the fhape, it is not of much 
 confeqnence. Only, for breeding, the mare (hould have 
 a large belly ; for the more room a foal has in the dam, 
 the better proportioned it will be. Draught-horfea 
 fhould be always kept to that employ. Some put 
 them to the faddle on occafian, but it does them great 
 harm, alters their pace, and fpoils them for labour. The 
 draught horfe ought to have a large broad head, be- 
 caufe horfes of this {haped head are lefs iubjeft than 
 others to difeafes of the eyes. The ears fliould be 
 fmall, ftraight and upright; the noftrils large and open, 
 that he may breathe with the more freedom. A horfe 
 with a full and bold eye always promifes well. On the 
 Other hand, a funk eye and an elevated brow are bad 
 figns. The horfe is efteemed fitteft for this purpofe 
 alfo, that has a large and round buttock, which nei- 
 ther finks down nor cuts. He muft have a firm and 
 ftrong tail, and the dock muft be thick and well furn- 
 iftied with hair, and placed neither very high nor very 
 low. The legs fhould be rath«r flat and broad than 
 round : the roundnefs of the leg being a fault in a 
 horfe dcfl;ined to labour that will foon ruin him. As 
 to the hinder legs, the thighs fhould be flcfliy and 
 long, and the whole mufcle which fhows itfelf on the 
 outlide of the thigh fhould be large and very thick. 
 No country can bring a parallel to the iize and ftrength 
 of our horfes deilined for the draught. In London 
 there are inftances of finglc horfes that are able to 
 draw on a plain,, for a fmall fpace, the weight of three 
 tuns, and which can with eafe, and for continuance, 
 draw half that weight. The pack horfes of Yorkfhire 
 ufuaily carry a burden of 420 lb. over the highcif hills 
 of the north, as well as the moft levfj roads : but the 
 moft remarkable proof of the ftrength of our Britifh 
 horfes is derived from that of our mill horfes ; fome 
 «f, which will at one load carry 13 meafurcB, which at 
 
 a moderate computation of 70 lb. each, will amount 
 to 910 lb. Nothing is fo cfllntial to the health of' 
 thefe ferviceable creatures as cleanlincfs ; if they are 
 fed ever fo well, and not kept clean, they will be fub- 
 ■ jeft to numerous difeafes. 
 
 The fervant who has the care of them ought to be 
 up very early, and to clean the racks and mangera 
 from all filth. The currying of them ought to be care- 
 fully performed every morning, but not in the ftable, 
 for the duft to fall upon the other hoifes, as it is too 
 often done. After the horfes are dufled, they fhould' 
 daily twift a Vi-bilp of ftraw hard up, and wetting it 
 in water, rub the legs, fhoulders and body with it. 
 Many of the difeafes of draught-horfes, which are not 
 owing to naftinefs, are owing to bad water ; fuch as 
 are two raw, too muddy, or too cold, being all im- 
 proper. If there be any running flream in the neigh- 
 bourhood, they fliould always be led to that to water 
 every day in furamer, but in winter, well-water is 
 warmifh, and is better for them. If there be a necef- 
 fity of giving them well-water in fummer, it muft be 
 drawn up fome hours before the time, and expofed to 
 the fun-beams in tubs or trouglis ; marfli-water or that 
 of lowland ditches is worft of all. When the labour- 
 ing horfe has drank his water, he fhould have his oats, 
 given him, and thefe fliould be carefully fifted, and. 
 the manger dufted firft. It is a common praftice, as 
 ■foon as a horfe is come in from his work, to rub down 
 his legs with a hard whifp of hay; but the beft judges 
 of horfes abfolutely condemn this, and obferve, that 
 this rubbing of the legs after hard labour brings.down 
 humours into them, and makes them ftiff. 
 
 The rubbing itfelf is wholefome, but the doing it 
 when the creature is hot is the mifchief ; while a horfe 
 is in a fweat it is a great relief and refrefhment to him 
 to have his body rubbed down, but when he is cold is 
 the proper time to rub his legs. The racks are to be 
 well fupplied with hay, and the horfes fhould be left 
 to reft and eat, about two hoursj and then led to wa- 
 ter ;■ after this their oats -fhould be given them, and. 
 they fhould 'then go to work again. 
 
 In the evening, when the labour of the day is over, 
 the firll thing to be done is to examine the feet, and 
 fee if any thing is amifs about the Ihoes, and what 
 earth or gravel is lodged in the foot,, between the fhoe 
 and the fole, is to be picked out and fome frefh cow- 
 dungputin its place, which will cool and refrefli the part. 
 
 A very material thing for the prefervation of all forts, 
 of cattle, but of none fo much as draught-horfes, is 
 frefh and clean litter. 
 
 HoRSE-Chfnui. See ./EscuLus,-and HippacAsxA"- 
 
 NUM. 
 
 Horse Guards. See Guards. 
 
 HoRSE-Hiinlhig. See Hunter. 
 
 Horse Meafure is a rod of box to flide out of a 
 cane, with a fquare at the end, being divided into- 
 hands and inches to meafure the hiight of horfes. 
 
 HoRSE-Mufde. See Mytulus. 
 
 Race Horse. See Racing. 
 
 HoRSE-Radifl). See Cochlearja. 
 
 Horse Shoe, a cover or defence for the fole of" 
 a horfe's foot. See Farriery, p 167. 
 
 Horse fjoe head, a difeafe in infants, wherein the 
 futures of the fl<ull are too open, or too great a vacuic 
 ty is left between them.; fo that, the aperture fhallxot; 
 
 Horfe. 
 
H O R 
 
 [ ^^4 1 
 
 H O R 
 
 Horfe. be totally clofed up, or the cranium in that part not be 
 ■""v"-" fo hard as the reft for fome years after. This open-, 
 nefs is found to be increafed upon the child's catching 
 cold. When the difeafe continues long, it is repu- 
 ted a fign of weakncfs and fliort life. In this cafe, 
 it is ufual to rub the head now and then with warm 
 rum or brandy, mixed with the white of an egg and 
 palm-oil. Sometimts the diforder arifes from a col- 
 leftion of waters in the head called an hydrocephalus. 
 
 Stone-HoRSE. See Stallion. 
 
 HoRSE-Tail. See Equisetum and Ephedra. 
 
 IfoKsE- Fetch. See HiPPoCREPis. 
 
 IVnr-HoRSE. The proper rules for choofing a horfe 
 ■for fervice in war, are thefe : he (hould be tall in fta- 
 ture, with a comely head, and out-fwelling forehead. 
 His eye (hould be bright and fparkling, and the white 
 part of it covered by the eye brow. The ears (hould 
 be fmall, thin, (hort, and pricking ; or if long, they 
 •fhould be moveable with eafe, and well carried. The 
 neck (hould be deep, and the breaft large and fwelling. 
 The ribs bending, the chine broad and ftraight, and 
 the buttocks round and full. The tail (hould be high 
 and broad, neither tod thick nor too thin ; the thigh 
 fwelling ; the leg broad and flat, and the paftern (hort. 
 When fuch a horfe is chofen, he muft be kept high du- 
 ring the time of his teaching, that he may be full of 
 ■vigour. His foodmuft be fweet hay, and good clean oats, 
 or two parts of oats and one part of beans or peafe, 
 -well dried and hardened. The quantity (hould be half 
 a peck in the morning, and the fame quantity at noon 
 and in the evening. Upon his refting days he is to be 
 dreffed between five and fix in the morning, and water- 
 ed at feven or eight. In the evening he is to be dreffed 
 at four, and watered about five, and he muft always 
 have provender given him after watering ; he muft be 
 littered about eight, and then muft have food gi- 
 ven him for all night. The night before he is ridden 
 all his hay is to be taken away about nine o'clock, and 
 he muft have a handful or two of oats about four in 
 the morning : when he has eaten thefe, he is to be 
 turned upon the fnaiBe, and rubbed very well with dry 
 cloths ; then faddled, and made fit for his exercife. 
 When he has performed this, he Is to be brought 
 fweating into, the ftable, and rubbed down with dry 
 ■wifpsi When this has been done, the faddle is to be 
 taken off, and he is to be rubbed down with dry cloths ; 
 the houfing cloth is then to be laid on; and the faddle 
 being again laid on, he is to be walked gently about 
 till thoroughly cool. After this, he muft ftand with- 
 out meat two or three hours, then he muft be fed ; and 
 in the afternoon he is to be rubbed and dreffed as be- 
 fore, and watered in the ufual manner. 
 
 HoJiSF. Worm, in natural hiftory, a fpecies of fly- 
 worm called alfo bott, produced of eggs depofited by a 
 two-winged fly of the (hape and fize of the humble 
 bee in the inteftines of horfes. See Botts. 
 
 River-HoRiE, in zoology. See Hippopotamus. 
 Horse is alfo ufed in the military language, to ex- 
 prefs the cavalry ; or the body of foldiers who ferve on 
 horfeback. 
 
 The horf: includes horfe guards, horfe grenadiers, 
 and troopers. Dragoons are alfo frequently compre- 
 hended under this name, though they fight on foot : 
 uf thefe there are now 1 8 regiments ; befides three re- 
 
 (Jjiments of dragoon. guards raifed in 1685. See Gra- . Horfe. 
 NADiER, Dragoons, and Guards. .~—<j J 
 
 Mci/ler of the Horse. See Master. 
 
 Light- Horse, are regiments of cavalry, mounted on 
 light fwift horfes, whofe men are fmall and lightly ac- 
 coutred. They were firft raifed in 1797. The deno- 
 mination arofe hence, that anciently they were lightly ■ 
 armed, in comparifon of the royal guards, which were 
 armed at all points. 
 
 Hungarian Horse. See HussARS. 
 
 Horse is alfo a terra ufed in various arts and manu- 
 faftories, for fomething that helps to fuftain their 
 work from the ground, for the more commodious 
 working at it. 
 
 The horfe ufed by tanners and dinners, alfo called 
 the leg, is a piece of wood cut hollow and roundi(h, 
 four or five feet long, and placed aflope ; upon which 
 they pare their (l<ins to get off the dirt, hair, fle(h, &c. 
 
 Horse is alfo ufed in carpentry, for a piece of wood 
 jointed acrofs two other perpendicular ones, to fuftain 
 the boards, planks, &c. which mtike bridges over fmall 
 rivers ; and on divers other occafions. 
 
 Horse, In fea language, is the name of a rope reach- 
 ing from the middle of a yard to its extremity, or what 
 is called the yard-arm, and depending about two or 
 three feet under the yard, for the failors to tread upon 
 whilft they are loofing, reefing, or furling the fails, rig- 
 ging out the ftudding-fail booms, &c. In order, there- 
 fore, to keep the horfe more parallel to the yard, It is 
 ufually fufpended to it at proper diftances, by certain 
 ropes called ftlrrups, which hang about tvpo feet under 
 the yard, having an eye in their lower ends through 
 which the horfe palTes. 
 
 House is alfo a thick rope, extended in a perpendi- 
 cular direftion near the fore or after-fide of a maft, for 
 the purpofe of hoifting or extending fome fail upon it. 
 When it Is fixed before a maft, It is calculated for the 
 nfe of a fail called tht fquare fail, whofe yard being at- 
 tached to the horfe, by means of a traveller or bull's 
 eye, which Aides up and down occafionally, is retained 
 in a fteady pofition ; either when the fail is fet, or 
 whilft it is hoifting or lowering. When the horfe Is 
 placed abaft or behind a maft, it is Intended for the 
 try-fail of a fnow, and Is accordingly very rarely fixed 
 In this pofition, except in thofe (loops of war which oc- 
 cafionally a(rume the form of fnows, in order to de- 
 ceive the enemy. 
 
 Horse is alfo a cant name introduced Into the ma- 
 nagement of lotteries, for the chance or benefit of a 
 ticket or number for one or more days, upon condi- 
 tion, if it be drawn a prize within the time covenanted 
 for, of returning to the feller an undrawn ticket. — To 
 determine the value of a horfe ; multiply the amount 
 of the prizes In the lottery by the time the horfe Is hi- 
 red for ; and from the produft fubtraft the amount of 
 the number of prizes by the value of an undrawn tic- 
 ket into the time of the horfe : the remainder being 
 divided by the number of tickets Into the whole time of 
 drawing, the quotient is the value of the horfe. Sec 
 Lottery. 
 
 HoRSE-Bread. See Bread. 
 
 HoRSE-Dung, in gardening, is of great ufe in ma- 
 king hot-beds, for the raifing all forts of early crops ; 
 as fallading, cucumbers, melons, afparagus, &c. for 
 I which 
 
r 66s 1 
 
 TSorre. which purpofea no other kinds of dung will do fo well. 
 =— V~- Horfe dung ferments the ftrongeft ; and if mixed with 
 litter and fea-coal afties . in a due proportion, will con- 
 tinue its heat much longer than any other fort of dung 
 whatfoever: and afterward, when rotted, becomes an 
 excellent manure for moft forts of land ; more efpe- 
 cially for fuch as are of a cold nature. Tor ft iff clayey 
 land, horfe dung mixed with fea-coal afhes, and the 
 cleanfing of ftreets, will caufe the parts to feparate 
 much fooner than any other coropoft; : fo that where 
 it can be obtained in plenty, it is always to be recom- 
 mended for fuch lands. See Dung, 
 
 Anhnateil IIoRis-Hairs,?i term U'fed to exprefs a fort 
 of long and flender water worm, of a blackifh colour, 
 and fo much refembling a horfe-hair, that it is gene- 
 rally by the vulgar fuppofed to be the hair fallen from 
 a horfe's mane into the water as he drinks, and there 
 animated by fome ftrange power. Dr Lifter has at 
 large confuted this abfurd opinion in the Philofophi- 
 cal Tranlaftions. 
 
 HoRSF.-Hair IVorms See Amphisb.'ena. 
 
 Ho&sE-Hoe'mg Httjbandry, See Agriculture, a 
 
 2l8. 
 
 Horfe, 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP; 
 
 Dr, The Art of Riding, and of Training and Managing, Horses. 
 
 Ear/ 0/ 
 
 ■■^,^^'^|.^Kof3ECT. I. T. he Metlod of preparing Harfes 1^ Ifs 
 t^ ' mounted. 
 
 THOUGH all horfes are generally bought at an 
 age when they have already been backed, they 
 fhould he begun and prepared for the rider with the 
 fame care, genJenefs, and caution, as if they had ne- 
 ver been handled or backed, in order to prevent acci- 
 dents, which might elfe an'fefrorr. ftcittilhnefs or other 
 canfes : and as it is proper that they fhould be taught 
 the figure of the ground they are to go upon when 
 they are at firft mounced, they ftiould be previoufly 
 trotted in a longe on circles, without any one upon 
 them. 
 
 Tbemanner of doing this is as follows: Put an eafy 
 'cwvejfon upon the horfe's nofe, and make him go for- 
 wards round you, Jfanding quiet and holding the 
 'longe-; and let another man, if you iind it neceffary, 
 ■follow him with a whip. All this muft be done very 
 gently, and hut a little at a time : for more horfcs are 
 fpoiied bv overmuch woik.'than by any other treat- 
 ment whatever; and that by very contrary efFefts; 
 for fometimes it drives them into vice, madnefs, and 
 defpa'r, and often ftupiiies and totally difpirits them. 
 
 The firft obedience required in a horfe is going for- 
 wards ; till he perform this duty freely, never even 
 think of making him rein back, which would inevi- 
 tably make him reftive : as foon as he goes forwards 
 readily, flop and carefs him. You mud remember in 
 this, and like wife in every other exercife, to ufe him 
 to go equally well to the right ant' left ; and when he 
 obeys, carefs him and difmifs him imnudlatcly. If a 
 liorfc that is very young takes fri>;ht and ilands ftill, 
 'lead on another horfe before him; which prubdhly will 
 'induce him inftantly to follow. Put a fnaiBc in his 
 'mouth ; and when he goes freely, laddie him, girting 
 liim -tt fiirt very loofe. Let the cord, which you 
 hold, be long and loofe; but not fb much fo as to 
 endanger the horfe's entangling his legs in it. It muft 
 be oDferved, that fmall circl-es, in the beginning, would 
 conftrp.i;! the horfe too much, and put him upon de- 
 fending himfelf No bend ••;uft be required at tirft : 
 never fuffer him to gallop falfe ; but whenever he at- 
 tempts it, flop him without delay, and then fet him 
 off afrefh. If he gallops of his own accord, and true, 
 Jiermit him to continue it; but if he does it not volun- 
 
 VoL.VIIL PartIL 
 
 tarlly, do not demand it of him at firft. Should he Of placing 
 fly and jump, fhake the cord gently upon his nofe |\^ '""" 
 
 withou' jerking it, and he will fall into his trot again. 
 If he ftands fti'.l, plunges, or rears, let the man who 
 holds (hi whip make a noife with it ; but never touch 
 him till it be abfolute'y neceffary to make him go on. 
 When you change hands, (lop ana carefs him, and en- 
 tice him by fair means to come up to yeu : for by pre- 
 fenting yourfelf, as fome d.v, on a fuHden before hor- 
 fes, and frightening them to the other fide, you run 
 a great rifli of yiving them a fhynefs If he keeps his 
 head too low, fhake the caTieffon to make him raife it ; 
 and in whatever the hoife does, whether he walks, 
 trots, or gallops, let it be a conftant rule, that the 
 motion be determined, and really fuch as is intended, 
 without the haft ftiufiling, pacing, or any other irre- 
 gular gait. 
 
 Sect- II The Method of placing the Hider end 
 rendering him firm on Horfebdck, with fome 00- 
 cafional InjlruSlions for Riders and the Horfes. 
 
 It is necefl~ary that the greatefl attention, and the 
 fame gentienefs that is ufed in teaching the horfes, 
 be obferved likewife in teaching the rider, efpeciallv 
 at the beginning. Every method and art muft be 
 praftifed to create and preferve, botn in man and 
 horfe, all poflible feeling and lenfibility ; contrary to 
 the ufage of moft riding-mafters who fecrainduftrioufly 
 to labour at abolifliing thefe principles both in the one 
 and the other. As fo many elfential points depend 
 upon the manner in which a man is at rirfl placed on 
 horfeback, it ought to be confidered and attended to 
 with the ftriftcft care and exaclnefs. 
 
 The abfurd :ty of putting a man, vi"ho perhaps has 
 never before been up"in a horfe, on a rough trotting 
 horfe, on 'vhich he is obliged to ftick with all the 
 force of his arms and legs, is too obvious to need men- 
 tioning. This rough work, all at once, is plainly as 
 detrimental at firft, as it is excellent afcerw.irds in pro- 
 per time No man can be either well or firm'y ("aif-d 
 en horfeback, unlets he be mailer of the balance of 
 his body, quite uneonftrained. with a full poffelfion 
 of himfelf, and at his eafe ; none of rhieh requiiites 
 can he enjoy, if his attention be 'thrrwife engaged.; 
 as It tnull wholly be in a raw, unfiippled, and un- 
 4 O pre- 
 
666 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 Sea.lL 
 
 Of placing prf pared lad, who is put at once upon a rough horfe ; 
 ^tt^'ff.''.' ■" ^"'^"^ ^ diftrefsful Hate, he Is forced to keep himfdf 
 * '" ' on at any rate, by holding to the bridle (at the ex- 
 
 pence of the fenfibility both of his own hand and the 
 Lorfe's mouth), and by clinging with his legs, in 
 danger of his life, and to the certain depravation of a 
 right feeling in the horfe. 
 
 The tirfl: time a man is put on horfeback, it ought 
 to be upon a very gentle one. He never fhould be 
 made to trot, till he is quite eafy in the walk ; nor 
 gallop, till he is able to trot properly. The fame muft 
 be obfei-ved in regard to horfes; they fliould never be 
 made to trot till they are obedient, and their mouths 
 are well formed on a walk, nor be made to gallop, 
 till the fame be effetted on a trot. When he is ar- 
 rived at fuch a degree of firmnefs in his feat, the more 
 he trots, and the more he rides rough horfes, the bet- 
 ter. This is not only the beft method, but alfo the 
 eafiell and the fliorteft: by it a man is foon made fuffi- 
 cientiy an horfenian for a foldier : but by the other 
 deteftable methods that are commonly ufed, a man, 
 inftead of improving, contrafts all forts of bad habits, 
 and rides worfe and worfe every day ; the horfe too 
 becomes daily more and more unfit for ufe. In pro- 
 ceeding according to the manner propofed, a man is 
 rendered firm and eafy upon the horfe, both his own 
 and the horfe's fenfibility is preferved, and each in a 
 fituation fit to receive and praflife all leffons effec- 
 tually. 
 
 Among the various methods that are ufed of pla- 
 cing people on horfeback, few are direfted by reafon. 
 Before you let the man mount, teach him to know, 
 and always to examine, if the curb be well placed, 
 (that is,- when the horfe has a bit in his mouth, which 
 at firft he fhould not; but only a fnaiHe, till the rider 
 is firm in his feat, and the horfe alfo fomewhat taught): 
 likewife to know if the nofeband be properly tight ; 
 the throat-band loofifh ; and the mouth- piece neither 
 too high nor too low in the horfe's mouth, but right- 
 ly put fo as not to wrinkle the ftin nor to hang lax ; 
 the gitts drawn moderately, but not too tight ; and 
 the crupper and the breaft- plate properly adjufled. 
 A very good and careful hand may venture on a bit at 
 firft, and fucceed with it full as well as by beginning 
 with a fnaffle alone; only colts, indeed, it is better, in 
 all fchools whatfotver, to avoid any prefTure on the 
 bars juft at firft, which a curb, though ever fo deh- 
 cately ufed, muft in fome degree occaSon. When 
 the bridle, &c. have been well looked to, kt the man 
 approach the horfe gently near the fhoulder; then 
 taking the leins and an handful of the rriane in his left 
 hand, let him put his foot foftly in the left ftjrrup, by 
 pulling it towards him, left be touch the horfe with 
 his toe; then raifing hinifelf up, let him reft a moment 
 on it with his body upright, but not Riff; and after 
 that, paffing his right leg clear over the faddle without 
 rubbing againft any thing, let him feat himfclf gently 
 down. He muft be cautious not to take the reins too 
 (hort, for fear of making the horfe rear, run, or fall 
 back, or throw up his head ; but kt him hold them of 
 ~an equal length, neither tight nor flack, and with the 
 little finger betwixt them. It is fit that horfes fhould 
 be accuftomed to ftand ftill to be mounted, and not to 
 Sir till the rider pkafes. All lildiers fliould be jn- 
 
 / 
 
 V, 
 
 flrufled to mount and difmount equally well on both Of placing 
 fides, which may be of great ufe in times of hurry and the Rider, 
 confufion. Then place the man in his faddle, with ""^ ' 
 his body rather back, and his head held up with eafe, 
 without ftiffnefs ; feated neither forwards, nor very 
 backwards ; with the breaft pufhed out a little, and 
 the lower part of the body likewife a little forwards ; 
 the thighs and legs turned in without conftraint, 
 and the feet in a ftraight line, neither turned in nor 
 out. By this pofition, the natural weight of the 
 thighs has a proper and fuflicient preffiire of itfelf, 
 and the legs are in feadinefs to afl when called upon : 
 they muft hang down eafy and naturally ; and be fo 
 placed, as not to be wriggling about, touching, and 
 tickling, the horfe's fides, but always near them in cafe 
 they fhould be wanted, as well as the heels. 
 
 The body muft be carefully kept eafy and firm, and 
 without any rocking when in motion ; which is a bad 
 habit very eafily contrafted, efpecially in galloping. 
 The left elbow muft be gently leant againft the body, 
 a little forwards : unlefs it be fo refted, the hand can- 
 not be fteady, but will always be checking, and confe- 
 quently have pernicious effefts on the hoife's mouth. 
 And the hand ought to be of equal height with the 
 elbow ; if it were lower, it would conftrain and con- 
 fine the motion of the horfe's fhoulders ; but, as the 
 mouths of horfes are different, the place of the hand 
 alfo muft occafionally differ : a leaning, low, heavy, 
 fore-hand, requires a High hand ; and a horfe that 
 pokes out his nofe, alow one. The right-hand arm 
 muft be placed in fymmetry with the left ; only let 
 the right hand be a little forwarder or backwarder,. 
 higher or lower, as occafions may require, in order 
 that both hands may be free ; both arms muft be a- 
 little bent at the elbow, to prevent ftiffnefs. 
 
 A foldier's right hand fhould "be kept unemployed 
 in riding ; It carries the fword, which is a fufficient 
 bufinefs for It. 
 
 There remains one fai-ther obfervation, that ought 
 not to be omitted, about the hand, that it mull be 
 kept clear of the body ; i. e. about two inches and a 
 half forvfards from It, with the nails turned oppofite 
 to the belly, and the wrift a little rounded with eafe ; 
 a pofition not lefs graceful than ready for flackening, 
 tightening, and moving the reins from one fide to tha 
 other, as may be found necelfary. 
 
 When the men are tvell placed, th.-: more rough _ 
 trotting they have without ftirrups the better; but- 
 with a ftrift care always, that their pofition be pre- 
 ferved very exaiflly. In all cafes, great care muft be 
 taken to hinder their clinging with their legs: in 
 fliort, no flicking by hands or, legs is ever to be al- 
 lowed of at any time.' If the motion of the horfe be- 
 too rough, flacken it, till the rider grows by degrees 
 more firm ; and when he is quite firm and eafy on his 
 horfe in every kind of motion, ftirrups may be givea 
 him ; ' but he muft never leave off trotting often with- 
 out any. 
 
 The ftirrups muft be neither fliort nor long ; but of 
 fuch a length, that when the rider, being well placed^ 
 puts his feet Into them (about one third of the length 
 of each foot from the point of it), the points may be- 
 between two and three inches higher than the heels. 
 T!>c rider nvufl not bear upon his ftirrups, but onlj^ 
 
 lee. 
 
Sea. IT. 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 Inftruflionslet the natural weight of his legs reft on them : For 
 concerning jf jjg bears upon them he would be raifed above and 
 » d Horfe °^' °^ ^'^ faddk ; which fliould never be, except in 
 •,, charging fword in hand, with the body inclined for- 
 
 wards at the very inftant of attacking. Spurs may 
 be given as foon as the rider is grown familiar with 
 ftirrups ; or even long before, if his legs are well 
 placed. 
 
 A hand fiiould always be firm, but delicate : a 
 horfe's mouth (hould never be furprifed by any fudden 
 traufition of it, either from flack to tight, or from 
 tight to flack. Every thing in horfemanfhip muft be 
 efl'efted by degrees, but at the fame time with fpirit 
 and refolution. That hand which, by giving and 
 taking properly, gains its point with the kaft force, 
 is the bed ; and the horfe's mouth, under this fame 
 hand's direftions, will alfo confequently be the beft, 
 fuppofing equal advantages in both from nature. This 
 principle of gentlenefs fliould be obferved upon all oc- 
 tafions in every branch of horfemanfhip. Sometimes 
 the right hand may be necefl~ary, upon fome trouble- 
 fome borfes, to affift the left : but the feldomer this is 
 done, the better j efpecially in a foldier, who has a 
 fword to carry, and to make ufe of. 
 
 The fnaffle muft on all occafions be uppermoft ; 
 that is to fay, the reins of it muft be above thofe of 
 the bridle, whether the fnaffle or the bit be ufed fe- 
 parately, or whether they be both ufed together. 
 When the rider knows enough, and the horfe is fuffi- 
 ciently prepared and fettled to begin any work to- 
 wards fuppling, one rein muft be fliortened according 
 to the fide worked to ; but it muft never be fo much 
 fliortened, as to make the whole ftrength reft on that 
 rein alone : for, not to mention that the work would 
 be falfe and bad, one fide of the horfe's mouth wnidd 
 by that means be always deadened ; whereas, on the 
 contrary, it Ihould always, be kept frefli by its own 
 play, and by the help of the oppofite rein's afting 
 delicately in a fomewhat fmaller degree of tenfion ; 
 the joint effeft of which produces in a horfe's mouth 
 the proper, gentle, and eafy, degree of aji^ui or bear- 
 ing. 
 
 A coward and a madman make alike bad riders, 
 and are both alike difcovered and confounded by the 
 fuperior fenfe of the creature they are mounted upon, 
 who is equally fpoilt by both, though in very difl^erent 
 ways. The coward, by fufl"ering the animal to have 
 his own way, not only confirms him in his bad habits, 
 but creates new ones in him : and the madman, by 
 falfe and violent motions and correftions, drives the 
 Ihorfe, through defpair, into every bad and vicious trick 
 that rage can fuggeft. 
 
 It is very requifite in horfemanftiip, that the hand 
 and legs fiiould aft in correfpondence with each other 
 in every thing ; the latter always fubfervlent and af- 
 fiftant to the former. Upon circles, in walking, trot- 
 ting, or galloping, the outward leg is the only one to 
 be ufed, and that only for a moment at a time, in order 
 to fet off the horfe true, or put him right if he be falfe; 
 and as foon as that is done, it muft be taken away 
 again immediately: but if the horfe be lazy, or other- 
 wife retains himfelf, both legs muft be ufed and preffed 
 to his fides at the fame time together. The lefs the 
 ;i£g3 are ufed in fgeneral, the better. Very delicate 
 
 667 
 
 good riders, with horfes they have dreffed themfelves, Inflruaion > 
 
 will fcarccly ever want their help. By the term out- ':o"«rning 
 
 wanl is underftood the fide which is more remote from ^nd'^tWe 
 
 the centre; and by inward Is meant the fide next to j 
 
 the centre. In reining back, the rider (hould be care- '' 
 
 ful not to ufe his legs, unlefs the horfe backeth on hi$ 
 
 fl^oulders ; in which cafe they muft be both applied 
 
 gently at the fame time, and correfpond v.-ith the hand. 
 
 If the horfe refufe to back at all, the rider's legs mufb 
 
 be gently approached, till the horfe hfts up a leg, as 
 
 if to go forwards ; at which time, when that leg is In 
 
 the air, the rein of the fame fide with that leg 'which 
 
 is lifted up, will eafily bring that fame leg backwards^ 
 
 and accordingly oblige the horfe to back ; but If the 
 
 horfe offers to rear, the legs muft be Inftantly removed 
 
 away. The inward rein muft be tighter on circles, fo 
 
 that the horfe may bend and look inwards ; and the 
 
 outward one crofted over a little towards it ; and both 
 
 held in the left hand. 
 
 Let the man and horfe begin on very flow rnotlon?^ 
 that they may have time to underftand and reflecl on 
 what is taught them ; and in proportion as tlie effeftj 
 of the reins are better comprehended, and the manner 
 of working becomes more familiar, the quickntfs of 
 motion muft be increafed. Every rider muft learn to 
 feel, without the help of the eye, when a horfe goes 
 falfe, and remedy the fault accordingly ; this Is an in- 
 telligence, which nothing but praftice, application, and 
 attention, can give, in the beginning on flow motions* 
 A horfe may not only gallop falfe, but alfo trot and 
 walk falfe. If a horfe gallops falfe, that is to fay, if 
 going to the right he leads with the left leg, or if 
 going to the left he leads with the right ; or In cafe 
 he is difunited, ;'. e. If he leads with the oppofite leg 
 behind to that which he leads with before ; ftop him 
 immediately, and put him off again properly. The me- 
 thod of effeding this, is by approaching your outward 
 leg, and putting your hand outwards; ftlll keeping 
 the inward rein the fliorter, and the horfe's head In- 
 wards, if pofiible : and if he ftiould ftlU refift, then 
 bend and pull his head outwards alfo ; but replace 
 it again, bent properly inwards, the moment he goes 
 off true. A horfe Is fald to be difunited to the rights 
 when going to the right, andconfequently leading with 
 the right leg before, he leads with the left behind ; 
 and Is faid to be difunited to the left, when going to 
 the left, and confequently leading with the left leg 
 before, he leads with the right behind. A horfe may 
 at the fame time be both falfe and difunited; In cor- 
 reftlng both which faults, the fame method muft be 
 ufed. He is both falfe and difunited to the right, 
 when in going to the right he leads with the left leg 
 before, and the right behind ; notwlthftanding that 
 hinder leg be with propriety more forward under his 
 belly than the left, becaufe the horfe is working to the 
 right : And he Is falfe and difunited to the left, vrhea 
 in going to the left he leads with the right kg before 
 and the left behind ; notwithftanding, as above, that 
 hinder leg be with propriety more forward under his 
 belly than the right, becaufe the horfe is working to 
 the left. 
 
 In teaching men a right feat on horfeback, the 
 
 greateft attention muft be given to prevent ftiffncfs, 
 
 and flicking by force In any manner upon any occa- 
 
 4 O 2 lionj 
 
668 
 
 HORSEMANSHIR 
 
 Sea. lit 
 
 Of fuppling fion r ftiffnefs difgraces every right work ; and (lick- 
 
 ^ Ho rfes jjjg ferves only to throw a man (when difplaced) a 
 
 >^' • great diftance from his horfe by the fpring he muft go 
 
 off with : whereas, by a proper equihbrating pofition 
 
 of the body, and by the natural weight only of the 
 
 thighs, he cannot but be firm and fecure in his feat. 
 
 As the men become more firm, and the horfes more 
 fupple, it is proper to make the circles lefs ; but not 
 too much fo, for ftar of throwing the horfes forwards 
 upon thtir Ihoulders. 
 
 Some horfes, when firft the bit is put into their 
 mouths, if great care be not taken, will put their heads 
 very low. With fuch horfes, raife your right hand 
 with the iriJoon in it, and play at the fame time with 
 the bit in the left hand, giving and taking. 
 
 On circles, the rider mult lean his body inwards ; 
 unlefs great attention he given to make him do it, lie 
 will be perpetually lofing his feat outwards. It is 
 fcarce poffible for him to be difplaced, if he leans his 
 body properly inwards. 
 
 Sect. III. The Method of fuppling Horfes -with 
 Men upon them, by i^^EpAULE en dedans, <bc. 
 •with and foithout a Longe, on Circles and on 
 Jhaight Lines. 
 
 When a horfe is well prepared' and fettled in all 
 his motions, and the rider firm, it will be proper then 
 to proceed on towards afaithtr fuppling and teaching 
 ©f both. 
 
 In fetting out upon this new work, beg.in by bring- 
 ing the horfe's head a little more inwards than before,, 
 pulling the inward rein gently to you by degrees. 
 When this is done, try to gain a. little on the fhoul- 
 ders, by keeping the inward rein the fhorter, as be- 
 fore, and the outward one crofled over towards the 
 inward one. The intention of thefe operations is 
 this: The inward rein ferves to bring in the head., and 
 procures the bend; whilii the outward one, that is a 
 little crofTed, tends to make that bend perpendicular,- 
 and as it ftiould be, that is to fay, to reduce the nofe 
 and the forehead to be in a perpendicular line with 
 each other: it alfo ferves,, if put forwards, as well as 
 • alfo crofled, to put the horfe forwards, if found necef- 
 fary ; which is often requifitc, many horfes being apt 
 in this and other works rather to lofe their ground 
 backwards thaa otherwife, when they fhould rather 
 advance ; if the nofe were drawn in towards the breaft 
 beyond the perpendicular, it would confine the motion 
 ■ of the fhoulders, and have other bad effefts. Ail other 
 bends, befides what are above fpecified, are falfe. The 
 outward rein, being crofled, not in a forward fenfe, 
 but rather a little backwards, ferves alfo to prevent 
 the outward fliouMer from getting too forwards, and 
 makes it approach the inward one ; which facilitates 
 the inward leg!s croffing over the outward one, which 
 is the motion that fo admirably fupples the flioulders. 
 Care muft be taken, that the inward leg pafs over the 
 outward one, without touching it : this inward leg's 
 crofling over muft be helped alfo by the inward rein, 
 •which you mult crofs towards and over the outward 
 rein every tiifie the outward leg comes to the giound, 
 in order to lift and help the inward leg over it; at 
 any other time, but juft when the outwara leg comes 
 to the ground, it would be wrong to crofs the iaward 
 
 rein, or to attempt to lift up the inward leg by it ; Dirci£lion» 
 
 nay. it would be dtmandinsr an ablolute impoflibilitv, ''.'V}^*^]? 
 
 Ji • u^^i -ji-r. r and HorfeSk 
 
 and luggmg about the reins and horle to no purpofe : ; ^^^^^ 
 
 becaufe in this cafe, a very great part of the horfe's "* 
 
 weight relting then upon that leg, would render fuch 
 
 an attempt not only fruitlels, but alfo prejudicial to 
 
 the feniibility of the mouth, and probably oblige him 
 
 to defend himfelf ; and, moreover, it would put ti^-.e 
 
 horfe under a neceflity of fttaddlfng before, and alfo of 
 
 reading with the wrong leg, without being productive 
 
 of any fuppling motion whatfoever. 
 
 When the horfe is thus far familiarly accufliomed to 
 what you have required of him, then proceed to effect; 
 by degrees the faine crofling in his hinder legs. By 
 bringing in the fore-legs more, you will of courfe en- 
 gage the hinder ones in the fame work : if they refift, . 
 the rid«r mult bring both reins more inwards; and, if 
 neceffary, put back alfo, and approach his inward leg 
 to the hotfe; and if the horfe throws out his croup to.T 
 far, the rfder muft bring both reins outwards, and, if 
 abfolutely necefiary, he muft alfo make ufe of his out- 
 ward leg, in order to replace the horfe properly : ob' 
 ferving that the croup Ihould always be confiderably 
 behind the ftioulders, which in all attions muft s.o firft-;. 
 and the moment that the horfe obeys, the rider rnufl: 
 pat his hand; and leg again in their ufual pofition. 
 
 Nothing is more ungraceful in itfelf, more detiimen-i 
 tal to a man's feat, or more deftruftive of the fenfibi- - 
 Hty of a horfe's fides, than a continual wriggling un- 
 fettlednefs in a horfeman's legs, which prevenis tlVe - 
 horfe from ever going a moment together true, fteadjt, . 
 or determined. 
 
 A horfe fliould never be turned, without firft moving.; 
 a ftep forwards : and when it is doing, the rider muii: 
 not lift his elbow, and difplace himfelf; a motion only 
 of the hand from the one fide to the other being fufti-, 
 cient for that purpofe. It muft alfo be a conftant rule, 
 never to fuiFer a horfe to be ftopped, mounted, or dif- 
 mounted, but when he is well placed. The flower the 
 motions, are when a man or horfe is taught any thing, . 
 the better. 
 
 At firft, the figures worked upon muft be great,, 
 and afterwards made lefs by clegrees, according to the 
 improvement which the man and horfe make; and the 
 cadenced pace alfo, which they work in, muft be ac- 
 cordingly augmented. The changes from one fide to 
 "the other, muft be in a bold determined trot, and at 
 firft quite ftraight forwards, without demanding any 
 fide- motion orr two piftes, which is very neceflary to 
 require afterwards when the horfe is fufficiently 
 fuppled. By twopi/les is meant,, when the fore-parts 
 and hinder parts do not. follow, but defcribe two dif- 
 ferent lines. 
 
 In the beginning, a longe is ufeful on circles, and 
 alfo on Itraight lines, to help both the rider and the 
 horfe J but afterwards, when they are grown more in- 
 telligent, they fliould go alone. At the end of the 
 leflbn rein .back ; then put the horfe, by a little at a 
 time, forwards, by approaching both legs gently to 
 his fides, and playing with the bridle: if he rears, pufli 
 him out immediately into a full trot. Shaking the ca- 
 'veffon on the horfe's nofe, and alfo putting one's felf 
 before him and rather near to him, will generally make 
 him back, though he otherwife refufe to do it : and 
 roorever a flight ufe and approaching of the rider's 
 
 legs* 
 
Sea. IV. 
 
 H O R S E M 
 
 Of .iiad to legs, win fometimes be neceflary in backing, in order 
 ^le Wail, jg prevent the horfe from doing it too much upon his 
 .^ " fiioulders; but the preflure of the lege ought to be very 
 
 fmall, and taken quite away the moment that he puts 
 himfelf enough upon his haunches. If the horfe does 
 not back upon a Itraight line properly, the rider muft 
 not be permitted to have rccourfe immediately to his 
 leg, and fo diftort himfelf by it; but firft try, if croffing 
 over his hand and reins to which ever fide may be ne- 
 celfary, will not be alone fufficient : which moft fre- 
 quently it will ; if not, then employ the leg. 
 
 After a hoife is well prepared and fettled, and goe& 
 freely on in all his feveral paces, he ought to be in all 
 his works kept, to a prop.ir degree, upon his haunches, 
 with his hinder legs well placed under him ; whereby 
 he will be always pleafant to himfelf and his rider, will 
 be light in hand, and ready to execute whatever may 
 be demanded of him, with facility,. vigour, and quick- 
 nefs. 
 
 The common method that is ufed, of forcing a horfe 
 fidewife, is a molt glaring abfurdity, and very hurtful 
 tX) the animal in its confequences ;. for inftead of fup- 
 pling him, it obliges him to ftiffen and defend himfelf, 
 and often makes a creature that is naturally benevo- 
 lent, reftive, frightened, and vicious. 
 
 For horfes, who have very long and high fore-hands* 
 and who poke out their nofes, a running fnaffle is of 
 excellent ufe ; but for fuch as bore and keep their 
 heads low, a common one is preferable ; though any 
 horfe's head indeed may be kept up alfo with a run- 
 ning one, by the rider's keeping his hands very high 
 and forwards : but v/henever either is ufed alone with- 
 out a bridle upon horfes that carry their heads low 
 and that bote, it muft be fawcd about from one fide to 
 the other. 
 
 This lefibn of the epaide en dedans fhouW be taught 
 to fuch people as are likely to become ufcful in help- 
 ing to teach men and to break .horfes ; and the more 
 of fuch that can be found the better: none others fhould 
 ever be fuffered upon any occafion to let their horfss 
 look any way befides the way they are going. But all 
 horfes whatever,, as likewife all men who are deligned 
 for the teaching others, muft go thoroughly and per^ 
 feftly through this excellent leflbn, under the direc- 
 tions of intelligent inftruftors, and often praftife it 
 too afterwards ; and when that is done, proceed to 
 and be nnifhed by the leffons of head and tail to-the 
 wall. 
 
 .Sect. IV. Of the Head to the Wall, and of the 
 Croup to the Wall. 
 
 This lefibn fiiould be prafitifed immediately after 
 that of the epaule en dedans, in order to place the horfe 
 properly the way he goesy &c. The difference between 
 the head to the wall, and the croup to the wall, con 
 fifts in this: in the former, the fore parts are more re- 
 mote from the centre, and go over more giound ; in 
 the latter, the hinder parts are more remote from the 
 centre, and confequently go over more ground : in 
 both, as likewife in all other lefibns, the Ihoulders muft 
 go firft. In riding-horfes, the head to the wall is 
 the tafier IcfTon of the two at firft, the line to be 
 worked upon being marked by. the wall, not far from 
 tu6 heado 
 
 A N S- HIP. 6€^ 
 
 The motion of the legs to the right, is the fame as Of Head to 
 that of the epaule en dedans to the left, and fo vice 'uerfa; ^^^ Wall, 
 but the head is always bent and turned differently : in *"' 
 the epaule en dedans, the horfe looks the contrary way 
 to that which he goes ; in this, he looks the way he is 
 going. 
 
 In the beginning, very little bend muft be required; 
 too much at once would aftonifti the horfe, and make 
 him defend himfelf: it is to be augmented by degrees. 
 If the horfe abfolutely refufes to obey, it is a fign that 
 either he or his rider has not been 'ufficiently prepared 
 by previous leffons. It may happen, that weaknefs or 
 a hurt in fome part of the body, or fometimes temper, 
 though feldom, may be the caufe of the horfe's de- 
 fending himfelf: it is the rid'r's bufinefs to find out 
 from v/hence the obftacle arifes ; and if he finds it to ^ 
 
 be from the firft mentioned caufe, the previous leffons 
 mull be refuraed again for fome time ; if from the fe- 
 cond, proper remedies muft be applied ; and if fi-ons 
 the laft caufe, when all fair means that can be tried 
 have failed, proper corrections with coolnefs and judgr 
 ment muft be ufed. 
 
 In pratlifing this leflbn to the right, bend the 
 horfe to the right with the right rein ; helping the 
 left leg over the right (at the time when the right 
 leg is juft come to the ground), with the left rein 
 croiTed towards -the right,. and keeping the right Ihout- 
 der back with the right rein towards your body, in 
 order to facilitate the left leg's croffing over the right; 
 and fo likewife 'vice nierfa- to the left, each rein help- 
 ing the other by their properly mixed effefts. In 
 working to the right, the rider's left leg helps the 
 hinder-parts on to the right, and his right leg ftopg 
 them if they get too forwards ; and fo vice verfa to 
 the left :.but neither ought to be ufed, till the hand 
 being employed in a proper manner has failed, or finds 
 that a greater force is neceflary to bring about what 
 is required than it can effett alone : for the legs 
 ftiould not only be correfponding with, but alfo fub- 
 fervient to, the hand; and all unneceflary aids, as well 
 as all force, ought always to be avoided as much as 
 poffible. 
 
 In the execution of all leflbns, the equilihre of the 
 rider's body is of great ufe to the horfe: it ought al- 
 ways to go vifith and accompany every motion of the 
 animal; when to the right, t» the right; and when to 
 the left, to the left. 
 
 Upon all hoi-fes, in every leflbn and aftion, it muft 
 be obferved, that there is no horfe but has his own 
 peculiar appui or degree of bearing, and alfo a fenfi- 
 bility of mouth, as likewife a rate of his own, which 
 it is abfolutely necefliary for the rider to difcover and 
 make himfelf acquainted with. A bad rider always - 
 takes off at leaft the delicacy of both, if not abfolutely 
 deftroys it. The horle will inform his rider when he 
 has got his proper bearing in the mouth, by playing 
 pleafantly and fteadily with his bit, and by the fpray 
 about his chaps. A delicate and good hand will not 
 only always preferve a light appui, or bearing, in its 
 fenfibility ; but alfo of a heavy one, whether natur;illy 
 fo or acquired, make a light one. The lighter this 
 appui can be made, the better ; provided that tlie- 
 rider's hand correfponds with it ; if it does not, the 
 more the horfe is properly prepared, fo much the - 
 worfc. Inftances of this inconvenience of the beft of .' 
 
 appuiflj. 
 
'Syo 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP, 
 
 To make appuis, when tlie rider is not equally taught with the 
 J, "p" horfe, may be feen every day in fome gentlemen, who 
 gjj_ ' try to get their horfes bitted as they call it, without 
 
 i._y<.»_; being fuitably prepared themfelvei for riding them : 
 the confequence of which is, that they ride in danger 
 of breakisg their necks ; till at length, after much 
 hauling about, and by the joint infenfibility and igno- 
 rance of themfelves and their grooms, the poor animals 
 gradually become mere fenfelefs unfeeling pofts ; and 
 thereby grow, what they call, fettled. When the 
 proper appui is found, and made of courfe as light as 
 pofTible, it mufl; not be kept duly fixed without any 
 variation, but be played with; otherwife one equally- 
 continued tenfion of reins would render both the rider's 
 hand and the horfe's mouth very dull. The llightefl; 
 and frequent giving and taking is therefore neceflary 
 to keep both perfeft. 
 
 Whatever pace or degree of quicknefs you work ia, 
 'be it ever fo fad, or ever fo flow), it muft be ca- 
 denced ; time is as neceflary for an horfeman as for a 
 mufician. 
 
 This leffon of the head and of the tail to the wall, 
 mull be taught every foldier: fcarce-any mancsuvre can 
 be well performed without it. In clofing and opening 
 Cif files, it is almoft every moment wanted. 
 
 Sect. V. The Method of maldng Horfes fland 
 Fire, Nofes, Alarms, Sights, &c. 
 
 In order to make horfes ftand fire, the found of 
 drums, and all forts of different noifes, you mutt ufe 
 them to it by degrees in the ftable at feeding-time ; 
 "and inftead of being frightened at it, they will foon 
 come to like it as a fignal for eating. 
 
 With regard to fuch horfes as an' afraid of burning 
 ■«bje(?ts, -begin by keeping them ftill at a certain di- 
 ftance from fome lighted ftraw : carefs the horfe ; and 
 in proportion as his fright diminilhes, approach gra- 
 dually the burning ftraw very gently, and increafe the 
 Tize of it. By this means he will very quickly be brought 
 to be fo familiar with it, as to walls undaunted even 
 through it. 
 
 As to horfes that are apt to lie down in the water, 
 If -animating them, and attacking them vigoroufly, 
 fhould fail of the defired effeiS, then break a ftraw- 
 bottle full of water upun their heads, and let the water 
 Tun into their ears, which is a thing they apprehend 
 very much- 
 All troop-horfes muft be taught to ftand quiet and 
 ftill when they are (liot off from, to flop the moment 
 you prefent, and not to move after firing till they are 
 required to do it ; this It .Ton ought efpecially to be 
 obferved in light troops : in fliort, the horfes muft be 
 taught to be fo cool and undifturbed, as to fuffer the 
 rider to aft upon him with the fame freedom as if he 
 was on foot. Patience, coolnefs, and temper, are the 
 only means i-equifite for accompliftiing this end. Be- 
 gin by walking the horfe gently, then ftop and keep 
 him from ftirring for fome time, fo as to accuftom 
 him by degrees not to have the leaft idea of moving 
 without orders : if he does, then back him ; and 
 when you ftop him, and he is quite ftill, leave the reins 
 quite loofe. 
 
 To ufe a horfe to fire-arms, firft put a piftol or a 
 carabine In the manger with his feed ; then ufe him 
 "to the found of the lock and the pan j after which. 
 
 Sea. v; 
 
 when you are upon him, fhow the piece to him, pre- Tb make 
 fenting it forwards, fometimes on one fide, fometimes I^of^* 
 on the other : when he is thus far reconciled, proceed 'Jf^ "' 
 to flafh in the pan } after which, put a fmall charge , ^ji 
 
 into the piece, and fo continue augmenting it by de- "^ 
 
 grees to the quantity which is commonly ufed : if he 
 feems uneafy, walk him forward a few fteps flowly ; 
 and then ftop, back, and carefs him. Horfes are 
 often alfo difquieted and anfteady at the clafh, and 
 drawing, and returning of fwords; all which they muft 
 be familiarized to by little and little, by frequency and 
 gentlenefs. 
 
 It is very expedient for all cavalry in general, but 
 particularly for light cavalry, that their horfes fliould 
 be very ready and expert in leaping over ditches, hedges, 
 gates, &c. The leaps, of whatever fort they are, which 
 the horfes are brought to In the beginning, ought to 
 be very fmall ones ; the riders muft keep their bodies 
 back, raife their hands a little in order to help the 
 fore-parts of the horfe tip, and be very attentive to 
 their equilibre. It is beft to begin at a low bar co- 
 vered with furze, which pricking the horfe's legs, if 
 he does not raife himfelf fufGcIently, prevents his con- 
 trafting a fluggifh and dangerous habit of touching, 
 as he goes over, which any thing yielding and not 
 pricking would give him a cuftom of doing. Let the 
 ditches you firft bring horfes to be narrow ; and la 
 this, as in every thing elfe, let the increafe be made by 
 degrees. Accuftom them to come up to every thing 
 which they are to leap over, and to ftand coolly at it 
 for fome time; and then to raife themfelves gently up 
 in order to form to themfelves an Idea of the diftance. 
 When they leap well ftanding, then ufe them to walk 
 gently up to the leap, and to go over it without firft 
 halting at it ; and after that praftice is familiar to 
 them, repeat the like in a gentle trot, and fo by de- 
 grees fatter and fafter, till at length It is as familiar to 
 them to leap flying on a full gallop as any other way : 
 all which is to be acquired with great facility by calm 
 and foft means, without any hurry. 
 
 As horfes are naturally apt to be frightened at the 
 fight and fmell of dead horfes, it is advifable to habi- 
 tuate them to walk over and leap over carcafes of 
 dead horfes : and as they are pai'ticularly terrified at 
 this fight, the greater gentlenefs ought coiifequently t9 
 be ufed. - 
 
 Horfes ftiould alfo be accuftomed to fwim, whicli 
 often may be necelFary upon fervice ; and if the men 
 and horfes both are not ufed to it, both may be fre- 
 quently liable to perKh in the water. A very fmall 
 portion of ftrength is fufficient to guide a horfe, any- 
 v;here indeed, but particularly in the water, where ihey 
 muft be permitted to have their heads, and be no-ways 
 Gonftrained in any fliape. 
 
 The unreafonable rage in Britain of cutting off all 
 extremities from horfes, is in all cafes a very pernicious 
 cuftom. It is particularly fo In regard to a troop- 
 horfe's tail. It is almoft incredible, how much they 
 fuffer at the picket for want of it : conftantly fretting, 
 and fweating, kicking about and laming one another, 
 tormented, and ftung off their m.eat, miferable, and 
 helplefs ; whilft other horfes, with their tails on, brufh 
 off all flies, are cool and at their eafe, and mend daily; 
 whilft the docked ones grow every hour more and more 
 out of condition. 
 
Secf^.Vr. 
 
 HORSE 
 
 M A N S H I P. 
 
 Of reining to undergo and confequently to profit by all leffons ; ©f 
 
 tack, &c. Sect. VI. The Method of reining bach, — and of and is far preferable to the beft-natured weak 006^'*^ 
 *— ' moving forwards iiyimediately after; — of Piaf- '"^ " ' '"' 
 
 ing, — of Pillars, &c. 
 
 '71 
 
 curing 
 iveneff. 
 
 Never finiih your work by reining back with hor- 
 fes that have any difpofition towards retaining them- 
 felves ; but always move them forwards, and a little 
 upon the haunches alfo, after it, before you difmount, 
 (unlefs they retain themielves very much indeed, in 
 
 upon earth. Patience and attention are never failing 
 means to reclaim fuch a horfe : in whatfoever manner 
 he defends himfelf, bring him back frequently witb 
 gentlenefs (not however without having given hira 
 proper chaftifement if neceffary) to the lefTon which 
 he leems mod averfe to. Horfes are by degrees 
 made obedient, through the hope of recorapenfe and 
 the fear of punifliment : how to mix thefe two motives 
 
 which cafe nothing at all muft be demanded from the judicioudy together, is a very difficult matter ; it re- 
 
 haunches). This leffon of reining back, and piafing, 
 is excellent to conclude with, and puts an horfe well 
 and properly on the haunches : ft may he done, ac- 
 cording as horfes are more or lefs fuppled, either go- 
 ing forwards, backing, or in the fame place : if it is 
 done well advancing, or at mod on the fame fpot, it 
 is full fufPicient for a foldier's horfe : For to pii'.fe in 
 backing, is rather too much to be expcfted in the 
 
 quires much thought and praftice ; and not only a 
 good head, but a good heart likewife. The coolefl. 
 and beft-nalured rider will always fucceed belt. By 
 a dexterous ufe of the incitements above-mentioned, 
 you will gradually bring the horfe to temper and obe- 
 dience ; mere force, and want of fliill aiKl coolnefs, 
 would only tend to confirm him in bad tricks. If he. 
 be impatient or choleric, nevtr fti'ike him, unlefs he 
 
 h-xirry which cannot but attend fiich numbers both of abfohitely refufe to go forwards ; which you muft re- 
 
 men and horfes as muft be taught together in regi- 
 ments. Thi-3 IcIFon muft never be attempted at all, 
 till horfes are very well fuppled, and fomewhat ac- 
 cuftomed to be put together ; otherwife it will have 
 very bad confequences, and create reftivenefs. If they 
 refufe to back, and ftand motionlefs, tlie rider's legs 
 mull be approached with the greateft gentlenefs to the 
 horfe's fides ; at the fame time that the hand is afting 
 tin the reins to folicit the horfe's backing. This fel- 
 dom fails of procuring the defired effeft, by raifmg 
 one of the horfe's fore-legs, which being in the air, 
 has no weight upon it, and is confequently very eafily 
 brought backwards by a fmall degree of tenfion In the 
 reins. When this leffon is well performed, it is very 
 noble and ufeful, and has a pleafing air ; it is an ex- 
 cellent one to begin teaching fcholars with. 
 
 The leffon is particularly ferviceable in the pillars, 
 for placing fcholars well at iirft. Very few regimental 
 riding houfes have pillars, and it is fortunate they 
 
 foUitely oblige him to do, and which will be of itfelf 
 a correction, by preventing his having time to medi. 
 tate and put in execution any defence by retaining 
 himfelf. Refiftance in horfes, you muft confider, is- 
 fometimes a mark of ftrength and vigour, and pro- 
 ceeds from fpirit, as well as fometimes from vice and" 
 weaknefs. Weaknefs frequently drives horfes intO- 
 vicioufnefs, when any thing wherein ftrength is necef- 
 fary is demanded from them ; nay, it inevitably muft : 
 great care therefore fhould always be taken to dittin- 
 guifli from which of thefe two caufes any remedy or 
 punifhmeiit is thought of. It may fometimes be a 
 bad fign when horfes do not at all defend themfelves, 
 and proceed from a fluggifh difpofition, a want of 
 fpirit, and of a proper fenfibility. Whenever one iij 
 fo fortunate as to meet with a horfe of juft the right 
 fpiritj aAivity, delicacy of feeling, with ftrength and 
 good nature, he cannot be cherifhed too much ; for 
 fuch a one is a rare and ineftimable jewel, and, if pro- 
 
 have not : for though, when properly made ufe of perly treated, will in a manner-do every thing of him- 
 
 •with flfill, they are one of the greateft and bell difco 
 verles in horfemanfhip ; they muft be allowed to be 
 very dangerous and pernicious, when they are not un- 
 der the dire&ion of a very knowing perfon. 
 
 Sect. VII. The Method of curing krftivcnejfes. 
 Vices, Defences, Starting, &c. 
 
 Whenever a horfe makes refiftance, one ought, 
 before remedy or correftion is thought of, to examine 
 
 felf. Horfes are oftener fpoilt by having too much 
 done to them, and by attempts to drefs them in too 
 great an hurry, than by any other treatment. 
 
 If after a horfe has been well fuppled, and there 
 are no impediments, either natural or accidental, if 
 he ftill perfifts to defend himftlf, chaftifements then 
 become neceffary : but whenever this is the cafe, they 
 muft not be frequent, but always firm, though always 
 as little violent as poflible ; for they are both dange- 
 
 •7ery minutely all the tackle about him,- if any thing rous and very prejudicial when frequently or flightly 
 
 hurts or tickles him, whether he has any natural or ' " ' ' " " 
 
 accidental weaknefs, or in fhort any the leaft impedi- 
 ment in any part. For want of this precaution, many 
 fatal difatlers happen : the poor dumb animal is fre- 
 quently accufed falfely of being reftive and vicious ; is 
 ufed ill without reafon ; and, being forced into defpair, 
 is in a manner obliged to aft accordingly, be his tem- 
 per and inchnation ever fo well difpofed. It is very 
 
 played with, and ilill more fo when ufed too vio- 
 lently. 
 
 It is impolTible, in general, to be too circumfpeft 
 in leflbns of all kinds, in aids, chaftifements, or ca- 
 refles. Some have quicker parts, and more cunning, 
 than others-. Many will imperceptibly gain a little 
 every day on the lider. Various, in fhort, are their 
 difpofitions and capacities. It is the rider's bufinefs 
 
 leldom the cafe, that a horfe is really and by nature to find out their different qualities, and to make them 
 
 "vicious; but if fuch be found, he will defpife all caref- fenCble how much he loves them, and defires to be 
 
 its, and then chaftifernents become neceffary. loved by them ; but at the fame time that he does 
 
 Corredlion, according as you ufe it, throws a horfe not fear them, and will be mailer. 
 into more or lefs violent aftion, which, if he be weak, Plunging is a very common defence among reftive 
 
 he cannot fupport : but a vicious ftrong horfe is to be and vicious horfes : if they do it in the fame place, or 
 
 fonfidered in a very different light, being able both backing, they muft, by the rjder's legs aad fpur5= 
 
 jirmljj 
 
(572 H O R S E M 
 
 3? lain Rules firmly applied, be obliged to go forwards, and their 
 ■h'T'""^ heads kept up high. But if they do it flying for- 
 ■ Hur cmeii. ^,^^^^^ ^^^^ ^j^g^^ hack, and ride them gently and 
 
 ■" very flow for a good while together. Of all bad tem- 
 
 pers and qualities in horfes, thofe which are occa- 
 iioned by hardi treatment and ignorant riders are the 
 ■word. 
 
 Rearing is a bad vice, and, in weak horfes efpe- 
 cialiy, a very dangerous one. Whilft the horfe is up, 
 •the rider mufl yield his hand ; and when the horfe is 
 defcending, he mud vigoroufly determine him for- 
 ■wards : if this be done at any other time but whilll 
 ■the horfe is coming down, it may add a fpring to his 
 rearing, and make him fall backwards. -With a good 
 ■hand on them, horfes feldom perfift in -this vice ; for 
 they are themfclves naturally much afraid of falling 
 tackwards. If this method fails, you muft make the 
 "horfe kick up behind, by getting fomebody on foot 
 to llrike him behind with a whip ; or, if that will not 
 effetl it, by pricking him with agoad. 
 
 Starting often proceeds from a defeft in the fight; 
 which therefore muft be carefully looked into. What- 
 ever the horfe is afraid of, bring him up to it gently ; 
 if you carefs . him every llep he advances, he will uo 
 quite up to it by degrees, and foon grow familiar with 
 all forts of objefts. Nothing but great gentlenefs can 
 correft this fault ; for if you infllft punlfliment, the 
 apprehenfion of chadifement becomes prevalent, and 
 caufes more ftarting than the fear of the object. If 
 you let him go by the object, without bringing him 
 up to it, you increafe the fault, and confirm him in 
 I^Is fear: the confcqiience of which is, he takes his 
 rider perhaps a quite contrary way from what he was 
 p-oing, 'becomes his matter, and puts himfelf and the 
 ■perfun upon him every moment in great danger. 
 
 With fuch horfes as are to a very great degree 
 
 fearful of any objefts, make a quiet horfe, by going 
 
 ■before them, gradually entice them to approach nearer 
 
 and nearer to the thing they are afraid of If the 
 
 horfe, thus alarmed, be undifclpllned and headflrong, 
 
 -he will probably run away with his rider; and if fo, 
 
 Iiis head mull be kept up high, and the fnaffle fawcd 
 
 backwards and forwards from right to left, taking up 
 
 and yielding the reins of it, as alio the reins of the 
 
 bit : but this latter muft not be fawed backwards and 
 
 ■forwards hke the fnaffle, but only taken up and 
 
 yielded properly. No man ever yet did, or ever will, 
 
 ' ilop a horfe, or gain any one point over him, by main 
 
 force, or by puUing a dead weight agalnft him. 
 
 Sect. VIII. Rules/or bad Horfcmen. 
 
 ^- , In the firft place, every horfe fhould be accuftom- 
 
 ^«/»«f ^^ ^^ ^^^j p^jj ^^^^ }^g jg mounted. One would 
 
 imagine this might be readily granted; yet we fee how 
 much the contrary is praftifed. When a gentleman 
 mounts at a llvery-ftable, the groom takes the horfe 
 by the bit, which he bends tight round his under jaw: 
 the horfe ftrlving to go on, is forced back; advancing 
 again, he frets, as he Is again flopped fliort, and hurt 
 by the manner of holding him. The rider, in the 
 mean time, nriountlng without the bridle, or at leaft 
 holding it but (lightly, is helped to it by the groom, 
 who being thoroughly employed by the horfe'8 fkit» 
 
 A N S H T 
 
 Sea:. VIIL 
 
 tering, has at the fame time both bridle and ftlrrup to Plain Rulei 
 give. This confufion would be prevented, if every forbad 
 horfe was taught to ftand fl^ill when he is mounted. ^'"'^'^ """•^ 
 Forbid your groom, therefore, when he rides your ' ' 
 horfe to water, to throw himfelf over him from a 
 horfe-block, and Icick In'm with his leg, even before 
 he is fairly upon him. This wrong manner of mount- 
 ing is what chiefly teaches your horfe the vicious ha- 
 bit againlt which we are here warning. On the 
 other hand, a conflant praftlce of mounting in the 
 proper manner, is all that is neceflTary to prevent a 
 horfe's going on till the lider is quite adjulied In the 
 faddle. 
 
 The next thing neceflTary therefore Is, that the rider 
 fliould mount properly. The common method is to 
 ftand near the croup or hinder part of the horfe, with 
 the bridle held very long in the right hand. By thig 
 manner of holding the bridle before you mount, you 
 are liable to be kicked ; and when you are mounted, 
 your horfe may go on fome time, or play what gam- 
 bols he pleafes, before the rein is (hort enough ia 
 your hand to prevent him. It is common Ilkewlfe 
 for an aukward rider, as foon as his foot is in the 
 ftirrup, to throw himfeif with all his force to gain his 
 feat: which he cannot do, till he hath firft overbalan- 
 ced himfelf on one fide or the other; he will then 
 wriggle into it by degrees. The way to m.ourit with 
 eafe and fafcty is, to ftand rather before than behind 
 the ftirrup. In this pofture take the bridle ftiort, and 
 the mane together in your left hand, helping yourfelf 
 to the ftirrup • ith your right, fo that your toe may 
 not touch the horfe in mounting. When your left 
 foot is in the ftirrup, move on your right, till you face 
 the fide of the horfe, looking acrofs over the faddle. 
 Then with your right hand grafp the hinder part of 
 the faddle ; and with that and your left, which holds 
 the mane and bridle, lift yourfelf upright on your left 
 foot. Remain thus a mere inftant on your ftirrup, 
 only fo as to divide the aftion into two motions. 
 While you are in this pofture, you have a fure hold 
 with both hands, and are at liberty, either to get fafe- 
 ly down, or to throw your leg over and gain your 
 feat. By this deliberate motion, likewife, you avoid, 
 what every good horfeman would endeavour to avoid, 
 putting your horfe into a flutter- 
 
 ^Vhen you difmount, hold Ihe bridle and mane to- 
 gether in your left hand, as when you mounted ; put 
 your right hand on the pemmel of the faddle, to ralfe 
 •yourfelf; throw vour leg back over the h^rle, grafp 
 the hinder part of the faddle with your right hand, 
 ■remain a moment on your ftirrup, and in everv refpedl 
 difmount as you mounted ; only what was your firft 
 motion when you mounted, becomes the laft in dlf- 
 mounting. Remember not to bend your right knee 
 in difmounting, left your fpur fiiould rub agalnft the 
 horfe. 
 
 It may be next recommended to hold your bridle at 
 a convenient length. Sit fquare, and let not the pur- 
 chafe of the bridle pull forward your fliouldei ; but 
 keep your body even, as it would be if each hand held 
 a rein. Hold your reins with the whoK' grafp of your 
 hand, dividing them with your little finger. Let 
 your hand be perpendicular ; your thumb will then be 
 uppermoft, aad placed oa the bridle. Bend your 
 
 wrift 
 
Sea.VIlL HORSE M 
 
 Plain Rules wrill a little outward ; and when you pull the bridle, 
 for bad j^jf^ yo„r hand toward your bread, and the lower 
 Ho:lerrn:ii . ^^^^ ^£ ^j^^ ^^j^^^ rather more than the upper. Let the 
 * bridle be at fuch a length in your hand, as, if the 
 horfe fliould ftumble, you may be able to rnife his 
 head, and fupport it by the (liength of your arms, and 
 the weight of your body thrown backward. If you 
 hold the rein too long, you are fubjeft to fall back- 
 ward as your horfe rifes. 
 
 If, knowing your horfe perfeftly well, you think a 
 tight rein unneceflary, advance your arm a little (but 
 not your fhoulder) towards the horfe's head, and keep 
 your ufual length of rein. By this means, you have 
 a check upon your horfe, while you indulge him. 
 
 If you ride with a curb, make it a rule to hook on 
 the chain yourfelf ; the moft quiet horfe may bring 
 his rider into danger, fhould the curb hurt him. If, 
 in fixing the curb, you turn the chain to the right, 
 the links will unfold themfelves, and then oppofe a 
 farther turning. Put on the chain loofe enough to 
 bang down on the horfe's under lip, fo that it may not 
 rife and prefs his jaw, till the reins of the bridle are 
 moderately pulled. 
 
 If your horfe has been ufed to ftand ftill when he is 
 mounted, there will be no occafion for a groom to hold 
 him : but if he docs, AifFer him not to touch the reins, 
 but that part of the bridle which comts down the 
 cheek of the horfe. He cannot then interfere with 
 the management of the reins, which belongs to the 
 rider only ; and Itolding a horfe by the curb (which is 
 ■ever painful to him) is evidently improper when he is 
 to ftand ftill. 
 
 Another thing to be remembered is, not to ride 
 with yout arms and elbows as high as your flioulders ; 
 nor let them fhake up and down with the motion of 
 the horfe. The pofture is unbecoming, and the weight 
 of the arms (and of the body too if the rider does 
 not fit ftill) afts in continual jerks on the jaw of the 
 horfe, which muft give him pain, and make him un- 
 quiet, if he has a tender mouth or any fpirit. 
 
 Bad riders wonder why horfes are gentle as foon as 
 they are ipounted by (Icilful ones, tho' their fliill feems 
 unemployed : the reafon is, the horfe goes at his eafe, 
 yet fin<is all his motions watched ; which he has faga- 
 city enough to difcover. Such a rider hides his whip, 
 if he finds his horfe is afraid of it ; and keeps his legs 
 from his fides, if he finds he dreads the fpur. 
 
 Avoid the ungraceful cuftom of letting your legs 
 fhake againft the fides of the horfe : and as you are not 
 ' to keep your arms and elbows high, and in motion ; 
 fo you are not to rivet them to your fides, but let 
 them fall eafy. One may, at a diftance, diftinguifh 
 a genteel horfeman from an aukward one : the firft 
 fits ftill, and appears of a piece with his horfe ; the 
 latter feems flying off at all points. 
 
 It is often faid with emphafis, that fuch a one has 
 TiO feat on horfeback ; and it means, not only that he 
 does not ride well, but that he does not fit on the right 
 part cf the horfe. To have a good feat, is to fit on 
 that part of the horfe, which, as he fprings, is the 
 centre of motion ; and from which, of courfe, any 
 
 A N S H I P. eyT^ 
 
 will be found in that part of your fadJIe, Into which Piam Rules 
 your body would naturally fllde, if you rode without i"'^^^ 
 ftirrups ; and is only to be preftrved by a proper poife ^'"'''"^"^ 
 of the body, though the generality of riders imagine ''"' 
 
 it is to be done by the grafp of the thighs and knees. 
 The rider fliould coniider himfelf as united to his horfe 
 in this point ; and when fliaken from it, endeavour tir 
 reftore the balance. 
 
 Perhaps the mention of the two extremes of a bad 
 feat may help to defcribe the true one. The one is, 
 when the rider fits very far back on the faddle, fo that 
 his weight prefles the loins of the horfe ; the other, 
 when his body hangs forward over the pommel of the 
 faddle. The firft may be feen pradifed by grooms, 
 when they ride with their ftirrups afi"eaedly fliort ; the 
 latter, by fearful horfemen on the leaft flutter of^ the 
 horfe. Everj- good rider has, even on the hunting 
 hAAle, Zi determined i place for his thighs, as can be 
 determined for him by the bars of a demi-peak. In- 
 deed there is no difference between the feat of either r 
 only, as in the firft you ride with fliorter ftirrups,' 
 your body will be confequently more behind your knees. 
 To have a good feat yourfelf, your faddle muft fit 
 well. To fix a precife rule might be difficult : it raiv 
 headireaion, to have your -faddle prefs as nearly as. 
 poffible on that part which we have defcribed as the 
 point of union between the man and horfe ; however, 
 fo as not to obftruft the motion of the horfe's flioul- ■ 
 tiers. Place yourfelf in the middle or loweft pait of 
 it : fit ereft ; but with as little conftraint as in 'your 
 ordinary fitting. The eafe of ailion marks the gentle- 
 you may repofe yourfelf, but not lounge. The 
 ftudied ereilnefe acquired in the ridlno-.houfe 
 by thofe whofe deportment is not eafy, appearrungen- 
 teel and unnatural. 
 
 If your horfe ftops fliort, or endeavours by rifing 
 and kicking to unfeat you, bend not your body for- 
 wsird, as many do in thofe circumftances : that motion 
 throws the. breech backward, and you off your fork or 
 twift, and out of your feat ; whereas, the advancing 
 the lower part of your body, and bending back the 
 upper part and flioulders, is the method both to keep 
 your feat, and to recover it when loft. The bending 
 your body back, and that in a great degree, is the 
 greateft fecurity in Jying leaps ; it is a fecurity too, 
 when your horfe h<ips Janding. The horfe's rifing 
 does not try the rider's feat ; the lafli of his hind legs 
 is what ought chiefly to be guarded againft, and is beft 
 done by the body's being greatly inclined back. Stif. 
 fen not your legs or thighs ; and let your body be pli- 
 able in the loins, like the coachman's on his box. This 
 loofe manner of fitting will elude every rough motion 
 of the horfe ! whereas the fixture of the knees, fo 
 commonly laid a ftrefs on, will in great fliocks conduce 
 to the violence of the fall. 
 
 Was the cricket-player, when the ball is ftruck with 
 the greateft velocity, to hold his hand firm and fixed 
 when he receives it, the hand would be bruifed, or 
 perhaps the bones fraitured by the refiftance. To'ob- 
 viate this accident, he therefore gradually yields his 
 hand to the motion of the ball for a certain diftance : 
 
 man 
 fet and 
 
 weight would be with moft difficulty fliaken. As in and thus by a due mixture of oppofition and obedi- 
 
 the rifing and falling of a board placed in ,rya/7;^r/o, ence, catches it without fuftaining the leaft injury. Thi 
 
 the centre willbe always moft at reft ; the true feat cafe is exaftly the fame in riding : thelliilful hoifemai 
 
 ■Vou VIII. Part II. 
 
 4 P 
 
 e 
 
 man 
 will 
 
674 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 Sea.VIIT. 
 
 Plain Rules 
 
 for bail 
 HorfeiHcn. 
 
 will recover liis poife by giving fome way to the mo- 
 tion ; and the ignorant horfeman will be flung out of 
 his feat by endeavouring to be fixed. 
 
 Slretch not out your legs before you ; this will pufli 
 you againll the back of the faddle : neither gather up 
 your knees, like a man riding on a pack ; this throws 
 your thighs upwards : each practice unfeatsyou. Keep 
 your legs ftraight down ; and fit net on the moft flefliy 
 part of the thighs,, but turn them inwards, fo as to 
 bring in your knees and toes : and it is more fafe to 
 ride with the ball of the foot prtfling on the ftirrup, 
 than with the ftirrup as far back as the heel ; for the 
 prclfure of the heel being in that cafe behind the ftir- 
 rup, keeps the thighs down. 
 
 When you find your thighs thrown upwards, widen 
 your knees to get them and the upper part of your 
 folk lower down on the horfe. Grafp the faddle with 
 the hollow or inner part of your thighs, but not more 
 than juft to affift the balance of your body : this will 
 alfo enable you to keep your fpurs from the horfe's 
 ■fides, and to bring your toes in, without that affefted 
 and ufelefs manner of bringing them in praftifed by 
 many. Sink your heels ftraight down ; for while your 
 teels and thighs keep down, you cannot fall : this (aid- 
 ed with the bend of the back) gives the fecurity of a 
 feat, to thofe who bear themfelves up in their ftirrups 
 in a fwift gallop, or in the alternate riling and falling 
 in a full trot. 
 
 Let your feat determine the length of your ftirrups,. 
 rathei' than the ftirrups your feat. If more precifion 
 is requlfite, let your ftirrups (in the hunting faddle) 
 be of fuch a length, as that, when you ftand in them, 
 there may be the breadth of four fingers between your 
 feat and the faddle. 
 
 It would greatly affift a learner, if he would prac- 
 tife riding in a large circle, as direfted fcft. ii. with- 
 out ftirrups ; ki-'eping his face looking on the outward 
 part of the circle fo as not to have a full view of the 
 hQrfe's.head, but j' ft of that ear which is on the_ out- 
 ward part of the circle ; and his ftioulder, which is to- 
 wards the centre of the circle, very forward. By this 
 Rieans you learn to balance your body, and keep a true 
 feat, independent of your ftirrups: you may probably 
 likewife efcape. a fall, fhould you at any time lofe them- 
 by being accidentally ftiaken from your feat. 
 
 As.the feat in f ;me meafure depends on the faddle, 
 it may not be amifs to obferve, that becaufe a faddle 
 with a high pommel is thought dangerous, the other 
 txtreme prevails, and the pommel is fcarce allowed to 
 be higher than the middle of the faddle. The faddle 
 fhould lie as near the back -bone as can be, without 
 hurting the horfe ; for the nearer you fit to his back, 
 the better feat you have. If it does fo, it is plain the 
 ppmmtl muft rife enough to fecure the withers from 
 prefTure : therefore, a horfe whofe withers are higher 
 than common, requires a higher pommel. If, to avoid 
 tiis, you make the faddle of a more ftraight line, the 
 joconvenience fpoken of follows ; you fit toa much a- 
 bove the horfe's back, nor can the faddle form a pro- 
 per feat. There (hould be no ridge from the but- 
 ton at the fide of the pommel, to the back part of 
 the faddle. That line alfo ftiould be a little concave, 
 for your thighs to lie at eafe. In ftiort, a faddle 
 ought to be, as nearly as poffible, as if cut out of the 
 
 HorIi;mca. 
 
 When you want your horfe to move forward, raife P'^in Rules 
 his head a little, and touch him gently with your whip ; f"rb.id 
 or elfc, prefs the calves of your legs againft his fides. 
 If he does not move faft enough, prefs them with more 
 force, and fo till the fpur juft touches him. By this 
 praftice he will (if he has any fpirit) move upon the 
 leaft preff'ure of the leg. Never fpur him by a kick ; but 
 if it be neceffary to fpur him brilkly, keep your heels 
 clofe to his fides, and flacken their force as he becomes 
 obedient. 
 
 When your horfe attempts to be vicious, take eacb 
 rein feparate, one in each hand, and advancing your 
 arms forward, hold him very fliort. In this cafe, it is 
 common for the rider to pull him hard, with his arms 
 low. But the horfe by this means having his head low 
 too, has it more in his power to throw out his heels :: 
 whereas, if his head be railed very high, and his nofe 
 thrown out a little, which is confequent, he can nei>- 
 ther rife before nor behind ; becaufe he can give hlm- 
 felf neither of thofe motions, without having his head 
 at liberty. A plank placed in aqu'dibria, cannot rife 
 at one end unlefs it finks at the other. 
 
 If your horfe is headftrong, pull not with one con- 
 tinued pull, but ftop, and back him often, juft (haking 
 the reins, and making little repeated pulls till he obeys. 
 Horfes are fo acctiftomed to bear on the bit when they 
 go forward, that they are difcouraged if the rider will 
 not let them do fo. 
 
 If a horfe is loofe-necked, he will throw up his- 
 head at a continued puU ; in which fituation, the ri- 
 der, feeing the front of his face, can liave no power 
 over him. When your horfe does thus, drop your- 
 hand and give the bridle play, and he will of courfe 
 drop his head again into its proper place : while it is- 
 coming down, make a fecond gentle pull, and you will 
 find his mouth. With a little praclice, tliLs is done- 
 almoft inltantaneoufiy ; and this met-hod will ftop, in. 
 the diftance of a few yaras, a horfe, which will run> 
 away with thofe wh-o pull at him with all their might. 
 Almoft every one m.uft have obferved, that when a. 
 horfe feels himfelf pulled with the bridle, even when 
 he is going gently, he often miftakes what was defigntd 
 to ftop him, as a direftion to bear on the bit and to 
 go fafter. 
 
 Keep your horfe's head high, that he may raife his., 
 neck and creft ; play a little with the rein, and move 
 the bit in his mouth, that he may not prefs on it in 
 one conftant and continued manner:.- be not afraid of 
 railing his head too high; he will naturally be too i 
 ready to bring it down, and tire your arms with- its 
 Vvieight, on the leaft abatement of his mettle; When 
 you feel him heavy, ftop him, and make him go back.. 
 a few paces : thus you break by degrees his propenfity 
 to prefs on his bridle. 
 
 You ought not to be pleafed (though, many are) . 
 v/ith a round neck, and a head drawn in towards his-; 
 breaft : let your horfe carry his head bridling in, pro- . 
 vided he carries it high, and his neck arching upwards 5.. 
 but if his neck bends downwards, his figure is bad, his 
 fight is too near his toes, he leans on the bridle, and . 
 you have no. command over him. If he goes prefiitig. 
 but lightly on the bridle, he is the more fure-footed^. 
 and goes pleafanter ; as your wrift only may guide him. . 
 If he hangs down his head, and makes you fupport. 
 riie weight of that and his neck, with your arras bcat^ 
 
Sea.viir. 
 
 Horfemen 
 
 H O R S E M 
 
 (which is called he'nig on h'lsJljonU 
 his toes againft the ground, and 
 
 A N S H I P. 
 
 Plain Rules ing on his fore-legs, 
 for bad ^^^^■j^ j^g „,;i2 (^j-ij^g 
 
 _ flumble. 
 
 If your horfe is heavy upon the bit, tie him every 
 day, for an hour or two, with his tail to the manger, 
 and his head as high as you can make him lift it, by 
 a rein on each poft of the ftall, tied to each ring of 
 the fnaffle bit. 
 
 Horfe-breakers and grooms,have a great propenfity 
 to bring a horfe's head danvn, and feem to have no 
 feat without a ftreng hold by the bridle. They know 
 indeed, that the head fliould yield to the reins, and 
 the neck form an arch ; but do not take the proper 
 pains to make h an arch upward. A temporary efFeft 
 of attempting to raife a horfe's head, may perhaps be 
 making him pulh out his nofe. They will here tell 
 you, that his head is too high already ; whereas it is 
 not the diftance from his nofe, but from the top of his 
 head to the ground, which determines the head to be 
 high or low. Befides, although the fault is faid to be in 
 the manner of carrying the head, it fhould rather be faid 
 to be in that of the neck ; for if the neck was raifed, 
 the head would be more in the pofition of one fet on 
 a wdl formed neck. 
 
 The defign therefore of lifting up the head, is to 
 raife the neck, and thereby bring in the head ; for 
 even while the bridle makes the fame line from the 
 rider's hand to the bit, the horfe's nofe may be either 
 drawn in, or thruft out, according as his neck is raifed 
 or deprefled. Inftead of what has been here recom- 
 mended, we ufually fee colts broke with their heads 
 caveflbned very low, their necks ftiif, and not in the 
 leaft fuppled. When the breaking-tackle is left off, 
 and they are mounted for the road, having more food 
 and reft, they frequently plunge, and a fecond break- 
 ing becomes necelTary. Then, as few gentlemen can 
 manage their own horfes, they are put into the hands 
 of grooms, from whom they learn a variety of bad 
 habits. 
 
 If, on the other hand, your horfe carries his head 
 (or rather his nofe) too high, he generally makes fome 
 amends by moving his fhoulders lightly, and going 
 fafely. Attend to the caufe of this fault. Some horfes 
 have their necks fet fo low on their fhoulders, that they 
 bend firft down, then upwards, hke a ftag's. Some 
 have the upper line of their necks, from their ears to 
 their withers, too (hort. A head of this fort cannot 
 poffibly bend inwards and form an arch, becaufe the 
 vertebra (or neck bones) are too fhort to admit of 
 flexure ; for in long and fhort necked horfes the num- 
 ber of the vertebra is the fame. In fome, the jaiv is 
 fcf thick, that it meets the neck, and the head by this 
 means has not room to bend. On the other hand, fome 
 have the under line from the jaw to the brealt fo fhort, 
 that the neck cannot rife. 
 
 In all thefe cafes you may gain a little by a nice 
 hand with an eafy bit ; but no curb, martingale, or 
 other forcible method, will teach a horfe to carry his 
 head or neck in a pofture wliich nature has made un- 
 eafy to him. By trying to pull in his nofe farther than 
 he can bear, you will add a bad habit to nature. You 
 could not indeed contrive a more effeftual method to 
 make him continually tofs his nofe up, and throw his 
 foam over you. 
 
 The rule already given to ride a loofc-necked horfe, 
 
 will be a proper one for all light-mouthed horfes 
 caution being added, which is, always to fearch whe- 
 ther his faddle or girths may not in fome way pinch 
 him ; and whether the bit may not hurt his lip by be- 
 ing too high in his mouth : becaufe, whenever he frets 
 from either of thefe oaufes, his head will not be fteady. 
 It is a common cuftom to be always pulling at the 
 bridle, as if to fet off to advantage either the fpiritof 
 the horfe, or the flcill of the rider. Our horfes there- 
 fore are taught to hold their heads low, and pull fo, as 
 to bear up the rider from the faddle, flanding in his 
 flirrups, even in the gentleft gallop : how very impro- 
 per is this, we are experimentally convinced, when we 
 happen to meet with a horfe which gallops otherwife. 
 We immediately fay, he canters excellently, and find the 
 eafe and pleafure of his motion. Wlien horfes are de- 
 figned for the race, and fwiftnefs is the only thing con- 
 fidered, the method may be a good one. 
 
 It is not to be wondered that dealers are always 
 pulling at their horfes ; that they have the fpur con- 
 flantly in their fides, and are at the fame time conti- 
 nually checking the rein : by this means they make 
 them bound, and champ the bit, while their rage has 
 the appearance of fpirit. Thefe people ride with their 
 arms fpread, and very low on the fhoulders of their 
 horfes : this method makes them ftretch their necks, 
 and gives a better appearance to their fore -hands ; it 
 conceals alfo a thick jaw, which, if the head was up, 
 would prevent its yielding to the bit ; it hides like- 
 wife the ewe-neck, which would otherwife fhow itfelf. 
 Indeed, if you have a horfe unfleady to the bit, formed 
 with a natural heavy head, or one which caiTies his 
 nofe obftinately in the air, you muft find his mouth 
 where you can, and make the belt of him. 
 
 Many horfes are taught to flart by whipping theiA 
 for flarting. How is it polTible they can know it is 
 defigned as a punifhment ? In the riding-houfe, you 
 teach your horfe to rife up before, and to fpring and 
 lafh out his hinder legs, by whipping him when tied 
 between two pillars, with his head a little at liberty. 
 If he underftood this to be a punifhment for doing fo, 
 he would not by that method learn to do it. He feems 
 to be in the fame manner taught to fpring and fiy 
 when he is frightened. Mod horfes would go quietly 
 pa ft an objedl they were beginning to &j from, if their 
 riders, inftead of gathering up their bridles, and fhow- 
 ing themfelves fo ready, fhould throw the reins ioofe 
 upon their necks. 
 
 When a horfe flarts at any thing on one fide, mofl 
 riders turn him out of the road, to make him go up 
 to what he ftarts at : if he does not get the better of 
 his fear, or readily comply, he generally goes paft the 
 objeft, making with his hinder parts, or croup, a 
 great circle out of the road ; whereas, he fliould learn 
 to keep ftraight on, without minding objefts on either 
 fide. 
 
 If he ftarts at any thing on the left, hold his head 
 high, and keep it ftraight in the road, pulling it from 
 looking at the thing he ftarts at, and keeping your 
 right Itg hard prefled againft his fide, towards his 
 fla )k : he will then go ftraight along the road. By 
 this method, and by turning his head a little more, 
 he may be forced with his croup clofe up to what 
 frightenec' L .11 ; for as his head is pulled one way, hia 
 croup necefTarily turns the other. Always avoid a 
 ^ -P 2 quar= 
 
 ^75 
 
 one P'^-i^n Uu!e» 
 
 for had 
 Hoi fcnen. 
 
6-76 
 
 HORSEMANSHIP. 
 
 Plain Rulesq.jarre! with yor.r hotfe, if you can : if he is apt to 
 
 Sea. vir. 
 
 for bad 
 Ilorfemcn 
 
 •See 
 ftft. V. 
 
 Itart, you will find occafions enough to cxercife his 
 obedience, when what he llarts at lies directly in his 
 way, and you mujl make him pafs ; if he is not fub- 
 jeft to Hart, you fliould not quarrel with him about a 
 "trifle. 
 
 "It mud be obferved, however, that this rule In go- 
 ing pad an objeft may perhaps be a little irregular in 
 a managed horfe, which will always obey the leg : 
 but even fuch a horfe, if he is really afraid, and not 
 leilive, it may not be amifs to make look another 
 way ; unlefs the objeft be fomething you would par- 
 ticularly accuttom him to the fight of. 
 
 The cafe will alio be different with a horfe whofe 
 fear is owing to his being not ufed to objedls ; but 
 fuch a one is not to be rode by any horfeman to whom 
 thefe rules are dircfted : the llarting here meant arifes 
 merely from the liorfe's being pamper'd, and fpringing 
 through livclinefs. 
 
 The notion of the neceffity of making a horfe go 
 immediately up to every thing he is afraid of, and not 
 fuffering him to become mafler of his rider, feems to 
 be in general carried too far. It is an approved and 
 good method to conquer a horfe's fear of the found of 
 a drum, by beating one near to him at the time of 
 feeding him : this not only familiarizes the noife to 
 him, but makes it pleafant, as a fore-runner of his 
 meat * ; whereas, if he was whipped up to it, he might 
 perhaps ftart at it as long as he lived. Might not 
 this be applied to his llarting at other things, and 
 (liow that it would be better to fuffer him (provided 
 he docs not turn back) to go a little from and avoid 
 an objeiS he has a diflike to, and to accullom him to 
 it by degrees, convincing him, as it were, that it will 
 not hurt him ; than to punifh him, quarrel with him, 
 and perhaps fubmit to his will at laft, while you inGft 
 on his overcoming his fear in an inftant ? If he fees a 
 like objeft again, it is probable he will recoUedl his 
 dread, and arm himfelf to be difobedient. 
 
 We are apt to fuppofe that a horfe fears nothing 
 fo much as his rider ; but may he not, in many cir- 
 cumftances, be afraid of inftant deftruftion \ of being 
 crufhed ? of being drowned ? of falling down a preci- 
 pice ? Is it a wonder that a horfe fhould be afraid of a 
 loaded waggon ? may not the hanging load feem to 
 threaten the falling on him ? There cannot be a rule 
 more general, than, in fuch a cafe, to fhow him there 
 is room for him to pafs. This is done by turning his 
 head a very little from the carriage, and prefGng your 
 leg, which is fartheft from it, againft his fide. 
 
 A horfe is not to flop without a fign from his rider, 
 —Is it not then probable, that when driven up to a 
 carnage he ftarts at it, he conceives himfelf obliged 
 either to attack or run againft it ? Can he underftand 
 the rider's fpurring him with his face diredled to it, as 
 a Cgn for him to pafs it ? That a horfe is eafily alarmed 
 for his face and eyes (he will even catch back his 
 head from a hand going to carefs him) ; that he will 
 not go with any force, face to face, even to another 
 horfe (if In his power to ftop) ; and that he fees per- 
 fedlly fideways, — may be ufeful hints for the treat- 
 Siicnt of horfes with regard to ftatting. 
 
 Though you ought not to whip a horfe for ftarting, 
 there can be no good effedl from clapping his neck 
 with your hand tu encourage him. If one took any 
 
 notice of his ftarting, it (liould be rather with fome I'lain Rules 
 tone of voice which he ufually underftood as an ex- forbad 
 prefCon of diflike to wliat he is doing ; for there is H°"<^"^'^"' 
 oppoftlon mixed v/ith his ftarting, and a horfe will ever • 
 repeat what he finds has foiled his rider. 
 
 Notwithftanding the diredions above given, of not 
 prciEng a horfe up to a carriage he ftarts at ; yet if 
 one which you apprehend will frighten him meets 
 you at a narrow part of the road, when you have 
 once let him know he Is tj pafs it, be fure you remain 
 determined, and pvefs him on. Do this more efpe- 
 cially when part of the carriage has already paftcd you ; 
 for if, when he is frightened, he is accuftomed to go 
 back, and turn round, he will certainly do It if he 
 finds, by your hand flackening, and legs not prefiing, 
 that you are irrefolute ; and this at the moft dangerous 
 point of time, when the wheels of the carriage take 
 him as he turns. Remember not to touch the curb 
 rein at this time ; It will certainly check him. It is 
 not known to every one, that the perfon who would 
 lead a horfe by the bridle, ftiould not turn his face to 
 him when he refufes to follow him : if, befides this, he 
 raifes his arms, ftiows his whip, or pulls the bridle 
 with jerks, he frightens the horfe, inllead of perfua- 
 dlng him to follow ; which a little patience may bring 
 about. 
 
 Ride with a fnaffle ; and ufe your curb. If you have 
 one, only occafionally, Choofe your fnaffle full and 
 thick in the mouth, efpeclally at the ends to which 
 the reins are fattened. Moft of them are made too 
 fmall and long ; they cut the horfe's mouth, and 
 bend back over the bars of his jaw, working like 
 pincers. 
 
 The management of the curb is too nice a matter 
 to enter on here, farther than to prefcribe great cau- 
 tion in the ufe of It : a turn of the wrift, rather than 
 the weight of your arm, ftiould be applied to it. The 
 elaftlcity of a rod, when it hath hooked a fifti, may- 
 give you fome idea of the proper play of a horfe's 
 head on his bridle ; his fpirit and his pllablenefs are 
 both marked by It. 
 
 A horfe fliould never be put to do any thing in a 
 curb which he is not ready at : you may force him, 
 or pull his head any way with a fnaffle ; but a curb 
 adls only in a ftraight line. It is true, that a horfe 
 will be turned out of one track into another by a curb, 
 but it is becaufe he knows It as ^fignd. When he is 
 put to draw a chair, and does not underftand the ne- 
 ceflity he Is then under of taking a larger fweep whea 
 he turns, you freqirently fee him rejliiie, as it is then 
 called : but put him on a fnaffle, or buckle the rein to 
 that part of the bit which does not curb him ; and 
 the horfe fubmlts to be pulled about, till he under- 
 ftands what Is defired of him. Thefe directions 
 fuppofe your horfe to have fpirit, and a good mouth i 
 if he has not, you muft take him as he is, and ride 
 him with fuch a bit as you find moft eafy to your- 
 felf. 
 
 When you ride a journey, be not fo attentive ta 
 your horfe's nice carriage of himfelf, as to your en- 
 couragement of him, and keeping him in good humour. 
 Raife his head ; but' if he flags, you may indulge him 
 with bearing a little more upon the bit than you 
 would fuffer in an airing. If a horfe is lame, tender- 
 footed, or tired, he naturally hangs upon his bridle. 
 6 On 
 
Sea. virr. 
 
 H O R S E M 
 
 Plain Riilea On a journey, therefore, his mouth will depend qreatly 
 forbal Q[, 1,1s ftrength and the goodnefs of his feet. Be then 
 
 Horlemeii . ^^^^ careful about his feet, and let not a farrier fpoil 
 them. You will be cn.ibled to keep them from 
 danger, by the direftions given under the article 
 Farriery, p. 167. 
 
 Very few, although praftifed in riding, know they 
 have any power over a horfe but by the bridle ; or 
 any ufe for the fpur, except to make him go forward. 
 A little experience will teach them a farther ufe. If 
 the left fpur touches him (and he is at the fame time 
 prevented from going forward), he has a fign, which 
 he will foon underftand, to move fideways to the right. 
 In the fame manner to the left, if the right fpur is 
 clofed to him : he afterwards, through fear of the 
 fpur, obeys a touch of the leg; in the fame manner 
 as a horfe moves his croup from one fide of the flail 
 to the other, when any one ftrikes him with his hand. 
 In Ihort, his croup is guided by the leg, as his head is 
 by the bridle. He will never difobey the leg, unlefs 
 he becomes reftive. By this means you will have a 
 far greater power over him : he will move fideways, if 
 you clofe one leg to him ; and ftraight forward, if 
 both : even when he flaods ftlll, your legs held near 
 him will keep him on the watch ; and with the 
 flighted, unfeen motion of the bridle upwards, he 
 will raife his head, and (how his forehand to advan- 
 tage. 
 
 On this ufe of the legs of the rider, and guidance 
 of the croup of the horfe, are founded all the airs (as 
 the riding-mafters exprefs themfelves) which are 
 taught in the manege ; the pafFage, or iide-motion of 
 troopers to clofe or open their files, and indeed all 
 their evolutions. But the convenience of fome degree 
 of this difcipline for common ufe is the reafon of 
 mentioning it here. It Is ufeful if a horfe is apt to 
 ilumble or ftart. If to the firft, by preffing your legs 
 to his flank, and keeping up Lis head, he is made to 
 go light on his fore-legs, which is aiding and fup- 
 portlng him ; and the fame if he does adually Hum- 
 ble, by helping him at the very inflant to exert him- 
 felf, while as yet any part of him remains not irreco- 
 verably impreffed with the precipitate motion. Hence 
 this ufe of the hand and legs of the rider is called 
 giving aids to a horfe ; for, as to holding up the weight 
 of a heavy unaftive horfe, by mere pulling, it is as 
 impoffible as to recover him when falling down a pre- 
 cipice. 
 
 A horfe is fupported and helped by the hands and 
 legs of his rider in every aftion they require of him ; 
 hence he is faid to perform his airs by the aids from 
 lils rider. 
 
 Horfcmen., 
 
 A N S H I P. 677 
 
 The fame manner is ufeful if a horfe flarts. For if P^aln Rules 
 when he is beginning to fly to one fi.'.e, you leg on (^"rbid 
 the fide he is flying to, he Hops his fpring immedi- 
 ately. He goes pall what he ftarted at, keeping 
 flraight on, or as you choofe to dlreft him ; and he will 
 not fly b.ick from any thing if you prefs him with 
 both legs. You keep his haunches under hira, going 
 down a hill; help him on the fuieofabank; more 
 eafily avoid the wheel of a carriage ; and approach 
 more gracefully and nearer to the fide of a coach or 
 horfeman. When a pampered horfe curvets irregularly, 
 and twifls his body to and fro, turn his head either 
 to the right or left, or both alternately (but without 
 letting him move out of the track),. and prefs your leg 
 to the oppofite fide : your horfe cannot then fpring on- 
 his hind-legs to one fide, becaufe your leg prevents 
 him ; nor to the other, becaufe his head looks that 
 way, and a horfe does not Hart and fpring to the fide 
 on which he looks. Here it may not be amifs to ob- 
 ferve the impropriety of the habit which many riders 
 have, of letting their legs fhake againft the fides of 
 the horfe : if a horfe is taught, they are then con- 
 tinually prelTing him to violent atlian ; and if he 
 is not, they render him infenfible and incapable of 
 being taught. The fretting of a hot horfe will hence 
 be exceffive, as it can no otherwife be moderated 
 than by the utmoil ilillnefs of the feat, hands, and 
 legs of the rider. 
 
 Colts at firft are taught to lear a bit, and by de- 
 grees to pull at it. If they did not prefs it, they 
 could not be guided by it. By degrees they find their 
 necks Hronger than the arms of a man ; and that they 
 are capable of making great oppofition, and often of 
 foiling their riders. Then is the time to make them 
 fupple and pliant in every part. The part which of 
 all others requires molt this pliaacy is the neck. 
 Hence the metaphor oi Jliff-nuhd for difohedient. A 
 horfe cannot move his head but with the raufcles of 
 his neck : this maybe called his helm; it guides his. 
 courfe, changes and directs his motion. 
 
 The ufe of this pliancy in the different parts and 
 limbs of a horfe has been already fliown In a former 
 fettion. The prefent fcftlon being direiled to the 
 unexperienced horfeman, it may fufficc to add, that 
 his idea of fupplenefs need only be, that of an abi- 
 lity and readinefs in a horfe to move every limb, on 
 a fign given him by the hands or legs of lils rider ; 
 as alfo, to bend his body, and move in a fliort com- 
 pafs, quick and coUefted within himfelf, fo as inftantly. 
 to be able to perform any other motion. 
 
 H O R 
 HORSHAM, a town of SufTex, feated near St 
 Leonard's foreft, 38 miles from London. It has its 
 name from Horfa, brother to Henglll the Saxon ; and 
 is one of the largefl towns In the county. It has fent 
 members to parhament ever fince the 30th of Edward I. 
 and is the place where the county-gaol is held, and 
 often- the afEzes. It is a borough by prefcription, with 
 the title of two bailiffs and burgage-holders within and 
 without the borough, &c. who ekft the members of 
 
 H O R 
 
 parliament, and they arc returned by the balhffs chofe HorftivLi 
 yearly by a court-leet of the lord of the manor, who ■— y— « 
 return four candidates to the fteward, and hcnoral- 
 nates two of them for the office. Here is a very fine 
 church, and a well endowed free-fchool. Great ftore 
 of poultry is bought up for London at its market on 
 Saturday, and it has a patent alfo for a monthly mar- 
 ket. 
 
 HORsTIUS (James), profsITor of medicine in the 
 
 uaivtrlity 
 
H O R 
 
 [ 67 
 
 Horftius univeiTily of Heliiifladt, in ttie i6th centurj-. He 
 I joined devotion wiih the knowledge and pradllce of 
 ^"1"!' phyfic. He carefully prayed to God to blefs his pre- 
 ' fcriptions, and publilhcd a form of prayer upon this 
 
 fubjeft. He alfo wrote, 1. A treatife oil the quali- 
 ties of a good phyfician. 2. Another on the qualities 
 of a good apothecary. 3. A treatife of the plague, 
 in German. 4. A commentary inlibtos Hippocratis de 
 corde, and other works. 
 
 HoRSTius (Gregory), nephew of the former, called 
 the JEfadap'ius of Germany, publifhed feveral books, 
 -which are efteemed. 
 
 HORTAGILERS, in the grand figaior's court, 
 upholllerers, or tapeftry-hangers. The grand fignior 
 has conftantly 400 in his retinue when he is in the 
 camp : thefe go always a day's journey before him, to 
 fix upon a proper place for his tent, which they pre- 
 pare firft ; and afterwards thofe of the oiScers, accord- 
 -tng to their rank. 
 
 H0RTENSIU3 (Quintus), a celebrated Roman 
 orator, the coteraporary of Cicero, pleaded with uni- 
 verfal applaufe at 19 years of age, and continued the 
 fame profcffion during 48 years. But being at laft 
 eclipfed by Cicero, he quitted the bar, and embraced 
 a military life ; became a military tribune, prastor, 
 and afterwards conful, about 70 B. C. Cicero fpeaks 
 of him in fuch a manner as makes us regret the lofs 
 of his orations. Hortenfius had a wonderful memory, 
 and delivered his orations without writing down a 
 fingle word, or forgetting one particular that had been 
 advanced by his adverfaries. He died very rich, a 
 little before the civil war, which he had endeavoured 
 by all poffible means to prevent. 
 
 HORTUS SICCUS, a dry garuen ; an appella- 
 tion given to a colleftion of fpecimens of plants, care- 
 fully dried and preferved. 
 
 The value of fuch a colleftion is very evident, 
 fince 1000 minutLx may be preferved in the well 
 dried fpecimens of plants, which the moil accurate 
 engi'aver would overlook. We (hall therefore give two 
 methods of drying and preferving a hortus ficcus ; the 
 firft by Sir Robert Southwell in Philofophical Tranf- 
 aftlons- n° 237. ; and the other by Dr Hill, in his re- 
 view of the works of the Royal Society, with his ob- 
 ieftions to Sir Robert's method. 
 
 According to the former gentleman, the plants are 
 to be laid flat between papers, and then put between 
 two fmooth plates of iron, fcrewed together at the 
 corners; and in this condition committed to a baker's 
 oven for two hours. When taken out, they are to be 
 fubbed over with a mixtiire of equal parts of aquafor- 
 tis and brandy ; and after this to be fattened down on 
 paper with a folution of the quantity of a walnut of 
 gum tragacanth diflblved in a pint of water. See 
 Herbal. 
 
 To this the Doftor objefts, that the heat of an oven 
 is much too uncertain to be employed in fo nice an 
 operation ; and that the fpace of time ordeted for con- 
 tinuing the plants in it is of no information, unlefs 
 the degree of heat, and even the different nature 
 of the plant as to its fucculency and the firm- 
 nefe or teadernefs of its fibres, be attended to; there 
 being fcarcelyany two plants alike in thefe particulars: 
 confequently the degree and duration of heat fufficient 
 for one plant would deftroy another. Befide which, 
 
 8 1 H O R 
 
 the acid ufed deftroys the colour of many plants ; anJ 
 never recovers that of others loft in the drying ; and 
 frequently after the plant is fixed down, rocs both the 
 paper it is fixed to, and that which falls over it. Dr 
 Hill's method is as follows. Take a fpecimen of a 
 plant in flower, and with it one of its bottom leaves if 
 it have any ; bruife the ftalk if too rigid, or flit it if 
 too thick : fpread out the leaves and flowers on pa- 
 per, cover it with more paper, and lay a weight over 
 all. At the end of 18 hours take out the plants, now 
 perfeftly flattened, and lay them on a bed of dry com- 
 mon fand ; fift more dry fand over them to the depth 
 of two inches, and thus let them lie about three weeks: 
 the lefs fucculent dry much fooner, but they take no 
 harm afterward. If the floor of a garret be covered in- 
 fpring with fand two inches deep, leaving fpace for 
 walking to the feveral parts, it will receive the col- 
 leftion of a whole fummer ; the covering of fand be- 
 ing fifted over every parcel as laid in, they need no 
 farther care from the time of laying them till they are 
 taken up to be ftuck on paper. The cement ufed b^ 
 the Doftor is thus prepared : early in the fpring, put 
 two ounces of camphor into three quarts o-f water in a 
 large bottle, fhake it from time to time, and when the 
 firft coDefted plants are ready for the fattening down, 
 put into a pint of the water, poured off Into an earth- 
 en veflel that will bear the fire, two ounces of com- 
 mon glue, fuch as is ufed by the carpenters, and the 
 fame quantity of ichthyocoUa beat to fhreds ; let theni 
 ftand 36 hours, then gently boil the whole a few mo- 
 ments, and ftrain it off through a coarfe cloth: this is 
 to be warmed over a gentle heat when it is to be ufed, 
 and the back of the plants fmeared over with a paint- 
 er's brufh : after this lay them on paper, and gently 
 prefs them for a few minutes, then expofe them to 
 the air a little ; and finally, lay them under a fmall 
 weight between quires of paper to be perfeftly dried. 
 
 It is fcarce to be conceived how ftrongly the water 
 becomes impregnated with the camphor by this fimple 
 procefs : a part of it indeed flies off in the making of 
 the cement and the ufing of it : but enough remains 
 with the plants to prevent the breeding of infefts in it. 
 He farther obferves, that plants may be dried very 
 well without fand, by only putting them frequently 
 into frefli quires of paper, or a few, by only preffing 
 them between the leaves of a book : but the fand me- 
 thod prefervcs the colour beft, and is done with leaft 
 trouble. 
 
 Another method much better than that of the 
 oven is the flattening and drying the plant by palling 
 a common fmoothing iron for linen over the papers 
 between which it is laid : but for nice things the moft 
 perfeft of all methods is that by a common fand heat, 
 fuch as is ufed for chemical purpofes. The cold fand 
 is to be fpread fmooth upon this occafion, the plant 
 laid on it carefully flatted, and a thick bed of fand fift- 
 ed over : the fire is then to be made, and the whole 
 procefs carefully watched until by a very gentle heat 
 the plant be carefully dried. The colour of the ten - 
 derett herb may by this manner be preferved ; and 
 flowers, that can no way elfe be preferved, may be ma- 
 naged perfeftly well thus. 
 
 HORUS, a renowned deity of ancient Egypt. He 
 was an emblem of the fun. Plutarch (In his treatife 
 de Ifidt et OfirUk) fays, " that virtue which prefides 
 
 over 
 
 Hortus, 
 Horu!.